CVBNJMK, GHJK

UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET
RODICA TEFAN
SANDA MARCOCI
RUXANDRA VASILESCU
ELENA BELDEA
COME ALONG
Curs practic de limba englez
nivel mediu
EDITURA FUNDAIEI ROMNIA DE MINE

Bucureti, 2004
Universitatea SPIRU HARET
Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei

Come along: curs practic de limba englez / tefan Rodica,
Vasilescu Ruxandra, Marcoci Sanda, Beldea Elena.
Bucureti: Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, 2004
228 p.; 23,5 cm.
ISBN 973-582-903-7
I. tefan, Rodica
II. Vasilescu, Ruxandra
III. Marcoci, Sanda
IV. Beldea, Elena
811.111
Cursul se adreseaz studenilor de la facultile cu profil economic
Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, 2004

ISBN 973-582-903-7
Redactor: Janeta LUPU

Tehnoredactor: Jeanina DRGAN
Bun de tipar: 20.01.2004; Coli tipar: 14,25
Format: 16/70 x 100
Editura i Tipografia Fundaiei Romnia de Mine
Splaiul Independenei nr. 313, Bucureti, Sector 6,
O.P. 83, Tel./Fax: 410.43.80 www.spiruharet.ro
e-mail: contact@edituraromaniademaine.ro
CUVNT NAINTE
n contextul actual n care procesele economice i culturale tind spre

globalizare, cunoaterea unei limbi strine de circulaie internaional, a limbii
engleze n special, reprezint nu doar un avantaj, ci o necesitate pentru o
bun integrare profesional i social.
Ne-am propus n acest scop s oferim studenilor notri (cursuri de zi,
cu frecven redus de la facultile economice, dar i de la celelalte
specialiti nefilologice) un Curs practic de limba englez, pe care l-am
gndit i realizat ca pe un instrument de lucru util innd cont de cerinele i
ateptrile lor.
Dat fiind aceast larg diversitate tematic, textele i exerciiile au
fost special adaptate preocuprilor studenilor, combinnd elemente ale limbii
engleze generale cu acelea specifice limbajelor specializate. Ele se adreseaz
studenilor care au studiat limba englez n liceu dobndind un bagaj de
cunotine gramaticale i lexicale de nivel mediu.
Dorim s exprimm mulumiri asist. univ. Despina Chirimbu pentru
citirea atent a manuscrisului, pe marginea cruia a fcut observaii
pertinente i sugestii preioase, precum i prep. Mihaela Pricope pentru
redactarea glosarului.
Autoarele
3
4
CONTENTS
UNIT 1
ENGLISH, MY LOVE (Rodica tefan) .
Grammar:
(a) General revision
(b) Tag questions, Yes/No questions, Wh-questions
UNIT 2
SAYING HELLO! (Ruxandra Vasilescu) ..
Grammar:
(a) Possessives; Personal and reflexive pronouns
(b) The Article; Some/Any
UNIT 3
COMPANIES (Sanda Marcoci) .
Grammar: (a) Present tenses
(b) Conjunction structures
UNIT 4
GOING TO COLLEGE (Rodica tefan)
Grammar:
(a) Past simple and present perfect
(b) Comparison of adjectives; Irregular adjectives and adverbs
22
39
55
UNIT 5
GETTING IN TOUCH (Ruxandra Vasilescu) ...
Grammar: (a) Modal verbs
73
STOP AND CHECK
88
UNIT 6
LOOKING AHEAD (Rodica tefan) .
Grammar: (a) Future; Prefixes and suffixes
98
5
UNIT 7
INTERESTS AND HOBBIES (Sanda Marcoci) 116
Grammar:
(a) Past perfect; Gerunds
(b) Subjunctive
UNIT 8
GOING PLACES (Ruxandra Vasilescu) 139
Grammar:
(a) Sequence of tenses
(b) Direct and indirect speech
UNIT 9
LETS GO SHOPPING! (Elena Beldea) 156
Grammar:
(a) Expressing quantity
(b) Passive voice
UNIT 10
MEDIA/COMMUNICATIONS (Sanda Marcoci) .
Grammar:
(a) Conditional
(b) Phrasal verbs; Adjectival phrase
STOP AND CHECK
171
192
LISTA ABREVIERILOR 213

GLOSSARY ..
6
214
UNIT 1
Comment [L1]:
ENGLISH, MY LOVE
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Here are some words from English which are used in Romanian. Put them in
columns under these headings: business, politics, technology, sports,
entertainment and various. There are five words in each column.
dealer
mouse
pullover
fan
leader
rating
poster
VIP
second-hand
lobby
hit
software
jogging
western
broker
CD player
weekend
offside summit manager single skateboard meeting
penalty rugby job fast-food laser show chip
READING
1. Complete the sentences with a word from the box below:
1. Although she was speaking English, her. was so strong we
could hardly understand what she was saying.
2. I went to a lawyer but when he started using all the legal .. I got
completely lost.
3. Young people use a lot of... . For instance, they could say copper
instead of policeman.
7
4. She never studied English but she managed to it by

living in America for a couple of years.
5. Even though the language is basically the same, there are several
.. . In the south some of the words and structures are different
from those in the north.
6. English is Andrews first language. In other words, its his .
Andrew is an English native speaker.
7. TURBO PASCAL and JAWA are two computer .
8. A person who speaks two languages fluently is.
pick up jargon mother tongue slang
dialects bilingual languages
accent
2. Read each text quickly and find out who:

1. uses English for work.
2. uses English as an official language.
3. enjoys studying English.
4. studies in English.
5. speaks English as a mother tongue.
6. obviously doesnt like English.
Im Angela Maria Gutierrez from Cartagena in Colombia. I love listening to

English pop music which is a great way of learning new words and everyday
expressions! It is six years since I started to learn English and still, my biggest
problem is pronunciation. My dad is a businessman and he uses English all the
time. He speaks it fluently. He managed to pick it up while he was working in the
States. He wants me to speak it well enough so that I can join his company. Id
rather work in public relations.
Im Faryal Ahmed and Im from Pakistan. Ive been studying business

administration in Nottingham for the past two years. I felt really homesick to begin
with because Id never been away from home. Ive got fairly used to it but I still
miss my parents. They brought me up to speak English and I was sent to an
English-speaking school. When I got there though, I still had a few problems with
peoples accents and the slang that lots of other students used. Some of the
lecturers were hard to understand at first and then there were lots of business jargon
to pick up too.
8
*
Im Gerhard Richter from Frankfurt am Main in Germany. Im a consultant in a
large software company. I need English because lots of materials are written in it
and I travel a lot. Next month Im going to visit Egypt. I hope Ill be able to make
myself understood. Ive found it is often easier to speak English to other foreigners
than to the native speakers! One American colleague doesnt speak slowly enough
for me to understand him. It is useful to know English but one thing I dont like is
the way English expressions have been incorporated into other languages.
*
Im Abedayo Omere from Nigeria and Im a railway engineer. English is the
official language because there are so many different languages and dialects
spoken in Nigeria. I have to travel all round the country and often English is the
only way to communicate. It is a pity because it used to be the colonial language.
However, if we had chosen a tribal language, it would have caused political
problems. So we will just have to put up with it!
*
Good day! My names Nick Andreotti. Im sixteen years old and I come from
Sydney in Australia. Im second generation Italian. My parents came over about 20
years ago. Im bilingual because we still speak Italian at home. Dad speaks much
better English than Mum. Sometimes her mistakes are really embarrassing and her
accent is so strong that some people cant understand her. Im still studying but I
always spend my spare time out in the tennis court. Ive won a few local
tournaments and Id really like to turn professional.
*
Hi! My name is Yvonne Binoche and I come from Montral, which is the Frenchspeaking part of Canada. Im a sales manager in a big department store. I deal with
foreign customers, so most of the time I have to use English. In Canada everything
is supposed to be bilingual but I dont like the way English seems to be taking
over. We had a real fight here, you know, to keep hold of our French past and
identity.
(adapted from 3rd Dimension, Longman)
9
3. What are the countries where English is spoken as:
native language?
official language?
international language?
Which language in the world is spoken by most people?
How many people are English native speakers?
Which language might become the language of the future?
4. Decide whether the following statements are true ( ) or false ().
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Nicks parents were born in Australia.

Nicks mother doesnt speak English as well as his father.
Faryal still feels homesick.
Faryals problems with English werent too serious.
Gerhard likes everything about English.
Yvonne is ashamed of her French origin.
Angela hasnt decided about her future career.
Abedayo accepts that English was probably the best choice for his country.
LANGUAGE WORK
V Work in pairs and talk about your answers to the following questions:
Have you ever spoken English with a native speaker?

Where can you read English journals/ magazines/ books outside the classroom
in your town?
How often do you listen to English on the radio or watch films on TV?
Have you ever written in English (to a pen-friend)?
Have you ever been to an English-speaking country?
In pairs ask each other questions to find out the missing information in the
following:
1. My partner has been learning English for .years.
2. In English he/ she is the best at
10
1
2
3
3. (grammar/ vocabulary/ speaking/ writing/ reading/ listening/

pronunciation)
In English he/ she is not the best at .. because .. .
He/ She finds . most difficult to learn.
He/ She thinks is most important for him/ her in learning
English.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Match sentences A-O taken from the text above with the constructions 1-15.
A Ive been studying business administration in Nottingham for the past two
years.
B He managed to pick it up while he was working in the States.
C if we had chosen a tribal language, it would have caused political
problems.
D Im still studying but I
E My parents came over about 20 years ago.
F he uses English all the time.
G I love listening to English pop music
H He managed to pick it up
I Ive won a few local tournaments.
J My biggest problem is pronunciation.
K I hope Ill be able to make myself understood.
L Dad speaks English much better than Mum.
M Id never been away from home before.
N I was sent to an English-speaking school.
O Next month Im going to visit Egypt.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
present perfect
past perfect
past
verb + gerund
future
present
third conditional
passive
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
superlative
past continuous
verb + infinitive
comparative
going to future
present perfect continuous
present continuous
11
When do we use the auxiliary verbs be, have, will? Complete the tense charts. Use
the verb wait for the active and mend for the passive.
ACTIVE
Simple
Continuous
Present
Past
Future
He was waiting
We will wait
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
They will have been waiting
PASSIVE
Simple
Present
It is mended
Past
Continuous
It was being mended
Future
Present perfect
Past perfect
Future perfect
Remember!
Use be with verb + ing to
make continuous verb forms
Youre listening to my explanation.

They were admiring the landscape.
Ive been studying history for two years.
Use be with the past participle

(-ed, V3) to make the passive
voice
Paper is made of wood.

The first books were printed in Germany.
The house had been built before 1900.
The fax will be sent tomorrow morning.
Use have with the past

participle to make perfect verb
forms
He has worked in several countries.

They were upset because they had missed the plane.
By the end of the year, hell have moved house.
Use will with short infinitive

to make future forms
We will know the results tomorrow.

At this time next Sunday she will be flying to London.
12
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Look at these statements about English and decide if you agree with them. Work in
pairs and compare your answers.
You can learn a language outside the classroom.
You should always use the dictionary if you dont understand a word.
Dont worry about making mistakes; its more important to make yourself
understood.
Learning about grammar is very useful.
Listening, especially to native speakers, is the most difficult skill to develop.
READING
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Q:
A:
Alice, how many languages do you speak and which ones are they?
Well, I can speak two languages besides English: French and Spanish.
Quite interesting! How did you learn them?
You see, I had to learn French when I was in school. And Spanish I chose to
learn later, I thought it would be, you know, useful to learn it.
What was the most difficult aspect of learning it?
Well, I was very embarrassed when we had to speak French in front of the rest
of the class, you know - the terrible pronunciations and things. Also, I think
listening comprehension was very difficult because it was always so fast
Oh, yes. A common complaint. Now, what is the most useful thing to do?
I think the grammatical system is the most useful.
Have you had the opportunity to use it since then?
Actually, I work in a software company. As a sales manager, I have to deal
with our Canadian suppliers.
Thats wonderful! Do you find it difficult to understand them?
Certainly! Their accent is quite strong but in the end I manage it.
(adapted from Reward, Heinemann)
13
VOCABULARY
1. Look at the dictionary entry of the word company. Match the sentences a-h
with a definition.
company ('kmp@ni) n,[C] pl.-nies 1. A number of people gathered together;

assembly. 2. The fact of being with smb.; companionship. 3. A guest or guests.
4. A business enterprise. 5. The members of an enterprise not specifically
mentioned in the enterprises title. Abbrev: Co., co. 6. A group of actors. 7. A
small unit of troops. 8. The officers and crew on a ship. keep company to
accompany (smb.), especially for the sake of companionship part company to
go different ways after being together; to cease associating.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
The company marched all day long.

Robert enjoys his uncles company.
Unfortunately, he has got into bad company lately.
The company is going to produce childrens garments.
A new play is being staged by the company.
What a surprise! We were not expecting company.
The company had been sailing for weeks before they reached their
destination.
Warner & Co. are well known among the film distributors.
2. Choose the most suitable word or phrase given:

1
2
3
4
5
I succeeded in my job through hard .

a) work b) labour c) effort
Mark works for a/an . engineering company.
a) main b) leading c) outgoing
Im thinking to change my job because there are few of promotion.
a) prospects b) opportunities c) chances
Its not a very interesting work, but at least its a .. job.
a) continuous b) firm c) steady
In our company I am afraid there is very little to work hard.
a) advantage b) gain c) motivation
14
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Ask questions to the words underlined. Remember that the particle goes to the
end of the sentence.
Example: I work for a computer company.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Who do you work

for?
I am thinking about my next holiday.

He is waiting for his sister.
We worked with an important company.
They were talking to our major customer.
I am interested in their new project.
She is proud of her children.
2. Make questions with you from the sentences:

Example:
I come from Wales. (Where?)
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
Where do you come

from?
I speak two languages (How many?)

I live in a house near the centre of the town. (Where?)
Im wearing jeans and a T-shirt. (What?)
I was born in Edinburgh in 1981. (Where? When?)
Im studying English because Id like to travel. (Why?)
Ive been to France and Canada. (Which countries?)
I have one brother. (How many?)
Ive been learning English for seven years. (How long?)
Ill be 20 years old in November. (How old?)
Ive got 10 in my pocket. (How much?)
I went to the seaside last summer. (Where?)
Im going to visit my grandparents next holiday. (Whom?)
3. Make questions about the subject, and the object in each, as shown in the
example.
Example: Ann likes her new colleagues.
Who likes her new colleagues? (Ann)
Who does Ann like? (her new colleagues)
15
1
2
3
4
5
The teacher will bring our papers next week.

The inspector interviews the candidate.
Stress causes headache and pain.
The manager invited his partner to visit the company.
The president offers Michael a medal. (pay attention!)
4. Write questions for the answers:

Example:
How many films did you see on holiday?
Four.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
What .. your father do?

He works in a museum.
What . the English teacher .. ?
Shes checking this exercise.
How long . it ... you to go to college?
It takes me about twenty minutes. I go by bus.
What . you last weekend?
I went backpacking in the mountains.
What sort of music .. you listening to?
I prefer opera and classical music.
.. you ever . to Athens?
Yes, I have. I went there last year. I really enjoyed it.
What schools .. you attend?
The high school in my town.
What . you . next holiday?
I dont know. I havent got any plans yet.
.. you a CD player at home?
No, I havent. Just a tape recorder.
Who you about this college?
My best friend.
In pairs, answer the questions about you.
16
5. Contradict sentences a-j by giving the right information.
It doesnt boil at 75 C!
Example: Water boils at 75 C.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
It boils at 100 C.
My father has got ten brothers and sisters.

I live in the desert.
Were learning Portuguese.
I had an elephant when I was young.
Its snowing today.
We went to New Zealand last year.
The Pope comes from Italy.
Well get to work by helicopter next year.
Tourists visit Antarctica.
Fish can fly.
6. Match a question in column A with an answer from column B.

A
1 What does your sister look like?
2 Whats your aunt like?
3 Hows your mother?
4 Whereabouts do you live?
5 How do you spell your name?
6 What does handsome mean?
7 What did you do that for?
8 Whose file is this?
9 What sort of literature do you like?
10 What kind of car have you got?
11 What time is it?
12 What is the date?
13 How do you do?
14 How do I get to the station?
15 Theres some coffee and tea. Which
do you prefer?
B
a. To get promoted.
b. Shes fine, thanks.
c. It means good-looking.
d. Its mine.
e. Its a quarter past ten.
f. Poetry.
g. Go down and take the first right.
h. Ill have some coffee.
i. How do you do?
j. Its the third of October.
k. A sports one.
l. Shes generous and caring.
m. M-O-R-R-I-S-O-N
n. Near Central Park.
o. Shes tall, slim, with dark hair.
17
GRAMMAR FOCUS
TAG QUESTIONS
1. Underline the tag questions in the text:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
Dan:
Peter:
You speak French, dont you?

Yes, I do. Actually, I speak French and Russian.
Russian? You didnt learn Russian at school, did you?
Yes, when I was twelve. I did Russian for a couple of years.
Then, say something in Russian, will you?
No, Ive almost forgotten it. Its easy to forget a language if you dont
practise.
And what about your French? You havent forgotten that as well, have
you?
No, I practised it a lot when I did some interpreting for the tourists in our
town.
Ive got an idea. Lets go to Paris, shall we?
To Paris?!
Yes, to Paris, why not? It only takes three hours by train now, doesnt it?
Does it? I didnt know that. Arent you worried about the cost?
No, itll be good fun. And therell be plenty of opportunities to speak
French, wont there?
2. Fill in the blanks with the right positive or negative question tag:
Example:
Its an interesting film, isnt it?
You dont live with your parents, do you?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
We are having a meeting today, . ?

You finished all your tests in time, .?
He isnt quite a nice guy, ....?
The train arrives at 6.30 p.m., ?
She has found a new job, .?
Oh, Im so late, ?
You will call me as soon as you arrive, ...?
18
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
Catherine left on a trip to Rome last summer, .?

Lets have one more look at this plan, ..?
Im not too intruding, I hope, ..?
You arent too enthusiastic about my idea, .?
People sometimes overreact in stressing situations, ..?
There are lots of students wishing to learn foreign languages, ?
Remember!
You form questions in the following ways:
Yes/No questions
With the auxiliary verb be, have, will
Are you coming with us to the library?
Have you even been to Italy?
Will you come back later?
With the modal verb can, may, must
Can you understand this rule?
May I sit down?
Must I do this exercise?
With the auxiliary do followed by short infinitive when the verb has no
auxiliary
Do you look up every new word you come across?
The answer is generally short, containing just the personal pronoun and the
auxiliary verb.
Have you got some paper?
Do you like going out?
Yes, I have./ No, I havent.
Yes, I do./ No, I dont.
Wh questions
With the question words what, who, which, how, when, where, why, how
many, how much, how long, to ask about the object of the sentence. They are
followed by the auxiliary or the modal verb.
What did you study last year?
I studied Economics. ( Economics = object)
With the question words who, what to ask about the subject of the sentence.
They are not followed by the auxiliary do.
19
What gives you most information, the papers or the radio?

The papers give me most information. (The papers = subject)
The word order is:
Question Auxiliary/
word
Modal
Is
Has
Will
Can
Does
did
are
Why
have
What
Subject
Verb
the seat
Robert
it
we
his father
you
they
you
Who
taken?
written
be
leave
run
arrive
behaving
decided
wrote
Object, adjective,
adverbial, etc.
the report yet?
fine tomorrow?
now?
a company?
in Berlin?
like that?
to do now?
this fax?
Short answers
No, it isnt
No, he hasnt.
No, it wont.
Sure you can.
Yes, he does.
Yesterday.
I dont know.
Ill see.
She did.
Tag questions
They turn a statement into a question, containing just the auxiliary verb and the
personal pronoun, accordingly.
If the statement is affirmative, you use a negative tag.
Marion lives in Birmingham, doesnt she? Yes, she does. / No, she doesnt.
If the statement is negative, you use an affirmative tag.
They dont accept credit cards, do they?
Yes. (They dont accept)/ No. (They accept)
To ask for real information, you use a rising intonation on the tag.
To show you expect agreement, you use a falling intonation on the tag.
Lets have some fun!
Questions and riddles
1
2
3
4
5
Where does August come before July?

Who invented the five-day week?
What did the big telephone say to the little telephone?
Why was the strawberry so sad?
What did one wall say to the other?
20
Answers: 1) In the dictionary. 2) Robinson Crusoe he had all his work done by
Friday! 3) You are too young to be engaged. 4) Because its mother and father
were in a jam. 5) Meet you at the corner.
CHECKLIST
1.Name: i) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a mother tongue.
ii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a second official language.
iii) 3 countries in which English is spoken as a foreign language.
2. Give two synonyms for the noun COMPANY (~ business entreprise).
3. DO, BE, HAVE, WILL are auxiliaries placed first in an interrogative sentence.
Give examples of such interrogative sentences.
4. What intonation do you use in a TAG QUESTION i) to ask for information ?
ii) to show you expect agreement?
5. What is the WORD ORDER in an English i) affirmative sentence?
ii) interrogative sentence?
21
UNIT 2
SAYING HELLO!
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Meeting someone, when do we say: Its nice to meet you?
while we shake hands?
before we shake hands?
after we have shaken hands?
What would you discuss the first thing after introductions:
the weather
business
Mr. Xs trip?
READING
INTRODUCTIONS
Robert Black comes to the office of Sigma Computers. Mrs. Albu comes down
to the reception area and introduces herself.
Albu:
Black:
Albu:
Black:
Mr. Black?
Yes, thats right.
Let me introduce myself. Im Sanda Albu. I work for Mr. Pop.
Mrs. Albu. How do you do? Ive been looking forward to meeting
you. (They shake hands.)
22
Its nice to meet you, Mr. Black. Youve come a very long way on
this trip, so I hope things are going well. Welcome to Bucharest!
Albu:
NOTE: We use different expressions to greet people. Study the table below:
INTRODUCING
SOMEONE
Id like to introduce you
to Dr. Johnson (formal)
May I introduce you to
Mrs. Samson (formal)
Mr. Brown, this is Ms.
RESPONDING TO AN
INTRODUCTION
How do you do? (formal)
Pleased to meet you.
informal)
(formal)
Allow me to introduce
(formal)
Nice to meet you. (formal/
Attkinson (formal)
INTRODUCING
YOURSELF
Let me introduce myself.
myself. (formal)
How do you do?
(formal)
Id like you to meet

Stephen Cox. (formal/
informal)
Have you met Dan?
(informal)
Sue, this is Mike. (informal)
GREETING SOMEONE
RESPONDING TO GREETING
Hello! Its good to see you. (formal)
Not bad, thanks. What about you? (formal)
Hi! How are you? (formal)
Fine, thanks and you? (informal)
Hi, how are things? (informal)
Ms. Rotaru, who is organizing Mr. Tanakas stay at central office, is greeting
him and explaining his programme. Read the dialogue and put the verbs in
brackets in the correct form:
Hello, Mr. Tanaka. Welcome back to Spiro Chemicals. Its nice to
see you again.
Mr. Tanaka: Hello, Ms Rotaru. Im delighted to be back.
Ms. Rotaru: (have) you a good trip?
Ms. Rotaru:
23
Mr. Tanaka: Yes, it (be) long, but it (be) fine, thanks.

Ms. Rotaru: How many hours is it from Tokyo?
Mr. Tanaka: I (come not) from Tokyo. I (come) from Singapore. I (leave)
Tokyo six days ago. I (have) appointments in Hong Kong and
Singapore on the way.
Ms. Rotaru: I see. But its still a long flight. You must be exhausted. When
(get) you in?
Mr. Tanaka: Last night at half past eight.
Ms. Rotaru: So (have) you a good nights sleep?
Mr. Tanaka: Yes, I (sleep) very well, thanks.
LANGUAGE WORK
ROLE-PLAY
Work in groups of three. Take turns role-playing parts A, B and C below.
Part A
You are Mr. Blake. You
had a good time with B
yesterday, and you are
looking forward to
meeting C.
Part B
You are Mr. Rosu.
Introduce C to A, and
act as the host. You
have made reservations for lunch.
Part C
You are Mr. Voicu.
Welcome
A
to
Bucharest and ask
questions about As
trip.
1. Introduce the following people to each other:

a.
NAME
POSITION
COMPANY
Dr. Malkovitch
Human Resources Manager
Delta Enterprises
Mr. Simu
Training Manager
Caf de Colombia
b.
NAME
POSITION
COMPANY
Ms. Shields
Purchasing Officer
TEXACO
Mrs. Coman
Sales Manager
PECO
24
2. Complete the dialogue, using the phrases from the box:

Im sorry to hear that
How are you
Pleased to meet you
... nice to meet you
Unfortunately
How do you do
Id like to keep in touch
I really have to go
Id like you to meet
How do you do
I certainly will
May I introduce you to
Im afraid Im not
Fine, thanks
Brown:
Oh, hi, Bob! ________________________ today?
Goldberg:
________________________________Charles. ______________
our Vice-President, Elisabeth Powers. Elisabeth, ______________
Charles Brown from Sumitomo Company Ltd.
Powers:
Brown:
Powers:
_________________________________, Mr. Brown.

___________________________, Ms. Powers.
Bob tells me that you would like to see our plant while you are in
New
York, wouldnt you?
Brown:
Thats very kind of you. _____________________, my schedule is
Powers:
_________________________. Well, _________________ I may
booked up all next week.

be in London next month.
Brown:
I see. Please give me a call then.
Powers:
_________________.
Brown:
It was _________________________.
Powers:
_________________________, too.
Brown:
___________________. May I have your business phone number?
Powers:
Of course. Here is my business card.
Brown:
Thank you. And here is mine. Now, I __________________. Good

bye.
Powers:
Good bye.
25
GRAMMAR FOCUS
POSSESSIVES
PERSONAL AND REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
You use a possessive pronoun (mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs) or a
possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their) to show that something
belongs to someone:
e.g.
I like your suit. It fits better than mine. (mine = my suit)
Yours is a nicer colour, though. (yours = your suit)
Where did Jane buy hers? (hers = her suit)
We usually get ours in Marks & Spencer (ours = our suits)
Theirs are very good quality, arent they? (theirs = their suits)
You use an object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them) as the direct
object of a verb:
e.g.
Her teacher wants her to study science at university.

My cousin has invited us to his place on Sunday.
or as the indirect object of a verb:

e.g.
The President gave him a medal for bravery.

Did John tell you the answer?
or after a preposition:
e.g.
Can Jane look after it for me this afternoon?

He wont lend his car to them any more.
You use a reflexive pronoun (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves,
yourselves, themselves) to talk about the same person or thing as the subject:
e.g.
I told myself not to be so silly.

Frank has hurt himself.
26
and when you want to emphasize that one person, and no other, does something:
And did you build the whole house by yourself?
Yes, we had to do it by ourselves because we didnt have enough money to
pay a builder.
e.g.
in some special phrases:

Does she live by herself? - No, her sister lives with her.
Enjoy yourself at the dance tonight!
Help yourself to some more cake!
Make sure those children behave themselves and dont make too much
noise.
e.g.
Remember!
Personal
pronoun
Object
pronoun
Possessive
pronoun
Possessive
adjective
Reflexive pronoun
me
mine
my
myself
you
you
yours
your
yourself
he
him
his
his
himself
she
her
hers
her
herself
it
it
its
itself
we
us
ours
our
ourselves
you
you
yours
your
yourselves
they
them
theirs
their
themselves
1. Use the possessive pronoun instead of the possessive adjective:

a. He is one of my friends. b. Is this one of your little schemes? c. She played
one of her old records. d. Thats one of our favourite topics. e. Here, John, meet
one of your well-known commentators. f. He took a fancy to one of my cousins.
g. Some of their computers got out of order. h. I gave him one of my CDs.
i. Was it one of her applications? j. Do you have one of my copies?
27
2. Choose the right pronoun:

a.
Were much stronger than (they/them) at football.
b.
Just between you and (me/I), its (him/he) Im afraid of, not (she/her).
c.
Let (we/us) all go for a walk except (she/her), since (she/her) is tired.
d.
I know youre bigger than (I, me), in fact youre bigger than (we/us) both,
but were not afraid of you.
e.
Youre as tall as (I/me), so you can easily ride my bike, but youre much
fatter than either (I/me) or my brother, so we cant lend you a sports jacket.
f.
Do you think (he/him) is stronger than (I/me)?
g.
How can you talk to a woman such as (she/her)?
h.
Its only (we/us), (I/me) and my girl-friend Maisie!
i.
Help (I/me) carry (she/her), (she/her) has fainted.
3. Insert the missing possessives:
a.
This doesnt look like .......... book; it must be ..........
b.
Tell him not to forget ......... tickets; she mustnt forget ....... either.
c.
Tell me, isnt that ... girl-friend Mary over here? Oh, no, she was .... last
week, but ... dog doesnt like me!.
d.
It was very good chocolate, but Ive eaten up .....; can you give me a little
piece of ...?
e.
They have two of ......... houses in this street, and the house on the corner is
also ...
f.
I see that he has lost ... pencil; perhaps you can lend him ....
g.
........ is a very bad one, whats ......... like? (all persons).
h.
You can take ........ and give me .........
i.
John has come to see me; ........ father and ...... were school friends.
j.
Weve taken ......... share, has she taken .......... ?
"
Translate into English:
a. Mie i mamei mele nu ne plac foarte tare dulciurile. b. Mai e mult de ateptat
pn la cin. c. Spune c e tot att de nalt ca el. d. Ei ne-au convins s trecem
de la GSM la DIALOG. e. Dac a fi n locul ei, a face cerere s obin acest
post. f. I-am explicat cum stau lucrurile cum m-am priceput mai bine. g. Cu ei
eti nedrept, nu cu mine. h. Odihnete-te puin; te ateapt o cltorie lung.
i. Maina se ndrepta direct spre ei. j. Ia prea multe asupra lui. k. Sper ca tot ce
am vorbit s rmn ntre noi. l. Au ceva bani asupra lor? m. Cineva ca tine ar
trebui s dicteze moda (to set the fashion). n. Uite-te i tu n jur, toate locurile
sunt ocupate!
28
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
What country would you like to live in? Why?
Where would you like to live: an apartment in the city center, a house in the
suburbs, a house in the country?
Do you like to socialize a lot or prefer your intimacy?
READING
HOUSES & FLATS
Estate Agents
LOCATION
PRICE
BEDROOMS
RECEPTION ROOMS
NURSERY
BATHROOM
KITCHEN
PANTRY
GARDEN
GARAGE
SHOPS
TIME TO GET TO
THE CENTER
DESCRIPTION
Suburbs
$ 55,000
1 large
2 small
A living room with space for a table and a dining
room
Regular
With bathtub
Large
Adequate
Small
For two cars
5 minutes away
30 minutes
Semi-detached house in a leafy suburb. Quiet
residential street close to schools and park. Best of
both worlds.
29
Estate Agent:
Mr. Windfield:
Estate Agent:
Mr. Windfield:
Estate Agent:
Would this house suit you. Mr. Windfield?

Well, Im not sure. You see, I have a big family: besides
myself and my wife, we have three kids, and it is also my
mother-in-law ... I think my kids would like to have their
grand-mother nearby to take care of them, while their
Mom and Dad are out, working.
Then, I think it is exactly what you need.
Oh, I dont know ... Maybe one more bedroom ... But what
about guests? My cousins and my wifes sister and brother
are usually checking in every Christmas! Ill definitely
need more bedrooms!
O.K. Dont worry! Well find something else.
THE AVERAGE BRITISH FAMILY

The average British family lives in a semi-detached house with a garden in the
south of England. They own their house, which is situated in the suburbs of a large
town. The house has three bedrooms. On average they have two children and a pet.
The family drives a two-year-old Ford Cortina.
He works in the office of an engineering company for 40 hours a week and earns
200 per week. He starts at 9:00 in the morning and finishes at 5:30 in the evening.
He goes to work by car, which takes him 20 minutes. He doesnt particularly like
his job, but there are chances of promotion.
She works in a service industry for three days a week and earns 95. She works
locally and goes there by bus. She quite likes her job as it gets her out of the house,
she meets people, and it is close to the childrens school.
The children go to a state school which is a few miles from home. A special bus
comes to pick them up every day. They are at school from 9:00 to 3:30.
The most popular evening entertainment is watching television or video, which the
average person does for two and a half hours a day. After that, the next most
popular activity is visiting friends, going to the cinema or a restaurant, or going to
the pub. The most popular hobby is gardening and the most popular sports are
fishing, football and tennis.
(from Headway Intermediate, OUP)
30
Compare the British family with the average family from Romania. Think
of the following: house/jobs/hours of work/school/transport/entertainment.
LANGUAGE WORK
ROLE-PLAY:
Work in pairs. Prepare a dialogue together, then act it out. Student A is letting
his apartment in a central position. He asks for a high rent and yet he has solid
arguments and is optimistic about letting. Student B would like to rent an
apartment in a central position, but the supply is rather generous, so he is difficult
to persuade.
What does knowing a new word mean?
It is not enough just to know the meaning of a word. You also need to know:
a) what words it is usually associated with;
b) whether it has any particular grammatical characteristics;
c) how it is pronounced.
Try to learn new words not in isolation but in phrases.
Write down adjectives together with nouns they are often associated with and
vice versa (e.g. royal family; rich vocabulary).
Write down verbs with the structure and nouns associated with them (e.g. to
add to our knowledge of the subject; to express an opinion).
Write down nouns in phrases (e.g. in contact with; a train set; shades of
opinion).
Write down words with their prepositions (e.g. at a high level; thanks to your
help).
Note any grammatical characteristics of the words you are studying. For
example, note when a verb is irregular and when a noun is uncountable or is
only used in the plural.
Make a note of any special pronunciation problem with the words youre
learning.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Work in pairs or groups. Put in missing articles and make any other changes
necessary to make complete sentences.
A note from Helen to Maggie, January 16.
31
Mr. Briggs from restaurant supplies shop phoned. Said he cant deliver fridge
and cooker until this afternoon. Ive got to go to the butchers. Can you stay in
restaurant, let restaurant supplies man in and wait by phone? Have taken
booking for Saturday. Its in reservation book.
Remember!
THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Usage
Examples
a before a consonant or a semivowel

an before a vowel or mute h
a man a hat a watch a university a European

an apple an egg an uncle an island an hour
The indefinite article is used:

with singular nouns when mentioned
for the first time
I live in a nice flat.

She has a daughter.
with singular nouns which represent a

class of things
A fridge is a very useful thing in our homes

A child needs love
after the verb to be:

- with man, woman, child, etc.
- to express nationality, profession
Dont shout at him! Hes only a child.

I am a Romanian. He is an architect.
(but He is elected director temporary position)
in expressions of price, speed, ratio

(a/an = per)
15p a kilo 65 km an hour six times a day

11,000 a month
with certain numbers
a dozen a hundred
a thousand
1 kilo = one and a half kilos or a kilo and a half
(but half a kilo)
in some expressions and

exclamations
Its a pity. Its a shame.

What a nice man! Such a long way!
32
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE

Usage
Examples
The definite article is used:
before objects that are unique or well-known the earth the stars the sea the wind
before a noun defined by a phrase or clause
the shop round the corner
the place where I met him
before a singular noun which represents a
The washing machine has made life
class of objects
easier for housewives.
with adjectives to represent a class of people The old have to be respected.
collectively
The English have many hobbies.
before superlatives, ordinal numbers
the best results
the first place
with proper names:
the Pacific the Thames the Azores
- seas, rivers, group of islands
the Carpathians the Sahara
- chains of mountains, deserts
the Netherlands the Hague
- certain countries and cities
the Times the Titanic the Ritz
- newspapers, ships, hotels
the European Union the BBC
- organisations
(but Kodak IBM names of companies)
The Johnsons will go on holiday.
- plural surnames (= the whole family)
- names consisting of noun + of + noun the Tower of London the Gulf of Mexico
the British Museum the Far East
or adjective + noun
after prepositions
He laid his notebook on the table.
ZERO ARTICLE
Usage
Examples
There is no article (& article):

before plural nouns
I bought apples and grapes.
before uncountable and abstract

nouns
Money does not bring happiness.

(but: The happiness of the young married was great.)
before names of meals
He has bacon and eggs for breakfast.

(but: The breakfast I had in that hotel was
excellent.)
before names of subjects
History studies past events.

(but: The history of that country is fascinating.)
He arrived home. She is at work now. He went to
university (to study). She goes to church on Sundays
(to pray). He was taken to hospital (as patient). He is
at sea (as sailor). I went to town to buy clothes.
(but: This is the new home for orphans. Ill wait for
you outside the university. The church is a very old
building. The hospital was renovated. He goes to the
sea every summer.)
before home, work, school/

college/ university, church,
hospital, sea, town
33
with some proper names:

names and surnames
continents, countries, regions
islands, mountains, lakes
cities, towns, streets, parks
before noun + numbers
Uncle David Mr Norfolk

Asia North America Canada Central Europe
Madagascar
Everest
Lake Ontario
London Venice
Regent Street
Hyde Park
chapter 5 page 123 room 476
bus 19
gate 5
1. Which is the correct, (a) or (b)?

a.
Julie goes to (a) church (b) the church every Sunday.
b.
Go straight ahead to (a) church (b) the church, then turn left.
c.
Im a bit upset. Lees in (a) hospital, (b) the hospital. Hes quite ill.
d.
My sister works at (a) hospital, (b) the hospital. Shes a cleaner.
e.
In Britain, children go to (a) school (b) the school from nine oclock until
four oclock every day.
f.
My wife is away on business in (a) Far East (b) the Far East.
g.
The highest mountain in (a) the Himalayas (b) Himalayas is (a) Mount
Everest (b) the Mount Everest.
h.
Shes travelling in (a) the Europe (b) Europe and (a) Middle East (b) the
Middle East.
i.
(a) Spaghetti (b) The spaghetti you ate yesterday was for todays dinner.
j.
I like (a) spaghetti (b) the spaghetti.
2. Fill in the blanks with a or an where necessary.
a) My neighbour is .. photographer.
b) Theyll pay him .. thousand .. week. Its .. enormous salary, but he is
.. managing director after all.
c) I have .. hour and .. half for lunch.
d) .. friend of mine is expecting a baby. If its .. girl shes going to be called
Etheldreda. What .. name to give . girl!
e) The lamp is broken. Do you have .. screwdriver?
3. In each pair of sentences, fill in one blank with the, and the other blank with &
(no article).
1 A I am not motivated by _____ money.
B When are you going to pay back _____ money I lent you?
2 A The scientist could not work out _____ age of fossils.
34
B
3 A
B
4 A
B
5 A
B
6 A
B
We never refuse to give someone a job on the basis of _____ age.

_____ mistakes you have made cost us a great deal of money.
Don't worry. Everybody makes _____ mistakes.
This book will give you _____ information you need.
CD-ROMs can store large quantities of _____ information.
_____ visitors must be accompanied at all times.
_____ visitors are on a fact-finding mission from Brazil.
_____ Japanese imports are currently at very high levels.
It is very difficult to sell to _____ Japanese.
THE PLURAL OF NOUNS
Regular nouns
Irregular nouns
- you make the plural by adding

-s to the singular noun: day days, price - prices
- you add -es to a noun ending
in -s, -ss, -sh, -z, -x, -ch, -tch: bus
buses (or: busses), buzz - buzzes,
fox - foxes, wish - wishes, church
- churches, match - matches
you add -es to nouns ending in o: tomato - tomatoes, potato potatoes
- you change nouns ending in a consonant + -y to

consonant + -ies: party - parties, baby - babies, story
stories)
(but: you add -s to a noun ending in vowel + -y: boy boys, donkey - donkeys, storey storeys)
- the nouns: calf, half, knife, life, loaf, shelf, thief,
wife, wolf, scarf, hoof change -f or -fe into -ves in the
plural: life - lives, knife - knives, leaf - leaves
(but: roof - roofs, cliff cliffs, handkerchief
handkerchiefs)
(but: radio - radios, photo - photos, piano pianos)
4. Rewrite the sentences, making the words in brackets plural:

Example:
Television and newspapers are the mass (medium) of advertising.
Television and newspapers are the mass media of advertising.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
He wished to place certain (memorandum) before the committee.

The (mouse) were caught by the neighbour's cat.
Piano (solo) will be played by Ian Smith.
He arranged that his books should contain detailed (appendix).
Due to heavy snowfall, (bus) are late.
University faculties expect to receive completed (thesis) by the beginning of June.
The (thief) broke into the shop but were caught by the (passer-by).
35
8.
The ships were unloading their (cargo) on to the (wharf).
9. He agreed that these were strange (phenomenon).

10. Many people think that (parent-in-law) should not live alongside the young couple.
5. Which of the nouns below are followed by a singular verb and which are
followed by a plural verb?
police, news, people, politics, clothes, pyjamas, shoes, economics, trousers,
glasses, scissors, mathematics, goods, savings, premises.
6. There are three countable nouns in this list. Which are they? (The rest are all
uncountable):
book
knowledge
bread
love
cream
progress
gold
weather
jam
work
oil
accommodation
snow
cupboard
wind
English
wood
equipment
advice
furniture
football match
homework
fun
luggage
help
music
travel
rubbish
health
traffic
information
7. Fill in the blanks with some or any:
Note that some is typically used in affirmative sentences, while any is typically
used in interrogative sentences, conditional clauses and sentences with a negated
verb or containing words of the type: never, neither, nor, hardly, seldom; adjectives
like reluctant, hard, difficult or other adjectives with too; verbs like to prevent, to
deny, to fail.
Some can replace any in interrogative and negative sentences or conditional
clauses when the basic meaning is assertive or when one makes an offer or an
invitation.
36
Any can be used in affirmative sentences, but with a change of meaning:

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
m.
If he gives ........ trouble, we will call his parents.

I have hardly ............ doubt that he did it.
If you would lend me .......... money I should buy myself a dictionary.
I had ........... pills recommended to me the other day.
If you find us ....... chairs, well sit on the terrace.
They failed to turn out ....... nice dress.
......... of the sketches are very good.
He has scarcely .... friends in this town.
Are you sure you dont want me to make ......... coffee?
She denied that she had sold ............ CDs to him.
Would you like ............ more salmon?
If you have ......... doubts, ask for further explanations.
May we have ........... entertainment, too?
8. Put in a/an, some, any or a lot of only where necessary.

a.
Peter and Alison havent got ______ children.
b.
______ children would be ____ problem for them at the moment as they
have ________ work to do and they dont have _____ money.
c.
Unfortunately they dont have _______ interesting hobbies either. I think
one of them should have _____ hobby.
d.
Their lives consist entirely of ______ work. _____ people live like that.
e.
They arent even interested in ______ travel. Sad, isnt it?
9. Supply some, (a) little, (a) few, much, many:
Note that much and many are typically used in interrogative and negative
sentences, while in affirmative sentences they may form part of the subject come
after too or very:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
As she was still hungry, she asked for ....... more ham and eggs.
Last year I spent the New Years Eve at the seaside; there were ..........
people on the beach.
Are there .......... lions at the Zoo?
Have ..... salmon!
Did you have ........ difficulties in translating the text?
The tea is too sour, you have put too .......... lemon in it.
37
g.
8.
h.
i.
j.
k.
There are ........ letters for you today.

............. Europeans spend their holiday in Brasil.
There are ........... fine shops in this street.
His lectures provide ........... opportunities for discussion.
Theres very .......... accommodation near the colleges.
Very ......... ideas get farther than the inventor.
Words of Wisdom
Comment on the following:
Home is where the heart is.
There is no place like home.
East, west, home is best.
Lets learn a new word!
bungalow a bungalow was originally the house of a European in India, which
usually had only one storey. It would have a veranda all around it and a thatched
roof to protect the people who lived there from the hot sun. Today, many houses in
Britain also have only one storey, and these are known as bungalows.
My grandmother has moved to a bungalow, because she finds it difficult to get up
and down the stairs.
CHECKLIST
1. Introduce: i) your cousin to a friend of yours.
ii) your boss to a foreign business partner.
iii) yourself to a new teacher.
2. Use in contexts the following: i) How do you do?
ii) What do you do?
iii) How are you?
3. What do you use in front of a noun: a possessive adjective or a possessive
pronoun?
4. Which of thes nouns can be accompanied by an indefinite article and why?
butter, news, pity, John.
5. Name ten nouns having an irregular plural form.
38
UNIT 3
COMPANIES
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
What is a company?
What do companies deal with?
What companies do you know?
Are they success companies or bankrupt companies?
What does the success of a company consist in?
READING
A SUCCESS LIFE STORY IN BUSINESS
A wartime bomb is exploding in front of Guido Borghis electric-appliance shop in
Milan. That means that his 40 years of hard work are wiped out. Borghi is telling
his three sons, We have to go back to being hired workmen. I am too old to start
all over again.
Today at Comerio, some 30 miles north of Milan, stand the headquarters of the
multi-million-pound Borghi complex, Italys largest refrigerator manufacturer.
Giovanni Borghi keeps everything going with his own boundless energy. He
works together with his sons. They are making now hot plates, water heaters
and electric irons as well as cookers. From now on there is nowhere for the
Borghis to go but up. By day Giovanni and his sons run the business and make
deliveries, at night they take products apart to find ways of improving them.
They now have more than 4,000 employees. They cooperate with their
customers. With the Italian standard of living constantly rising, a mass market
is developing for their refrigerators and all their other household and industrial
39
products. To mass-produce successfully at the right price, to cut costs, Borghis

make new investments of most of their fortune. The output rises constantly.
Day by day they prove to be more efficient.
Despite the success of their business, the Borghis live a simple life. All they
earn is put back into the business, either to develop new products and new
factories or to improve the employees welfare. Giovannis greatest pride and
joy is the six-storeyed ultra-modern home built on the factory premises for
450 apprentices between 16 and 21. A luxury apartment block in appearance,
the hostel has dormitories, study and game rooms, an assembly hall where
films are shown, and athletics facilities together with many other company
facilities for employees. Giovanni Borghi always plays to win, whether in his
business or in his other undertakings. His favourite remark to his younger
employees is: Every one of you can become like me. The important thing is
never to treat success like a comfortable armchair.
(based on Indro Montanelli, Italys Biggest Enterprises)
LANGUAGE WORK
1.
2.
3.
4.
Why are the Borghis ruined? Do they really go bankrupt?

Where are their companys headquarters?
What do they manufacture and what do they expand their products to?
Why are their products efficient? What contributes to the efficiency of their
products?
5. Which is the key of Giovannis success in business?
1. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the text:

The Borghis have to everything because a bomb is exploding in front of
their shop. The companys are at Comerio. They are making refrigerators,
cookers, electric irons, washing-machines . They put back into the business all
they because they want to new and new and to improve their
employees . The companys between 16 and 21 live in beautiful and
well-equipped . Giovannis success key is to work ceaselessly and not to treat
like a comfortable .
40
2. Italian is the adjective from the proper noun of country Italy. Give the
adjectives from these nouns:
Portugal
Romania
Hungary
Thailand
Belgium
Holland
Switzerland
Vietnam
Iceland
Mexico
France
Chile
Wales
Pakistan
3. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences:
Example: Juan comes from Spain. He is a Spaniard and he speaks Spanish.
a. Birgit comes from Denmark. She is a . and she speaks
b. Zafer comes from Turkey. He is a .. and he speaks .
c. Michael comes from Athens. He is a .. and he speaks .
d. Anita comes from Sweden. She is a ... and she speaks .
e. Eleanor comes from Scotland. She is a .. and she speaks
f. Shuhei comes from Japan. He is a .. and he speaks .
g. Iris comes from Finland. She is a ... and she speaks
4. Mr. Scott, a companys manager, is offering a 15,000 interest-free loan. An
interest-free loan is a loan that is free of interest. Use similar compound adjectives
to express the following ideas:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
a job that consumes a lot of time ..

an event forgotten for a long time
a flower that smells sweet
a suit made by a tailor ..
a plane that flies high ...
goods that are free of tax ..
a child who is seven years old ..
41
5. Look at the words in the box, which have certain similarities in meaning. Put
each word into its appropriate sentence:
trade
job
practice
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
business
profession
vocation
living
craft
industry
commerce
He qualified as an economist in 1995, and set up in ... in Sheffield.

After leaving school, he. in a solicitors office.
I like my son to take over the . when I retire.
Nursing is not just a job; it is a .., calling for much
self-sacrifice and devotion.
She earns her ... by telling fortunes at the seaside.
The ancient . of weaving has been carried on
in these islands for centuries.
My uncle Joshua has worked in the local Chamber of .
since he graduated from Oxford.
Our mark is a circle with the letters G L inside it.
There are a lot of Scotsmen in the medical ..
Its a dirty, smoky city, as there is a lot of heavy .. on the outskirts.
6. Read the following text about BICC and make the company profile:
BICC is a large multinational with about forty thousand employees world-wide and
a turnover of approximately three billion pound. The groups main activities are
construction and manufacture of cables. The group has five different divisions.
Balfour Beatty is Britains leading construction company with a turnover of
around $ 1,700 m. The company is famous for its work constructing motorways,
buildings and of course, the channel tunnel.
Another division is BICC Cables. They are the largest manufacturer of fibre
optic cables in Europe and they now own the Italian company Ceat Cavil,
CelCat in Portugal; part of CGC in Spain and KVC in the former East Germany.
BICC Cables is expanding fast in Asia too and it has a turnover of $ 1,103 m.
Make also a profile of each division of the multinational company BICC.
42
7. Fill in the spaces using the words below:

divided into
retail
subsidiary
division
manufactures
employs
ICL is a . of Fujitsu, which is a an 82% shareholder in the parent company.

The company . a total of 12,000 people. ICL group consist of twenty-nine
autonomous companies. Each company has its own Managing Director. The group
is . three divisions. The first is Industry Systems. This division produces
business solutions (software) for ICIs customers. The second is Technology,
which computers and components. The third . is Services, which sells
computer services, like maintenance and training. ICL operates in six different
target markets: . - thats shops, supermarkets and so on; financial services;
local and central government; healthcare; manufacturing; travel and transport.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What is a holding or parent company?

What is a subsidiary?
What is a division?
What does the group consist of?
What is a company made up of?
Where do the companies of a group operate in?
What is a target market?
8. Ask questions about the building and the facilities of a company, using the
words below and beginning with:
Is the building ? There is a/an There are .
Is there a/an .? Are there ..? Are they any .?
There isnt a/an. There arent any. There are no
modern
separate rooms for smokers
staff restaurant
large car park
facilities for disabled staff
near a railway station
lifts
bus stop nearby
noisy
crche
air conditioning system
sport or recreational facilities
cold in winter
nice to work in
43
Practice: Make comments in your own words about each of the qualities of a
company building and about its facilities.
9. Study the organization of a company:
Human
resources
Training
Production
Marketing
Finance
Production
Marketing
Personnel
Packaging
After-Sales
Wages
and
Salaries
Distribution
or
Dispatch
Research
and
Development
Buying
or
Purchasing
Customer
Account
Financial
Services
Quality
Advertising
Maintenance
Now read attentively the definitions below and specify which department:
1. puts the products in boxes and crates?
2. places ads in magazines?
3. pays the staff?
4. purchases supplies?
5. sells the products to customers?
6. plans how to sell new products?
7. services the machines and equipment?
8. arranges courses for the staff?
9. recruits new employees?
10. manufactures the products?
11. invoices customers?
12. looks after customers problems and complaints?
13. dispatches the products and sends them to customers?
14. organises control systems to prevent mistakes?
15. deals with taxation, investment and cash management?
44
GRAMMAR FOCUS
PRESENT TENSES
Read the following paragraph about the company Marks & Spencer:
Marks & Spencer, the British food and clothes company, is the most famous
British shop in the world. At the moment, there are M & S shops in Britain, and
other shops in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain and Portugal. Currently,
they are building a large new store in Paris on the Rue de Rivoli. In North America,
the company owns Brooke Brothers and there are about fifty stores in Canada.
More and more people, from Hong Kong to Lisbon, are buying their clothes and
food from M & S. The clothes vary from country to country. Food departments sell
typically British food: tea, cakes, biscuits etc., and shops in Paris are very popular
at lunchtime as they sell sandwiches.
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE
1. Use simple present tense in the following sentences, to show permanent
activities:
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
M & S sells food and clothes.

Does M & S sell food and clothes? It does not/doesnt sell food
and clothes.
Steve, an engineer, works for an oil company.

Monika, a journalist, writes for an Italian newspaper.
Louisa, an airhostess, travels all over the world with an American airline.
Juan, a businessman from Madrid, exports Spanish antiques, an unusual job.
Mikis, and Yiannis, architects, design houses in Athens.
2. Simple present tense is also used with time adverbials to express frequent,
actions, habitual.
Example:
Steve, to watch television, every day

Does Steve watch television every day?
1. They, to drink coffee, every morning;

2. You, to cook Chinese food, on Sunday;
3. We, to visit friends, at the weekend;
4. She, to go to work, daily;
45
5. They, to visit a foreign country, every summer;

6. Steve, to run to his office, every day.
3. The adverbs of frequency (always, usually, often ) are often used with simple
present tense. Their place is either between subject and predicate or after the verb
to be.
Example:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I, an umbrella, carry, often;

I often carry an umbrella.
He, late, always, is.
He is always late.
The English, breakfast, at, speak, seldom;
He, never, to be, in, interested, conferences;
They, punctual, their, morning, in, the, at, normally, be, offices;
Generally, she, own, her, forget, age;
We, play, sometimes, Sunday, morning, on, tennis.
4. Simple present is also used in Time Clauses to express the future after when,
before, till, until, as soon as, immediately, by the moment
Model: When you come, Ill be ready.
1. These gates will remain shut until the train ....(pass).

2. By the time he .. (get back) from his business trip, his
wife will have cleaned the house.
3. It is said that one Englishman will not speak to another till they ..
(be introduced).
4. Ill ring you up whenever I ... (have) time.

5. As soon as she .... (learn) to type Ill get her a job.
PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE
1. We use present continuous tense to express a temporary action, to indicate a
temporary behaviour and an action which annoys the speaker.
Example: She is not writing now, she is speaking on the phone.
46
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
I usually teach literature, but .. (teach) grammar this year.

Why (be) so upset? Whats the matter with you?
You .. (be) very unrealistic, life is not such.
She .. (always, talk) on the phone when I come to see her.
He .. (continually, lose) his glasses and (ask) me to look for them.
2. Use present continuous tense to describe personal fixed plans and appointments
in the near future:
1.
2.
3.
4.
I .. (fly) to Paris on Friday.

They .. (have dinner) with the sales team tonight.
.. you .. (do) anything this evening? No, Im not.
We .. (have breakfast) at 7.00 tomorrow because Tom doesnt want to miss
the early train.
5. Where .. you (go) at the weekend? Dont you want to pay me a visit?
3. Use simple present or present continuous:
1. I . (hear) music. It .. (sound) fine.

2. I .. (think) he is a good man.
3. You .. (hear) from your daughter?
4. I .. (think) of his parents. How are they now?
5. You .. (be) rude today!
6. You cant see the manager now, he .. (to have) an interview.
7. He .. (usually, speak) so quickly. I .. (not understand) what he .. (say) now.
8. You .. (enjoy) yourself or you .. (like) to leave now?
9. I .. (enjoy) myself very much. I .. (want) to stay to the end.
10. .. (come) with me for a walk? ..(mind) if I bring my dog?
"
Ce-i determin pe oameni s munceasc? Pare evident c oamenii muncesc

numai pentru a se hrni i a se mbrca. Dar exist ci de a-i determina s
munceasc pentru mai mult dect att. Dar mai muli bani i mai multe beneficii nu
47
duc automat la o productivitate crescut. Primul lor efect este s ncurajeze oamenii
s rmn n slujb, nu s produc mai mult sau s fie fericii.
Managerii se gndesc s dea oamenilor slujbe potrivite talentelor
individuale. n cazul banilor ca stimulent, oamenii muncesc pentru ei pn la un
punct - s-i satisfac concepiile personale de via bun. Exist teoreticieni care
pretind c banii i beneficiile sunt stimulente negative, absena lor i face pe
oameni nefericii, dar prezena lor nu-i face mai productivi. Aceiai teoreticieni
spun c banii conteaz doar mpreun cu performana individual. Pentru a stimula
angajaii, multe companii i atrag n procesul de luare a deciziilor, aa nct ei s-i
poat raporta elurile personale la cele ale companiei. n multe cazuri sugestiile
salariailor sunt aplicate de ctre patroni cu succes.
Remember!
The following verbs cannot be used in the continuous aspect. Some of these verbs
can be used in the continuous aspect with different meanings:
VERBS
VERBS WITH DIFFERENT

MEANINGS IN THE
CONTINUOUS ASPECT
EXAMPLE
Verbs of senses when
Verbs of senses: to smell, to
Im feeling the material to
they show an invo-
taste, to feel, when they
see if it is real silk.
luntary action: to see, to
express a voluntary action;
hear, to smell, to taste,

to feel, to sound, to look;
The verb to see = to visit, the
Im seeing my family on
verb to hear = to hear from (to
Sunday.
have news from somebody);
Are you hearing from your

sister?
Verbs of mental activity:

to think, to understand,
to believe, to expect, to
remember, to suppose;
The verb to think when it doesnt

express ideas but recollections;
Im thinking about
summer holidays.
The verb to expect = to wait

for;
Im expecting a present from

Santa Claus.
Verbs of feeling: to
like, to dislike, to love,
to hate, to loathe, to
mind;
The verbs to like, to love, to

enjoy when they dont express
permanent states but a short
period of time;
Im loving/enjoying this
party.
Im liking school better
now.
48
my
Verbs expressing will:

to want, to wish, to
refuse, to prefer;
Verbs of possession: to
have, to belong to, to
own, to possess, to contain, to hold, to consist
of;
Other verbs: to matter,
to depend upon, to
deserve, to resemble
To be
The verb to have in different

expressions.
Dont disturb him! Hes

having lunch.
The verb to be when it expresses a temporary behaviour.
I cant understand why you

are being so rude today!
Lets have fun!

Its the first day at university.
Lecturer: Whats your nationality?
Student: Its difficult to say.
Lecturer: What do you mean?
Student: Well, you see, my father is Polish, my mother Lithuanian, and I was
born on a Russian ship, in Romanian waters, under the Turkish flag.
49
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Do you believe in good luck or in hard work?

Which are the qualities of a hard-working person?
Do you think that work is always rewarded?
Why? Why not? Give examples from your personal experience.
READING
NOTHING TO SELL AND NOTHING TO BUY
Patricia: They say that everyone lives by selling something. Im sure this is true.
Jeffrey: So am I. In the light of this statement, teachers live by selling knowledge
and priests by selling spiritual comfort.
Patricia: I think the value of material goods may be measured in terms of money,
but its extremely difficult to estimate the true value of the services which
people perform for us.
Jeffrey: So do I. There are times when we willingly give everything we own to
save our lives, but we bear a grudge against doctors as we have to pay
them. I dont agree with grudge-bearing persons.
Patricia: Neither do I. I neither like that kind of persons, nor want to meet them. The
conditions of society are such that skills have to be paid for in the same
way that goods are paid for at a shop. Everyone has something to sell.
Jeffrey: Yes, youre right! But what about tramps? They seem to be the only
exception to this general rule. I dont mean beggars, who almost sell
themselves as human beings to arouse the pity of passers-by.
Patricia: I dont like them either. But real tramps are not beggars.
Jeffrey: Yes, they only seek independence. They deliberately choose to lead the
life they lead and are fully aware of the consequences.
Patricia: Then why do we often speak with contempt of? I think there are a lot of
people who cant honestly admit they feel a little envious of their simple
way of life.
Jeffrey: So do I, youre right!
(based on Alexander, Developing Skills, Longman)
50
What do teachers and priests sell?

How do we measure the values of material goods?
Are skills paid for in the same way as goods are?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Speak about ways of earning ones living through hard work and ways of
earning ones living through other ways. Explain the difference among these
verbs, all of them including the idea to make money: to earn, to gain, to get,
to win, to cash, to economize, to invest, to save, to speculate, to transact.
2. Make two columns: employed and unemployed. Which of the following words
and phrases have to belong to each column: dismiss, fire, hire, promote,
resign, retire, suspend, sack, kick out, strike, employment, industrious, fail,
profit, inactive, on the dole, out of work, scrupulous, idle, serious, thorough,
indolent, make someone redundant?
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Read these ads about used cars sale. Then use so is and neither:
Audi Quattro
2000, blue,
5-door, radio,
excellent
condition, taxed
until December.
4,725
Renault Megane
2001, automatic,
red, 4-door,
sunroof, radio,
taxed until
September.
8,525
Porsche GT3
1996, red,
4-door,
sunroof, excellent
condition.
4,875
Hyunday Accent
2000, dark blue,
4-door, radio,
excellent
condition.
6,125
Example: The Audi is a 2000 model. So is the Hyunday.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Audi is in excellent condition.

The Hyunday is blue.
The Porsche isnt taxed.
The Renault isnt a 5-door model.
The Porsche is red.
51
2. Read these ads about Job vacancies. Then write sentences using so do/does
or neither do/does
A
Secretary/PA
with good
shorthand/typing
skills and fluent
French required
for Sales Manager
on international
company. The job
involves travel
and a lot of
organization
work. Excellent
salary, modern
offices in
Victoria, five
weeks holiday.
Ring Susan Gill
01-636-0239.
B
Legal Personal
Assistant, 8800
pound. Busy
solicitors office in
West End. Good
shorthand/typing
and legal
experience
essential. Excellent
working conditions,
5 weeks holiday.
Please contact
Mr. J. Banks.
Tel. 01-629-9923.
C
Audio Secretary for
overseas Dept. of City
Bank. Previous
banking experience,
spoken and written
French essential.
Some travel involved.
Salary negotiable.
Excellent working
conditions.
5 weeks holiday.
Telephone
Michael Hill
01-453-9785.
D
Secretary (Audio),
8,000 pound,
required for Fashion
Company with
offices in Mayfair.
No previous
experience in
fashion necessary.
The job involves
travel in UK.
Current driving
licence essential. If
you have good
typing and audio
skills and an ability
to organize, contact
Jane Weathers
01-34-7111. We
offer 4 weeks
holiday and
luncheon vouchers.
Example: Job A requires French. So does Job C.

Job A doesnt offer flexible working hours. Neither do Jobs B and C
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Job A requires good shorthand.

Job C doesnt state the salary.
Job A offers 5 weeks holiday.
Job B requires previous experience.
Job A doesnt offer luncheon vouchers.
Job B offers excellent working conditions.
Job A doesnt require a driving licence.
Job D requires ability to organize.
52
3. Translate into English:

Jeffrey: Nu merg la petreceri prea des.
Patricia: Nici eu. Ursc ncperile aglomerate.
Jeffrey: i eu. Nu sunt un amator de petreceri, ntr-adevr.
Patricia: Nici eu. Nu m pricep la conversaie.
Jeffrey: Nici eu. Sunt un gen de persoan linitit.
Patricia: i eu. Locuiesc singur ntr-o garsonier.
Jeffrey: i eu. i nu am muli prieteni.
Patricia: Nici eu. i vreau foarte mult un prieten bun, ntr-adevr.
Jeffrey: Oh, i eu.
Remember!
Conjunctions Structures
The conjunctions either, neither, nor and so express emphatic alternatives in
addition to remarks.
REMEMBER
EXAMPLE
When a negative verb is repeated with a

new subject, either may be placed at the
end of the sentence.
He doesnt go. She doesnt go.

He doesnt go and she doesnt go either.
This can be more clearly expressed by

using neither/nor + auxiliary verb in the
affirmative + subject.
He doesnt go. Neither does she.

He doesnt go and nor does she.
The same construction can be expressed in

the affirmative with so.
He goes and so does she.
Lets have fun!

Story
This is a story about the well-known millionaire, John D. Rockefeller and is
told by a friend of his. This friend said that though Rockefeller gave away millions,
Rockefeller himself was very mean about small sums of money.
53
One day he went to stay at a hotel in New York and asked for the
cheapest room they had. Rockefeller said What is the price of the room?.
The manager told him. And which floor is it on?. Again the manager told
him. Is that the lowest priced room you have? I am staying here by myself
and only need a small room. The manager said, That room is the smallest
and cheapest we have, and added, But why do you choose a poor room
like that? When your son stays here he always has our most expensive
room; yours is our cheapest. Yes, said Rockefeller, but his father is a
wealthy man; mine isnt.
CHECKLIST
1. Comment an the following statement: Never treat success like a confortable chair.
2. State the difference between wages and salaries.
3. Choose the correct verb form: i) The Prime Minister meets/is meeting the
foreign delegation at 10 a.m.
ii) I meet/am meeting my friends at 10 p.m.
4. What important information should a job vacancy ad contain?
5. What is a holding company?
54
UNIT 4
GOING TO COLLEGE
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
V In groups discuss the following questions:
Do you think that the number of students should be greater?

Do you think education should be free?
Are there advantages in a private educational system?
Is a diploma necessary to get well-paid jobs?
What other ways are there to get qualifications?
Complete these sentences with a word or expression to do with education from

the box below:
1
2
3
4
Margaret had left school and was anxious to go to to study

architecture.
The .. are preparing their first exams.
Joan attends the business courses regularly, so she is a ..
student.
When he finished the law studies, Christian was awarded a .
to become a lawyer.
55
5
6
7
In order to go on to ... or vocational training, pupils

usually take two or three A level examinations.
Frank is among the best students and he is going to receive a
..
In the States the . are quite high, so private
colleges and universities are rather expensive.
grant college
full-time
tuition fees undergraduates
higher education
qualification
READING
Work in pairs. Student A should use the information below and Student B should
look at the information in File 1 on page 190.
HIGHER EDUCATION IN UK
There are forty-seven universities in Britain and thirty polytechnics, plus 350
colleges and institutes of higher education. Undergraduate courses normally
take three years of full-time study, although a number of subjects take longer,
including medicine, architecture and foreign languages (where courses include
a year abroad). They lead in most cases to a Bachelors degree in Arts or
Science (BA or BSc). Students of law, architecture and some other professions
can take qualifications that are awarded by their own professional bodies
instead of degrees. There are also various postgraduate degrees, including
Master of Arts or Philosophy (MA or MPhil) and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD).
Universities accept students mainly on the basis of their A levels, although
they may interview them as well. At present, students who have been
accepted by universities or other institutions of higher education receive a
grant from their local authority, which covers the cost of the course, and may
cover living expenses, books and travel, although parents with higher incomes
are expected to make a contribution. Before1990 the grant was paid back, but
since then a system of loans has been introduced.
(adapted from Britain Explored, Longman)
56
LANGUAGE WORK
Complete the chart. Then compare the educational system in UK or the USA with
the educational system in our country.
UK
USA
Romania
Courses
Degrees
Admission
Tuition fees
Concerns
Write a paragraph describing some of the main differences .

1. In pairs decide whether the following statements are true () or false ( ).
1
2
3
4
5
6
Medicine, architecture and foreign languages are studied for three years.
Students are only accepted based on entrance examinations.
The grant received by students is being paid back at present.
High schools and colleges are not attended by many Americans.
Education is considered vital to the American ideal.
Not so many people think that the quality of education is a problem that
must be addressed.
2. Do you know what the following abbreviations stand for?
BSc, PhD, VIP, CD, DJ, MA, Washington, D.C., SOS, IT, p.m., e.g., i.e.
Can you add some more?
VOCABULARY
Clippings are some words normally used in an abbreviated form in informal
situations.
exam (examination)
TV or telly (television)
lab (laboratory)
board (blackboard)
fridge (refrigerator)
rep (representative)
57
phone (telephone)
ad/advert (advertisement)
fax (facsimile)
memo (memorandum)
You take / do / sit an exam. If you are well prepared, youll pass / do well in your
exam. If you skip lectures, youll probably fail / do badly in the exam. Therefore,
before an exam its a good idea to revise for it. When you pass all your exams, you
graduate from university youre a graduate.
1. Look up the following terms specific to the US education system:
sophomore freshman junior senior
2. Here are some words related to education and training. Put them in columns
under these headings: degrees, subjects, education institutions, teachers
statistics
professor college economics
bachelor
master university accounting
tutor postgraduate lecturer geography
high school international business
doctor
polytechnics reader
3. Correct the following sentences:

1 I cant come out. Im studying. Im passing an examination tomorrow.
2 Congratulations! I hear you succeeded your exam!
3 Shes a professor in a primary school.
4 He left university and now hes an economist.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Put in the prepositions in, at or on.
1
Nick was so bored, he had nothing to do ____ the weekend.
2
Derek went swimming ____ Sunday morning and _____ the evening he
played bridge.
3
I took my annual holiday in August, but I had a few days off ____
Christmas as well.
4
I was born ____ 1954.
58
5
6
7
I was born ____26 March 1954.

The house was built ____ the eighteenth century.
Angela got up very early ____ the morning to set out on her trip
and she arrived in Brighton quite late ____ night.
I was six years old.
2. Write an appropriate question for these answers.

Example: How old were you when you started school?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
.
I went to two schools.
.
The first was a junior school, the second was a high school.
No, I didnt. I wasnt quite happy at school.
I took A levels when I was 17.
Yes, I did. I went to Oxford University
Sociology
.
I studied there for four years.
..
I graduated in 1977.
SIMPLE PAST
3. Put the verbs in the correct tense and fill in the spaces. All the verbs are
irregular.
write
Infinitive
letters
a mistake
care
a report
wrote
an ice-cream
Simple past
a memo
a decision
a photograph
a magazine
a new CD
Past participle
written your resignation
noise
a chance
through the
handbook
tickets
59
a lecture
a present
your opinion
attention
the rent
taxes
out for lunch
on holiday
on a trip
a car
carefully
someone crazy
three languages
up
loudly
the class
to rain
work early
someone off
the point
someone later
your best
business with
homework
the bell
someone up
back later
fast
a company
a campaign
your job
a bet
your temper
4. Put either for or since with these time expressions.

a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
. a long time
. six days
. my last birthday
. the end of the holidays
. ages
. I came to England
. the last few days
. the day I met you
PAST SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT

Before 1990 the grant was paid back, but since then a system of loans has been
introduced.
When was the grant paid back?
How long has a system of loans been introduced?
Past Simple
1990
Present Perfect
60
now
Compare the following sentences.

a Hes lived in the countryside for seven years. (He still lives there.)
He lived in the countryside for seven years. (Now he lives somewhere
else.)
b The company produced gramophones.(It cant produce any more.)
The company has produced software. (It can produce some more.)
c Have you seen Tom anywhere this morning? (Its still morning.)
Did you see Tom this morning? (Its afternoon or evening.)
SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT
5. Write the questions using present perfect or past simple. Look at the answers
first.
Example: How long / Sarah / live / in France?
How long has Sarah lived in France? Since 1990
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
When / be the last time / you / have / a holiday?

..
How long / you / khow / Doris?
..
How long / Daniel / be / a student?
...
What time / you / finish work?
How long / you / write / your report last night?
When / Chris / leave / for the airport?

.
When / Norman / take / these photos?
..
Last year.
Two hours ago.
Since last year.
At 6.00 p.m.
All evening.
Ten minutes ago.
Last summer.
SIMPLE PAST OR PRESENT PERFECT?

6. In the dialogue below, put the verbs into the simple past or the present perfect,
as shown in the example.
A: Could I have a word about your trip to Warsaw?
B: Certainly. Is everything all right?
61
A: Yes. Your tickets 1) have arrived (arrive) and theyre with my secretary. And I
2) ...(just/have) a fax from the hotel confirming your reservation.
B: Thank you. What about money?
A: I 3) ... (already/order) some zloty for you. I 4)
... (ring) the bank yesterday, and theyll have them tomorrow.
But theres a problem with your Eurocheque book. I 5) . (ask)
them to send one a week ago, but it 6) (not/arrive) yet.
B: Thats all right. I 7) . (never/need) a Eurocheque before. I
normally use a credit card.
A: Really? Are you sure you can do that?
B: I think so. Certainly when I 8) . (go) to Austria last September
I 9) . (take) my Visa card and my MasterCard, and I 10)
(not/have) any problems. But Ill check about Poland. 11)
. (you/ever/be) there?
A: No, but have a word with Jennifer Cooper in Marketing. She 12)
(be) there a couple of times, so I expect she would know.
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS?
7. Underline the correct form of the verb. Remember that some verbs cannot be
used in the continuous aspect.
Example:
I didnt realize that you and David were friends. How long
have you known/been knowing him?
1. Peter is a natural salesman. He has sold/has been selling eight insurance

policies since the beginning of the week.
2. The French visitor has arrived/been arriving at the airport for half an hour! You
have to leave immediately to pick him up.
3. We have waited/have been waiting for Helen for one hour. I guess she wont
come at all.
4. This report is a nightmare. I have written/have been writing it for two weeks, and
it is still not finished.
62
5. Ive stayed/been staying in a hotel for a week, but I hope to find an

apartment of my own.
6. I wonder how Jim is getting on. I havent heard/been hearing from him for
nearly a month.
7. Marion has had/been having this car for eight years, but I think it wont need to
be repaired too soon.
8. Complete the questions and answer about George Thomsons life using Past
Simple and Present Perfect. p. 56
1949
1960
1965
1967
1971
1972
1975
1976
1980
1987
1989
1992
1994
1995
2002
(now)
born in Manchester
starts Garibaldi Grammar School, meets his best friend Harry
moves to London
sales representative for Fancy Clothes Manufacturer
marries Sophie, a French librarian
moves to France, teaches English
his son Thomas born, returns to England
gets a job as sales representative for WH Smith bookshops
his daughter Clementine born, moves to detached house in Cambridge
UK Manager for Cambridge Publishers
made redundant
meets Harry again, offered a job as Marketing Director with Harrys
company St Jeromes Publishers
St Jeromes Publishers goes bankrupt
starts market stall selling clothes
still selling clothes at Portobello market
1. Which school did he go to?

Garibaldi Grammar School.
2. How long ... Harry?
Since ..... .
3. How .... to Sophie?
For thirty-one years.
4. What .. in France?
He ... English.
63
5. When . to England?
After .. born.
6. How many times ....
Twice
as sales representative?
7. Where ... to after Clementine was born?

A house in Cambridge.
8. How .. clothes?
Since .. .
9. . George a successful career?
No, he hasnt, because
...
9.
A
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Complete the sentences by matching a line from A with a line from B.

B
Although these clothes are expensive a) in spite of his age.
Though the results are encouraging
b) they are bought by a lot of people.
Despite the lack of resources
c) though he had no qualifications.
He would walk for hours
d) the company did not go bankrupt.
He got the job
e) they do not get the best marks.
Although they learn more
f) they are not enough for real success.
Remember!
Past tense vs. present perfect
Present perfect indefinite time
How long have you prepared it?
for a long time.
Ive prepared it lately.
since yesterday.
recently.
She has just left.
Ive already seen it.
I havent seen it yet.
Past simple definite time

When did you prepare it?
yesterday.
I prepared it two weeks ago.
in 1995.
at one oclock.
when I last saw him.
for two years.
64
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Work in pairs. Student A should use the information below and Student B should
look at the information in File 2 on page 191. Then answer the following
questions:
Which university is the oldest, Cambridge or Harvard?

Which college is the oldest?
Which college is the most recent?
Which college is the most famous?
Which institute is best placed in science and technology?
READING
Cambridge must be one of the best-known universities in the world. The renowned
English institution started during the 13th century and grew steadily, until today
there are more than twenty colleges. Most of them allow visitors to enter the
grounds and courtyards. The oldest college, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284, and
the most recent, Robinson College, was opened in 1977. The most famous is
probably Kings, because of its magnificent chapel. Its choir of undergraduates is
also very well known. Every year thousands of students from overseas come to
Cambridge to study English in the first place.
Each year in May there are the Eight Weeks of various sporting events, among
which the most celebrated is the boat-race Oxford v. Cambridge. It was first rowed
in 1829 and has became a regular event since 1856.
To the North of this ancient city is the modern face of the University the
Cambridge Science Park, which has developed in response to the need for
universities to increase their contact with high technology industry. It was
established in 1970 by Trinity College, which has a long scientific tradition going
back to Sir Isaac Newton. Cambridge Science Park is now a centre of more than
sixty companies and research institutes.
65
LANGUAGE WORK
American English
Cambridge Science Park is now a centre of more than sixty companies and
research institutes. (British English)
Cambridge remains a center of intellectual life, especially since its become home
to MIT. (American English)
Here are some of the main difference both in spelling and vocabulary between the two:
Spelling
Vocabulary
British English
American English
British English
American English
metre, theatre
meter, center
petrol
gas(oline)
colour, humour
color, humor
lorry
truck
programme, dialogue
program, dialog
luggage
baggage
analyse, organise
analyze, organize
holiday
vacation
defence, licence
defense, license
pavement
sidewalk
traveller, jewellry
traveler, jewelry
lift
elevator
through, plough
thru, plow
term
semester
cheque
check
motorway
freeway
encyclopaedia
encyclopedia
(bank)note
bill
skilful, fulfil
skillful, fulfill
underground
subway
grey
gray
ground floor
first floor
pyjamas
pajamas
autumn
fall
1. If you read words spelt in the following way, would the writer be British or
American?
1) labor 2) fibre 3) centralized 4) movie theater 5) endeavour 6) thru
2. Translate the following into British English:
1. Weve run out of gas in the freeway.
2. Were leaving by subway.
3. Im looking forward to my vacation.
4. He put his baggage into the truck.
5. When does the fall semester start?
6. She bought a nice apartment on the first floor.
7. Can you change this bill for me?
66
Do you know any other examples of American English? Make a list at an

appropriate place in your vocabulary notebook or file.
3. What is the comparative/superlative of the following adjectives?
simple
large fat easy difficult
good
cheap lucky
profitable
quick
4. Choose the correct form of the comparative / superlative:

1.
Could you tell me what the nearest/ next underground station is?
2.
For any farther/ further information do not hesitate to contact us.
3.
There are two answers to this question, but only the later/ latter is
convenient.
4.
My uncle is the eldest/ oldest son of seven brothers.
5.
The last/ latest trends of the market are encouraging.
6.
The nearest/ next lecture will be given by a renowned professor.
7.
The last / latest people who arrived to the meeting couldnt find any vacant
seats.
8.
The expedition reached farther/further than all the previous ones.
9.
The archaeologist found the oldest/eldest remains of the ancient
civilisation.
10.
Later/ latter events proved him right.
5. Write the correct question. Then give true answers to some questions about you.
Use the superlative + the present perfect.
Example:
My holiday in Greece last
(What / good / holiday / you have?)
year.
Whats the best holiday youve had?
1. (What / exciting / experience / you / have?)
....
2. (Who / remarkable person / you / meet?)
.
3. (What / fast car / you / drive?)
..
67
4. (What / expensive thing / you / buy?)

...
5. (What / useless present / you / get?)
6. (What / unusual food / you/ eat?)
6. Write sentences comparing the following items.

Example: The project I work for / the last project
(big) The project I work for is bigger than the last project I worked for.
(small) It is not as small as the last project I worked for.
1. My office / my colleagues office
(large)
(small)
2. The job I do now / my last job
(easy to do)
(hard to do)
3. The new software programme / the old one
(cheap)
(expensive)
4. This meal / the one I had last night
(bad)
(good) ..
5. Our profit this year / their profit
(little) ..
(much) .
7. Only two of these comparatives sentences are correct. Correct the mistakes
where necessary.
Example:
He left more early than she did. He left earlier than she did.
1.
2.
3.
His car is moderner than mine. .

Its a bit hotter today. .
My friend lives much more far away now. ....
68
4.
5.
6.
7.
Is this more interesting as his latest exhibition? ...

My brother is the same height like me. ..
I paid less than you for the holiday. ...
The chess player was more smart then the computer. ...
8. Study the information contained in the following chart and then complete the
passage below, using the comparative or superlative forms of the adjectives:
much, little, high, low, near (some of them appear twice).
564
70
149
EC
Luxembourg
58
Spain
164
Portugal
105
Italy
152
Ireland
Denmark
Britain
Belgium
119
Holland
202
148
France
283
Greece
369
The chart above illustrates the different levels of per capita expenditure on leisure
activities for some EU member countries in 1997. As you can see, the
(1).. amount spent was by the Portuguese with the Spaniards in
(2).. position at 70 EUs. Amongst those nations who spent the (3)
.... on this type of product were the Irish who were almost two hundred
EUs ahead of their rivals, the Danish. In comparison, the expenditure of the
Belgians was only half that of the (4) amount. Both the British and the
Dutch were by five ecus (5) ... or (6) ... than the EU
national average of 149.
SOCIAL ENGLISH
1. Match a line in A with a line in B.
1.
2.
3.
A
Shall we meet this afternoon at 3 oclock?
Sorry Im late. I got held up in the traffic. Did I miss anything?
Could I have the bill, please?
69
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
Have you heard that they are opening a new mall downtown?
How long did it take you to do the homework?
Could you fill it up?
What a nice coat! Is it expensive?
Can you tell me the area code for Stockholm?
Would you mind opening the window?
Hi, Michael! I havent seen you for ages! How are things going?
Who was that came to give us a lecture yesterday?
Lets take a break now, shall we?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
B
Certainly, sir. Ill bring it straight away.
Ages. What about you?
Not at all. Its very hot in here.
It cost an absolute fortune!
Sorry. I cant make it then. What about a bit later?
Really? Ill go there to see it with my own eyes.
Nice to see you too. Well, I cant complain. What about you?
One moment. Ill just look it up.
I have no idea, but she seemed fine to me.
Sure. Shall I check the oil as well?
Absolutely! Ive grown quite tired with all these exercises.
Its all right. Youre here now. Come and sit down.
2. Choose the best answer, A, B, C or D

a) Could you . me some money until tomorrow?
A borrow
B let C present D lend
b) She has a very good job. Im sure she over twenty thousand
pounds.
A gains
B earns C receives D wins
c) How long does your . to work take?
A travel B journey C trip D voyage
70
d) The . of living will only go up. It wont go down.

A price B value C cost D expense
e) While I was skiing, I .. and broke my wrist.
A fell
B felt C feel D fallen
f) Use your time sensibly. Dont it on trifles.
A spend B pass C lose D waste
j) Jump in the car. Theres enough . for you.
A room B place C seat D space
Remember!
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
Adjective of one syllable
Adjectives of two syllables ending in er, le, ow, y
All remaining
adjectives
Positive
big, clever, gentle, narrow, happy
generous
Comparative
bigger, cleverer, gentler, narrower, happier
more generous
Superlative
biggest, cleverest, gentlest, narrowest, happiest
most generous
Structures of
comparison
Wales is as interesting as Scotland.
They are not as

expensive as hotels.
The Andes are the
tallest in America.
Holiday camps are cheaper than hotels.

Yet chalets are less expensive than camps.
The least expensive

holidays are often the
most interesting of all.
The more we are, the merrier we shall be.

The communications are faster and faster.
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

good, well
The statistics are better than last

year.
Love story was a best-seller.
bad, ill
The weather was worse this time.
Their solution is the worst of all.
much,
many
More people speak English today

than ever.
Gold is a most precious metal.

71
little, few
We have less time to read than

before.
She likes physics least of all subjects.
old
My brother is older than I am.

He is the elder brother.
Oxford is the oldest university in

UK.
Mark is the eldest son in the family.
far
Saturn is farther than Mars.

Further discussion is useless.
Pluto is the farthest planet.

It was the furthest point debated.
near
Kate was nearer the truth than

Jane.
Victoria is the nearest station.

My cousin lives next door.
late
I arrived later than I expected.
The latest fashion is very simple.

The last time I saw him was in May.
Lets learn some new expressions!

In group A you will find common expression you could hear in conversation,
television and film. Can you match each of them with the meaning in group B?
GROUP A
Its all in the melting pot.
Its like looking for a needle in a
haystack.
3. Its an uphill struggle.
4. Its a storm in a teacup.
5. Hes got hold of the wrong end of the
stick.
6. Hes over the moon.
7. He cant get a leg to stand on.
8. Hes like a bear with a sore head.
9. Hes got plenty on his plate.
10. He gets under everyones skin.
1.
2.
GROUP B
a) He cant justify.
b) Its very difficult to keep going.
c) Hes very unpleasant to be with.
d) Hes misunderstood it.
e) Hes really happy and excited.
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
No decisions have yet been taken.

He really annoys other people.
Its an almost impossible task.
Hes got a lot to do.
Its a lot of fuss and commotion
about nothing.
CHECKLIST
1.a.Does one still feel ill if he/she says: I have caught a cold?
b. What tense do we use to talk about: i) the present results of a past action?
ii) the time when something happened?
2. Name the educational levels in the UK and Romania comparatively.
3. What are the comparative and superlative degrees of these adjectives: far, big,
reliable, bad, funny?.
4. What expressions can you use to ask for information?
6. Give examples of words that differ in American English and British English.
72
UNIT 5

GETTING IN TOUCH
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
1.
2.
3.
4.
To what extent is correspondence important in business communication?

How many types of letters/messages can you think of?
What is the contents of a letter?
Give as many specimen sentences for the opening lines and complimentary
close as you know.
LETTERS: DATES AND SALUTATIONS

Note that when expressing date, several variations are possible:
January 10th, 2000
10th January, 2000
10 January, 2000
January 10, 2000
The date may also be written in short. In Britain the day precedes the year:
30.12.2000
30/12/2000
In the US, the month often precedes the day:
12.30.2000
12/30/2000
That is why you had better write the month with letters.
73
A number of closing salutations are possible at the end of a letter, but they are used
in different situations:
Yours faithfully is used when the name of the person you are addressing is
unknown. Your letter probably began Dear Sir/Sirs/Madam, (or
Gentlemen: in US usage).
Yours sincerely (or Sincerely yours in US usage) is used when you do
know the name of the person to whom you are writing, but wish to remain on
fairly formal terms. Your letter probably began Dear Mr. Talbot/Ms Tomlin.
Yours truly or Truly yours is used, principally, in the US as an alternative
to Yours sincerely. Your letter probably began Gentlemen:.
Best/Kind regards is frequent in friendly business letters (faxes).
Cordially or Best wishes are used when you know the name of the person
to whom you are writing. It is less formal, so your letter probably began Dear
John/Laura.
Correct any inappropriate elements in the following letter:
Hartley-Mason Inc.
618 West and Vine Street, Chicago, Illinois
ATTN: Mr. M. Tirnoveanu
Motor Systems SRL
Str. Toamnei nr. 12
Bucharest
ROMANIA
29/5/00
Dear Sir,
We are in receipt of your letter of 27 May and are pleased to see that the samples
we sent you are to your satisfaction and the workmanship is to your standards.
The United States, like Romania, has also experienced an increase in motorbike
sales, and like you we think that there is a vast market to be tapped for the touring
bike.
With regard to your offer, I should tell you straight away that we never use sole
agencies anywhere in the world, but rely on merchants buying our products on their
74
own account, then retailing them at market prices in their country. We, of course,
offer a 30% trade discount off net list prices and a further discount for sales above
US$100,000.
As far as advertising is concerned, you will be pleased to hear that we have arranged for
an extensive campaign which begins next month and features our machines. We are
sending dealers throughout Europe with brochures, leaflets and posters to hand to their
customers and this will be followed up by television advertising in May.
Our terms of payment are L/C open at a Bank of your preference, order shipped
CFR a port of your designation. Should any slight flaw be found, we undertake to
remedy it as soon as possible.
In the hope of signing a long-term contract with you, thank you for writing to us,
and we are looking forward to hearing from you.
Best wishes,
President
J. R. Mason
Enc. Please find our catalogue.
LANGUAGE WORK
Remember!
Some abbreviations you might see on a letter/fax/envelope:
c/o
enc.
PS
asap
PTO
pc.
NB
RSVP
a/c
care of (e.g. T. Smith, c/o J. Brown; the letter goes to J. Browns address)
enclosed (e.g. enc. application form)
postscript (extra message after the letter has been ended)
as soon as possible (e.g. ring me asap)
please turn over
piece
please note (Latin: nota bene)
please reply (French: rpondez sil vous plat)
account current
75
1. Translate this note from the boss to a group of workers in an office, into full
words.
Memo from:
Date:
Mr. Braneless (MD)

3/5/91
TO:
Ref:
All staff
04056/DC
May I remind you that all new lab equipment should be registered
with Stores & Supplies, Room 354 (ext 2683). NB: new items must
be notified before 17:00 hrs on the last day of the month of
purchase, i.e. the current budgeting month. All a/c nos must be
recorded.
Braneless
"
Sometimes the samples you receive do not comply with your standards and
you must give up cooperation with that company. Write a letter of cancellation of
the order.
2. Match the Romanian expressions to their corresponding English terms:
1. v rugm s confirmai n scris
2. dac nu ne vei informa contrariul
3. atept cu nerbdare rspunsul dvs.
4. confirmm primirea
5. am luat not de
6. v-a rmne recunosctor
7. n termen de 14 zile
8. n viitorul apropiat
9. n plic separat
10. problema rmne n atenia noastr
11. vom lua msurile necesare
A. I look forward to hearing from you

B. unless we hear from you to the contrary
C. within a fortnight
D. we are holding the matter pending
E. under separate cover
F. in the near future
G. I have duly noted
H. we shall take the necessary action
I. I/we acknowledge receipt of
J. kindly/please confirm in writing
K. I would be grateful if you would kindly
3. Match the abbreviations on the left to the full form on the right:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
PLS
RQD
YR
CFR
ATTN
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
with reference to
cost and freight
payment
your
bill of lading
76
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
REF/RE
PYT
RQST
L/C
B/L
CNTR
RCVD
DISCNT
DSPTCH
APOLS
F.O.B
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.
P.
required
request
free on board
letter of credit
please
received
container
apologies
discount
dispatch
for the attention of
This is a part of a letter you receive from a friend. Write to your friend, giving
practical advice, referring to the points in the letter.
As you know, Ill graduate this summer. Im looking forward to starting work
and earning some money of my own. I want to open my own shop, so Im
going to get a job in the local department store straightaway to gain as much
practical experience as possible. Of course my parents want me to go to college
and do a business course but I feel Ill learn more on the job. My brother
thinks I could spend a year travelling before I make up my mind to Australia
or somewhere and improve my English. Please let me know what you think
GRAMMAR FOCUS
EXPRESSING ABILITY, PERMISSION, OBLIGATION, ADVICE
MODAL VERBS
The modals have the following main characteristics:
Do not have the infinitive form.

Do not get the III-rd person singular -s of the present tense.
Do not get the -ing suffix.
Make the interrogative and negative without TO DO.
The modals are followed by the short infinitive (without TO), except OUGHT
Are replaced by modal equivalents for the tenses and moods they do not have.
77
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Use CAN/COULD to express ability and permission (COULD is more polite):

........... you fill in this application form for me?
They .............. build better houses.
I ............ give a response to this fax message, because they ............ supply me
with all the information I needed.
...................... I go to the customs and take the samples on your behalf?
What ..... he see in the hall of the airport?
He .... join the yacht club as soon as he is through with his last
exam.
The CEO says that everybody ...... take part in the
discussion.
2. Fill in the blanks with CANT/COULDNT + present or past infinitives to

express
negative deduction and reproach:
a.
The customer says that the meat ........ (be) good after so many days.
b.
It ........... (be) his secretary who answered the phone. She was on lunch
break.
c.
You .................. (pay) the companys debt last month. Now we are in
litigation with our suppliers.
d.
They ......... (pay) this order. Their company is bankrupt.
e.
All Saints ........ (win) MTV awards last year. They didnt enter the
competition.
3. Use MAY or MIGHT to express permission or possibility:
a.
Let us book our tickets today so that when we go to the station there
..... be no unnecessary hurry and excitement.
b.
Those who have finished their papers .. leave the lecturehall if they go quietly.
c.
They spoke in whispers so that the people in the next room ....
not know of their presence in the house.
4. Fill in the blanks with MUST or NEED to express obligation:
Note. In questions must and need are often similar in meaning, but need cannot
be used after question words; when using need the speaker hopes for a
negative answer:
78
a.
b.
c.
d.
............ I take the exam this semester? No, but next semester you must.
Where .......... I put this file?
.............. I attend the meeting too?
........... I pay the telephone bill today? Im so busy.
5. Fill in the blanks with OUGHT TO, MUST, HAVE TO, SHOULD to express
advice:
a.
As the others insist on it, you ......... do as they say.
b.
You ...... go to the mountains. You look very tired.
c.
You ...... finish your work before going on holiday. I know I ............
d.
You ........... take these pills three times a day as the doctor has told you to.
e.
You .......... (not) smoke cigars, they will ruin your health.
f.
Robert looks quite ill. He ...... have a rest.
g.
I want to get as thin as a movie star. What .......... I do? You .......... see a
doctor about it.
h.
You ........ stop drinking, or else you will get drunk.
6. Change the sentences below, using I would rather or I had better followed by a
short infinitive to express preference:
Note: Would rather + infinitive shows preference (e.g. I would rather drink
mineral water than Coca Cola)
Had better + infinitive shows desirability or advisability. (e.g. You had
better come in now. = You should come in now / You ought to come in now).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
He prefers to work abroad than get a job in his own country.

It will be better if he sees a therapist at once.
It is advisable for her to go in for the TOEFL test.
I prefer not to sit up late.
It will be better for you to apply for a well-paid job.
It is advisable that we phone the After-Sales Services ourselves.
She prefers to watch passively than actively participate in the discussion.
79
Remember!
MODAL VERB
CAN(COULD)
EXPRESSING
EXAMPLE
ability, capability
(equivalent: to be able to)
Tom can read Arabic.

She could play the piano, although
she could not read the notes
Can I leave you for a moment?
Could I leave early today?
permission (informal
alternative of may; could
is more polite)
possibility (could
indicates greater doubt)
COULD +
perfect infinitive
negative deduction,
impossibility
Do you think this ring could be

gold?
She couldnt have typed this letter,
she hasnt learned to type yet.
assumptions
reproach
MAY(MIGHT)
permission (equivalent: to
be allowed/permitted to)
(might is more polite)
possibility
assumption, guess
(might indicates greater
doubt)
MIGHT +
perfect infinitive
reproach
MUST
necessity, obligation
(equivalent: have to/have
got to) (negative: a)
mustnt = duty not to do
something, prohibition;
Its no good waiting for John any

longer. - Well, lets wait a few
more minutes, he could have
missed the bus.
You could have told me you
were going
May we watch the film on TV
tonight?
Might I call you up again
tomorrow?
He may/might come tomorrow.
Wed better fill the tank up. We
may not get to another gas
station for the next hours.
You might have told me what
happened.
He must do all his homework
before he goes out. ...
Must I help in the kitchen
today? - No, you dont have to.
80
= no duty, absence of
obligation)
deductions
Im going to open the present

now. - No, you mustnt.
We havent seen Tom today. He
must be ill.
MUST + perfect
infinitive
conclusions
Wheres Jack? - I dont know.

He must have missed the train.
But he cant have missed the

train (imposibility).
NEED
necessity, requirement
a) as an auxiliary:
b) as main verb:
SHALL
SHOULD
necessity, compulsion,
obligation (formal style)
request for advice,
suggestion (NB: first
person only!)
advice, suggestion
duty, moral obligation
possibility, probability
wonder, surprise
SHOULD
+ reproach
perfect infinitive
OUGHT TO
advice, suggestion
(alternative of should, but
more emphatic)
duty, obligation
You neednt copy the words.

Just try to remember them.
Do we need to/Need we to
bring our textbooks tomorrow?
No. you dont need/neednt.
The supplier shall deliver the
goods on due date.
Shall I leave some coffee for
you here?
You should return those books
to the library.
You should work a little harder
for that high wages you get.
They should be at home by
now.
How should I know? (also:
How am I supposed to
know?)
You should have left some
marks on that path. You
shouldnt have left the map at
home.
You ought to be more careful
next time.
You ought to be more polite
with your parents.
81
WILL
WOULD
definite intention, firm

decision
polite (but firm) request
and invitations
repeated action
refusal (in negative
sentences)
wish, intention
polite invitations and
request
repeated action
refusal (in negative
sentences)
DARE
USED TO
BE TO
a) as main verb (to

venture, to challenge)
b) as a modal (to have the
courage/impudence to)
expressing indignation
(no present form; used for
regular activities in the
past) repeated action
order, instructions
(impersonal)
Will you marry me?

Will you sign the register,
please? Will you have another
sandwich?
He will sit on the bench for
hours.
She wont say a word about it
I would tell you, but you didnt
listen.
Would you accompany me to
the concert?
Would you do me a favour?
She would wait for me every
morning.
He wouldnt let me help him.
Nobody dared to contradict the

teacher.
How dare you talk to me like
that?
I used to smoke when I was
younger, but I gave up five years
ago.
He is to stay at the airport until
the President arrives.
82
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Can you learn just by reading or listening to English?
You will certainly help yourself to learn English vocabulary not only by studying
with this book but also by reading and listening to English. Give each of the items
on the lists below a mark from 0 to 4 describing how important this way of learning
vocabulary could be for you personally.
Example: newspapers : 3.
newspapers
TV (cable/subtitled)
cinema magazines
video
radio (e.g. BBC World Service) academic or professional literature fiction
simplified readers (with or without cassettes) music or other cassettes
talking to native speakers
To what extent is the phone conversation important in the business world?
Are you careful about your attitude on the phone, or any attitude or tone of
voice would do?
How can we take the stress out of the telephone?
TELEPHONING
Mr. Abbott:
Secretary:
Mr. Abbott:
Secretary:
Mr. Abbott:
Good morning. Could I speak to Mr. Johnson?

Sorry, Im afraid Mr. Johnson is out for a while. Would you leave
a message or call back later?
Unfortunately, Im in a hurry and I need to talk to someone from
the Sales Department. Could you put me through to Mr. Johnsons
assistant?
Of course, hold on, please, Ill have to check up the extension. Oh
... here it is. Putting you through.
Thanks.
...
83
Mr. Clark:
Mr. Abbott:
Mr. Clark:
Mr. Abbott:
Mr. Clark:
Mr. Abbott:
Mr. Clark:
Mr. Abbott:
Mr. Clark:
Edward Clark speaking. Good morning. Can I help you?

This is David Abbott from Mistral Ltd., importers of textile
products. We have received our pattern book and we are
particularly interested in some textiles made of pure cotton and
silk. Could you give me some more details on samples 156, 314
and 460?
Yes, certainly. I see that you have selected the most attractive
ones.
We are going to extend our range of products and we are looking
for new shades and designs, but only of top quality.
Our products comply with all your requirements and at low prices,
too.
Are these textiles guaranteed unshrinkable, colour-fast and creaseresistant?
Absolutely. Moreover, I assure you that sample No. 212 which is
made of pure cotton is water-proof. I am sure that your clients will
also enjoy its light shade that is in fashion nowadays.
Sure, but our Company would like to make sure of all these
characteristics before purchasing extensively; may I suggest you
send us a first dispatch on trial and the price quotations?
Thats a good idea; well do that before signing our contract.
Anyway, considering the quality of our goods, your purchase is a
real bargain, believe me!
LANGUAGE WORK
ROLE-PLAY
How do you usually start a phone conversation to sound polite and get the
information you need? In pairs, prepare a conversation between a travel agent and
a customer, then act it out.
1. Define the following terms in English:
a. We are going to extend our range of products;
b. We are looking forward to new shades and designs;
c. unshrinkable;
84
d.
e.
f.
g.
colour-fast;
crease-resistance;
water-proof;
before purchasing extensively.
2. Read the telephone dialogue below. Choose the best answer for each blank.
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Marcu:
Anca:
Sigma Representative Offices, can I help you?

Yes. ________________________
a. This is Anca Barbu
b. This is Ms. Barbu
Hi, Anca. This is Marcu speaking. How are you?
________________________
a. Fine and you?
b. How are you?
Just fine, thank you.
Im calling to see if we can arrange a meeting. There are several
matters Id like to discuss with you.
Sure, when would it be convenient to you?
_________________________________
a. I want to meet with you tomorrow. b.
Could
we
meet
tomorrow?
Yes, thats possible. What time suits you?
___________________________________
a. How about 2:30?
b. Id like to see you at 2:30.
Fine. I can make it. Im looking forward to seeing you.
Me too. OK, in your office at 2:30 tomorrow, right?
Right. See you then.
See you tomorrow.

1. Dac nu tii un numr de telefon, l poi cuta n cartea de telefon sau formeaz
931 i ntreab telefonista.
2. Desigur ai nevoie i de prefixul oraului sau regiunii unde apelezi.
3. Cnd nu eti acas i vrei s dai un telefon, i trebuie o cartel telefonic sau
nite monede.
85
4. Cine a lsat acest mesaj pe robotul telefonic?.

5. mi putei da interior 114, v rog? Ateptai un moment. V fac legtura.
6. l putei ruga pe asociatul dumneavoastr s m sune mine neaprat ?
4. Complete these sentences with words from the box:
sample
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
flaw
long-term
contract
trade discount
workmanship
As we have in mind an order of 5,000 pcs. of your product, could you

give us a ........................, considering that ours is a highly competitive
market.
While appreciating the good quality of all your .................., we find the
prices of patterns 235 and 236 rather high for our market.
Unfortunately, we cannot give you a better price, as ............................. is
rather expensive.
Pursuant to the quality inspection many ................... were found with your
goods.
Following our phone conversation two of our representative will travel to
Bucharest to enter into a .................... with your company.
5. Translate the following sentences, paying particular attention to modal verbs.

You will find the following vocabulary useful.
charges
customs
customs formalities
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
authorities
packing services
free on board
stoppages
Ar trebui s evitm creterea tarifelor la transportul naval pn anul viitor;

concurena este mare.
60% dintre societi estimeaz c respectarea termenelor de livrare le-ar
permite s-i mreasc cifra de afaceri.
Pentru produsele destinate exportului, att ambalajul de transport ct i cel
de prezentare trebuie s ndeplineasc anumite condiii.
Conform autoritilor vamale, acest furnizor ar fi trebuit s ne expedieze
mrfurile cu transportul achitat.
S.N.C.F.R. se poate ocupa de formalitile vamale, cu condiia s i se pun
la dispoziie facturile.
Am fost nevoii s amnm sau s anulm unele livrri din cauza unei
defeciuni la calculator.
86
7.
8.
9.
10.
Nu am putut s respectm termenul de livrare din cauza unei serii de greve

n cadrul serviciului de ambalare.
Probabil c directorul a uitat s-i dea dosarul de prezentare.
Ca urmare a faptului c la ultima livrare s-au deteriorat mai multe
containere, s-ar putea s ne schimbm agentul de transport.
Probabil c furnizorul a confundat ofertele deoarece pentru ultimul an a dat
un pre mai mare.
Lets learn some new phrases

by and large this is another way of saying usually, on the whole, or more
or less.
Joseph makes mistakes from time to time of course, but by and large he is a good
student.
off the cuff spontaneous. At dinner parties in England, people used to make
speeches and sometimes, so they wouldnt forget what to say, the men wrote a few
notes on their stiff, white shirt cuffs. These days, it means something said without
any preparation.
I stood up and said a few words, right off the cuff.
off the top of ones head without any preparation. This came into use in the late
1930s in the world of radio and later, TV programmes. The controller of the
broadcast would tap the top of his head as a sign to the people on air or on camera
that the programme was running ahead of schedule, and that they would have to
think of something more to say to fill in the rest of the time. For example, if the gap
was three minutes, the controller would tap his head and hold up three fingers.
I dont know exactly how old Mr Ford is. Off the top of my head, I would say
about 40.
CHECKLIST
1. Name the component parts of a business letter.
2. What modal verbs can you use to make recommendations?
3. What is the difference between: i) I didnt need to do my homework.
ii) I neednt have done my homework.
4. What do you say i) when you phone a company and ask to speak to someone?
ii) when somebody phones your company and asks to speak to
your boss?
5. What are the negative contracted forms of WILL and SHALL?
87
STOP AND CHECK

1. Fill in the blanks with one word (you are given either the beginning or the
end of it):
In Shakespeares time, there were only about six million speakers of
English altogether. (1) Now it has become the most (2)
spread, as one of the major languages in the world, second only to
Chinese in the number of people who speak it. However, recent research (3) est
that there are now over 400 million who use it as their mother tongue.
Globally, native speakers are in the (4) min as perhaps as many as a
billion more people use it as a foreign language. This is, of course, largely due to
its use in the USA.
In some countries such as Ghana and Nigeria it has the status of an (5)
cial language. In India, English is an official language alongside Hindi
and no fewer than 3,000 English newspapers are (6) pub throughout the
country.
All round the world people are trying to learn English. In 1983 more than
100 million people watched a course on Chinese TV made by the BBC to teach the
language at (7) tary level.
People are motivated to learn because it has become the main language of
communication in (8) macy, business, sport and sea-faring. It is also the
official language of air-traffic control, and airports. Three quarters of the worlds
mail is (9) wri in it as well as 80% of all information stored in (10)
ers. A Japanese company wishing to (11) ate with an Italian
client would conduct its (12) nego in English.
Two thirds of all scientists write in English. A Brazilian doctor reports that
he spends as much time improving his English as he does (13) ing
medicine.
Due to telecommunications, and (14) esp to Internet, English
is thought by some to become the language of the future, although the prediction
that all other languages will die out is absurd.
2. Complete these sentences with a positive or negative question tag from the box.
isnt it were they werent you do you
didnt you shall we have you havent you
88
Example: You are a student, arent you?

They didnt study physics, did they?
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
A:
B:
Now, you were born in Hawaii, (1) . ?

Yes, thats right.
And then you all moved to Los Angeles, (2) . ?
Well, no. We moved to San Francisco first, then to LA.
Sorry. But you dont live in LA now, (3) . ?
No, my family do. I live in Washington.
I see. Now, youve got two brothers, (4) . ? And you are all
actors. Thats very unusual, (5) ?
I think it is, but my parents were both actors, so
They werent very happy at first about your becoming an actor, (6) ?
No, not at first. They didnt want me to follow in their footsteps. But now
theyre really pleased about my success.
I know youve acted with your brothers in a film but you havent made a film
with your parents yet, (7) . ?
No, but were hoping to do one together next year.
Thats very interesting. Lets continue our interview after a small break, (8)... ?
Certainly.
3. Put in the right prepositions from the box.

at by from in
in front of
near next to
of
on
opposite to until
Gerry is a teacher in a language school. He lives (1) a small flat

(2) . the fourth floor of a building (3) a small street (4)
Dresden. The school is not very (5) . his home; he goes (6)
work (7) bus and leaves home at eight oclock to arrive (8) ..
work at nine. He usually does some work in the bus (9) his way (10)
. work.
Gerrys school is (11) .. a railway station. It is very big and it has a
lot (12) students. Gerry likes his office; it is (13) the reception
desk, but it is big and quiet; there are some pretty trees (14) .. his window.
He works (15) nine oclock (16) .. a quarter to one and then
goes to have lunch. Then he starts work again (17) two and stops (18)
89
five. On his way back (19) work he does some shopping and
has supper (20) .. home. He likes living (21) Germany; he
doesnt go home to England (22) holiday, but visits the sights (23) .
Germany.
It is Saturday morning now, and Gerry is (24) home (25) .
bed. (26) .. Saturday he gets up at ten oclock and then sits (27) the
living room to have breakfast. (28) .. Saturday afternoons he plays tennis
or goes swimming. (29) . Saturday evenings he usually goes out. He enjoys
the sort (30) life he lives.
4. Fill in the blanks with a, an or (no article):
1. I like to go abroad about three times _____ year.
2. Have you met my brother? Hes _____ engineer too.
3. Im thinking about buying _____ new car. What would you recommend?
4. _____ computer software is not as expensive as you think.
5. The government has urged businesses not to give _____ pay rises above
inflation.
6. How long have you been in _____ engineering?
7. I think I should do _____ course in Business Administration.
8. I have _____ idea: what about doing _____ evening course in _____
accounting? It only takes up _____ hour a week.
5. Complete the blanks in the following passages with the or (no article):
Hi, my names Todd Sawyer. Im a financial analyst, and I work for a company
called (1) _____ Pacific Investment which is based in (2) _____ Channel Islands.
Our offices are in (3) _____ St. Helier, (4) ____ capital of the main island, (5)
_____ Jersey. Jersey is very popular with financial institutions from (6) _____
England because it is not part of (7) _____ UK for tax purposes, and it is also
popular with investors from (8) _____ Europe.
I work for a tour operator called (9) _____ Lakeland Travel, and we specialize in
bringing people to (10) _____ Lake District which is in (11) _____ north of (12)
_____ England. We run a hotel, (13) _____ Capitol, which is in (14) _____
Ambleside, a small town on shores of (15) _____ Lake Windermere. Many of our
visitors come from Scotland, which is very close, but others come from as far away
as (16) _____ New York or (17) _____ Far East.
90
6. Match the department with its duties:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Marketing
Personnel
Accounts
Research and Development
Sales
Dispatch
Purchasing
Production
After-Sales
a. develops new products

b. helps customers with problems
c. advertises and markets products
d. organises payment
e. sends goods to customers
f. buys goods for the company
g. sells the companys products
h. makes goods in the factory
i. deals with employees
7. In each of the following sentences, put one of the verbs into the present simple
and the other into the present continuous:
Example:
We are interviewing (interview) people from outside the company for the new
post in the export department, but I think (think) we ought to give the job to Mr
Jackson.
1. At the moment, we ____________ (carry) out an experiment to find out what
sort of after-sales service our customers ___________ (want).
2. Weve got a competition on at work about our new range of cosmetics. The
marketing people ___________ (try) to find a brand name that __________
(sound) natural and sophisticated.
3. ___________ (you/ know) what Mrs. Ericson ___________ (do) ? Shes not in
her office and she hasnt left for lunch either.
4. Could you help me? I ___________ (try) to translate this letter from a Spanish
client and I dont know what this word ____________ (mean).
5. I ___________ (apply) for a transfer to our London office, but I dont know if
Ill be successful. It all ____________ (depend) on whether or not they have any
vacancies.
6. Their new instant coffee ___________ (taste) very good, so its not surprising
that it ______________ (become) more and more popular.
91
8. Look at the time line and complete the article about Liber, an Italian shoe
company.
Date
1928
Event
Giovanni Liberti born in Milan
1944-48
Learns to make shoes
1963
Sets up Liber in north of Italy
1968
Liber is the main shoe manufacturer in Italy
1977
Sales rise to over $1 million
1980
Liber inaugurates its first foreign factory in Portugal
1991
Liber opens a factory in Malaysia
1992
Sales go up to over $1,000 million
1994
Production starts in China under licence
1997
Production begins in Libers factory in Thailand
1998
Liber opens a subsidiary in
Giovanni Liberti (1) . Liber in 1963. Five years later, it (2)

.. the main shoe manufacturer in Italy and in 1977 sales (3 )
. to over $1 million. The companys first foreign factory (4)
. in Portugal in 1980.
In the 1990s, the company continued to expand. Liber (5) ..
another factory in Malaysia in 1991. The companys sales (6) to
over $1,000 million the following year. In 1994 they (7) to
produce shoes under licence in China and the year after that production (8)
.. in a new Liber factory in Thailand.
At present the company (9) more than seven million pairs of
shoes per year all over the world. The main markets are Germany, Japan and Italy.
Today Liber is a big international company, but it is still a family business
now his son-in-law (11) as Marketing Manager.
92
9. Complete the following letter. Use present perfect or past tense.

High Trees,
Hills Road,
Cambridge
July 3rd
Dear Brigitte,
I (1) (be) in Cambridge for almost a year now, and I (2) .. (have)
a wonderful time.
Perhaps the most exciting thing that (3) (happened) to me was
going to a May Ball. Let me explain every year in June (although they re called
May Balls!) the colleges organize big dances with lovely food and champagne
served from marquees in the college ground. The dance goes on all night, and then,
at dawn, people take a boat and have breakfast on the river. For a May Ball the
students wear dinner jackets and bow ties, and long dresses, although they usually
wear jeans and T - shirts!
Before the ball, I (4) (meet) my friends in a typical Cambridge
student pub called The Bath. Apparently theres an old student joke: If my
mother calls, tell her I m in The Bath .
One Saturday I (5) .(go) down to the river to watch the bumps -a
rowing competition between colleges where each boat tries to overtake or bump
another boat. Lots of people (6).(get) very wet!
I (7) (find) out that you can learn a lot just by being in England! Yesterday,
I (8) . (learn) a new expression Hobsons choice. Apparently a man
called Thomas Hobson (9) .. (live) in Cambridge about 200 years
ago. He (10) ... (have) about forty horses, and whenever a customer
(11) .. (want) to hire one, he always (12) .. (give) them the
one that had rested longest. The only choice was Hobson s choice, that is no
choice at all, and that s what it means today!
Please write soon and tell me what you (13) (do) lately. 14)
(see) you Grete recently? When you meet her, send her my best wishes.
Lots of love,
Frieda.
93
10. Fill in the blank with the correct tense of the verb or auxiliary -- past simple
or present perfect.
Lisa: Hi, Philip, how are things?
Philip: Hi, Lisa. Im fine, thanks. Im on my way to the Training Centre for the
Spanish class.
Lisa: The Spanish class?!
Philip: (1) .. (not / hear) about it?
Lisa: Not a bit. Who organised them?
Philip: The HR manager. He (2) (set up) the in-service programme
a few months ago, but the word (3) (not go round) yet.
Lisa: When (4) .. you (start) it?
Philip: In October. We (5) . already (finish) the first module.
Lisa: (6) ..... (take) any tests for that ?
Philip: Certainly. We (7) . (take) a placement test at the end of
September for the teacher to decide which class is best for us.
Lisa: I see you (8) . (buy) a lot of course books!
Philip: I (9) . ( not have to). We (10) . (receive)
all teaching material right at the beginning.
Lisa: This course sounds interesting. Such classes will do me good, either. I (11)
.... (not practise) Spanish for ages.
Philip: Thats right. I (12) .. (have) some Spanish lessons two years
ago, but since then I (13) ....(use) it quite seldom.
Lisa: So (14) . I.
Philip: Then it might be a good idea to join the class.
Lisa: Yes, Ill think about that.
11. Here are two scrambled letters. Identify the opening and the closing paragraphs. Write the two letters separately.
(1) Via de Santiago, 131-6B
36002 Pontevedra
Spain
(2) You can collect them from 9 a.m. 5.30 p.m., Monday to Saturday, at our shop
in Wimbledon, or we can post them to you.
(3) 12 June 1999
(4) Naveed Chandra
94
(5) I am writing to thank you for the lovely gift that you sent me for my
birthday. How did you know that my favourite colour was red? It was very
kind of you to think of me.
(6) Velvet Vibes
117 High Street
Wimbledon
London SW12
Tel: (0181) 967 2456
(7) Dear Monique,
(8) My exams finish next week. We've got Maths on Wednesday and English on
Friday. After that, it's the holidays!
(9) I am writing to inform you that the CDs you ordered on 24 February arrived
this morning
(10) Write soon and tell me all you news. I am enclosing a photo that Celia took of
me wearing my new red T-shirt.
(11) Yours sincerely,
(12) Take care. Hope to hear from you soon.
(13) 1 March 1999
(14) Aurora
(15) Let me know your plans for the holidays maybe we could arrange something.
(16) Ms Annette Jacks
53 Old Coach Rd
Tooting
London SW13 6YT
(17) Now you can see how it looks on me!
(18) Love,
(19) Dear Ms Jacks,
(20) I would love to see you. Maybe I could visit you in France, or would you like
to come to Spain?
(21) I would be grateful if you would contact me as soon as possible with your
instructions.
A ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
B ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___
12. Fill in the blanks with WONT (present) or WOULDNT (past) to express
refusal or failure:
a) I expected him to be reasonable, but he .... listen to me.
b) I want to give him a chance, but he ....... take it.
95
c)
d)
e)
f)
I expected her to come too. She wanted to, but I ...... let her.
I wanted to leave, but she .......... hear of it.
No matter how hard I try, this engine ....... start.
Can you lend me your car? Mine ..... start.
13. Replace the italicized words by used to or to be used to as required by the

sense. Make any other necessary changes:
Note: Used to + infinitive = a past discontinued habit. (e.g. I used to skate when I
was young)
To be used to + noun/-ing form = be accustomed to. (e.g. She was used to
the noise in the workshop).
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
At their age they are not accustomed to working so late.

John was in the habit of getting whatever he wanted.
Usually they went to the university by tube.
He always had a cup of coffee after lunch.
Students usually turned in rather late.
Before I joined the army I was in the habit of having my own way.
I am not accustomed to being spoken in this way.
He had the habit of asking why to whatever question you asked him.
14. Match the sentences (1-20) with their appropriate translations (A-T):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
She can write it.

She could write it.
She was able to write it.
She could have written it.
She will be able to write it.
She must write it.
She will have to write it.
She had to write it.
She must have written it.
She should write it.
She should have written it.
She would have written it.
She may write it.
She might write it.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
Se poate s-l scrie ea.

Ea va trebui s-l scrie.
S-ar putea s-l scrie ea.
Ar fi trebuit s-l scrie.
Nu era nevoie s-l scrie.
Nu i s-a permis s-l scrie.
Nu trebuia neaprat s-l scrie.
Ar fi putut s-l scrie.
Dac l-ar scrie
S-ar putea s-l fi scris.
Ar trebui s-l scrie.
Trebuie s-l scrie.
A putut s-l scrie.
Se poate s-l fi scris.
96
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
She may have written it.

She might have written it.
She didnt need to write it.
She needent have written it.
She wasnt allowed to write it.
If she should write it ...
O.
P.
Q.
R.
S.
T.
Probabil c l-a scris.

A trebuit s-l scrie.
Poate s-l scrie.
L-ar fi scris.
Va putea s-l scrie.
Ar putea s-l scrie
97
UNIT 6
LOOKING AHEAD
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Answer these questions about the future. Imagine you put the answers in a
safe place and you dont look at them again until the year 2010!
Which of these things will you
PERSONAL
How old will you be in the year
have in your house?
2010?
(a) video telephone
(b) satellite
TV (c) a robot (d) solar heating
Where do you think your home
Which of these stars will still be
will be?
Will you be married or single?
Will you have any children?
(a) Madonna (b) Michael Jackson
How often will you speak English?
(c) Tom Cruise (d) the Beatles
(a)every
day
(b)
often
famous?
(e) Brad Pitt
(c)
What kind of clothes will be in
sometimes
fashion in 2010?
(c) sometimes (d) not very often

(e) never
TECHNOLOGY
WORK
What kind of job do you think you
Will humans be on Mars by the

year 2010?
will have in the year 2010?

98
YES
NO
On a scale of 5 (1=not important;

(a)
(b)
will these things be for you?
(a) a computer (b) the opportunity
to work at home (c) the opportunity to
share your job with another person (d)
5=very important), how important
the opportunity to work abroad

How many hours a week do you
think you will work?

LEISURE
What will your hobbies be?
Will you be a vegetarian? YES NO
Will pollution be
a more serious problem than now?
a less serious problem than now?
What will be the most important
source of energy?
Will there be a cure for
(a) AIDS?
YES NO
(b) cancer?
YES NO
How many nuclear weapons will
there be?
(a) more than today (b) the same
number as now (c) fewer than
today (d) none
1. Complete these sentences below with words from the box:
environmentally-friendly
teleworker
on-line
greenhouse
flexitime
life expectancy illiterate job security fuel
man-made elderly
household appliances
1
2
3
4
People grow vegetables and flowers in a ... .

When people cannot read or write, they are .. .
Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, TV sets are . .
A(n) .. is someone who uses personal computers,
telephones, etc., to work from home.
5 .. is the statistically determined average number of years of
life.
6 An object that cannot be found in nature is . .
7 . is a system in which the beginning or the end of working
hours is not fixed.
8 The are people past middle age.
9 is any substance burnt as a source of heat or power, such
as coal or petrol.
10 .means that someone is protected against poverty or want as a
result of unemployment.
99
11 A(n) .. device is directly connected to and controlled by a

central processing unit of a computer.
12 Any product or process that does not harm the ecological system is .
READING
Between 1981 and 1989 the number of children in Britain between the ages
of 10 and 15 dropped from over four million to just over three million. The picture
is similar all over Europe.
By the year 2000, there will have been a 37% drop in the youth population
of Germany, a 22% drop in the United Kingdom and a 12% drop in France.
There will be fewer adolescents in the late 1990s in Britain, but the number
of people between 30 and 44 will grow by 8%. Economists say that because of this,
High Street will change. Fewer shops will sell clothes, food and drink for young
people. There will be less loud music in restaurants and pubs and the whole
atmosphere will be quieter.
What kind of people will todays adolescents be by the year 2000?
Certainly more people will be vegetarian. The number of vegetarians may grow
from 2% of the population to almost 4% in the next ten years. 10% of all students
are vegetarians. They will also be more conscious of healthy foods and the
environmentally-friendly things in shops.
Young people will have more international life-styles, and many will go
abroad to work in the next decade. Over 50% of 1821-year olds in Britain think of
themselves as European citizens.
Read the text and decide whether the following statements are true () or false
()
1.
2.
3.
4.
___ There is a dramatic decrease in the number of youth in Europe.

___ There will be more adolescents in Britain at the end of the decade.
___ Not many shops will sell articles for young people.
___ The adolescents will ignore healthy foods and environmentally-friendly
goods.
5. ___ Less than half of the young people in Britain think of themselves as
European citizens.
Have the predictions made than years ago become true?
100
2. Work in pairs. Youre going to read an article called Growing trends which is
about life in the future. Here are the topic sentences taken from four of the
paragraphs. Discuss what you think each paragraph will say.
1
2
3
4
In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world.

In the 21st century most families will be using computers in the home to do
a variety of tasks.
By the 21st century a population explosion will have taken place in the
developing world.
Statistics show that society is becoming more violent.
The environment
In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world. The
world will continue to use fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide, the main cause
of global warming, the greenhouse effect as it is also called.
Damage done to the ozone layer by man-made chemicals will mean that our
children will have an increased risk of developing skin cancer.
We will be living in a world with less energy available and we will be forced
to reduce our energy consumption.
Technology
In the 21st century most families will be using computers in the home to do a
wide variety of tasks. A great part of the technology we will be using a generation
from now already exists in some form. Over 3 million British households have
personal computers today and a further 650,000 will probably purchase them in the
next year.
In 25 years time computers will be a million times faster than they are today.
They will have become easier to use, but anyone who has not learnt how to use
them will be seriously disadvantaged, particularly in the field of employment. They
will be considered computer illiterate.
Population
By the 21st century a population explosion will have taken place in the
developing world. In developed countries, the size of the population will have
stabilised but the proportion of older people will have increased dramatically and
there will be problems associated with care of the elderly and medical services. It
may no longer be possible for the government to provide pensions for everybody.
101
Society
Statistics show that society is becoming more violent. 95% of Britons think
that it is unsafe to walk the streets at night; 85% believe that it used to be safer 30
years ago. The average persons risk of becoming a victim of violent crime has
increased three times since 1979.
This trend will almost certainly continue. Rising criminality will be one of the
most serious problems that people in the 21st century will be facing.
(adapted from Reward, Heinemann)
Match the following suggestions with one of the predictions in the text.
1 Dont fear technology or become a slave to it. Its more important to
learn what technology can do for you than to understand how it is
done.
2 Do your best to conserve energy.
3 Buy sun-hats and sun-cream and teach your children to keep out of the
sun.
4 Start talks with your neighbours about hiring private security guards.
5 Take out a private pension plan so that you are not dependent on the
government when you are older.
6 Travel as much as you can now. With decreasing fuel supplies it may
not be possible when you are older.
Work in pairs. Do you agree with these suggestions? Can you imagine other
solutions?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the gaps with the suitable prepositions: by, of, over, to, under 1.
Example: Productivity will rise from 4% to 10%.
1. The profits of telecommunications companies will grow ____ approximately
25% in the next decade.
2. The sales of our beauty soap have dropped ____ the lowest level in the last
years.
3. ____ 2 million people left their homes running away from the huge hurricane.
4. The promotion campaign had a poor echo. ____ 15% of the target consumers
bought the new brand of oil.
102
5. The price of gold has fallen ____ almost a quarter since the beginning of the
year.
6. A decrease ____ 40% in white-collar criminality was considered a success.
2. Arrange the expressions in the box in the appropriate columns:
Im quite confident that Im positive that The chances are that
I expect that Im quite sure + (wont)
I doubt if
Perhaps
I shouldnt think that

I doubt very much that
Maybe
CERTAIN
PROBABLE
(LIKELY)
POSSIBLE
IMPROBABLE
IMPOSSIBLE
(UNLIKELY)
Im positive
that
3. Match the sentences in column A with sentences in column B that have a similar
meaning as given in the italicised example.
A
1 Im quite confident they will sign
the deal.
2 I doubt very much if they will sign
the deal.
3 I shouldnt think they will sign the
deal.
4 Perhaps well win the contract.
5 Im quite sure we wont win the
contract.
6 I doubt if well win the contract.
7 I expect well win the contract.
B
a They are not certain to sign the
deal.
b We definitely wont win the
contract.
c We probably wont win the
contract.
d Were likely to win the contract.
e We may win the contract.
f
g
They are unlikely to sign the deal.

They are certain to sign the deal.
4. Rewrite the sentences, using the word in brackets in your answer.

Example: He says we are certain to expand next year.
(confident) He is confident that we will expand next year.
1. Theyll probably give us better terms.
(imagine)
103
2. Ill probably have a lot to do early tomorrow.

(likely)
3. I shouldnt think that their new store will attract many customers.
(unlikely) ..
4. I expect that theyll take control of the company.
(probably)
5. The chances are that theyll give us the answer immediately.
(likely) ..
5. Make predictions about the following economic and business-related aspects:
Example: People will spend more money in the next decade than they do now.
I think people will probably spend more money in the next decade than
they do now.
or I dont think people will spend more money in the next decade than
they do now.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
More people will be teleworkers.

China will become the worlds most powerful economy.
Flexitime and job insecurity mean that people will work much longer.
Virtually everyone will be on-line in his or her own home.
More people will be working in tourism than in any other industry.
Korea will come to dominate the automobile and household appliance
industries.
The gap between the rich and the poor will enlarge.
Life expectancy will increase by two years.
Everyone will have a mobile telephone.
The European Union will break up.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Future continuous and future perfect
Answer these questions and try and guess the meaning of the words and phrases in
italic.
a) will be living -- Does this mean will be alive at that time or after it?
104
b) will have stabilised -- Does this mean will have continued to change or
will have stopped changing?
2. Future continuous or future perfect?
Write complete sentences about what Georgia thinks she will have done by the
time shes forty or will be doing at that time.
Example
work in a multinational company
Ill be working in a multinational.
get a MBA
Ill have got a MBA.
a. become a multi-millionaire
b. run my own insurance business

.
c. move to Boston
.
d. live in a mansion
.
e. marry a renowned politician
.
f. have one child
.
g. give up smoking
..
Prefixes and suffixes
95% of Britons think that it is unsafe to walk the streets at night.
Can you find in the text above other examples of words formed with negative
prefixes?
1. Do the following words mean a thing, a person, or both? Look them up in a
dictionary.
cooker
computer
cleaner
smoker
drinker
pencil-sharpener
projector
shopper
layer
105
2. Use the suffixes er /-or and ee to give the names of the following:
Example: An employer is the persons who hires staff.
An addressee is the person to whom a letter is addressed.
a
b
c
d
______________________ is the person who sends a letter.

______________________ takes professional photographs.
______________________ is the person who trains athletes.
______________________ is someone who is hired and given payment for his
or her work.
______________________ is a person who makes a donation.
______________________ is the person to whom a letter is addressed.
______________________ is someone who is taken an interview.
e
f
g
3. Contradict the following statements using negative prefixes: dis-, il-, im-, in-,
ir, un-.
Example: He is a very efficient man.
I dont agree. I think hes inefficient.
1
2
3
4
5
6
I find this procedure quite logical.

Our customers will be satisfied with the new look of the company.
The speaker presented a very relevant point.
This issue is extremely important for our business.
The arrangement was rather convenient.
It is still possible to find the solution to this problem.
Remember!
Prefixes and suffixes
unbearable
unprefix
to form
the opposite
bear
root
word
-able
suffix
to form
the adjective
106
Prefixes
dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-,
unmultiover-, super-, hyperunder-
Meaning
opposite
Example
dissatisfaction, illogical, improbable,
incorrect, irrational, unimportant
multinational
overtime, superman
underestimated
Suffixes
-ful
-less
-able, -al, -ible, -ic,
-ing, -ive, -ous
Meaning
with
without
forms adjectives
-ence, - ent, -ian,

-ion,
-ist, -ity, -ness, -or,
-ship
-ly
forms nouns
many
too much
too little
forms adverbs
Example
careful
careless
readable, national, flexible,
economic interesting, productive,
humorous,
patience, achievement, politician,
explanation, ecologist, activity,
fitness, actor, dealership
slowly
Did you know that ...

... in an average life you will walk 240,000 km, sleep for 25 years, eat 7,800 loaves
of bread, lose 127 kg of dead skin and spend 12 years watching television?
107
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
What are you doing at the weekend?
Where are you going to spend your summer holiday?
Are you going to get a job next year?
Are you going to learn Spanish?
READING
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
Hello, Barbara. How are you?

Fine, Alice. And you?
Not so bad, thanks. Listen, Im ringing to arrange a meeting with you. Im
coming to Edinburgh next Wednesday to see our partners. (1) Will you go
shopping with me any time in the afternoon?
(2) I wont be in Edinburgh, Im afraid. Im going abroad for a few days on
business.
Oh, where are you going?
To Germany. Im attending a conference in Hamburg on environment.
Mmm. Sounds nice. When are you going?
On Monday evening, and Im coming back on Thursday morning.
Oh, well. I could stay overnight and see you then.
Right. (3) Ill give you the address of a good B&B.
That seems fine. (4) Will you book a room for me then?
Certainly. Say, Alice, what are you going to buy?
Wallpapers and paintings for our new flat. (5) Will you help me choose
some?
It goes without saying. Im sure (6) well have a great time together.
Thanks for ringing. Bye.
Cheerio. Ill see you on Thursday then. Have a good trip.
108
(a) Read the dialogue. Find out which of the will phrases in italics is used to:
make an instant decision
make an invitation .
make a prediction ....

make a request ....
(b) Match the sentences on the left with the replies on the right:
1. Ill buy you another drink.
2. Ill arrive as soon as I can.
3. Will you get me something to eat?
A. Yes, they all say itll be fine.

B. Okay, what would you like?
C. Thank you. Thats very kind of
you.
4. Will you sit down with us?
D. Im sorry. Ill bring you another
plate.
5. Im sure youll have a wonderful E. Thanks. Ill have an orange juice.
evening.
F. Okay, make sure youre not late.
6. I wont have this soup. Its cold.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
A. Read the following sentences:
a. Wait a minute, will you? Im speaking on the phone.
b. Im speaking with my partner on Friday. We have to sort out things.
a. Im sorry I cant join you, but Im very busy at the moment. Im
preparing my exams.
b. Im presenting the annual report next week.
What tense was used in each of them? Which sentences refer to actions happening
at the moment of speaking? Which sentences refer to actions that will happen in the
future? What future time phrases are used?
Present simple or present continuous?
1. Complete the conversation using the present continuous for arrangements (e.g.
hes coming) or the present simple for official schedules (e.g. he comes). The first
one has been done for you.
109
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
Sue:
Dan:
Hello, Sue Cox is speaking.

Oh Sue, this is Dan Cullen. How are you? I (1) m coming (come)
Birmingham on Sunday and Id like to meet you next week. Can we
arrange a time?
Id love to. When are you free?
Well how about having lunch on Monday?
Im afraid I cant. I (2) .. (have) lunch with the new
Chairman. What about Tuesday at 10.30?
No, no way. Matthew, my agent, (3) .. (come) to the
office. Wednesday afternoon might be a possibility.
Not for me. My secretary, Betty, (4) .. (get married)
and all of us (5) .. (go) to the wedding. And on
Thursday morning I (6) (drive) up to York for a
board meeting with Dr. Tolley.
What time (7) . the meeting .. (start)?
11.30 a.m. Ive got an idea! Why dont you come with me? We can talk on
the way.
That sounds good. Oh, but wait a sec, I cant. I (8) .
(talk) to a group of business people about Australian opportunities over
lunch.
So Friday, then. Yes. Thats the only possibility because my return flight to
Sydney (9) .. (leave) at 9.00 a.m. on Saturday. So,
11.30 a.m. on Friday morning at your office?
Yes, thats perfect. Im really looking forward to seeing you then.
MAKING ARRANGEMENTS
Suggesting a
time
Accepting
Refusing
Will March 26th be convenient? (formal) What about.?

(informal)
Yes, March 26th suits me. (formal) Yes, I think Ill make
it. (informal)
Im afraid I cant. Im having.(formal) Sorry. Im quite
tied up. (informal)
In pairs work out one dialogue to arrange a business lunch (formal) and one
dialogue to arrange a meeting with your friend (informal).
110
B. Read the following sentences paying attention to the words in italics:

1) The AS Group is going to open a new Renault dealership this summer.
2) Based on these figures, we are going to make a profit of $1,5 m this year.
3) The meeting is going to end any minute now.
Which sentence expresses:
a a prediction based on present evidence?
b a decision?
c an event to happen soon?
will or going to?
2. Complete the sentences using will for predictions or instant decisions or going
to for intentions. Add any other necessary words.The first one has been done for
you.
1.
Ive got to fax a Berlin number. Do you know the area code?
No, Ill look it up in the directory for you.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
What are you doing over the Easter holidays?

Absolutely nothing. We .. some rest.
Did you hear the weather forecast?
Yes. . cold at first, then .. some light
showers this afternoon and then . a little warmer in the
evening.
Why didnt you come to the fair in Manchester?
I had to learn. I . to sit for entrance exams at the
International Business School.
If you are elected, what your party about
unemployment?
We have fully considered this issue. When we win the election, we
create half a million new jobs.
What are you doing here? The boss is expecting you for the meeting.
I completely forgot! I finish typing my report in a
minute. Thanks for reminding me.
How will the proposed VAT increase affect your business?
Frankly speaking, we havent thought about it yet. We
devise a strategy when we get to it.
111
8.
Christopher 64 years old in November and he

. retire next year.
3. Add comments to the sentences. Use present continuous, going to, or will.
Example: Im afraid I cant meet you for the lunch on the 30th.
Im seeing Mr. Mullin in Lisbon.
1. The management have announced how they intend to reduce costs.
2. Im sorry, I didnt realize you were busy.

....
3. The company is in serious financial difficulty.
...
4. I need some time to think about this proposal.
5. Sorry. Im in a hurry right now.

...
6. My boss is looking for another job.
....
7. Im not sure whether the flight to Rome is due tomorrow.
...
8. Our Export Manager is in Romania at the moment looking at new offices.
.
Colours
People grow vegetables and flowers in a greenhouse. Here are some more
words and phrases with colours.
When you are 50 in the red, it means that you spent more than you have in
your account and you owe money to the bank. If your finances are in the black
you do not owe anybody any money.
Black-and-white may refer to photographs, films, TV sets, anything written or
printed, or situations that seem simple and easy to make decisions about.
White goods mean fridges, washing machines and other large pieces of
household appliances, as opposed to brown goods - TV sets, (video)cassette
recorders, CD players, stereo systems, and other electronic equipment.
112
Here are some words and phrases formed with colours: red, blue, black, white,
grey, yellow. Read the definitions and complete the sentences below.
workers that work in offices rather than doing manual work in
industry
black economy the trading or producing of goods or services that people are
engaged in to avoid paying taxes
Yellow Pages telephone directory in which companies and people are listed and
grouped according to the kind of business they are involved in
red tape
complicated rules and regulations, when considered unnecessary,
bureaucratic
grey area
an area of a subject or situation that does not fit into a particular
category
blueprint
a plan or set of proposals that shows how it is expected to work
white-collar
1. Growing is beginning to worry the Government.

2. It takes weeks to go through all the .. involved in getting a visa.
3. .. professionals work now longer hours than they used
to ten years ago.
4. The prime minister will offer delegates his . for the countrys future.
5. If you need the phone number of a plumber, look it up in the .
6. The new rules for police procedure cleared up a lot of ..
ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST
Look at these discourse markers often used in a debate to express pros and cons
(for and against). Use them to complete the sentences below.
To introduce a point: firstly, secondly, one advantage is that, on the plus/ minus
side, for one thing, finally, last of all
To give an example: for instance, for example, e.g., such as
To add extra information: moreover, furthermore, in addition, besides, another
point is that
To express a contrast: however, nevertheless, yet, in spite of this, despite
To express an opinion: in my opinion, personally
To draw a conclusion: to sum up, in conclusion, in short, briefly
113
1. He doesnt accept he can make mistakes. .., he is totally

incapable.
2. Some fruits and vegetables, apricots, peaches, or carrots, are rich
in beta-carotene.
3. , we may say that all the proofs have shown she was wrong.
4. , I think the next century will be very interesting.
5. The train was an hour late. ., I managed to get to the meeting in
time.
6. I dont think theyll come to the party. ... they are very busy. Then,
they dont socialise too much.
Choose on of the following topics and write a composition of
250 words.
Testing drugs and cosmetics on animals

The nuclear energy
Package holidays
Career women
TV - an educational medium
Marrying young
Start by stating the topic issue.

Working abroad may have both advantages and disadvantages.
Continue the paragraph with for reasons.
On the plus side, it is often easier to find work there.
Begin a new paragraph with a topic sentence presenting the against reasons.
However, many people cannot adapt themselves to the new environment.
Continue the paragraph adding further information.
What is more, they feel homesick more often than not.
Finish the composition with a new paragraph, starting with a topic sentence which
states your conclusion.
In conclusion, I think that living abroad can be appealing especially to
young people.
State your reasons.
They like the excitement of adventure and find it easier to learn new
customs and rules.
114
Remember!
WAYS TO EXPRESS FUTURE
FORM
will + short
infinitive
be going +
infinitive
USAGE
- predictions (simple future)
instant decisions
- future events based on present
evidence
(near future)
- intentions or decisions already made
(future of intention)
simple present - future events in when and if clauses
fixed times (official timetable
or calendar)
present
continuous
will + perfect
infinitive
will +
present
participle
be about +
infinitive,
be on the point
of + ing
definite arrangements (personal

agenda)
a future event completed before
a future point (future perfect)
an event in progress at a future
point (future continuous)
immediate future
EXAMPLES
Im sure our economy will recover soon.
The phone is ringing. ~Ill answer it.
The sky is cloudy, it is going to rain.
Im going to start my own business
next month.
When / if you see the results, youll be
very happy.
The plane for Vienna takes off at 7.30
am.
I m taking the plane for Vienna
tomorrow morning
In ones year time I will have
finished studying this course book.
When you arrive at the airport, he
will be waiting for you.
I think the meeting is about to start now.
Mary is on the point of resigning.
CHECKLIST
1. What future verb forms can you use to make arrangements?
2. Think of two pairs of prefixes and/or suffixes having a positive and a negative
meaning.
3. Think of two contexts for the adjectives older and elder.
4. What expressions can you use to inform a customer that it is probable/
improbable to find your boss that day?
5. Is the following sentence correct: If you will kindly wait a moment, Ill ask him
to speak to you.
115
UNIT 7
INTERESTS
AND
INTERESTS
ANDHOBBIES
HOBBIES
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
What are hobbies? What are they good for?

Which is the difference between an interest and a hobby?
Do you think an interest supposes going deeper, both theoretically and
practically into the matter?
What do you think of being more scientific: an interest in doing something or a
hobby?
Dont you think that people who pass all bounds in a hobby go into the field of
a profession?
What is the difference among these words: hobby, pleasure, entertainment,
passion, science, profession and recreation?
READING
AUTOGRAPHS THAT SPELL MONEY
While leafing through an old handwritten book of poetry, Peter Croft of Sothebys,
the London auctioneers, noticed that certain pages were in a different hand from
the rest. The moment he saw the handwriting on those dozen pages he realized that
he had uncovered a rare seventeenth century literary treasure.
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Crofts expert eye had recognized the handwriting of Robert Herrick, one of
Englands finest lyric poets. He knew the book had been bought in 1848 for 58
shillings. At auction, the book fetched 34,000 pound.
Today, collectors are prepared to pay ever-increasing prices for coveted
autographs-hand-written and signed letters or manuscripts, not just scrawled
signatures on photographs or slips of paper. A letter written by Charles Dickens
could be bought for 1 pound in 1903; today it is worth 600 pound.
So great is the demand by collectors and scholars for autographs that Sothebys
now hold a special monthly sale in their New Bond Street auction rooms. Last
May, a United States buyer gave 17,000 pound for Samuel Taylor Coleridges
manuscript of the poems he wrote in 1796, which he had copied out for his
publisher.
What gives an autograph such appeal? One letter now available in the British
Museum for all to read, helps to explain the fascination that collectors find in
autographs. The letter is by Lord Nelson who, on board H.M.S. Victory on
October 19, 1805, wrote to Lady Hamilton. Two days later Nelson fell mortally
wounded at Trafalgar. After the battle Captain Hardy delivered the letter to Lady
Hamilton. To read it now, in the bold, left-handed writing, which Nelson adopted
after he had lost his right hand, is to become personally involved in history.
When signatures are so rare that they never come on the market, even forgeries can
be of interest. Only six authenticated examples of Shakespeares signature, all on
official documents, have ever been found. No one has discovered a letter written by
him, nor a single page of any original manuscript of his plays. But a forged
Shakespeares signature sells for 20 pounds today.
British collectors have always valued the autographs of creative minds.
(Ann Huxley, Letters Written by Famous People, Ed. Laurel, 1984)
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LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the gaps in the following sentences with suitable words you find in the text:
1. Peter Croft of Sothebys recognized Robert Herricks hand-writing while .
through an old handwritten book of poetry.
2. Coveted autographs hand-written and signed letters or manuscripts .
much money at . from passionate collectors.
3. Collectors pay .prices for . and . letters or manuscripts not only
. signatures on photographs . of paper.
4. Two days after Nelson had written his last letter addressed to Lady Hamilton,
the great admiral fell mortally .at Trafalgar.
5. As only six authenticated examples of Shakespeares signature were found,
even . can be of interest for the .
2. Match the words with their explanation:
1. auction
2. handwriting
3. autograph
4. manuscript
5. collector
6. researcher
7. forgery
3.
a. a persons signature
b. something written by hand, not typed or printed
c. a persons style of something written by hand or
with a pen or pencil
d. a person who makes careful study and investigation, in order to discover new facts or information
e. a person who collects things
f. a fraudulent imitation or copy in order to pass it
off as real
g. a public sale in which articles are sold to the
highest bidder.
z Except autographs and letters, we have just spoken about, what are the
most common things people collect?
z What do children, students collect and what do some grown-ups collect?
What is the reason? Is money important in gathering things in order to
form collections?
In the following list of objects establish which ones are collected especially by
children and students and which ones grown-ups afford collecting, investment
being involved?
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posters
coins
furniture
stickers
cars
postcards
stamps
furniture
key-holders
paintings
portrait sketches
watches
napkins
mahogany objects
rare books
old cameras
perfumes
porcelain objects
sculptures
jewelry
Do you collect anything? What? Speak about the way you started collecting and if
it was difficult to start a collection of your own!
4. Read the following text about a fine art collector of antiques:
A Chinese jade figure of a rhinoceros, claimed to be worth about 1 million pound, has
been stolen with other valuable antiques, from the Mayfair home of Mr. David Edge,
65, a fine art collector, was revealed yesterday. (Daily Telegraph, June 16, 1993)
The news announcing the theft is a compound sentence that contains nine pieces of
information:
1. a figure has been stolen
6. Mr. Edge lives in Mayfair
2. the figure was made of jade
7. Mr. Edge is 65 years old
3. the figure was Chinese
8. Mr. Edge is a fine art collector
4. it was a figure of a rhinoceros
9. This news was revealed yesterday
5. it was in the home of Mr. Edge
Write similar compound sentences to combine the following sets of information:
a. Mrs. Martha Edwars is the mother of Paula Edwars. Paula Edwars is a famous
actress. She acts in films. She won an award at the Cannes Film Festival. The
Cannes Film Festival took place last month. Paula Edwars has given her
mother a necklace from her own jewelry collection. The necklace is made of
diamonds. The necklace was a birthday present.
b. Patricia Austin is a famous soprano. She has been singing with the Cosmopolitan
Opera for the last sixteen years. She announced yesterday that she is going to
retire. She is going to retire next October. She wants to spend more time in
painting expositions and at auctions. She is a passionate paintings collector.
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5. Hobbies are a great British and American tradition. A hobby is a special

interest or activity that people do in their time off. Some people have animals as
hobbies. Others are crazy about plants.
6. Sports represent other worldwide hobbies. English play football, cricket and
polo but they play other sports too. We must consider the many advantages which
education derives from games, when practised as they ought to be. Games are the
handmaid of lessons a means of making you fit and fresh for work and a means
where the game itself is only of secondary importance, compared with the spirit in
which it is played. People will generally play games in the right .spirit, if those who
control them show in their own methods and conduct what that spirit is the
educational writer Max ORell from Daily Mail says.
7. Brainstorming activity. Role-play expressing your opinions:
- Have you ever practised any sport?
- What are the chief open-air sports practised in England? What about your
country?
- What sport do you prefer? Why? Speak about it!
- Give a short account, if you can, of the way in which football is played, or
describe a football match. Did you know that British invented it?
- Give your opinion on the advantages and inconveniences of games and sports.
- Doesnt football teach discipline? Whats your opinion?
8. Work in pairs and name as many sports as possible. Together with your partner
try to classify them in outdoor and indoor sports. Use words like: team,
competition, stadium, fan, player, international tournament, to enjoy sailing,
enthusiastic, own boat, sailing races (regattas), baseball, summer sport, winter
sport, bowler, ball, bat, batsman, pitcher, batter at cricket, a bowler throws the ball
and the batter hits it with his bat league, top player, big star.
9. Work in pairs and with your partners help, describe cricket (the typical British
sport) and baseball (the American typical sport).
- Give an account of the American football and the football played in the rest of
the world.
- In what sports do you have to wear a helmet? Choose among boating, boxing,
American football, cricket, bowling, ice hockey, surfing, Canadian hockey,
surfing, climbing, soccer.
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What do you know about soccer? Do you know that it is known as Association
football and every year, the football teams of most cities and towns in Britain
play in the Cup Final at Wembley Stadium in London?
10. In the following sentences fill the gaps with play when they refer to sports
played with a ball and where teams are involved, go when they refer to individual
and leisure activities and do when they refer to sports or activities where body
movements are implied:
Model: My brother likes doing judo, going skiing in winter and playing bowls
with his friends.
-
She looks forward to swimming when summer comes.

Why do all little girls are fond of .. ballet?
I dont go in for sport now, but I felt like. football daily when I was a little
boy.
Her mother was against .. badminton as she found it too childish.
What about .. diving, the weather is very fine.
Dont you prefer.. gymnastics to.. snooker in that club?
He took to .. jogging as he was getting fat.
They put off .. fitness classes as they were very busy.
Well, I like . skating when the ice is thick enough.
Why dont you leave off .. hockey with your broken arm?
Practice: Use in sentences of your own: to go gliding, fishing/horse-riding/cycling;

to do aerobics/ballet/judo/squash; to play golf/cricket/darts/table tennis/lawn tennis.
11. Read this text about music:
Music
Silences most eloquent contradiction is music not because music breaks
silence with its sounds but also because it interrupts its motion. All the arts do this:
books freeze events between two covers, pictures pin them against a wall. But
music goes viscerally to the source of our mortality. It stops time in its tracks and
reinvents it. What a supernatural act it is to command a tempo and a rhythm, to set
time in motion and bring it to a halt. In a life of temporal endlessness, the musician
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who makes time starts and stops plays at being God. This is musics comfort and
its triumph: that somewhere there exists an antidote for decay.
The technologies of the ear (the radio, the record player and the compact
disc) both give and take away. Fishing in my collection of records the other day, I
did find a recording of Brahms' Fourth. I put it back on the shelf, Im not quite sure
where. I am not worried. I know how it goes. This is how I relive (and therefore
live) this music - in my imagination. The imagination is our great healer.
(Bernard Holland, A New and Awful Silence)
What does Bernard Holland mean when he says that the musician who makes
time start and stop plays at being God?
Do you agree with Holland who asserts that the sheer availability of music has
somehow cheapened it, taken away its special pleasures, music being all around
us today on the radio, in the office, in the market and the shopping mall?
Has musics accessibility ruined your enjoying it? Why? Why not?
What is electronic music? How do synthesizers replace traditional instruments?
What kind of music might be synthesized?
What do you like more: listening to real music (bands on stage or recorded) or
digital sounds music (someone capable of playing a keyboard instrument can
be a one-man band)?
12. In the following sentences, use either play + instrument and instrument +
player or person + sing and type of music + singer:
1. Elvis Presley was a rocknroll .. He came from Memphis,
Tennessee, USA and was called the king of rocknroll.
2. Which of these instruments do amateurs usually. : the piano,
oboe, violin, harp, banjo, drum, saxophone, guitar, trumpet, organ, accordeon,
flute?
3. Can you any of them? Which?
4. That great guitar.. couldnt read the score, he only could
by ear.
5. If somebody ... a song, can you accompany him or her
andthe piano or guitar?
6. The great opera ....was so much clamored that she gave an encore.
7. The Beatles from Liverpool, were the most famous pop . in the 1960s.
8. Arthur Rubinstein, the great piano ... , died at 90 years old.
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GRAMMAR FOCUS
PAST PERFECT
1. Look at this sentence: A writer friend, who visits my apartment when I am
away, phoned me in Tangier and told me there had been a robbery.
Use past perfect tense of the verbs in brackets in the following sentences:
1. As soon as I ... (finish) my breakfast, I went to the stadium
2. By the time the coach ... (give) us all the training instructions, the
last member of the team arrived.
3. The referee didnt whistled the beginning of the game until all football players
.. (gather).
4. When we reached the stadium, the goal-keeper (already, arrive).
5. After a player .. (kick) the ball, it was taken by the forward player.
6. After we ... (play) hard, we won.
2. Decide the order in which these things happened. Then write two sentences
using after and the past perfect:
Example:
The symphony orchestra came on the stage.
The conductor arrived on the stage.
The symphony orchestra members stood up.
After the symphony orchestra had come on the stage, the
conductor arrived on the stage too.
After the conductor had arrived on the stage, the symphony
orchestra members stood up.
1. The tourists got out of the coach.
They took photos.
They got back in the coach.
2. The reporter wrote a report on the accident.
She interviewed the people there.
She went to the scene of the accident.
3. The mechanic put a new tyre on.
He put the wheel back on.
He took the wheel off the car.
Activity: Write sentences of your own using the same patterns.
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GERUND
1. Have you noticed this structure: he saw the handwriting on , Finding
such as Crofts Herrick discovery . They are gerunds.
In the following sentences use verb + ing as a subject:
Example: . (to swim) is something I dont do very often.
Swimming is something I dont do very often.
1. (to fish) is a profession and (to angle) is a hobby.
2. (to box) is a rather dangerous sport.
3. (to take exercise) is only one part of keeping fit.
Practice: Use the verbs: to read, to ski, to work, to write, to drive, to travel, to run
in sentences of your own.
2. Either verb + ing as a subject or long infinitive as a subject may be used in the
following sentences:
e.g. . (to read) French is easier that . (to speak) it.
Reading French is easier than speaking it.
To read French is easier than to speak it.
1. . (to shake hands) is not a habit Englishpeople use.
2. . (to study) the local customs is necessary for a traveller.
3. . (to have) good manners is appreciated everywhere.
Make five similar sentences of your own.
3. Use gerund after propositions:
e.g. After (to swim) I felt cold.
After swimming I felt cold.
1. Can you touch your toes without (bend) your knees?
2. His wife raised the money by (to sell) her jewelry.
3. He insisted on (to see) her.
4. I have no objection to (to hear) your story again.
5. He is good at (to tell) lies.
6. We had a lot of difficulty in (to find) the club.
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4. Phrasal verbs (verb + preposition/adverbial particle)

to be for/against
to care for
to give up
to keep on
to leave off
to look forward to
to put off
to see about
to take to
to go on
Use the gerund in the following sentences:
1. I have seen the film, now I am looking forward to (see) the film.
2. I dont care for (stand) and (watch) the match.
3. He took to (garden) when he retired.
4. They gave up (ski) and took to (farm).
Make sentences of your own with all the other phrasal verbs.
5. Make sentences, according to the model:
Model: Alice is studying medicine and they approve of it.
They approve of Alices studying medicine.
He wants to study law but his father is against it.
His father is against his studying law.
1.
2.
3.
4.
He rang us up in the middle of the night. He apologized for it.

Shell attend classes in French. Her brother insists on it.
Mary got the scholarship and we were proud of it.
Jane will marry Gerald. Her mother is for it.
6. Make sentences according to the model:

Model: Youll have to share with somebody, Im afraid.
Thats quite all right. I dont mind sharing with somebody.
1. . do your own washing .
2. . pay in advance .
125
3. . give me a deposit
4. . cook your own breakfast
Model: Youll have to move your car. Im afraid.
Would you mind moving your car?
Would you mind my moving you car?
Do you mind if I move your car?
1. to carry her luggage, I
2. to see him home .
3. .to take her by the hand .
7. Use the expression to be worth + gerund, according to the model:
Model: Why dont you listen to the radio?
Theres nothing worth listening to.
1. watch TV?
2. read the paper?
3. look at a magazine?
4. . see a film?
5. . buy something?
8. Use either gerund or infinitive. Make sentences with love, hate, like, dislike
drawing the distinction between general and particular situations:
Example: I like swimming. (as a general case)
I would like to swim in this river. (as particular case)
Dislikes
Likes
ride
drive
cook
knit
ski
skate
dive
paint
Make sentences with the verb to stop drawing the distinction between ceasing a
previous action and purpose:
Example: He stopped listening to him. (ceased the action)
He stopped to listen to him. (in order to listen to him)
126
Make sentences with the verbs regret, remember and forget drawing the distinction
between a past action and a future action:
e.g. I forgot giving him the money. (in the past)
I wont forget to give him the money. (in the future)
Make sentences with to be afraid of + gerund used for involuntary actions and to be
afraid + infinitive to show a strong awareness of the feeling:
e.g. He was afraid of falling. (involuntary action)
He was afraid to jump so he stayed where he was.
(to be aware to perform the action)
" Translate into English:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
Adam nvase engleza nainte s vin n Anglia.

Cnd am ajuns pe teren, jocul ncepuse.
Cnd Margareta a terminat partida, a deschis radioul.
i place s citeti?
mi place s citesc, dar nu-mi place s citesc aceast carte.
Schiul este fantastic.
Ador s shiez.
Ursc s atept la cozi.
mi place s conduc cu vitez.
El a fost acuzat de contraband.
Ea are mult experien in ingrijirea copiilor.
El era ocupat cu cultivarea florilor.
Atept cu nerbdare s plec n strintate n timpul concediului.
ncercai s evitai s cltorii n orele de vrf.
El a negat c a fost acolo i c a vzut accidentul.
Iart-m c te ntrerupt.
Ei nu se pot abine s nu rd de glumele lui.
Nu ne putem permite s mergem n Frana iarna aceasta.
Expoziia lui merit s fie vzut.
V deranjeaz dac nu fumai n aceast camer?
Ei au ncetat s se mai uite la televizor pentru c programul era neinteresant.
Ei s-au oprit ca s cumpere bilete pentru festival.
Lui i era team s nu piard trenul.
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24. Regret c i-am spus cuvinte att de neplcute.

25. El va regreta s o vad plecnd.
Remember!
THE PAST PERFECT TENSE
1.
2.
USAGE
The Past Perfect Tense is used to show
that the action took place before another
action in the past. It is usually used
after: when, as soon as, after, by, by
the time, not until.
The Past Perfect often stands together
with already and just.
3.
The Past Perfect Tense is used in

Conditional sentences Type 3.
4.
The Past Perfect Tense is also used in

Indirect Speech, where The Sequence of
Tenses requires to be observed, to
express anteriority.
EXAMPLE
As soon as I had finished the letters, I
made coffee. By the time I had made the
calls, the coffee was cold. I didnt drink
my coffee until I had made four phone
calls.
At noon I phoned you, but you had
already left.
When I came to your place, you had just
left.
If you had come, I should/would have
given you the book.
Had you come, I should/would have
given you the book.
He said, Im a student and I have
learned English for three years.
He said that he was a student and he had
learned English for three years.
THE GERUND
USAGE
1.
EXAMPLE
As subject of a sentence
Skiing is enjoyable - in a general sense.

It is enjoyable to ski.
No smoking. No trespassing short
prohibitions
2.
Gerund after prepositions

Noun/Adjective/Verb+
preposition/adverbial particle + gerund
I had no experience in modelling

Im looking forward to going to London
next month.
3.
I cant risk catching a cold.

He enjoys listening to jazz.
I can't understand his retiring so young.
As an object the gerund is compulsory

after the following verbs: like, dislike,
enjoy, finish, hate, practice, prefer,
risk, stop, suggest, dread, detest,
prevent, avoid, admit, deny, postpone,
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delay, resent, recollect, defer,

anticipate, pardon, forgive, imagine,
fancy, understand, mind, keep.
After certain expressions: to be worth,
cant stand, cant afford.
I cant afford doing that.
4.
Sentences abridged by using the

gerund:
On hearing the bell, she went to open the

door = When she heard the bell, she went
to open the door.
5.
Complex structures with gerund

(gerund preceded by possessive adjectives or accusative personal pronouns):
His being a champion made the family

very happy - more formal with possessive
adjectives.
She doesnt mind me coming late. - less formal with the accusative personal pronoun.
Either gerund or infinitive can be used after the following verbs: stop, begin, start,
advise, recommend, allow, permit, need, require, want, propose, try, means,
go on, used to, be afraid (of).
They show:
a. distinction general/particular
b. distinction ceased activity/
purpose
c.
d.
e.
distinction past action/ future

action
need/want/require can be followed either by the gerund or
by the passive infinitive but
the gerund is more usual
try/be afraid (of), go on,
propose, mean used to, have
different meanings according
to whether they are used with
gerund or infinitive
Example:
I like writing letters (general)
I like to write letters to my best friend (particular)
He stopped looking at her (he didnt look at her any
more)
He stopped to look at her (in order to look at her)
I remember having given him the book
Ill remember to give him the book.
The grass needs cutting/needs to be cut
The engine wants fixing/wants to be fixed.
try + infinitive = attempt

He tried to repair the TV set.
try + gerund = make the experiments
He tried repairing the engine.
used to + infinitive = habit in the past
He used to smoke (he doesnt smoke now).
used to + gerund = to be accustomed to
Im used to waiting for buses.
129
be afraid +infinitive = strong awareness of the fear

I was afraid to move so I sat quiet.
be afraid + gerund = involuntary fear
I was afraid of being caught.
propose + infinitive = intention
I propose to leave now.
propose + gerund = suggestion
I propose waiting till dawn.
go on + infinitive = continue but with the
introduction of a new aspect of the topic
He was speaking about France and went on to
tell about its climate.
go on + gerund = continue
He went on speaking (about the same topic).
flavour of the month a phrase which refers to the current fashion. Similar
phrases are flavour of the week and flavour of the year. Such terms were first
used when advertising ice-cream parlours in the US in the 1940s, when a special
flavour of ice-cream would be promoted. Today, they are used to ironically
describe a passing trend that will soon be replaced by another.
The Spice Girls are the flavour of the month right now, but where will
they be in a years time?
to keep ones year to the ground to keep oneself informed. It has been said that
the phrase was first used when talking about Indian scouts in the Wild West of
America. A scout would press one ear to the earth before announcing how many
horsemen were approaching, and from how far away.
I dont know of any jobs in my company at the moment, but Ill keep my ear
to the ground and let you know.
old hat very old-fashioned. By the mid-1500s, the Italian city of Milan had
established itself as the fashion centre of Europe, especially for hats. The styles
changed almost every week, so that people who wanted to stay in fashion had to
buy new hats all the time. To be old hat means behind the times.
Hes very old hat he uses a typewriter instead of a computer.
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SECTION B
LEAD-IN
What do you know about the Olympic Games?

In what country did they begin and why?
When do they take place?
What do the Olympic Games mean for the mankind?
What can you say about wars and any other conflicts among nations during the
Olympic Games?
READING
GOING TO THE OLYMPICS
Heres to the new Olympics!
OK! Cheers!
Did you know Marks actually thinking of going to see the Olympics?
Wow! Is he really?
Apparently its a life-long ambition. Hes been saving up for ages and
hes going to do it in style. You know, four-star hotels, front-row seats,
the whole works. Hes even bought a camcorder to take with him, so he
can keep a record of the whole trip.
Jeffrey: Sounds great! God help him meet his dream!
Trevor: Oh, I dont know, it will cost him a bomb and I think you get a much
better idea from the telly. But he wishes hed seen them live.
Jeffrey: Yes, as from the telly you dont get the atmosphere. Oh, no, I think it
would be great. Id go myself if I had half a chance.
Patricia: But if I were him, I wouldnt go alone. I dont think it would be much
fun going on your own, which is what hes planning to do. Its the sort
of thing you need to do with someone else to get the most out of it, so
you can talk about it and compare notes.
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
131
Oh, no, if hes on his own he can do exactly what he wants to do,
without having to fit in with anybody else, hang about waiting for
people and all that sort of hassle.
Patricia: The only thing thats putting him off is the thought of the journey itself.
He d have to go by plane and hes not too keen on flying. If only he
could go by train or by coach.
Trevor: Well, I think hes crazy to even consider it - I bet you anything that Ill
be able to tell you more about it from the telly and it wont have cost me
a penny! Id rather he stayed at home and watched them on the telly
with us.
Jeffrey:
Comprehension
What are the three friends talking about?

What is Patricia saying about Marks intention of spending his time during the
games?
What s Trevors opinion about watching the Olympic Games?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Study these nouns/verbs/phrase: journey/to journey; travel/to travel; voyage/to
voyage; trip/to take a trip to a place; excursion/to make a short journey/a pleasuretrip:
to travel
to journey
to voyage
trip
excursion
They all mean covering a distance (a cltori). To travel is the

neutral term: we may travel both by land and by sea or air;
to travel is usually indefinite and implies covering long distances;
to journey, generally, by land and having an appointed destination;
to voyage is to travel by sea/water or by plane/air; to take a trip
means to journey especially for pleasure; excursion means to make
a short journey/to take a pleasure-trip.
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2. Fill the gaps with the adequate forms of the verbs to travel, to journey, to
voyage or of the nouns travel, journey, voyage, trip, excursion:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
.. broadens mind.
Our . to London was very interesting.
Most people like .
He for three days, it was a long
They took a two-days to Sinaia.
6. The board of directors decided an . for the whole staff.
7. His over the Pacific in a small boat must have been very difficult.
3. Speak about a journey you made during your last holidays.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
SUBJUNCTIVE
1. What can you say about the way of saying God help him meet his dream!
Where is the s at the end of help? It doesnt exist, does it? It is the Subjunctive
Mood, used to express a wish, or a prayer that something may be. Very often the
Subjunctive is expressed by using one of the modals may, might.
Long live he!
Though the heart be still
(Byron)
May I live to see it!
If need be
Be that as it may!
Far be it from me to
Come what may!
Suffice it to say
Be it so!/So be it!
2. Use the following verbs into subjunctive (the same form as the infinitive), to
complete the following exclamations expressing a wish or hope: damn, curse, bless,
forgive, help, be praised, be:
God you!
Heaven . us!
. ..you!
. this fog!
. this fog!
God .with you!
133
3. The Present Subjunctive is also used in conditional clauses implying a negative. In

this case were is used instead of was for the first and the third persons. Change the
sentences according to the model:
Model: If it were not for the seats, Id have enjoyed the performance.
But for the seats, Id have enjoyed the performance.
1. If it were not for you, Id never go to see play for second time.
2. If it were not for the cast, the play would have been a success.
3. If it were not for the acting, the play wouldnt be worth seeing.
4. After verbs: suggest, propose, insist, recommend, advise, order, the construction
that.. should + subjunctive is used. Change the sentences according to the model:
Model: Roger recommended that we should distribute the tickets.
1. Richard told her to check the list.

2. George told me to read something about university life in present day England.
3. The teacher told us to read the book in the original.
5. After the impersonal sentences it is/was important, necessary, advisable, better,
vital, surprising, amazing etc., either the structure for + object or that .. should
+ subjunctive may be used. Change the sentences according to the model, using
for + object:
Model: It is better that you should ask him for permission to use the car.
It is better for you to ask for permission to use the car.
1. It is vital that you should avoid the subject.

2. It is necessary that they should discuss the problem raised.
3. It is essential that you should study the local habits.
6. After wish present subjunctive or perfect subjunctive are used to express regret.
Change the sentences according to the model:
Model: I regret/Im sorry/Its a pity/What a pity I don/t have a bicycle.
I wish I had a bicycle.
Father didnt buy me a bicycle.
I wish father had bought me a bicycle.
134
1. Its a pity he doesnt/didnt practise more often.

2. I regret they dont/didnt play chess.
3. Im sorry she doesnt/didnt attend a music school.
7. Transform the following sentences according to the model:
Model: The coach has already begun and no goal has been scored yet. The coach
tells the players:
Its time for you to score a goal.
Its high time you scored a goal (high makes the expression more
emphatic)
1. Many people in Britain are worried because the conflict in Northern Ireland
doesnt stop. They think:
2. Holidays are coming and Helen hasnt bought yet a new bathing-suit. Her
husband says to her:
3. Ill leave to the festival in a fortnight and I havent got the plane ticket yet. My
mother tells me:..
8. Change the following sentences according to the model:

Model: Dont believe her! She isnt from Paris. He hasnt visited Rome.
But she behaves as if she were from Paris. But he talks as though he had
visited Rome.
1. It doesnt rain in summer here but it looks
2. Nothing has happened but they talk .
3. They dont know the subject but they speak

Jocurile Olimpice au o istorie foarte lung. Ele au nceput n anul 776 .e.n. i
au avut loc la fiecare patru ani timp de aproape 1200 de ani la Olympia, n Grecia.
Ele includeau multe si diferite feluri de sport: alergri, box, lupte, pentatlon (cinci
sporturi diferite) i curse de care de lupt. n 394 e.n., jocurile au ncetat i templul
135
din Olympia a fost distrus. 1500 de ani mai trziu, n 1894, un francez, Baronul
Pierre de Coubertin, a convins lumea din cincisprezece ri s reia Jocurile
Olimpice. Primul din seria modern a jocurilor a avut loc la Atena doi ani mai
trziu, n 1896. La a patra ediie a Jocurilor Olimpice, n 1908, au fost peste dou
mii de concureni din douzeci i dou de ri. De atunci, numrul de atlei care
concureaz a crescut de fiecare dat. Comitetul Olimpic Internaional din
Lausanne, Elveia, decide unde se va desfura fiecare ediie a Jocurilor Olimpice.
Se cere ca un ora (nu o ar) s fie gazd - un ora pentru Jocurile Olimpice de
Iarn i unul pentru Jocurile Olimpice de var.
Remember!
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
FORM
a.
EXAMPLE
The archaic Present Subjunctive has exactly

the same form as the infinitive.
To be = be (for all persons)
To take = take (for all persons)
He asked that the request be

accepted.
It is decided that he take part in
the conference.
b. The modern Present Subjunctive has the same

form as the simple past tense in all the verbs
except to be, whose present subjunctive is were for
all persons.
Suppose he came! I wish I were

you.
c. The Past Subjunctive has the same form as the

past perfect indicative:
I wish I had been there.
THE SUBJUNCTIVE EXPRESSES:
EXAMPLE
1. an unreal comparison or a preference:
Mother treats me as if I were a little girl.

If you had met them, you would have liked
them.
2. a regret for the present and the past

and a desire for the future.
I wish I were a student again!

They wished they had not come so late.
3. an exclamation
Oh! that it were possible!

Oh! that he had come yesterday.
136
4. an unreality or doubt:
He talks to me, as if I were his wife.

He looks/looked as if he had seen a ghost.
5. an unconditioned preference
I would rather he went by train (different

subjects)
I would sooner you came with me.
EXCEPT THESE MEANINGS THE

SUBJUNCTIVE MAY ALSO BE USED:
a. after the impersonal constructions
introduced by it: it is necessary
/essential/probable/likely/unlikely
/wrong/proper/reasonable/just/fair/
vital/strange/odd/surprising/
amazing/absurd/ridiculousgenerally with
the constructions thatshould +
subjunctive
b. after verbs like these ones: suggest,
propose, command, order, advise,
recommend generally with the
colloquial construction that should.
EXAMPLE
It is right that Mary be accepted.
(American)
It is right that Mary should be accepted.
He suggested that Mary be

accepted.(American)
He suggested that Mary should be
accepted.
He suggested that Mary was/were
accepted. (modern Present Subjunctive)
Lets have fun

Limericks, Sayings, Humour
Sympathy without relief
Is like mustard without beef.
(Traditional)
Fools make feasts and wise men eat them;

Wise men make jests and fools repeat them.
Limerick
English humour
There was a composer named Liszt

Whose music no one could resiszt.
When he swept the keyboard
Nobody could be bored
And now that hes gone he is miszt.
(Harry Graham)
Theres been an accident, they said,

Your servants cut in half: hes dead!
Indeed! said Mr. Jones, and please
Send me that half thats got my keys.
137
CHECKLIST
1. Think of two contexts for: auction, bid.
2. State the difference between: i) I stopped talking to her.
ii) I stopped to talk to her.
3. Which of the two sentences is correct: i) I went out after I finished my
homework.
ii) I went out after I had finished my
homework.
4. Use two subjunctive sentences to make recommendations to your employees.
5. Use the word means in two different contexts with different morphological
values.
138
UNIT 8
GOING PLACES
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Is travelling one of your hobbies?

What is your favourite transportation? Why?
Is a winter break as tempting as a summer vacation?
READING
HIGH-SPEED TRAVEL
A transport revolution is taking place in Europe that could give the common
market as big a boost as two dozen EEC directives. High-speed trains could soon
halve ground-travel times, putting London two, not five hours from Brussels; Paris
five, not nine hours from Barcelona.
That is the idea of railway bosses from the 12 EEC countries plus Switzerland and
Austria (...). They want to knit Europe together with 19,000 miles of special track, twothirds of it new, for trains running at more than 150 miles per hour. The cost is
estimated at around $100 billion. It could all be built during the next 25 years, if other
Europeans show as much zeal as France, which has a lead of 5-10 years. The hope is
that trains will do for post-1992 Europe what deregulated airlines have done for
America: help tie a vast market together. That may seem odd: trains share of the
passenger market has been falling. In 1975 rail accounted for as much passenger travel
139
between European countries as did air; in 1986 for about half as much. Nevertheless,
enthusiasts think that high-speed trains are different: they hope people who would now
rather fly than take an ordinary train would choose a high-speed train above either.
(from Business English - Michael Brookes, David Horner)
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Read the text and say if it is probably from (a) an instruction booklet (b) a
newspaper article (c) a leisure magazine.
Swipe-cards and the air-traveller
Queues will be shorter and they will move quicker.
Business passengers with hand luggage will walk onto
planes, only stopping for security clearance. Staff will
deal with passengers with baggage for they hold more
quickly. It may sound like a dream. But the introduction
of the swipe-card with its magnetic strip which allows
all this may be with us in a few months, or it may
already be operating at an airport near you.
How does it work? All the travel information is put on
an ATB (Advanced Ticket and Boarding Pass) which
has a magnetic strip. The passenger simply swipes the
ticket at the departure gate, confirming the reservation,
seat allocation and onward connection, if there is one.
The technology for swipe-cards is simple - it is the
same as credit cards. Airlines first discussed the
possibility of using them ten years ago. If this is so, you
may ask why we are still using the old-fashioned
carbon-copy tickets. The answer is the anti-fraud
measures imposed by the International Air Transport
Association. Computer fraud is, in general, a new area
of crime. But soon, when the safety measures are
satisfactory, we may be moving in a world of ticketless
travel, where telephones and computer reservations
replace paper completely.
(from Going Places, Heinemann)
140
2.
Read the text again. Are the following statements true or false?
Airline personnels jobs will be easier with swipe-cards.
With a swipe-card a passenger will walk straight onto the aeroplane.
The technology of the swipe-card is not yet perfect.
A swipe-card is nothing like a credit card.
The International Air Transport Association is worried about dishonest use of
swipe-cards.
AT THE HOTEL
Desk Clerk: Good morning, sir! What can I do for you?
James Grant: Good morning. Im James Grant. My secretary must have sent
you a fax the other day for reservation, but Ive had no
confirmation.
Desk Clerk: Oh, yes, weve received it. But she mentioned only the length of
your stay so I didnt know what kind of room you would like to
have.
James Grant: Id like a single with a bathtub, if possible.
Desk Clerk: Sorry, sir, Im afraid our singles only have showers. Would that
be O.K.?
James Grant: Oh, well, I guess so. Does the room happen to be in the back? Its
much quieter there, you know.
Desk Clerk: Oh, youll find the room perfectly quiet. It looks on a quiet little
square. Now, would you fill in this registration card, please? How
do you prefer to pay? Cash or credit card.
James Grant: Ill pay cash. Oh, what about breakfast?
Desk Clerk: Breakfast is included, of course. Here is your key. Your room
number is 114. It is on the first floor. Front. On the first floor you
also have a bar and a restaurant. The porter will take your luggage
for you. Have a nice stay in our hotel.
141
1. ROLE-PLAY
Work in pairs. Take turns role-playing parts A and B below.
Part A
You are checking into the Ritz
Hotel. It is July 16th. Use your own
name. Your reservation number is
14689, and you want to stay an extra
night until Saturday, July 28th.
Part B
You are the hotel clerk at the Ritz
Hotel. Please help A, who has reserved
a room through Thursday night. The
hotel is fully booked on Friday.
"
Send a fax to the Ritz Hotels Reservation Manager, confirming

reservations four your next business trip.
2.
Work in pairs. Imagine a conversation between yourself as a tourist and the

desk clerk using the following words: accommodation, information desk,
hotel bar or lounge, booking desk, rent-a-car service, sports facility, beauty
parlor or barber, business centre.
3.
You have a house in the mountains and you want to turn it into a chalet or
what is sometimes called a Bed and Breakfast. What tourist services will
you provide? Work with two other students to make a list.
4.
Make up a dialogue: Student A: You have just been offered a job as a

tourist guide in your town. Ask your employer about your duties, hours of
work, breaks etc. Student B: You have employed Student A to be a tourist
guide. Tell her/him about the duties of the job.
"
Guests staying in hotels must fill out a registration card with all their
personal information. Fill in this registration card for your stay in a New
York hotel.
142
The Sunflower Hotel

REGISTRATION CARD
Last
____________________Mr/Mrs/Ms
name Room
Number
Reservation Number
First name
_____________________________
Q number
Post
______________________________
Arrival date
Code
Nationality __________ Passport No. _______ Issued at __________________

Company Name and Address ________________________________________
Payment Type ____________________________ Credit Card No. __________
Signature ____________________ Departure Date _______________________
5.
Match the words and phrases in Column A to the phrases in Column B:
A
a. agreeing
b. disagreeing
c. refusing
d. making a request
e. making a very polite request
f. offering
B
1. Unfortunately, we dont share the
some opinion.
2. Yes, thats fine.
3. If you could do that, Id really
appreciate it.
4. Can I use my American
Express card?
5. Can I help you?
6. Im afraid were all booked up
143
6. You are travelling alone on a business trip to the United States. You want to
check in a hotel. How do you usually solve each of the following problems? (Rank
the choices from 1-4 to indicate the order of your preferences.)
1.
You book your hotel room
a.
with a confirmed reservation by a travel agency
b.
by personal letter
c.
by calling from the airport.
d.
when you arrive at the hotel
2.
The kind of room you usually stay in is a
a.
single
b.
twin
c.
double
d.
suite
3.
When you check in, the first thing you want to confirm is
a.
the check-out time
b.
the room rate
c.
how you will pay
d.
if you have any messages.
4.
You usually pay by
a.
cash
b.
personal check
c.
travelers check
d.
major credit card
5.
What is the most popular international credit cards in our country?
a.
VISA
b.
American Express
c.
Master Card
d.
another kind of credit card.
LANGUAGE WORK
1. What kind of train would you choose among the hereby listed: train with sitting
facilities; train with sleeping accommodation; express train; fast train; through
train; slow train; night train; morning train; goods/freight train; incoming train;
outgoing train; north-bound train, commuting train.
2. What are the services in a railway station you need to resort to: information
bureau; inquiry office; booking office for first, business and economy class
144
accommodation; left-luggage office; waiting room; post-office; telephone booth;

catering facilities (restaurant, snack bar, day bars, coffee rooms, tea rooms, lunch
rooms); shops.
What about a big airport: information desk; the currency exchange office;
the public address system, phone box.
3. Under what circumstances do you book: a single, one way ticket; a return, round
trip ticket; a platform ticket; a season ticket; a direct (ticket), point-to-point flight;
open-dated return ticket; a dated ticket.
4. Which are the airport formalities: flying ticket checking; luggage weighing;
customs control; passport control; security check.
NOTE: When is the OK or RQ code used?
OK - means confirmed seat
RQ (requested seat) - the confirmation of the requested seat was
not yet possible.
Some words connected with travel
Last week he flew to New York. It was an early-morning flight. The plane was to
take off at 6 a.m. and land at 7 a.m. local time. He was stranded at the airport
overnight. The plane was delayed by fog. Air passengers often suffer such delays.
Trains always run on time here. You have to change trains at Crewe.
We are sailing on the QE2. It sets sail at noon. It will dock in New York at 6 p.m.
and shall disembark as soon as we can.
The ship was wrecked. The passengers were marooned on a desert island.
Our car does 10 km to the litre. It goes quite fast. We can usually overtake other
cars. The car swerved into the middle of the road to avoid the cyclist. He backed
the car into the drive and parked in front of the house.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Set of rules expressing the relation between the tense of the predicate of a
subordinate clause and the tense of the predicate of the main clause. Here are the
main rules:
145
Main Clause
1. Present, Present Perfect, Future
e.g.
He thinks (that)
Subordinate Clause
Any tense
a. she is applying for a job.
b. she applies for a job.
c. she applied for a job.
d. she has already applied for a job.
e. she will apply for a job.
f. she will have applied for a job by
March 5.
2. Past Tense, Past Perfect etc.

a) simultaneous actions
Past Tense
she applied for a job.
she was applying for a job.
e.g. : He thought (that)

b) the action of the subordinate clause
is prior to that of the main clause
Past Perfect
she had applied for a job, but she
didnt.
e.g.: I thought (that)

c) the action of the subordinate clause
is subsequent to that in the main clause
e.g. I thought (that)
Future-in-the-Past
she would apply for a job.
Future Perfect in the Past
she would have applied for a job by
March 5.
EXCEPTION
when the subordinate clause contains an assertion of general character:
e.g.: We all knew that mathematics is a science, you neednt repeat that.
in attributive clause, the verb in the subordinate can be at any tense required
by the sense:
e.g.: He told me things which I shall never forget.
146
when the tense of the action in the subordinate is independent from the tense of
the action in the main clause, the verb in the subordinate is as required by the
context:
e.g.
I liked those textile samples so much that I shall certainly place an order.
in comparative clauses introduced by: as, more than, as well as, as much as,
the tense of the verb is as required by the context:
e.g.
They asked for the apartment more than I ask or will ever ask for it.
1. Use the right tense-form of the verbs in the following sentences:
a. At their astronomy class they were told that the Moon (to be) 24,000 miles away
from Earth. b. Last year he worked more than he (to do) this year. c. Last night I
had the opportunity of meeting the person who (to live) next door to you. d. Last
night I completed the report which my boss (to read) now. e. The former secretary
spoke English more fluently than the secretary we (hire) this year (to speak) at
present. f. I suddenly remembered the saying that boys (to be) boys. g. The
traveller asked the station-master when his train for Paris (to leave).
2. Use the verbs in brackets in appropriate tenses:
a. The businessman faxed that he (to arrive) on the following day. b. Harris said
he (to know) what kind of job I (to mean). c. The question was what he (to do)
next. d. He did not know what he (to talk) about. e. We were afraid that she (not
to able to) complete her work in time and so we (to offer) to help her. f. The
customer wanted to know if that equipment (to be used) in electrical outfits.
g. I knew that if it (to rain), they (not to go) to the fair.

a. Nu i-am spus c de cteva zile nu am mai rspuns la telefon. b. Ai avut vreo
idee de ce coninea fia postului? c. Angajaii au constatat c efii lor nu le
mriser salariile dei le promiseser. d. nainte de a pleca n cltoria de afaceri,
ne-am asigurat c s-au primit faxurile care anunau sosirea noastr. e. Faptul c a
trebuit s m opresc la Ploieti m-a fcut s-mi schimb toate planurile. f. Nu tia
ct de mult i va folosi ghidul de conversaie. g. Nu tiam cnd v-ai ntors. De ce
nu ne-ai anunat n prealabil? h. Care este titlul articolului pe care l-ai scris?
i. Iat-l! L-am publicat ntr-o revist de specialitate care va aprea la sfritul lunii
viitoare. E o revist trimestrial. j. Toat lumea atepta s afle ce hotrsc cenzorii.
147
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
Think of two advantages and two disadvantages for each of the four forms of
travel: road, rail, sea, air.
READING
ON THE BOAT
This way for the Dover Boat! Have your passport ready! Pass up the gangway!
First class on the right, second class on the left! Here we are! Would you like to
stay up on deck or go down below?
Im sorry, I couldnt quite catch what the officer said. Have you?
Yes. He asked whether we would like to stay up on deck or below.
Oh, I see. Well, I dont know ... Im not much of a sailor.
You wont be sea-sick today, the sea is perfectly calm, we are sure to have a good
crossing. Ill get a couple of deck-chairs up here in the sun.
Oh, well, Ill risk it, but if the worse comes to the worst, dont blame me!
Do you travel much?
Not more than I can help by sea. Ive crossed the Channel once before, but frankly
I did not enjoy it.
Can you see the English coasts already?
What did the lady say? I can hardly hear because of the waves.
She asked: Can you see the English coasts already?
Yes, just.
Well, I suppose wed better get ready for landing.
The gangway was lowered and we went down to the pier.
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Read the text quickly. Is it from (a) a professional tourist industry magazine (b) a
business magazine (c) the travel section of a general-interest magazine?
148
Finding your way in the ticket maze

It is very difficult for the customer who
There are also a number of special
walks off the street into the travel
cases. If you buy a Round-the-World
agent to understand the complex fare
ticket, the section Los Angeles to
structures that are used by the industry
London costs only 558 single, and
today. For example, the full-fare
you can get this even cheaper if you
economy class ticket from London to
buy a standby ticket. In that case you
Los Angeles is 1,256 return, and the
have to travel when the airline says
full-fare first class ticket is 2,910. If
there is a seat available. A lot of retiyou are in a hurry, or if you buy your
red people use this type of ticket, as
ticket at the last minute, you will
they have lots of time, and it doesnt
probably have to pay these kinds of
matter when they leave. Standby
prices. However, there are lots of
first-class from Los Angeles to
special prices that the customer may
London costs only 444 single, when
be able to benefit from on specific
it is part of a round-the-world deal.
occasions. If you can plan ahead
It is cheaper than standard economy.
carefully, you can usually get an APEX
Another type of special cheap ticket
ticket, which costs 516. APEX means
is a two-destination ticket. If you
Advanced Purchase Excursion Fare.
need to travel to two different
You must plan your journey two to
destinations, even if the journey is
three weeks ahead of time and you
not at the same time, the ticket may
must pay the full cost of the ticket on
be very cheap. For example, you
booking. You cant change the booking
may be going to Los Angeles now
- and you cant get a refund if you
and Rome in a few weeks time. The
change your mind, or if you cant
ticket London - Los Angeles travel because you are sick, or for any
London - Rome - London costs 818.
other reason.
In other words, you pay less than the
There are also special deals with travel
full fare and you get to see Rome as
agents. Some customers may not have a
well. The very best kind of ticket is
fixed destination in mind, and may come
the freebie. If you are a travel
in looking for special offers. In that case,
journalist or something like that, you
scheduled consolidated fares are a good
might
be
lucky
and
get
deal. This means that the agent buys, for
complimentary tickets. For example,
example, ten tickets for each of several
if you are doing an article on a
flights and then tries to sell them. They
particular country the airline may
may be very cheap probably about
give you a free ticket. At least, you
420 return for Los Angeles.
can always ask!
(from Going Places, Heinemann)
149
2. Read the text again. Are the following statements true or false?
You can travel first class for less than the price of a standard economy ticket.
If you buy an APEX ticket, you must pay when you book, but you can change
your booking any time before the flight.
You can have a scheduled consolidated fare to any destination.
A round-the-world ticket is very good value for money.
You book a standby ticket two weeks ahead.
A two-destination ticket is cheaper than a single-destination ticket.
Airlines never give away complimentary tickets.
3. Look at the table of some basic travel vocabulary:

transport
type
different kinds of
vehicle
parts of vehicle
people
working with
it
associated
facilities
road
sports car, estate

car, bus, coach,
tram, lorry
boot, engine,
gears, steeringwheel, brakes,
tyres
driver,
mechanic,
chauffeur,
bus-conductor
petrol station,
garage, service
station
rail
passenger train,
freight train, local
train, express
sleeping car,
buffet,
restaurant-car,
compartment
engine-driver,
ticket
collector,
guard, porter
waiting-room,
ticket office,
signal-box
sea
yacht, rowingboat, fishing-boat,

liner, ferry,
trawler
engine-room,
deck, bridge,
gangplank,
companion-way
captain,
skipper,
purser, docker,
steward(ess)
port, buoy, quay,

customs shed,
light-house, docks
air
aeroplane, jet,
helicopter,
supersonic aircraft
cockpit, nose,
tail, wings,
fuselage,
joystick
pilot, ground
staff, steward,
air traffic,
controller
duty-free ship,
departure lounge,
hangar, runway
150
4. Here are some more words which could have been included in the above table.
Where would they fit into the table?
bonnet
balloon
deck-chair
guards van
mast
petrol pump
bus driver
anchor
glider
oar
rudder
left luggage lockers
check-in desk
control tower
canoe
dual carriageway
5. Fill in the blanks. Most of the words you need can be found above:
Yesterday John was supposed to take a ................................ (1) from London to
Paris. He got up very early, put his luggage in the .................................. (2) of his
car and tried to start the engine. It wouldnt start. John lifted the
.............................(3) but he couldnt see what the matter could be. He immediately
called his local ............................................ (4) to ask them to send a
..................................... (5) at once. Fortunately, the garage had a man free and he
was with John within ten minutes. He quickly saw what the matter was. Youve
................................. (6) of petrol, he said. John felt very foolish. Why didnt I
........................................... (7) everything last night? he wondered. Despite all
this, he got to the airport, checked in quite early and then went straight through to
the ............................ (8) to read a newspaper while he waited. Soon he heard an
announcement. Passengers on flight BA 282 to Paris are informed that all flights
to and from Paris are ..................................... (9) because of a heavy snowfall last
night. If only I had decided to go by ..................................................... (10), John
thought. It would probably have been quicker in the end and even if I sometimes
feel sick on the ................................. (11) across the Channel, it can be quite
pleasant sitting in a .................................... (12) on the deck, watching the seagulls
and the other ....................................... (13). The ......................... (14) on a ship
seem to produce much better food than those on an aircraft too.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
In Direct Speech we quote the actual words a speaker said. The words are marked
off at either end with quotation marks. (Note that in English, quotation marks are
like this: _________ or this: _________ )
In Indirect Speech one speakers words are reported by someone else. This is
happening by using in the main clause a verb such as reply, say, tell, ask, answer
etc. The indirect speech is contained in a subordinate (dependent) clause. In
151
Indirect Speech the main clause may precede the subordinate clause or follow it.
The conjunction that is used in Indirect Speech, but can be left out in Direct Speech
(e.g.: He says, I dont travel much. He says (that) he doesnt travel so much.)
REPORTED STATEMENTS
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Present Simple (e.g. I want to play)
Past Simple (e.g. He said that he wanted to

play)
Present Continuous (e.g. I am writing)
Past Continuous (e.g. He said he was writing)
Present Perfect Simple (e.g. I have just

eaten)
Past Perfect (e.g. He said he had just eaten)
Present Perfect Continuous (e.g. I have

been learning for many hours)
Past Perfect Continuous (e.g. He said he had

been learning for many hours)
Past Simple (e.g. I lost my dog)
Past Perfect (e.g. He said he had lost his dog)
Past Perfect Continuous (e.g. I had

been working a lot)
Past Perfect Continuous (e.g. He said he had

been working a lot)
Future (e.g. I will not have a large

meal)
Future in the Past (e.g. He said he would not

have a large meal)
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
today
becomes
that day
yesterday
becomes
the previous day; the day before
last night
becomes
the night before; the previous night
tomorrow
becomes
the next day; the following day
now
becomes
then
here
becomes
there
this, these
becomes
that, those
thus
becomes
so
ago
becomes
before
next
becomes
the next
REPORTED COMMANDS
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Imperative (e.g. Turn off that radio! she

said)
Infinitive (e.g. She told me to turn off

that radio)
Reporting verbs:
Also:
to tell, to ask, to urge, to advise, to persuade.

to shout, to complain, to observe, to say scornfully.
152
Reported Questions
NOTE: The tense rule and word order is the same as with reported statements
(e.g. When are you leaving? he asked. He asked me when I was leaving.)
Reported Exclamations
DIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT SPEECH
Happy New Year! she said.
She wished me a happy new year.
How pretty you look! she said.
She said admiringly (exclaimed) that I looked pretty.
1. Put the following sentences into Indirect Speech with the introducing verb in
the Past Tense.
a)
He said, told us, stated, declared:
1. He has never been on board ship before. 2. She is sorry he didnt come by coat.
3. He will answer our fax when he gets the information. 4. He expects to see some
new ships dropping anchor today.
b)
He told me, ordered me, asked me, advised me:
1. Hurry up if you want to see the eclipse. 2. Switch off the lights in the
compartment, please. 3. Cheer up! 4. Dont let your broker cheat you.
c)
She told, said, asked, wondered
1. Give me another cup of coffee, please. 2. Who will see you home? 3. Are you
travelling by this plane? 4. Dont forget to shut the window. 5. You must follow
his example.
d)
You asked, wanted to know, wondered:
1. Do you know when he will arrive in Haifa? 2. Must we be on board ship by six
or can we come later? 3. Shall we have our meal now? 4. Who must follow these
instructions?
2. Change the following from Direct to Indirect Speech.
a. The US economy is set to maintain its strong rates of growth and job creation
and there is no risk of a resurgence of inflation in the foreseeable future, President
Clinton said yesterday in his annual economic report to Congress. Our economy is
stronger than it has been in decades, Mr. Clinton said in the report prepared by his
council of economic advisers. b. The billionaire said to us, When I came to New
York I had only one dollar in my pocket. With that small amount I made my start.
c. The expert said, In a typical year, The Small Business Administration (SBA),
an independent federal agency, guarantees about $ 3.5 thousand-million of bank
loans made to all businesses. d. At the job interview, the employer said, Do you
153
have solid training to match the requirements of this position? e. Our President
said yesterday, In all societies people want more than they are capable of
producing.
3.
Replace the verb said in the sentences by one of the words in the box.
Use each word only once. Then, rewrite the sentences in Indirect (Reported)
Speech:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
suggested
agreed
muttered
exclaimed
insisted
whispered
boasted
admitted
shouted
claimed
objected
protested
He can speak five languages fluently, he said.

Lets go to the Mall this evening, she said.
Stop that noise, said the teacher.
That car we are driving is my property, the man said.
Yes, I broke the windows with my catapults, the boy said.
You cant take me to prison. I know my rights, the man said.
I shall always remember your vows, said his fiance.
We dont have enough money to carry out the plan, said the treasurers.
This teacher doesnt know what hes talking about, said the student.
Well, it is a surprise to meet you here today, he said.
Well, yes; if the weather is bad, we cant go, he said.
If you cant come today you simply must come tomorrow, she said kindly.
"

a. L-am ntrebat: Ai mai fost vreodat la un trg de bunuri de larg consum. b.
Mi-a spus suprat: Am ncercat timp de o or s deschid cutia nainte s o
arunc. c. M voi antrena mai mult ca s obin rezultate mai bune la anul, nea spus sportivul. d. Preedintele Consiliului de Administraie ne-a spus: La
ultima edin de consiliu s-a hotrt schimbarea echipei manageriale. e.
Funcionarul de la primrie a declarat ieri: Cetenii ar trebui informai
referitor la avantajele noilor metode de plat. f. Expertul contabil l ntreab pe
contabil: Ai inut toate registrele la zi? g. Azi-diminea secretara m-a
anunat: edina s-a amnat cu o zi.
154
Lets learn a proverb!

Dont put the cart before the horse
Imagine a horse pulling a cart. Nothing unusual. Now try to imagine
a cart placed in front of a horse. It would really look strange, even if the
horse were able to push it!
This saying means that people should do things in a specific order. When
solving a problem, you have to think of things one step at a time. If you do
things too soon, you put the cart before the horse.
CHECKLIST
1. What do you say when you phone a hotel to make a reservation for your boss?
2. Change this direct question into an indirect question: Do you have a reservation,
sir?
3. In what contexts can you use the verbs TELL and respectively SAY?
4. Translate into English: Mi-a spus c are 20 de ani.
5. What is a swipe card?
155
UNIT 9
LETSGO
GOSHOPPING
SHOPPING!!
LETS
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
Have you ever heard the story of Frankenstein? What happened in the story?
Can you explain what genetic engineering is?
What do you think that genetically engineered food is? Do you think its
healthy or not? Read the text to find out.
READING
You are going to read a text about genetically engineered food. Five sentences
have been removed from it. Choose from the sentences A-E the one which fits each
gap. There is an example at the beginning (0).
These days much of our food is quick and easy to prepare but is often not
as fresh and natural as it used to be. Cheese, for example is no longer made in the
old-fashioned way because it takes too long. The process is speeded up with
chemicals and then flavour and colour are added.
In the case of genetically engineered food not only colour or flavour are
added.
Perfectly round tomatoes all exactly the same size, long straight cucumbers
and big fat chickens are now a normal part of our diets. They are made that way by
genetic engineering not by nature. Their genes have been changed.
156
Every living thing has genes. 0 -- B. They are passed on from generation
to generation. They make sure that humans give birth to humans and cows give
birth to cows. They also make sure that a dog cannot give birth to a frog, or an
elephant to a horse. Genetic engineers take genes from one species for example, a
scorpion, and transfer them to another for example, corn. In this way a new life
form is created. 1 --
Genetic engineers put duck genes into chickens to make the chickens
bigger. They put hormones into cows to make them produce more milk. They put
genes from flowers into soya beans and from scorpions into corn. This does not
make them cheaper, tastier or healthier. It makes them easier and faster for the
farmer to grow.
The effects of genetic engineering on our health are not known. Many of
the genes which are used such as those of scorpions, rats, mice and moths are
not part of our diet so we do not know how dangerous they may be.
The effects of genetic engineering on the natural world may be disastrous.
The engineers may create life forms monsters that we cannot control. The new
life forms have no natural habitat or home. They will have to find one, fight for
one or kill for one. 2 -- Moreover, the effects of these experiments can often
be cruel. In America, pigs were given human genes to make them bigger and less
fatty. 3 -- The pigs became very ill and began to lose their eyesight.
Greenpeace is trying to prevent all such food experiments. Some - but not
all food companies are refusing to use genetically engineered foods. 4 -- We
must all be aware of what is happening.
Some people believe, though, that genetic engineering could be the
solution to the problem of famine. Plants which grow faster, or cows which
produce more milk, can save the lives of starving people.
We would all like a better, healthier and longer life, and genetic
engineering might give us this. On the other hand, it may be a dangerous
experiment with nature. In the story, Frankenstein created such a terrible monster,
that he had to destroy it. We must make sure that it remains a story and no more
than that.
A. The experiment failed.
B. Genes carry information.
157
C. Some but not all supermarkets are telling their customers which foods are
genetically engineered.
D. It may be your land they fight for or that they kill.
E. These new life forms have been described as a real-life Frankenstein.
LANGUAGE WORK
Look at the words and expressions in bold in the text and try to explain them,
then choose any three and make sentences.
What are the arguments for and against genetically engineered food? What do
you think about it?
1. Look at the words below and list them under these headings:
FRUIT SEAFOOD DAIRY PRODUCTS MEAT VEGETABLES
SWEETS DRINKS
cabbage, champagne, pepper, lettuce, strawberries, aubergine, lobster, carrots,
prawns, mushrooms, cake, pumpkin, chicken, turkey, sausages, steak, cheese,
grapes, onion, milk, beans, ham, yoghurt, plaice, pineapple, garlic, mussels, pear,
cauliflower, doughnut, quince, cherry-brandy, leek.
2. Below are some notes about vitamins. Try to put things in order:
VITAMIN A
VITAMIN B
VITAMIN C
VITAMIN D
VITAMIN E
Fights colds, respiratory infections.

For healthy heart and circulation.
To help digestive process, circulation, nerves.
Important for bones.
For healthy skin and good eyesight.
Found in eggs, fish, liver, rays of sun.
Found in apricots, carrots and dairy products. Stored in the body and released
when necessary.
Found in wheat germ.
158
Found in citrus fruits.

Richest source: brewers yeast.
3. Look at the menu. Which of these foods are :

spicy, sweet, salty, healthy, fattening, creamy, juicy?
DARTFORD LODGE
HOTEL & RESTAURANT
*
Soup of the Day
Galia Melon
Chilled and served on crushed ice with a blackcurrant sorbet
Savoury Pancakes
With spinach and stilton
Avocado Pear
On a nest of lettuce leaves, garnished with prawns
*
Fillet of Sole
Dusted with oatmeal and served with a parsley sauce
Lamb Cutlets
Grilled and served with mustard and tomatoes
Beef Wellington
Scottish beef with mushroom pure in a crisp pastry case
Breast of Chicken
Stir-fried and served with beanshoots and ginger
*
A choice of Desserts from the Sweet Menu
British and Continental Cheeses
*
Coffee with Hand-Made Chocolates
159
4. You are going to read a dialogue between two people discussing what to eat at
a business lunch at Dartford Lodge Restaurant. Complete the dialogue with
information from the menu in exercise 3.
A: Are we having a starter as well or just a main course?
B: Its up to you. I think I can manage a starter though.
A: I might have the ______ then. ______ are a type of shellfish, arent they?
B: Thats right.
A: What about _______ ?
B: Theyre like crpes. And ________ is a dark green leafy vegetable. Have you
ever tried ________ ?
A: I dont think so. What is it?
B: Its a traditional English blue cheese.
A: Sounds nice. I think Ill have that instead? What are you having?
B: Ill find out what the ________ of the day is, then Ill have _______ . I like
sorbet If you want something thats very English, you could try the ________.
A: Wheres that?
B: Down in the main courses.
A: Ah, yes. Scottish beef. Could you explain the word __________?
B: Yes, its a kind of flat fish. And its covered with __________, thats flour made
from oats.
A: OK. I think Ill have the _________, anyway.
B: Well, Im going to have the ________.
A: Stir-fried with _________ and __________ . It sounds Chinese.
B: Yes, I like Chinese food.
5. Study the different prepositions in these sentences:
The sauce is made of butter and parsley.
Oatmeal is made from oats.
Porridge is made in Scotland.
The chocolates are made by hand.
The menu is made up of starters, main courses, and desserts.
Take an object from your pockets, or choose an object in the room and make up
sentences about it, using the expressions in bold print.
160
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1. Read the following conversation. Find and correct eight grammatical mistakes;
A: Hi. Im home. Can you help me unpack the shopping?
B: Yeah. Oh good, you got some chips for lunch. But why did you get so few
bread? And youve bought so little biscuits.
A: Theyre fattening and there werent some chocolates ones, which are the only
ones I really like. Ive bought much milk you said we needed some.
B: Good. But why have you bought so much razors?
A: We didnt have some left and we havent got many washing powder either, so I
decided to get some more.
B: I hate when you go shopping. You never get some chocolate.
A: Listen, you go next time.
WAYS OF EXPRESSING QUANTITY
You can use the following expressions of quantity:
- with countable nouns: a(n), few, a few, many, both (of), several, neither
(of)
(e.g. a few dollars, several pounds)
- with uncountable nouns: very little, not much, a little, less, much, a great
deal of
(e.g. very little money, less tax)
- with both countable and uncountable nouns: some, any, no, none, hardly
any, half, all, a lot of, lots of, (not) enough, more, most
(e.g. some money, hardly any cash)
2. Complete the sentences with suitable expressions of quantity from the list below.
A few
some
some more
a couple
hardly any
a lot
any
at least three
A: Can you lend me ______ money? I forgot to go to the bank.
B: Well, Ive only got _______ pound left.
A: Oh, dear. I need quite _______ . Dont worry, Ill go to the bank when I go
shopping.
161
B: If youre going shopping, can you get me ______ of bottles of water? You can
get bottled water at _______ shop on the high street.
A: Yes, and we need _____ tins of tomatoes. Im making spaghetti bolognese
tonight. Weve got ______ beans. Shall I get _____ beans as well?
B: All right.
3.
Work in pairs. Imagine that you are planning to invite some friends to a
barbecue. Make a list of the things that you will need. Then, prepare a
conversation about the thing you already have and the things that you need to
buy, using dialogue in 1 to help you. Act out your dialogue for the class.
4. Play a memory game, saying why you went to the supermarket. Each person
rembers what went before and adds to the list alphabetically, like this:
A: I went to the supermarket to get an apple.
B: I went to the supermarket to get an apple and some beef.
C: I went to the supermarket to get an apple, some beef and a few
"
Close your eyes and imagine a house just before a party. Write a list of things
you can hear, see and smell.
"
Write a poem called Before the party. Use your list and patterns like these:
A lot of people running
Some baked potatoes
A few packets of crisps
Not much time
162
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
1. Match the parts of these sentences to form sayings connected with money.
1) A fool and his money
2) Money is like
3) I wouldnt do it
4) Money doesnt
5) If you look after the pennies
a) grow on trees.
b) for love nor money.
c) the pounds will look after themselves.
d) are soon parted.
e) root of all evil.
2. Which of the expressions from Exercise 1 would you use to comment on these
situations?
1) Youre watching a TV programme about a man who fights crocodiles for fun.
2) You hear that someone you think is stupid paid 200 for some jeans.
3) Youre reading a newspaper article about two brothers who killed each other
over 50.
4) A child you know is saving up for a bicycle, but complains that it is a slow
process.
5) Paul wants his parents to buy him a very expensive pair of trainers. They want
him to realise that you have to work to earn money.
READING
SHOPPING
Customer: Excuse me, I bought this colour TV here last week and Im not satisfied
with the picture. Id like to have my money back, please.
Shop assistant: Im sorry, sir, but Im afraid we dont give refunds. May I see your
receipt?
Customer: Here you are.
Shop assistant: We can give you a credit note for this amount, sir, or you can
exchange it for something of equal value.
163
Customer: All right, Ill take the exchange.

Shop assistant: Actually, sir, you are very lucky. Weve got a sale this week. We
have some really great bargains. Now, this Zandy 3000 is a great deal. Its 40 per
cent off the normal retail price. In fact, were selling it for just over the wholesale
price that we pay. It has remote control and it has a one year guarantee, so that if
anything goes wrong you can bring it back and have it repaired.
Customer: It still seems expensive to me.
Shop assistant: No, no, sir, thats a fantastic price. Its cheap, believe me. Weve
sold hundreds of them and this, I believe, is the last one.
Customer: The last one, eh? OK. Ill take it. How much extra do I owe?
Shop assistant: Just 125.
Customer: And can I pay by credit card or would you prefer a cheque?
Shop assistant: Credit card will be fine, thank you.
Customer: Good-bye!
Shop assistant: Good-bye, sir.
Shop assistant (two minutes later): Bring out another Zandy 3000, will you?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the
story.
1. ___ The man returned the television because it was broken.
2. ___ The man wanted a refund.
3. ___ The Zandy 3000 was being sold at half price.
4. ___ If the Zandy 3000 breaks in the next year, the man will get his money
back.
5. ___ The Zandy 3000 cost more than the television that the man had returned.
6. ___ The man paid by cheque.
7. ___The man bought the last Zandy 3000 in the shop.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Decide if the following sentences are similar (S) or different (D) in meaning.
Its fifty per cent off. ___ Its half price.
Its a bargain. ___ Its a good deal.
Its reduced. ___ Its at the normal price.
Its at the retail price. ___ Its at the wholesale price.
Its a big discount. ___ Its a great reduction.
Its in a sale. ___Its at the normal retail price.
164
3.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
Match the words with their definitions:

refund
credit note
exchange
guarantee
receipt
cheque
credit card
1 _______ a piece of paper that says that you bought something in a store
2 _______ money that you get back after you return goods in a store
3 _______ a piece of paper promising you money, a replacement or repair if
something goes wrong with what you have bought
4 _______ a piece of plastic that you can use like money to pay for goods
5 _______ a piece of paper that says you can spend money in that store
6 _______ goods in return for goods that you bought in a store
7 _______ a piece of paper that says that you will pay with money in your bank.
4. All the following words have to do with making payments
salary
wages
charge
fees
fare
commission
tip
Which one describes the money you pay

1. to thank someone for their services (for example, a waiter or waitress)?
2. to an agent or salesperson?
3. for a professional service (for example, to a lawyer)?
4. for a service (for example, electricity, postage)?
5. for travelling?
6. to your staff every week?
7. to your staff every month?
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Now use the same seven words to complete these sentences:

The taxi _____ was $18 and I gave the driver a $4 ______ .
On orders of over 2,000 pieces delivery is free of ____ .
The builders receive their weekly _____ in cash.
In addition to your basic ____ you will receive a 25% _____ on all goods sold.
Shes a good accountant but her ______ are high.
165
6. In which shops would you buy the following items?

1. apricots, radishes at the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _s
2. aspirin, vitamins _ _ _ _ _ _ _s
3. bread and cakes _ _ _ _ _s
4. dogs, cats, hamsters _ _ _ shop
5. hammer, nails _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _s
6. newspapers, magazines _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _s
7. pens, writing paper _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _s
8. roses, daffodils _ _ _ _ _ _ _s shop
9. salmon, herring _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _s
10. tea, sugar, coffee _ _ _ _ _ _s shop
GRAMMAR FOCUS
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Look at these sentences about the achievements of some famous people.

Unfortunately, the achievements have been attributed to the wrong people.
Rewrite the sentences using the correct information.
The telephone was invented by William Shakespeare.
Mount Everest was first climbed by James Watt.
Imagine was sung by Sir Edmund Hilary and Sherpa Tensing.
The Pastoral Symphony was composed by Alexander Graham Bell.
The Earth was first orbited in space by Joern Utzon.
Hamlet was written by Leonardo da Vinci.
The steam engine was invented by John Lennon.
The Sydney Opera House was designed by Yuri Gagarin.
The Mona Lisa was painted by Ludwig van Beethoven.
PASSIVE VOICE
USAGE
To describe actions without saying who
does them
To describe processes
NOTE: You can use the passive voice

and still say who performed an action by
using by
EXAMPLES
In this way a new life form is created.
The sauce is made of butter and parsley.
Their genes have been changed.
The process is speeded up with chemicals
and then flavour and colour are added.
They are made that way by genetic
engineering not by nature.
166
FORM
Use the verb BE as a help verb + the third
form (past participle) of the main verb
To change the tense, change the form of
the verb BE:
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Present Perfect
Past Perfect
Future
Going to structures
Modal structures
EXAMPLES
The sauce is
The sauces are
made of garlic.
English is spoken here.

Excuse the mess: the house is being
painted.
It was invented by the Chinese.
I felt as I was being watched.
All the money in the safe has been stolen.
I knew why I had been chosen.
Youll be told in advance.
Whos going to be invited?
The company should be taken to court
and punished.
2. Put the following sentences into the passive:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
People leave 60 umbrellas a day on London buses.

They asked the boy many questions.
We will give you another chance.
We must not throw away empty bottles.
Someone left the light on all night.
Something has disturbed me.
The police will ask you a lot of questions.
The wind has blown off the roof.
People who drink and drive cause many road accidents.
Teenagers design some of the best computer games.
3. Answer the following questions using the passive voice:

1. What happened to your dog?
It
2. Havent you got a car?
Yes, but.
167
3. Does he still work in that bank?

No,
4. Are these shoes brand-new?
Yes,.
5. Are you going to the Longmans party?
No,.
6. Does the TV set work now?
Yes,
7. Is it a Swiss watch?
No,..
4. Write sentences from the prompts using one of the verbs from the box:
build
discover
elect
found
invent
open
1. The Berlin Wall/1961

The Berlin Wall was built in 1961.
2. The Channel Tunnel/1994
.
3. Radium/Marie and Pierre Curie
..
4. The wireless/ Marconi
..
5. Fiat SPA/1899
..
6. President Clinton/1992
...
5. Add a comment to each of the following questions:
Have you heard what .
1 has happened to their Spanish subsidiary? It has been sold.
2 is happening to the department? .
3 happened to the chairman at the meeting? ..
4 has happened to the strikers? ..
5 is happening to the price of petrol?
168
6 happened to our office in Singapore?

7 has happened to the EURO? ..
6. Many of the following sentences sound unnatural because they are in the active.
Rewrite them in the passive, but do not mention the agent (e.g. by workers, by
people).
1. Workers in China make these telephones.
These telephones are made in China.
2. Employers pay many manual workers weekly.
Many manual workers
3. They keep a large amount of gold at Fort Knox.
A large amount of gold
4. Farmers grow a third of the worlds cocoa in the Ivory Coast.
A third of the worlds cocoa
5. Countries store most nuclear waste underground.
Most nuclear waste
6. Scientist test most new drugs extensively before they go on sale.
Before they go on sale, most new drugs
7. Workers print a lot of books in Hong Kong.
A lot of books
______
______
Lets learn some new expressions!

to sell like hot cakes to be sold very quickly
The tickets sold like hot cakes. Everyone wanted to go to the concert of
the famous pop star.
to have ones cake and eat it to enjoy both of two desirable but incompatible
alternatives.
You definitely have to make up your mind: if you get promoted, you wont
be able to find time for your hobbies any longer. You cant have your cake and eat
it.
piece of cake something that is easily achieved or obtained
Why are you worrying so much about the next exam? Its really piece of
cake!
Lets learn some proverbs!
Dont cry over spilt milk.
169
Imagine that you have just spilled some milk on the floor you were going
to have a nice glass of milk when an accident happened. Should you cry? Of course
not, that would be silly! There are more serious problems in the world than spilt
milk. Moreover, you cant get the milk back into your glass.
Therefore, to cry over spilt milk is to be upset about something that is not
worth your tears, when there is nothing you can do about it.
CHECKLIST
1. Whats is the difference between i) I have few friends.
ii) I have a few friends?
2. Turn into the Passive: i) Nobody has drunk from that glass.
ii) Nobody has slept in this bed.
3. Think of two contexts for: cow/beef and pig/pork.
4. What are the features of genetically engineered food?
5. What is the difference between change and exchange?
170
UNIT 10
MEDIA/COMMUNICATIONS
SECTION A
LEAD-IN
What are media?

What ways of conveying information to the general public do you know?
Which one of the communication means is today more broadly defined as mass
media?
What do you know about and which is the difference between print media,
electronic media?
What and which are media professionals?
READING
UNDERSTANDING MEDIA
Slightly more than 550 years ago, a German craftsman invented a machine which
introduced to the then civilized world what is now known as mass media. Johannes
Gutenberg and his colleagues little realized that moveable type and the printing
press would initiate what ultimately became the communications revolution - a
revolution which has affected virtually everyone throughout the world.
Revolution it has been. It is impossible to tell how many millions of words and
pictures have been disseminated in just the past 100 years, let alone since the
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invention of the printing press. But in that 100 years, we have shifted from the
primitive, hand-operated printing presses, which changed little from those of the
fifteenth century, to sophisticated, technologically superior systems and devices
which permit almost instantaneous transmission of media messages to any locale in
the world. Only the most nave among us would say we are not affected by those
messages. From the moment people tumble out of bed in the morning until they
crawl under covers at night, they are in some way subjected to the influences of
mass media. We would like to examine here the extent and the effects of that media
influence.
Consider this: just today some millions of copies of daily newspapers are being
circulated. Just this week, millions of copies of weekly newspapers will be
distributed. Just this month thousands of magazine titles will reach the media
marketplace. And just this year, some thousands of new book titles will compete
for readers.
The extent of influence of the electronic media is even more difficult to assess.
Thousands of television stations send signals to an estimated of 98 percent of
world-wide households. Additionally, cable television signals reach millions of
homes. Radio - who honestly knows the extent of its listenership? Thousands of
stations are picked up by millions of radio receivers. No one really knows how
many radio sets are operative, given the millions of inexpensive transistorized
personal receivers that the public uses while jogging, working or relaxing.
It is also true that no one really knows the extent of the distribution of films. An
estimated 4,000 to 5,000 feature films are released annually. They are viewed on
the big screen in some thousands of movie theatres across the countries by millions
of movie-goers (mostly teenagers and young adults). How many millions more
watch the same films in the privacy of their residences? How many students watch
films in their classrooms? How many organizations and corporations use films of
various types for training?
Media influence is pervasive and persuasive. It surrounds us, engulfs us. Mass
media are such an integral part of our educational, social, political, and economic
system today that if they disappeared, our society would suffer serious
consequences.
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Comprehension
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Who invented the printing press?

What consequence has this invention entailed and how do people call it?
How have media developed for 100 years?
How much of our life are we under the influence of media?
How would you define daily newspapers, weekly newspapers and magazines?
Explain the influence of electronic media on the general public.
Why do students watch films in classrooms?
What would happen if mass media disappeared? Why?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. Fill in the blanks with suitable words from the text:
1. Johannes Gutenberg invented about 550 years ago the .....
2. The invention of the printing press brought about a ...
in the world of communications.
3. Superior systems and devices permit today an almost...
transmission of media .anywhere in the world.
4. From the moment they wake up until they go to bed people are ... to
the ..of mass media.
5. Every day .... newspapers, every week ..
newspapers and every month ... reach the media ......
6. While jogging, working or relaxing, the public uses .
personal ..
7. Millions of ...., mainly teenagers and young grown-ups, watch
. films on the big screen in thousands of movie theatres
all over the country.
8. Lots of organizations and corporations use .. of various
.. for ... their staff.
2. Do you think the following statements are true or false? Write T or F:
1.
2.
Benjamin Franklin invented the printing press.

Media suppose channels or means of mass communication as the press,
television etc.
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3.
Electronic media mean newspapers and magazines.

Media professionals are writers, editors, reporters, correspondents, broadcasters, newsreaders, news gatherers, anchormen, or anchorwomen, DJs.
Message means spoken communication.
Broadcast means to speak or appear in a radio or TV programme.
Movie-goers are those people who do not like to go to the cinema.
Mass media are an integral part of our educational, social, political and
economic systems today.
If media disappeared, our society would not suffer any consequence.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3. Match the words in the left column with the suitable definition you find in the
right column:
1. media
2. message
3. craftsman
4. locale
5. news gatherer
6. anchorman
7. feature film
a. a workman who is skilled in an occupation

b. scene, as of a play or story, or locality of operations or events
c. a long film forming the main item in a cinema programme
d. spoken or written communication
e. newspapers and broadcasting by which information is
conveyed to the general public
f. key broadcaster who participates in and coordinates the work
of other broadcasters
g. reporters, correspondents, television journalists and the
camera operators who go with them
4. Combine the word media with the words in the box below and complete the
newspaper extracts:
attention
circus
magnate
empire
analyst
campaign
guru
correspondent
1. The trial of Bruno Hauptmann for the 1932 kidnapping of aviators Charles
Lindberghs baby attracted media ... unlike any seen before.
2. The government has been particularly annoyed at the involvement of the French
state in what they are calling a hostile media--.....
174
3. Black had set his heart on the News , which he saw as a key part of his plan to
build a world-wide media..
4. The thought of a quiet ceremony and a small dinner party to follow is becoming
more attractive to stars as they watch publicised marriages like Elizabeth
Taylors being transformed into a media..
5. Estimates by Browen Maddox, media.. at Kleinwort Benson
Securities are that the company will lose more than 330 million pound this
year.
6. Another satellite network came into being, Sky Television, owned by media
.... Mr. Rupert Murdoch.
7. The Palace had claimed that Fergie had hired top media ..
Sir Tim Bell to handle publicity on her behalf.
5. Use the words documentary and entertainment and the new-made words
docudrama (documentary and drama) and infotainment (information and
entertainment) with their proper meaning, in sentences about TV shows:
1. What we need is , variety shows with comedians, singers, pianists,
jugglers and acrobats.
2. That thin line between fact and fantasy has never looked thinner than in this
ABC movie, provisionally titled Charles and Diana.
3. An interview with Ron Brown, the Democratic Party Chairman, was edited to
40
seconds. Slotted between special video-effects and soundtrack, it is part of an
revolution.
4. We have a ..on the social issues, like the housing problem and the public
policies on education, health, and the social policies of the government.
6. Look at these newspaper extracts and match the types of TV programmes to
their definitions:
-
His fiction was derived from Dallas and other glossy SOAP OPERAS which
are consumed abroad.
By combining the PHONE-IN with the TALK-SHOW, he was able to convey
his reaction to the concerns of the average American more immediately than
by any other form.
175
Being a good GAME-SHOW host means getting to know your contestants.

On my first appearance, interviewing a priest in the GOD SLOT, I tripped
headlong over some wires and the programme was live.
The whole point of QUIZ SHOWS is that, sitting at home you can shout out
the answers.
Good SITCOM comes out of painful situations, and there doesnt have to be a
happy ending every time.
Match the words in the first column with the suitable definition you find in the
second column:
1. chat-show or talk-show
2. God slot
3. game show
4. phone-in
5. quiz-show
6. sitcom
7. soap opera or soap
a. contest of skill, intelligence or knowledge.
b. series about the lives of a group of people
c. short for situation comedy. Comedy series based around a character or group of
characters, often an ordinary family
d. a well-known host invites guests to talk, often about something they are trying to
sell or to promote, like their latest book.
e. a host invites people to phone in and put questions to a studio guest or just give
their opinions about something
f. religious programme
g. contest involving answering questions.
Give examples of these kinds of TV programmes from your own experience and
comment them.
7. Here are some useful words you may need in discussing newspapers. Decide
which definition belongs to each of them:
1. human interest story
2. edition
176
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
column
classified ads
lead story
editorial
headline
story or article
A. Technically, a vertical section of words on the page; but in a colloquial sense

the terms can mean a regular feature in the paper (e.g. the editorial).
B. A story containing something about the personal life of one or more
individuals. These stories can be about ordinary people and have no political
significance.
C. The title of an article.
D. A column which expresses the papers own point of view.
E. Very short advertisements which are arranged under different headings.
F. A newspaper in the form that it appears on a particular day.
G. Any item written by a journalist.
H. The main front-page story.
Write articles of your own, about happenings you know, trying to observe the
logical order of the events.
GRAMMAR FOCUS
CONDITIONAL
Notice this sentence from the main text Understanding Media: if they were to
disappear, our society would suffer serious consequences.
1. Charlotte works for an advertising company. She has made some notes about
different products. Write sentences with if + the simple present + will to advertise
the products:
Example: Wash your hair with Head and Shoulders it looks super.
If you wash your hair with Head and Shoulders, it will look super.
Feel better take Panadol
Youll feel better if you take Panadol.
177
a.
b.
c.
d.
choose a Sunspot holiday have a great time

sleep a lot better sleep in a Dreamway bed
people notice you wear Rodeo jeans
shop at Kwikbuy save money
" Write a few sentences advertising some other products. Use if-clauses of type 1.
1. You can choose real products.
2. Read the following interview:
Hi! My names Jeffrey. Our subject is going abroad. (Patricias family
has arranged for her to spend two months with a family in France).
Patricia, when are you going to France?
Patricia: Next week.
Jeffrey: What will you do if you dont understand the language?
Patricia: Ive learnt a little French in school and Ill have a phrase book, so Ill
try to speak French if people cant speak English!
Jeffrey: And what will you do if youre lonely?
Patricia: Well, Im sure to be homesick, but Ill try to make new friends and Ill
write to my boy-friend every week. I wont be sad and miserable!
Jeffrey:
Imagine you are Jeffrey. Prepare for the interview by writing some questions using
if + simple present + will. Use these expressions: feel lonely, get lost, dont like the
food, meet an English person, feel homesick, cant speak to people.
Example: Dont understand the language.
What will you do if you dont understand the language?
3. Use tentative possible conditions: if + should + infinitive:
Example: If you happen to see her, ask her to dinner sometime.
If you should see her, ask her to dinner sometime.
Should you see her, ask her to dinner sometime.
a. If by any chance Alice comes to see us, well have a party.
b. If you happen to get two tickets for that show, will you spare one for me?
178
c. If you happen to come on Sunday, youll meet your favourite actress.

d. If you happen to meet him, tell him to ring me up.
4. Use unless + a positive verb instead of if not:
Example:
Patricia wont miss our meeting, if she is not ill

Patricia wont miss our meeting, unless she is ill.
a. If you dont apply to the chief editor, you wont get a rise.
b. The correspondents wont enter the palace, if they dont have the presidents
permission.
c. She wont say anything, if you dont speak about the article.
d. If you dont take out a permit, you wont be allowed there.
5. Patricia is a secretary. Shes grumbling about her new job and her boss. Match
each sentence in the first column with one in the second. Rewrite the sentences
using if-clauses type 2 (if + simple past):
Example: If my boss didnt play golf, he wouldnt be out of the office so much.
If he told me where he was, I could contact him.
1. The pay isnt good.
2. He gives me so much work.
3. His writing is so awful.
4. He doesnt listen to me.
A .I cant afford a nicer flat.

B. I cant contact him.
C. I cant read it.
D. I have to tell him everything twice.
6. If I were you, I wouldnt (go by bus). Id (go by underground)

This pattern is commonly used to make tentative suggestions. It is a more polite
and considerate way of advising .
Practice this dialogue with a partner using the clues below. Instead of buy, you
may use get, purchase, invest in:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Im thinking of buying a Whizzy washing machine.

I wouldnt if I were you. Id buy Whirly. Its cheaper than a
Whizzy.
179
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Mm, its not so reliable though.

Ah, but reliability isnt everything.
I dont agree.
Washing machines: Whizzy Whirly

Reliable
Cheap
Cars:
ZXK
Fast
Economical
Motorbikes:
Safe
Powerful
Watches: Electric Zeus

Accurate
Flashy
Vroom
Coats:
Chic
Hard-wearing
Smart
Zap
Beau
JGY
Typewriters: Tip-tap
Long-lasting
Quiet
Tap-tip
7. Below is the story of what happened when four people went on a long walk last
week. Read the story and rewrite the underlined parts using if-clauses of type 3 (if
+ past perfect):
Example: If it hadnt rained most of the morning, it would have been a
pleasant walk. They wouldnt have decided to go if the forecast had been
bad.
Last Saturday Jeffrey, Patricia, Trevor and Emma went on a twenty-mile walk
over the Norland Hills. Jeffrey likes walking, and it was his idea. They walked
from Oscroft at the eastern end of the hills to Raveley in the west. The day didnt
go at all as planned. It rained most of the morning, so it wasnt a very pleasant
walk. The weather is often wet in the Norland Hills, in fact. But they decided to go
because the forecast wasnt bad. Jeffrey and Patricia wore their anoraks, but Trevor
and Emma got wet because they didnt have their anoraks. The four friends had
other problems too. They forgot to bring a map, and they lost the way. They
wanted to stop for lunch in the village of Rydale. They finally got there at two
oclock. They were late because they didnt go the right way. They had planned to
eat at the caf in Rydale, but they werent able to eat there because the caf was
closed for the day. It was very annoying. They didnt have any food with them, so
they were hungry. But the weather was better by this time, and they decided to go
180
on to Raveley. Five miles further on Patricia had an accident. She fell and hurt her
leg. So they had to go more slowly after that. They lost even more time. They
missed their bus home because they got to Raveley so late. There wasnt any other
transport, so they rang their friend Adam. Luckily he was at home, so he was able
to come and fetch them in his car. They were glad to get home.

Mass media sunt mijloacele prin care informaiile sunt transmise publicului
larg. Exist mijloace de informare tiprite, cum ar fi ziare, reviste, cri i mijloace
de informare electronice, cum ar fi televiziunea i radioul.
Cine ar fi crezut vreodat c, dac Gutenberg n-ar fi inventat tiparul, care a
nsemnat revoluia comunicaiilor, am fi ajuns astzi la aparatura sofisticat din
punct de vedere tehnologic, care permite transmiterea imediat a oricrui gen de
mesaj n orice col al lumii.
Zi de zi suntem ntr-un fel sau altul sub influena mass mediei. Nu putem
s nu fim afectai de informaiile transmise prin ziare, televiziune, radio etc.
Influena copleitoare a mass mediei este vzut n nsui modul nostru de a gndi.
Consecinele i rolurile majore ale mass mediei joac un rol covritor n
viaa noastr. Dac n-ar fi formele mass media, n-am afla niciodat evenimentele
majore din ar i din ntreaga lume.
Remember!
TYPE
1. A) Possible,
probable/real
condition referring
to something which
may or equally may
not happen.
B)Tentative
possible condition,
referring to
something, which is
rather unlikely to
happen, but still
could do so
IF CLAUSE
Present Tense
Should
MAIN CLAUSE
Future Tense
EXAMPLE
If it rains, we wont go to buy
the newspaper.
If you should meet Philip, tell

Future/imperative him the news.
Should you meet Philip, tell

him the news. (more formal)
181
2. Improbable
condition referring
to something which
the speaker can
imagine happening
in theory
Simple Past
Tense
Present
Conditional
Tense
If she became a reporter, she

would work very hard.
Unless (if not) we invited
her, she would not come.
If I were you, I wouldnt
change my job.
3. Impossible
condition referring
to something in the
past which, because
it is in the past,
cannot by definition
happen.
Past Perfect
Tense
Perfect
Conditional
If he had known English, he

would have translated the
report.
Had he known English, he
would have translated the
report. (more formal)
With modal verbs
If she had been able to
answer the questions, she
might have passed the
examination.
Lets learn a new proverb!

Dont put off tomorrow what you can do today
Its easy to put things off. Just say, Ill do that tomorrow. We call that
procrastination (quite a big word, isnt it?). What about you? Do you often put
things off? What type of things? Homework, certainly. What else? We usually put
off things that we do not enjoy. Sometimes, we may not have a good reason for why
we procrastinate.
However, our work wont go anywhere, no matter how long we wait to do it.
Therefore, if we dont have a good reason, we should just do it.
182
SECTION B
LEAD-IN
What do you know about advertisement?

What is the difference between advertisement and publicity?
What does advertising deal with?
What do you know about the language of advertisements?
READING
T. V. ADVERTS
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
Patricia:
Jeffrey:
The adverts will be on in a minute. You want a cup of tea, dont you?
Yes, please. Do you want a hand? It was kind of you to have invited me.
No, thanks, Ive just got time.
I dont know what the advertisers would do if everyone was like mum.
She always makes a cuppa during the adverts.
Yes, loads of people do, thats why they put the sound up, so you can
still hear the ad, even if you cant see it.
Is that true? Youre kidding, arent you? Its stupid of them not to watch
the images too.
No, Im not. You havent noticed, have you?
Well, no, I cant say that I have. Isnt that awful!
Why is it awful? Adverts arent that bad. In fact, some of them are
pretty good. The ones they did for shampoo, a while back, were really
great, and the ones with the monkeys were hilarious. It was very clever
of the advertiser to have chosen such a subject for an advert.
Well, I think theyre a pain in the neck. Three stupid adverts for
washing powder in the middle of a film, it just ruins it, doesnt it? Its
wrong of the broadcasters to slot the film in this way.
Mmm! youre right about that. Washing powder ads are worse than
everything. I cant believe they help to sell the product. I mean, theyre
all the same, arent they?
What, the adverts you mean, or the products?
183
Patricia: Well, both actually. But I meant the adverts.

Jeffrey: Yeah, they just copy each other. First it was changing two packets for
one, then the biological powders and now the latest thing is those
liquid ones.
Patricia: Heres the tea, come on, stop chatting now.
Jeffrey: Television - the great conversation killer!
Comprehension
1. What do the two friends speak about?

2. What do they think about advertisements?
3. Does Jeffrey like advertisements in the middle of a film? Whats his opinion
about that?
4. What kind of language do they use? Is their talk formal or informal?

5. What characteristic features do you notice in their speaking an everyday
language?
LANGUAGE WORK
1. What do you know about advertisements in newspapers? Do you know what
classified ads are? All people want to know about business, job changes, personal
information and others, is dealt with through the classified columns of local,
regional and national papers. Indeed, many people in British and American
communities buy newspapers for the sole purpose of checking the small ads.
The classifieds contain important expressions and abbreviations which you, as a
language learner, need to know.
2. Read the following text about Internet and try to understand it with a dictionary:
What is the Internet and why do I need it?
Now you should have a film grasp of the World Wide Web and what it has to offer.
The Web can link together information from anywhere in the world and make it
available to anyone. Any student can jump from Dun & Bradstreet financial
information to a tour of Croatias capital, Zagreb, to Southern Africa - without ever
leaving his desk.
184
Although the Web has existed for only a short time, it is already being used in
numerous areas by both public and private institutions. Business have discovered
how beneficial advertising and performing transactions on the Web can be.
Educational institutions also are making more information available on the Web,
and students are discovering that they can get increasingly more research done by
searching Web pages rather than library books. You can make travel plans, buy
houses, read about your favourite hobby, and make new friends via the Web.
ROLE - PLAY
"
Plan your holidays through the Internet by e-mailing a travel agency. Speak
about it. You are the customer and another student is the agencys
employee.
You are a refreshments company employer. Your company is not very
successful and you have to put down your prices. Use World Wide Web.
Write a summary about it.
You are being bored. To get out of it you need somebody. You have the
brilliant idea of accessing the Internet to make friends. Write about your
bad mood and speak about how you have succeeded in making a friend and
how your relations have evolved. Have you ever met?
GRAMMAR FOCUS
PHRASAL VERBS
1. Here are six examples with get. Read the examples carefully.
The new manager is easy to get on with.
Fred is healthy again. He got over his illness pretty well.
The files are locked up and I cant get at them.
Dont let this rainy weather get you down.
Hows Jack getting on at school?
Susan got through her exams successfully.
185
Complete these sentences using a phrasal verb with get.

a. I must put this vase in a place where the children cant
... .
b. How are you .. in your new job?
c. Jims only beginning to . his disappointment.
d. She finally .. driving licence test.
e. She couldnt her room mate she was a heavy
smoker.
f. I know I shouldnt let his comments me but I
cant help it.
2. Here are some phrasal verbs with the particle up. Read the examples carefully.
Its parents responsibility to bring up their children.
You have to make up your mind whether you want to leave now.
I can hardly get up in the morning.
You should never give up hope.
Look up the price in the catalogue.
She picked up a little German when she visited her friend there.
The landlord put the rent up by 50p a week.
I cant put up with his manners.
Since he retired, he has taken up gardening.
No sooner had he left that his fellows turned up.
Now complete the following sentences using one of the phrasal verbs above.
1. Why didnt you buy your car now? Theyre going to
the price soon.
2. He was .. to be a respectable man.
3. The citizens dont . pollution any longer.
4. It was late so she . in a hurry.
5. He had been waiting for an hour when she finally .
6. I have no idea what income means. Why dont you ....
.?
7. Ill have to . driving, I got a company car and I cant use it.
8. Where shall I go on holiday? I havent .. yet..
186
9. He didnt attend any training, but he managed to . some

computing skills.
10. They had to .. travelling by car because of the flood.
3. Complete the sentences using one of these verbs + one of the pronouns it /them/
her/ him/ you:
make up fill in
off
wake up
give back show round turn down see

throw away break down
cross out
1
2
3
4
5
6
They gave me a form to fill it in.

The boy told his friends a story that wasnt true. He ..
Would you like to see our company? I could ..
Denis was offered a job as receptionist but she ....
Martin is very tired. Please dont ..
When you finish reading the journals, dont forget to ..
to the librarian.
7 She had a lot of useless things, so she wanted to ..
8 The door was locked so the police had to ..
9 Her sister is leaving to New Zealand and she is going to the airport to
10 If you make a mistake on the form, just .
Remember!
PHRASAL VERBS
Phrasal verbs are verbs with particle, the meaning of which may be different from
those of the individual parts. There are four types of phrasal verbs:
1 They do not take an object.
EXAMPLES
His fellows turned up later.
2 They take an object.

The noun object goes after or before
the particle.
He put up the rent. / He put the

rent up.
187
The pronoun object always goes

before the particle.
3 They take an object. The noun/ pronoun
object goes after the particle.
4 They have two particles and the
noun/pronoun object goes after these.
He put it up.
I cant get at the files.
I cant get at them.
I get on with my manager.
I cant put up with his manners.
ADJECTIVAL PHRASE
Have you noticed in the dialogue between Patricia and Jeffrey about TV adverts,
the phrases of this kind: It was kind of you to , Its stupid of them not to ,
It was clever of the advertiser to , Its wrong of the broadcasters to ?
1. Patricia and Jeffrey were school mates long ago. All the pupils who left Parkside
School twenty years ago, are having a reunion. Theyre meeting to talk about the
old days when they were younger. Fill in the gaps with phrases above mentioned,
namely adjectival phrases: it + to be + adjective + of + noun + long infinitive.
Jeffrey: Hello. Youre Wendy, arent you? It was nice of you to accept the
invitation.
Wendy: Yes, I remember you, too. Youre Jeffrey Cowley, arent you? .
(splendid) (have organized) this reunion.
Jeffrey: Thats right, it was Patricias idea. We were in the same class, werent
we? But its easy to forget people.
Wendy: I think I remember most of the people here. Patricia Squires is over there,
isnt she? Ive heard she reads the news on Television Northwest. .
(gorgeous) . (have) this job.
Jeffrey: Yes, shes on television quite often. Shes done well.
Wendy: We had a lot of fun at school, hadnt we?
Jeffrey: Er, yes. Dont turn round, but Melones looking awfully.
Wendy: Mike Melone?
Jeffrey: Yes, can you remember him?
Wendy: Oh, yes.
Jeffrey: I hated him. Oh, no! hes coming over here.
Wendy: Well, it is a reunion. We ought to be friendly!
Mike: Hello, Jeffrey! Nice to see you again.
188
Jeffrey:
Mike:
Jeffrey:
Mike:
Jeffrey:
Nice to see you too, Mike. . of you (recognize) me.

This reunion was a good idea.
Yes, Im enjoying it. Mike, do you remember Wendy?
Yes, shes my wife.
Oh!
Activity: Imagine that in twenty years time you are at a reunion with the other
members of your class. Think of four or five sentences with adjectival phrases that
you might say to your partner. Use these adjectives with to be + of + object + long
infinitive: pleasant, expensive, reasonable, good, kind.
"
Redactarea unui exemplar publicitar este ca i redactarea unei tiri.

Accentul n scrierea unei reclame se pune pe concizie i claritate. Fii exact i
cinstit - aceasta este o responsabilitate de baz n publicitate. Studiai reclamele.
Uitai-v prin reviste i ziare. Observai simplitatea reclamelor. Ai remarca de
ndat c exist apeluri pentru diversele interese ale cititorilor att prin ilustraii, ct
i prin text.
Multe cri despre publicitate discut psihologia vnzrii. Unele v vor da
liste lungi cu trebuinelor oamenilor. Psihologii au publicat liste ale dorinelor
umane i au pus cele mai puternice dorine la nceputul acestora.
Este foarte bine s v uitai la lista de apeluri pentru a gsi unul bun pentru
produsul dvs. Selectai-l pe cel mai bun i care este, de asemenea, logic i credibil.
Alegei un apel care va face cu adevrat vnzri. Nu ncercai s vindei tuturor
pentru a sfri s nu vindei nimic nimnui.
Fii selectivi n ceea ce scriei. Hotri ceea ce va vinde cel mai bine
produsul cititorului dvs. Fii creatori. Cea mai bun reclam n-a fost nc pregtit.
Nici unul dintre experi nu are toate rspunsurile.
189
Lets have fun

Alls Well that Ends Well
The scene was in a drawing-room, and a strange idea came into her mind. She was
romantic, and all kinds of strange ideas flitted in and out of her pretty, little head.
Stamping as hard as she could on the carpet, throwing back her shoulders and
pointing to the cabinet in the corner of the room with a commanding gesture, she
said: Open one of those three drawers.
The young man rushed toward the cabinet.
Dont be in such a hurry. First listen to what I have to say.
He stopped suddenly, as if she had told him the drawers might explode if he
touched them.
Open one of those drawers, and be careful how you choose, for in each one I have
placed an answer to the favour you have asked of me. If you put your hand on the
paper on which Yes in written, then I am yours. But if the paper in the drawer
says No, then understand that is my final decision.
You are too cruel, said he; I am sure it will be No .
You must take your chance she replied. He paused to look into her face for
guidance, but he found none there; so, closing his eyes and trusting to Providence,
he opened the middle drawer, and took out a tiny roll of scented pink paper and
handed it to her.
Well, what is my sentence he inquired.
Read it yourself, she said, as she held out the leaf of paper, upon which was
written the world Yes.
Now she was his; she had given her word and she must keep it. After a few minutes
the young man became suddenly cool.
Whats the matter, darling? she asked, noting the change. Are you not happy
now?
Not quite.
Not quite! she repeated, am I not yours for ever? That is so, but I won you by
chance. You did not come to me of your own free will, did you?
Dont be so silly, she said, as she put her arms round his neck.
If you want to know the truth, I put the same answer in each of the three drawers.
(Anonymous)
190
Lets learn a proverb!

Dont put all of your eggs in one basket
What would happen if someone put all off their eggs in one basket, and
then dropped the basket? They would lose everything. But what if they put some in
another basket? In that case, if they dropped one basket, they would still have eggs
from the other one.
That is why bankers usually advise people to place their money in several
different investments or banks. If one investment fails or one bank goes bankrupt,
people will save the money deposited in the others.
CHECKLIST
1. Is media a singular or a plural noun?
2. When can you use the verb would in an IF-clause?
3. What verbs can you use to make suggestions?
4. What is a phrasal verb?
5. Give one exemple for each type of conditional sentence.
191
STOP AND CHECK

1. Underline the correct option from the words in italics.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Id like a/some advice about the governments latest tax proposals.

Ive just received a/some very nice gift from one of my friends.
Did you meet an/any interesting people at the party?
Bill wants you to phone him. He says he has a/some good news for you.
Shall we carry on working, or would you like to go out for a/some meal?
I just have to go to the bank to get a/some money.
The engineers are having a/some problems with the new engine.
2. Write complete sentences:

Example: he / the day after tomorrow / manager / see /
He is seeing the manager the day after tomorrow.
A. present continuous or will?
Jack:
Pam:
Jack:
Pam:
Jack:
everybody / come / to the presentation on Friday afternoon?

........................................................................
Most people.
you think / it / be a long one?
...........................................................................
I'm not sure. It / probably / be about 3 hours. Why?
...........................................................................
I / go to the dentist at 5.30. I made an appointment two weeks ago.
............................................................................
B. present simple or going to?

Tom: Great! Thats the end of school for a few weeks.
Lucy: When / the next term / begin?
..........................................................................
Tom: On 15th February.
Lucy: What / you / do / during the holidays?
..........................................................................
192
Tom: I dont know yet. What about you?

Lucy: I / not finish / until next week. Then, I / look / for a job for the summer.
3. Choose the best answer, A, B or C
1. The suitcase looks heavy. you with it.
A. Im helping
B. I help
C. Ill help.
2. The trade fair is interesting. Yes, I know. .. it tomorrow.
A. I visit
B. Im going to visit
C. Ill visit
3. Were late. The plane by the time we get to the railway
station.
A. will already start
B. will be already started
C. will already have started
4. tomorrow, so we can go somewhere.
A. Im not working
B. I dont work
C. I wont work
5. I think the inflation .. decrease next term.
A. will
B. shall
C. is going to
6. Dont worry late tonight.
A. if I am
B. when I am
C. when Ill be
4. Answer the following questions, according to the model:
Model: Will you go shopping at Harrods in Knightsbridge?
Im looking forward to going shopping at Harrods in Knightsbridge, its
the best department store in London.
1. Will you take a walk down the Kings Road in Chelsea?
. a walk down the Kings Road in Chelsea, where there are dozens of
small
restaurants.
2. Will you see a ballet?
. a ballet at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York.
5. Change the following sentences according to the model:
Model: Tom would prefer to go.
I would prefer Tom to go.
I would rather/sooner Tom went.
193
1. Bill would rather play tennis than football.

2. My brother would rather go skiing than skating.
3. They would rather listen to concerts than operas.
1. La sfritul anilor optzeci un mare numr de firme au dat faliment din cauza
crizei petrolului.
2. n urmtorul deceniu probabil jumtate din populaia globului va locui n orae.
3. Pn n anul 2010 se vor fi inventat roboi care s preia multe din activitile
omului.
4. ntre 1989 i 1999 s-au produs transformri majore n economia rilor din
Europa Central i de Est.
5. Mai puin de o treime dintre angajaii firmei vor deveni omeri pn la nceputul
anului.
6. Clima se va nclzi din ce n ce mai mult la nceputul mileniului urmtor.
7. Cu ct se dezvolt producia mai repede, cu att ne vom extinde mai mult
pieele.
8. Calitatea nu este la fel de important ca preul, n ce i privete pe clienii notri.
9. n prezent exist cu 20 la sut mai puine surse de ap nepoluat.
10. Produsul nostru va fi mult mai apreciat dect majoritatea mrcilor concurente.
7. Complete the following sentences with the words business, economy and the
words related (economic, economical, economics, economist , economize).
1. If we want a holiday this year well have to .. . Were
spending too much.
2. The newspapers advertise many small ... for sale.
3. Every country has its own problems.
4. Shes an .. lecturer at Leeds University.
5. Peters thinking of setting up in the construction . when he
leaves university.
6. The most . way of heating your house is by using solar energy.
7. The Chancellor of the Exchequer is the minister responsible for the domestic
.. .
8. I have to go abroad on .. for at least two months a year.
9. Naturally he has many professional ... to advise him.
194
10. They are studying marketing, .. geography, political ..

and management at the school.
11. The world .. get more and more integrated.
12. It is usually more to shop in a supermarket than in a small
shop.
13. He presented himself very well at the interview. He was very professional and
..-like.
14. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to straight
away?
15. He always travels by .-class and by such small . he
manages to save a lot.
16. In a hotel its the receptionists . to welcome tourists.
17. Dont bother me so much. This is none of your . .
18. The government .. policy is to reduce taxation in the next years.
19. Hed better mind his own . and not interfere at all.
20. She has a good . as a hairstylist.
8. Use your dictionary to fill in the chart. Some words do not have all forms.
Verb
Person
produce
pro'ducer
Noun
Activity
Result
Adjective
pro'duction
produc'tivity
pro'duce
'product
pro'ductive
photo'graphic
create
'marketer
management
con'sumption
super'visory
ad'vertisment
em'ployer
195
9. Put the verb in the right form: -ing or infinitive (with or without to):
1. She doesn't allow smoking in the house. (smoke)
2. I've never been to Barbados but I'd like __________ there. (go)
3. I'm in a difficult position. What do you advise me _________ ? (do)
4. She said the letter was personal and wouldn't let me _________ it. (read)
5. They were kept at the police station for two hours and then they were allowed
_________ . (go)
6. Where would you recommend me _________ for my holiday? (go)
7. I wouldn't recommend _________ in that restaurant. The food is awful. (eat)
8. The film was very sad. It made me _________ . (cry)
9. Carol's parents always encouraged her _________ hard at college. (study)
10. Fill in the blanks with the verbs in brackets, using the -ing form or to +
infinitive:
1. There's nothing wrong with the photocopier. It just needs servicing. (service)
2. We need _________ (look) at this proposal very carefully before we make a
decision.
3. I'll make a note in my diary so that I will remember ___________ (send) you the
information you need.
4. I'm not sure if I have met Mr Gonzalez, but I remember ________ (hear) his
name.
5. I will never forget __________ (walk) into the class on my first day at school.
6. Could you take this file to Ms Armstrong? I meant to let her have it this
morning, but I forgot __________ (give) it to her.
7. He found it very difficult to get work because he was unemployed, and soon
regretted _________ (resign) from his previous job.
8. We have appointed another candidate to the post, so I regret _________ (say)
that we will not be able to offer you the job.
9. If their Accounts Department is slow at paying bills, try _________ (send) a fax
to the chairman. That usually works well.
10. As a company, we always try ________ provide our customers with the best
service possible.
196
11. Write sentences beginning with I wish ... ..

Example: I don't know many people (and I'm lonely). I wish I knew more people.
I've eaten too much and now I feel sick. I wish I hadn't eaten so much.
1. I live in a big city (and I don't like it). ................................................................
2. It's cold (and I hate cold weather). ...................................................................
3. I didn't applied for the job advertised in the newspaper.
..........................................
4. I can't go to the party (and I'd like to). ...............................................................
5. I forgot to take my camera. .............................................................................
6. I'm not lying on a sunny beautiful beach ( and that's a pity).
.....................................
7. I have to study tomorrow (but I'd like to stay in bed).
..............................................
8. I didn't study English hard when I was at school. ...................................................
9. Ann isn't here (and I need to see her). ...............................................................
10. I don't know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). ............
..........
12. Somebody says something to you which is the opposite of what they said
before. Write a suitable answer beginning I thought you said... .
Example: That restaurant is expensive.
Is it? I thought you said

it was cheap.
1. Ann is coming to the party tonight.

Is she? I thought you said she ................................................................
2. I know lots of people.
Do you? I thought .............................................................................
3. Ann likes music.
Does she? ......................................................................................
4. I'll be here next week.
Will you? .......................................................................................
5. I'm going out this evening.
Are you? ........................................................................................
197
6. I can speak a little Portuguese.

Can you? .......................................................................................
7. I haven't been to the theatre for ages.
Haven't you? ..................................................................................
13. Read the report about what a candidate said at an interview. Change the
words in italics into Direct Speech.
Miss Baker said that (1) she was very interested in working for us, and she
explained that (2) she had been working in the City for three years. When I asked
her about her reasons for leaving, she said that (3) she liked what she did, but she
wanted more responsibility. She seems well-qualified for the post, as she said that
(4) she had a degree in Economics and an MBA. As far as her terms of notice are
concerned, she made it clear that (5) she couldn't leave her job for another month. I
decided to offer her the job, and she said (6) she would consider our offer, and
would let us have her decision the next week.
1. She said: "I am very interested in working for you".
2. She said: ............................................................................................
3. She said: ............................................................................................
4. She said: ............................................................................................
5. She said: ............................................................................................
6. She said: ............................................................................................
14. A speaker was asked these questions after a presentation. Report the questions.
1. "When will the new product be ready?"
2. "How much are you planning to spend on advertising?"
3. "Where do you intend to advertise?"
4. "What discount will you give to your distributors?"
5. "Why has it taken so long to develop?"
6. "How much market interest has there been in the new product?"
7. "Who is the product aimed at?"
8. "What sort of problems have you had in developing the product?"
198
15. High Street shops. Why do you go to these places? What do they sell or do?
Example: a laundry
You go to a laundry to have your clothes cleaned.
a florist
A florist sells flowers.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
a chemist
..
a building society
..
a garden centre
..
an insurance company
.
an estate agent
..
a travel agent
.
a hardware shop
.
a software shop
.
a greengrocers shop
.
a DIY shop
..
16. A person who works in the Personnel Department is explaining how they select
candidates in her company:
If there's a vacancy, I usually advertise it in-house first of all, and if I don't find
any suitable candidates, then we advertise the job in the papers. We ask applicants
to send in their CVs, and we invite some of the candidates to an interview. After
that, we draw up a shortlist and ask some of the applicants back for a second
interview. We choose the best candidate, and then I check his or her references,
and if everything's OK, we offer the applicant the job.
199
Complete the sentences below to give a general description of the recruitment

process. Use the passive in your answers.
1. The vacancy is advertised in-house.
2. If there is not a suitable in-house candidate ....................................................
3. The vacancy .........................................................................................
4. Applicants ...........................................................................................
5. Some candidates ....................................................................................
6. A shortlist ............................................................................................
7. Selected candidates .................................................................................
8. The best candidate ...................................................................................
9. The references .......................................................................................
10. The successful candidate ..........................................................................
17. Complete the following sentences with the first conditional:
1. I'll probably stay in my present job unless ...
...............................................................................................................
2. The economic situation will continue to improve as long as ...
...............................................................................................................
3. I won't be able to go to the interview on Thursday unless ...
...............................................................................................................
4. Provided the Boeing get the safety certificate for their new aeroplane, ...
...............................................................................................................
5. Unless I have to change the time of the meeting for some reasons, ...
...............................................................................................................
6. We will allow you to become the sole distributor of our product providing ...
...............................................................................................................
18. Put the verb into the correct form:
1. They would be rather offended if I didn't go to see them. (not/go)
2. If you took more exercise, you would feel better. (feel)
3. If I were offered the job, I think I ________________ it. (take)
4. I'm sure Amy will lend you the money. I'd be very surprised if she
____________ . (refuse)
5. If I sold my car now, I _____________ much money for it. (not/ get)
200
6. A lot of people would be out of work if the factory _____________ . (close

down)
7. What would happen if I _______________ that red button? (press)
8. Liz gave me this ring. She ______________ very upset if I lost it. (be)
9. Mark and Carol are expecting us. They would be very disappointed if we
_______________ (not/ come)
10. Would George mind if ______________ his bicycle without asking him?
(borrow)
11. If somebody _______________ in here with a gun, I'd be very frightened.
(walk)
12. I'm sure Sue _______________ if you explained the situation to her.
(understand)
19. Put the verb into the correct form:
1. I didn't know you were in hospital. If I had known (know), I would have gone
(go) to visit you.
2. Ken got to the station in time to catch his train. If he ________________ (miss)
it, he _______________ (be) late for his interview.
3. It's good that you reminded me about Ann's birthday. I __________________
(forget) if you __________________ (remind) me.
4. Unfortunately, I didn't have my address book with me when I was in New York.
If I ________________ (have) your address, I _________________ (send) you a
postcard.
5. I took a taxi to the hotel, but the traffic was very bad. It ________________ (be)
quicker if I _________________ (walk).
6. I'm not tired. If __________________ (be) tired, I'd go home now.
7. I wasn't tired last night. If I __________________ (be) tired, I would have gone
home earlier.
20. You have applied for these jobs. Say why you think you should get the job.
Example: Accountant
Ive always been good at figures. I worked as

an accountant from 1990 to 1995. Ive read a
lot of books about accounting. I like working in
an office.
201
a. Tourist guide for your town or country.

b. Hotel manager
c. Journalist
" Write the letter of application for one of these jobs. Include any information
you think relevant. Think particularly about
your education and qualifications
any experience relevant to the job
why you are interested in the job.
when you are available for interview
...
Dear
I would like to apply for the position of ..,
which I saw advertised in
..
..
..
..
.
21. Choose the correct word:

Im off on a travel/trip to Paris tomorrow by car as Im looking for work/job. I saw
an advertisement/publicity for a job in a company there, which does scientific
research/experiment. Im only taking one bag/baggage and a briefcase because Im
only staying for two nights. I hope there isnt too much traffic/cars on the
motorway as I dont like traffic jams. I believe that place to stay/accommodation
for me has been booked in a hotel close to the centre. I hope to get a view/scenery
of the Eiffel Tower.
202
22. Look at the following deconstructed article adapted from the newspaper The
Guardian. Rearrange the paragraphs in their logical order to get to the original
text: Towns New Swimming Pool :
A. Mrs. Mae Rose Owens was the first person to see it, last Friday. As she looked
out of her window she saw a tree getting shorter and shorter.
B. They recently built a new swimming Pool in the small town of Winter Park,
Florida. It is one metre deep at one end and 55 metres deep at the other. That
was not the original plan: half the pool has been eaten by an enormous hole.
C. Suddenly the earth just opened up and down this tree went. I couldnt believe
it.
D. By Sunday, the hole had eaten one side of Denning Avenue, and was
approaching three more houses. Yesterday it measured 400 metres across and
55 metres deep. According to Mr. Jim Smoot, of the US Hydrological Survey,
it will probably go on growing for several weeks. There is about 15 metres of
water in the bottom.
E. The hole has also eaten two businesses, a house, five cars, several trees, and a
largepiece of road. It was still growing yesterday.
F. The hole seems to be a result of the drought. Underground streams have dried
out, making the subsoil contract.
G. By 4 a.m. on Sunday, Mrs. Owens had seen her home disappear, together with
the buildings of a Porsche agent and a printing firm.
23. Jeffrey, Trevor and Bob are football fans. Theyre talking about the World
Cup. Complete their conversation by using adjectival phrases. Use the adjectives
and the verbs between brackets:
Jeffrey: Did you see Holland and Mexico on television last night?
Trevor: Yes, . (great, to play). Holland were marvellous.
203
Bob:
Trevor:
Jeffrey:
Trevor:
Bob:
Trevor:
Jeffrey:
Bob:
Trevor:
Jeffrey:
Trevor:
They wont find it so easy against Poland. . (difficult, to win).

Yes, youre right. Poland have a good team.
Lobak looks, doesnt he . (hard, the Austrian, to stop)?
It will be an interesting game, wont it?
England havent been very good .(wrong, not to have the luck on
ones side).
But why is Bodger playing? He isnt very good . (silly, the team, to
select).
Well, we should beat Nigeria, shouldnt we?
I dont know. Anything could happen, couldnt it?
The German are good. They dont take any risks, do they?
Theyre playing Hungary tonight..(advisable, you, to watch).
Yes, of course.
24. Fill the gaps with the following words: business, affair(s), matter:
1. The meeting was a long .
2. Dont interfere in your relatives .
3. This is your own .
4. He never discusses his . with anybody.
5. The spy interferes in the home . of other countries.
6. The picnic was a very pleasant .
7. Mr. Parker is having a . talk with a visitor.
8. He has just returned from a . trip.
9. It is a . of time.
10. Whats the .? Why is everybody shouting?
11. He hates it when people interfere in his .
12. I cant help him with this, its his own .
13. I dont want to argue. Its a . of opinion.
14. The Minister of Foreign . attended an international conference.
FILE 1
Advanced schooling in the U.S.
Many students, upon finishing high school, choose to continue their
education. Community colleges, also known as junior colleges, offer two-year
programs leading to a bachelors degree (as well as, in many cases, further
204
programs leading to higher degrees). These schools may be public or private;

private schools cost a lot more. U.S. colleges and universities have many students
from around the world, especially from Asia.
Many more Americans than ever before are finishing high school and
college. More than 20 percent of all adults have finished college and more than 75
percent have finished high school. Although the number of years in of schooling is
going up, there are signs that the quality of education may be going down. This is
of great concern, especially since education is considered crucial to the American
ideal that each person should achieve all that he or she can.
There are many theories about where the problems lie. Some think that
students have too many electives, or courses they choose, and too few courses in
basic subjects. Others think students watch too much TV and do too little
homework. Everyone agrees that the problems must be addressed.
(From Spotlight on the USA, OUP)
FILE 2
Cambridge is sometimes called the birthplace of American intellectual life.
It has the nations oldest university, Harvard University, founded in 1636.
Cambridge remains a center of intellectual life, especially since its become home
to MIT, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Harvard has an excellent
reputation in many fields; MIT is the best placed in science and technology.
Students attending Harvard and MIT come from around the world; Harvard alone
has students from 90 countries.
Since one-fourth of the people in Cambridge are students, its not
surprising that Cambridge has many bookstores, shops, restaurants, coffee houses
and clubs.
A common sight in Cambridge is Harvard oarsmen rowing on the Charles River.
The Harvard rowing team spends all year preparing for races in the spring, especially for the Harvard-Yale Regatta. Yale University is Harvards big rival.
205
TEST YOUR ENGLISH

1. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets. Make all
the necessary changes in the word order of the sentence. Make sure you read the
whole text first, to get some ideas of what it is about.
Women in Adventure
The last hundred of years 1) (to see) .. many exceptional
woman travellers. The Victorian ladies with their long skirts and umbrellas may
sometimes 2) (to seem) .. amusing to us now, but after the laughter
3) (to disappear) .. what remains must surely 4) (to be)
respect. Some woman travellers 5) (to drive) .. by scientific reason,
others by religious faith or simply curiosity. Most 6) (to be) . middleaged and independently wealthy, but all 7) (have) . incredible
bravery and they all 8) (to determine) ... . There 9) (to be)
, for example, May French Sheldon, who 10) (to make) an expedition
to Africas Mount Kilimanjaro in 1891. She 11) (to know) to the
Africans as Bebe Bwana or Lady Boss. Once she 12) (to astonish)
a group of tribal chiefs by 13) (to arrive) at a
ceremony in a blond wig and a ball dress complete with a ceremonial sword.
Mrs. French Sheldon 14) (to experience) . her share of
danger, too. One night she 15) (to wake up) and saw something
that 16) (to terrify) . any traveller. It 17) (to be) . An
enormous python about fifteen feet long. If the python hadnt been caught and
killed by an African the life of Mrs. Sheldon 18) (to end) ..
tragically.
I came very near to collapsing, Mrs. Sheldon said. But there was not time for
weakness; there 19) (to be) .. other sequences 20) (to consider)
.. .
2. Read the text below. Use the appropriate word made of the word given in
brackets to complete the text. Make sure you read the whole text first, to get some
ideas of what it is about.
Welcome to Socorro, New Mexico
Located in Central Mexico, Socorro is a unique 1) (to mix) of
the 2) (tradition) ways and advanced technology. Socorro, also
the name of the County, means help or aid in 3) (Spain) .. . One 4)
(history) source tells us that in 1598 members of the Juan de Onate
Expedition gave this name to the 5) (to exist) .. Pueblo village. There,
they received very 6) (to help) .. assistance from the Piro people who
had been the areas first 7) (to inhabit) .. .
206
The 8) (to settle) .. remained small until the 9) (to arrive)

.. of the Santa Fe railroad in 1880. Newcomers arrived 10) (day)
.. as followers of the boom in copper, solver, gold 11) (to mine)
. After the boom period closed, the area became 12) (agriculture)
.. . Socorro is 13) (pride) to host the New Mexico
Fire-fighters Training Academy. The Academy provides 14) (to train)
in fire-fighting and lifesaving techniques. The innovative and 15) (beauty)
. Campus is located in the 16) (west) edge of the City.
The mineral Museum is 17) (to house) on the campus, and is open to the public.
The Museum 18) (to collect) .. contains over 10,000 specimens. The
Laboratory for Atmospheric Research is an hours drive west of Socorro high in
the Magdalena Mountains. The Laboratory is an
19) (international)
.. known centre for the study of thunderstorms and atmospheric 20)
(electric) .. .
The Navajo Indians Reservation is 21 (to locate) . in
Socorro County as well. The Reservation invites 22 (to visit) .. on
special occasions. For 23) (far) information concerning these events,
contact us at 505-854-2686.
3. Read the passage. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb given in
brackets and use the appropriate word made of the word given in brackets. Mind
the word order. Make sure you read the whole text first, to get some ideas of what
it is about.
A Love Story
I love your verse with all my heart, dear Miss Barrett. The letter 1) (to
send) in January 1845. It 2) (to begin) . like other
letters Elizabeth Barrett 3) (to receive) . from many 4) (to admire)
.. of her poems. Poetry and the letters 5) (to be) the only 6)
(bright) . in her quiet life. But she 7) (to surprise) ... at the
letter of this particular man, himself a 8) (to know well) poet in his
own right. Forced by strong 9) (to feel) . he impulsively added to his
letter And I love you, too. Elizabeth 10) (not to expect) .. romance
by that time she 11) (to be ill) .. for many years. Her 12) (ill)
made her isolated in her London home, which 13) (to rule tightly) .. by
her father for 40 years of her life.
Now Robert Browning, her 14) (late) admirer, 15) (to declare)
his love, written 16) (bold) across the page. It was clear
he 17) (to fall) .. in love with this 18) (sense) ., gentle woman.
Their 19) (to correspond) continued. Browning s enthusiasm gave
Elizabeth a new desire to enjoy 20) (to live) . as he did. She returned his love
in many letters even before they 21) (to meet) . Her fathers 22) (to
oppose) . was very strong but Elizabeth left her home in September
1846 and settled in Italy.
207
They flourished as poets together. Elizabeth regained her health in the 23)
(warm) . of the 24) (Italy) .. sun and in Roberts love. Their
relationship became a 25) (fame) love story of the 26) (nineteen)
.. century. Elizabeth died in Brownings arms in 1861, perhaps 27) (to
remember) . the words of her poem:
and, if God choose,
I shall but love thee better after death.
4. Read the passage. Fill in the blanks with the correct word given in
brackets. Make sure you read the whole text first, to get some ideas of what
it is about.
The Riddle of the Sphinx
The city of Thebes in ancient Greece was once afflicted with a monster called the
Sphinx, which had the body of a lion and the head of a woman, and made the 1)
(neighbour) . 2) (safe) for all who came near it. It lay
on the top of a rock and stopped every 3) (to travel) who came its
way. Those who could not answer its riddle 4) (correct) . were
immediately devoured by the monster. No one had yet 5) (success) .
solved the riddle, and many travellers had been 6) (cruel) . murdered.
Then Oedipus came and, in spite of all 7) (to warn) , boldly
approached the 8) (fear) . rock. This was the question put to him by the
Sphinx: What animal is it that in the morning goes on four legs, at noon on two,
and in the evening goes on three? Oedipus replied: Man, who in 9) (child)
crawls on all fours (on his hands and knees), in manhood walks 10)
(right) .., and in old age with the aid of a stick. The Sphinx was so 11)
(stressed) . that its riddle had been guessed that it threw 12) (it)
.. down from the rock and perished.
Answers
(Women in Adventure) 1) have seen; 2) seem; 3) has disappeared; 4) be; 5) were
driven; 6) were; 7) had; 8) were determined; 9) was; 10) made; 11) was known;
12) astonished; 13) arriving; 14) experienced; 15) woke up; 16) would terrify;
17) was; 18) would have ended; 19) were; 20) to be considered.
(New Mexico) 1) mixture; 2) traditional; 3) Spanish; 4) historical; 5) existing; 6)
helpful; 7) inhabitants; 8) settlement; 9) arrival; 10) daily; 11) mining; 12) agricultural; 13) proud; 14) training; 15) beautiful; 16) western; 17) housed; 18) collection; 19) internationally; 20) electricity; 21) located; 22) visitors; 23) further
(A Love story) 1) was sent; 2) began; 3) had received; 4) admirers; 5) were;

6) brightness; 7) was surprised; 8) well-known; 9) feelings; 10) was not expecting/
didnt expect; 11) had been ill; 12) illness; 13) had been tightly ruled; 14) last;
208
15) was declaring; 16) boldly; 17) had fallen; 18) sensitive; 19) correspondence;
20) life; 21) met; 22) opposition; 23) warmth; 24) Italian; 25) famous;
26) nineteenth; 27) remembering.
(The Riddle of the Sphinx) 1) neighbourhood; 2) unsafe; 3) traveller; 4) correctly;
5) successfully; 6) cruelly; 7) warnings; 8) fearful; 9) childhood; 10) upright;
11) distressed; 12) itself
KEY
CHECKLIST FOR UNIT 1
1. i) the UK, the USA, Australia
ii) India, Canada, Pakistan
iii) Romania, France, Spain.
2. firm, corporation (in American English)
3. Do your friends like vanilla ice cream?
Are you joking ?
Have you already met your new teachers?
Will the students have to translate this text?
4. i) A rising intonation.
ii) A falling intonation.
5. i) (Time adverbial) + Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Indirect Object + Manner
Adverbial + Place Adverbial + (Time adverbial).
ii) Question word + auxiliary/modal + Subject + verb + objects + adverbials.

1. i) You: Hi, Paul!
Paul: Hi, George!
You: This is John, my cousin. John, this is Paul, my best friend.
Paul: Hi, John, nice to meet you!
John: Hi, Nice to meet you too!
ii) You: Hello, madam. Id like you to meet my boss, Mr Ionescu, the General
Manager. Mr. Ionescu, this is Mrs. Perrault, the LOreal representative in Romania.
Mr. Ionescu: How do you do, Madam!
Mrs. Perrault: How do you do, sir! Ive been looking forward to meeting you!
iii) you: Hello, Mrs Popescu!
The teacher: Hello, Miss!
You: Let me introduce myself to you! Im Maria Preda and Ill be your
student this year.
The teacher: Nice to meet you, Miss Preda!
209
2. i) Hello, sir! Im Mihai Vasilescu, head of the Marketing Department. How do

you do!
ii) What do you usually do in the morning?
iii) How are you today?
Fine, thanks!
3. a possessive adjective
4. Normally none of these nouns can be accompanied by an indefinite article,
because they are uncountable.
5. man men
woman women child children foot feet tooth teeth
ox oxen mouse mice louse lice die dice brother brethren
1. Success is not supposed to make you stop fighting; on the contrary, you should
work even harder in order to keep yourself successful
2. wages money earned usually by blue collar workers, paid per hour/day/
salary - money earned usually by white collar workers, paid monthly.
3. i) meets (planned and official future action).
ii) am meeting (planned future action).
4. A job vacancy should announce the vacant position (secretary, engineer, etc)
state the qualities required from the applicant (age,
qualifications, experience etc.
contain information about the way the applicant can
contact the employer (send acv, make an appointment by phone, send a fax etc.)
5. A holding company is a group of more companies. The holding owns shares in
the existing companies, called subsidiaries. The subsidiaries are sister companies to
each other.
1. a) yes, one still feels ill.
b) i) The Present perfect
ii) The Past Tense
2. The UK: kindergarten, grammar school, college, university
Romania: kindergarten, general school, highschool, university
3. far farther the farthest
further the furthest
big- bigger the biggest
reliable more reliable the most reliable
bad worse the worst
funny funnier the funniest
4. Sir/Madam, could you tell me please?
Sir/Madam, would you mind telling me ..please?
(more formal)
210
Can you tell me ..please ?

Tell me .. please?
(less formal)
5. British English: cheque, metre, holiday.
American English: check, meter, vacation.
1. heading, date, inside address, references, salutation, subject of the letter, body
of the letter, complimentary close, signature, enclosures.
2. Should, ought to, must, might.
3. i) I didnt do my homework because it was not necessary
ii) I did my homework though it was not necessary.
4. i) Hello Sir/Madam! Im Mary Smith from Jonson & Co. Ltd May I speak to
Mr Green, please?
ii) Hello Sir/Madam! I ll put you through immediately!
OR: Hello Sir/Madam! Im sorry, Mr Black is not in his office right now.
Would you like to leave a message for him?
5. Wont, shant.
1. the will- future; present continuous
2. positive meaning: - ful, super - ; negative meaning - less; under
3. Only older pupils can participate to the contest.
His elder brother is a musician
4. Hes likely to come any minute. OR: He must return soon.
Hes unlikely to get back before 10' clock. OR: Im not sure you can find him
this morning.
5. Yes the sentence is correct. (It means: If you want to wait for him)
1. The auction will start in an hour.
He bid 1, 000, 000 for that painting
2. i) I ceased speaking to her.
ii) I ceased doing something else in order to talk to her.
3. Both sentences are correct.
4. It is necessary that you should arrive to the office on time.
It is important that you should communicate your projects to your boss.
5. Trams, planes, trains are means of transport. (noun)
Do you happen to know what this word means in English? (verb)
211

1. Hello Sir/Madam! Im Jane Brown, secretary at Jonson & Co. Ltd. Id like to
make a reservation for the General Manager, Mr Edward Jonson, please!
2. Sir, Id like to know if you have a reservation.
3. Tell is more likely to occur in Indirect Speech.
Say is more likely to introduce Direct Speech.
4. He told me he was twenty.
5. A swipe card is a special magnetic card containing all the travel information
necessary to a passenger.
1. i) the sentence has a negative meaning.
ii) the sentence has a positive meaning
2. That glass has not been drunk from.
This bed has not been slept in.
3. Cows and pigs are domestic animals.
This restaurant offers a varied range of both pook and beef menus.
4. Genetically engineered food contains changed genes; it tries to attain perfection
(in terms of flavour, colour, size)
5. Change implies only one agent (e.g: I changed my clothes).
Exchange implies more agents (e.g. They exchanged business cards among
themselves).
1. Media is a plural noun.
2. The verb WOULD can be used in an IF-clause when it keeps its meaning of
volition.
e.g. If you wouldnt mind, could you help me please? (~ If you want)
3. You might; you could; youd better.
4. A phrasal verb is a verb followed by a particle; the meaning of the new
construction is different from the meaning of the original verb.
e.g.:
to make to manufacture
to make out to manage to see
to make up to become friends again
5. I go on trip if it doesnt rain.
Id go on a trip if it didnt rain.
Id have gone on a trip if it hadnt rained.
212
LISTA ABREVIERILOR
abrv.
adj.
adv.
amer.
auto
dat.
d.
expr.
fam.
fr.
interj.
jur.
mar.
mil.
pl.
prep.
s.
sl.
vb.
zool.
= abreviere
= adjectiv
= adverb
= termen american
= automobilism
= dativ
= despre
= expresie
= familiar
= termen francez
= interjecie
= juridic
= marin
= termen militar
= plural
= prepoziie
= substantiv
= slang
= verb
= zoologie
213
GLOSSARY
A
accommodation s. cazare, cas i mas
account-book s. registru contabil
account s. cont
accountant s. contabil
addendum (pl. addenda) s. adenda, adaos
addressee s. destinatar
advertisement (advert, ad) s. reclam, anun, afi
affordable adj. care se poate acorda, acordabil
agreement s. acord, nelegere (mutual); consimire
allocation (vb. to allocate) s. alocare, repartizare
alongside adv. alturi; prep. lng
amid fears (expr.) de team
analyst (media analyst) s. analist / expert mass-media
angle vb. a pescui cu undia
anthem s. imn
appeal s. (aici) atracie
appointment s. ntlnire; numire (ntr-o funcie)
apprentice s. novice, ucenic
arouse vb. a strni, a detepta
assert vb. a afirma
assess vb. a evalua (o sum)
at once adv. imediat
attend vb. a frecventa
B
B & B abrv. bed and breakfast cazare i mic dejun (la hotel, pensiune)
bachelor s. 1.burlac; 2. liceniat
ball bat s. baston
bankrupt adj. falimentar
bargain s. afacere, trg
bathtub s. cad de baie
batsman s. juctor la btaie (la cricket, baseball)
batterbat s. baston de cricket, baseball
be a pain in the neck vb. a fi foarte enervant i plictisitor
214
be awarded vb. a fi premiat oficial

be aware of vb. a fi contient de / c
be sea-sick vb. a avea ru de mare
bear a grudge vb. a purta pic
behave oneself vb. a prezenta bune maniere
bend vb. a ndoi, a apleca
bilingual adj. bilingv
bill of lading s. conosament
boast vb. a se luda
bold adj. (despre scris) reliefat, proeminent
bonnet s. bonet, beret, capot
boom vb. a produce senzaie, a prospera, a fi nfloritor
boost vb. a mri valoarea; a crete reputaia, a promova
booth s. cabin
bother vb. a necji, a sci
boundless adj. fr limit
bow tie s. papion
bowl vb. a rostogoli
bowler s. juctor care servete mingea la cricket; juctor care intete mingea la
baseball
bravery s. curaj, brbie
break smth. down vb. a sparge, a dobor
breeze s. briz
brewers yeast s. drojdie de bere
bring up vb. a educa
broaden vb. a lrgi, a li, a extinde
broker s. agent, misit
budgeting month s. luna n care venitul sau cheltuielile sunt planificate sau
repartizate n buget
bump s. cucui; vb. a (se) ciocni
bundle s. legtur, snop
buoy s. geamandur
C
camcorder s. (camera + recorder) camer de luat vederi
campaign (media campaign) s. campanie mass media
cancellation s. anulare, revocare
catapult vb. a catapulta
cater vb. a furniza
CEO abvr. chief executive officer director executiv, manager, administrator
215
challenge s. provocare
chap s. (fam.) biat, tip
cheat vb. a tria
check-in desk s. biroul in spatele cruia st casierul sau recepionerul, ghieu
cheers! interj. vivat! noroc!
chilled adj. conservat la o temperatur joas fr a nghea
circulate vb. a rspndi, a difuza
clue s. indiciu, cheie
cockpit s. 1. aren pentru lupte de cocoi; 2. teatru de rzboi; 3. carling
collocation s. alturare; (lingv.) colocaie, mbinare de cuvinte
colonial language s. limb vorbit n colonie
come over vb. a fi copleit
commission s. comision
commuting-train s. tren pentru navetiti
companionship s. societate, tovrie, companie
complaint s. plngere
comply with vb. a se conforma
comprehend vb. a nelege, a pricepe
computer-fraud s. furt cu ajutorul calculatorului
consultant s. consultant
cooker s. aragaz
cost a bomb vb. a costa foarte mult
cost and freight s. cost i navlu
coterie s. coterie, salon (literar, artistic, etc.)
courtyard s. curte
covet vb. a rvni, a dori cu nfocare
crash s. 1.cdere sau coliziune violent; 2. faliment; 3.(fam.) a intra ntr-un loc fr
permisiune (bilet, invitaie)
crate s. lad
crease-resistant adj. neifonabil
creased adj. ifonat, ncreit
crew s. echip, echipaj
crisis (pl. crises) s. criz
cross smth. out vb. a tia, a bara (pe un formular)
cuppa s. (colocvial) o ceac de ceai
currently adv. curent
customer s. client; n prezent
cut costs vb. a reduce cheltuielile
216
D
darts s. joc de interior n care sunt trase sgei nspre o int
data s. pl. date, informaii (sg. datum)
deal with vb. a se ocupa de (ca afacere)
dealer s. negustor; retail dealer s. negustor cu amnuntul, whole-sale dealer s.
angrosist
deck-chair s. ezlong
decrease vb. a scdea, a reduce
deny vb. a nega
department store s. magazin universal
descendant s. descendent, urma
devise vb. a inventa, a imagina, a plnui
die out vb. a se stinge, a pieri, a muri
disabled staff s. persoane invalide
discount s. reducere
dispatch vb. a expedia
displayed adj. expus
diving s. scufundare
docker s. docher; hamal n port
double-decker s. tramvai, autobuz sau troleibuz cu etaj
doughnut s. gogoa
drum s. tob
dual carriage way s. drum n dublu sens
duly adv. 1. just, binemeritat; 2. n timp util, la timp
dwarfed adj. micorat, aparent mai mic
E
earn vb. a ctiga, a agonisi
editor s. editor
embarrass vb. a stnjeni, a umili, a jena
endow vb. a nzestra, a dota (material i spiritual)
engulf vb. a scufunda; a nghii
enterprise s. 1. ntreprindere, iniiativ; 2. antrepriz, companie
entertainment s. distracie, amuzament
entrepreneur s. ntreprinztor, antreprenor, conductor al unei activiti de afaceri
ever-increasing adj. n continu dezvoltare
exhausted adj. epuizat, terminat
expectancy s. 1.expectativ; 2. speran; 3. anticipare, probabilitate
expenditure s. cheltuieli
217
extension s. prelungire
eye-opening adj. Senzaional
F
facsimile s. facsimil, copie exact
faded adj. ofilit, decolorat, fr vigoare
fail to vb. a eua
failure; s. eec
faint vb. 1. a leina 2. adj. slab, vag: (a faint hope)
fare s. costul unui bilet de cltorie, tarif
fee s. tax
feel homesick vb. a simi dor de cas
ferry vb. a transporta oameni sau lucruri cu vaporul ; ferry-boat: bac
fetch vb. a aduce
file s. dosar
fill out vb. a ntregi, a completa
fit adj. potrivit
fit vb. a se potrivi
fitness s. exerciii pentru forme corporale atletice i ntreinerea sntii
flashy adj. iptor, superficial
flaw s. cusur, defect, pat, viciu de form
flexitime s. program de lucru flexibil
flip-chart s. map cu foi detaabile aezat vertical pe un suport, de obicei
forecast vb. a prevedea; s. previziune
forefront s. frunte
foreman s. maistru
foreseeable adj. previzibil
forgery s. falsificare, imitaie frauduloas
forward- player s. nainta (fotbal)
fossil fuel s. combustibil fosil
fraud s. fraud
free on board adv. scutit de taxe (pentru livrarea mrfurilor pe vapor)
freebie s. bilet de cltorie gratuit (pentru persoane n interesul serviciului)
freight-train s. tren de marf
freshman s.novice, boboc (n primul an de liceu sau facultate)
front page s. (ziare) pagin de titlu (unde gsim pe scurt articolele detailate n ziar)
218
full-fare economy class ticket s. bilet fr reducere la cls. a IIa

full-fare first class ticket s. bilet fr reducere la cls. I
G
gain vb. a ctiga
gangplank s. pasarel (pentru urcare sau coborre n sau din vapor, barc, etc.)
gangway s. pasarel (pe vapor)
garments s. haine
gather vb. a aduna
gem s. o piatr preioas
genuine adj. real, autentic
get a raise (expr.) a primi salariul mrit
get down to vb. a ncepe s lucreze la, a se apuca de
get hold up vb. a face rost de, a pune mna pe
get on with vb. a se mpca, a se nelege cu
ginger s. ghimber
give an encore vb. a da un bis
give away vb. 1.a da cadou, a da gratis; 2. a da de gol, a trda
glassed-in adj. montat n sticl
glider s. planor
glimpse s. privire fugar, trectoare
glossy (glossy soap opera) adj. siropos
gnarled adj. rsucit, nodoros
go down vb. a scdea (preuri), a se scufunda (o nav, etc.)
go in for vb. 1. a lua parte la (o competiie, etc.); 2. a se ocupa cu
go round to vb. a face o vizit
go up vb. a crete (preul, etc.)
go without vb. bineneles, se nelege de la sine
goal-keeper s. portar
grant vb. 1.a acorda; 2.a aproba (o cerere, etc.); 3. (d. sume de bani) a aloca
greatness s. for, putere
greenhouse s. ser
grimly adj. cumplit
grounds s. teren
grove s. crng, pdurice
grudge-bearing person s. persoan ranchiunoas
219
grumble vb. a mormi, a bodogni

guru (media guru) s. expert n mass media
guy s. (sl.) tip, individ
H
habitat s. loc de batin
hairstylist s. coafor de lux
halve ground travel vb. a njumti timpul de cltorie terestr
handling s. manevrare, mnuire
handmade adj. manual, de mn
hang about vb. a hoinri
hassle s. ceart, har, agitaie
heading s. titlu
helmet s. casc
hold on vb. (fam.) a atepta
hostel s. cmin (studenesc, etc.)
household appliance s. aparatur casnic
housing policy s. plan general adoptat de guvern sau un partid pentru acordare de
locuine
hundred fold increase s. majorare nsutit
hurricane s. uragan; hurricane-lamp s. felinar de vnt
I
idle adj. lene
impudence s.obrznicie, arogan
in-house adj. n cadrul instituiei; intern
in-service adj. n slujb, n funcie; cu norm ntreag
incoming-train s. tren care vine
inconvenience s. inconvenien, neplcere
industrious adj. silitor
initiate vb. a iniia
interest s. dobnd; interes
interfere vb. a se amesteca
intrude vb. a veni nepoftit
invoice s. factur
involved adj. implicat
item s. articol, o singur pies, subiect

220
J
jam s. 1. gem; 2. ambuteiaj
jargon s. jargon
jest s. glum, fest
joystick s. man
juggler s. scamator, jongler
juniper s. ienupr
K
keen (on) adj. (fam.) pasionat
keep hold vb. a apuca
keep out vb. a mpiedica, a feri
keyboard s. claviatur
kick out vb. (fam.) a da afar
kid vb. a tachina
L
labour s. munc fizic sau intelectual; for de munc
lack s. lips
lawn tennis s. tenis de cmp
layer s. strat
leaf vb. a frunzri (o carte); s. frunz; pagin a unei cri
leafy adj. acoperit de frunze
leaflet s. foaie volant; brour
leave off vb. a lsa haina
leek s. praz
left luggage locker s. depozit de bagaje
leisure s. timp liber
letter of credit s. scrisoare de credit, acreditiv
listenership s. public
litigation s. (jur.) litigiu; discuie, ceart
livelihood s. mijloace de trai
lobby s. marele vestibul din camera comunelor; sal de ateptare; grup de influen
lobster s. (zool.) homar
long-lasting adj. rezistent
look forward to vb. a atepta cu nerbdare
look up vb. 1. a cuta informaii, a controla, a verifica; 2. (fam.) a se mbunti
lounge s. hol
luncheon voucher s. tichet de mas

221
M
magazine s. revist
magnate (media magnate) s. magnat (syn. mogul, tycoon)
mahogany s. mahon
maintenance s. ntreinere
make up vb. a inventa, a nscoci, a fabula
make up ones mind vb. a se hotr
mall s. alee; complex comercial
maple s. arar
march vb. (mil.) a mrlui, a defila
marquee s. cort mare, umbrar (folosit pentru expoziii)
mast s. (mar.) catarg
maze s. labirint, complicaie, confuzie
mean adj. meschin
memorandum (-a) s. memorandum, raport
moth s. molie
mother tongue s. limba matern
motorway s. autostrad
mussel s. (zool.) midie (un tip de molusc bivalv)
mutter vb. a bombni, mormi
N
native speaker s. vorbitor de limb matern
necklace s. colier
network s. reea
newscaster s. vezi newsreader
newsreader s. prezentator de tiri
nod assent vb. a consimi
north-bound train s. tren n direcia nord
nursery s. camer pentru copii; (fig.) pepinier
O
oarsman s. vsla
oatmeal s. fin de ovz, terci de ovz
obviously adv. evident
offside adj. / adv. n afara terenului
on the dole (expr.) alocaie de omaj
222
outfit s. echipament
outgoing adj. sociabil i prietenos
outgoing train s. tren care pleac (antonim: incoming train)
output s. producie
outskirts s. periferie
overreact vb. a reaciona exagerat
overseas adv. extern, n strintate
overtake vb. a depi
overturn vb. a rsturna
own vb. a deine, a poseda
P
palm tree s. palmier
pantry s. cmar
parsley s. ptrunjel
pay off vb. a achita
pen-friend s. prieten prin coresponden
pencil-sharpener s. ascuitoare
pending adj. care ateapt o rezolvare, neterminat
persuasive adj. convingtor
pervasive adj. ptrunztor, care se rspndete pretutindeni
pet adj. favorit, iubit (d. animale)
phrase book s. dicionar de expresii
pick up vb. a ridica, a culege
pin s. ac de gmlie
pine s. pin
pine-needled adj. cu frunze ascuite de pin
pitcher s. juctor care arunc mingea
plaice s. (iht.) pltic
plenty s. belug, bogie; ~ of o mulime de
plumber s. instalator
postgraduate degree s. diplom de studii postuniversitare
praise s. a luda
prawn s. crevete
precis s. (fr.) expunere scurt, rezumat
premises s. locuin cu anexe i dependine
print media s. mijloace media tiprite (ziare, reviste, etc.)
printing press s. main de imprimat, tiprit
prompt vb. a ndemna la aciune; s. replic
223
prospects s. perspective
pub s. (short for public house) local, bar, braserie
purchasing officer s.funcionar al departamentului achiziii
pursue s. a urmri
put off vb. a amna
put up with vb. a suporta, a tolera
Q
quay s. (mar.) chei, dig portuar
R
rank s. rnd, ir
rate s. ritm, vitez
rating s. evaluare
razor s. brici
referee s. arbitru
regatta s. ntrecere nautic
refund s. restituire
rely on vb. a se bizui
remains s. resturi
resurgence s. renatere, renviere
retail s. (vnzare n) detaliu
reveal vb. a dezvlui
reward s. recompens
riddle n. ghicitoare
rowing s. canotaj
rudder s. crm
ruin vb. ruin, distrugere
run a business vb. a conduce o afacere
runway s. albie de ru; potec; pist de decolare; parcurs
S
sack vb. a concedia
sales manager s. director de vnzri
salmon s.(iht.) somon
sample s. mostr
savings s. economii
scheme s. proiect, plan, stratagem
224
scholar s. savant, discipol

scholarship s. burs
scissors s. pl. foarfece
score s. (aici) partitur
scrawl s. scriere neglijent, mzglitur
seafaring adj./ s. care cltorete pe mare; navigator
see smb. off a conduce pe cineva la gar, aeroport, etc.
selfish adj. egoist
semi-detached adj. (d. case) lipit de alt cas printr-unul din ziduri
senior s. 1. senior, mai mare n vrst sau rang; 2. (amer.) student n anul IV
set ones heart on vb. a-i canaliza eforturile asupra obinerii unui lucru
set out vb. a prezenta, a arta (motive, etc.)
set to work vb. a ncepe lucrul; a se apuca de lucru
set up in vb. a stabili, a fixa
set up to vb. a hotr
set up vb. 1.a aranja; 2. a stabili; 3. a nfiina, a organiza; 4. a provoca; 5. a pretinde
shades of opinion s.( people of all shades of opinions) nuane (politice, etc.)
shake hands vb. a da mna n semn de salut, felicitare, acord
shareholder s. acionar
sheer adj. simplu, clar, curat
shellfish s. scoici; crustaceu
shift vb. a schimba, a transfera de la o persoan la alta, dintr-un loc n altul
shipper s. persoan sau firm care se ocup de transportul maritim al mrfurilor,
expeditor
shopping mall s. o strad cu magazine pe unde nu circul automobile
shorthand 1. s. stenografie; 2. adj. care duce lips de mn de lucru, cu personal
insuficient
show smb. round vb. a-i prezenta cuiva birourile, instalaiile etc. ynei companii
sit up vb. a se ridica; a sta n picioare; a trezi interesul
skill s. abilitate, aptitudine
skip-skipped-skipping vb. 1. a slta, a zburda; 2. a atinge n treact o chestiune; 3.
a rsfoi o carte
skipper s. cpitan
slang s. jargon; argou
slim adj. subire, zvelt; 2. (d. ocazii, anse, scuze) slab, redus, nesemnificativ; 3. (d.
venit) mic
slip of paper s. o fie de hrtie
slot a film vb. a ntrerupe un film pentru a difuza reclame
225
slot s. 1.or de vrf pentru vizionarea programelor TV; 2. spaiu rezervat

publicitii n timpul unei emisiuni TV
smart adj. detept, inteligent, ingenios
snooker s. un fel de biliard
soccer s. (fam.) fotbal
socialize vb. a socializa, a face sociabil
solicitor s. avocat consultant; consilier juridic
sophomore s. student n anul II
sorbet s. erbet
sound-track (soundtrack) s. band sonor, fundal sonor
sour adj. acru
spark s. scnteie; licrire
speak up vb. a vorbi deschis, desluit, tare
spy s. spion
squash s. joc asemntor cu tenisul
staff s. personal
stand-by ticket s. bilet care se va obine n urma eliberrii unui loc, bilet n
ateptare
stand for vb. a reprezenta, a simboliza
starter s. primul fel de mncare
stay vb. a sta, a rmne
steady adj. uniform, constant, regular
stilton s. varietate superioar de brnz din Stilton
stir vb. a mica; a amesteca; a agita
stoppage s. piedic; ntrziere; ntrerupere a lucrului
stranded adj. mpotmolit
strip s. fie, band
subject to vb. a supune (cu dat.)
suburb s. periferie
suite s. 1. apartament; 2. suit, cortegiu
summit s. 1. conferin la nivel nalt; 2. vrf
sunroof s. (auto.) parasolar
supplier s. furnizor
sweep vb. a mtura
swipe vb. 1. (fam.) a plezni ; 2. a fura
T
tag vb. a aduga, a anexa
take a fancy vb. a se simi atras de; a ndrgi
226
take booking vb. a se retrage din (club, etc.)

take off vb. a dezbrca, a scoate
take over vb. a prelua
take the stress out of the telephone vb. a relaxa conversaia
tedious adj. plictisitor, obositor
tennis court s. teren de tenis
thached adj. acoperit cu paie
theft s. furt, hoie
therapist s. terapeut
thriller s. roman sau film poliist, de suspans
tidy adj. curat, ngrijit, ordonat
tie-up s. impas
time off s. timp liber
tip s. baci
to be driven to fury vb. a fi scos din srite, a deveni furios
to take to vb. a se apuca de
topic s. subiect, tem
tour vb. a vizita, a cltori
touring bike s. biciclet de curse
tournament s. competiie sportiv, concurs
tramp s. vagabond
transact vb. a trata o afacere
trespass v. a nclca proprietatea cuiva
trifle s. fleac, lucru de nimic
tumble out vb. (fam.) a se trezi, a se detepta, a face ochi
turn back vb. a abandona
turn smth. down vb. a refuza
turn out vb. a produce, a fabrica
turn professional vb. a deveni profesional
turnover s. cifr de afaceri
tutor s. 1.profesor particular, meditator 2. preparator (universitile engleze); 3.
asistent (universitile americane)
U
undertaking s. 1. ntreprindere, aciune; 2. garanie, promisiune
unemployed s. omer
unshrinkable adj. care nu intr la splat
227
V
vacuum cleaner s. aspirator
veined adj. cu nervuri
venture s. aciune riscant, speculaie comercial
voucher s. 1. dovad, act justificativ; 2. chitan; 3. act de garanie
vow s. jurmnt
W
wallpaper s. tapet
weave vb. a ese
welfare s. bunstare, prosperitate; asisten social
whisper vb. a opti
whistle vb. a fluiera, a uiera
winding s. cotitur, sinuozitate
wipe out vb. a ndeprta, a terge, a suprima
workmanship s. ndemnare, miestrie, oper de art
workshop s. atelier, secie
wounded adj. rnit
wrist s. ncheietura minii
Y
yeast s. drojdie de bere
Z
zeal s. zel
228

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UNIVERSITATEA SPIRU HARET

EDITURA FUNDAIEI ROMNIA DE MINE

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei

Cursul se adreseaz studenilor de la facultile cu profil economic

Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine, 2004

Redactor: Janeta LUPU

n contextul actual n care procesele economice i culturale tind spre

STOP AND CHECK

Universitatea SPIRU HARET

LISTA ABREVIERILOR 213

Universitatea SPIRU HARET

4. She never studied English but she managed to it by

2. Read each text quickly and find out who:

Im Angela Maria Gutierrez from Cartagena in Colombia. I love listening to

Im Faryal Ahmed and Im from Pakistan. Ive been studying business

Universitatea SPIRU HARET

Universitatea SPIRU HARET

3. What are the countries where English is spoken as:

Nicks parents were born in Australia.

Have you ever spoken English with a native speaker?

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3. (grammar/ vocabulary/ speaking/ writing/ reading/ listening/

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They will have been waiting

Youre listening to my explanation.

Use be with the past participle

Paper is made of wood.

Use have with the past

He has worked in several countries.

Use will with short infinitive

We will know the results tomorrow.

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Universitatea SPIRU HARET

company ('kmp@ni) n,[C] pl.-nies 1. A number of people gathered together;

The company marched all day long.

2. Choose the most suitable word or phrase given:

I succeeded in my job through hard .

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Who do you work

I am thinking about my next holiday.

2. Make questions with you from the sentences:

Where do you come

I speak two languages (How many?)

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The teacher will bring our papers next week.

4. Write questions for the answers:

What .. your father do?

In pairs, answer the questions about you.

Universitatea SPIRU HARET

5. Contradict sentences a-j by giving the right information.

My father has got ten brothers and sisters.

6. Match a question in column A with an answer from column B.

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You speak French, dont you?

We are having a meeting today, . ?

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Catherine left on a trip to Rome last summer, .?

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What gives you most information, the papers or the radio?

Where does August come before July?

Universitatea SPIRU HARET

Universitatea SPIRU HARET

Universitatea SPIRU HARET

_________. Well, _ I may