DIANA KINCES

TNAD. Ghid cultural istoric

.
TNAD. A Cultural Historical Guide

Editura Muzeului Stmrean

2015
Fotografii: echipa de proiect, Anca Deaconu, Romulus Matian, Radu Butcovan
Traducere: Nadia Corsuc (ucr.), Ancua Hozan (engl.)
DTP: Cristina Busuioc

Mulumim celor care ne-au sprijinit la redactarea acestui ghid: Anca Deaconu, Roxana Chioran

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naionale a Romniei

KINCES, DIANA
Tnad: ghid cultural istoric / Diana Kinces. Satu Mare:
Editura Muzeului Stmrean, 2015
ISBN: 978-973-1843-79-7

Foto coperta 1: Tnad, vedere general a oraului din zona staiunii

Foto coperta 4: Tnad, sf. sec. XIX
 Tnad. Ghid cultural - istoric
Oraul Tnad este situat n partea de sud vest a judeului
Satu Mare, ca unitate administrativ teritorial avnd n
componena sa i satele Sruad, Cig, Valea Morii, Blaja i
Raiu. Principalele axe de comunicaie prin care se realizeaz
conexiunea cu localitile nvecinate sunt reprezentate de
DN 1F (Zalu Tnad Carei), DJ 191C (Tnad Marghita),
DJ 108M, DJ 195D, DJ 109P, DJ 108L i calea ferat Jibou -
Srmag - Tnad - Carei.
Altitudinea la care se afl localitatea Tnad este cuprins
ntre 134 m (satul Valea Morii) i 229 m (vrful colinei pe care
este amplasat o parte din intravilanul oraului).
Compoziia etnic i religioas a oraului este variat i
complex, locuitorii fiind romni, maghiari, vabi, ucraineni
i romi. Populaia oraului, conform ultimului recensmnt
din anul 2011 este de 8411 locuitori, n scdere fa de anii
anteriori. Numrul locuitorilor oraului reprezint 2,6% din
populaia judeului. Densitatea populaiei se ridic la aproape
100 de loc./km. Din punct de vedere confesional exist n ora
4191 ortodoci, 1546 romano-catolici, 234 greco-catolici, 2195
reformai, 41 baptiti, 71 penticostali i restul alte diferite culte
neoprotestante.
Vestigii arheologice
Patrimoniul arheologic al zonei provine din spturile
efectuate pe teritoriul oraului Tnad, dar i n zona limitrof
a acestuia, n localitile ce pot fi considerate ca aparinnd
hinterlandului acestuia. Zona Tnadului este bogat n
vestigii arheologice, ca urmare a condiiilor bune de trai pe
care le asigur relieful variat, ce include ecosisteme de deal,
cmpie i mlatin.
n decursul anilor n aceast zon au fost efectuate cercetri
arheologice la Cehlu, Cua, Tnad, Blaja i Sruad. De
asemenea, vestigii arheologice au fost descoperite ntmpltor,
la suprafa sau cu ocazia realizrii unor lucrri edilitare.
Pentru epoca neolitic cele mai interesante descoperiri
au fost realizate n zona trandului din Tnad. Aici, n valea
prului Cehal, cu ocazia lucrrilor de construcie au fost
descoperite vestigii ale culturilor Cri (neolitic timpuriu) i Tisa
(neolitic trziu), precum i locuine i construcii gospodreti
ce conineau ceramic (uneori pictat), unelte de piatr
(topoare, lame, rzuitoare). Vestigii neolitice s-au mai gsit n
localitile Cehal, Cehlu, Blaja i Tnad.
Epoca cuprului i perioada de tranziie spre epoca bronzului
sunt reprezentate de culturile arheologice Tiszpolgar,
Coofeni, Baden, ale cror vestigii s-au descoperit la Tnad,
Sruad i Blaja.
Artefacte deosebit de interesante aparinnd epocii
bronzului au fost descoperite la Sruad (cultura Otomani),
Cehlu i Tnad (cultura Hajdbagos-Cehlu), evideniindu-
se uneltele realizate din corn de cerb, tipare pentru turnat
obiecte de bronz, vase ceramice, respectiv arme, unelte i
podoabe de bronz.
Pentru perioada de la nceputul epocii fierului descoperiri
spectaculoase au fost realizate la Cua. Pe insula cunoscut
sub numele Sighet a existat o mare aezare fortificat, ce avea
rol de centru tribal.
Spturile arheologice efectuate pe raza localitilor Tnad
3
(zona trandului), Cehal, Blaja i Cehlu au scos la lumin
vestigii din perioada epocii romane, ce atest prezena dacilor
i a germanilor pe aceste meleaguri. Cultura material a acestor
populaii demonstreaz un schimb intens cu zona provincial
roman. Descoperirile arheologice din zon, validate
de mrturii istorice, certific vechimea i continuitatea
vieuirii umane pe actuala vatr a Tnadului, din neolitic
i pn n zilele noastre.
Istoricul localitii
Etimologia denumirii oraului Tnad este destul de
nuanat, ntruct nu s-au gsit documente oficiale
care s se pronune consecvent n acest sens. Istoricul
Petri Mr, referindu-se la topicul Tnad, n lucrarea
sa intitulat Szilgy Vrmegye Monographija",
publicat la Budapesta n patru volume, ntre anii 1901
1904, ncearc s-l explice i s-l argumenteze ntr-o
prim variant, pornind de la realitile geografice
ale locului, respectiv de la arealele umede din lunca
Cehalului, unde trestia (nd, n maghiar) crete
din abunden n cuvetele acoperite de ape, n
perioadele ploioase formnd adevrate lacuri
(t, n aceeai limb). Rezult astfel un cuvnt
compus, T-s-nad, semnificnd lacul cu
trestie, topic atribuit de localnici zonei din
partea de sud-est a localitii, unde o astfel
de formaiune hidrografic i biogeografic
ar fi existat n vremurile de demult, iar
prin extrapolare, el a fost atribuit i aezrii
edificate pe malurile acestuia.
O alt opinie susinut de acelai autor face
trimitere la o adnotare a lui Anonymus, notarul
regelui Bla al III-lea, care menioneaz n Gesta
Hungarorum c regele Arpad a trimis n zon o
ceat de clrei condus de Tas (Thosu), ce i-a
stabilit tabra lng un lac cu trestie. Astfel a aprut sintagma
Tasnadja, denumirea plantei fiind asociat de aceast dat cu
numele conductorului de oaste i semnificnd trestia lui Tas.
Ca urmare, topicul de Tnad, cel mai probabil de origine
maghiar (cu trimitere direct la un loc mltinos)
a suferit de-a lungul timpului numeroase adaptri
semantice, determinate i de forma lui parial diferit n
limbile romn i german, cum ar fi: "possessio Tasnad"
(1246); Tasnad (1279); Thasnad (1299), Oppidum
Thasnad (1456), Taschnath (1600); Taschnad (1753);
Tosnd, Tesndu, Tressenberg, Trestenburg (1808);
Tasnd (1854), Tnad (1929).
Tnadul a fost atestat documentar pentru
prima dat n perioada imediat urmtoare primei
invazii mongole, din anul 1246. Din punct de vedere
administrativ, aezarea fcea parte n acele vremuri
din comitatul Solnocul de Mijloc (viitorul Slaj). Mai
important este ns statutul su n administraia
ecleziastic a marii episcopii romano-catolice a
Transilvaniei: el a reprezentat, pe tot parcursul
evului mediu, centrul vicariatului de dup Mese
al Episcopiei. ntreaga aezare era de altfel n
proprietatea episcopului de Transilvania,
cu reedina la Alba Iulia. n poziia de
vicar de dincolo de Mese al episcopului
Transilvaniei, funcie documentat din anul
1301, a fost numit ncepnd cu secolul al XV-
lea, n mai multe rnduri, parohul de Tnad,
n timp ce anterior aceast funcie fusese
deinut de plebanul din Satu Mare sau Mintiu.
Jurisdicia vicarului episcopal s-a extins asupra
arhidiaconatelor Stmar, Solnoc i Ugocea.
n 1456 a primit statutul de oppidum (trg),
ajungnd s reprezinte ceva mai puin dect un
ora, ns o localitate mult mai important dect
4
un simplu sat. Treptat, Tnadul a ajuns cel de-al doilea trg Un document din secolul al XVIII-lea, publicat de Petri Mr,
important n comitatul Solnocul de Mijloc, dup Zalu. Dou relev dimensiunile domeniului care, n timpul Bathoretilor,
decenii mai trziu, regele Ungariei, Matei Corvin, i-a acordat avea centrul la Tnad. Acesta cuprindea un numr de 20 sate,
episcopului Transilvaniei permisiunea de a construi o cetate situate n zona vestic a comitatului Solnocu de Mijloc i n
din lemn sau piatr pe moia sa din Tnad. Despre forma sau comitatul Bihor: Blaja, Cehal, Cehlu, Valea Morii, Cig, Sruad,
istoria fortificaiei construite nu avem aproape niciun fel de Cua, Ghenci, Satu Mic, eghea, Sceni, Camr, Almau
date. Ultima meniune a castelului din Tnad dateaz din Mare, umal, Boianu Mare, Doh, Giungi, Mldia i Bobota. n
anul 1563, cnd acesta se afla n posesia lui Balassa Menyhrt. ceea ce privete viaa locuitorilor din zon, primele date mai
Tnadul i domeniul format n jurul acestuia a rmas una complete ne parvin abia din perioada premodern. Conform
dintre componentele Principatului Transilvaniei imediat dup statutului su de centru regional, Tnadul avea un numr
formarea acestuia, la jumtatea secolului al XVI-lea. n timpul mare de locuitori. n 1742, aici locuiau 201 familii, dintre care
domniei lui Gabriel Bethlen, domeniul a fost donat de principe 35 de familii de nobili.
fratelui su, tefan Bethlen, ajungnd pe aceast cale n posesia
soiei acestuia, Szchy Mria. Potrivit urbariului din anul 1569,
Tnadul avea anumite privilegii dar i obligaii de trg feudal.
Locuitorii lui erau supui feudali i obligai la prestaii feudale.
Trgul Tnad, la acea dat, era unul din cele mai mari din nord
vestul Transilvaniei, avnd nscrise 319 nume, fr distincie.
Existau i anumite taxe pe care trebuiau s le achite cum ar fi:
plata unui cens de 100 de florini pe an, daruri (munera), erau
scutii de a da none din semnturi, dar trebuiau s dea dijm
din gru, secar, orz, alac i ovz. De asemenea, Tnadul era
un mare productor de vin, dar locuitorii nu erau obligai s
dea non din vin, ci ddeau dijm din acesta. Mai era i dijma
porcilor, dar i dijm din miei i stupi. Se preciza c mpratul ar
fi deinut o piscin, ce era lipsit de pete. Privilegii aveau cei
nou venii n Tnad, care-i construiau locuine, fiind scutii de
dri, servicii i sarcinile obinuite pentru o anumit perioad n anul 1779 domeniul Tnad a intrat n posesia contelui
de timp. careian Krolyi Antal. Trgul s-a transformat n scurt timp ntr-
Tot ca o donaie a principelui Transilvaniei, Tnadul i-a unul dintre centrele de colonizare a vabilor, ajuni aici din
schimbat din nou proprietarii n anul 1648, ajungnd n posesia localitile vecine. Familiile de vabi i apoi cele de evrei stabilite
lui Gheorghe Rkczi. Acesta i-a construit n localitate o curie n localitate, au dinamizat viaa economic a Tnadului, n
din piatr, centru al domeniului din zona Tnadului. Potrivit special n domeniul meteugurilor i a comerului. Trgul a
istoricului maghiar Petri Mr se pare c n anul 1658 ttarii i devenit un important centru al breslelor meteugreti care
turcii au incendiat localitatea Tnad, care a rmas pustie, fiind beneficiau deja de o anumit tradiie n zon. Multe dintre cele
locuit n urma catastrofei de doar 3 - 4 familii.

5
mai importante bresle din Tnad: cele ale olarilor, tbcarilor,
cizmarilor, curelarilor au primit privilegii importante n anul
1837.
Recensmntul din anul 1850 consemna la Tnad 3077 de
locuitori distribuii din punct de vedere etnic n 321 de romni,
2326 maghiari, 285 evrei i 45 romi, iar din punct de vedere
confesional regsim 338 greco-catolici, 1017 romano catolici,
1340 reformai, 2 evanghelici i 285 izraelii. n anul 1857
Tnadul avea 627 de case cu un numr de 3014 locuitori, din
care 1328 erau reformai, 1132 romano-catolici, 285 izraelii,
257 greco-catolici i 2 ortodoci. n localitate existau 4 preoi,
40 de funcionari, 4 avocai, 11 responsabili de situaia sanitar,
153 de proprietari de pmnt i 269 industriai. Recensmntul
din anul 1900 nota la Tnad 4274 de locuitori, ce locuiau n
731 de case realizate cele mai multe din chirpici, pmnt i
lemn i foarte puine din piatr sau crmid, acoperite cu paie
sau trestie, indril i foarte puine cu igl.
Un eveniment important din istoria localitii l-a reprezentat
nfiinarea bncii Vulturul, ce-a de-a treia banc romneasc
din jude, deschis n anul 1908, n urma eforturilor ntreprinse
de civa preoi, avocai, nvtori, dar i simpli rani din
Tnad i satele din jur, cu scopul acordrii de ajutor financiar
proprietarilor cu spirit ntreprinztor, impulsionnd astfel
viaa economic a zonei. Activitatea bncii a avut un caracter
preponderent agrar ajutnd n special lumea satelor unde
investiiile erau mai modeste, dar s-a implicat i n domeniul
cultural sprijinind activitatea Astrei. Activitatea bncii a
continuat pn n anul 1947, sub conducerea directorului
Pintea Vasile. Un rol central n aceast iniiativ l-a avut avocatul
dr. Coriolan Steer, membru n conducerea bncii nou nfiinate
i una dintre personalitile marcante ale vieii economice,
politice i culturale ale Tnadului din acea perioad. El a fost
preedinte al desprmntului Tnad al Astrei, implicat intens
n activitatea de culturalizare a populaiei din zon, jucnd un
rol important n cadrul evenimentelor care au marcat decisiv
primele decenii ale secolului al XX-lea. A fcut parte din Consiliul
Naional Romn - Tnad, fiind delegat ca reprezentant al
Cercului electoral Tnad la Marea Adunare Naional de
la Alba Iulia (1 Decembrie 1918), unde dobndete statutul
de membru al Marelui Sfat Naional Romn. La alegerile din
noiembrie 1919 este ales n unanimitatea senator al cercului
Tnad.
n perioada urmtoare integrrii Transilvaniei n Romnia,
Tnadul a continuat s-i pstreze statutul de centru de plas.
Anii dintre cele dou rzboaie mondiale au fost caracterizai
de o dezvoltare economic lent, dar constant. n anul 1931
Tnadul era menionat ca i comun de sine stttoare, avnd
n componena sa i satele: Blaja (alipit Tnadului n anul
1929), Moara Banfi (azi Valea Morii) i Tnadul Nou.
Conform monografiei sanitare ntocmit de medicul de
circumscripie Nicolae Pop, la 28 iulie 1938, Tnadul avea o
suprafa de 3772 de hectare i 5860 de locuitori din care 1498
erau romni, 1463 erau maghiari, 1928 vabi i 782 evrei. Gradul
de analfabetism era foarte sczut, de doar 2-3%. Tnadul
era reedin de plas, avnd pretor (Gheorghe Pop), notar
6
(Ioan Opri), primar (Vasile Pustai), casier, post de jandarmi,
judectorie, dar i o colonie a Centrului de ocrotire a copiilor
din Oradea, cu 42 de copii n grij. Primria funciona ntr-o
cldire situat pe strada Regina Maria (azi Nicolae Blcescu)
lng coala de stat. Majoritatea locuitorilor se ocupau cu
agricultura, cultivau gru pe o suprafa de mai bine de 1000
de hectare, porumb (880 ha), orz, secar, aveau pomi fructiferi
i 400 de hectare cu vi de vie, fiind mari productori de vin,
creteau animale, n special porci i cornute mari, dar i cai, oi i
psri. Mai existau n localitate i 87 de comerciani, 3 industriai
i 149 de meseriai, funcionau 2 mori cilindrice, o fabric
de crmid, 7 brutrii, 9 mcelrii, un abator, 3 tbcrii, 2
ateliere de olar, un frnghier, un atelier de tmplrie artistic
i o uzin electric.
Strzile erau pavate cu piatr, n centrul localitii trotuarele
erau din asfalt i n rest din lemn. Iluminatul strzilor se fcea
cu electricitate. n acea perioad nu exista n comun nici spital,
nici dispensar, serviciile medicale fiind asigurate de spitalele
din Carei, imleu sau Zalu, n schimb existau 2 farmacii, un
medic de circumscripie, o asistent, 4 medici particulari i
2 medici dentiti. Majoritatea caselor erau construite din
pmnt (765), dar existau i case din zid (387) i foarte puine
din piatr (9), aveau 2 camere (558 de case) sau 3 camere (418)
i n cazuri mai rare 1 camer (71) sau mai mult de 4 camere
(185). La majoritatea caselor acoperiul era realizat din igl
(618) dar existau i case acoperite cu indril, paie, stuf sau
tabl. Gospodriile de la marginea oraului aveau fiecare grajd
pentru animale, spaios i bine ntreinut. Majoritatea caselor
erau nclzite cu sobe din font sau de teracot i tot mai puine
erau casele cu vatr. Fntnile erau majoritatea cu ghizd din
lemn sau piatr existnd i 15 fntni cu pomp i 4 izvoare.
n anul 1944, evreii din ora, nsumnd aproximativ 800 de
persoane, au fost internai n ghetoul din Satu Mare i apoi
transportai spre lagrele de exterminare din Polonia. Doar un
an mai trziu, dup ncheierea rzboiului, era rndul populaiei
vbeti din Tnad s fie transportat spre lagrele de munc
din URSS.
Dup ncheierea evenimentelor nefaste ale celui de al
doilea rzboi mondial, un moment notabil n viaa oraului
l-a reprezentat reforma administrativ din anul 1968, cnd
Tnadul redevine ora i este integrat n judeul Satu Mare.
Anterior el aparinuse regiunii Maramure, iar pn n 1948
a aparinut judeului Slaj. n perioada comunist, n ora
s-au nfiinat uniti industriale de prelucrarea lemnului, de
7
construcia mainilor i de industrie uoar. n anul 1978, pe
teritoriul oraului a fost descoperit un important izvor de
ape termale. Aproape imediat este nfiinat staiunea de bi
termale, care reprezint i la momentul actual una dintre cele
mai importante inte ale turismului balnear din ntreaga zon
stmrean.
n anul 1966 localitatea avea 5701 locuitori atingnd
maximum demografic n anul 1992, cu 8260 de locuitori. n
anul 2011, Tnadul fr satele aparintoare, avea 6859 de
locuitori din care 2745 de ortodoci, 1944 reformai, 1500
romano-catolici i 212 greco-catolici, iar restul aparinnd
diferitelor culte neoprotestante.
Cea mai important personalitate cultural din zona
Tnadului este episcopul greco-catolic Grigore Maior (1715-
1785), nscut la Sruad, care dup terminarea studiilor la
Roma devine profesor la renumita coal romneasc de la
Blaj. Este numit episcop de Blaj de ctre mprteasa Maria
Tereza, n aceast calitate el nfiinnd i susinnd numeroase
coli i biserici.
Oameni de valoare, intelectuali din sfera laic sau ecleziastic,
de origine din satele romneti din jurul Tnadului, au adus
o contribuie important nu doar la pstrarea contiinei
naionale a romnilor stmreni, ci i la mbuntirea calitii
vieii acestora. Nu trebuie s-i uitm pe Gavril Papp, parohul
protopop ortodox al Cigului, care a jucat un rol de frunte
n micarea lui Sofronie din Cioara (1760 1761); Ioan Pop
Suduranu (1792 1872), protopop la Sruad, participant la
Adunarea Naional de la Blaj din 1848; Matei Silvani, preot n
Blaja i Tnad n perioada paoptist; memorandistul George
Filepp (1823 1895), avocat la Tnad; Ioan Eugeniu Cucu (1837
1870), deputat dietal de Tnad n Parlamentul Ungariei;
Demetriu Coroianu junior (1842 1924), preot, membru i
preedinte al Astrei Tnad, delegat la Marea Unire de la
Alba Iulia; Andrei Cosma (1843 1918), avocat i protopretor
al cercului Tnad, memorandist i membru fondator al
Bncii Vulturul; Vasile Murean (1843 1925), notar al
districtului protopopesc Sruad, memorandist i membru
al desprmntului Tnad al Astrei; Vasile Sfura (1843
1925), preot la Blaja, membru activ al Astrei Tnad i membru
fondator al Bncii Vulturul; Vasile Ptcaiu (1844 1932),
secretar de cancelarie la pretura plii Tnad, memorandist
i membru al desprmntului Tnad al Astrei, participant
la Marea Unire din 1918 alturi de constenii si din Hotoan;
Patriciu Loboniu (1847 1923), preot n Silva, Valea Morii i
Cean (unde ridic biserici de zid), membru al Astrei; Augustin
Ossian (1858 1929), memorandist i delegat la Marea Unire;
George Stanciu junior (1863 1926), preot n Sruad i
Tnad; preotul Antoniu Bliban (1867 1947), colaborator al
lui George Pop de Bseti, memorandist i susintor al unirii
de la 1918; Teodor Murean nvtor n Blaja i membru n
Marele Sfat Naional de la Alba Iulia; avocatul dr. Coriolan Steer
(1879 1924); preotul Ioan Loboniu (1880 1955), director al
Bncii Vulturul; Ioan Ardeleanu senior (1908 1974) i muli
alii.
De asemenea, Tnadul este locul natal al mai multor
personaliti tiinifice i culturale de renume internaional,
ntre care se remarc Br Lajos (1856-1931), celebru biolog i
etnograf; Petri Mr (1863 1945), scriitor i autor al Monografiei
8
comitatului Slaj (1901 1904); Nti Krolyi (1892 1954),
scriitor de piese de teatru i scenarist; sculptorul Smuel
Keresztesi (1893 1794), medaliat cu aur la expoziia mondial
de la Paris; regizorul Harag Gyrgy (1925 1985) dar i artitii
Petkes Jszef (1928-) i Vnig Laszl (1930 2013). Amintirea
acestor personaliti este pstrat prin busturile i plcile
comemorative ridicate de comunitate n ora.
NVMNT
Atestarea documentar a primei forme de nvmnt din
localitate dateaz din anul 1544. n cursul secolului al XIX-lea
funcionau n localitate 2 coli primare confesionale cu predare
n limba maghiar, iar spre sfritul veacului s-a nfiinat o
coal romneasc a confesiunii greco-catolice.
Aceste coli au funcionat n paralel pn n anul 1911, cnd
coala romneasc a fost transformat n coal de stat. n anul
1910 colile confesionale din Tnad s-au unit i statul maghiar
a construit n centrul localitii o coal foarte impuntoare
cu 6 sli de curs, sal de conferine, birou i locuin pentru
director. n 1919 s-a reluat predarea n limba romn, coala
funcionnd n cldirea construit n anul 1910. Pentru
precolari exista o grdini nc n anul 1895, la nceput cu
predare doar n limba maghiar i apoi dup 1919 cu predare
n limba romn. Diversificndu-se n timp, procesul instructiv
educativ mbrac n prezent noi forme: grdinie cu program
normal i prelungit, coal primar i gimnazial, liceu, cu secii
de predare n limbile romn i maghiar.
Catedrala Ortodox Adormirea Maicii Domnului
Ca aezmnt, biserica exist din timpuri strvechi, ea fiind
construit din piatr n anul 1893 n locul celei de lemn, la
iniiativa preotului George Stanciu junior (1863 1926), avnd
hramul Sfntul Mare Mucenic Gheorghe.
ncepnd cu anul 1988, preotul Gheorghe Rezei i apoi
preotul Marian Crainic, mpreun cu credincioii pun, n jurul
bisericii, temelia unei noi biserici ncptoare, impozant i
necesar pentru comunitatea ortodox, cea mai numeroas
din ora. Biserica cu hramul Adormirea Maicii Domnului are
planul i forma de cruce n stil neobizantin, avnd o lungime
de 40 m, limea de 22 m i o nlime de 47 m. Bolta este
pictat n tehnica fresc, stil bizantin, iar iconostasul impozant
este sculptat de meteri moldoveni n lemn de stejar.
9
 Biserica Romano Catolic
Parohia romano-catolic a existat n Tnad nc din secolul
al XIII-lea i a funcionat pn n anul 1566, odat cu apariia
calvinismului. Dou secole mai trziu, odat cu colonizarea
vabilor catolici din Germania se reia activitatea cultului
romano-catolic n Tnad, care-i ineau la nceput slujbele
n capela familiei Cserey. Biserica a fost construit n perioada
1783-1784, din donaia Mariei Terezia, ns n urma distrugerilor
suferite biserica a fost demolat i s-a reconstruit una nou n
anii 1903 1905, dup planurile constructorului Stegmller
rpd, originar din Debrecen.
Ceasul a fost montat n turnul nalt de 42 m n anul 1905 de
meterul Mller Jnos din Budapesta, iar orga, mai veche dect
biserica a fost construit n anii 1870 de Angszter Jzsef din
Pcs.
Frumuseea bisericii este dat i de amvonul nalt de 6 m, de
altarele realizate la Budapesta, de statuile sculptate n lemn,
lucrate n Tirol i Moravia (1913-1917) i de cele trei capele:
Capela Sf. Ana (1823), Capela St. Antoniu (1908) i Capela Sf.
Ioan (1829).
Biserica Reformat
Biserica medieval a oraului Tnad, centru de protopopiat
pe parcursul evului mediu, i-a pstrat n ansamblu aspectul
original, fiind nscris pe lista monumentelor istorice.
Biserica se evideniaz n rndul bisericilor sal din trgurile
Transilvaniei, prin dimensiunile sale considerabile i lungimea
corului, acesta din urm amintind de planurile bisericilor
medicante. Construcia a fost ridicat n anul 1476, n perioada
lui Ladislau Gerb, episcop de Alba Iulia i rud a regelui Matei
Corvin. Edificiul se compune dintr-o nav dreptunghiular de
12,5x27m i un cor de 14,3m lungime.
Zidurile navei i ale corului au i acum ferestrele decorate cu
muluri splendide. Construcia a fost preluat de reformai n
secolul al XVI-lea. Ulterior, n 1660, n timpul invaziei turceti,
a fost grav avariat. Turnul vestic, baroc, s-a construit la
nceputul secolului al XIX-lea, iar porticul sudic mai trziu, n
form neogotic.
10
 Biserica Greco Catolic Naterea Preacuratei aducnd astfel n faa privitorului nelepciunea i ndemnarea
Fecioare Maria arhaic, simul formelor i culorilor, ingeniozitatea i miestria
Primul lca de cult al comunitii greco-catolice a fost o meterului ran. n muzeu sunt expuse i obiecte provenite
frumoas biseric de lemn ridicat n 1893. Noua biseric din spturile arheologice efectuate n zon.
a fost construit n 1996 avnd ca idee de creaie triunghiul
ce reprezint Sf. Treime. Fiecare latur reprezint o Persoan
divin: Tatl, Fiul i Sfntul Spirit. La subsol este amenajat un
amfiteatru destinat programului tinerilor cretini. Biserica i
srbtorete hramul Naterii Preacuratei Fecioare Maria, pe 8
septembrie.

Casa Muzeu Tnad

Casa rneasc amenajat la Tnad, peste drum de trandul
termal, a fost cumprat din localitatea Snmiclu, judeul
Satu Mare. Casa dateaz din 10 octombrie 1903, aceast dat
fiind marcat de constructor pe metergrind.

Muzeul Orenesc Tnad

Vechiul castel Cserey Fischer, construit n anul 1771,
adpostete astzi coleciile Muzeului Orenesc din Tnad.
Reorganizat n anul 1995 de ctre specialitii Muzeului
Judeean Satu Mare, muzeul prezint elemente specifice
culturii materiale i spirituale din zona Tnadului, mrturii
ale evoluiei istorice, predominnd aspectele creativitii de
tip tradiional. Muzeul se face remarcat ndeosebi datorit
existenei unor ateliere meteugreti complexe, n acest
sens slile expoziionale fiind structurate pe ideea prezentrii
principalelor ocupaii i meteuguri practicate n zon,

11
 n interiorul acesteia a fost amenajat n anul 2011 expoziia
permanent de istorie i arheologie local, alturi de interiorul
specific zonei de cmpie i de sub codru, sala meteugurilor i
depozitul uneltelor agricole. Interiorul reconstituit al camerei
curate, caracteristic zonei de cmpie i zonei Codru, ce avea rolul
de camer de oaspei, reflect ntocmai caracterul multietnic
i pluriconfesional al comunitilor convieuitoare. Dintre
atelierele meteugreti care i-au desfurat activitatea n
ora sunt reconstituite aspecte specifice atelierelor de tbcar,
de pantofar, de fierar i de olar. Organizat n spaiul destinat
cmrii, depozitul de unelte agricole reprezint o ncpere
tipic gospodriei tradiionale rneti din zona de cmpie.
Casa de Cultur
Centrul Cultural Tnad a fost nfiinat n anul 1926 fiind
condus de ctre directorul colii de stat din localitate, Gheorghe
Nichita. Pe lng acest centru cultural mai funciona n Tnad
i Cercul Cultural Dr. Ioan Nichita al crui preedinte era
acelai director al colii.
n cadrul centrului cultural funciona i o bibliotec care n
anul 1929 se bucura de nu mai puin de 224 de cititori. Misiunea
centrului cultural era aceea de a organiza diferite programe,
eztori, conferine populare, edine, serbri sau diferite
ntlniri, cu scopul de a strni interesul populaiei pentru
literatur, carte, port popular, dansuri i tradiii strvechi. De-a
lungul anilor activitatea centrului cultural a fost ntrerupt
n mai multe rnduri, dar misiunea ei a fost reluat periodic,
mbuntit i adaptat nevoilor comunitii pentru care
fiineaz.
Este o instituie reprezentativ n peisajul cultural al oraului,
care treptat i-a dobndit prestigiul unui adevrat focar de
cultur. Edificiul care adpostete instituia a fost construit n
anul 1909, fiind cazino al protipendadei locale. Funcioneaz
ca i Cas de Cultur din anul 1948. Dispune de o sal cu 100
de locuri, n care se organizeaz spectacole, conferine, lansri
de carte, cercuri de muzic etc.
Biblioteca Oreneasc Tnad
Tradiia crii pentru public i a lecturii organizate la Tnad
are origini ndeprtate, existnd aici o bibliotec accesibil
oamenilor nc din anul 1921 cnd s-a nfiinat n cadrul colii
de Stat din localitate, Biblioteca Nicolae Iorga. Anterior acestei
date funciona n localitate o bibliotec aparinnd confesiunii
romano-catolice i care deservea n principal populaia
maghiar. n anul 1926 n cadrul Centrului Cultural Tnad a
fost nfiinat i o bibliotec. n anul 1952 s-a nfiinat Biblioteca
Raional iar n anul 1968 primete statutul de Bibliotec
Oreneasc. Este o bibliotec de tip enciclopedic i cuprinde
dou secii: mprumut aduli i copii, iar din 2011 ofer un nou
serviciu de bibliotec BIBLIONET, dotat cu echipamente IT (4
calculatoare, scanner, imprimant, video proiector). Din anul
2012 instituia funcioneaz ntr-o locaie nou, modern,
dotat corespunztor.
Sala de spectacole UNIREA
Vechiul cinematograf al oraului a fost construit n anul
1911 i dispunea de 350 de locuri. El a fost realizat i datorit
12
sprijinului acordat de clubul tineretului, cel care se ocupa i
de promovarea i distribuirea proieciilor cinematografice.
Cinematograful era adresat unui public numeros, compact,
captnd pe lng pturile joase i mijlocii i preocuprile altor
categorii ale societii, ndeosebi ale intelectualitii.
n prezent servete ca sal de spectacole pentru diferite
evenimente culturale, dispunnd de o capacitate de 300 de
locuri.
Blaja
Localitatea a fost atestat documentar n anul 1454 sub
denumirea de Balashaza, aflndu-se la o distan de cca. 4 km
de ora. Teritoriul localitii a fost locuit nc din epoca neolitic,
fiind foarte bogat din punct de vedere al descoperirilor
arheologice, o mulime de toponimice din hotarul localitii
aducndu-ne aminte de sate mai vechi disprute astzi: Puszta,
Jola, Puste.
n evul mediu localitatea a aparinut domeniului Tnad
aflndu-se n posesia familiilor Szarvadi, Mindszenti, Balzshzi,
Vay etc. Petri Mr menioneaz c n anul 1631 Balzshzi Laszlo
deinea n localitate un conac. n secolul al XVIII-lea proprietar
al domeniului devine contele careian Karolyi Antal.
Recensmintele din secolul al XVIII-lea demonstreaz evoluia
demografic a satului i prezena majoritar a populaiei
romneti (1733 50 de locuitori iar n 1762 aproximativ 250
de locuitori romni ortodoci). Conscripia militar din anul
1797 amintete printre marii proprietari, familiile Blint, Guth,
Pelei, Halmgyi, Bnffy, Recsey i mai muli mici nobili romni:
familiile Uglai, Orosz, Darabant, Verdes etc. Este de asemenea
menionat preotul greco-catolic Oros Ioan i cantorul Oros
Teodor. Recensmntul din 1850 nota la Blaja 342 de locuitori
din care 296 erau romni, 24 maghiari i 19 evrei. Populaia a
ajuns la cel mai nalt nivel n anul 1956, avnd 441 de suflete,
dup care a urmat o scdere accentuat a numrului locuitorilor
ajungnd ca n anul 2011 satul s fie locuit de doar 202 locuitori,
din care 187 ortodoci, 3 romano-catolici i 4 reformai.
Petri Mr consemna c n anul 1872 exista n localitate o coal
confesional greco-catolic, ns pe parcursul secolului al XX-
lea coala confesional devenise de stat, ceea ce a contribuit
la o maghiarizare a populaiei, lucru pe care-l constata n anul
1937 nvtorul A. Vintil care a predat ntre anii 1934 1937
n Blaja i care nota pe o Evanghelie tiprit la Blaj n 1765 c
poporul nostru romn i-a pierdut limba, portul, obiceiurile n
aceast comun.
13
 Biserica Ortodox Sfinii Arhangheli Mihail i Gavril
Comunitatea romneasc din localitate i-a construit o
biseric de lemn nc din anul 1720. Ea este amintit din nou
n conscripia din anul 1733, dar i n cele ulterioare. n locul
vechii biserici de lemn, la iniiativa preotului Ioan Scridon, n
anul 1930 se pune temelia bisericii actuale din crmid, cu
hramul Sfinii Arhangheli Mihail i Gavril. Matricole parohiale
existau nc din anul 1824.
Dintre crile de cult vechi care au aparinut bisericii
amintim Evanghelia de la Blaj din anul 1765, Cazania tiprit
la Bucureti n anul 1768, un Polustav, tiprit la Blaj n anul
1793, un Penticostarion, tiprit la Blaj, 1808, Apostol, Blaj, 1814,
Octoih, Blaj, 1825.
Cig
Localitatea se afl la o distan de aproximativ 7 km de ora,
fiind atestat documentar n anul 1215 sub denumirea de
Sugu, Chug, iar din anul 1519 sub forma Chg care se va pstra
pe tot parcursul stpnirii maghiare (Csg).
n evul mediu localitatea a aparinut domeniului Tnad i
i-a avut ca stpni pe episcopul Transilvaniei, familia Csgi,
pe Habsburgi, ncepnd cu secolul al XVI-lea pe Gheorghe
Rkczy, iar n secolul al XVIII-lea apar ca stpni familiile
Wesselnyi, Vay i n fine familia grofului Krolyi. n anul 1569
localitatea aparinea de domeniul Tnadului i avea nscrii n
urbariu, 68 de capi de familie din care 24 de coloni cu sesie
ntreag (suprafa de pmnt), 34 de coloni cu jumtate de
sesie i 10 jeleri care locuiau n casele altora, deci o localitate
foarte mare, cu o populaie total de 350 400 de suflete!
n conscripia din anul 1733, ntocmit de Inochenie Micu
Klein i organele comitatului Solnocu de Mijloc, localitatea
apare ca i romneasc, avnd biseric ortodox din lemn n
frunte cu preotul Mihai. Existau 46 de contribuabili, aceasta
nsemnnd c localitatea avea cel puin 200 de locuitori. La
1750 conscripia ntocmit de Petru Pavel Aron nota n Cig
283 de locuitori, o biseric de lemn, un preot i un cantor.
n conscripia din anii 1760 1762 gsim n localitate 59 de
familii ortodoxe (cca. 320 de suflete), cu un preot i biseric i
doar o singur familie de greco-catolici. n conscripia nobililor
din 1797 apar ca mari proprietari familiile Cserey i Vay,
Tezaurariatul iar ca proprietari mai mici apar familiile Bnfy,
Csgi i un mare numr de nobili de origine romn: Vitz, Dek,
Gosa, Major Tgyer, Magyar, Demeter, Rjter, Ursz, Oros (care
aveau cas proprie n sat). Tot n lista nobililor erau trecui i cei
doi preoi Nagy Nicolae i Nagy Gheorghe (notai ca i romni)
i cantorul de la biserica romneasc, Bks Petre. n anul 1805
sunt reamintite familiile de mici nobili romni menionate mai
sus, aprnd n plus familiile: Balaban, Hodaszi, Racz. n anii
1819 1820 triau n Cig 13 familii de mici nobili, 74 de familii
de iobagi i 4 familii de libertini. Recensmntul din anul 1850
consemna 561 locuitori, din care 513 erau romni, 13 maghiari
i 34 evrei. n anul 1857 erau consemnai 537 de locuitori, din
care 489 erau greco-catolici, 21 reformai i 34 izraelii, fiind
menionai un preot, un funcionar, 62 de proprietari de pmnt
i 10 industriai. n anul 1910 localitatea avea 734 de persoane,
14
atingnd maximul n anul 1938 cnd Cigul avea 816 suflete,
din care 800 erau romni i 16 evrei. Urmeaz apoi o scdere a
populaiei, practic aceasta se njumtete ajungnd n anul
2011 la 401 suflete, din care 341 ortodoci, 7 romano-catolici,
13 greco-catolici, 11 reformai.
coala confesional a existat n sat paralel cu biserica, n 1878
nvtorul Nicolae Mureianu prednd n coala de lemn, la
nu mai puin de 50 de copii. Noua coala de crmid a fost
construit n 1902, iar din 1922 devine coal de stat.
Biserica Ortodox Sfinii Arhangheli Mihail i Gavril
Comunitatea romneasc din Cig a avut o biseric de lemn
nainte de 1733, ea fiind menionat n cadrul conscripiei lui
Micu Klein. Biserica de zid s-a edificat la iniiativa preotului
Grigore Pop, n anul 1886, costnd 10000 de koroane. n anul
1935 biserica greco-catolic a fost restaurat pentru suma de
40000 lei, fiind consemnat n Cartea de Aur a Slajului ca o
realizare de seam a comunitii. Iconostasul actual al bisericii
a fost realizat n 1976 de Bocskai Mihai din Crucior i pictat
de Grigore Popescu din Bucureti. Pictura interioar a fost
realizat de Constantinescu Mircea, n anul 1990.
Sruad
Localitatea este pomenit documentar din anul 1279, dar se
pare c menionri ale ei se gsesc n Registrul de la Oradea
din anii 1205 1235, unde se amintete de o localitate numit
Sorloud, identificat de unii istorici cu localitatea Sruad.
Descoperirile arheologice n zona Sruadului dateaz nc
din epoca neolitic i din epoca bronzului nelipsind nici
descoperiri din epoca medieval, mai ales din punctul Pusta
Sfntul Nicolae.
Exist o mulime de documente care ne vorbesc despre
proprietarii localitii n decursul evului mediu, dintre care
amintim: familia Pongrcz, Becski, Csaholy etc., dar foarte
important este faptul c nc din 1475, ntr-o list cu satele care-
i plteau drile ctre cmar regal aprea i voievodul din
Sruad (Zarwad wayvode) care dduse n numele iobagilor
din sat o sum de 18 florini i 3 dinari.
Abia de la nceputul veacului al XVIII-lea avem documente
care ne nfieaz, n primul rnd, situaia privind populaia
localitii, astfel la 1715 sunt amintii n localitate 13 capi de
familie iobagi, care plteau dri, din care 7 erau romni i
6 maghiari. Dup prerea istoricului maghiar Acsadi Ignat,
localitatea ar fi fost majoritar maghiar, fapt contrazis de
conscripia din anul 1733, cunoscut ndeobte sub numele
de conscripia lui Inochentie Micu Klein, unde Sruadul
era menionat ca localitate mixt, cu 51 de capi de familie i
cu preotul Precup, ortodox, care slujea n biserica de lemn a
satului. n anul 1750 localitatea era amintit cu 349 de locuitori,
avnd un preot i aparinnd de protopopiatul Bseti, alias
Sruad. La 1762 gsim notate 115 familii de ortodoci, dar fr
preot, 3 familii de greco-catolici i 2 preoi greco-catolici. La
1797 sunt notate n Sruad, ca mari proprietari, familiile Tisza,
Pechi, Ver, Ravazdi i Kabos iar ca mici proprietari, familiile
Banfi, Karolyi Iosif, More, Kover, Sandorhazi etc. n lista nobililor
apar familiile Pap, Odor, Szabo, Kincses, Petri, Szatmari, Barta
etc. De asemenea, sunt notai preoii Orsi Istvn, reformat i
15
Balint tefan, greco-catolic, cantorul Szakara Andrei, romn i
profesorul Kpes Smuel, reformat.
Statistici complete privind populaia localitii avem doar
ncepnd cu anul 1847, cnd gsim la Sruad 830 de locuitori,
din care 15 romano-catolici, 559 greco-catolici (romni), 1
luteran, 230 reformai i 25 de izraelii. Recensmntul din
1850 nota 1151 locuitori, din care 753 romni, 352 maghiari i
21 evrei. Recensmntul din 1880 consemna la Sruad 1093
de locuitori n 194 de case, din care 726 erau greco-catolici, 308
reformai, 22 romano-catolici, 28 izraelii i 9 evanghelici, fiind
notai i 216 tiutori de carte. n anul 1900 n localitate erau 961
de greco-catolici, 472 de reformai, 25 de evrei i un catolic.
coala confesional (nvtor Ioan Pop) o frecventau 112
copii, iar coala repetiional (coala de duminic) o frecventau
41 de tineri.
ntr-o monografie a colii din Sruad, redactat n anul 1933
de directorul colii, Vasile Ardelean, este menionat existena
unui cerc cultural Grigore Maior, un cerc al nvtorilor din
comunele Sruad, Cig, Sceni, Chegea, Pgaia i Resighea,
care avea menirea de a culturaliza populaia de la sate prin
intermediul unor programe i activiti bine conturate.
ns cel care a adus faima localitii este fr ndoial marele
episcop greco-catolic Grigore Maior, nscut n anul 1715 n
Sruad, cu studii strlucite la Cluj, Tirnavia i Roma, cu un
destin tragic, amintim c a fost exilat ntre anii 1764 1771
la mnstirea Sf. Nicolae din Mukacevo, i care a intrat n
eposul popular ca martir al luptei pentru drepturile romnilor
transilvneni (vezi Doina lui Grigore Maior). A rmas n memoria
documentelor prin excepionalele sale iniiative, mai ales n
domeniul nvmntului. A nfiinat cca. 200 de coli n vasta
sa diecez, o fundaie la Blaj, prin care, n fiecare an, 200 de
studeni sraci primeau pinea necesar pentru a supravieui
i a trimis la studii la Roma pe corifeii colii Ardelene, Gheorghe
incai, Samuil Micu i Petru Maior, fapt care i singur i-ar fi
asigurat nemurirea. De asemenea, Grigore Maior a dovedit
i verticalitate vis - a - vis de Curtea Imperial i de capitlul
episcopal, hotrnd s se retrag din funcia de episcop atunci
cnd i-a pierdut susinerea i ncrederea, trind n ultimii ani
1782 1785 retras n mnstirea din Alba Iulia, fiind regretat
amarnic de popor i de preoime. Prin faptele sale, prin
generozitatea sa (i-a lsat majoritatea averii pentru scopuri
cultural bisericeti), prin tragismul vieii sale, episcopul
Grigore Maior a rmas n memoria colectiv a zonei i astzi
locuitorii putnd s povesteasc ntmplri i fapte din viaa
acestui demn reprezentant al populaiei romneti din zon.
Biserica Ortodox Sf. Grigorie Teologul
Lcaul de cult actual, ortodox, este vechea biseric ridicat
n anul 1777 din iniiativa i cu sprijinul material al episcopului
greco-catolic Grigore Maior (1715-1795), modificat n anul
1900 (i s-a adugat altarul i i s-a nlat turnul cu 4 m) i
renovat n anul 2014, cnd i-a fost adugat i hramul Sfinii
Martiri Brncoveni. Cldirea bisericii, construit pe locul vechii
bisericue de lemn, are o singur nav cu o absid semicircular.
Turnul de deasupra navei are dispuse, pe fiecare latur, ferestre
semicirculare. Sub acestea sunt amplasate cte o fereastr
rotund, ce lumineaz primul nivel al turnului. Exteriorul
edificiului este tencuit n alb. Tot Grigore Maior a cumprat
16
pentru biseric un clopot de 200 kg, cu urmtoarea inscripie:
Acest clopot s-au versat pe se<a>ma bisericei romneci din
T<anad>Sarvad cu cheltuiela i vecinicii sale repaus archireul
Fagarasiului Grigorie Maior prin curatorie lui Petricas Ioan,
clopot care din pcate a fost distrus n timpul rzboiului.
bisericii are o nlime de 18 m, orga a fost construit n 1908
de Kerkgyrt Istvn din Debrecen. Amvonul de lemn, nalt de
4,30 m, este cel mai nalt amvon din zon. Cele dou clopote
din turn au fost turnate n 1904, respectiv 1924 la Arad, n
atelierul meterului Hnig Frigyes.

Din secolele XVIII XIX se pstreaz i lista preoilor care

Valea Morii
au slujit n Sruad, o parte din ei ndeplinind i funcia de
Este o localitate despre care documentele istorice ne vorbesc
protopop al districtului Tnad: Demetrius Taccs, tefan
c a aprut n secolul al XVIII-lea (n 1759 se amintete c era
Balint, Ioan Nobili (a ajuns canonic la Episcopia de Alba Iulia),
o colonie nu demult nfiinat), dezvoltndu-se n jurul morii
Vasile Neme, Ioan Ungur, Ioan Pop Suduranu (a ajuns canonic
unuia dintre marii proprietari nobili din Tnad, Vay Lszl.
la Episcopia Gherlei), Mihai Muste, Ioan Gallianu, Ioan Colceriu,
Conform tradiiei locale, nvtoarea Marinca Cristina, nota
Baziliu Criste, Teodor Vaida.
n anul 1929, c nceputul acestei localiti ar fi fost atribuit unui
Bustul episcopului, amplasat n curtea bisericii a fost dezvelit
romn Hara, venit n acest loc nainte de 1830. Acest Hara era un
la 7 noiembrie 2010 odat cu mplinirea a 225 de ani de la
iobag al unui baron maghiar Bnffy, care avea aici o moar de
trecerea n venicie a lui Grigore Maior.
ap. n urma unei inundaii moara ar fi fost complet distrus, iar
Hara pentru buna lui purtare, ar fi fost mproprietrit de baron
Biserica Reformat
cu loc de cas i cteva iugre de pmnt.
Biserica reformat din sat a existat nc nainte de reforma
n conscripia din anii 1760 1762 n localitate sunt notate
religioas, ea fiind construit n secolul al XVI-lea, cu o
19 familii de ortodoci (aproximativ 200 de suflete), neavnd
clopotni de lemn ce ar fi fost drmat la sfritul secolului
ns preot i biseric. Satul a cunoscut o dezvoltare accentuat,
al XIX-lea, ntreaga biseric fiind reconstruit din piatr. Turnul

17
ajungnd ca n anul 1846 s aib 253 de suflete greco-catolice.
n recensmntul din anul 1850 erau notai n localitate 181
de locuitori, din care 173 erau greco-catolici romni, 6 evrei
i 2 maghiari. n 1867 satul avea 213 suflete, dar deja aveau
un cantor docent la coala care funciona din 1856 i care se
ocupa de cei 15 copii.
Situaia se mbuntete n anul 1914 cnd aici se
consemneaz existena a 218 credincioi greco-catolici i a
unui numr de 44 de copii de coal. Conform ematismului
din anul 1930 n localitate triau 274 de credincioi greco-
catolici. Recensmntul din anul 2011 noteaz prezena unei
populaii n numr de 180, din care 149 ortodoci, 15 romano-
catolici i 6 greco-catolici.
Biserica Ortodox Sfinii Arhangheli Mihail i Gavril
Dintr-o monografie a colii aflm c oamenii din sat au
cumprat nc nainte de 1848 o biseric de lemn din Unimt,
pe care au adus-o la Valea Morii pe roi. De asemenea, un fapt
important este c se consemneaz existena de matricole
parohiale datnd din 1804, ceea ce ne atest prezena bisericii.
Mai trziu biserica ar fi fost distrus n urma unui incendiu.
n 1882 stenii i construiesc biserica actual din piatr,
nchinat Sfinilor Arhangheli Mihail i Gavril, construind de
asemenea i o coal din lut, n care i avea locuina cantorul
docent George Puca. Iconostasul actual al bisericii provine
din vechea biseric din Tnad.
De-a lungul timpului la biserica din Valea Morii au fost
donate de ctre diferii binefctori crile necesare pentru
slujba bisericeasc. Astfel se pstreaz un Octoih aprut la
Blaj n 1760 i care a aparinut parohiei Tnad, n care apare
o nsemnare ce-l pomenete pe administratorul parohial din
Tnad, care slujea i la Valea Morii: Petrisor Gergely Tasndi
adminystrator a Malomsregii 1833 14 martii. Pe o Cazanie
tiprit la Bucureti n 1768 apare nsemnarea: 1-a ianuarii
1835 Kozma Ioannis pio parocho Tasnadiensi et Maloms
regiensis 1849. Este de menionat faptul c pentru o anumit
perioad de timp biserica a aparinut de parohia Silva, astfel
c pe unele din crile care provin de aici se ntlnesc nsemnri
marginale i despre Valea Morii. Dintre nsemnri vom aminti
cele de pe un Molitvenic aprut n anul 1758 la Rmnic, care are
trei nsemnri extrem de importante pentru istoria localitii:
George Paca cantor i nvtor n Morabanfi pn n anul
1904, septembrie 29, Acest Euhologionu este a basericei
gr. cat. din Morabanfi, anul 1890 i 11 november i Ioanii
Marosan cantor n M.Banfiensis.
Raiu
Cea mai mic localitate component a oraului Tnad este
satul Raiu, amintit de documente n anii 1488 (Rath Rach)
i 1490 (Racz). Dar s-ar putea ca localitatea s fie datat i mai
devreme deoarece o diplom din 17 aprilie 1387 amintete
despre localitatea Cean i n hotarul ei de satul Raka, care s-ar
putea foarte bine s fie localiatea de astzi.
La nceputul secolului al XX-lea satul este populat cu etnici
ucraineni venii din Kalina, un sat de munte din raionul Teacevo.
Urmai ai primilor ucraineni din Raiu spun c ar fi cumprat n
18
zon, pmnt de la un proprietar pe nume Ioan Raiu, pentru a-l
cultiva i pentru a-i construi case. Primele familii venite n 1919
sunt Vecleni, Fiai i Mecle, apoi Mateleca, Cereuca, ubara,
Miculeac, Gaido, Kuin, Custra i preotul Bilanici. Un al treilea
val de ucraineni au venit n anul 1920, printre ei numrndu-se
familiile Crehul, Jedac, Petra, Karpa. Din zona Maramureului,
din Remei au venit familiile ofine i Dubovici. n anul 1948, o
mare parte a ucrainenilor prsesc satul i se ntorc n Ucraina
sau Cehia, rmnnd doar cei mai btrni sau care au creat
aliane. (informaii provenite de la dl. Ivan Petra, preedintele
Uniunii Ucrainenilor, filiala Tnad)
Dup al doilea rzboi mondial cteva familii din satele
sljene (Valcu, Lazuri, Preoteasa, Sg, Zalnoc) au nceput
s cumpere teren de la ucrainenii care prseau satul. Primii
sljeni stabilii n Raiu au fost familiile Junjan, Sabu i Bone,
iar mai apoi familiile Maruca, Rad, Astal, Ghilea, Seutea etc.
care au reuit s achiziioneze pmnt de multe ori pentru
sume mici sau chiar la schimb cu plinc, perne sau alte bunuri
materiale. (informator Victor Astal, 74 ani)
Locuitorii satului se ocupau cu tiatul lemnelor din pdurile
nvecinate, lemne ce erau apoi transportate la Tnad cu
vagonete trase de cai. Creterea animalelor i n special
oieritul, pomicultura i viticultura reprezentau ocupaia de
baz i sursa principal de venit. Drumurile din sat nu au fost
niciodat pietruite sau asfaltate, familii ntregi crescnd la
lumina lmpii.
n anul 1966 localitatea avea 61 de familii cu 263 de suflete,
din care 58 de familii erau ortodoxe, a urmat apoi o perioad
de declin accentuat a localitii, lipsit de curent electric i ci
de acces lesniciose, ajungnd n anul 1992 la 64 de locuitori,
iar n anul 2011 la doar 25 de suflete de confesiune ortodox.
Astzi au mai rmas n Raiu doar 15 locuitori.
Biserica Ortodox Sfinii Arhangheli Mihail i Gavril
Ucrainenii stabilii au construit iniial n vrful dealului
o biseric din brne, care se pare c ar fi fost cumprat din
satul vecin Blaja, iar mai apoi, peste civa ani, s-a construit
o biseric din chirpici, mai jos, n centrul satului. Pe lng
biseric preotul Bilanici a nfiinat o coal, n care i nva
att pe copii ct i pe aduli, limba romn i ucrainean.
n locul vechii biserici se construiete n perioada 1950
-1953 o biseric din crmid, dar care n 1954, n urma
unui trsnet arde iar acoperiul din paie este distrus
complet. Biserica este refcut n anul 1958 i exist i azi.
19
 ETNOGRAFIE
Regiunea etnografic a Tnadului se nscrie ca parte
component a zonei etnografice a Codrului, cu elemente
etno-culturale proprii, remarcndu-se i o interferen cu cele
caracteristice Stmarului i Slajului. Pe lng multitudinea
de fapte i fenomene comune, alturi de propriile valori de
civilizaie i cultur tradiional, zona prezint un numr de
particulariti cu abordri conturate sub forma unor trsturi
definitorii. Civilizaia tradiional romneasc, n modalitile
complexe de manifestare: port popular, folclor, tradiii,
arhitectur, ocupaii, s-a ntreptruns de-a lungul veacurilor
cu civilizaia i cultura popular maghiar i vbeasc, cu
trsturile lor specifice dar i cu cele de influen reciproc,
fapt ce confer acestor meleaguri atribute de multi i
interculturalitate.
Secole de-a rndul ocupaia tradiional a ranului a
constituit-o agricultura. n ansamblul sistemelor ocupaionale
tradiionale, cultivarea pmntului, cu practicile i tehnicile
sale agrare, pstreaz i n regiunea Tnadului o serie de
elemente reprezentative i definitorii pentru vechile modaliti
de practicare a agriculturii. Dintre tipurile de agricultur
cunoscute n zona Tnadului s-au practicat agricultura de
cmp i agricultura colinar, cultivndu-se ndeosebi porumb
i gru, dar i floarea soarelui i cnep.
Climatul geografic specific a determinat ca printre ocupaiile
primordiale s se situeze pomicultura i viticultura, ndeletniciri
dovedite de tradiie, dar i de documente. Astfel, prezena
culturii viei de vie este menionat documentar ncepnd
cu anul 1507 cnd se pomenete despre o donaie de vie la
Tnad. De asemenea, dintre pomii fructiferi erau cultivai peri,
meri dar i pruni.
Creterea animalelor, a cornutelor mari n special i pstoritul
au reprezentat de-a lungul timpului, pentru locuitorii din
aceste zone, ndeletniciri de baz i o surs important de
hran. Pstoritul nu s-a limitat nicicnd doar la un numr de
tehnici de uz practic, ci a constituit un fenomen complex de
cultur popular, o sum de modaliti de producie obteasc
cu un coninut material deosebit de bogat. Faptul c n
secolul al XIX-lea mai mult de o treime din suprafaa zonei era
acoperit de puni i fnee, reflect pe deplin posibilitile
materiale extrem de ntinse aflate la dispoziia acestei ocupaii.
Pstoritul rspundea nu doar problemelor de alimentaie, cei
care-l exercitau realizau de fapt i anumite meteuguri pentru
prepararea i prelucrarea unei game ntregi de produse din
materii prime de provenien pastoral.
Meteugurile reprezint o etap ocupaional avansat,
caracterizat prin tehnici de prelucrare a materiilor prime, a
resurselor obinute din natur prin intermediul ocupaiilor
20
tradiionale. Meteugurile erau practicate fie n ateliere
profesionale, fie pe strad ca activitate sezonier, sau ocazional
n trgul care se desfura sptmnal.
mai nti de toate, un rol funcional (pentru prepararea hranei,
pentru pstrat laptele i apa, pentru transportul mncrii la
cmp), astfel regsim oale pentru sarmale, oale pentru majun,
cratie, strecurtori, ulcioare pentru ap, pentru vin, farfurii, pipe
etc. Ceramica de Tnad are caracteristici tehnice i estetice
deosebite, redate prin simplitate i naturalee, folosindu-se
culori n nuane calde.

Domeniile de specializare a meterilor rspundeau cerinelor

traiului de zi cu zi al oamenilor din zon, centrndu-se
ndeosebi pe prelucrarea lemnului, fierului i a pielii. Atelierele
meteugreti produceau toate obiectele i instalaiile
necesare dotrii unei gospodrii, respectiv unelte utilizate n
activitile tradiionale din zon. Produsele finite, rezultate
ale muncii din ateliere erau vndute n trgurile organizate
sptmnal sau lunar n Tnad.
Dintre atelierele meteugreti care i-au desfurat
activitatea n ora trebuie menionate cele de tbcar, pantofar,
dogar, fierar, olar etc. O parte din aceste ateliere au fost expuse
n cadrul casei muzeu din incinta trandului din Tnad i astfel
ele reconstituie ntr-o manier inteligibil i sugestiv, arta
aproape uitat a meterilor din Tnad, astzi n totalitate
nlocuit de producia industrial. Specificul ceramicii produse la Tnad este dat de cromatica
Cel mai practicat meteug n Tnad a fost olritul. n vaselor, marea majoritate nesmluite, avnd stratul exterior
secolul al XIX-lea existau la Tnad nu mai puin de 20 de angobat, tehnic ce oferea i culoarea de fond, peste care
meteri olari, meteug transmis din tat n fiu, iar cei venii din se aplicau elemente decorative minimale, pictate cu cornul
exterior plteau o anumit tax de ucenic pentru a nva acest sau cu pensula, reprezentnd n special motive ornamentale
meteug. De remarcat faptul c produsele obinute aveau, fitomorfe, monocrome, n culorile pmntului (ocru, maro). Ca

21
tipologie se remarc ulcioarele, printr-un echilibru al formei,
proporiilor i culorii, amintind de modelul ancestral al vaselor
antropomorfe.

Spre mijlocul secolului al XIX-lea acest meteug ncepe s se

piard, mai existnd n localitate doar 2 olari practicani, restul
orientndu-se spre alte meserii. Dintre cei mai cunoscui
olari ai Tnadului putem s-i amintim pe: Murvai Sandor, Vig
Istvn, Nagy Lajos, Fazekas Ferenc, Gall Sandor, Zoltn Lajos,
Vinkeler Jozsef etc.

TURISM
Cea mai mare parte a faimei oraului de astzi se datoreaz
izvoarelor geotermale din regiune. Pe teritoriul localitii a fost
descoperit un important zcmnt hidrografic termomineral,
n anul 1978 fiind forat un pu de captare a apei termale, la
o adncime de 1.354 m. Apa termal, care are o temperatur
de suprafa de 72C i o mineralizare total de 9,84 g/l, este
predominant clorurat - bicarbonatat - sulfatat i sodic
- calcic - magnezian n prezena amoniului i potasiului.
Aceste caliti o recomand pentru utilizarea n cura extern, n
afeciuni reumatismale degenerative, afeciuni reumatismale

22
abarticulare, afeciuni neurologice periferice cronice, afeciuni
ginecologice cronice (n afara puseelor inflamatorii), afeciuni
posttraumatice, boli asociate (boli profesionale, endocrine,
boli de metabolism), dar i pentru bi tonifiante, de ntreinere
a condiiei fizice sau, pur i simplu, agremental, prin mbinarea
curelor de ap, aer i soare.
Pn n anul 1990, baza turistic a funcionat ca locaie a
turismului de agrement estival, din mai pn n octombrie,
preponderent de week-end, valorificnd ntr-o singur
modalitate (notul), apele termale ce alimentau trandul.
Ulterior, spaiul de agrement a fost lrgit prin construirea
a nc dou bazine, din care unul pentru copii, cu un volum
cumulat de 1400 m i cu temperatura apei n jur de 40C.
Dup anul 2005, investiiile i iniiativele de construire a unor
locaii se amplific aprnd hotelurile, motelurile, i un numr
mare de pensiuni i case private. Oferta de cazare pentru tineri,
turiti cu posibiliti materiale mai restrnse, dar cu cerine de
confort modeste, s-a lrgit prin amenajarea unor campinguri
cu csue, respectiv a campingului cu corturi. n anul 2014
trandul a fost dotat cu o baz sportiv multifuncional, care
cuprinde un teren de tenis cu piciorul, cu gazon artificial,
respectiv un miniteren de fotbal i unul de volei cu nisip. Anual,
Staiunea Tnad este vizitat de circa 250.000 de turiti.
23
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et Malomsregiensis 1849. ,
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43
 Tnad. A Cultural - Historical Guide
The town of Tnad is an administrative territorial unit made
up of the villages Sruad, Cig, Valea Morii, Blaja and Raiu.
The main axes of communication through which is made the
connection with the neighboring localities are represented
by DN 1F (Zalu - Tnad - Carei), DJ 191C (Tnad - Marghita)
DJ 108M, DJ 195D, DJ 109P, DJ 108L and the railway Jibou -
Srmag - Tnad - Carei.
The altitude at which lies is the town of Tnad is situated
between 134 m (Valea Morii village) and 229 m (top of the hill
on which is placed a part of the town limits).
The ethnic and religious composition of the town is varied
and complex, the inhabitants being Romanian, Hungarian,
Swabian, Ukrainian and Roma. The towns population,
according to the last census from 2011 is 8411 inhabitants,
decreasing beside the previous years. The number of the
town residents account 2.6% of the county population. The
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population density amounts to nearly 100 inhabitants/km.
From the religious point of view there are 4191 Orthodox,
1546 Romano Catholic, 234 Greek Catholic, 2195 Calvinists,
41 Baptists, 71 Pentecostals and the reminder is made of
neoprotestant cults.
Archaeological vestiges
The archaeological heritage derived from the excavations
carried out in the town of Tnad, but also in its surrounding
area, in places that can be considered as belonging to its
hinterland. The Tnad area is rich in archaeological remains,
as a result of good living conditions that it provides by the varied
landscape, which includes hill, plain and swamp ecosystems.
In time, were conducted excavations in Cehlu, Cua,
Tnad, Blaja and Sruad. Also, archaeological remains were
discovered by chance, on the surface or in conjunction with
public utility works.
For the Neolithic age the most interesting discoveries were
made in the area of the thermal baths from Tnad. Here in
the valley of the brook Cehal, during the construction works
were discovered vestiges of the Cri culture (Early Neolithic)
and Tisza culture (Late Neolithic). In this area were discovered
housing and household buildings that contained ceramic
(sometimes painted), stone tools (axes, blades, scrapers).
Remains of the Neolithic settlements had been discovered in
Cehal, Cehlu, Blaja.
The Copper Age and the transition period forward the
Bronze Age are represented by the archaeological cultures
Tiszapolgr, Coofeni, Baden, whose vestiges were found in
Tnad, Sruad and Blaja.
Very interesting discoveries were made for the Bronze Age at
Sruad (Ottoman culture) Cehlu and Tnad (Hajdbagos-
Cehlu culture) being discovered tools made of deer antler,
molds for casting bronze objects, pottery or weapons, tools
and bronze ornaments.
Spectacular discoveries from the Iron Age period were made
at Cua. On the island known as Sighet there was a large
fortified settlement, which was part of a tribal center.
Archaeological discoveries from the Roman era were made
across the localities Tnad (thermal bath area), Cehal, Blaja
and Cehlu. It attests the presence of Dacians and Germans in
this region. The material culture of these populations shows a
heavy exchange with the Roman provincial area.
Town short history
The etymology of the name Tnad is quite nuanced,
because official documents that consistently speak about it
haven't been found. The historian Petri Mr, referring to the
topic Tnad, in his work Szilgy vrmegye Monographija,
he was trying to explain and argue it in the first, referring at
the geographical realities of the place, at the wetlands habitat
from the meadow of Cehal, where the reed (nd, in Hungarian)
grows in abundance in the basins covered by water, forming
true lakes during rainy periods (t in the same language). It
follows a compound word, T-s-nad, meaning the lake with
reed, topic assigned by locals to the south-east of the locality,
where such a hydrographic and biogeographic formation
existed in ancient times, and by extrapolation it was also
awarded to the settlement built on its banks.
Another opinion held by the same author refers to an
annotation of Anonymus, the notary of King Bla III, who
mentions in Gesta Hungarorum that the king Arpad sent in
the region a troop of horsemen led by Tas (Thosu) that settled
his camp near a lake with reeds. Thus appeared the phrase
Tasnadja, the plant being associated with the name of the
captain and meaning the reed of Tas.
Therefore, the topic of Tnad, probably of Hungarian
origin (with direct reference to a swampy place) underwent
numerous semantic adaptations over time determined by its
form, partially different in Romanian and German, such as:
possessio Tasnad (1246); Tasnad (1279); Thasnad (1299),
Oppidum Thasnad (1456), Taschnath (1600); Taschnad (1753);
Tosnd, Tesndu, Tressenberg, Trestenburg (1808); Tasnd
(1854), Tnad (1929).
Tnad was mentioned for the first time in the period
following the first Mongol invasion since 1246. From the
administrative point of view, the settlement was part of
Solnocu de Mijloc (the future Slaj). More importantly was its
status in the great ecclesiastical administration of the Romano
Catholic Diocese of Transylvania: he represented throughout
the Middle Ages, the center of the parts beyond the Mese
Vicariate of the Transylvania Episcopacy. The entire territory
gained a sort of autonomy within the bishopric and the vicar`s
duty included besides administering justice, exercising the
latter office of provisor, administering the episcopal estates
over the Mese and collecting tithes.
In 1456 became oppidum (fair), being less than a city, but a
more important place than a village. Gradually, Tnad became
the second important trade fair from Solnocu de Mijloc. Two
decades later, the Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus, gave the
permission to Transylvania bishop to build a fortress of wood
or stone on his estate from Tnad. About the form or history
45
of the fortification we have almost no data. The last mention
of the castle from Tnad dates from 1563, when it was in
possession of Balassa Menyhrt.
Tnad and the domain made around it remains one of the
Principality of Transylvania immediately after its formation,
at half of the sixteenth century. During the reign of Gabriel
Bethlen, the prince donated the domain to his brother, tefan
Bethlen, becoming this way into the possession of his wife Mria
Szechy. According to the land records from 1569, Tnad have
certain privileges and obligations of feudal fair. Its inhabitants
were vassals and indebted to benefits. Tnad fair, at the time,
was one of the largest in north western Transylvania, having
recorded 319 names, without distinction.
Also as a donation of the prince of Transylvania, Tnad came
into Gheorghe Rkczis possession in 1648. He had built in
locality a curia, a stone building, still visible in 1742. According
to the historian Petri Mr it seems that in 1658 Tatars and Turks
burned the town of Tnad, which remained deserted, being
inhabited after the disaster by only 3 - 4 families.
A document from the XVIII century, published by Petri Mr
46
shows the size of the domain of Tnad during the period
of Bathory. It comprised a total of 20 villages, located in the
western part of the counties Solnocu de Mijloc and Bihor: Blaja,
Cehal, Cehlu, Valea Morii, Cig, Sruad, Cua, Ghenci, Satu
Mic, eghea, Sceni, Camr, Almau Mare, umal, Boianu
Mare, Doh, Giungi, Mldia and Bobota. Regarding the daily life
of the inhabitants, the first complete data we receive only from
the pre-modern period. According to its status as a regional
center, Tnad had a large number of people. In 1742, there
lived 201 families, of which 35 noble families.
In 1779 the domain of Tnad came into the count Krolyi
Antal possession. Soon, the fair becoming one of the centers
of colonization of Swabian arrived here from the neighboring
villages. The Swabian and then the Jewish families established
in the locality stimulated the economic life of Tnad, especially
in the field of crafts and trade. The fair became an important
center of craft guilds already benefiting from a tradition in the
area. Many of the most important guilds in Tnad: those of
potters, tanners, shoemakers receive significant privileges in
1837.
The census from 1850 recorded at Tnad a population of
3077 inhabitants ethnically distributed in 321 Romanian, 2326
Hungarian, 285 Jewish and 45 Roma and from confessional
point of view there were 338 Greek Catholics, 1017 Romano
Catholics, 1340 Calvinists, 2 Evangelicals and 285 Jewish. In
1857 Tnad had 627 houses with a total of 3014 inhabitants,
of which 1328 were Calvinists, 1132 Romano Catholics, 285
Jewish, 257 Greek Catholics and 2 Orthodox. In locality there
were 4 priests, 40 officemen, 4 lawyers, 11 responsible for
the health situation, 153 landowners and 269 industrialists.
The census from 1900 noted at Tnad 4274 inhabitants that
had lived in 731 houses made most of adobe, clay and wood
and very few from stone or brick, covered with straw or reed,
shingle and very few with tile.
An important event in the history of the town was the
establishment of the Bank Vulturul, the third Romanian bank
in the county, founded in 1908, following the efforts of several
priests, lawyers, teachers, and also some peasants from Tnad
and surrounding villages. The bank activity was predominantly
agrarian, especially helping the rural world where investments
were modest, but was also involved in supporting cultural
activities. The bank activity continued until 1947, under the
leadership of Vasile Pintea. A central role in this initiative had
the lawyer dr. Coriolan Steer, leading member of the newly
established bank and one of the leading figures of economic,
political and cultural life of Tnad in the time. He was the
president of the cultural association Astra Tnad and he
heavily involved in the enlighten activity of the population in
the area, playing an important role in the events that marked
the first decades of the twentieth century. It was member in
the Romanian National Council of Tnad being delegated to
represent the electoral Circle of Tnad at the Great National
Assembly of Alba Iulia (1 December 1918), where became
member of the Great National Romanian Council. In the
elections of November 1919 he was elected senator of the
circle of Tnad.
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In the period that follows the integration of Transylvania in
Romania, Tnad continued to keep its status as administrative
center. The years between the two world wars were
characterized by a steady economic development. In 1931
Tnad was mentioned as an independent township, also
comprising the villages Blaja, Moara Banfi (now Valea Morii)
and Tnadul Nou.
According to the sanitary monography prepared by the
district physician Nicolae Pop, on 28 July 1938, Tnad had
an area of 3772 hectares and 5860 inhabitants, of which
1498 were Romanian, 1463 Hungarian, 1928 Swabian and
782 Jewish. The degree of illiteracy was very low, only 2-3%.
Tnad was the administrative residence, with notary, mayor,
paymaster, gendarmerie post, judicature and a colony of
Childcare center from Oradea with 42 children in care. Most
people worked in agriculture, they cultivated wheat on an area
of over 1000 hectares, maize (880 ha), barley, rye, had fruit trees
and 400 hectares of vineyards, being a large wine producer,
growing animals especially pigs, bovines and horses, sheep
and poultries. There were 87 merchants, 3 industrialists and
149 craftsmen, 2 cylindrical mills, a brick factory, 7 bakeries, 9
butcheries, a slaughterhouse, 3 tanneries, 2 pottery workshops,
a rope maker, an artistic carpentry workshop and an electric
power station. The streets were paved with stone, in the center
the pavements were made of asphalt and the rest were of
wood. The street lighting was done with electricity.
At that time in the locality there were no hospital, no
dispensary, the health care being provided by the hospitals
from Carei, Zalu or imleu, instead there were two pharmacies,
a district physician, a nurse, four private physicians and two
dentists. The most houses were built of clay (765), but there
were masonry houses (387) and very few stone houses (9), it
had 2 rooms (558 houses) or 3 rooms (418) and in rare cases
1 room (71) or more than 4 rooms (185). At the most houses
the roof was made of tile (618) but there were houses covered
with shingle, straw, reeds or sheet metal. The households on
the periphery of the town had spacious and well maintained
barn for the animals. The most houses were heated with cast
iron stoves or ceramic stove and fewer were the houses with
fireplace. The wells were mostly with wood or stone lip and
there were 15 wells with pump and 4 spring wells.
In 1944, the Jewish from the town, totaling about 800 people
were interned in the ghetto of Satu Mare and then transported
to the extermination camps in Poland. Only a year later, after
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the war, the Swabian from Tnad had been transported to
labor camps in the USSR.
After the end of the damaging events of the Second World
War, a notable moment in the life of the town was represented
by the administrative reform of 1968, when Tnad became
again town and it was integrated into Satu Mare county.
Previously it belonged to Maramure region, and until 1948
belonged to Slaj county. During the communist period, in
the town were founded industrial units of wood, construction
machinery and light industry. In 1978 was discovered on the
territory of the town a major source of thermal waters. Almost
immediately was established the resort thermal baths, which
currently represents one of the most important targets of
balneary tourism in the entire area of Satu Mare.
In 1966 the town had 5701 inhabitants and in 1992 reaching
the maximum demographic with 8260 inhabitants. In 2011,
Tnad without its villages had 6859 inhabitants of which
2745 Orthodox, 1944 Calvinists, 1500 Romano Catholics
and 212 Greek Catholics and the rest belonging to various
neoprotestant cults.
The most important cultural personality from Tnad area is
the Greek Catholic Bishop Grigore Maior (1715-1785), born at
Sruad that after his graduation from Rome became professor
at the renowned School of Blaj. He was appointed as bishop of
Blaj by the Empress Maria Theresa, with these attribute setting
up and supporting numerous schools and churches. Valuable
peoples, secular or ecclesiastical intellectuals, originally from
the Romanian villages around Tnad had made an important
contribution not only to preserve the national consciousness
of Romanians, but also to improve their quality of life. We must
not forget the curacy priest from Cig, Gavril Papp who played
a leading role in the movement of Sofronie from Cioara (1760 -
1761), Ioan Pop Suduranu (1792 - 1872), protopope at Sruad,
participant at the National Assembly of Blaj from 1848, Matei
Silvani, priest in Blaja and Tnad during the period of the
revolution from 1848, the memorandist George Filepp (1823 these personalities is kept by the busts and commemorative
- 1895), lawyer at Tnad, Ioan Eugeniu Cucu (1837 - 1870), plaques elevated by the community in the town.
deputy of Tnad in the Hungarian Parliament, Demetriu
Coroianu junior (1842 - 1924), priest, member and president
of Astra Tnad, delegate to the Great Union of Alba Iulia,
Andrei Cosma (1843 - 1918), lawyer in Tnad, memorandist
and founding member of the Bank Vulturul, Vasile Muresan
(1843 - 1925), notary of the ecclesiastical district of Sruad,
memorandist and member of Astra Tnad, Vasile Sfura (1843
- 1925), priest at Blaja, active member of Astra Tnad and
founding member of the Bank Vulturul, Vasile Ptcaiu (1844
- 1932), secretary of the administrative center from Tnad,
memorandist and member of Astra Tnad, participating in
1918 at the Great Union, alongside by his fellow villagers from
Hotoan, Patriciu Loboniu (1847 - 1923), priest at Silva, Valea
Morii and Cean (where raises masonry churches), member of
the Astra Tnad, Augustin Ossian (1858 - 1929), memorandist
and delegate at the Great Union from 1918, George Stanciu
junior (1863 - 1926), priest at Sruad and Tnad, the priest
Antoniu Bliban (1867 - 1947), collaborator of George Pop
from Bseti, memorandist and supporter of the union from
1918, Teodor Muresan, teacher in Blaja and member of the
Great National Council of Alba Iulia, the lawyer dr. Coriolan EDUCATION
Steer (1879 - 1924), the priest Ioan Loboniu (1880 1955), The documentary attestation of the first forms of education
manager of the Bank Vulturul, Ioan Ardeleanu senior (1908 - in the locality dates from the year 1544. During the nineteenth
1974) and many others. century were operating in the locality two confessional primary
Also, Tnad is the native place of many scientific and cultural schools teaching in Hungarian, and by the end of the century
personalities with international reputation: Br Lajos (1856 - was set up a Romanian school of Greek Catholic confession.
1931), famous naturalist and ethnographer, Petri Mr (1863 - These schools coexisted until 1911 when Romanian school
1945), writer and author of the Monography of Slaj County was transformed into a state school. In 1910 the confessional
(1901 - 1904), Nti Karolyi (1892 - 1954), writer of theater schools from Tnad were unified and the Hungarian state had
plays and scenarist, the sculptor Smuel Keresztesi (1893 - built in the center of the locality a very impressive school with
1794), rewarded with gold at the World Exhibition in Paris, the 6 classrooms, conference room, office and accommodation
producer Harag Gyrgy (1925 - 1985) and the artists Petkes for the manager. Starting from 1919 is recommencing the
Jozsef (1928 -) and Vnig Lszl (1930 - 2013). The memory of teaching in Romanian language, the school operating in
the edifice built in 1910. For preschool children there was a

49
kindergarten that already function in 1895, at the beginning
with teaching only in Hungarian language and then, after
1919 teaching in Romanian language. Diversifying in time, the
instructive - educational process currently takes new forms:
kindergartens with normal and extended programme, primary
and secondary school, high school, with teaching departments
in Romanian and Hungarian language.

The Romano Catholic Church

The Romano Catholic Parish existed in Tnad since the
thirteenth century and functioned until 1566, along with the
apparition of Calvinism.

The Orthodox Cathedral of the Assumption

As an institution, the church exists since ancient times, being
built of stone in 1893 instead of the wood church, at the initiative
of the priest George Stanciu junior (1863 - 1926), having the
titular on the Saint Great Martyr George. In 1988, the priest
Gheorghe Rezei and then the priest Marian Crainic together
with the believers put around the church, the foundation of
a new one, more spacious, impressive and necessary for the
Orthodox community, the largest in the town.
The church dedicated to the Assumption has the plan and
the shape of cross in Byzantine style, with a length of 40 m,
a width of 22 m and a height of 47 m. The dome is painted in Two centuries later, along with the colonization of Swabian
fresco technique, Byzantine and the impressive iconostasis is Catholics from Germany had recommenced the Romano
carved from oak by Moldavians craftsmen. Catholic worship in Tnad. Without having a church, the divine

50
services were held in the Cserey family chapel. The church was
built during 1783-1784, from Maria Theresas donation, but
owing to the damage suffered, the church was demolished
and a new one was rebuilt during 1903 - 1905, after the plans
of the builder Stegmller rpd, from Debrecen. The clock
was installed in the 42 m high tower in 1905 by the craftsman
Mller Jnos from Budapest and the pipe organ, older than the
church was built in 1870 by Angszter Jzsef from Pcs.
The beauty of the church is also given by the 6 meter high
pulpit, by the altars made in Budapest, by the statues carved
in wood, worked in Tyrol and Moravia (1913-1917) and by the
three chapels: Chapel of St. Anne (1823), Chapel of St. Anthony
(1908) and the Chapel of St. John (1829).
The Calvinist Church
The medieval church of Tnad, deanery center during the
middle ages, kept the overall original look, being registered on
the list of historic monuments.
The church stands out among the hall churches of the
Transylvanian borough, through its considerable size and
length of the choir. The building was built in 1476, during the
period of Ladislau Gerb, bishop of Alba Iulia and relative of
51
King Matthias. The building consists of a rectangular nave
by 12,5x27m and a choir of 14,3m length. The walls of the
nave and of the choir are currently decorated with beautiful
moldings. The building was taken over by Calvinists in the
sixteenth century. Later, in 1660 during the Turkish invasion, it
was severely damaged. The western tower, baroque, was built
in the early nineteenth century, and later the southern portico
in neo-Gothic form.
The Greek Catholic Church the Nativity of Virgin Mary
The first worship place of Greek Catholic community was a
beautiful wooden church. The new church was built in 1996
having as idea of creation, the triangle representing the Saint
Trinity. Each side is a divine person: Father, Son and Holy
Spirit. In the basement is arranged an amphitheater for young
Christians. The church celebrates its titular saint The birth of
Virgin Mary on September 8.
Tnad City Museum
The Cserey Fischer old castle, built in 1771, currently houses
the collections of the museum from Tnad. Reorganized
in 1995 by the specialists of Satu Mare County Museum, the
museum presents specific elements of the material and spiritual
culture from Tnad area, testimonies of historical evolution,
prevailing traditional creativity aspects. The museum is
remarkable because of its complex handicraft workshops, the
exhibition being structured on presenting main occupations
and handicrafts practiced in the area, bringing archaic wisdom
and skill to the viewer, the sense of shapes and colors, peasant
ingenuity and craftsmanship. Also, in the museum there are
exhibited objects from archaeological excavations conducted
in the area.
Tnad House Museum
The peasant house arranged at Tnad, across from the thermal
bath, was purchased from Snmiclu locality, Satu Mare
county. The construction`s completion date, October 10, 1903,
is marked by the builder on the main crossbeam.
Inside it was arranged in 2011 the permanent exhibition of
local history and archeology, also having a room specific of
the plains and forest area, crafts and agricultural tools storage
room. The reconstituted interior of a clean room specific
to plains and forest area, which acted as a guest room just
reflects the multiethnic and pluriconfesional character of the
52
inhabiting communities. Among the handicraft workshop
that has worked in the city, specific aspects are reconstituted
for the tanner, shoemaker, blacksmith and potter workshops.
Organized in the space for the storeroom, agricultural tools
storage room represents a typical one for traditional household
in the plains area.
House of Culture
The first Cultural Center from Tnad was established in
1926 being in charge of the director of the local state school,
Gheorghe Nichita. In addition to this cultural center functioned
in Tnad the Cultural Circle Dr. Ioan Nichita whose president
was the same director of the mentioned school. Also, in the
cultural center functioned a library that in 1929 enjoyed no
fewer than 224 readers.
The mission of the Cultural Center was to organize various
programs, bees, popular conferences, workshops, celebrations
or various meetings, in order to awake the public interest for
literature, books, folk costumes, dances and ancient traditions.
Over the years the cultural center activity was interrupted
on several occasions, but its mission was taken up regularly, and from 2011 offers a new service BIBLIONET equipped
improved and adapted to the needs of the community for with IT equipment (4 computers, scanner, printer and video
which it exists. projector). Started from 2012 the institution operates in a new
location, modern and properly equipped.

Today, the House of Culture is a representative institution
in the citys cultural landscape, which gradually acquired
the prestige of a genuine establishment, the outbreak of
promoting the authentic local values. The building that houses
the institution was built in 1909, being the casino of the local
elite. It works as House of Culture from 1948, having a hall with
100 seats in which are organizes shows, conferences, book
launches, music circles etc.
The performance hall UNIREA
The old town cinema was built in 1911 and offered 350
seats. It was achieved thanks to the support of the youth club,
who was also in charge of promoting and distributing the film
screenings. The cinema was addressed to a large and compact
audience.
Currently it serves as a performance hall for different cultural
events, having a capacity of 300 seats.

Tnad Town Library

The tradition of the overtly books and systematically
reading at Tnad have faraway origins, existing here a library
accessible to the people since 1921 when was founded the
Library Nicolae Iorga within the State School from the locality.
Before these, in Tnad functioned a library belonging to the
Romano Catholic confession and that was serving primarily
the Hungarian population. In 1926 within the Cultural Centre
was established a library too.
The District Library was established in 1952 and in 1968
received the status of the Town Library. It is an encyclopedic
library and comprises two sections: loan adults and children,

53
 Blaja
The locality was documentary attested in 1454 under the
name of Balashaza, being situated at a distance of almost 4 km
from the town. The territory of the village was inhabited since
the Neolithic age, being very rich in archaeological finds, a lot
of place names from the border village remembering us about
old villages missing today: Pusta, Jola, Puste.
In the middle ages the village belonged to the domain of
Tnad being in possession of the families Szarvadi, Mindszenti,
Balzshzi, Vay etc. Petri Mr noted that in 1631 Balzshzi
Laszlo had a mansion in the village. In the eighteenth century
the domain owner became the count Krolyi Antal.
The censuses from the eighteenth century demonstrate the
demographic evolution of the village and the majority presence
of Romanian population. The military conscription from 1797
reminds through the great owners, the families Blint, Guth,
Pelei, Halmgyi, Banfy, Recsey and several small Romanian
nobles: the families Uglai, Orosz, Darabant, Verdes etc. It was
also mentioned the Greek Catholic priest Ioan Oros and the
cantor Teodor Oros. The census from 1850 had noted 342
inhabitants of which 296 were Romanian, 24 Hungarian and
19 Hebrew. The population reached the highest level in 1956,
with 441 souls, followed by a sharp decline in the number of
inhabitants being registered 202 inhabitants in 2011, of which
187 Orthodox, 3 Roman Catholic 3 and 4 Calvinsits.
The Orthodox Church the Saints Archangels
Michael and Gabriel
The Romanian community from the village built a wooden
church since 1720. In the place of the old wooden church, at
the initiative of the priest Ioan Scridon, in 1930 was underpin
the present brick church, dedicated to the Saints Archangels
Michael and Gabriel. Registry parish books existed since 1824
and in 1872 was mentioned a Greek Catholic denominational
school which in the twentieth century became a state school.
Among the ancient religious books that belonged to the
church, we remember: Evanghelia from Blaj, 1765, Cazania
published in Bucharest, 1768, a Polustav from 1793 printed at
Blaj, a Penticostarion, Blaj, 1808, an Apostol, Blaj, 1814 and an
Octoih, Blaj, 1825.
Cig
The village is situated at a distance of about 7 km from the
town, being documentary attested in 1215 under the name
of Sugu, Chug, and since 1519 as Chg, name that had been
preserved during the whole Hungarian rule (Csg). In the
middle ages the locality belonged to the domain of Tnad and
it was in the property of the bishop of Transylvania, of Csgi
family, of the Habsburgs, from the sixteenth century belonged
to Gheorghe Rkczy and in the eighteenth century appeared
as lords the families Wesslnyi, Vay and then the family of the
count Kroly. In the land record from 1569 were registered 68
family heads, a large village with a total population of 350-
400 souls! In the conscription of the eighteenth century Cig
was mentioned as a Romanian village with a wooden church,
priest, cantor and about 300 inhabitants. The census from
1850 had noted 561 inhabitants from which 531 Romanians,
54
13 Hungarians and 34 Jewish. In 1857 the locality had a Greek
Catholic priest, an official, 62 land owners and 10 industrialists.
In 1910 the locality had 734 people and in 1938 had 816
inhabitants. The census from 2011 mentioned in Cig 401
inhabitants of which 341 Orthodox, 7 Romano Catholics, 13
Greek Catholics and 11 Calvinists.
A confessional school existed in the village alongside with the
church, in 1878 the teacher Nicolae Mureianu was teaching in
the school of wood, to no more than 50 children. The new brick
school was built in 1902 and in 1922 became a state school.
The Orthodox Church the Saints Archangels Michael and
Gabriel
The conscription of Micu Klein mentions the existence of
a wooden church even before 1733. The present church was
built on the initiative of the priest Grigore Pop in 1886 with the
amount of 10000 koroane. In 1935 the Greek Catholic church
has been restored for the amount of 40000 lei, being recorded
in the Golden Book of Slaj county as a chief accomplishment
of the community. The current iconostasis of the church was
made in 1976 by Bocskai Mihai from Crucior and painted by
Grigore Popescu from Bucharest. The interior painting was
done by Mircea Constantinescu in 1990.
55
Sruad
The village is mentioned in documents in 1279, but
apparently there are references of it in the Register of Oradea
in the years 1205 to 1235, where is mentioned a place called
Sorloud, identified by some historians with the Sruad
village. The archaeological discoveries in Sruad area dates
back to the Neolithic and Bronze Age, not missing medieval
discoveries, especially from the point Pusta St. Nicolae.
There are a lot of documents that talk about the owners
of the village during the Middle Ages, such as: the families
Pongrcz, Becske, Csaholy etc., but very important is that since
1475, in a list of villages that paid bills to the royal office appear
also the waivode from Sruad (Zarwad wayvode) who gave in
the name of the bondmen from village an amount of 18 florins
and 3 dinars.
Only at the beginning of the eighteenth century we have
documents for the situation regarding the population, so
in 1715 were 13 heads of serfs families, who paid taxes, of
which 7 were Romanian and 6 Hungarian. The census of 1733,
commonly known as the census of Innocentie Micu Klein,
mentioned Sruad as a place with mixed population that had
51 family heads and the priest Precup, orthodox, who served
in the wooden church of the village. In 1750 the village was
mentioned with 349 inhabitants, with a priest. In 1762 were
marked 115 Orthodox families, but without a priest, 3 families
of Greek Catholics and two Greek Catholic priests. In 1797 were
noted in Sruad as the great owners, the families Tisza, Pechi,
Ver, Ravazdi and Kabos and as the smallholders, the families
Banfi, Karolyi Iosif, More, Kover, Sandorhazi etc. In the list of the
nobles appeared the families Pap, Odor, Szabo, Kincses, Petri,
Szatmari, Barta etc. Also were noted Orsi Istvn, Calvinist priest
and Stefan Balint, Greek Catholic priest, the cantor Szakara
Andre, Romanian and the teacher Samuel Kepes, Calvinist.
In 1847 in Sruad lived 830 inhabitants, of which 15 Romano
Catholics, 559 Greek Catholics (Romanian), 1 Lutheran, 230
Calvinists and 25 Jewish. The census from 1850 noted 1151
inhabitants, of which 753 Romanian, 352 Hungarian and 21
Jewish. In 1880 the village had 1093 inhabitants in 194 houses,
of which 726 were Greek Catholics, 308 Calvinists, 22 Romano
Catholics, 28 Jewish and 9 Evangelicals being noted 216
people that known to read and write. In 1900 the village had
961 Greek Catholics, 472 Calvinists, 25 Jewish and a Catholic.
The confessional school (teacher Ioan Pop) was frequented
by 112 children, and the Sunday school was frequented by 41
young people.
56
In an monography of the school from Sruad, written
in 1933 by the school head, Vasile Ardelean is mention the
cultural circle Grigore Maior, a circle of teachers from the
villages Sruad, Cig, Sceni, Chegea, Pgaia and Resighea
that was meant to enlighten the rural population through
well-defined programs and activities.
But the one who brought the fame of the village is
undoubtedly the great Greek Catholic Bishop Grigore Maior. He
remained in the memory of the documents by his exceptional
initiatives, especially in education. He founded almost 200
schools in his vast diocese, a foundation in Blaj, through which,
every year, 200 poor students received the bread needed to
survive, sent to Rome to study the leaders of the Transylvanian
School: George incai, Samuil Micu and Petru Maior and many
others great beneficence. Also Grigore Maior proved dignity in
the relations with the Imperial Court and with the Episcopacy,
retreating from the office of bishop when he lost the support
and confidence, living his last years 1782 - 1785 retired to the
monastery from Alba Iulia, being bitterly regretted by the
people and clergy. By his actions, by his generosity (he left
most his wealth for cultural and ecclesiatical purposes), by the
tragedy of his life, the bishop Grigore Maior remained in the
collective memory of the area.
The Orthodox Church St. Gregory the Theologian
The actual orthodox worship place is the old church built
in 1777 on the initiative and material support of the Greek
Catholic Bishop Grigore Maior (1715-1795), modified in 1900
(the altar was added and was raised the tower with 4m) and
renovated in 2014, when it was also dedicated to the Saint
Martyrs Brncoveni. The church building, raised on the place
of the old wooden church, has a single nave with a semicircular
apse. The tower above the nave has semicircular windows on
each side. Below them are located roundness windows which
lights the first level of the tower. The exterior of the building is
plastered in white. Also Grigore Maior bought for the church a
bell of 200kg, with an inscription that proved the donation, but
it was unfortunately destroyed during the war.
From the XVIIIth XIXth century are kept the list of the priests
who served in Sruad, some of them being also the protopope
of the district Tnad: Demetrius Taccs, tefan Balint, Ioan
Nobili (became canonical at Alba Iulia Episcopacy), Vasile
Neme, Ioan Ungur, Ioan Pop Suduranu (became canonical at
Gherla Episcopacy), Mihai Muste, Ioan Gallianu, Ioan Colceriu,
Baziliu Criste, Teodor Vaida.
The bust of the bishop, located in the churchyard was
unveiled on November 7, 2010 on the celebration of 225 years
of passing into eternity of Grigore Maior.

The Calvinist Church
The Calvinist Church from the village has existed before the
religious reform; it was built in the sixteenth century, with a
wooden belfry that was demolished in the late nineteenth
century, the entire church being rebuilt from stone. The
church tower has a height of 18m, the organ was built in 1908
by Kerkgyrt Istvn from Debrecen. The pulpit of wood,
with a height of 4.30m, is the highest pulpit in the area. The
two tower bells were made in 1904 and in 1924 in Arad, in the
craftsman Hnig Frigyes workshop.
Valea Morii
It is a locality about that the historical documents tell us that
arose in the XVIIIth century (in 1759 it was a colony recently
established), developed around the mill of one of the great
nobles from Tnad, Vay Lszl.
According to the local tradition, the teacher Marinca
Cristina, noted in 1929 that the beginning of this settlement
was awarded to a Romanian named Hara, came to this place
before 1830. This Hara was a serf of a Hungarian baron Banfi,
who had in the village a water mill. Following of a flood the
mill was completely destroyed and Hara for his good behavior,
received from the baron a place to build the house and a few
acres of land.
In the census of the years 1760 - 1762 in the village were
recorded 19 Orthodox families (about 200 souls), but with no
priest and church. In the census of 1850, there were noted 181

57
inhabitants of which 173 were Romanian Greek Catholics, 6
Jewish and 2 Hungarians. In 1867 the village had 213 souls and
already had a cantor at the school which functioned from 1856
and who was in gharge of the 15 children. At the beginning
of the nineteenth century there were recorded 218 Greek
Catholics and a total of 44 school children. According to the
ematism from 1930 there lived 274 Greek Catholics. In 2011
the village had 180 inhabitants of which 149 Orthodox, 15
Romano Catholics and 6 Greek Catholics.
The Orthodox Church the St. Archangels
Michael and Gabriel
From a monography of the school we find that the villagers
bought even before 1848 a wooden church from Unimt,
which brought it on wheels. Later, the church was destroyed in
a fire. In 1882 the villagers build the present church from stone
dedicated to the archangels Michael and Gabriel, also building
a school made of clay, in which was living the cantor George
Puca. The current iconostasis of the church comes from the
old church from Tnad.
Along the time, the church from Valea Morii received from
various benefactors, books necessary for the church service.
So is kept an Octoih printed at Blaj in 1760 and that belonged
58
to the parish of Tnad in which it appears an inscription that
mentions the administrator from Tnad who served also in
Valea Morii. It should be noted that for a certain period of time
the church belonged to the parish of Silva and so, on some of
the books that come from here are meet marginal notes about
Valea Morii.
Raiu
The smallest locality of Tnad is the village Raiu mentioned
by the documents in 1488 (Rath - Rach) and 1490 (Racz). But
the settlement could be dated earlier because a diploma from
April 17, 1387 reminds about the village of Cean and at its
border Raka village, which might be the locality from today.
In the early twentieth century the village is populated by
Ukrainians came from Kalina, a mountain village of the Teacevo
district. Descendants of the first Ukrainians said they have
bought land in the area from an owner named Ioan Raiu, to
cultivate and to build houses on it. The first families arrived in
1919 were Vecleni, Fiai and Mecle, then Mateleca, Cereuca,
ubara, Miculeac, Gaido, Kuin, Custra and Bilanici priest.
A third wave of Ukrainians came in 1920 among them were
the families Crehul, Jedac, Petra, Karpa. From Maramure,
Remei came the families ofine and Dubovici. In 1948, a large
part of Ukrainians left the village and returned to Ukraine or
Czechoslovakia, had been remained only the elderly or who
had created alliances. After the second world war a few families
from the neighbour county of Slaj buy field in the village from
the Ukrainians that left the village.
In 1966 the locality had 61 families with 263 souls, of
which 58 families were Orthodox. Then followed a period
of sharp decline of the village, without electricity and easier
access roads, having 64 inhabitants in 1992 and 25 souls of
Orthodox confession in 2011. Today remained in Ratiu only 15
inhabitants.
The Orthodox Church the Saints Archangels
Michael and Gabriel
The Ukrainians settled in the village built in the top of
the hill a beam church and then a few years later, a church
made of adobe, down the hill in the center of the village. In
addition to the church the priest Bilanici established a school
where he taught children and adults, Romanian and Ukrainian
language.
59
On the place of the old church was built between 1950 - 1953
a brick church, but in 1954, after a lightning strike burn and the
straw roof is completely destroyed. The church was rebuilt in
1958 and still exists today.
ETNOGRAPHY
The ethnographic region of Tnad entered as a part of the
ethnographic area of Codru, with own ethnic and cultural
elements, also standing out an interference with characteristics
from Slaj and Satu Mare area. In addition to the multitude
of facts and common phenomena, along with their values of
civilization and traditional culture, the area has a number of
features with approach outlined in the form of some defining
features. The Romanian traditional civilization, in its complex
ways of manifestation: folk costumes, folklore, traditions,
architecture, occupations was interwoven throughout the
ages with the Hungarian and Swabian folk culture and
civilization, with their specific characteristics and with mutual
influence and this gives to these lands attributes of multi and
interculturalism.
For centuries the traditional occupation of the peasant was
the agriculture. In all the traditional occupational systems, the
field husbandry, with its agrarian practices and techniques
retains in the region of Tnad some elements representative
and defining for the old ways of agriculture. Of the types of
agriculture known in Tnad area were used field and hilly
farming, cultivating especially corn and wheat, but also
sunflower and hemp.
The specific geographical climate has determined that
among the primordial occupations to stand the pomiculture
and the viticulture, occupations proven by tradition and
documents too. Thus, the presence of vine culture is mentioned
in documents from 1507 when was speak about a donation of
vineyard at Tnad. Also, from the fruit trees were grown pear,
apple and plum.
The animal husbandry, particularly of the large cattle and
shepherding represented for the inhabitants of these areas,
basic occupations and an important source of food. The
shepherding was not limited only to a number of techniques
for practical use, but it was a complex phenomenon of popular
culture, an amount of methods of civic production with a very
rich material content. The fact that in the nineteenth century,
more than one third of the area was covered with pasture and
meadow fully reflects the extremely large material possibilities
available to this occupation. The shepherding was responsible
60
not only with the alimentary problems, those who exercised,
realized in fact some crafts for preparing and processing a full
range of products from raw materials of pastoral origin.
The crafts represent an occupational advanced stage,
characterized by techniques of processing raw materials,
natural resources obtained through traditional occupations.
The crafts were practiced either in professional workshops
or on the street as seasonal activity, or occasionally at the fair
held weekly. The specializations of craftsmen meet the daily
living requirements of the people in the area, focusing mainly
on wood, iron and leather manufacture. The craft workshops
produced all the objects and the installations needed to equip
a household and the tools used in the traditional activities in
the area. The finished products, results of the work from the
workshops were sold in the fairs organized weekly or monthly
in Tnad.
Among the craft workshops that have worked in the town
must be mentioned the tanner, the shoemaker, the cooper,
the blacksmith and the potter. Some of these workshops were
exhibited in the museum located near the thermal bath of
Tnad and so they reconstruct in a manner intelligible and
suggestive, the almost forgotten art of craftsmen from Tnad,
today totally replaced by the industrial production. The most
practiced craft in Tnad was the pottery. In the nineteenth
century there were at Tnad not less than 20 potters, craft
passed down from father to son, and those coming from
abroad pay a certain fee to learn the craft. It worth noting that
the products obtained had, first of all, a functional role (for
cooking, to keep milk and water, to transport food to the field),
so we find pots for stuffed cabbage, pans, strainers, pitchers
for water or wine, plates, tubes etc. The ceramics of Tnad has
outstanding technical and aesthetic characteristics, played by
simplicity and naturalness, using colors in warm tones.
The specifics of the ceramic produce at Tnad is given by
the chromatic of the pots, most unglazed, with engobe on the
outer layer, technique that offered also the background, over
which were applied minimal decorative elements painted with
the brush or the horn, representing mostly vegetal ornaments,
monochrome and using earthly colors (ocher, brown). As
typology are remarkable the pitchers, with a balance of form,
proportions and color, reminiscent of ancestral pattern of
anthropomorphic vessels.
Towards the middle of the nineteenth century the pottery
craft begins to go adrift. Among the best-known potters from
Tnad were: Murvai Sandor, Vig Istvan, Nagy Lajos, Fazekas
Ferenc, Gall Sandor, Zoltan Lajos, Vinkelr Jozsef etc.
61
TOURISM
The most fame of the current town is due to the geothermal
springs from the region. On the territory of the locality was
discovered an important reservoir hydrographic termomineral,
in 1978 being drilled a capture well of the thermal water, at
a depth of 1,354m. The thermal water, which has a surface
temperature of 72C and a total mineralization of 9.84g/l,
is predominantly chlorinated-bicarbonated-sulfated
and sodium-calcium-magnesium in the presence of the
ammonium and potassium. These qualities are indicated for
use in external treatment, in degenerative and abarticulare
rheumatic diseases, chronic peripheral neurological diseases,
chronic gynecological disorders, posttraumatic disorders,
associated diseases (endocrine, metabolic diseases) but also
toning bathrooms, maintenance of the physical condition or
simply leisure cures by combining water, air and sun.
 Until 1990, the touristic base has functioned as leisure
summer location, from May to October, mostly for weekend,
harnessing in one way (swimming), the thermal waters that fed
the resort. Subsequently, the recreational space was expanded
by the building of two pools, including one for children, with a
cumulative volume of 1400m and a temperature of the water
around 40C. After 2005, the investments and the initiatives of
making new locations was amplified and appeared the hotels,
62
motels and a large number of guesthouses and private houses.
The accommodation offer for young, tourists with smaller
financial possibilities, but with modest comfort requirements,
has widened by setting up of the campgrounds with cottages or
for tents. In 2014 the resort was equipped with multifunctional
sports facilities, including a tennis court foot with artificial
turf and a putting one football and sand volleyball. Annually,
Tnad resort is visited by 250,000 tourists.
Compunerea Locul meu natal

The composition My native place

63
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