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• Predispoziția ereditară
• Dobanditi
Se pot imparti in :
– SMD primare (de novo)
– SMD secundare (tratamentului pentru alt tip de cancer, RT, alkilanti,
inhibitori de toipoisomeraza; la pacientii cu transplant CS autolog
polichimiotratati )
Genetic alterations of epigenetic pathways in MDS
The normal function of selected factors important for histone modification and DNA
methylation is depicted.
Ex clinic:
paloare cutaneo-mucoasa
sd hemoragipar cutaneo-mucos
splenomegalie (LMMC)
febra (infectie)
Diagnostic diferential
Medicamente (Metotrexat)
Deficit de vit B12, folati, cupru
Consumul cronic de etanol
Infectia HIV
Citopenii mediate imun (anemie aplastica, leucemie cu
limfocite mari granulare/LGL)
Sindroame congenitale (anemia Fanconi, anemia
sideroblastica X-linkata)
Leucemia cu celule paroase
Diagnosticul SMD
Istoricul medical
transferinei
• FISH (hibridizare fluorescentă in situ) –
Numărul de reticulocite
Cariotip cu număr insuficient de metafaze
Concentrațiile de vitamina
• Imunofenotipare – expresie fenotipica
B12, folatului
aberanta
Eritropoietina endogenă • Analiza mutațiilor somatice
(EPO)
TSH (excluderea
hipotiroidismului)
Diagnosticul SMD ~~ MORFOLOGIC:
Disgranulopoeza
3. Dismegakariopoeza
Trombocit displazic,
gigant
− celularităţii medulare
− modificării arhitectonicii medulare – aspect sugestiv:
localizare anormală a precursorilor imaturi (abnormal
localization of immature precursors, ALIP)
− fibrozei medulare
− prezenţei de infiltrate focale cu celule blastice
Citopenie ( >1):
• Hb <11 g/dL sau SMD criteriu “decisiv”:
• Neutrofile <1500/μL
sau • >10% displazie celulara pe cel putin o
• Tr <100 x 109L linie celulara
• < 5% sau > 5-19% blasti
• Anomalii de cariotip sugestive pt SMD
• Del 5q-
• Monsomia 7 (-7) sau 7q-
• Trisomia 8 (+8)
• Combinatii
Importanta prognostica !
Clasificarea SMD
Clasificarea franco-americano-britanică (FAB) a
Sindroamelor Mielodisplazice (1982)
Clasificare a SMD cu
semnificaţie clinico-evolutivă,
prognostică şi terapeutică.
Clasificarea WHO (OMS) pentru SMD 2008
Swerdlow SH, Campo E, et al, eds. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues, 4th edition.
Lyon: IARC Press, 2008, page 89 (Section: Brunning RD et al, “Myelodysplastic syndromes/neoplasms, overview)”.
Clasificarea WHO 2016
The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms
and acute leukemia Daniel A. Arber,et al. BLOOD, 19 MAY 2016, VOL 127, No 20.
Ring sideroblasts as % of Cytogenetics by conventional
Name Dysplastic lineages Cytopenias* marrow erythroid elements BM and PB blasts karyotype analysis
MDS with single lineage Any, unless fulfills all criteria for
dysplasia (MDS-SLD) 1 1 or 2 <15% / <5%† BM <5%, PB <1%, no Auer rods MDS with isolated del(5q)
with 1% blood blasts 1-3 1-3 None or any BM <5%, PB = 1%,‡ no Auer rods Any
The 2016 revision to the World Health Organization classification of myeloid neoplasms and acute leukemia Daniel A. Arber,et al.
BLOOD, 19 MAY 2016, VOL 127, No 20.
Prognostic și evaluarea riscului de transformare in LA: