Adjectivul

Caracteristici generale
n limba englez, adjectivele sunt invariabile (nu i modific forma n funcie de gen i
numr), nu se acord cu substantivul pe care l determin.
Exemplu: the boy is clever, the boys are clever, the girl is clever, the girls are clever
Dup cum se observ, forma adjectivului nu se schimb.
Adjectivul st:
de obicei, naintea substantivului: a clever boy, a red flower, an interesting book, a
beautiful girl, a good teacher etc.
dup substantiv, n anumite expresii, structuri fixe: Court Martial, Poet Laureate etc.
dup verbele to be, to become, to feel, to look, to seem, to taste, to smell, to stay etc:
Dan is tall. Mike feels nervous. They look anxious.
n funcie de numrul de silabe, adjectivele se mpart n dou categorii:
scurte (una sau dou silabe): small, great, big, dry, hot, fast etc.
lungi (mai mult de dou silabe): interesting, beautiful, comfortable, expensive etc.

Gradele de comparaie ale adjectivelor (Degrees of Comparison)

Adjectivul are urmtoarele grade de comparaie:
pozitiv
comparativ de inferioritate: not as as (nu att de ca / nu la fel de ca) (nu
aa de) He is not as tall as his brother.
comparativ de egalitate: as as (tot att de ca / la fel de ca) (tot aa de)
She is as pretty as her mother.
comparativ de superioritate (mai)
superlativ (cel mai).

Cazul adjectivelor scurte

Pozitiv

Comparativ
superioritate

deSuperlativ

se formeaz adugnd -er se formeaz adugnd -est

small (mic)

smaller (mai mic)

the smallest (cel mai mic)

fast (rapid)

faster (mai rapid)

the fastest (cel mai rapid)

great (mare,
important)

greater (mai
important)

mare,

maithe greatest (cel mai mare, cel mai

important)

Ortografie:
Adjectivele care se termin n -y precedat de o consoan schimb aceast liter n -i
cnd adaug -er / -est:
dry - drier - the driest, lazy - lazier - the laziest, happy - happier - the happiest
Exist i excepii: shy - shyer - the shyest
Adjectivele monosilabice care se termin ntr-o singur vocal + o singur consoan
dubleaz consoana final: hot - hotter - the hottest, big - bigger - the biggest
Cazul adjectivelor lungi
Pozitiv

Comparativ de superioritate
se
formeaz
adverbului more

cu

Superlativ

ajutorulse
formeaz
adverbului most

cu

ajutorul

interesting (inter more interesting (mai interesant) the most interesting (cel
esant)
interesant)

mai

beautiful (frumos more beautiful (mai frumos)

)

the most beautiful (cel

frumos)

mai

expensive (scum more expensive (mai scump)

p)

the most expensive (cel

scump)

mai

wonderful (minu
nat)

the most wonderful (cel

minunat)

mai

more wonderful (mai minunat)

Adjective neregulate (Irregular Adjectives)

good - better - the best, bad - worse - the worst, little - less - the least, much / many - more the most, few - less - the least, far - farther - the farthest (n spaiu), far - further - the furthest
(n timp), old - elder - the eldest (despre membrii aceleiai familii: his elder brother)
Ordinea adjectivelor
Cnd se succed mai multe adjective, acestea trebuie aezate ntr-o anumit ordine.
Aceasta este cea mai folosit:
opinion: lovely, nice, boring, ugly
size/weight: huge, tiny, light, little, big
age: ancient, old, new, young, brand-new
shape: round, long, triangular, square
colour: grey, blue, white
origin: German, Spanish, Greek
material: plastic, leather, stone, wooden, concrete

purpose: student book, can opener, walking boots

Exemplu: I saw some lovely, old, gold earrings in a jeweller's yesterday.

Adverbul
Adverbul este partea de vorbire care exprima caracteristica unei actiuni, stari sau
insusiri si descrie sau modifica verbe, adjective sau chiar alte adverbe. De cele mai multe ori,
adverbul indica unde, cand sau cum are loc o actiune si in ce imprejurari se desfasoara.
FOLOSIREA ADVERBELOR
Adverbele pot determina verbe, adjective sau alte adverbe.
Exemple: Mary opened quickly the door. - determina verbul "opened"- Mary a deschis repede
usa.
The shirt was incredibly expensive. - determina adjectivul "expensive"- Camasa era incredibil
de scumpa.
She spoke extremely fast. - determina adverbul "fast"- Ea a vorbit extrem de repede.
FORMAREA ADVERBELOR
Adverbele se formeaza de cele mai multe ori prin adaugarea terminatiei -ly la forma de
singular a adjectivului.
Insa, atentie, nu toate cuvintele cu terminatia -ly sunt adverbe, ca de exemplu:
lovely (minunat), lonely (singur), friendly (prietenos), neighborly (apropiat), motherly
(mamos), acestea fiind adjective.
Modificari in formarea adverbelor:
la terminatia in -y a unui adjectiv, pentru a deveni adverb, terminatia se va inlocui cu
-i+-ly
Exemple: easy (usor) => easily (cu usurinta), angry (furios) => angrily (cu furie), lucky
(norocos) => luckily (cu noroc)
la terminatia in -le a unui adjectiv, pentru a deveni adverb, terminatia -e va dispare si
se va inlocui cu -y
Exemple: gentle (delicat) => gently (cu delicatete), probable (probabil) => probably (cu
probabilitate), terrible (teribil) => terribly (teribil)
la terminatia in -ic a unui adjectiv, pentru a deveni adverb, se va adauga -ally
Exemple: economic (economic) => economically (cu economie), tragic (tragic) => tragically
(tragic), basic (fundamental) => basically (fundamental)
Evident, pot exista si exceptii: public (public) => publicly (in public)
Exista si adverbe cu forme neregulate:
Exemple:
good (bun) => well (bine)

true (adevarat) => truly (intr-adevar)

whole (intreg) => wholly (in intregime)
hard (greu) => hard (cu greutate)
fast (rapid) => fast (repede)
early (recent) => early (devreme)
POZITIONAREA ADVERBELOR
Adverbele pot fi asezate fie la inceputul propozitiei, fie in mijloc, fie la final.
Exemple: Sometimes Mary goes to the church.- Uneori, Maria merge la biserica.
I rarely make a mistake.- Eu rareori fac o greseala.
Tony visits his mother frecquently.- Tony isi viziteaza mama frecvent.
TIPOLOGIA ADVERBELOR
Adverbe de mod
Acestea raspund la intrebarea: how? (cum?) Se aseaza dupa verb si dupa complementul
acestuia: He runs fast.-El alearga repede.
Exemple: fast (rapid), quickly (repede), easily (cu usurinta), eagerly (cu nerabdare), loudly
(tare), patiently (cu rabdare), well (bine), carefully (cu atentie), beautifully (frumos), softly
(incet)
Adverbe de loc
Acestea raspund la intrebarea: where? (unde?) Se aseaza in general dupa verbul
principal si dupa complementul acestuia:
I searched everywhere.- Am cautat peste tot.
Exemple: ahead (inainte), back (in spate), forward (inainte, in fata), here (aici), there (acolo),
somewhere (undeva), outside (afara), inside (inauntru), near (aproape), backwards (inapoi),
outwards (spre exterior), upwards (in sus)
Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa
Acestea raspund la intrebarea: when? (cand?)
TIMP: today (astazi); yesterday (ieri); tomorrow (maine); now (acum); last year (anul
trecut); later (mai tarziu)
DURATA: all day (toata ziua); not long (nu mult); for a while (pentru un timp); since last
year (de anul trecut)
FRECVENTA: sometimes (uneori); frequently (frecvent); never (niciodata); often (des);
yearly (annual)
De obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfasitul propozitiei sau la inceput: I wrote a
letter yesterday.- Am scris o scrisoare ieri.
Later he called his mother.-Mai tarziu, a sunat-o pe mama sa.
Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la finalul propozitiei: He drove all day.- A condus
toata ziua.

Adverbele de frecventa se aseaza de obicei in fata verbului principal, dar dupa verbele
auxiliare (be, have, may, must): I often read a story in the evening.- Deseori citesc o poveste
seara.
You must always be polite.- Trebuie sa fii intotdeauna politicos.

Alte adverbe: certainly (desigur); definitely (cu siguranta); probably (probabil); surely
(cu siguranta); maybe (poate); obviously (evident); perhaps (poate); really (intr-adevar);
almost (aproape); nearly (aproape); quite (destul); just (doar); enough (destul); scarcely
(abia); completely (complet)

GRADELE DE COMPARATIE ALE ADVERBELOR

Adverbele formeaza comparativul si superlativul la fel ca adjectivele.
- Adauga -er pentru comparativ si -est pentru superlativ la adverbele dintr-o singura
silaba:
hard - harder - hardest (greu - mai greu - cel mai greu)
- Adauga more pentru comparativ si most pentru superlativ la adverbele formate din
doua sau mai multe silabe si la cele terminate in -ly:
seriously - more seriously - most seriously (serios - mai serios - cel mai serios)
- Unele adverbe au forme neregulate la comparativ si superlativ:
badly - worse - worst (rau - mai rau - cel mai rau)
little - less - least (putin - mai putin - cel mai putin)
well - better - best (bine - mai bine - cel mai bine)
much - more - most (mult - mai mult - cel mai mult)