Adverbul in engleza

Adverbul in engleza, ca si in limba romana de altfel, este partea de vorbire care:

· Arata o caracteristica a unei actiuni, a unei stari sau a unei calitati;
· Poate avea categoria gramaticala a comparatiei

Ca si in limba romana si in limba engleza exista o clasificare a adverbelor, dupa

modul in care se folosesc. Vezi mai jos felurile adverbelor in engleza:
- adverbe de timp (Adverbs of time);
- adverbe de mod (Adverbs of manner);
- adverbe de loc (Adverbs of place).

Adverbul de mod in limba engleza indica modalitatea propriu-zisa. Cele mai

multe adverbe de mod in engleza se formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului –ly la forma
adjectivului:

hard (adjectiv) -> hardly (adverb de mod)

Exemple:
They acted foolishly. ( S-au comportat proseste. )
After the lunch he left sadly. ( Dupa pranz, a plecat suparat. )
You should listen carefully! ( Ar trebui sa asculti cu grija ! )

Adverbele de loc in engleza indica locul propriu-zis (there, here), altele indica
directia (aside, forward, behind), insa majoritatea adverbelor de loc pot fi folosite
pentru a indica atat locul cat si directia.

Exemple:
Turn left at the end of the street.
Fa la stanga la capatul strazii.

Adverbele de timp in engleza indica:

- momentul actiunii: never (niciodata), nowadays (in zilele nosatre), now (acum)
- succesiunea in timp: before (inainte), afterwards (dupa aceea), soon (curand)

Exemple: always, never, before, soon

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 Adverbele de mod in engleza
Adverbul de mod in limba engleza indica modalitatea propriu-zisa. Cele mai
multe adverbe de mod in engleza se formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului –ly la forma
adjectivului:

hard (adjectiv) -> hardly (adverb de mod)

Exemple:
They acted foolishly. ( S-au comportat proseste. )
After the lunch he left sadly. ( Dupa pranz, a plecat suparat. )
You should listen carefully! ( Ar trebui sa asculti cu grija ! )
Adverbele de mod in limba engleza pot fi:
- de amplificare: hardly (cu greu), completely (complet), barely (cu greu), scarcely
(cu dificultate), absolutely (absolut) ;
- de probabilitate: perhaps (posibil), probably (probabil), maybe (poate)
- de intarire: actually (de fapt), really (intr-adevar), certainly (in mod sigur)
- de afirmatie sau negatie: yes (da), no (nu), obviously (evident), of course
(desigur), not at all (deloc)
Daca adjectivul de mod in engleza se termina in –e, acesta se pastreaza inaintea
sufixului –ly:
entire (adjectiv) -> entirely (adverb de mod)
extreme (adjectiv) -> extremely (adverb de mod)

Exceptii:
true (adjectiv) -> truly (adverb de mod)
due (adjectiv) -> duly (adverb de mod)
whole (adjectiv) -> wholly (adverb de mod)

Daca adjectivul se termina in –l , adverbul va avea –ll, prin adaugarea terminatiei -

ly:
beautiful (adjectiv)+ ly -> beautifully (adverb de mod)

Adjectivele terminate in –le silabic pierd –e si adauga –y:

simple (adjectiv) -> simply (adverb de mod)

Adjectivele terminate in –y il transforma in –i inaintea sufixului –ly:

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happy (adjectiv) -> happily (adverb de mod)

Adjectivele terminate in –ll pierd un –l:

full (adjectiv) -> fully (adverb de mod)

Adjectivele terminate in –ic primesc –ally pentru a deveni adverbe:

automatic (adjectiv) -> automatically (adverb de mod)
Exceptie: public -> publicly

Adjectivul "good" devine adverbul "well" !

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 Adverbele de loc in engleza
Adverbele de loc in engleza indica locul propriu-zis (there, here), altele indica
directia (aside, forward, behind), insa majoritatea adverbelor de loc pot fi folosite
pentru a indica atat locul cat si directia.
Exemple:
I will leave you here. (Te voi lasa aici.)
Move aside! (Da-te la oparte!)
Go there and you will see. (Du-te acolo si vei vedea.)
Look forward, you will find the information. (Cauta mai departe, vei gasi
informatia.)
Please wait her out! (Te rog asteapt-o afara!)
She lived a long period abroad. (A trait o perioada lunga in strainatate.)
Can you go downstairs and throw me from there the book? (Poti sa mergi jos si sa
imi arunci de acolo cartea?)
Please come home for that special party. (Te rog vino acasa pentru acea petrecere
speciala.)
You won't find this dress nowhere. (Nu vei gasi aceasta rochie nicaieri.)
Sheila went far in the woods to find the little lamb. (Sheila s-a dus departe in padure
gaseasca mieluselul.)

Exista adverbe de loc care au aceeasi forma ca si adjectivul din care provin: outside,
next, right, left

Exemple:
Adverb de loc: What happens next ? - Ce se va intampla in continuare ?
Adjectiv: I’m leaving with the next train. – Plec cu trenul urmator.

Adverb de loc: Turn left at the end of the street.- Fa la stanga la capatul strazii.
Adjectiv: She is wearing a bracelet on her left hand. – Ea poarta o bratara pe
mana stanga.
Adverb de loc: The weather outside is horrible – Vremea de afara e oribila.
Adjectiv: There's only an outside chance of winning this game – Sansele de a
castiga acest joc sunt mici.
Adverb de loc: I'm right behind you.- Sunt chiar in spate tau.
Adjectiv: He is not the right person for you. – Nu e persoana potrivita pentru
tine.

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 Adverbele de timp in engleza
Adverbele de timp in engleza indica:
- momentul actiunii: never (niciodata), nowadays (in zilele nosatre), now (acum)
- succesiunea in timp: before (inainte), afterwards (dupa aceea), soon (curand)

Exemple:
They are always asking for money. (Intotdeauna cer bani.)
I never go to that stadium. (Nu merg niciodata la acel stadion.)
I asked you before. (Te-am intrebat inainte.)
I expect my parents soon. (Ii astept pe parintii mei curand.)
She met him again. (L-a intalnit din nou.)

Adverbele de timp in engleza pot exprima si o idee temporala nedefinita:

often (deseori)
seldom (rareori)
usually (de obicei)

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 Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor in engleza
A) Gradul comparativ al adverbelor in limba engleza

Comparativul de superioritate al adverbelor in engleza se formeaza cu ajutorul:

- sufixului –er in cazul adverbelor monosilabice (si a adverbului early):

fast -> faster (repede -> mai repede)
early -> earlier (devreme -> mai devreme)

- cuvantului more in cazul adverbelor bi- si plurisilabice:

quickly -> more quickly (rapid -> mai rapid)
carefully -> more carefully (cu atentie -> cu mai mare atentie)

Comparativul de egalitate al adverbelor in engleza se formeaza cu ajutorul

lui as… as:

She plays piano as beautifully as her mother. (Canta la pian la fel de frumos ca si
mama sa)

Comparativul de inferioritate al adverbelor in engleza se formeaza cu ajutorul

lui not so/as..as sau less … than:

She doesn't read as well as her classmates. (Nu citeste la fel de bine ca si colegii ei
de clasa.)
He is less carefully than his wife. (El este mai putin grijuliu decat nevasta sa.)

B) Gradul superlativ al adverbelor in engleza

Superlativul absolut se formeaza cu ajutorul unor adverbe ca very (foarte), quite

(destul de), most (cel mai) Aceste adverbe preced adverbul respectiv:

She writes most beautifully.

She writes very beautifully.
She writes quite beautifully.

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Superlativul relativ de superioritate este exprimat prin:

- (the) (adverb)+est in cazul adverbelor monosilabice si a adverbului early:

He runs (the) fastest (of all). (El fuge cel mai repede (dintre toti)).

- (the) most + adverb in cazul adverbelor bi- si plurisilabice:

He answers (the) most intelligently. (El raspunde cel mai intelligent).

Superlativul relativ de inferioritate este exprimat prin (the) least + adverb:

We do everything we want but more carefully. (Noi facem tot ce vrem dar cu o mai
mare atentie.)
She speaks Italian as fluently as her brother. (Vorbeste italiana la fel de fluent ca si
fratele ei.)

Comparatia adverbelor apare numai la unele adverbe de mod, loc si imp. Ea are
aceleasi caracteristici ca si comparatia adjectivului.

Comparatia neregulata in a adverbelor in limba engleza

In limba engleza exista adverbe care formeaza gradele de comparative in mod

neregulat, adica isi schimba radacina in momentul in care intra in structura unor
grade de comparatie.

We are the best. (Noi suntem cei mai buni.)

Andrew plays the violin better than Jessyca. (Andrew canta mai bine decat Jessyca
la vioara.)
Mary solved the exercise the worst of all. (Marina a rezolvat exercitiul cel mai rau
dintre toti.)

Lista celor mai utilizate adverbe care au comparatia neregulata:

well (bine) better (mai bine) the best (cel mai bine)
badly (rau) worse (mai rau) the worst (cel mai rau)
much (mult) more (mai mult) the most (cel mai mult)
little (putin) less (mai putin) the least (cel mai putin)
far (departe) farther (mai departe) the farthest (cel mai departe)
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