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(3.1)
i
n = t2.P.(100 - P) / e2 pentru caracteristici alternative
(3.2)
unde,
t: valoarea teoretic corespunztoare probabilitii cu care se
lucreaz (de regul, P = 95%, iar t = 1,96);
(3.3)
Tabel 3.1
Mrimea eantionului pentru diverse erori limit admise
e = 5%
e = 3%
e = 1%
222
285
370
384
398
399
399
345
526
909
1000
1099
1109
1110
476
909
3333
5000
9090
9900
9990
2max =
( x min x ) 2 + ( x max x ) 2
i
2
2max = f (1 f ) = 0 ,5 (1 0 ,5 ) = 0 , 25
(3.4)
2total = 2 + 2y / x ,
(3.5)
unde,
2 =
(3.6)
unde,
2
= raport de nondeterminaie ce exprim procentual partea din
2
total
variaia total datorat factorilor aleatori nenregistrai;
y2/ x
= raport de determinaie ce exprim procentual partea din
2
total
variaia total a variabilei dependente explicat de factorul de grupare, de
discrimare, de variabila independent.
Dac nregistrm dou niveluri ale dispersiei pentru dou sondaje
succesive se poate calcula modificarea absolut a dispersiei totale ce se va
distribui ntre modificarea absolut a dispersiei dintre straturi i a mediei
dispersiilor din interiorul straturilor, astfel:
2total = 2 + 2y / x
(3.7)
1=
2y / x
2
+
,
2
total
2total
(3.8)
a. 2 mg =
2
= dispersie medie marginal, ce arat cu ct se
2total
b.
2
y / xmg
2y / x
2total
Random Sampling
The sample is a segment of the statistical population chosen to
represent it as a whole. Its representativity ensures the accuracy of the
estimation made on the basis of calculating the research indicators and the
inferential statistics.
When it chooses the sample, the researcher must answer to different
categories of questions:
WHO is to be studied (which is the research unit?)?
HOW MANY units will the sample include (the sample size
influences the results' accuracy, but if it is well chosen, even
a sample of under 1 per cent of the total population may give
results with a high probability)
WHICH are the CRITERIAS for choosing the sampling units
(which is the sampling method used?)
Using random, probabilistic sampling, each unit of the population
has a certain probability to be included in the sample, making possible the
estimation of sampling error. In case the random methods are too expensive
or take too long, the market studies use non-probabilistic or mix sampling.
In this case the sampling errors cannot be estimated.
The random sample is made up of simple research plans
(for researches of homogenous population and also applicable for
non-homogenous population) or of multi-stage research plans
(ranking, multi-stage research, multi-phase research, serial research,
sequential research).
The sampling method is indicated to be used in the case where the
units of population are of small size and there are no significant differences
between the sizes of the units' population. For example, if we estimate the
222
285
370
384
398
399
399
345
526
909
1000
1099
1109
1110
476
909
3333
5000
9090
9900
9990
2
max
( xmin x ) 2 + ( xmax x ) 2
=
2
and
2m ax = f ( 1 f ) = 0 .5 ( 1 0 .5 ) = 0 .25
to the law of large numbers, the more the sample size is increasing (not the
selection fraction), the more the accuracy of the results is higher. The
sample size is decided also according to the results, which will be finalized,
keeping in mind the necessity of the accuracy not only over the entire
sample, but also over subgroups.