LUDMILA CIUMAC

ENGLISH
(From

beginners or false beginners to intermediates)

CHIINU 2001

INTRODUCTIONS IN PHONETICS Introducere in fonetica

Engleza este o limba germanica si are semne conventionale din alfabetul latin. Totusi cu timpul, Engleza s-a transformat dintr-o limba fonetica, pronutarea careia a devenit o problema reala pentru straini. Venind in ajutor studentului in pronuntarea corecta a cuvintelor, mai intai vom descrie sunetele, iar apoi, cuvintele vor fi descrise in Sistema Internationala de Semne, cunoscuta deasemenea ca Alfabetul Fonetic. Toate vocalele insotite de /:/ arata lungimea vocalei respective.

Rules of Reading
In limba engleza sunt 26 de litere si 44 de sunete. Aceasta se explica prin faptul ca vocalele a, e, i, o, u, y se citesc diferit in pozitii diferite. Tabelul de mai jos va va ajuta sa sistematizati si sa memorizati citirea lor.

Vocal

Silab
(se termin n vocal)

Silab
(se termin n consoan)

Vocala
a+r

Vocal Excepii
a + re

[ei]
cake [keik] plate [pleit] take [teik] make [meik]

[ ]
bag [bg] man [m n] can [k n] map [m p]

[a:]
car [ka:] bar [ba:] part [pa:t] card [ka:d]

[]

many

care [k ] have [hvi] hare [h ] fare [f ] rare [r ]

[i:]
he [hi:] she [i:] we [wi:] be [bi:]

[e]
egg [eg] pen [pen] hen [hen] lesson [lesn]

[ :]
her [h:] Berlin [b :lin] perfect[p:fikt] term [t:m]

[ i ]
here [hi] mere [mi] English seven [sevn]

I/Y

[ai]
I [ai] nine [nain] pine [pain] my [mai] fly [flai]

[I]
pig [pig]
sick [sik] tip [tip] fix [fiks] system [sistm] myth [mi ]

[ :]
bird [ b:d]
girl [g:l]

live [liv] give [giv]

circle [s:kl] kirk [k:k](biserica scot)

[ou]
rose [rouz] close [klouz] nose [nouz] open [oupn]

[ ]
box [boks] fox [foks] clock [klok] cock [kok]

[ :]
fork [fo:k] horse [ho:s] pork [po:k] form [fo:m]

do [du:] son [sn] who [hu:] two [tu:] one [wn] you [ju:]

[ju:]

[]

[ :]

pupil [pju:pl] music [mju:zik] pure [pju:] mute [mju:t] student [stju:dnt]

cup [kp] duck [dk] duster[dst] plus [pls] cut [kt]

fur [f:] turn [t :n] burn [b:n] curl [k: l] purpose [p:pz]

put [put]

VOWELS

[vaulz] description and pronunciation (descrierea si pronuntarea)

A
[] as ca in limba romana: cas, fat, mam. a [] - un, o summer [sm] - vara sister [sist] - sora [:] ca aa romanesc girl [g:l] first [f:st] purpose [p:ps] [] ca a/e: bere man [mn] cat [ct] flat [flt] - fata - primul/prima - scop/intentie

- om/barbat - pisica - apartament

[] ca in l. romana: tac, zac, mac. son [sn] - fiu but [bt] - insa/dar/ci nut [nt] - nuca [a:] rostit din fundul gurii: ba, are.
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car aunt far

[ka:] [a:nt] [fa:]

- automobil - matusa - departe

[ai] [au] ca in l. romana: cai sau. I [ai] - eu now [nau] - acum eye [ai] - ochi cow [cau] - vaca buy [bai] - a cumpara mouse [maus] - soarece [ai] numai in triftongi rostit aprox. Ca aca, cu ultimele doua elemente foarte scurte. fire [fai] - foc tired [taid] - obosit hire [hai] - a inchiria [au] rostit aprox.. ca ao, cu ultimele doua elemente foarte scurte: flower tower sour E [e] ca in l. romana: vers, neg, cred. pen lesson bed [pen] [lesn] [bed] - stilou - lectie - pat [flau] [tau] [sau] - floare - turn - acru

[ei] ca in l. romana: tei, lei, vrei. day [dei] - zi name [neim] - nume stay [stei] - a sta/a locui

[ei] in triftongi player [plei] prayer [prei] layer [lei]

- jucator/actor - rugaciune - strat

[e] o prelungire a lui e in hair [he] - par fair [fe] - blond/targ/onest/corect bear [be] - a purta/a suporta/urs rare [re] - rar care [ke] - grija/atentie I [i] ca in l. romana: vin, lin, plin. pity [piti] - mila/compatimire fist [fist] - pumn it [it] - el/ea pentru obiecte, fenomene, etc. [i:] rostit ca doi dei eat [i:t] meet [mi:t] niece [ni:s] - a manca - a /se/ intalni/ a face cunostinta - nepoata

[i] rostit ca i si romanesc impreuna i. near [ni] - langa/aproape dear [di] - draga/scumpa fear [fi] - teama/spaima/risc O [o] rostit scurt si deschis, putin nazal. not [not] - nu pot [pot] - oala/vas/cratita/ghiveci fog [fog] - ceata [o:] ca in l. romana: alcool, co-operativa. floor [flo:] - etaj/podea storm [sto:m] - furtuna

door [do:] - usa [oi] ca in l. romana: oi, noi, doi. toilet [toilit] - toaleta, baie/WC boy [boi] - baiat toy [toi] - jucarie U [u] ca romaneste: drum, cum, fum. cook [cuk] - a gati/bucatar book [buk] - carte put [put] - a pune [u:] ca romaneste: vacuum soon [su:n] - curand /indata noon [nu:n] - amiaza spoon [spu:n] - lingura [u] ca romaneste u si rostite impreuna poor [pu] - biet/sarman/sarac tour [tu] - tur/vizitarea unui oras hour [au] - ora [ou] [u] ambele sunt rostite in acelas mod ca in l. romana: cus but, tu. open [oupn] - a deschide old [ould] - vechi/batran no [nou] - nu CONSONANTS [konsnnts] - descriptions and pronunciations (descrierea si pronuntarea) Consonants are divided into two main groups (Consoanele sunt divizate in doua grupe principale): VOICED [voist] (sonore) b, d, g, v, z, m, n, n, r, l and UNVOICED [nvoist] (surde) p, t, k, f, O, s, , t , h; SEMIVOWELS [semivaulz] (semivocale) j, w. [b] ball bell big [bo:l] [bel] [big] - minge - clopotel - mare

[d] dog dirty deep [g] goose gold good [v] very voice have [z] zip zoo does [m] money maybe must [n] nose night nice [l] live love light [p] party pillow pie [r] crazy red screen

[dog] [d:ti] [di:p] [gu:s] [gould] [gud] [veri] [vois] [hv] [zip] [zu:] [dz] [mni] [meibi] [mst] [nouz] [nait] [nais] [liv] [lv] [lait] [pa:ti] [pilou] [pai] [creizi] [red] [skri:n]

- caine - murdar - adanc - gasca - aur - bun/a/ - foarte - voce - a avea - fermoar - gradina zoologica - face - bani - probabil - a trebui - nas - noapte - frumos - a locui - a iubi - lumina - partid/petrecere - perna - placinta - nebun - rosu - ecran

[t] time tea tall [k] cake kind cold f] fly fast feel [s] see city son [h] he who husbund

[taim] [ti:] [to:l] [keik] [kaind] [kould] [flai] [fast] [fi:l] [si:] [siti] [sn]

- ori/timp/ora - ceai - inalt - pragitura - fel/amabil - frig - a zbura - repede - a simti - a vedea - oras - fecior

[hi:] - el [hu:] - cine [hzbnd] - sot

SPECIAL PHONETIC SYMBOLS CORRESPONDING TO GROUPS OF CONSONANTS (Simboluri special fonetice corespunzatoare grupurilor de consoane) [] ca s romanesc: al, arpe. fish [fi] - pete/a pescui mushroom [mru:m] - ciuperci [t] ca in cuvantul cinci: trecerea de la t la oarecare dintre vocale face fara intermediul lui I sa e, ca in l. romana; sunetul t poate fi final (ca in zici) picture [pikt] - tablou teach [ti:t] - a preda chair [t] - scaun [] ca n din langa, lingura sing [si] - a canta
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song bring

[so] [bri]

- cantec - a aduce

[d] ca g sau j romanesc (gi). John [don] - Ion jam - [dm] - gem joy - [doi] - bucurie [] ca j romanesc: jar, jaf, jale. pleasure [ple] - placere treasure [tre] - comoara measure [me] - masura [j] ca i romanesc din: ieri, iarna, iarba. yesterday [jestdi] - ieri yellow [jelou] - galben yes [jes] - da [] stands for letters th and is pronounced as if having a singing bee on the tip of the tongue. No similitudes between this sound and any their Romanian sound. (z sau d rostit cu varful limbii intre dinti) mother [m] - mama father [fa:] - tata brother [br] - frate [] stands for letters th and is pronounced as if imitating the sound of snake: No similitudes between this sound and any Romanian sound. (s sau t rostit cu varful limbii intre dinti) thanks [nks] thick [ik] think [ink] - multumiri - gros - a gandi Citirea imbinarilor de litere

10

ee [i:] see green feed teach meet ai [ei] main pain chain faint lain coat coal soap boat float [si:] [gri:n] [fi:d] [ti:t] [mi:t]

ea

eo

sea [si:] meal mean speech meat ay

people [pi:pl] [mi:l] [mi:n] [spi:t] [mi:t]

[mein] [pein] [tein] [feint] [lein] oa [ou] [kout] [koul] [soup] [bout] [flout] ou

clay say may pay

day [dei] [klei] [sei] [mei] [pei]

[au] sound count south pound [saund] [kaunt] [sau] [paund]

[] young country cousin touch [jng] [kntri] [kzn] [tt] oo

BUT: group [gru:p], soup [su:p] oo

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[u] book cook good mood took [buk] [kuk] [gud] [mud] [tuk]

[u:] too fool spoon cool moon [tu:] [fu:l] [spu:n] [ku:l] [mu:n]

NOTE: [oo] before d, k is pronounced [u] ([oo] inainte de d si k este rostit [u] scurt). ow [au] brown [braun] crown [kraun] down [daun] crowd [kraud] [ou] low crow yellow fellow [lou] [krou] [jelou] [felou] ew [ju:] ng new [nju:] few [fju:] dew [dju:] chew [tju:]

Except now [nau], cow [kau], how [hau]. ng [] ring [ri] sing [si] thing [i] long [lo] th [] this [is] these [i:z] that [t] [] thank [nk] bath [ba:] breath [bre]

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those [ouz] clothes [klouz] wh [w] when where what which why [wen] [w] [wot] [wit] [wai]

teeth [ti:] cloth [klo] wa [wo] was [woz] wash [wo] watch [wot] want [wont] wander [wond]

NOTE: WH is pronounced [w] before all the vowels except the vowel o.(WH rostit [w] inaintea tuturor vocalelor cu exceptia lui o). Example: who [hu:] cine?, whose [hu:z] al, a, ai, ale cui, whom [hu:m] cui, pe cine. war [wo:] warm war warn ward wardrobe wr [r] wrist write wrong wrinkle wrap ch [rist] [rait] [ro] [rikl] [rp] sh [wo:m] [wo:] [wo:n] [wo:d] [wo:droub] wor [w:] world [w:ld] word [w:d] worm [w:m] worse [w:s] worth [w:]

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[t] child [taild] chill [til] lunch [l nt] check [tek] chief [tif]

[] shake [eik] shave [eiv] shelf [elf] fish [fi] wash [wo:]

ture [t] picture structure mixture lecture signature pikt] [str kt] [mikst] [lekt] [signit]

sure [] pleasure measure [ple] [me]

tion [n] (at the end of the word la sfarsit de cuvant) sion ssion station [stein] tension [tenn] session [sen] sion [n] at the end of the word after vowels (la sfarsit de cuvant dupa vocale). Example: television [telivin] a + ss [a:s] a + st [a:st] ask [a:sk] fast [fa:st] grass [gra:s]
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a + ll [o:l] a + lk [o:lk] all [o:l] small [smo:l] talk [to:k]

pass [pa:s] task [ta:sk] ear [i] clear dear tear near hear eer [i] beer [bi] deer [di:] cheer [ti] qu + vowel quite question quiet queen [kwait] [kwestn] [kwait] [kwi:n] [o:] four [fo:] your [jo:] [kli] [di] [ti] [ni] [hi]

walk [wo:k] tall [to:l] air [] hair pair fair chair air our [au] sour [sau] flour [flau] our [au] BUT: hour [au] i+ ld, nd kind [kaind] mild [maild] bind [baind] mind [maind] [h] [p] [f] [t] [e]

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UNIT 1
Articolul nehotarat [Idefinite Article] din l. engleza este a, an, echivalentul articolului nehotarat din l. romana un, o [un om, o carte]. Inaintea vocalelor an [n] an animal, an egg, an hour, an economist, an eye, an agency. Inaintea consoanelor si sunetelor w si j a [] a lady, a boy, a table, a European [jurpin], a window, a university. Intrebuintare: a). Introduce o notiune noua. Example: There is a new shopping centre in the city. (In oras exista un nou centru comercial). b). Inainte de un nume predicativ. Example: He is an artist. (El este artist). She became a doctor. (A devenit medic). c). In expresii: as a rule (de regula); for a time (pentru un timp); It is a pity (E pacat); to be in a hurry (a se grabi). d). Numai cu substantive la singular si dispare odata cu trecerea substantivului respectiv la plural. Exemple: a book books, an item items, a dog dogs, a computer computers.

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Articolul hotarat (Definite article) din l. engleza este the, echivalentul articolului hotarat din l. romana ul, (pomul, omul), - a (tabla, masa), ua (sacaua, daraua), - le (peretele, caietele) sau la plutal ii (pomii, merii), - le (femeile, florile) etc. Inaintea vocalelor the [i]: the animal, the apple, the egg. Inaintea consoanelor the []: the lady, the man, the university, the teacher, the European[jurpi:n]. Articolu hotarat introduce o notiune cunoscuta sau amintita anterior: I like the recipe. (Imi place reteta). Exista un numar de substantive proprii care se cer precedate de articolul hotarat datorita dezvoltarii istorice a limbii engleze. Categorii de substantive proprii precedate de articolul hotart: a). Nume de ape curgatoare (rauri, fluvii): the Danube - Dunarea the Thames - Tamisa b). Nume de oceane si mari: the Atlantic (ocean) the Black Sea c). Nume de munti si dealuri: the Alps - Alpii the Carpathians - Carpatii d). Nume de insule (grupe de insule) la plural: The British Isles - Insulele Britanice e). Nume de stramtori, canaluri, golfuri, capuri: the Straits of Dover - Stramtoarea Dover the English Channel - Canalul Manecii the Cape Verde - Capul Verde the Bay of Biscay - Golful Biscaia f). Nume de intreprinderi, institutii, hoteluri etc: the British Museum the Savoy (Hotel) g). Nume de vase:

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the Augustina the Titanic h). Nume de ziare si reviste engleze si americane: the Times, the World, the Breeze i). Nume de familii la plural: the Browns, the Smiths. Articolul hotarat se refera la un obiect sau lucru considerat de a fi unic: the sun, the moon, the sky, the world, the Lord, the Bible, the air, the universe etc.

Artocolul Zero inaintea unor substantive proprii. (The Zero Article before certain Proper Nouns).
a). Nume de oameni, animle, corpuri ceresti etc: Michael, John Corbin, Venus Venera. b). Nume de continente, tari, provincii, regiuni, orase, sate etc: Europe, Africa, Rome, France, Moldova. Dintre exceptii pot fi mentionate: The Ukraine, the United States, the Hague. c). Denumirile lunilor anului, ale zilelor saptamanii: March, June, Monday, Sunday etc. d). Denumirile limbilor: Romanian, English, Russian. e). Cu nume de strazi, piete, parcuri, constructii, aeroporturi, metruri: Oxford Street, Red Square, National Park, Windsor Castle, London Bridge. f). Cu nume de substantive (in sens general): Oil floats on water. II. PRONUMELE PERSONAL (Personal Pronoun) I = eu You = tu , dumneata He, she = el, ea (pentru nume de persone) It = el, ea (pentru nume de animale si obiecte) We = noi

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You = voi They = ei, ele I se scrie intotdeaune cu litera mare. EXERCISES: I. Put in a or an (Adaugati a sau an): 1. teacher: 4. worker; 2. English car; 5. farmer; 3. engineer; 6. nurse; Put in a, an (Completati cu a, an): 1. I have new car. 2. Nick is manager. 3. His teacher is American. 4. She eats ice cream. 5. I want apple. 6. We have nice picture. 7. This is interesting story. 8. He reads newspaper. 9. Helen learns poem. 10. My sister has black cat. 11. Her brother writes letter. 12. You sit in armchair. Put the or nothing into each gap. I like Coke. 1. meat is expensive. 2. He likes to drink wine. 3. wine in my glass is red. 4. Heathrow is busiest airport in Europe. 5. We arrive in Paris on third of April. 6. I dont like milk. 7. milk in my cup is not hot. 8. textbook is old. 9. These are desks. 7. book; 8. doctor; 9. chair;

2.

A.

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10. desks are dark brown. 11. Tom and Bill are students. D. Put in articles where necessary. 1. This is nice street. It is Pushkin street. 2. Mr. Brown lives near Hyde Park. 3. They go to National Airport. 4. She says that she loves sea. 5. Mr. Wilson is professor at Oxford University. 6. Greens come to London today. 7. I like tea. 8. They go to Black Sea for their holiday. 9. We visit United States. 10. Atlantic lies between Europe and America. 11. They go to Travel Agency and book train tickets. 12. Music Festival will take place in Moscow next year. PRESENT SIMPLE of the verb TO BE (Timpul present al verbului to be- a fi). AFFIRMATIVE (Afirmativ) Singular I am (Im) = eu sunt you are (Youre) = tu esti he/she/it is (hes/shes/its) = el, ea este Plural we are (were) = noi suntem you are (youre) = voi sunteti they are (theyre) = ei sunt Verbul to be formeaza interogativul prin inversiune. INTERROGATIVE (Interogativ) am I? are you?
INTERROGATIVE-NEGATIVE

am I not? are you not? etc.

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is he/she/it? are we? are you? are they? Verbul to be formeaza negativul adaugand cuvantul not (nt) dupa verb. NEGATIVE (Negativ) I am not (Im) not You are not (arent) He/she/it is not (isnt) We are not (arent) You are not (arent) They are not (arent) Note: 1. You is singular and plural but the verb with you is always plural, e.g. Are you a man? (singular) Are you all students? (plural) 2. Always write a capital letter for I, e.g. My friends and I are in the garden.

EXERCISES:
I. Put in I, you, he, she, it, we, they: 1. Paul is a worker. is a worker. 2. Jane is a girl. is a girl. 3. Felix is my cat. is my cat. 4. My friend is a teacher. is a teacher. 5. This is an English book. is an English book. 6. Toby is a dog. is a dog. 7. Mary is a manager. is a manager. 8. Tom and Bill are children. are children. 9. The students are in the classroom. are in the classroom. 10. My friend and I are at the window. are at the window. 11. The bag is on the chair. is on the chair.
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12. II.

The children are at the door. are at the door. Put in the interrogative (Puneti la forma interogativa):

1. He is an economist. 2. You are doctors. 3. She is a good woman. 4. They are here. 5. You are near the window. 6. It is on the desk. 7. Tom is in the classroom. 8. They are at work. 9. It is on the chair. 10. The manager is in the office. III. Put in the negative (Treceti la forma negativa). 1. They are there. 2. You are at school. 3. I am a good friend. 4. He is a businessman. 5. We are in the classroom. 6. She is a singer. 7. It is hot. 8. You are busy. 9. He is a pilot. 10. It is summer.

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UNIT 2
The PLURAL OF NOUNS (Pluralul substantivelor)
In limba engleza pluralul substantvelor se formeaza de regula adaugand litera s, care se citeste [s], [z], sau es, care se citeste [iz]: [s] - dupa consoane surde: a book - books a desk - desks a map - maps a cat - cats [z] - dupa vocale sau consoane sonore: a pen pens a girl girls a dog dogs a boy boys [iz] - substantive terminate in literele s, sh, ch, tch, sau x adauga es: a match matches a glass glasses a church churches a fox foxes a peach peaches a wish wishes Substantivele terminate in consoana + y schimba la plural y in i si adauga es: a lady ladies a city cities an agency agencies Cele terminate in vocala + y adauga numai s: a day days a play plays a ray rays
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Cele care au mutatie vocalica: a man men a woman women [wimin] a foot feet a tooth teeth a mouse mice [mais] a goose [gu:s] geese [gi:s] Plural in en + mutatie vocalica an ox oxen a child children Unele substantive terminate la singular in o formeaza plural in es: a hero - heroes a potato potatoes a tomato tomatoes Alte substantive terminate la singular in o formeaza pluralul in s: a photo photos a piano pianos a radio radios a studio studios Plurale neregulate: - sonorizarea consoanei finale: [] [z] path [pa:] paths [pa:z] bath [ba: ] baths [ba:z] mouth [mau] mouths [mauz] [f] [vz] a leaf leaves a half halves a shelf shelves a knife knives a life - lives a wife wives

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Plurale straine: a nucleus [nju:klis] nucleu (nuclei) [nju:kliai] (nuclei) a bacterium bacteria an analysis [nlisis] analyses [nlisi:z]
-

The Adjective (Adjectivul)

In limba engleza adjectivele au o singura forma, indeferent de gen sau numar. Ele se asaza de regula inaintea substantivului: A young woman A new flat A handsome man Adjectivele derivate din nume proprii se scriu cu initiala majuscula: Romanian English French

IV. Pronumele si adjectivul demonstrativ

Numar Sing. Plural De aproape De departe that [t] (acela/aceea/acel/acea) those [ouz] (aceia/acelea/acei/acele)

This [is] (acesta/aceasta/acest/aceasta) these [i:z] (acestea/acestea/acesti/aceste)

Examples: This is a book. Its here. These are books. They are there. That is a picture. Those are pictures. This is a pencil. Is this a pencil ? Yes, it is. No, it isnt.
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PREPOZITII DE LOC.
1.

ON se foloseste cu referire la: - o linie Its on the edge of the table (Este la marginea mesei) He lives on Oxford Street (Locuieste pe strada Oxford). Dar in the street (= pe strada). - suprafata: Put it on the table (Pune-o pe masa). IN se foloseste cu referire la o zona: Its in my bag (E in geanta mea) He lives in Paris (Locuieste la Paris). UNDER : The cat is under the chair.

2.

3.

4. AT se foloseste cu referire la un anumit punct sau pozitie: Ill meet you at the station (Ne vom intalni la gara). 5. BETWEEN exprima pozitia fata de doua elemente My house is between the school and the bank (Casa mea este intre scoala si banca).

IV. INTREBARI GENERALE (General Questions)

Intrebarile generale presupun un enunt general (o propozitie intreaga) si un raspuns general, redus, de obicei, la yes da sau no nu. Example: She is a doctor. Is she a doctor ? Yes, she is. No, she is not (isnt) We are managers. Are we managers ? Yes, we are. No, we are not (arent).

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The Construction THERE IS/ARE

There is = este, exista, se afla, se gaseste. There are = sunt, exista, se afla, se gasesc. There is are forma prescurtata theres La viteza normala de vorbire there is si there are sunt neaccentuate si contin de regula forme slabe. There is a man at the door. La interogativ is si are sunt accentuate, iar there are forma tare. Is there a cup of tea for me too? Are there many books on the table? There is si there are cu accentul pe there, inseamna tot iata, pentru distanta: There is the bus = Iata autobusul. There it is. = Iata-l. There they are. = Iata-i. There are Mr. and Mrs. Stevens. Iata-i pe d-na si dl. Stevens. Folosim there is, there are de a denumi lucruri care exista sau nu exista. Theres a childs picture but there arent any plants. Deseori folosim there cand vorbim despre ceva pentru prima data, si it cand descriem detaliile. There is a good office. Its dark. There is a computer in the office. Its very modern. EXAMPLES There is a teacher at the table. There is a cat in the picture. Is there a cat in the pictureYes, there is. No, there isnt. Is there a train in the station? Yes, there is. There are flowers in this picture. Are there flowers in this picture? Yes, there are. Are there cups on the table? No, there arent.

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Intrebari disjunctive la propozitiile continand there is (theres), there are, there is not (there isnt, theres not), there are not (there arent) sunt: There are some books on the desk, arent there? Yes, there are. Sunt cateva carti pe masa, nu-i asa? There isnt much water in the cup, is there? No, there isnt. Nu este multa apa in ceasca, nu-i asa?

EXERCISES:
1. Give the plural of these words: 1. a star. 2. a mountain. 3. a tree. 4. a pound. 5. a knife. 6. a waiter. 7. a woman. 8. a man. 9. an eye. 10. a wife. 11. an airplane. 12. a box. 13. a bench. 14. a city. 15. a radio. 16. a tomato. 17. a girl. 18. a brush. 19. a peach. 20. an address. 2. Put these sentences in the plural (Treceti urmatoarele propozitii la plural) Model: This is a book. That is a map. These are books. Those are maps. 1. This is a boy. 2. That is a teacher. 3. This is a window. 4. That is a tree. 5. That is a pencil. 6. This is a desk. 7. That is an armchair. 8. This is a chair. 9. This is a table. 10.That is a bed.

3. Exprimati dezacordul dumneavoastra (Express your discord). Model: This coat is green. (yellow) This coat isnt green. Its yellow. 1. That car is old. (new) 2. These hats are black. (red) 3. This apple is big. (small)
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4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 11.

Those texts are easy. (difficult) That office is bad. (good) This tie is nice. (plain) These books are thin. (thick) That room is dark. (light) This cat is white. (black) Those days are good. (bad)

4. Make these sentences interrogative: 1. This is a train. 2. That is a door. 3. Those are planes. 4. It is a cat. 5. That is a clock. 6. That egg is bad. 7. This is an umbrella. 8. The window is open. 9. The man is in the car. 10. The cat is under the table. 11. The train is in the station. 12. The plate is on the table. 13. The cigarette is on the desk. 14. They are waiters. 15. The pictures are on the wall.
5.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Answer these questions affirmatively (with yes). Use he, she, it or they in the answers: Is this a pencil? Is this a train? Is that a window? Are the students in the classroom? Are the children in the garden? Is the woman a mother? Is a table a thing?

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Answer these questions negatively (with no). Use he, she, it, or they in the answers: 1. Is this a tree? 2. Are these trees? 3. Is that a book? 4. Are the girls in the office? 5. Is the boy near the door? 6. Are the flowers on the table? 7. Is the door open? 8. Are the books on the shelf? 9. Is the piano in the corner of the room? 10. Is the computer under the desk?
6. 7.

1. 2. 3. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Put in on, in, between, at or under: Tom and Mary are home. They arent school. The institute is hospital and the school. It is the floor. The doctor is the hospital. Peter is the blackboard. Bill sits a chair. Father sits an armchair. The mouse is the floor.

8. Translate into English 1. Cestile sunt pe masa. 2. Camera este mare. 3. Automobilul este nou. 4. Acea geanta este neagra. Este ea sub masa? 5. Baiatul este la masa. 6. Lectia este interesanta. 7. Ei nu sunt la lectie. 8. Textul nu este mare. 9. Omul acela este sofer. Este el in masina? 10. El si ea sunt medici. Sunt ei medici? 11. Ei nu sunt medici. Ei sunt ingineri. 12. Este lampa pe masa? Da, este.

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Vocabulary:
picture tablou, pictura, fotografie, film door usa to close a inchide window fereastra clock ceas (de perete) wall perete table masa near langa boy baiat pen pix pencil creion desk banca, birou, masa de scris, (ec.) casa pay at the desk platiti la casa box cutie thick gros thin subtire big mare nice placut, dragut large mare, larg

TEXT: In the classroom

This is a classroom. The classroom is large. That is a teacher and these are students. That is the door. The door is closed. Those are windows. One window is open. This is a nice picture. That is a map on the wall. There is a table in the classroom. There are flowers on the table. The teacher is near the table. These are desks. The pens and the pencils are on the desks. Are they thick? The pencils and the pens are thin. They are in the boxes. The clock is on the wall. Is the clock big? Yes, it is.

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UNIT 3 The verb to have/ to have got (Present Tense)

Affirmative I have / have got = eu am You have / have got = tu ai He has / has got = el are She has / has got = ea are It has /has got = el/ea are (pentru animale, obiecte) We have /have got = noi avem You have / have got = voi aveti They have / have got = ei au Interrogative Do I have? Do you have? Does he have? Does she have? Does it have? Do we have? Do you have? Do they have? Negative I dont have You dont have He, she, it doesnt have We dont have You dont have They dont have I havent got You havent got He, she, it hasnt got We havent got You havent got They havent got Have I got? Have you got? Has he got? Has she got? Has it got? Have we got? Have you got? Have they got?

Note: In stilul vorbit, formelor verbului to have li se adauga got fara nici o modificare a sensului.

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II. Pronumele personale la cazurile nominativ si obiectiv: Nominative Objective I me (mie, pe mine) You you (tie, pe tine) He him (lui, pe el) She her (ei, pe ea) It it (le el, pe ea) We us (noua, pe noi) You you (voua, pe voi) They them (lor, pe ei) NOTE: La cazul nominativ pronumele personale se folosesc numai in rolul de subiect: E.g. We are students. La cazul obiectiv (acuzativ) aceste pronume se folosesc in rolul de complement a unui verb, dupa prepozitie. Nominative Verb Objective Objective I know him and I write You know me and you write He knows her and he writes She knows us and she writes We know them and we write They know you and they write Preposition to to to to to to him me her us them you

E.g. Help me! = (Ajuta-ma). I see him every day. (Il vad pe el in fiecare zi). Give them these books. (Dati-le lor cartile acestea.). III. Ordinea obisnuita a cuvintelor in propozitie. Pozitia subiectului si predicatului Subiectul este asezat inaintea predicatului: E.g. Dan has a new car. (Dan are o masina noua).

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In propozitia interogativa verbul totdeauna preceda subiectul: E.g. Does Dan have a new car? (Are Dan o masina noua?) Is he a teacher? (Este el profesor?) Intrebarile, care se incep cu un verb se numesc generale. Ele se rostesc cu un ton ascendent si raspunsul este scurt afirmativ si negativ.: E.g. Is he a student? Yes, he is. No, he isnt. Have they got good marks? Yes, they have. No, they havent. Intrebarile, care incep cu cuvintele interogative ca: who? (cine?), what? (ce?), where? (unde?), how? (cum?), how many? (cati, cate?), how much? (cati, cate?), how old? (ce varsta ai?) what kind of? etc. se numesc speciale. E.g. Who is she? (Cine este ea?). She is Jane. (Ea este Jane). What is Bill? (Ce este Bill?) He is an economist. (El este economist). The word who is for people. The word what is for things. Note: Who is he? He is Mr. X. What is he? He is a driver. The students are in the classroom. Who are in the classroom? The students are in the classroom, or The students are, or The students. Are the students in the classroom? Yes, they are. Where are the students? They are in the classroom. The train is in the station. What is in the station? The train is in the station, or The train is, or The train.

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NUMERALS
(Cardinal Numerals) (Ordinal Numerals) 0- nought/zero [no:t] [zirou] 1 one [wn] the first [f:st] 1st 2 two [tu:] -- second [seknd] 2nd 3 three [ri:] third [:d] 3rd 4 four [fo:] fourth [fo:] 4th 5 five [faiv] fifth [fif] 5th 6 six [siks] sixth [sik] 6th 7 seven [sevn] seventh [sevn] 7th 8 eight [eit] eighth [eit] 8th 9 nine [nain] ninth [nain] 9th 10 - ten [ten] tenth [ten] 10th 11- eleven [ilvn] eleventh [ilvn] 11th 12- twelve [twelv] twelfth [twelf] 12th 13- thirteen [:ti:n] thirteenth [:ti:n] 13th 14- fourteen [fo:ti:n] fourteenth [fo:ti:n] 14th 15- fifteen [fifti:n] fifteenth [fifti:n] 15th 16- sixteen [siksti:n] sixteenth [siksti:n ]16th 17- seventeen [sevnti:n] seventeenth [sevnti:n]17th 18- eighteen [eiti:n] eighteenth [eiti:n] 18th 19- nineteen [nainti:n] nineteenth [nainti:n] 19th 20- twenty [twenti] twentieth [twentii] 20th 21- twenty-one [twenti wn] twenty first 21st 30- thirty [:ti] thirtieth [:ti:] 30th 40- forty [fo:ti] fortieth [fo:tii] 40th 50- fifty [fifti] fiftieth [fiftii] 50th 60- sixty [siksti] sixtieth [sikstii] 60th 70- seventy [seventi] seventieth [seventii] 70th 80- eighty [eiti] eightieth [eitii] 80th 90- ninety [nainti] ninetieth [naintii] 90th 100-one (a) hundred [h ndrd] hundredth [h ndrd] 100th 101- one (a) hundred and one (the) hundred and first 101st 1000- one (a) thousand [auznd] thousandth [auznd] 1000th 1000000 one (a) million [milin] the millionth [miljn] 1000000th
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Numeralele ordinale, cu exceptia primelor trei, se formeaza din numeralele cardinale corespunzatoare, cu ajutorul sufixului -th: Grupul de litere ve din five si twelve devine f in numeralele corespunzatoare (the fifth, the twelfth). Eight primeste doar un h (the eighth). Vocala e din nine cade (the ninth). De la twenty la ninety, y se transforma in ie, la care se adauga th. Exprimarea datei: September 12, 1999 September the twelfth, nineteen ninety nine. 12th September, 1999 the 12th of September, nineteen ninety nine. She was born on the 12th of September. Ea s-a nascut la 12 septembrie.

Exercises:
1.

Put in have or has (Completati cu have sau has). 1. I an English book. 5. You a little cat. 2. She a nice dress. 6. We a new company. 3. He a little dog. 7. They a clean house. 4. They a new chief. 8. Dan an interesting book.

2. Make these sentences (I) interrogative, (2) negative: I. I have a book. 8. You have an exercise book. 9. Mr. Corbin has a new car. 10. The students on my left have a computer. 11. Miss Helen has a reading book. 12. Peter has bad pronunciation. 13. I have bad pronunciation. 14. You have a lot of money. 15. The children have funny toys. 16. She has a nice picture. 3. Give true answers (Dati raspusuri adevarate): Model: Has Tom got a little dog?Has your father got an English book? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.

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1. Do you have you a new pencil? 2. Has your teacher got a new bag? blouse? 3. Do you have a cat? 4. Has Mary got a big family?

5. Does your father have a new hat? 6. Does your sister have a red 7. Do they have good friends? 8. Has Tom got a big flat?

4. Cross out the wrong pronoun (Stergeti pronumele gresit): 1.I write to (he, him) and you write (I, me). 2. Mary goes to a dance, and Bill goes with (her, she). 3.We know (them, they) very well, and they know (we, us). 4. I see (she, her) in the office and she sees (me, I). 5. He telephones (she, her) every day and tells the news. 6. He speaks English to (we, us), and (we, us) speak English to (he, him). 7. He teaches (us, we). 8. They help (me, I). 5. Make special questions (Puneti intrebari speciale la cuvintele evidentiate):
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Mr. Smith has a new team. I have an old car. We go home after lessons. You have five French books. Tom has two sisters and one brother. He is a good father.

6. Do these sums (Faceti aceste adunari): Model: 3 + 5 = 8 Three and five is eight. 8+4= 2+5= 4+3= 3+9= 1 10 5 6 + 11 = + 1= + 5= + 3= 4+7= 2+8= 7+1= 6+6=

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7. Translate into English Aceasta este familia mea. Ea este mare. Aceastea sunt parintii mei. Tatal meu este inalt. El este doctor. Cati ani are tatal tau? Mama mea este tanara si frumoasa. Ea este invatatoare. Aveti frati, surori? Da, am doi frati si trei surori. Fratii sunt studenti si surorile eleve. Cine sunt aceia? Acei sunt bunei mei. Ei nu sunt prea invarsta. Bunelul este muncitor si bunica contabil. Cati ani au ei? Noi suntem nepotii lui. Avem un unchi si o matusa. Ei locuesc nu departe de noi. Cati copii au ei? Ei nu au copii.

Vocabulary
family average husband wife parents father mother grandparents grandfather grandmother children school-children son daughter sister brother grandson granddaughter uncle aunt nephew [nefju:] niece [ni:s] cousin godfather godmother bride familie medie sot sotie parinti tata mama bunici bunel bunica copii elevi fecior fiica sora frate nepot (de bunic) nepoata (de bunic) unchi matusa nepot (de unchi) nepoata (de unchi) verisor(a) nas nasa mireasa
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bridegroom wedding parents-in-law subject to work to play summer farmer usually nursery every friend in-laws

mire cununie socri obiect de studiu a lucra a se juca vara fermier, agricultor de obicei cresa fiecare prieten cuscri

Text: My friends family

My friend has an average family. His name is Paul Brown. He lives in London. Whats his job? He is an engineer. Paul works in a company. How old is he? He is thirty. He has got a wife and two children. His wifes name is Mary and his childrens names are Jane and Nick. Mary is a young woman. She is twenty- nine. Shes a doctor in a hospital. Mr. Browns son is a school-boy. He is ten. He takes a lot of subjects at school. Nick has many friends. He likes playing tennis. His daughter Jane is five. Her father takes her to a nursery school every morning. Jane has two little friends: Toby, the dog and Felix, the cat. Mr. Brown has parents. They arent very old. They live in the village. His father is a farmer and his mother is a housewife. Pauls wife usually takes the children to the country in summer to stay with their grandfather and grandmother. They love their grandchildren very much. Mr. Brown has parents-in-law. They live in the country, too. He has an uncle and an aunt. They are farmers. Have they got children? No, they havent. Mr. Browns family is very friendly.

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MEETING PEOPLE How do you do! Hello! Who are you? I am /My name is Glad/Nice to meet you! She is , my wife. He is , my husband. Buna ziua Noroc/Salut! Cum va numiti?/Cum te numesti? Sunt/Ma numesc Sunt incantat de cunostinta! Ea este , sotia mea. El este , sotul meu.

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UNIT 4 1. Modal verbs: can, may, must, need

sunt verbe defectiv-modale, cu urmatoarele caracteristici: - Nu pot fi conjugate la toate modurile si timpurile. Au o forma pentru present, iar o parte din ele si pentru trecut. - Au aceeasi forma la toate persoanele: I can We can You can You can He, she, it can They can Formeaza predicatul numai insotite de alt verb (la infinitiv fara to). Formeaza interogativul prin inversare: Can I ? Can we? Can you? Can you? Can he? Can they? Can she? Can it? - Formeaza negativul prin adaugarea lui not: Cannot forma prescurtata cant Must not May not mustnt may not

Sensurile verbelor modale: Can a putea, a sti sa Can you help me? Yes, I can. No, I cant. I cant swim. May a putea (a-i fi permis); a se putea, a fi posibil, poate ca May I open the window? Pot sa deschid fereastra? It may be true. Poate sa fie adevarat. He may be handsome, but he is not clever. O fi el frumos, dar destept nu e.

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Must a trebui You must go home. Tu trebuie sa mergi acasa. Need forma de present, se foloseste numai in propozitiile interogative, negative si are sensul de este nevoie, este cazul, trebuie, este necesar. You neednt ask him. (Nu e nevoie/nu e cazul sa-l rogi/intrebi). Need I repeat that? E nevoie/trebuie sa repet asta) Yes, you must. No, you neednt. La intrebarile cu need, raspunsul afirmativ se formeaza cu must, iar cel negativ cu neednt.

2. Indefinite Pronouns (Pronumele nehotarate) (some, any, not any, no)

Some unii, unele, ceva, catva, cativa, cateva, niste, oarecare Se foloseste in propozitii afirmative: Some houses are high and some are low. Any ceva, catva, catava, cativa, cateva, unii, unele, vreun(ul), vreo, vreuna, vreunii, vreunele, putin(a) Se foloseste in propozitii interogative in locul lui some: Are there any books on the table? Is there any milk in the bottle? Se foloseste in propozitii afirmative cu sensul de oarecare: You may take any of these books. Poti lua oarecare din aceste carti. Some poate fi folosit in propozitii interogative cand intrebarea nu se refera la some: May I have some water? Pot sa beau putina apa? Yes, you may. Comparati cu: Is there any sugar in the cup? Yes, there is (some). Any se foloseste in propozitii negative si se traduce prin nu, nici un, nici o: I havent any chocolates on the table.

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There isnt any mistake in my work. (Nu exista nici o greseala in lucrarea mea). No inlocuieste pe not any. There is no mistake in my work. 3. Much, many, a lot of, lots of. Much [m t] mult, multa se foloseste cu singularul. Much water/ sugar/information/tea/coffee/milk/work/rice/money/time. I havent got much time. - Nu am (prea) mult timp. Many [meni] multi, multe se foloseste cu pluralul. Many cars/computers/desks/books/lamps/dictionaries. There are many books in the library. In propozitiile afirmative se prefera folosirea expresiei a lot of (mai familiar lots of). There are a lot of flowers in the garden. There are lots of trees in the park. 4. a little, little, a few, few a little putin, putina, ceva, niste (pentru singular) a few cativa, cateva, niste (pentru plural) au conotatii pozitive: I have a little time. Am putin (ceva) timp. Dispun de oarecare timp. We have a few friends in this town. Avem cativa prieteni in acest oras. Little putin, prea putin, mai deloc. Few (prea) putini, (prea) putine, mai deloc au conotatii negative: Im afraid I have little time for reading. Ma tem ca am prea putin timp pentru citit. There are few birds left in Moldova. Au ramas (foarte) putin e pasari in Moldova.

4. Alternative Questions (Intrebari alternative)

Intrebarile de tipul: Is he a teacher or a doctor? (Este el profesor sau medic?) se numesc alternative. Se formeaza cu ajutorul conjuctiei or
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[o:] sau, si se rostesc cu urmatoarea intonatie: prima parte a intrebarii (pana la conjunctia or) se rosteste cu un ton ascendent, iar partea care urmeaza dupa or cu un ton descendent: Is this a table or a desk? Spre deosebire de intrebarea generala, care se pune la intreaga propozitie, intrebarea alternativa se pune la diferite parti ale propozitiei: Is he a doctor or is she? (la subiect) Is he an engineer or manager? (la predicativ) Is he in London or in Paris? (la complement circumstantial de loc) Is the competition in summer or in spring? (la complement circumstantial de timp) The Seasons of the Year. (Anotimpurile) Spring [spri] primavara Summer [sm] vara Autumn [o:tm] toamna Winter [wint] iarna Ca subiect, anotimpurile nu primesc articolul hotarat: In Moldova summer is a warm season. Se spune in winter, in autumn , etc. cand exprimam o generalitate: In winter the trees are bare. (Iarna copacii sunt golasi). Cand ne referim la un anotimp dintr-un anume an, folosim articolul hotarat: In the spring of 1999. (In primavara anului 1999). We will see you in the summer. (Te vom vedea la vara.) What can they do? Put in the verbs: 1. He can play football. 4. I can drink milk. 2. She can read a book. 5. We can study English. 3. They can play in the park. 6. You can write on the blackboard.

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Make sentences: Model: I can play football. (tennis) I can play football, but I cant play tennis. 1. I can drink tea. (milk) 2. They can play chess. (rugby) 3. We can read books. (novels) 4. You can clean the blackboard. (the window) 5. She can speak Romanian. (English) 6. He can draw my dining-room. (classroom) 7. He can open the door. (the window) 8. I can write exercise 3. (exercise 5)

Text: The Seasons in Moldova

Winter, spring, summer and autumn are the seasons of the year. December, January and February are winter months. The weather is cold. Usually it snows. The days are short and the nights are long. You can see snow everywhere. The rivers and lakes freeze and we can go skating and skiing. March, April, May are spring months. Its a very nice season.The weather is fine and it is warm. There are many green trees in the streets and in the parks. Sometimes it rains but as usually the sun shines brightly. June, July and August are summer months. It is hot or warm. The days are long and the nights are short. There are many green trees and nice flowers in the parks in summer. September, October, November are autumn months.It is cool. The weather is changeable. It often rains. The days become shorter and the nights longer. You can see yellow, red and brown leaves everywhere. It is time for gathering harvest.

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Exercises:
1. Put in must or mustnt 1. Children run in the street. 2. You do your homework. 3. We learn our lessons. 4. You sit on the table. 5. We read in bed. 6. You eat breakfast in the morning. 7. They answer these questions. 8. He smoke in the office.
2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 3.

Read and translate these sentences. (Cititi si traduceti aceste propozitii) I have very little sugar at home. Peter has few friends at the university. Have they many children? Is there much or little coffee in your cup? There is a little tea in her cup. There are a few books on the shelf. There are a lot of English and French books in the university library. He usually has a lot of work to do in his office. Put in many, much, few, a few, little, a little and a lot of. There are not books on the desk. Mr. Brown receives very visitors on Tuesday. She types letters every day. There are students in the canteen. I want coffee, please. There is not bread at home. There are students at the lesson. I have cigarettes at home.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

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4. Make up alternative questions 1. He is a worker. 2. They have many friends. 3. She is a good manager. 4. I have much work. 5. Paris is the capital of France. 6. The bag is under the table. Vocabulary Drawing room/living room/sitting room camera de zi Bed room dormitor Bath room baie Dining room sufragerie Kitchen bucatarie Balcony balcon Entrance hall hol de intrare 1. Bed room 1. Dormitorul bed pat carpet covor wardrobe sifonier window fereastra curtain perdea, draperie dressing-table masa de toaleta 2. Drawing room 2. Camera de zi sofa canapea armchair fotoliu chair scaun TV-set televizor picture tablou door usa furniture mobila mirror oglinda piano pian 3. Dining room 3. Sufragerie table masa stool taburet lamp lampa buffet bufet glass-case vitrina

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4. Kitchen oven/cooker/stove fridge cupboard sink vacuum-cleaner 5. Room wall floor ceiling blinds 6. Entrance hall peg clothes key wallpaper 7. Bathroom basin water-closet soap towel Verbs to open to shut/close to eat to drink to sit to watch to look (at) to dry to wash to dress to make-up to go to bed to get up to sleep to cook

4. Bucatarie aragaz frigider dulap chiuveta aspirator 5. Camera perete dusumea/podea tavan jaluzele 6. Holul de intrare cuier imbracaminte cheie tapet 7.(Camera de)baie chiuveta closet, WC sapun prosop Verbe a deschide a inchide a manca a bea a sedea a privi a privi (la) a (se) sterge a (se) spala a (se) imbraca a (se) machia a merge la culcare a se scula a dormi a gati

48

to come in to go out/to leave to live to put

a intra in a iesi/a pleca a locui/a trai a pune

Text: My Flat
I have a large flat in a new block of flats. There are ten floors in our house. Our house has all modern conveniences such as: central heating, electricity, gas, running water, and a telephone. Our flat is very confortable. There are four rooms in it: a dining room, a bed room, a bath room and a kitchen. In the bed room we have a bed near the window and a wardrobe near the door. There is a lamp above the bed. There is a green carpet on the floor. The walls are white, the curtains are white, too and the blinds are green. Its a nice bedroom. The living room is large and light. The walls in this room are yellow. The ceiling is white and the floor is brown. There is a square table in the middle of the room. There is a vase of flowers on it. There are two arm-chairs and a standard-lamp in the corner. We sit down in the armchairs and watch TV. There is also a piano in the room. My sister plays the piano very well. She loves music. To the right of the piano there is a writing-table. There are some books on it. Our dining room is a large room. In the middle of it there is a big round table and some chairs. The bedroom is not large. There are two beds, a night table (commode), a telephone, a wardrobe and a mirror. The study is large. There is a large writing-table in front of the window. There are many things in it. There are a sofa and a bookcase in the corner. The kitchen is not very large. There is a window and on the sill I have many flower pots. There are a cupboard, a table, some stools, a sink and a fridge. In the kitchen we have breakfast, dinner and supper. I like my flat very much.

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Dialogue
Ted: Do you have a nice flat, John? John: Yes, I do. My flat is not large but comfortable. Ted: How many rooms do you have, John? John: I have two bedrooms, a dining-room, a kitchen, a bathroom and a living-room. Ted: Do you eat in the living-room? John: No, we dont. My mother cooks in the kitchen and we eat in the dining-room. Mary: Is the entrance-hall large? John: Well, not very large. Mary: Is the fridge in the dining room or in the kitchen? John: The fridge and the freezer are in the kitchen near the window. Ted: Thank you.

Better slowly, but surely.

Take your time ang get it right.

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UNIT 5 The Present Indefinite (Prezent simplu)

The Present Indefinite exprima actiuni obisnuite, repetate nu neaparat legate de momentul vorbirii, de ex.: She is a very good doctor; They like to travel. Acest tip de propozitii include adesea informatia despre anumite capacitati (calitati). He reads very quickly. Tom speaks French fluently. Aceasta repetare este indicata prin adverbele de frecventa si imbinari de cuvinte ca: often deseori, always [olweiz, olwz]-intotdeauna, mereu, vesnic, usually de obicei, never niciodata, rarely rar, once a week odata pe saptamana/saptamanal, every day in fiecare zi, every year in fiecare an, seldom rar. Exemplu: I never drink milk. Eu niciodata nu beau lapte; He goes to the theatre twice a month El merge la teatru de doua ori pe luna. Adverbele de timp nedefinit si frecventa se asaza de regula intre subiect si predicat. I always get up early. They often forget to brush their teeth. They seldom come to the lessons. Exceptie: Intre verbul to be si numele predicativ: Helen is always dressed well. (Helen este intotdeauna bine imbracata) Kathy is never late for school. La interogativ: Do you often go to concerts? (Mergi des la concerte?) La negativ: I dont always enjoy his plays. La interogativ-negativ: Dont you ever read detective stories? (Nu citesti niciodata romane politiste?) O propozitie englezeasca neputand contine doua negatii, in exemplul de mai sus never a fost inlocuit cu ever.

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Sometimes uneori, cateodata are loc variabil in propozitie: I sometimes have news from him. Sometimes we go for a walk. She says sometimes that she loves him. (Uneori ea spune ca-l iubeste). Terminatia Prezentului Indefinit la persoana a 3-a singular se conduce dupa aceleasi reguli ortografice si fonetice ca si pluralul substantivelor. Verbele terminate in consoana, e, w sau y precedate de o vocala (e vorba de litere), adauga terminatia s: he knows, she forgets, it changes, she plays. Cele terminate in y precedat de o consoana formeaza persoana a 3-a singular in ies: To cry-cries, to fly-flies, to hurry-hurries. Cele trminate in ss, -s, ch, -tch, sh, -x = es: She teaches, He fixes He watches, She passes, it washes. Verbele to go si to do = es: she goes [gouz], he does [dz] Terminatia s sau es a persoanei a 3-a singular se pronunta z dupa vocale si dupa consoane sonore = b, d, g, m, l ,n, v ,, . Plays, descriobes, reads, calls, comes, learns, lives, bathes, says [sez]. - s dupa consoane surde = f, k, p, t, : laughs [la:fs], cooks, hopes, meets, baths. - s dupa consoanele sueratoare iz: rises [raiziz] se redica, rouges [ru:iz] rujeaza, changes [teidiz].

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Affirmative I know You know He, she,(it) knows We know You know They know

Interrogative Do I know? Do you know? Does he,she,it know? Do we know? Do you know? Do they know?

Negative I dont know You dont know He, she, it doesnt know We dont know You dont know They dont know

Interogativul Prezentului Nedefinit se formeaza exclusiv cu ajutorul auxiliarului do urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat. Ca auxiliar verbul to do isi pierde total sensul de a face: Do you know me? Does he know English? Does she know how to cook? (Se pricepe sa gateasca?) Verbul to do, cu sensul de a face, se conjuga cu el insusi ca auxiliar pentru a forma interogativul: What do you do? (Ce faci?) What does he do? (Ce face el?) How do you do? (formula de salut). Where do you work? (Unde lucrezi?) When do you go home? (Cand mergi acasa?) Daca intrebarea este adresata subiectului propozitiei, atunci verbul auxiliar nu se intrebuinteaza: Who works in the garden? (Cine lucreaza in gradina?) Cand in calitate de predicat se foloseste verbul to be, formele interogativa si negativa nu include auxiliarul do: He is a farmer. He is not a farmer. Is he a farmer?

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The Days of the Week (Zilele saptamanii) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday [m ndei] [tju:zdei] [wenzdei] [:zdei] [fraidei] [stdei] [sndei] luni marti miercuri joi vineri sambata duminica

Denumirile zilelor saptamanii provin din timpurile vechilor credinte, cand fiecare zi era consacrata unui zeu sau unui eveniment sacru. Monday provine din anglosaxonul day of the moon, adica zeul lunii. Tuesday provine de la Tiu, fiul Zeului Odin. Wednesday provine de la Odin, numit in engleza Odin sau Woden. Thursday Zeul Thor era venerat joia. Friday provine de la Zeita Frei sau Frigg. Saturday provine de la Saturn. Sunday provine de la anglosaxonul day of the Sun, adica Ziua Soarelui. In limba engleza zilele saptamanii se scriu cu litera mare. Pentru a spune: (in ziua de) luni sau (in ziua de) marti, se foloseste particula on, de ex.: on Monday, on Tuesday. Expresii in legatura cu zilele saptamanii: (on) Monday luni last Thursday - joia trecuta next Sunday duminica viitoare on Fridays vinerea, vinerile (on) Wednesday morning miercuri de dimineata on Saturday afternoon intr-o dupa ameaza de sambata The Meals of the Day Mesele zilei: Breakfast

micul dejun

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Lunch luncheon tea dinner

1. masa de pranz 2. gustarea de pranz dejun ceaiul (de dupa-ameaza) 1. Masa (principala a zilei) 2. masa de seara 3. dineu 1. cina 2. supeu

supper

In mod obisnuit, mesele zilei nu se articuleaza: We have dinner at 2 oclock in the afternoon. What time is breakfast? Supper is a light meal. Cina este o masa usoara. The Months of the Year. (Lunile anului) January [dnjuri] July [dulai] February [februri] August [o:gst] March [ma:t] September [septemb] April [eiprl] October [oktoub] May [mei] November [nouvemb] June [du:n] December [disemb] The 1st of January sau January the 1st The 8th of March sau March the 8th

Exercises:
1. Make sentences:

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gets up He She washes goes to school watches TV plays in the park goes to bed

in

the mornig. the afternoon. the evening. noon. night. eight oclock. Monday. Thursday. Sunday.

at

on

2. 1.

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Put in on, at or in: Nick goes to the university onin the morning. He has lunch at noon. He does his homework in the afternoon. She has English on Monday and Friday. He has dinner at seven oclock. He goes for a walk on Sunday. He goes to bed at night.

3. Open the brackets using the verbs in the correct form. (Deschideti parantezele si folositi verbul respectiv la forma corecta). 1. We (study) very much. 2. She (speak) English very well. 3. They (work) hard. 4. He (read) many books. 5. Peter (walk) very fast. 6. This pen (write) well. 7. He (like) coffee. 8. She (drink) tea. 9. We (get up) at 6 oclock. 10. He (watch) TV in the evening. 4. Change these sentences. Model: He opens the window in the morning. (always) He always opens the window in the morning.

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1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
5.

I have coffee in the morning. (often) Peter has tea in the morning.(usually) She watches TV in the afternoon. (never) My friend and I play chess on Sunday. (sometimes) He goes to the cinema on Saturday. (often) She listens to the music in the evening. (seldom) He runs in the park every morning. (usually) Mother cleans the rooms every Saturday. (always)

Trasform these sentences. Give short answers to the questions. (Transformati aceste propozitiile. Dati raspunsuri scurte la intrebari.) Model: He often watches TV on Friday. Does he often watch TV on Friday? Yes, he does. 1. I always have dinner at home. 2. We usually play chess in the morning. 3. She sometimes has dinner at seven oclock in the evening. 4. They seldom write letters to her mother on Friday. 5. He often has English class on Tuesday. 6. She usually has lunch on Sunday. 7. My sister goes to college every day. 8. Our father washes his car every week.

6. Transform these sentences into negative. Model: Nick does his homework every week. Nick doesnt do his homework every week. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. My brother works very much. I usually get up at 6 oclock in the morning. Tom often reads books in the evening. We sometimes go for a walk at weekends. He is busy all day. Her grandparents live in the country. He meets me every day. You like French very much.

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7. 1. 2. 3.

Put in the interrogative: He goes to work every day. (who, where, when, what) She has two brothers and three sisters. (who, what, how many) My parents live in a small town near Paris.(who, what, where, what kind of) 4. They have a three-room flat in a new house in the centre of London. (who, what, how many, what kind of, where) 5. He comes to the factory at eight oclock in the morning. (who, what, where, when)
8.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Complete these sentences with respective articles. (Completati golurile din urmatoarele propozitii cu articolul respectiv) He is a student. They study at the University. We live in a good flat. We have two-room flat in new block of flats. Our flat is on the ninth floor. He works in a.. big company. There are many things in their flat. the things are good. There is a nice picture on the wall.

9. Translate into English 1.In Washington sunt multi studenti. there are a lot of studets in Washington. 2. Ei isi fac studiile in universitati si colegii. They study at universities and coledgies 3. Studentii universitatilor lucreaza intens. 4. Ei citesc multe carti. 5. Duminica parintii nu lucreaza. 6. Copiii nu merg la scoala. 7. Duminica noi ne plimbam in parc. 8. Feciorului meu ii place sa se plimbe cu mine. 9. Dumneata faci studii la Universitate? 10. Cine va preda limba engleza? 11. Unde locuieste d-l Smith? 12. El nu locuieste in Chisinau, el locuieste in Londra. 12. El este managerul unei mari companii. Vocabulary to walk [wo:k] week [wi:k] to receive [risi:v] to stay [stei] a merge (pe jos) saptamana a primi (in vizita) a sta, a ramane

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to want [wont] to study [stdi] only [ounli] to rest [rest] young [j] to go [gou] boy [boi] girl [g:l] factory [fktori] to listen [lisn] to to [tu:] (prep.) to discuss [disks] to return [rit:n] hard [ha:d] after [a:ft] questions [kwestnz] to read [ri:d] home [houm] newspaper [nju:speip] university [ju:niv:siti]

a dori, a vrea a studia numai a se odihni tanar(a) a merge, a pleca, a se duce bait fata fabrica a asculta la, spre, catre a discuta a se intoarce intens dupa intrebari a citi acasa ziar universitate

Text: Rob Fellows

Rob Fellows works in a company. He lives near the company. He usually walks there. He only works five days a week. He works on Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and Friday. He doesnt work on Saturday and Sunday. He often receives visitors from factories in the afternoon. They discuss a lot of questions with him. He usually finishes work at six oclock in the evening. Rob learns French. He works hard at his French. He sometimes stays in the office after work for his French lessons. After classes he returns home. Mr. Fellows has a family. His family is not large. He has a wife and two children, a boy and a girl. The boy goes to school. The girl doesnt go to school. She is very young. She is only three. She goes to a nursery. His wife is a student at the University. She wants to be a doctor. She works very hard every day.
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On Saturday we clean the house and cook breakfast, lunch and dinner for our family. On Sundays we rest from work. We walk in the park with our children. They play and we read some newspapers. We go home at 7 oclock. The children go to bed at 9 oclock, but we dont. We watch TV and listen to the radio.

Its hard, but its worth trying.

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UNIT 6 The form of the Possessive/Genitive Case (cazul posesiv/genitivul in s)

The declension of nouns (Declinarea substantivelor) Nominativ (the/a) Genitiv (of the/a) s Dativ (to the/a) Acuzativ (the/a) Vocativ (-) The waiter wears white gloves. (Chelnerul poarta manusi albe) The gloves of the waiter are white./The waiters gloves are white. (Manusele chelnerului sunt albe) Dont forget to give a tip to the waiter. (Nu uita sa-i dai chelnerului un bacsis) Lets call the waiter. (Sa chemam chelnerul) Waiter! The bill, please. (Chelner! Nota, te rog)

The Genitive Case

Genitivul in limba engleza se exprima cu prepozitia of pentru lucruri si cu s, numai cu apostrof in general pentru persoane si alte fiinte: The boys name numele baiatului Toms father tatal lui Tom. La plural, apostroful se asaza dupa s: The boys books cartile baietilor. Daca pluralul substanivelor (neregulate) nu se termina in s, se adauga s: The mens club clubul barbatilor The childrens parents parintii copiilor. Mike and Marys children. (Copiii amandurora.) Tom, Bill and Janes parents. (Parintii comuni ai celor trei copii.) In cazul acesta s se aseaza numai dupa ultimul substantiv la genetiv. Elenas and Jerrys parents. (Parintii fiecaruia in parte). In cazul acesta s se asaza dupa fiecare substantiv la genetiv.
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Genitivul sinteticse foloseste de asemenea: (the) bakers (shop) brutarie butchers macelarie florists florarie grocers bacanie greengrocers zarzavagerie tobacconists - tutungerie doctors, dentists (office) mothers (house) Lets go to mothers tonight. Pentru a exprima distanta, durata si greutatea: A miles walk cale de o mila pe jos. A two hours journey o calatorie de 2 ore. A three pounds cake un tort de trei lire. A 3 pound cake (Am.v.) Cu adverbe, ca: today, yesterday, tonight, sau cu substantive ce exprima timpul, spatiul sau greutatea - yesterdays newspaper (ziarul de ieri) - tonights programme (propramul din aceasta seara) - a months holiday (o vacanta de o luna.) Genetivul analitic of Se foloseste: - cu substantive comune: the colour of the sky culoarea cerului the author of the book- autorul cartii the difficulty of the problem- dificultatea problemei. - cu denumiri geografice: the city of London orasul Londra.

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Personal Pronouns (Pronumele personale) I You He She It We You They

Pronumele Posesive (Pronumele posesive) Dependente my your his her its our your their Independente mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

This is my book. Mine is on the desk. This is his car. That is hers. The place of direct and indirect object in the sentence. (Locul complementului direct si indirect in propozitie): In limba engleza complementul indirect, de obicei, preceda pe cel direct: He gives her many materials. El i-a dat ei multe materiale. Daca complementul direct il preceda oe cel indirect, atunci ultimul este precedat de prepozitia to, devenind complement prepozitional: He gives many materials to her. El ii da ei multe materiale. Disjunctive Questions (Intrebari disjunctive)
-

Se traduce in limba romana prin nu-i asa? sau Nu? sau Asai? Dupa o propozitie afirmativa, intrebarea disjunctiva are forma interogativ-negativa: Fred is a student, isnt he? Mr. Smith has got a car, hasnt he?

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Dupa o propozitie negativa, intrebarea disjunctiva are forma interogativa simpla: He is not a student, is he? She cant speak English, can she? In intrebarile disjunctive se folosesc pronumele personale si, de regula, formele prescurtate ale verbelor.
-

Intrebarile disjunctive la propozitiile continand there is (theres), there are, there is not (there isnt, theres not), there are not (there arent) sunt: There are some flowers in the garden, arent there? There isnt much time left, is there? (n-a mai ramas mult timp, nu-i asa?) Intrebarile disjunctive la propozitiile continand Prezentul Nedefinit se formeaza dupa regulile cunoscute, cu precizarea ca verbul notional nu apare in asemenea intrebari ci este inlocuit cu do, does, dont, doesnt: You know me, dont you? You dont know me, do you? She goes to bed early, doesnt she? She doesnt go to bed late, does she? The Adjective (Adjectivul) In limba engleza adjectivele au o singura forma, indeferent de gen sau numar. Ele se asaza de regula inaintea substantivului: A young woman A new flat A handsome man Adjectivele derivate din nume proprii se sriu cu initiala majuscula: Romanian English French

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Exercises:
1.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Model: The teacher has a good book. The teachers book is good Mr. Robinson has a new car. The boy has an old computer. The pupil has a clean notebook. Our ather has a white shirt. The woman has a new dress. My sister has a new bag. The man has a blue uniform. His brother has a dirty suit.

2. Put in the plural: Model: The students composition is interesting. The students compositions are interesting. 1. The girls blouse is beautiful. 2. The boys shirt is white. 3. The teachers pen is black. 4. The doctors room is clean. 5. The girls hair is nice. 6. The students problem is difficult. 3. Complete the sentences with possessive pronouns. (Completati propozitiile de mai jos cu pronumele posesive respective: 1. Sylvia lives in London with her parents. 2. Your pipe is in place. 3. Jeff and Tom are at the cinema with sister. 4. brothers teacher is a man, but is a woman. Is that coat ? Yes, it is . 5. mother is at home. Where is ? 6. We have a new TV set in bedroom. 7. Mike and wife are at the theatre. 8. Dont show me report, show me . . 9. How old is father? 10. Our house is new, but is old.
4.

Change the places of direct and indirect objects. (Schimbati cu locurile complementele direct si indirect):

1. He lends me his pen. 2. He sends the letter to her. 3. They show us

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their new car. 4. She brings me a cup of coffee. 5. He demonstrates his project to them. Read these disjunctive questions and answer them. 1. Peter goes to the cinema, doesnt he? 2. John has some friends at school, hasnt he? 3. Your friends family isnt large, is it? 4. There are ten students in the classroom, arent there? 5. There arent any pictures on the walls, are there? 6. You always listen to the radio in the evening, dont you? 7. He opens the window every day, doesnt he? 8. His brothers dont play chess every weekend, do they? 9. He has coffee in the morning, hasnt he? 10. They can speak English very well, cant they?
5.

6. Completati spatiile goale cu corespondentul romanesc al lui nu-i asa? 1. Its a tasty cake, ? 2. Sally is your sister, ? 3. Mr. and Mrs.Lee are your parents, ? 4. It isnt late, ? 5. You have got a car, ? 6. You arent very busy, ? 7. There is an English newspaper on the desk, ? 8. She cant work, ? 9. She watches TV, ? 10. He isnt happy, ? 7. Translate into English. 1.Tu ai multe greseli, nu-i asa?. 2. Apartamentul prietenului meu este foarte confortabil. 3. Eu nu pot sa merg la petrecere in seara aceasta. 4. Ei trebuie sa traduca acest text. 5. Ti-ai cumparat carti noi, nu-i asa? 6. Noi cumparam paine de la bacanie. 7. Aceasta este cartea mea, da aceea a ta. 8. Pot sa deschid fereastra? 9. Culoare cerului. 10. Profesoarea de pian a lui Tom. 11. Lectia profesorului. 12. Marca acestui automobil. 13. Primele capitole ale romanului. 14. Usa camerii lui Bill si Jane. 15. Noua prietena a Lizei. 16. Numele strazii noastre. 17. Numarul casei lor.

Vocabulary
capital old city huge capitala vechi oras (mare) urias, imens
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bridge across river narrow pavements financial sights bell to weigh residence queen cars buses tube (underground) /subway (Am.v) nice

pod peste rau ingust trotuar, pavaj financiar punct turistic de atractie clopot a cantari residenta regina automobile autobuse metrou frumos

TEXT: LONDON
London is the capital of Great Britain. It is a very old city. It is two thousand years old. London is not only the capital of the country, it is a huge port. London is situated on both banks of the Thames. There are 17 bridges across the river. The population of London is about 9 million people. London has three parts: the City of London, the West End, the East End. The City of London is the oldest part of London. You can see narrow streets and pavements there. There are many offices, firms and banks in this part of London. The City of London is the financial centre of the United Kingdom. The West End is the centre of London. There are many sights in the West End. They are, for example, the Houses of Parliament with Big Ben which is the biggest clock bell in Britain. It weighs 13.5 tons. The official London residence of the Queen is Buckingham Palace. There are many museums, libraries and galleries in London. There are many cars and buses. There is a tube (an underground) in London, too. It is a nice one.
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UNIT 7 The Present Participle (Participiul prezent)

The Present Participle, in general, are un sens activ, ex: I see him painting. Functii: 1. Impreuna cu verbul auxiliar to be, formeaza aspectul continuu la diferite timpuri. 2. Are o valoare adjectivala, determinand un substantiv. Poate fi folosit atat atributiv (ex.: an interesting story = o poveste interesanta), cat si predicativ (ex.:The story is interesting = Povestea este interesanta.) The Present Participle se formeaza cu ajutorul sufixului ing, care se ataseaza la infinitivul verbului fara partica to: to read reading, to stay - staying, to take taking, to get getting.

The Present Continuous Tense (Prezentul continuu)

The Present Continuous se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be la Presentul Simplu si Participiul I al verbului de conjugat. Affirmative I am (Im) reading a book You are (Youre) reading a book He is (Hes) reading a book She is (Shes) reading a book We are (Were) reading a book You are (Youre) reading a book They are (Theyre) reading a book

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Interrogative Am I reading ? Are you reading a book ? Is he reading a book ? Is she reading a book ? Are we reading a book ? Are you reading a book ? Are they reading a book ? Negative I am not (Im) not reading a book You are not (arent) reading a book He is not (isnt) reading a book She is not (isnt) reading a book We are not (arent) reading a book You are not (arent) reading a book They are not (arent) reading a book The Present Continuous exprima: a). o actiune, care se petrece in momentul vorbirii: Ex.: Look! Its raining. (Priveste! Ploua) b). o actiune, care are loc pentru o perioada limitata de timp in prezent: Ex.: What are you reading these days? Im taking driving lessons. (Iau lectii de conducere auto) c) - poate avea o valoare de viitor, exprimand o actiune ce va avea loc conform unui program stabilit inainte, si anume verbele, care exprima miscarea, ca to go, to come, to leave denota o actiune care se va efectua in viitorul apropiat: Ex.: He is coming tomorrow. (El vine miine) Unele verbe nu se pot folosi la forma continua: - verbe care exprima o activitate mintala (know, remember, believe, mean, understand, forget, doubt [daut], agree, appreciate, expect, assume, feel (=think), realize, recognize)

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verbe care exprima sentimente sau stari sufletesti (love, regret, prefer, want, like, to etc.) verbe care exprima o perceptie senzoriala (see, hear, smell etc) verbe care exprima posesia (have, belong (to) a apartine, to owna poseda, cat si verbul to be) verbe modale (can, must, may )

The Adverb (Adverbul)

Adverbul poate determina un verb (She sings beautifully), un adjectiv (She has an extremely beautiful voice) sau un alt adverb (very late). Modul de formare Majoritatea adverbelor de mod se formeaza prin adaugarea sufuxului ly la un adjectiv. Ex.: Adjectiv Adverb Useful usefully Easy easily True truly Slow slowly Full fully Adjectivele terminate in ic primesc terminatia ally Fantastic fantastically Diplomatic diplomatically Unele adverbe au aceeasi forma cu adjectivele corespunzatoare: Friendly friendly Early early Lovely lovely Fast fast Late late Hard hard Only (singur,unic) only (numai, doar) Tipuri de adverbe:
1.

Adverbe de timp si frecventa: Yesturday (ieri), today (astazi), tomorrow (maine), soon(curand), often (deseori), always (intotdeauna), now (acum)
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She comes today (Vine astazi) - We often have dinner at home. (Noi deseori luam pranzul acasa) 2. Adverbe de mod: Slowly (lent), bravely (cu curaj), angrily (suparat) - He is working slowly. - She replies angrily. (Ea raspunde pe un ton suparat)
-

3. Adverbe de loc: Here (aici), there (acolo), near (aproape), below (dedesubt), down (jos), up (sus) etc. They stop here. (Ei sau oprit aici) 4. Adverbe care indica gradul: Absolutely/completely (complet), incredibly (incredibil perfectly (perfect), simply (pur si simplu), very (foarte) etc. Its incredibly boring (E incredibil de plicticos) I absolutely agree (sunt complet de acord). de),

Pozitia adverbelor in propozitie Cand in propozitie exista mai multe adverbe, ordinea este: MOD LOC TIMP Ex.: He arrives safely in Washington today. (1) (2) (3) (Ajunge in siguranta la Washington astazi) 1 2 3 Nota: Unele verbe ca become/ turn/keep/remain/stay/, look, seem, taste, smell sunt urmate de adjective si nu adverbe (Ex: It smells good = Miroase bine), He looks happy (Pare fericit), He was born rich. (S-a nascut bogat).

Exercises:
1. Make sentences negative and interrogative: Model: They are reading now. They arent reading now. Are they reading now? 1. The sun is shining.
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2. The men and the women are standing. 3. The students are drinking cups of tea. 4. The dog is sleeping. 5. You are playing football. 6. I am staying at that hotel. 7. She is looking for her. 8. We are looking after the children. 9. He is smoking a cigarette. 10.The birds are flying over the sea. 2. Answer these questions using the model: Is Tom reading a book? (watch TV) No, he isnt. Hes watching TV. 1.Is she opening the window? (to close the window). 2. Is Jane asking questions? (to answer questions). 3. Is he reading text 2? (to read text 3). 4. Are they playing chess? (to watch TV). 5. Is Bill showing his new project to Peter? (to show it to Nick). 6. Are they listening to music ? (to listen to the latest news). 3. Use the present continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets. 1. Mary (to arrive) home now. 2. Look, the sun (to rise). It (to rain)? Yes, it (to rain) very hard. 3. The delegation (to leave) Moldova tomorrow. 4. Peter (to smoke) a cigarette. 5. Why you (to speak) so fast. 6. They (not to work), they (to watch) TV. 7. The weather is fine. The sun (to shine) and the birds (to sing). 8. I cant hear what they (to talk) about. 9. She (not to work), she (swim) in the river. 10.Why Ann (not to wear) her new dress? 11.What Tom (to do) now? He (to clean) his shoes. 11. He (to teach) his boy to ride.

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4. Put the verbs in brackets into the simple present or present continuous. 1. We (to study) at university. We (to study) English and French there. Now we (to be) in the classroom, we (to read) an English text. We (not make) mistakes. 2. We (to speak) Romanian at home, but we (to speak) English at the university. 3. You (to speak) Romanian now? We (to speak) English because we (to be) at the English lesson. 4. He (to go) to the university in the evening. Where he (to go) now? He always (to go) to the office at 9. 5. Form adverbs from these adjectives and translate them: Occasional, real, bad, fruitful, happy, useful, helpful, beautiful, bright, slow, nice. 6. Complete the sentences. Choose from: 1. Father is tall. He isnt 2. My friend Nick is thin. He isnt 3. Our office is clean. It isnt 4. We get up early. We dont get up 5. I like my new dress. I dont like my dress. 6. Felix is a white cat. It isnt 7. The window of the classroom is open. It isnt 8. Tom is a good student. He isnt 9. Grandmother is old. She isnt 10. The grass is wet in the rain. It isnt fat short old dirty late bad black young shut dry

7. Put the adverbs of time in the right place: 1. I go to bed late (never). 2. We havent English lessons (every day). 3. Lets go to the theatre (tonight). 4. Do you smoke (ever)? 5. Im going to mothers (next Sunday). 6. We see each other (very often). 7. We go for a walk (sometimes). 8. I get up early (always). 9. They comb and brush their hair (seldom). 10. He can tell lies (never). 11. You can tell (never). (Nu se stie nici odata).

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8. Translate into English 1. Cand te duci la culcare? 2. Ce asculti? 3. Unde luati pranzul? 4. Ei va viziteaza des? 5. Unde va petreci vacanta de vara? 6. Ea culege flori. 7. Aceasta floare miroase frumos. 8. El e prietenul tau, nu-i asa ? 9. Imi place painea foarte mult. - 10. Si parintelor mei. 11. Trebuie sa pleci, nu-i asa? 12. Omul acela este fratele cumnatei mele.

Text: At the English lesson

The students are in a classroom. The classroom is a big room. They are in the English class. They are having an English lesson. They are sitting on chairs in front of their desks. The teacher is standing at the blackboard. She is speaking to the students and she is writing the new English words on the blackboard. The students are writing them in their notebooks. They are also repeating the new words. The students are looking at their teacher and they are listening to what she is telling them. She has a pleasant voice. She is teaching them many new words and grammar rules. The students are making good progress in English and say that learning English is a great pleasure for them. They usually do all their exercises and all their homework. They always say that they have too much to do. The students like to learn English and they say that English is not difficult. They work hard and they learn many new English words in every new lesson. They have a lot of work to do at home for their English lessons. They are hard-working students and their teacher likes them.

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If you want to attain something, you have to fight like a lion.

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UNIT 8 The Past Simple (Trecutul Simplu)

Verbele limbii engleze la Trecutul Simplu se impart in doua grupe: regulate si neregulate. Mare majoritate a verbelor din limba engleza formeaza Trecutul adaugand terminatia ed:
a)

Terminatia ed se pronunta d. To open opened [oupnd] To play played [pleid] Terminatia ed se pronunta t. To look looked [lukt] To ask asked [a:skt] Terminatia ed se pronunta id. To want wanted [wontid] To need needed [ni:did] Verbele terminate in e adauga numai d: To live lived [livd] To love loved [lvd] Verbele terminate in y precedat de o vocala adauga ed: To play played [pleid] To stay stayed [steid]

b)

c)

d)

e)

Nota: Exista numai trei exceptii: To say a spune, a zice - said [sed] To pay - a plati paid [peid] To lay a pune, a aseza laid [leid] f) Cele terminate in y precedat de o consoana schimba y in i si adauga ed:

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To try tried [traid] To cry cried [kraid] j) Verbele monosilabice terminate intr-o singura consoana precedata de o singura vocala dubleaza consoana finala inaintea terminatiei ed: to stop stopped [stopt] to plan planned [plnd] Affitmative I played tennis You played tennis He,she (it) played tennis You played tennis We played tennis They played tennis Interrogative Did I play tennis ? Did you play tennis ? Did he, she,(it) play tennis? Did you play tennis ? Did we play tennis ? Did they play tennis ?

Negative I did not (didnt) play tennis You did not (didnt) play tennis He, she, (it) did not (didnt) play tennis We did not (didnt) play tennis You did not (didnt) play tennis They did not (didnt) play tennis Trecutul Simplu al verbelor neregulate se formeaza prin diferite procedee: - schimbarea vocalei de baza: to get got; - schimbarea consoanei finale to spend - spent; - schimbarea verbului in intregime: to go went; - pastrarea formei initiale: to put put; - pastrarea formei initiale, in rostirea diferita: to read [ri:d] read [red]. Conjugarea verbului to be la Trecutul Simplu:

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Afirmative I, he, she, it was We, you, they were

Interrogative Was I, he, she, it? Were we, you, they?

Negative I, he, she, it was not(wasnt) We,you,they were not(werent) Conjugarea verbului to have la Trecutul Simplu: Afirmative I, he, she, it, You, they had Interrogative Did I, he, she, it, we, you, they have?

Negative I, he, she, it, we, did not (didnt) You, they did not (didnt) Nota: Formele interogativa si negativa ale verbului to have pot de asemenea fi construite cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to do (la trecut did): Did you have free time yesterday? A-ti avut timp liber ieri? She did not (didnt) enjoy this film. Ei nu i-a placut acest film. Intrebuintare: Trecutul Simplu exprima o actiune care a avut loc la un moment dat in trecut iar perioada de timp s-a incheiat. Verbele la acest timp sunt determinate de adverbe si expresii de timp ca: yesterday (ieri), last year (anul trecut), last month (luna trecuta), two hours ago (doua ore in urma), two years ago (doi ani in urma), in 1999 (in 1999), etc.

Relative Pronouns (Pronumele Relative)

Pronumele relative WHO, WHOM, WHOSE se folosesc la stabilirea legaturii dintre propozitia principala, sau un element al acesteia, si propozitia secundara atributiva. Aceste pronume se folosesc cand
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elementul din propozitia principala determinat de ele este exprimat prin substantiv animat: The boy who is playing in the yard is my son. Baiatul, care se joaca in ograda, este feciorul meu. The girl whom you see in that room is my daughter. Fata, pe care o vezi in odaia ceea, este fiica mea. The writer whose book you are reading lives in Canada. Scriitorul, a carui carte o cititi acum, locuieste in Canada. Pronumele relativ WHICH se intrebuinteaza cand substantivul determinat este inanimat: I dont like the book which you are reading now. Nu-mi place cartea pe care o citesti acum. Asemenea functie o are si conjunctia THAT, insa ea urmeaza atat dupa substantivele inanimate, cat si cele animate: I know the young man that you talked to an hour ago. I-l cunosc pe tanarul cu care ai vorbit o ora in urma. The book that I am reading is very interesting. Cartea, pe care o citesc, este foarte interesanta.

Exercises:
1. a). Give the Simple Past Tense form of the following regular verbs. Transcribe and pronounce them. to close-closed, to open-opened, to listen-listened, to live-lived, to receive-received, to shave-shaved, to play-played, to stay-stayd, to collect-collected, to dictate-dictated, to translate-translated, to startstarted, to help-helped, to like-liked, to look-looked, to pass-passed, to smoke-smoked, to thank-thanked, to work-worked, to wash-washed, to watch-watched, to rain-rained, to snow-snowed, to finish-finished. b) Give the Simple Past Tense form of the following irregular verb. Transcribe and pronounce them. to be, to have, to do, to teach, to buy, to pay, to come, to go, to give, to get, to hear, to leave, to know, to make, to take, to tell, to say, to see, to put, to read, to write, to wake, to drive, to eat, to drink, to learn, to forget, to fall, to feel, to fly, to sit, to sleep, to send,to sing.
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2. Put the following into the past tense: 1. He comes to the class every day. 2. You do that work very well. 3. John thinks a lot about his work. 4. Peter buys his suit this week. 5. I know the answer to your question. 6. I believe what you tell me. 7. Jane pays ten pounds and she gets a good dress. 8. We speak English every day. 9. He likes your picture. 10.We have lunch at 12 oclock today. 3. Make the following negative: 1. Tom answered all the questions. 2. The boys and the girls bathed in the sea every day. 3. Lucy bought a new coat. 4. I drank my cup of tea. 5. The boy took the letter in his hand. 6. My mother made breakfast early in the morning. 7. The students went to Mr. Smiths house yesterday. 8. He watched TV last night. 4. Make the following sentences interrogative: 1. She danced from seven oclock to midnight. 2. Peters mother taught French to us last year. 3. Mary played tennis very well. 4. Those letters came to England by airplane. 5. The students went to the museum yesterday. 6. They saw many interesting things there. 7. He understood the lesson very well. 8. The artist drew the picture. 9. He was ill last week. 10.His friend lived in London last year. 5. Transform these sentences into disjunctive questions and give answers to them. Model: He stayed at home last Sunday.

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He stayed at home last Sunday, didnt he? Yes, he did. 1. He went shopping yesterday. 2. John dictated a few letters to the secretary yesterday morning. 3. My brother had a lot of friends at school. 4. He did not know about her. 5. They had no English lessons last year. 6. She was not very tired yesterday. 7. The bread and the cakes were fresh yesterday. 8. Peter wasnt ill last month. 9. My friend collected stamps last year, 10. He didnt wake up in the morning. 6. Make up special questions using the interrogative words from the brackets. 1 1. He got up at seven oclock in the morning. (when) 2. They studied at the university. (where) 3. She went home at noon. (what time) 2 4. Twenty students attended the lesson. (how many) 3 5. She came to work by car. (how) 4 6. We played chess yesterday. (who) 5 7. Ask questions to which the underlined words are the answers. 1. They attended the conference in Paris last month. (5) 6 2. The children wanted to go for a walk in the park. (4) 7 3. She was here yesterday. (3) 4. They came to see us last night. (5) 8. Combine these two sentences into one sentence. Model: I met a man yesterday. This is the man. This is the man who(m) I met yesterday. 1. 3. 4. 5. These are the books. I spoke about them. I want to read the book. The book is on my desk. I know the man. The man is in the room. Give me the bag. The bag is on the chair.

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6. Do you like the girl? The girl is sitting on the sofa and listening to the music. 7. The manager works at our company. The manager wants to study German. 8. I want to speak to the woman. I teach her children. 9. Where are the papers? You wanted to show them to me. 10. Whats the name of the book? John is reading it. 11. The woman is my sisters brother-in-law. I always meet the woman at the university. 9. Translate into English 1. Ei au locuit in Bucuresti doi ani in urma. 2. Va placut cartea lui noua? Nu. 3. Ce fel de reviste ai vrut sa-mi arati seara trecuta? 4. Noi n-am tradus textul acesta saptamana trecuta. Nu, l-am tradus. 5. Noi am luat pranzul la ora doua. 6. Baitul care lucreaza in oficiu are douazeci de ani. 7. Vreau sa vorbesc cu domnisoara care mi-a tiparit raportul 8. Cum se numeste strada unde locuiti? 9. Cursurile, pe care le frecventez, lucreaza seara. 10. Va place domnisoara care priveste tabloul?

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Vocabulary all town alone busy very glad homework quickly by heart phrase difficult well home at home as a matter of fact

toti, toate orasel singur ocupat foarte bucuros tema pentru acasa repede pe de rost fraza greu, dificil bine casa, camin acasa de fapt

Text: Yesterday in the afternoon

Yesterday afternoon I stayed at home. All of my family was in town. I was alone and I was not busy. I was very glad because I could do my homework for the English class. I did my homework quickly enough. I read the lesson, I copied the texts and I did all the exercises. I repeated the vocabulary and I learnt by heart most of the new words and phrases. I was very happy when I saw that I knew much English now. I wrote a short composition and I translated a difficult text from Romanian into English. As a matter of fact I had a lot of work to do. I was very glad because I could understand the exercises and I could do them. The three translation exercises were not at all difficult. I even did them very well. I was finishing my homework when my family came home.

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UNIT 9 Equivalents of Modal must Verbs can, may and

Dupa cum stim, verbele modale nu pot fi conjugate la toate modurile si timpurile. Pentru a remedia aceasta situatie, exista in limba engleza inlocuitori ai unora dintre aceste verbe: Can poate fi inlocuit prin to be able to, must prin to have to, to be to, may to be allowed to. To be to, was to, were to a urma (sa), a trebui sa arata ca actiunea este determinata in conformitate cu un plan sau cu un program stabilit mai inainte: He is to present the report on Monday. (Urmeaza conform celor stabilite) (ca el) sa prezinte raportul luni) Aceste constructii pot fi folosite la trecut. Present I can do it now. (Pot s-o fac acum) I am able to do it. I must do it. (Trebuie s-o fac) I have to do it. I dont have to do it. I am to give a lecture today. You may go home. (Poti merge acasa) You are allowed to go home. You arent allowed to go home. Are you allowed to go home? Past I was able to do it yesterday. I couldnt do it yesterday. I wasnt able to do it yesterday. I couldnt do it yesterday. Could you do it yesterday? I had to do it yesterday. Did I have to do it yesterday? He was to give a lecture yesterday. You might go home yesterday. You were allowed to go home yesterday. Were you allowed to go home?

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Comparison of Adjectives (Gradele de comparatie a adjectivelor)

In limba engleza adjectivele nu se schimba in dependenta de numar sau de caz, ci numai dupa gradele de comparatie. Exista trei grade de comparatie: pozitiv, comparativ si superlativ. Positive Long Tall (a) few dear hot nice dry lovely beautiful dramatic Comparative longer taller fewer dearer hotter nicer drier lovelier more beautiful more dramatic Superlative (the) longest (the) tallest (the) fewest (the) dearest (the) hottest (the) nicest (the) driest (the) loveliest (the) most beautiful (the) most dramatic

Nota: Articolul hotarat de la superlativ a fost pus la paranteza deoarece el poate fi inlocuit cu un posesiv: The best report (Cel mai bun raport) Browns best report His best report

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Mod de Formare Sintetic

Pozitiv o silaba: rich (bogat) doua silbe cu accentul ultima:polite[plait] (politicos)

Comparativde superioritate (mai decat) richer (than) pe politer[plait]

Superlativ relativ (cel mai ) (the) richest the politest

Analitic More Most

Doua silabe si terminatiile: -y, - er, ow, - le precedate de o consoana: Happy (fericit) Clever (destept) Narrow (ingust) Happier Happiest Able (capabil) Cleverer Cleverest Narrower Narrowest Abler Ablest Nota: - consoana finala dupa o vocala scurta se dubleaza (big-bigger-biggest) - y in pozitie finala, precedat de o consoana, se schimba in ie (easyeasier-easiest) - adjectivele terminate in e primesc doar r, respectiv st (fine-finerfinest) doua silabe cu accentul pe prima: cautious (prudent) more cautious Most cautious useful (util) more useful Most useful

Trei sau mai multe silabe: important (important) Adj. Provenite din participii: interesting (interesant) delighted (incantat)

more important

most important

more interesting more delighted

most interesting most delighted

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Unele adjective formeaza comparativul si superlativul in mod neregulat: much mult more (the) most many multi good bad rau, prost (a) little putin far (indepartat) better worse less (the) best (the) worst the least

farther (in spatiu) the farthest further (in spatiu sau timp) the furthest

Exemple de folosire a gradelor de comparatie in propozitii: - He is as good as his friend (=Este la fel de bun ca prietenul sau) - He is not so (not as) good as his friend (=Nu este asa de bun ca prietenul sau) - He is worse than his friend (=Este mai rau ca prietenul sau) - His friend is the best of all (=Prietenul sau e cel mai bun dintre toti) - This is the most interesting book (=Aceasta este cartea cea mai interesanta) - This book is most interesting (=Aceasta carte e cat se poate de interesanta) - It grows darker and darker (=Se face din ce in ce mai intuneric) - The slimmer you are the better you look (=Cu cat esti mai slab/a cu atat arati mai bine) Pentru intensificare, comparativul poate fi insotit de much, far sau by far, toate insemnand (cu) mult: His report is far/much better than the others. Raportul lui este (cu) mult mai bun decat celelalte. Substantivarea adjectivelor Un adjectiv poate deveni substantiv primind articolul hotarat the. Ex: Rich = bogat the rich (=cei bogati) = substantiv plural

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English = englezesc The English (englezii) = substantiv plural Chinese = chinezesc the Chinese (chinezul/chinezii) = substantiv la singular sau la plural. The Degrees of Comparison of Adverbs (Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor) Numai o parte dintre advere au grade de comparatie, si anume adverbele de mod si cateva adverbe de timp nedefinit: Fast faster (the) fastest Soon sooner (the) soonest Well better (the) best Early earlier (the) earliest Beautifully more beautifully (the) most beautifully Badly worse (the) worst Unele dintre adverbe formeaza feluri: Quickly more quickly Slowly more slowly often more often gradele de comparatie in doua (the) most quickly (the) most slowly (the) most often

Exercises:
1. Give the comparative and superlative of the following adjectives (Dati comparativul si superlativul urmatoarelor adjective): High, strong, fat, much, fascinating, dry, weak, thin, a little, pretty, handsome, red, few, cosy, many, beautiful, yellow, bad, ill, mad. 2. Give the comparative and superlative of the following adverbs: Slowly, fast, hard, beautifully, well, carefully, often, quick, badly, early. 3.Complete the gaps with as, so, as/so, than, of (Completati spatiile goale cu as, so, as/so, than, of): 1. Better an egg today a hen tomorrow. 2. Blood is thicker water. (In echivalenta: Sangele apa nu se face)
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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Helen is the youngest all. She is not lazy her brothers. During the rush hours the buses are slow the taxis. I never go to bed later 11 oclock. Im not delighted you are. Im much interested you are. His plays are less interesting his novels.

4.Transform these sentences according to the models. (Transformati aceste propozitii conform modelelor) Model: Nick is nice. And John? John is nicer than Nick. 1. Ben is young. And Dick? 2. His brother is short. And Bens brother? 3. Lesson 5 is easy. And lesson 4? 4. Our team is good. And their team? 5. My father is old. And Teds father? 6. Peter has many English books. And Max? 7. Ann has few friends at the university. And Mary? Model: Does John get up earlier than Ben does? I think he gets up earlier than Ben does. 1. Did John come home as late as Dick did? 2. Does John speak French as well as Bill does? 3. Can he play hockey as well as football? 4. Can she speak French as well as English? 5. I dont like oranges as much as apples. 5. Respond to these questions according to the model (Raspundeti la aceste intrebari conform modelului): Model: Did you go shopping yesterday? (Peter) No, I didnt have to. Peter did it. 1. Did you go to the Travel Agency yesterday? (John) 2. Did you book seats for the Opera House? (Mike) 3. Did Jane show them round the city? (John) 4. Did you show round the university? (Mike) 5. Did you take a taxi for them? (Peter)

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6. Put in must or have/has (got) to. 1. Im tired. I go to bed early. 2. John go to the university on Saturdays. 3. We get another dog soon. 4. This is a great book. I read it. 5. A soldier obey orders. 6. We go to London for a meeting. 7. I think we pay in advance. 8. You really visit us soon. 9. I try to spend more time at home. 10. You knock before you come into my room. 7. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Correct the mistakes. I dont can sing. I would like to can travel more. He doesnt has to work hard. Could you tell me the time? I must work last Saturday and Sunday.

8. Translate into English. 1. Sunt in stare sa va ajut. 2. Poate ea (e in stare) sa faca asta? 3. Ea era deja in stare sa vorbeasca engleza. 4. A trebuit sa plec devreme. 5. E necesar ca tu sa curati bucataria. 6. Trebuia intr-adevar sa fii inapoi inainte de miezul noptii? 7. Nu trebuie sa ezitati. 8. El urmeaza sa tina miine o lectie. 9. Vinul este mai ieftin in Spania decat in Marea Britanie. 10. Nu este la fel de scump ca aici. 11. Dictionarul tau este mai folositor decat al meu. 12. Metoda lui este mai putin efectiva ca a mea. 13. Se face din ce in ce mai cald. 14. El este mai inalt deacat Jim. 15. Au putut ei sa vina duminica trecuta?

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Vocabulary
to decide to become writer because hardly to study subject relatives alone world to be interested in future to agree to help even to teach/taught language to want mistake a hotari a deveni scriitor fiindca, pentru ca abea, putin probabil a studia subiect rude singur lume, univers a se interesa in viitor a fi de acord a ajuta chiar a invata, a preda grai, limbaj a dori gresala

Text: Martin and Ruth

When Martin Eden decided to become a writer, his first task was to receive an education. But the university did not allow him to become a student, because he could hardly read, and he did not know English grammar. Besides, he had not studied the subjects that every child learns at school. Martin Eden was alone in the world: he had no parents or relatives who were interested in his future. There was only one person who agreed to help him. She was Ruth, the daughter of a rich businessman. But even she did not believe that Martin would become a writer. She taught him the English language and English literature, but she didnt want him to become a writer. She wanted him to go to work in her fathers office. She understood that she had made a mistake only much later, when Martin became one of the most popular writers in America.

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UNIT 10 The Simple Future (Viitorul Simplu)

Modul de formare: Se foloseste infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat precedat de verbul auxiliar will (cateodata shall la pers. I sing. si pl.) Affirmative I shall/will go You will go He will go She will go It will go We will go You will go They will go Interrogative Shall/Will I go? Will you go? Will he go? Will she go? Will it go? Will we go? Will you go? Will they go? Negative I shall not (shant) go You will not (wont) go He will not (wont) go She will not (wont) go It will not (wont) go We will not (wont) go You will not (wont) go They will not (wont) go

1. Viitorul Simplu exprima anticiparea unei actiuni sau stari. Ex: It will rain tomorrow. (Maine va ploua) 2. - exprima o intentie in viitor sau o decizie pentru viitor luata in momentul vorbirii, nu existenta anterior in mintea vorbitorului. Ex: Oh, You cant do it! Wait a minute, Ill help you (Ah, nu poti s-o faci! Asteapta o clipa, te voi ajuta) Nota: Shall, auxiliarul pentru pers.I sing. si pl., este folosit mai mult in limbajul oficial, in vorbirea curenta preferandu-se will. De cele mai multe ori se foloseste forma contrasta (ll). Ex: Ill visit my parents. Youll not work there. - propozitiile interogative cu will la pers. a II-a pot exprima o rugaminte. Ex: Will you help me? (Vrei sa ma ajuti?) - Propozitiile cu shall exprima fie o oferta (Shall I go there for you? = Sa ma duc acolo in locul tau?), fie cererea unui sfat (Where shall I go? = Unde sa merg?)

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1. 2. 3. 4.

THE IMPERATIVE Modul de formare: Infinitivul scurt (fara to) al verbului: Ex: Cross now! Traverseaza/ti acum!) Ring me tomorrow! (Suna-ma maine!) Dont + inf. Scurt (pentru a forma un imperativ negativ) Ex: Dont cross now! (Nu traversa/ti acum!) Dont ring me tomorrow! Lets (let us) + infinitiv. scurt, (pentru persoan I pl.) Ex: Lets cross! (Sa traversam!/ Hai sa traversam) Lets ring tomorrow! Do + forma afirmativa, in unele cazuri: Ex.: Do take care! (Ai grija!) Do tell me! (Spune-mi! (Hai te rog, spune-mi!) pentru a indulci tonul, pentru a suna mai politicos Ex: Do sit down! (Va rog, lua-ti loc!) Do come in! (Intra-ti, va rog) Do help yourself! (Serviti-va, va rog)

Exercises:
1. Transform these sentences into the Simple Future. (Treceti propozitiile aceste la viitorul simplu) 1. His lecture is very interesting. 2. You like the play. 3. I cant see you tomorrow. 4. She must study French. 5. They can visit Paris. 6. Its all right. 7. I must see a doctor. 8. You have to go to the airport. 9. It isnt difficult. 10. Can she bring me a few books? 2. Transform these sentences into disjunctive (tag) questions and translate them. Give short answers to them. (Transformati aceste propozitii in intrebari disjunctive si traducetile): Model: Hell reread the novel next week. Hell reread the novel next week, wont he? Yes, he will. 1. They will come to see us next week. 2. Youll have some free time tomorrow. 3. He wont help them. 4. She wont look through the papers before lunch. 5. Ill go to the lecture next Wednesday. 6. He
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wont go for a walk in the park next Sunday. 7. Hell help them do their homework next Tuesday. 8. Iris wont be able to practice this afternoon. 3. Transform these sentences into the negative. (Transformati aceste propozitii in negative) 1. I will leave for London next week. 2. I shall have to do the washing up this morning. 3. We will do our duty. 4. You will come to our party. 5. He will be back soon. 6. She will go there by bus. 7. They will stay home next Friday. 8. He will teach English next month. 4.Transform these sentences in interrogative. 1. I shall introduce him to Mr. Brown. 2. We will invite them to my birthday party tomorrow. 3. You will type this letter next Monday. 4. She will return from Paris next month. 5. They will stay there long.
5.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Make up special questions using the words in parentheses. (Formati intrebari speciale, folosind cuvintele din paranteze): Tom will study French next year. (who, when) They will rest in the country. (where) He will not (wont) go with us because he is ill. (why) We shall get up at 7 oclock in the morning. (what time) She will solve this problem very easily. (how) He will work in the office next Monday. (who)

6. Insert prepositions (Completati spatiile goale cu prepozitiile cerute de sens): 1. If you want to buy some fruit, go the greengrocers. 2. Where can I buy some sugar? the grocers. 3. The post office is a long way here. 4. There is a supermarket this side the street. 5. He stayed the library yesterday. 6. The bag is the table. 7. They will not be home tonight. 8. Miss Hellen has a small flat the ground floor. 9. She is speaking the telephone. 10. They are the garden.

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7. Translate into English. 1. Veti putea veni duminica viitoare? 2. (El) va trebui (urmeaza) sa tina miine o lectie. 3. Cand (trebuie) sa revin? 4. Ei vor astepta, nuasa? 5. Nu vor astepta, nu-i asa? 6. El va veni luni. 7. Lectia lui este foarte interesanta. 8. Citeste scrisoarea pentru mine, te rog. 9. Lasa-l pe el sa lucreze mai mult. 10 Hai sa mergem la teatru. 11. Nu, eu nu voi merge. 12. El va trebui sa studieze chineza.

Vocabulary
mountains to hear plenty of to ski as much as overdo/overdid after muscular fever to annoy terribly mistake cautious to want to keep an eye on smb./smth. chalet [lei] to travel [trvl] munti a auzi o multime a schia tot atat de mult exagera, a intrece masura mai tarziu, dupa aceea febra musculara a enerva, a necaji, a nelinisti teribil,ingrozitor greseala prudent, atent. a dori, a vrea a fi cu ochii pe cineva/ceva cabana a calatori

Text: My friends weekend

Next weekend, Alexandra, Laura, Paul and George will go to the mountains for two days. As usual they are going to go to Sinaya because they have heard on TV that there is plenty of snow there now. They like to ski and they will ski as much as they can. Last winter when they went to ski at Busteni, George overdid it and after the first day he felt very tired and got what people call muscular fever. The next day he had to rest and that annoyed him terribly. Now, he will not repeat that mistake. He

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will be cautious. He will have to ski less the first day if he wants to ski again the following day. Paul is going to keep an eye on him to see that he is not going to make the mistake a second time. As they are going to live in one of the chalets they will have a very nice weekend. They will go by bus to Sinaya and they will return by bus too. So they will travel by bus a lot.

It seems that I know something, but thats not enough. So, lets keep trying.

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PART II UNIT 11 (eleven) Future Continuous /Near Future (Viitorul apropiat)

Acest timp este inexistent in limba romana si, de acea, se va traduce cu timpul PRESENT insotit de adverbe de timp ca: IMEDIAT, CHIAR ACUM, INDATA. El indica faptul ca actiunea ce urmeaza sa se desfasoare in viitor este foarte apropiata de momentul prezent. Ex: Hell be coming soon. (Vine foarte curand/Vine imediat) Afirrmative I (we) shall be going He (she, you, they) will be going Interrogative Shal I (we) be reading ? Will he (she, it, you, they) be going ? Negative I (we) shall not (shant) be going He (she, it, you, they) will not (wont) be going Adverbe de accentuare a ideii de viitor apropiat Soon curand Right now chiar acum Immediately imediat In no time indata, cat ai clipi din ochi Intrebuintare: 1. Pentru a reda o actiune care se va afla in proces de desfasurare intr-un anumit moment de timp in viitor: The students will be having a seminar tomorrow at 2. (Studentii vor avea un seminar miine la ora 2.)

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2. Pentru exprimarea unei actiuni, care va dura o perioada de timp cu granite bine limitate: They will be working in the library from two till six oclock tomorrow. (Ei vor lucra in biblioteca de la ora 2 pana la 6 miine). 3. Pentru exprimarea unei actiuni, care se va afla in proces de desfasurare cand va avea loc o alta actiune redata prin Prezentul Simplu: She will be writing the report when we come to her office. (Ea va scrie raportul cand vom veni la oficiul ei) 4. Pentru a exprima doua actiuni paralele care se vor afla in proces de desfasurare: I shall be watching TV while my son will be playing chess with his friend. (Eu voi privi televizorul in timp ce feciorul meu va juca sah cu prietenul sau.) FUTURE OF INTENTION (Viitorul de intentie) Acest timp este inexistent in limba romana. El se traduce: a avea de gand sa , a intentiona Intentia intra in sfera viitorului chiar daca ea se refera la present, trecut sau viitor. Formarea: Future of Intention se formeaza cu ajutorul verbelor TO BE si TO GO ambele cu valoare auxiliara plus verbul de baza. Ele nu se traduc decat atunci cand isi recapata valoarea notionala, adica au sens de sine statator. I am going to be there in time. (Am de gand sa fiu acolo la timp) I am going to go there tonight. (Am de gand sa merg acolo asta seara) se va conjuga verbul to be la timpurile present, trecut, viiitor, se va adauga forma invariabila going a verbului to go si apoi verbul propriu-zis. I was going to buy myself a new dress. (Intentionez sa-mi cumpar o rochie noua) (trecut)
-

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I am going to invite her to my birthday party. (Intentionez sa o invit la ziua mea de nastere) (prezent) Hell be going to buy himself a new car. (In viitor intentionez (va intentiona) sa-si cumpere o masina noua.) (viitor) REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS (Pronumele reflexive) Pronumele reflexibile arata ca actiunea exprimata de verbul de care se ataseaza este indreptata asupra subiectului acestuia sau, mai rar, catre subiectul acestuia (fiind, astfel, folosite la cazul acuzativ sau dativ): He considered himself happy. (Se considera fericit) She tried to defend herself. (A incercat sa se apare.)

Pronumele reflexive sunt:

acuzativ dativ I myself ma mie, imi, mie You yourself te tie, iti, ti He himself se lui, isi, si She herself se ei, isi,si It itself (neutru) se lui, ei etc. We ourselves ne ne, noua, ni You yourselves va voua, va, vi They themselves se lor, le, li isi, si In propozitie pronumele reflexiv este neaccentuat: Help yourself to sweets. (Serveste-te cu dulciuri) Ted forced himself not to sneeze. (Ted s-a silit sa nu stranute) They punished themselves. (S-au pedepsit [singuri]) THE EMPHATIC PRONOUN (Pronumele de intarire) Pronumele de intarire are aceleasi forme ca si cel reflexiv.El este intotdeauna accentuat, cu accentul pe ultima silaba. Se traduce prin eu insumi/insami,tu insuti,/insati etc., singur, personal, chiar eu/tu etc.: I bought myself a very beautiful hat. (Mi-am cumparat o palarie foarte frumoasa) Tell him yourself. Spune-mi chiar tu (personal).

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Jane opened the tin herself. Nobody helped her. (Jane a deschis singura cutia de conserve. Nimeni nu a ajutat-o) Nota: Precedat de prepozitia by, pronumele de intarire are sensul de singur, singura, singuri, singure: I can do it by myself. (Pot face asta singur) Observati din exemplele de mai sus, pronumele de intarire se asaza de regula la sfirsitul propozitiei. Cand este asezat imediat dupa subiect, accentuarea este si mai puternica: I myself will tell him. (Chiar eu personal am sa-I spun) EXERCISES: 1. Transform these sentences according to the model. You will be calling her up tomorrow. Will you be calling her up tomorrow? 1. You will write to him again. 2. Youre going to see your mother next week. 3. Shes going to take her children to the theatre. 4. Hell look through the papers. 5. They are going to have tea. 2. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Transform these sentences into negative. We shall be discussing this question tomorrow at 9 a.m. He will be lecturing on English history next year. You will be staying here long. I shall be leaving next week. He will be coming to the wedding party. We shall be learning the new words tonight. They will be trying to get a job in this company. He will be attending computer programming classes this month.

3. Form special questions, using the words from the parentheses. 1. She will be having lunch in a caf. (who) 2. They will be analyzing your report. (whose) 3. He will be examining this group (what)

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4. You will be having your next English class next week. (when) 5. He will be staying in this hotel two weeks. (where) 4. Open the parentheses and use the verbs in the Future Continuous. 1. This time tomorrow I (to fly) to London. 2. What you (to do) at 3 oclock on Friday? 3. We (to look forward) to meeting them at the Conference in Paris. 4. We know our friend (to wait for) us at the aerport when we arrive. 5. Who (to drive) the car when you go to the Black Sea? 5. Insert reflexive or emphatic pronoun. 1. I hurt when I tried to jump from the chair. 2. Can he do it or shall I help him? 3. She cooks all the meals . 4. They made . a sandwich and left in a hurry. 5. We prepared for the next holidays. 6. We asked what we could do with our cat. 7. She was living by in a little cottage. 8. Dont be so sure of . 9. She looked at in the mirror and saw her make-up was not perfect. 10. Help please. 11. This door is opened by . 12. Miss Brown was talking to . 6. Translate into English 1. Unde vei avea lectie miine la ora 9? 2. Noi vom analiza aceste probleme impreuna cu grupa noastra. 3. Ei nu vor pleca la teatru chiar acum. 4. Cine va fregventa lectiile cand voi veti pleca la Londra? 5. Te vei pregati de examen toata ziua miine? 6. Am de gand sa plec pentru cateva zile undeva. 7. Nu intentionez sa vin la petrecerea de diseara. 8. Pe viitor intentionam sa calatorim pretutindeni in tara.

Text: A PLEASANT TRIP

Next summer some friends of ours will be going on a trip to Warsaw and Budapest. They will be travelling by air, for a couple of hours, to Warsaw and by coach to some other towns and places in Poland. From Warsaw they will be travelling by train to Budapest and from there they will be coming back by boat, down the Danube.

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In both foreign countries they will be visiting museums, art gallaries, cathedrals, churches, palaces, old castles and plenty of interesting places. The trip will last about a fortnight and will not cost much. We are very sorry that we shall not be able to join our friends too, as we also like such excursions. We shall be in the Danube Delta at the time when our friends are abroad and we shall be having a pleasant time too. Next year, we may be going abroad. Some of our friends have decided to go to Berlin and visit also a few other German cities. We may join them too, as we were able to join them when they made a trip about the country a couple of years ago.

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UNIT 12 (twelve) The Past Continuous Tense (Trecutul Continuu)

Trecutul Continuu se formeaza cu trecutul verbului auxiliar to be (was, were) plus Participiul I al verbului de conjugat (-ing). Acest timp se traduce aproape totdeauna cu imperfectul din limba romana (faceam, mergea, mancau) Affirmative I (he, she, it) was reading We (you, they) were reading Interrogative Was I (he, she, it) reading? Were we (you, they) reading? Negative I (he, she, it) was not reading We (you, they) were not reading Trecutul Continuu exprima o actiune care era in desfasurare intr-un moment in trecut. Timpul desfasurarii actiunii poate fi redat prin: 1. indicarea precisa a orei: I was reading at 5 oclock yesterday (Ieri la ora 5 citeam). 2. indicarea perioadei de timp, cat a durat actiuna: They were working in the garden from 9 till 12 oclock yesterday. Ieri ei au lucrat in gradina de la 9 pana la 12. 3. indicarea unei alte actiuni exprimate prin Trecutul Simplu: He was listening to the latest news when we came. El asculta ultimele stiri cand noi am venit. While I was working in the garden, I hurt my leg. In timp ce lucram in gradina mi-am ranit piciorul. Constructia cu to be going to va suna la trecut astfel:
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I was just going to ring you up. (Tocmai aveam de gand sa-ti telefonez). What were you going to do? (Ce aveai de gand sa faci?) Intrebarile disgunctive la propozitiile continand Trecutul Continuu se formeaza dupa regulile cunoscute, prin repetarea auxiliarului (was, wasnt, were, werent): You were working, werent you? They werent doing anything, were they? I wasn t driving so fast, was I? She was working for Sony, wasnt she?

Compusii lui some, any, no

In propozitii afirmative: Somebody, someone Something Somewhere cineva ceva undeva

I bought some sweets for you yesterday. (Ti-am cumparat ceva dulciuri ieri) Somebody/someone must know. (Cineva trebuie sa stie) In propozitii interogative: Anybody, anyone Anything Anywhere cineva ceva, orice undeva, oriunde

Is there anybody/anyone at home? (E cineva acasa?) Is there anything in the refrigerator? (E ceva in frigider?) Can you see my glasses anywhere? (Vezi undeva ochelarii mei?) In propozitii afirmative:
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Anybody/anyone oricine Anything orice Anywhere oriunde Anybody/anyone can borrow books from the public library. (Oricine poate imprumuta carti de la biblioteca publica. Anything is better than rancid butter. (Orice e mai bun decat untul rancid) Take me anywhere. (Du-ma oriunde) In propozitii negative, cu verbul la negativ: Anybody/anyone nimeni Anything nimic Anywhere nicaieri I dont know anybody/anyone in this town (Nu cunosc pe nimeni in acest oras) He cant understand anything. (Nu poate intelege nimic) I cant find my glasses anywhere. (Nu-mi gasesc nicaieri ochelarii.) In propozitii negative, cu verbul la afirmativ: Nobody/no one nimeni Nothing nimic Nowhere nicaieri Nobody/No one could drink this coffee. (Nimeni nu ar putea bea cafeaua aceasta) Theres nothing wrong with the TV set. Sau There isnt anything wrong with the TV set. (Televizorul nu are nimic) The children are nowhere. Sau The children arent anywhere. (Copii nu sunt nicaieri) None: acest pronume corespunde adjectivului no: nici un, nici o, deloc, nimic. She has none, ea nu are nici unul/una. None of us did it, nici unul/una dintre noi n-a facut-o. Everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere

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Everybody/everyone toti, toata lumea Everything tot(ul), toate Everywhere peste tot, pretutindeni Everybody/everyone si everything se acorda cu verbul la singular: Everybody is at home. Everything has an end. (Totul are [toate au] un sfarsit.

Exercises
1. Put the verb in parentheses into the Past Continuous Tense: 2. Bill got off the bus while it (go). 2. John (walk) home when he saw Ann. 3. I came into the room because the boys (make) a lot of noise. 4. Mike hurt his leg while he (play) football. 5. The car hit the tree while it (travel) at 60 miles an hour. 2.Open the parentheses and put the verbs in the Present and Past Continuous Tenses. 1. What John (do) now? He (watch) TV. Theres a hockey match on. 2. What you (do) at eight oclock last night? I (read) a very interesting article about the Olympic Games in Sydney. 3. John and Bill (play) a game of chess when I returned home yesterday. 4. What they (talk) about? They (discuss) the football semi-finals. 5. What your brother (do) from seven to nine last night? He (play) basketball. He is a very good basketball player. 6. Who (swim) now? Two swimmers from France and Great Britain. 3. Put the verb into the correct form, Past Continuous or Past Simple. Example: While Tom was cooking (cook) the dinner, the phone rang (ring). 1. George (fall) off the ladder while he (paint) the ceiling. 2. Last night I (read) in bed when suddenly I (hear) a scream. 3. (you/watch) television when I phoned you? 4. Ann (wait) for me when I (arrive). 5. I (not/drive) very fast when the accident (happen). 6. I (break) a plate last night. I (do) the washing up when it (slip) out of my hand. 7. Tom (take) a photograph of me while I (not/look). 8. We (not/go) out
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because it (rain). 9. What (you/do) at this time yesterday? 10. I (see) Carol at the party. She (wear) a really beautiful dress. 4. Read and translate these sentences. 1. He put something on the desk and went out. 2. No one scored a goal during the match yesterday. 3. Did Peter tell you anything about his trip? Yes, he did. 4. When I saw him he was talking to somebody. 5. Is there a department store anywhere near here? 6. You will find the book somewhere in that bookcase. 7. Have you got anything to tell me? 8. Did you find anything new in the novel? 9. If anyone comes to see me, ask him to wait for me. 10. Shall we take something to read? 5.Fill in the gaps with somebody/someone, something, somewhere, anybody/anyone, anywhere, nobody/no one, nothing, nowhere: 1. There is at the door. (doua posibilitati: cineva si nimeni). 2. Is there I can do for you? 3. Lets go tonight. 4. can help you. (treiposibilitati: cineva, nimeni si oricine.) 5. He will do for you. (trei posibilitati: ceva, nimic si orice). 6. I hope there is wrong with our TV set. (doua posibilitati: nimic si ceva). 7. must tell me( cineva si nimeni). 8. I wont go tonight. Im too tired. 9. I dont know about Newton. 6.Ask special questions using the words from parentheses. 1. They were having dinner at six oclock yesterday. (when) 2. He was answering a telephone call. (who) 3 She was resting because she was tired. (why) 7. We were dicussing the problem in the office. (where) 8. They were playing football very well. (how) 7. Put special questions to the underlined words. 1. He was translating an article at seven oclock last night. (5) 2. You were talking about Mr. Browns lecture when he came up to them. (5) 8. Translate into English. 1.Cine te urmarea cand te indreptai spre casa? 2. Mi s-a stricat masina cand mergeam spre gara. 3. Cine canta la pian cand eram eu acolo? 4.

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Ploua tare cand ati coborat din tren. 5. Cand ma plimbam prin park am vazut un coleg sezand pe-o banca. 6. Vantul sufla usor. 7. Ce incercati sa investati? 8. Nu stiu nimic. 9. Nimeni nu poate sti tot. 10. Nimic nu este destul de bun pentru tine. 11. Poti sa-mi dai ceva de mancare? Ce de exemplu? Orice. 12. Oricine poate vedea aceasta. 13. Este cineva la usa.

Vocabulary
shop store mall market goods food bread sweets pastry vegetables fruit shoes jewels clothes medicine bill counter cash-desk shop-assistant LIST OF USEFUL SHOPS bakers grocers pastry /shop/ greengrocers leather /shop/ book-shop
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magazin magazin universal complex de magazine cu alei si parcaje piata de legume marfuri alimente/hrana paine dulciuri paste fainoase legume fructe incaltaminte bijuterii haine medicamente nota de plata tejghea casa de plata vanzator brutarie bacanie patiserie zarzavagerie marochinarie librarie

perfumers tobacconists barbers hairdressers haberdashers ADJECTIVES fresh stale cheap expensive large tight necessary useful useless VERBS to shop to go shopping to buy to sell to pay to ask to answer to cost to help to need to show to want to like to run short of

parfumerie tutungerie frizerie coafura galanterie proaspat vechi/ne-proaspat ieftin scump/costisitor mare/larg stramt necesar folositor nefolositor a targui a merge la cumparaturi a cumpara a vinde a plati a intreba/a cere a raspunde a costa a ajuta a avea nevoie a arata a dori/a vrea a place a ramane fara

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Text: Shopping (Cumparaturi)

Whenever I run short of food I have to go to buy something. I generally go to the market on Friday and buy food for the next week. First, I make a list of what I need to buy, then I take a large shopping bag and then I drive to the market. I go to the butchers when I need some fresh meat, or to the fishmongers when I need some fresh fish. The bread is stale, so, Im going to buy some, but the baker doesnt sell it to me, because it is not fresh. He tells me to come in the afternoon, because he thinks he is going to have some fresher bread. I also need to buy some vegetables and fruit, and maybe, some cakes for lunch. Maybe tomorrow Im going to go again for some milk and mineral water.

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UNIT 13 (thirteen) Present Perfect Simple (Prezentul perfect)

Prezentul Perfect se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar have la prezent plus participiul 2 a verbului de conjugat. Affirmative I have written You have written We have written They have written He, she, (it) has written Interrogative Have I written? Have you written? Have we written? Have they written? Has he/she written? Negative I have not (havent) written You have not (havent) written We have not (havent) written They have not (havent) written He/she has not (hasnt) written Intrebuintare: Acest timp face legatura intre prezent si trecut. a). exprima o stare care a inceput in trecut si care se continua. Ex: Weve been friends for a long time. (Suntem prieteni de mult) Observati ca propozitia romaneasca echivalenta este la prezent. Complinirile temporale ce apar in astfel de situatii sunt: for a time (de un timp), for three weeks (de trei saptamani) etc. sau since last year (de anul trecut), since you came (de cand ai venit); for de She has studied English for five years. (Invata engleza de 5 ani)

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For se refera la intreaga perioada dintre momentul inceperii actiunii si momentul vorbirii. Since din, de la, de, de cand I have been here since five oclock. b). exprima o actiune terminata in trecut, pentru care momentul cand a avut loc nu prezinta interes; accentul este pus pe experienta in sine traita prin actiunea respectiva. Ex: Ive never been to England. (N-am fost niciodata in Anglia) sau: Hes seen a lot of beautiful places in his life. (A vazut multe locuri frumoase in viata sa.) c). exprima o actiune trecuta al carei rezultat este vizibil in prezent. Ex: Hes broken his arm. (Si-a rupt bratul are bratul rupt) Un verb la Present Perfect este determinat de un complement circumstantial de timp sau de o temporala care indica un interval deschis: all my life, this year, this afternoon, tonight, this week, this month, in the last few days (in ultimele zile), today, since yesterday, since I last saw you, etc. d). pentru actiuni, care sunt legate de prezent prin rezultatele lor exprimate in propozitii continand adverbe ca never (niciodata), ever (vreodata), always (totdeauna), just (tocmai), yet (deja), not yet (nu inca), already (deja), up to now (pana acum), up to the present (pana in prezent), so far (pana acum, deocamdata), lately (in ultima vreme), etc. Ex: He has just phoned from the aerport. (El tocmai a telefonat de la airport) (Actiune recenta) Nota: just, dupa cum am spus, cere Present Perfect: Ive just seen him. Tocmai l-am vazut. Just now (chiar acum, chiar adineaori) cere Past Tense: I saw him just now. L-am vazut chiar acum/adineaori. I havent seen you lately. (Nu te-am vazut in ultimul timp) (Actiune adusa pana in momentul vorbirii)

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You havent eaten yet (Nu ai mancat inca). Have you eaten yet? (Ai mancat deja?) Ive always loved you. (Totdeauna te-am iubit) - Sa nu uitam ca, in functie de contex, Present Perfect se poate traduce cu Perfectul Compus din limba romana. Comparati: We have been friends since we graduated. Santem prieteni (Prezentul) de cand am absolvit. Ive met him several times since we graduated. L-am intalnit (Perfectul compus) de mai multe ori de cand am absolvit.

Complementul compus
In limba engleza este foarte raspandita constructia complementul compus, care contine un substantiv (sau pronume la cazul acuzativ) si un verb la infinitiv sau participiul I: I want Tom (him) to come to my party. Vreau ca Tom (el) sa vina la serata mea. We know Peter and Susan (them) to be good students. Stiam ca Petru si Suzana (ei) sunt studenti buni. Nota: 1). Aceasta constructie se intrebuinteaza dupa verbe de perceptie, senzatie si activitate mintala, precum: to want (a vrea), to know (a stie), to like (a place), to see (a vedea), to hear (a auzi), to consider (a considera), to believe (a crede), etc. We consider him to be a good doctor. Consideram ca el este un medic bun. 2). Dupa verbele to see, to hear, to watch in constructia respectiva se intrebuinteaza sau infinitivul fara to, sau Participiul I: I saw him get (getting) out of the car. Am vazut cum el a esit din automobil.

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Exercises:
Respond to these requests according to the model. Please help Peter do his homework. (already) Ive already helped him.
1.

1. Please close the window. I have already closed it. (already) 2. Please show Mike your coat. I have just showed it (just) 3. Please translate this text into Russian. I have just translated it. (just) 4. Please take a shower. I have already taken a shower. (already) 5. Please wake up John. I have just waked up him. (just) 6. Please look through these telegrams. I have already looked throught its. (already) 2. Respond to these questions according to the model. Helen is going to buy a new coat. And Jane? (today) Jane has bought a new coat today. Ann is going to play the piano. And Mary? (just) 2. Hes going to read this book. And Bill? (this week) 3. Jane went for a walk an hour ago. And Peter? (just) 4. Hes going to take a shower. And John? (already) 5. They were very busy last week. And Mr. Green? (this week) 6. They came home two hours ago. And Peter? (just) 3. Respond to these statements according to the model. Mr. Smith has already stayed there for a week. (Mr. Brown) Has Mr. Brown stayed there for a week, too? 1.Peter has just gone for a walk. (Tom) 2. John has returned from Moscow this week. (Bill) 3. Jane has typed a lot of letters today. (Mary) 4. My brother has bought the new French textbook today. (your friend) 5. Ive already spoken to him. (he) 6. Shes seen them today. (you) 4. Put on special questions to which the underlined words are the answers. 1. The teacher has written some words on the blackboard. (4) 2. They have finished the experiment successfully. (4) 3. My brother has translated two texts into English. (6)
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+? 5. Open the brackets and use the proper tenses (Simple Present, Simple Past, Present Continuous and Present Perfect Tense). I am (be) a student. I am having (have) an English class now. We have done (do) just exercise five and now we are answering (answer) the teachers questions. 2. You have bought (buy) already fruit and vegetables? Yes, I have. When you ??? (go) shopping? I (go) shopping after lunch yesterday. 3. He have came (come) just to the office. Its five minutes to nine. And when he came (come) to the office yesterday? He came (come) at ten to nine yesterday. 4. Peter (leave) for school fifteen minutes ago but Ann (not to leave) for college yet. 5. Peter (not to go) to see his mother yesterday. His elder brother Nick (go) just to see her. She (be) ill lately. 6. Transform these sentences below in the constructions with Compound Object 1. I want that you should know English well. 2. Do you remenber that she worked at our plant? 3. They heard how she was speaking on the radio. 4. I saw how she came up to the house. 5. The children like when their mother reads interesting stories to them 6. We never expected that she would stay there so long. 7. I heard how you said it. 7. Translate into English 1. Nu l-am vazut de loc saptamana aceasta. 2. Am fost in Statele Unite nu numai odata. 3. Ti-ai baut cafeaua azi, nu-i asa? 4. Nu l-am inteles niciodata. 5. El a cumparat doua biciclete. 6. Ea a vazut multe filme. 7. Ai fost in concediu anul acesta? 8. N-am stiut niciodata sa gatesc la fel de bine ca tine. 9. A si venit? Desi a promis ca vine pana la ora asta, na venit inca. 10. Rareori poti intalni un om ca tine! 11. Ea tocmai si-a cumparat o rochie noua. 12. Ati fost vreodata la familia Ford? 13. Noi consideram ca aceasta problema este foarte importanta. 14. Am vazut cum el a cumparat ceva si a esit din magazin.

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Text: HAYDNS FIRST OPERA

When Haydn was about eighteen years old he sang in a chorus. But soon his voice broke and he lost his place as a chorister. He began playing the violin in the streets of Vienna and sometimes he played at dances. Very often he composed the music himself. One day Haydns friend decided to play a serenade under the window of a well-known clown, Bernardone Kurtz by name, and asked Haydn to write the music. When the music was ready they went to the house where Kurtz lived and played it. Kurtz liked the melody so much that he appeared on the balcony and asked: Who wrote that beautiful music? I did, said Haydn. Kurtz invited Haydn to his room and gave him some verses and asked to write an opera. Haydn was afraid. I have never written such music, he said, but Ill try. He began working and everything went well till he came to a place where there was a storm at sea. How can I put a storm at sea into music when I have never seen the sea! said Haydn. He went to Kurtz, but the clown could not help him as he had never been to the sea himself. At last Haydn lost his temper, crashed his hands upon the piano and cried out: Dash the storm! Thats it! Thats it! cried Kurtz jumping up of his chair, Go on like that. Many years had passed since Haydns name became famous all over the world. He had written wonderful music to his operas but he could not forget the storm in his first opera. He always laughed when he thought of it.

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UNIT 14 (fourteen) Present Perfect Continuous Continuu)

(Prezentul

Perfect

Se formeaza de la prezentul perfect al verbului to be (have/has been) si Participiul I a verbului de conjugat. Acest timp nu are corespondent in limba romana, traducand-se prin perfectul compus. Se exprima o actiune inceputa in trecut si continuata pana in momentul vorbirii: a. actiunea poate incepe intr-un moment definit din trecut (SINCE). b. Actiunea poate indica o perioada de timp, delimitata, in trecut (FOR). Intrebarea specifica acestui timp este HOW LONG? (Cat timp?) durata. Affirmative I (you, we, they) have been looking for a job for two weeks He (she, it) has been looking for a job for two weeks Negative I (you, we, they) have not been looking for a job for two weeks He (she, it) has not been looking for a job for two weeks Interrogative Have I (we, you, they) been looknig for a jog for two weeks? Has he (she,it) been looking for a job for two weeks? Ex: I have been speaking for three hours.(Am vorbit timp de trei ore) She has been working all morning. ( A lucrat toata dimineata.) She has been playing the piano since she was a little girl. (Canta la pian de cand era mica). It has been raining since yesterday.(Ploua incontinuu de ieri)

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Nota: Dupa cum se poate remarca, din exemplele de mai sus, acest timp se poate traduce fie prin perfectul compus, fie prin prezent insotit de un adverb de timp care sa indice continuitatea actiunii.

The Reciprocal Pronoun (Pronumele reciproc)

De cele mai multe ori acest pronume nu apare in limba romana. El arata o participare reciproca a persoanelor implicate intr-o actiune sau comunicare. (Ex: s-au sfatuit unul cu celalalt). Aceste pronume sunt: EACH OTHER si ONE ANOTHER (unul pe altul, una pe alta, unii pe altii, unele pe altele, intre ei, intre ele, reciproc etc.) : We love each other. (Ne iubim) The boys are fighting with each other. (Baietii se lupta intre ei) They are looking at one another. (Se uita unul la altul) In principiu, each other se refera la doi, iar one another la mai multi. Separat, fiecare dintre aceste pronume are intelesuri independente: Each fiecare Other altul One unul, cineva Another un altul Another, (the) other, (the) others Other, ca adjectiv nedefinit (urmat de un substantiv), se traduce prin (un) alt, (o) alta, alti, alte: Have you any other ideas? Mai ai si alte idei? Come another day. Vino intr-alta zi. Precedat de articolul hotarat, other se traduce prin celalalt, cealalta, ceilalti, celelalte: Where is the other boy? (Unde este celalalt baiat?) The other students are still at the University. (Ceilalti studenti sunt inca la facultate.)
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Ca pronume nedefinite, (neurmate de un substantiv), another se traduce prin altul, alta, iar others prin altii, altele: Give me another, please. (Dati-mi altul/alta, va rog). Others will help you if I cant. (Te vor ajuta altii daca eu nu pot) The other se traduce prin celalalt, cealalta, iar the others prin ceilalti, celelalte: Where is the other? (Unde este celalalt/cealalta?) Where are the others? (Unde sunt ceilalti/celelalte?) Mai frecvent se spune: Where is the other one? Where are the other ones? Cu acelasi sens. In aceste exemple, other a devenit adjectiv nedefinit. Observati ca la plural nu mai primeste s.

Exercises
1. Respond to these sentences according to the models. a). Have you been staying here long? (for a month) Ive (I have) been staying here for a month. 1.Have you been learning English long? I have been learning it for a year and a half. (for a year and a half) 2. Has it been raining long? It has been raining since early morrning. (since early morning) 3. Has it been snowing long? (since yesterday) 4. Has he been collecting stamps long? (for five years) b). She is teaching at Oxford University. How long has she been teaching at the university? 1. Peter is waiting for them. 2. They are playing football now. 3. He is watching a rugby match on TV. 4. Shes reading an article. 5. Vast masses of cold air are flowing over the land. 6. They are working hard. 2. Put the verbs in brackets in the Present Perfect Continuous or in the Present Perfect.
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1. He (to be) very busy lately. 2. I (wait) for you since six oclock in the afternoon. 3. How long you (to know) Jane? 4. I (not to meet) the Browns since last year. 5. It (to rain) since early morning. 6. We (to work) hard for two hours. 7. How long your sister (to teach) at college? For fifteen years. 8. The north wind (to blow) since early morning. 3. Put since or for into each gap. 1. We have been waiting here almost an hour. 2. I have been working here 1999. 3. They have been walking early morning. 4. She has been studying English last September. 5. That man has been looking at you the last ten minutes. 6. The United States has been a republic 1776. 7. Paul has been looking for a job the end of the last month. 8. He has been looking for a job almost a week now. 4. Insert the English equivalent of the word from the bracket. 1. Where are (ceilalti)? 2. I want book (alta). 3. will say the same thing (Altii). 4. cups are in the kitchen (Celelalte). 5. Give me examples (alte). 6. Try door. (cealalta). 7. This orange is sour. Try (pe cealalta). 8. I dont think I can come day (alta). 5. Complete the gaps with the Reciprocal Pronoun (each other, one another) or the Reflexive (myself, youself, etc). 1. I dont smoke. 2. She hates . 3. They congratulated . 4. Tom and Bill were smiling at . 5. They always write to . 6. He wrote a letter to . 6. Translate into English 1. Lucrez aici de sapte ani. 2. Lucrez aici din 1990. 3. De cat timp lucrezi aici? 4. Asteptam de o ora si jumatate. 5. El studiaza franceza de trei ani. 6. Ploua de o saptamana. 7. Ei se iubesc. 8. Ei se vor ajuta unii pe altii. 9. Se intrebau unii pe altii ce se intamplase. 10. Ori de cate ori se intalneau isi vorbeau englezeste. 7. Put in the order the following words. 1. speaking, other, to, are, they, each. They are speaking to each other. 2. another, hate, one, they, to hate.

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3. as, is, cant , we, each, see, other, dark, it, that. We cant see each other as it is dark that. 4. do, for, each, will, anything, they, other. They will do everything for each other. 5. were, about, talking, they, one, holiday, to, next, their, another.

Text: JAPAN AND U.S. CANDY VENTURE

A well-known U.S. candy company was interested in selling its product overseas. The company found a possible partner based in Tokyo, Japan. The Tokyo company seemed to be perfect for the deal. After many phone calls between the two parties, a decision was made to meet in Tokyo. The U.S. company chose one of its businessmen, Mike Waller, to represent it in Tokyo. He was the companys most persuasive negotiator. Before Waller left the United States, he and the company lawyer worked together to write a detailed contract for the deal. The contract was fifty pages long. The deal would be advantageous for both companies. It promised big profits. Waller left for Japan with the contract. He was pleased with his careful preparation. He thought his future partners would be satisfied with his work and would be ready to bargain about the details in the contract. He had studied their company interests and was sure they would want to change a few conditions in the contract. He planned to agree to those changes as concessions. He was certain the meetings would result in good negotiations and a quick final agreement. On the day of the meeting in Tokyo, Waller entered the boardroom with copies of the contract for the Japanese businessmen at the meeting. He handed them each a copy and began discussing the details. The representatives of the Tokyo company did not open their contracts. They didnt discuss the contract at all, but instead spoke about general business issues. They spoke about the proposed cooperation between the two companies but they didnt make any promises. Waller then went back to the United States. He felt extremely surprised and disappointed. The Japanese businessmen had never asked him one question about the contract. No agreements or

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commitments had been made. He wasnt even sure if there would be another round of negotiations.

VOCABULARY
partner overseas deal persuasive lawyer advantageous profit to bargain interests to agree to concession to hand agreement commitments round of negotiations partener, asociat in strainatate afacere persuasiv, convingator avocat, jurist avantajos, profitabil, prielnic profit, beneficiu a negocia, a face o afacere interese, avantaje a fi de acord cu concesie, cedare a da, a inmana acord depozitii in fata unei comisii; obligatii runda de negocieri

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UNIT 15 PAST PERFECT (Perfectul Trecut)

Past Perfect se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului to have la trecutul simplu (had) si Participiul II al verbului de conjugat. Affirmative I (he, she, it, you, they) had worked Interrogative Had I (he, she, it, we, you, they) worked ? Negative I (he, she, it, we, you, they) had not (hadnt) worked Past Perfect exprima o actiune sau un eveniment care a avut loc inaintea unui moment trecut. Acest moment poate fi marcat prin indicarea timpului precis (by 5 oclock catre ora 5; before 5 oclock inainte de ora 5), sau printr-o alta actiune la Trecutul Simplu: She had always lived in Chisinau before she moved to Germany a few years ago. (Intotdeauna a locuit in Chisinau inainte de a se muta in Germania acum cativa ani.) I had just bought the tickets when I realized that my wallet wasnt there. (Tocmai cumparasem biletele cand mi-am dat seama ca nu mai aveam portofelul.) They had never been there before. (Nu fusese niciodata acolo.(pana atunci) He had finished writing the exercises by 5 oclock. (El a terminat de scris exercitiile catre ora 5.) Didnt he tell you (that) I had been ill? (Nu ti-am spus ca am fost (fusesem) bolnav?) Past Perfect exprima regretul fata de o actiune trecuta: Ex: I wish I hadnt eaten so much. (As dori sa nu fi mancat atat de mult./Regret ca am mancat sau:
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I wish Id gone there. (Pacat ca nu m-am dus acolo./As dori sa ma fi dus ).

3.

FUTURE PERFECT (Viitorul anterior nedefinit)

Future Perfect este format din viitorul simplu al verbului auxiliar to have si participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat: Affirmative I shall have asked (eu) voi fi intrebat You will have asked He, she, (it) will have asked We, you, they will have asked Interrogative Shall I (we) have asked ? Will he, she, (it), you, they have asked ? Negative I (we) shall not (shant) have asked He, she, (it), you, they will not (wont) have asked Future Perfect este un timp folosit rar, exclusiv in limba scrisa, fiind aproape cu totul absent din exprimarea obisnuita. Exprima o actiune care nu a avut inca loc, dar care se va fi intamplat inainte de un moment in viitor, sau a unei actiuni viitoare redate prin Presentul Simplu: I shall have learnt my lessons by Monday. (Imi voi invata lectiile pana luni.) This time next year Ill have completed my studies. (La anul pe vremea asta imi voi fi terminat studiile.) He will have finished his report when you return. (El deja va termina raportul cand tu te vei intoarce.) The Interrogative Pronouns (Pronumele interogative)

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The Interrogative Pronouns sunt: Who cine ? Which care? (selectiv) What ce? care? (neselectiv) Who is he? Cine este el? Which (of them) do you prefer? Pe care o/il preferi? What do you know? Ce stii? What is the capital of France? Care (neselectiv) este capitala Frantei? Pronumele interogative precedate de prepozitii sunt la cazul acuzativ: for whom? before which? on what? In limba vorbita prepozitia se asaza la urma, in care caz whom devine who. Aceasta este tentinta generala moderna. Who (mai rar whom) did you talk to? - Cu cine ai vorbit/discutat? Which of the girls are the flowers for? Pentru care dintre fete sunt florile? What was the lecture about? Despre ce trata conferinta? Cand who? Which? sau what? Sunt subiectul propozitiei, la Present Simple si Past Simple interogativul si negativul se formeaza fara auxiliarul do (sau does sau did): Who knows? Cine stie? Which of you arrived first? Care dintre voi a sosit primul? What comes next? Ce urmeaza dupa aceea? Cand who? Which? sau what? Sunt complemente, la Present Simple si Past Simple interogativul si negativul se formeaza in mod normal (cu do, does sau did): Whom did you invite to your birthday party? Pe cine ai invitat la ziua ta? Which do you prefer? Pe care il/o preferi? What did he tell you? Ce ti-a spus? Whose (atat ca pronume cat si adjectiv) poate fi (a) subiect sau (b) complement:

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a). Whose poem impressed you most? A cui poem te-a impresionat cel mai mult? b). Whose poem did you appreciate most? A cui cuvantare ai apreciat-o mai mult?

EXERCISES:
1. Supply the most suitable tense (past or past perfect): 1. They (go) home after they (finish) their work. 2. She said that she already (see) the Pyramids. 3. We (hear) that a fire (break out) in the neighbouring house. 4. He told me he (catch) a young lion and (shoot) two others. 5. They (drink) small cups of coffee after they (finish) dinner. 6. She told her teacher that her mother (help) her with her homework the previous evening, and (tell) her the words she (not know). 7. The fire (spread) to the next building before the firemen (arrive).8. Cyril was very angry and said that he (eat) two flies in his fruit salad. The waiter asked him why he (eat) them. Cyril said he (be) short-sighted and already (swallow) them when his friend (tell) him what he (eat). 9. The little girl (ask) what (happen) to her ice-cream. 10. His mother (worry) a lot about him before she (hear) that he was safe. 11. He (can not) help thinking that he (see) that face somewhere before. 12. The politician (declare) that his party always (stand) for social security. 2. Supply the most suitable tense (Future Simple, Future Continuous or Future Perfect): 1. I (do) my homework tomorrow. 2. I (do) my homework at six oclock tomorrow. 3. I (do) my homework by six oclock tomorrow. 4. When I come home tomorrow, my family (have) supper. 5. When you come to my place tomorrow, I (read) your book. 6. Tomorrow I (begin) doing my homework as soon as I come from school. I (do) my homework from three till six. My father (come) home at seven oclock tomorrow. I (do) all my homework by the time he comes, and we (go) for a walk together.7. By next June he (write) his second novel. 8. Before you go to see them, they (leave) the country. 9. By the end of the summer he (teach) us to speak English. 10. I hope, when you have finished this exercise, you (not make) many mistakes in it.
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Insert who, whose, whom, to whom, which, what according to the sense: 1. was that man? Our new neighbour. 2. is his name? 3. daughter did he marry? Mr. Browns. 4. of them do you want? 5. happens in Chapter II? 6. did you meet at the seaside? 7. did you lend my dictionary? 8. is the capital of France? 9. car did you drive? My fathers. 10. did you lend my bicycle? 11. For did Ted cut eleven roses? 12. To of you did he address the letter? 13. In did you put the flowers? 14. At painting did they look? Picassos. 15. By were you lent the money? 16. About of them were they talking.
3.

4. Translate into English. 1. Noi o vazusem inainte. 2. Noi nu-i intalnisem niciodata inainte. 3. Cand am sosit noi, trenul plecase deja. 4. Ea era obosita, pentru ca facuse cumparaturi toata dupa-amiaza. 5. Cand l-am intalnit prima oara, era in Franta de un an. 6. Nu mai era acelasi (se schimbase) de la casatoria lui. 7. Nu-mi trecuse prin minte ca el putea fi spion. 8. El avusese dificultati sa-si gaseasca o noua slujba. 9. Noi vom fi cheltuit foarte putini bani. 10. Noi nu vom fi cheltuit multi bani. 11. Noi nu vom fi folosit multe cecuri. 12. El nu va fi petrecut mult timp aici.13. Cine este acest barbat? 14. Cu cine ati vorbit? 15. Care dintre ei a castigat meciul? 16. Ce veti face anul viitor? 17. Ce fel de necazuri aveti? 18. A cui este aceasta masina?

TEXT: MY FINANCIAL CAREER (by Stephen Leacock) (1869-1944)

My salary had been raised to fifty dollars a month and I felt that the bank was the only place for it. So I walked in and looked round at the clerks. I had an idea that a person who was about to open an account must necessarily speak to the manager. Can I see the manager? I asked the clerk and added alone. I dont know why I said alone. Certainly, said the clerk, and brought him.
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The manager was a calm, serious man. While talking to him I held my fifty-six dollars in my pocket. Are you the manager? I said God knows I didnt doubt it. Yes, he said. Can I see you, I asked, alone? I didnt want to say alone again, but without this word the question seemed useless. Come in here, he said, and led the way to a private room. Were safe from interruption here, he said. Sit down. We both sat down and looked at each other. I found no voice to speak. Youre one of Pinkertons detectives, I suppose, he said. The expression in my eyes had made him think that I was a detective, and he looked worried. To speak the truth, I began. Im not a detective at all. Ive come to open an account. I intend to keep all my money in this bank. The manager looked serious, he felt sure now that I was a very rich man, probably a son of Baron Rothschild. A large account, I suppose, he said. Rather a large one, I whispered. I intend to place in this bank the sum of fifty-six dollars now, and fifty dollars a month regularly. The manager got up and opened the door. He called out to the clerk. Mr. Montgomery, he said loudly, this gentleman is opening an account. He will place fifty-six dollars in it. Good morning. Good morning, I said, standing up, and walked through a big door into a safe. Come out, said the manager coldly and showed me the other way. I went up to the clerk and pushed the money to him. My face was terribly pale. Here, I said, put it in my account. The sound of my voice seemed to mean, Lets do this painful thing while we feel that we want to do it. When the operation had been performed, I remembered that I hadnt left any money for present use. My idea was to draw out six dollars. Someone gave me a cheque-book and someone else began telling me how to write it out. The people in the bank seemed to think that I was a man who owned millions of dollars, but I was not feeling
very well, I wrote something on the cheque and pushed it towards the clerk. He looked at it.
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What, are you drawing it all out again? he asked in surprise. Then I realized that I had written fifty-six dollars instead of six. I was too upset to think clearly now. I had a feeling that it was impossible to explain the thing. All the clerks stopped writing to look at me. One of them prepared to pay the money. How will you have it? he said. What? How will you have it? Oh, I caught his meaning and answered without even trying to think, - in fifty-dollar notes. He gave me a fifty-dollar note. And the six? he asked coldly. In six-dollar notes, I said. He gave me six dollars, and I ran out. As the big door closed behind me, I heard a sound of laughter that went up to the roof of the bank. Since then I use a bank no more. I keep my money in my pocket and my savings in silver dollars in a sock.

VOCABULARY
to raise a ridica, a creste to look round a privi in jur account cont clerk [kla:k] functionar (de birou) to hold held a tine pocket buzunar to doubt [daut] a se indoi (de) to seem a parea, a da impresia to lead led a conduce, a duce safe sigur, convins safe and sound teafar si nevatamat to whisper a sopti to draw out a extrage to call out a striga (nume), a chema to own a poseda, a avea to catch caught a prinde sock - soseta

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UNIT 16 SEQUENCE OF TENSES Concordanta (corespondenta) timpurilor

Concordanta timpurilor, adica raportul dintre timpul din propozitia principala si cel din subordonata, este o problema foarte complexa in limba engleza, mai ales in comparatie cu romana, unde ea nu se aplica atat de strict si deci timpurile coincid rareori in cele doua limbi: He asked me how old I was. El m-a intrebat ce varsta am. 1). Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la Present Simple/Continuous, Present Perfect verbul din subordonata poate fi la orice timp: Principala Secundara I know what he does. Eu stiu ce face el. I know what he is doing. Eu stiu ce face el (in acest moment). I know what he did. Eu stiu ce a facut el. I know what hes always done. Eu stiu ce a facut el intotdeauna. I know what he will do. Eu stiu ce va face el. 2). Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut, verbul din subordonata este la trecutul simplu sau continuu. I knew what he did. Eu stiam ce face el. I knew what he was doing. Eu stiam ce face el (la acel moment). I knew what he had done. Eu stiam ce a facut/facuse el. I knew what he would do. Eu stiam ce va face el. Nota: Totusi, se poate folosi prezentul in subordonata, daca este vorba despre un adevar imuabil (neschimbator, permanent). At that time, they didnt know that the sun does not turn round the earth.

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La acea vreme, nu se stia ca soarele nu se invarteste in jurul pamantului. 3). La trecut, actiunile verbelor din propozitia principala si din cea subordonata pot fi: fie simultane, cand se foloseste trecutul simplu sau continuu: She said that she spoke four foreign languages. A spus ca vorbeste patru limbi straine. He left as the film was beginning. El a plecat tocmai cand incepea filmul. !!! Urmatoarea situatie ar putea parea ciudata: She told me her name was Mary. Mi-a spus ca o cheama Maria. desigur, Maria o cheama mereu caci acesta este numele ei de botez, dar, tinand seama ca propozitia principala este la trecut, predicatul secundarei trebuie modificat in functie de regulile concordantei. Fie consecutive, cand se foloseste Past Perfect pentru a marca anterioritatea si un auxiliar modal la trecut (would, should, might) pentru a marca posterioritatea: He left a few minutes after the film had begun. El a plecat la cateva minute dupa ce incepuse filmul. She thought I could help her. Ea s-a gandit ca eu voi putea s-o ajut.
4). Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la viitor, verbul din propozitia subordonata temporala sau din conditionala este la prezent sau la Present Perfect.

Aceasta exceptie de la regula concordantei timpurilor se produce dupa when cand, as soon as de indata ce, after dupa, before inainte ca, while in timp ce, if daca, until pana cand/atat timp cat, unless daca nu: Ill go when Im ready. Voi pleca atunci cand voi fi/sunt gata. Ill call you if I dont find it. Te voi suna daca nu-l gasesc/nu-l voi gasi. Well wait until you come. Vom astepta pana cand vei veni/vii. The show will start as soon as the president has arrived. Spectacolul va incepe de indata ce presedintele va sosi/soseste.
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EXERCISES:
1. Put the following into the Past Tense observing the rules of the sequence of tenses: 1. My uncle says he has just come back from London. 2. He says he feels better now. 3. I know that you are ill. 4. We find that she has left home at eight oclock this morning. 5. He says that he has a good camera. 6. She says she will come to see us next Sunday. 7. She says Bill told her a lot of interesting things about his travels in the south. 8. I hear that he has bought a new car. 9. I suppose that he will send us a letter. 10. I think that he lives in New York. 2. Use the verbs in brackets in appropriate tenses observing the rules of the sequence of tenses: 1. We told you that we (leave) town on the following day. 2. She said she (can) not tell me the right time, her watch (be) wrong. 3. She says she already (find) the book. 4. I didnt know that you already (receive) the letter. 5. He has just said that she (not be) at home tomorrow. 6. Charlie noticed that Mary (cry). 7. I was thinking what a pleasure it (be) to see my old friend again; I (not see) him since my schooldays. 8. She has just told me that she (not like) modern music. 9. The boy didnt know that water (boil) at 100o. 10. He promised that he (bring) us all necessary books. 3. Put the tenses in brackets into the correct form: 1. I knew that he (is, was) a very clever man. 2. He said he (is staying, was staying) at the Savoy Hotel. 3. They realized that they (lost, had lost) their way in the dark. 4. He asked me where I (study, studied). 5. I thought that I (shall finish, should finish) my work at that time. 6. He said he (will come, would come) to the station to see me off. 7. I was sure he (posted, had posted) the letter. 8. I want to know what he (has bought, had bought) for her birthday. 9. I asked my sister to tell me what she (has seen, had seen) at the museum. 10. I hope it (will not change, would not change) for the worse.

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4. Translate into English: 1. El spune ca merge acasa cu autobuzul in fiecare zi. 2. El intreaba cat e ceasul. 3. A spus ca ieri a pescuit toata ziua. 4. L-am intrebat daca vor fi acasa deseara. 5. El scrie ca se distreaza foarte bine. 6. Credeam ca dormea. 7. Ma intrebam daca ajunsesera deja. 8. M-a intrebat daca stiu cand pleaca trenul. 9. Le-a spus parintelor lui ca vor merge intr-o excursie. 10. El a scris ca a fost foarte bolnav timp de cinci zile. 11. Lam intrebat de cata vreme asteapta autobuzul. 12. El a spus ca-mi va repara ceasul pana maine. 13. M-a intrebat daca te iubesc si eu am spus ca da. 14. El a spus ca imi va aduce ambele carti vineri, dar inca nu mi le-a adus. 15. El a zis ca la sfarsitul anului se vor implini cinci ani de cand studiaza engleza, dar ca inca n-a inteles folosirea timpurilor.

TEXT: BRITISH BEER

British beer can be confusing to visitors. Many foreigners who are new to pubs ask for a beer, please but this alone is not enough. In Britain you must specify the quantity you want a pint or half a pint and the type. There are three types of beer in Britain. Bitter is the most popular beer; it is a medium brown beer, and is not very alcoholic, at about 4% alcohol by volume. Lager is a light-coloured beer, similar to beers popular in the rest of Europe. Stout is a very dark, almost black beer; the Irish stout called Guinness is the most famous brand. Most bitter drinkers prefer real ale these days. Real ale is bitter brewed in the traditional way and then stored in barrels. The barman draws the beer from the barrel using a hand pump. Other beers called keg beers are stored in pressurized barrels, and the barman or barmaid needs only to turn a small tap on the bar for the beer to pour into the glass. Ordering in a pub can also confuse visitors, as there is no waiter or waitress service. You must order your drink from the bar, and pay for it at the same time. Laws on drinking in Britain are very strict. If you want to sell alcohol you have to have a licence, and as Tony said in the interview a pub may only open at certain times of the day. No children under 14
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years of age may go into a pub (although many pubs have a childrens room away from the bar). Fourteen-year-olds may go into a pub but may not buy or drink alcohol. You must be 18 before you can legally buy or drink alcohol in a pub. Wine bars began to appear in large numbers, mainly in the cities, in the early 1980s. Now we can find them even in smaller towns. As their names imply, they specialize in selling different types of wine, although they may also have a limited range of beers and spirits. They also serve meals, usually of a higher standard than those found in pubs. The British wine-producing industry has been expanding rapidly in recent years. Britain now produces some good quality white wines, mainly from vineyards in the south-east of England where the climate is particularly suitable.

VOCABULARY
Real-ale - bere naturala beer bere pub carciuma a pint [paint] pinta (unitate de masura a capacitatii insemnand 0,568 l; in S.U.A. 0,473 l) lager - bere germana bitter amar stout bere neagra to store a tine, a pastra (in depozit) to pressurize a etansa, a presuriza barrel butoi keg butoias to pour [po:] a turna mainly in special, mai ales to expand a (se) extinde vineyard vie, podgorie

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UNIT 17 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH (Vorbirea directa si indirecta)

Vorbirea directa este redarea intocmai a spuselor cuiva. He asked me, Do you work this week? M-a intrebat: - Lucrezi saptamana aceasta? In limba engleza, dupa verbele (to ask a intreba, to say a spune etc.) se foloseste virgula si nu doua puncte, iar vorbirea directa este pusa intre ghilimele: Vorbirea indirecta reproduce continutul a ceea ce spune cineva intr-o imprejurare data. Necesita o atentie deosebita respectarii regulilor de corespondenta a timpurilor. He asked me if I had worked that week. M-a intrebat daca am lucrat saptamana aceea. 1) Propozitii enuntiative Verbul to say din propozitia principala se pastreaza atunci cand nu este insotit de un complement indirect; sau se inlocuieste prin to tell. La trecerea de la vorbirea directa la cea indirecta are loc schimbarea pronumelor, adverbelor determinative, adjectivelor in functie de inteles, ca si in limba romana, de exemplu: I poate deveni he sau she; this- that; today that day- in acea zi; yesterday the day before in ziua precedenta, cu o zi mai inainte; tomorrow the next day; ago in urma; before inainte; here there etc. now then next week (month, year) the following (next) .; last year the year before; last month the month before; Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la present, cel din subordonata este acelasi ca si la vorbirea directa. He says, I like working He says he likes working. He asks, Can I help you? He asks if he can help you. He says, I shall help you He says he will help you.
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Cand verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut, cel din subordonata sufera o schimbare de timp: She said, I want to study English this year She said that she wanted to study English that year.

He said to me, I heard you speaking He told me (that) he had heard on the radio last month me speaking on the radio a month before. (Imi spuse ea ca, te-am auzit la (Imi spuse ca, m-a auzit la radio radio luna trecuta.) cu o luna inainte.) They said to me, Well go there tomorrow. She said, Peter is looking for the dog now. They told me they would go there the following day. She said that Peter was looking for the dog then.

2). Propozitii interogative: Propozitia interogativa indirecta este introdusa prin if sau whether daca. He asked me, Have you seen the new film ? El m-a intrebat: - Ai vazut filmul nou? He asked me if/whether I had seen the film that day. M-a intrebat daca am vazut noul film. John said, Will you come and dine with us tonight? John spuse: Vreti sa veniti sa luati cina cui noi diseara? John asked (us) if/whether we would come and dine with them that night. John ne-a intrebat daca vrem sa mergem sa luam cina cu ei in seara aceea. 3).Intrebari speciale: She asked him, Where did you work last year? She asked him where he had worked a year before.

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I asked her, What reports have you written? I asked her what reports she had written. He asked me, What are you doing now? He asked me what I was doing then. He asked me, When will you go to see your parents? He asked me when I would go to see my parents. 4). Propozitii imperative: Propozitiile imperative se redau in vorbirea indirecta cu ajutorul unor verbe care exprima ordinul, rugamintea, cererea etc. (to ask a cere, a invita, a porunci, to order a porunci, a ordona, to tell a spune, a zice etc urmate de infinitive). Drive faster! he said to me. Mana mai repede. He asked me to drive faster. Mi-a cerut/ordonat sa man mai repede. She said to me, Tell him everything tomorrow. She asked me to tell him everything the following day. My mother said to me, Please help him. My mother ordered me to help him. He said, Dont book tickets for the theatre for next Sunday. He asked me not to book tickets for the theatre for the following Sunday. 5). Propozitii exclamative: Propozitiile exclamative sunt redate in vorbirea indirecta printr-o serie de modificari cerute de sens, caracterul exclamatiei fiind redat de verbe si adverbe (de mod): He said, That isnt true! El spuse: - Nu e adevarat! He exclaimed/cried indignantly that it wasnt true. El exclama indignat ca nu este adevarat.

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EXERCISES:
1. Put the following into indirect speech. 1. I said to her, I have something to show you. 2. He said, I am going away tomorrow. 3. Ive been in London for a month so far I havent had time to visit the Tower, said Tom. 4. She replied, Ill come with you as soon as I am ready. 5. Mary said, I usually spend my holidays in the south. 6. He said, I am going to a rest-home tomorrow. 7. I said to them, I can give you my uncles address. 8. He said to me, I want to see you today. 9. The student said, I cant answer this question. I dont understand it. 10. She said, I didnt go to the concert yesterday. 2. Put the following into indirect speech. 1. He said, What is happening? 2. Ann asked, Which team has won? 3. He asked, Who is playing next week? 4. Bill said, How can I get from the station to the airport? 5. I asked him, Have you reserved a seat? 6. Can you get coffee on the train? asked my aunt. 7. Peter said, Do you play rugby? 8. Tom asked, Are you working as well as studying? 9. Did you play for your university team? asked Bill. 10. Have you seen the library? asked Ann. 3. Put the following into indirect speech. 1. Switch off the TV, she said. 2. She said, Shut the door, Tom. 3. I warned, Dont go alone. 4. Follow that car, the detective said to the taxi-driver. 5. I said, Dont argue with your father. 6. The young man said, Wait for me at the bridge. 7. Dont forget your sandwiches, said his mother. 8. My father said, Dont say anything to make her angry. 4. Put the following into direct speech. 1. He said that while crossing the English Channel they had stayed on deck all day. 2. She said that she was feeling bad that day. 3. Tom said he would go to see the doctor the next day. 4. He told me he was ill. 5. I told my sister that she might catch cold. 6. He said he had just been examined by a good doctor. 7. He said that his health had greatly improved since then. 8. He asked Ann if she could be ready by ten.
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5. Translate into English. 1. El ne-a intrebat cine a scris raportul. 2. Ea l-a intrebat pe Dnul Brown, unde au de gand sa mearga in concediu. 3. Dnul Smith m-a intrebat putem sa-l vizitam Sambata. 4. John l-a intrebat pe Bill cat timp a petrecut in Londra anul trecut. 5. El m-a intrebat ce am vrut sa fac. 6. Ei me-au spus sa nu mergem la cinema astazi. 7. Eu l-am intrebat din ce tara a venit. 8. L-am rugat pe Peter sa nu spuna nimarui secretul nostru. 9. Ei m-au intrebat unde este biblioteca universitatii. 10. Mama le-a spus sa nu vina tarziu acasa. TEXT: AESOP AND THE TRAVELLER AESOP (620? 560? B.C.), ancient Greek writer of fables, fables long transmitted through oral tradition. Many of AESOPS fables were rewritten in Greek verse by the poet Babrius and in latin verse by the Roman poet Phaedrus in the 1st century AD. Aesop was a very clever man who lived many hundreds of years ago in Greece. He wrote many fine stories. He was well known as a man who was fond of jokes. One day, as he was enjoying a walk, he met a traveller, who greeted him and said: King man, can you tell me how soon I shall get to town? Go, Aesop answered. I know I must go, protested the traveller, but I should like you to tell me how soon I shall get to town? Go, Aesop said again angrily. This man must be mad, the traveller thought and went on. After he had gone some distance, Aesop shouted after him: You will get to town in two hours. The traveller turned round in astonishment. Why didnt you tell me that before? he asked. How could I have told you that before? answered Aesop. I didnt know how fast you could walk.

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UNIT 18 PASSIVE VOICE (Diateza pasiva)

Diateza exprima o relatie de sens gramatical intre subiect si predicat: diateza activa (Active Voice) arata ca actiunea este savarsita de subiectul gramatical, de exemplu: They write the testpapers. Ei scriu lucrari de control.

iar diateza pasiva (Passive Voice) arata ca actiunea este suferita de subiectul gramatical. The testpapers are written by them. Lucrarile sunt scrise de catre ei. Diateza pasiva se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be(la orice timp) si Participiul 2 al verbului de conjugat. I am invited, sunt invitat,-a. Diateza pasiva John is invited (by me) John este invitat (de mine) John was invited (by me) John a fost invitat de mine. John will be invited by me. John va fi invitat de mine. John has been invited by me. John a fost invitat de mine. John had been invited by me. John a fost/fusese invitat de mine.

Diateza activa I invite John. Il invit pe John. I invited John. Eu l-am invitat pe John. I will invite John. Eu il voi invita pe John. I have invited John. Eu l-am invitat pe John. I had invited John. Eu l-am invitat pe John.

Complementul, daca exista, se introduce in general cu prepozitia by, dar si cu with, ex.: The hall is filled with smoke. Salonul este plin de fum.

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Diateza pasiva la Present si Past Continuous se formeaza de la Prezentul si Trecutul Continuu al verbului to be (am,are, is being; was,were being) si Participiul 2 al verbului de conjugat: They are building a house. (active) A house is being built by them (passive) They were building a house. (active) A house was being built by them. (passive) Diateza pasiva a verbelor precedate de verbele modale must, can, may, should se obtine prin adaugarea infinitivului be si participiul 2 al verbului de conjugat: He must sign the paper. The paper must be signed by him. They can solve the problem. The problem can be solved by them. We should study English. English should be studied by us. She may change the method. The method may be changed by her. Retineti urmatoarele constructii pasive cu verbe ca say, know, believe, report: They say he is clever = He is said to be clever. Se spune ca e destept. I cant bear people laughing at me. I cant bear being laughed at. Nu suport sa-si bata cineva joc de mine. Atentie la diferenta intre: He was said to be serious. Se spunea ca este serios. He was told to be serious. I s-a spus sa fie serios.

EXERCISES:
1. Put the following sentences into the Passive Voice with a personal subject: 1. They gave my little sister a ticket too. 2. People will show the visitors the new buildings. 3. Someone has already paid the
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electrician for his work. 4. They promise us higher salaries. 5. Somebody will tell you what time the train leaves. 6. Someone taught him French and gave him a dictionary. 7. They have made my uncle a captain. 8. Someone is showing Mary how to bathe a baby. 9. You can leave the key with the clerk downstairs. 10. You must do three of these exercises tomorrow. 11. By the middle of the autumn we had planted all the trees. 12. They have made a number of the experiments in this laboratory. 13. By six oclock they had finished the work. 14. At twelve oclock the workers were loading the trucks. 2. Turn the following sentences into the active voice. Where no agent is mentioned one must be supplied. 1. This mountain has never been climbed before. 2. She told me that those newspapers had been carefully put away where they would not be lost. 3. All the passengers in the bus were listening to the story of the boy who had been saved from drowning by the quickness of the driver. 4. The work was finished in time. 5. He was fined for crossing the street in the wrong place. 6. This film can be seen at our cinema. 7. This book must be read by every student. 8. They were being taught drawing at that lesson. 9. This name was seldom mentioned in his novels. 10. I am often told about it. 3. Transform the sentences into the interrogative and negative: 1. The boy was punished for misbehaving. 2. By three oclock everything had been prepared. 3. The dictation was written without mistakes. 4. The papers had been looked through and corrected by the last lesson. 5. This house was built last year. 6. The letter has just been sent. 7. This article will be translated at the lesson. 8. All the questions must be answered. 9. Betty was met at the station. 10. The room was cleaned and aired. 4. Transform the sentences using the interrogative words from the brackets: 1. This new dictionary is sold everywhere now. (What) 2. America was discovered by Columbus. (By whom) 3. The problem will be solved by these methods. (How) 4. The text will be translated at the next lesson. (When)

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5. The girl was not allowed to go to the concert. (Who) 6. The mail is delivered at 7 oclock. (What time) 7. I shall not be allowed to go there. (Why) 8. The factory is being restructured by this team. (By which) 9. The body was found in the river. (Where) 10.This book will be returned to the library next week. (When) 5. Translate into English: 1. Sunt invitat la familia Jackson. 2. El v-a fi primit de director. 3. Ea a fost aleasa dintre zece candidati. 4. Masina lui nu este inca reparata. 5. Ti se vor pune doua intrebari. 6. Ni s-au cerut multi bani pentru un dormitor foarte mic. 7. Mi s-a spus ca el era bolnav. 8. Materialele acestea trebuie traduse in limba franceza. 9. Usa trebuie lasata deschisa. 10. Materialele conferintei au fost ascultate cu mare atentie de la ora 2 pana la 4. 11. Lui Richard I s-au predat engleza si rusa.12. I s-a dat un automobil nou pentru aniversarea lui.

Text: GEORGE BROWN

(After O. HENRY) O.Henry, the famous American humorist, is the author of many short stories. His short stories are very popular all over the world. This is what happened to him one day. He had an acquaintance whose name was Tripp. He was a young man but he looked forty. He never shaved, his face was pale and he often asked the writer for a dollar, and then spent it on whisky. Once Tripp met a young girl in New York. She had never been to the city before. She stopped Tripp and asked him where she could find George Brown. She thought that the first man whom she asked could tell her that. She also told Tripp that she was going to marry a farmer, named Dodd. But before that she wanted to see George Brown and to have a talk with him. Thats why she had come to New York. She had no money and didnt know where to look for George Brown. Tripp, who was kind by nature, could not leave the girl alone. He took her to a hotel and left her there. He told everything to O.Henry
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and suggested that they should go and see the girl whose name was Ada. Ada and George Brown loved each other dearly. The girl didnt want to marry the farmer. She wanted to find George. Tripp suggested that the writer pay the bill at the hotel where Ada was staying and buy a railway ticket for Ada to get back home. He said that it would cost the writer three dollars. He asked for another dollar for himself. He wanted whisky. He added that the writer would be able to write a new short story. It would cost only four dollars. Ada was really beautiful. She told them all the details. She and George were in love when the boy was eight and she was five. When George was nineteen, he left the village and left for New York. He promised to come back for Ada, but she never saw him again. On the day George left they cut a cent into two pieces till they met again. The two men were very sorry for Ada and advised her to go home. They saw her to the station and then went home. When they were going to the bus-stop, Tripp took his cheap watch out of his pocket and the writer saw half of the cent cut in two. George Brown and Tripp were one and the same man. The writer took out a dollar and put it into Tripps hand.

VOCABULARY
famous acquaintance to spend/spent/spent to marry to suggest to add pocket cheap vestit cunostinta a cheltui, a consuma a (se) casatori a propune, a sugera a adauga buzunar ieftin

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UNIT 19 THE INFINITIVE (Infinitivul)

Infinitivul este forma sub care un verb este dat in dictionar. El exprima notiunea verbului in sensul sau general, forma sa nefiind limitata de numar sau persoana. In limba engleza INFINITIVUL se formeaza prin atasarea particulei to inaintea verbului propriu-zis. - infinitivul prezent, aspectul simplu, diateza activa: to read a citi Id like to read an interesting novel. As vrea sa citesc un roman interesant. - infinitivul prezent, aspectul continuu, diateza activa: to be writing a scrie Id like to be watching TV. As vrea sa ma uit la televizor. - infinitivul perfect, aspectul simplu, diateza activa: to have written a fi scris, sa fi scris foarte folosit in limba engleza este mai putin cunoscut in limba romana, - exprima mai mult o optiune irealizabila, sau o actiune nematerializata. He liked to have had much money. Isi dorea sa fi avut multi bani. She seems to have understood the question. Ea pare sa fi inteles intrebarea. I didnt like to have met him then. Nu mi-ar fi placut sa-l intalnesc atunci. - infinitivul perfect, aspectul continuu, diateza activa: He seems to have been sleeping all day. El pare sa fi dormit toata ziua. - infinitivul prezent, aspectul simplu, diateza pasiva: to be written a fi scris
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I dont want to be forgotten. Nu vreau sa fiu uitat. - Infinitivul perfect, aspectul simplu, diateza pasiva: To have been written a fi fost scris We arent the only one to have been helped. Nu esti singurul in situatia de a fi fost ajutat. Urmatoarele doua forme se folosesc foarte rar: - Infinitivul prezent, aspectul continuu, diateza pasiva: to be being written a fi scris - infinitivul perfect, aspectul continuu, diateza pasiva: to have been being written a fi fost scris - Infinitivul se foloseste dupa unele adjective care exprima o emotie sau o dorinta, cum ar fi glad, anxious-ingrigorat, delighted, pleased, eager-dornic etc., ex: I am glad to meet you (Sunt incantat sa va cunosc) He was eager to get there. (Eara nereabdator sa ajunga acolo), Precum si dupa alte adjective, cum sunt: ready, worthy, (un)able, afraid, easy etc., ex: I was afraid to go there. (Ma temeam sa ajung acolo) They were ready to start. (Erau gata sa inceapa) VERBE URMATE DE INFINITIVUL FARA TO Acestea sunt in principal: 1) Defectivele: can, may, must We can speak English. 2) To let: fie ca ajuta la formarea imperativului: Let us go, sa mergem fie cand are intelesul de a lasa: I wont let him do it, nu-l voi lasa sa faca asta. 3) to make: Ill make you understand, te voi face sa intelegi. 4) to have: in sensul de a pune, a obliga pe cineva sa faca ceva: Ill have them repair it, il voi face/obliga sa repare asta. 5) verbele de perceptie, care mai frecvente fiind to see si to hear: I heard him come, l-am auzit venind I saw him go, l-am vazut plecand
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(care pot fi urmate si de forma in ing). PREPOZITII OBLIGATORII Prepozitia obligatorie formeaza un ton impreuna cu verbul: ea poate: 1) nuanta sensului verbului: to look a privi to look up ridica privirea 2) modifica radical sensul verbului: to go up a urca to go out a iesi Prepozitia obligatorie intra in forma de infinitiv si in cea de imperativ a verbului: to go out, a iesi; go out! Iesi! Acelasi verb, asociat cu diferite prepozitii obligatorii, va avea sensuri radical diferite. Astfel: To get: acest verb, care inseamna a obtine, atunci cand este urmat de un substantiv, si a deveni, atunci cand e urmat de un adjectiv, capata sensuri foarte diferite, in functie de prepozitia obligatorie care ii urmeaza: to get up a se scula to get away a scapa to get out a iesi to get in a intra to get down a cobori In acest caz, prepozitia obligatorie este cea care poarta sensul principal. Cateva expresii cu prepozitii obligatorii: to be off a pleca to put on a pune, a imbraca to carry on a continua to put off amana (o sedinta) to carry out a infaptui to give up a renunta come on! haide! vino! to go on a continua to look out a fi atent to hurry up a se grabi

EXERCISES:
1. Insert to where necessary before the infinitives in brackets. 1. He made me (do) it all over again. 2. She can (sing) quite well. 3. He will be able (swim) very soon. 4. I used (live) in a caravan. 5. I want (see) the house where our president was born. 6. He made her
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(repeat) the message. 7. May I (use) your phone? 8. You neednt (ask) for permission; you can (use) it whenever you like. 9. If you want (get) there before dark you should (start) at once. 10. He wouldnt let my baby (play) with his gold watch. 11. He made us (wait) for hours. 12. Id like him (go) to a university but I cant (make) him (go). 2. Combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one sentence using too/enough with infinitive. Model: It is very cold. We cant go out. It is too cold for us to go out. He is strong. He can carry it. He is strong enough to carry it. 1. You are very young. You cant have a front-door key. 2. It is very cold. We cant bathe. 3. I am rather old. I cant wear that kind of hat. 4. The ladder wasnt very long. It didnt reach the window. 5. He hadnt much money. He couldnt live on it. (Omit it.) 6. He was furious. He couldnt speak. 7. The fire isnt very hot. He wont boil a kettle. 8. You are quite thick. You couldnt slip between the bars. 9. He is very ill. He cant eat anything. 10. Our new car is very wide. It wont get through those gates. 11. The coffee isnt strong. It wont keep us awake. 12. He is lazy. He wont get up early. 3. Reword the following sentences using the infinitive. Model: I was glad when I heard of your success. I was glad to hear of your success. 1. He was very sorry when he heard of your disappointment. 2. He hopes that he will know by tomorrow. 3. It seems that it is improbable. 4. Do you understand what you have to do? 5. The candidate did not expect that he would pass his examination. 6. Mary was told that she must not dirty the room. 8. That was the first picture that came by satellite. 9. My friend was delighted when she learned of the arrival of our baby. 10. We should be sorry if we heard bad reports of him. 4. Translate into Romanian, paying attention to Active Infinitive, Passive Infinitive and Perfect Infinitive.

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1. Nature has many secrets to be discovered yet. 2. To improve your phonetics you should record youself and analyse your speech. 3. This is the book to be read during the summer holidays. 4. I am awfully glad to have met you. 5. I am very happy to have had the pleasure of making your acquaintance. 6. The child did not like to be washed. 7. When Clyde looked at the girl closely, he remembered to have seen her at IBM company. 8. He is very forgetful, but he doesnt like to be reminded of his duties. 9. I am very sorry to have spoilt your mood. 10. Which is more pleasant: to give or to be given presents? 6. Translate into English. 1. Este suficient de silitor ca sa fie in stare sa termine universitatea. 2. I-mi pare foarte rau ca n-am putut sa-l intalnesc. 3. Este greu sa-i gasesti acasa. 4. L-am vazut parasind camera plangand. 5. Mi-a fost greu sa scap de el. 6. Se asteapta de la tine sa te pregatesti sarguincios pentru examene. 7. Mi-ar placea sa fiu invitata. 8. N-ai uitat sa pui scrisoarea la posta. 9. Stiti cum se pronunta acest cuvant? 10. Spune-i sa incerce sa se poarte mai frumos.

TEXT: HIS RICH AUNT

by Cyril Hare (1900-1958) (English lawyer and mystery writer) Hilary Smith belonged to a good family. His father never failed to mention the fact. Unfortunately he had some troubles with the bank and was sent off to Australia. He did not like Australia and Australia did not like him. Therefore he was eager to return to England. He could not earn enough money to book his passage. So he had to wait until his father and his brother died. They fortunately did it at the same time. He received all the money that belonged to a good family and soon spent it. When all the money had been spent, Hilary could do one of two things. He could die or work. Neither of these gave him any pleasure. Then he remembered that he had a rich aunt. She was his fathers only sister. Hilary found out her address. The old lady was glad to see her only nephew. Unfortunately she was
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seriously ill. The doctor told Hilary that nothing could cure the old lady. Hilary was afraid to remain in the hard world alone. So he chose
a moment when hia aunt was feeling much better than usual and asked her for details of her will. The old woman told her nephew that she had made a will when she was a young girl. She was very religious and left all her money to some religious people in China. She didnt make any other will. The next day Hilary found out that when a woman married, an earlier will lost its value. A new will must be made, the money goes to the nearest relation. His future was safe. Hilary badly needed money, he owed a lot to shopkeepers, who trusted him because his aunt was rich. It was impossible for Hilary to speak with his aunt about money. She got very bad and got angry when money was mentioned. One morning she told Hilary that she was going to send for her lawyer to make a new will. Hilary was afraid that she wanted to leave all her money to somebody else. So he made a decision. Every night his aunt took some medicine to make her sleep. Hilary decided to double the portion. He could put her to sleep forever. He put some more medicine into the glass. His aunt took the glass and looked at Hilary. She thanked her nephew and said: If I am alive tomorrow, I shall change the will in your favour. If I die tonight, you will get nothing. She explained to her nephew that she had never been married, so her first will did not lose its value. Hilary tried to take the glass away but the old lady raised it and drank.

VOCABULARY
to belong to to fail unfortunately therefore to be eager to to earn to book passage to cure will to owe shopkeeper to trust a apartine, a tine de a nu reusi, a da gres, a uita din nefericire/pacate de aceea, prin urmare, deci a fi nerabdator sa a castiga a astepta calatorie pe mare, trecere, cale a vindeca, a lecui vointa, testament a datora, a fi dator vanzator a avea incredere
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to be angry

a fi suparat

UNIT 20 THE GERUND (Gerund-ul)

The Gerund (Gerundul) este reprezentat de gerundul nedefinit si de gerundul perfect. Gerundul nedefinit este identic ca forma cu participiul nedefinit, infinitivul verbului cu ajutorul sufixului ing: to come - coming, to read reading, to get getting, to try - trying etc. I like swimming. Imi place sa inot. Swimming is my hobby. Inotul este pasiunea mea. - El are valoare de substantiv si poate fi subiect sau complement. Se traduce in romana printr-un substantiv, o propozitie subordonata sau un gerunziu: Cycling is good for your health. Mersul pe bicicleta este bun pentru sanatate. I love gardening. Imi place sa gradinaresc. He ended his speech by thanking everybody for their attention. Si-a incheiat discursul multumind tuturor pentru atentie. Gerundul nedefinit este intrebuintat: - dupa verbe care indica inceputul, continuarea sa sfarsitul unei actiuni: to start, to begin, to continue, to keep on, to carry on, to stop, to finish, to give up He started smoking. El a inceput sa fumeze. Go on working. Continua sa lucrezi. Stop laughing. Nu mai rade. He gave up painting. El a renuntat sa mai picteze.
-

dupa verbe care exprima o stare sufleteasca: to like, to love, to hate, to dislike, to be fond of, to prefer, to enjoy, to mind I hate waiting. Urasc sa astept. I love gardening. Ador gradinaritul. Do you mind opening the door? Te deranjaza daca deschid usa?

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dupa anumite verbe cu prepozitii: to agree on - a cadea de acord sa/asupra, to agree to a cadea de acord ca, to aim at a tinti la/sa, to believe in a crede in, to consist in a consta in, to prevent from a-i impiedica sa, to succeed in a reusi in/sa, to complain of a se plange de, to depend on - o a depine de, to thank for a multumi pentru, to be afraid of a-i fi frica de, to think of a se gandi la, to approve of a aproba, a accepta, to rely on a conta pe etc. He aims to become a good economist. Urmareste sa ajunga un economist bun. I agree to her reading the text. Sunt de acord ca ea sa citeasca textul. He prevented me from making a serious mistake.El m-a impiedicat sa comit o greseala serioasa. dupa substantive cu prepozitii: importance of importanta de a, reason for motiv de a, surprise at surptindere de a , right of drept de a, chance of sansa de, experience in experienta in. What is the reason for her being impatient? Din ce motiv este nerabdatoare? dupa adjective si adjective cu prepozitii: afraid of caruia ii este teama de/sa, capable of capabil de (a), concious of constient de, proud of mandru de, responsible for raspunzator pentru De asemenea: worth care merita sa etc. I am sure that he is capable of solving this problem. Sunt sigur ca el e capabil sa rezolve aceasta problema. He is worth sending to study at Oxford University. El merita de a fi trimis sa-si faca studiile la universitatea din Oxford.

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The Perfect Gerund (Gerundul perfect)

Gerundul perfect este identic ca forma cu participiul perfect: having come venind, having been seen fiind vazut, having solved rezolvand. Gerundul perfect exprima intotdeauna o actiune sau o stare ce a avut loc inaintea unei alte actiuni sau stari exprimate de verbul personal: I remember having met her. Imi amintesc ca am cunoscut-o. Dont you regret having said that? Nu regreti ca ai spus asta? Functiile sintactice ale gerundului perfect sunt urmatoarele: a) Complement direct sau prepozitional: He denies having spoken with them. Neaga ca ar fi vorbit cu ei. b) Complement circumstantial de timp: After having glanced over the letter he put it back into the envelope. Dupa ce-si arunca ochii pe scrisoare, o puse inapoi in plic. c) Complement circumstantial de cauza (rar): Owning to his having staged the play, the performance was a success. Datorita faptului ca el a regizat piesa, spectacolul a fost un succes.

Verbe urmate de GERUND sau de INFINITIV

Unele verbe pot fi urmate fie de un Gerund, fie de un Infinitiv, in functie de nuanta exprimata. De exemplu: To like - a-i placea; to stop a opri; to remember a-si aminti. In acest caz, infinitivul cu to indica de regula o actiune viitoare sau ipotetica (presupusa). Comparati: I like travelling. Imi place sa calatoresc. cu Id like to travel to the U.S. As vrea sa merg in Statele Unite. I remenber seeing him. Imi amintesc faptul ca l-am vazut. cu Remember to call me tomorrow. Nu uita sa ma suni maine.

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Alte exemple: She stopped smoking. S-a oprit din fumat (A incetat sa mai fumeze) She stopped to smoke. S-a oprit (din mers/lucru)ca sa fumeze. I saw him cross the street. (L-am vazut ca a traversat strada se stie ca a traversat-o) I saw him crossing the street (L-am vazut traversand strada L-am urmarit cum traversa)

EXERCISES:
1. Complete the following sentences by putting the given verbs into the gerund form: 1.They started (write) the lesson before the teacher came in. 2. I began (read) a novel yesterday. 3. We dont like (have) to do homework. 4. Do you mind (speak) to John and (ask) him to help us? 5. We enjoyed (see) you and (hear) all your news. 6. We thought of (drive) across France. Were rather tired of (go) by train. 7. It has stopped (rain). I hate (go) out in the rain. 8. I love (eat) oranges, but I dislike (peel) them. 9. My uncle has given up (smoke) and now prefers (eat) sweets. 10. I hate (practise) (read) aloud without first (learn) the new words. 11. I suggest (do) more sentences on the gerund next time. 12. I began (look) for the missing papers a few days ago, but now I must stop (try) to find them. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form (gerund or infinitive). 1. I am looking forward to (see) you. 2. He dreads (have) to retire. 3. I wish (see) the manager. 4. Dont forget (lock) the door before (go) to bed. 5. I am prepared (wait) here all night if necessary. 6. Would you mind (show) me how (work) the lift? 7. I am beginning (understand) what you mean. 8. I regret (inform) you that your application has been refused. 9. Mrs Jones: I dont allow (smoke) in my living-room. Mrs. Smith: I dont allow my family (smoke) at all. 10. I tried (persuade) him (agree) with your proposal. 11. Your windows need (clean);

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would you like me (do) them for you? 12. Do stop (talk); I am trying (finish) a letter. 3. Translate into Romanian. 1. I avoided speaking to them about that matter. 2. She denied having been at home that evening. 3. He enjoyed talking of the pleasures of travelling. 4. Would you mind coming again in a day or two? 5. He never agreed to their going on that dangerous voyage. 6. He did not approve of her drinking so much coffee. 7. All the happiness of my life depends on your loving me. 8. My friend succeeded in translating this difficult text. 9. We are looking forward to seeing you again. 10. The cold weather prevented the girls from going for long walks. 11. She always complains of feeling ill. 12. Jane thought of leaving London after Miss Browns marriage. 4. Fill the gaps with the correct prepositions and put the vers from brackets into the gerand. 1. Jane Eyre was fond (read). 2. They accuse him (have) robbed the house. 3. She insisted (join) our group. 4. The poor peasant thanked Robin Hood heartily (have) helped him. 5. We were prevented (go) to the sea by the bad weather. 6. You have little chance (improve) the situation. 7. He persisted (try) to solve that difficult problem. 8. We are tired (say) this so many times. 9. I dont have any intention (interfere) in your affairs. 10. I insist (be) told the truth. 11. I object his (borrow) money from you. 12 I stretched out my hand to prevent her (fall). 5. Translate into English. 1. El prefera sa faca sport decat sa citeasca. 2. Ati terminat de vorbit? 3. Lui ii place sa mearga la teatru. 4. Nu ma deranjeaza ca vii acasa putin mai tarziu. 5. Nu suport plansul tau. 6. El a hotarat sa invete mai mult pe viitor. 7. Imi place sa ascult muzica buna. 8. Va deranjeaza daca las usa deschisa? 9. Am reusit sa iau un bilet. 10. N-a reusit sa-si ia examenele. 11. De ce insista parintii lor ca el sa mearga la universitate? 12. Continua sa vorbeasca numai de el insusi. 13. Imi place sa fumez o tigara si pe urma sa merg la plimbare. 14. Mi-e teama sa ma gandesc ce i s-ar putea intampla.

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TEXT: THE VALUABLE FENCE (by H.A. Smith)

The Greggs were coming back from their first trip to Europe. On board the Queen Elizabeth they got acquainted with a Frenchman. His English was good and soon they got quite friendly. The Frenchman told the Greggs that he was an artist and his name was Lautisse. He asked them to keep it a secret. He did not like publicity. The Greggs didnt know any artist whose name was Lautisse. So they talked to the ships librarian and found out that their new friend was the world famous artist whose pictures were very valuable and expensive. The librarian found a book with a biographical sketch and a photograph. The sketch said that the artist had retired at fifty-three to a villa on the Riviera. He said he would never touch a brush again. Lautisse was going to spend a month in New York. Mrs. Gregg suggested that he come to their place for the weekend. The artist accepted the invitation and made them promise not to invite any other people to their place and not to speak to him about art. At the appointed time Lautisse arrived at the Greggs and they were happy to see him. Mr. Gregg and his wife did their best to entertain the famous artist, but he did not want to go for a swim or walk in the woods. He wanted to sit and relax. The next morning Mr. Gregg got up very early as he wanted to paint the fence around the vegetable garden. He took a brush and was about to begin painting when Lautisse approached him. As soon as he saw the brush, he seized it from Mr. Gregg and began painting the fence. The same day Lautisse started for New York. Some correspondents found out about Lautisses stay in New York. An article was published in one of the newspapers saying: Mr. Lautisse has spent all his time in New York except for the weekend at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Gregg. He met the Greggs on the ship coming from Europe. The day after the story appeared, two reporters came to the Greggs place. They wanted to know everything about the stay of the famous artist at their place. They were shown the fence painted and
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signed by Lautisse. A long article, headlined Lautisse paints again, was published the next day. The fence turned out to be a valuable thing. It was sold for a big sum of money. It was taken to a museum. Mr. Gregg could not keep from laughing when he saw his fence in the museum. The fence was not worth it.

VOCABULARY
fence to get acquainted with expensive sketch to seize to turn out gard a face cunostinta cu scump, costisitor schita a apuca, a se folosi de a se arata, a se dovedi

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UNIT 21 THE CONDITIONALS (Propozitii conditionale)

Propozitia conditionala contine doua parti: 1) principala si 2) secundara, care de obicei, incepe cu if (daca) If he has time, he will help us. Daca el va avea timp, ne va ajuta. Propozitiile conditionale sunt de trei tipuri: 1) posibila in viitor; 2) putin probabila in prezent; 3) nereala in trecut. Type (1) The Conditional (Propozitii conditionale de tipul I) Form: If + Present Simple + will + base form of the verb. condition result If it rains, I will stay at home. If I dont work hard, I wont learn. What will you do if you dont find the job? Use (intrebuintare): Type (1) The Conditional is used to express a possible condition and a probable result. (Conditionalul unul este utilizat pentru a exprima o conditie posibila si un rezultat probabil) I will post the letter if you like. (Eu voi expedia scrisoarea daca vrei) Notes: 1. Notice that future tense is not used in a condition. If you will leave now, you will catch the train. (This is WRONG e gresit) If you leave now, you will catch the train. (This is RIGHT e corect) 2. Alternative forms (forme alternative): a) if can be replaced by unless or in case (daca poate fi inlocuit cu dacanu sau daca).

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Unless I hear from you, Ill come at 8.00. (Daca nu am nici o informatie de la tine, voi veni la 8.00). b) will can be replaced by another modal verb.( will poate fi inlocuit cu un alt verb modal). If you find my money I can buy you an ice-cream. You should give it back to me. You must tell me immediately. c) will can be replaced by an imperative If you like good food, eat at Browns restaurant. d) will can be replaced by another future tense If it doesnt rain, Im going to play tennis. e) The Present Simple can be replaced by The Present Perfect in the conditional clause. If you have finished the exercise, you can do the next one. TYPE (2) Form: If + Past Simple, would + base form of the verb condition result If I had enough money, I would buy a car. (Daca as avea suficienti bani, as cumpara o masina) What would you do if you had 1000$? (Ce vei face daca ai avea 1000$?) If I didnt like my job, I would give it up. (Daca nu me-ar place meseria mea, as renunta la ea) Uses (intrebuintare): Type (2) The Conditional is used to express a hypothetical (presupus) condition and its probable result. a) The condition is hypothetical because the speaker knows that what he or she is saying is improbable or impossible. (Conditia este presupusa pentru ca vorbitorul stie ca ceea ce spune el sau ea este improbabil sau imposibil.) I would lend Mary money if she needed it. (Ia-si imprumuta Mariei bani daca ar avea nevoie)

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(Implicatia este ca conditia este improbabila, deoarece eu stiu ca ea are suficienti bani) If I were a bird, I would fly to you. (Daca as fi pasare as zbura la tine) (Implacatia este ca conditia este imposibila pentru ca eu nu sunt pasare) b) The contidition can be possible in theory, but improbable in practice. (Conditia poate fi posibila in teorie, dar improbabila in practica). If I were the President of my country, Id give all workers their salary on time. (Daca as fi prezidentul tarii mele as da tuturor muncitorilor salariu la timp). c) The Type 2 conditional can express an advice. If I were you, Id have a rest. (Daca as fi in locul tau, m-as odehni) NOTES: 1. After if, was sometimes changes to were (In cazul cand verbul predicat din partea introdusa de if este be, se foloseste forma were, la toate persoanele singular si plural) If Peter were here he would help us. Daca Peter ar fi aici, el near ajuta. 2. Would can be replaced by another modal verb in the result clause. If I stopped smoking, I could run faster. TYPE (3) Form: if + Past Perfect + would Future Perfect in the past or could have, might have. If you had studied hard, you would have passed all the exams. (Daca ai fi studiat intens ai fi sustinut toate examenele) If they had studied all the themes, they could have written the test. (Daca ei ar fi studiat toate temele ei ar fi putut scrie testul)

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Uses (intrebuintare): All (3) types are impossible ideas, because we know the condition was not fulfilled, but we like to imagine the result if (Conditional trecut de tipul 3 exprima o actiune a carei realizare a depins de indeplinirea unei conditii: I should/would have come in time if I had not missed the buss. (As fi venit la timp daca nu as fi pierdut autobusul.) He would have come if you had called him. but he didnt come! Why? Because you didnt call him. Nota: Daca propozitia secundara preceda pe cea principala se separa prin virgula. If he calls me up, I shall tell him about it. Dar: I shall tell him about it if he calls me up. Uneori propozitia secundara conditionala nu este introdusa prin if. In asemenea cazuri verbul auxiliar had preceda subiectul: Had we known about it, we wouldnt have said anything. Daca am fi stiut despre aceasta, n-am fi spus nimic. ATENTIE! Dupa when si if cu functie interogativa, se foloseste viitorul. - When will you come? - I dont know if I will come. Cazul trecutului ipotetic: Dupa unele verbe (to wish, to imagine ), unele expresii (Its time, Id rather) sau unele conjunctii (as if: ca si cand, if only: daca macar), se foloseste trecutul, desi se face aluzie la prezent sau la un viitor ipotetic. I wish you came. Imi doresc sa vii. He acts as if we were married. El se poarta ca si cum am fi casatoriti. Its time you left. E timpul sa pleci. Id rather you didnt come. As prefera sa nu vii. Lets suppose he accepted. Sa presupunem ca el accepta.
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If only I had a car! Daca macar as avea o masina!

The Zero Conditional

Form: If + Present Simple, Present Simple If you heat the ice, it melts. (Daca incalzesti gheata ea se topeste) The Zero Conditional expresses conditions that are always true, with automatic results. It means when (atunci) cand or whenever (oricand, ori de cate ori). Flowers die if you dont water them. (Florile mor daca nu le uzi.) Folosirea modului subjunctiv dupa constructii de tipul: it is necessary e necesar; it is desirable e de dorit; it is (im)possible e (im)posibil; it is obligatory e obligator; it is incredible e incredibil, sau verbe de tipul: to order a ordona; to demand a cere; to insist a insista etc. Dupa constructiile si verbele mentionate, in propozitiile secundare verbul predicat se foloseste la modul subjunctiv, should fiind prezent la toate persoanele singular si plural: It is necessary that they should submit the business plan this week. E necesar ca ei sa prezinte planul de afaceri saptamana aceasta. He insisted that they should come to the meeting. El a insistat ca ei sa vina la adunare.

EXERCISES:
1. Read the following sentences and notice carefully the tenses of the two verbs. Then say what kind of condition each sentence is: 1. They will get wet if it rains. 2. If it rained, I would stay at home. 3. If you had left earlier, you would have caught the train. 4. If you eat too much, you will be ill. 5. If I hadnt told him, he would never have known. 6. Youll catch the train if you take a taxi. 7. If you didnt do much maths at school, you would find economics difficult. 8. What

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would you do if you lost your job? 9. I would have been in bad trouble if Jane hadn't helped me. 2. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses: 1. Ill be very angry if he (make) any more mistakes. 2. What (happen) if I press this button? 3. If they had waited, they (find) me. 4. I should be delighted if I (have) such a beautiful fur-coat. 5. If she (not to be) so absent-minded, she would be a much better student. 6. You would have understood the rule if you (not to miss) the teachers explanation. 7. If my friend (work) in my office, we would meet every day. 8.The dish would have been much more tasty if she (be) a better cook. 9. If I (not know) English, I should not be able to enjoy Byrons poetry. 10. If you spoke English every day, you (improve) your language skills. 3. Complete the following conditionals: 1. Why wouldnt you do it if 2. He will not come unless 3. I would not have lost my money if 4. If I had been in love with him (her), 5. If I were you, 6. If he wants to see me, 7. Unless you go to France, 8. He wouldnt have begun to learn English if 9. If he arrived late, you 10. If you had got up earlier this morning, 4. Supply a suitable tense of the verbs in brackets: 1. I wish I (know) his name. 2. Its time we all (go) home. 3. Id rather you (go) now. 4. Its about time you (get) the tea ready. 5. Dont you wish you (come) earlier? 6. He acts as if he (know) English perfectly. 7. If only he (not eat) so much garlic! 8. If only he (not eat) so much garlic last night! 9. Id rather you (pay) me now. Suppose he (ask) me for the money tomorrow! 10. He said he wished he (never see) me.

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5. Write sentences beginning with I wish Example: I dont know many people (and Im lonely). I wish I knew more people. 1. I cant give up smoking (but Id like to). 2. George isnt here (and I need him). 3. I havent any pens (and I need one). 4. Its cold (and I hate cold weather). 5. Mary cant go to the party (shes your best friend). 6. I have to work tomorrow (but I like to stay in bed). 7. I dont know anything about cars (and my car has just broken down). 8. Im not lying on a beautiful sunny beach (and thats a pity). 7. Translate into English: 1. Daca obosim, ne vom aseza. 2. Ii dau intotdeuna bani daca imi cere. 3. Da-i ceva de mancare, daca ii este foame. 4. Daca mergi la universitate, va trebui sa studiezi mult. 5. Daca imprimuti ceva, dati-l inapoi. 6. As alege costumul acesta, daca n-ar fi atat de stramt. 7. Ce sar intampla daca ei s-ar rataci in padure? 8. Daca ai citi aceasta carte, ai vedea ca nu e chiar asa de rea. 9. As traduce-o daca as avea un dictionar. 10. As fi scris un roman daca as fi avut mai mult timp. 11. Mi-as dori sa fie mai frumos afara. 12. Mi-as dori ca tu sa te porti mai frumos. 13. Mi-as dori sa fiu acasa. 14. Mi-as dori sa nu fi uitat adresa lui. 15. Mi-as dori sa nu fim nevoiti sa invatam asa mult. 16. Imi doresc sa fi fost in stare sa rezolv toate problemele. 17. Imi doresc sa fi putut sa fac cunostinta cu el. 18. As dori sa fi putut sa merg la teatru. 19. E important ca raportul sa fie prezentat saptamana viitoare. 20. E incredibil ca el sa spuna aceste cuvinte. 21. E necesar ca laboratoarele sa fie asigurate cu utilaj nou. 22. Parlamentarii au cerut ca legea sa fie modificata. 23. El a dorit ca propunerea lui sa fie luata in consideratie. 24. Politistul a ordonat ca automobilul sa fie oprit. 25. Profesorul a sugerat ca proiectul sa fie imbunatatit.

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TEXT: CHEWING GUM

We all know about chewing gum. Its the sweet substance people buy just to chew but not swallow. History tells us that the man most responsible for chewing gum was Mexican dictator, General Antonio Lopez Santa Ana. He was the General who defeated the Texans at the Alamo in San Antonio, one hundred fifty years ago. A few months after that famous battle, Santa Ana was captured and permitted to return home to Mexico. Instead of going straight home, the General took the long way east to New York City. He took with him a large amount of a strange material called chicle. It was the dried juice of a tree found in the jungles of Mexico and Central America. General Santa Ana met a man named Thomas Adams. Mister Adams agreed to experiment with chicle. But after many weeks he admitted failure. He looked for the General to tell him the sad news, but he learned that Santa Ana had gone back home to Mexico. Huge amounts of chicle remained. And Adams wondered what to do with it. One day, Adams was in a store when he saw a little girl buy a piece of wax to chew. Adams had seen the General break off small pieces of chicle from time to time and chew it. He told the store owner that he had something better than wax and he made several hundred little balls of chicle. The store owner sold them all and asked for more. Adams sent to Mexico for more chicle. And the chewing gum industry was born. One of the early chewing gum makers was Wiliam White, a popcorn salesman. Chewing gum made him a rich man. It also made him famous enough to be elected to Congress. Once, during a visit to England, William White was presented to King Edward the seventh. White gave the King a box of chewing gum and urged him to try it right there and then. The surprised King Edward accepted the gum, but refused to chew it before his guests.

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Many stories were spread about chewing gum in the early days. Some warned it was dangerous. It swallowed, they said, the gum would make the intestines stick together. And painful death would follow. Some Americans use chewing gum in a funny expression to joke about someones lack of intelligence. They say the person does not have the mental ability to walk and chew gum at the same time.

VOCABULRY
chewing gum to swallow chicle failure wax to warn painful guma de mestecat a inghiti guma de mestecat esec, nereusita ceara a avertiza dureros, greu

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UNIT 22
In aceasta lectie ne vom concentra asupra unui sir de elemente gramaticale care ar putea crea unele dificultati in procesul folosirii limbii engleze. Astfel uneori poate fi intalnita constructia the more the (more, better, less etc), care in romaneste se traduce prin cu cat cu atat si adjectivele sau adverbele respective la gradul comparativ: The more we work, the more we get. Cu cat mai mult lucram, cu atat mai mult primim. The easier the text is, the quicker we translate it. Cu cat textul este mai usor, cu atat mai repede il traducem. Unele dificultati pot fi intimpinate la traducerea imbinarii to be + infinitiv. Deseori ea se intrebuinteaza ca echivalent al verbului modal must, traducandu-se in romaneste prin trebuie sa: They are to start this project at the end of the month. Ei trebuie sa inceapa acest proiect la sfarsitul lunii. In cazul cand verbul to be este urmat de asemenea verbe ca to see, to observe, to notice, to find, to feel etc, la diateza pasiva, traducerea in romana se face prin poate fi, sau se poate: This phenomen is to be observed very often. Fenomenul acesta poate fi observat foarte des. In afara de acesta, in imbinarea to be + infinitiv verbul to be poate indeplini functia de verb copulativ (de legatura) dupa substantive ca: plan, aim, task, problem etc. si se traduce in romana prin consta in, este de a. His aim is to prove that his material is the best. Scopul lui este de a demonstra ca metoda sa este cea mai buna.

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Anumite dificultati poate crea imbinari to fail + infinitiv. In romaneste traducerea se efectuaza prin forma negativa a verbului predicat la timpul respectiv: They failed to understand us. Ei n-au reusit sa ne inteleaga. (Ei nu ne-au inteles)

CONJUCTIONS (Conjunctiile)
Exista doua feluri de conjunctii: conjunctii coordonatoare, care leaga doi termeni de acelasi fel; conjunctii subordonatoare, care leaga o propozitie regenta de o subordonata.

1. Conjunctii subordonatoare (compuse):

after* dupa ce in case in cazul in care all the more cu atat mai mult in order that astfel in cat as ca si in order to astfel in cat as if ca si cum once odata ce as long as atat dimp cat provided numai sa as soon as de indata ce since* deoarece as though ca si cum so as to astfel icat because deoarece so much as atat incat before* inainte ca so much so atat de However oricat de so that astfel incat if daca supposing presupunand in as much as in masura in care whenever ori de cate ori till*, until* pana cand (ce) whereas in timp ce unless numai daca whether..or daca sau when atunci cand while in timp ce Aceste conjunctii pot fi si prepozitii. Observatii:

That ca, una din cele mai folosite conjunctii, se omite atunci cand introduce o propozitie completiva directa.
As si like ca si, de regula, as introduce comparatia intre verbe, like intre substantive (sau pronume), dar, in engleza americana curenta, se intalneste adesea like in fata unui verb. A man like you, un barbat ca tine. He did as (like) I wanted. El a facut (asa) cum voiam.

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2. Conjunctii coordonatoare (corelative)

and si not only nu numai as well as la fel ca si but also ci si but dar now acum cand but then in scimb only numai for caci that is to say adica however totusi that is why iata de ce indeed intr-adevar then atunci moreover in plus therefore in consecinta too de asemenea nevertheless totusi yet totusi - as as - tot (asa) ca (si); English is as difficult as French. Englesa este tot asa de dificila ca si franceza. - both and atat cat si; Id like to spend a few days both in London and in Paris. As dori sa petrec cateva zile atat la Londra cat si la Paris. - either or sau sau; They may be either in the library or in the laboratory. Ei pot fi sau in biblioteca, sau in laborator. - neither nor - nici nici; He knows neither French nor English. El nu cunoaste nici franceza nici engleza. - not only but also - nu numai dar si; She is not only a good economist but also a good manager. Ea este nu numai un economist bun, dar si un bun manager. - whether or - ori ori; We are not sure whether he is at home or at the university. Nu suntem siguri daca el se afla ori acasa ori la universitate. - as far as - cat despre; - as well as precum si.

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EXERCISES:
1. Translate into Romanian 1. The more we learn English, the better we know it. 2. Our aim is to know English well. 3. The sooner he comes, the better. 4. You are to come at nine next time. 5. The seminar is to begin at 3 p.m. 6. She failed to come on time. 7. Both John and Mary study French. 8. We must take either English or French this year. 9. Neither Peter nor Paul participate in the conference. 10. He is not only a good scientist, but also a good teacher. 11. You must do this job whether you like it or not. 12. She talked about London as if she had lived there. 13. As soon as you arrive in Paris, give us a call. 14. As far as I know, this team is not involved in the Energy Project. 15. John knows French as well as Mary does. 16. As long as we work here, we shall deal with this problem. 17. In order to translate the text, use the dictionary. 18. She plays both tennis and badminton. 19. Thats neither interesting nor true. 20. I like living both in the country and in the city. 2. Translate into English. 1. Cu cat mai grea e problema, cu atat mai multe eforturi va necesita. 2. Cu cat mai mult invatam, cu atat mai mult stim. 3. Ei trebuie sa pregateasca materialele pentru seminar. 4. Sarcina noastra e de a restructura intreprinderile. 5. El n-a reusit sa prezinte proiectul la timp. 6. Vreau ca atat Dvoatra, cat si Dumneaei sa participati la conferinta. 7. Puteti folosi sau metoda mea, sau a dlui Brown. 8. Nici noi nici ei nu pot solutiona aceasta problema. 9. Ei studiaza nu numai franceza, dar si engleza. 10. Vorbesc de parca ar fi prieteni de multi ani. 11. Indata ce termin lectiile, ne ducem acasa. 12. Ne-am intalnit inca in 1980. 13. Atat engleza, cat si franceza sunt obiectele mele preferate la universitate. 14. Dupa cate stiu, acest actor nu este cunoscut in tara noastra. 15. Scopul lui este de a imbunatati performanta companiei sale. 16. Cu cat mai mult citim, cu atat mai mult cunoastem.

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Differences between American English and British English

Spelling British catalogue cancelled centimetre centre cheque colour employee enquiry favour fulfil guarantee harbour honour instalment kilometre labelled labour licence litre metre milligramme offence to practise programme skilful totalling traveller travelling tyre unequalled American Word Usage British American

catalog accident casualty canceled autumn fall centimeter ask for a lift ask for a ride center behind in back of check to book a room to make a reservation color booking-office ticket-office employe motor-car automobile/car inquiry cargo ship freighter favor cashier bank teller fulfill cinema movie theater guaranty chemist druggist harbor chemists drugstore honor coach/bus bus installment engaged busy kilometer filling station gas station labeled ground floor first floor lobor garden yard license to hire to rent liter label tag meter lift elevator milligram lorry truck offense Ltd (Limited) Inc.(Incorporated) to practice luggage baggage program post mail skillful petrol gas (gasoline) totaling pavement sidewalk traveler PLC (private Inc.(incorporated limited company) Co.) traveling holiday vacation tire managing director president (business) unequaled railway railroad

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No fixed rules: dispatch/despatch realise/realize utilise/utilize

post code to put through spirits shop subway number plate to ring up

zip code to connect liquor store underpass licence plate to call up

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IRREGULAR VERBS (Verbe neregulate sau tari)

Infinitive to be to bear to become to begin to bleed to blow to break to bring to build to burn to burst to buy to catch to choose to come to cost to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to find to fly to forget to freeze to get Past Simple was/were bore became began bled blew broke brought built burnt burst bought caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt found flew forgot froze got
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Participle II been born become begun bled blown broken brought built burnt burst bought caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt found flown forgotten frozen got

to give to go to grow to hang to have to hear to hide to hold to hurt to keep to kneel to know to lay to lead to learn to leave to lend to let to lie to light to lose to make to mean to meet to pay to put to read to rend to ride to ring to rise to run to say to see to seek to sell to send

gave went grew hung had heard hid held hurt kept knelt knew laid led learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put read [red] rent rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent

given gone grown hung had heard hidden held hurt kept knelt known laid led learnt left lent let lain lit lost made meant met paid put read [red] rent ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent

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to set to shake to shine to shoot to show to shut to sing to sit to sleep to smell to speak to spell to spend to steal to stick to strike to swear to sweep to swim to take to teach to tell to think to throw to understand to wake to wear to win to wind to withdraw to write

set shook shone shot showed shut sang sat slept smelt spoke spelt spent stole stuck struck swore swept swam took taught told thought threw understood woke wore won wound withdrew wrote

set shaken shone shot shown shut sung sat slept smelt spoken spelt spent stolen stuck struck sworn swept swum taken taught told thought thrown understood woken worn won wound withdrawn written

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I AM A ENGLISH.

HURRAY !!! WINNER, BECAUSE

KNOW

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