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Substantivul: Genul
Genul: Genul masculin:
fiintele de gen masculin
fenomene cu caracter puernic, de regula negativ
Genul feminin:
substantive reprezentand genul feminin
Genul neutru:
obiecte fara suflet
Genul comun:
substantive care pot fi atat masculine cat si feminine
Exemple
Genul masculin:
boy, man, duke, son, Baron
Mr. Death
Genul feminin:
mother, girl, woman, Baroness (femininul e format citeodata
adaugand "ess" la forma de masculin)
Genul neutru:
pencil, book, umbrella, chair
Genul comun:
writer, student, reader
Substantivul: Pluralul
La forma de singular este adaugat:
1. "s" : regula generala;
2. "es" : daca singularul substantivelor au terminatia in ch, sh, s, ss, z, x;
3. "ies" : daca singularul are terminatia y si inaintea lui e o consoana;
4. "es" : daca singularul are terminatia o iar substantivul e intrat de mult in folosire;
5. "ves" : majoritatea substantivelor terminate in f sau fe (exceptii: roof/
roofs dwarf/dwarfs);
6. la substantivele de origine greaca, substantivele terminate in sis, la plural sis
e inlocuit de ses.
Exemple
inainte de "s" avem o consoana surda (p, t, k, f, th): cats, roofs,
1
boats, books, cups ("-s" se pronunta "s")
inainte de "s" avem altceva decat in cazul anterior: ideas, boys,
1
balls, days ("-s" se pronunta "z")
2 boxes, buses, dashes, prizes ("-es" se pronunta "iz")
babies, ladies, factories, spies (from baby, lady, factory,
3
spy) ("-ies" se pronunta "iz")
Substantivul: Articolul
Articolul este partea de vorbire care constituie un mijloc de individualizare a
fiintelor, obiectelor si fenomenelor intr-un anumit context.
4. Articolul hotarat (the) sau nehotarat (a, an) este acelasi pentru toate
genurile (in limba engleza): a man, a woman, an actor, an actress, a table, the boy,
the girl, the day
nume predicativ:
It was an earthquake.
Shell be a dancer.
He is an actor.
cu anumite numere:
in exclamatii:
We cant use a/the sugar, a/the milk but a/the can of sugar, a/the bottle
of milk.
Atentie: A/an has no plural forms. So the plural of a dog is dogs , and of an
egg is eggs.
7. Articolul hotarat THE mai este folosit in rmatoarele situatii (in limba
engleza):
the Smiths = Mr. and Mrs. Smith (and children) = familia Smith
cu obiecte unice:
Substantivul: Nominativul
Intr-o propozitie substantivul in nominativ este subiectul actiunii.
Exemple
Substantivul: Acuzativul
Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un mod direct.
Acuzativul este un caz ce exprim complementele direct, indirect i
circumstaniale.
Exemple
Exemple
Comentarii
In cazul verbelor care cer dupa ele un complement direct si unul indirect,
dativul se poate construi in 2 feluri (vezi exemplul nr. 3 si nr. 4).
Substantivul: Genitivul
Exprima o posesie (ceva/cineva apartine cuiva)
Exemple
c) Daca posesorul e urmat de that, who, etc se foloseste genitivul format cu "of".
Vezi exemplul nr. 7.
Substantivul: Genul
Cum se identifica
Genul masculin:
fiintele de gen masculin
fenomene cu caracter puernic, de regula negativ
Genul feminin:
substantive reprezentand genul feminin
Genul neutru:
obiecte fara suflet
Genul comun:
substantive care pot fi atat masculine cat si feminine
Genul masculin:
boy, man, duke, son, Baron
Mr. Death
Genul feminin:
mother, girl, woman, Baroness (femininul e format
citeodata adaugand "ess" la forma de masculin)
Genul neutru:
pencil, book, umbrella, chair
Genul comun:
writer, student, reader
Adjectivul Calitativ
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele din aceasta categorie sunt adjective care descriu proprietati ale obiectelor
ce pot avea grade, nivele, intensitati ale acelei proprietati.
Exemple
big (mare)
clever (destept)
profound (profund)
small (mic)
dry (uscat)
good (bun)
activ (activ)
blue (albastru)
Adjectivul Posesiv
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al
tau, etc ...);
Exemple
my book (cartea mea)
your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra)
his book (cartea lui)
her book (cartea ei)
its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni)
our book (cartea noastra)
our books (cartile noastre)
your books (cartile voastre)
their book (cartea lor)
their books (cartile lor)
Pronumele Adjectivul
Persoana
posesiv posesiv
singular plural
these
this
closer (acesta/ aceasta)
(acestia/
acestea)
those
that
farther (aceia/
(acela/ aceea) acelea)
Exemple
Adjectivul Nehotarat
Adjectivul nehotarat este adjectivul care nsoeste substantivul fr s
individualizeze obiectul denumit de acesta.
Exemple
Comentarii
Cele mai intalnite adjective nehotarate sunt :
THE LEAST + adj. -> se traduce prin cea/ cel mai putin ...
Exemple
She said it was colder there but less windy than Kansas.
Ea a spus ca vremea a fost mai rece acolo, dar a batut mai putin
vantul decat in Kansas.
Exemple
big -> bigger -> the biggest (Nota: consoana "g" se dubleaza deoarece are o
vocala in fata)
(mare -> mai mare -> cel mai mare)
Comentariu:
Adjective ca cheerful, common, cruel, pleasant, quiet
formeaza comparativul de superioritate cu ajutorul lui
"more" si "the most"
Exemple
"good" = adjectiv; Este folosit uneori cu verbe care descriu un substantiv sau
pronume (look, sound, taste, be).
It looks good.
(Arata bine. Obiectul respectiv arata bine. "good" este adjectiv)
I run well.
(Alerg bine. "bine" este un adverb deci se foloseste "well")
Tom is well.
(Tom se simte bine. "Well" este adjectiv, avand sensul de "sanatos"; vezi exceptia de
mai sus)
Tom is good.
(Tom e bun. "bun" are rol de adjectiv, deci se foloseste "good". )
"bad" = adjectiv; Este folosit uneori cu verbe care descriu un substantiv sau
pronume (look, sound, taste, be).
"badly" = adverb.
Exemple
I feel bad.
(Ma simt rau.)
It looks bad.
(Arata rau. Obiectul respectiv arata rau. "bad" este adjectiv)
I run badly.
(Alerg rau. "badly" este un adverb)
Exemple
You must think further. ("a gandi mai departe, mai profund", nu are sens de
distanta fizica)
AMD has announced further plans to innovate the x86 architecture. ("further
plans" semnifica "planuri mai indepartate in timp fata de prezent")
References are given for those who wish to go further in their research. ("to go
further" semnifica "a merge mai departe" )
Cuvintul "little" are 2 semnificatii : "mic(a) in marime" sau "cantitate mica de".
Fiecare semnificatie face comparatia diferit:
little ("cantitate mica de") are urmatoarele forme cand face comparatia:
- comparativ : less
- superlativ : the least
Exemple
John was the littlest boy in the class. (baiatul e cel mai mic in marime)
What is the least amount of money you have spent on a car? (este vorba de o
cantitate)
John has less money than his sister. (este vorba de o cantitate de
bani)
The littlest bird sings the prettiest song. (este vorba de cea mai mica
pasare ca marime)
Pronumele in limba engleza
Pronumele personal
Cum se identifica
Exemple
I will go to the sea. (cazul A)
Tom will tell me something. (cazul B)
This idea belongs to him. (cazul B)
We will go shopping. (cazul A)
I know them. ( "I" = cazul A, "them" = cazul B )
Comentarii
Pronumele impersonal
Cum se identifica
Exemple
Nota:
Comentarii
Pentru a avea forma impersonala verbul folosit cu "one" este la pers. a 3-a
singular: one says = se zice, one tells = se povesteste, one learns = se invata,
one sings = se canta, etc.
Pronumele interogativ
Cum se identifica
Pronumele nehotarat
Cum se identifica
Exemple
Comentarii
Pronume
Traducere Variante Traducere
nehotarat
all toti
some unii someone cineva
somebody cineva
something ceva
somewhere undeva
anyone cineva
anybody cineva
any oricare
anything ceva
anywhere undeva
everyone fiecare
everybody toata lumea
every fiecare
everything totul
everywhere peste tot
each fiecare (in parte)
Formele lui "some" se folosesc la afirmativ, iar formele lui "any" la negativ si
interogativ.
Any poate fi folosit si in propozitiile afirmative atunci cand are sensul de
oricare, orice:
Ex: Any of you could answer this question.
Mai exista un pronume nehotarat, cu forma afirmativa si una negativa:
Either (afirmativ) = fiecare
Neither (negativ) = niciunul
Se folosesc atunci cand e vorba doar de doua persoane si sunt utilizate mai ales in
propozitiile interogative si negative:
Pronume reflexiv/ de
Pronume personal
intarire
I myself
you (singular) yourself
you (plural) yourselves
he himself
she herself
it itself
we ourselves
they themselves
Exemple
Comentarii
Pronumele relativ
Cum se identifica
Exemple
Comentarii
2) Pronumele relative who, which, that se omit in propozitiile restrictive (in limba
vorbita) cand se gasesc in cazul acuzativ.
Exemple
Comentarii
Cand relatia de posesie e aratata impreuna cu obiectul posedat, aveam de-a face cu un
adjectiv posesiv.
Numeralul in limba engleza
Numeralul cardinal
Cum se identifica
Exemple
1,000,000 one
million
2,000,000 two
million
Comentarii
intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilor se foloseste cratima;
Cand sunt precedate de numarul unitatilor si acesta este mai mare decat 1,
numeralele hundred si thousand nu primesc "-s" la plural:
300 three hundred
5000 five thousand
a) ca substantive:
Thousands have read this book.
Mii au citit aceasta carte.
Numeralul ordinal
Cum se identifica
Exemple
Numeral Numeral
Numeral
Ordinal Ordinal
Cardinal
( forma I ) ( forma II )
1 the1st the first
2 the 2nd the second
3 the 3rd the third
4 the 4th the fourth
5 the 5th the fifth
6 the 6th the sixth
7 the 7th the seventh
8 the 8th the eighth
9 the 9th the ninth
10 the 10th the tenth
11 the 11th the eleventh
12 the 12th the twelfth
13 the 13th the thirteenth
14 the 14th the fourteenth
15 the 15th the fifteenth
16 the 16th the sixteenth
17 the 17th the seventeenth
18 the 18th the eighteenth
19 the 19th the nineteenth
20 the 20th the twentieth
21 the 21st the twenty-first
30 the 30th the thirtieth
100 the 100th the hundredth
1000 the 1000th the thousandth
Comentarii
Exceptii:
1) one ---> first (1st)
2) two ---> second (2nd)
3) three ---> third (3rd)
4) la five si nine ---> se suprima -e final: fifth (5th) si ninth (9th)
5) in cazul zecile la care -y final se transforma in -ie: forty ---> fortieth (40th)
Observatii:
In exprimarea datei, numeralul ordinal poate fi asezat inainte sau dupa numele lunii.
Daca numeralul ordinal precede denumirea lunii, acesta este urmat de of:
I was born on the 25th of April 1986.
Daca numeralul ordinal este asezat dupa denumirea lunii, of este omis:
I was born on April (the) 25th.
Numeralul multiplicativ
Cum se identifica
Exemple
once = o data
twice = de doua ori
three times = de trei ori
four times = de patru ori
five times = de cinci ori
ten times = de zece ori
Comentarii
Arata pentru a cata ora ceva s-a intamplat (se intampla, se va intampla).
Exemple
Numeralul adverbial
Cum se identifica
Arata "in al catelea rand" se doreste sa se precizeze, sublinieze ceva.
Exemple
Numeralul distributiv
Cum se identifica
Exemple
Numeralul nehotarat
Cum se identifica
Exemple
many (multi)
several (cativa)
VERBUL
Diateza activa a verbelor
Cum se identifica
Exemple
Exemple
Exemple
He shaved himself.
El s-a barbierit.
Comentarii
Verbe care au forma reflexiva: to shower, to wash, to shave, to hurry, to rest, to sit
down, kiss.
Cum se formeaza
Acest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este amintita in
momentul prezent.
Cum se formeaza
Trecutul Perfect
(The Past Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
1. exprima o actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut sau anterioara unui
moment din trecut
The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the
garden.
(Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.)
The little spoke as if he had seen a flying saucer.
(Micutul a vorbit ca si cum vazuse o farfurie zburatoare.)
Cum se formeaza
They had been talking for over two hours before Tom
arrived.
(Ei vorbeau de peste doua ore, cand Tom a ajuns.)
Cum se formeaza
2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc
si devin general valabile)
I drink a tea every day. (Beau ceai in fiecare zi.)
I never drink tea. (Nu beau ceai niciodata.)
In acest caz repetarea actiunii se "marcheaza" prin: every day/ month/ week/ year,
occasionally, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, twice a week.
Comentarii
Cum se formeaza
am/is/are + present participle
1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum)
I am just writing my exercise. (Tocmai imi scriu exercitiul.)
I am writing my exercise now. (Imi scriu exercitiul acum.)
In acest caz, de regula, in propozitie intalnim cuvinte (care sa intareasca aceasta idee)
precum: just, now.
Cand fac afirmatia poate ca nu studiez franceza (la acea ora), insa aceasta actiune/
activitate e inceputa in trecut si va continua si in viitor. In acest caz nu se folosesc
cuvinte de subliniere a prezentului precum just, now.
Comentarii
Exista verbe care nu au forma continua. Dati click aici pentru a vedea lista verbelor
care nu au forma continua.
Prezentul Perfect
(The Present Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
Uneori se pot folosi adverbe de frecventa sau de timp care nu precizeaza timpul cu
exactitate (ever, never, often, seldom, always, sometimes):
I have never seen him. (Nu l-am vazut niciodata.)
6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut
dar care nu s-a terminat
I have eaten a good cake this morning. (este ora 9 am si dimineata
nu s-a terminat)
(Am mancat o prajitura buna in aceasta dimineata.)
In acest caz se folosesc constructii ca: this week, this day, this year, this
month, all day, all night, today, etc.
Cum se formeaza
Comentarii
Viitorul Simplu
(Simple Future Tense)
Cum se formeaza
will + verb
Comentarii
Daca actiunea e planificata mult mai tarziu (in viitor) de regula se foloseste prezentul
simplu continuu:
Mike is moving to New York next month.
(Mike se muta la New York luna viitoare.)
Nota: viitorul format cu "to be going to" are nuanta de viitor apropiat; cel format cu
prezentul simplu continuu nu are nici o nuanta de acest fel.
Viitorul Continuu
(Future Continuous Tense)
Cum se formeaza
Comentarii
Viitorul Perfect
(Future Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
will have + past participle
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui
eveniment viitor
Jerry will have worked for this company for 20 years when
he retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va
pensiona.)
Comentarii
2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/
week"
Cum se formeaza
Comentarii
2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/
week"
"Viitorul in Trecut"
(The Future-in-the-Past)
Cum se formeaza
would + VERB
or
Exemple
Comentarii
Propozitiile (de timp) care incep cu before, when, while, after, as soon
as, by the time, if, unless nu au verbul la viitor.
-ed se pronun:
a) [d] cnd verbele se termin n vocal sau consoan sonor
[b,g,l,m,n,v,z,dz,_dj_]: play - played [pleid]; arrived [__raivd];
b) [t] cnd verbele se termin n consoan surd [f,k,p,s,sh,ch,__,t__] like -
liked [laikt], cross - crossed [kr_o_st];
c) [id] cnd verbele se termin n -t sau -d: want - wanted [w_o_ntid]; nod -
nodded [n_o_did].
Consoana final a formei de infinitiv se dubleaz cnd vocala care o precede este
scurt i accentuat: stop - stopped; prefer - preferred
Consoana final se dubleaz la cteva verbe, dei silaba final nu este accentuat:
kidnap - kidnapped; handicap - handicapped; worship - worshipped; iar la verbe
terminate n ic,
=c se dubleaz n ck: picnic - picnicked.
5. verbele modale
Cum se formeaza
Exemple
When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach. (situatie
general valabila: e valabila in prezent)
Comentarii
Cum se formeaza
Exemple
Cum se formeaza
Exemple
When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach. (situatie
general valabila in trecut)
Comentarii
1) "Past Real Conditional" face referire la un obicei trecut (nu mai e valabil in
prezent).
Cum se identifica
If ... Past Perfect ..., ... would have + past participle ...
Exemple
If I had had a day off from work, I would have gone to the beach.
Comentarii
Cum se formeaza
Exemple
If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (valabila pentru o
situatie particulara in viitor)
Comentarii
Diferenta dintre cele 2 mesaje e foarte mica, practic insesizabila in vorbirea curenta.
Cum se formeaza
Forma 1
If ... were + present participle ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Cu aceeasi semnificatie se poate folosi Present Unreal Conditional (Forma 2);
aceasta forma e preferata formei de Present Unreal Conditional)
Forma 3
If ... were going to + verb ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Se traduce cu "Daca se va intampla sa/ ca sa ..." (se pune accentul pe predictie) ...
dar stiu ca nu se va intampla)
Exemple
Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were having
time.
( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca va avea timp. (dar stiu ca nu va
avea)
Comentarii
Subjonctivul
(The Subjunctive)
Cum se identifica
Subjonctivul se foloseste cand avem :
o actiune posibila in viitor
o actiune nerealizata (ireala) in trecut sau prezent
o recomandare, un sfat
Exemple
It's time you went to bed. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
Comentarii
2) in propozitii de scop (so that ...); ex.: Come earlier so that you find
him at home. (forma americana)
Come earlier so that you can
find him at home. (forma britanica)
1) un regret prezent
e) After verbs expressing a desire that someone should do something: ask, advise, desire,
intend, order, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, want; after verbs expressing plans:
arrange, leave word, pland; after adjectives expressing feelings: anxious, willing, eager,
pleased, glad.
They demanded that the meeting be held in our new conference room.
(Au cerut ca ntlnirea s se in n sala nou de conferine.)
f) cu "may/might"
Exemple
Let him go !
( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )
Go there !
( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know !
(Da-mi voie sa stiu !)
Leave me alone !
Lasa-ma in pace!
Take it easy !
Usor !
Nota:
Aceasta forma de exprimare a permisiunii nu este foarte delicata si poate fi vazuta si
ca o cerere politicoasa.
Comentarii
1. Pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul oficial/ politicos se foloseste
"May";
2. exprima posibilitatea
Nota: Daca se foloseste "might" probabilitatea e mai mica decat "may", insa
diferenta nu e foarte mare:
It might rain in the afternoon.
( S-ar putea sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )
3. exprima o dorinta
Comentarii
I must go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea)
Nota:
Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":
I have to go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie
sa ajung undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una obiectiva)
Comentarii
Nota:
Daca s-ar raspunde "Well you have to." semnificatia ar fi: "Trebuie sa te duci, nu ai
de ales." (obligatia e exterioara in acest caz)
Comentarii
2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult
"should not".
1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofert sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I,
interogativ)
You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me.
Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine.
He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that.
Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa.
You shall hear from me again!
Vei mai auzi tu de mine!)
The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the
examination.
Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii.
Comentarii
I will climb this mountain even if its the last thing I do.
Voi urca acest munte, chiar daca va fi ultimul lucru pe care il fac.
I always drink coffee in the morning . (= I will drink coffee in the morning).
Intotdeauna beau cafea dimineata. Voi bea cafea dimineata.
Comentarii
NEED / NOT NEED - este folosit pentru a exprima necesitatea sau lipsa
acesteia
I used to swim in the Olt river when I was a child, but I don't do this any longer.
Obisnuiam sa inot in Olt cand eram copil, dar acum nu mai inot.
The boy dared not tell his father what he had done.
Baiatul nu a indraznit sa ii spuna tatalui sau ce a facut.
Comentarii
a) infinitivul fara to dupa forma invariabila dare (persoana a III-a singular sau Past
Tense):
I wonder wheter he dare come.
Ma intreb daca va indrazni sa vina.
He felt that he daren't try.
Si-a dat seama ca n-are curajul sa incerce.
b) infinitivul cu to, dupa participial prezent sau dupa persoana a III-a singular:
Now he dares to attack me!
Acum indrazneste sa ma atace!
c) infinitivul cu sau fara to dupa forma de infinitiv a verbului, forma de Past Tense
dared si participiul trecut:
He wouldn't dare (to) tell me this.
N-ar indrazni sa imi spuna acest lucru.
ATENTIE!
Verbul dare este urmat de infinitivul cu to cand este folosit ca verb principal:
He dared me to compete with him.
M-a provocat la intrecere.
Conjunctia :
Exemple
Comentarii
Either or indica doua alternative din care numai una este posibila, in
propozitii pozitive sau interogative:
We can either have a snack now, or we can have lunch at noon.
Putem lua o gustare acum sau putem lua pranzul la amiaza.
a) universale: that (ca); if, whether (daca); -> Aceste prepozitii pot introduce
mai multe tipuri de propozitii subordonate.
b) specializate:
De loc: where (unde), wherever (oriunde);
De timp: when (cand), since (de cand), till/ until (pana cand), while/as (in timp ce),
before (inainte ca), after (dupa ce)
De mod: exactly/just as (exact cum)
De cauza: as, since, because (deoarece, fiindca)
De scop: so that, in order that/ so (that) (mai formal) (pentru ca, cu scopul ca)
for fear (that) (de teama sa), in case, lest (formal) (ca sa nu)
Conditionale: if (daca), provided (that) /on condition (that), as long as/ so long as
(cu conditia ca, atata timp cat); unless (afara daca, numai daca nu)
Consecutive: so that (incat), so (familiar) (incat), so/ such (that) (asa/
astfelincat)
Concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if/ though
(desi, cu toate ca, chiar daca)
Comparative: as as (la fel de ... ca ...); as if/ as though (ca si cum, de parca)
Cand folosim conjunctia unless, verbul din propozitia conditionala este la forma
pozitiva:
You can't see me unless you call me first.
Nu ma poti vedea decat daca ma suni inainte.
Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza
Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza - Modul indicativ
Trecut/ Past
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular I came I was coming I had come I had been coming
II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III singular He/She/It came He/She/It was coming He/She/It had come He/She/It has been coming
I singular We came We were coming We had come We had been coming
II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III singular They came They were coming They had come They had been coming
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular I did not come I was not coming I had not come I had not been coming
II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
III singular He/She/It did not come He/She/It was not coming He/She/It had not come He/She/It has not been coming
I singular We did not come We were not coming We had not come We had not been coming
II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
III singular They did not come They were not coming They had not come They had not been coming
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular Did I come? Was I coming? Had I come? Had I been coming?
II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III singular Did he/she/it come? Was he/she/it coming? Had he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?
I singular Did we come? Were we coming? Had we come? Had we been coming?
II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III singular Did they come? Were they coming? Had they come? Had they been coming?
Prezent/ Present
Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si modul indirect
(vorbirea indirecta).
In direct speech, we repeat the original speakers exact words: - vorbirea directa
He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: Mi-am pierdut umbrela.)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in conversations in
books, in plays and in quotations.
In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the
speakers exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse c i-a pierdut umbrella.) - vorbirea indirecta
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell + object.
But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is
normally used when conversation is reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more
dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.
TENSE CHANGES
1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:
2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea indirecta
But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we should or I/we
would.
2. A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported
remains unchanged:
She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she had
decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.
(Ea spuse: M-am hotrt s nu cumpr casa pentru c era pe strada principal. = Ea spuse c s-a
hotrt s nu cumpere casa pentru c era pe strada principal).
1. Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change:
"It s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began planning
their holidays.
(Este timpul s ncepem s ne planificm concediul. Spuse el. = El spuse c era timpul s
nceap s i planifice concediul.)
Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except when the
speaker is reporting his own words:
I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house.
(Am spus: mi place casa mea nou. = El a spus c i plcea casa lui nou.)
This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them.
He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the matter) the next day.
(El a spus: Vom discuta (problema) mine. = El a spus c vor discuta (problema) yiua urmtoare.)
Regula I: Daca in regenta verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense in
subordonata se poate folosi orice timp:
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la prezent Verbul poate fi la orice timp (cerut de
sens)
(Present Tense Simple, Present Tense
Continuous, Present Perfect Simple,
Present Perfect Continuous )
We all know that = Noi toti stim ca ... he had gone = el mersese
... he went = el a mers
... he will go= el va merge
Regula II: Daca in regenta verbul este la trecut in subordonata el trebuie sa fie la
unul din cele trei timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past
Tense, The Future in the Past.
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la trecut Orice alt timp past"
(Past Tense Simple, Past Tense
Continuous, Past Perfect Simple,
Past Perfect Continuous)
Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara
celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat.
Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses.
(Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.)
Regula III: Daca verbul din regenta este la viitor in subordonatele conditionale si
temporale, el trebuie sa fie la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar daca
subordonata este completiva directa verbul va fi la viitor.
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la viitor Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut
de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale
sau conditionale, care nu pot include
un verb la viitor.
I will read this book = Voi citi aceasta carte when I have time =cnd voi
avea timp
Sunt verbe in limba engleza care cer infinitivul iar altele care cer gerunziul. Iata mai
jos modul in care verbele limbii engleze se folosesc fie cu gerunziul, fie cu
infinitivul.
1) Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund:
(Verbe care folosesc fie infinitivul fie gerunziul )
advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate,
intend, like, love, mean, need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret,
remember, require, start, stop, try, used to
o cant bear
I cant bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport s atept.)
o intend
I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenionez s l vnd.)
o advise, allow, permit, recommend
They dont allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite s parcm aici.)
o it needs/requires/wants
The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tuns.)
!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are
followed by an infinitive:
I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (mi pare ru s te anun c ai
picat examenul.)
I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit s semnez cecurile.)
o try, used to
They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au ncercat s pun
gard de srm n jurul grdinii.)
I used to swim all the year around. (Obinuiam s not tot anul.)
o afford, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, consent, dare,
decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, fight, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope,
intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, pause, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, prove,
swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, wait, want, refuse, seem , wish,
yearn.
Timpurile verbelor in orice limba sunt folosite pentru a exprima diferite situatii
legate de succesiunea evenimentelor, a actiunilor pe scara timpului. Vei observa ca
timpurile verbelor in limba engleza nu corespunde in mod direct unui timp din limba
romana. Asta nu e o problema. Invatand si exersind intelegerea timpurilor se poate
face relativ usor. Academia de Engleza va ofera o serie de articole pentru intelegerea
timpurilor limbii engleze.
Primele 3 cele mai folosite verbe in limba engleza sunt "to be" (a fi), "to have" (a
avea) and "to do" (a face); de aceea noi va oferim aici formele celor 3 verbe la timpul
prezent (afirmativ, negativ, interogativ):
Forma afirmativa:
I am (I'm) - Eu sunt
You are (You're) - Tu esti
He is (He's) - El este
She is (She's) - Ea este
It is (It's) - El/ Ea este
We are (We're) - Noi suntem
You are (You're) - Voi sunteti
They are (They're) - Ei/Ele sunt
Forma negativa:
I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu sunt
You are not (You aren't) - Tu nu esti
He is not (He isn't) - El nu este
She is not (She isn't) - Ea nu este
It is not (It isn't) - El/ Ea nu este
We are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntem
You are not (You aren't) - Voi nu sunteti
They are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt
Forma afirmativa:
I have (I've) - Eu am
You have (You've) - Tu ai
He has (He's) - El are
She has (She's) - Ea are
It has (It's) - El/ Ea are
We have (We've) - Noi avem
You have (You've) - Voi aveti
They have (They've) - Ei/Ele au
Forma interogativa:
Have I ? - Am eu ?
Have you ? - Ai tu ?
Has he ? - Are el ?
Has she ? - Are ea ?
Has it ? - Are el/ ea ?
Have we ? - Avem noi ?
Have you ? - Aveti voi ?
Have they ? - Au ei/ele ?
Forma negativa:
I have not (I haven't) - Eu nu am
You have not (You haven't) - Tu nu ai
He has not (He hasn't) - El nu are
She has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu are
It has not (It hasn't) - El/ Ea nu are
We have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avem
You have not (You haven't) - Voi nu aveti
They have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au
Forma afirmativa:
I do - Eu fac
You do - Tu faci
He does - El face
She does - Ea face
It does - El/Ea face
We do - Noi facem
You do - Voi faceti
They do - Ei/Ele fac
Forma interogativa:
Do I ? - Fac eu ?
Do you ? - Faci tu ?
Does he ? - Face el ?
Does she ? - Face ea ?
Does it ? - Face el/ ea ?
Do we ? - Facem noi ?
Do you ? - Faceti voi ?
Do they ? - Fac ei/ele ?
Forma negativa:
I do not (I don't) - Eu nu fac
You do not (You don't) - Tu nu faci
He does not (He doesn't) - El nu face
She does not (She doesn't) - Ea nu face
It does not (It doesn't) - El/Ea nu face
We do not (We don't) - Noi nu facem
You do not (You don't) - Voi nu faceti
They do not (They don't) - Ei/ Ele nu fac