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SIONIW STDUOlD
 Ar:rbizzrrea si islamizare a c
750: de la Umawezi la;\br

4. Bizant si Bagdad: Clloria

Dinastia Isauriar-ri clc l:r Biz
Iconoclesnrul si don-urir Iri
O pcrioadi tulbure (802,.s
Vasilc I (867-886) si succe,
r('n:lsr elc:r Lriz:rntinA.

CUPRINS Vesilc al tl,lca (96'l,l02r),

Abasizii:esec poliric si r-cus
Bagdad, colosul C)rienrul u:
Luua nt- utatttle ..................... Mirirea si decidcre a culr,,:
si politicii a lumii rrusulnr.',:
]'AR'I'EA iXTlt, 400-1000
vREMEA oRlENTULul sI r',\ttstr ILUZIILOR '.".'..........""""' Ic)
5. De la Carol cel Mare la
la Imperiul germanic (:,
1. Prihusirca Occidentului (secolul al V--lea) """"""""""" 21 Pepin cel Scurt: afirlnerea (
Imperiul Rotran spre anul 400: un stat bolnav si opresir' "" 25 Carol cel lv{are: e clif icar e,L :
C) economic sufbcata cle obligatii 29 800: (iarol cel Mare inrpir.
()nouaibrqi:cresti nismui........ "'' "" "" """31 Ce fi'l de imper:iu? Ur sr:,.r -.

Ruptura cljn 395 ' " l'1 Ectlnomit. si ioci('l:lrc: int:..

Dc lr catastrof:r (410) la r-raufiagiul Occidentului (176) """'"" ' 36 Rcnasrerea carolirigianri : o
Imperiul din Orient intre anii 395 li 528 . 39 Explozia lmperiului c:rrt :.
I'heodoric si regatr.Ll ostrogot """"" " ' " 12 Secolul al X-lea: 1-raos si far:
AvanttLl liancilor: Clovis si Fiii lui "' " " ""' 44 Sfirsitul (irrol ingicnilor. r .
Imperiulr-Li de citre L)rt., ' :
Z. Bizantul si rep;atele barbare (secole.le VI-VIII) """"'""""' 49 Sperantele pcntru anul lt,,
Iustinian si cuccrirca\''estului (521-565) ' " """""" 49
Miriree;i decaderca irnperiului lui ltLstinian ""' 53 A DOUA: 1000-1100
I']ARTEA
Pcr-ioada tulburarilor (565-610) """"' """" 56 TIMPUL OCCIDENTULL]I SI \ R
Dinastial{eraclizilor'(610-7ll) ........ "" 59
Afirmaree civilizatiei bizantine "' 52 6. Declinul Orientului: Slil
Italia, Spania si Britania ' '"" "" 67 si blocaje cuJturale ....-...-
\ricisitudinilc Merovingienilor .., ...... " ' " 68 Conflictele infuerne ale lum
l)c 1r N{etovingieni la C:irolingieni (751)...."' ' """" ""'72 din secolul al Xl-lea: Fatimi
Clcrmanizerea Occidentului... ..... ' "" """"" ' i5 Al-Andalus si lFriqiya: criz
O crestinere mai degrtbir cantitativi decit calitativa " -"""""' 8l (secolul al Xllea)
Impactui cruciadelor qi redrr
l. Socul islamului (630-750) ... . """"""' 85 Mongolii si Reconquisra:
Nfal-romed (aprorimativ 571-632): o person"litate tulbure ' 85 dezastrele secolului al NIII-I
inceputurile islamului: violenti, confuzie si sep:rrlti " """"" 88 Imperiul Bizantin in defens
Expansiunea islamicd prin rnzboiul fulger (632-751) "" """ " 92 Bizantul, victimi a turcilor
$ocul cuccririlor arabo-rnusulmanc si repercusiunile lui 95 (secolul al XII-lea)
 Arebizere a si islenr iz.ere:r cr:ceritilor
750: cle Ia Umayi':rzi la:\besizi .. ...

4. lJizrnt si Bagdad: Gloria Oricntului (secolele VIII-X) ...... l0Z

I)inastie Isar-Lrirna cle la Bizanr (717,.S()2) ...... ...... . . I0 j
Iconoclesr-rrul si clomnia Tr.inei. ..... .... 105
O pcrioacl.'r tulburc (802-867) . ..... ... I0g
\iasile I (B67-886) si succesori sai (Bg6_961):
rcnastercl bizentin:r .. . .... ........ 112
V:rsilc al IT-lca (953-1025), apogeul Riz_antului ..... ......... I t6
Abasizii: esec poliric si rcr-rsit:i cconomici (750_1075) ..... ...... 120
Bagcled. colosul Oricntului ......... . ..... . . 123
Nlirirea si decirlerca culrur:rla
polirici r lunrii musulmrne
si .. .... ... I Zl
5. De la Carol cel Mare le Otto s.ru de la Imperiul fr.:rnc
la Imperiul germanic (sccolelc \rIII-X) ...._....... ...... l3l
Pepin cci Scr,rrr: efinr.rarca Carolingienilor (751,76g) .......... .. 132
Carol cel lVlare: ctlificarer u't_ri rmper.ir_r (7(rg-U1,1) . .. .. l:]4
800: (lerol ccl l!u{er.c impar:Lr. lnrplicariilc unui gr.sr... ...... .. llB
Cc fil cle imperiu? Un sr:rr putcrnic, sprijinit pc Biserica .. . . Al
Economie si societate : inrpol.t:rntr lun-rii rurale .... l4(r
Rcnesterca r:arolingiena: o realirate ... ...... l5t)
Erplozir InrpcriuhLi car:olingian: \trc-lun (g4l)..... ..... .. Ii,Z
Secolul al X-lca: haos si {irrimitare poliricri . ..., ......... l5:,
Sfir:sirul Cirrolingienilor (987) si rcsuscitarea
Irlperir_rlui clc citre Orro (962) ... . 16l
Spcrantelc pcnrru entLl 1000 ..... 161

I'ARTEA A DOUA: 1000-1300

TIMPUL OCCII)ENT'ULUI St VREIvIEA RATIUNII ................... 169

6. Declinul Oricntului: Slibiciuni politice

si blocaje culturrle ................... Ij4
(.onflictclc intelne lumii mtsulmanc
ale
din secolul al Xl,lea: Fatirlizii si SelqiLrcizii ...... j7,l
-Al-Alrclalr-rs si Tfi-ic1i,ve: crizcle hihlianI si alrnoraviclir
(secolr-rl a1 Xl,lce) . .. .. . ... ...... l7g
lmpactuJ cruciadclor si lcclrcsalca pri. S:rledi, si rrlmol.razi ...... lg0
NI.rrrgol ii \i l\('colrqUisrir:
dezasrrcle secolului al XIII-lca pcnrru islam ........... .... . lg l
Inrpcriul Bizanrin in clefensivir (sccc,lul al Xl-le e) ...... lgg
BizanrlLl, r-ictima a rurcilor si a principarelor larine
(secol-rl al Xli-lea) .
192
 (latesrrola din I 204 si par ante z-a letir-rl (120'1- I Z6l ) '
195 10 Economia si societatea ur
191 Limitele unui ideal sador
Cresterea demografici exces
Cresrerea agricoli insuficier
7. Afirmarca Occiclcntului: (lrestinitatea
200 randamenre si deftiqari --...-.
intre teclcratie si cezaroPaPism
investiturilor: l:r Cenossa la \\brnis (t077-1111) ""' 201 Consecintele suprapopulirii
Scru'rclalr,rl c1e
'204 ez tensiunilor
Puteri si sllbiciuni elc impar:rrtrlr-ti si alc papei """"' ^gt
av
^r
soci ale
Suprapopularea, factor de ir
;\rar.rtul purclii pontificalc in sccolul el Xll-le:r " ' " 208
'21'z Nobili. seniori si vasali .-.-....
Apogcul tcocratiei: Inoccnqir-t el III-le l (1198- 1256) '
Senioriile, cadre de baza ile
Birtrrlie fin,rl,r impotriva,.Antjhristului"
215 Fenomenul urban:
Freclcric al tl-lca ( 1 220-1250)
Papa, ilrvingitorul puterii impctialci zl8 cresterea oraselor si nasterea
Mestesugurile si comertul in
Pap:r invins de pureree rcg,r1:i
(Borrifacju al \"llI-lca si Filip ccl Frumos. 1294-l l0l) ZZ) Biserica, banii, moneda si rar
Semnele prevestitoare ale cr
8. Nlonar-hiile fiudale si cxpansiunea cLtropexnlt """"""""" Z29
230 PARTEA A TREIA: 1300-1500
Atuurile (l:rpctienilor
VREMEA APOCALTPSET $I VARS
inceputur i clificilc (secolele Xl-XIll) al)

Dc 1a Filip el II-lee Ja Filip el l\Llea' epoeeul dirresrici

(secolul al XIIl-lea) ZJO 1 1. Cavalerii Apocalipsei:
Nlonalhia fiudali dupi model frent,.rze sc, Foametea, rlzboaiele, ciun
extinclelee putcrii rcglle .......... 241. ,,Totul merge rid' (Eustache
,\ngli:r, dc l:r \\/illiarn Cuceritorul 1a Richarcl lnirni-clc-LctL: culoarea inrunecarl a unei e1
o monelbie sclipitoere ( 1015- 1099) 245 Foametea: marea revenire dir
Limirclc Plantrrgenetilor, .lc le \lagna Charra la creste rcl Ciuma. Debarcarea Morrii n
imporrantei Perlamentului ( 1 1 99-1327) 249 Moartea neagri, factor al hzt
Norclul ;i Estul: scanclinevii, Drang na.ch o-srcn qi slrvii " """" 253 Razboiul: bilantul uman du1
Stt,lul: Rct',,nqtli:rl. rrJq()llc/ii. n()t'nl:lllzii si :tngcr ilrii "" "" ' 256 de conflicte si.lbarice
Crucjadcle : orig:ini sj t-notir xtii ...... ........ 26t Marile Companii, jefuitori 5i
-I'unis: 270) " " 264 Militarizarea spatiului si cuh
Dc la (llcrnront le ePopcer cruciatilor ( 1095- 1

Identititi nationale si xenofr

9 Biserica. societatea qi cultura:

Un ideal al credinqei si al ratiunii 269 lZ. Spitite dezorientlre: F.-_'
Ascensiunee dialecricii in sccolul ,r1 Xl-lce: si divorrul cuplului (.rr.. --
Anseim de Canterburv """"' " 270 Papii cle 1a,\'ignon s:Lu . -

Batirliile raqiunii in sccolul a1 XII-lea: Rcluarea lr-rptei clinrr c ,-

Abelarcl contra Sfhntului Bcrr.rard 2;) tsule Jc eur ( I l5t,t.i .:

Bise rica are cor-rtrolul culturii: Nl:rree Schisrtra. de [a 1 ]-.

unir.crsirirtile din sccolul al XIll-le e z;.q Con,'ililrisrntrl si :r.] : .

Contestari si repre siul-li 2.! l Fisurilc crt.st in:irir ii .

)Q!
Omr-riplezenca Bisericii iu viata cotidiani Det:otio modcrna si r cr -'
Biserica, mariaiul si procrerrirL 291 Occam si briciul lui: .:
Bjserica. paznic a1 p:icii sociale 19. Noii intelccruali
Biserica, f,rcror de rrqiot-ralizare e clrepruiui ll)( l Tiparul, gloparul Er,.: -
 10. Economia si socictatea unei lumi (prea)
pline:
Limitele unui ideal starionar
..... 302
(it-esrerce .1cn-rogrefic:r excesivir
si car-rzele ci . ... . .. tOl
(jrestcrea acricoll insuficicr_ni:
randamenrc si clcfrisiri
107
(lon sccilr rcl e sr.rprlpopul.rrrir:
agru\,xrca tensiunilorsocialc ... .... .... . l l0
Suprapopular-ca. flcror cle intoleranta si cle colonizare
........ .. 3l4
Nobili, scniori si vasalj .. . .. . 316
Serriotiilc, cldre rle bazl elc lumii ruralc _. .... . .i 19
Fenomenul urb:rn:
cresrelerr oraselor si nasterce aclmilristrar.iiior
locelc .. ... ... )21
Mesresr_rgurile si cor-r,rertul intrc rcglcmenrare
si nroralar . . ... . 130
Bisetica, benii, monccla si tirgurile .. ......
.... .... ..... j3Z
Scmreie prcve stitoarc alc cnzer
.. .. .. ..
.ll7

PARTEA A TREIA: I3OO-1500

VREMEA AI'OCAL]psEt
$r vARS.t'A TtuANZITIEl ............... ... 311

I l. Cavalerii Apocalipsei:
Foametea, rizboaiele, ciuma si sechelele Ior .1
.............. ....... 46
'Ibrul merge rau.. (Eusrach. Deschrr.,ps),
culoarea intunecatrr a tLnei cpocr
.... l4g
Foametca: m:rre:r reveniLc din 1315 si urmarile
ci.
... ......... .... 153
Ciumrr [)ebercarea Mortji negre in 1]48 si revcnirilc
ei .... ... l5g
Nloarrea neap;ra, flrctor al haosului
.. ... ................ 360
Razboiul: bilantul uman dupa doua veacuri

Marile Companii, jefuitori si ,,caimans,,

...... 368
Milir:rrizare:r spariului si cu.lrr-rra viole nr.-i
.... )7 I
... . . .,r,
Idcntirati nerionale si xenofobr.e .. ...
1 2. Spirite dezorienrare: Fisurile cresrinitjirii
si divortul cuplului credintl-rati.rn" .........-.. .....................
l.,9
Papii dc la A'ignon sau,,prizonier.arul in Bebilon*(1309_li78)
.. ... )lL)
Relu:rrea luptei dintre papa si impirar:
Bula de aur (1356) si clcclir_rul ,u.o.iririi
.... 3t32
l\{arca Schisma, de la l37g la Cor.rciliul ,le
l, Konstr,.r, (1414-l1lg) .. lg5
Conciliarismul si aspiratiile carrc o rcfbrmi religioasa.......
. .. 3g9
Fisurile crcsrinarlrrii si cresrerca senrimcnrelo.
nlrtic,n"le ... .....39q
Detotio moderna si revenire a irationalului
profitic ..... 3L)7
Occam si briciul lui: divortul dintre c.e.linra
si ratiune......... 401
Noii ilrrelectuali... .............
........... ... 104
Tiparul. groparul Er.ului Mcdiu
. .......... 40g
I :i" Un Occidcnt divizrt: note
()litre nronarlri ilc naqion alc
,i 13
l)isp:iriqir ideii de crucirrla ... .. .

Rlzboiul dc o sucir de ani (l):

419
prabusirea Fltntei ( 1.140 I l(r4)
I\az-boir-il de o suta cle ani (ll),
sanse si ncsanse ale Anglici (136'1-1453) ' " 4'Z')

Cazul englez: Rirzboiul celor Doua Roze

.i.r..,,r.ip" tron a'fudorilor (l+5s-t509) ' ' ' """' 4'ZL)
il^r.,I f."r'r..r' eliminarea ultimclor mari fieturi (1461 ] 5I 5) " 433
Puterile emergente: Spanie qi Portugalie'
r:izboaicleciuiie pentrt impirtirealun.rii " . ' '$7
La est si Ia nord: regate ;i imperii in schin-rbare ' ' ' 41I
Iralie 1ui Ntrchiavelii, Iaboratorul noii politici "' "" 115

14. Un Or:ient retLnificat:

De la lmperiul Bizantin la lmperiul C)toman """"""""" 4J2
Iremcdialrilul declin al Bizantului in secolul 'rl XIV-Ice """' " 453
Situraqia clranratici a Imperiului in iurul arrulrri 1400 ' """ " "'
45]
E;ecul unirii biscricilor (Conciliul de le Fiorenta, 14-19) """"' 459
Citre caclcrea hnperiului Bjzarltin " ""' " 162
Asecliul si cttcerire:r Consrentinopoltrlui (29 mri 1453) """"' 466

Imperiul Otoman al lui Mehomccl al Il-iea,

BizantultLi ' 46')
rrroltt.r.,it,',r,,r1

15. O economie in schirnbare: Citre domnia banului """"' 474

Criza senioriei . .... .. "" "" 415
Heosul nobilimii .. . . "' 478
O lume rurali in schimbarc si in levolti " ' "' " 480

Dup:i 1'{50: citrc seniori:r-intreprindel'c " " " "'""' 485

488
Dcro',r[t".e, urbane
Dczvoltatca productici si a schimburilor "" ' "' "' 49 1

Irezistibila ascensiunc a oamenilor de afaceri ""' " 495

Comertul si banca, fectori ai evoluriei cultunele " ' 500

Tulburirile urbane. dovczi grriitolre alc mutatici I

ce()rlomier'si s,r.'i:rlc . .... 502

Epilog: De 1a Evul Mediu la Renastere sau de la sfint

1" *rr., personalitate ..'..'........'...... " """' 507

Cronologii "" "' 5lZ

Viaqa politicl si militarl ' 512
Evenimentc economice, sociale qi culturale "" """ """ 516
Harti............ """""' 519
Bibl'iografie sumard """""""" "" 521
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