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Vol. V/Nr. 2
Noiembrie 2015/November 2015
Revista
de Economie Socială
Journal
of Social Economy
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
ISSN print: 2248 – 0560; ISSN online 2248 – 3667
ISSN-L = 2248 – 0560
Scop:
Revista de Economie socială se doreşte a fi un cadru de promovare, reflecţie şi
dezbatere a temelor de interes pentru domeniul economiei sociale. Articolele şi stu-
diile publicate vor reflecta aspecte teoretice, practice şi experienţe locale, naţionale şi
transnaţionale. Sunt încurajate abordările inovatoare pentru dezvoltarea economiei
sociale, reunind perspective teoretice din mediul academic şi de cercetare cu perspec-
tivele practice ale organizaţiilor profit şi non-profit, ale experţilor din întreprinderile
sociale şi administraţie.
Toate articolele trimise vor fi supuse unui proces de recenzare (peer-group
review). Revista apare de două ori pe an.
Copyright:
Responsabilitatea conţinutului articolelor revine, în întregime, autorului
(autorilor). Autorul care trimite un manuscris (care este indicat pentru
corespondenţă, în cazul semnării de către mai mulţi autori) are responsabilitatea de a
se asigura că trimiterea spre publicare / publicarea a fost încuviinţată de toţi autorii.
Este, de asemenea, responsabilitatea autorului de a primi acceptul instituţiei de
provenienţă pentru publicare, dacă acesta îi este solicitat. Corespondenţa legată de un
manuscris va fi purtată cu autorul care va trimite textul, dacă nu există specificată, de
la început, o altă solicitare din partea semnatarilor articolului.
Autorii vor avea în vedere audienţa interdisciplinară şi multinaţională atunci când
îşi redactează contribuţia. Trebuie avute în vedere implicaţiile analizei pentru cititorii
din alte domenii, alte ţări şi alte discipline. Prezentarea stereotipă a indivizilor şi a
grupurilor sociale va fi evitată.
Articolele vor conţine numărul specificat de cuvinte, inclusiv rezumatul, cuvintele
cheie, notele şi bibliografia, în funcţie de tipul articolului: studii teoretice şi empirice:
5000-7000 cuvinte; descrieri de experienţe şi bune practici: 1800-2200 cuvinte;
recenzii: 800-1200 cuvinte.
Este de dorit ca textul să nu mai fi fost publicat sau trimis spre publicare în altă
parte. Dacă autorul are un articol înrudit publicat, va specifica acest lucru.
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ECONOMY
ISSN print: 2248 – 0560; ISSN online 2248 – 3667
ISSN-L = 2248 – 0560
The journal is edited in partnership by Alternative Sociale Association, and
the Faculty of Philosophy and Social-Political Sciences, „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”
University of Iaşi.
Aims:
The Journal of Social Economy is intended as an opportunity for promoting,
reflecting upon and debating various topics in the area of social economy. The articles
and studies published here reflect theoretical and practical issues, as well as instances
of local, national and transnational experience. Our journal encourages innovative
interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches to social economy development,
connecting the theoretical views of the academic and research world with the
practical outlook offered by for-profit and non-profit organizations, social enterprises
and administration experts.
All submissions will undergo a peer-group review process. The journal is
published two times per year. Any views expressed in this publication are the views of
the authors and are not the views of the editors or publishing house.
Copyright:
Submission of a manuscript implies that the work described has not been
published before (except in the form of an abstract or as part of a published lecture, or
thesis), that it is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. The author
(authors) has (have) the full responsibility of the articles’ content. The submitting
(Corresponding) author is responsible for ensuring that the article’s publication has
been approved by all the other coauthors. It is also the authors’ responsibility to
ensure that the articles emanating from a particular institution are submitted with the
approval of the necessary institution. Only an acknowledgment from the editorial
office officially establishes the date of receipt. Further correspondence and proofs will
be sent to the corresponding author(s) before publication unless otherwise indicated.
The authors should take into consideration the interdisciplinary and multinational
addressability when they write their works. They should also take into consideration
the implications of the analysis for the readers from other study areas, other countries
and other subjects. The stereotypical presentation of individuals and social groups
should be avoided.
The articles will contain the specified number of words including the abstract,
key-words, notes and references: theoretical studies: 5000-7000 words; empirical stu-
dies: 5000-7000 words; described experiences and best practices: 1800-2200 words;
book reviews: 800-1200 words.
The text should not have already been published or sent to another publication. If
the author has a similar article published, he/she should specify this.
CONSILIUL ŞTIINŢIFIC ŞI EDITORIAL
Michael Cernea, Universitatea George Washington, SUA;
Nicu Gavriluţă, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iaşi, România;
Silviu Neguţ, Academia de Studii Economice, Bucureşti, România;
Vasile Işan, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iaşi, România;
Cătălin Luca, Asociaţia Alternative Sociale, România;
Antonio Maturo, Universitatea `Gabriele D`Annuzio` Chieti-Pascara, Italia;
Mona Maria Pivniceru, Judecător la Curtea Constituţională a României;
Liviu Oprea, Centrul de Etică şi Politici de Sănătate, Iaşi, România;
Nadji Rahmania, Universitatea Lille l, Franţa;
Adina Rebeleanu, Universitatea Babeş Bolyai, Cluj Napoca, România;
Simona Stănescu, Academia Română/Institutul de Cercetare a Calităţii Vieţii;
Conţiu Tiberiu Şoitu, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iaşi, România;
Daniela Vîrjan, Academia de Studii Economice, Bucureşti, România;
Romeo Constantin Asiminei, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iaşi, România.
Editor Şef
Daniela-Tatiana Şoitu, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iaşi, România.
Membri
Mihaela Pitea, Asociaţia Alternative Sociale, România;
Gheorghe Pascaru, Asociaţia Alternative Sociale, România;
Geta Mitrea, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iaşi, România.
Adresa redacţiei: Asociaţia Alternative Sociale, Șos. Nicolina nr.24, Bloc 949, Iaşi
700722, România, jse@alternativesociale.ro; Tel: 0332/407.178; Fax: 0332/407.179.
Adresa Editurii: Hamangiu, Str. Colonel Corneliu Popeia, Nr. 36, Sector 5, Bucureşti;
www.hamangiu.ro
Editor in Chief
Daniela-Tatiana Şoitu, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania.
Members
Mihaela Pitea, Alternative Sociale Association, Romania;
Gheorghe Pascaru, Alternative Sociale Association, Romania;
Geta Mitrea, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza Iasi, Romania.
Address: Alternative Sociale Association, no.24 Nicolina Street, Block 949, Iasi
700722, Romania, jse@alternativesociale.ro; Phone: 0332/407.178; Fax:
0332/407.179.
Publishing House: Hamangiu, No. 36 Colonel Corneliu Popeia Street, 5th District,
Bucharest, Romania; www.hamangiu.ro
RECENZII
Devianța socială la tineri. Dependența de substanțe
Autori: Mihaela Rădoi, Institutul European, Iași, 2015
Gabriela Irimescu ___________________________________________________211
Organizațiile de ajutor reciproc
Autor: Mihaela Lambru, Editura Polirom, Iași, 2013
Lavinia Baciu _______________________________________________________217
BOOK REVIEWS
Social deviance in young people. Substance dependence
Author: Mihaela Rădoi, European Institute, Iasi, 2015
Gabriela Irimescu __________________________________________________ 214
Mutual aid organizations
Author: Mihaela Lambru, Polirom Publishing, Iasi, 2013
Lavinia Baciu _______________________________________________________221
Social economy.
Theoretical perspectives
LEGEA ECONOMIEI SOCIALE. DE LA CADRUL LEGISLATIV
LA CADRUL TEORETIC
Romeo Asiminei[1]
Rezumat
Articolul analizează Legea nr. 219/2015 privind economia socială. Articolul este
structurat pe două dimensiuni. Prima dimensiune prezintă contextul şi procesul
legislativ care jalonează apariţia legii economiei sociale în România. A doua
dimensiune analizează conţinutul legii în raport cu definirile şi principiile teoretice
ale conceptului de economie socială. Mai mult decât atât articolul evaluează
impactul legii asupra domeniului economiei sociale.
Una dintre concluziile centrale ale articolului se referă la faptul că legea asumă un
domeniu de acţiune al economiei foarte restrictiv care se cantonează la mecanisme
de integrare pe piaţa muncii a persoanelor aparţinând grupurilor vulnerabile.
de Filosofie şi Ştiinţe Social - Politice, Universitatea „Alexandru Ioan Cuza”din Iaşi, Bulevardul
Carol I nr. 11, 700506, tel.: 0232201372, e-mail: romeoasiminei@yahoo.com.
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
Întreprindere socială
Marcă socială
Întreprindere
socială de
inserţie
Concluzii
Legea 219/2015 restrânge aria de acţiune a economiei sociale la
inserția pe piața muncii a persoanelor aparţinând grupurilor
vulnerabile contrar înțelesului universal al economiei sociale ca
activitate economică desfășurată cu condiția respectării unor criterii
comune. Această restrângere este realizată atât prin intermediul
Note
1 Raportul elaborat de Ministerul Muncii, Familiei şi Protecţiei Sociale
este publicat în variantă tipărită în decembrie 2011.
2 Cu excepţia unor organizaţii voluntare care prestează servicii
necomerciale gospodăriilor.
3 Legea nr. 1/2005 privind organizarea şi funcţionarea cooperaţiei,
Bibliografie
1. Asiminei, R. (2012). Economia socială – Delimitări conceptuale.
Revista de economie socială, Vol II, Nr.1.
2. Asiminei, R. şi Şoitu, C.T. (2014). Economia socială: O paradigmă în
schimbare. Revista de economie socială, Vol IV, Nr.1.
3. Centrul Internaţional de Cercetare şi Informare asupra Economiei
Publice, Sociale şi Cooperativelor (CIRIEC) (2007). Economia
socială în Uniunea Europeană. Rezumatul raportului întocmit
pentru Comitetul Economic şi Social European.
4. Camera Deputaţilor (2015). Procesul legislativ al Legii nr. 219 din
23 iulie 2015. http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act?nr=
219&an=2015.
5. Economic and Social Committee (2000). Opinion on the Social
Economy and Single Market. Brussels.
6. Parlamentul European. 2009. Rezoluţia Parlamentului European din
19 februarie 2009 referitoare la economia socială.
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//
7. Stănescu, S.M. (coord.), Asiminei, R., Rusu, O., Vârjan, D. (2012).
Raport de Deschidere privind Economia Socială în România: Profit
pentru oameni. Raport de deschidere în cadrul proiectului Modelul
Economiei Sociale în România. Editor: Programul Naţiunilor Unite
pentru Dezvoltare. www.profitpentuoameni.ro.
8. Stănescu, S.M. (coord.), Asiminei, R., O., Vârjan, D. (2013). Raport de
recomandări al economiei sociale. România 2013. Editor: Programul
Naţiunilor Unite pentru Dezvoltare. www.profitpentuoameni.ro.
9. Stănescu, S.M., (2013). Cadrul instituţional cu impact asupra
economiei sociale. Revista de Economie Socială, Vol. III, Nr. 3.
10. Ministerul Fondurilor Europene (2015). Raportare Programe
Operaţionale 31 iulie 2015. http://old.fonduri-ue.ro/stadiul-
absorbtiei.
11. Ministerul Muncii, Familiei şi Protecţiei Sociale (MMFPS) (2010).
Raport de cercetare privind economia socială în România din
perspectivă europeană comparată. www.mmuncii.ro,
www.economiesociala.info.
12. ***, Legea nr. 448/2006 privind protecţia şi promovarea
drepturilor persoanelor cu handicap.
13. ***, Legea nr. 292/2011 privind asistenţa socială.
14. ***, Legea nr. 219/2015 privind economia socială.
Abstract
The article analyses the Law no. 219/2015 on social economy and it has two parts.
The first part presents the context and the legislative process that led to the
apparition of the law on social economy in Romania. The second part consists of an
analysis of the law in relation to the definition and theoretical principles of the
concept of social economy. More than this, the article assesses the impact of the law
on the field of social economy.
One of the main conclusions of the article is that the law assumes a very restrictive
position that limits itself to the integration on the labour market of people
belonging to vulnerable groups.
On July 28th, 2015, the Law no. 219 on social economy was
published in the Official Journal of Romania, no. 561, Part 1. The
development of the law took a lot of time and it was subjected to
intense public debates.
[1] Associate Professor PhD., Department of Sociology and Social Work, Faculty of Philosophy
and Social Political Sciences, ”Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iasi, 11 Carol I Boulevard,
700506, tel.: 0232201372, e-mail: romeoasiminei@yahoo.com.
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
two new types of legal entities – social enterprise and social insertion
enterprise need to fulfil in order to be certified by the public
authorities.
(CIRIEC, 2007, pp. 5-6). From this point forward, we continue with a
comparative analysis of the CIRIEC principles and of the principles that
stay at the base of the social economy entities in Romania according to
Law no. 219/2015, art. 4.
Social enterprise
Social mark
Social insertion
enterprise
least 30% of its staff being constantly part of the vulnerable group, so
that their cumulated work hours represent at least 30% of the total
work hours of all employees and its purpose is to fight against
exclusion, discrimination and unemployment through the social-
professional insertion of disadvantaged people. These provisions are
highly similar to those of Law no. 448/2006 on protecting and
promoting the rights of disabled people (Art. 5) that defines the
authorized protected unit as the economic entity of public or private
law, with its own administration, where at least 30% of the total
number of employees with individual labour contract is disabled
people.
The statute of social insertion enterprise is certifies by granting a
new certificate named by the law “social mark”. Just like in the case of
the certificate of social enterprise, the social mark is issued by the
Departments of social economy from AJOFM and its validity period is
shorter, of only three years.
Social insertion enterprises can be financed from public and/or
private sources, national or international, according to the legal norms
applicable to each of the categories the financing sources come from.
This way, this type of enterprises:
• Benefit of gratuitousness for issuing the social mark and for the
registration in the Sole register of social enterprises;
• Can benefit of special conditions in case of the documentations
for the assignment of public procurement, concession contracts
for public works and service concession contracts;
• Can benefit of free counselling upon founding and/or
developing the business;
• Can benefit from a series of facilities from the local public
administration authorities;
• Benefits of the facilities stipulated by Law no. 76/2002 on the
unemployment insurance system and the stimulation of
employability;
• Can benefit from support measures, like state help;
• Can benefit4 annually from the program for stimulating the
registration and development of microenterprises acting in the
sector of social economy according to the provisions of art. 25
letter d) of Law no. 346/2004.
The direct beneficiaries of the social economy sector as it is
presented by Law no. 219/2015 are the people belonging to the
Conclusions
Law no. 219/2015 restricts the action area of social economy to
the insertion into the labour market of people from vulnerable groups
contrary to the universal meaning of social economy that is seen as an
economic activity conducted while respecting various commune
criteria. This restriction manifests itself through the definition of the
concept of social economy and the forms of organization and the ways
of financing, supporting and encouraging them. The present law orients
social economy towards complementary mechanisms of social services
that are to be accessed by the members of vulnerable groups. Social
economy, from the point of view of the law, leaves behind, almost
irreconcilably, the idea of individual activism that effectively combines
individual and collective responsibility.
Law no. 219/2015 on social economy describes a set of
certification mechanisms for the forms of organization of social
economy (certificate of social enterprise, social mark) and new
structures of institutional organization (departments for social
economy) that will have minimum impact on the classical entities of
social economy (cooperatives, credit cooperatives and mutual aid
institutions for employees and pensioners – CARS, CARP).
Notes
1 The report drawn up by the Ministry of Labour, Family and Social
Protection was released in printed form in December 2011
2 Except for some voluntary organizations that provide
noncommercial services to households.
3 Law no. 1/2005 on the organization and functioning of cooperations,
Bibliography
1. Asiminei, R. (2012). Social Economy - A Conceptual Framework.
Journal of Social Economy, Vol II, No.1.
2. Asiminei, R. and Şoitu, C.T. (2014). Social Economy: A Shifting
Paradigm. Journal of Social Economy, Vol IV, No.1.
3. International Centre of Research and Information on the Public,
Social and Cooperative Economy (CIRIEC) (2007). The Social Economy
in the European Union. Summary of the report drawn up for the
European Economic and Social Committee.
4. Chamber of Deputies (2015). Bill tracking of Law no. 219 on social
economy.
http://www.cdep.ro/pls/legis/legis_pck.htp_act?nr=219&an=2015.
5. Economic and Social Committee (2000). Opinion on the Social
Economy and Single Market. Brussels.
6. European Parliament. 2009. European Parliament resolution of 19
February 2009 on Social Economy. http://www.europarl.europa.eu/
sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//
7. Stănescu, S.M. (coord.), Asiminei, R., Rusu, O., Vârjan, D. (2012).
Raport de Deschidere privind Economia Socială în România: Profit pentru
oameni. Raport de deschidere în cadrul proiectului Modelul Economiei
Sociale în România. Editor: United Nations Development Programme.
www.profitpentuoameni.ro.
8. Stănescu, S.M. (coord.), Asiminei, R., O., Vârjan, D. (2013). Raport de
recomandări al economiei sociale. România 2013. Editor: United Nations
Development Programme. www.profitpentuoameni.ro.
9. Stănescu, S.M., (2013). The institutional framework with an impact
on social economy. Journal of Social Economy, Vol. III, No. 3.
10. Ministry of European Funds (2015). Raportare Programe
Operaţionale 31st July 2015. http://old.fonduri-ue.ro/stadiul-absorbtiei.
Gheorghe Teodorescu[1]1
Rezumat
Valul migaţionist care a invadat ţărmul mediteraneean al Uniunii Europeneîn vara-
toamna lui 2015, a declanşat o criză de proporţii nemaiîntâlnite până acum de
Bruxelles. Ea pune în discuţie însăşi identitatea civilizaţiei europene, ameninţând să
reinflameze conduite de tip xenofob şi rasial, considerate deja apuse în noua „Casa
Europei”.
Pentru a înţelege resorturile şi sursele care o alimentează, recursul la metodă
constituie calea evitării unor excese şi inadecvate politici de contracarare a unui
fenomen de o asemenea complexitate care dă semne că va dura încă şi în anii
următori. Ca atare, distincţia între concepte bine definite ale sociologiei, economiei
şi psihologiei sociale, ale culturii şi geopoliticii, nu este o simplă pedanterie
academică, cât mai degrabă o modalitate de prudentă raportare la o situaţie cu
multe elemente de incertitudine şi semne de întrebare. Le poate da un răspuns
adecvat, fie şi parţial, economia socială?
Cuvinte cheie: economie socială, migrație, exod,
Europa, refugiați, Schengen
Casa Europa
După un sfert de veac de evoluție in crescendo a proiectului
zămislit de vizionarismul politic al francezilor Robert Schuman și Jean
Monnet, la sfârșitul ultimei conflagrații mondiale, Europa Unită se
înfățișează astăzi ca un „cămin" al popoarelor, ca un spațiu al
conviețuirii și dezvoltării sub semnul solidarității și subsidiarității. Un
teren primitor, cu arhitectură complexă a cărei armătură se întemeiază
pe forța unui tratat - Maastricht, 1992, și acordul părților de a renunța -
măcar parțial -, la discursul politic post-westphalian, considerat sursă a
deformărilor naționaliste și, deci, cauză profundă a multor conflicte care
[1]Doctor în Sociologie, profesor în cadrul Universității „Alexandru Ioan Cuza” din Iași. Susține
cursuri de Sociologia Opiniei Publice și Analize Electorale, Sociologie Politică, Metode de
Cercetare în Științele Comunicării. Email: gh.teodorescu@gmail.com.
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
dintr-o lume nesigură pentru a găsi una foarte sigură. Or, având
economii încă insuficient consolidate, ţările central şi est europene nu
intră în calculele „noilor veniţi”. Sau, poate mai corect, acestea intră
doar în calculul relocărilor gândite ca soluţie de contracarare a masivei
afluenţe de migranţi şi refugiaţi de război de către strategii de la
Bruxelles. În orice caz, gradul de „ospitalitate” al statelor membre ale
U.E. depinde de câteva variabile bine definite:
− evoluţia indicatorilor demografici;
− capacitatea economiei de a genera noi locuri de muncă;
− experienţa politicilor imigraţioniste;
− caracteristicile modelului cultural;
− orientarea cadrului legislativ în domeniul migraţiei;
− definiţia dată statutului de „migrant”.
Pentru toate acestea operează cadrul cooperării şi solidarităţii
dintre membrii Uniunii, supus în această împrejurare unei încercări
speciale, pentru că „statele sunt prea mici pentru probleme atât de mari
şi prea mari pentru a le rezolva pe cele mici” (Daniel Bell). De aici şi
contradicţia dintre varietatea comportamentului guvernelor în faţa
valului de populaţie carele forţează frontierele şi apelul la unitate lansat
de principalii exponenţi de imagine ai guvernanţei europene. Un
context în care instituţiile comunitare dau mai degrabă semne de
derută în faţa unei crize fără precedent a democraţiilor europene, iar
liderii se comportă mai degrabă ca „nişte saltimbanci decât ca nişte
strategi, fiind deturnaţi de la producţia binelui comun pentru a răspunde
zi de zi unor solicitări contradictorii [construind un] teren atât de propice
avântului mişcărilor populiste, chiar fasciste” (Jouvenel 2015, p. 6)8.
Perspectiva unei metisări a lumii europene deschide front larg unor
asemenea reacţii şi atitudini, iar asocierile cu sfârşitul Imperiului
Roman revin tot mai frecvent în discursul multor comentatori politici.
În acest sens, profesorul Neagu Djuvara nu face decât să exprime alto
voce ceea ce gândesc mulţi care încearcă să surprindă sensul şi
dimensiunile mişcărilor ample de populaţie dinspre Orient şi Africa
spre Europa: „Ca şi la sfârşitul Imperiului Roman, masa de sclavi,
invaziile germanice şi turanice au făcut să se schimbe componenţa etnică
a Europei. Aşa se schimbă şi acum […] Civilizaţia europeană este menită
să dispară. Asta este o lege universală. Când ai avut atâta splendoare de
creativitate şi de putere politică, ca să te întinzi pe globul întreg, trebuie
să plăteşti prin dispariţie” (Djuvara 2015, p. 29).
PIB/loc. 2835 $
Salariul minim (ant. conflict) 212 $
Salariul mediu (ant. conflict) 255 $
Salariul mediu (post conflict) 150 $
viitor? Cât va mai dura criza? Câţi vor mai reuşi să debarce pe coastele
europene în viitorul apropiat, ştiut fiind faptul că numai orăşelul turc
Edirne musteşte la data scrierii acestor rânduri de alte cca. 20.000 de
persoane – bărbaţi, femei, copii, bătrâni şi tineri –, care aşteaptă un
semnal de la călăuze şi condiţii meteo favorabile pentru a se întâlni cu
destinaţiile ţintite cu înnoită speranţă? În această situaţie sunt multe
alte localităţi turceşti şi nord-africane, pentru care doar numărul
călăuzelor identificate depăşeşte 30.000 de suspecţi, între care 3000
operează în calitate de „transportatori” în Mediterana. Totodată,
fenomenul în sine suportă ceea ce François Gemenne – cercetător
specialist în problematica migraţiei –, identifică drept un aşa-numit
„efect de lupă”. Din punctul său de vedere „acest aflux, fără a fi negat,
este întrucâtva o iluzie. El se concentrează punctual pe situaţii foarte
precise, unele extrem de dramatice în anumite locuri. […] Dacă dau
impresia unui fenomen de masă, aceasta se datorează mai ales faptului
că Uniunea Europeană s-a pus la cheremul barcagiilor, aceştia fiind în
realitate cei care stabilesc câţi şi care vor fi cei care urmează să debarce
în Europa”(apud Duval 2015). Ceea ce este însă şi mai grav este
implicarea în acest aflux de populaţie a multor organizaţii criminale de
tip mafiot care prosperă de pe urma dramei unor oameni disperaţi.
Asemenea clanuri locale de mafioţi vor continua să prospere atât timp
cât se vor găsi persoane să plătească între 1000 şi 2000 de euro pentru
a face 50 de kilometri în portbagajul unui vehicul sau în cala unei
ambarcaţiuni gata să se scufunde la primul val mai puternic, susţine la
rândul său Patrick Simon de la Ined pentru Huffington Post.
Indiferent de modalităţile şi căile prin care aceştia ajung în
Europa, este totuşi vorba de o intrare ilegală pe continent, fapt care
motivează utilizarea sintagmei generice de „refugiaţi” de către Înaltul
Comisariat pentru Refugiaţi, invitând statele membre ale U.E. şi
principalii responsabili de la Bruxelles să nu confunde între ele noţiuni
cu definiţii clar diferite: migranţi, refugiaţi, exilaţi şi, uneori, chiar de
militanţi fundamentalişti10 amestecaţi printre cei protejaţi de Convenţia
de la Geneva. De o asemenea ambiguitate semantică se folosesc cei care
se poziţionează ferm pe liniile de forţă ale intoleranţei xenofobe,
propovăduind lozinci patriotarde şi idei naţionaliste de extremă
dreaptă. Pentru aceştia soluţia baricadării U.E. cu fortificaţii de netrecut
reprezintă „singura măsură cu adevărat umanistă”11.
Note
1 Aluzie la Jean Delumeau - "Frica în Occident"....
2 Potrivit lui Josef Joffe, reputat comentator la Wall Street Journal, pe
teritoriul european au pendulat cca. 40 mil. de refugiaţi, exilaţi,
repatriaţi, migranţi de la război încoace.
3 Capacitatea operaţională a acestei agenţii este, însă, relativ limitată,
Huffington Post.
7 Conform Huffington Post, comparativ cu Marea Britanie şi Germania,
rata şomajului în Franţa este de aproape două ori mai ridicată. În plus,
sectorul public francez ocupă cca. 5,6 mil. de salariaţi care, pentru a fi
angajaţi, au nevoie de diplome recunoscute în U.E. care să ateste o
calificare precisă, în condiţii de asigurare a unui venit minim pe
economie. În mediul privat, locurile de muncă sunt ocazionale şi de
regulă prost plătite, chiar dacă sunt mai accesibile celor cu nivel scăzut
de calificare.
8 Reputatul cercetător şi analist francez consideră că anul 2014 „va
Bibliografie
1. Cornea, A. (2015). Paradoxul. Editorial. Revista 22 a Grupului pentru
Dialog Social, 1329/8-14 septembrie
2. Corsan, O. (2015). Migrants: Sarkozy craint « une désintégration de
la société française ». Le Parisien, 9 septembrie
3. Delumeau, J. (1986). Frica în Occident, Editura Meridiane, Bucureşti
4. Djuvara, N. (2015). 99 de gânduri şi obsesii. Q magazine,
186/septembrie
5. Duval, J-B. (2015). Crise des migrants: toutes ces questions que
vous vous posez peut-être (sans oser les demander), Huffington Post, 7
septembrie
6. Elias, N. (2007), Civilisation et mondialisation, Sciences humaines,
1805/2007, 58-60.
7. Fati, S. (2015). Siria, un faliment finanţat de corupţie, Revista 22 a
Grupului pentru Dialog Social, 1331/22-28 septembrie
8. Frontex (2014). Programul de lucru al Frontex pentru 2014, Nr.
înreg. 1899/05/02.2014
9. Gallagher, T. (2015). Războiul populismelor: virtuoasa Merkel vs.
odiosul Orbán. Revista 22 a Grupului pentru Dialog Social, 1330/15
septembrie
10. Gheţău, V.. (2007). Declinul demografic şi viitorul populaţiei
României, Editura Alpha MDN, Buzău
11. Joffe, J. (2015). Germany’s Welcoming Miracle. Wall Street Journal,
10 septembrie
12. Jouvenel, H. (2015). Aux artisans du futur. Editorial. Futuribles,
404/2015
13. Lazescu, A. (2015). Interviu cu ANNELI UTE GABANYI: Europa nu
este pregătită nici istoricește, nici ca mentalitate pentru un astfel de
exod. Revista 22 a Grupului pentru Dialog Social, 1331/22 septembrie
14. Médecins sans frontières: www.msf.fr
15. Refugiés: Marine Le Pen trouve « ridicules » les propositions de
Sarkozy. (2015). Le Parisien. 11 septembrie
16. Veyne P. (1971). Comment on écrit l'histoire. Essai
d'épistémologie, Éditions du Seuil, Paris.
MIGRATION OR EXODUS?
NEWCOMERS’ EUROPE AND THE CHALLENGES
OF SOCIAL ECONOMY
Gheorghe Teodorescu[1]1
Abstract
The wave of migration that has invaded the Mediterranean shore of the European
Union in the summer and fall of 2015 has ignited a crisis of unprecedented
proportions for Brussels. It questions the very identity of the European civilization,
threatening to rekindle xenophobic and racist behaviors already deemed bygone in
the “Europe House.”
In attempting to understand its inner workings and supply sources, turning to
method helps to avoid the excesses and the inappropriate policies for counteracting a
phenomenon of such complexity that looks like it will continue throughout the
following years. Thus, the use of well-defined concepts from Sociology, Economics
and Social Psychology, as well as from culture and geopolitics, is not as much an
academic pedantry as it is a cautious way to approach a problem loaded with
uncertainties and unknowns. Can social economy be an appropriate – albeit a partial
– solution to it?
[1]PhD in Sociology, professor at the “Alexandru Ioan Cuza” University of Iași, Romania. He
teaches: the Sociology of Public Opinion and Election Analysis, Political Sociology, Research
Methods in Communication Studies. Email: gh.teodorescu@gmail.com.
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
which get through in the often caustic discourse of the European media
as a new wave of “newcomers” is penetrating the continent.
First of all, it is worth noting that most of these prior
displacements of populations occurred within the European area,
involving mainly the Christian world with its values and lifestyles, some
of which are relatively similar. The decades-long mixing of Europe’s
peoples has thus directly helped to alleviate the multiple disparities
which continue nevertheless to separate the North from the South and
the East from the West. Therefore, it has been about a “Europe House”
for Europeans, for the construction of which impressive amounts of
funds have been spent and borders have been secured to withstand the
outside assault. This time the migratory wave is coming from the South,
where the Mediterranean limes is the “soft underbelly” of Europe’s
boundaries, allowing the entrance of vast groups of wretched
individuals in search of a safer world and of new life opportunities.
Facing this situation, the European community is looking both
for ways to absorb those who have already entered its territory and for
ways to stop those who are planning on disembarking on the continent
in the upcoming months. As such, a community consensus has resulted
into a set of regulations against clandestine migration in the Schengen
area, together with the initiation of a number of border control and
surveillance structures. The spearhead of the system meant to block
access to the EU is Frontex, an agency with an annual budget of approx.
€90 million and staffed by 220 full-time employees, whose mission is to
patrol approx. 5,000 kilometers of coastline.3 Under the European Pact
on Immigration and Asylum, the member states express their
willingness to mobilize all available resources in order to assure a more
efficient control of the external land, sea and air borders (Frontex
Report 2015). As a result, areas serving as “springboards” for migrants
to Europe, located at the southern physical limit of the continent, were
placed under surveillance and measures were taken to prevent and
deter this phenomenon. Kept under control in the past years, this
region reported, after 1998, between 1,800 (official data) and 6,400
(data from Médecins sans frontières) casualties who lost their lives in
attempting to reach Europe.4
The pressure that is put on the Union’s Mediterranean limes by
the massive number of asylum seekers gives this frontier region a
threefold significance:
- Southern limit of the Schengen area;
these countries are war zones; some are grounds for extremely violent
interethnic disputes; some are going through a period of prolonged
drought and economic decline; some are affected by interreligious
tensions and by fundamentalism; and some are simply “overflow areas”
for the political and economical instabilities brought about by the “Arab
Spring”. In all these instances, the term “migrant” fits, in theory, almost
completely: to be a migrant means to move sufficiently far away from
one’s place of origin so that relocating one’s residence in the place of
arrival becomes a necessity. At the same time, the duration of the stay
at the arrival place should be sufficiently long to warrant the search for
a new stable source of income. In other words, space and time are the
two major coordinates of the migration phenomenon. However, this
meaning cannot begin to explain the diverse motivations of such
massive displacements of population. Equally diverse are the types of
negative stimuli in their places of origin or the types of positive stimuli
that attract them to their places of destination.
War and poverty are dominant factors that fuel the waves of
migrations to Europe in 2015, operating a first separation between
what may be political migration and economic migration. The former is
caused by persecutions, lack of security, violence and sources of danger
with unpredictable results. The latter revolves around the concept of
poverty, which includes the lack of means of subsistence, no access to
education, poor medical services and scarce opportunities for
employment that would generate a minimum wage. Some migrants are
war refugees. Others are fleeing poverty or are adventurers in search of
Eldorado. Some are running away from armed violence, hoping they
will one day return to their places of origin, while others abandon all
hope of ever seeing their birthplaces again. The latter’s chances of
finding fulfillment depend on their training and the type of their
professional specialization, their age, gender and academic education.
In this regard, many of the migrants from Iraq and Syria are engineers,
teachers, technicians or small entrepreneurs, meaning they have
significantly higher expectations of social and professional success
compared to most “newcomers” (Simon 2015)6. Many of them own
mobile phones and even smartphones, which entitles us, to some
extent, to speculate that the poorest are not always the ones who set
out to find a better life. Thanks to the explosion of personal
communication technologies over the last years, such devices reached
even the most underprivileged places on Earth. Moreover, in areas with
poor infrastructure, the mobile phone is the cheapest way to access the
Internet. Add to this the fact that many of the refugees are “dressed
correctly”, with a presentable appearance, which makes it hard to
believe that they are pariahs of the modern world or “very poor”. Based
on more thorough evaluations of the social and demographic
composition of those who passed through Austrian border filters, it was
found that only 30% of the newcomers with refugee status are Syrians,
which proves that migration has a predominantly economic motivation.
In the end, even in the tragic case of Aylan – the boy whose body
washed ashore on a Turkish beach, moving the entire world and
exposing the drama of Syrian refugees – it turned out that his family
were not coming from a conflict zone, but had been living in Turkey for
about three years as political asylum seekers. But Turkey is a NATO
member, considered safe and outside the war zone, which entitles us to
presume that Aylan’s family had economic motivations to come to
Europe.
Under these circumstances, some may wonder why these people
have not chosen to apply for a tourist visa and fly to Europe, instead of
risking their lives during the extremely dangerous crossing of the
Mediterranean. Needless to say, in economic terms, a plane ticket is
much less expensive than a hired guide who provides a totally unsafe
boat, hardly fit to get to the European coast (approx. €1,200-1,500 per
person).
In this case, the explanation is not very complicated: for instance,
in 2014 France rejected approx. 80% of the 17,000 requests of asylum.
Other countries like Sweden and Germany were more welcoming,
granting asylum – in the same time interval – to some 32,000 applicants
(Germany alone accepted 24,000) (Duval 2015). In comparison, in
France, the high unemployment rate7, in conjunction with various other
social and economic factors, made the labor market unappealing and
even downright hostile to newcomers. The constant supply of
traditional migration from the francophone Maghreb and the low or
even negative economic growth from the past years forced France to
adopt very tough anti-migration policies. But France is not the only case
in Europe, with countries like Italy, Spain or Greece finding themselves
in a similar or even worse economic situation than France’s. As for the
latest developments in the economies of the CEE states, things are not
looking very encouraging here either for people coming from an unsafe
environment and searching an extremely safe one. With economies that
are not well consolidated yet, the Central and Eastern European
countries don’t make the list of the newcomers. Or, to put it more
precisely, they are only taken into consideration by the Brussels
strategists as a relocation alternative to alleviate the massive influx of
migrants and war refugees. At any rate, the “hospitability” of EU
member states depends on a number of well-defined variables:
- the evolution of the demographic indicators;
- the ability of the economy to generate new employment
opportunities;
- the previous experience with anti-immigration policies;
- the characteristics of the cultural model;
- the orientation of the legal framework on immigration;
- the definition of the “migrant” status.
All these matters should be dealt with within the framework of
the cooperation and solidarity between the member states, a
framework which is currently under intense stress, because “states are
too small for problems so big and too big to solve the small problems”
(Daniel Bell); hence the contradiction between the diverse reactions of
the governments to the waves of population besieging their borders,
and the overall call to unity launched by the main representatives of the
European government. Community institutions look rather disoriented
before this unprecedented crisis for the Western democracies, while
political leaders “behave more like circus acrobats than like strategists,
turning away from the common good to attempt to respond on a daily
basis to contradicting requests [creating the conditions for] the advent
of populist and even fascist movements.” (Jouvenel 2015, p. 6)8. The
prospect of a mixed-race European world naturally elicits such
reactions and attitudes, and references to the fall of the Roman Empire
are increasingly frequent in the discourse of many political
commentators. Thus, Prof. Neagu Djuvara only gives voice to what is
believed by many who attempt to decipher the meaning and the
dimensions of these ample movements of population from the East and
from Africa towards Europe: “At the end of the Roman Empire, the
masses of slaves and the Germanic and Turanian invasions caused
Europe’s ethnic composition to change. A similar change is occurring
now […] European civilization as we know it is meant to disappear. This
is a universal law. When one achieves the splendor, creativity and
political power to spread across the entire Globe, one must pay by one’s
own extinction” (Djuvara 2015, p. 29).
largely inferior to the 3.8 million Syrian and Iraqi refugees received by
the states adjacent to the war zone (Lebanon, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt).
state of the Union. For that matter, this was the reason for the delay of
its admission to the Schengen area. There are even voices that insist on
repeating, in a thinly disguised attack, that Romania is still not ready to
be part of this area, but would make a good receiving base for some
1,780 migrants, the number that the government and the President said
they were able to receive. In its turn a great exporter of workforce to
the European West, Romania has seen a decrease in the pressure put by
unemployment on its government and local administration.
Additionally, the yearly remittances from the 2.5-3 million Romanian
emigrants working in the West (Italy, Spain, Britain, Germany etc.)
helped balance local budgets by reinvigorating industries that had
collapsed after 1990. Residential constructions, real estate, commerce
and services, and the small entrepreneurs in urban and rural areas
made up the supporting structure of an economy undergoing a process
of reconstruction. Romania did not simply lose approx. half of its active
and fit for work population – it outsourced the employment of a
massive number of workers to strong economies capable of multiplying
the job opportunities that the Romanian state could not provide. As a
downside, the fertility rate and, implicitly, the birth rate have
diminished and continue to diminish, threatening to cause a dramatic
drop in population (approx. 16 million) by the year 2050, in
conjunction with the dilatation of the retired population.
Facing such demographic tendencies, as well as a presumed
workforce shortage, Romania’s situation is actually similar to that of the
entire Europe in the sense that it equally runs the risk of a civilization
decline due to the decrease of its demographic base. In this respect, the
population deficit of the Western world exceeds by far the size of the
wave of migrants who have “invaded” the Old World. In Romania’s case,
the anxiety about this phenomenon is more of a natural reflex coming
from those working abroad, who perceive the new wave of migrants as
a threat to their chances of fulfillment in the West. But it is only an
unjustified symptom of anxiety, fueled by the absence of correct
information on the demographic realities of Europe in general and of
Romania in particular.
The idea that the natural growth rate becomes positive as
wellbeing and the quality of life increase is invalidated by the steep
demographic decline of the countries with the highest standards of
development in the EU. Demographic policies based exclusively on
economic foundations while ignoring biological ones will not be able to
Figure 2: The Romanian public opinion regarding the Near East refugee
crisis
95.8% of interviewees have heard of the refugee crisis in the Near East and
North Africa;
82.5% of the study’s subjects reject the refugee quotas established by the
EU for Romania;
41.7% of respondents think the waves of immigrants to Europe are caused
by the war in Syria and by the chronic military conflicts in the Middle East;
23.3% of the study’s subjects think that poverty is the real cause of the
migration phenomenon;
56.2% of the interviewees are against Romania’s taking in immigrants;
65.3% of the subjects oppose the idea of immigrants’ settling and
integrating the Romanian society;
35.5% of Romanians are in favor of Romania’s harboring immigrants;
24.4% of respondents agree to having immigrants as neighbors.
Source: INSCOP Research, a study conducted between 10 and 15
September 2015 on a sample of 1,085 subjects. Error margin of ± 3%.
to make a better jump)… Herein lies the explanation for the Romanian
prime-minister’s plea with the civil society to get involved, alongside
the government, in carrying out welfare-type programs for a
determined duration to support refugees and migrants quartered in 2-3
locations by the Western border. In the absence of an infallible recipe,
tested at the European level, designed specifically for situations of such
complexity, the “good practices” of a number of NGOs well experienced
in providing material, cultural and moral support represent a realistic
method of social intervention. At the same time, this is a great
opportunity to test the validity of the public-private partnership model
in addressing complex problems that involve underprivileged
communities and groups. This would also result in a research-action
model for situations that contain no small amount of elements of
novelty and uncertainty, as is the case of the immigrants arrived in
Romania. Many of the aspects that will need to be considered cannot be
anticipated yet, putting to test the “sociological imagination” and the
intellect of those who will be addressing them by means of “seeing and
doing.” In the end, judging by how things are looking in the coming
years, all these are likely to prove to be nothing but palliative solutions
to a crisis whose scope and depth obviously exceed the capacity of the
EU to find a durable, long-term remedy. In order to fight this crisis
effectively, one must attack the very source that fuels it, which would
lead to additional geopolitical complications. At any rate, this crisis has
nothing to do with the recent migrations on the European continent,
nor with what is going on at the border between Mexico and the US – so
we may turn to neither to find inspiration for “standard procedures” for
the immigration from the Near East and the Maghreb. Will Romania
know how to find a smart and somewhat original solution to a crisis of
such scale, which has put the entire European leadership and
government in a difficult position? This remains an open question
whose answer may lie in social economy in the coming years…
Notes
1Reference to Jean Delumeau – “fear in the West”…
2According to Josef Joffe, a highly regarded commentator for The Wall
Street Journal, some 40 million people have crisscrossed Europe after
World War II, including refugees, exiles, repatriates and migrants.
3 However, the operational capability of this agency is relatively
limited; not long ago, its intervention equipment was rather poor: a few
Huffington Post.
7 According to Huffington Post, unemployment rate in France is almost
Bibliography
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Grupului pentru Dialog Social, 1329/8-14 September
2. Corsan, O. (2015). Migrants: Sarkozy craint « une désintégration de
la société française » Le Parisien, 9 September
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Dialog Social, 1331/22-28 September
Introducere
Uneori, incipit vita nova – începutul unei noi vieți – nu este o
alegere, ci o decizie necesară pentru foarte mulți oameni. Astfel, axis
mundi se conturează într-o țară nouă, un nou continent, o nouă
[1]Asist. univ. dr. Facultatea deFilosofie și Științe Social Politice, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan
Discuții
Contextul decizional actual orientează cadrul europenizat al
politicii de inserţie a migranţilor, mai degrabă, către forme de integrare
de natură economică, puternice din perspectiva drepturilor civile pe
Notă
Această lucrare este rezultatul cercetării făcută posibilă prin
sprijinul financiar oferit prin Programul Operaţional Sectorial
Dezvoltarea Resurselor Umane 2007-2013, cofinanţat prin Fondul Soci
al European, în cadrul proiectului POSDRU/159/1.5/S/132400, cu titlul
“Tineri cercetători de succes – dezvoltare profesională în context
interdisciplinar şi internaţional”.
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migrației, Deutsche Welle. Disponibil la: http://www.dw.com/ro/
dosarul-rom%C3%A2nesc-%C8%99i-criza-permanent%C4%83-a-
migra%C8%9Biei/a-18583190. Consultat la data de: 17 iulie, 2015.
Anexa 1
Introduction
Sometimes incipit vita nova - the beginning of a new life - it’s not a
choice, but a necessary decision for so many people around the world.
[1]Assistant
Professor, PhD, Postdoctoral Researcher, Faculty of Philosophy and Social-Political
Sciences, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iaşi, Romania, Carol I Boulevard, Phone:
0232201154, E-mail: elena.simona.vranceanu@gmail.com
This paper is a result of a research made possible by the financial support of the Sectoral
Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007-2013, co-financed by the
European Social Fund, under the project POSDRU/159/1.5/S/132400 -“Young successful
researchers – professional development in an international and interdisciplinary environment”.
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
Discussions
The existing decision-making context is guiding the Europeanized
framework of the insertion policy of migrants, towards forms of
economic integration, strong in terms of civil rights on the labor market
and weak in terms of social and political rights. Conceptual and
organizational configuration of the context of this policy is directing the
insertion of migrants towards "economic citizenship" and market
creation (Everson 1996), in a Union which appears to be a shell quite
hard, in the form of strict control over immigration (Wallace 1996).
Limited liberalization and European space security that goes with
it represent the framework of the insertion migration policy. The ideas
about rights, participation, integration and membership are still
directed by a context of migration policy at European level, which
Note
This paper is a result of a research made possible by the financial
support of the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources
Development 2007-2013, co-financed by the European Social Fund,
under the project POSDRU/159/1.5/S/132400 -“Young successful
researchers – professional development in an international and
interdisciplinary environment”.
References
Books
1. Baldwin-Edwards, M. and Schain, M. A. (1994). The Politics of
Immigration in Western Europe. Frank Cass, London.
2. Everson, M. (1995). The legacy of the market citizen. In Shaw J. and
More G. (eds), New Legal Dynamics of European Union. Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 73-90.
3. Geddes, A. (2003). The Politics of Migration and Immigration in
Europe. SAGE Publications, London.
4. John, H. (1995). Free Movement of Persons in the EU: Towards
European Citizenship. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
5. Joppke, C. (1999). Immigration and the Nation-State: the United
States, Germany and Great Britain. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
6. Keck, M.E. and Sikkink, K. (1998). Activists Beyond Borders.
Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Cornell University Press,
New York.
7. Miles, R. and Dietrich, T. (1995). Migration and European
Integration: The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion. Pinter Publishers,
London.
8. Monar, J. (1994). The evolving role of the Union institutions in the
framework of the third pillar. In J. Monar and R. Morgan (eds), The Third
Pillar of the European Union. European Interuniversity Press, Brussels,
69-83.
9. Sandholtz, W. and Stone Sweet, A. (1998). European Integration and
Supranational Governance. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
10. Soysal, Y.N. (1998). Towards a postnational model of citizenship.
In Gershon, S. (ed.), The Citizenship Debates. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis, 189-220.
Articles
1. Baumgartner, F.R. and Jones, B.D. (1991). Agenda dynamics and
policy subsystems. The Journal of Politics, 53 (4), 1044-1074. Available
from: http://www.unc.edu/~fbaum/articles/Agenda_Dynamics.pdf.
Accessed on: June 03, 2015.
2. Blyth, M. (1997). Any more bright ideas? The ideational turn in
comparative political economy. Comparative Politics, 29 (2), 229–50.
3. Caporaso, J.A. (1996). The European Union and forms of state:
Westphalian, regulatory or post-modern? Journal of Common Market
EU Reports/Comunications
1. European Asylum Support Office. (2015). Annual Report on the
Situation of Asylum in the European Union 2014. Available from:
https://easo.europa.eu/wp-content/uploads/EASO-Annual-Report-
2014.pdf. Accessed on: Sep 3, 2015.
2. European Commission. (2015). Communication from the
Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European
Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions. A
European Agenda on Migration. Available from: http://ec.europa.eu
/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/
background-information/docs/communication_on_the_european_
agenda_on_migration_en.pdf. Accessed on: Sep 8, 2015.
3. International Organization for Migration. (2014). Romania Annual
Report. Available from: http://www.oim.ro/attachments/article/
353/IOM%20Romania%20Annual%20Raport%202014.pdf. Accessed
on: Sep 1, 2015.
Press Articles
1. Blajan, A.M., (2015). Comisia a adoptat sistemul de cote pentru
migrație. Cota României, Curs de Guvernare.RO. Available from:
http://cursdeguvernare.ro/comisia-a-adoptat-sistemul-de-cote-pentru-
migratie-cota-romaniei.html. Accessed on: July 22, 2015.
2. Maciuca, R. (2015). Cel puţin 2.000 de imigranţi au murit în 2015, în
încercarea de a ajunge în Europa, Mediafax. Available from:
http://www.mediafax.ro/externe/cel-putin-2-000-de-imigranti-au-
murit-in-2015-in-incercarea-de-a-ajunge-in-europa-14663906.
Accessed on: August 17, 2015.
3. Pepine, H. (2015). Dosarul românesc și criza permanentă a
migrației, Deutsche Welle. Available from:
http://www.dw.com/ro/dosarul-rom%C3%A2nesc-%C8%99i-criza-
permanent%C4%83-a-migra%C8%9Biei/a-18583190. Accessed on:
July 17, 2015.
Annex 1
Figure 1 Illegal immigration city hubs and routes
Social economy.
Empirical perspectives
SITUAŢIA UNITĂŢILOR PROTEJATE AUTORIZATE
DIN PERSPECTIVA ECONOMIEI SOCIALE –
CAZUL JUDEŢULUI CLUJ
Rezumat
Frecventa utilizare a conceptului de economie socială în discursurile naţionale şi
internaţionale care privesc incluziunea socială a grupurilor vulnerabile şi
dezvoltarea locală a generat o creştere a interesului public faţă de oportunităţile pe
care această formă specifică de activitate le poate oferi. Acest context reclamă, în
primul rând, demersuri de clarificare conceptuală a economiei sociale, pentru a
cunoaşte şi înţelege cu acurateţe ce este şi ce nu este economia socială. De
asemenea, analiza situaţiei actuale a economiei sociale la nivel naţional şi local
devine o necesitate, pentru a dispune astfel de o imagine de ansamblu coerentă cu
privire la starea de fapt, care, în condiţiile unor demersuri strategic direcţionate,
poate fi utilizată ca resursă, ca fundament pentru dezvoltarea, cantitativă şi
calitativă, a economiei sociale. Actualmente, poziţia unităţilor protejate autorizate
în ansamblul entităţilor de economie socială nu este foarte clară, având în vedere
deficienţele existente la nivelul prevederilor legislative din domeniu, în special din
punctul de vedere al clarităţii şi mai ales al armonizării lor. Prezentul articol
prezintă rezultatele unei incursiuni analitice focusate pe situaţia unităţilor
protejate autorizate din judeţul Cluj, din perspectiva numărului, mediului în care
sunt înfiinţate şi îşi desfăşoară activitatea, modului de organizare şi mai ales a
comportamentului lor economic – aspect important din perspectiva economiei
sociale.
Cuvinte cheie: economie socială, unitate protejată autorizată,
vizibilitate, mediul online
1. Argument
Până în prezent, demersurile investigative în domeniul economiei
sociale au vizat, în funcţie de aria de interes, o varietate de aspecte, de la
istoria şi evoluţia conceptului (Pearce, 2009), până la identificarea
[1]Expert în economie socială/preş. C.I.S. IMPROVE, str. Predeal 34E, ap. 2, Cluj-Napoca,
0744668536, contact@cisimprove.ro
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
3. Demers metodologic
Studiul a urmărit construirea unei imagini de ansamblu asupra
situaţiei unităţilor protejate autorizate din judeţul Cluj, din perspectiva
economiei sociale. A fost avută în vedere, la nivelul populaţiei cercetării,
totalitatea unităţilor protejate autorizate din România, lotul investigat
4. Concluzii
Analiza situaţiei unităţilor protejate autorizate de pe raza
judeţului Cluj a reprezentat un efort considerabil de culegere,
prelucrare şi analiză a unui volum masiv de date, un demers solicitant,
însă încununat de satisfacţii.
Faptul că judeţul Cluj ocupă al doilea loc la nivel naţional, după
Bucureşti, din punctul de vedere al numărului de unităţi protejate
autorizate, reprezintă un aspect îmbucurător. Informaţiile cu privire la
ponderea persoanelor cu dizabilităţi în rândul populaţiei totale de la
nivel judeţean, care plasează Clujul aproape de media naţională atrag
atenţia asupra nevoii de creştere a eforturilor de încurajare şi susţinere
a persoanelor cu dizabilităţi în vederea ocupării şi incluziunii sociale.
Bibliografie
1. Achiţei, A., Munteanu, M., Drelea, A. (2014) „Dezvoltarea strategică
a economiei sociale în România” (p. 107-116). În rev. „Revista de
Economie Socială”, vol. IV, nr. 2/2014.
2. Amin, A. (2009). „Locating the Social Economy” (p. 3-21). În Amin.
A. (ed.) The Social Economy. International Perspectives on Economic
Solidarity, London & New York: Zed Books.
19. http://www.mmuncii.ro/j33/index.php/ro/2014-
domenii/protectie-sociala/ppd
20. Ministerul Muncii, Familiei, Protecţiei Sociale şi Persoanelor
Vârstnice (2015). Lista unităţilor protejate (2007-2015).
21. http://www.mmuncii.ro/j33/index.php/ro/2014-
domenii/protectie-sociala/ppd
22. Moulaert, F.; Ailenei, O. (2005). „Social Economy, Third Sector and
Solidarity Relations: A Conceptual Synthesis from History to Present”
(p. 2037-2053). În rev. „Urban Studies”, vol. 42, no. 11/2005.
23. Munteanu, M.S. (2011). „Economia socială – experienţă proprie şi
incertitudini” (p. 167-174). În rev. „Revista de economie socială”, vol. I,
nr. 1/2011.
24. Ordinul 1372/2010 privind aprobarea Procedurii de autorizare a
unităţilor protejate.
25. Papp, M. (2011). „Social Economy, as a Special Section on the
Informal Economy in the Northern Great Plains Region of Hungary” (p.
47-65). În rev. „Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Social Analysis, vol. 1, no.
1/2011.
26. Pearce, J. (2009). „Social Economy: Engaging as a Third System?”
(p. 22-36). În Amin, A. (ed.) The Social Economy – International
Perspectives on Economic Solidarity. London: Zed Books.
27. Petrescu, C. (coord.) (2013). Economia socială în contextul
dezvoltării locale. Iaşi: Polirom.
28. Stănescu, S. (Ed), Asiminei, R., Rusu, O., Vîrjan, D. (2012). Profit
pentru oameni - Raport de deschidere în cadrul proiectului Modelul
Economiei Sociale în România. Programul Națiunilor Unite pentru
Dezvoltare România.
Abstract
The frequent use of the concept of social economy in the national and international
discourses on social inclusion of vulnerable groups and local development
generated an increase in public interest regarding the opportunities that this
particular form of activity can provide. This context primarily requests a conceptual
clarification of the social economy, to know and understand accurately what social
economy is and what is not. Also, the analysis of the present situation of the social
economy at national and local levels is becoming a necessity thus to have a
coherent overview on the status quo, which, in conditions of strategically directed
endeavors, can be used as a resource, as a foundation for developing, quantitative
and qualitative, the social economy. Currently, the position of the authorized
protected units in the range of the social economy entities is not clear, given the
deficiencies in the legislative provisions in the field, especially in terms of clarity
and especially of their harmonization. This article presents the results of an
analytical incursion focused on the situation of the authorized protected units from
Cluj County, in terms of number, environment where they are established and
function, organization and especially their economic behavior – important from the
perspective of social economy.
1. Argument
So far, the investigative efforts in the social economy domain
targeted, depending on the area of interest, a variety of aspects, from
the history and evolution of the concept (Pearce, 2009), to determining
[1]Expert in social economy/president C.I.S. IMPROVE, Predeal street, no. 34E, ap. 2, Cluj-
Napoca, 0744668536, contact@cisimprove.ro
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
the actors or groups involved, the main approaches used, and the need
of “conceptual identification” (CIRIEC, 2007, p. 114) of social economy,
at national and European levels. Noteworthy is the conclusion of the
study conducted by M. Papp (2011), which emphasizes the role of
various forms of social economy, especially in Central and Eastern
Europe countries, as main of additional source of living and wealth.
In Romania, the studies in social economy, developed mainly after
2010, aimed at comparative analyses in the European Union (Achiţei,
Munteanu, Drelea, 2014), identifying the actors involved in the social
economy at national level (Barna, 2014), capturing the national
mechanisms supporting social economy (MMFPS, 2010), highlighting
the best practices in the field (Anca, 2012), but also case studies,
focusing on their role in the development of local communities
(Petrescu, 2013).
This study is a step forward in the field, by capturing and
analyzing the specific configuration of the authorized protected units at
the level of a certain community, respectively Cluj County. At the same
time, it can contribute to the conceptual clarification of the social
economy in the national context, where both theoretical perspectives
and realized studies highlight the difficulties existing at this level.
3. Methodological process
This study sought to build a picture of the situation of the
authorized protected units from Cluj County, from the perspective of
social economy. Regarding the research population, there were targeted
all the authorized protected units from Romania, the group investigated
in this context being restricted to Cluj County, the area of research. It
should be noted at this level, that were included in the survey through
an indirect approach, all the authorized protected units centralized by
the Ministry of Labor, Family, Social Protection Elderly (publicly
available version in March 2015).
Specifically, the study was oriented, on the one hand, towards the
analysis of how the protected units are defined in the documents
governing their authorization and functioning, but on the other hand,
towards gathering information regarding the location and environment
(rural/ urban) where they are set up and operate, their form of
organization and their online presence (as an expression of economic
behavior).
Gathering data in the context of this research was completed using
a mix of methods and instruments, respectively document analysis,
secondary data analysis and structured observation.
The presence in the online environment, variable investigated
through structured observation, was analyzed by gathering information
on the extent to which the authorized protected units, with direct
intent, made efforts to self-promote themselves on the Internet, by
building customized sites/blogs and social media accounts (Facebook,
Twitter). The information was gathered focusing solely on the search
engine Google, screening the first 50 posts for each analyzed unit.
organizations that have their own management and at least 30% of the
total number of employees persons with disabilities employed and
salaried; c) natural disabled person authorized by law to conduct
independent economic activities, including family association which has
in composition a disabled person. This also includes natural disabled
persons authorized under special laws, which operates both
individually and in one of the profession’s forms of organization.”.
Given that the Law 219/2015 on social economy stipulates that
social economy activities are carried out by clearly delineated legal
entities, established and operating in accordance with the principles of
social economy (Law on the social economy, art. 8, Paara. 2), there is
highlighted another limiting factor with regard to the inclusion of the
protected units in the category of social economy entities: the status of
legal personality.
From this perspective, the Civil Code states that a legal person
“must be independently organized and have own patrimony, affected to
achieve a certain licit and moral purpose, in accordance with the
general interest” (art. 187) and that it “participates in its own behalf in
the civil circuit and responds for its assumed obligations with its own
goods, except where the it is provided otherwise by law” (art. 193, Para.
1). Thus, it is understandable that sections and departments as a form
of organization of the authorized units protected, do not have legal
personality (unless this is specifically requested – issue demanding
further in-depth investigation) and therefore cannot be placed in the
category of social economy entities.
As regards the authorization of protected units, Order 1372/2010
(art. 4) lays down the conditions that an entity must fulfill in order to be
authorized as a protected unit, namely: own management; at least 30%
of the total number of employees to be people with disabilities; the
commercialized products or services to be made through the employed
disabled persons’ own activity, excepting those provided by the
protected units established within organizations of disabled persons. It
is obvious the importance granted to the direct involvement of
employees with disabilities, essential from the perspective of the
purpose of establishing protected units, that of protecting and
promoting the rights of persons with disabilities, for their social
integration and inclusion, in terms of equality of rights and obligations
in society (Law 448/2006, art. 3); this is defined as “the set of activities
carried out fully or partially by the disabled person in order to obtain a
among the total local population for each county; the number of
disabled persons per authorized protected unit for each county; the
national average of the share of persons with disabilities in the total
population; the national average of the number of people with
disabilities for each county; the national average of the number of
people with disabilities per protected unit.
The analysis of all these indicators allows the creation of a general
picture regarding the national situation of the persons with disabilities
and the authorized protected units.
Thus, it was found that the greatest number of people with
disabilities is concentrated in Bucharest, with a share in the total local
population of 3.23%, below the national average of 3.69%, and a
presence of the authorized protected units with 402.72 disabled per
protected unit.
It was also noticed that the highest share of people with
disabilities in the total population at the county level, 6.5%, is recorded
in Sălaj county, where to one authorized protected unit would come a
number of 7173 people with disabilities, almost seven times higher
than the national average of 1045.16. At the opposite side is found Ilfov
county, with a share of 2.3% of persons with disabilities in the total
local population and 384.72 persons with disabilities per protected unit
– the lowest value at national level.
The highest number of disabled people per authorized protected
unit, 16277, is registered in Mehedinţi county – sixteen times higher
than the national average. Regarding the number of authorized
protected units currently active at national level, it appears that, at the
end of 2014, there were registered 706 such units. Regarding their
distribution by county, it stands out Bucharest, with 150 units currently
active, followed by Cluj county, with a total of 47 units. In contrast,
attention is drawn to: Giurgiu, which, in spite of the 3.54% share of
persons with disabilities in the total local population, it has no
authorized protected unit; Gorj, Ialomiţa and Mehedinţi counties, each
having one authorized protected unit; Călăraşi, Sălaj and Vrancea
counties, each with two such units.
4. Conclusions
The analysis of the authorized protected units from Cluj county
was a considerable effort to gather, process and analyze massive
volumes of data, an exhausting but rewarding endeavor.
The fact that Cluj county ranks secondly, at the national level, after
Bucharest, in terms of number of authorized protected units, is a
pleasing aspect. However, the information on the proportion of disabled
people among the total population at the county level, which places Cluj
county close to the national average draws attention to the need to
increase efforts to encourage and support people with disabilities for
employment and social inclusion.
A special situation is met in the rural communities. Out of the
information collected during this research process, the rural
environment incorporates a very small part of the total authorized
protected units. It is a regrettable situation, given that this is the
environment where the social economy can achieve its real potential
considering the community needs that often remain unanswered.
An innovative aspect of this study was the observation of the
online behavior of the authorized protected units. The situation of the
large number of entities that chose to promote the activity on the
Internet, as a matter of marketing, but also the specific case of those
units which, although they have site/blog/Facebook account, they do
not specify their status of “protected unit authorized” raise more or less
founded assumptions, that would be interesting to be approached in a
scientific manner, within the framework of further study.
From this perspective, the authorized protected units need, firstly,
a change in the awareness of the role they play in local communities, of
their potential for development towards the social economy, but also of
the opportunities that this form of activity provide. On the other hand,
these units must develop their ability to conceptualize their social
mission in terms of economic behaviors strategically oriented towards
performance and sustainability.
In conclusion, there is a certain need for a clear and harmonized
legal framework to govern without doubt the existence of all the social
economy units, in legal and fiscal terms, and providing measures to
support this particular form of activity. Equally, there is a need for
Bibliography
1. Achiţei, A., Munteanu, M., Drelea, A. (2014) „Strategic development
of the social economy in Romania” (p. 107-116). In „Social Economy
Magazine”, vol. IV, no. 2/2014.
2. Amin, A. (2009). „Locating the Social Economy” (p. 3-21). In Amin.
A. (ed.) The Social Economy. International Perspectives on Economic
Solidarity, London & New York: Zed Books.
3. Anca, C. (2012). Compendium of business ideas and best practices.
PNUD Romania.
4. Barna, C. (2014). Social Economy Atlas – Romania 2014. Bucharest:
Institute for Social Economy.
5. Centre International de Recherches et D’Information sur
L’Économie Publique, Sociale et Coopérative (CIRIEC) (2007). The
Social Economy in the European Union, Bruxelles: European Economic
and Social Committee.
6. Civil Code (updated).
7. Permanent Conference of Cooperatives, Mutuals, Associations and
Foundations (CEP – CMAF) (2002). Charter of principles of the social
economy.
8. Constantinescu, Şt. (2013). Social economy and employment –
Integrating vulnerable groups on the labour market. Bucharest: Institute
for Social Economy.
9. Hausner, J. (2009). „Social economy and development in Poland” (p.
208-231). In Amin. A. (ed.) The Social Economy. International
Perspectives on Economic Solidarity, London & New York: Zed Books.
10. Decision 268/2007 on approving the Methodological Norms for
the application of Law no. 448/2006 on the protection and promotion
of the rights of persons with disabilities.
11. Decision 89/2010 on amending and completing the
Methodological Norms for the application of Law no. 448/2006.
12. National Institute of Statistics (2015). Tempo-online database –
Population and demographic structure. http://statistici.insse.ro/shop/
index.jsp?page=tempo3&lang=en&ind=POP108D
Rezumat
Economia socială oferă oamenilor posibilitatea de a-și pune mintea la contribuție și
a da frâu imaginației și creativității pentru a crea bunuri și servicii necesare
satisfacerii nevoilor reale ale colectivității. Economia socială vine în sprijinul celor
care economia clasică nu le mai oferă nicio șansă pentru a-și putea câștiga existența
și în acest sens aceștia se străduiesc să producă un bun sau să ofere un serviciu
astfel încât să contribuie la buna desfășurarea a activității economico-sociale și nu
în ultimul rând la asigurarea bunăstării individuale. Un proverb românesc spune -
buturuga mică răstoarnă carul mare, în acest sens economia socială va ajunge să
ofere șanse tuturor oamenilor care vor să se implice în promovarea și dezvoltarea
acesteia și astfel să satisfacă nevoile indivizilor la un nivel cât mai ridicat.
Bibliografie
1. Constantin Ș., Atlasul Economiei Sociale, IES, București, 2012.
2. Ispas M., Educația în spiritul creativității, articol disponibil online la
adresa www.cariereonline/articol/creativitate.
Rezumat
The social economy gives people the opportunity to put their heads together and
unleash your imagination and creativity to create goods and services that meet the
real needs of the community. The social economy which supports the classical
economics no longer could I give any chance to earn a living and to this end they
shall endeavor to produce a good or provide a service to contribute to the smooth
conduct of economic and social activity and not Finally the individual welfare. A
Romanian proverb says "small stump fell great oaks" in this social economy will
eventually provide opportunities for all people who want to get involved in
promoting and developing it and thus meet the needs of individuals at a highest
level.
[1]Associate professor PhD, Academy of Economic Studies, Theoretical and Applied Economics ,
Department of Economics and Economic Policy , Str . Romana No. 6, postal code 010 374, Phone
+ 4021.319.19.00 / int.293 , daniela_virjan@yahoo.com
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
implies the need for reform to alleviate, on the one hand, the
institutional and legislative rigidity dominating working relations, and,
on the other hand, the problems facing social security systems (Trasca,
2013,67).
Social economy, besides the social part of it, also includes an
economical part which is made up by a complex process of making
goods, providing services and selling these products off on a free and
not necessarily specific market. In these conditions, goods provided by
SE must be competitive, and to achieve good results, social enterprises
must make its presence felt on the marke, They must make themselves
visible through the acts they undertake or the products they produce
and they must invest in publicity and into a marketing policy to
promote and sell the said services and goods.
A correct understanding of SE is necessary because very many
economical actors have not heard of social economy and because of this,
they show no initiative in supporting its development. SE has taken an
important step with the entry into force must Law no.219 / 2015 law
regulating social economy , establish measures to promote and support
for certain social groups , contributing to the local community , creating
hard work and commitment to the vulnerable groups .
SE's mission is to popularize, inform and educate the people in a
solidary and voluntary spirit, for a better understanding of the
community's needs. The base principles of the first phase are
cooperation and coordination between institutions, ministries and
administration, to achieve armony and coherence at a national and local
level. We also shouldn't exclude the possibility for a public-private-
social enterprise partnership, or the other way around.
The primary social economy actors functioning in Romania are :
NGOs, associations and foundations, mutual societies or mutual
assistance unions (CARS and CARP), mutual cooperatives
(consumption, credit and agricultural), social enterprises and other
lesser known forms of social economy.
Social economy puts care for the individual and his social needs
first, on the principle of solidarity and mutual help. The promoting and
functioning of social economy entities at a sustainable level could
produce economical and social wealth for disadvantaged categories of
the populace, whose numbers have risen quite a bit during the crisis
period. Why social economy? Because social economy seeks to achieve
economical and social development at a community level, its purpose
Other social economy entities which create goods and services for
the better of the community: The "Horizons" Charity Foundation of
Suceava; the "For you" Foundation of Tomis; Biocoop Sibiu; the Caritas
Federation of the Timișoara Diocese; the "Touched" Romania
Association of Bucharest; The "Publiter" Crafts Cooperative Society of
Bucharest; the Resources for Ethical and Solidary Initiatives Center of
Timisoara and others.
The list may go on, because in 2010, the social economy of
Romania included 31 thousand organizations, owning fixed assets
worth about 10 milliard lei, achieved monthly incomes of 7.7 milliard
lei and hired over 100 thousand people, and that is equivalent to 1.7%
of the salaried populace and 1.1% of the occupied populace
(Constantinescu, 2012,9) (see Table 1).
Table 1. Romanian social economy organization indicators : 2010
2010 Number of Fixed assets Income Employ- Members
organizati (thousands (thousands ees (thousand
ons lei) lei) s)
Associations 26,322 5,800,000 5,674,974 60,947 -
and
foundations
Cooperatives, 2,017 975,050 1,620,129 34,843 -
of which:
Crafts 857 592,123 749,972 25,109 30
cooperatives
Consumer 958 199,204 565,039 7,485 20
cooperatives
Credit 75 115,723 185,118 2,003 -
cooperative
Agricultural 127 68,000 120,000 246 -
cooperatives
MAU, of 2,983 3,142,642 426,263 4,801 3,237
which
MAU 203 674,163 81,574 2,510 2,000
Pensioners
MAU 2,780 2,448,479 344,689 2,291 1,237
Employees
Total 31,322,000 9,917,788 7,721,366 100,591 -
Bibliography
1. Constantin Ș., Atlas of Social Economy, IES, Bucharest, 2012
2. Ispas M., Education for creativity, article available online at
www.cariereonline/articol/creativitate
3. Manole.A.M., Social cohesion – a post-crisis analysis, Theoretical and
Applied Economics Vol XIX (212), No11(576), pp.111-118
4. S. Stănescu, R.Asiminei, O.Rusu, D.Vîrjan, Profit for men aperture
ratio of the project. The social economy in Romania
5. Trasca, D.L.,Aceleanu.M.I., Sahlian.D., Territorial efficency of the
cohesion policy in Romania, Theoretical and Applied Economics, Vol
XX(2013), no 1 (578), pp.64-74
6. Vîrjan D., Economy and Social Policy, Publishing ASE, Bucharest,
2005
7. htpp://www.nesst.org
8. htpp://www.societal.ro/comunitate/profit/soniabercuci
9. htpp://www.infocompanies.com/Fundatia-Caminul-Felix-Oradea
10. htpp://www.csfmaria.ro
11. htpp://www.fdpsr.ro
12. htpp://www.concordia.or.at/romania
13. htpp://www.handrom.ro
14. htpp://www.sanatate-dulce.ro/index.php
15. htpp://www.viitorplus.ro
16. htpp://www.carp-omenia.ro
17. htpp://profitpentruoameni.ro
Social economy.
Interdisciplinary approaches
ASPECTE ETICE, SOCIO-PSIHOLOGICE ŞI MEDICALE ALE
NEGLIJĂRII COPILULUI
Rezumat
Neglijarea copilului a fost şi este încă un subiect de interes, atât profesional cât şi
public, intens dezbătut de către cercetătorii şi specialiştii din domeniul protecţiei
copilului, sociologi, psihologi şi asistenţi sociali, specialişti în educaţie şi sănătate.
Pornind de la câteva cazuri întâlnite în practica medicală curentă, am căutat să
identificăm factorii care determină neglijarea copilului din punct de vedere medical şi
care ar trebui să fie atitudinea profesioniştilor din domeniul sănătăţii faţă de astfel de
situații. Pentru a gestiona corect şi eficient cazurile de neglijare medicală este nevoie
de o evaluare a nevoilor copilului, de identificarea resurselor părinţilor, de orientare
a efortului acestora pentru a răspunde adecvat necesităţilor acestuia cu scopul de a-i
asigura o stare de sănătate optimă.
1. Introducere
Fiecare copil are dreptul uman fundamental de a fi în siguranţă.
Părinții au obligaţia de a-şi creşte copii, iar comunitatea trebuie să se
asigure de faptul că părinții acţionează în interesul copilului (ONU,
1989).
[1] Smaranda Diaconescu, medic primar, Spitalul Clinic de Urgenţă pentru Copii „Sfânta Maria”
din Iaşi, şef lucrări dr., Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie „Gr.T.Popa”, Strada Universităţii
nr 16, cod postal 700115, Iaşi, România, smaranda.diaconescu@umfiasi.ro, tel 0744922161;
[2] Magdalena Iorga, psiholog clinician, Spitalul Clinic de Urgenţă pentru Copii „Sfânta Maria” din
Iaşi, şef lucrări dr., Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie „Gr.T.Popa”, Strada Universităţii nr 16,
cod postal 700115, Iaşi, România, magdalena.iorga@umfiasi.ro, autor corespondent, tel
0722800936;
[3] Claudia Olaru, medic specialist, Spitalul Clinic de Urgenţă pentru Copii „Sfânta Maria” din Iaşi,
Bibliografie:
1. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Bioethics. (2011).
Institutional ethics committees. Pediatrics. 107(1), 205– 209.
2. Belsky J. (1980). Child maltreatment: anecological integration. Am
Psychol. 35(4), 320– 335.
3. Boxer GH, Carson J, Miller BD. (1988). Neglect contributing to
tertiaryhospitalization in childhood asthma. Child Abuse Negl. 12, 491–
501.
4. Carole J and the Comitete of Child Abuse and Neglect. (2007).
Recognizing and Responding to Medical Neglect, Pediatrics, 120(601),
1385-1389.
5. Cross, T. P., Mathews, B., Tonmyr, L., Scott, D., Ouimet, C. (2012).
Child welfare policy and practice on children's exposure to domestic
violence. Child abuse & neglect, 36(3), 210-216.
6. Declaraţia drepturile copilului, Organizaţia Naţiunilor Unite, 1989.
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx
7. Diaconescu, S., Olaru, C., Gimiga, N., Ciubotariu, G., Lupu, V. V.,
Ciubara, A., Burlea, M. (2013). Informed Consent in Pediatric
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Romanian Journal of Pediatrics, 62(4).
8. Drolen, C. S. (2013). and Neglected Child. Residential and Inpatient
Treatment of Children and Adolescents.
9. Garofalo, L., Di Giuseppe, G., & Angelillo, I. F. (2015). Self-Medication
Practices among Parents in Italy. BioMed research international, 2015.
10. Humphreys, C., Absler, D. (2011). History repeating: Child
protection responses to domestic violence. Child & Family Social
Work, 16(4), 464-473.
11. Iorga, M.,Starcea, M., Munteanu, M., Sztankovszky, L.Z. (2014).
Psychological and Social Problems of Children with Chronic Kidney
Disease, European Journal of Science and Theology, 10(1), 179-188.
12. Luca, C. (2014). Expertiza psihologică a copilului abuzat/neglijat.
București, Editura Hamangiu.
13. Nazir, S., Goel, K., Mittal, A., Singh, J., Goel, R. K. D., & Rashid, A.
(2015). Parent induced self-medication among under five children: an
observational cross sectional study. TAF Preventive Medicine
Bulletin, 14(2), 81-86.
14. Soponaru, C., Iorga, M., (2015). Families with a disabled child,
between stress and acceptance. A theoretical approach, Romanian
Journal for Multidimensional Education, 7 (1), 57-73.
15. Sperry, D. M., & Widom, C. S. (2013). Child abuse and neglect,
social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: A prospective
investigation. Child abuse & neglect, 37(6), 415-425.
16. Starcea, M. Iorga, M., Sztankovszky, L.Z., Munteanu, M. (2014).
Doctor-Patient Relationship in Children’s Chronic Kidney Disease and
Its Importance for the Quality of Life for the Dialysis Patient, European
Journal of Science and Theology, 10 (3), 27-36.
17. Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Bentley, T., Johnson, M. S. (2012). A
prospective investigation of physical health outcomes in abused and
neglected children: new findings from a 30-year follow-up. American
Journal of Public Health, 102 (6), 1135-1144
Abstract
Child neglect was and continues to be a matter of both professional and public
interest, thoroughly debated by child protection researchers and specialists,
sociologists, psychologists and social workers, specialists in education and health.
Drawing on some examples encountered in current medical practice, we tried to
identify the causal factors of child neglect from a medical point of view and the
attitude that healthcare professionals should adopt towards such situations. The
correct and efficient management of medical neglect cases requires an assessment
of the child’s needs, the identification of the parents’ resources and guidance of
their efforts so as to properly cater to the child’s needs for the purpose of ensuring
the optimum health of the latter.
1. Introduction
Every child has the fundamental human right to be safe. Parents
have the obligation to raise their children, and the community must
make sure that the parents act in the child’s best interest (UN, 1989).
[1] Smaranda Diaconescu, Senior Consultant, „Sfânta Maria” Emergency Hospital for Children in
Iaşi, PhD. Lecturer, „Gr.T.Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, no. 16 Universităţii Street,
postal code 700115, Iaşi, Romania, smaranda.diaconescu@umfiasi.ro, phone number
+40744922161;
[2] Magdalena Iorga, Clinical Psychologist, „Sfânta Maria” Emergency Hospital for Children in
Iaşi, PhD. Lecturer, „Gr.T.Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, no. 16 Universităţii Street,
postal code 700115, Iaşi, Romania, magdalena.iorga@umfiasi.ro (corresponding author), phone
number +40722800936;
[3] Claudia Olaru, Attending Physician, „Sfânta Maria” Emergency Hospital for Children in Iaşi,
PhD. Assistant Lecturer, „Gr.T.Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, no. 16 Universităţii
Street, postal code 700115, Iaşi, Romania, moa_clau@yahoo.com, phone number
+40757039848;
[4]Nicoleta Gimiga, Attending Physician, „Sfânta Maria” Emergency Hospital for Children in Iaşi,
PhD. Assistant Lecturer, „Gr.T.Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, no. 16 Universităţii
Street, postal code 700115, Iaşi, Romania,chiti_nico@yahoo.com, phone number
+40755500713.
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
- domestic violence;
- ethnicity or religious affiliation;
- families with immigrant parents, where the children are unofficially
left to be cared for by relatives or older siblings (the „white orphans”
phenomenon).
We aimed to approach a topic that has been debated for a long
time now in the specialty literature in the domain of child protection
and welfare, namely child neglect within the family by the
parents/adult responsible for raising and educating the child, with
significant effects on the child’s physical health and integrity. For this
purpose we are presenting a case study and proposing a discussion
regarding the intervention possibilities in this case. This problems
address to one of the topics of the Social Economy Magazine: the family
- as a unit of the structure, focusing on the forms of child neglecting by
the parents and their effects on child development. Child neglect by
parents belonging to vulnerable groups is partially caused by lack of
skills. In this situation the neglect is unintentional; on the other hand,
there are situations where parents have parenting skills and they
deliberately skip to take appropriate measures according to parental
responsibilities and thus endanger physical and mental health of the
child, his bodily integrity and sometimes even his life.
2. The neglected child – Psycho-medical and social
approach
Neglect is defined as a non-physical form of violence and
represents the adult’s incapacity or refusal to provide for the child’s
development in all the aspect of the child’s life. It is the most frequent
form of ill-treatment and it is represented by the permanent incapacity
to provide the child with protection and care. The child suffers as a
result of the ignorant or malevolent attitude by which the child is
deprived of his/her physical, emotional, educational or medical needs,
and these can have a major impact on the subsequent health and
integrity during adolescence and maturity (Sperry & Widom, 2013).
The magnitude this phenomenon has had in recent years in a large
number of countries has led to the creation of some paramedical
structures that play a decisive role in the identification, treatment and,
above all, the prevention of such cases.
Neglect can take several forms (Carole, 2007):
Bibliography:
1. American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Bioethics. (2011).
Institutional ethics committees. Pediatrics. 107(1), 205– 209.
2. Belsky J. (1980). Child maltreatment: an ecological integration. Am.
Psychol. 35(4), 320– 335.
3. Boxer GH, Carson J, Miller BD. (1988). Neglect contributing to
tertiary hospitalization in childhood asthma. Child Abuse Negl. 12, 491–
501.
4. Carole J and the Committee of Child Abuse and Neglect. (2007).
Recognizing and Responding to Medical Neglect, Pediatrics, 120(601),
1385-1389.
5. Cross, T. P., Mathews, B., Tonmyr, L., Scott, D., Ouimet, C. (2012).
Child welfare policy and practice on children's exposure to domestic
violence. Child abuse & neglect, 36(3), 210-216.
6. Declaration of the Rights of the Child, United Nations, 1989.
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CRC.aspx
7. Diaconescu, S., Olaru, C., Gimiga, N., Ciubotariu, G., Lupu, V. V.,
Ciubara, A., Burlea, M. (2013). Informed Consent in Pediatric
Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Romanian Journal of Pediatrics, 62(4).
8. Drolen, C. S. (2013), and Neglected Child. Residential and Inpatient
Treatment of Children and Adolescents.
9. Garofalo, L., Di Giuseppe, G., & Angelillo, I. F. (2015). Self-Medication
Practices among Parents in Italy. BioMed research international, 2015.
10. Humphreys, C., Absler, D. (2011). History repeating: Child
protection responses to domestic violence. Child & Family Social
Work, 16(4), 464-473.
11. Iorga, M., Starcea, M., Munteanu, M., Sztankovszky, L.Z. (2014).
Psychological and Social Problems of Children with Chronic Kidney
Disease, European Journal of Science and Theology, 10(1), 179-188.
12. Luca, C. (2014). Expertiza psihologică a copilului abuzat/neglijat.
București, Editura Hamangiu.
13. Nazir, S., Goel, K., Mittal, A., Singh, J., Goel, R. K. D., & Rashid, A.
(2015). Parent induced self-medication among under five children: an
observational cross sectional study. TAF Preventive Medicine
Bulletin, 14(2), 81-86.
14. Soponaru, C., Iorga, M., (2015). Families with a disabled child,
between stress and acceptance. A theoretical approach, Romanian
Journal for Multidimensional Education, 7 (1), 57-73.
15. Sperry, D. M., & Widom, C. S. (2013). Child abuse and neglect,
social support, and psychopathology in adulthood: A prospective
investigation. Child abuse & neglect, 37(6), 415-425.
16. Starcea, M. Iorga, M., Sztankovszky, L.Z., Munteanu, M. (2014).
Doctor-Patient Relationship in Children’s Chronic Kidney Disease and
Its Importance for the Quality of Life for the Dialysis Patient, European
Journal of Science and Theology, 10 (3), 27-36.
17. Widom, C. S., Czaja, S. J., Bentley, T., Johnson, M. S. (2012). A prospective
investigation of physical health outcomes in abused and neglected children:
new findings from a 30-year follow-up. American Journal of Public Health, 102
(6), 1135-1144.
Rezumat
Speranța de viață pentru romi este cu cel puțin zece ani mai mică decât cea a
populației majoritare. Principalul factor incriminat pentru această stare de fapt
este accesul deficitar la serviciile de educaţie şi de sănătate. Pe lângă acesta, alţi
factori influenţează într-un mod semnificativ accesibilitatea populaţiei la serviciile
de sănătate: gradul de integrare în comunitate, credinţele despre sănătate datorate
aspectelor culturale, migraţia, imaginea despre cel care vindecă (ar putea fi şi
medicul), precum şi complicata explicaţie despre boală şi moarte în termeni
metaforici dar şi religioşi, la care se adaugă lipsa educaţiei pentru sănătate.
Populaţia de etnie romă rămâne în continuare o populaţie vulnerabilă în ceea ce
priveşte boala, accesul la tratament şi recuperare.
[1] Conferenţiar universitar doctor, Universitatea „Al.I.Cuza” din Iaşi, România, Facultatea de
Psihologie şi Ştiinţe ale Educaţiei, tel: +40745984647, email: puzdriac@yahoo.com;
[2] Psiholog, Institutul de Psihiatrie Socola, Iaşi, România, tel: +40757014982, email:
suzanachelaru@yahoo.com;
[3] Şef de lucrări doctor Universitatea de Medicină şi Farmacie „Gr.T. Popa” din Iaşi, România, tel:
Bibliografie:
1. Becares, L. (2015). Which ethnic groups have the poorest
health?. Ethnic Identity and Inequalities in Britain: The Dynamics of
Diversity, 123.
2. Bennett, J. (2010). Raportul Naţional IRSDTC pentru România,
2010. Project: Roma.
3. Cace, S (coord), (2014), Politici de incluziune a romilor în statele
membre ale Uniunii Europene, Institutul European din România.
4. Carrasco-Garrido, P., De Andrés, A. L., Barrera, V. H., Jiménez-Trujillo,
I., & Jiménez-García, R. (2011). Health status of Roma women in Spain. The
European Journal of Public Health, 21(6), 793-798.
5. Condon, L. J., & Salmon, D. (2014). ‘You likes your way, we got our own
way’: Gypsies and Travellers’ views on infant feeding and health
professional support. Health Expectations.
6. Cook, B., Wayne, G. F., Valentine, A., Lessios, A., & Yeh, E. (2013).
Revisiting the evidence on health and health care disparities among the
Roma: a systematic review 2003–2012. International journal of public
health, 58(6), 885-911.
7. Dumitras, S., Gramma, R., Roman G, Parvu, A., Enache M., Moisa, S.M.,
Ioan B., (2013), Considerations on the particularities of the ilness and
death perception for rroma people Romanian Journal of Pediatrics, 62 (1),
69-73.
8. Fésüs, G., Östlin, P., McKee, M., & Ádány, R. (2012). Policies to improve
the health and well-being of Roma people: The European
experience. Health Policy,105(1), 25-32.
9. Masseria, C., Mladovsky, P., & Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2010). The
socio-economic determinants of the health status of Roma in comparison
with non-Roma in Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania. The European journal of
public health, 20(5), 549-554.
10. McKee, M. (1997). The health of gypsies. BMJ, 315(7117), 1172-1173.
11. Rambousková, J., Dlouhý, P., Křížová, E., Procházka, B., Hrnčířová, D.,
& Anděl, M. (2009). Health behaviors, nutritional status, and
anthropometric parameters of Roma and non-Roma mothers and their
infants in the Czech Republic. Journal of nutrition education and
behavior, 41(1), 58-64.
12. Romani CRISS Organization. (2007) Serviciile de sănătate şi romi.
Evaluarea sistemului de mediere sanitare.
http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_projects/2004/action3/docs/2004_3_01_
manuals_ro.pdf, Retrieved at 10th March 2015.
13. Rughiniş, C. (2010). The forest behind the bar charts: bridging
quantitative and qualitative research on Roma/Ţigani in contemporary
Romania. Patterns of prejudice, 44(4), 337-367.
14. Singh, D. (2011). Attitudes and praxis of traditional forms of health
care in a post-communist Romanian Romani community. Anthropology of
East Europe Review, 29(1), 127-140.
15. Strategia Guvernului României de incluziune a cetăţenilor români
aparţinând minorităţii rome pentru perioada 2014-2020,
http://www.anr.gov.ro/docs/Site2014/Strategie/Strategie_final_18-11-
2014.pdf, Retreived at 14th of March, 2015.
16. Wamsiedel, M., Jitariu, C., Barbu, S., Cnab, T., (2007), Sănătate şi
comunitate romă, analiză asupra situaţiei din România. Raport Romani
CRISS Organization. http://www.romanicriss.org/Sanatatea%20si%20
comunitatea%20roma%20%20a%20situatiei%20din%20Romania.pdf
17. Wamsiedel, M., Vincze, E., Ionescu I., (2011), Raport Romani CRISS
Organization, Roma Health Perspective of the actors involved in the health
system – doctors, health mediators and patients,
http://www.romanicriss.org/PDF/raport%20final%20osi%20health%20_
engleza.pdf , Retreived at 14th of March, 2015.
18. Weyrauch, W. O. (1997). Romaniya: an introduction to Gypsy
law. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 225-235.
19. Zamfir, C. şi Preda, M. (coord.). (2002). Romii în România. Bucureşti:
Editura Expert.
Abstract
Child neglect was and continues to be a matter of both professional and public
interest, thoroughly debated by child protection researchers and specialists,
sociologists, psychologists and social workers, specialists in education and health.
Drawing on some examples encountered in current medical practice, we tried to
identify the causal factors of child neglect from a medical point of view and the
attitude that healthcare professionals should adopt towards such situations. The
correct and efficient management of medical neglect cases requires an assessment
of the child’s needs, the identification of the parents’ resources and guidance of
their efforts so as to properly cater to the child’s needs for the purpose of ensuring
the optimum health of the latter.
[1] PhD Associated Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, “Al.I.Cuza”
University of Iasi, Romania, tel: +40745984647, email: puzdriac@yahoo.com;
[2]Clinical Psychologist, Institute of Psychiatry of Socola, Iaşi, Romania, tel: +40757014982,
email: suzanachelaru@yahoo.com;
[3] PhD lecturer, „Gr.T.Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania, tel:
+40744922161, email: smaranda.diaconescu@umfiasi.ro (corresponding author);
[4] PhD lecturer, „Gr.T.Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania, tel:
by being examined by a male gadje doctor may make the Roma woman
non-eligible for marriage (Weyrauch, 1997).
An interesting paper, “Attitudes and praxis of traditional forms of
health-care in a post-communist romanian romani community”,
regarding the attitudes and practices of traditional medicine in Roma
communities in post-communist Romania, carried out by researcher
Dorian Singh, from the University of Oxford, comes with a different
perspective. Starting from the social context created by the collapse of
the communist regime, which, according to the author, meant, on the
one hand, the removal of any prohibitions regarding the expression of
each ethnic group's beliefs, thus encouraging, for Roma people,
traditional medical methods, and on the other hand, the restriction of
access to medical services of the poor, specific to the capitalist lifestyle,
the paper set out to analyse to what extent these factors currently
influence beliefs about the practice of traditional medicine among Roma
people, and traditional methods of treatment used by them. Another
qualitative research was performed using the in-depth interview
method, on 43 Roma patients in Bucharest, and it revealed interesting
aspects regarding the evolution of Roma attitudes toward traditional
medicine and its practices, as well as the way in which the social
representation of disease evolved in this community (Singh, 2011). If
most previous research confirmed the fact that traditional medicine, as
well as rather mystical beliefs about the occurrence of disease, plays a
central role in the social representation of disease in the Roma
community, the paper we refer to has obtained completely different
results. Thus, almost all Roma patients interviewed flatly rejected the
customs and methods of traditional medicine, such as the greater trust
in healers, magic, curses than in doctors, medical procedures or drugs.
In addition, they flatly rejected the idea that diseases are the result of
impurification/contamination by those of other ethnicities, or of bad
luck or curses. Moreover, the myth of contamination by gadje occupying
a central place in previous research is rejected in its turn. “Interaction
with the population of different ethnicity was considered to be every
day, not out of the ordinary, so that some of the surveyed people were
surprised to be asked such a question. Equally, no Roma man or woman
considered that female patients should not be consulted by a male
doctor for traditional reasons” (Singh, 2011). In addition, most
respondents claimed that, when getting sick, they resort to
conventional medicine first, and if they do not do this, their reasons
many Roma people cannot cover, the low percentage of women who
resort to breast cancer and cervical cancer prevention services.
Moreover, almost half of the underage Roma population has not had all
the vaccines included in the National Immunization Program and just as
many adults have never benefited from dental services. For example, a
total of 89.4% of Roma women over 15 have never got the Pap (Babeş-
Papanicolau) test for cervical cancer detection (Wamsiedel, Vincze,
Ionescu, 2011; Condon et Salmon, 2014). Data from the same reports,
which also makes a comparison between the health status of
Romanians and Roma, mentions that, though the initial assumption for
researching these differences has been that the Roma population has
poor health and unequal access to health services by comparison with
the majority population, results have disproved it. Thus, over half of the
Roma people who participated in the survey consider they are in good
or very good health (59%), and 24% - in poor and very poor health.
Recorded differences from the majority population are insignificant:
61% of the surveyed Romanians consider they are in good or very good
health and only 9% consider themselves in poor and very poor health.
These numbers should also be regarded in terms of the lack of health
education, the Roma population thus being unaware of the limited
access to health services (Wamsiedel, Vincze, Ionescu, 2011; Cace, 2014,
Cook et al, 2013).
Referring to the positive perception some Roma people have of
their own health many studies are mentioning that the positive self-
evaluation of health status represents a frequent trend encountered
during quantitative research on Roma communities. Similar studies
carried out in recent years in Romania or in other countries are in
accordance with this. The qualitative research performed within
communities and the analysis of objective health indicators, as well as
that of life expectancy and infant mortality rate, contradict health
estimations of the Roma population based on self-perception and
identify a number of structural problems impeding access to quality
medical services (Masseria, 2010; Carrasco-Garrido, 2011, Fésüs, 2012,
Rughiniş, 2010).
The prevalence of the optimistic interpretation of health status by
Roma people from different geographic and cultural spaces suggests a
different cultural construction of health and disease. A study carried out
in Spain revealed that many Roma perceive health as the absence of
disease, and disease as a disabling phenomenon, associated with death
for health needs to cover not only subjects' attitudes and behaviour
toward modern methods of disease prevention, control and curing, but
also attitudes and behaviours regarding traditional practices of health
maintenance. From our analysis, two conclusions can be drawn: the
Roma population exhibits a real concern for health and this concern is
not always medically controlled (Romani CRISS, 2009).
The same analysis reveals that no pathology specific to the Roma
population has been highlighted. Thus, Roma people, like the majority
population, mainly face cardiovascular pathologies and nutritional
diseases, children especially suffering from respiratory diseases.
4. Conclusions
The accessibility of Roma people to health services are depending
on a lot of factors, like socio-economical status, integration in the
community or the possibility to have a family doctor. Adding to that,
other factors are deeply influencing the accessibility of roma people to
health services: the health related believes due to cultural aspects, the
migration as a life-style, the image of the curer (could be the doctor)
and the complicated explanation of disease and death in terms of
religious and metaphorical approach and the lack of education for
health. Roma people remain a vulnerable population regarding
diagnostic, treatment and recovering. The cultural believes and social
representations about health, treatment and death and the explanation
of the phenomenon of disease are deeply linked to different ethnical
and religious reasons.
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Book reviews
DEVIANȚA SOCIALĂ LA TINERI. DEPENDENȚA DE
SUBSTANȚE
Mihaela Rădoi
Institutul European, Iași, 2015, 238 pagini
[1]
Universitatea“Alexandru I. Cuza” din Iași, Facultatea de Filosofie și Științe Social Politice,
Departamentul de Sociologie și Asistență Socială, email: gabriela.irimescu@gmail.com.
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
Mihaela Rădoi
European Institute, 2015, Iasi, 238 pages
[1]
Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University in Iasi, Faculty of Philosophy and Social-Political Sciences,
Department of Sociology and Social Work, e-mail: gabriela.irimescu@gmail.com.
JOURNAL OF SOCIAL ECONOMY
rigor the extremely complex issues and lately analyzed, and therefore
more difficult, of the dependence on psychotropic substances, of the
relationship between education and social policies in the area, between
both international system and the European legal framework and
national plan of preventing and combating action of drugs use and
trafficking (Rădoi, 2015).
The scientific approach initiated by the author is perfectly
covered and motivated from the perspective of contemporary social
realities and social efforts required in terms of socio-professional
reintegration of drug users, while the effort to identify new solutions
and accountability involvement of the relevant authorities to avoid
their marginalization and social exclusion.
The issue of addiction, drugs consumption, of the drug user is
dealt with historical and comparative analysis elements, starting from
the definition of basic concepts, theoretical models, social intervention
policies in the field, at the same time reflexive analysis, to find causes
and spread of this phenomenon, but also the forms and methods of
accountability of state institutions in the context of modern societies.
We note at the same time, objectively and appropriate treatment of
individual dependence, increasingly more, by social services and
benefits, which in most cases are insufficient and inadequate, leading to
complex forms of multi-dependence at household, community and
social levels.
The first chapter, Drugs - framework for analysis and conceptual
boundaries, comprises a step of signify approach and operationalization
of working concepts, especially drugs and drugs addiction.
The second chapter, Licit, illicit drugs. Features and estimates of
drugs use in Europe, presents typological analysis on two areas: illicit
drugs found in drug trafficking, and the encountered major legal drugs
and their effects on consumers.
Chapter three, Theories and explanatory models of deviance and
drug use, addresses the main paradigms and relevant correlations:
addiction and deviance among adolescents - juvenile delinquency -
factors and theories; explanatory theories and models of substance use
- analysis in terms of building models of intervention.
In chapter four, Determinants of delinquency and drug use, is made
a typology of the main categories of risk and protective factors in drug
abuse.
Mihaela Lambru
Editura Polirom, Iași, 2013
[1]
Studentă a Facultății de Filizofie și Științe Social - Politice, specializarea Asistență Socială,
anul III, în cadrul Universității Alexandru Ioan Cuza din Iași, email:
baciu_lavinia26@yahoo.com, număr de telefon: 0747.749.398.
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
Mihaela Lambru
Polirom Publishing, Iasi, 2013
[1]Student at Philosophy and Social Science College-Social assistant 3rd year in University of
Alexandru Ioan Cuza from Iasi. Email: baciu_lavinia26@yahoo.com, Tel: 0747.749.398.
REVISTA DE ECONOMIE SOCIALĂ
p. Social Cohesion;
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