Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Ia Engleza Cu Tine - Gramatica Si Reguli
Ia Engleza Cu Tine - Gramatica Si Reguli
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CUPRINS
I. Morfologia
1. Articolul ............3
2. Substantivul ........7
3. Adjectivul ..........13
4. Pronumele ........17
5. Numeralul .........21
6. Verbul .............24
Timp present ...30
Timp trecut ...34
Timp viitor .......48
7. Adverbul ...........49
Clasificare ......49
Locul adverbelor in propozitie .....55
8. Prepozitia ..........57
9. Conjunctia ........61
II. Sintaxa
1. Subiectul ...........65
2. Predicatul ..........65
3. Atributul ............67
4. Complementul ........67
5. Sintaxa frazei ........69
6. Concordanta timpurilor ..77
Lista verbelor neregulate ..78
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I. MORFOLOGIA
Articolul hotarat :
Este THE si este pus inaintea cuvintelor care incept cu o consoana sau semiconsoana. (EX : the ball, the picture).
-
se pronunta {di} inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu o vocala. (EX: the eye,
the apple).
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Articolul hotarat poate fi intalnit si in denumirile geografice : The Black Sea, The Danube,
The Alps, The Sahara Desert, etc.
Acesta este :
a inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu consoana sau semiconsoana
EX : a dog, a wall, a flower, a year.
an inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu o vocala
EX : an apple, an eye, an ear, an idea.
Articolul nehotarat introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi intalnit in :
- in fata substantivelor insotite\precedate de un adjectiv:
- A good teacher un professor bun
-A big house- o casa mare
-A house on fire o casa in flacari
-A little tea putin ceai
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- in unele structuri:
-A bakers o brutarie
-A blue-eyed girl o fata cu ochi albastri
-A jewellers un magazin de bijuterii
-Once upon a time a fost odata
-Two at a time cate doi odata
Articolul nehotarat are in unele cazuri functie numerica :
- a hundred- o suta
- a thousand- o mie
Friday,
etc.
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Substantivul este partea de vorbire care denumeste finite, obiecte, stari, notiuni,
insusiri, etc.
Clasificare :
-
Comune (common nouns): dog, cat, bird, house, apple, boy, girl, water.
Nume de materie (name of matter) : water, air, fire, beer, milk, steel,
silver, gold, snow, wine, tea.
Genul substantivelor:
Masculine
Feminine
Neuter
Common
HE EL
SHE EA
IT EL\EA
HE\SHE EL\EA
Actor - actor
Actress - actrita
Air - aer
Artist
Bachelor - celibatar
Spinster - celibatara
Ball - minge
Beginner
Barman barman
Barmaid- barmanita
Box - cutie
Child
Bridegroom - mire
Bride - mireasa
Bus - autobuz
Client
Husband - sot
Wife - sotie
Error - eroare
Cook
Brother - frate
Sister - sora
Fish - peste
Cousin
Father tata
Mother - mama
Fork - furculita
Customer
Grandfather - bunic
Grandmother-bunia
Impression-impresie Dancer
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Hero - erou
Heroine - eroina
Kangaroo - cangur
Doctor
King - rege
Queen - regina
Land - pamant
Driver
Man - barbat
Woman - femeie
Legend - legenda
Fighter
Master - stapan
Mistress - stapana
Monkey- maimuta
Guest
Monk - calugar
Nun - calugarita
Mouse - soricel
Journalist
Sir - domn
Madam - doamna
Mushroom - ciuperc
Parent
Son - fiu
Daughter - fiica
Pig - porc
Prisoner
Uncle - unchi
Aunt - matusa
Shark - rechin
Rival
Lion - leu
Lioness - leoaica
Sun - soare
Writer
Horse - cal
Mare - iapa
Tea - ceai
Worker
Pluralul substantivelor:
- Substantivele care se termina in F sau FF formeaza pluralul prin adaugarea lui S (chief
chiefs, half- halfes, knife knives)
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Pluralul neregulat :
Businessman businessmen = om\oameni de afaceri
Child children = copil, copii
Die dice = zar, zaruri
Fireman firemen = pompier, pompieri
Tooth teeth = dinte, dinti
Woman- women = femeie, femei
Cazurile substantivelor :
Nominativ the nominative case (who - cine? What - ce?)
The boy is playing in the garden. Who is playing in the garden ?
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c. Genitivul dublu
EX: my friends birthday the birthday of my friend
Her sister, alices blue eyes
That boys friends book
d. implicit \ anglutinant
EX: The United Nations Organisation
Student Organisation
A heat disease
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Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
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SINGULAR
PLURAL
A boy- un baiat
Boys baieti
A girl o fata
Girls fete
baieti
fete, de fete
A boy un baiat
Boys baieti
A girl o fata
Girls fete
Boy ! baiete !
Boys ! baieti !
Girl ! fata!
Girls! fete !
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Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
SINGULAR
PLURAL
The boy
The boys
The girl
The girls
Of the boy
Of the boys
Of the girl
Of the girls
To the boy
To the boys
To the girl
To the girls
The boy
The boys
The girl
The girls
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
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SINGULAR
PLURAL
A table o masa
Tables - mese
Of a table
Of tables de mese
Of the table
Of the tables
To a table
To tables
To the table
To the tables
A table
Tables
The table
The tables
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Calsificarea adjectivelor :
a. calitative (descriptive) clever, interesting
b. posesive my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.
c. Interogativ relative wich care? Pe care ?, wich of - care dintre ?, what ce?
Care ?, what kind\sort of ce fel de ?, whose al, a, ale, ai cui ? who care?, to
whom caruia ?.
d. Demonstrative this, these, that, those, the one, the former, the latter, the first,
the last, the other, another, such, the same, one and the same, the very.
e. Cantitative some, any, few, little, much, many, plenty, a lot of, each, every,
several, enough, certain.
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Gradul pozitiv
Comparativ de superioritate
Superlativ relativ
Superlativ absolut
Big
Bigger
The biggest
Very big
Dry
Drier
The driest
Very dry
Great
Greater
The greatest
Very great
Happy
Happier
The happiest
Very happy
Hot
Hotter
The hottest
Very hot
Long
Longer
The longest
Very long
Small
Smaller
The smallest
Very small
Tall
Taller
The tallest
Very tall
Strong
Stronger
The strongest
Very strong
Gradul pozitiv
Comparativ de superioritate
Superlativ relativ
Superlativ absolut
Active
More active
Very active
Curious
More curious
Very curious
Foolish
More foolish
Very foolish
Huge
More huge
Very huge
Severe
More severe
Very severe
Sincere
More sincere
Very sincere
Sociable
More sociable
Unjust
More unjust
Very unjust
Untidy
More untidy
Very untidy
b. analitica
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Gradul pozitiv
Comparativ de superioritate
Superlativ relativ
Superlativ absolut
Able
More able
Very able
Abler
The ablest
More ample
Ampler
The amplest
More empty
Emptier
The emptier
More strange
Stranger
The strangest
More stupid
Stupider
The stupidest
Ample
Empty
Strange
Stupid
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Very ample
Very empty
Very strange
Very stupid
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d. neregulata
Gradul pozitiv
Comparativ de superioritate
Superlativ relativ
Superlativ absolut
Good
Better
The best
Very good
Bad
Worse
The worst
Very bad
Little
Less
The least
Very little
Much
More
The most
Very much
Old
Older \ elder
The oldest
Very old
Near
Nearer
The nearest
Very near
Late
Later
The latest
Very late
In
Inner
The inmost
Out
Outer
The outmost
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ourselves - ne
yourselves - va
themselves - se
oneself - se
To enjoy oneself a se distra
I enjoy myself eu ma distrez
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I eu
You tu
He- el
She - ea
It el\ea
G.
Your, yours-
His, his
Her, hers
al meu
tau \ al tau
lui\al lui
ei\al ei
To me - mie
To you - tie
To him -
To her - ei
To it lui\ei
Her pe ea
It- pe ea\el
D.
lui
A.
Me-pe mine
You-pe tine
Him- pe el
Plural :
N.
We- noi
You - voi
They - ei
G.
Our - nostru
Your - vostru
Their - lor
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Ours al nostru
Yours al vostru
Theirs al lor
D.
To us - noua
To you - voua
To them - lor
A.
Us -pe noi
You pe voi
Them pe ei\ele
Numeralul este partea de vorbire prin care se exprima un numar de obiecte sau ordinea
acestora.
Clasificare :
a. numerale cardinale cardinal numerals
Exprima un numar exact de obiecte sau fiinte incepand de la zero catre plus sau minus
infinit. La telefon cifra zero se citeste O, in stiinte se foloseste cuvantul zero.
Cand ne referim la ani exprimam : 1907 nineteen oh seven
Exprimarea temperaturii se realizeaza astfel : -10 grade = ten degrees below zero
Cand se exprima scorul la jocurile de fotbal , 0 se pronunta NIL sau NOTHING. La tennis
Nastase leads by two sets to tennis.(2-0)
Numerele de telefon se scriu cu spatii intre grupele de cifre 0763 324 850
Numerele se rostes separate iar cifrele duble se rostesc folosindu-se cuvantul DOUBLE :
01 223 456 = oh one two three four five six
Cifre triple 7 555 = seven five double five
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Verbul este partea de vorbire care exprima o actiune, o activitate sau un proces si are
urmatoarele actegorii gramaticale : timp, aspect, numar, persoana, diateza si mod.
Timpul verbului este categoria gramaticala prin care se precizeaza momentul
desfasurarii actiunii. Exista trei timpuri de baza : trecut, present si viitor.
Aspectul reprezinta gradul de indeplinire a actiunii. In limba engleza exista doua aspecte
:
a. aspect comun prin care se exprima o actiune generala, terminate sau de scurta
durata.
b. Aspect continuu care prezinta o actiune in desfasurare, deci o actiune
neterminata.
Diateza realizeaza realatia dintre subiect si complementul direct. Exista trei diateze:
a. diateza activa actiunea subiectului se indreapta asupra complementului direct
b. diateza pasiva actiunea savarsita de complementul de agent se rasfrange
asupra subiectului grammatical.
c. Diateza reflexiva actiunea se rasfrange asupra autorului ei, adica asupra
subiectului.
Modul este categoria gramaticala a verbului prin care se precizeaza felul actiunii si
anume daca actiunea este reala, sigura, ireala, probabila, posibila, imposibila. In limba
engleza exista patru moduri personale si trei moduri nepersonale.
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Personale
MODURI
Imperative present
Nepersonale
a. Clasificarea verbelor :
1. Auxiliare
2. Modale
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Infinitive
Trecut
Participiu
present
simplu
trecut
To be
Was, were
Been
= a fi
To have
Had
Had
= a avea
To do
Did
Done
= a face
Shall
Should
= trebuie sa
Will
Would
= a vrea
To let
Let
Let
= a lasa
Can
Could
= a putea
May
Might
=a avea voie
Must
Must
= trebuie
Shall
Should
=trebuie sa
Will
Would
= a dori
Ought to
Ought to
= ar tb sa
Dare
= a indrazni
Need
Need
= obisnuia
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To be to
Was, were
Been to
= a urma sa
to
3. Principal
Regulate
Used to
=obisnuia sa
To ask
Asked
Asked
= a intreba
To like
Liked
Liked
= a placea
To answer
Answered
Answered
= a raspunde
To use
Used
Used
a
intrebuinta
Neregulate
To go
Went
Gone
= a merge
To see
Saw
Seen
=a vedea
4. Auxiliar-
Shall
Should
=a trebui
modal
Will
Whould
= a vrea
Can
Could
= a putea
Verbele auxiliare ajuta celelalte verbe sa-si formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiva,
timpurile compuse, unele moduri. Ele devin instrumente gramaticale pierzandu-si sensul
lexical.
Verbele modale dau verbelor principale impreuna cu care se folosesc nuante lexicale
speciale. Verbele modale se mai numesc defective caci nu au forme proprii fie pentru
infinitive present, fie pentru trecut, fie pentru participiuyl trecut situatie in care se
inlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor. Ele nu au particula infinitiva TO si nu folosesc aceasta
particula dupa ele.
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Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long form
Short Form
I walk
I do not walk
I dont walk
Do I walk ?
You walk
Do you walk ?
He walks
He doesnt walk
Does he walk ?
She walks
It walks
It doesnt walk
Does it walk ?
We walk
We do not walk
We dont walk
Do we walk ?
You walk
Do you walk ?
They walk
Do they walk ?
Negative Interogative
Dont you walk ?
Doesnt he walk ? etc
every day\week\month\year
usually
often
always
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rarely
never
sometimes
in the morning\evening\afternoon
at night
ar Mondays
Folosim acest timp pentru situatii permanente, actiuni repetate, legi ale naturii,
programe, comentarii sportive.
EX : They own a beautifull car.
I usually get up at 6 oclock.
Water freezes at 0 C degrees.
The film finishes at 9 pm.
Tom cruise acts very well in this movie.
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Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I am talking
Im talking
I am not talking
I m not talking
Am I talking ?
Youre talking
He is talking
Hes talking
He is not talking
He isnt talking
Is he talking ?
She is talking
Shes talking
Is she talking?
It is talking
Its talking
It is not talking
It isnt talking
Is it talking?
We are talking
Were talking
We arent talking
Are we talking ?
Youre talking
Theyre talking
Negative interrogative
Arent you talking ?
Isnt he talking ? etc
now
at this moment
at present
nowadays
today
tonight
always
still
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Timpul present perfect- have\has + past participle (the 3rd form of the verb)
Exprima o actiune trecuta terminata sau se poate termina in present.
Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I have talked
Ive talked
I havent talked
Have I talked?
Youve talked
He has talked
Hes talked
He hasnt talked
Has he talked ?
Shes talked
It has talked
Its talked
It hasnt talked
Has it talked?
We have talked
Weve talked
We havent talked
Have we talked ?
Youve talked
Theyve talked
Negative interrogative
Havent you eaten?
Hasnt he eaten ? etc
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Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I have eaten
Ive eaten
I havent eaten
Have I eaten?
Youve eaten
He has eaten
Hes eaten
He hasnt eaten
Has he eaten ?
Shes eaten
It has eaten
Its eaten
It hasnt eaten
Has it eaten?
We have eaten
Weve eaten
We havent eaten
Have we eaten ?
Youve eaten
Theyve eaten
Negative interrogative
Havent you eaten?
Hasnt he eaten ? etc
just
ever
never
already
yet
always
how long
so far
recently
since
today
this week\month
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Folosim prezentul perfect pentru actiuni recent terminate, actiuni care s-au intamplat in
trecut si au conexiune cu prezentul, experiente personale.
EX: She has washed her blouse.
He has lost his keys.
Ive lost 10 kilos.
Hes written three stories this month.
Timpul present perfect continuu present perfect continuous (have\has been+ verb +
ing)
Folosim acest timp pentru actiuni care au inceput in trecut dar inca continua in present,
actiuni in derulate in trecut dar care inca mai au consecinte in present, actiuni care
exprima furie, iritare, explicatii sau critici.
EX : Shes been listening to music for three hours.
Theyve been playing football.
Who has been using my toothbrush ?
Shes been packing since this morning.
Expresii folosite cu prezentul perfect continuu :
-
how long
for
since
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Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long form
Long form
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Verbele statice :
Sunt verbe care descriu o stare permanenta si care nu au , in general, forme continue.
Acestea sunt :
-
Alte verbe: appear, seem, be, belong, fit, have, know, look, need,
prefer, require, want, wish, etc.
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Action
I love holidays.
2. Timpul trecut
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long form
Short form
I walked
I didnt walk
Did I walk ?
You walked
He walked
He didnt walk
Did he walk?
She walked
It walked
It didnt walk
Did it walk?
We walked
We didnt walk
Did we walk ?
You walked
They walked
Negative interrogative
Didnt you walk?
Didnt he walk ? etc
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I go
I drink
I am
Past
I went
I drank
I was
yesterday
last week
then
in 2008, etc
Folosim past simple pentru situatiile actiunile din trecut care se deruleaza una dupa alta,
obiceiuri din trecut, actiuni sau evenimente complete care s-au intamplat in trecut.
EX : She got up, washed and had breakfast.
He used to go \ went to school.
They phoned three days ago.
Shakespeare wrote a lot of good plays.
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Long form
Short form
I was walking
I wasnt walking
Was I walking?
He was walking
He wasnt walking
Was he walking ?
Se wasnt walking
It was walking
It wasnt walking
Was it walking ?
We were walking
We werent walking
Were we walking?
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Negative interrogative
Weren t you walking?
Wasnt he walking ? etc
while
when
as
Folosim acest timp pentru o actiune care se deruleaza in trecut , pentru o actiune
inceputa in trecut dar intrerupta de alta actiune inceouta in trecut, doua sau mai multe
actiuni derulate simultan in trecut, o descriere a unor evenimente intr-o poveste.
EX : She was eating at 8 AM yesterday.
While I was watching TV my mom came home.
The dog was barking.
Mai mult ca perfectul past perfect : had + past participle (=the 3rd form of the verb)
Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I had walked
Id walked
I hadnt walked
Had I walked ?
Youd walked
Had he walked ?
He had walked
Hed walked
He hadnt walked
Had he walked ?
Shed walked
It had walked
Itd walked
It hadnt walked
Had he walked ?
We had walked
Wed walked
We hadnt walked
Had we walked ?
Youd walked
Theyd walked
Negative interrogative
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for
since
already
after
just
yet
before
never
by
Folosim past perfect pentru o actiune trecuta care s-a intamplat inaintea altei actiuni
trecute, pentru o actiune care a avut rezultate vizibile in trecut.
EX : She had finished the exercises by the time her mom came home.
He was in the hospital beacouse he had had an accident.
Trecut perfect continuu past perfect continuous: had been + verb + ing
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
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Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Id been working
for
since
Folosim acest timp pentru actiunile derulate de-alungul timpului pana la un moment dat
in trecut, pentru actiuni din trecut care au o anumita durata si rezultate vizibile in trecut.
EX: She had been working as a nurse for 10 years before resigned.
He was tired because he had been playing football.
3. Timpul viitor
Affirmative
Negative
Interogative
Long form
Short Form
Long form
Short Form
I will walk
Ill walk
I wont walk
Will I walk ?
You ll walk
Will he walk ?
He will walk
He ll walk
He wont walk
Will he walk ?
She ll walk
It will walk
It ll walk
It wont walk
Will he walk ?
We will walk
We ll walk
We wont walk
Will we walk ?
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You ll walk
They ll walk
Negative interrogative
Wont you walk ?
Wont he walk ? etc
tomorrow
tonight
soon
next week\month
in a week, etc
Folosim future simple pentru deciziie luate pe loc, deciziile luate in timp ce vorbim,
pentru sperante, frica, amenintari, oferte, promisiuni, atentionari, predictii, comentarii.
EX: Ill take the blue jacket.
Will you help me ?
You will soon be rich.
Shall I do the washing- up ?
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
I will be working
Will I be working ?
He Will be working
Will he be working ?
It Will be working
Will it be working ?
We Will be working
Will we be working ?
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Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Ill be working
I wontt be working
tomorrow
tonight
soon
next week
in a week
Folosim viitorul simplu pentru actiuni care merg intr-un anumit punct in viitor, actiuni
care sunt rezultatul unei rutine, cand intrebam politicos despre oameni care au
aranjamente si daca ne pot ajuta cu ceva.
EX : Ill be walking on the beach this time tomorrow.
Ill be seeing Tom tomorrow.
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
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Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
before
by
by then
by the time
until
Folosim future perfect pentru actiuni care se vor termina pana la o data stabilita in
viitor.
EX : He will have visited Jamaica by the end of the year.
She wont have finished her homework until 9 oclock.
Viitor perfect continuu future perfect continuous : will have been + verb - ing
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
walking
walking
walking?
walking
She will have been
walking
walking
walking?
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walking
You will have been
walking
walking
walking?
walking
walking
walking?
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
by
for
Folosim future perfect continuous pentru durata unei actiuni inintr-o perioada din viitor.
EX: By the end of this yeas she will have been working here for two years.
Be going to + verb
Affirmative
Negative
Long form
Long form
Interrogative
I am going to eat
Am I am going to eat ?
He is going to eat
Is He is going to eat?
It is going to eat
Is It is going to eat ?
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Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
Short form
Short form
Im going to eat
tomorrow
tonight
in two days
soon
in a week
Folosim acest verb pentru actiuni pe care le vom performa in viitorul apropiat, actiuni
planificate sau intentii, lucruri de care suntem siguri sau pe care ne-am decis sa le facem
in viitorul apropiat.
EX: Im going to meet her tomorrow.
They are going to have a party on their birthday.
She is going to have a baby.
Its going to rain.
He is going to be promoted.
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Passive voice
Present
To offer
To be offered
Present continuous
To be offering
Perfect
To have offered
Perfect continuous
Passive voice
Present
Offering
Being offered
Present continuous
Perfect
Having offered
Perfect continuous
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- After nouns
- With it + be + adjective(+of+object)
(angry,happy,glad)
result
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It needs \ it requires \ it wants + - ing form. It needs can also be followed by a passive
infinitive:
Ex : The house needs \ reuires \ wants painting.
The car needs repairing \ to be repaired.
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j.
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upside down
somehow
willingly
fluently
by chance
accidentally
beautifully
deliberately
completely
extremely
little
much
very
badly
slowly
rather
quicly
fast
aloud
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afterwards
daily
early
formerly
immediately
never
now
presently
meanwhile
yearly
recently
often
late
then
always
last month
before
after
just
at present
today
at last
by now
already
still
once
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when
just now
so far
sooner or later
behind
far
here
near
there
inside
upstairs
along
up and down
abroad
under
somewhere
nowhere
anywhere
everywhere
southwards
homeward
where
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that is why
why
therefore
almost
entirely
little
musch
quite
really
sufficiently
enough
too
very
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h. Alte adverbe
-
especially
exactly
even
only
surely
precisely
at most
at latest
at ealiest
however
of course
consequently
also
at least
at any rate
at worst
Comparatia adverbelor
Comparatia neregulata a adverbelor
Pozitiv
Comparativ de
Superlativ relative
superioritate
Well
Better
The best
Badly
Worse
The worst
Far
Farther
The farthest
Much
More
The most
Near
Nearer
The nearest
Little
Less
Thea least
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Late
Later
The latest
Up
Upper
upmost
Comparativ de
Superlativ relative
superioritate
Attractively
More attractively
Beautyfull
More beautifull
The most
Bestially
More Bestially
Carefully
More Carefully
Fortunately
More fortunately
Quickly
More quickly
Charmingly
More charmingly
Fluently
More fluently
Gratefully
More gratefully
Willinigly
More willinigly
Comparativ de
Superlativ relative
superioritate
Cleanly
Cleanlier
The cleanliest
Early
Earlier
The earliest
Hard
Harder
The hardest
Low
Lower
The lowest
Multe adverbe se folosesc dupa verbul TO BE si dupa verbele modale, fiind nume
predicative. Se stie ca verbul TO BE poate fi predicat in propozitie doar cand este urmat
de un adverb de loc :
Ex : - to be black
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to be bloody
to be carefull
to be cold
to be concise
to be hard
Locul adverbelor
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Prepozitia este partea de vorbire care uneste diferite unitati sintactice in cadrul unei
propozitii , realizand relatii de timp, loc, etc.
Ex : The book is on the table.
Prepozitiile sunt :
-
in subordonatele attributive
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about =despre
above = deasupra
alongside = alaturi
among = intre
around = imprejur
at = la
before = inainte
below = dedesubt
besides = in afara de
beyond = dincolo de
by = de, prin
for = pentru
in = in
inside = inauntru
into = in
near = langa
of = de
on = pe
over = peste
past = e langa
since = de, de la
throughout = prin
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up = in susul
within = inlauntrul, in
without = fara
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At random = la inramplare
To be at school = a fi la scoala
Since before the war = inca dinaintea razboiului
Before long = curand
To hide behind a tree = a te ascunde in spatele unui copac
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To be intend to = a fi absorbit de
To be jealos of = a fi gelos pe
To be polite to = a fi politicos cu
To be proud of = a fi mandru de
To be sorry for = a-I parea rau pentru
To be seized with = a fi prins de
To be surprised at = a fi surprins de
To beg for = a implora
To boast of= a se lauda
To begin with = a incepe cu
To call at a place = a trece printr=un loc
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Not only but also I like not only English but also german.
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II. SINTAXA
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1. SUBIECTUL
Subiectul este partea propozitiei care poate fi uneori autorul actiunii alteori obiect al
actiunii savarsite de altcineva.
Subiectul poate fi cineva\ceva despre care se comunica ceva in propozitie.
Raspunde la intrebarile WHO ? si What ? (cine, ce)
Ex : The boy learns cuvantul THE BOY este subiect iar cuvantul learns este predicat.
2. PREDICATUL
Este partea de propozitie prin care se comunica ceva despre subiect sau ce anume face
subiectul. Subiectul si predicatul sunt parti principale ale unei propozitii. Se poate vorbi
uneori despre propozitii cu mai multe subiecte sau subiect multiplu.
Predicatul unei propozitii este reprezentat printr-un verb la unul din cele patru moduri
personale ale verbului : indicative, conditional, subjunctiv si imperativ.
Predicatele sunt :
-
Ex : He studies chemistry.
They will come back by coach.
He had seen the monastery.
Iata cateva verbe copulative : to be, to become, to continue, to get, to grow, to seem.
Ex : everybody grows old.
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I must go to church.
He is clever.
Roses smell great.
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i. Complementul de agent
Complementul de agent sau subiectul logic este folosit numai la diateza pasiva.
Raspunde la intrebarile : by whom ?, whom by ?, by what ?
Ex : the book was ready by the student.
Se vede clar ca autorul actiunii este studentul. Cartea este subiectul grammatical.
5. Sintaxa frazei
Fraza este o comunicare alcatuita din mai multe propozitii aflate intre ele fie in raporturi
de coordonare fie de subordonare.
In cazul coordonarii , partile de propozitie in propozitie si propozitiile in fraza sunt
independente una de alta. Se pot lega intre ele prin conjunctii coordonatoare sau
juxtapunere.
Subordonare inseamna raport syntactic de dependenta a unei parti de propozitie sau de
alta parte de propozitie sau a unei propozitii de alta propozitie.
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it is advisable that
it is better that
it is certain that
it is desirable that
it is inevitabl that
it is important that
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g. Subordonata de proportie
Este o varianta a subordonatei de mod.
Ex : the more we are the better it is.
As time went on, so she began to type more quiqly.
The harder you work, the more money you make.
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I did not come owing to the fact that it was too late.
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1. subordonata conditionala de tip I conditie reala si posibilia , iar verbul din regenta sa
este la viitor. Locul lor in fraza se poate schimba.
Ex : If I have time I shall read this book.
I shall read this book if I have time.
I shall not read this book unless I have time.
I shall read this book on the condition that I have time.
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Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonata cu timpul verbului din
regenta sa. In limba engleza timpul verbului din subordonata trebuie sa se subordoneze
timpului verbului din regenta. Cu alte cuvinte, timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaza
folosirea anumitor timpuri in subordonatele lor.
SUBORDONATA
Verbul poate fi la orice timp
He had come
He came
He will come
He would come
He would have come
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I shall do.
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Present infinitive
Past tense
Past participle
Present
participle
To arise
arose
Arisen
Arising
To awake
Awoke
Awaked
Awaking
To be
Was/were
Been
Being
To beat
Beat
Beaten
Beating
To become
Became
Become
Becoming
To begin
Began
Begun
Beginning
To bite
Bit
Bit/ bitten
Biting
To bless
Blessed
Blessed
Blessing
To blow
To blew
Blown
Blowing
To break
Broke
Broken
Breaking
To bring
Brought
Brought
Bringing
To broadcast
Broadcast
Broadcast
Broadcasting
To build
Built
Built
Building
To burn
Burned
Burnt
Burning
To burst
Burst
Burst
Bursting
To buy
Bought
Bought
Buying
To cast
Cast
Cast
Casting
To catch
Caught
Caught
Catching
To choose
Chose
Chosen
Choosing
To cling
Clung
Clung
Clinging
To come
Came
Come
Coming
To cost
Cost
Cost
Costing
To crow
Crew
Crowed
Crowing
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To cut
Cut
Cut
Cutting
To do
Did
Done
Doing
To draw
Drew
Drawn
Drawing
To dream
Dreamt
Dreamed
Dreaming
To drink
Drank
Drunk
Drinking
To drive
Drove
Driven
Driving
To eat
Ate
Eaten
Eating
To fall
Fell
Fallen
Falling
To feed
Fed
Fed
Feeding
To feel
Felt
Felt
Feeling
To fight
Fought
Fought
Fighting
To find
Found
Found
Finding
To fly
Flew
Flown
Flying
To forget
`forgot
Forgotten
Forgetting
To forgive
Forgave
Forgiven
Forgiving
To get
Got
Gotton
Getting
To give
Gave
Given
Giving
To go
Went
Gone
Going
To grow
Grew
Grown
Growing
To hang
Hung
Hanged
Hanging
To have
Had
Had
Having
To hear
Heard
Heard
Hearing
To hide
Hid
Hidden
Hiding
To hit
Hit
Hit
Hitting
To hold
Held
Held
Holding
To hurt
Hurt
Hurt
Hurting
To keep
Kept
Kept
Keeping
To know
Knew
Known
Knowing
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To lay
Laid
Laid
Laying
To lead
Led
Led
Leading
To learn
Learned
Learned
Learning
To leave
Left
Left
Leaving
To let
Let
Let
Letting
To lie
Lay
Lain
Laying
To lose
Lost
Lost
Losing
To make
Made
Made
Making
To mean
Meant
Meant
Meaning
To meet
Met
Met
Meeting
To melt
Melted
Molten
Melting
To pay
Paid
Paid
Paying
To put
Put
Put
Putting
To read
Read
Read
Reading
To ride
Rode
Ridden
Riding
To ring
Rang
Rung
Ringing
To rise
Rose
Risen
Rising
To run
Ran
Run
Running
To say
Said
Said
Saying
To see
Saw
Seen
Seeing
To sell
Sold
Sold
Selling
To send
Sent
Sent
Sending
To set
Set
Set
Setting
To show
Showed
Shown
Showing
To shut
Shut
Shut
Shutting
To sing
Sang
Sung
Singing
So sit
Sat
Sat
Sitting
To speak
Spoke
Spoken
Speaking
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To spread
Spread
Spread
Spreading
To steal;
Stole
Stolen
Stealing
To swim
Swam
Swum
Swimming
To take
Took
Taken
Taking
To teach
Taught
Taught
Teaching
To tell
Told
Told
Telling
To think
Thought
Thought
Thinking
To understand
Understood
Understood
Understanding
To upset
Upset
Upset
Upsetting
To wake
Woke
Woken
Waking
To win
Won
Won
Winning
To write
Wrote
Written
Writing
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