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Integrale Multiple
Integrale Multiple
INTEGRALE MULTIPLE
9.2. Exerciii rezolvate
Exerciiul 9.2.1. S se calculeze integralele:
x2
a)
dydx , unde D = {(x, y) R2| 0 x 1, 0 y 1}
2
1
y
D
b)
1
x2
dydx , unde D = {(x, y) R2| 1 x 2, y x}
2
x
y
Soluie. a)
1
b)
1 1
1
x2
x2
2
=
=
=
dy
dx
dydx
0 0 1 y 2
0 x arctg y
D 1 y 2
dx
x3
4
x 1
x 0
y 1
y 0
dx =
12
2
2
x x2
x2
x2
dydx = 2 dy dx
y
y2
1 1 / x y
1
dx =
1
y
x
yx
x2
x2 x4
9
= ( x x )dx
4 x 1 4
2
1
2
i B(1, 1).
x=k
Soluie. Domeniul D este simplu n raport cu axa Oy (vezi figura) deoarece o dreapt x = k, k (0, 1)
intersecteaz pe D dup un interval.
1
0
-1
B
D
Dreptele OA i OB au ecuaiile:
y0
x0
, adic OA: - y = x
1 0 1 0
y0 x0
OB:
, adic OB: y = x.
1 0 1 0
OA:
Deci: OA: y = - x
OB: y = x
Atunci domeniul D pe care se calculeaz integrala dub este
D = {(x, y) R2| 0 x 1, -x y x}
1 x
x 2 y 2 dxdy = x 2 y 2 dy dx .
0 x
x 2 y 2 dy . Observm c funcia
g(y) =
F(x) = 2
x y dy = 2
x2 y2
dy =
x2 y2
yx
x
y
2
2
= 2x arcsin
+ 2 y x y dy =
x y 0
0
x
yx
2
2
2
2
= 2x2 2 +2y x y
- 2 x y dy = x2 F(x)
y 0
Aadar
x
2
x y dxdy = F ( x)dx =
2
x
y
.
1
x 2
2
dx
x3
2
dreptele x = 0, y = 1.
Soluie. Domeniul D este simplu n raport cu axa Ox (vezi figura) deoarece o dreapt y = k, k (0, 1),
intersecteaz pe D dup un interval.
y
1B
y=k
x
y xy
Avem deci e dxdy = e dx dy .
0
D
0
x
y
y2
Calculm F(y) =
x
y
x
y
e dx e y
x y 2
x 0
e y y y i deci:
x
y
dxdy
F ( y)dy
= ye
y 1
0
e y dy
0
( ye
y )dy
y2
y
(
e
)
dy
0
2
=
0
1
1 1
e ey
2
2 2
0
( x
b)
c)
( x
x2 y2
x2 y2
,
D
fiind
domeniul
limitat
de
elipsa
de
ecuaie
1;
dxdy
a2 b2
a2 b2
y 2 ) ydxdy , D fiind domeniul limitat de axa Ox i de poriunea din cardioida r = a(a + cos),
x a r cos
y r sin
y
a
r
0
-a
2a
x
D( x, y ) r
J=
D(r , ) y
r
x
cos
y
sin
r sin
r cos
= rcos2 + rsin2 = r,
a 2
2
2
2
2
3
(
a
2
ar
cos
r
)
rdrd
*
0 0 (a r 2ar cos r )d dr =
D
(a r r ) dr 2ar
a
sin
2
0
dr
r a
2 r2 r4
3a 4
= 2 (a r r )dr 2 a
.
2
4
2
0
r 0
x a r cos
b)Trecem la coordonate polare generalizate:
y b r sin
a
y
b
D
-a
-b
Domeniul transformat este: D* = {(r, ) R2| 0 r 1, 0 2}.
Jacobianul transformrii este:
x
J = r
y
r
x
a cos
y
b sin
ar sin
br cos
abr ,
x2 y2
2
iar 1 2 2 1 r .
a
b
Aadar, integrala devine:
2
abr
1
r
drd
abr
1
r
d
dr =
*
0 0
D
1
r 1 r
1
ab
= - ab
0 dr ab 2r 1 r 2 dr 2ab r 1 r 2 dr
(1 r
0
) 1 r 2 dr ab(1 r 2 ) 3 / 2
2
2ab
.
30
3
x r cos
. Domeniul pe care se face integrarea este D (vezi figura),
y r sin
y
a
r
2a
a (1cos4)
r5
=
=
r
sin
dr
d
(
x
y
)
y
dxdy
0 0
0 5 sin
D
a5
=
5
r 0
d =
a 5 (1 cos ) 6
32a 5
(1 cos ) sin d
5
6
15
0
r a (1 cos )
x 2 y u
, (u, v) D*
3x 4 y v
J* =
Deci: Aria(D) =
J
D*
D( x, y ) D(u, v)
D(u, v) D( x, y )
u
x
v
x
u
1
1
y 1 2
v 3 4
10
y
1
1
dudv dudv .
10
10 D*
D*
dudv
u 3 r cos
, unde (r, )
v 1 r sin
D**,
10 2
10
2
* dudv * Jdrd 0 0 rd dr 0 r d 0 dr
D
D
10
r2
= r 2dr 2
2
0
1
dudv 10 .
Deci: Aria(D) =
10
D*
r 10
100
r 0
( x, y)dxdy = xydxdy . Domeniul D poate fi caracterizat astfel (aa cum se vede din
D
figur):
D = {(x, y) R2| 1 x 2,
2
y 3 - x}
x
y
3
2
D
1
0
Atunci:
y2
M = xydxdy x
2
1 2/ x
1
2 3 x
y 3 x
2
x
2
2
3
dx 9 x 6 x x 2 dx
2
x
9 x2
x3 1 x4
18
=
3
2 ln x 2 ln 2 .
3 2 4
3
2 2
1
Exerciiul 9.2.7. S se calculeze coordonatele centrului de greutate al plcii plane omogene din figura de
,1 .
2
mai jos, limitat de curba y = sin x i dreapta OA care trece prin origine i punctul A
y
A
1
/2
0
Soluie. Dreapta OA are ecuaia OA: y =
D = {(x, y)
Se calculeaz M =
( x, y)dxdy
D
omogen.
2x
. Deci,
R2|0 x
= k
2x
,
y sin x}
2
Avem:
dxdy =
/2
i deci M = k 1
/2
sin x
2x
dy
dx
sin x dx 1 ,
4
0
2 x /
.
4
Pe de alt parte,
x ( x, y)dxdy = k xdxdy
D
/2
D
sin x
/2
xdy dx k
=k
2x /
/2
=k
/2
= - kx cos x 0
/2
2x
x sin x dx
2k x 3
x sin xdx
/2
k 2
2k
/2
sin
x
=
k
cos xdx
0
12
24
3
2
k 2
.
k 1
12
12
2
k 1
2
12
1
12 .
Deci xG =
=
x
(
x
,
y
)
dxdy
M
3(4 )
D
k 1
4
=k-
y ( x, y)dxdy = k ydxdy
D
1
M
k
2
/2
/2 2
sin x
y
ydy dx k
2
0
2 x /
y sin x
2x
3 /2
/2
2
4x 2
k 1 cos 2 x
4 x
sin x 2 dx
dx 2
2 0
2
3
/2
k x sin 2 x
k k
=
2 2
4 0
6 2 12 24
y ( x, y)dxdy =
D
Deci yG =
/2
k
24
k 1
4
6(4 )
dx =
Exerciiul 9.2.8. S se calculeze momentele de inerie n raport cu axele de coordonate pentru placa
omogen mrginit de curbele y = x2, x = y2.
Soluie.
y
1
D
R2|0 x 1, x2 y x }
1 x
2
2
2
Deci Ix = y ( x, y )dxdy = k y dxdy = k y dy dx =
0
D
D
x2
1
1 3 y x
1
x3/ 2 x6
x5/ 2 2 x7
y
=k
dx k
dx k
dx =
3
3
3
3
5 21 0
2
0
0
yx
3k
=
.
35
1 x
2
2
2
Analog Iy = x ( x, y )dxdy = k x dxdy = k x dy dx =
0
D
D
x2
1
1
3k
2
2
5/ 2
= k x ( x x )dx k ( x
.
x 4 )dx
35
0
0
D = {(x, y)
b)
1
x y z 1
dxdydz , unde
= {(x, y, z) R3|0 x 1, 0 y 1, 0 z 1}
xyzdxdydz , unde
= {(x, y, z) R3|0 z 1 x- y, 0 y 1 - x, 0 x 1}
Soluii. a) Avem:
x y z 1
1 1
1
dx
0 0 0 x y z 1 dy dz
1
dxdydz
x 1
1/ 2
0 0 x y z 1 2 x0 dy dz =
1 1
1/ 2
1/ 2
= 2 ( y z 2) ( y z 1)
dy dz =
0 0
y 1
1
2
3/ 2 2
= 2 ( y z 2)
( y z 1) 3 / 2
dz =
3
3
y 0
0
4
( z 3) 3 / 2 ( z 2) 3 / 2 ( z 2) 3 / 2 ( z 1) 3 / 2 dz =
30
z 1
4
2
2
2
5/ 2 2
= (z 3)
(z 2) 5 / 2 (z 2) 5 / 2 (z 1) 5 / 2
3
5
5
5
5 z 0
4 2 5/ 2
= 4
35 / 2 35 / 2 2 5 / 2 35 / 2 2 5 / 2 2 5 / 2 1 =
3 5
8 5/ 2
8
=
4 37 / 2 3 2 5 / 2 1
31 12 2 27 3 .
15
15
z 1 x y
1 x y
z2
b) xyzdxdydz = xyzdz dxdy xy
dxdy =
2 z 0
0
D
D
1
1
xy (1 x y) 2 dxdy xy (1 x 2 y 2 2 x 2 y 2 xy )dxdy
2D
2D
1
3
3
2
2
2 2
= ( xy x y xy 2 x y 2 xy 2 x y )dxdy ,
2D
unde D = {(x, y) R2: 0 y 1 - x, 0 x 1}
Prin urmare,
1 1 x
1
3
3
2
2
2 2
xyzdxdydz = 2 0 0 ( xy x y xy 2 x y 2 xy 2 x y )dy dx
y 1 x
1
2
3
1 y 2
y4
y3
3 y
2 2
2 y
dx
x
x
x y 2x
2x
= x
2 0 2
2
4
3
3 y 0
1
3
1 x
x
x
2x
2
2
4
2
2
3
(1 x) (1 x) (1 x) x (1 x) (1 x) dx =
2 0 2
2
4
3
1
( x 4 x 2 6 x 3 4 x 4 x 5 )dx =
24 0
1 x2
x3
x4
x5 x6
1
4 6 4
=
24 2
3
4
5
6 0 720
Exerciiul 9.2.10. S se calculeze urmtoarele integrale:
a)
( x
x2 + y2 + z2 = 12 i paraboloidul x2 + y 2 = 4z;
b)
x 2 y 2 dxdydz , unde
= {(x, y, z) R3: x2 + y2 9, z 0, x + y + z 6}
x 2 y 2 8
(C):
z 2
. Evident 0 z 2 3
z
2 3
2
0
x
Aplicm deci formula:
( x y z )dxdydz =
2
2 3
2
2
2
( x y z )dxdy dz ,
Dz
( Dz ): x2 + y2 12 z2 , dac z [2, 2 3 ]
2
2
2
(
x
z
)
dxdy
=
(
x
z
)
dxdydz
dz +
0 D'
Deci
2 3
2
2
2
( x y z )dxdy dz
Dz ''
x r cos
, r [0, 2 z ], [0, 2], iar jacobianul este J = r.
y r sin
Deci,
2
2
2
(x y z )dxdy
D z
2 z
2 z
2 2
2
(
r
z
)
rd
dr
r (r 2 z 2 )dr
0
0
r 2 z
2
r4
2 r
2
z
2 r 0
4
4z 2 (2 z ) .
x r cos
2
, r [0, 12 z ], [0, 2].
r
sin
Deci,
( x
12 z 2
2
y z )dxdy
2
Dz
2 2
2
(r z ) rd dr =
0
12 z 2
=2
r (r 2 z 2 )dr
(144 z 4 )
Aadar,
( x
y z )dxdydz = 4z (2 z )dz
2
2 3
(144 z 4 )dz
32
97
(18 3 ) .
5
6
2 ( x , y ) 2
x 2 y 2 dxdydz
x y 2 dz dxdy.
D
1 ( x , y )
6 x y
x 2 y 2 dxdydz x 2 y 2 dz dxdy
D
0
Deci
x 2 y 2 6 x y dxdy
D
x r cos
, r [0, 3]; [0, 2].
y r sin
2 3
r 3
2
r3 r4
r4
0 6 3 4 cos 4 sin d
r 0
2
4
4
3
3
0 54 4 cos 4 sin d 108
a)
( x
y 2 z 2 )dxdydz , unde
z2 =
c)
h2 2
( x y 2 ) i planul z = h;
2
R
x2 y2 z2
x2 y2 z2
,
unde
este
domeniul
mrginit
de
elipsoidul
1.
dxdydz
a2 b2 c2
a2 b2 c2
x r cos
y r sin cos
z r sin sin
Noile variabile de integrare sunt r, , , iar pentru a determina domeniul * (domeniul transformat),
nlocuim x(r, , ), y(r, , ), z (r, , ) n inecuaiile ce definesc domeniul .
z(y)
2
2
2
y(x)
x(z)
Din x2 + y2 + z2 4 rezult r2 4, deci r [0, 2].
Din y2 + z2 x2 deducem c r2sin2 r2cos2 , adic sin2 cos2 , ceea ce este echivalent cu sin 2
(1)
.
2
(2)
.
4
x
r
y
J=
r
z
r
cos
y
= sin cos
sin sin
z
r sin
r cos cos
r cos sin
0
r sin sin = r2 sin .
r sin cos
1
.
2
2 /4
2 4
0 0
0
r
2
= 2
dr (2
/ 4
( cos )
2 ) r 4 dr =
2 )
= (2 -
5 r 2
r
5
r 0
2 5 (2 2 )
.
5
z
h
x
Este convenabil s folosim coordonatele cilindrice:
x r cos
y r sin
z z
Avem z
Aadar, * = {(r , , z ) | 0 r
h2 2 2
(x + y ) ne d r
R2
zR
0, h .
zR
, [0,2 ], z [0, h]} .
h
Jacobianul este:
x
r
D( x, y, z ) y
D(r , , z ) r
z
r
x
z cos
y
sin
z
0
z
z
r sin
r cos
0
0
0 r
1
Integrala devine:
h zR / h
h
zR / h 2
r2
0 0 0 zrddr dz 20 0 zrdrdz 20 z 2
z z 2R2
= 2
2 h2
0
h
r zr ? h
dz =
r 0
h 3 2
z R
R 2 h
R 2 h 2
dz 2 dz 2 z 3 dz
4
h
0 h
0
x arcsin cos
y br sin sin
z cr cos
0 0 0
0 0
2
2
2
2
abcr sin 1 r dddr 2abc r 1 r sin ddr
1 r ( cos ) 0
dr 4abc r
2abc
1 r 2 dr .
Deci
1 r dr
2
sin
1
4
2tdt
/2
sin
/2
sin
/2
2
1 sin 4t
t
8
4 0
1
4
/2
t cos 2 tdt =
1 cos 4t
1
dt
2
8
/2
(1 cos 4t )dt
0
1
0 .
8 2
16
Deci:
= 4abc r
x2 y2 z2
dxdydz
a2 b2 c2
1 r 2 dr 4abc
16
2 abc
4
y2 z2
i planul de
9 16
ecuaie x = 2.
Soluie. Corpul al crui volum trebuie s-l aflm, este reprezentat n figura urmtoare:
0
2
x
Vom folosi coordonate cilindrice generalizate:
x x
y2 z2
rezult c x r2, deci 0 r x .
9 16
Aadar, *= {(r, , x) | 0 r x , [0, 2], x [0, 2]}.
D ( x, y , z )
Jacobianul transformrii este :
= 12r.
D(r , , x)
Din x
Volumul este:
Vol() =
D( x, y, z )
2 2
x
r
= 24 rdr dx 24
2
0 0
0
x2
= 12
2
r x
r 0
dx 12 xdx
24
0
1
.
x y2 z2
2
( x, y, z)dxdydz .
y
x
Deci M = ( x, y, z )dxdy dz .
Dz
0
Avem z
x r cos
, iar Dz* = {(r, ) | 0 r
y r sin
10 z z 2 , [0, 2]}
Avem, aadar :
10 z z 2
( x, y, z)dxdy
Dz
10 z z 2
2 1
rd dr 2
2
2
0 r z
(r 2 z 2 )
dr ln r 2 z 2
2
2
r z
r 10 z z 2
=
r 0
10 z z 2
1
dr
r z2
2
= ln (10z) ln (z2).
10
Deci, M =
[ ln(10 z) ln( z
0
10
10
10
)]dz ln dz =
z
0
10
10
10
= 10 ln10 - 10 ln 10 + dz z 0 10 .
10
Exerciiul 9.2.14. S se determine coordonatele centrului de greutate ale segmentului cilindric omogen:
= {(x, y, z) R3: x2 + y2 9, 0 z 2y}
Soluie. Corpul fiind omogen, funcia este constant.
Deci, xG =
1
1
xdxdydz ; yG =
ydxdydz ;
v()
v()
zdxdydz .
v()
D 0
D
3
2
2
= 2 ydxdy 2 r sin drd 2 r sin d dr
D
00
D*
zG =
= 2 r ( cos ) 0
2
r3
dr 4 r dr 4
3
0
2y
=
xdxdydz
D 0 xdz dxdy D xz
2 xydxdy 2 r
D
36
z 2 y
dxdy =
z 0
r 4 cos 2
= r dr sin 2d =
0
4 0
2 0
0
0
3
2y
2 y
D
z 2 y
dxdy =
z 0
r4
34
sin 2
(1 cos 2 )d
4 0 0
4
2
3
2y
z2
34
z 2 y
dxdy =
z 0
4 y 2 dxdy 2 y 2 dxdy 34 .
2D
4
D
1 4 9
Rezult xG = 0; yG = zG =
.
3
36
4 16
=
Exerciiul 9.2.15. S se calculeze momentele de inerie n raport cu planele de coordonate ale corpului
material omogen, limitat de suprafeele
Soluie. IxOy =
x2 y2 z2
i z = c.
a2 b2 c2
x ar cos
2
2
2
x
y
z
z2
z
Din 2 2 2 , obinem r2 2 , de unde 0 r .
c
c
a
b
c
D ( x, y , z )
z
Deci *= {(r, , z) | 0 r , [0, 2], z [0, c]}, iar jacobianul transformrii este
= abr.
D(r , , z )
c
c z/c
2
2
z
rd
drdz
ab
*
0 0 z rdr dz =
z
c
c
2 rc
r
ab c 4
ab z 5
abc 3
2
dz 2 z dz 2
= 2ab z
2
5 0
5
c 0
c
0
r 0
2
3
3
2
IyOz = x dxdydz a b r cos ddrdz =
IxOy = ab
c 2 z / c
c 2 4
3
a 3b
z
2
r
cos
dr
d
dz
cos 2 ddz =
4
0 0 0
4 0 0c
c 2
c
a 3b z 4 (1 cos 2 )
a 3b 4
dz
z 2dz +
=
2
4c 4 0 0
8c 4 0
z c
2
c
a 3b 4 sin 2
a 3b z 5
a 3bc
z
dz
2 0
20
8c 4 0
4c 4 5 z 0
2
3
3
2
IxOz = y dxdydz ab r sin ddrdz =
=a3b
c 2
= ab
z
ab 3
2
sin
dz
0 4c 4
4c 4
c 2
z 4 (1 cos 2 )
ddz
0
2
c
c
ab 3 4
ab 3 4 sin 2
z 2dz 4 z
=
2
8c 4 0
8c 0
2
0
ab 3 z 5
dz 4
5
4c
z c
z 0
ab 3 c
20