Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Nr__________ din_______________
REZUMAT
TEZ DE DOCTORAT
TEMA:
Conductor de doctorat
Comandor prof.univ.dr. Ioan CRCIUN
BUCURETI
2016
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CUPRINS
INTRODUCERE ................................................................................................................... 7
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2.4.1 Geopolitica i securitatea maritim o abordare conceptual
......................................................................................... 141
2.4.2 Geografia i securitatea maritim ..................................... 143
2.4.3 (Geo)Strategii de securitate maritim ............................... 148
2.5 Guvernare maritim cteva scenarii posibile ........................... 158
CAPITOLUL III - IMPORTANA STRATEGIC A REGIUNII MRII NEGRE
PENTRU DOMENIUL MARITIM GLOBAL ............................... 169
3.1 Regiunea Mrii Negre Premizele (re)construciei regionale la
Marea Neagr ................................................................................ 171
3.2 Securitatea n zona Mrii Negre un exemplu al eurii
regionalismului? .......................................................................... 179
3.3 Complexitatea i dificultatea securitii n regiunea Mrii Negre
........................................................................................................ 189
3.4 Marile Puteri i regionalizarea securitii la Marea Neagr ...... 196
3.5 Securitatea Mrii Negre implicarea UE ................................... 200
3.6 Influena Rusiei n spaiul de securitate regional al Mrii Negre
........................................................................................................ 206
3.7 Rolul activ al Turciei pentru securitatea Mrii Negre ................ 209
3.8 Securitatea Mrii Negre rolul NATO i SUA ........................... 214
3.9 Regionalizarea i efectele locale ale securitii maritime n regiunea
Mrii Negre ................................................................................... 217
3.9.1 Regiunea Mrii Negre, ce s-a schimbat? De la
hegemonie la pluralism i napoi la rivalitate .............. 217
3.9.2 Conflicte locale i impactul acestora asupra stabilitii
regionale ..................................................................... 227
3.9.3 Convenia de la Montreaux i statutul strmtorile turceti
.................................................................................... 230
3.9.4 Kremlinul i reafirm influena maritim strategic din
regiunea Mrii Negre .................................................. 235
CAPITOLUL IV - DINAMICA SECURITII MARITIME A REGIUNII MRII
NEGRE NTRE CRIZA RUSO-UCRAINEAN I
NCERCRILE DE INTERNAIONALIZAREA A ACESTUI
AREAL ............................................................................................. 247
4.1 Consecinele anexrii ilegale a peninsulei Crimeea de ctre
Federaia Rus asupra dinamicii securitatii maritime la Marea
Neagr ........................................................................................... 249
4.1.1 Criza ucrainean i dinamica securitii regionale ....... 249
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4.1.2 Anexarea peninsulei Crimeea consecine geopolitice 251
4.1.3 Anexarea peninsulei Crimeea ctigurile Federaiei Ruse
..................................................................................... 262
4.2 Convenia de la Montreux i arhitectura de securitate maritim la
Marea Neagr ................................................................................ 267
4.3 Regiunea Mrii Negre n politica extern a Turciei .................... 272
4.4 Puterea maritim a Rusiei n Marea Neagr ............................... 279
4.5 Strategii alternative de securitate maritim n regiunea Mrii
Negre............................................................................................... 281
4.5.1 Strategia maritim a Alianei Nord-Atlantice ............... 285
4.5.2 Strategia maritim a Federaiei Ruse ............................ 290
4.5.3 Strategia de securitate maritim a UE .......................... 299
4.5.4 Strategia de securitate maritim a Turciei .................... 302
4.5.5 Noua strategie maritim de securitate a SUA ............... 306
4.6 Regiunea Mrii Negre i nevoia Romniei de o strategie maritim
........................................................................................................ 312
CONCLUZII ............................................................................................................................. 327
BIBLIOGRAFIE ....................................................................................................................... 341
GLOSAR DE TERMENI I ABREVIERI .................................................................................. 6
ANEXE .......................................................................................................................................... 6
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1
Yannis, Tsantoulis, Geopoliticile, (sub)regionalismul, expunerea i dificilul "triunghi al puterii" al regiunii Mrii Negre,
apud. Dimitrios Tryantaphillu, op.cit., p. 22
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Romnia are nevoie de o strategie maritim, iar Forele Navale ale rii noastre
au nevoie de o doctrin actualizat, de aceea, considerm c acest demers tiinific se
nscrie n aceste circumstane venind n sprijinul unor astfel de preocupri. Actualitatea
acestei teme de cercetare este dat de noile orientri privind abordarea securiti
maritime de ctre partenerii strategici ai Romniei i de evoluiile geopolitice din
regiunea Mrii Negre, iar necesitatea ei este dat de nevoia rii noastre de a avea o
strategie maritim naional.
La baza alegerii temei de cercetare, Marea Neagr o nou direcie strategic
a securitii maritime globale, au stat att motivaiile personale ale autorului, legate de
responsabilitile de prim rang pe care le are ca ofier de marin n cadrul Forelor
Navale ale Romniei, ct i aprecierile generale referitoare la necesitatea elaborrii
unei viziuni la nivel naional privind securitatea maritim a rii noastre, coroborat cu
necesitatea actualizrii Doctrinei Forelor Navale FN-1, n condiiile n care regiunea
Mri Negre a devenit o direcie strategic important n peisajul securitii maritime
globale.
n acest context, obiectivul general al tezei de doctorat este acela de a analiza
particularitile securitii maritime a regiunii Mrii Negre n contextul modelului de
guvernare maritim global impus de convenia Organizaiei Naiunilor Unite -
UNCLOS 2 i a transformrilor geopolitice la care este supus aceast regiune.
Cercetarea doctoral abordeaz conceptul de securitate maritim n cadrul larg al
evoluiei conceptului de securitate dup ncheierea Rzboiului Rece, punnd accentul
pe aspectul cuprinztor i pe particularitile acestuia n plan regional. De asemenea,
cercetarea doctoral abordeaz aspectele geopolitice ale securitii maritime
evideniind particularitile acesteia n regiunea Mrii Negre, n contextul politicilor i
strategiilor adoptate de principalii actori regionali, NATO, UE, Turcia i, n special,
Federaia Rus. n final, cercetarea doctoral abordeaz problematica securitii
maritime n regiunea Mrii Negre din perspectiva Romniei, evideniind necesitatea ca
2
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
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ca punct logistic necesar trupelor armate ale SUA aflate n tranzit ctre Orientul
Mijlociu sau Asia Central. ara deja gzduiete trupe militare ale SUA, n mare parte
n baza aeriana Mihail Koglniceanu. Toi aceti factori fac din Romnia un bun
candidat pentru ar tampon mpotriva unei poteniale expansiuni ale Rusiei.
Din motivele expuse anterior, considerm c vom vedea Statele Unite ale
Americii ncepnd s adopte o strategie la Marea Neagr centrat pe Romnia. Rusia
s-a concentrat asupra oraului Sevastopol deoarece capacitatea sa n Marea Neagr
este critic. O strategie care mbuntete capacitatea naval a Romniei i plaseaz
avioane SUA n regiune ar reprezenta o ameninare pentru flota rus. De asemenea, s-
ar extinde capacitile defensive n Georgia i s-ar proteja i liniile de conducte
petroliere dinspre Azerbaidjan. Pe scurt, un rival competent n Marea Neagr ar crea
probleme pentru Rusia, n special n cazul n care regimul ucrainean supravieuiete i
Crimeea este izolat.
Este evident c Statele Unite i propun s ia parte n mod activ la proiectarea
unui rspuns adecvat Rusiei n aceast regiune, de preferin, sub auspiciile NATO.
Unul dintre principalele obstacole n calea dorinei Statelor Unite de a fi mai activi n
regiunea Mrii Negre este reprezentat de prevederile Conveniei de la Montreux.
Exist diferite scenarii de modificare i dizolvare a prevederilor acestei convenii. Pe
scurt, dac Statele Unite nu pot intra n Marea Neagr sub propriul pavilion, o
alternativ ar fi trecerea sub pavilionul NATO, iar aceast perspectiv ngrijoreaz
foarte mult regimul de la Kremlin. Mai mult, concurena n aceast regiune este n
prezent nu numai ntre Statele Unite i Rusia; importana strategic a regiunii a dus, de
asemenea, la o concuren ntre corporaii dar i ntre ri din regiune.
Convenia de la Montreux faciliteaz accesul la Marea Neagr doar statelor
riverane, dar mai important este faptul c aceast convenie blocheaz accesul navelor
militare care nu aparin acestor state. n ceea ce privete accesul navelor civile, sunt
aplicate limitri, cum ar fi restriciile de tonaj i de timp. Pentru a putea aduce forele
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NATO n Marea Neagr, Statele Unite sunt contiente de faptul c sunt necesare
schimbri cu privire la prevederile Conveniei de la Montreux. Modificrile
prevederilor Conveniei de la Montreux amenin interesele regimului de la Ankara i
au potenialul de a diminua efectul de prghie al Turciei n Marea Neagr. n acest
sens, Rusia sprijin Turcia.
Toate acestea dovedesc importana spaiului maritim al Mrii Negre i ntresc
idea de factor decisiv al securitii maritime n contextual general de securitate la
Marea Neagr. Aceste aspecte sunt reflectate n recentele actualizri ale strategiilor
maritime ale principalilor actori cu interese n Marea Neagr. Astfel, Conceptul
Strategic NATO 2010 subliniaz dependena statelor membre de traficul global de
mrfuri i energie, trafic realizat predominant pe mare. Acest concept a fost urmat n
2011 de Strategia Maritim a Alianei - Alliance Maritime Strategy, care a menionat
direct interesele, rolul i prioritile NATO privind domeniul maritim la nivel global.
n contextul unui mediu de securitate maritim schimbtor, Marea Britanie i-a rennoit
strategia maritim n anul 2014, n contextul eforturilor de reasigurare a securitii
statelor din Europa de Est datorate crizei recente din Ucraina.
Marina SUA i-a revizuit i updatat strategia emis n 2007 A Cooperative
Strategy for 21st Century Seapower - O Strategie Comun pentru Puterea Maritim a
Secolului 21. n Frana, domeniul maritim i strategia naional maritim au fost
subiectul unor discursuri prezideniale. n 2014, Uniunea European a elaborat i
aprobat propria strategie de securitate maritim, strategie care definete clar domeniul
maritim drept un element esenial pentru o Europ stabil, sigur, prosper i un factor
important n meninerea pcii. Se observ, deci, c n comunitatea trans-atlantic o
atenie deosebit este acordat noilor provocri specifice domeniului maritime, iar
Marea Neagr apare n mod distinct menionat n cadrul acestor strategii.
Toate aceste aprecieri ne conduc n mod evident spre concluzia c regiunea
Mrii Negre a devenit o nou ax strategic pentru principalii actori ai scenei politice
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mondiale, iar asta presupune noi abordri contextuale ale strategiilor maritime ca
piloni principali ai securitii i stabilitii n aceast regiune.
De aceea, Romnia ca ar riveran, se afl n centrul tuturor acestor
transformri geopolitice la care regiunea Mrii Negre este supus n prezent. Aa cum
am demonstrat pe timpul acestei cercetri doctorale, influena acestor procese de
transformare geopolitic asupra securitii maritime a acestui areal este enorm.
Astfel, innd cont de aceste aspecte i avnd n vedere posibilul scenariu n care
Romnia ar putea fi plasat n viitor, factorii de rspundere din ara noastr ar trebui
s-i pun cu mai mult responsabilitate problema securitii maritime naionale. Este
timpul s abordm o viziune strategic asupra securitii maritime nainte ca aceasta
s ne pun probleme cu adevrat spinoase de tipul accesului la marea liber i la
rezervele de hidrocarburi din platoul continental concomitent cu revizuirea delimitrii
zonelor economice exclusive n conformitate cu noua hart geopolitic a regiunii.
Avem nevoie de o politic maritim coerent i realist care s abordeze problematica
promovrii i aprrii intereselor maritime naionale independent, dar mai ales n
cooperare cu aliaii i partenerii notri i care s asigure fundamentul pentru o
strategie maritim puternic i eficient. De asemenea, avem nevoie i de abordri
sectoriale ale unei asemenea strategii de tipul Doctrinei Forelor Navale FN-1,
deocamdata singurul document care abordeaz problematica maritim romneasc la
nivel strategic. Dar i acest document, elaborat nc din 2010, necesit actualizri n
conformitate cu evoluiile geopolitice ulterioare, dar i cu deciziile aliailor notri,
luate la summit-urile din ara Galilor din Septembrie 2014 i Polonia din Iunie 2016,
de a rspunde la aceste noi circumstane.
n concluzie, prin intermediul acestor analize am reui scoaterea n eviden a
cadrului conceptual, a perspectivelor analitice i terminologiei de baz asociat
conceptului de securitate maritim, importanei guvernrii maritime pentru evoluia
viitoare a domeniului maritim global, particularitile securitii maritime pentru
regiunea Mrii Negre i nevoia de deschidere internaional a acestui spaiu
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4. *** Baza de date: HIS Janes 360/Aerospace, Defense&Security/Military and
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21. Frontex agenie a UE care are ca obiect de activitate managementul
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36. MSC/Circ.443 - Msuri de Prevenire a Actelor Ilegale mpotriva Pasagerilor i
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64. Tratatul de Prietenie, Cooperare i Parteneriat - The Russian-Ukrainian
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