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MINISTERUL EDUC AȚIEI

ISBN 978-606-31-1380-2

9 786063 113802
Acest manual școlar este proprietatea Ministerului Educației.
MINISTERUL EDUC AȚIEI

Gabriela Bărbulescu Daniela Beșliu Daniela-Elena Ioniță

Manual pentru clasa a II-a

EDITURA DIDACTICĂ ȘI PEDAGOGICĂ S.A.


ACEST MANUAL A FOST FOLOSIT DE:
Numele elevului care Anul Starea manualului*
Anul a primit manualul Clasa Şcoala şcolar la primire la returnare
1.
2.
3.
4.

* Starea manualului se va înscrie folosind termenii: nou, bun, îngrijit, nesatisfăcător, deteriorat.
Cadrele didactice vor controla dacă numele elevului este scris corect.
Elevii nu trebuie să facă niciun fel de însemnări pe manual.

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale a României


BĂRBULESCU, GABRIELA
Comunicare în limba română: manual pentru clasa a II-a / Gabriela Bărbulescu,
Daniela Beșliu, Daniela-Elena Ioniță. - Bucureşti: Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 2021
ISBN 978-606-31-1380-2

I. Beșliu, Daniela
II. Ioniță, Daniela-Elena

37

Ediția a IV-a
© E.D.P. 2021. Toate drepturile asupra acestei ediţii sunt rezervate Editurii Didactice şi Pedagogice, Bucureşti.
Orice preluare, parţială sau integrală, a textului sau a materialului grafic din această lucrare se face numai
cu acordul scris al editurii.
© Gabriela Bărbulescu, Daniela Beșliu, Daniela-Elena Ioniță

EDITURA DIDACTICĂ ŞI PEDAGOGICĂ S.A. Comenzi pentru această lucrare se primesc:


Str. Spiru Haret nr. 12, sector 1, cod 010176, Bucureşti • prin poştă, pe adresa editurii
Tel.: 021.315.38.20 • prin e-mail: comenzi@edituradp.ro
Tel./fax: 021.312.28.85 comercial@edituradp.ro
e-mail: office@edituradp.ro • prin telefon/fax: 021.315.73.98
www.edituradp.ro

Manualul digital este realizat cu sprijinul


Redactor: Iulia Eremia, Valentina Jercea Societăţii Române de Televiziune
Tehnoredactori: Marian Cernea, Zoran Popovici
Grafica: Marian Cernea
Coperta: Otilia-Elena Borș

Număr de plan: 66057/2021


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25
Unitatea 2

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26
Unitatea 2
  
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27
Unitatea 2

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28
Unitatea 2

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29
Unitatea 2

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30
Unitatea 2

Э7,83275(=2/9

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31
Unitatea 2

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32
Unitatea 3

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33
Unitatea 3

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34
Unitatea 3
  
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35
Unitatea 3

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36
Unitatea 3

  
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37
Unitatea 3

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38
Unitatea 3

  
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39
Unitatea 3

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40
Unitatea 3
  
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41
Unitatea 3

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42
Unitatea 3

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43
Unitatea 3

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44
Unitatea 4

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45
Unitatea 4

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46
Unitatea 4
  
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47
Unitatea 4

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48
Unitatea 4
  
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49
Unitatea 4

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50
Unitatea 4
  
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51
Unitatea 4

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52
Unitatea 4
  
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75
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114
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115
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116
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117
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118
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Acest manual școlar este proprietatea Ministerului Educației.
MINISTERUL EDUC AȚIEI

ISBN 978-606-31-1380-2

9 786063 113802

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