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Solutia este un lichid omogen care contine doi sau mai multi componenti. Unul din
componenti se numeste dizolvant, si predomina cantitativ fata de celalalt
component, substanta dizolvata.
n = m/M,
Unde, n reprezinta numarul de moli ; m reprezinta masa de substanta (g) ; M reprezinta
masa moleculara.
Pentru acizi
Exemplu:
EHCl=36,5/1=36,5g
E H2SO4 = 98/2 = 49 g
Pentru baze
ENaOH = 40 / 1= 40g
E Ca(OH)2= 74/2 =37 g
Pentru sare
ENa2SO4=142/2 x 1=71 g
T=40/1000=0,04g NaOH
a). fie prin cântarirea unei anumite cantitati de substanta etalon sau titrimetrica.
Substantele etalon sunt acele substante din care prin simpla cântarire si dizolvare
în balon cotat, la volum cunoscut, se pot obtine solutii cu concentratia cunoscuta.
b). fie prin titrare cu ajutorul unei substante etalon. Se cântareste o anumita cantitate
din substanta etalon (0,15-0,20g), se dizolva în apa si se titreaza cu solutia al carei titru
dorim sa îl determinam.
Pentru stabilirea titrului sunt necesare cel putin doua titrari în scopul verificarii
concordantei dintre rezultate.
De exemplu, pentru o solutie exacta 0,1N de NaOH titrul teoretic este de 0.004.
Pentru o solutie aproximativ 0,1 N sa presupunem ca titrul real este 0.004328. Factorul
acestei solutii va fi:
F=Trea;l/Tteoretic=0,004328/0,0040=1,0820
Aceasta înseamna ca la 1ml din solutia noastra corespund 1.082ml din solutia exact
0.1N.
Acid / Base Titrations
Sodium carbonate
Na2CO3, FW = 106, Eq. =53g/l
250ml 0.05M = 1.325g = 0.1N
In this example, the FW or Formula weight (Molecular weight) of the salt is 106. Eq. is the equivalent weight
which is 53 grams per liter. And 1.325 grams dissolved up to mark in 250 ml volumetric flask will give a 0.05 M
standard solution or a 0.1N standard solution.
Hydrochloric acid
HCl, FW = 36.5, Density = 1.2 Oxalic acid
1M = 83mls = 1N (Use 86mls) H2C2O4.2H2O, FW = 126.07, Eq. = 63g/l
250ml 0.1M = 2mls = 0.1N 250ml 0.05M = 1.575g = 0.1N
1 liter 0.1M soln = 8.6mls = 0.1N
Sodium hydroxide
Sodium carbonate
NaOH, FW = 40, Eq. = 40g/l
Na2CO3, FW = 106, Eq. =53g/l
250ml 0.1M = 1.0g = 0.1N
250ml 0.05M = 1.325g = 0.1N
1 liter 0.1M soln = 4g = 0.1N
Sulphuric acid
H2SO4, FW = 98.08, Density = 1.8 Tris (hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane
1M = 56mls = 2N H2N.C(CH2OH)3, FW = 121.14, Eq. = 121g/l
250ml 0.05M = 0.7mls = 0.1N 250ml 0.1M = 3.023g =0.1N
1 liter 0.05M = 2.8mls = 0.1N (use 3 mls)
Hhdrogen peroxide
H2O2, FW = 34. Eq. = 17g/l Iron allum (ferric ammonium sulphate)
10 Vol. = 3%
FeNH4(SO4)2.12H2O, FW = 482.19, Eq.
20 Vol. = 6% = 1.8M
=241g/l
100 Vol. = 30%
250ml 0.05M = 6.02g = 0.1N
250ml 0.05M = 12.50ml of 20 Vol. = 0.1N
1 liter 0.05M = 50ml of 20 Vol. = 0.1N (add 2 mls conc.
H2SO4 per liter soln)
Oxalic acid (anhyd.)
H2C2O4, FW = 90, Eq. = 45g/l
1 liter 0.05M = 10mls of 100 Vol.
250ml 0.05M =1.125g = 0.1N
1 liter 0.05M =35mls of 30 Vol.
Volume strength = 11.2/34 x strongth of peroxide in g/l
Sodium nitrite
Potassium permanganate NaNO2, FW = 69.00, Eq. = 34.56/l
KMnO4, FW =158.04, Eq. ==31.6g/l 250ml 0.05M = 0.86g = 0.1N (use 1g)
250ml 0.02M = 0.79g = 0.1N (dissolve in hot water)
1 liter 0.02M = 3.16g = 0.1N (boil to dissolve crystals, then Sodium oxalate
dilute to 1liter) Na2C204, FW = 234, Eq. = 67g/l
250ml 0.05M = 1.675g = 0.1N
Tin, Sn,
Potassium dichromate FW = 119.0, Eq. = 59.5g/l
K2Cr2O7, FW = 294, Eq. = 49g/l
250ml 0.0167M = 1.22g = 0.1N
Tin (11) chloride (use metallic tin dissolved in conc.
HCl)
1 liter 0.0167M = 4.90g = 0.1N
250ml 0.05M = 1.49g = 0.1N
Potassium iodate
KIO3, FW = 214, Eq. = 35.73g/l
Spathic iron ore
FeCO3, FW = 116, Eq. = 116g/l
250ml 0.0167M = 0.892g = 0.1N
250ml 0.1M = 2.9g = 0.1N
Titrations with iodine and Thiosulphate
Iodine, I2
Potassium iodate
FW = 253.18, Eq. = 127g/l
KIO3, FW = 214 Eq. = 35.73g/l
1 liter 0.05M = 12.7g = 0.1N
250ml 0.0167M = 0.892g = 0.1N
(use 13g Iodine and add 25g KI
Silver nitrate
AgNO3, FW = 170, Eq. =170g/l Potassium chromate
250ml 0.1M = 4.25g = 0.1N K2CrO4, FW = 194.20, Eq. =32.4g/l
250ml 0.0167M = 0.81g = 0.1N
Sodium chloride 1 liter 0.0167M = 3.24g = 0.1N
NaCl, FW = 58.5, Eq. = 58.5g/l (add a few mls dil. H2SO4 to clear)
250ml 0.1M = 1.4625g = 0.1N