Civilizaia la rscruce de secole

,,O nestrmutat credin n puterile raiunii constituie motorul ntregului secol al XIX-lea. JEAN CARPENTIER, FRANOIS LEBRUN - Istoria Europei -

tiina i tehnica

Marile invenii i inventatori

Marile invenii i inventatori

Inventatorii i protejeaz inventiile obinnd brevete de la autoritile abilitate, prin care ei i dezvluie secretele n schimbul dreptului de a realiza, utiliza sau vinde inveniile. Cei mai cunoscui inventatori din secolul al XIX-lea sunt: Heinrich Hertz: a demonstrat natura luminii, propagarea undelor electromagnetice Pe baza inveniilor lui a urmat: Alexander Graham Bell care a inventat telefonul,
A. Graham Bell (1847-1922)

Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894)

Wilhelm Rntgen A descoperit razele X care au proprietatea de a traversa diferite corpuri

Pe baza inveniilor lui a urmat: Aplicaiile din medicin ale radiografiilor X i ale aplicaiilor razelor X i a razelor gamma din programele nucleare de azi. Care fizicieni francezi, polonezi, italieni i-au urmat?
An exposure of 500 roentgens in five hours is usually lethal for human beings. The typical exposure to normal background radiation for a human being is about 200 milliroentgens per year, or about 23 microroentgens per hour. Wilhelm Rntgen (1845-1923)

Descoperirea i studiul

radioactivitii

O nou conceie despre Univers - teoria relativitii E = mc2

Descoperirile din fizic au fost urmate de cele din chimie

Albert Einstein 1879-1955

Thomas Halva Edison 1847-1931

A inventat: fonograful, becul electric, centrala electric, tramvaiul

A descoperit modul de producere i conducere a curentului electric.

gramofon

Joseph Nicphore Nipce francez - 1765 1833 inventatorul aparatului de fotografiat 1825

mpreun cu Niepce, mai lucra o persoan pe nume Louis Daguerre, care , mai trziu, a mbuntit procedeul inventat de acesta. El a fost un pictor i a realizat fotografii pe plci, cu iodat de argint fotosensibil. Din aceast cauz, primele fotografii au fost denumite dagherotipii.
Vedere de la fereastr n Le Gras - 1826

O invenie celebr

Fraii Auguste i Louis Lumire

Inventarea fotografiei le-a permis frailor Auguste i Louis Lumire s mearg mai departe i s inventeze filmul cinematografic , fotografia i filmul color:

Algerieni foto: 1917

Chimie i microbiologie
Chimie Sintetizarea compuilor organici duce la dezvoltarea industriei chimice: ngrminte, medicamente, fibre sintetice Microbiologia: descoperirea vaccinului datorit lui Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Care este accinul descoperit de el? Ce specialitate avea? Cine i-a urmat?

Biologie n tiinele biologice s-a remarcat englezul Charles Darwin (1809-1882) creatorul teoriei evoluioniste Ce lucrare a scris? Ce noi tiine biologice au aprut?

Marile progrese n marile expoziii

Expoziia universal de la Londra 1851: Crystal Palace

Expoziia universal de la Londra 1851: Crystal Palace

Expoziia universal de la Londra 1851: Crystal Palace

Expoziia universal de la Paris 1889

Expoziia universal de la Paris 1889: Galeria mainilor

Mainismul i mainriile

model ul din 1885

Benz "Velo" model (1894) by German inventor Carl Benz entered into an early automobile race as a motocycle

Ce aplicaii are?

Rudolf Diesel 1858-1913 german nscut la Paris A inventat motorul cu ardere intern n 1893.

Motor original creat de Diesel n 1897

Recunoatei inveniile i inventatorii?

Recunoatei inveniile? Dar inventatorul?

Premiul Nobel
In 1888 Alfred's brother Ludvig died while visiting Cannes and a French newspaper erroneously published Alfred's obituary It condemned him for his invention of dynamite and is said to have brought about his decision to leave a better legacy after his death. The obituary stated, Le marchand de la mort est mort ("The merchant of death is dead") and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before, died yesterday. Alfred was disappointed with what he read and concerned with how he would be remembered. On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and set aside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality. After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kronor, to establish the five Nobel Prizes. This converted to GBP 1,687,837 at the time. In 2012, the capital was worth around SEK 3.1 billion (USD 472 million, EUR 337 million), which is almost twice the amount of the initial capital, taking inflation into account. The first three of these prizes are awarded for eminence in physical science, in chemistry and in medical science or physiology; the fourth is for literary work "in an ideal direction" and the fifth prize is to be given to the person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of international fraternity, in the suppression or reduction of standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of peace congresses.

Alfred Nobel 1833-1896 chimist, inginer i inventator suedez A deinut 350 de brevete de invenie

Cea mai celebr invenie: dinamita.

realizator: prof. dr. Beatrice Budea recunoatei inventatorii?

1903 fraii Wright 1909 Louis Blriot

1909

1906

Primul avion cu reacie din lume: 1910