Pr. Prof.

IOAN RMUREANU
Pr. Prof. MILAN ESAN Pr.
Prof. TEODOR BODOGAE
ISTORIA BISERICEASC
UNIVERSAL
pentru Institutee teoo!i"e
#oi. II $%&'()%*+,-
TIPRIT CU BINECUVINTAREA
PREA .ERICITULUI PRINTE
TEOCTIST
PATRIAR/UL BISERICII ORTODO0E ROM1NE
EDITURA INSTITUTULUI BIBLIC I DE MISIUNE
AL BISERICII ORTODO0E ROMANE
BUCURETI ) %**2
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E6itur7 Institutuui Bi8i"
9i 6e Misiune 7
Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne
Copert7 = EI>NA VASILESCU
PREFA
Istoria bisericeasc universal, disciplin fundamental in studiul
Teologiei, a cunoscut n teologia romneasc o evolu!ie lent dar sigur,
culminnd cu delimitarea ei fa! de alte domenii de studiu "i cercetare#
Evolu!ia de care amintim s$a concreti%at prin studiile "i lucrrile pu$
blicate n acest domeniu de$a lungul anilor, dar mai ales prin manualele
dedicate acestei discipline#
&ontribu!ia cercettorilor romni la promovarea studiilor de istort'
bisericeasc universal este considerabil "i ar merita un studiu critic la
nivelul informa!iei actuale# ( prim observa!ie n acest sens se impune
prin aceea c, dincolo de orice e)plica!ie sau *ustificare, comple)itatea
cercetrii nu "i$a gsit propor!ional ecoul n elaborarea de manuale, a
cror lips acut n nv!mntul romnesc, mai ales din anii de dicta$
tur comunist, a trebuit s fie completat cu improvi%a!ii "i surogate
Pentru nv!mntul teologic superior din +iserica (rtodo) Ro $
mn, primul curs academic de Istorie bisericeasc a fost ntocmit "i sus$
!inut n limba german de ctre vestitul profesor Eusebiu Popovici
,t -.//0, la Facultatea de teologie ortodo) din &ernu!i# &u pu!in tim*#
nainte de trecerea sa la cele ve"nice, strlucitul dascl bucovinean pre$
ci%a n 1precuvntarea autorului2 la edi!ia lucrrii sale, tradus "i publi
cat n romne"te de fostul mitropolit primat Atanasie 3ironescu ,edi
!ia a 4$a, +ucure"ti, -./56-./70, c aceast lucrare 1s$a nscut numa
din cursurile ce le$am !inut cu studen!ii mei, "i mpre*urrile mi$au fos
totdeauna astfel, c n$am putut face mai mult# A"a, n$am putut nsemn
i%voarele singularilor paragrafi, ce este o scdere mare# 8ac ns meto
dul meu altminterea ar afla aprobare, un urma" al meu n studiul Isto
riei biserice"ti ar putea mbunt!i cartea, adugndu$i de la -.-9 "i u:
period nou2#
n aceste observa!ii autocritice, dasclul cernu!ean e)prima inten
!ia ntocmirii nu doar a unui simplu manual de compila!ie, ci elaborarei
unui tratat cu adevrat "tiin!ific, prev%ut cu 1nsemnarea i%voarelor sin
gularilor paragrafi2, lucru rmas pn ast%i doar de%iderat# Totu"i 1me
todul2 lui Eusebiu Popovici a aflat aprobare "i astfel cursul de Istoria bi
sericeasc universal, retu"at "i adaptat, se ba%ea% "i ast%i pe struc
tura conceput de acest mare nv!at#
Fa! de manualul lui Eusebiu Popovici, evolu!ia Istoriei biserice"t
universale nu se manifest att n structurarea 1metodului2 ct mai aii
n delimitarea istoriei biserice"ti propriu$%ise de alte domenii de cerce
tare, cum ar fi Istoria dogmelor, Patrologia sau Istoria +isericii Romnt
pe care profesorul bucovinean le cuprindea ntr$o singur sinte%#
8emersul lui Eusebiu Popovici a fost continuat "i completat abia
-.5;, cnd un colectiv format din< Prof# Teodor 3# Popescu ,+ucure"ti
Pr# prof# Teodor +odogae ,=ibiu0 "i Prof# >eorge =tnescu ,&lu*0, a pi
blicat un nou manual de Istorie bisericeasc universal n dou volum
1pentru u%ul studen!ilor Institutelor teologice2#
+a%at pe bibliografie n e)clusivitate din perioada interbelic, sufe$
i de u"oare disonan!e ntre 1pr!ile2 ntocmite de clte unul din cei
autori ) dealtfel personalit!i distincte "i eminente ale teologiei ro$
le"ti )?@? reflectnd n mod evident atitudinea din acel moment a +i$
cii noastre fa! de celelalte +iserici "i fa! de 3i"carea ecumenic,
malul din -.5; s$a impus totu"i ca o piatr de ?otar n studiul Istoriei
@rice"ti universale#
Aolumul I al acestui manual, cuprin%nd primul mileniu al erei cre"$
,-)-95B0, a fost apoi considerabil mbunt!it "i publicat pn n
tent n dou edi!ii ,-.C5 "i -.7C0 de ctre preo!ii profesori< Ioan R$
eanu ,f -.770, 3ilan DesaEn ,f -.790 "i Teodor +odogae ,=ibiu0#
ntre ace"ti trei strluci!i ostenitori n domeniul istoriei biserice"ti
iersale, cel de$al treilea este singurul n via! "i tot singurul care asi$
i pn ast%i, prin erudi!ia "i !inuta sa academic de e)cep!ie, conti$
atea de concep!ie "i de metod n studiul acestei discipline#
Acela"i colectiv de autori a ntocmit "i volumul al II$lea de Istorie
riceasc universal, cu referire la istoria cre"tin de la -95B pin as$
dar cuprin%nd relatarea unor evenimente nc n curs de desf"u$
"i deci cu implica!ii directe n actualitate# 3anualul de Istoria bise$
tsc universal ) volumul II )@ att de necesar studen!ilor teologi
u numai, nu a mai putut fi publicat n anii de trist amintire a dic$
vii comuniste# 8up elaborarea materialului cuprins n acest volum,
tul =inod al +isericii (rtodo)e Romne a numit o comisie special,
idat de nalt Prea =fin!itul 8r# Festor Aornicescu, 3itropolitul (l$
n ) oficiul de secretar fiind asigurat de semnatarul acestor rnduri, )@
siei care a cercetat "i a certificat corectitudinea, precum "i !inuta
!ific a acestui manual#
&alit!ile manualului de I#+#G# ) voi# II )@ tiprit acum, se reg$
n claritatea e)primrii, n informa!ia foarte bogat adus pn, la
E#ui anului -.77 "i nu n ultimul rnd, printr$o orientare ecumenic
rie +isericii noastre# Ha publicarea acestui manual, a"teptat de atta
, primul nostru gnd se ndreapt ctre autorii lui, pe care i orna "i
prin aceast publicare, pentru contribu!ia lor decisiv la de%vol$ E#
cercetrii istorice biserice"ti n Patriar?ia Romn# Recomandm cu
cldur acest manual tuturor celor ce doresc s se liari%e%e cu istoria
+isericii cre"tine n cel de$al doilea mileniu al en!ei sale "i, prin
aceasta, s se ntreasc n credin!a cea adev$ Iar n mod special,
recomandm aceast carte tinerilor teologi or$ A9i romni, pentru ca,
scpa!i de interdic!iile "i lipsurile cu care# s$au @untat nainta"ii lor,
s$"i ia drept devi% dictonul cu care Eusebiu vi ei "i nc?ei a
act i vi t at ea< B.e"i Cuo6 pot ui@ fe"i 7nt ;e i or7 itesD.
Bu"ure9ti@ %5 fe8ru7rie %**2. Pr. prof. 6r. VIOREL IONIE1
PERIOADA A IV?A
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I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. Prof. 5N. +odogae 9i Pr. Prof. I# Rmureanu#
PERIOADA A PATRA
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BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I)0V
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In RHsHrit@ FnsH@ "e ;7i ;7re peri "o pentru I;peri u 8i J7ntin
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PERIOADA A PATRA
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B I B L I O G R A . I E I
R. .cssier@ Le mo'en ge t. %. Hes mondes nouveau) $2'&)*'&-A t. ,. HEeveil lEEurope
$*'&)%,'&-A t. 2. Le temps de crise $%,'&)%''&-@ P7ris@ %d+,)%*+2 A bi;;er;7nn@ 8as
Papsttum im 3ittelalter# Eine Papstgesc?ic?ie im =piegel der ori ograp?i e# 3i t
ei nem Aer%ei c?ni s der Ppst e vom IAK? bi s %um 0V. Ka?r$iert, Stutt!7rt@
%*+% A I6e;@ 8er &anossangang #on ,&55@ vKirLungen und MirL$Leit, _ies876en@
%*5'A E. Perro3@ Etudes dE?istoire medievale, P7ris@ %*5*@ +,& p. A Ti erne3@ &?urc?
HaN and &onst i t u! i onal t ?oug?t i n t ?e 3i ddl e Ages, Lon6on@ iA \. e Goff@
Pour un autre Mo3en Age# Temps, t ravail et cul ture en (cci dent, s@ %*55 A
I6e;@ &ivili%a!ia (ccidentului medieval, tr76. 9i note 6e MHri7 /o87n@ ure9ti@
%*5& A \. Ri"47r6@ (rient et (ccident au Mo3en Age# &ontacts et relations )0V
s#0, Lon6res@ %*5LA /eene A4r`eier@ HE ideologie politiOue de lE empire mt i n,
P7ri s@ %*5'A Den3 /73@ HE Europe au PIA$e et PA$e si ecl e# Tr76ui t 6e ! 7i s
p7r .r 7n"oi se et Geor !es Ru4 ;7nn et \e7n T7;7!n7; $ /i st oi r e 6e r ope@
t . V- @ P7r i s @ %*5,A M. D. Ono` es )D. O8o ens P3@ Le Mo3en Age )
%'&&-@ tr76. 6e N7n!7is p7r. L. \eJeCue@ Fouvelle ?istoire de lE Eglise sous
=ire"tion 6e L.)\. Rou!ier@ R. Au8ert@ M. D. Ono`es@ t. II@ P7ris@ %*L+ A .. Oe;pf@
G. Be"P@ E. E##i!@ \.)A. \on!;7nn@ 8ie 3itt#elalterlic?e Qirc?e, .rei8ur! i;
s!7u@ %*LLA B. Moeer@ =ptmittelalter ,8ie Qirc?e in i?rer >esc?ic?te, II-@
tin!en@ %*LLA M. es7n@ 8ie (rt?odo)e Qirc?e von Ka?re -95B bis ?eut%utage, Le
;on6e rei!ieu:D@ t. 2&@ biiri"4@ %*L*@ p. 5')%,*.
Geor!e E#"r3@ T?e +'%antine Patriarc?ate ('2)-/9B, Lon6on@ %*L, A G. Sto"Pe@
c?ic?te der =lavenmission $Co. Die Oir"4e in i4rer Ges"4i"4te-@ Gottin!en@ %*L% A
Pirenne@ 4i st oi re de lE Europe des i nvasions au 0V?e si ecle, Bru:e es@ %*'+A
flise et les Englises# iVeuf Rsiecles de douloureuse "eparation entre lE(rient et
cident, t. I)II@ C4e#eto!ne@ %*'(A M. Bo"4@ Ha societe ieodale, - #oi. @ ,?e e6.@
s@ %*(*A C4. Die4 ) G. M7r"47is@ 4istoire du 3o'en Age $"o. GotJ I0@ %-.
HEEurope orientale de -97-)2('2@ P7ris@ %*2L)%*('A A. .i"4e ) V. M7rtin@
oire de lEEglise depuis les orlgines nos *ours, #oi. 0I)0V@ P7ris@ %*25)%*2* A
[. .i"4e@ Ha c?retiente medievale $2*')%,'(- $/istoire 6u ;on6e p7r E. C7?
Mn7"@ t. VII-@ P7ris@ %*,*.
I Bi8io!r7fie Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
Pentru i;periu ;on!o@ L. Oe4ren@ T7;er7n P7ris@ %*5* M \. A. Bo3e@ T?
3ongol Morld Empire $%,&L)%25&-@ Lon6on@ %*55 A Pr. prof. I. Pupe7)RH;ure7nu@
re"enJie 7 u"r7re7 = B. D. Gre"o#)A. I. I7"u8o#s"4i@ 4oarda de Aur 9i dec$
derea ei, Bu"ure9ti@ %*'2@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ VI@ %*'(@ nr. %@ p. %2&)%(,.
In i;87 ro;<nH= N. Ior!7@ Istoria vie!ii bi%antine, tr76. 6e MHri7 /o87n@
Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(A C4. Die4@ Figuri bi%antine# 3arile probleme ale Imperiului bi $
%antin, tr76. 6e I. b7re7@ I)II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*L*A Eu!. Popo#i"i@ Istoria 8iseri"e7s"7
uni#ers7H@ e6. 7 Ii?7@ #oi. %%%@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,5.
Cru"i76ee I
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6eor #7 fi "u 7tFt ;7i !reu 6e Mustifi"7t "u "Ft@ Fn 7f7rH 6e "ru"i7
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fiinG7re7 unor st7te Fn "7re sH 6o;ine in6epen6ent@ i7r ;i"7 no8iir
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9i ;o9ii@ Fn ori"e "7J ;7i rent78ie 6e"Ft e?7r fi 7#ut 7"7sH@ un6e ;u
F9i i"4i67serH 7#utu pentru "H nu ;7i pute7u f7"e f7GH situ7Giei 6
e C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. Prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
, ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II .
PERIOADA A PATRA
iri"in7 6eose8irii so"i7e 9i e"ono;i"e 6intre ;7rii feu67i@ pe 6e o
i7rte@ 9i orH9eni 9i GHr7ni@ pe 6e 7tH p7rte. Ce7 ;7i 8unH sursH 7pu?
e7nH pentru 6es"riere7 "ru"i76ei FntFi@ Istoria cruciadelor, s"risH 6e
Hu!Hru 8ene6i"ti n dui8ert 6e No!ent $f %%,(-@ infor;e7JH "H Fn
r;7 fo7;etei pro#o"7te 6e s78ee re"ote ur;7te un7 6upH 7t7@ pre?
u !rFneor 7 "res"ut 7tFt 6e ;ut Fn"Ft@ 6in pri"in7 spe"uei ne!ustori?
2r@ sHrH"i;e7 "onsu;7 rH6H"ini 9i ier8uri sH87ti"e. In ur;7 "4e;Hrii
2 "ru"i76e@ u"rurie se #in6e7u pe ni;i". ToGi "Hut7u sH?9i s"4i;8e
#ere7 Fn 87ni "7 sH?i 7i8H pe 6ru;.
Or79ee it7iene 7u #HJut Fn "ru"i76e ;iMo7"e opti;e pentru FntH?
ire7 puterii or e"ono;i"e 9i pentru 6es"4i6ere7 6e pieGe "Ft ;7i 7#7n?
FMo7se. To";7i 7"estor F;preMurHri f7#or78ie 9i 7tor7 si;i7re@ e 67to?
e7JH "etHGie it7iene VeneGi7@ Geno#7@ A;7fi@ Mi7no@ .orenG7 9i 7 ?
6e ri6i"7re7 or 7 r7n! 6e ;7ri puteri "o;er"i7e. De 7se;ene7@ st7?
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7r7 or "utur7 #ier;ior 6e ;Ht7se.
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Ies "7 sH s"7pe 6e s7r"inie feu67e@ "7re 7MunseserH insuport78ie@ spe?
Fn6 "H #or !Hsi pH;Fnt i8er un6e sH?9i rostui7s"H 7te !ospo6Hrii.
Ipo"7 "ru"i76eor "oin"i6e 9i "u ;7rie 79eJHri 6e popu7Gie !er;7ni"H
F re!iunie 6in re!7tu feu67 un!7r.
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ui@ 7"est7 7 7"or67t "7#7erior o""i6ent7i itor7u Me6iter7nei Fntr
I7ff7 $\oppe- 9i A"r7 9i 7 7si!ur7t prin pro;isiune soe;nH pe re!e
An!iei "H i se per;ite "re9tinior #iJit7re7 Ierus7i;uui. M7i tFrJP
Fn %%*5@ fF9i7 6e teritoriu 6intre I7ff7 9i A"r7 7 fost ;HritH prin "u"eri
re7 Beirutuui Fn Li87n..
Fn o"to;8rie %%*,@ Ri"47r6 Ini;H 6e Leu 7 pe"7t 6in P7estin
spre An!i7.
Insu7 Cipru@ rHpitH 8iJ7ntinior 6e en!eJi 7 L ;7i %%*%@ Fn "urst
pri;ei s7e 9e6eri 7"i@ 7 fost 7"or67tH prin #FnJ7re@ 7 Fnto7r"ere7 F
An!i7@ Fn %%*,@ fostuui re!e 7 Ierus7i;uui = Gu3 6e Lusi!nen@ fr7n
"eJ 6e ori!ine@ 7i "Hrui 6es"en6enGi 7u stHpFnit?o trei se"oe $%%*,?
%(+*-@ "Fn6 7 fost "u"eritH 6e #eneGieni@ "7re@ 7 rFn6u or@ 7u stHpFnit?
pFnH 7 %'5%@ "Fn6 7 fost "u"eritH 6e tur"i@ su8 sut7nu Sei; 7 I?e $%'LL
)%'5(-.
Cruciada 7 I&-a (1%0%1%0) 7 fost pre6i"7tH Fn Apus 6e "e ;K
;7re p7pH ;e6ie#7 Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 $%%*+)%,%L-. Cru"i7Gii tre8uie
sH ;e7r!H ;7i FntFi Fn E!ipt 9i 6e 7"oo 7 Ierus7i; spre 7?% ei8ei
6in ;Finie ;usu;7nior.
Repu8i"7 VeneGi7@ "7re 7#e7 ;7ri interese "o;er"i7e Fn I;peri
8iJ7ntin 9i Orientu 7propi7t@ s?7 7n!7M7t sH 7si!ure tr7nsportu "ru"i
Gior "u fot7 ei Fn s"4i;8u unei su;e i;port7nte.
Fn 7"est ti;p@ Fn BiJ7nG s?7u pro6us ;7ri tu8urHri 6in "7uJ7 "e
turior pentru o"up7re7 tronuui i;peri7. F;pHr7tu Is7" 7 /
% PERIOADA A PATRA
in!4eos $%%+')%%*'- 7 fost FnHtur7t 6e 7 tron 9i or8it 6e fr7tee
i7u Ae:ios 7 III?e7 An!4eos $%%*')%,&'-. .iu ui Is7" II An!4eos@
ie:ios 7 IV?e7@ fu!e@ Fn %,&%@ Fn Apus 9i "ere 7Mutoru "ru"i7Gior@ Fn
"4i;8u unei Fnse;n7te re"o;pense@ pentru reFns"Hun7re7 t7tHui sHu.
SI 7 pro;is toto67tH supunere7 Biseri"ii !re"e9ti 7utoritHGii s"7unuui -
7p7.
Repu8i"7 VeneGiei@ so"otin6 ;o;entu f7#or78i pentru "F9ti!7re7
;or i;ense 8enefi"ii "o;er"i7e Fn 67un7 I;periuui 8iJ7ntin@ 7 Fn?
[rept7t "ru"i767 7 IV?7 spre Const7ntinopo.
efu "ru"i76ei er7 it7i7nu Bonif7"iu 6e Monterr7t 6in Lo;87r ii
7@ 67r 76e#Hr7Gii ei "on6u"Htori 7u fost p7p7 Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 9i ?
HtrFnu Enri"o D7n6oo@ 6o!ee VeneGiei@ "7re ;7ne#r7u 6in u;8rH@
ie"7re 6upH interesee ui = p7p7 pentru unire7 "u !re"ii 9i re"uno79?
sre7 pri;7tuui p7p7 Fn "on6u"ere7 Biseri"ii@ i7r Enri"o D7n6oo pen?
ru 7;8iGiie e"ono;i"e 7e VeneGiei. E #7 Mu"7 rou 6e"isi# 9i este
espons78i pentru 6e#iere7 "ru"i76ei 6e 7 ei8er7re7 Ierus7i;uui i
Fn6rept7re7 ei "Htre Const7ntinopo.
Intre "on6u"Htorii "ru"i76ei ;7i er7u = 6u"ii B76uin 6e .7n6r7
[%5%)%,&'-@ T4i87u6 6e C47;p7!ne 9i istorio!r7fu "ru"i76ei
Geo?=o3 6e Vie47r6ouin@ 6in C47;p7!ne $.r7nG7-.
Fn 6ru; spre BiJ7nG@ "ru"i7Gii "u"erirH ;7i FntFi "et7te7 b7r7 6e
e "o7st7 D7;7Giei@ 7f7tH 7tun"i su8 stHpFnire7 re!7tuui Un!7riei@ pe
7re o 6H6urH VeneGiei. Er7 un trist 9i 6etest78i Fn"eput pentru o "ru?
76H pornitH "ontr7 ne"re6in"io9ior. b7r7 er7 un or79 "re9tin@ u7t
rin 7s7t unui ;on7r4 "re9tin.
.ot7 "ru"i7Gior 7Munse 7 Const7ntinopo Fn iunie %,&2. I;pHr7?i
Ae:ios III fu!e@ i7r 7 %+ iuie %,&2 este inst77t pe tron or8u Is7"
An!4eos@ 67r 7"est7 n?7 putut pHti su;7 6e ,&&.&&& 6e ;Hr"i 6e
W!int "erutH 6e "ru"i7Gi.
BiJ7ntinii er7u tot ;7i 7!it7Gi 6e purt7re7 !roso7nH 9i 7ro!7ntH 7
u67Gior. L7 ,' i7nu7rie %,&(@ o re#ouGie 6in Const7ntinopo 7 rHs?
rn7t pe Is7" II An!4eos 9i 79eJH pe tron pe Ae:ios V DuPP7s Murt?
fos@ 67r ni"i 7"est7 n?7 putut pHti su;ee e:7!er7te "erute 6e #ene?
;i.
Atun"i@ Fn ;7rtie %,&(@ Fntr?o "onsfHtuire 7 "Hpeteniior "ru"i76ei
7 4otHrFt Bp7rt7Mu Ro;<nieiD@ 76i"H 7 I;periuui 8iJ7ntin.
L7 %2 7priie %,&(@ Fn Vinere7 P7ti;ior@ "ru"i7Gii u7rH "u 7s7t
;st7ntinopou@ pe "7re?% MefuirH Fn ;o6 87r87r trei Jie 9i trei nopGi@
Frin6 u;ii "re9tine 7"est trist 9i M7ni" fin7 6e "ru"i76H@ "7re s?7
;sfor;7t Fntr?un 6etest78i 8ri!7n67M intern7Gion7@ 8ine "7;uf7t
8 poei77 rHJ8oiuui sfFnt 9i 7 7pHrHrii "re9tinior Fn f7G7 ;usu;7?
or@ "ru"i76H ;7ne#r7tH "u 6i8H"ie 6e t477sso"r7Gi7 VeneGiei 9i 6e
p7 Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7@ pentru e:tin6ere7 "7toi"is;uui 7ro!7nt 7su?
7 Orientuui orto6o:.
S"ene FnspHi;<ntHto7re 6e u"i6eri 9i M7furi se petre"urH 7tun"i Fn
nst7ntinopou 7se6i7t A ;e;8rii "eruui 7tin u7rH p7rte7 or
7H?Ni 6e 797?Ji9ii so67Gi 7i ui /ristos. Opere 6e 7rtH@ 6e #7o7re
inesti?i8iH@ 7u fost 6istruse s7u fur7te 6e "ru"i7Gi. Bo!HGii i;ense@
ui;ito7?
'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *#-*&
re pentru o"4ii 87r87rior sH87ti"i 9i 7"o;i 6in O""i6ent@ strFnse
se"oe Fn Const7ntinopo@ pFnH 7tun"i ne"u"erit@ furH Mefuite 9i F;pi
ti7te Fn tot Apusu.
In o"u I;periuui 8iJ7ntin "ru"i7Gii "re7rH I;periu 7tin 6e C
st7ntinopo $%,&()%,L%- punFn6 re!e pe B76uin 6e .7n6r7 $%,&
%,&'-. A"est i;periu 7tin "uprin6e7 Fn Europ7 teritoriu Const7ntino
uui@ i7r Fn Asi7 Mi"H o fF9ie 7r!H 6e?7 un!u MHrii 6e M7r;7r7 $I
ponti67- 9i 7 D7r67neeor.
VeneGi7 pri;i 2]+ 6in i;periu "u"erit. E7 pri;i or79u D3i
"4iu; $Durr7JJo-@ insuee ioniene@ "e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte 6in insu
MHrii E!ee@ Eu8ee7@ Ro6os@ Cret7@ nu;ero7se o"uri Fn Moree7 $PK
poneJ- 9i Tr7"i7. VeneGi7 F9i "re7 7stfe un i;periu "ooni7 9i o 4e
;onie e"ono;i"H Fn RHsHrit.
L7 Const7ntinopo 7u pri;it "7te6r77 SfFnt7 Sofi7 9i 6reptu
p7tri7r4u 7tin sH fie 7es 6intre ei. P7tri7r4u !re" 7 fost 7un!7t T
fost 7es "7 p7tri7r4 7tin #eneGi7nu To;7 Morosini.
Bonif7"iu 6e Montferr7t 7 pri;it re!7tu 6e Tes7oni" "u Ma
6oni7 9i Tes7i7.
DupH ;o6eu feu67@ "ru"i7Gii FnfiinG7rH 9i 7te 6u"7te 9i prin"i
te "7 6u"7tu Atenei "7re re#eni fr7n"eJuui Ot4on 6e 7 Ro"4e@ "
pot7tu s7u prin"ip7tu 6e A47i7 s7u Moree7 $#e"4iu PeoponeJ-@
"7pit77 7 Mistr7 Fn!H #e"4e7 Sp7rtH@ 7 pi"io7ree ;unteui T73M
"u"erit 6e fr7n"eJii Gui7u;e 6e C47;pitte 9i Geofro3 6e Vie4
6ouin $%,(')%,5+-@N istorio!r7fu "ru"i76ei@ 9i 7te 6u"7te ;7i ;i"i.
Ceru !re" 9i 7risto"r7Gi7 8iJ7ntinH s?7u retr7s Fn Asi7 Mi"H@ ui
7u FnfiinG7t I;periu !re" 6e Ni"ee7 $%,&()%,L%-. L7 Ni"ee7@ s?7 ins
7t 6in %,&+ pFnH 7 %,L% 9i se6iu P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
Gre"ii "7re 7u pe"7t 6in Const7ntinopo 7u ;7i FnfiinG7t Fn A
Mi"H 9i I;periu !re" 6e Tre8iJon67 $%,&()%(L%-@ i7r Fn Europ7@ "
pot7tu 6e Epir.
Cu"erire7 9i Mefuire7 Const7ntinopouui 6in %2 7priie %,&(
"re7re7 unui I;periu 7tin efe;er@ "7re 7 6ur7t 6in %,&( pFnH 7 %
7 Const7ntinopo@ 7 "ontri8uit 7 sH8ire7 I;periuui 8iJ7ntin@ "e Va
rest7ur7t 6upH %,L% 9i "onstituie un7 6in "7uJee ;7More 7e "u"eririi
6e "Htre tur"i@ 7 ,* ;7i %('2. Din %,&( ur7 "onfesion7H 6intre oi
6ent7i 9i 8iJ7ntini@ 6intre "7toi"i 9i orto6o"9i@ 7 "res"ut 9i 7 sHp7t Fn
"ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ Orto6o:H 9i Ro;7no?C7toi"H@ o prHp7stie profun
pentru "7re 7tinii er7u "ei ;7i #ino#7Gi.
Cru"i767 "opiior $%,%,-. L7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0M?e7@ r
n7r4ii Apusuui@ pi"tisiGi 6e insistenGee p7pei 6e 7 pe"7 Fn "ru"ii
9i o"up7G i "u tre8uri e or@ 7u uit7t 6e "ru"i76e. In poporu si ;M
FnsH@ 7 renHs"ut entuJi7s;u rei!ios@ Fn"Ft se 7Munse "7 pe #re;e7
Petru Ere;itu Fn %&*L)%&*5 sH i7 fiinGH Fn %,%, 797 nu;it7 B"ru"
6H 7 "opiiorD. Mii 6e "opii 6in .r7nG7 9i Ger;7ni7 7u pornit 6intr?
spirit 6e 7#enturH 78er7ntH spre Ierus7i;.
Astfe@ un tFnHr "io87n 6in .r7nG7@ tef7n $Etienne-@ Fn %,%,@
"reJut 7es 6e Du;neJeu sH "on6u"H pe "opiii fr7n"eJi@ Fntre ei 9i f
9i fe;ei@ Fn P7estin7. Re!ee .iip II Au!ust $%%+&)%,,2- Fi or6"
Fnto7r"ere7 "opiior 7 pHrinGi@ 67r 6oi ne!ustori fHrH sufet i?7u F;8
PERIOADA A PATRA
Fn "orH8ii 7 M7rsii7 Fn nu;Hr 6e %.'&&@ spre 7?i 6u"e Fn Orient.
iH "orH8ii 7u n7ufr7!i7t@ i7r "ee7te 7u 6us "opiii 7 Ae:7n6ri7@ Fn
2t 9i Fn 7te GHri 7r78e@ un6e 7u fost #Fn6uGi "7 s"7#i.
Un "opi !er;7n@ Ni"o7e@ "7re nu 7#e7 ni"i Je"e 7ni@ 7 pornit 6in
;i7 $Oon- Fn frunte7 7 ;ii 6e "opii 9i 7 tre"ut Apii spre porturie
iene pent ru 7 se F ;87r"7 "Htre P7est in7. MuGi "opii 7u ;uri t pe
; 6e fo7;e 9i o8ose7H 9i nu;7i puGini s?7u Fntors 7 pHrinGii or.
Cruciada a &-a (1%%$1%%9). A"e7stH "ru"i76H s?7 6esfH9ur7t Fn
H f7Je. .7J7 FntFi 7 "ru"i76ei o "onstituie e:pe6iGi7 re!eui An6rei
I?e7 7 Un!7riei $%,&')%,2'-@ "7re 7 pe"7t Fn P7estin7 Fn %,%+)
., F ;preunH "u 6u"e e Leopo 6 VII 6e Austri7 9i 7Gi no8ii 6in
itri7 9i B7#7ri7. DupH to7tH pro878iit7te7@ Fntre ost79ii ui An6rei I?
e7 se !Hse7u 9i ro;<ni 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7. DupH "Fte#7 e:pe6iGii pe A7
Ior67nuui@ An6rei 7 II?e7 9i 7r;7t7 s7 s?7u Fntors 7"7sH fHrH
it7te 6e"isi#e.
O 7tH e:pe6iGie@ "on6usH 6e "onGii _i4e; 6e O7n67 9i Geor!e
_ie6@ 7"HtuitH 6in "ru"i7Gi o7n6eJi@ #estf7i 9i !er;7ni 6in or79u
;en@ 7 "7re s?7 7so"i7t Fn %,%+ 9i fr7n"eJu \e7n 6e Brienne@ fostu
, 7 Ierus7i;uui@ Fn ur;H re!ent 7 I;periuui 7tin 6in Const7n?
ipo $%,,*)%,25-@ s?7 Fn6rept7t F;potri#7 E!iptuui@ "7re stHpFne7
i"i 9i P7estin7@ reu9in6 sH "u"ere7s"H 7 ' noie;8rie %,%* portu
niett7 6in 6et7 Niuui. Musu;7nii 6istruseserH e"uJee 9i 6i!u?
Niuui@ 7stfe "H 6upH 6oi 7ni@ Fn %,,%@ D7;iett7 7 fost re"u"eritH
;Finie "re9tinior 6e sut7nu M7iP 7 O7;i $%,%+)%,2+- 7
ptuui.
Fn %,%*@ .r7n"is" 6in Assisi $f %,,L-@ fon67toru or6inuui ;on747
r7n"is"7nior@ 7 ;ers 7 "urte7 sut7nuui M7iP 7 O7;i@ Fn"er"Fn6
"on#erte7s"H 7 "re9tinis;@ 67r nu reu9i.
.7J7 7 6ou7 7 "ru"i76ei o "onstituie pe"7re7 7 Lo"urie Sfinte@
hH ;ute eJitHri@ 7 F;pHr7tuui Ger;7niei .rie6eri"4 7 II?e7 $%,%'
,'&-@ prin"ip7u "on6u"Htor 7 "ru"i76ei 7 V?7. Fn %,,5@ e 7 pe"7t
, Orient@ 67r pe 6ru; se Fn8onH#i 9i se opri Fn portu Otr7nto 6in
i7. P7p7 Gri!orie 7 I0?e7 $%,,+)%,(%-@ "reJFn6 "H este o
si;u7?Ai 6orin6 sH s"7pe 6e presiunie ui 7supr7 s"7unuui p7p7@ %?7
e:"o?i"7t Fn %,,+@ so"otin6u?% un BpH!Fn 9i un ;usu;7nD. E
pe"H Fn
%
6in ur;H spre Orient Fn %,,+@ 67r e:pe6iGi7 ui nu s?7
fH"ut su8 pi"iie SfFntuui S"7un@ "i pe "ont propriu. AMun!Fn6 Fn
P7estin7@ -ritH e!Hturior s7e 7;i"7e "u M7iP 7 O7;i@ unu 6intre
"ei ;7i 7r"78ii sut7ni 7i E!iptuui@ fo7rte 7#7ns7t f7GH 6e i6eie
ti;puui @ .rie6eri"4 7 II?e7 7 reu9it sH o8GinH pe Je"e 7ni@ prin
ne!o"ieri@ i t ratatul de l a Iaf fa ,Ioppe0 din l i E februari e -//., F n"4ei7t "u
su?7 e!ipte7n@ Ierusalimul, fHrH ;os"4ee7 ui O;7r@ +etleemul,
Fa%a$d, ducatul Toron 6in G7iee7 6e Nor6 9i teritoriul
=inodului 6in i"i7@ pentru "7 uptee 6intre "re9tini 9i ;usu;7ni sH
Fn"eteJe.
Fn ur;7 tr7t7tuui 6e 7 I7ff7@ .rie6eri"4 7 II?e7 9i?7 fH"ut intr7?
Fn "4ip soe;n Fn Ierus7i;@ 7 %5 ;7rtie %,,*@ un6e?9i puse Fnsu9i
27n7 re!7H pe "7p. Fn %,,*@ ur;Hrit 6e p7p7 Gri!orie 7 I0?e7 "7
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V ,5
6u9;7n@ pHrHsit 6e p7tri7r4u 7tin 6e Ierus7i;@ "7o;ni7t 6e "7#7
erii te;pieri 9i io7niGi@ e pe"H 6in P7estin7 spre p7trie.
M
Ierus7i ;u 7 rH;7s Fn ;Fn7 "re9tinior 6in %5 ;7rtie %,,* pFnHM
7 ,2 7u!ust %,((@ "Fn6 fu 6efiniti# pier6ut 6e "7#7erii 7tini@ fiiin6M
7t7"7t 9i o"up7t 6e o 4o7r6H 6e tur"i "or7s;ieni@ "4e;7Gi Fn 7Mutor 6e
sut7nu E!iptuui. A"e9ti7 7u ;7s7"r7t o p7rte 6intre "re9tini 9i 7u
6istrus 8iseri"7 SfFntuui Mor;Fnt.
Nu;7i I7ff7 $Ioppe-@ A"r7 $#e"4e7 Ptoe;7i6H-@ Tripois 9i Antio?
4i7 7u ;7i rH;7s Fn ;<inie "re9tinior.
Cruciada a &i-a (1%$1%+). Pier6ere7 Ierus7i;uui Fn %,((
fH"ut "7 p7p7 Ino"enGiu 7 IV?e7 $%,(2)%,'2- sH Fn6e;ne "re9tinHt7?
te7 7puse7nH@ Fn "on"iiu 6e 7 L3on 6in %,('. sH se FnroeJe Fntr?o
nouH "ru"i76H.
De9i 7#ersiune7 pentru "ru"i76H 6e#enise fo7rte ;7re@ Fn ur;e
e:"eseor "ru"i7Gior "ontr7 e#reior@ s"4is;7ti"ior $orto6o"9ior- 9i ;7?
4o;e67nior@ totu9i piosu re!e 7 .r7nGei Lu6o#i" 7 I0?e7 "e SfF;
$%,,L)%,5&- pe"H Fn %,(+ Fn "ru"i76H. E se opri "u 7r;7t7 ;7i FntF
Fn insu7 Cipru@ un6e petre"u i7rn7 7nuui %,(+@ 7poi@ Fn pri;H#7r7
7nuui ur;Htor@ se Fn6reptH spre E!ipt@ un6e@ Fn ')L iunie %,(*@ "u?
"eri portu D7;iett7 6e pe 8r7Gu orient7 7 Niuui. PFnH sH sose7s6
7 D7;iett7@ ;usu;7nii ;7s7"r7rH pe toGi "re9tinii 6in or79.
Fn7intFn6 spre C7iro@ re!ee fr7n"eJ "HJu priJonier 7 M7nsur7@ Fi
7priie %,'&@ F;preunH "u 7r;7t7@ i7r fot7 "7re Fn7int7 Fn susu Niu ?
ui fu 6istrusH. Spre 7?9i re"HpHt7 i8ert7te7@ re!ee Lu6o#i" 7 I0?e7
7 tre8uit sH pHte7s"H o su;H "onsi6er78iH 9i sH "e6eJe D7;iett7.
DupH ei8er7re@ Lu6o#i" 7 I0?e7 "e SfFnt s?7 Fn6rept7t spre SiriE
Fn sper7nG7 6e 7 pri;i 7Muto7re 6in Apus@ 67r ee n?7u sosit. A ;7
petre"ut p7tru 7ni Fn RHsHrit@ Fntre %2 ;7i %,'& 9i ,( 7priie %,'(@ strH
6uin6u?se sH fortifi"e or79ee ;7riti;e stHpFnite 6e o""i6ent7i.
DupH un peerin7M 7 Betee; Fn %,'(@ 7 ,( 7priie 7"e79i 7n s?
Fntors Fn .r7nG7@ fHrH sH fi putut ei8er7 Ierus7i;u.
In %,L+@ prin"ip7tu 7tin 7 Antio4iei "HJu Fn ;Finie ;usu;7nioi
Cruciada 7 &II-a (1%!0). Re!ee .r7nGei Lu6o#i" 7 I0?e7 "e
SfFnt pe"H 6in nou Fn "ru"i76H Fn %,5&@ 6e 7stH 67tH Fn Tunis@ un6
sper7 sH "on#erte7s"H 7 "re9tinis; pe e;iru Tunisuui 9i sH 7t7"
7poi E!iptu@ "7re stHpFne7 P7estin7. A"i@ FnsH@ piosu ;on7r4 9i o p7rt
6intre uptHtori ;urirH 6e 6iJenterie 9i "iu;H. .iu 9i ur;79u sHu %
tron@ re!ee .iip 7 II?e7 $%,5&)%,+'-@ 6upH "e 7 Fn"4ei7t un 7r;is
tiGiu "u s7r7"inii $7r78ii-@ s?7 Fntors Fn .r7nG7.
A97 7u u7t sfFr9it "ru"i76ee Jise "7si"e. Nu;Hru 6e 5 "ru"i76e
pur "on#enGion7. Fn re7it7te@ 7u fost ;7i ;ut 6e %, e:pe6iGii Fn ti
GHrie Europei O""i6ent7e 9i P7estin7 pentru ei8er7re7 Lo"urior Sfint
Fn %,+*@ ;7;eu"ii 6in E!ipt@ so67Gi tur"i@ "u;pHr7Gi 6e e!iptei
"u 87ni@ "7re Fntre %,'( 9i %'%5 7u reu9it sH for;eJe Din7sti7 ;7;ei
"ior@ su8 "7re "re9tinii 7u 7#ut fo7rte ;ut 6e suferit@ 7u "u"erit or79i
Tripois@ i7r 7 %+ ;7i %,*%@ "7#7erii fr7n"i 7u pier6ut 6efiniti# Aer
uti;u 87stion "re9tin Fn Siri7. Or79ee ;7rti;e Tir@ Si6on 9i Beirut
x-*X .rt. JT.rt.Jl
fost pre67te 6e 8unH #oie sut7nuui E!iptuui@ "7re e?7 stHpFnit pFnH
Fn se"ou 7 0VI?e7@ "Fn6 7u intr7t su8 stHpFnire7 tur"ior.
Cru"i76ee ur;Hto7re 6e 7 Ni"opoe@ ,' septe;8rie %2*L 9i 6e 7
V7rn7@ %& noie;8rie %(((@ or!7niJ7te pentru 7un!7re7 tur"ior 6in
Europ7@ s?7u ter;in7t prin FnfrFn!ere7 "re9tinior 6e "Htre oto;7ni@
"7re 6ispune7u 7tun"i 6e o ;7re putere ;iit7rH.
Pri#ite Fn !ener7@ 6upH 7tFte7 se"oe@ "onst7tH; "H "ru"i7Gii
o""i6ent7i@ fr7n"eJi@ en!eJi@ !er;7ni@ #eneGieni@ !eno#eJi@ nor;7nJi 9.7.
nu 7u fost "7p78ii sH re7iJeJe Fn RHsHrit o operH 6ur78iH@ ni"i 6in
pun"t 6e #e6ere poiti"@ ni"i rei!ios.
Des"operire7 A;eri"ii = 7 Lu;ii noi@ Fn %(*,@ 6e "Htre "ee8ru
n7#i!7tor !eno#eJ Cristofor Cou;8 $%('% ) f %'&L-@ #7 67 istoriei uni?
#ers7e un nou "urs@ "H"i GHrie o""i6ent7e F9i #or Fn6rept7 7tenGi7 spre
Lu;e7 nouH.
Ori"u;@ "onse"inGee "ru"i76eor 7u fost 9i poJiti#e 9i Nne!7ti#e.
Au fost poJiti#e pentru "H@ 67toritH "o;erGuui ;7riti; 6intre Eu?
rop7@ Orientu Apropi7t 9i Afri"7@ s?7u 6eJ#ot7t or79ee@ 7u Fnforit 8ur?
M4eJi7 9i "4i7r pri;ee Fntreprin6eri "7pit7iste@ "7re 7u spriMinit 7poi
Fnforire7 iter7turii@ 7 7rtei 9i 7 9tiinGeor. Cutur7 8iJ7ntinH@
"ontinu7?Ao7re7 presti!io7sei "uturi !re"o?ro;7ne@ 7 "ontri8uit Fn "e7
;7i ;7re nHsurH 7 "i#iiJ7Gi7 9i 6eJ#ot7re7 "uturii 7pusene.
Const7ntinopou i fost Fn E#u Me6iu "entru "i#iiJ7Giei 9i 7
"uturii uni#ers7e@ 797 =u; #7 6e#eni P7risu ;7i tFrJiu.
Fntre "onse"inGee ne!7ti#e notH; = s"H6ere7 ;or7itHGii 9i 7
6is"i?-inei 8iseri"e9ti@ 67r ;7i 7es slbirea con"tiin!ei unit!ii +isericii,
;7i 6es 6upH "ru"i767 7 IV?7 $%,&,)%,&(-@ "Fn6 6eJ8in7re7 6intre Biseri"7
tHsHrituui 9i Biseri"7 Apusuui s?7 76Fn"it "u 76e#Hr7t. D7"H or!oiu -
iJ7ntinior pentru tre"utu or 9i pentru "utur7 or@ ;o9tenito7re 7
iresti!io7sei "uturi !re"o?ro;7ne@ 7 6Hun7t unitHGii Biseri"ii@ nu ;7i
iuGin 6HunHto7re 7 fost pretenGi7 6e 6o;in7re 7 "7#7erior o""i6ent7i@
7re s?7u strH6uit s?o i;punH Fn nu;ee Biseri"ii C7toi"e@ tot6e7un7
orito7re sH o8GinH "on6u"ere7 supre;H Fn Biseri"7 ui /ristos@ Fn 6e?
ri;entu Biseri"ii RHsHrituui.
Aune"Fn6 pre7 ;ut spre interese u;e9ti@ spre se"u7ris;@ "on?
u"Htorii 7puseni 7i #ieGii 8iseri"e9ti 7u "ontri8uit 7 n79tere7 spirituui
8ertin 9i protest7t7r "7re se #7 7;pifi"7 "u putere Fn se"oee ur;H?
77re proiferFn6 su8 for;7 s"4is;eor@ ereJiior 9i 7 Fn"er"Hrior 6e
sfor;H in capitis et membris 7 Biseri"ii.
BI BLI OGRA.I EI
L. et \. Rie3)S;it4@ T?e &rusades# Idea and Realit', %&*')%,5( Lon6on@ %*+% A
n7 Co;nen7@ Ale)iada, tr76. 6e M. M7rines"u@ noteN6e N. er87n?T7n79o"7@ , #oi.@
i"ure9ti@ %*55A R.?\. Liie@ +'%an% und die Qreu%fa?rerstaaten# =tudieri %ur PolitiL
=s +'%antinisc?en Reic?es gegenilber den =taaten der Qreu%la?rer in ='rien und ilestina
bis %um B# Qreu%%ug $%&*()%,&(-@ Mun"4en@ %*+%@ 0III ) '(* p.A R. Grous?t@ 4istoire
des croisades et du ro'aume iranc de Kerusalem, #oi. 5@ Kean de ienne,
Frederic II et =t# Houis, %,%&)%,'L@ P7ris@ %*+%@ (,& p.@ #oi. +@ Hes 3ongols, marc?ie
iranOue et la c?ute dEAcre, %,'L)%,*%@ P7ris@ %*+%@ '&' p.A /. E. M73er@
I Bi8io!r7fi7 7 fost Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
J
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I)0V
>esc?ic?te der Qreu%%iige, (?e Auf. %*5'A G. Ri"47r6@ (rient et (ccident
3o'en Age# &ontacts et relations $0II)0V s.-@ Lon6on@ %*5LA O. M. Setton@
4istor' oi t?e &rusades# i# 4I# T?e Fourteent? and Filteent? &enturies, "ite6
/. _. /7J7r6@ M76ison 7n6 Lon6on@ %*5'@ 00II@ +%2 p.A S. 6e S7n6oi@ &orr#
inscriptionum crucesignatorum Terrae =anctae ,-9..)-/.-0, tr76uJione@ testo
7nnot7Jioni@ \erus7e;@ %*5(A \. Pr7`er@ 4istoire du ro'aume latin de Kerusalet
tr76uit 6e N4e8reu p7r C. N74on@ t. I 9i II@ P7ris@ %*L*@ %*5&. Re"enJie@ Pr. pr
. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ Bu"ure9ti@ 000IV@ $%*5,-@ nr. %@ p. 5+)+%.
/. G. Be"P@ 8ie b'%antinisc?e Qirc?e im Seitalter der Qreu%%iige, 7 /. \e6
4andbuc? der Qirc?engesc?ic?te, B<n6 III@ .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*L+A L. Bre4i
HEEglise et lE(rient au ;o3en ge, P7ris@ %*,+.
S. Run"i;7n@ A 4istor' oi t?e &rusades, 2 #oi.@ $C.U.P.-@ Lon6on@ 19+1)19
S. Run"i;7n@ >esc?ic?te der Qreu%%iige, 2 #oi.@ Miin"4en@ %*'5)%*L&.
A. V7siie#@ 4istoire de lEempire b'%antin, to;. II@ tr76. fr7n".@ p7r P. Broe
et. A. Bour!uin7@ P7ris@ %*2,A N. Ior!7@ +reve ?istoire des croisades et de lei
iondations en Terre =ainte, P7ris@ %*,(A I6e;@ Notes et e)traits pour ser#ir IE?istoire
des croisades au 0V?e siTcles, t. I)VI@ P7ris)Bu"7rest@ %+**)%*%L.
G. Ostro!osPi@ >esc?ic?te des b'%antinisc?en =taates, Miin"4en@ %*L2.
D. A. b7P3nt4inos@ He despotat grec de Moree@ #oi. I@ /istoire poitiCueA #oi.
Aie et institutions# Re#ise6 83 C4r. M7teJou@ Lon6on@ %*5'A G. S"47;8er!
+'%ance et Ies &roisades, P7ris@ %*,5.
Fn r o ; < n e 9 t e =
M. es7n@ &ruciadele "i +iserica (rtodo) "i actualitatea, Fn BMitropoi7 -
6e7uuiD@ V $%*L%-@ nr. ()L@ p. ,%L),(%. I6e;@ &ruciadele "i +iserica (rtodo<
CernHuGi@ %*2+A .r. P7i@ &urs de istorie universal# &ruciadele ,sec# PI)0f
CuM@ %*(+A Iie GrH;76H@ &ruciadele, Bu"ure9ti@ %*L%.
S. Cou;8e7nu 9i R. V7entin@ &ruciadele, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5%.
Fn"er"Hri 6e unire Fn se". 0I)0IVI
Cu to7te "H r7porturie 6intre "re9tinii rHsHriteni 9i 7puseni Fn"epu
sH se rH"e7s"H Fn"H Fn7inte 6e %&'(@ totu9i 6eJ8in7re7 re7H nu s?7 fH"
si;GitH 6e"Ft ;7i tFrJiu@ ;7i 7es Fn ti;pu 9i Fn ur;7 "ru"i76eor. BI
"re6 "H !re9eie 7tinior sFnt 797 6e ;ute 9i 7tFt 6e !r7#e@ Fn"Ft
po7tH ;oti#7 o s"4is;H Fntre Biseri"iD@ spune7 6intre rHsHriteni Te
fi7"t 7 Bu!7riei $f %%&+-@ i7r e!u;enu "unos"utei ;FnHstiri it7ie
6e 7 Monte C7ssino@ 8ene6i"tinu Bruno 6e Se!ni spune7 pe 7 %%'
BCre6e; "u tHrie "H Fn "iu67 tuturor 6iferenGeor 6e tr76iGii 9i 6e o
"eiuri@ Fntre Biseri"i po7te e:ist7 o sin!urH f7;iie e!7tH in6isouN
6e "7pu ei@ /ristos@ 6upH "7re prin "re6inGH Fn E for;e7JH 9i Biseri
un sin!ur trupD. L7 %&+5 er7u 76use 7 B7ri ;o79tee SfFntuui Ni"oA
i7r un 7t Ni"o7e@ tot !re" 6in Tr7ni@ #7 fi "7noniJ7t pe 7 7nii %%&&
p7p7 Ur87n 7 II?e7 $%&++)%&**-. Peerini 7tini@ ru9i 9i !re"i se Fnt
ne7u nestin!4erit 7 Lo"urie Sfinte@ i7r Fn At4os "ontinu7 sH e:is
Fn"H 9i Fn se". 7 0/?e7 ;FnHstire7 A;7fineJior.
Are 6rept7te un istori" !er;7n $/. G. Be"P- "Fn6 spune "H prii
irit7re 7u pro6us?o nor;7nJii 6in su6u It7iei@ ;7i 7es 6in "ip7
"7re p7pii@ Fn"epFn6 "u Ni"o7e II $%&'*)%&L%-@ i?7u rHspHtit Fn %&L&
;o9ii 7f7te pFnH 7tun"i Fn ;Fn7 8iJ7ntinior@ i7r p7p7 Gri!orie 7 VII?%
$%&52)%&+2- 7 fH"ut 6in nor;7nJi un st7t #7s7 7 S"7unuui Ro;
$B;on7r4i7 si"u7D-. Se 9tie@ FnsH@ "H nor;7nJii 7u nutrit pretutin6e
i
Z C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6oC7e.
PERIOADA A PATRA
7nuri e:p7nsioniste 9i "ooni7iste@ Fn"Ft er7 ine#it78iH "io"nire7 or
u 8iJ7ntinii. In Si"ii7 9i Fn su6u It7iei@ un6e pe 7 7nii %&&& e:ist7u
pro7pe %&& epis"op7te !re"e9ti@ nor;7nJii 7u fost "ei 6intFi "7re 7u
ut7t 6esfiinG7re7 tr76iGiior rHsHritene. Fn sp7tee 7"estor 7"Giuni 7e
hr e 6e FnGees "H se 7f7u p7pii@ "7re@ Fn E#u ;e6iu@ 7u ur;Hrit 6es?
inG7re7 ori"Hror tr76iGii o"7e 9i p7rti"u7riste.
In %&5%@ 7nu ;7rii FnfrFn!eri 7 7r;7tei 8iJ7ntine "on6use 6e F;U
7r7tu Ro;7n 7 IV?e7 Dio!en $%&L5)%&5%- 6e "Htre tur"i 7 M7nt?
Pert@ 8iJ7ntinii 7u pier6ut 9i 87J7 or it7i7nH 6e 7 B7ri@ o"up7tH 6e
or;7NnJi. F;pHr7tu Mi47i VII DuP7s $%&5%)%&5+- 7 "Hut7t 7tun"i
7ropiere7 6e p7p7 Gri!orie 7 V/?e7@ "erFn6u?i 7Mutor F;potri#7 tur?
or. P7p7 s?7 8u"ur7t 9i 7 fH"ut p7nu sH "HsHtore7s"H pe fii"7 prin"i? S
ui nor;7n6 Ro8ert Guis"7r6 $%&%')%&+2- "u fiu 87Jieuui 8iJ7ntin@
Mi6in6u?se "H Fn "4ipu 7"est7 se #7 f7"e 9i ;7i u9o7rH reunire7 "eor
7uH Biseri"i. BiJ7ntinii se #e6e "H n?7u 7""ept7t 9i@ 6e9i p7p7 7 7nunG7t
re!Htire7 unei "ru"i76e@ u"rurie 7u rH;7s nereJo#7te 6in pri"in7
H;FntHrior pentru Fn#estiturH $%&5L-. M7i tFrJiu@ p7p7 7 e:"o;uni"7t
Fi7r pe F;pHr7Gii Ni"4ifor Bot7ni7tu $%&5+)%&+%- 9i pe Ae:ios?
o;nen $%&+%)%%%+-@ pentru "H se opune7u p7nurior ui.
Se 9tie "H Gri!ore 7 VII?e7 s"4iG7se Fn "ee8ree s7e pun"te BDi"?
tus p7p7eD un ;o6 "u totu nou 6e 7 #e6e7 u"rurie. Potri#it 7"estor
A6eri@ sin!ur S"7unu Ro;ei este e"u;eni" 9i n?7re ne#oie 6e sino6@
r Fn 7"e7stH "7it7te@ e este 6e7supr7 puterii poiti"e. Po7te 6e 7i"i
reJut7t 9i 7titu6ine7 ui 6upi"it7rH Fn pro8e;7 BFnto7r"erii !re"iorD.
CFn6 7 ur"7t Fn S"7unu Ro;7n $%&++-@ p7p7 Ur87n 7 II?e7 7 ri?
"7t F ;pHr7tuui 8iJ7ntin e:"o;uni"7re7@ spunFn6 F ;pHr7tuui Ae?
os I Co;nen "H 7r fi 8u"uros 67"H 7r fi po;enit Fn 6ipti"e 7 BiJ7nG
"H nu 9tie 6e "e 7u fost Fn"4ise unee 8iseri"i 7tine Fn Const7ntinopo.
FpHr7tu 7 rHspuns "H Fn 7r4i#ee 8iJ7ntine nu s?7 pHstr7t ni;i" Fn
!HturH "u s"4is;7@ 7"Giunie 6in %&'( fiin6 ;7i ;ut o "e7rtH 6intre
itri7r4u Mi47i Ceru7rie $%&(2)%&'+- 9i "7r6in7u /u;8ert. Sin?
iree neFnGee!eri@ "7re s?7r pute7 7p7n7@ 7r fi 6e or6in itur!i". CFt
i#e9te f7ptu "H p7p7 nu?i po;enit Fn 6ipti"e@ Ji"e F;pHr7tu@ f7ptu
e:pi"H prin 7"ee7 "H p7p7 n?7 tri ;is s"risorie ireni"e o8i9nuite@ r
8iseri"ie 7tine Fn"4ise Fn Const7ntinopo sFnt nu;7i "ee nor;7n6e@
itri7r4u !re"@ prin "7re s?7 fH"ut Fn %&+* 7"e7stH "orespon6enGH 7
opus p7pei sH?9i tri;itH s"risorie ireni"e FnsoGite 6e o ;Hrturisire 6e
e6inGH 9i 7tun"i 6ipti"ee se #or pune 6in nou Fn fun"Giune. P7p7 7
spuns "H "4i7r 67"H s?7r 7"Gion7 Bprin i"ono;ieD@ "re9tinHt7te7 tot
7#e7 6e "F9ti!7t@ re7iJFn6u?se unire7 Biseri"ior. Unire7 nu s?7 putut
7iJ7@ 6eo7re"e p7p7 Ur87n 7 II?e7 "eru F;pHr7tuui ,i-an.in r/cu-
79tere7 pri;7tuui p7p7.
Fn ti;p "e se 6esfH9ur7u uptee "ru"i76ei I $%&*L)%&**-@ p7p7
Z87n II "on#o7"H un sino6 Fn %&*+ 7 B7ri@ Fn su6u It7iei@ 7 "7re 7u
7t p7rte 9i epis"opii !re"i 6in su6u It7iei A Fntre "ei preJenGi se 7f7
"unos"utu teoo! Anse; 6e C7nter8ur3 $f %%&*-@ nHs"ut 7 Aost7@ Fn
ii7@ fon67toru s"o7sti"ii. Nu ni s?7u pHstr7t 7"tee sino6uui@ 67r
s"uGi7 s?7 purt7t ;7i 7es asupra lui FilioOue, 6espre "7re Anse; 7
r8it 7tFt 6e eo"#ent Fn"Ft p7p7 7 spus "H pronunGH e:"o;uni"7re7
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0L)0V
F;potri#7 "eor "e n?7r "re6e 797. Se p7re "H 6e 7"u; p7rte 6in epis"opi
!re"i 6in It7i7 $Bit7o?!re"iiD- s?7u unit "u Ro;7. Er7 o unire p7rGi77
"7re nu 7n!7M7 Biseri"7 Orto6o:H.
Tr7t7ti#ee 6e unire 7u "ontinu7t Fntre F;pHr7tu Ae:ios I Co;ner
9i p7p7 P7s"7 7 II?e7 $%&**)%%%+-.
Din "7uJ7 M7furior fH"ute 6e nor;7nJi pe teritoriu I;periuu
8iJ7ntin@ ur7 "onfesion7H 6intre !re"i 9i 7tini s?7 ;Hrit. L7tinii 7ro?
!7nGi nu;e7u pe !re"i s"4is;7ti"i@ ereti"i 9i 6u9;7ni 7i "re9tinHtHGii
"onsi6erFn6u?i o pie6i"H Fn "7e7 "ru"i7Gior pentru ei8er7re7 SfFntuu
Mor;Fnt.
Boe;on6@ 6u"ee nor;7nJior@ "7re 6e#enise 6in %&*+ prin"ipe
Antio4iei@ "u 7utoriJ7re7 p7pei P7s"7 7 II?e7@ "oin6H Fn %%&' EuropF
7puse7nH pentru 7 or!7niJ7 o e:pe6iGie "ontr7 BiJ7nGuui@ oferin6 p7pe
unire7 Biseri"ior@ prin supunere7 poiti"H 7 !re"ior@ "u"erin6 Con?
st7ntinopou.
Prin rHsunHto7re7 FnfrFn!ere 7 nor;7nJior 7 D3rr7"4ion $%%&5)
%%&+-@ F n Epi r@ po#est i t H 6e s"ri i t o7re7 8i J7nt i nH An7 Co;ne;
$%&+2)%%(+-@ Fn Ae:i767 ei@ Boe;on6 Fn"4eie o p7"e u;iito7re "i
t7tH ei@ Ae:ios I Co;nen@ Fn"Ft poiti"7 7nti8iJ7ntinH@ nor;7n6H 9
p7p7H@ fu "o;pro;isH pentru ;ut ti;p.
In %%%2@ F;pHr7tu Ae:ios I Co;nen 7 oferit p7pei P7s"7 7 I?eA
$%%&L)%%,'- prote"Gi7 s7@ Fn ur;7 ;7tr7tHrii 9i 7restHrii 6e "Htre /enrii
7 V?e7@ F;pHr7tu Ger;7niei@ spunFn6u?i eufe;isti" "H 7r fi feri"i
sH pri;e7s"H pentru e s7u pentru fiu sHu "oro7n7 6in ;Fn7 ui. SK
FnfiripH un p7n 6e reunire 7 Biseri"ior. P7p7 7 s"ris F;pHr7tuui Ae
:ios I Co;nen "H Bpri ;u 6ru; spre unire ;i se p7re re"uno79tereA
6e "Htre p7tri7r4u "onst7ntinopoit7n 7 primatului "i respectului datora
scaunului Apostolic2# Cee7te 6eose8iri 6o!;7ti"e 9i itur!i"e nu sK
pot FnHtur7 6e"Ft 6upH unire7 "u "7pu Biseri"ii. L7 6is"uGiie purt7Gi
s?7u 6istins 6in p7rte7 7tinior Petru /riso7nu s7u Grosso7n@ 7r4i
epis"opu Mi7nuui@ i7r 6intre !re"i@ e!u;enu ;FnHstirii G7nu@ Io7i
.urnis 9i ;itropoitu 6e Ni"ee7@ Eust7Giu. Teoo!i 9i "7noni9ti "ee8r
!re"i 6in se"ou 7 0/?e7@ Efti;ie bi!78enu@ Ni"o7e epis"op 6i
Meton6 Fn PeoponeJ@ Io7n bon7r7s@ 7u "o;8Htut pHrerie 7tinior. LA
6is"uGii 7 fost 6e f7GH 9i F;pHr7tu. .iu 9i su""esoru F;pHr7tuui Ae
:ios I Co;nen@ Io7n 7 II?e7 Co;nen $%%%+)%%(2- intrH Fn e!Hturi "i
p7pii C7ist II $%%%*)%%,(-@ /onoriu II $%%,()%%2&- 9i Ino"enGiu I
$%%2&)%%(2- Fn #e6ere7 unirii "eor 6ouH Biseri"i@ 67r tr7t7ti#ee n?7i
67t ro76ee 79tept7te.
Io7n 7 II?e7 Co;nen Fn"epu tr7t7ti#e 6e unire 9i "u F;pHr7tu
!er;7n Lot47r 7 III?e7 $%%,')%%25-@ pentru "H poiti"7 7!resi#H
ui Ro!er 7 II?e7 6e Si"ii7 $%%&%)%%'L- 6e#ene7 peri"uo7sH pen
tru 7;Fn6oi.
In %%2'@ !er;7nii 7u tri;is 7 Const7ntinopo "u tre8uri 6ipo;7ti"
pe epis"opu Anse; 6e /7#e8er! 9i@ Fntre 7tee@ s?7u 7n!7M7t 6is"uGi
pu8i"e Fn 8iseri"ie SfFnt7 Iern7 9i SfFnt7 Sofi7 6espre .iioCue@ 7Ji;
9i pri;7t. Dis"uGiie 7u fost ini9tite@ senine. Dintre 8iJ7ntini 7 #or8i
7r4iepis"opu Ni"4it7 6e Ni"o;i6i7. S?7 propus "7 pro8e;ee sH fi
4otHrFte prin sino6.
In %%''@ p7p7 A6ri7n 7 IV?e7 $%%'()%%'*- 7 tri;is 7 Const7n?
tinopo F;puterni"iGi pentru 7 tr7t7 unire7 "u !re"ii. Din s"riso7re7 p7pei
reiese "H e 7#e7 !reutHGi "u nor;7nJii 9i "u .rie6eri"4 B7r87ross7@ 6e
7"ee7 f7"e 7uJii 7 !re"i sH fie ei ;7i FnGee!Htori@ s"riin6u?e = B.iii Bi?
seri"ii s?7u Fn6epHrt7t 6e 7s"ut7re7 ;7;ei 6in "ip7 Fn "7re s?7u 6espHrGit
6e S"7unu P7p7. SH ne !rH8i; s?76u"e; 6in nou pe fii 7 Biseri"H@
sH !Hsi; 6r74;7 "e7 pier6utH 9i o7i7 "e7 rHtH"itH... toGi sH se Fnto7r"H
7 tur;7 SfFntuui PetruD. In 7"e79i 7n@ 7r4iepis"opu V7sie 6e O4ri67@
Fn nu;ee 8iJ7ntinior@ rHspun6e7 = BTe?7; 7uJit "4e;Fn6u?ne 7 Tine.@
67r "e e!HturH 7re "u noi p7r78o7 6espre o7i7 "e7 rHtH"itH 9i 6espre
6r74;7 "e7 pier6utH@ Pre7 SfinGite P7pH S CH"i noi nu ne so"oti; "HJuGi
6e 7 76e#Hr. Fn!er 6in "er 6e 7r #eni 9i 7r propo#H6ui 7tfe@ 7n7te;7
sH fie@ "H"i nu 9tiu 7tH te;eie pusH 6e"Ft pe /ristos 9i Biseri"7 LuiD.
Fn %%LL@ M7nui I Co;nen $%%(2)%%+&- intrH 9i e Fn e!HturH "u
p7p7 Ae:7n6ru III $%%'*)%%+%-. Tri;i9ii p7pei 7u 6e"7r7t "H "er 6e
7 8iJ7ntini 6o7r re"uno79tere7 pri;7tuui 9i po;enire7 p7pei 7 Li ?
tur!4ie. Dintre !re"i 7 rHspuns p7tri7r4u Mi47i III An4i7os@ "7re 7i
6e"7r7t "H Bp7p7 nu?i ni"i pri;u 6intre 7r4ierei@ ni"i Mu6e"Htor pentru I
7Gii@ "i e 6o7r o o7ie 9i Fn"H un7 "7re 7re ne#oie 6e 6o"torD. Tot si;i7r
se e:pri;7 9i un sino6 6in Const7ntinopo 6in %%L* 9i 7st7 Fntr?o #re;e f
"Fn6 M7nui 6u"e7 poiti"H fio?7puse7nH notorie.
I;itFn6 "i8i"eiuri 7pusene@ uFn6u?9i 7;Fn6ouH soGiie 6in Apus@
M7nui ;er!e7 "u !Fn6u pFnH 7"oo "H #oi7 sH re76u"H It7i7 su8 7s"u?
t7re7 BiJ7nGuui@ "u; 7 fost pe #re;e7 ui \ustini7n. Prefer7 sH fie
Fn"oron7t 6e p7pH "7 sin!ur F;pHr7t e!iti;@ nu;7i sH nu "F9ti!e 7"est
titu ri#7u sHu .rie6ri"4 I B7r87ross7 $%%',)%%*&-. De 7"ee7 7 tri;is
9i 87ni 9i trupe Fn It7i7@ reu9in6 sH Fn#in!H pe F;pHr7tu !er;7n 7
P7#i7 $%%5L-.
Poporu re#ot7t s?7 rHs"u7t Fn %%+, 9i 7 ;7s7"r7t pe 7tini@ in"en?
6iin6u?e 8iseri"ie 6in Const7ntinopo. C7 ripostH 7 7"estui f7pt tre8uie
so"otit ;7s7"ru fH"ut 6e nor;7nJi Fn %%+'@ Fn Tes7oni". In e!HturH "u
7"est ;7s7"ru istori"u 9i teoo!u Ni"4it7 C4oni7tes $f %,%%- 6e"7rH "H
BFntre noi 9i 7tini s?7 sHp7t o prHp7stie 6e urH 7tFt 6e ;7re@ Fn"Ft ni"i
Fn sufete nu ne ;7i pute; F;pH"7@ 6e9i Fn e:terior "en#eni; "u eiD.
In 7nu %%**@ F;pHr7tu BiJ7nGuui Ae:ios 7 III?e7 $%%*')%,&2-
s"ri7 "eui ;7i ;7re 6intre p7pi@ Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 $%%*+)%,%L-@ "H
sin!uree puteri uni#ers7e sFnt Biseri"7 ro;7nH 9i I;periu 8iJ7ntin
7 ui \ustini7n A totu9i putere7 spiritu7H e su8or6on7tH "eei i;peri7e.
P7p7 7 ripost7t@ spunFn6 "H putere7 spiritu7H 6epH9e9te pe "e7 i;pe?
ri7H Fn "4ipu Fn "7re u;in7 so7reui Fntre"e pe 7 unii. In "orespon?
6enG7 6intre Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 9i p7tri7r4u Io7n 7 0?e7 O7;7teros
$%%*+)%,&L-@ 7"est7 6in ur;H 6e"7r7 "H nu Biseri"7 RHsHrite7nH este
7"ee7 "7re 7 intro6us s"4i;8Hri Fn 6o"trinH 9i "ut 9i "H Fn ni"i un "7J
nu Ro;7 este ;7;7 Biseri"ior@ "i Ierus7i;u. P7p7 F f7"e 7tent $9i pe
e "7 9i pe F;pHr7tu Ae:ios 7 IV?e7- "H 67"H nu se 6o#e6es" res?
pe"tuo9i 9i nu #or u"r7 pentru unire7 Biseri"ior@ 797 "u; 6ore9te 9i
F;pHr7tu !re"@ 7tun"i sH 9tie "H p7p7 #7 u"r7 e Fnsu9i F;potri#7 ui
9i 7 Biseri"ii ui. De 7"ee7 nu?i 6e ;ir7re "H Fn67tH 6upH B!i!7nti"7
'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *I-*&
ne8unieD 6in %,&( 76e#Hr7t7 7titu6ine 7 p7pei e !reu 6e 7pre"M
#ot7 f7GH 6e B!roJ7#ee prH6H"iuniD@ ori 8u"uri7 "H Bnou nHs"iY
periu re#ine 7 unire "7 7tH67tH Efr7i; 7 Iu67D S Din %,&+ Pi
E"u;eni"H@ fiin6 7un!7tH 6in Const7ntinopo 6e "7#7erii 7tinii
"i76ei 7 IV?7@ 9i?7 st78iit re9e6inG7 7 Ni"ee7@ "7pit77 I;periu
6e Ni"ee7@ un6e 7 fun"Gion7t pFnH 7 %,L%.
E 76e#Hr7t "H ;Fn6ri7 8iJ7ntinH 7 fost o#itH to";7i Fn ini
FnfiinG7re7 I;periuui 7tin 6e rHsHrit $%,&()%,L%-. In o"u p7tr
e"u;eni" #eneGienii 7u 7es un p7tri7r4 7tin Fn perso7n7 ui To
rosini@ spre ;7ree s"7n67 7 "eri"ior 9i "re6in"io9ior !re"i@ @
6u?se 7stfe neFnGee!ere7 9i ur7 6intre !re"i 9i 7tini. D7r re!
9i reor!7niJ7re7 reJistenGei Fn "entree 6e 7 Ni"ee7@ 6e 7 Tr
9i 6in Epir #or 6o#e6i Fn "urFn6 "H@ 6e9i Fn!enun"4e7t@ st7tu 8iJ7
9i?7 spus uti;u "u#Fnt. Tre8uie su8ini7t f7ptu "H 6e 7"u;
ori"e ;7nifest7re 8iJ7ntinH@ fie "utur7H@ fie 8iseri"e7s"H s7u "r
iti"H@ Fn"epe sH po7rte un ti;8ru 6e p7triotis;. O fr7terniJ7re s7i
o 7propiere "res"Fn6H Fntre to7te st7tee orto6o:e se o8ser#H u9i
!Htin6 p7r"H pe orto6o"9ii 6in B7"7ni pentru "ei '&& 6e 7ni 6K
n7Gie oto;7nH@ Fn "7re "re6inG7 9i Biseri"7 Orto6o:H e #7 fi
;7re spriMin. Coro7ne re!7e oferite 6e p7p7 Ino"enGiu 7 III
pri;it 9i su#er7nii sFr8i 9i "ei ro;<no?8u!7ri 9i rutenii 9i 7r;e
7 ti;pu potri#it ei #or re#eni i7rH9i 7 tr76iGiie orto6o:e.
Unire7 nu se pute7 f7"e prin sini"ie. Intr?un "7non 7 si
6in %,%' p7p7 Hs7 i8erH 7e!ere7 rituui 9i i;8ii $"onstitutio
Fn 7"e79i ti;p 7u fost "7Juri "Fn6 "Hu!Hrii s7u preoGii orto6o"=
refuJ7u sH 6e7 6e"7r7Gie "H re"unos" pe p7pH 6rept "7p 7 Bise=
suferit te;niGH@ e:i s7u Fn"4i6ere7 8iseri"ior.
In ti;pu I;periuui 6in Ni"ee7 $%,G()%,L%- s?7u or!7n
"Fte#7 ori tr7t7ti#e pe te;7 unirii Biseri"ior. In uti;ii 7ni 6e 6oi
F;pHr7tuui Teo6or I L7s"7ris $%,&')%,,,-@ 7"est7 7 propus Giner7
sino6 "u p7rti"ip7re7 "eor p7tru p7tri7r4i orient7i@ ur;Fn6 "7 4o
sH fie preJent7te spre r7tifi"7re p7pei 6e 7 Ro;7. In uti;u ;
unu 6in epis"opii orto6o"9i "7re 7 u7t p7rte 7 "onsfHtuire 9i?7 se
opini7@ 6enunGFn6 ori"e "o78or7re "u 7tinii 9i "erFn6 "4i7r 7u
7"estor7 6in Const7ntinopo.
Fntre %,2,)%,'(@ su8 Io7n III DuP7s?V7t7tJes $%,,,)%,'N
Ginut trei sino76e BunionisteD 7 Ni"ee7. Re!ee Ierus7i;uui@ K
n7ru \e7n 6e Brienne@ 7 sosit Fn 7"est s"op 7 Const7ntinopo@ )
;ers 9i p7tri7r4u G4er;7n II 6e Ni"ee7 $%,,,)%,(&-. M7i er7u K
9i 6oi "Hu!Hri fr7n"is"7ni 9i 6oi 6o;ini"7ni. P7tri7r4u !re" e?7 ?
un ;es7M Fn "7re 6epFn!e7 BsfF9iere7 "H;H9ii ui /ristos@ nu 6in Y
unor ;iit7ri@ "i 6e "Htre "on6u"Htoru Biseri"ii 7tine... Re"uno79i
p7p7 7re pri;7t 7postoi"@ 67r 67"H ne uitH; Fn o!in67 S"ript
7 Tr76iGiei@ fie"7re pute; tr7!e Fn#HGHtur7 "u#enitHD. L7 rFn6u ui
Gri!orie 7 I0?e7 $%,,+)%,(%- 7fir;7 "H Petru 7 7#ut pri;7t
toGi Apostoii@ i7r p7p7 peste to7tH u;e7. Biseri"7 !re7"H 7 fost
sitH pentru "H s?7 6espHrGit. PFnH 7 ur;H !re"ii 7u spus "H reK
7Ji;7 67"H 7pusenii renunGH 7 .iioCue. Apusenii rHspunserH ! 2 )
Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
e Fn!H6uie 6o7r sH nu re"ite .iioCue Fn Biseri"H. N?7u "e67t Fn fon6
unii@ ni"i 7Gii 9i 7u pe"7t "u toGii fHrH reJut7t. L7 o 7tH Fntrunire
6is"ut7t 9i 6espre pur!7toriu@ i7r 7 uti;7@ un6e s?7 6is"ut7t 6espre
"e6ere7 Bprin .iuD@ F;pHr7tu "eru retro"e67re7 Const7ntinopouui@
Zu 7 "7re 7 "onsi;Git 9i p7p7 Ino"enGiu IV $%,(2)%,'(-. Totu9i 6is?
ie 7u rH;7s fHrH ur;Hri pentru "H Fn %,'( 7u ;urit 9i p7p7 9i F;?
7tu. De 7se;ene7@ n?7u 6us 7 ni"i un reJut7t ni"i tr7t7ti#ee 6e
re purt7te Fn %,'L 6e p7p7 Ae:7n6ru 7 IV?e7 $%,'()%,L%- 7 Ni?
i@ Fn ti;pu F;pHr7tuui Teo6or 7 II?e7 L7s"7ris $%,'()%,'+-.
L7 %' 7u!ust %,L%@ F;pHr7tu Mi47i 7 VUI?e7 P7eoo!u
ii^^%,+,- re"u"eri fHrH 6ifi"ut7te "7pit77 8iJ7ntinH 9i intrH 7poi Fn
7ti#e 6e unire 8iseri"e7s"H 9i "u p7pii Ce;ent 7 IV?e7 $%,L')%,L+-
Pri!orie 7 0?e7 $%,5%)%,5L- pentru 7 e#it7 for;7re7 unei noi "o7?
poiti"e "ontr7 BiJ7nGuui.
In 7"est ti;p@ spore9te "ontr7 !re"ior poe;i"7 ;7rior teoo!i 7pu?
To;7 6e ACuino $%,5(- 9i Bon7#entur7 $%,5(-@ "7re F9i puserH to7tH
iG7 or teoo!i"H pentru "o;87tere7 7 "ee7 "e ei nu;e7u Berorie
=iorD Q errores graecorum# Mi47i 7 VIII?e7@ 6upH "e %?7 iJ!onit
276ouin 7 II?e7 $%,,+)%,L%-@ uti;u re!e 7tin Fn BiJ7nG@ tre8ui7
upte F;potri#7 rHJ8oini"uui C7ro 6e AnMou $%,,L)%,+'-@ "7re se
n!7Me7JH "u oper7Giuni ;iit7re F;potri#7 BiJ7nGuui@ Fn Epir 9i Fn
poneJ@ "7 sH?9i re"7pete teritoriie 7 "7re rF#niserH 6ouH sute 6e 7ni
"esorii sHi@ nor;7nJii 6in It7i7 su6i"H. C7ro F9i for;7se 9i un sis?
6e 7i7nGe@ "7re ur;7u sH prin6H "7 Fn "e9te pe F;pHr7tu 8iJ7ntin@
"H 7"estui7 nu Fi rH;Fne7 7t"e#7 6e"Ft sH se 7propie 6e p7pH prin
e7 Biseri"ior@ pentru "7 7stfe sH po7tH 6eMu"7 p7nurie "otropito?.
Printr?o ;7ne#rH 6i87"e@ Mi47i 7 VIII?e7 P7eoo!u reu9i sH ie
7i7nG7 re!eui Petru III 6e Ar7!on $%,5L)%,+%-@ ri#7u ui C7ro
R.nMou@ 7poi pe 7 re!eui Un!7riei@ pe 7 "Hrui fii"H o #7 pri;i 6e
@ Fn sfFr9it@ pe !eno#eJi@ "7re 6e#eniserH "ei ;7i puterni"i ne!ustsri
e;ii. D7r "e7 ;7i re6ut78iH 7r;H i?7 fost "o78or7re7 "u p7p7 Gri?=
7 0?e7 "7re nu "ere7 6e"Ft "7 !re"ii sH re"uno7s"H pri;7tu p7p7@ su
.iioCue $fie "4i7r 9i "u for;u7 Bprin .iuD-@ pre"u; 9i sH po?S7s"H
nu;ee p7pei 7 Litur!4ie. Er7 #or87 6e"i ;7i "urFn6 6e o T Bprin
i"ono;ieD@ potri#it "Hrei7 F;pHr7tu fH!H6ui7 sH re"uno7s"H 7ru
"7toi"@ ni;i" ;7i ;ut. Pro"e6ur7 er7 uni"H Fn istori7 Fn"er?hr 6e
unire 9i s?7 6o#e6it 7 fi fost o !re9e7H i;ensH 6in p7rte7 p7pei@ 7entru
7"e7st7 tre8ui7u pre!Htiri.
n interior@ F;pHr7tu s?7 iJ8it 6e o puterni"H opoJiGie ;7i
iin p7rte7 p7rti6ei Jeiote Fn frunte "u P7tri7r4u Iosif $%,LL)%,5' A
?%,+2-@ "7re nu #oi7 sH re"uno7s"H pri;7tu p7pei 9i ni"i 767osu
ue 9i "7re puse pe 47rtofi7:u Io7n Be""os sH preJinte Fntr?un stu?
o#eJie 76e#Hruui orto6o:. Be""os 7Mun!e 7 "on"uJi7 "H 7tinii
Freti"i. F;pHr7tu "eru 9i pHrere7 ;7reui Fn#HG7t NiPifer Ve;i6e
5,- "Ft 9i 7 ui Ni"4it7 6e M7rone7 "7re 7u rHspuns "H 6eose8irie
F "ee 6ouH Biseri"i nu sFnt 7tFt 6e ;7ri 6upH "u; s?7r pHre7. In
tH situ7Gie F;pHr7tu 7run"H Fn te;niGH pe Io7n Be""os "7re 6upH
;p rHspunse 9i e Fn sensu ui N. Ve;i6es. Atun"i F;pHr7tu se
76resH 6in nou "eruui 9i poporuui spunFn6 "H unire7 este 6e ;7re
foos pentru I;periu@ i7r "ee trei pun"te = pri;7tu@ 6reptu 6e 7 pri;i
7peuri 9i po;enire7 nu;eui p7pei 7 ru!H"iuni sFnt ;7i ;ut no;in7e@
p7p7 nu #7 #eni 7i"i sH "ontroeJe ori sH Mu6e"e@ i7r po;enire7 p7pei
s?7r f7"e nu;7i Fn 8iseri"7 i;peri7H 9i Fn "7te6r77 p7tri7r47H. In ur;7
7"estui 7pe sin!uru "7re n?7 #rut sH "e6eJe 7 fost p7tri7r4u@ "Hrui7
F;pHr7tu i?7 spus sH 7se u"rurie Fn se7;7 ui 9i@ 67"H #7 fi reu9it sH
f7"H unire7@ ur;7 sH 6e;isioneJe@ i7r 67"H nu@ sH rH;FnH Fn s"7un ;7i
6ep7rte. Cei trei 6ee!7Gi "7re 7u pe"7t 7 L3on ) un6e s?7 Ginut un
7 6oie7 sino6 Be"u;eni"D ) er7u fostu p7tri7r4 G4er;7n 7 III?e7
$%,L')%,LL-@ 7poi ;inistru G4eor!4e A"ropoitu 9i ;itropoitu Teof7n
6e Ni"ee7. Ei 7u sosit 6upH "e sino6u 6eJ8Htuse pro8e;7 .iioCue 9i
ni"i n?7u ;7i intr7t Fn Biseri"H 9i Fn 6is"uGie@ "i s?7 "itit 7 L iuie %,5(
6o7r ;es7Mu F;pHr7tuui Fn e!HturH "u pro8e;ee 7;intite. Ei n?7u
se;n7t ni"i un 7"t@ "i 7u 6epus 6o7r MurH;Fntu "erut 9i 7u rostit Fn
8iseri"H CreJu fHrH 767osu .iioCue@ se;n "H Fntr?76e#Hr nu se "ere
Gi re"uno79tere7 for;7H 7 ui. In feu 7"est7@ Fn %,5'@ C7ro 6e AnMou
7 Fn"4ei7t 7r;istiGiu "u F;pHr7tu 8iJ7ntin 9i u"rurie pHre7u 7p7n7te.
Unioni9tii er7u puGini Fn BiJ7nG@ ;7i 7es ru6e 6e?7e F;pHr7tuui
9i "FGi#7 6e;nit7ri. Din p7rti67 orto6o:H ;uGi 7u fost Fn"4i9i s7u e:i7Gi@
"u to7te "H unee iJ#o7re spun "H Fnsu9i F;pHr7tu Fi #iJit7 9i?i ;Fn!Fi7@
spunFn6u?e "H "ee7 "e s?7 fH"ut 7 fost "e#7 for;7. Ate iJ#o7re 7r7tH
"H FnsH9i sor7 F;pHr7tuui 7r fi 6e"7r7t Fn7inte 6e 7 pe"7 7 soGu sHu
Fn Bu!7ri7 = B;7i 8ine pi7rH I;periu fr7teui ;eu 6e"Ft "urHGi7 "re?
6inGei TD. DupH "er"etHri ;7i noi@ ;Hsurie 6e perse"uGie "ontr7 orto6o"?
9ior 6e 7 At4os 9i 6in 7te o"uri nu s?7u 7pi"7t Fnto";7i. Intre ti;p
6e#eni p7tri7r4 Io7n Be""os f7#or78i unirii@ 67r F;potri#7 ui se pro?
nunGH o sentinGH 6e e:"o;uni"7re 7 un sino6 6in Tes7i7. DupH ;o7rte7
p7pei^ Gri!orie 7 0?e7 $f %,5L- pri;eM6i7 pentru BiJ7nG s?7 i#it 6in
nou. F;pHr7tu 7 fost 7"uJ7t "H n?7 7pi"7t 6e"Ft 6e for;H 4otHrFrie@ 6e
7"ee7 Fn %,+% e 7 fost e:"o;uni"7t 6e p7p7 M7rtin 7 IV?e7
$%,+%)%,+'-. De 7tfe@ un "7r6in7 fusese tri;is sH "ontroeJe 7pi"7re7
"eor 4otHrFte. In %,+, Mi47i 7 VUI?e7 7#u 8u"uri7 sH "onst7te FnH?
tur7re7 pri;eM6iei 67toritH B#espereor si"iieneD 6in 2% ;7rtie@ Fn une7
P79tior@ 7 "7re "ontri8uise F;preunH "u Petru III 6e Ar7!on 9i "u
Fn"ur7M7re7 p7pei. In 7"e79i 7n@ Fn "7re Mi47i VIII ;uri@ e fu e:"o;u?
ni"7t 9i 6e "Htre 8iJ7ntini. A97 s?7 Fn"4ei7t #e7"u 7 0II?e7 Fntr?o
7t;osferH 7pHsHto7re "u; 7r7reori 7 ;7i 7#ut o" Fn BiJ7nG.
Re7"Gi7 "ontr7 unirii su8 An6roni" 7 II?e7 $%,+,)%2,+- 7 6us 7
6enunG7re7 ei ofi"i7H@ 7 FnHtur7re7 9i Fnte;niG7re7 p7tri7r4uui Io7n
Be""os ) "7re 7 ;urit ;7tr7t7t ) 9i 7 76erenGior ui. De 7"u;@ 7
!r7niGee I;periuui 7p7re 9i pri;eM6i7 tur"ior oto;7ni@ pe Fn!H pri ?
;eM6i7 sFr8H. Se f7" si;Gite 9i feno;enee 6e 6isouGie interio7rH@ 67?
toritH pro"esuui 6e 7"7p7r7re feu67H@ pe "7re F;pHr7tu n?o po7te opri.
.iu 9i ur;79u ui Mi47i 7 VII?e7@ An6roni" 7 II?e7@ n?7 Fn6rHJnit
sH?% Fn;or;FnteJe "u onoruri F;pHrHte9ti pe t7tH sHu@ fiin6 siit sH 6e?
"7re "H e n?7 76er7t 9i nu #7 76er7 7 unire "u 7tinii. RHJ8o7iee "i#ie
7;eninG7u. In 7"e7stH situ7Gie@ e 9i ur;79ii ui 7u fost ne#oiGi sH Fntre?
PERIOADA A PATRA
7rin6H noi 7"Giuni unioniste@ ;7i 7es "H 7"u; p7pii e tri;ite7u so;7Gii
ie supunere i;e6i7tH. BiJ7ntinii se 7!HG7u "7 6isper7Gi 6e #e"4ie spe?
r7nGe "H Apusu e?7r pute7 tri;ite 7Mutor 7r;7t.
N Fn %22*@ F;pHr7tu An6roni" 7 III?e7 $%2,+)%2(%- 7 tri;is 7
A#i!non@ Fn .r7nG7@ un6e se 7f7 pe 7tun"i "urte7 p7p7H@ o 7;87s76H
:;6usH 6e "Hu!Hru V7r77; $f %2'&-@ ori!in7r 6in su6u It7iei. E s?7
io#e6it un s78 unionist 9i s78 6ipo;7t. CFn6 7pusenii i?7u spus "H
ror FntFi sH #76H se;nHturie rHsHritenior@ e 7 rHspuns "H !re"ii nu
ores" unire 8iseri"e7s"H@ "i nu;7i 7Mutor ;iit7r. SH #inH FntFi 7Mutoru
% 7poi se #or uni. P7p7 9i?7 e:pri;7t te;ere7 "H@ 6upH "e #or pri;i
iMutor@ !re"ii #or uit7 fH!H6ui77. Ni"i un7 6in "ee 6ouH p7rti6e nu #oi7
H "e6eJe@ te;Fn6u?se sH nu fie 7;H!itH 6e "e77tH. V7r77; susGine7
=H sin!ur7 "7e potri#itH pentru unire este "on#o"7re7 unui sino6 "7re sH
e"i6H unire7 A pFnH 7tun"i sH se "uti#e re7Gii frHGe9ti 9i sH nu se Fntre?
irin6H 7"Giuni 6e su8;in7re prin "ru"i76e 7nti?s"4is;7ti"e. P7p7 7 rHs?
uns "H nu?i ni"i in6i"7t@ ni"i ti;p pentru 6is"uGii 9i ter!i#ersHri. Gre"ii
re8uie sH 9tie "H nu;7i 7 7tini se 7fH 76e#Hru. In sensu 7"est7 7
"ris p7p7 9i re!eui fr7n"eJ .iip 7 II?e7 6e V7ois $%2,+)%2'&-@ Fn?
e;nFn6u?% sH nu 7"or6e 7Mutor rHsHritenior. V7r77; s?7 Fntors fHrH
i"i un reJut7t. Apusu er7 6eJ8in7t@ .r7nG7 se 7f7 Fn rHJ8oiu 6e o
utH 6e 7ni $%22+)%('2- "u An!i7@ i7r feu67ii 7puseni nu;7i 7 7stfe
e pro8e;e nu se !Fn6e7u.
DupH ;o7rte7 ui An6roni" 7 III?e7@ tre8urie pu8i"e #or fi "on?
u.se 6e o re!enGH for;7tH 6in F;pHrHte7s7 An7 6e S7#o37 9i "FGi#7
e;nit7ri 6e#ot7Gi p7rti6uui unionist. Opini7 pu8i"H 7 protest7t prin
uterni"7 ;i9"7re 6e reFnnoire ;or7H 9i teoo!i"H 7 isi47s;uui. Fnsu9i
7r77; 6e C778ri7@ "7re Fn7inte "o;8Htuse .iioCue@ tre"use 7"u; Fn
ri6u "eor ;7i pHti;79i spriMinitori 7i "7toi"is;uui pe "7re %?7 9i
n8rHGi97t@ 7Mun!Fn6 epis"op 7tin Fn su6u It7iei@ f7pt pentru "7re si?
76u 6in %2'% 6e 7 Const7ntinopo %?7 e:"o;uni"7t@ 6e9i e ;urise "u
n 7n Fn7inte.
P7rti67 fio?o""i6ent7H 9i?7 7#ut Fn tFnHru F;pHr7t Io7n 7 V?e7
7eoo!u $%2(%)%25L A %25*)%2*%- un 6isper7t 76erent@ "7re 6e 6ouH
Zi 7 ;ers person7 7 A#i!non@ "erFn6 trupe 9i pro;iGFn6 F;8rHGi97re7
itoi"is;uui@ u"ru pe "7re@ 6upH iJ#o7re 7pusene@ ?7r fi fH"ut Fn %2L*.
ri;7 67tH tri;isese Fn %2'' ost7te" 7 A#i!non pe fiu sHu M7nui@ i7r
6ou7 o7rH $%2L5)%25&- e Fnsu9i 7 petre"ut 7 Ro;7 ;7i ;uGi 7ni.
u;ini"H@ ,% o"to;8rie %2L*@ Fn "7te6r77 Sf. Petru@ Fn f7G7 p7pei Ur87n
V?e7 $%2L,)%25&- 9i 7 "7r6in7ior@ 7 tre"ut 7 "7toi"is; "u to7tH
;ii7 s7@ f7pt "7re 7 pro#o"7t ;7ri supHrHri 9i Fn!riMorHri P7tri7r4iei
;;eni"e. Er7 o unire person7H "7re nu 7n!7M7 Orto6o:i7. O serie 6e
tinofroni "7 fr7Gii Di;itrie O36ones $f 6upH %2*L- 9i Pro4or O36ones@
7nui C7e"7s $f %(%&-@ Ni"4ifor Gre!or7s $f %2'*- 9i 7Gii 7u s"ris tot
Iu 6e u"rHri Fn f7#o7re7 Fn#HGHturior "7toi"e. P7p7 Ur87n V 7 pro?
F;7t o "ru"i76H "ontr7 tur"ior@ "7re Fn %2L' F9i inst77serH nou7 "7?
t7H 7 A6ri7nopo@ 67r ni"i un su#er7n 7puse7n nu s?7 ;i9"7t sH pe"e
"ru"i76H A p7p7it7te7 FnsH9i se 7f7 Fntr?o st7re 6epor78iH@ intrFn6
u;@ pentru o perio76H 6e 5d 6e 7ni@ Fntr?un Be:i 878ioni"D
BISERICA ii
$%2&*)%255- 7 A#i!non@ pentru "7 Fn ur;7 7"estor "riJe interio7re sH
Fn"e7pH o 7tH et7pH ;7i !re7@ 797 nu;it7 B;7re7 s"4is;H p7p7HD $%25+
)%(%5-.
a;pHr7tu Io7n VI C7nt7"uJino $%2(5)%2'(-@ 6e9i ;7re orto6o:@ er7
9i e 6e pHrere7 "H unire7 s?7r pute7 f7"e@ 67r nu;7i printr?un sino6@
FntreGine7 re7Gii "u o serie 6e teoo!i B7tinofroniD@ i?7 spriMinit "4i7r 9i
7 purt7t "orespon6enGH Fn 7"est sens "u tri;i9ii p7p7i. Pentru ;oti#ee
7;intite@ u"rurie n?7u 6epH9it et7p7 propunerior 9i 6is"uGiior. Uti;u
F;pHr7t 6in se"ou 7 0V?e7@ M7nui 7 II?e7 P7eoo!u $%2*%)%(,'-@
"u to7te "H fusese e6u"7t Fn Apus@ "Fn6 7 ur"7t pe tron 9i?7 67t se7;7
"H@ Fn feu Fn "7re se pune7 pro8e;7 reunirii Biseri"ior@ nu er7 ni"i
o perspe"ti#H 6e F;piniri poJiti#e. E:perienG7 7;ent78iH 7 "ru"i76ei
6e 7 Ni"opoe $%2*L- 6o#e6e7 "u prisosinGH 9i pe inie ;iit7rH "H ni"i
Apusu nu pute7 f7"e ni;i" "Fn6 Fi ipse7u unire7 9i or!7niJ7re7. Putere7
oto;7nH "uprinsese 7"u; "e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte 6in Peninsu7 B7"7ni"H.
In "on"uJie@ Fn"er"Hrie 6e unire 6in se"ou 0I)0IV n?7u 6us 7
ni"i un reJut7t@ "i@ Fntr?o ;HsurH o7re"7re@ 7u 7!r7#7t 6eJ8in7re7@ Fn?
6eose8i pentru ;oti#u "H@ prin unire@ p7p7it7te7 ur;Hre7 ;7i 7es
intro6u"ere7 puterii s7e Muris6i"Gion7e 9i peste Biseri"7 RHsHrituui.
AtFt7 ti;p@ FnsH@ "it pro8e;7 s?7 pus ;7i ;ut 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere
poiti" 9i se u"r7 "u ;iMo7"e 9i pentru s"opuri ;ut pre7 pH;Fnte9ti@
er7 fires" "7 to7te Fn"er"Hrie sH nu reu9e7s"H.
BI BLI OGRA.I EI
I J # o 7 r e
V. L7urent?\. D7rrouJes@ 8ossier grec de Aunion de H'on $%,52)%,55- $Ar"4i#es
6e NOrient C4retien@ %L-@ P7ris@ %*5LA A. THutu@ Acta Grbani IA, &lementis IV@
>regarii 0@ V7ti"7n@ %*'2.
St u6i i
_. I;P7;p@ 8as Qirc?enbild Innocent% III $%%*+)%,%L-@ Stutt!7rt@ %*+2@ 0III )
2L& p.A R. .ossier@ He mo'en ge# T. %. ies mondes nou#e7u: $2'&)*'&-A t. ,.
HEeveil de lEEurope $*'&)%,'&-A t. 2. Hes temps de crise $%,'&)%''&-@ P7ris@
%*+,)%*+2A P. O7rin?/73ter@ =tudies in +'%antine political ?istor'# =ources and
controversies, Lon6on@ %*+%@ 22L p.
\. Gi@ &?urc? Gnion# Rom and +'%antium %,&()%('2-@ Lon6on@ %*5*.
I6e;@ T?e &?urc? Gnion oi t?e &ouncil oU H'on, Lon6on@ %*5(.
I6e;@ &?urc? Gnion of t?e &ouncil ol H'on ,-/CB0, portra'ed in greeL docu$
ments, Fn BOrient7i7 C4risti7n7 Perio6i"7D@ (& $%*5(-@ p. ')('A D. .%. Gene7Popouos@
+'%antine East and Hatin _esf@ /7;6en@ %*5L.
I6e;@ Emperor 3ic?ael Paleologus und t?e Mest, &ambridge $M7ss-@ %*'*A
Oennet4 M. Setton@ T?e Papas' and Fourteent? centuries, P4i76ep4i7@ %*5LA
R. I. _of@ =tudies in t?e Hatin Empire of &onstantinopole, Lon6on@ %*5LA /. \e6in@
4andbuc? der Qirc?engesc?ic?te, B6. III. 8ie mittelalterlic?e Qirc?e, .rei8ur!)
B7se)_ien@ %*L+.
/. _oter)/. /ostein@ 4istoire des &onciles < L3on I et L3on II@ P7ris@ %*LLA
U. V. Bos"4@ Qaiser AndroniLos III# Palaiologus, A;ster67;@ %*L'.
B. Ro8er!@ D]e Gnion %Nisc?en der griec?isc?en und der lateinisc?en Qirc?
aut dem II# Qon%il von H'on $%,5(-@ Bonn@ %*L(A O. /7e"Pi@ Gn empereur dV
B3J7n"e < Ro;e. RAingt ans de travail pour lEunion des Eglises $%2'')%25'-@ V7r
so#ie@ %*2&.
Bi8io!r7fi" Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nuM
0E'IOADA A PATRA
C4. ?\. /efe e?Do;. /. Le" erC@ 4istoire des &onciles, T. V@ % et ,?e p<rtieA
VI@ % et ,?e p<rtie@ P7ris@ %*%')%*%5.
_. Bor6en@ 8as Papst t ums und +'%an%# 8i e Trennung der bei den Qi rc?en
md das Problem i?iei Miedervereinigung bis %um Gntergang des b'%antinisc?en
leic?es, Berin@ %*&2.
St. Run"i;7n@ T?e =icilian Aespar, C7;8ri6!e@ %*'+.
In limba romn <
Teo6or M. Popes"u@ V&um s$au tcut unirile2, cu Roma, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ Bu"u?
e9ti@ I $%*(*-@ nr. ,)2@ p. %,&)%(,A I6e;@ &ucerirea &onstantinopolului de ctre
atinEi ca mi*loc de unire a +isericilor ,sec# PI)PIA0, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*,*-@ ir. %@ p.
(+)%(,. E:tr7s@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,*.
I6e;@ &ontribu!iuni la istoria ncercrilor de unire a +isericilor# Tratativele le la
-WWC6-WW., Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*2&-@ nr. 2@ p. ,2)5*. E:tr7s@ Bu"u?e9ti@
%*2&A Teo6or M. Popes"u@ Ha o sut de ani dup sc?ism, Fn BSt u6ii teoo?[i"eD@
VII $%*2+)%*2*-@ p. (L)+*A VIII $%*(&-@ p. 55)%&(. E:t r7s@ Bu"ure9ti@ *(&@ 5(
p.
Io7n bu!r7#@ &?estiunea unirii dintre +iserica (rtodo) "i +iserica &atolic, rernHuti@
%*,,.
Ve"4ie p7tri7r47te orient7e.
Biseri"ie ne"7"e6onene. Biseri"ie
n7Gion7e = 8u!7rH@ sFr8H@ ro;<nH@ rusHI
1. &/c1i#/ 2a.riar1a./ ori/n.a#/
AtFt Fn I;periu 8iJ7ntin propriu?Jis@ "Ft 9i Fn restu teritoriior :?
uite 6e popo7re orto6o:e se Fnre!istre7JH Fn 7"e7stH perio76H un pro?,s
trept7t 6e "entr7iJ7re 8iseri"e7s"H@ f7#oriJ7t 6e unifi"7re7 i;8ii 9i
for;7Giunior st7t7e "orespunJHto7re. Se Fnre!istre7JH ) pe ;HsurH
' etno!eneJ7 6iferiteor popo7re se 7fir;7 ;7i "u tHrie ) ten6inGe 8i?
Fri"e9ti 7uto"ef7e Fn Geor!i7 $%%&&-@ Ser8i7 $%,%*@ %2(L-@ Bu!7ri7 $%,2(-@
rin"ip7tee ro;<ne $se". 0IV-@ "Ft 9i Fn Rusi7 $%((+-@ un6e pro"esu 6e S
ntr7iJ7re 7 fost o re7"Gie f7GH 6e 7suprire7 tHtHre7s"H #re;e 6e
2& 6e 7ni@ 7poi f7GH 6e ten6inGee "entr7iste !re"e9ti ori "7toi"iJ7nte
e Pooniei. E interes7nt 6e "onst7t7t Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te teritoriu o"uit
' !re"i "H@ 6upH "e sute 6e 7ni Fn I;periu 8iJ7ntin prin "u#intee
Dre"D 9i BeenD nu se FnGee!e7 6e"Ft BpH!FnD@ 7"u; Fn6eose8i 6upH
"u?Nrire7 Const7ntinopouui@ Fn %,&(@ 6e "Htre "7#7erii "ru"i76ei 7
IV?7@ in 7"este noGiuni 7 Fn"eput sH se FnGee7!H fie popor Borto6o:D@
fie to6o"9ii 6e i;8H !re7"H.
CFn6 s?7 intro6us 9i Fn RHsHrit@ Fn unee pHrGi@ 76;inistr7Gi7 feu67H
;se7nH@ 6upH %,&(@ "eru 7tin 7 7Muns sH profite 9i sH 7supre7s"H pe
% orto6o:@ uFn6u?i 9i puGinee 6o;enii pe "7re e 6o8Fn6ise ;7i 7es
n 6on7Gii. Fn Cret7@ 6e pi6H@ 6in Je"e epis"opi 78i7 ;7i er7u Fn fun"Gie
ii pe 7 7nu %,,(. Atitu6ine7 76;inistr7Giei er7 infuenG7tH 6e "eru
toi". Fn 7nu %,,'@ %2 "Hu!Hri orto6o"9i 7u fost 7r9i 6e #ii "7 ereti"i
Nntru si;pu ;oti# "H n?7u #rut sH 6epunH MurH;Fnt 6e "re6inGH f7GH
Biseri"7 Ro;7no?C7tOi"H. C7Juri 7se;HnHto7re 7u 7#ut o" 9i Fn 7te
rGi. C4i7r Fn PeoponeJ@ 7Muns su8 6o;in7Gi7 fr7n"H@ su8 "on6u"ere7
i Geofro3 6e Vie47r6ouin 9i 7 ur;79ior ui@ s?7u st78iit + epis"opi
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN
7tini@ Fntre ei 6oi 7#Fn6 r7n! 6e 7r4iepis"op $P7tr7s 9i Corint-@ Fn"FM
pentru ier7r4i7 !re7"H nu ;7i er7 o". Mitropoitu !re" 6in P7tr7s I
fost ne#oit sH se retr7!H Fn ;FnHstire7 Me!7 Spieon pentru 7?9i puteM
e:er"it7 ;7i i8er "4e;7re7. Tot pe 7tun"i@ ;itropoitu Atenei@ Mi47M
/oni7tu@ reJi67 Fn insu7 Oios@ pentru "7 sH 7se pe 7r4iepis"opu 7Gi
Fn Aten7. A"este 6ouH "7Juri sFnt tipi"e pentru tot sp7Giu o"up7t 6
"ru"i7Gi. i p7tri7r4ii 6in Antio4i7 9i 6in Ierus7i; 7u fost ne#oiGi sH 7
retr7!H uneori Fn ;FnHstirie 6in Cipru@ 67r "e ;7i 6es Fn Const7ntY
nopo. D7"H inter#ene7 #reo opoJiGie puterni"H f7GH 6e BstHpFnire7D 7t
nior@ 7tun"i ur;7 e:iu@ ;un"7 Fn ;ine ori fi:7re7 unui 6o;i"iiu "
;7i 6ep7rte 6e "entru. De re!uH@ Fn PeoponeJ@ preoGii orto6o"9i trf
8ui7u sH ;e7r!H 7 4irotonie 7 epis"opii 6in re!iunie ;unto7se 6e N
Mo6on 9i Croton. Pe 7 %(&& 7 "res"ut Fn i;port7nGH s"7unu 6e 7 MK
ne;87si7. Un nou "entru Fn PeoponeJ er7 Mistr7. In Mistr7 7 Fnforit@ i
se". 0IV)0V@ o 6eose8itH "uturH 9i ;i9"7re 7rtisti"H. Au fost 9i "HJu
"Fn6 titu7rii s"7uneor er7u tri;i9i 6in Const7ntinopo@ "u; 7 fost "A
Ju@ Fn %2'&@ "u epis"opu Anti;@ "7re 7 pre!Htit Fn Cret7 rHs"o77 Fn
potri#7 #eneGienior. L7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0V?e7 s?7 6us 6e
Const7ntinopo Fn Cret7 "unos"utu teoo! 9i poe;ist 7nti?7tin Ios
Vrieniu "7re@ ti;p 6e ,& 6e 7ni@ 7 FntHrit 7"oo "on9tiinG7 orto6o:H.
In Cipru@ situ7Gi7 er7 6isper7tH. Cei p7tru epis"opi orto6o"9i erA
Fn6e7pro7pe supr7#e!4e7Gi 6e ;itropoitu 7tin. Ori"e 7e!ere 6e epis"K
tre8ui7 sH fie 7pro87tH 6e p7pH@ "Hrui7 Fi er7 67tor MurH;Fnt 6e fi6e
t7te. Ori"e 787tere er7 Mu6e"7tH 6e 7tini@ "7re Fi tr7t7u "u 6ispreG@
Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0V?e7 Iosif Vrieniu 7 "on#o"7t un sino6
epis"opior !e"i 6in Cipru@ "7re 7 4otHr<t ) <;potri#7 epis"opior !ri
"7re 7u 6e"7r7t "H sFnt su8 6epen6enGH 6e Const7ntinopo ) "H 7s"u
6e p7p7 9i "o78ore7JH "u ier7r4i7 7tinH@ 67r F9i pHstre7JH "re6inG7
orto6o:H.
P7tri7r4u 6in Antio4i7@ pri;7 p7tri7r4ie "HJutH su8 6o;in7Gie
tinH Fn %&*+@ 7 fost ne#oit sH se refu!ieJe. L7 fe 9i "e 6e Ierus7
Fn %&** 9i "4i7r "e 6e Const7ntinopo@ "7re 7 ;urit Fn e:i Fn %,&+.
to7te "H sut7nii 6in E!ipt 7u "erut prin %% 6e"rete "7 "re9tinii sH
7i8H 6rept sH po7rte 6e"<t 7nu;ite 47ine@ totu9i@ f7GH 6e p7tri7r47tT
6in Antio4i7 9i Ierus7i;@ 7f7te ;utH #re;e su8 7tini@ situ7Gi7 "opGu
er7 ;7i u9o7rH. Su8 p7tri7r4u /risto6u $f %&55- re9e6inG7 p7tri7r4u
"opt s?7 ;ut7t Fn C7iro. Unii 6intre titu7rii P7tri7r4iei 6e Ae:7n"
7u reJi67t 9i 7 Const7ntinopo. Astfe@ 7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 7 0III?%
p7tri7r4u 1t7n7sie 7 II?e7 $%,5L)%2%L- 7 Ae:7n6riei se 8u"ur7
;7re "inste 7 "urte7 6in Const7ntinopo@ un6e reJi67. At7"urie st7tt
"re9ti ne 7supr7 E!i ptuui Fn se"o u 7 0/I?e7 7u FnrHutHGit ;u t
tu7Gi7 "re9tinior 6e 7"oo.
=caunul patriar?al de &onstantinopol 7 Mu"7t@ "u; er7 9i fir
;7re ro Fn perio767 7"e7st7. P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 9i?7 putut F;p
netu8ur7tH ;enire7 ei Fn Biseri"7 RHsHrituui pFnH 7 %,&(@ "Fn6 CE
erii 7tini 7i "ru"i76ei 7@ IV?7@ ;7ne#r7Gi "u 6i8H"ie 6e VeneGi7@ pei
interesee ei ;7teri7e@ 7u "u"erit 9i Mefuit Const7ntinopou 7 %2 7
ie %,&(. Uti;u p7tri7r4 e"u;eni" 6in 7"est ti;p 7 fost Io7n 7 0
ft.HI.UAUA A PATRA
n7teros $%%*+ ) f %,&L-. Din %,&+@ P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ 7un!7tH
"7#7erii 7tini 7 insistenG7 VeneGiei@ 9i?7 st78iit re9e6inG7 7 Ni"ee7@
it77 I;periuui !re" 6e Ni"ee7 $%,&()%,L%-@ un6e 7 fun"Gion7t pFnH
%,L%@ "Fn6 7 re#enit 7 Const7ntinopo@ o"u ei istori".
Fn o"u p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni"@ 6o!ee VeneGiei@ 8HtrFnu Enri"o
i6oo@ 7 nu;it p7tri7r4 7tin 6e Const7ntinopo pe To;7 Morosini@
ori!ine #eneGi7n. C7 se;n 7 FntFietHGii s"7unuui 6e Const7ntinopo
i;inte9te@ pro878i "u Fn"epere 6e su8 pHstori7 ui G4er;7n 7 II?e7
h,^^^%,(*- 6e 7 Ni"ee7@ 767osu 6e Bp7tri7r4 e"u;eni"D@ 7 titu7tur7
o8i9nuitH. Un 7t se;n 6e FntFiet7te er7 sfinGire7 ;iruui "4i7r 9i
tru 7te Biseri"i 7uto"ef7e@ "u; reiese 6intr?o s"riso7re sino67H 7
Zi7r4uui C7ist I $%2'&)%2'2 A %2'')%2L2- 6in %2'' "Htre "e 6e 7
io#o. L7 Fn"eput 9i purt7re7 B;7ntiei "u ;ute steeD er7 o 6istin"Gie
F7i 7 ui@ "7 9i s7"osu@ "7re se F;8rH"7 nu;7i 7 CrH"iun@ P79ti 9i
7ii A ;7i tFrJiu 7"este7 e?7u F;8rH"7t 9i 7Gi p7tri7r4i 9i ;itropoiGi.
797 .9i titu7tur7 Ban7t Pre7 SfinGitD@ "7re 7 7Muns sH fie 7tri8uitH
Mn6u"Htorior s"7uneor 6e Tes7oni"@ Tr7peJunt 9i Mone;87si7. Ae?7
p7tri7r4uui se fH"e7 prin 6ese;n7re7 6e "Htre sino6 7 trei "<nGi@
6in "7re 87Jieu 7e!e7 pe unu@ in#estin6u?% "u Fnse;nee s7e s77
6e 7urD 7 p77tuui M7!n7ur7@ ;7i tFrJiu 7 "eui 6in V74erne.
#re;e7 F;pHr7Gior 6in 6in7sti7 Co;nenior $%%%+)%%+'-@ p7tri7r? .%
6e Const7ntinopo nu;Hr7 LL( epis"opii 9i L' 6e ;itropoii A "e 6e
o4i7@ %( ;itropoii@ %, 7r4iepis"opii 9i %,5 epis"opii A p7tri7r47tu 6e
s7i; 7#e7 ( ;itropoii. Nu;7i "7pit77 8iJ7ntinH 7#e7 (+' 6e 8i? i
9i +,' 6e ;FnHstiri. In Muntee At4os trHi7u pe 7 %,'& "7; 2&&&
MHri A un or79 "7 O4ri67 7#e7 7pro7pe 2&& 8iseri"i 9i p7r7"ise. De
ir9itu se"ouui 7 0II?e7@ "Fn6 "ru"i7Gii 7u pier6ut uti;ee po? ni
Fn Orient@ p7tri7r4ii 6e Antio4i7 9i Ierus7i; 9i?7u reu7t s"7u?
"eui 6intFi fi:Fn6u?i?se re9e6inG7 Fn D7;7s" Fn o" 6e Antio4i7.
Pe 7 %,&& "7nonistu B7s7;on $f 6upH %,&2- re7t7 "H BpFnH
e ;utD se Gine7u Fn"H re!u7t sino76e 7nu7e@ 797 "u; pre?
erH "7no7nee. De 7"u; se "onse;ne7JH Fn o"u or sino76ee
X I#STMM:oDo7 "7re se "on#o"7u ) 6in "7uJ7 F;preMurHrior ) o"7?%.
Fn %2'( p7tri7r4u .iotei CoPPinos $%2'2)%2'( A %2L()%25L- 7
t7ntinopouui s"ri7 ;itropoituui Ae:ie 7 Rusiei "H e o8i!7t sH
?ipe 7 sino6. A"e7st7 Fnse7;nH "H 67tori7 6e 7 se Gine sino76e
nu7 "4i7r 67"H nu pute7u fi 6e f7GH toGi epis"opii 6in pri"in7 6is? i
pre7 ;7ri@ 7 8HtrFneGii@ 7 8oii ori 7 "7uJeor 6e forGH ;7MorH
\7ie@ epi6e;ii et"-. Pro"esee #er87e 7e 9e6inGeor p7tri7r47e 6in ii
7 0V?e7 pHstr7te 7 Vien7 $A"t7 p7tri7r"47tus Const7ntinopo? @ t. I@
Vin6o8on7e ) _ien@ %*Lj- ne 6o#e6es" "H se 6H6e7 s"utire nFn7re@
6upH "7J.
Nitu7Gi7 ;7teri7H 7 "eruui superior 9i inferior er7 7si!ur7tH 6in
W8uGiie "re6in"io9ior s7u 6in 6on7Gii 6e 7 st7t. Pe #re;e7 ui
Co;nen $%&'5)%&'*- 9i 7 ui Ae:ie I Co;nen $%&+%)%%%+- p7ro?
er7u F;pHrGite Fn trei "7te!orii 9i "ontri8ui7u@ 6upH nu;Hru "re?
9ior@ "u 87ni 9i Fn n7turH pentru susGinere7 ;itropoiGior 9i
pior. Pe 7 %2*(@ fie"7re epis"opie "ontri8ui7 "u o "otH 7nu;itH
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
pentru susGinere7 P7tri7r4iei@ "7re pe 7 %2+& 7Munsese Fntr?o situ7Gie
M7ni"H. Se resi;Ge7u 9i Fn #i7G7 Biseri"ii 8iJ7ntine efe"tee pro"esuui
6e feu67iJ7re. De pi6H@ B6HruirieD s7u 7ren6Hrie 7#erior ;FnHstire9ti
s7u epis"op7e unor suM879i s7u ru6e "u f7;iiie i;peri7e 7u pro#o"7t
78uJuri@ pe "7re ni"i Fn;uGire7 e:"esi#H 7 titu7rior = ;7re i"ono;@
;7re s7"4e7r@ ;7re s"4e#ofi7:@ ;7re 47rtofi7: et". 6in ti;pu Co;?
nenior 9i P7eoo!ior@ n?7u reu9it sH e ei;ine. PFnH 7 un o" 9i i6io?
rit;i7 s7u stiu 6e #i7GH sin!ur7ti"H@ Fn!H6uitH pe 7 %,&& ;on74ior 6e
7 Muntee At4os@ "u "7;ere sep7r7te@ "u per;itere7 6e 8unuri perso?
n7e et"@ 6enotH 7"e79i u"ru@ "u to7te "H prin"ip77 "7uJH 7 intro6u"erii
i6iorit;iei p7re 7 se 67tor7 Fnforirii isi47s;uui@ Fn"epFn6 6e 7 sfFr?
9itu se"ouui 7 0II?e7@ "7re pre"oniJ7 un re!i; 6e #i7GH ;7i 7spru
6e"Ft Fn ;FnHstirie "u #i7GH 6e o89te.
,. 'i3/rici#/ n/ca#c/don/n/
Ni"i Biseri"ie ne"7"e6onene nu 7#e7u o situ7Gie 6e in#i6i7t. In
ur;7 rHsturnHrior poiti"e 6in C4in7 9i 6in u;e7 ;on!oH@ 6e 7 sfFr?
9itu se"ouui 0IV@ nestorienii 7u tre8uit sH se retr7!H 6in C4in7@ 6in
Ti8et@ 6in In6i7 9i sH se ;uGu;e7s"H 6o7r "u "ee7 "e in6i"7 titu "on?
6u"Htoruui or supre;@ nu;it B"7toi"os 9i p7tri7r4 6e B78ion@ 6e
Ctesifon 9i 6e B7!676D. De pe 7 %('&@ 6e;nit7te7 6e "7toi"os 7 6e#enit
ere6it7rH@ ;o9tenin6u?se 6in un"4i Fn nepot@ spre 7 FnHtur7 e#entu7ee
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5 7u!ust %((' n?7u 7tins 6e"Ft pe nestorienii 6in Cipru@ "7re 7u Fn"4ei7t
Fn 7"est 7n unire7 "u Biseri"7 Ro;ei@ Fn ti;pu p7pei Eu!en 7 IV?e7 $%(2%
)%((+-.
Dintre Biseri"ie ;onofiJite@ i7"o8iGii sirieni 9i 7r;enii s?7u putut
6eJ#ot7 ;7i 8ine Fn 7"e7stH perio76H@ "u to7te "H unirie "u Ro;7 7u
76us 9i Fntre ei 6isensiuni "7re i?7u sH8it. In 6e"ursu #re;ii@ B78un7D
s7u "Hpeteni7 Biseri"ii 6in A8isini7 s?7 6espHrGit 6e Biseri"7?M7;H 6in
E!ipt@ uFn6u?9i 9i e re9e6inGH sep7r7tH Fn Ae:7n6ri7. P7tri7r4u "op?
Gior e!ipteni 7 6ee!7t pe e!u;enu ;FnHstirii SfFntu Antonie "7@ 7
( fe8r. %((,@ sH se;neJe 7 Ro;7 unire7 unei pHrGi 6intre "opGi "u Bi ?
seri"7 Ro;ei. Tot 7tun"i 7u se;n7t unire7 9i ;onofiJiGii 6in P7estin7
9i 6in A8isini7. Fn re7it7te@ 7"este uniri n?7u 7#ut ni"i pe 6ep7rte su" ?
"esee s"ont7te.
CFt pri#e9te pe i7"o8iGii 6in Siri7@ 7i"i "ru"i7Gii reu9iserH sH pro6u"H
s"in6Hri Fn"H 6in se"ou 7 0II?e7. Cee 6ouH !rupe 9i?7u 7es "Fte un
"on6u"Htor BI!n7tieD@ fie"7re uFn6 titu 6e BI!n7GiuD@ so"otin6u?se ur ?
;79 e!iti; 7 ;7reui epis"op I!n7Giu 7 Antio4iei $f %&5-@ 7#Fn6u?9i
re9e6inG7 unu Fn Antio4i7@ 7tu Fn M7r6in. L7 %2L( 7 inter#enit 7 trei7
s"in67re@ forrnFn6u?se o !rup7re "u "entru Fn Meitin7@ i7r pe 7 sfFr9itu
#e7"u ui 7 0V? e7 7p7re o 7 p7t r7@ "u se6i u 7 Si s. F n 2& noi e;?
8rie %((( se perfe"t7 unire7 "u Ro;7 7 sirienior orient7i. D7r ni"i
7i"i su""esee "on#ertirior n?7u fost ;7ri.
Cei ;7i nu;ero9i "re6in"io9i ;onofiJiGi 6in Asi7 er7u 7r;enii. O
p7rte 6in #e"4e7 or p7trie 7 fost Fn"orpor7tH 7 I;periu 8iJ7ntin@ Ar ?
;eni7 Mi"H@ FnfiinG7tH Fn %&L(@ "7re 7 6ur7t pFnH 7 %25'@ "Fn6 e7 fu
PERIOADA A PATEA
i"eritH 6e tur"i@ 7#Fn6u?9i "entru 7 Ro;o74 pFnH 7 %,*2@ i7r 6upH
Aee7 7 Sis@ Fn Cii"i7. In se"ou 7 0V?e7 tur"ii e o"up7rH pe 7r7Fn?
MuH. PFnH sH se 6efiniti#eJe 76;inistr7Gi7 tur"H@ re9e6inG7 "7toi"osuui
@a 7 V77r97p7t@ tur"ii re"unos"Fn6 pentru "ei 6in teritoriu or pe
itoi"osu 6in insu7 A!t7;7r@ 6e pe 7"u V7n. In %((%@ 7"est7 s?7
;t7t 7 strH#e"4iu "entru 7r;e7n E"i;i76Jin@ i7r "ei 6in Muru 7"uui
7n 9i?7u 7es un p7tri7r4 propriu 7 Sis. Din %2%% s?7 ;7i FnfiinG7t
i p7tri7r47t 7r;e7n Fn Ierus7i;. i 8iJ7ntinii@ 7poi 9i "ru"i7Gii 7u
"er"7t sH?i 7tr7!H 7 unire7 "u Biseri"ie or. Intru"Ft 7#e7u 9i unee
Mi"eiuri "o;une@ 7Ji;7 et"@ 9i st7tee "ru"i7te e?7u fost f7#or78ie@ o
irte 6in 7r;eni se;n7rH 7 ,, noie;8rie %(2< unire7 "u Biseri"7 Ro?7no?
C7toi"H A 6e 7tfe Fn %%*+ re!ee 7r;e7n Leon 7 II?e7 pri;ise Zro7n7
s7 6e 7 Ro;7. Tre8uie su8ini7t "H@ 6e9i rHspFn6iGi su8 7tFte7 HpFniri@
7r;enii 9i?7u pHstr7t Fn !ener7 "re6inG7 Fn tr76iGiie or ne?i"e6onene.
In %(L% sut7nu M74o;e6 7 II?e7 $%('%)%(+%-@ "u"eri?ru
Const7ntinopouui@ 7"or6H 7r;enior 6reptu 6e 7 7#e7 un p7tri7r4
Const7ntinopo@ 8u"urFn6u?se 6e 7utorit7te 8iseri"e7s"H 9i "i#iH peste Gi
7r;enii 6in I;periu tur"@ 797 pre"u; p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" se
i"ur7 6e 6repturi 8iseri"e9ti 9i "i#ie peste "re9tinii orto6o"9i. De 7se?
ene7@ to;iGii 6e pe "o7st7 M7787r 6in #estu In6iei 9i?7u pHstr7t
e6inG7 9i tr76iGiie or ne"7"e6onene. .7"toru "e ;7i puterni" "e i?7
enGinut 7 fost Litur!4i7 rHsHrite7nH. In s"4i;8@ ;7roniGii 6in Li87n
i fost 7tr79i Fn %%+, 7 "7toi"is;@ pHrHsin6u?9i poJiGiie #e"4i ne"7"e?
;ene. P7p7 7 fost FnsH ne#oit sH e Fn!H6uie o serie 6e tr76iGii ;o9te?
te 6in epo"7 e"u;eni"H 7 Biseri"ii@ Fntre 7tee "HsHtori7 preoGior@
?i"u;@ ei 7u 6e#enit "ei ;7i 6e#ot7Gi 6intre toGi "ei uniGi "u Ro;7.
2. 'i3/rica Or.odo45 'u#6ar5
Potri#it "on"epGiei feu67e@ "7 un te;ei teoo!i" 7 or6inei poiti"e
Tiperiu; sine p7tri7r"47 non st7reGD@ "u; #7 Ji"e re!ee IoniGH C77i7n
%*5)?%,&5-@ Fn %,&,@ pe se7;7 st7tuui ro;<no?8u!7r Fnte;ei7t Fn +'
)%%+L 6e fr7Gii #74i Petru 9i Ass7n $%%+L)%%*5- se "H6e7 sH i7 nGH
un or!7nis; 8iseri"es" "orespunJHtor. Pe teritoriu su6?6unHre7n ist7se
Fn"H 6in se"ou 7 V?e7 Ar4iepis"opi7 \ustini7n7 Pri;7@ Fnfiin?AH Fn
'+' 6e F;pHr7tu \ustini7n $',5)'L'-@ 7 "Hrei ;o9tenire o #7 eu7 Fn
*,& p7tri7r47tu 6e Durostor. Fn %&%+)%&,& V7sie 7 II?e7
i!7ro"4tonu $*5L)%&,'-@ 6esfiinGFn6 pri;u st7t 8u!7r 7 ;ut7t "en?
i 8iseri"es" pentru teritoriu 8u!Hres" spre su6@ 7 O4ri67 $7stHJi
iri6 Fn Rep. M7"e6oni7 ) Iu!os7#i7-@ 6Fn6u?i FnsH r7n! nu;7i 6e
ciepis"opie. De9i 7u fost pro;o#7Gi ;7i 7es 7r4iepis"opi !re"i@ 7"estor7
s?7 Hs7t totu9i o 7utono;ie 6estu 6e 7r!H. CFn6 AsHne9tii 7u Fnte? S
i7t "e 6e 7 6oie7 st7t ro;<no?8u!7r $%%+L)%2*2-@ s?7 "erut sH
Hr!e7s"H 6repturie 7#ute Fn7inte 6e s"7unu 6e 7 O4ri67 9i sH se
"uno7s"H titu7ruui epis"opiei 6e TFrno#o un !r76 7se;HnHtor. F;?
r7tu ro;<no?8u!7rior IoniGH C7oi7n@ 6orin6 sH 7si!ure in6epen6enG7
seri"ii #74o?8u!7re@ i7r pentru sine titu 6e G7r $F;pHr7t- pe "7re
? pute7 o8Gine 6e 7 8iJ7ntini@ s?7 76res7t Fntre %%**)%,&( prin
'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *I*& 7
"orespon6enGH p7pei Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 $%%*+)%,%L- "7 sH?i s7tisf7"H
7"este 6ouH 6orinGe. L7 5 noie;8rie %,&(@ "7r6in7u Leo@ tri;is 6e p7pH
%
7 TFrno#o@ 7 4irotonit pe epis"opu V7sie "7 pri;7t 7 Biseri"ii #74o?i
8u!7re ) titu 6e p7tri7r4 nefiin6 Fn uJ Fn Biseri"7 Apusuui )@ i7rT
7 6ou7 Ji@ + noie;8rie@ 7 Fn"oron7t pe IoniGH "7 rege, "u "oro7n7 re!7H
tri;isH 6e p7pH@ nu mprat "u; "eruse e.
InfuenG7 "7toi"H Fn I;periu ro;<no?8u!7r n?7 6ur7t 6e"Ft pin.
7 %' 7priie %,&'@ "Fn6 IoniGH C7oi7n 7 FnfrFnt o7ste7 F;pHr7tuui 7Gii
6e Const7ntinopo@ B76ouin 6e .7n6r7 $%,&()%,&'-@ "7re 7 ;urit Fn"4i
7 TFrno#o@ "7pit77 I;periuui ro;<no?8u!7r@ "u to7te eforturie p7pe
Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 6e 7?% ei8er7. Presiunie "7toi"e se si;Ge7u 9i 6i
su6@ un6e se inst77se I;periu 7tin 6e rHsHrit $%,&()%,L%- 9i 6inspr
nor6@ un6e re!ii un!uri nutre7u 6e ;ut !Fn6uri 6e Fn7int7re spre su6
In 7"e7stH situ7Gie@ 6upH "e #7 fi 7Mut7t 9i SfFntu S7#7 $%%5L)%,2L-@ 7r4i
epis"opu Ser8iei@ infor;<n6 pe "ee7te p7tri7r4ii orient7e "u o"7Jii
"HHtoriei 7 Ierus7i;@ F;pHr7tu Io7n DuP7s?V7t7tJes $%,,,)%,'(-
p7tri7r4u G4er;7n 7 II?e7 6e Ni"ee7 $%,,,)%,(&- 7u re"unos"ut Fn
tr?un sino6 Ginut Fn L7;ps7P@ Fn primvara anului -/W5, 7uto"ef7i
Biseri"ii Bu!7re@ 7"or6Fn6 7r4iepis"opuui 6e 7tun"i@ Io7ni"4ie@ r7n!u
6e p7tri7r4. Pe 7"t s?7 7pi"7t 9i pe"ete7 p7tri7r4uui G4er;7n. Desi!u
"H f7"toru 6eter;in7nt ?7u "onstituit F;preMurHrie poiti"e 7e #re;ii
st7tu AsHne9tior 7Munsese 7 6eJ#ot7re ;7:i;H@ B6e 7 A6ri7nopo pFn@
7 D3rr7"4iu;D $Dur7JJo-@ Fn A87ni7@ i7r G7ru Io7n As7n 7 I?e
$%,%+)%,(%- er7 Fn"us"rit 9i 7i7t "u F;pHr7tu 6in Ni"ee7. Din pH"7te
ur;79ii ui Io7n As7n 7 II?e7 nu 7u ;7i fost 7 FnHGi;e7 ui. Luptei
feu67e 7u 6us Fn "urFn6 7 6eJ8in7re7 7"estui st7t@ 797 "H 7 sfFr9itu
se"ouui 7 0IV?e7@ Fn %2*2@ Bu!7ri7 to7tH 7 fost tr7nsfor;7tH
p797F" tur"es"@ i7r s"7unee epis"op7e 6in Biseri"7 8u!7rH er7u o"up7t
;7i ;ut 6e !re"i. Tre8uie su8ini7t FnsH f7ptu "H ;FnHstiri "7 RFP
B7"i"o#o@ Troi7n 9i 7tee 7u Mu"7t ;7re ro Fn #i7G7 spiritu7H 7 Bu!7
riei ;e6ie#7e@ Fntr?o #re;e Fn "7re "o;87tere7 8o!o;iior 7 67t
u"ru ;ut Biseri"ii@ i7r ren79tere7 "utur7H 9i spiritu7H e!7tH
;i9"7re7 isi47stH 9i?7 7#ut Fn "Hu!Hru Teo6osie 9i ;7i 7es Fn u"eni"i
sHu Efti;ie@ uti;u p7tri7r4 6e TFrno#o $%25')%2*2 A f %(&&-@ repre
Jent7nGi 6e ;7re "7sH.
(. 'i3/rica Or.odo45 S8r,5
St7tu sFr8 7 Ne;<ni7Jior 7 7#ut un ;ers 7s"en6ent Fntre %%5L?
%2+* A perio767 ur;Hto7re $%2+*)%(+*-@ "Ft 7u ;7i 6ur7t unee foi
;7Giuni sFr8e "7 #7s7e tur"ior@ 7 fost o et7pH 6e !ree Fn"er"Hri pentr
tot pH;Fntu o"uit 6e sFr8i. Totu9i@ 9i su8 stHpFnire7 tur"e7s"H@ Biseri"
9i ;FnHstirie sFr8e9ti 7u 6esfH9ur7t o 7"ti#it7te 6in "ee ;7i i;port7n?
su8 "on6u"ere7 unor pHstori renu;iGi@ "7 7r4iepis"opu S7#7.
Pentru 7 FnGee!e ;7i 8ine e#ouGi7 e#eni;enteor 6in Ser8i7 ;i
6ie#7H@ tre8uie sH se GinH se7;7 6e f7ptu "H Fn D7;7Gi7 9i Cro7t
se intro6usese Fn"H Fn7inte 6e 7nu %&&& ritu 7tin. Fn %&L5 p7p7 AK
:7n6ru 7 II?e7 $%&L%)%&52- 7 FnfiinG7t 7r4iepis"opi7 Du"ee7
%.% ep7r4ii@ "HutFn6 sH re"F9ti!e 7stfe #e"4ie teritorii iiri"e. Su#er7niiI
i"estor GHri i s?7u tri;is "oro7ne re!7e Fn"H 6in se"ou 7 0?e7@
AoGiie or fiin6 it7ien"e. D7r ;7ree Mup7n tef7n II Ne;7ni7 $%%*L)
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Mune 7 unifi"7t 9i 7 "onsoi67t st7tu sFr8 9i 7 "ontri8uit 7 FnfiinG7re7
;ei 7r4iepis"opii sFr8e in6epen6ente.
Cu 7Mutoru fr7teui sHu@ SfFntu S7#7 $%%5L)%,2L-@ fiu fostuui
Lip7n tef7n Ne;7ni7 $%%L+)%%*L-@ "Hu!Hr renu;it Fn ;FnHstire7
[i7n67r@ Ji6itH 6e e Fn %%*5 9i 6HruitH printr?un 4riso# Fn %%** 6e
npHr7tu 8iJ7ntin Ae:ios 7 III?e7 An!4eos $%%*')%,&'- "Hu!Hrior
r8i@ Biseri"7 SFr8H 7 ob!inut n -/-. autocefalia "i rangul de ar?i$
oiscopie 6e 7 P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ Fn ti;pu p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni"
' Ni"ee7 G4er;7n 7 II?e7 $%,,,)%,(&-. Pri;u ei 7r4iepis"op
7uto?=f7 7 tfost Sf. S7#7 $%,%*)%,22-@ 6upH "7re 7u ur;7t 7Gi %%
7r4i?Mis"opi@ uti;u fiin6 Io7niPie 7 II?e7 $%22+)%2(L-@ 7es 7poi "7
pri;u Mtri7r4 6e IpeP $Pe"i-@ pHstorin6 Fntre 7nii %2(L)%2''.
Su8 G7ru tef7n Du97n $%22%)%2''-@ st7tu sFr8 7 7Muns 7 7po!eu@
r
Fn6 "e7 ;7i ;7re Fntin6ere Fn Peninsu7 B7"7ni"H.
Fn %2('@ tef7n Du97n s?7 7utopro"7;7t po;pos BF;pHr7t 9i 7uto?
7t 7 sFr8ior 9i ro;eiorD $8iJ7ntinior-. Potri#it "on"epGiei epo"ii@ 7uto?
o"7;7re7 s7 "7 BG7rD s7u BF;pHr7tD tre8ui7 "onfir;7tH prin un!ere7
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periu ri#7 "7re sH?% Fno"ui7s"H pe "e 8iJ7ntin.
Atun"i@ Fn Jiu7 6e .orii 7 7nuui %2(L@ tef7n Du97n@ prin sino6u
7 S"opMe@ 7 ri6i"7t +iserica =erbiei la rangul de patriar?ie, "u "on?
FGH;Fntu p7tri7r4iei ro;<no?8u!7re 6e TFrno#o@ i7r 7r4iepis"opu
;iPie 7 6e#enit pri;u ei p7tri7r4 sFr8 $%2(L)%2''-@ "u re9e6inG7 ;7i
Fi Fn ;FnHstire7 bi"e7@ 7poi 7 IpeP s7u Pe"i $Pe9terH-.
7pte Jie ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn Du;ini"7 Fn#ierii 6in %2(L@ tef7n Du97n
ost Fn"oron7t F;pHr7t s7u BG7rD 6e p7tri7r4u Io7niRie@ soGi7 s7 Een7@
sHrHte7sH@ i7r fiu ui tef7n Uro9 IV $%2'')%25%-@ re!e.
SFr8ii nu s?7u ;uGu;it nu;7i "u ri6i"7re7 Biseri"ii 7 r7n! 6e
ri7r4ie@ "i 7u 7un!7t pe epis"opii 9i ;itropoiGii !re"i 6in teritoriie
srite 6e tef7n Du97n 6in I;periu 8iJ7ntin.
In ur;7 7"estei ;Hsuri 6e fietis; $iu8ire e:7!er7tH 6e ne7;-@ p7?
r4u e"u;eni" O7ist I $%2'&)%2'2 A %2'()%2L(- 9i Sino6u P7tri?
iei E"u;eni"e 7u 7n7te;7tiJ7t Fn %2'2 pe G7ru tef7n Du97n@ Biseri"7
H 9i poporu sFr8@ f7pt "7re 7 pro6us ;7re tu8ur7re 9i ne;uGu;ire
tre "eri"ii 9i "re6in"io9ii sFr8i.
Re"on"iiere7 Biseri"ii sFr8e "u P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H s?7 fH"ut Fn
Mu 6espotuui L7JHr $%25%)%2+*- 9i 7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" .iotei
=e9te = P4iot4eos- OoPPinos $%2'2)%2'( A %2L2)%25L-.
Fn #7r7 7nuui %25'@ Biseri"7 sFr8H 7 tri;is 7 Const7ntinopo o
!7Gie "o;pusH 6in "in"i perso7ne@ 9i 7nu;e = "Hu!Hru sFr8 Isaia de
Eilandar, ier;on74u Ficodim $f ,L 6e"e;8rie %(&L-@ "7re@ ;7i Fn7?
6e %25&@ tre"use Fn E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H@ un6e@ "u 7Mutoru #oie#o6uui
is7#?V7i"u $%2L()%255-@ ri6i"7se ;FnHstire7 Vo6iG7@ i7r ;7i tFrJiu@
255)%25+@ #7 Ji6i ;FnHstire7 Tis;7n7@ Teofan, fost protos 7
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
At4osuui@ 9i 6oi u"eni"i 7i ui Is7i7@ Si#estru 9i Ni"o6i;@ pe7tru
"ere ri6i"7re7 7n7te;ei 7run"7tH 6e P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 7supr7 Bi
seri"ii SFr8e Fn %2'2.
P7tri7r4u .iotei $P4iot4eos- OoPPinos 7 pri;it "u 8unH#oin
6ee!7Gi7 sFr8H 9i Fn #7r7 7nuui %25' 7 ri6i"7t 7n7te;7 67tH Fn %2'2
p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" O7ist I 7supr7 Biseri"ii sFr8e 9i 7 poporuui sFr
De 7"u; Fn7inte@ Biseri"7 SFr8H 7 pHstr7t 8une re7Gii "u P7tri7r4
6e Const7ntinopo.
In se"oee 0II)?0IV@ Biseri"7 sFr8H 7 fost tu8ur7tH@ "7 9i Biseri
8u!7rH@ 6e ereJi7 8o!o;iior.
'. 'i3/rica Or.odo45 Rom9n5
L7 ro;<ni@ "7 9i 7 7te popo7re rHsHritene@ #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H 7 f"
Fn strFnsH e!HturH "u 6eJ#ot7re7 poiti"H 7 st7tuui.
Pro"esu 6e etno!eneJH 7 poporuui ro;<n se po7te "onsi6er7 Fi
"4ei7t Fn ;7re Fn7inte 6e se"ou 7 0?e7. In se"oee 0)0IV@ se po
#or8i 6e pri;ee for;7Giuni poiti"e pe tot teritoriu Ro;<niei 6e
PFnH 7 or!7nJi7re7 poiti"H 7 st7teor in6epen6ente E7r7 Ro;
ne7s"H 9i Mo6o#7 Fn se"ou 7 0V?e7@ iJ#o7ree 7r4eoo!i"e 9i une
6o"u;ente istori"e ne 67u 9tiri preGio7se 6espre e:istenG7 unor epis""
orto6o"9i 7 su6u C7rp7Gior 9i 7 unor epis"op7te Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7
se"oee 0)0III.
tire7 "H e:ist7u episcopi ortodoc"i romni la nceputul secolul
al P4I$lea, la sudul &arpa!ilor, o 7fH; 6intr?o s"riso7re 7 P7pei !orie
7 I0?e7 $%,,5)%,(%-@ tri;isH 7 %( noie;8rie %,2( 6in Peru!
prin"ipeui 6e "oro7nH 7 Un!7riei@ Be7@ fiu re!eui An6rei 7 II-#
$%,&')%,,'-@ ;o9tenitoru tronuui. In 7"e7stH i;port7ntH s"riso7re pe
tru istori7 no7strH@ p7p7 7;inte9te 6espre e:istenG7 ro;<nior@ nu;
6e e Malat?i$Aala?i, 7 su6u "ur8urii C7rp7Gior@ 6in epis"opi7 "7toi
7 "u;7nior@ e:istentH Fntre %,,+ 9i %,(%@ care atrag la ritul grec ,ort
do)0 prin episcopii lor, nu;iGi 6e p7pH@ "u 7;HrH"iune "onfesion7
1pseudoepiscopi2, pe un!uri 9i teutoni $!er;7ni-@ fH"Fn6 "u ei un sin!
popor@ neso"otin6 pe epis"opu "7toi" 7 "u;7nior.
Intre %,'& 9i %2'* ne#oie rei!io7se 7e "re6in"io9ior ro;<ni
t4e;7 8iJ7ntinH Paristrion $popu7r Paradunavon0, "orespunJHtor
#e"4ii pro#in"ii ro;7ne S"3t4i7 Minor s7u D7"i7 Ponti"H $Do8ro!e
pre"u; 9i 7e ro;<nior 6in rHsHritu EHrii Ro;<ne9ti 9i su6u Mo6o#
7u fost F;pinite 6e ;itropoiGii Vi"inei@ o"7it7te situ7tH@ 6upH p7rei
"eor ;7i ;uGi istori"i ro;<ni 9i strHini@ pe DunHre@ 7pro7pe 6e or7A
Is7""e7 6e 7Ji@ #e"4e7 "et7te No#io6unu;@ Fn7inte 6e 6esf7"ere7 ;7re
fu#iu Fn "ee trei 8r7Ge 7e Detei. Mitropoi7 Vi"inei se 7f7 su8 Mur
6i"Gi7 "7noni"H 7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo.
In Tr7nsi#7ni7 7u e:ist7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@ epis"opii orto6o:e Fn seK
ee 0)0III.
O pri;H epis"opie se "re6e "H 7 e:ist7t Fn"H 6in se"ou 7 0?
Fn nor6u Tr7nsi#7niei@ 7 8bca, 7 "ir"7 2& P; nor6?est 6e CI
N7po"7@ "entru stHpFnirii 6u"eui Geu.
O 7tH epis"opie #7 fi e:ist7t Fn pHrGie 6e 7pus 7e Tr7nsi#7niei@ Fn
t7te7 +i?ariei, 7 "FGi#7 Pio;etri nor6 6e Or76e7@ "entru poiti" 7
i"eui Menu;orut Fn se"ou 7 0?e7.
O 7tH epis"opie orto6o:H se "re6e "H 7 putut e:ist7 Fn se"ou 7
?e7 7 Alba Iulia, pe Fn!H "on6u"Htoru for;7Giei poiti"e ro;<ne9ti
n "entru Tr7nsi#7niei. Epis"opiie ;7!4i7re "7toi"e 6e A87 Iui7
Or76e7 7u u7t fiinGH pe o"u unor #e"4i epis"op7te ro;<ne9ti.
O ;FnHstire orto6o:H 6e "Hu!Hri !re"i $orto6o"9i- Fn"4in7tH Fn
iste7 SfFntuui Io7n BoteJHtoru 7 e:ist7t 7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 7
?e7 Fn "et7te7 3orisena $ro;<ne9te 3ure"ana0, 7Ji Cen76@ Mu6. Ti;i9@
!H SFnni"o7u M7re@ Fn 6u"7tu 6u"eui Geu@ "on6us 7poi 6e ur;79u
Astui7 O4tu; s7u A"4tu;. Unii istori"i susGin "H 7 Morisen7 7 e:ist7t
7r o epis"opie orto6o:H.
O 7tH epis"opie ro;<ne7s"H e:ist7 7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0?e7
B7n7t@ Fn o"7it7te7 8ibisLos)Tibiscum $Ti;i9-@ 7Ji \up7@ situ7tH
DH unii istori"i 7pro7pe 6e C7r7nse8e9@ s7u ;7i 6e!r78H 7 Ti;i9o7r7@ -
en6entH 6e 7r4iepis"opi7 !re"o?8u!7rH 6e O4ri67@ 6upH "u; reiese
tr?o 6i po;H s7u 4riso# 6i n 7nu %&%*@ 67t 6e F ;pHr7t u 8i J7ntin
iie 7 I?e7 Bu!7ro"4tonu $*5L)%&,'-@ Fn e!HturH "u reor!7niJ7re7
iepis"opiei 6e O4ri67.
Un epis"op7t orto6o:@ nesupus ni"i unei ;itropoii@ e:ist7 pe 7 %,&'
tru ro;<nii 6in pHrGie Bi4oruui@ s7u 7e /une6o7rei 9i 7e B7n7 i
6e nor6 pe teritoriu "ne7Juui Be7@ 6e f7pt BFe7@ 6upH "u; 7fH; tr?
o s"riso7re 7 p7pei Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 $%%*+)%,%L-@ 6in 2 ;7i %,&'@
isH epis"opuui "7toi" 6e O77"s7@ Fn Un!7ri7.
DupH Fnte;eiere7 "eor 6ouH st7te 7 su6u 9i estu C7rp7Gior@ E7r7
<ne7s"H 9i Mo6o#7@ 7u u7t fiinGH ;itropoi7 Un!ro#74iei s7u 7
ii Ro;<ne9ti 9i 7 Mo6o#ei.
B7s7r78 I "e M7re $%2%&)%2',-@ Fnte;eietoru EHrii Ro;<ne9ti@ 7
it@ prin upt7 #i"terio7sH 6e 7 Pos767 6in *)%, noie;8rie %22&@
r7 re!eui Un!7riei C7ro $C47res- Ro8ert 6NAnMou $%2&+)%2(,-@
si!ure in6epen6enG7 poiti"H 7 GHrii. Potri#it rFn6uieior poiti"e 9i
[io7se 7e e#uui ;e6iu@ e #7 fi 7#ut Fn!H sine #reun epis"op s7u
opoit "7re sH?% Bun!HD "7 6o;n 9i sH F;pine7s"H ne#oie rei!io7se
"re6in"io9ior ro;<ni@ 4irotonin6 preoGi 9i sfinGin6 8iseri"ie 6in E7r7
<ne7s"H.
O ier7r4ie 8iseri"e7s"H@ re"unos"utH "7noni" 6e P7tri7r4i7 E"u;e? n?
7 e:ist7t Fn ti;pu ui B7s7r78 I ? Fnte;eietoru. A"e7stH ipsH 7
F;pinit?o@ "u ;ut t7"t 6ipo;7ti" 9i 6upH ;ute inte@ fiu sHu@
Ni"o7e?Ae:7n6ru B7s7r78 $%2',)%2L(-. In ;7i %2'*@ reu9it sH
o8GinH 7pro87re7 6in p7rte7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" O7ist I h)%2'2
A %2'')%2L2- 9i 7 Sino6uui P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ "entru =u7 7
Orto6o:iei 9i 7utorit7te7 supre;H Fn "ee 8iseri"e9ti Fn RH ii
orto6o:@ prin 6ouH !r7;7te p7tri7r47e@ pentru ;ut7re7 uti;uui
Npoit 7 Vi"inei@ I7"4int@ 7 Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ re9e6inG7 EHrii Ro;<?
s7u@ ;7i FntFi@ 6upH unee "er"etHri ;7i noi@ 7 CF;puun!@ un6e
7 7tun"i pri;7 "7pit7H 7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti.
'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *I-*& :
Mut7re7 ;itropoituui I7"4int 6e Vi"in7 7 Curte7 6e Ar!e9 s?7
fH"ut@ "u; s"rie p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" O7ist@ B9i cu prerea "i ncuviin$
!area mpratului2 Io7n 7 V?e7 P7eoo!u $%2(%)%25L A %25*)%2*%-@
f7pt "7re reiefe7JH pe 6epin interesu poiti" 7 I;periuui 8iJ7ntin
f7GH 6e E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H 9i 8unee e!Hturi 7e st7tuui ;unte7n in6e ?
pen6ent "u BiJ7nGu orto6o:.
AtFt p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" O7ist I@ "Ft 9i F;pHr7tu Io7n 7 V?e7
P7eoo!u 7fir;H "H 7u 7pro87t ;ut7re7 ;itropoituui I7"4int 6e
Vi"in7 "7 ;itropoit 7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti $%2'*)%25,-@ 7#Fn6 Fn #e6ere
f7ptu "H e 1era vecin2 "u #oie#o6u Ni"o7e?Ae:7n6ru B7s7r78 9i
1foarte bine privit2 7 "urte7 ui@ un6e se ;ut7se Fn"H Fn7inte 6e re?
"uno79tere7 ofi"i7H 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
Prin 7pro87re7 ;utHrii ;itropoituui I7"4int 6e Vi"in7 7 Curte7
6e Ar!e9 6e "Htre P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ nu;itH M7re7 Biseri"H 6in
Const7ntinopo@ 7 u7t fiinGH ;itropoi7 Un!ro#74iei s7u 7 EHrii Ro;< ?
ne9ti 9i se 7si!ur7 toto67tH legitimitatea ei canonic s7u re"uno79tere7
ei ofi"i7H. De 7"u; Fn7inte ;itrepoiGii EHrii Ro;<ne9ti er7u ;e;8ri
6e 6rept 7i Sino6uui p7tri7r47 9i 7#e7u o8i!7Gi7 sH p7rti"ipe 7 9e ?
6inGee ui@ Fn "7pit77 I;periuui 8iJ7ntin@ 7 Const7ntinopo.
In pus@ "e#7 ;7i tFrJiu@ ;itropoitu EHrii Ro;<ne9ti s?7 8u"ur7t@
Fn "76ru P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ 6e o prero!7ti#H 6e FntFiet7te@ e:er?
"itFn6 unee 7tri8uGiuni p7tri7r47e 7supr7 ro;<nior orto6o"9i 6in Tr7n?
si#7ni7 9i Un!7ri7@ pu9i su8 Muris6i"Gi7 s7@ 6upH "u; in6i"H titu7tur7
s7 6in %(&%@ fHrH Fn6oi7H ;7i #e"4e@ "7re este 7"e7st7 = Prea =fin!itul
3itropolit al Gngrovla?iei $7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti-@ pre7 "instit 9i E:7r4
7 Fntre!ii Un!7rii 9i 7 P7iurior Q BuirepTiRoS J7i If7p]oS Wr"<7EM Ouff7pi"O
:7i n07fi#`#D Prin ter;enu !re" BI07ft#"o#D Q BP7iuriD@ se FnGee!
p7iurie Tr7nsi#7niei.
Din %25% ;itropoitu EHrii Ro;<ne9ti 7#e7 7pro87re7 67tH 6e p7?
tri7r4u e"u;eni" .iotei F OoPPinos $%2'2R%2'(@ %2L2)%25L- 9i 6e
Sino6u sHu p7tri7r47 sH f7"H F;preunH "u ;itropoitu Antonie 7
/7i"iuui $%25%)%2*%- 7e!erie 9i 4irotoniie pentru "ee p7tru epis"opii
7e ;itropoiei /7i"iuui = /e;@ Turo#@ Pere;is 9i V76i;ir?_o4insP@
"7re nu 7#e7u Fn"H titu7rii or@ f7pt "7re "onfir;H presti!iu 6e "7re se
8u"ur7 Biseri"7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti.
A#Fn6 Fn #e6ere "H poporu EHrii Ro;<ne9ti B7 7Muns sH fie ;ut@
7pro7pe 6e nenu;Hr7tD 9i pentru stH#iire7 prop7!7n6ei 9i proJeitis ?
;uui "7toi"@ puterni" 9i "ontinuu susGinut 6e re!ii B7postoi"iD 7i Un ?
!7riei 6in 6in7sti7 6e AnMou@ Fn 7u!ust %25& s?7 FnfiinG7t@ 7 stHruinG7
#oie#o6uui V76is7#?V7i"u $%2L()%255-@ "u 7pro87re7 p7tri7r4uui
e"u;eni" .iotei $P4iet4eos- I OoPPines@ o 7 6ou7 ;itropoie 7 EHrii
Ro;<ne9ti "u se6iu 7 Se#erin@ ) 7Ji ;uni"ipiu Dro8et7?Tr. Se#erin@
re9e6inG7 Mu6. Me4e6inGi. \uris6i"Gi7 ei "7noni"H se Fntin6e7 7supr7 Ote?
niei 6e 7Ji 9i 7 pHrGior 6e peste ;unGi@ 7nu;e 7supr7 GHrior A;79uui
9i .H!Hr79uui@ G7r7 Se#erinuui 9i po7te Fn B7n7t peste re!iune7 6in
Muru Me47iei.
Pri;u ei ;itropoit 7 fost Anti; Oritopo $%25&)%2+%-@ nu;it "7
;ire7n D7nii Oritopo@ fost 6i"4eofi7: 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e. Mi?
tropoi7 Se#erinuui 7 6ur7t pFnH 6upH %(&'@ "Fn6 se "re6e "H e:istenG7
ei 7 Fn"et7t@ Fn E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H rH;FnFn6 6o7r o sin!urH ;itropoie.
O serie 6e tituri onorifi"e@ 7"or67te Fn 6e"ursu istoriei 6e P7?
tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H ;itropoituui Un!ro#74iei 7testH@ o67tH ;7i ;ut@
i;port7nG7@ rou 6eose8it 9i presti!iu 6e "7re se 8u"ur7 Biseri"7 EHrii
Ro;<ne9ti Fn sFnu P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
Astfe@ 6in 7nu %25+@ ;itropoitu EHrii Ro;<ne9ti purt7 titu ono?
rifi" 6e 1Hoc!iitor al Amariei2, "7re?% situ7 pe o"u 7 %,?e7 6upH p7?
tri7r4u e"u;eni".
P7tru 7ni ;7i tFrJiu@ 6in o"to;8rie %2+,@ titu7ru sHu 7 pri;it
titu onorifi" 6e 1Hoc!iitor al Ficomidiei2, "7re?i "onfere7 6reptu 6e
7 o"up7 o"u 7 97ptee7 printre ;itropoiGii 6epen6enGi 6e P7tri7r4i7
E"u;eni"H. M7i tFrJiu@ "Htre sfFr9itu se"ouui 7 0V?e7@ i s?7 7"or67t
titu onorifi" 6e 1Hoc!iitor al Andrei2, 7Ji AnP7r7@ "7pit77 Tur"iei@
"7re?% situ7 pe tre7pt7 7 (?7 6upH p7tri7r4u e"u;eni".
In fine@ 7 %& o"to;8rie %55L@ p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Sofronie
$Sop4ronios- 7 I?e7 $%55()%5+&- 7 ri6i"7t s"7unu ;itropoiei EHrii
Ro;<ne9ti 7 tre7pt7 6e 1Hoc!iitor al scaunului de &e%areea &apadociei2,
titu "7re "onfere7 ;itropoituui EHrii Ro;<ne9ti o"u 7 ,?e7 6upH
p7tri7r4u e"u;eni"@ pe "7re %?7 pHstr7t pFnH 7 re"uno79tere7 7uto?
"ef7iei Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ 7 ,' 7priie %++'@ 6e "Htre p7tri7r4u
e"u;eni" Io7Pi; 7 IV?e7 $%++()%++L- 9i Sino6u P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
Prin reor!7niJ7re7 Biseri"ii EHrii Ro;<ne9ti@ Fn so8oru 6in %'&2@
6e "Htre fostu p7tri7r4 e"u;eni" Nifon $Nip4onos- 7 I?e7 $%(+L)%(++ A
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#74iei Fntre %'&2)%'&'@ 7u u7t fiinGH 6ouH epis"opii@ un7 7 RF;ni"u
VF"e7 9i 7t7 7 BuJHu@ pentru "7re e 7 4irotonit 6oi 7r4ierei. Nu se
"uno79te Fn"H 67t7 e:7"tH 7 "7re 7u Fn"eput ee sH fun"GioneJe.
Mo6o#7@ "7re e:ist7 "7 st7t in6epen6ent 6in %2'*@ s?7 orient7t@ 6e
7se;ene7@ pentru ne#oie ei rei!io7se "Htre P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 6e
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Fn7inte 6e %2+L@ ;o6o#enii 7u Fn"eput tr7t7ti#e ;7i FntFi "u p7tri7r4u
e"u;eni" Ni $%25*)%2++-@ 7poi "u p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Antonie 7
IV?e7 $%2+*)%2*& A %2*%)%2*5-@ pentru FnfiinG7re7 ;itropoiei Mo?
6o#ei su8 Muris6i"Gi7 "7noni"H 7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo. Au fost
tri;i9i su""esori Fn Mo6o#7 6e "Htre P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H ier7r4ii
reo6osie@ 7poi@ Fn %2*,@ Iere;i7@ 6eo7re"e 7"e7st7 #oi7 sH i;punH Bise?
ri"ii Mo6o#ei@ o67tH "u Muris6i"Gi7 "7noni"H@ un ier7r4 !re". Mo6o#enii
i?7u 7""ept7t pe ni"i unu 6intre ier7r4ii !re"i. Iere;i7 7 7Muns Fn %2*2
o"Giitor 6e ;itropoit 6e TFrno#o@ su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@
upH "e tur"ii 7u 7un!7t@ Fn %2*2@ pe p7tri7r4u Efti;ie 6e TFrno#o 9i
Fu 6esfiinG7t p7tri7r4i7 8u!7rH.
DupH tr7t7ti#e Fn6eun!7te 9i o8osito7re@ P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 7
=e67t. L7 ,L iuie %(&% p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" M7tei I $%2*5)%(%&-@ prin?
r?o !r7;7tH 9i o s"riso7re tri;isH e#7#iosuui 6o;n Ae:7n6ru "e Bun
%(&&)%(2,-@ 7 re"unos"ut pe Iosif Mu97t@ ro;<n 6e ori!ine 9i ru6H
ipropi7tH "u f7;ii7 6o;nito7re@ "7 ;itropoit 7 Biseri"ii Mo6o#ei@ "u
e9e6inG7 7 Su"e7#7@ "7pit77 GHrii. E fusese 4irotonit "7 epis"op@ ;7i
n7inte 6e %2+L@ 6e ;itropoitu Antonie 7 /7i"iuui $%25%)%2*%-.
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pin6e7u 6e Mo6o#7@ "u; 7u fost 6o;eniu 9i Cet7te7 6e B7tH@ Fn "o;i ?
t7tu TFrn7#ei 9i 6o;eniu 9i "et7te7 Ci"euui@ Fn "o;it7tu DH8F"7@ Fn
nor6?estu Tr7nsi#7niei.
Tr7nsi#7ni7 7 7#ut@ 6e 7se;ene7@ epis"opiie ei@ "u; 7; #HJut@
Fn se"oee 0)0III.
DupH "u; s?7 "onst7t7t 6e pe 7 6oie7 str7t 6e pi"turH Fn or6ine7
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6ent e:istenG7 unei #ieGi 8iseri"e9ti 8ine or!7niJ7te Fn 7"e7stH pro#in"ie
7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 7 0V?e7.
V74ii s7u ro;<nii 6in Peninsu7 B7"7ni"H 7u 7#ut 9i ei Fn se"o?
ee 0I)0IV or!7niJ7re7 or 8iseri"e7s"H su8 6epen6enG7 7r4iepis"opiei
6e O4ri67. Ei s?7u 7f7t Fn "on6iGii poiti"e spe"i7e.
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TJi;isPes $*L*)*5L- 7 "u"erit Bu!7ri7 6e rHsHrit@ pe "7re 7 supus?"
8iseri"e9te P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo.
P7rte7 6e 7pus 7 Bu!7riei 7 fost "u"eritH Fntre 7nii %&%')%&%* 67
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Fntre7!7 Bu!7rie 7 6e#enit pro#in"ie 8iJ7ntinH.
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Bu!7ro"4tonu@ prin trei 6ipo;e s7u 4riso7#eR 67te Fntre %&%*)%&,O
7 reor!7niJ7t 7r4iepis"opi7 !re"o?8u!7rH 7uto"ef7H 6e O4ri67.
Dintr?o istH 7 ep7r4iior supuse 7r4iepis"opiei 6e O4ri67 6e %
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( ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
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9i 7tini@ ;itropoiGii Oie#uui er7u@ "Fn6 !re"i@ tri;i9i 6e P7?7r4i7
6in Const7ntinopo@ "Fn6 ru9i. O serie 6e ;itropoiGi 6in se? ee
0IV)0V 7u purt7t titu 6e B;itropoiGi 6e Oie# 9i Mos"o#7D@ Fntre
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or79u SHr7i@ situ7t pe un 8r7G 7 fu#iuui Vo!7.
3itropolia 4aliciului# L7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0/?e7 s?7 FnfiinG7t
ntru "re6in"io9ii orto6o"9i u"r7ineni epis"opi7 6e /7i"i@ 6epen6entH
;itropoi7 Oie#uui.
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%+,)%2,+- Fn %2&2)%2&'@ epis"opi7 /7i"iuui 7 fost ri6i"7tH 7 r7n!u
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;!e 6in nou epis"opie supusH ;itropoiei 6e Oie#.
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. 6in %2(5@ 7Mun!e pentru 7 trei7 o7rH epis"opie supusH Oie#uui.
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i /7i"iuui@ 7 "Hrei popu7Gie er7 orto6o:H@ re!ee C7Ji;ir 7 Pooniei
76res7t Fn %25& p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" .iotei OoPPinos $%2'2)%2'( A
i)%25L-@ "erFn6u?i sH ri6i"e epis"opi7 /7i"iuui 7 r7n!u 6e ;i?
oie@ pe "7re %?7 ;7i 7#ut Fntre %2(%)%2(5.
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6u sHu p7tri7r47 7 7pro87t reFnfiinG7re7 ;itropoiei /7i"iuui@
FnFn6u?i p7tru epis"opii sufr7!7ne 9i 7e!ere7 epis"opuui Antonie
;itropoit 7 /7i"iuui $%25%)%2*%-. Mitropoi7 /7i"iuui 7 7#ut
ise re7Gii "u ;itropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i ;itropoi7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti@
iii epis"opi 7i Mo6o#ei 7u fost 4irotoniGi Fn7inte 6e %2+L 6e ;i?
7itu Antonie 7 /7i"iuui. Fn %2L' Oie#u 7 fost "u"erit 6e
prin?=u Litu7niei.
Situ7Gi7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e 6in ;itropoi7 Oie#uui s?7 Fn!reui7t
6upH %2+L@ Fn ur;7 "HsHtoriei prin"ipeui itu7n _76is7` I7!ieo
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i un sin!ur st7t su8 "on6u"ere7 ui _76is7` I7!ieo "7 re!e 7
iiei 9i Litu7niei $%2+L)%(2(-.
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#i"i DonsPoi $%2L2)%2+*- 6in %2+&@ 6e pe rFu U!r7@ 7supr7 tHt7?r
7 FntHrit ;ut putere7 Mos"o#ei. In %2*'@ putere7 /o7r6ei 6e Aur
BISERICA IN S\>CU?.\MR"
7 ost o#itH ;ort7 6e un 7t "on6u"Htor ;on!o@ Ti;urenP s7u T7;er?
7n $%22L)%(&'-.
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re9e6inG7 7 Mos"o#7.
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6intre "ei ;7i Jeo9i p7rtiJ7ni 7i unirii "u Ro;7@ "7re 7 repreJent7t
Biseri"7 RusH 7 sino6u unionist 6e 7 .err7r7).orenG7 $%(2+)%(2*-@
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"u 6e;nit7te7 6e "7r6in7.
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7u 7es Fn %((+ "7 ;itropoit 7 Mos"o#ei pe Iona, 6e ne7; rus@ pentru
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6eo7re"e F;pHr7tu Const7ntin 7 0?e7 Dr7!7ses $%((+)%('2- 9i p7?
tri7r4u e"u;eni" Gri!orie 7 III?e7 $%((2)%('&- pri;iserH unire7 "u
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8in -BB7, prin alegerea mitropolitului rus Iona, +iserica rus s$a
considerat autocefal#
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6e RHsHrit@ FntruniGi 7 Const7ntinopo Fn fe8ru7rie %'*2@ 7 7"or67t p7?
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Ierus7i;.
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"u Sofi7 P7eoo!in7@ nepo7t7 uti;uui F;pHr7t 8iJ7ntin Const7ntin 7
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Fn epo"7 ;o6ernH.
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nito7re7 ;7rior "7pit7e 7e u;ii = Pri;7 Ro;H 7 "HJut su8 pH!Fni A f
6ou7 Ro;H 7 "HJut su8 tur"i A Mos"o#7 este 7 trei7 Ro;H@ i7r 7 p7tr7
nu #7 fi ni"io67tHD.
PERIOADA A PATRA
B I B L I O G R A . I E I
I J # o 7 r e
Hes ReOistres des Ades du Patriuicat de &onstantinople, 6e V. Gru;e= Ades
Patriarc?es, .7s". II $5%')%&(,k@ Ist7n8u@ %*2,@ %*2LA .7s". III $%&(,)%,&L-@
%*(5A .7s". IV $%,&L)%2%&- 6e V. L7urent@ P7ris@ %*5% A Regesten der Qaiserur$en des
ostroEmisc?en Reic?es von 'L')2('2@ 8e7r8eiten #on .r. Do!er ,&orpus
Oriec?isc?en GrLunden des 3ittelalters und der neueren Seii0, Rei4e A. A8tei?
I % T4ei= Regesten von 'L')2&,' : A8t. I@ ,. T4ei= Regesten von -9/56-/9B :
iN 2 T4ei= Regesten von 2,&()2,+,@ Mun"4en un6 Berin@ %*,(@ %*,'@ %*2,A
iN (@ T4ei = Regesten von 2,+,)22(2@ Berin@ %*L& A \. MiPosi"4 et \. Muer@
PatEriarc?atus &onstantinopolitani, , #oi.@ _ien@ %+L&@ %+L,A \@ D7rrouJes@ He
tre s3nodal du patriarcat b'%antin au PlA$e siecle# Etude paleograp?iOue et
matiOue, P7ris@ %*5% A I6e;@ es registres des ades du patriarcat de &onstan$
te# Voi. %@ f7s". V et VI@ P7ris@ %*55@ %*5*. Hucrri generale
\. E. An7st7siu@ NI7:opi7 :RF NE::0t7F7F@ e6. ,?7@ t. I)II@ Tes7oni"@ %*5*@ L(5 p. T
' p. A R. Oott Me un6 B. Moe er@ (Lumeni sc?e Qirc?engesc?i c?te# T. II.
3i t$Z er und Rei ormat i on, Mun"4en@ %*5&A \. D7ni e ou et /. M7rr ou@
Fouvel l e i re de l E Egl i se, T. II@ p7r M. D. Ono` es et D. O8o ensP3@ Le
;o3en ge, @ %*L+.
AJiJ S. Ati37@ A 4istor' ot Eastern &?ristianit', Lon6on@ %*L+. G. b7n7niri@
&at?olicisme oriental, P7ris@ %*LL A S. Run"i;7n@ T?e Eastern =c?ism, r6@ %*LLA VI.
I. P4ei67s@ N E3.:1#M7L77:i:N N Y i7:opi7@ t. I)II.
8e l a i cnocl asm pi n l a cderea &onst ant i nopol ul ui $ %('2-@ At en7@ %*L2A
. /ern7n6eJ@ Iglesias de (riente, S7nt7n6er@ %*'*@ '(, p.A t. III Repertorio 8i?
r7fi"o@ S7nt7n6er@ %*L2.
\. Lo. tJ@ 4i st oi re de lE Egli se des ori gi nes nos * ours# Tr76ui t 6e N 7 e;7n6
M Leie#re@ P7ris@ %*'L@ ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*L,A M. berno#@ Eastern &?ristendom,
on@ %*L% A I6e;@ T?e &?urc? of t?e Eastern &?ristians, Lon6on@ %*(L. R. M.
.ren"4@ T?e Eastern (rt?odo) &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*'% A B. Stef7ni6is@
TM7t77:i:#M F7:opt7 er7 Ep'rfi piRS
%
7i-$0Epo#@ Aten7@ %*(+A e6. ,?7. Aten7@ %*'*.
G. Ooni67ris@ Istoria bisericeasc, Fn !re"e9te@ Aten7@ %*'5.
R73;on6 \7ni n@ Hes Egl i ses ori ent al es et l es ri t es ori ent au), (?e@ e6. @ P7ri s@
A M7rtin \u!ie@ Le sc?isme b'%antin# Apercu ?istoriOue et doctrinal, P7ris@ %*(%.
Iri limba romn
T. M. Popes"u@ Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i G. StHnes"u@ Istoria bisericeasc univer$
T. II. 8e la -95B pn a%i, Bu"ure9ti@ %*'LA Euse#iu Popo#i"i@ Istoria biseri$
universal# T. II@ e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,5.
Pentru Imperiul bi%antin
D. A. b7P3t4inos@ BuS7#:i#rM i7:opF7@ 2,()%&5%@ Aten7@ %*5,@ L(* p. In i;87
7nH@ +'%antinisc?e >esc?ic?te, _ien@ Oon@ %*5*@ 0II)((L p.A \. M. /usse3@
hero bi%antino# A "ur7 6i A. Mero7 $Stori7 6e ;on6o ;e6ie#7e@ t. 2-@ Mi7no@
*&, p.
Di;itri O8oensP3@ T?e +'%antine &ommonNealt?# Eastern Europe, '&&)%('2@
lorP@ _7s4in!ton@ %*5% A \. M. /usse3@ D. M. Ni"o 7n6 G. Go`78@ T?e +'$ie
Empire# Part# I# +'%antium and ?is Feigbours A p7r. II. Go#erne;ent@ &?urc?
$ivilisation, Fn T?e &ambridge 3edieval 4istor', t. IV@ C7;8ri6!e@ %*LL@ %*L5A
7ten@ Ha vie Ouotidienne +'%ance au siecle des &omnenes $%&+%)%%+&-@ P7ris@ =
Louis Bre4ier@ Le monde b'%antin, P# I)III@ P7ris@ %*(+)%*'&. C4. Die4 et G.
M7r"7is@ Le ;on6e oriental de 2*' 6 -97- ,4istoire generale F. GotJ-@ ,?e e6.@
P7ris@ %*((.
C4. Die4@ 4istoire de AEmpire b'%antin, %,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*2(. P7u Le;er@
4istoire de +'%ance $Coi. 1[ue sais$*e20, P7ris@ %*(2. A. A. V7siie#@ 4istoire
de lEEmpire b'%antin# Tr76uit 6u russe p7r P Bro6in Bour!uin7@ t. I)II@ P7ris@
%*2,.
Bi8io!r7fi7 7 fost Fnto";itH 6e Pr. 2ro0. I. R5mur/anu.
Pentru patriar?alele rsritene < &onstantinopol, Ale)andria, Antio?ia 9i e;?
salim < O. B7us@ G. Be"P@ E. E`i! 7n6 /. \. Vo!t@ T?e imperial &?arc? irom &on$
stantine $o t?e earl' 3iddle Age# Tr76u"ere 6in i;87 !er;7nH@ 0VII ) +(L p.A
I7ns?Geor! Be"P@ >esc?ic?te der (rt?odo)en Qirc?e im b'%antinisc?en Reic? ,8ie
Qiic?e in i?rer >esc?ic?te0, B6. I@ Gottin!en@ %*+& A M7:i;e 6e S7r6es@ ;etropoite@
Le Patriarcat oecumeniOue dans lEEglise (rt?odo)e, P7ris@ %*5'. Tr76u"ere 6in !re?
"e9te@ Tes7ioni"@ %*52A B. T4. St7#ri6is@ 4istoire du Patriarcat Oe"u;eniCue 6e
&onstantinop]e@ Fn BIstin7D@ P7ris@ %*5&@ nr.?,@ p. %2%),52A G. E#er3@ T?e +'%antine
Patriarc?ate, ('%)%,&(@ ,?n6 e6.@ Lon6on@ %*L, A P. Br7tsiotis@ Von der griec?isc?en
(rt?odo)ic, _iirJ8ur!@ %*LLA I6e;@ 8ie (rt?odo)e Qirc?e in griec?isc?er =ic?t, B6. %
)II@ Stutt!7rt@ %*'*@ %*L&A G. b7n7niri@ 4istoire de lEEglise 83J7ntine@ P7ris@ %*'(.
G4en76ie $Ar787!io!u-@ ;itropoit 6e /eiopois@ Istoria Patria
r
?iei Ecumenice,
In !re"e9te@ Aten7@ %*'2@ 0III)((' p. A N. Mos"4opouos@ L7 Terre =ainte# Ess7is
sur lE?istoire politiOuc et diplomatiOue des Hieu) =aints de la c?retiente, At4enes@ %*'5 A /r.
P7p76opouos $t %*2+-@ Ar4iep. Atenei@ NI7?"op7 TTfS NE?:.3.0T-7istB NA0eS7iiVpidiKA $%L,)
%*2(-@ Ae:7n6ri7@ %*2'A I6e;@ NI7topi7 :R" NEV?:0Rot7G NIepo7o0uii"o#@ Ierus7i; 9i Ae:7n6ri7@
%*%&.
Pr. P7p7;i47i 9i G. Tri7n67fi7Pis@ NI7topF7 TT-a NE:#.0R7F7F :fMS NAR:io3@eF7B $DupH
notee ui /r. P7p76opouos-@ Ae:7n6ri7@ %*'%.
Pentru Biseri"7 +ulgar
I. T7rn7ni6is@ Formarea autocefaliei +isericii +ulgare $+L()%,2'-@ Fn !re"e9te@
Tes7ioni"@ %*5LA R. Stupperi"4@ Qirc?e un6 =taat in +ulgarien un6 \u!os7#ien@ _itten@
%*5% A C4irii Pistrui@ Imperiul vla?o$bulgar 9i patriar?ia de TFrno#o@ Fn BMi tro?
poi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0VII $%*5,-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,&%),&*.
Ar4i;. Epif7nie Noro"e@ Patriar?ia bulgar de Trnovo, ntre anii %,2')%2*2@
Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. 2)(@ p. %(5)%'*A I6e;@ =intul Eitimie, ulti$
mul patriar? de TFrno#o 9i ie!6furie lui "u +iserica romneasc, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto?
6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000IV $%*LL-@ nr. ')L@ p. '',)'52A I. CrH"iun79@ Patriar?ia +ul$
gar, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000VI $%*L&-@ nr.N2)(@ p. ,5(),+5A N.
Ior!7@ 4istoirc des etats balLaniOues *usOuEa -./B, P7ris@ %*,'.
+iserica =rb
I. T7rn7ni6is@NI7topF7 tiMF SepS;RFNE3.3.0Nioi7F@ Tes7ioni"@ %*+,. Re"enJ7tH 6e Pr.
prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BB.O.R.D@ CI $%*+2-@ nr. ')L@ p. ((5)(',A S. Petro#i6@ Le
Patriarcat de Pec, Beo!r76@ %*+,A L. M7#ro;7tis@ Ha tondation de \empire scrbe# Ha
Lral* 3ilutin, T4ess7oniCue@ %*5+A DM. S"iMep"e#i"i@ Istori*a =rspLe pravoslavne
crLve $? Istori7 +isericii (rtodo)e =rbe0, t. I)II@ Mon7"o@ %*L,@ %*LL. Tr76us Fn
i;87 !re7"H 6e I. T7rn7ni6is@NIs:opF7 tRs Sepffi:?FMA NOp&o+LSoo NE:3.0ii7F7F Tes7ioni"@ %*L*.
Este "e7 ;7i "o;petHA D. O7si"i@ =rpsLe crLva pod Turcica $Q? +iserica slib n
K=po"7 turc0, Be!r76@ %*L*A R. Se#eino#i"i@ Istori*a srspLe pravoslavne crLve sa
narodnom istori*om $BQ Istoria +isericii (rtodo)e =rbe mpreun "u istoria na!iona$
H-@ Be!r76@ %*LL.
I
L76is7s /76ro#i"s@ Le peuple serbe et son Eglise sous i7 domination turOue, I
P7ris@ %*(5 A \. Musset@ Ha =erbie et son E!ise@ P7ris@ %*2+.
St. Di;itriMe#i"i@ Istoria PecLe patri*arYi*e $) Istori7 patriar?iei de Pe"i\@ Be?%
!r76@ %*,(.
n limba romn
Iero;. Ne9tor Vorni"es"u@ Patriar?ia =erbiei, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su?I
"e#eiD@ %*+&@ nr. %),@ p. %22)%(,.
V. An7ni7@ Srurt6 pre%entare istoric a +isericii (rtodo)e =rbe, Fn BOrto?I
6o:i7D@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. ,@ p. 2&L)2%&A Pr. Ni". er8Hnes"u@ Hegturile biserice"tii
culturale "i politice ntre romni 9i sFr8i@ Fn BMi tropoi7 Oteniei D@ 0V $%*L2-@ nrM
')L@ p. 2&5)2%5 A S. Anui"4i@ Raporturile dintre Patriar?ia de IpeL "i cea 6e O4ri?\
da n secolele PIA6PAIII, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0IV $%*L,-@ nr. *)%&@ p. '5&)'+%
%. Iufu@ =curt istorie a +isericii =rbe, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00V $%*'5-f
nr. +)*@ p. 5L*)5+(.
tra-MVAUA A PATRA
Pentru istoria +alcanilor
M. SinP7@ A 4istor' ol t?e +alLans, reprint@ /7;6en@ Conni". %*L+.
L. S. St7#rinos@ T?e +alLans since -B5W, 2?n6. e6. Ne` lorP@ %*L%.
Pentru +iserica (rtodo) Romn
I J # o 7 r e
.r. Mi"4osi"4 et \os. Miier@ Acta Patriarc?atus &onstantinopolitani, %2%2) ,r #oi. I
)II@ Vin6o8on7e@ %*L&@ %*L,.
N E. /ur;uJ7Pi ) N@ Ior!7@ 8ocumente privitoare la istoria romnilor, t. 0IV@ %.
%umente grece"ti privitoare la istoria romnilor, partea I$a ,-W/9 )-C-;0, Bu"u?
ti@ %*%'A 8ocumente privind istoria Romniei# Aeac# PIII, PIA "i PA, $A"76e?i Ro;<niei-@
B. ara Romneasc $%,(5)%'&&-@ t. I@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'2@ 0LI0)(2% p. W6it7fH su8 titu=
8ocumenta Romaniae 4istorica# +# ara Romneasc, #oi. I.
%5^^%'&&-@ 6e P. P. P7n7ites"u 9i D7;7s"4in Mio"@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*LL@ L2' p.A 8ocu$
tte privind istoria Romniei# A# 3oldova, veacul al PIA)0V@ "o. I $%2+()
'-@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'(@ L00I)'2& p.
Fontes 4istoriae 8aco$Romaniae $) I%voarele Istoriei Romniei0, t. III@ =crii$
bi%antini, pu8i"7tH 6e prof. A. Ei7n 9i er87n T7n79o"7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5'@ 'L+
t. IV. =criitori "i acte bi%antine# =ecolele IA6PA, pu8i"7te 6e /. Mi4Hes"u@ R.
Hres"u@ Ni". er87n T7n79o"7 9i Tu6or Teoteoi@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+,.
Hucrri generale
Pr. prof. Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@ Istoria +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, t. I. @ Bu"ure9ti@
-@ Fn6eose8i p. ,+()2%5A 2(()2L'A '*')L&+.
Pr. prof. G4. Moises"u@ Pr. prof. tef7n Lup97 9i Pr. prof. Ae:. .iip79"u@ Isto$
+isericii Romne, t. I@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'5.
N. Ior!7@ Istoria +isericii romne"ti "i a vie!ii religioase a Romnilor, t. I@ e6. Bu"ure9ti@
%*,*.
S t u 6 i i
Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu@ 3itropolia Aicinei "i rolul ei In pstrarea (rtodo$
n !inuturile romne"ti, Fn u"r7re7 8e la 8unre la 3are, Bu"ure9ti@ %*55@ p.
?%L*. I6e;@ Rolul +isericii (rtodo)e Romne in +iserica Rsritului, n secolele
PIA
=V@ in BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CI0 $%*+%-@ nr. %),@ p. %2%)%(2. Stu6iu
tr76us Fn i;87 fr7n"eJH su8 titu= He role de lEEglise (rt?odo)e Roumaine
= Ie cadre de lE Eglise dE(rient, Fn 3iscellanea ?istoriae ecclesiasticae, VII@ Lou?
?7?Nou#e et Lou#7in@ %*+'@ p. %%')%,+. C?tin C. Giures"u@ ntemeierea
mitropoliei Gngrovla?iei, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H
<n7#@ L00VII $%*'*-@ nr. 5)%&@ p. L52)L*2. Pr. Ni". er8Hnes"u@ 3itropolitil
Gngrovla?iei, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@
VII $%*'*-@ nr. 5)%&@ p. 5,, +,L@ Fn6eose8i p. 52&)5(&.
I6e;@ 3itropolia =everinului, ;99 de ani de la nfiin!are, octombrie -WC9)
Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000VIII $%*5&-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %%*%)%,,5.
I6e;@ Autocefalia +isericii (rtodo)e Romne cu prile*ul centenarului $,' 7pri?
++')%*+'-@ Fn &entenarul autocefaliei +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, Bu"ure9ti@
p. (%)%2+.
Vit7ien L7urent@ &ontribution lE?istoire des relations de lEEglise b'%antine
lEEglise roumaine au debut du 0V?e siecle, Fn BBuetin 6e 7 se"tion 4is?
ue 6e NA"76e;ie Rou;7ineD@ Bu"7rest@ t. 00VI $%*('-@ nr. ,@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*(5@
%')%+( 9i E:tr7sA Pr. prof. Mi7n es7n@ +iserica (rtodo) n veacurile PI)
Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ VII $%*L2-@ nr. ()L@ p. 2%&)2,LA Prof. Ae:. Ei7n@
Eurile 3itropoliei Gngrovla?iei cu Patriar?ia de &onstantinopol "i cu celelalte
icii (rtodo)e de la ntemeiere pn la -799, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@
I $%*'*-@ nr. 5)%&@ p. *&()*2'A C. M7rines"u@ nfiin!area mitropoliilor din
Romneasc "i 3oldova, Bu"ure9ti@ %*,(@ ,, p. $An7. A"76. Ro;.@ Me;.
Ist. seri7 III@ t. II@ nr. L@ p. ,(5),L*- A N. Ior!7@ &ondi!iile de politic general
ire s$au ntemeiat +isericile romne"ti n secolele PIA6PA, Bu"ure9ti@ %*,'@
$An7. A"76. Ro;.@ Me;. Se"t. Ist.@ seri7 II@ t. 000V@ nr. %(@ p. 2+5)(%%-A
Do8res"u@ ]ntemeierea mitropoliilor "i a celor din!ii mnstiri din tar, Bu"u?
BISERICA aN SECOLELE 0I?0V
re9ti@ %*&L@ %,+ p. I6e;@ &ontribu!iuni la Istoria +isericii Romne n secolul al PA$lea,
Bu"ure9ti@ %*&5.
+iserica 3oldovei
V. L7urent@ Au) origines de lEEglise de 3oldavie# He 3etropolite Keremie el
leveOue Kosep?, Fn BRe#ue 6e Etu6es 83J7ntinesD@ V $%*(5-@ p. %'+)%5&A I6e;@ He
trisepiscopat du patriarc?e 3att?ieu l$er ,-W.C)-B-90# Gn grand pro"es canoniOue 6
B3J7n"e au debut du 0V?e siecle, Fn BRe#ue 6es Etu6es 83J7ntinesD@ 000 $%*5&-@ p.
R')%LL A Mi"4e L7s"7ris@ Koac?im, 3etropolite de 3oldavie et Ies relations de lEEgli $
se moldave avec le patriarcat de Pec et lE arc?evec?e dE Ac?ris au 0V?e sie"\e@ Fn
BBuetin 6e 7 Se"tion 4istoriCue 6e %NA"76e;ie Rou;7ineD@ 0III $%*,5-@ p. %,*)%'* A
Tit Si;e6re7@ Gnde "i cnd a luat fiin! legenda despre atrnarea canonic a scaune lor
din ara Romneasc "i din 3oldova de ar?iepiscopia de (?rida, Fn BBiseri"7 Orio6o:H
Ro;<nHD@ L000V $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@ p. *5')%&&2.
Ar4i;. Cipri7n b747ri7@ 3itropolitul Iosil 3u"at "i autoceialia +isericii 3ol $
dovei# Centen7ru 7uto"ef7iei Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne $,' 7priie %++')%*+'-@
Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5@ p. 2'()(&% A Prof. Ae:. Ei7n@ 3oldova 9i +i%an!ul n secolul al
0V?e7@ Fn u"r7re7 &ultura moldoveneasc n timpul lui Dtefan col 3are ,-B5C)
-59B0, Bu"ure9ti@ %*L(A C. Er8i"e7nu@ Istoria 3itropoliei 3oldovei "i =ucevei "i a
catedralei mitropolitane din Ia"i, Bu"ure9ti@ %+++.
Pr. prof. Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@ Hegturile biserice"ti ale romnilor "u Qievul, Fn BStu6ii
teoo!i"eD@ 000I0 $%*+5-@ nr. 2@ p. L% 9.u.
+iserica Transilvaniei
Pr. prof. Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@ ]nceputurile mitropoliei Transilvaniei, Bu"ure9ti@
%*+&A tef7n Mete9@ Istoria +isericii "i a vie!ii religioase a romnilor din Ardeal,
t. I@ e6.N ,?7@ Si8iu@ %*2'.
Pentru cadrul general politic "i religios al !rilor romne, n secolele PI)0V.
Dinu C. Giures"u@ ara Romneasc n secolele 0IV)0V@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*52@ (*L
p. A C?tin C. Giures"u 9i Dinu C. Giures"u@ Istoria Romnilor din cele mai vec?i
timpuri pn ast%i, e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5'A I6e;@ Istoria Romnilor, t. I)II@ Bu"u?
re9ti@ %*5(@ %*5L.
C?tin C. Giures"uT Transilvania n istoria poporului romn, Bu"ure9ti@ %*L5A tef7n
P7s"u@ Aoievodatul Transilvaniei, t. I@ CuM?N7po"7@ %*5%@ e6. ,?7@ %*5,@ #oi II@
CuM?N7po"7@ %*5*A I. D. Su"iu@ 3onografia mitropoliei +anatului, Bu"ure9ti %*55.
RHJ#7n T4eo6ores"u@ +i%an!, +alcani, (ccident la nceputurile culturale medie$
vale romne"ti ,secolele 0)PIA0, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(.
Pentru +iserica Ala?ilor ,romnilor0 din Peninsula +alcanic M. G3oni@ HEevec?e
vlaOue de lEarc?evec?e bulgare dEAc?ris au) PI$e ) 0IV?T siecles, Fn BEtu6es s7#es et
rou;7inesD@ I@ Bu67pest@ %*(+@ p. %(+)%'* 9i ,,(),22 A Pr Ni". M. Popes"u@ Ioan
1prevtu? Episcopiei aromnilor, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD $BB.O.R. D-@ LII $%*2(-@
nr. 5)+@ p. ('5)(L& 9i Fn #oi. Preo!i de mir adormi!i i 8omnul, +ucure"ti, -.B/,
p# --)2'A Boris7# Pri;o#@ &rearea celui de$al doilea f7 rat bulgar "i participarea
vla?ilor, n voi# Rela!ii romno$bulgare de$a lungul #e7"u rilor ,sec# PII6PIP0,
Bu"ure9ti@ %*5%@ p. *)'LA Si#iu Dr7!o;ir@ Ala?ii din nordi Peninsulei +alcanice n
Evul 3ediu, Bu"ure9ti@ %*'*. Re"enJie Pr. prof. RH;ure7; Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0III
$%*L%-@ nr. (@ p. L&L)L&+A N. BHnes"u@ Ve"4iu\ stat bulgar 9 !rile romne,
Bu"ure9ti@ %*(5A I6e;@ O problem de istorie medieval< crearea f# caracterul statului
Asne"tilor ,--750, Fn BAn7. A"76. Ro;.D@ Me;. Se"t. Ist.@ seri7i t. 00V $%*(2-@ p.
'(2)'*&@ 9i tr76. fr7n"eJH= Un probleme dE?istoire medievale creation et caractere
du second empire bulgare ,--750, Bu"7rest@ %*(2@ *2 p. s At 8i8io!r7fie 7 Pr. prof.
Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@ Istoria +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, t. Bu"ure9ti@ %*+&@ p. %*5.
+iserica Rus
/.?D. Dop;7nn@ 8ie Russisc?e (rt?odo)e Qirc?e, in# >esc?ic?te und >egetnvafi
/e Auf.@ Berin@ %*+%A A. A. Orn7tsPiM@ 4istor' of t?e Russian 4ierarc?', t. %)f
Ree6ite6 83 M. Oester3@ Copen47!ue@ %*5*.
. W M. L7n73 et \. S7uss73@ Ha Russie ancienne, P7ris@ %*5'.
+# P4ei67s@ Istoria +isericii Ruse, Fn i;87 !re7"H Aten7@ %*L5.
N. berno#@ T?e Russians and t?eir &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*L(.
A. M. A;7nn@ (stslavisc?e Qirc?engesc?ic?te, _ien@ %*'&.
I6e;@ =tor ia clella &?iesa Russa e dei paesi limitrofi, Utet@ T8rino@ %*(+. N
/. S"47e6er@ 3osLau der dritte Rom, 4amburg, %*,*A ,?e Anf7!e@ /7;8ur!@
%*'5A E. /os"4@ (rt?odo)ie und 4resie im alten Rusland, _ies876en@ %*5'A S. .
benPo#sPii@ RussiaEs (ld +elievers, Mun"4en@ %*5&.
Mon74is;u Fn RHsHrit Fn
se"oee 0I)0V. Isi47s;u I
%. Fn se"oee 0I)0V@ ;on74is;u s?7 ;enGinut@ "u to7te !reee
Fn"er"Hri 9i suferinGe prin "7re 7u tre"ut popo7ree orto6o:e 6in E!ipt@
P7estin7@ Siri7@ Asi7 Mi"H 9i Peninsu7 B7"7ni"H@ 6in "7uJ7 f7n7tis;uui
7r78ior 9i tur"ior@ 67toritH tre"utuui sHu !orios@ Fn spe"i7 Fn ti;pu
upteor i"ono"7ste 6in se"oee VIII 9i I0.
E 7 "unos"ut "4i7r o ;7re Fnforire 7 Muntee At4os@ Fn Bu!7ri7@
Ser8i7@ E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H@ Mo6o#7@ Tr7nsi#7ni7 9i Rusi7.
M7Morit7te7 ;FnHstirior !MM PR
strft
if
r
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r
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7rp7
;on747H 67tH 6e
Sf^V7!i%p OP- .#T7re $f 25*-@ FnfReffi\ete ;7ri si mlc? ^^^
O #i7GH ;on747H ri!uro7sH s?7 6us Fn ;FnHstire7 Istudion0 6in Con?
st7ntinopo@ FnfiinG7tH Fn (L2 6e fostu "onsu Stu6ios@ ori!in7r 6in Apus@
reor!7niJ7tH Fn se"ou 7 I0?e7 6e Sf. Teo6or supr7nu;it Stu6itu $f
%% noie;8rie +,L-@ un ;7re uptHtor "ontr7 i"ono"79tior 9i teoo! renu
;it $"Hrui7 i s?7 67t supr7nu;ee 6upH ;FnHstire7 Stu6ion-. E 7 i;pus
re!u7 "7 ;on74ii sH fie or!7niJ7Gi Fn "76ru #ieGii or Fn ;FnHstire@ Fn
trei ture ; "7re = unii sH. se ro7!e@ 7Gi i sH u"reJe@ Fn ti;p "e 7Gii sH
se o6i4ne7s"H@ ur;Fn6 "7 Fn ;o6 7tern7ti#UUfie"7re turH sH?9i Fn6epi?
ne7s"7Urou"Fte opt ore. cUcU U U
Stu6iGii@ "u; se nu;e7u ;on74ii 7"estei renu;ite ;FnHstiri@ se
s"up7u nu nu;7i "u #i7G7 ;on747H ri!uro7sH@ "i 9i "u stu6iu
sFr!uin?=ios 7 teoo!iei.
Centru #ieGii ;on747e pentru Biseri"7 Orto6o:H 7 fost@ FnsH@ =fn$
ul 3unte At?os, nu;it 1>rdina 3aicii 8omnului2#
an"H 6in se"ou 7 0?e7@ Muntee At4os 7 u7t o ;7re 6eJ#ot7re.
SfFntu At7n7sie At4onitu $f %&&(-@ ori!in7r 6in Tr7peJunt@ 7Mut7t
e F;pHr7tu Ni"4ifor .o"7s $P4oP7s@ *L2)*L*- 7 Ji6it Fn At4os@ Fn
'2@ 3area Havr, "u 8iseri"7 prin"ip7H nu;itH 1Qat?olicon2# S?7u ri?
Ft 7poi 7te ;7ri ;FnHstiri. an7inte 6e 7nu %&&&@ pe 7 *+&@ 7 fost Fnte?
ei7tH ;7re7 ;FnHstire V7tope6@ un7 6in "ee ;7i fru;o7se 6in SfFntu
Nunte@ situ7tH Fn p7rte7 nor6?esti"H 7 peninsuei C7"i6i"e@ pe un 6e7
i ;HrH"ini@ 6e 7 "7re i se tr7!e nu;ee.
Tot Fn Muru 7nuui %&&&@ s?7 Fnte;ei7t ;FnHstire7 Sograful, pentru
u!Hrii 8u!7ri A Fn7inte 6e *5* 7 fost ri6i"7tH 6e i#iru Io7n ;FnHsti? 7
Ivir, pentru "Hu!Hrii 6in Geor!i7 $I#ir- A 7 7nu %%(2@ 7 fost Ji6itH
nHstire7 =f# Pantelimon, nu;itH RusiLon, pentru "Hu!Hrii ru9i.
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
MFnHstire7 4ilandar 7 fost Ji6itH Fn %%*5 6e renu;itu "Hu!H
Sf. S7#7 $%%5L)%,2L- 9i 6HruitH printr?un 4riso# Fn %%** 6e F;p@
Ae:ios 7 III?e7 An!4eos $%%*')%,&2- "Hu!Hrior sFr8i.
In se"ou 7 0V?e7 s?7 pus te;ei7 ;FnHstirii &utlumu" "u ru
#oie#o6uui EHrii Ro;<ne9ti@ Ni"o7e Ae:7n6ru $%2',)%2L(-@ 7 fost
ter;in7tH Fn %25, 6e fiu sHu@ V76is7#?V7i"u $%2L()%255 #enin6
13area Havr a rii Romne"ti2#
PFnH 7 %25' s?7u "H6it Fn Muntee At4os %5 ;FnHstiri ;7ri@
nu;Hru or 7 "res"ut pFnH 7 ,&. Fn 7f7rH 6e "ee ;enGion7te@ ee
ur;Hto7ree = 8ionisiu, ri6i"7tH Fn7inte 6e %2LL A PantoLrator, 6upH
Piropotamu $Se"u-@ pe 7 *5& A 8oc?iariu, 7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 7
e7 A QaraLalu, 7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 7 0?e7 A P?ilot?eu, Fn7inte 6e
=imonpetra, pe 7 %2L& A =f# Pavel, Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0?e7 A
vroniLita, Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0VI?e7 A Penop?on, se"ou 7 0I
(rigoriu, Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0IV A Esp?igmenu, Fn7inte 6e 7nu
&onstamonitu, Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0?e7.
Do"u;entee ti;puui ;enGione7JH "H pe 7 %&(L e:ist7u Fn Sf
Munte %+& o"79uri 6e Fn"4in7re "u ,&&& 6e "Hu!Hri@ i7r Fn %,%2
2&& 6e o"79uri "u 2.&&& 6e "Hu!Hri. Astfe@ Muntee At4os 7 7Mun
;7i #estit "entru 6e #i7GH 6u4o#ni"e7s"H 9i eutur7?7rtisti"H 6ir
RHsHritu orto6o:.
Ro;<nii 7u fost "ei ;7i ;7ri 8inefH"Htori 7i At4osuui@ "H"i e
fH"ut ;FnHstirior 6e 7i"i ;7i ;ute 67nii 6e"Ft to7te popo7ree K
6o:e 7 un o". Din 7 6ou7 Mu;Ht7te 7 se"ouui 7 0V?e7 pFnH 7 %
6e"e;8rie %+L2@ "Fn6 C7;er7 Deput7Gior 6in ti;pu 6o;nitoruui
Ae:7n6ru CuJ7 $%+'*)%+LL- 7 #ot7t Hegea seculari%rii averilor n
stire"ti, 6o"u;entee ti;puui ne oferH 9tiri preGio7se 6espre 7Muto7
9i "ontri8uGi7 GHrior ro;<ne 7 susGinere7 "eor ,& 6e ;FnHstiri ;7i 7
;utor s"4ituri 9i p7r7"ise. Cu 7Mutoru #oie#oJior@ ;itropoiti
epis"opior 9i "re6in"io9ior 6in E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H 9i Mo6o#7@ s?7u =
Fn Muntee At4os 8iseri"i noi@ turnuri 6e "opotniGe@ turnuri 6e 7pHi
p7r7"ise 9i "4iii@ s?7u rep7r7t ;ute 6in ;FnHstiri@ s?7u tri;is "onGi
8o!7te 67ruri Fn 87ni@ #7se itur!i"e@ o ;uGi;e 6e i"o7ne 7urite s7u
!int7te@ #e9;inte preoGe9ti@ epit7fe 9i 6#ere "usute "u fir 6e 7ur 9i
po6o8ite "u pietre preGio7se 9i ;Hr!Hrit7re@ o6o7re sfinte 9i 7te o8i
preGio7se. In G7rH@ s?7u fH"ut ;FnHstirior 6in Muntee At4os unee
c?inri2 6e ;FnHstiri 9i s"4ituri ro;<ne9ti "u proprietHGie or.
DHrni"i7 ro;<nior f7GH 6e Muntee At4os 7 fost ;ut 7pre"i7tH
Fn#HG7tu 7r4i;7n6rit rus Porfirie UspensPi@ unu 6intre "ei ;7i t
"unos"Htori 7i istoriei Munteui At4os@ "7re 7 spus spre 7u67 9i "inA
or = 1Fici un alt popor ortodo) n$a fcut atta bine pentru At?os au fcut
romnii2# $/risti7nsPiM VostoP $RHsHritu "re9tin-@ t. III@ 2@ IV "o#7@
%++&@ p. 22( A Istori*a At?os, Oie#@ %+55@ p. 22(-.
Cu to7te 7"este7@ ro;<nii@ "7re 7u fost se"oe 6e?7 rFn6u "ei
!enero9i 8inefH"Htori 7i SfFntuui Munte@ "u re!ret "onst7tH; 9i tret
s?o spune; )@ nu 7u pFnH 7Ji ni"i o ;7re ;FnHstire 6in "ee ,&@ "M
7u 8u!7rii@ sFr8ii 9i ru9ii.
A8i7 Fn se"ou 7 00?e7@ Fn %+'L@ P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 7 7pro?
87t pentru ro;<ni s"4itu Prodromul $!re"e9te IpoSpoftoG Q nainte 3er$
gtorul0 6epen6ent 6e ;FnHstire7 V7tope6. M7i 7u 9i s"4itu Hacu, Fn?
fiinG7t Fn %5'( 6e "Hu!Hrii ;o6o#eni@ supus ;FnHstirii Sf. P7#e.
Pentru 7 se ;enGine unit7te7 9i 6is"ipin7 ;on747H@ to7te ;FnHsti?
W rie 6in At4os se 7fH su8 7s"ut7re7 unui protos, "u re9e6inG7 7 Qaries
$Q Nu"et-@ "7re este "entru or 76;inistr7ti#.
In6epen6ent 6e ;FnHstirie ;7ri@ s?7u "onstruit Fn At4os 6iferite
sc?ituri Fn "7re #ieGui7u "Fte ()' ;on74i@ 7poi "4iii 9i si?strii in6e?
pen6ente "u #i7GH ;7i 7sprH.
S"4iturie ;7i ;7ri s7u ;7i ;i"i se 7fH su8 7s"ut7re7 unei7 6in
;FnHstirie ;7ri.
Si4Hstriie nu sFnt 7t"e#7 6e"Ft o"uinGe fo7rte ;o6este@ uneori sH?
p7te Fn pe9teri 9i stFn"i. Fn 7"este7 se ne#oies" unii 7s"eGi@ "7re 6u" o
#i7GH fo7rte 7sprH@ "Hror7 fr7Gii ;7i tineri 6in ;FnHstire7?;7;H e 6u"
6in "Fn6 Fn "Fn6 pFine 9i 7pH.
O 7tH "7te!orie 6e o"uinGe pentru ;on74ii ;7i 8HtrFni o for;e7JH
cat?ismele
<
, "7re nu sFnt 6e"Ft ni9te "oi8e ;o6este "u "Fte un p7t 9i
un s"7un. VieGuitorii or tre8uie sH p7rti"ipe 7 suM8ee 6i#ine Fn 8ise?
ri"7 ;FnHstirii "eei ;7i 7propi7te.
.eu 6e #i7GH 7 "eor ;7i ;ute ;FnHstiri 7tonite er7 "e c?ino$
vial s7u 6e o89te. Mon74ii trHi7u Fn "o;un@ se ru!7u Fn "o;un 9i u7u
ro7s7 Fn "o;un Fn tr7peJ7 ;Fn<stirii.
Fn 7f7rH 6e ser#i"iie rei!io7se@ 6e ru!H"iune 9i #i7GH "onte;p7?
ti#H@ ;on74ii se o"up7u 9i "u unee 7"ti#itHGi pr7"ti"e "7 = 7!ri"utur7@
po;i"utur7@ "re9tere7 unor 7ni;7e 9i pr7"ti"7re7 unor ;eserii.
Fn"epFn6 6in se"ou 7 0V?e7@ isi47s;u "7re "ere7 o ;7i ;7re
7propiere 6e Du;neJeu prin ru!H"iune@ 7s"eJH 9i "onte;p7Gie@ 7 intro?
6us un sti 6e #i7GH ;7i 7spru 6e"Ft Fn ;FnHstirie "u #i7GH 6e o89te s7u
"4ino#i7H.
Pe 7 %,&& s?7 Fn!H6uit ;on74ior 6in Muntee At4os 9i stiu 6e
#i7GH idioritmic, "u "4iii sep7r7te@ 7#Fn6 per;isiune7 sH pose6e 9i 8u?
nuri ;7teri7e.
Fn ;FnHstirie i6iorit;i"e #i7G7 se 87J7 pe reuniuni 6e "Fte 5)+
;e;8ri@ "7re for;7u o f7;iie ;on747H@ Fn frunte7 "Hrei7 se 7f7 un
proestos. .ie"7re 6in f7;iiie "o;ponente 7#e7 o"uinGH 9i 8u"HtHrie
proprie@ i7r Fn "o;un 6o7r 7r4on67ri"u pentru pri;ire7 o7speGior. Er7
o8i!7torie@ FnsH@ p7rti"ip7re7 tuturor 7 ser#i"iu 6i#in "o;un@ Jiu7 9i
no7pte7.
MFnHstirie 6in Muntee At4os 7u fost 9i "entre 6e "uturH teoo!i?
"H@ Fn ;Fn<stirie or se "onser#H peste %2.&&& 6e ;7nus"rise Fn i;8ie
!re7"H@ ro;<nH 9i s7#onH@ i7r 8iseri"ie or sFnt ;onu;ente 6e 7rtH
"re9tinH. Fn se"ou 7 0V?e7 er7 "ee8rH Fn tot RHsHritu 9"o77 6e
n"turH 6in At4os 7 ui M7nui P7nsein.
SfFntu Munte At4os@ supunFn6u?se 6e 8unH #oie tur"ior@ Fn7inte s
<6ere7 Const7ntinopouui Fn %('2@ sut7nu Mur76 7 II?e7 $%(,%)
('%- Fi 7"or6H unee pri#ie!ii = sH nu se st78ie7s"H ;74o;e67ni 7"oo@
i nu 7i8H 7""es fe;eie 9.7.
'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *I-*&
Ate renu;ite ;FnHstiri orto6o:e 7u e:ist7t 7 Ierus7i; 9i
estin7.
M
De ;7re "onsi6er7Gie s?7 8u"ur7t ;FnHstire7 =fnta EcalerinZ
Muntee Sin7i@ Ji6itH Fn ',5 "7 o fortHre7GH 6e F;pHr7tu \i
$',5)'L'-@ "7re 6in se"ou 7 0II?e7 7 6e#enit re9e6inGH pentr
epis"opi7 6e Sin7i 9i .7r7n.
De ;7re renu;e s?7u 8u"ur7t 9i ;FnHstirie 3eteora 6in
Fn Gre"i7 Centr7H.
In se"oee 0IV)0I0 s?7u tri;is@ 6e 7se;ene7@ 7Muto7re ror
7 Lo"urie Sfinte 6e 7 Ierus7i;@ 7 D7;7s"@ 7 ;FnHstire7 SfFnt
terin7 6e 7 Sin7i 9i ;FnHstirie 6in Gre"i7.
DHrni"i7 ro;<nior f7GH 6e RHsHritu orto6o: 7 fost s"o7sH tr7i
Fn reief 6e p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" At4en7!or7s I $%*(*)%*5,-f
o"to;8rie %*L5@ 7 MFnHstire7 Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ "u o"7Ji7 #iJitei
Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne Fntre %L),& o"to;8rie %*L5@ "7re 7
ur;Hto7ree =
1Fumele strlucit al +asarabilor umple ntreaga catedral dir
stantinopol "i pretutindeni unde am mers In Rsritul ortodo) an
aceste urme vii ntre +iserica (rtodo) Romn "i +iserica (rtodc
general#
n afar de &onstantinopol, =fntul 3unte At?os este plin
mele voievo%ilor ortodoc"i romni#
Am gsit urme de voievo%i romni la 8amasc, Ierusalim, Aii
aria "i c?iar la 3untele =inai, unde am fost n -.5.# Toate locaZ
acestea sfinte pstrea% cu evlavie numele strluci!ilor domnitori
rilor romne pentru marile lor binefaceri, pentru interesul deosel
care l$au artat (rtodo)iei###2 $VeJi Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;i
L000V $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@ p. +L5 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Hegal
Patriar?iei (rtodo)e Romne cu Patriar?ia Ecumenic de la pin
a%i, Fn #oi. &entenarul autocefaliei +isericii (rtodo)e Ror
Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5@ p. (*+)'2&@ 7i"i p. '%'-.
In +ulgaria 7 trHit Fn se"ou 7 0?e7 #estitu pustni" I"7n 6e
$RisPi@ t. *(L-@ pe ;untee "u 7"e79i nu;e@ "instit "7 o"rotitor 7
!7riei. Pe 7"est ;unte s?7 FnfiinG7t renu;it7 ;FnHstire Rila,
In ti;pu I;periuui ro;<no?8u!7r $%%+')%2*2-@ "7re 7 u7t GH
Fn %%+')%%+L@ s?7 ri6i"7t 7#r7 6in TFrno#o@ "7pit77 i;peri
;FnHstirie 6e pe ;untee Aito"a Fn!H Sofi7@ 9i ;FnHstirie +acicoi
Troian, "7re 7u Mu"7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@ un ro 6e se7;H Fn pro;o#M
#ieGii spiritu7e 7 8u!7rior.
L7 srbi, #i7G7 ;FnHstire7s"H 7 "unos"ut o ;7re Fnforire@ 6iY
6ou7 Mu;Ht7te 7 se"ouui 7 0/?e7@ 67toritH SfFntuui S7#7 $%%N
%,2L-@ "Hu!Hr renu;it Fn Muntee At4os@ SfFntu n7Gion7 7 sFr8i
"7re 7 ri6i"7t Fn %%*5 ;FnHstire7 /i7n67r 6in Muntee At4os. Mo79M
s7e "7re se 7f7u Fn ;FnHstire7 3ile"evo 7u fost 7rse 6e tur"i Fn %\
6in or6inu ui Sin7n P797@ "e Fn#ins 6e Mi47i Vite7Ju $%'*2)%L&%-
upt7 6e 7 CHu!Hreni 6in %2],2. 7u!ust %'*'.
MFn<stire7 /i7n67r 6in Muntee At4os 7 Mu"7t un ;7re ro Fn
G7 spiritu7H 7 poporuui sFr8. Astfe@ Fn pri;7 perio76H 7 7uto"ef7
Biseri"ii SFr8e@ o8GinutH Fn %,%*@ 6in "ei %, 7r4iepis"opi@ + pro#ene7uM
6in ;FnHstire7 /i7n67r.
In Muru 7nuui %%+2@ 6espotu tef7n Ne;7ni7 I $%%L5)%%*L- 7[
"onstruit ;Fn<stire7 =tudeni!a, Fn 7propiere 6e "7pit77 Ser8iei@ R79"7@
6e 7 "7re sFr8ii s?7u ;7i nu;it 9i r7sei.
L7 %,,&@ tef7n Ne;7ni7 7 II?e7 $%%*L)%,,+-@ pri;u Fn"oron7t@
7 ri6i"7t ;FnHstire7 Sicea, "7re 7 6e#enit Fn %2(L@ su8 G7ru tef7n Du?
97n $%22%)%2''-@ s"7unu p7tri7r4iei sFr8e@ 6e un6e s?7 ;ut7t 7poi 7
IpeP $Pe"i ) Pe9terH-.
CHtre %,,+ re!ee tef7n R76os7# $%,,+)%,22- 7 ri6i"7t ;FnHstire7
3ile"evo, 7 #est 6e R79"7@ Fn "7re 7u fost 6epuse 7poi ;o79tee SfFn?
tuui S7#7@ pFnH 7 %'*'@ "Fn6 7u fost 7rse 6e tur"i.
Fn %,L&@ s?7 ri6i"7t 7 IpeP s7u Pe"i@ su8 re!ee tef7n Uro9 $%,(2)
%,5L-@ 8iseri"7 =fin!ii Apostoli, Fn"eputH 6e 7r4iepis"opu S7#7@ Fn "7re
s?7 ;ut7t "Htre %,*, s"7unu 7r4iepis"opiei sFr8e.
Re!ee tef7n Uro9 II Miutin $%,+,)%2,*- 7 ri6i"7t Fn %2,& fru?
;o7s7 9i i;poJ7nt7 ;FnHstire >raciani!a, 7pro7pe 6e Pri9tin7.
Re!ee tef7n Uro9 III De"i7nsPi $%2,%)%22%- 7 Fn"eput Fn %2,5
"onstruire7 ;FnHstirii 8eciani, pe "7re 7 ter;in7t?o Fn %22' G7ru tef7n
Du97n.
Fntre %2*&)%2*2 7 fost ri6i"7tH ;FnHstire7 Hiubostinia, 7 rHsHrit 6e
bi"e7@ 6e #H6u#7 6espotuui L7JHr@ ;ort Fn upt7 "u tur"ii 7 Oosso#o?
poie $CF;pi7 Mierii-@ Fn %' iunie %2+*.
E#7#iosu 9i eroi"u popor sFr8 7"or6H o ;7re "instire 7"estor #e"4i
;onu;ente ;FnHstire9ti 6in se"oee 0II)0IV.
L7 romni, ;on74is;u 7 fost "unos"ut 9i intro6us ou ;ut Fn7?
inte 6e ;ut7re7 ;itropoituui I7"4int 6e Vi "in7 Fn %2'* Fn E7r7 Ro;< ?
ne7s"H@ 7 Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ 9i 6e #enire7 SfFntuui Ni"o6i; Fn Oteni7
Fn7inte 6e %25&.
Astfe s?7 6o#e6it "H Fntre "Hu!Hrii "7re fH"e7u u"eni"ie pe Fn!H
SfFntu Gri!orie Sin7itu $f %2(L- Fn 79eJ7re7 isi47stH 6e 7 Paroria, Fn
;unGii S7P7r@ Fn 7propeire 6e A6ri7nopo@ e:ist7u 9i "Hu!Hri 6e ne7;
ro;<n. AGii e:ist7u Fn ;FnHstirie 6in Muru TFrno#ei@ Fn Bu!7ri7.
=fntul Ficodim nu este@ "u; s?7 7fir;7t@ Fn"epHtoru #ieGii ;on7 47e
Fn E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H@ "i reorgani%atorul ei. Cu ;ut Fn7inte7 ui 7u
e:ist7t 6iferite s"4ituri 9i si4Hstrii rHspFn6ite Fn 6iferite pHrGi 7e
GHrii. Pustni"ii 9i si47strii ro;<ni 7u putut #ieGui prin pe9teri 9i o"uri
cetr7se@ prin poienie "o6rior 9i prin ;unGi. Biseri"uGee rupestre 6e 7
B7s7r78i@ 6in se"oeec I0)0@ 6es"operite Fn %*'5@ 7 "Hror e:istenGH unii
"er"etHtori o ur"H pFnH Fn se"oee IV)V@ pe9ter7 Sf. Ni"o6i; 6e 7
Pis;7n7@ pe9ter7 6e 7 BistriG7@ Mu6. VF"e7@ s"4iturie 6e 7 Cor8ii 6e
Ri7trH 6in "orn. Cor8i@ Mu6. Ar!e9@ s"4itu 6in pe9ter7 6e 7 NH;He9ti@
u6. Ar!e9@ 8iseri"7 sHp7tH Fn #Frfu unei stFn"i 6e 7 CetHGeni@ nu;itH
7 ui Ne!ru Vo6HD pe ;7u stin! 7 rFuui DF;8o#iG7@ 7 ,' P; est 6e
cF;puun!@ s"4iturie 6e 7 Pe9ter7 I7o;i"io7r7@ si4Hstriie 6in MunGii
WuJHuui@ 6in MunGii Ne7;Guui@ Fn Mo6o#7@ i7r Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7 8ise?
i"uGee rupestre 6in pHrGie SH7Muui 9.7. sFnt ;Hrturii 6e #i7GH si4Hs?
e7seH trHitH 6e ;on74ii ro;<ni.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
Astfe@ Fn 4otHrFre7 6e ;ut7re 7 ;itropoituui I7"4int 6e iM
6in %2'*@ Fn!H s"7unu EHrii Ro;<ne9ti@ 7 Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ 67f
p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" O7ist I $%2'&)%2'2 A %2'')%2L2- 9i 6e sino6tM
p7tri7r47 se pre#e6e "H 1to!i clericii din acea !ar "i to!i cei s
clugri "i laicii s$l asculte "i s se supuie lui2# A"est i;port7nt
nient "onfir;H e:istenG7 clericilor "i a clugrilor Fn E7r7 Ro;<r
Fn7inte 6e #enire7 SfFntuui Ni"o6i; Fn pHrGie Me4e6inGuui. M
nH; "H 7 fun67Giie Biseri"ii Do;ne9ti 6in Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ riK
Fn7inte 6e %2', 6e B7s7r78 I Fnte;eietoru $%2%&)%2',-@ 6upH ;"
8iseri"ii C4or7 6in Const7ntinopo@ 7Ji MuJeu O74rie DM7;i@ s?7u
"operit ur;ee unei 8iseri"i 6in se"oee 0II)0III.
Au e:ist7t nu;ero7se ;FnHstiri Fn se"oee 0I)0IV@ 6e 7sern
Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7.
Din u"r7re7 Aita ma*or =ancti >er?ardi, re67"t7tH Fn7inte 6e
7fH; "H Fn vestul +anatului, #oie#o6u orto6o: O4tu; s7u A4t\
ri6i"7t Fn Muru 7nuui %&&, Fn "et7te7 3orisena $ro;<ne9te Mure
Cen76u 6e 7Ji- o ;FnHstire 6e B"Hu!Hri !re"iD@ 6e"i orto6o"9i@ pi
"7re se 7f7u 6esi!ur 9i ro;<ni@ Fn "inste7 =fntului Ioan +ote%tori
O nouH ;FnHstire orto6o:H@ "u 4r7;u =*ntul >?eorg?e, 7 u7t
GH 6upH %&2&@ 67toritH ui C47n76inus@ nepotu re!eui ;7!4i7r
"e SfFrFt $**5)%&2+-@ "7re 7 Fn#ins Fn uptH pe O4tu; 9i i?7 u7t
Fn s7tu (ros%lanus, 7Ji M7i67n@ Fn Iu!os7#i7@ Fn 7propiere 6e !r
ro;<no?iu!os7#<@ un6e 7u fost 76u9i "Hu!Hrii 6in ;FnHstire7 Sf.
BoteJHtoru@ "e67tH "Hu!Hrior 7tini.
Ate nu;ero7se ;FnHstiri orto6o:e e:ist7u Fn se"oee 0I)0I
Tr7nsi#7ni7 9i estu 9i su6u Un!7riei.
Din =crisoarea p7pei Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 $%%*+)%,%L- 6in %L @
ie %,&(@ tri;isH epis"opuui Si;eon 7 Or76iei@ 7fH; "H re!ee Er
7i Un!7riei $%%*()%,&(- %?7 Fn9tiinG7t "H unele biserici ale mona
greci ,ortodoc"i0, afltoare n regatul Gngariei, se ruinea% de tot
lipsa de gri*, a episcopilor diece%ei "i din cau%a acelor greci n"i"i#
n7M4ii B!re"iD@ 6espre "7re se #or8e9te Fn 7"est 6o"u;ent@ er7u ;o
orto6o"9i@ Fn "e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte ro;<ni 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 9i B7n7t.
DupH 8iJ7ntinoo!u ;7!4i7r G3u7 Mor7#"siP@ "u 8unH repu
9tiinGifi"H@ Fn7inte 6e ;7re7 in#7Jie ;on!oH 6in %,(%@ nu;Hru rr
stirior 6e rit orto6o: 6in su6u Un!7riei 9i 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 se ri
7 L&&@ 6intre "7re (&& 7u putut fi o"7iJ7te. Reistu s?7u 6istrus $GA
Mor7#"siP@ +'%antium and t?e 3ag'ars, Bu67pest@ %*5&@ p. %%()%%'
Reor!7niJ7re7 #ieGii ;FnHstire9ti Fn ara Romneasc s?7 fH"ut "
rFn6uieie ;on74i"e9ti isi47ste 6e 7 Muntee At4os@ 6e "Htre =f
Ficodim, 7ro;<n 6in pHrGie Priepuui@ o"7it7te 6in su6u Ser8iei@
nit Fn pHrGie Me4e6inGiuui Fn7inte 6e %25&. Cu 7Mutoru #oie#o6T
EHrii Ro;<ne9ti V76is7#?V7i"u $%2L()%255-@ Sf. Ni"o6i; 7 ri6i"7t
tre %25&)%25, ;FnHstire7 Aodi!a, Mu6. Me4e6inGi@ pe o"u unei 8is7
;7i #e"4i@ Ji6itH pe 7 ;iMo"u se"ouui 7 0II?e7@ 7poi@ Fntre %25
%25+@ "u 7Mutoru 6o;nitoruui R76u I $%255)%2+2-@ MFnHstire7 Tis
na, Mu6. GorM@ Fn "7re 7 fost Fn;or;<nt7t $f ,L 6e"e;8rie %(&L-.
PERIOADA A PATRA
SfFntuui Ni"o6i; i se 7tri8uie 9i Fnte;eiere7 MFnHstirii Prislop )
7 %(&&@ 7 7pro:i;7ti# %' P; 6e or79u /7Ge! Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7@ Fn
t7ru s7tuui Si#79u 6e Sus.
SfFntu Ni"o6i;@ e!u;enu MFnHstirii Tis;7n7@ 7 purt7t o intere?
FtH "orespon6enGH 6o!;7ti"H "u #estitu p7tri7r4 8u!7r 6e TFi?no#o@
Efti;ie $%25')%2*2 A f %(&&-@ so"otit "7 o 7utorit7te Fn pro8e;e S
;7ti"e 9i itur!i"e@ "7re?i tri;ite dou scrisori, Fntre %25+)%2*2@ "7
N puns 7 "ee 97se Fntre8Hri 6o!;7ti"e puse 6e e. In pri;7 s"riso7re@
Efti;ie 6e TFrno#o rHspun6e 7 "ee 97se Fntre8Hri puse 6e Sf. Ni"o?
n referito7re 7 spiritu7it7te7 9i i8ert7te7 Fn!erior 6upH re#e7Gi7
ntei S"ripturi@ 7 pro8e;7 ori!inii rHuui Fn u;e@ 7 SNFnt7 Cru"e@
6espre sufet 9i Fn#iere. Fn s"riso7re7 7 6ou7@ Sf. Efti;ie tr7te7JH 6e?
We "urHGi7 ;or7H 7 "eor "e #or sH pri;e7s"H SfFnt7 T7inH 7 PreoGiei.
7tH s"riso7re 6e rHspuns 7 tri;is Sf. Efti;ie Fntre %2+% 9i %2*2 ;i?
poituui Anti; Oritopo 7 Un!ro#74iei $7 Se#erin %25&)%2+% A
Ar!e9 %2+%)%(&%- "7re?i "eruse Bo "onsut7Gie "7noni"HD Fn e!HturH
repet7re7 "ununiei@ "erutH 6e unii "etHGeni 8u!7ri tre"uGi Fn E7r7
;<ne7s"H.
Tot Fn 7"e7stH perio76H@ #oie#o6u R76u I 7 ri6i"7t o ;FnHstire Fn
:meana, Mu6. Ar!e9@ refH"utH 7poi 6e fiu sHu Mir"e7 "e M7re $%2+L)
+-. Vite7Ju 6o;n Mir"e7 "e M7re 7 ri6i"7t Fntre 7nii %2+?5)%2++
;o797 MFnHstire &o%ia, "7re 7 6e#enit ne"ropo7 s7 9i 7 f7;iei s7e.
p7n "utur7@ ;enGionH; f7ptu "H@ Fn "ursu 7nuui %(&& .ios@ fos?
o!ofHt 7 ui Mir"e7 "e M7re@ "Hu!Hrit 7 MFnHstire7 CoJi7 su8 nue
6e P4iot4ei@ "7re pro878i@ 7 "o;pus@ Fntre 7nii %(&&)%(%+@ o u?re
i;no!r7fi"H ori!in7H@ nu;itH Pripeale, 76i"H ;i"i tropare "7re se tH
pre"e67te 6e sti4uri 7ese 6in Ps7; 6e "Htre Ni"4ifor Ve;i6e 25
)%,5,-@ Fn ti;pu suM8ei Utreniei@ 7 poieeu sHr8Htorior F;pH?F9ti
7e M7i"ii Do;nuui 9i 7e SfinGior "u#io9i 9i ;u"eni"i ;7i Fn? ;7Gi
6e peste 7nu 8iseri"es". Ee 7u fost intro6use 6e to7te Biseri"i? -rto6o:e
6e i;8H s7#H.
Din pri;ee 6e"enii 7e #e7"uui 7 0V?e7@ pro878i 6in ti;pu
;iei ui Mir"e7 "e M7re@ 67te7JH MFnHstire7 8ealu Fn!H TFr!o#i9?
refH"utH 6e #oie#o6u R76u "e M7re $%(*')%'&+-@ Fn %(*L.
Fntre 7nii %'%()%'%5@ 6o;nitoru Ne7!oe B7s7r78 $%'%,)%',%- 7
"7t renu;it7 biseric a 3nstirii &urtea de Arge", "e7 ;7i fru?
isH 8iseri"H 6e pe tot "uprinsu pH;Fntuui ro;<nes"@ "7po6operH
=H 7 7r4ite"turii 9i 7rtei uni#ers7e.
Fn 3oldova, s?7u FnfiinG7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@ nu;ero7se ;FnHstiri@ 6in?
"7re 7;inti;N "7 ;7i i;port7nte = MFnHstire7 Feam!, ri6i"7tH 6upH
H pro878iit7te7 6e u"eni"ii SfFntuui Ni"o6i;@ Fn ti;pu 6o;niei
Petru Mu97t $%25')%2*%-@ re"titoritH Fn %(*5 6e 6o;nitoru tef7n
M7re $%('5)%'&(- A MFnHstire7 +istri!a, "titori7 ui Ae:7n6ru "e
i $%(&&)%(2,-@ ri6i"7tH Fn %(&5@ "7re 7 6e#enit !ropniG7 s7 9i 7 so?
s7e An7 $f? %(%+- 9i MFnHstire7 3oldovi!a, Fn Bu"o#in7 "titoritH tot
A% 9i pi"t7tH Fn %'2, su8 #oie#o6u Petru R7re9 $%',5)%'2+ A %'(%)
'- fiu ui tef7n "e M7re@ "7re i;presione7JH pFnH 7Ji prin fru;o7?
s7e fres"e e:terio7re.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V '2
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L7 o" 6e frunte se situe7JH ;FnHstirie ui tef7n "e M7re@ Putna,
ri6i"7tH 7 %(L* 9i Aorone!ul, ri6i"7tH Fn %(++@ 7;8ee Fn Bu"o#in7.
L7 Putna este Fn!rop7t tef7n "e M7re 9i ;e;8rii f7;iiei s7e.
In "ur!ere7 #e7"urior@ ;FnHstire7 Putn7 7 6e#enit un i;port7nt "entru
"utur7 9i 7rtisti" renu;it Fn Mo6o#7 9i Fn tot RHsHritu orto6o:.
MHnHstire7 Aorone! i;presione7JH pFnH 7Ji prin fres"ee s7e e:te?
rio7re@ 7rtisti" e:e"ut7te Fn "ursu 7nuui %'(5 su8 #oie#o6u Petru R7?
re9@ "7re 7u 6e#enit #7ori 7rtisti"e uni"e@ 76;ir7te Fn Fntre7!7 u;e.
In Transilvania e:ist7 Fn se"ou 7 0V?e7 MFnHstire7 Rme!, fHrH
Fn6oi7H ;7i #e"4e@ pro878i 6in se"ou 7 0II?e7@ 6e un6e unii "Hu?
!Hri 9i epis"opi porne7u 7 ;FnHstire7 =fntul Ar?ang?el 3i?ail din Peri,
Fn M7r7;ure9. O ins"ripGie 6es"operitH Fn %*5' pe 7 6oie7 str7t 6e pi" ?
turH 7 8iseri"ii ;enGione7JH 7 %255 pe 7r4iepis"opu >?elasie, pri;u
ier7r4 orto6o: "unos"ut 6upH nu;e Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7.
In 3aramure", e:ist7 Fn se"ou 7 0V?e7 ;FnHstire7 =fntul Ar$
?ang?el 3i?ail din Peri, "u si!ur7nGH ;7i #e"4e@ Ji6itH 6e S7s Vo6H@
fiu ui Dr7!o9 Vo6H@ "e "e 7 tre"ut Fn %2'* Fn Mo6o#7.NTiii ui S7s@
#oie#oJii B7iGH $B7e- 9i Dr7! 7u Fn"4in7t Fn %2*% ;FnHstire7 6in Peri
P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo@ Fn ti;pu p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" Antonie
7 IV?e7 $%2+*)%2*& A %2*%)%2*5-@ "7re 7 6e"7r7t?o Fn 7u!ust 7"e79i
7n stavropig?ie patriar?al, 76i"H 7 fH"ut?o 6epen6entH 6ire"t 6e P7tri ?
7r4i7 E"u;eni"H.
In Rusia, #i7G7 ;on747H 7 fost puterni" infuenG7tH 6e Muntee
At4os@ "e ;7i Fnse;n7t "entru ;on747@ Fn"epFn6 6in se"ou 7 0?e7.
L7 Oie#@ 7 fost FnfiinG7tH Fn se"ou 7 0?e7@ Fntre %&'%)%+L,@
L7#r7 Pe"ersP7 $Q 7 Pe9terior- 6e Antonie $f %&52-@ pHrintee ;on7 ?
4is;uui ruses". De 7i"i ie9irH o serie 6e ier7r4i Fnse;n7Gi@ 6e teoo!i
9i 7s"eGi ru9i@ unii #ener7Gi "7 sfinGi@ "7 ;itropoitu I7rion 7 Oie#uui
$%&'%)%&'(-@ Teo6osie $f %&52-@ Antonie 9.7. Mitropoitu I7rion 7 Oie?
#uui 7 Hs7t o i;port7ntH s"riere teoo!i"H@ intitu7tH &uvnt despre Hege "i
?ar#
MenGionH;@ 6e 7se;ene7@ Havra =fintei Treimi, nu;itH 9i Havra
=fntului =erg?ie, Fn!H Mos"o#7@ ri6i"7tH Fn %2'( Fn "inste7 SfFntuui
Ser!4ie 6e R76oneM $f %2*&-@ erou n7Gion7 7 ru9ior Fn uptee "ontr7
tHt7rior 7supritori.
Ate renu;ite ;FnHstiri 7u fost Fnte;ei7te Fn nor6u Fn!4eG7t 7
Rusiei "7 = BeoJ#ero@ Soo#eGP 9i V777;o 9.7.
,. Isi?asmul# Ce7 ;7i i;port7ntH 6isputH teoo!i"H Fn RHsHrit@ Fn
se"ou 7 0V?e7@ 7 fost 6isput7 isi?ast, nu;itH 9i palamit, 6upH nu?
;ee Sf. Gri!orie P77;7 $f %2 noie;8rie %2'*- s7u Aarlaamit, 6upH
nu;ee 76#ers7ruui isi47s;uui@ V7r77; 6e C778ri7 $f %2'&-.
E7 7 pornit su8 infupnG7 ui Pspii6o?Dionisip Areop7ffit ii $se". V-
9i 7 SfFntuui Si;eon Nou Teoo! $M? %&,,- printre ;on74ii 6in Mun?
tee At4os@ un6e unii 6intre ei se 76Fn"eHiTFn "onte;p7Gie Fntr?o ini9te
6esH#Fr9itH = #M7u]t7 Q ini9te@ ter;en 6e 7 "7re ,1?es'c?ia20 7"e7stH
;i9"7re 9i 6isputH teoo!i"H 7 pri;it nu;ee 6e isi?asm ,?es'c?asme0#
Meto67 s7u pr7"ti"7 isi47stH se re7iJ7 7stfe = ;on74ii 6oritori 6e
;e6it7Gie s7u "onte;p7Gie se retrH!e7u Fntr?un un!4er 7 "4iiei@ F9i
7pe"7u 8Hr8i7 Fn piept@ "u pri#ire7 7GintitH spre "entru 786o;enuui@ 6e
PE'IOADA A PATRA
=ei spre 8uri" oM-."p70LB@9i prin "on"entr7re7 !Fn6uui "Htre Du;neJeu
?i6i"7u ;inte7 ;7i presus 6e si;Guri 9i?9i sustrH!e7u pri#ire7 6e 7
e "ee e:terio7re@ rostin6 "ontinuu ru!H"iune7 s"urtH = BDo7;ne Iisuse
ito7se@ ;iuie9te?;HD.
Prin 7s"eJH se#erH@ "on"entr7re7 ;inGii 9i e:er"iGiu "ontinuu@ is479tii
F!e7u sH #76H o u;inH 7se;HnHto7re "u lumina necreat pe "7re 7u
Mt?o SFinGii Apostoi Petru@ I7"o8 9i Io7n 7 s"4i;87re7 7 f7GH 7 Min?
oruui peN;untee T78oruui $M7tei %5@ %)+ A M7r"u *@ ,)* A Lu"7 *@
?2L- 9i re7iJ7u 7stfe o ;7i ;7re 7propiere 6e Du;neJeu. A"e7stH
inH strHu"ito7re nu este fiJi"H s7u ;7teri7H@ "i 6u;neJei7s"H.
Do"trin7^imiYi7stH?7^fost susGinutH "u putere 6e Sf. Gri!orie P77;7
h@ MFntre
<
MY
si


%2,fi 7 trHit Fn Muntee. At4osR 6e un6e s?7 retr7s
iN Fntr?un o" sin!ur7ti" Fn!H or79u B!ree7R. Fn?M7re6oni7@ !re7"H. E
;t7t 7""entu 6isputei 9i pr7"ti"ii isi47ste 6e 7 7spe"tu ei ;eto?
i!i" 7 "e 6o!;7ti".
Sf. Gri!ore P77;7 Fn#7GH "H nu este i;posi8i 6e 7 #e6e7 u;in7
nneJeirii@ ne"re7tH@ i;7teri7H 9i in"orupti8 iHR i6enti"H "u?u;in7
oruui@ e7 fiin6 nu;7i o #lucrare, o pnf_rg`P ) e#spEsi7 9i^ oMpute:e
io#7MMF 7^\uiRDu;neJeu@ "7re ir76i7JH 6in fi int7M7.ne#HJutH fHrH@^9H.
Rnti"H^"uIi7rEste@ 6e"i@ 6Meo9RireMnMReMFinf7 Q ou7tH ui Du;neJeu
in#iJi8iH 9i in7""esi8iH o7;enior@ "H"i 1pe 8umne%eu nimeni nu
v%ut vreodat2 $Io7n %@ %+ A I Io7n (@ %,- 9i puterile $Q So#<MietF- s7u
@giile $Q e#spEet7i- Dnlp*nerrpaf#p, mrp CS,!SiRMM!^!R prin "7re Du;?
aU Ce ne#HJut se 6es"operH o7; eMiior
T
...7siRRr7rHror7 re#7rsH O7ruT s7i
Fre7 S7@ spre 7 6o8Fn6i ;<ntuire7@ sfinGeni79TTrFSttTnTFeJere7 pFn7
;Hsur7 #Frstei 6epinHtHGii ui /ristosD@ "u; spune Sf. Aposto P7#e
s. (@ %2-.
A"este energii s7u lucrri dumne%eie"ti sFnt "o;une "eor trei perie
7e Sfintei Trei;i 9i@ prin u"r7re7 or@ Du;neJeu se ;7nifestH
urne. Ee nu sFnt "re7te@ ni"i sep7r7te 6e fiinG7 6u;neJei7s"H@ "i sFnt
7p7r7te 6e e7@ 6epin6 6e e7 9i se nu;es" uneori@ 6e 7se;ene7@
Du;?Au s7u Du;neJeire.
.iinG7 "e7 ne#HJutH 7 ui Du;neJeu@ Fn 76Fn"urie ei inson678ie@
Fne Fn #e"i in7""esi8iH r7Giunii u;7ne@ i7r ener!iie s7u u"rHrie
;eJeirii s7e@ "7re se re#7rsH 6in fiinG7 S7 "e7 ;7i presus 6e fire@
mergii necreate, sFnt 7""esi8ie 9i ;inGii o;ene9ti 9i prin ee o;u
e sH i7 "uno9tinGH 6e Du;neJeu 9i sH 7Mun!H 7 sfinGire 9i Fn6u;?
Rire. Astfe@ u;in7 "e7 ne"re7tH s7u i;7teri7H pe "7re 7u #HJut?o
st o ii Pet ru@ I7"o8 9i Io7n pe ;unt e e T78oru ui nu?i Du;neJeu
a fiinGH@ "i Du;neJeu 6upH u"r7re.
A"e7stH 6o"trinH nu este "e#7 nou Fn teoo!i7 RHsHrituui@ "H"i e7
ire iJ#oru Fn re#e7Gi7 Nouui Test7;ent 9i 7 SfinGior PHrinGi !re"i@
ener!iie "ee ne"re7te 7e ui Du;neJeu@ o7;enii 7Mun!@ "u; spune tu
Aposto Petru@ 1prta"i firii celei dumne%eie"ti2 Osi7S :oi#"o#oi oF $II
Petru %@ (-@ i7r Sf. Aposto P7#e spune B"H pe "ei "unos"uGi n7i
Fn7inte... Du;neJeu i?7 4otHrFt sH fie 7se;ene7 "4ipuui .iuui h
7o$i[M.LptpooF TTMS et:o#TMS tou To?S 7u:ou $Ro;. +@ ,*-@ 1Fiul lui 8umne%eu$
*cut om, spune Sf. At7n7sie 7 Ae:7n6riei $f 252- pentru ca noi
s fim ndumne%ei!i2 ,&uvnt despre ntruparea Hogosului, Mi!ne@ P. G.@
00V@ %*, B-.
Contr7 6o"trinei isi47ste s?7 ri6i"7t "Hu!Hru V7r77; 6in C778ri7.
De9i Fn tr7t7ti#ee 6e unire 6intre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 ro;7no?
"7toi"H 6in %22*@ 6use 7 A#i!non Fn .r7nG7@ Fn ti;pu p7pei Bene6i"t
7 0?e7 $%22()%2(,-@ V7r77; 7 7pHr7t "u ener!ie 6o"trin7 orto6o:7@
Fntor"Fn6u?se 7 Const7ntinopo@ Fn %2(&@ e 7 "on67;n7t ;eto67 9i 6o"?
trin7 isi47st<. A"u; e Fn"epe sH #or8e7s"H 9i sH s"rie "ontr7 ;on74ior
isi479ti 6in Muntee At4os@ "4i7r Fn ;o6 !roso7n@ nu;in6u?i Fn 6e?
rF6ere privitori n buric, 8uri"7ni@ s7u "u sufetu Fn 8uri" ) oR70oRo]oi
9i 7"uJFn6u?i 6e ;isti"is; f7s.
Din pun"t 6e #e6ere teoo!i"@ e susGine7 "H u;in7 pe "7re 7u
#HJut?o Apostoii pe ;untee T78oruui este creat, "H"i 67"H 7r fi ne?
"re7tH 7r fi i6enti"H "u Du;neJeu. D7"H 7r fi i6enti"H "u Di#init7te7@
7r fi 9i e7 in#iJi8iH "7 Du;neJeu.
E i?7 7"uJ7t pe isi479ti 6e diteism, pentru f7ptu "H 76;it Fn Du;?
neJeire e:istenG7 7 6oi Du;neJei = esen!a, substan!a s7u fiin!a di$
vin Q ooot7@ tr7ns"en6ent7H 9i in#iJi8iH@ 9i energia Q s#epEet7 s7u
puterea Q Su#o"fu" divin, 6eose8itH 6e "e7 6intFi@ "7re 7r "uprin6e 9i
u;in7 t78ori"H@ 7"e7st7 fiin6 creat# L7 7"e7st7 7 rHspuns Sf. Gri!orie
P77;7@ su8iniin6 "H u;in7 6e pe ;untee T78oruui nu?i 8umne%eu
dup esen! sau fiin!, ci 8umne%eu dup lucrare, este "e#7 strFns e!7t
6e Du;neJeu@ este o "ur!ere 7 47ruui 6u;neJeies" "7re ir76i7JH 6in
fiinG7 ui Du;neJeu 9i se re#7rsH peste "ei "re6in"io9i. /7ru e:istH
6in eternit7te@ "7 9i ipost7surie s7u perso7nee trei;i"e@ 67r nu este
"re7t@ "i ir76i7JH Fn "4ip person7 6in Du;neJeu. D7toritH 47ruui@ o;u
7Mun!e 7 "u rHGie@ sfinGenie 9i Fn6u;neJeire.
Sino6uEM finut 7RCopRt7nt.inopo Fn %2(%f s?7 pronunG7t pentru isi?
479ti. V7ri77;@ fiin6 "on67;n7t@ pe"H Fn It7i7@ tre"u 7 Biseri"7 7tinH
9i 7Munse@ Fn %2(,@ epis"op 6e Ger7"e@ Fn su6u It7iei@ un6e "ontinuH sH
7t7"e #ioent nu nu;7i isi47s;u@ "7 ;eto6H 9i 6o"trinH@ "i 9i Orto6o:i7
pe "7re o 7pHr7se Fn %22* 7 A#i!non@ Fn .r7nG7@ Fn tr7t7ti#ee 6e unire
6intre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i.
DupH %2(%@ upt7 F;potri#7 isi47s;uui 7u "ontinu7t?o Gri!orie
A"4in6in 9i Ni"4ifor Gri!or7s $f %2L&-@ un 6is"ipo 7 ui V7r77;.
Isi47s;u 7#e7 Fn BiJ7nG 9i763ers7ri poiti"i 6e te;ut Fn perso7n7
F;pHrHteseiRTT7N6eRS<#oF i $f $a2MM8
#H6u#H
re!entH Fn ti;pu ;inor7
tuui F;pHr7Gu4Mi\77n 7 V?e7 P HTeoo!u $%2(%)%2 *%- 9i 7 p7tri7r4uui
e"u;eni"i9o7n 7 0V?e7 O7eP7s $%22()%2(5-@ M ]"7re susGine7u pe
#7r77;iGi UUU c
Fn Sino6u Fntrunit Fn %2(' 7U Const7ntinopo@ su8 pre9e6inGi7 p7?
tri7r4uui Io7n 7 0V?e7 O7eP7s@ Sf. Gri!orie P77;7@ susGinHtoru
isi47s;uui@ 7 fost "on67;n7t 9i 7n7te;7tiJ7t.
D7r Fn 6ouH sino76e Ginute 7 Const7ntinopo@ unu Fn %2(5 9i 7tu
Fn %2'%@ s?7 7pro87t 6o"trin7 isi47stH@ "H"i 6in %2(5@ 7Munse pe tronu
BiJ7nGuui o7n 7 VG?eC C7nt.7"uJino $%2(5)%2''-% "7 7so"i7t 7 F;pH?
r7tuui \o7n 7 V?e7 P7eoo!u@ susGinHtoru isi479tior . ' ) Istori7
Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
PERIOADA A PATRA
DupH %2''@ e 6e#eni ;on74@ ;7i FntFi Fn ;FnHstire7 M7n!7neor
Const7ntinopo@ 7poi Fntr?un7 6in ;FnHstirie Munteui At4os@ su8
ee 6e Io7s7f.
In %2(5@ p7tri7r4u Io7n 7 0V?e7 O7eP7s 7 fost FnHtur7t@ i7r
6u 6in 7"est 7n@ "7re 7 7pro87t isi47s;u@ su8 pre9e6inGi7 nouui
i7r4 Isi6or 6e Mone;87si7 $%2(5)%2'&-@ u"eni"u SfFntuiui Gri!orie
;7 7 ri6i"7t 7n7te;7 7run"7tH 7supr7 SfFntuiui Gri!orie P77;7
inoN6u 6in %2(%. Toto67tH@ sino67ii 7u ri6i"7t Fn %2(5 pe Sf. Gri!orie
;7 7 r7n!u 6e ;itropoit 7 Tes7oni"uui@ un6e 7 pHstorit pFnH
Fo7rte7 s7@ 7 %2 noie;8rie %2'*. Teori7 ui V7r77; 6e C778ri7 9i
orie A"4in6in 7 fost Fnfier7tH "7 eres #7r77;it 9i 7"4in6inist@ strHinH?
GHturii orto6o:e@ 9i "on67;n7tH.
In Sino6u Ginut 7 ,5 ;7i %2'%@ Fn 8iseri"7 V74erne 6in Const7n?
DOI@ Fn ti;pu p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" O7ist I $%2'&)%2'2 A %2'')
-@ e Fnsu9i isi47st@ isi47s;u 7 fost pro"7;7t 6o"trin7 ofi"i7H 7
r"ii Orto6o:e 9i e 7 pHtruns Fn RHsHritu orto6o: pFnH 7 ;FnHsti?
Fn6epHrt7te 6in nor6u Fn!4eG7t 7 Rusiei.
Mi eJu 6o"tri nei isi47ste "7re s?7 i ;pus Fn Ort o6o:i e "onst H Fn
7 "H fiin!a lui 8umne%eu, in7""esi8iH o;uui@ 9i energiile =ale
ie nu snt separate, de"i se deosebesc "i formea% o unitate, dar
la om a*ung energiile sau puterile divine, nu fiin!a 8umne%eirii,
8umne%eu n fiin!a =a rmne inaccesibil oamenilor#
PoJiGi7 ui V7r77; 6e C778ri7 este "7r7"teristi"H Apusuui r7?
Fist "7re ;enGine 6ist7nG7 6intre 6i#in 9i u;7n@ Fn ti;p "e Fn#H?
W7 SfFntuiui Gri!orie P77;7 e "7r7"teristi"H rei!ioJitHGii rHsHritene@
trHie9te pe 6epin senti;entu "o;uniunii "eor 6ouH u;i. In
Apus@ teoo!ii 7tini@ Fn frunte "u T4o;7s 6e ACuino $f %,5(-@ GH
"H Fntre fiinG7 ui Du;neJeu 9i ener!iie S7e 6i#ine@ "7re@ 6upH
teoo!ii 7tini@ sFnt create, nu e:istH 6eose8ire re7H@ "ee7 "e f7"e
isi8iH Fn6u;neJeire7 o;uui@ 6eo7re"e Du;neJeu rH;Fne f7GH
6e Ani Fntr?o spen6i6H iJo7re. Apoi@ nu se FnGee!e "u; po7te
e:ist7
"re7t Fn Du;neJeire@ "7re?i 7re e:istenG7 Fn Sine FnsH9i. OpoJiGi7
7pusenior f7GH 6e isi47s; 7 ;ers pFnH 7 7"uJ7re7 SfFn?
Gri!orie P77;7 6e ereJie@ "u to7te "H teoo!u Io7n Duns S"ot
2&+-@ su8 r7port u "onGinutu ui@ 7re o 6o"tri nH ;7i 7propi7tH 6e
i 7 RHsHrituui 9i se 8u"urH 7 ei 6e o 7pre"iere 7propi7tH 6e 7"ee7
T4o;7s 6e ACuino.
SusGinHtorii isi47s;uui 7u fost = Sf. Gri!orie P77;7@ 7r4iepis"opu
Ioni"uui@ "7noniJ7t siFnt Fn %2L+@ Fn sino6u preJi67t 6e p7tri7r4u
ei OoPPinos $%2'2)%2'( A %2L()%25L- 9i 6e u"eni"u sHu@ fiin6 sHr ?
ut Fn fie"7re 7n Fn Du;ini"7 7 6ou7 6in Postu P79teui@ Gri!orie
tu $f %2(L-@ Ni C787si7 $f %2L2-@ 7r4iepis"opu Tes7oni"uui 6in
"7re nu 9i?7 putut o"up7 s"7unu 6in "7uJ7 tu8urHrior interne
"7re tre"e7 Tes7oni"u@ nepotu sHu@ renu;itu teoo! Ni"o7e C7?
7 $f 6upH %25%-@ 7r4iepis"opu Si;eon 7 Tes7oni"uui $f %(,*-@
Zpoitu M7r"u Eu!eni"u 7 E0/3u#ui (0 ,2 ian. 1) >.a.
BISEOIUA
In se"ou 7 0VIII?e7@ isi47s;u 7 "unos"ut o nouH Fnforire Fn
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H@ 67toritH SfFntuui Ni"o6i; A!4ioritu $%5(+)%+&*-.
Cei ;7i ;7ri 76#ers7ri 7i isi47s;uui 7u fost = V7r77; 6e C77?
8ri7@ Gri!orie A"4in6in@ Gri!orie 9i Ni"4ifor Gri!or7s $%,*&)%2L&-@ ;o?
n74u 7tonit Di;itrie O36ones $%2,( ) f 6upH %2*5-@ "7nonistu Con?
st7ntin Ar;enopouos ,f pe 7 %2+&- 9.7.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
) 3ona?ismul# Hucrri generale
E. Ti;i76is@ He monac?isme ort?odo)e, P7ris@ %*+%.
L. Bou3er@ L7 spiritualite ort?odo)e et la spiritualite protestante et anglicane,
P7ris@ %*L'@ Fn en!eJe9te@ Lon6on@ %*L*A P7u E#6oPi;o#@ Hes ges de la vie spi$
rituelle, P7ris@ Lit4ieeu:@ %*L% A P. Coussin@ Precis dE?istoire monastiOue, P7ris@ %*'L.
Ar4i;. Efre; EnH"es"u@ Privire general asupra mona?ismului cre"tin, dup
diteri!i autori, p7rte7 I 9i 7 Ii?7@ RF;ni"u?VF"e7@ %*22@ %*2(.
3untele At?os
I J # o 7 r e @ D. NHst7se@ Hes documents roumains des arc?ives du "ou#ent 6e
=imonpetra, Fn S3;;eiPt7@ '@ %*+2@ p. 252)2+*.
. ori n M7ri nes"u@ Hes act es roumai ns de =i monpet ra ) Mont At ?os# C7?
t 7 o!ue so;;7i r e@ At 4enes@ %*+5A P7u Le;en e@ Act es de Havra, P7ri s@ %*5&A
P. Le;ere@ A. Gui o#@ N. S#oronos et Deni se Pop7?C4ri s7nt4ou@ A"t es 6e Havra,
t. II@ De ,,&( < %2,+@ P7ris@ %*55.
P. Le;ere@ A"tes 6e Qoutlumus, P7ris@ %*('A \. Bo;p7ire@ Actes de Peropo$
tamou, P7ris@ %*L(A N. OiPono;i6is@ A"tes 6e 8ion'siou, P7ris@ %*L+A Sp. 7;8ros@
&atalogue oi t?e >reeL 3anuscripts oi Mounf At?os, t. I)II@ Lon6on@ %+*'@ %*&&A
Gri!ore N7n6ri9@ Do"u;ente slavo$romane din mnstirile 3untelui At?os, %2',)%L'+@
pu8i"7te 6upH foto!r7fiie 9i notee ui G78rie Miet@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*2L A An6re Gui ou@
Hes arc?ives de =ai nt Kean Prodrome sur l e 3ont Mene"ee@ P7ri s@ %*''A Ha Aie de
=aint At?anase lEAt?onite $C4e#eto!ne@ %*L2-.
L u " r H r i s p e " i 7 e = R. \7nin@ Les Eglises et les monasteres des grands "en?tres
b'%antins ,+it?'nie, 4elespont, Hatros, >alesios, Trebi%onde, At?enes, T?essalo$ niOue0#
P7ris@ 0VI@ (*, p.A E#6oPi;os 6e 0eropot7;u@ 3nstirea Peropotamu din 3untele
At?os, Fn i;87 !re7"H@ e6. ,?7@ S7oni"@ %*5%.
\. P. M7;77Pis@ TL RA$,iov NOpoF $
#
AL"os-Si7 ni7oo .:u_ 7i"o#toM@ Tes7o7i"@ %*5% A
P. /u8er@ At4os@ bttri"4@ %*L*A Lu"r7re "oe"ti#H = Le 3illenaire du 3ont At?os, *L2)
%*L2@ Etu6es et Me7n!es@ , #oi. VenJi7)C4e#eto!ne@ %*L(.
N. M. P7n7!iot7Pis@ At?os, Fn &prM"r:.euTi?:.TM aaZ N/Lf:.TM@ t. I@ Aten7@ %*L,@ p. +(*)
++*A E. A;7n6 6e Men6iet7@ Ha presOuEle des &alo'ers= Le Mont At4os@ Bru!e@ %*''A C4.
Die4@ Ha societe b'%antine lE epoOue des &omnenes# Pentru a*utoarele !rilor
romne la 3untele At?os < P. t. NHsture@ Le Mont Af4os ei les Roumains, Insti tuto
Pont ifi"io Ori ent7e@ Ro;7@ %*+&A I6e;@ Aper"u crit iOue des rapport s de l a
Aal ac?i e et le 3ont At ?os des ori gi nes au debut du 0Vf?e si e"\e@ F r6 BRe#ue 6es
Etu6es Su6?Est EuropeennesD@ II $%*L(-@ no. %),@ p. *2)%,LA I6e;@ Hegturile
!rilor romne cu 3untele At?os pMn6 la mi*locul veacului al PA$lea, Fn BMitropoi7
OtenieiD@ 0 $%*'+-@ no. %%)%,@ p. 52')5'+A Pr. G4. I. Moises"u@ &ontribu!ia romneasc
pentru sus!inerea 3untelui At?os n decursul veacurilor, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ V $%*'2-@ nr. ,@
p. ,2+),5+ A D7;i7n P. Bo!67n@ 8espre daniile romne"ti la At?os, Fn BAr4i#7
Ro;<ne7s"HD@ VI $%*(%-@ p. ,L2)2&*A e:tr7s@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*(% A Teo6or Bo6o!7e@ A*utoarele
romne"ti la minstirile din =lntul Munte At4os@ Si8iu@ %*(&@ 2%()2'( p.@ "u !o87tH
8i8io!r7fie A E;i Tur6e7nu@ Hegturile romne"ti cu mnstirile 4ilandar "i =tntul
Pavel de la 3untele At?os, Fn BCer"etHri Liter.7reD@ IV Bu"ure9ti@ %*(&@ p. L&)%%2
9i e:tr7sA G4. Cior7n@ Hegturile !rilor ro;<ne ci At?osul "i ndeosebi "u
mnstirile &utlumu", Havra, 8o?iariu "i =im!ul Pantelimor sau Rusicon, Fn !re"e9te@
Aten7@ %*2+.
M7r"u BeJ7@ Grme romne"ti n Rsri tul (rt odo), e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*25
,%% p.A N. Ior!7@ Munte]e Af4os n legtur "u !rile noastre, Fn BAn7ee A"7
PERIOADA A PATRA
hi Ro;<neD@ Me;. Se"G. Ist. II@ t. 000VI $%*%2)%*%(-@ nr. %(@ p. ((5)'%5 9i
' Bu"ure9ti@ %*%(A I6e;@ +i%an! dup +i%an!, tr76. 6e Lii7n7 Pippi6i@ e6. %?7@
e9ti@ %*2'A e6. ,?7 Bu"ure9ti@ %*5%A M7rin Popes"u?Spineni@ procesul mnsti$
nc?Einate# &ontribu!ii la istoria social "i romneasc, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2LA Co;7n
eseu@ Istoricul mnstirilor nc?inate "i seculari%area averilor, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2,.
i?ismul la bulgari "i srbi<
I T7rn7ni6is NI7:opF7 GiMS SepFtTtfMS NE::R7i7" Tes7oni"@ %*+,@ p. L%)L+,. Re"en?
6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CI $%*+2-@ nr. ')L@
*^^^(',.
L M7#ro;7tis@ Ha fondation de lEempire serbe# He ral* 3ilutin, T4ess7oniCue@
Di. S"iMep"e#i"i@ Istori*a srspLe pravoslavne crLve f) Istoria +isericii (rto$
=rbe0, t. I^^^II@ Mon7"o@ %*L,@ %*LL. Tr76usH Fn i;87 !re7"H 6e I. T7rn7ni6is@
i7 TT\n N,epLi3.?FMsNNOp+o'L>o# N,::0i-7F7B@ Tes7oni"@ %*L*.
D. O7si"i@ =rpsLa ciLva pod Turcica ,@X +iserica srb n epoca turc0, Beo?
%*L*A R. Veseino#i"i@ Istori*a srpsLe pravoslavne crLve sa narodnom isto$
$QD Istoria +isericii (rtodo)e =rbe mpreun cu istoria na!ional0, Beo!r76=
L76is7s /76ro#i"s@ He peuple serbe et son Eglise sous la domination turcOue,
%*(5A \. Musset@ Ha =erbie et son Eglise, P7ris@ %*2+A D. Bo!67no#i"i@
DMuri"i@ D. Me67no#i"i@ 4ilandar, Beo!r76@ %*5+.
Sreten PetPo#i"@ He Patriarcat de Pec, Beo!r76@ %*+,A St. Di;itriMe#i"i@ Istoria
h patri*ar"i*e $WQ Istoria patriar?iei de Peci0, Beo!r76@ %*,(. Pentru =intul
=ava
Iustin Popo#i"i@ ptoC :7 Tto0i:eF7 t"o# 'iav Tt7:sp7M# T\RCOV \;;a :7Ni Sune"o# $) Aia!a liul
=iin!ilor Prin!ilor no"tri =ava "i =imeon0, Aten7@ %*5'A D. O7si"i@ S#eFi $SiFntu
S7#7-@ Beo!r76@ %*L*.
.HrH 7utor= =veti =ava $%,5')%*5'-@ Beo!r76@ %*55.
3ona?ismul la romni#
L u " r H r i ! e n e r 7 e = Pr. Prof. Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@ Istoria +isericii (rtodo)e
Im, t. I@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+&@ p. ,+()2%5A (&+)(%,A L&&)L&2A Pr. G4. Moises"u@
t. Lup97 9i Ae:. .iip79"u@ Istoria +isericii Romne, t. I $)%L2,-@ Bu"ure9ti@
p. ,&&),%' A ,L+),+5 A Teo6or M. Popes"u@ Pr. T. Bo6o!7e@ prof. G4. StHnes"u@ 7
bisericeasc universal, t. II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L.
Euse#iu Popo#i"i@ Istoria bisericeasc universal, Tr76. 6e At7n7sie Mirones"u@
e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,5@ p. +')+* 9i %52)%5'A N. Ior!7@ Istoria +isericii rom$
"i a vie!ii religioase a romnilor, t. I)II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,*@ %*2,. S t u 6 i i
s p e " i 7 e = Ar4i;. Veni7;in Mi"e@ 8espre mona?ismul ortodo) n anterior
secolului al PlA$lea, Fn BG7su Biseri"iiD@ 000VII $Bu"ure9ti@ %*5+-@ )(@ p. 2&&)
2%5A Tit Si;e6re7@ Aia!a mnstireasc n ara Romneasc nainte ml -WC9, Fn
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000 $%*L,-@ nr. 5)+@ p. L52)L+5A
C. Giures"u@ ntemeierea mitropoliei Gngrovla?iei, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro?D@
L00VII $%*'*-@ nr. 5)*@ p. L52)L*5A N. Do8res"u@ ntemeierea mitropoliilor
celor din!ii mnstiri din !ar, Bu"ure9ti@ %*&L A =fin!i romni "i aprtori ai
He$Ermo"e"ti# Lu"r7re "oe"ti#H su8 "on6u"ere7 I. P. S. Mitropoit Nestor
Vorni?
7 Oteniei@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5. Pentru
=intul Ficodim de la Tismana#
Pr. prof. Ni". er8Hnes"u 9i Prof. N. Stoi"es"u@ 3ircea cel 3are ,-W7;6-B-70#
Ne ani de la urcarea lui pe tronul rii Romne"ti, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5@ p. %(()%5( A
S. Mitropoit Nestor@ &uviosul Ficodim de la Tismana ctitor de siinte loca"uri,
Mitropoi7 OtenieiD@ 00VIII $%*5L-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. *,2)*2%. VeJi 7"i 9i 7te
6e 6iferiGi 7utori= Mon74i7 P7tri"i7 Co67u@ &uviosul Ficodim cel =lin!it de
smana, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CIII $%*5'-@ nr. %),@ p. %*(),&5 A
r BrHtues"u@ =intul Ficodim, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ 00II $%*5&-@ nr. ')L@
5? ?'*+A E. LHJHres"u@ Ficodim de la Tismana "i rolul su n cultura vec?e
neasc, I $pFnH 7 %2+'-@ Fn BRo;7nos7#i"7D@ Istorie@ 0I $Bu"ure9ti@ %*L'-@ @C6,+(A
Pentru coresponden!a dintre =i# Ficodim "i =i# Eitimie de Trnovo# LHu67t@
Eitimie de Trnovo "i literatura slavo$romn, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei i"e#eiD@ 00III
$%*52-@ nr. 5)*@ p. (,%)(2(A Iero6. Epif7nie Noro"e@ =intul ie, ultimul patriar? de
Trnovo "i legturile lui "u +iserica romneasc, Fn ne7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@
L000IV $%*LL-@ nr. ')L@ p. '',)'52A E;ie Tur6e7nu@
Hes premiers ecrivains religieu) en Aalac?ie < -E ?egoumene Ficodeme de Tismcina
et le moine P?ilot?ee, Fn BRe#ue 6es Etu6es Rou;7inesD@ II@ P7ris@ %*'(@ p. %%()%((A
I6e;@ L7 litterature bulgare 7u 0V?e siEecle et sa diilusion dans les pa's roumains*,
P7ris@ %*(5A I6e;@ (pera patriar?ului Eitimie al Trnovei $225')-W.50, \n literaturiY
slavo$romn, Bu"ure9ti@ %*L(. G. Mi4HiH@ &ultur "i literatur romn vec?e nl
conte)t european, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5*.
f
Pentru Filotei mona?ul de la CoJi7
Tit Si;e6re7@ Hes 1Pripela2 6u ;oine P?ilot?ee# Etude ) te)te traduction, Fn
BRo;7nos7#i"7D@ 0II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5&@ p. %+2),,' A I6e;@ Pripealele mona?ului pilo$
tei de la &o%ia# 8ata, locul, limba n care s$au alctuit###, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD VII $%*''-@
nr. %&)%,@ p. ',L)'(%. VeJi 9i BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ VI $%*'(-@ nr. ()L p %55)%*&@ su8
nu;ee S. Teo6orA I6e;@ Filotei mona?ul de la &o%ia, imnogral romn, Fn BMitropoi7
OtenieiD@ VI $%*'(-@ nr. %)2@ p. ,&)2'.
Pentru mnstirile 8ealu "i &urtea de Arge"
Pr. pro. I. RH;ure7nu@ Patru sute cinci%eci de ani de la ntemeieiea 3instiri
&urtea de Arge", Fn BG7su Biseri"iiD@ 00VI $%*L5-@ nr. 5)+@ p. 5%+)5(L.
Pr. Ni". er8Hnes"u@ Istoria bisericii 3nstirii &urtea de Arge", Fn BBiseri"i
Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000V $%*L5-@ nr. 5)+@ p. 52&R5'(.
I6e;@ MHnHst i re7 8eal ul ui, F n BBi seri "7 Ort o6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00II $%*'(-
nr. C)2@ p. ,+2)2&'.
3ona?ismul n 3oldova
N. Gri!or79@ I. C<pro9u@ +iserici "i mnstiri vec?i din 3oldova, Bu"ure9t
%
%*L+A N. Gri!or79@ Primele mnstiri "i biserici moldovene"ti, Fn BCer"etHri isto
ri"eD@ 00 $serie nouH III-@ I79i@ %*(5@ p. %%()%2&A t. B79?Corin7 Ni"oes"u@ M6
nstirea Feam!, Bu"ure9ti@ %*'+.
Corin7 Ni"oes"u@ MHnHstire7 Mo6o#if7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'+.
I. Iufu@ MHnHstire7 Mo\6o#if7 "entru cultural important n perioada "u]tur
ro;<ne n limba slavon, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000I0 $%*L2-@ nr. 5? p.
(,+)(''.
t. B79@ MHnHstire7 /u;or@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*L'.
Pentru or!7niJ7re7 ;FnHstirior ro;<ne9ti #eJi =
Pr. V7sie Munte7n@ (rgani%area mnstirlior romne"ti n compara!ie "u "e\
bi%antine ,pn la -;990, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+(A Ate u"rHri se pot "uno79te 7 Ni". Sto
"es"u@ +ibliografia localit!ilor "i monumentelor feudale din Romnia: I. ai
Romneasc, , #oi. Cr7io#7@ %*5&@ +&& p. A II. Mo 6o#7@ Cr7i o#7@ %*5%@ (,L p
I6e;@ Repertoriul bibliografic al localit!ilor "i monumentelor medievale din 3o dova,
Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(@ *+( p.
3ona?ismul n Transilvania tef7n Mete9@ Istoria +isericii "i a vie!ii religioase a
romnilor din Transilvan 9i Gngaria, Si8iu@ %*2'.
I6e;@ 3nstirile romne"ti din Transilvania, Si8iu@ %*2L.
3ona?ismul la ru"i
/.?D. Dop;7nn@ 8ie Russisc?e ort?odo)e Qirc?e in >esc?ic?te und Ge!en` , ? e
Auf.@ Berin %*+% A M. L7r7n et \. S7uss73@ Ha Russie ancienne, P7ris@ %*5'.
B. P4ei67s@ Istoria +isericii Ruse, Fn i;87 !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*L5.
N. berno#@ T?e Russians and t?eir &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*L(.
A. M. A;7nn@ (stslavisc?e Qirc?engesc?ic?te, _ien@ %*'&.
I6e;@ Sfori7 della &?iesa Russa e dei paesi limitrofi, Utet@ Torino@ %*(+.
Bi8io!r7fie pentru isi47s;.
u"rHri generale
/7ns?Geor! Be"P@ >esc?ic?te der ort?odo)en Qirc?e im b'%antinisc?en ReiK
Gottin!en@ %*+&A I6e;@ Qirc?e und t?eologisc?e Hiteratur im b'%antinisc?en ReiK
Mun"4en@ %*'* A P7u Le;ere@ Le monde de +'%ance# 4istoire et institutions, Honc
%*5+A G. Po6sP7sP3@ T?eologie und P?ilosop?ie in +'%ance, Mun"4en@ %.*55A \. Soi=
7r6@ Etu6e sur 7 #ie religieuse +'%ance, P7ris@ %*5' 9i %*+%.
PERIOADA A PATRA
#er \ Le"er"C@ .r. V<n6 8rou"4e@ 4istoiie de la spiritualile c?retienne#
dritEualite au 3o'en Age, P7ris@ %*L% A \. Me3en6orff@ Initiation Ia t?eo$
antine, P7ris@ %*5'. n +'%antinisc?e T?eologie, Ne`?lorP@ %*5(A A. P.
O7s467n@ B3J7nJ unei
Itur, Berin@ %*5%.
F /7ussi!@ Qulturgesc?ic?te von B3J7nJ@ Stutt!7rt@ %*'*.
re #on I#7nP7@ +'%antinisc?e >esc?ic?tssc?reiber, Gr7J)_ien)Oon@ %*'( A
s I7 p?ilosop?ie b'%antine, P7ris@ %*(*.
B77nos@ Oi +u>7#:i#o 7offp7KpeiF ,=criitori b%iantini0, Aten7@ %*'(A Louis
He monde b'%antin, t. I@ P7ris@ %*(+.
Monte7ti"i@ =toria della letteratura b'%antina, Mi7no@ %*(L.
Oru;87"4er@ >esc?ic?te der b'%antinisc?en Hiteratur# Von Kustinian bis
e des (stromisc?en Reic?es $',5)%('2-@ ,?e Auf.@ Miin"4en@ %+*5.
limba romn
er87n?T7n79o"7@ Hiteratura +i%an!ului, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5%.
i 6 i i s p e " i 7 e =
Me3en6orff@ initiation la t?eologie b'%antine# HE?istoire et doctrine# Tr76. [7is p7r
Anne S7n!76e 7#e" 7 "o78or7tion 6e C. An6roniPof@ P7ris@ %*5' A B3J7nf i ne
t ?eol ogi e, Ne` lor P@ %*5( M I 6e;@ +'% ant i n 4es 'c?as me, l ,
t ?eol ogi cal and soci al probl em, Lon6on@ %*5(A I6e;@ HE ori gi ne de l a rse
pal ami t e, F n BT4eo o!4i 7D@ ,' $Aten7@ %*'(-@ p. L&,)L2&A I6e;@ Ies
r
e i7
controverse ?es'c?aste, Fn BB3J7ntionD@ ,2 $%*'2-@ p. +5)%,&A /r. l7n?he
lEabsence et de -Einconnaissance de 8ieu, P7ris@ %*5% A V. LossP3@ Essai
?eologie m'stiOue de lE Eglise orientale, P7ris@ %*((@ "47p. Les tene8res 6i?
P.. StoJ@ T?eologie de la m'stiOue, C4e#eto!ne@ %*2* A \. /7us4err@ 4es'c?asme
Z Ro;e@ %*LL A R. Gui7n6@ Essai sur Ficep?ore >regoras, P7ris@ %*,L.
limba romn
prof. D. StHnio7e@ Istoria isi?asmului n (rtodo)ia romn, Fn u"r7re7 B/\o?.
VIII@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5* A I6e;@ Fatur "i ?ar n teologia bi%antin, Fn BOrto?
00VI $%*5(-@ nr. 2@ p. 2*,)(2*A I6e;@ Vi7f7 9i nv!tura =iintului >rigorie
Si8iu@ %*2+.
prof. Mi7n es7n@ 8espre teologia post patristic, Fn BMitropoi7
Ar6e7?=i $%*LL-@ nr. ()L@ p. ,5*),**.
Di;7@ &ontribu!ia romneasc la cuno"tin!a isi?asmului $se". 7 0V?e7-@
=ii teoo!i"eD@ 0VII $%*L'-@ nr. *)%&@ p. '5%)'+&A Post$+'%antine ecclesiastical
E ities# Stu6ies of St. NiPo6e;os t4e /7!iorite 9.7... BrooPine $M7ss.-@ %*5+.
P. P7n7ites"u@ 3anuscrisele slavone din +iblioteca Academiei Romne, Bu"u?
'*.
Biseri"7 Apuse7nH Fn se"oee 0I)0III.
Cre9tere7 9i 6e"inu puterii p7p7e.
Ce7rt7 pentru Fn#estiturH I
tr?o u;e 6eJ8in7tH Fn "7se so"i7e 9i 7#i6H 6e 7"7p7r7re ) 6upH
r7 "on"epGi7 feu67H ) p7p7it7te7 7 7Muns sH?9i fHure7s"H un
;iMo7"e 76e"#7te spre 7 se ri6i"7 6e7supr7 tuturor ) in6i#iJi
;is;e st7t7e ) pe "7re se si;Ge7 "4e;7tH sH e "on6u"H spre
re. Cee7 "e e ;7i se;nifi"7ti# este f7ptu "H 7"e7stH teo"r7Gie
s7H nu se e:er"it7 nu;7i 7supr7 st7teor "7 un Bsuper?prin"ip7t
to7te F;pHrHGiie u;iiD@ "u; Ji"e7 p7p7 Gri!orie 7 V/?e7 /i?
i6 $%&52)%&+'-@ "i 9i peste or!7nis;ee sino67e 7e Biseri"ii "e?
2. In "ee ,5 propoJiGii T7pi67re nu;ite BDi"t7tus P7p7eD@ Fn "7re
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e. N
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
9i?7 pre"iJ7t "reJu 7"est f7n7ti" Be""esi7sti"7e i8ert7tis propu!n7torD@
se spune printre 7tee "H BBiseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 fost ante;ei7tH
nu;7i 6e Du;neJeuD@ "H sin!ur pontifi"ee ro;7n po7te fi so"otit e"u?
;eni"@ "H sin!ur e 7re putere7 6e 7 6epune@ respe"ti# 6e 7 re"on"ii7
pe epis"opi@ "H nu;7i e e Bp7pHD Fn u;e 9i pi"io7ree ui tre8uie sH e
sHrute toGi prin"ipii@ "H nu;7i e 7re 6reptu 6e 7 6epune pe F;pHr7Gi@
"H ni"i un Sino6 e"u;eni" nu po7te fi "on#o"7t fHrH 7pro87re7 ui@ "H
pe e nu?% po7te Mu6e"7 ni;eni@ pentru "H Biseri"7 Ro;ei n?7 !re9it 9i
ni"i nu #7 !re9i #reo67tH.
Ni"io67tH pFnH 7tun"i nu s?7u ;7i for;u7t 7stfe 6e pretenGii@ "7re
7u s"4i;87t pFnH 9i "on"epGi7 6espre rou Biseri"ii Fn u;e 9i 6espre
;iMo7"ee ei 6e 7"Giune. Se resi;t Fn 7"este fr7Je@ "7re@ 6e9i re67"t7te
6e "7r6in7u Deus6e6it $ZoZ %&**-@ totu9i repreJintH pHrerie p7pei Gri?
!orie 7 VII?e7@ nu nu;7i e"ouri 6in f7see 6e"ret7ii pseu6o?isi6orie?
ne 6e pe #re;e7 p7pei Ni"o7e I $+'+)+L5-@ "i 9i tonu 9i 6urit7te7 up?
teor pentru putere 9i pentru 7"7p7r7re@ 797 "u; se FntFnes" Fn so"iet7 ?
te7 feu67H 7 ti;puui. Fntr?o s"riso7re 6in %&+% "Htre 7r4iepis"opu /er?
;7n 6e MetJ p7p7 spune7 "H #re7 "on67;n7re7 tir7niei re!ior rHi@ "7re
nu ur;Hres" interese superio7re@ "i pe 7e or proprii@ opri;Fn6 pe ;uGi
Fn o" sH?i pro;o#eJe spre 6rept7te. A"e7st7 este 76e#Hr7t pFnH 7 un
o". An7r4i7 feu67H er7 e:7sper7ntH@ "ri;ee@ i;or7it7te7 9i e:po7t7?
re7 7pro7peui 7u Fntune"7t ;ute 6in p7!inie istoriei ;e6ie#7e@ i7r
Biseri"7 Apuse7nH 7 6esfH9ur7t 7"Giuni Hu678ie pentru F;8unHtHGire7
;or7#urior@ pentru 7Mutor7re7 "eor ne#oi79i@ pentru u;in7re7 prin "7r te
7 "on9tiinGeor. Totu9i@ nHJuinGee uni#ers7iste 7e p7pior 7u "re7t
"onfi"te 76Fn"i 9i 7u 7#ut ur;Hri@ 6in "7re unee se resi;t 9i 7Ji.
Fn"H 7 s"urtH #re;e 6upH ;o7rte7 ui Gri!orie 7 VII?e7 $%&+'-@ s?
7u 7uJit "riti"i 6e feu "eor for;u7te 6e ;7ree teoo! 9i pre6i"7tor
Bern7r6 6e C7ir#7u: $f %%'2- = 1praesis ut prosis, non ut imperes $e9ti
pus Fn frunte "7 sH suMe9ti@ nu "7 sH "o;7nJi-@ 67"H e9ti prooro" Gi?7r
tre8ui s7pH "7 sH pi#e9ti 8uruienie pH"7teor@ i7r nu s"eptru "7 sH
6o;ini. Despre Petru nu se 9ti7 sH fi fost F;po6o8it Fn pietre s"u;pe
s7u sH fi u;87t Fn 47ine 6e ;Ht7se pe "7 78 6e p7r76H FnsoGit 6e "7 ?
#7eri... InsH@ Fn 7stfe 6e po6o78e@ Sfinte PHrinte@ e9ti ur;79u ui Con?
st7ntin $2&L)225-@ i7r nu 7 ui Petru. Tu nu tre8uie sH fii stHpFn peste
epis"opi@ "i tre8uie sH fii unu 6in eiD. De 7"ee7 e "7Ju sH spune; "H
67"H@ 7 Fn"eput@ p7p7it7te7 s?7 Ginut pe o inie 6e prin"ipi7it7te "Ft 6e
"Ft ;or7H@ 6upH %,&& e7 s?7 tr7nsfor;7t ;7i ;ut Fntr?o putere te;po ?
r7H@ "7re #7 76u"e 6upH sine 6e"in 9i s"4is;H.
Un pri; Fn"eput 6e ri6i"7re 7 presti!iuui p7p7itHGii F for;e7JH
6e"retu 6ini %&'* 6e pe #re;e7 p7pei Ni"o7e 7 II?e7 $%&(+)%&'(-@
"in6 se 4otHrH9te "7 pe #iitor p7p7 sH fie 7es nu;7i 6e "oe!iu "7r6in7
Iior $5 epis"opi@ ,5 preoGi 9i %+ 6i7"oni A ;7i tFrJiu nu;Hru or se #7
ri6i"7 7 5&-@ F;potri#7 Bpri#ie!iuuiD 6in 7nu *L2@ "7re pre#e6e7 "H
p7p7 nu pute7 fi 7es 6e"Ft Fn preJenG7 F;pHr7tuui !er;7n.? De"retu
pre#e6e7 "7@ Fn Ro;7 s7u Fn 7t or79@ "7r6in7ii epis"opi sH se sfHtui7s"H
7supr7 "eui ;7i potri#it 6intre "7n6i67Gi@ 6upH 7"ee7 sH "o;uni"e 9i
"7r6in7ior?preoGi 4otHrFre7 or@ "erFn6u?e "onsi;GH;Fntu@ i7r Fn 7
treie7 rFn6 sH f7"H "unos"ut f7ptu 9i "eor7Gi "7r6in7i. A"e9ti7 F #or
PERIOADA A PATRA
7;7 pe "e 7es@ "7re tre8ui7 sH fie nu;7i 6in Ro;7 s7u 6in !Nur. /o?
Fre7 or se "o;uni"7 7poi F;pHr7tuui@ "Hrui7 i s?7 reJer#7t nu;7i
hptu 6e "onfir;7re. A"e7stH s"4i;87re 7 treJit o ;7re tu8ur7re Fn
r;7ni7@ 7 "Hrei poiti"H se 7:7se tot6e7un7 pe ini7 ui C7ro "e M7re
+^^+%(-@ "7re stHpFnise@ pe Fn!H .r7nG7 9i Ger;7ni7@ 7pro7pe Fntre7?
It7ie. De 7"ee7@ Fn perio767 7"e7st7 #o; FntFni ;ute "7Juri "Fn6
Z fi 7e9i 6oi s7u "4i7r trei p7pi@ fie"7re 7#Fn6u?9i "urte 9i 76erenGi
hprii 9i "reFn6 7stfe tot feu 6e frH;FntHri Fn Biseri"H.
Fntre "ei "7re 7u re!iJ7t 7"este s"4i;8Hri su8 "ei trei p7pi Fn7inte7
7 fost "7r6in7u /i6e8r7n6@ "7 p7pH Gri!orie 7 V?e7 $%&52)
S'-@ un fiu 6e GHr7n 6in Tos"7n7@ "res"ut Fn 6is"ipin7 7sprH 7 9"oii
Cun3. E 7 fost uti;u p7pH "onfir;7t 6e F;pHr7t@ "Hrui7 Fi s"ri7
7r fi ;7i 8u"uros sH nu fie FntHrit 6e e@ pentru "H se te;e "H 6in
iJ7 7"estor "onfir;Hri 7u ie9it ;ute 78uJuri.
W an6eose8i trei 7u fost 7"Giunie "7re 7u ;7r"7t punere7 Fn 7pi"7re
i7nuui p7pei Gri!orie 7 V?e7 = %. introducerea celibatului cleric al:
inter%icerea simoniei 9i 2. combaterea nvestiturii laic e# DupH "re6in?
p7pei Gri!orie 7 V?e7@ 8un7 rFn6ui7H Fn u;e #7 pute7 fi 7si!u?
H nu;7i 7tun"i "Fn6 popo7re 9i in6i#iJi se #or pe"7 Fn f7G7 Biseri"ii
n7no?"7toi"e. Unu 6in ;iMo7"ee "7re pot 7si!ur7 7"est u"ru@ spu?
i p7p7@ este ei8er7re7 "eruui inferior 6e !riMie pH;Fnte9ti 9i 6e
ui e!Hturior u;e9ti@ prin stri"t7 7pi"7re 7 "ei87tuui@ 9i ei8er7?
"eruui superior 6e infuenG7 ;irenior. E 6rept "H Fn An!i7@ Ger?
ni7@ Un!7ri7 9i 7te GHri #or tre"e Fn"H ,)2 #e7"uri pFnH "Fn6 se #7
er7iJ7 o8i !7ti #it7t e7 "ei 87t uui. Lupt7 "ontr7 si ;oni ei n?7 fost
i e7 u9o7rH@ "4i7r 67"H s?7u u7t unee ;Hsuri@ Fn s"4i;8@ f7ptu "H
ir4i7 9i ;FnHstirie pute7u sH 7i8H 6o;enii Fntinse 9i 87Jon no8i?
9i prin"i7r 7 F ;pie6i"7t purifi"7re7 7t;osferei "re9tine 7 #re;ii@
cH 9i "u urFte 7spe"te 7 fost FnsH "e7rt7 pentru Fn#estiturH. Sino6u
i7n 6in %&52 7 6e"ret7t "7 toGi preoGii@ "7re #or 7""ept7 o 6e;nit7te
7ri"e7s"H 6in p7rte7 unui ;ire7n s7u #or "onsi;Gi sH fie in#estiGi 6e
7i"@ sH fie i;e6i7t 6epu9i@ i7r ;ire7nu sH fie e:"o;uni"7t.
P7p7 Gri!orie 7 V?e7 propo#H6ui7 pe to7te "Hie "H Biseri"7 ro? %&?
"7toi"H este B;7;7 Biseri"ior 9i 7 n7GiuniorD@ #e!4in6 7 ;Fn? e7
tuturor@ "H"i e7 e BsuMito7re7 6reptHGii@ 7pHrHto7re7 sHr7"ior@
stou pH"iiD A 6e 7"ee7 re"o;7n67 st7teor sH se punH su8 prote"Gi7
unuui ro;7n. Su#er7nii st7teor ;7i ;7ri n?7u fost ;uGu;iGi 6e
FrFre7 ui Gri!orie 7 V?e7@ 67r@ 6e pi6H@ re!ee .iip I 7 .r7nGei
A
&)%%&+- 6in pru6enGH 9i 6in "7"u poiti" 7 7""ept7t. i 7Gii i?7u
7t e:e;p u . A97 7u 7Muns #7s7e p7pei Prin"ip7tu nor;7n6 6i n
7 6e su6@ Sp7ni7@ S7r6ini7@ An!i7@ Un!7ri7@ Pooni7@ GHrie s"7n6i?
'@ Cro7Gi7 9i D7;7Gi7@ re!7tu itu7n@ fHrH sH e "e7rH Fn "7it7te 6e
T7n 7t"e#7 6e"Ft un "ens o8i9nuit s7u un B6in7r 7 SfFntuui PetruD
irH sH se 7;este"e pre7 ;ut Fn #i7G7 internH 7 or@ "i HsFn6u?e i?
7te 6e ;i9"7re pe inie feu67H. Uneori p7p7 7 reu9it sH f7"H p7"e
s st7t e@ "u; 7 fost "7Ju Fntre Sue6i7 9i D7ne;7r"7. Cu unii re!i
i 7 7#ut "4i7r re7Gii 7;i"7e. Sin!uru "u "7re 7 7#ut "onfi"t@ 9i Fn"H
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
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nHr 6e ,' 6e 7ni@ nest7torni" 9i u9ur7ti".
Fn iunie %&5'@ 7 o 76un7re 7 no8ii;ii s7:one@ /enri" 7 IV?e7
9tiut sH?9i i;punH pHrere7 9i 7 6es"4is upt7 "ontr7 p7pei@ fH"Fn6 Fnt
7tee 9i nu;ire7 unui titu7r pentru postu 6e 7r4iepis"op 7 Mi7ni
ui. In ,( i7nu7rie %&5L@ 7 _or;s@ Fntr?un sino6 7 epis"op7tuui !e
;7n@ F;pHr7tu 7 reu9it sH o8GinH 6in p7rte7 7 ,L 6e epis"opi !er;7=
6epunere7 p7pei@ pe "7re?% "7ifi"7 7stfe B/i6e8r7n6 tir7nu 9i f7s
;on74D. Un 7t sino6 6in It7i7 7pro87 9i e "ee 4otHrFte 7 _or;s "
rFn6u?i p7pei BsH "o8o7re 6e pe s"7unD. Fn Postu P79tior 7nuui %&N
p7p7 7 rHspuns@ su8 for;7 unei ru!H"iuni 76res7tH SfFntuui Petru@ i
e:"o;uni"H pe /enri"@ 6eJe7!H pe toGi "re9tinii 6e MurH;intu 6e supi
nere "e i ?7u fH"ut@ pe epis"opii "e 7u Ginut "u e Fi 6e"7rH suspen6e
6in ser#i"iu@ i7r pe F;pHr7t F in#itH sH 6e7 se7;7 6e "ee fH"ute. Prii
"ipii !er;7ni 76un7Gi 7 Tri8ur@ Fn o"to;8rie %&5L@ s?7u 6e"7r7t F;p
tri#7 ui /enri"@ 4otHrFn6 "H@ 67"H pFnH Fntr?un 7n 6e Jie nu reJo8
"onfi"tu Fn 6iet7 "e se #7 Gine 7 Au!s8ur!@ 7 "7re #7 fi 6e f7GH
p7p7@ 7tun"i Ger;7ni7 F9i #7 7e!e 7t su#er7n. Mo7rte7 su8itH 7 "Fto
#7 6in prietenii F;pHr7tuui 7 fost so"otitH 6e popor "7 o pe6e7psH
ui Du;neJeu. PHrHsit 6e toGi@ F;pHr7tu /enri" 7 IV?e7 7 pe"7t
pinH i7rnH@ 7 ,' i7nu7rie %&55@ peste ;unGi sH "e7rH iert7re p7pei@ "7
se 7f7 7tun"i Fn "7steu 6in C7noss7 7 "ontesei M7ti67 6e Tos"7n7@
spriMinito7re 7 p7p7itHGii. P7p7 %?7 Ginut 7f7rH Fn fri! trei Jie 6es"uN
"u "7pu !o@ Fn 47ine 6e pHr "7 penitenGii@ 6upH "7re %?7 pri;it 9i i
ri6i"7t e:"o;uni"7re7. D7r p7rtiJ7nii !er;7ni 7i refor;eor p7p7e E
7es 7 %' ;7rtie %&55 un 7t su#er7n@ pe Ru6of 6e Su78i7@ Fn"oronFi
6u?% 7 M7inJ. Un ti;p p7p7 7 rH;7s neutru@ 7poi 7 u7t p7rte7 ui Ri
6of. A prooro"it "H Fn 7nu %&+&@ 7 Jiu7 SfinGior Petru 9i P7#e #7 ;u
un re!e f7s. Tot 7tun"i 7 ;7i 7furisit Fn"H o 67tH pe /enri". Ger;7r
s?7u rHJ!Fn6it 9i@ Fntr?o 7 trei7 uptH@ ?7u 7Mut7t pe /enri"@ Fn ti;p "e r
#7u ui 7Munse sH?9i pi7r6H ;Fn7 6re7ptH 9i 7poi #i7G7. RHJ8un7re7 %
/enri" 7 IV?e7 7 fost "runtH. Fn o"u p7pei Gri!orie 7 V/?e7 7 pus =
fie 7es un 7ntip7pH@ Ce;ent 7 III?e7 $%&+&)%%%&-. TreispreJe"e "<r6
n7i 7u tre"ut 6e p7rte7 ui. Trei 7ni 7 Ginut /enri" 7 IV?e7 7se6i7
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"7ste Fn 7f7r7 "etHGii. F;pHr7tu /enri" 7 IV?e7 7 fost Fn"oron7t 6e no
p7pH. Ro;7 7 fost "runt MefuitH 6e nor;7nJii ui Ro8ert Guis"7r6 "
Si"ii7 $%&%')%&+2-@ #eniGi pentru 6espresur7re7 or79uui A u7t priJK
nier@ p7p7 Gri!orie 7 V/?e7 9i?7 sfFr9it Jiee Fn e:i pe teritoriu no
;7n6@ 7 S7erno@ 7 % ;7i %&+2@ spunFn6 = 18ele)i *usti!iara et odi in
Ouitatem, propterea morior in e)ilio2 Q A; iu8it 6rept7te7 9i 7; ui
ne6rept7te7 A pentru 7"ee7 ;or Fn e:i.
Lupt7 pentru in#estiturH 7 "ontinu7t A 87@ pe Fn!H 7spe"tu poit
s?7 ;7i 76Hu!7t 9i unu pu8i"isti". DeJ#ot7re7 or79eor 9i "ont7"t
"u Orientu Hr!e7 oriJontu 7"estor "onfruntHri. PFnH 7 o #re;e@ ;
7pHre7u 9i 6e o p7rte 9i 6e 7t7 o7;eni "7re re"uno9te7u "H o 7titu6ir
;7i ;o6er7tH 9i ;7i puGin prin"ipi7H este po7te sin!uru profit 9i pei
tru unii 9i pentru 7Gii.
PERIOADA A PATRA
Z87n 7 II?e7 $%&++)%&*+-@ or!7niJ7toru pri;ei "ru"i76e@ 9i?7
7;7 "H pri n " e;enG H se po7t e f7"e ;7i ;u t "7 pri n put ere@
7ii B"o78or7Gioni9tiD@ 76i"H "ei "e susGinuserH pun"tui 6e #e6ere
7 nu tre8uie so"otiGi ereti"i@ "i 6o7r s"4is;7ti"i@ 7fir;7 su#e?
pontif. Cei "7re 6ore7u sH?9i pHstreJe 6e;nitHGie tre8ui7u sH?%
is"H pe Ce;ent 7 III?e7. A97 7 "F9ti!7t rFn6 pe rFn6 p7p7 Ur87n
7"itr7nGi.
ipHr7tu /enri" 7 V?e7 $%%&L)%%,'- 7 ur;7t 7"ee79i poiti"H
i!entH "7 9i t7tH sHu@ HsFn6 "7 to7te s"7unee epis"op7e !er;7?
[ie o"up7te 6e Bo7;enii uiD. L7 %%%% 7 tre"ut Apii siin6 pe
2
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p7p7 P7s"7 7 II?e7 7 6e"7r7t "H Biseri"7 renunGH 7 to7te 8u?
feu67e pri;ite 6e 7 I;periu 67"H 9i F;pHr7tu renunGH 7 in#es?
epis"opior 9i 787Gior. L7 7uJu 7"estor #e9ti pre7Gii !er;7ni 7u
7t@ "erFn6 7nu7re7 4otHrFrii. P7s"7 7 II?e7 7 tre8uit sH "e6eJe@
sHr7tu@ #HJFn6 "H nu?% Fn"orone7JH@ %?7 7run"7t Fn te;niGH. DupH
ni p7p7 7 re"unos"ut 6rept u 6e F n#est i t urH 7 ;on7r4u ui @ F n
i 9i F;pHr7tu 7 6e"7r7t "H 7""eptH "7 7e!ere7 epis"opior sH fie
fHrH si;onie.
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ie la Morms 6e F;pHr7tu /enri" 7 V?e7 9i 6e p7p7 C7i:t 7
$%%%*)%%,(-@ se reJo#H "ontro#ers7@ Fn sensu "H F;pHr7tu re?
pentru tot6e7un7 I7 nvestitura cu cr* "i inel, HsFn6 i8ert7te
ii sH?9i 7e7!H person7u superior 9i restituin6 to7te 8unurie
ro;7ne. In s"4i ;8 p7p7 F9i i7 7n!7M 7;entu "7 t o7te 7 e!erie
i sH se f7"H Fn preJenG7 F;pHr7tuui 6e "Htre 6e;nit7ri
8iseri?=i8er 9i fHrH si;onie. Nou 7es pri;e7 6e 7 Biseri"H
se;nee
9i puterii 8iseri"e9ti = cr*a "i inelul, i7r 6e 7 F;pHr7t = sceptrul,
M FnJestrHrii "u feud seniorial# Drept ;uGu;ire@ p7p7 7
"on?=e 6e B7 I0?e7 Sino6 e"u;eni"D@ Fn ;7rtie %%,2 7 Ro;7@
pen?7"e "unos"utH F;pH"7re7.
=pii 7MunseserH "on6u"Htori 9i Mu6e"Htori fHrH 7pe. Pe Fn!H sHru?
oi"ioruui@ i se ;7i fH"e7 9i 797 nu;itu Boffi"iu; str7tonisD@
er#i"iu 6e #7et@ GinFn6u?i?se s"7r7 9eii "Fn6 Fn"He"7u pe "7. Din
7 0II?e7 7p7r7tu 76;inistr7ti# 7 p7pei 7 pri;it nu;ee 6e
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e 7e!e7u@ Fn"epFn6 "u p7p7 Gri!orie 7 V?e7@ 9i e!7Gii p7p7i
F!7ti 7 7tereD@ FnsHr"in7Gii "u 7f7"eri 7i p7p7itHGii. In se;n 6e
iJ7re ;7i ;7re@ ori"e 7r4iepis"op tre8ui7 sH "e7rH person7 Bp7?
6e 7 p7p7@ 6epunFn6 MurH;Fnt 6e o8e6ienGH. Tot 6e 7 p7p7 Gri?
i V?e7 s?7 intro6us 9i 7peu pentru B"7us7e ;7MoresD@ ;oti#
"7re s?7u Fnre!istr7t 6estue 78uJuri@ "u; o8ser#H 9i Bern7r6 6e
iu: $f %%'2-.
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itH@ 6e e:pe"t7ti#e s7u 6e reJer#7Gii pentru 7nu;ite FnsHr"inHri
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urnirie pro#in"iior@ se Gine7u 7nG. Ti7r7 p7p7H 7#usese Fn7inte
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
6e se". 7 0?e7 6i76e;H "u o sin!urH "oro7nH 6e pietre preGio7se "u
fori@ Fn se". 7 0/?e7 s?7 76Hu!7t 7 6ou7 "oro7nH@ Fn se". 7 0II?e7
7 trei7@ si;8ou 7"eui trire!nu; "7re Fntrune7 putere7 "eruui@ 7 pH?
;Fntuui 9i 7 "eor 6e 6e6esu8t.
Fn .rie6eri"4 I B7r87ross7 $%%',)%%*&-@ restur7toru strHu"it 7
puterii i;peri7e@ ;on7r4 strH8Htut 6e "on9tiinG7 ;HreGiei 9i ne7tFrnHrii
Fn7tei s7e poJiGii@ 7 !Hsit p7p7it7te7 un ri#7 "7re n?7 #rut sH se pe"e.
DupH Fns"Hun7re e 7 "o;uni"7t "H 7 7Muns 7 tron B6in #oinG7 ui Du;?
neJeuD@ i7r prin f7ptu "H 7 nu;it 7 M7!6e8ur! "7 epis"op pe un prie ?
ten 7 sHu $F;potri#7 4otHrFrior 6e 7 _or;s-@ 6H6e7 p7pei sH FnGee7!H
"H s?7 ter;in7t "u supunere7 Fn f7G7 tronuui p7p7. De9i Fn for;H se
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"opi o u7 e. Spre 6eose8ire 6e #re;e7 p7pei Gri!orie 7 V/?e7@ "Fn6
se o8ser#7 teori7 "ontr7"tu7H 7 re!7itHGii@ potri#it "Hrei7 ori"e su#e?
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ross7 9i "er"u 6in Muru ui 7fi97u prin"ipiu "H "ee7 "e p7"e prin"i ?
peui este e!e7 supre;H Fn st7t. De 7"ee7 e 7 7nu7t to7te "on"esiie
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7n!7M7;entee u7te@ i7r p7p7 s?7 7i7t "u "etHGie it7iene 9i "u o;?
87rJii. PFnH 7 ur;H@ 6upH rHJ8o7ie purt7te fHrH su""es@ F;pHr7tu 7 fost
ne#oit sH f7"H ser#i"iu 6e #7et 7tFt ui A6ri7n 7 IV?e7 $%%'()%%'*-@
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putut fi re7iJ7t ni"io67tH 6e e@ 6e9i er7 un spirit !eneros. L7 %%*&@ F;?
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P76nus-@ Fn Cii"i7@ Fn ti;pu "ru"i76ei 7 II?7.
R RRCu;e7 puterii p7p7e e e!7tH 6e pHstorire7 p7pei $cTno"enGiu 7 I/?
e7^fI%*+)IRT- @ "7re 7#e7 "re6inG7 "H e B;7i ;i" 6e"FT Du;neJeuT 67r
;7i ;7re 6e"it o;uD 9i "H Bprin e #or8e9te 9i 7"Gione7JH Du;ne JeuD.
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spiritu7e@ "Ft 9i 7 "eei u;e9ti. De 7"ee7@ pre"u; pri;e9te un7 u;in7
6e 7 so7re@ tot 797 tre8uie sH?9i pri;e7s"H 9i F;pHr7Gii 9i re!ii pH;Fntuui
putere7 6e 7 p7pH@ pentru "H tre8uie sH 7s"utH; ;7i ;ut 6e
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or8is "4risti7niD@ B6o;iniu; ;un6iD@ 7#Fn6 e sin!ur 1plenitudo
potestatis2 Q 1deplintatea puterii2#
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fun"Giei ;ee rei!io7se@ pre"u; 9i ti7r7 = "7re?;i "onferH putere7 pH?
;Fnte7s"HD. Fn ti;pu ui 7pro7pe to7te GHrie Europei 7MunseserH su8 7s ?
"ut7re7 ui. Fn %,&'@ re!ee An!iei@ Io7n fHrH E7rH $%%**)%,%L-@ o;
"7pri"ios 9i 7"o;@ 7Munsese sH i;punH 7 6Hri !ree poporu@ pro#o"Fn6
;7ri ne;uGu;iri. Ino"enGiu 7 inter#enit. SupHr7t "H re!ee nu %?7 7s ?
"ut7t 7tun"i "Fn6 7 #rut sH nu;e7s"H un 7r4iepis"op 7 C7nter8ur3i
27
7 7run"7t 7supr7 re!eui 7n7te;7 9i inter6i"tu@ spre 7?% 6etron7@
7"est sens 7 6eJe!7t pe supu9i 6e MurH;Fntu 6e fi6eit7te f7GH 6e
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ee 9i G7r7 ui 7u 6e#enit #7s7i 7i p7pei@ pHtin6 tri8ut. Vi"tori7 p7pei
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i"4 I B7r87ross7.
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uptH Fn#er9un7tH F;potri#7 p7pior Gri!orie 7 I0?e7 $%,,5)%,(%-
no"enGiu 7 IV?e7 $%,(2)%,'(-. A;8ii ?7u e:"o;uni"7t Fn ;7i ;u?
rFn6uri@ FnfierFn6u?% "7 ereti"@ per#ers 9i fur 7 "eor sfinte@ 7Mun!Fn6
H 7"oo "H s?7 pre6i"7t 9i "ru"i76H F;potri#7 ui@ pentru "H nu re?
FG7 7 p7nurie ui i;peri7iste Fn e!HturH "u It7i7 9i pentru "H nu? a
s7u e:puJ7 pe "eri"i "ontr7r FnGee!erior 7nterio7re. DupH ;o7r?
ui .rie6eri"4 7 II?e7 $%,'&-@ p7p7 7 "onfis"7t to7te posesiunie
iene 7e F;pHr7Gior !er;7ni 9i se pHre7 "H@ 6upH stin!ere7 "7sei 6e
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-W)%,*%-@ p7nurie p7pior pentru re7iJ7re7 ;on7r4iei uni#ers7e
;7i FntF;pinH ni"i o reJistenGH. Fn re7it7te@ spiritee se s"4i;87serH
Europ7 A u;e7 se sHtur7se 6e 7;este"urie p7pior Fn pro8e;ee
FFnte9ti@ Fn #re;e "e u:u ier7r4ior 6e#enise Fn!riMorHtor@ fis"7it7?
7pHsHto7re@ i7r nepotis;u 6e nesuferit. P7p7 Ur87n 7 IV?e7 $%,L%)
(- nu;e7 Fntr?un sin!ur 7n L "7r6in7i fr7n"eJi. Spiritu 6e p7rti?
Fn"epe7 sH se f7"H si ;Gi t tot ;7i ;ut @ 7s7tF n6 tot ;7i i ;petuos
r7 p7p7HD. .r7n"eJii 7u 7Muns sH se i7 7 Fntre"ere "u 7ristro"7Gi7
7nH $A .i"4e-.
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2-.
CFn6 p7pii "re6e7u ;7i ;ut Fn reu9it7 or@ .r7nG7 e?7 6eMu"7t to7?
i7nurie. Bu"uro9i "H 7u s"Hp7t 6e Bprote"Gi7D F;pHr7Gior !er;7ni@
ii Fn"re6inG7rH Si"ii7 ui C7ro 6e AnMou $%,,L)%,+'-@ fr7tee re?
i fr7n"eJ Lu6o#i" 7 I0?e7 "e SfFnt $%,,L)%,5&-@ "7re Mu"7se ;utH
ne 9i un ro 6e 7r8itru Fn "onfi"tee europene 7e #re;ii. C7ro 6e
DU nu?i se;Hn7 FnsH 6eo" fr7teui sHu. E ori pune7 nu;7i fr7n?
pe s"7unu p7p7@ ori F Hs7 #7"7nt "u 7nii. VHJFn6 "H s?7 Fn9e7t@
2@ F ;preunH "u F ;pHr7t u 8i J7nt i n Mi47i 7 V II?e7 P7 eo o!u
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e si"iieneD 6in 2% ;7rtie@ Fn une7 P79tior %,+, ) F;potri#7
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f7;ii7 6e Ar7!on@ nu s?7u 7rHt7t ;7i 8uni 6e"Ft fr7n"eJii@ 67toritH
uui "H re!7tu Ne7pouui rH;Hsese tot 7 fr7n"eJi@ i7r 7"e9ti7 F9i
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t7@ prin 797 nu;itu Bre"ursus 76 prin"ipe;D@ 7u restrFns 6reptu p7 te
7 se 7;este"7 Fn #i7G7 st7tuui fr7n"eJ. De 7 %(2+ 7"est pun"t 6e
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I)0V 55
#e6ere #7 fi "onsfinGit Fn 797?nu;it7 Bs7n"Giune pr7!;7ti"HD@ "7re 7
6e#enit nor;7ti#H pentru r7porturie .r7nGei "u s"7unu p7p7.
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"e .ru;os $%,+')%2%(- se 7f7 Fn uptH "u E6u7r6 I@ re!ee An!ieiT
$%,5,)%2&5- A p7p7 Bonif7"iu 7 "erut ui .iip sH f7"H p7"e "u re!eeY
en!eJ@ "7re er7 #7s7u ui. .iip FnsH 7 refuJ7t. Fn %,*L@ Bonif7"iu
e;is 8u7 1&lericis laicos2, prin "7re interJi"e7 puterii poiti"e sH i;?
punH 7 "ontri8uGii 8Hne9ti Biseri"7 9i "eru fHrH 7#iJu 9i 7utorit7te7
p7pei. Drept rHspuns@ re!ee .r7nGei 7 interJis ie9ire7 6e 7ur 9i 7r!int
6in G7rH pentru Ro;7. Cu to7te "H "ei 6oi su#er7ni s?7u F;pH"7t@ HsFn6
pe p7pH sH Mo7"e ro 6e 7r8itru@ totu9i .iip 7 IV?e7 "e .ru;os 9i?7
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se preJinte Fn7inte7 ui spre 7 67 so"ote7H 6e purt7re7 s7. P7p7 #oi7 sH
i;ite pe Gri!orie 7 V/?e7@ 67r nu er7 o;u "7re s?o f7"H@ i7r .iip 7
IV?e7 "e .ru;os nu er7 /enri" 7 IV?e7. CFn6 8u7 7 7Muns Fn .r7nG7@ 7
fost 7rsH 9i@ Fn o"u ei@ 7 fost pusH Fn "ir"u7Gie un7 f7sH. Re!ee
7;eninGH pe fiii sHi "u 8este; 9i "u 6eJ;o9tenire 67"H 7r Fn6rHJni sH
re"uno7s"H 7t stHpFn spiritu7 Fn 7f7rH 6e Du;neJeu. A6un7re7
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6e p7pH.
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$%+ noie;8rie %2&,-@ Fn "7re se e:pune "on"epGi7 su#er7nitHGi 78soute
7 p7p7itHGii. BD7"H !re"ii s7u 7Gii spun "H nu se supun ui Petru 9i ur?
;79ior ui@ se spune7 Fn 8uH@ 7tun"i tre8uie sH ;Hrturise7s"H "u; "H nu
f7" p7rte 6in nu;Hru oior ui /ristos. P7p7 ;Fnuie9te 6ouH sH8ii@ una
spiritual "i alta lumeasc, una pentru +iseric, cealalt de ctre +iseric#
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67r e?o 9i po7te u7 Fn7poiD. C7r6in7u "7re 7 6us 8u7 Fn .r7nG7 7
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p7pei 9i s?7 "erut Fnte;niG7re7 Bs"eer7tuuiD. LE o8ie"Giune7 "H p7p7 nu
po7te fi Mu6e"7t 6e ni"i un ;uritor@ "u; se spusese Fn BDi"t7tus P7ip7eD@
s?7 rHspuns "H Bonif7"iu 7 VUI?e7 Fn re7it7te nu e p7pH. .iip se 87J7 pe
unit7te7 sufete7s"H 7 Fntre!ii GHri. Vi"e?"7n"e7ru fr7n"eJ s?7 6us Fn
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"HHreGi 9i pe6estr79i@ 7 intr7t Fn Jorii Jiei 6e septe;8rie %2&2@ Fn or79u
An7!ni@ un6e se refu!i7se p7p7@ %?7 7rest7N 9i %?7 ;7tr7t7t pH;uin6u?
% "u o ;Hnu9H 6e J7e. DupH 2 .Jie p7p7 fost ei8er7t 6e "o;p7trioGii
sHi@ 67r 7 ;urit Fn %% o"to;8rie %2&2 e7 tremore cordis Q inf7r"t
;io"7r6i" s7u stop "7r6i7"@ "u; Ji"e; no 7stHJi. O67tH "u 6isp7riGi7
ui Bonif7"iu 7 VUI?e7 s?7 prH8u9it 9i P
7
N p7it7te7 6e pe "u;e7 puterii
s7e.
PERIOADA A PATRA
Luptee 6intre p7pi 9i F;pHr7Gi 7u 76us nu nu;7i ;7rtiri@ "7 T4o;7s
=et@ 7r4iepis"opu 6e C7nter8ur3 $f %%5&-@ "i 9i Fn#rHM8iri Fntre po?
e 6e"H6ere7 ;or7#urior 9i ;7i 7es "o;pro;itere7 ;isiunii 8ise?
tF. Ee 7u pro#o"7t in6ire"t 6epHrt7re7 ;utor7 6e rFn6uieie Bi?
ii 9i 7u pre!Htit terenu "7re 7 f7#oriJ7t 7p7riGi7 Refor;ei. P7pii 7u
"on#o"7t Fn perio767 7"e7st7 nu ;7i puGin 6e %& sino76e 7re e?7u
nu;it e"u;eni"e. Ee FnsH 7u 7#ut "7r7"teru unor 76u? "7re
e:e"ut7u or6inee p7pior.
L7 Sino6u I 6in L7ter7n@ so"otit "7 7 I0?e7 e"u;eni"@ 6in %%,2@
o"7t 6e p7p7 C7ist 7 II?e7 $%%%*)%%,(-@ s?7 "onfir;7t BCon"or?
% 6e 7 _or;sD 6in %,,, 9i s?7u 67t "7no7ne F;potri#7 si;oniei@ 7
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6e p7p7 Ae:7n6ru 7 II?e7 $%%'*)%%+%-@ 7 6e"is "H nu;7i 7tun"i
ii6H 7e!ere7 p7pei "Fn6 se Fntrune9te ;7Morit7te7 6e "e puGin ,]2
"7r6in7i.
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i 6e p7p7 Ino"enGiu 7 IF?e7 $%%*+)%,%L-@ "e ;7i nu;eros $(%,
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i@ Un!7riei 9.7. S?7u 67t 6e"rete "u "onGinut 6o!;7ti"@ itur!i" 9i
7@ "7re e:pri;7u !Fn6ire7 p7pei Ino"enGiu 7 II?e7 "u pri#ire 7
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=n!7r 6e Tours $**+)%&++-@ "7re nu 7""ept7 Btr7nssu8st7nGiere7D
enteor eu47rist"e.
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6e p7p7 Ino"enGiu 7 IV?e7 $%,(2)%,'(-@ s?7 o"up7t 6e "7Ju
por t 7ri i s"7n67 o7se 7 F ;pHr 7t u ui !er ;7n .ri e6eri "4 7 II? e7
')%,'&- 9i 6e "Hut7re7 ;iMo7"eor 6e 7 s7#7 posesiunie "ru"i7Gi?
iin Orient.
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6e p7p7 Gri!orie 7 0?e7 >%,5%)%,5L-@ s?7 o"up7t 6e Bunire7D Fn?
7t< 7 L iuie %,5( 7 L3on "u !re"ii@ "7re n?7 fost pri;itH Fn RHsHri?
7rto6o:.
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neni"@ "on#o"7t 6e p7p7 Ce;ent 7 V?e7 $%2&')%2%(-@ Fntr?o #re?
Fn "7re p7pii F9i 7#e7u re9e6inG7 Fn A#i!non. S?7u 6is"ut7t pro8e;e
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R(/)%(%+ 9i 7 fost "on#o"7t pentru "ur;7re7 s"4is;ei p7p7e@ re?
i7 Biseri"ii Bin "7pite et ;e;8risD 9i e:7;in7re7 ereJiei ui /us
iuie %(%'-.
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$%(2*)%(('-@ so"otit 7 0VII?e7 e"u;eni"@ 7 fost "on#o"7t 6e p7p7 Eu?
!en 7 IV?e7 $%(2%)%(25-@ Fn "7re s?7 Fn"4ei7t unire7 "u !re"ii 7 L
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rus7i;@ "7re 7u 6e"7r7t fHrH #7o7re "ee fH"ute 7 .orenG7.
Sino6u 7 0VIII?e7 e"u;eni" s?7 Ginut Fn %'%,)%'%( su8 p7p7 Iu4M
7 II?e7 $%'&2)%'%2- pentru "onfir;7re7 inter6i"tuui 7run"7t 7suprr
.r7nGei 9i "on67;n7re7 s7n"Giunii pr7!;7ti"e 6in %(2+ 67tH 6e re!ee
C7ro 7 V?e7 $%(,,)%(L%- prin "7re se restrFn!e7 7utorit7te7 p7pei Fn
Biseri"7 .r7nGei.
BIBLIOGRA.IEI
I%voare
O. Mir8t@ [uellen %ur >esc?ic?te des Papsttums und des romisc?en Qat?o$
li%ismus, '?e Auf7!e@ Tu8in!en@ %*2'A L?e Auf.@ Tii8in!en@ %*L5.
Hucrri
R. .ossier@ Ie ;o3en <!e@ T. %. Hes mondes nouveau) $2'&)*'&-A t. ,. HE Eveil
ac lEEurope ,.596-/590 A t. 2. Le temps de crise $5,'&)%''&-@ P7ris@ %*+,)%*+2A
_i4e; I;P7;p@ 8as Qirc?enbild nnocen% GI $%%*+)%,%L-@ Stutt!7rt@ %*+2@
0III ) 2L& p. A C4. C4ene3@ Pope Innocent III ,--.76-/-;0 and England, Stutt!7rt
%*5L A \. Ri"47r6@ Ha papaute et les missions dE(rient au Mo3en bge ,P4I$e)PIA$
siecles0, Ro;e@ %*55.
\. Mer"ier@ Aingt siecles dE ?istoire du Aatican, P7ris@ %*5L@ '2& p.A Au!. .i"4e
et Vi"tor M7rtin@ 4istoire de lEEglise depuis les origines *usOuE nos *ours# Voi. VIII 0@ 0II@
0III $%&'5)%,5(- 6e 6iferiGi istori"i@ P7ris@ %*(L)%*L2.
.r. /ei er@ Alt Li rc?l ic?e Autonomi e und ppstl ic?e Sentral ismus, Mun"4en@
%*(% A .. 0. Seppet@ 8as Papsttum im =ptmittelalter und in der Seit der Renaissance,
B6. IV@ Mun"4en@ %*25A A. C7rteieri@ 8er Aufstieg des Papsttums im Ra?me der
Meltgesc?ic?te, Berin@ %*2LA C4.?\. /efee ) Do; /. Le"er"C@ 4istoire des &oncils
dEapres les documents originau), t. V@ VI@ P7ris@ %*%L.
in limba romn
Pr. prof. Mi7n es7n@ Fa"terea ideii papale, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ VIY $%*L,-@
nr. 5)+@ p. (L*)(+,A G. G. StHnes"u@ Politica imperialist a papii Inocen!iu II, "i
luptele de succesiune dintre =tauii 9i AKelii, CuM@ %*2*.
Prof. M. Popes"u@ Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e@ Prof. G. StHnes"u@ Istoria ?isericeascc
universal, t. II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L@ p. ',)L&A Euse8iu Popo#i"i@ Istoria bisericeascc
universal, tr76. 6e At. Mirones"u@ t. II@ e6. ,.?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,5@ p. *&)%%(.
Or6ine ;on747e Fn Apus. In"4iJiGi7 II
Fn presti!io7s7 s7 u"r7re 6espre istori7 Biseri"ii 6in Ger;7ni7
A8 /7u"P 7fir;H "H "ee7 "e for;e7JH !ori7 "re9tinHtHGii 7pusene 6ir
se". 0II)0III 7u fost or6inee "Hu!Hre9ti@ "7re 9i?7u trHit 7tun"i pe?
rio767 or eroi"H. Fn p7rte 7re 6rept7te pentru "H Fntr?76e#Hr Fn 7"e
ti;p s?7u Fnre!istr7t 7"Giuni 6e Fnnoire 7utenti"H 7 entuJi7s;uui 9
Mertfeni"iei ;on747e@ "7re@ Fn "o;p7r7Gie "u 7une"7re7 spre se"u7risn
7 "er"urior "on6u"Hto7re e"esi7sti"e@ 7u reFn#i7t 6oru 6upH i6e7u
e#7n!4ei"@ 6upH sHrH"ie@ 6upH suMire7 7pro7peui. D7r@ Fn 7"e79i ti;p
spiritu epo"ii feu67e 9i?7 pus pe"ete7 9i pe o serie 6e or!7niJ7Gii ;o
R Bi8io!r7fi7 7 fost 7"HtuitH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu
II C7pito r/dac.a. d/ Pr. 2ro0. T. 'odo6a/.
PERIOADA A PATRA
7 "Hror suMire 9i ;iMo7"e 6e u"ru er7u pre7 puGin e#7n!4ei"e A
A7 ee s?7u 6esfiinG7t nu fHrH 7 treJi "onfi"te 9i 7;HrH"iuni. In
spre 6eose8ire 6e ;on74is;u rHsHrite7n@ "7re Fns"rie Fn 7"e7stH
iNH p7!ini 6e #re6ni"ie e:"epGion7H@ 7tFt pe ini7 7s"eti"H 9i "on?
ti#H "Ft 9i pe "e7 o89te7s"H@ ;on74is;u 7puse7n se "7r7"teri?
7rinN tr?o or!7niJ7re "entr7istH 9i 6e tot7H o8e6ienGH p7p7H@ Fn
surH Fn"Ft pFnH 9i or6ine "er9eto7re@ "7 "e 7 6o;ini"7nior@ "7re
7it 7 Fn"eput "u 7#Fnt Fntr?76e#Hr sin"er 6e suMire@ 7 7Muns sH
A prin in"4iJiGie 7"te !r7#e "e ;er!e7u pFnH 7 e:ter;in7re7 Fn
i "o;unitHGior "re9tine ne"onfor;iste. De 7"ee7@ nu?i 6e ;ir7re
suMire7 ;on747H 6in 7"e ti;p@ Fn Apus@ se FntFne9te 7tFt iu8ire
6H 9i 7s"etis;@ "Ft 9i intoer7nGH@ "7re ;er!e pFnH 7 pre"oniJ7?
tei.N
tre "7uJee@ "7re 7u 6us 7 FnfiinG7re7 ;utor7 6in or6inee ;o?
"H"i@ spre 6eose8ire 6e RHsHrit@ Fn Apus #o; Fnre!istr7 Fn 7"e7stH
H o su;e6enie 6e for;7Gii ;FnHstire9ti@ "u st7tute 9i o8ie"ti#e
a@ 67r "7re to7te #or fi puse 6e "on6u"ere7 8iseri"e7s"H 7 #re;ii
87 i6eii p7p7e@ tre8uie sH so"oti; ;7i ;ute = "o;87tere7 u:uui
in6H#iei "eruui@ ne#oi7 6e stH#iire 7 ;i9"Hrii se"t7re s7u ereti"e@
pro7pe tot6e7un7 7#e7 nu7nGH 7nti"eri"7H@ Fn sfFr9it@ "4e;7re7
re p7pi s7u 6e "Htre 7Gi f7"t ori 7 oper7 6e rHspi n6i re 7 "re9t i?
ui Fn GHrie nor6i"e 7e Europei@ Fn Asi7 9i "4i7r printre Bs"4is?
iD 6in GHrie estuui 9i su6?estuui europe7n@ in"usi# Fn I;periu
n. Pe Fn!H or6ine ;on747e propriu?Jise 7u u7t n79tere 9i 7so?
i8ere s7u frHGii 6e 8Hr87Gi s7u 6e fe;ei nu;ite BterGi7riiD@ "7re
Ae7u intr7 Fntre Ji6urie ;FnHstirior@ "i rH;Fne7u Fn u;e 9i pr7"?
7"te 6e piet7te@ 6e penitenGH ori 6e "7rit7te@ 6esi!ur su8 Fn6ru?
unui 6u4o#ni"@ 797 "u; er7u 9i Fn I;periu 8iJ7ntin 9i Fn "ee?
Hri orto6o:e frHGii 6e Bne#oitoriD@ 6e 7#r7;Gi@ 6e $\/Ror"o#ot.
nii 6intre BterGi7riD 7u intro6us "u ti;pu Fn f7;iii i6e7u Bi;i?
ui /ristosD@ 797 "u; 7u fost "7Jurie re!eui fr7n"eJ Lu6o#i" 7
"e SfFnt $f %,5&-@ 7 BSfinteiD Eis78et7 7 Un!7riei s7u 7 Turin?
N %,2%-@ i7r ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn se". 7 0V?e7@ fr7Gii 6e #i7GH "o;unH
7n67@ "7re ne?7u 67t fru;o7s7 "7rte BUr;7re7 ui /ristosD@ 7tri?
ui T4o;7s 6e Oe;pis $f %(5%-. Fn !ener7@ to7te or6inee 7#e7u
iGe7 or un B!ener7D@ i7r Fn "76ree fie"Hrei GHri un 76Mun"t Bpro?
D.
r6i ne e ;on747 e ;7i i ;port 7nt e i#i te F n Apus@ F n 7"e7st H
pe?@ 7u fost =
C7rtusienii@ or6in FnfiinG7t Fn %&+L 7 C47rtusiu; $C47rtreuses- i?
estu .r7nGei@ Fn!H Greno8e@ 6e "7noni"u +runo din Reims,
s"opu 6e 7 FntHri 6is"ipin7 ;er7H 7 "eruui. Ei re"o;7n67u
"ont i nuH "ont r7 u:u ui @ 7 enei 9i 7 H"o;i ei . Se o"up7u "u
tHri7 9i "opiere7 6e "HrGi 9i nHJui7u spre #i7G7 "onte;p7ti#H. C7
foose7u nu;7i pFine@ e!u;e 9i 7pH. A fost so"otit "e ;7i 7uster
;on747@ "u "e ;7i re6us nu;Hr 6e ;e;8ri@ 67r "u ;7re ;erit
G7 "utur7H.
,. Cister"ienii s7u "ister"iGii 7 fost un or6in Fnte;ei7t in!H
DiMon@ 7 Cister"iu; $CFte7u:-@ Fn %&*+@ 6e e!u;enu 8ene6i"tin Robert,
Fn s"opu F;8unHtHGirii #ieGii ;on747e@ pe "7re 7 re76us?o 7 si;pit7te@
refuJFn6 sH pri;e7s"H 6on7Gii Fn "7se@ Fn 87ni@ Fn 6iM;e s7u sH 7ren6eJe
i;o8ie. Ei trHi7u sin!uri@ 6in ;un"H ;7nu7H@ Fn o89ti ;on747e. In %%%,
7 #enit 7 ;FnHstire@ 6intr?o f7;iie 8o!7tH@ "e "7re 7#e7 s< fie Bern7r6
6e C7ir#7u: $f %%'2- 9i "7re ;7i 76u"e7 tot 7tun"i Fn"H ( fr7Gi 9i un
un"4i. Bern7r6 7 6us o #i7GH 6e retr7!ere 9i ;e6it7Gie. Fn s"urtH #re;e
f7i;7 ui 7 7Muns 7tFt 6e ;7re Fn"Ft@ "u; spune un istori" $/7;pe-@ ti;p
6e "FGi#7 Je"i 6e 7ni e 7 fost re!ee neFn"oron7t 7 Europei. A fost
"4e;7t sH "o;87tH prin pre6i"i ;i9"Hri e:tre;iste@ pre"u; "e7 7 ui
Arno6 6e Bres"i7 $%%&&)%%'2-@ Fn Lo;87r6i7@ s7u !re9eie 6o"trin7e
7e unui 67s"H "ee8ru "7 Petru A8e7r6 $f %%(,- 9i 7e petro8rusienior@
67r ;7i 7es sH pre!Hte7s"H 7t;osfer7 pentru pe"7re7 Fn "ru"i767 7
Ii?7. A "enJur7t 9i ;or7#urie@ "onte;por7nior sHi@ in"usi# 7e unor
p7pi "7 Eu!en 7 III?e7 $%%(')%%'2-. Fn '& 6e 7ni or6inu "ister"ienior
7 7Muns sH 6o8Fn6e7s"H peste '&& 6e ;FnHstiri. CFte#7 7u fost 9i in
Tr7nsi#7ni7.
2. Pre;oFistr7tensi@ "u "entru Fn!H L3on@ 7 Pre;ontre@ er7 un
or6in Fnte;ei7t Fn %%,& 6e "7noni"u Forbert din Qoln, "7re s?7 6e6i"7t
F;8unHtHGirii pre6i"ii 9i suMirii preoGe9ti. Au 7"ti#7t "7 ;ision7ri Fn
pHrGie B7ti"ii.
(. C7r;eiiGi@ or6in Fnte;ei7t Fn %%'L pe ;untee C<r;ei Fn E7r7
SfFntH 6e un "ru"i7t it7i7n@ +ert?old de &alabria, 9i?7u sporit f7i;7 6in
se"ou 7 0II?e7@ "Fn6 !ener7u or6inuui =imon =torcL 7 rHspFn6it
#este7 "H M7i"7 Do;nuui i?7r fi Fn"re6inG7t un #e9;Fnt pentru u;eri@
s"7pu\7ru@ 6e "uo7re "7st7nie@ "o;pus 6in 6ouH 8u"HGi@ un7 pe piept
9i 7t7 pe sp7te@ pe "7re?% po7rtH pFnH 7Ji. De 7 rFn6uieie ere;iti"e
or6inu 7 tre"ut "u ti;pu 7 #i7GH ;7i Fn!H6uito7re@ f7pt pentru "7re
h
spre sfFr9itu perio76ei 7"estei7@ 7 fost 76eseori "riti"7t.
'. Au!ust i ni eni i ) o uni une 7 ;7i ;u t orN so"i et HG i 6e ere;i G i
$%,(2- ) "uti#7u@ Fn !enu .eri"ituui Au!ustin $f (2& A Epist. ,%%-@
!riM7 pentru #i7G7 rei!io7sH 7 "eruui.
L. Or6inu fr7nris r7nior 7 fost FnfiinG7t Fn %,&* 6e Francisc din
Assisi &%+, ) f %,,$'k @ fiu 6e ne!ustor 8o!7t 6in pro#in"i7 U;8ri7@ Fn
It7i7@ "7re s?7 "on#ertit Fn ur;7 unei 8oi 9i 7 ;7i ;utor Fn"er"Hri@
s"4i;8Fn6 #i7G7 6e pH"eri 9i 7;8iGii "7#7ere9ti Fntr?un7 si;pH@ 6e
sHrH"ie #oitH@ 6e6i"Fn6u?se 7 Fn"eput Fn!riMirii epro9ior 9i ri6i"Hrii unor
8iseri"uGe Fn o"u n7t7 $Portiun"u7-@ i7r 7poi 7s"eJei ri!uro7se@ u;8Fn6
F;8rH"7t nu;7i Fntr?o 47inH ne7!rH@ Fn"ins "u o funie 9i 6es"uG. A
Fn"eput sH pre6i"e po"HinG7 "u tot opro8riu prietenior "7re ?7u so"otit
ne8un. Doi "Fte 6oi@ B;inoriGiiD $"u; 7u ;7i fost nu;iGi pentru tr7iuN
or nepretenGios- s7u fr7n"is"7nii s?7u rHspFn6it repe6e. Fn %,%, s?7
Fnte;ei7t pe 7"ee79i te;eiuri 6e 7se;ene7 un or6in fr7n"is"7n fe;inin@
nu;it 9i 7 "7riseor@ 6e "Htre C7r7 S"iffi 6in Assisi@ i7r Fn %,,( un
7 treie7 or6in "o;pus 6in ;ireni@ "u s"opu 6e 7 pro;o#7 po"HinG7
L ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
PERIOADA A PATRA
nu;i t Or6i nu terGi 7ri or. De9i ;ort 6e tFnHr $%,,L@ 7 (( 7ni-@
i"isKc 6e Assisi 7 fost po7te "e ;7i popu7r 6intre Fnte;eietorii or?
or ;on747e $7?(& 6e 7ni 6upH ;o7rte7 ui nu;Hru ;FnHstirior
"is"7ne se ri6i"7 7 +&&*-@ ;7i 7es pentru tr76iGi7 "H 6in 6r7!oste
ru /ristos i?7r fi 7pHrut pe "orp Bsti!;7teeD s7u rHnie Do;nuui@
H ;o7rte7 ui 7 ur;7t 6i#iJ7re7 or6inuui Fn Bo8ser#7nGiD $s7u ri?
si- 9i Fn B"on#entu7iD@ "7re 76;ite7u 7#ere7 pentru foosu
"o;u?Aii niFnHstire9ti. P7p7it7te7 7 spriMinit pe "on#entu7i Fn upt7
"ontr7 ti"eiD?or ri!ori9ti@ "7re@ prin in"4iJiGie@ 7u fost i"4i67Gi Fn
%2',. i"is" 6e Assisi 7 fost 7pre"i7t "Fn6 "7 "e ;7i si;p7ti" 6in
to7te rie ;e6ie#7e $/7rn7"P-@ "Fn6@ pri#it senti;ent7 $Bii
po#ereoD-@ BZe"ursor 7 unui "re9tinis; fHrH 6o!;e $S787tier@
Ren7n et"-. E ire"i7t Fn 7rtH "7 un Fn6rH!ostit 6e n7turH $Bfr7tee
so7reD-@ i7r Fn tu7it7te e 67t "7 ;o6e pentru pre6i"7 senti;ent7H@
"u; 7 fost "eni"u ui 6e ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn se". 7 0/I?e7@ Antonie 6e
P76o#7 ')%,2%-.
In %,,+@ e 7 fost "7noni J7t sfF nt 6e p7p7 Gri !orie 7 I0?e7 5)
%,(%-.
D7toritH presti!iuui renu;ituui teoo! s"o7sti" \o4n Duns S"ot
2&+-@ "7re 7 fH"ut p7rte 6in or6inu fr7n"is"7nior s7u 7 fr7Gior -
ri@ ?fr7n"is"7nii se ;7i nu;es" 9i scoti"ti#
C$ (r?ral 6o;ini"7nior 7 fost Fnte;ei7t Fn %,%' ) to";7i "Fn6
i Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 $%%*+)%,%L- er7 Fn "u ;e7 puterii s7e@ 6e
ni"u sp7nio 8ominic >u%man fI%5&)%,,YM h. nHs"ut Fn pro#in"i7
ii7 6in Sp7ni7@ "7 o re7"Gie f7GH 6e u:u@ H"o;i7 9i #i7G7 ;oe9itH
Fruui "7toi"@ Fn ur;7 "Hrui f7pt ;uGi o7;eni e refuJ7u ser#i"iie
;tri8ui7u 7stfe in6ire"t 7 Fn;uGire7 ereJiior. Fn"H 6in %,&' Do?
" 7 tre"ut Pirineii 9i 7 Fn"eput sH pre6i"e Fntr?o so"iet7te Fn "7re@
Fnforire7 #ieGii orH9ene9ti 9i 7 8unHstHrii@ Fn"epuserH sH 7p7rH feno? s
Fn!riMorHto7re 6e i8ertin7M nu nu;7i Fn ;or7it7te@ "i 9i Fn !Fn6ire.
inie 7 7"ti# 7t Fn Muru or79uui 6e ;7re Fnforire e"ono;i"H pe "i@
$Tourous! fr Fnte;ein6 un or6in de clugri cer"etori, nu;it 1[rdo um
praedicatorum2 $Or6inu fr7Gior pre6i"7tori-@ "u #i7GHR"o;unH. t
Eonoriu7 III?e7 $%,% L)%,,5- 7 7pro87t or6inu Fn d, ip su8 ee 6e
1fra!ii predicatori2, ) 1Fratres praedicatores2 )@ s"oGFn6u?i u8
7s"ut7re7 epis"opior o"7i 9i punFn6u?i su8 7s"ut7re7 6ire"tH
="usi#H 7 7utoritHGii s7e@ 6Fn6u?e 6reptu 6e 7 ;Hrturisii@ 7 pre6i"7
sH#Fr9i Sfintee T7ine. Fn %,22 p7p7 Gri!orie 7 I0?e7 7 7"or67t
Fuui fr7Gior pre6i"7tori Muris6i"Gi7 7supr7 ereti"ior. As"ut7re7@
pin7 9i se#erit7te7 6o;ini"7nior F;potri#7 ereti"ior este iustr7tH
Mo"u 6e "u#inte = Do;ini"7ni Q BDo;ini "7nesD Q "Finii Do;nuui.
Pri#ie!iie 7"or67te fr7n"is"7nior 9i 6o;ini"7nior "u s"o7tere7 6e
Muris6i"Gi7 epis"opior o"7i 9i "u supunere7 or e:"usi# 7utoritHGii
e@ e?7u 7tr7s 6u9;Hni7 7s"unsH 7 "eruui superior. Fn6epinrie7
ser#i"ii Fn p7ro4ii@ pe 6e 7tH p7rte@ 7 pro#o"7t 7#ersiune7 "eruui
sir. In 7 treie7 rFn6@ f7n7tis;u 9i "ruJi;e7 "u "7re 7u 7"Gion7t
7es 6o;ini"7nii Fn in"4iJiGii 7u stFrnit ur7 poporuui. Ri#7it7te7
ti"7 9i teoreti"H Fntre "ee 6ouH or6ine ;on747e s?7 ;7nifest7t prin
1
6ispute p7sion7te@ purt7te 6e ;ute ori "u ;iMo7"e ne6e;ne@ 9i 7Mun?
!Fn6u?se "4i7r 7 rHJ8unHri sFn!ero7se.
D7toritH ;7reui presti!iu 6e "7re se 8u"urH Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?
"7toi"H ;7ree teoo! s"o7sti" T?omas de AOuino $f %,5(-@ "7re 7 intr7i
Fn Or6inu 6o;ini"7nior@ 7"e9ti7 se ;7i nu;es" 9i 1tomi"t?, spre 6eose?
8ire 6e fr7n"is"7ni@ "7re se nu;es" 9iN 1scoti"ti2, 6upH nu;ee ui Duns
S"ot@ "7re 7 fost fr7n"is"7n.
In 7f7rH 6e 7"este 97pte or6ine ;7ri s?7u ;7i Fnte;ei7t Fn 7"e7stF
perio76H 9i 7te or6ine ;7i ;i"i@ pre"u; 9i 7so"i7Gii pio7se 6e 7i"i@ 8Hr ?
87Gi 9i fe;ei@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH =
%. Aso"i7Gi7 de mnstiri a fra!ilor sco!ieni "i irlande%i 7 fost Fnte
;ei7tH Fn se". 7 0?e7 6e 3arianus =cotus, Fn e!HturH "u e;i!r7GiiY
ir7n6eJe. Fn se". 7 0IV?e7 e7 s?7 6is"re6it7t.
,. Atoni!ii, or6in Fnte;ei7t pe 7 finee se". 7 0?e7@ s?7 6e6i"7
;7i 7es Fn!riMirii 8on7#ior.
2. (spitalierii =fntului Ha%r $spre 6eose8ire 6e or6inu ;iit7r
SfFntuui Io7n- 7 fost un or6in nu pre7 nu;eros@ FnfiinG7t pe 7 %%+
Fn Montpeier 9i ;ut7t ;7i 7poi 7 Ro;7. S?7 o"up7t ;7i 7es "u 7siQ
tent7 epro9ior.
(. Fntre or6inee pentru rHs"u;pHr7re7 rHniGior 9i 7 "eor "HJu
Fn ro8ie 7 ;usu;7ni 7u fost trinitarii $7i Sfintei Trei;i-@ Fn It7i7 =
.r7nG7@ 9i mercedrii $"7re rHs"u;pHrH-@ ;7i 7es Fn Sp7ni7@ Fn se". A
0II?Ne7.
'. (rdinul servi!ilor 7 fost Fnte;ei7t Fn %,22 Fn .orenG7@ pentiM
rHspFn6ire7 "utuui M7i"ii Do;nuui@ "ut "7re Fn ur;7 "ru"i76eor s?
rHspFn6it ;ut Fn Apus.
L. (rdinul brigittelor 7 fost Fnte;ei7t Fn %2L2 Fn Sue6i7 6e o prinGe=
#H6u#H@ Bri!itt7@ 7#Fn6 ;isiune7 6e 7 purt7 !riMH 6e ;or7iJ7re7 fe;eii
6e"HJute.
5. (rdinulE oblatelor 7 fost Fnte;ei7t Fn %(22 Fn It7i7@ "u 7n!7M7;e=
;on747 te;por7r@ 76i"H nu pentru to7tH #i7G7@ "i nu;7i pentru
7nu;itH 6ur7tH.
+. Fn EHrie 6e \os@ e#7#i7 popu7rH 7 67t n79tere unor 7so"i7t
pre"u; "ee 7e beg?inelor 9i begar%ilor, fe;ei 9i 8Hr87Gi 6e6i"7Gi rr
7es opereor 6e "7rit7te $se". 7 0II?e7-@ s7u "7 7"ee7 nu;itH fra!ii
via! coviun, "7re pro;o#7 7"tee 6e piet7te 9i 6e instruire re"ipro
$se". 0IV)0V-.
(rdinele cavalere"ti s?7u nHs"ut 6in ne"esit7te7 6e 7 7#e7 o7;7
6e#ot7Gi nu nu;7i suMirii "re9tine 7 o;uui@ "i 9i pentru 7pHr7re7
si!ur7nG7 Lo"urior Sfinte "u"erite 6e "ru"i7Gi. Pentru 7 fi "Ft ;7i o6
r7ti#i@ "on6u"ere7 or er7 stri"t ier7r4iJ7tH 9i "entr7iJ7tH@ 7#Fn6 Fn fruiM
un B;7re ;7estruD s7u un B;7estru supre;D@ 7 "Hrui putere er7 %
tre"trtHc6o7r 6e "7pitu !ener7 "7re se 7f7 7 Ro;7. Z
(rdinul clugrilor ospitalieri ai =fntului Ioan s7u Ioani!ii 7 f
FnfiinG7tUtteni9te ne!ustori 6in A;7fi@ Fntr?un spit7 6in Ierus7i;@ 7
7nu %&(+@ 7#Fn6 "7 p7tron pe SfFntu Io7n BoteJHtoru. S"opu Iu fost
sH 7si!ure !HJ6uire7 peerinior 9i sH Fn!riMe7s"H 6e 8on7#i. Di=
LUAUA A i
J
AXKA
i re7 Ierus7 i ;u ui 6e "Ht re "ru"i 7G i @ or6i nu s?7 ;i i t 7ri J7t @ F n
7pHrHrii "re9tinior 6e 7t7"urie ;usu;7nior 9i Fn6eose8i
7
pir7?
CFt ti ;p 7 6ur7t re!7tu SfFntuui Mor;Fnt $%&**)%%+5- s?7u
t 7t F n 6i feri t e or79e it 7 i ene o serie 6e fi i 7 e 7e o7ni Gi or@ "u
Ai spit7e@ 67r Fn"ep<n6 6e pe 7 %%25 ;isiune7 or prin"ip7H 7
"e7 ;iit7rH. Prin 7Muto7ree 9i 67niie pri;ite 7u 7Muns "urFn6
Hst7re 9i ;7re 8o!HGie. Purt7u Fn ;o6 "urent ;7nt7e ne!re "u
78H@ i7r Fn rHJ8oi@ ;7nt7 ro9ie "u "ru"e 78H. DupH 7un!7re7
ii or 6e 7 Lo"uri e Sfi nt e 7u int enG i on7t sH se 79eJe F n EHri e
ne@ "u; 6o#e6e9te B6ipo;7 "7#7erior io7niGiD 6in %,(5. DupH
Ai 9i?7u st78iit "7rtieru !ener7 Fn insu7 Ro6os@ un6e 7u rH;7s
n %',, "Fn6@ 7un!7Gi 6e tur"i@ s?7u ;ut7t Fn insu7 M7t7@ un6e
H nu;ee 6e "7#7eri ;7teJi s7u "7#7erii 6e M7t7. %mplierii sau
cavalerii templului, "e ;7i #e"4i or6in ;iit7r u?Jis@ 7 fost
Fnte;ei7t Fn %%%* 7 Ierus7i; 6e + "7#7eri fr7n"eJi@ nte "u
4ugues de Pa'ens, 7#Fn6 FntFiu o" 6e re9e6inGH o 7ripH 7tu
6Hruit 6e re!ee Ierus7i;uui B76uin 7 II?e7 $%%%+)%%2%-@
pe o"u #e"4iuui te;pu ;oJ7i"@ Fn 7;intire7 "Hrui7 pri;irH
e 6e Te;pieri. S"opu er7 proteM7re7@ prin 7r;e@ 7 peerinior.
=eput 7 fost fo7rte sHr7"@ 67r Fn ur;7 re"o;7n6Hrior fH"ute 6e
rd de &lairvau) $f %%'2-@ "7re i?7 susGinut Fn sino6u 6e 7 Tro3es
9i e?7 re67"t7t "4i7r ;7re p7rte 6in re!u7;ent @ or6i nu or 7
t "e ;7i 8o!7t 6in to7te or6inee ;iit7re@ 7Mun!Fn6 sH 7i8H "u
Fn "7pit77 .r7nGei "entr77 s"4i;8urior ;onet7re europene@
;7 or er7 o ;7nt7 ne7!rH "u "ru"e ro9ie. DupH %,*%@ or6inu
ne#oit sH pHrHse7s"H P7estin7 9i s?7 st78iit Fn .r7nG7. E !reu
Fs un6e 9i "Fn6 7 Fn"eput sH 6e#inH in"o;o6 pentru re!7tu fr7n?
sst or6in "Hu!Hres". Po7te 7#erie f78uo7se 9i tr7nJ7"Giie or Fi
i Fn "7e. C7 sH punH ;Fn7 pe ee@ re!ee .iFp 7 IV?e7 "e .ru;os
?%2%(- 7 foosit 9i spion7Mu. Fn %2&5@ !ener7u or6inuui KacOues
la' 7 fost 7rest7t 9i ;7tr7t7t. Su8 7n"4etH 9i torturH "7#7erii
e!7t 9i s"uip7t SfFnt7 Cru"e@ 7u re"unos"ut "H 6u" #i7GH i;or7H
Pr7"ti"H i6oo7tri7. Gener7u 7 tri;is o "ir"u7rH ;e;8rior sHi
Nerite or79e 9i GHri sH?9i re"uno7s"H 9i ei !re9eie. Dos7ru 7 fost
7poi p7pei Ce;ent 7 V?e7 $%2&')%2%(-@ 7 A#i!non Fn .r7nG7@
i ;ut7se re9e6inG7@ "7re 7 6e"is 7rest7re7 tuturor #ino#7Gior@ Fn
7rH s?7r 7f7@ i7r 8unurie or sH fie "onfis"7te. Peste un 7n s?7u
67t "er"etHrie A Je"e "7r6in7i 7u restituit p7pei pHHri7 6e
"7r?ApunFn6u?i "H s?7u Fn9e7t@ "reJFn6u?% "H este ;7i ;7re 6e"Ft
re!ii t F;pHr7Gii@ "FtH #re;e e este 6o7r ro8u re!eui fr7n"eJ.
Co;i?i8i"e 7u 6o#e6it Fn %2%& #in7 te;pierior. Nu;7i Fntr?o
sin!urH ost 7r9i pe ru! '( 6e te;pieri@ 6e9i unii 6in ei stri!7u 9i
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PERIOADA A PATRA
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!e7re7 se fH"e7 Fn 8iseri"H Fn ti;pu Litur!4iei.
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pute7 ) prin re!i; 6e pFir.e 9i 7pH ) sH o8GinH iert7re pentru "ri;e
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nentH@ pentru "ei "e o ;Hrturise7u nu;7i prin torturH.
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ri7e o tristH "ee8rit7te@ nu s?7 fH"ut fHrH nu;ero7se proteste 9i 9o#Hiei
Fn"H 6e 7 Fn"eput. Astfe@ unii "onsi6er7u "H ereJi7 nu este "ri;H@ 6e
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87ross7 $%%',)%%*&-@ s?7 st78iit "7 ereti"ii sH fie pre67Gi 8r7Guui se?
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@ Nu;Hru #i"ti;eor in"4iJiGiei nu po7te fi st78iitA 6e9i 6estu 6e
;7re@ nu;Hru 7 fost e:7!er7t 6e 76#ers7rii Biseri"ii. RHspun6ere7 pen?
tru 7"este o;oruri 9i ;7i 7es pentru "ee Fn ;7sH@ sH#Fr9ite "u prieMu
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s7u "i#iH. Pute7 fi "it7t 9i 7rest7t ori"ine 9i se pute7 foosi tortur7 F;M
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sp7nioH@ "7re 7 Fn6oi7t 7tFte7 se"oe Sp7ni7.
PERIOADA A PATRA
BIBLIOGRA.IEI
B7rtoo;ie Benn7ss7r@ HEInOuisition espagnole ) Inc?i%i!ia spaniol $se". 0V)
t r76 6i n i ;87 fr7n"eJH 6e C7r;e 7 Ro;7n@ Bu"ure9t i @ %*22A /. Bei n7r6t @
ds oi t?e trials oi t?e spanis? inOuisition ,-B7W6-B750, Lei6en@ %*5(@ L55 p. M
;iniCue HEInOuisition, P7ris@ %*L* A /. O7;en@ 4istoire de lEinOuisition espagnole
spanis?E InOuisition0, tr76uit 6e N7n!7is p7r Tenette Pri!ent et /eene De7tre@
r LortJ@ +ern?ard von &lairvau), 3onc? und 3'stiLer, .rei8ur!@ %*''A N. /. Vi?
>esc?lc?te des ?eiligen 8ominiLus, .rei8ur!@ %*'5.
=. Er6;7nn@ Religiose +eNegungen des 3ittelalters, e6. II@ %*L%.
\ Grun6;7nn@ Qet%ergesc?ic?te des 3ittelalters, .rei8ur!@ %*L2.
h .ossier@ He mo'en ge, T. %. Ies mondes nouveau) ,W59)*'&A t. ,. HEeveil
r
urope $*'&)%,'&- A t. 2. He temps de crise ,-/596-5590, P7ris@ %*+,)%*+2A
RpR /. ) G. Be"P@ E. E`i ! et \. A. \un!;7nn@ T?e &?urc? in t?e age ot
ism, tr76. 6in i;87 !er;7nH@ Lon6on@ %*+&@ 0VIII ) '5( p.A E. Gison@ Ha
ip?ie au mo'en ge, P7ris@ %*5LA I6e;@ Ha T?eologie m'stiOue de =aint
d ,&oli Etudes de p?ilosop?ie medievale0, P7ris@ %*2(A /. T4o6e@ Fran%Z
ssisi und die Anlnge der Qunst der Renaissance in Italien, _ien. %*2(.
n romfine"te <
L. /i7tt?Veri@ Inc?i%i!ia, Fn ro;. 6e G4. Dinu@ Cr7io#7@ %*2%.
7"Cues e Goff@ &ivili%a!ia (ccidentului medieval, tr76u"ere 9i note 6e MHri7
F@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5&A Re"enJie 6e Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00IV
nr. ,@ p. ,L'),5&.
C7pti#it7te7 878ioni"H 7 p7pior F7 A#i!non.
M7re7 s"4is;H p7p7H 6in Apus. Con"ii7os;uF.
Sino76ee 6e F7 Pis7@ Oonst7nJ@ B7s"i II
67tH "u 6isp7riGi7 6e pe s"en7 istoriei 7 uti;uui F;pHr7t 6in
7 /o4enst7ufen 9i "u ;ut7re7 pentru 5& 6e 7ni 7 re9e6inGei p7p7e
7nt7@ 7 A#i!non $%2&*)%255-@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H in7u!ur7
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;G7 o et7pH 6e tot ;7i ;utH nest7torni"ie 9i 6e ipsH 6e unit7te@
Fenu er7 ;ut ;7i profun6 6e"Ft sH fie re6us 7 prepon6erenG7
H@ 6e 7stH 67tH 6e "oor7turH fr7n"eJH@ 7supr7 #ieGii 8iseri"e9ti@
er7 ;ut ;7i 76Fn"H 9i e7 nu se reJu;7 7 f7ptu "H fie"7re st7t
7re popor 6ore7 sH?9i ri6i"e pe s"7unu p7p7 un pontif 6in sFnu
ni"i ;H"7r 7tun"i "Fn6@ pentru 7ni Fn 9ir@ #or fi 7e9i "Fte 6oi
i7r trei p7pi Fn 7"e79i ti;p@ fie"7re "ontinuFn6 sH?9i ;enGinH Ai
76;inistr7Gi7 proprie. MpH sute 6e 7ni 6e "on#ieGuire 9i uneori 6e
"o78or7re "on67;?
"u instituGiie 7tFt 6e nest7torni"e 7e re!i;urior feu67e@ Bi?
se #7 resi;Gi profun6 Fn FnsH9i fiinG7 ei. Si;Ge7 6in 76Fn"u ei@
7u toGi pHrinGii 9i fiii ei 6e 8unH "re6inGH@ "H tre8uie sH 7""epte
e fun67;ent7e Fn FnsH9i "Hpeteni7 9i ;H6u7ree s7e. V7 tre8ui
8i8io!r7fi7 7 fost 7"HtuitH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I.
RH;ure7nu. C7pit o re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I.
RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V +*
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PERIOADA A PATRA
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BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I)0V *2
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PERIOADA A PATRA
s7pH@ nou o"up7nt 7 S"7unuui Ro;7n@ Eu!eniu IV $%(2%)%((5-@
i;isN 7 %+ 6e"e;8rie %(2% o s"riso7re 6e Fn"4i6ere 7 sino6uui 9i
7re7 ui 7 Boo!n7@ un6e ur;7 sH se 6is"ute unire7 "u !re"ii. Sino? i
s?7u 7rHt7t surpri n9i 6e 4otHrFre7 p7pei 9i 7u FnGees "H 7"est 7 7 t
;ut7re7 spre 7 e#it7 s7n"Gion7re7 6e"retuui e;is 7 Oonst7nJ@
"7re se re"uno9te7 "H sino6u e superior "4i7r 9i Biseri"ii nu nu;7i
o7nei p7pei. De 7"ee7@ Fn"ur7M7Gi 6e F;pHr7tu Si!is;un6 I 7 Ger?
tiei 6e ;7Morit7te7 prinGior 9i 6e #otu "eruui fr7n"eJ Fntrunit Fn7?
7 Bour!es $fe8ru7rie %(2,-@ "7 9i 6e 6istinsee person7itHGi sosite
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so7re7 p7p7H. Au fost 7e9i prote"tori 7i sino6uui trei prinGi@ i7r
=e6intee sino6uui ur;7 sH fie 7es pe ter;en 6e o unH. S?7 ;7i
irFt "7 opiniie profesorior uni#ersit7ri@ 6o"tori Fn teoo!ie 9i Fn 6rept
7ni"@ pre"u; 9i 7e 7tor "eri"i eru6iGi@ sH 7i8H o ;7i ;7re !reut7te
t 7e epis"opior.
To7te ;e;oriie 9i 7"tee 76res7te sino6uui sFnt pre67te unei "o?
ii "o;puse 6in %, ;e;8ri@ "7re@ 6upH e:7;in7re@ e Fn7inte7JH "orn?
uui spre 6ei8er7re.
P7p7 Eu!eniu IV n?7 #rut sH GinH se7;H totu9i 6e 7"est sino6@ 67r
nter#enGi7 F;pHr7tuui 7 "e67t@ 9i prin 8u7 s7u en"i"i"7 8udum
Jum, 6in %' 6e"e;8rie %(2%@ 7 re"unos"ut sino6u. Fn fe8ru7rie %(2(@
H "e se fH"u 6eM7 F;pH"7re7 Fntre p7pH 9i sino67ii 6in B7se@ ei Fn?
MrH sH intre Fn ;ieJu pro8e;eor ;7ri 6e refor;H 7 "uriei p7p7e@
re#iJuire 7 ;o6uui Fn "7re sH se f7"H 7e!ere7 p7pei 9i 4otHrFrH "H
re8uie sH 6epunH Fn f7G7 sino6uui un MurH;Fnt. NeFnGee!ere7 7 sur it
"Fn6 7 fost #or87 6e fi:7re7 o"uui un6e sH 7i8H o" sino6u unio? "u
!re"ii. Le!7Gii p7p7i susGine7u un or79 it7i7n@ ;7Morit7te7 si? 7ior
6ore7u 7 B7se@ A#i!non ori Fn S7#o3e. Prin 8u7 18octoris tium2
6in %+ septe;8rie %(25@ p7p7 Eu!en 7 IV?e7 4otHrF tr7nsfe?=7
"onsiiuui 6in B7se 7 .err7r7@ pe "o7st7 orient7H 7 It7iei@ pen? 7
e fi ;7i u9or !re"ior sH #inH 7 sino6. NepreJentFn6u?se 7 9e? !a
6in ,( i7nu7rie %(2+@ p7p7 7 fost suspen67t@ i7r Fn 9e6inG7 6in ,' ie
%(2*@ ,& pre7Gi 9i peste 2&& 6e 6o"tori Fn teoo!ie ?7u 6e"7r7t Ai"
9i ?7u 6epus 6in s"7un pentru "H 7 refuJ7t sH pri;e7s"H 4otHrF?
sino6uui 6e 7 Oonst7nJ.
L7 su!esti7 "7r6in7uui 6NAe;7n@ 6u"ee A;e6eu 6e S7#oi7 7 fost
"7;7t Fn ' noie;8rie %(2* p7pH "u titu .ei: V $%(2*)%((*- $7
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B7se@ Fn %((*-.
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;u?AHri spriMine7u pe .ei: V@ 6upH %((2@ rFn6 pe rFn6 .r7nG7@
Ar7!onu@ Gi7 9i@ Fn fine Fn %(('@ Ger;7ni7 tre" 6e p7rte7 p7pei
Eu!en 7 IV?Sino6u 6in B7se 7 ;7i u"r7t pFnH Fn %((*@ "Fn6 s?7
6iJo#7t. Spre se8ire 6e !7i"7nii e:tre;i9ti@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H
"onsi6erH "7 ;eni"e nu;7i 4otHrFrie pri ;eor ,' 6e 9e6inGe 6e 7
B7se@ 76i"H F Ginute pFnH 7 ;ut7re7 sino6uui 7 .err7r7@ pe "o7st7
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;7rtie %(2+. Qee ,' 6e 9e6inGe s?7u 6is"ut7t ;o6u 6e "o;87tere 7
ereJiior 9i 7te
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I)0V
pro8e;e "7re nu 7tin!e7u 7utorit7te7 S"7unuui 6e 7 Ro;7. Cee7 "e
7 ri6i"7t presti!iu p7pei Eu!en 7 IV?e7@ Fn ti;pu sino6uui 6in B7?
se@ "7re 6in ,( i7nu7rie %(2+ nu?% ;7i re"uno9te7@ 6e"7rFn6u?% ereti" 9i
6epus 6in s"7un@ 7 fose unire7 Fn"4ei7tH "u !re"ii 7 L iuie %(2*. Ast ?
fe@ orto6o"9ii 7u "ontri8uit@ po7te fHrH #oi7 or@ 7 ri6i"7re7 presti!iuui
p7p7itHGii Fn o"4ii o""i6ent7ior.
B I B L I O G R A . I E I
I J # o 7 r e = C7ri Mir8t@ [uellen %ur >esc?ic?te des Papsttums und des romisc?en
Qat?oli%ismus 5$e AuilaOe, Tii8in!en@ %*2' M L?e Auf.@ Tu8in!en@ %*L5A I. A8er!io@
P. P. Io7nnou@ C. Leon7r6i@ P. Pro6i et N. \e6in@ &onciliorum oecumenicoium decreta,
.rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ B7e@ %*L,.
L u " r H r i = R. .ossier@ He Mno3en ge# T# ,. GEveil de AEurope $*'&)%,'&-A Le iemps
de crise ,-/996-5590, Paiis, -.7/6-.7W: .. Oe;pf@ /.?G. Be"P@ E. E`i! et \. A. \un!;7nn@
T?e &?urc? in t?e age ot feu67is;. Tr76u"ere 6in i;87 !er;7nH@ L"n6on@ %*+&@
0VIII)'5( p.A Giuseppe A8er!io@ &?iesa conciliare# ldentit e signi$iicato del
conciliarismo, Bres"i7@ %*+%@ 2L+ p.
Arnuf V7!e6es@ 8as Qon%il iiber dem Papst c 8ie =telungna?men des FiLolaus
von Qucs und des Panormi l anus %um =t rei t J`i s"4en dem Qon%i l von +asel und
Fugen IV@ , #oi. T. I. te:tA II. An;erPun!en@ P76er8orn@ Miin"4en@ _ien@ biiri"4@
%*+% A \. E. An7st7sion@ NI7iopi7 tRs NE:#.0iM7F7s t. II@ e6. ,?e@ Tes7oni"@ %*5* A \. _.
Stie8er@ Pope Eugenius IA# T?e &ouncil ot +asel and t?e secular ecdcsiasiical
autLorities in t?e empire# T?e conilict over supreme aut?orit' and po`er in t?e
&?urc?, Le367@ %*5+@ 0VI)'%( p.A 8ie EntNicL?mg des Qonciliarismus, Meiden und
Fac?NirLen der Lonciliaren Idee, e6it7tH 6e R. B7u;er@ D7r;st76t@ %*5L@ (&* p. R.
OottMe un6 B. Mo"er@ >Lumenisc?e Qirc?engesc?ic?te# +d# II# 3ittelater und Re?
iormalion, Mun"4en@ %*5&. \. D7nieou et /. M7rrou ,Fouvelle ?istoire de lEglise#
T. II@ p7r M. D. Ono`es et D. O8oensP3@ Le ;o3en ge, P7rMs@ %*L+A /. \e6in@
+isc?ollic?#es Qon%il oder Qirc?enparlament c ,?e Auf. .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*LLA
\. Gii@ 4istoire des conciles< &onstance et +le, Florence, P7ris@ %*L'@ (%& p. A.
.r7nJen ) A. Miier@ 8as Qon%il von Qonstan%, .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*L(A C.
Bi4;e3er et /. Tii"4e@ 4istoire de lEEglise# T. II. HEEglise de la c?retiente, 767pte
p7r M. /. Vi"7ire@ Mii4ouse@ %*L2 A VI. I@ P4ei67s NE::0R7i7o:t:Nf- ti%opia, t. I??????. 8e
la iconoclasm pin la cderea &onstantinopolului $%('2-@ Aten7@ %*L2A \. LortJ@ 4istoire de
lEEglise des origines nos *ours# Tr76uit 6e N7e;7n6 p7r M. Lefe#re@ P7ris@ %*'LA ,?e
e6.@ P7ris@ %*L, A l. Renou7ri@ I7 p7p7ufe 7 Avignon, ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*L,. _. 6e
Vries@ 8ie ppste von Avignon und der c?ristlic?e (sten, Fn BOrierit7i7 C4risti7n7
Perio6i"7D@ 000 $%*L%-@ no. %@ p. +')%,+.
M7nn@ G. A. /eus un6 A. Nits"4Pe@ Prop'len Meltgesc?ic?te# B]ne Gniversal$
gesc?ic?te, B6. I)0 g , Supp.@ %, #oi.@ .r7nPfurt@ _ien@ %*L%)%*L'A Au!ustin
.ii"4e et Vi"tor M7rtin@ 4istoire de lEEglise depuis Ies origines *usOuE nos *ours,
t. VIII@ 0@ 0II@ 0III $%&'5)%,5(-@ 6e 6iferiGi istori"i@ P7ris@ %*(L)%*L2A Au!. .ii"4e@
I7 c?retiente medievale $2*')%,'(-@ $t. VII 6e N/istoire 6u ;on6e p7r E. C7#7i!n7"-@
P7ris@ %*,*. A. E4r47r6 un6 _. Neuss@ 8i e Qat?ol isc?e Qi rc?e im _"in6oi 6er
Seiten, 2 B7n6e@ ,?e Auf7!e@ LeipJi!@ %*'&)%*'( A B. Stef7ni6is NE::0TMui7ott:N\i NI7Top
T\sFi.i0RN<p 3^pt oiMuspo#@ Aten7@ %*(+A e6. ,?7@ Aten7@ %*'*. .. 0. Seppet@ D7s Papsttum
im =pcEtmittelalter und in der Seit der Renaissance, B6. IV@ Mun"4en@ %*(&. L. S7e;?
4ier@ He gr and sc?isme dE(ccident, '?e e6. P7ris@ %*,%. C4.?\. /efee et Do; /.
Le"er"C. 4istoire des concils dEapres Ies documents originau), t. V@ VI@ VII@ P7ris@
%*(LA A. Ger#irt4@ 3arsilius de Padua, -# P7ris@ %*'%. V. M7rtiii@ Les origines du
>allicanisme, t. I)II@ P7ris@ %*2*. N
In limba romn <
Pr. prof. Mi7n es7n@ =inodalitatea ortodo) Fn secolele 0T5)0V]@ Fn BMitro?
poi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0 $%*L'-@ nr. %)2 p. '&)5,A Prof. T. M. Popes"u@ Pr. prof. T. Bo?
6o!7e@ Prof. G4@ G. StHnes"u@ Istoria bisericeasc universal, t. II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L@
I Bi8io!r7fi7 7 fost Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu 9 Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e@
PERIOADA A PATRA
^5LA Euse#iu Popo#i"i@ Istoria bisericeasc universal, tr76u"ere 6e At. Miro?
t. II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,5@ p. *')%&*.
Pentru istoria papilor <
Pierre 6e LuJ@ 4istoire des papes, , #oi.@ P7ris@ %*L&.
G Mo7t@ Hes papes dEAvignon, %2&')%25+@ ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*'*.
. 0. Seppet@ >esc?ic?te der Ppste# Re#HJutH 6e G. S"4`ei!er@ ' B6.@ Min?
\*'(^^^%*'*A E. C7sp7r@ >esc?ic?te des Papsttums, B6. I)II@ Tii8in!en@ %*2&)
.er;. /73`7r6@ 4istoire des papes, P7ris@ %*,*.
Pentru participarea romnilor Ia conciliul din &onstan% ,-B-B)-B-70#
I J # o 7 r e = &ronica lui Glric? von Ric?tental, e6. A. D. Stur6J7@c 8elega!i
ni la &onciliul din &onstan%, Fn BAn7ee A"76e;iei Ro;<neD@ seri7 Ii?7@ t.
$%+*2)%+*(-@ p. *5)%&L.
S t u 6 i i = Pr. prof. Ni". er8Hnes"u 9i Prof. Ni". Stoi"es"u@ 3ircea cel 3are
6-B-70, ;99 de ani de la urcarea lui pe tronul rii Romne"ti, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5@
'^^i*+A DHnuG I. M<nu@ =inodul conciliarist de la &onstan% ,-B-B)-B-70 Di
@#iparca +isericii (rtodo)e din 3oldova "i 3untenia, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00V
f@ nr. ')L@ p. 255)2+LA Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Rolul +isericii (rtodo)e Romne
E seri ca Rsri t ul ui F n secol el e PIA "i 0V@ F n BBi seri "7 Ort o6o:H Ro;<nHD@
= $%*+%-@ nr. %),@ p. %2%)%(2@ 7i"i p. %2+@ tr76u"ere fr7n"eJH Fn 3iscellanea
Jiae ecclesiasticae, VII@ Lou#7in?7 Neu#e et Lou#7ine@ %*+'@ p. %%')%,+A C?tin
r76M7@ Portretul "i stema lui >rigorie amblac "i misiunea sa la &onciliul din
lan%, Fn BAn7ee A"76e;iei Ro;<neD@ Me;. Se"t. Ist.@ %@ III@ t. 00VI@ 8@ %*(2
(@ p. %(%)%'& M I6e;@ 8elega!ii din !ara noastr la &onsiliul din &onstan% ,n i0 n
anul -B-5, Bu"ure9ti@ %*,5 $Anu "ore"t este pentru p7rti"ip7re7 6ee!7Giei a%+-@
Fn BAn7ee A"76. Ro;.D@ seri7 II@ t. 0VI $%+*2)%+*(-@ p. *5)%&L 9i e:tr7s@ re9ti@
%*,5.
GrHi7 otef7n Pop-@ Mo_o#eni] la sinodul din &onstan%, %(%+@ Fn BRe#ist7 teo?
FD@ I0 $%*%'-@ nr. %2)%'@ p. ,&5),%'.
Contro#erse@ ereJii 9i s"4is;e Fn RHsHrit 9i Apus.
Bo!o;iis;u. C7t7rii@ 78i!enJii@ #76enJii 9i 7GiiI
E#u ;e6iu 7 fost@ Fn !ener7@ o epo"H Fn "7re preo"upHrie teoo?
fH"e7u p7rte inte!r7ntH 6in !Fn6ire7 o7;enior. In RHsHrit@ intere?
pentru "utur7 teoo!i"H@ pe "7re LR\IHrri^.7. \rffS7r7Gi CUIB..7u fost..
0L>r:ii?(i;)%% B'N- ori P7eoo!ir5,L%Ra('2-T #f<6i;r Mono;7?
$%%%2)%%,'-@ unu 6intre prinGii ru9i@ G7ru 8u!7r Io7n Ae:7n6ru %)
%25&-@ ori 6espotu tef7n Ne;7ni7 N$%%*L)%,,+- 7 sFr8i@ i7r Fn s@
p7siune7 6e o #i7GH Fntre7!H 7 re!eui fr7n"eJ Lu6o#i" 7 I0?e7 2fFnt
$%,,L)%,5&- 6e 7 "iti operee .er. Au!ustin $f (2&-@ 6o#e6es" pin
7"est u"ru@ 6espre "7re #o; ;7i 7;inti 9i Fn 7t "7pito. Ai"i
7;inti; 6eo"7;67tH 6espre "Fte#7 pro8e;e "ontro#ers7te@ e 6in
ee "u 7spe"t 6e ereJie@ i7r 7tee pHstrFn6 "4ipu unor si;pe h!u;ene@
67r "7re 6o#e6es" interesu pentru pro8e;7ti"7 rei!io7sH Foo!i"H. E
6rept "H Fn ;ute 6in 6is"uGiie 9i frH;FntHrie 7"este7 o;inH
"7r7"teru poe;i"@ 797 "u; reise 6in 7"ti#it7te7 ui Ae:ios h;nen
$%&+%)%%%+- Fn e!HturH "u "o;87tere7 8o!o;iis;uui@ s7u s"rierie ui
Io7n 7 V?e7 C7nt7"uJino $%2(5)%2'(-@ ori "ee 7e ui ui 7 II?e7
P7eoo!u $%2*%)%(,'- prin "7re 7"e9ti7 "o;87t ;74o?7nis;u.
=
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. Prof. T. Bo6o!7e.
A;inti;@ ;7i FntFi@ "ontro#ers7 Fn e!HturH "u teoo!i7 "instirii
i"o7neor@ 7 "7re 7u 67t o"7Jie ;Hsurie 6e se"u7riJ7re 7e F;pHr7tuui
Ae:ios I Co;nen Fn upt7 F;potri#7 nor;7nJior 9i pe"ene!ior@ prin
foosire7@ Fn s"opuri str7te!i"e@ 7 ;et7eor preGio7se "u "7re 7u fost 7r ?
!int7te@ respe"ti# 7urite@ i"o7nee. P7tri7r4u Eustr7tios $%&+%)%&+(- 7
7pro87t ;Hsur7 u7tH 6e F;pHr7t@ 67r ;itropoitu Leon 6e C7"e6on %?7
7"uJ7t 6e Mefuire 7 "eor sfinte@ pre"u; 9i 6e ipsH 6e respe"t. E susGi ?
ne7 "H Fn feu "u; 7u fost "onfe"Gion7te i"o7nee s?7r fi i;pri;7t Fn
ee 9i pe ee un B"7r7"terD s7u o pe"ete Bin6ee8iHD@ "7re 7r 7tin!e
fiinG7 prototipuui@ respe"ti# 7 Do;nuui /ristos s7u 7 sfFntuui Ju!rH ?
#it pe i"o7nH. Ani 6e?7 rFn6u pro8e;7 7 7!it7t ;inGie ;utor7 A sino?
6u 6in %&+L 7 st78iit "H p7tri7r4u Eustr7tios 7re 6rept7te. Mitropoi ?
tu Leon 6e C7"e6on 7 fost 6epus 6in s"7un 9i 78i7 6upH L 7ni@ "Fn6 e
9i?7 re#iJuit pHrerie@ 7 fost re79eJ7t Fn s"7un. Cu to7te 7"este7@ se #e6e
"H su8 presiune7 opiniei pu8i"e 7 "re6in"io9ior@ Ae:ios I Co;nen 9i?7
re#iJuit 9i e 7 un ;o;ent 67t 7titu6ine7@ pentru "7@ totu9i@ su8 pre ?
siune7 e#eni;enteor sH re#inH 6in nou 7 "onfis"Hri.
Spre sfFr9itu 6o;niei ui Ae:ios I Co;nen@ ;itropoitu Eustr7tios
6in Ni"ee7 Fn"in7@ se #e6e@ spre un fe 6e nestori7nis; 7tun"i "Fn6@ pro?
878i su8 infuenG7 fostuui sHu 67s"H $fiosofu Io7n It7os@ su8 F;pHr7 ?
tu Ae:ios I Co;nen $%&+%)%%%+-@ profesor 7 Uni#ersit7te7 6in BiJ7nG@
reor!7niJ7tH Fn %&(' 6e F;pHr7tu Const7ntin 7 I0?e7 Mono;74u
$%&(,)%&''-@ susGine7 perfe"ti8iit7te7 firii u;7ne Fn perso7n7 Do;nu ?
ui /ristos. Sino6u 6in %%%5 F suspen6H 6in s"7un. Pe 7 %%'L Soteri?
"os P7nteu!enos Fntre87 67"H Mertf7 MFntuitoruui pe "ru"e 7 fost 76usH
9i Sie9i ori nu;7i T7tHui S Sino6u 7 rHspuns = B67@ 6upH "u; FnsH9i
Litur!4i7 Sf. V7sie o spuneD = BCe "e 76u"i 9i Ce "e Te 76u"iD. L7 un
nou sino6 6in 7nu ur;Htor Soteri"os ) "7re er7 "7n6i67t 6e epis"op
Fn P7tri7r4i7 Antio4iei ) 7 7t7"7t 4otHrFre7 sino6uui 7nterior. Atun"i
sino6u 6in %%'5 7 4otHrFt "H Soteri"os nu ;7i po7te fi 7es epis"op.
Intr?un sino6 6in %%LL@ pe #re;e7 ui M7nui 7 II?e7 Co;nen@ s?7
6is"ut7t "u p7siune 797 nu;it7 B"ontro#ersH ;7MoristHD pri#in6 F;pH"7 ?
re7 "u#inteor 6in e#7n!4ei7 SfFntuui Io7n = BT7tH este ;7i ;7re 6e?
"Ft MineD $%(@ ,+- 9i BEu 9i T7tH un7 sFnte;D $%&@ 2&-. Sino6u 7 rHspuns
"H 7fir;7Gi7 6in pri;u "it7t@ B;7i ;7reD@ tre8uie FnGee7sH "u referire
7 BCe fHrH "7uJHD@ BCe nepri"inuitD.
Pe 7 %%+& M7nui 7 II?e7 Co;nen 7 propus 9i sino6u 7 7pro87t
"7@ Fn "7Ju "Fn6 #in 7 8oteJ ;usu;7nii@ sH nu se ;7i spunH B7n7t4e?
;7 ui Mo47;e6 9i Du;neJeuui uiD@ pe ;oti# "H 9i ;usu;7nii sFnt
;onotei9ti@ "i nu;7i B7n7t4e;7 ui Mo47;e6 9i Fn#HGHturior uiD.
In fine@ pe 7 7nii %,&& se p7sion7u ;uGi pe te;7 = "u "e fe 6e trup
7 ui /ristos ne F;pHrtH9i; = "u "e 6in7inte ori 6e 6upH Fn#iere S i@
pFnH 7 Fn#iere@ trupu Lui e stri"H"ios ori nu S S?7 rHspuns "H ne F;pHr ?
tH9i; "u trupu "e Fn#i7t.
7. Bo!o;iis;u. D7"H 7"este7 er7u "ontro#erse ;7i ;Hrunte@ Fu
s"4i;8 8o!o;iis;u 7 fost o ;i9"7re ereti"H 6e ;7re rHsunet Fn Fntre7 ?
!H perio767 7"e7st7@ 7tFt Fn RHsHrit@ "it 9i Fn Apus. In !ener7@ 6upH "er ?
"etHrie ;7i noi tre8uie #HJut Fn 8o!o;iis; nu nu;7i o preun!ire 5 )
Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
te #e7"uri 7 ;n"eptiior3u7iste pers7ne\ 7s7 "u; e?7u re"ept7t .;<i)
eis;u si p7#i"i7nis;u @ "i@ in 7"e79i ti;p@ 9i "7 o ;i9"7re "ontes?
irH F;potri#7 7 "ee7 "e 7; pute7 nu;i 8iseri"H "on6u"Hto7re@ Fn6e? 8i
ier7r4i7 9i tot "e 7p7rGine 6e for;7 #HJutH 7 Biseri"ii@ in"usi#
7su 6e "ut@ t7ine@ i"o7ne et". Fn fon6@ ei 6ore7u un "re9tinis; esote ?
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PERIOADA A PATRA
ip7 Fn "7re SfFntu Du4 n79te pe /ristos Fn fie"7re ins@ 7tun"i o;u
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A 6e 7"ee7 B767;iGii 7"e9ti7 7u Fn"eput sH u;8e !oi 9i sH?9i 7i8H
e or Fn "o;unD.
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Wi"H 7 SfFntuui SpiritD@ Fnte;ei7tH pe 7 finee se"ouui 7 0/?e7
stu e!u;en "ister"i7n Io7"4i; 6e .oris $f %,&,-@ susGine7u "H
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9i 7"tu7u Testament al 8u?ului =fn!, "H"i 797 7r reie9i 6in
is;u nu;eri" 9i 6in interpret7re7 7e!ori"H 9i tipoo!i"H 7 Sfintei
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o7se 7 trupuui.
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[i"e e"u;eni"e 9i 7propiere7 peste ;HsurH 6e ;o6u 6e #i7GH feu67
Z7r4iei superio7re. .7ptu "H Fn RHsHrit ;i9"Hrie ereti"e 7u fost 6e
hrGii ;ut ;7i re6use@ "re6e; "H se 67tore9te to";7i rouui ;7re
6e rFn6uieie itur!i"e@ un6e Fntre! poporu er7 strFns e!7t 67
7re7 suMitoruui 7t7ruui. I7r "7r7"teru protest7t7r 9i 7nti?
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ireD 7 ;utor7 6in "on6u"Htorii 8iseri"e9ti.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I)0V
I
BIBLI OGRA.IEI
=ecte medievale <
/. Mottou@ Ha maniiestation de lEesprit selon Koac?im de Flore, Neu"4<te@
%*55 M Gert _en6e8orn@ >ott und >esc?ic?te Koac?ims von Fiore und die 4oiinung
der &?risten?eit, _ien@ Oon@ %*5(.
M. Loos@ 8ualist 4eres' in t?e 3iddle Ages, Pr7!ue@ %*5(.
St. Run"i;7n@ He manic?eisme medieval, P7ris@ %*(*@ ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*5,A /.
Grun6;7nn@ Reigiose +eNegungen im 3ittelalter, ,?e Auf.@ .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@
%*L%.
+ogomilii ^R
I J # o 7 r e = An7 Co;nen7@ Ale)eiada, t. II@ 0V@ +)%&. Tr76u"ere Fn ro;.
6e MHri7 M7rines"u@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*55A Trite contre les +ogomiles, tr76u"tion et
etu6e p7r /. C4. Pue"4 et A. V7i7nt@ P7ris@ %*('.
L u " r H r i = D. An!eo#@ 8as bulgarisc?e Reic? und das europisc?e 3iitelalter,
F n. BA"tes 6u 0V?e Con!res intern7Gion7 6es s"ien"es 4istoriCuesD@ t. IV@ ,@ Bu"u?
re9ti@ %*+,@ p. %2%()%22+A I6e;@ II bogomilismo# GnEeresia medievale bulgara, Ro;7@
%*5*A +ogomilismul n +ulgaria, Fn i;87 8u!7rH@ Sofi7@ %*L*A He mouvement bo$
gomle dans les pa's balLaniOues et +'%ance $Pro8e;i 7ttu7i 6i s"ienJ7 e 6i
"utur7. Atti 6e "on#e!no intern7Jion7e su te;7 = HE(rigine cristiana nella storia della
civilta0, Ro;7@ %*L(@ p. L&5)L%5A 8er +ogomilismus aui dem >ebietc des
+'%antinisc?en Reic?es)Grsprung, _essen und >esc?ic?te, Fn GCl@ Ist. .ii. .7P.@
0IV $%*(5)%*(+-@ p. %)L&A 0LVI $%*(*)%*'&-@ p. %)%(A +ogomilism in t?e +alLans in t?e
Hig?t oi t?e latest reserc?# Proceding oi t?e s'mposium ?eld in =Lopie on 3a' W9
)W- st
Kune -$
st -.C7,
SPopie@
%*+,A
D.
Dr7!oi
o#i"@
+ogomi
lstvo na
+al$
Lana i u
3alei
A%ii# I#
+ogomi
lsLi
radoNa
calniti#
Cu
reJu;7t
Fn i;87
fr7n"eJ
H@ Beo!r76@ %*5(A G4. C7nt7"uJino@ Les tombes des +ogomiles decouvertes en
Roumanie el leurs rapports o#e" les communautes ?eretiOues b'%antines et
balLaniOues, Fn BA"tes 6u 0V?e Con!res Intern7tion7 6es Etu6es B3J7ntinesD@
Bu"7rest@ L)%, sept %*5%@ p. '%*)',+.
D. O8oensP3@ T?e +ogomils# A stud' im +alLan Feo$3ani?eism, C7;8ri6!e@
%*(+ A E. Tour6e7nu@ Ha litterature bulgare du 0V?e siecle et sa ditiusion dans lei
pa's roumains, P7ris@ %*(5.
In limba romn <
Anton B7otH@ +ogomilismul "i cultura maselor populare din +ulgaria 9i !rile
romne, Fn BRo;7nos7#i"7D@ 0 $%*L(-@ p. %*)5%A D. V7sies"u@ +ogomilismul, Fr
BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0V $%*L2-@ nr. 5)+@ p. ((()(L& G A. Ior67n@ I%voare bogomile
Predica preotului &osma, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2+A G4. Ciu47n6ru@ +ogomilismul "i romnii Si8iu@
%*2,.
Albigen%ii, cat?arii
l. Doss7t@ Eglise et ?eresie en France au PI4$e siecle, Lon6on@ %*+,r 2L( p.
es &at?ars en (ccitanie# 1 Niniti7ti#e 6e R. L7font@ P7ris@ %*+,@ (+% p.A .. Nie
Albigeois et &at?ars, P7ris@ %*''.
4istoriograp?ie du cat?arisme, Tououse@ %*5*@ ((2 p.
\. Du#erno3@ e &at?arisme# HE?istoire des &at?ars, Tououse@ %*5*@ 2*+ d M.
RoCue8ert@ LNepopee cat?are, Tououse@ %*55@ '+5 p.
C4. TouJeier@ &at?arisme et Aaldeisme en Hanguedoc la iin du 0F?e 7u
6e8u\ 6u PGI$e siecle, P7ris@ %*L'.
Bi8io!r7fie Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. pro. I. RH;ure7nu.
PERIOADA A PATRA
Prerefor;7torii = \o4n _3"iff 9i \7n /us.
Giro7;o S7#on7ro7 I
Ve7"uri e 0IV 9i 0V 76u" ;7ri s"4i ;8Hri F n st 7re7 6e spi ri t 7
W!ii Europe@ 67r ;7i 7es 7 "eei 7pusene. Ne!ustorii 9i or79ee 7u
sfor;7t #i7G7 o7;enior@ sensu uptei or so"i7e 9i e"ono;i"e 9i
7es 7 "eei spiritu7e. Fn"H 6in #e7"u 7 0I/?e7 p7p7it7te7 F9i
ir7se "ontrou 7supr7 uni#ersitHGior 6in Boo!n7@ S77;7n"7@ P7ris
:for6@ 67r !Fn6ire7 o;ene7s"H fre;Ht7 6e "urioJit7te 9i u;e7 se
Fuise Fn"et?Fn"et sH 6is"ute i8er@ sH "riti"e@ sH 7"GioneJe 9i 6in"oo
Ae7 "e FnGee!e7u epis"opii 9i 787Gii ;FnHstirior. B7ronii 9i ne!ustorii
iei 7MunseserH sH o8GinH Fn"H 6in %,%( un fe 6e 7#7nt7M peste to7te
X 6i n M ur@ 7t un"i "Fn6 re!e e 7 fost ne#oit sH re"uno7s"H for;7
?or o"uitorior GHrii 6repturi fun67;ent7e = Be:istH e!i Fn st7t@
turi 7p7rGinFn6 "o;unitHGii@ pe "7re re!ee tre8uie sH ie respe"te.
i e "7"H@ oi7it7te7 nu ;7i e o 67torie@ i7r supu9ii 7u 6rept sH se
h7eD. C4i7r 67"H p7p7 Ino"enGiu 7 III?e7 $%%*+)%,%L-@ pute7
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p7r 7;ent 7ri s; s?7 tiis fo7rte 6e ti;puriu.
Ai"i "o;er"i7nGi "7 Di"P _4ittin!ton s7u _ii7n C7nin!es 7Mun!
npru;ute pe re!i "u 87ni s7u sH?i pri;e7s"H Fn "7s7 or@ ui;in6u?i
ZN n 8unHst7re7 7 "7re i?7u 76us #FnJ7re7 Fnii 9i "o;erGu n7#7@
prin "re6in"io9i7 "u "7re pe Fn!H "ei +&& 6e ;un"itori n7#7i 9i
n7ri 6in Fntreprin6ere7 proprie 7u 7n!7M7t %&& 6e Ji67ri 9i 6e tF;?
"7 sH Ji6e7s"H 8iseri"7 Fn Bristo@ pe "7re 7poi 7u fH"ut?o 67nie
iui. Ai"i 9i GHr7nii 6in Ginuturie Esse: 9i Oent se #or rHs"u7 Fn
6Fn6 fo" 7 "on7"ee ;o9ierior 9i 7fir;Fn6 Fn 6is"ursurie or 6in
We Lon6rei "H nu ;7i tre8uie sH se f7"H 6eose8ire Fntre "7see sosi
"H sin!ur7 "on6iGie 6e 7pre"iere 7 "ui#7 tre8uie sH fie ;un"7@
sin6 i;87M 7e!ori"@ s"riitori "7 L7n!7n6 $f %(&&-@ C47u"er Geof?
s7u Go`er $%2(&)%(&&- #or 6enunG7 Fn B#iJiune7 ui Petre Pu?
%D ori Fn BPo#e9tie 6in C7nter8ur3D to7te pH"7tee "eor "7re nu W
"es" 9i nu se po7rtH "u 6r7!oste f7GH 6e popor. L7 o" 6e frunte sFnt
iGi "Hu!Hrii "er9etori@ fr7n"is"7nii@ 6o;ini"7nii 9i ;e;8rii ier7r4iei
rio7re@ "7re "o;er"i7iJ7u suM8ee 9i 97nt7M7u 8rut7 pe "re6in"io9i
tot feu 6e ;eto6e. Intre %2(+)%2'& "iu;7 ne7!rH@ "7re se"er7se
A ,' ;i i o7ne 6e #i eG i F n Europ7@ 7 Hs7t M ert fe 7tF t 6e ;7ri Fn"Ft
t 6e u"ru 78i7 o ;7i !Hse7u 87ronii 9i 7tifun6i7rii A Fn s"4i;8@
iu sHr7" 9i Me eru pute7u 6e pe pet e"u or 6e pH;Fnt sH #Fn6H
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rH;FnH un "F9ti! Fnse;n7t. Mi"ro8u "iu;ei 76usese@ 79767r@ pentru
urne 9i ;un"itori;e o e;7n"ip7re@ 7 "7re Fn se"oee 0II)0III
nu te?7i fi putut !Fn6i.
D7r "ee7 "e e ;7i i ;port 7nt pentru noi est e "H s"4i ;8Hri e 6i n
N7 e"ono;i"H 6e#in i6ei forGe 9i Fn "e7 8iseri"e7s"H. i 67"H un poet
7n!7n6 $f %(&&-@ "7re 7 fost preot 9i p7stor 2& 6e 7ni@ "u to7te "<
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e. = W
\\M SECOLELE 0I )0V
nu 9ti7 "Fnt7 9i ni"i sH "ite7s"H ;H"7r #i7G7 unui sfFnt s7u sH po7tH GirM
o pre6i"H 6espre Ps7;u FntFi@ 7 FnsufeGit poporu sH pe"e 7 rHs"o7H
%2+%@ "FntFn6 6in "Fnte"ee ui 6espre Petru Pu!7ru@ 7st7 Fnse7;nH K
e:ist7u Fn Biseri"7 An!iei 6in #re;e7 7"ee7 suMitori 7propi7Gi 6e popo
67r 7Hturi 6e 7"e9ti7 er7u 9i 6in 7"ei7 "7re n?7#e7u ni;i" "u e@ "u
er7u o serie 6e epis"opi Bin p7rti8usD@ "u titu 6e Nini#e s7u 6e B78io=
67r "7re@ sfinGin6 8iseri"i s7u 7s"utFn6 spo#e67niie@ se F;8o!HGe7u "
pe sp7tee poporuui en!eJ. Tot 797 ;i9un7u o puJ6erie 6e ;isiuni "A
iu!Hre9ti 6in or6inee "er9eto7re "7 sH strFn!H 6in7ru SfFntuui Petr
ori 7te t7:e pentru Curi7 p7p7H 6e 7 Ro;7. BN?7#e; 6reptu sH 7K
!e;@ pri;i; ori"e ne 67GiD@ spune7u ei. Co;erGu "u in6u!enGe 7Mur
9ese pe 7 %25& fo7rte #estit 9i u7se ;7re 7;po7re@ spune C47u"e
In #re;e7 7"e7st7@ Biseri"7 stHpFne7 Fn An!i7 "7; %]2 6in pH;Fntu
9i 7#eri. E7r7 7#e7 ne#oi pres7nte Fn inter;in78iee rHJ8o7ie "u .r7nG
NesfFr9itH este ist7 e!ior 9i 6e"reteor re!7e@ prin "7re se interJi"e
6upH ;o6e fr7n"eJ@ #reunui en!eJ sH strFn!H 7"este 6Hri p7p7e $stK
tutes of pro#isors@ %2(2@ %2'%@ %2L' A st7tutes of pr7e;unire %2'2-. Y
7nu %2L' p7p7 Ur87n 7 V?e7 $%2L,)%25&- 7 "erut strFn!ere7 9i tri;
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re!ee Io7n fHrH E7rH $%%**)%,%L- Fn %,%' 7 fost fH"ut fHrH 9tire7 pe
poruui 9i 7 P7r7;entuuiD. In 7"este F;preMurHri intrH Fn Mo" Fn#HG7Gi
profesor uni#ersit7r \o4n _3"iff@ "7re #7 67 "urs re#otei protestuD
popu7r@ ;7i 7es "H 7"u; Fntre!u popor 7#e7 o i;8H 7 ui $pFnH F
se"ou 0IV nu se s"risese Fn en!eJe9te-@ 7#e7 o in6ustrie 7 ui@ o 7r;7i
7 ui 9i@ pute; spune@ o Biseri"H 7 ui.
7. Co1n DEc#i00 $f %2+(- s?7 nHs"ut Fn o"7it7te7 _3"iff 6i
Ginutu lorP Fntre %2,&)%2,(. A stu6i7t teoo!i7@ fiosof i7 9i 6reptu =
Uni#ersit7te7 6in O:for6@ o"upFn6u?se Fn6eose8i 6e s"rierie ui Aristot
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enG7t 6e se;ipe7!i7nis;u ui Duns S"otus $f %2&+- 9i 6e #iJiunie sp
ritu7iste 7e ui Io7"4i; 6e .oris $f %,&,-. A#e7 renu;ee unui oi
pios 9i 7!er 7 ;inte. L7 %25, e nu;it profesor 7 Uni#ersit7te7 6i
O:for6@ 6oi 7ni ;7i tFrJiu@ p7ro4 7 Lutter`ort4.
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prin %2'& 7 fost Fntre pri;ii "7re susGine7 poiti"7 en!eJH 6e e;7r
"ip7re 6e su8 tute7 p7pei 6e 7 Ro;7@ Fn "7re #e6e7 un fe 6e Anti4ris
De 7 %2L&@ "Fn6 s?7u 7""entu7t 6isensiunie 6intre Uni#ersit7te7 6i
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se 7f7u 7pro7pe Fn to7te 6e;nitHGie 6e "on6u"ere@ _3"iff 7 fost uni
6intre "ei ;7i Fn#er9un7Gi oponenGi.
E 9i?7 Fnsu9it 4otHrFre7 p7r7;entuui en!eJ@ "7re 7 refuJ7t p7i
6Hrior "erute 6e Ro;7@ Fn6epinin6 ofi"iu 6e 7"uJ7tor s7u 6e pro"ure
Fn pro"esu "7re 7 ur;7t. InspHi;Fnt7t 6e "orupGi7 9i H"o;i7 pre7Gi"
9i "Hu!Hrior "7toi"i@ 7Mun9i pretutin6eni Fn posturie 6e "on6u"ere@ Fi
6rHJneGu profesor 7fir;7 Fn u"r7re7 s7 8e domenio divino "H nu;
Du;neJeu po7te 7#e7 su#er7nit7te 6epinH@ i7r pe pH;Fnt@ 7tun"i "Fn
p7pii s7u su#er7nii !re9es"@ o;u i se po7te 76res7 6ire"t Su#er7nuc.
PERIOADA A PATRA
fHrH inter;e6i7ri @ "H"i fie"7re o; 6eGine tot 6e 7 E o p7rte
hNst BDo;iniu;D. In fon6@ Ji"e7 e@ o;u se ;Fntuie nu prin "ere?
prin in6u!enGe 9i prin 7"te 6e f7sH po"HinGH@ "i prin #re6ni"i7
n f7ptee ui. A#e7 o8i"ei sH "iteJe 6eseori un p7s7M 6in s"rierie
u!ustin = B6e fie"7re 67tH "Fn6 ;eo6i7 "FntHrii ;H f7r;e"H ;7i
e"Ft te:tu 9i FnGeesu ei@ 6e 7tFte7 ori re"unos" "H 7; !re9itD.
f 7 fH"ut 6in pre6i"H p7rte7 "entr7H 7 suM8ei 6in 8iseri"H@ "7re
fiin6 fH"utH Fn 7tine9te@ poporu n?o FnGee!e7. E s?7 Fn!riMit
iu"H person7 Fn en!eJe9te SfFnt7 S"ripturH@ Fn"epFn6 6in %2+&.
R;uGu;irie "res"Fn6e F;potri#7 S"7unuui 6e 7 Ro;7 7u 76us
6e 7 supune Biseri"7 An!iei 7utoritHGii 6e st7t@ i6ee F;8rHGi97tH
tH "H6urH 6e _3"iff. E 7 "F9ti!7t si;p7tii 7 "urte7 re!7H@ ;7i
i o"4ii 6u"eui 6e L7n"7ster@ "on6u"Htoru !rupHrii 7nti"eri"7e 9i
ui tuturor ne;uGu;iGior 6e pe ur;7 poiti"ii ro;7ne Fn An!i7.
= 7;#on _3"iff propo#H6ui7 "u FnfH"Hr7re "H@ potri#it Sfintei
uri@ suMitorii 7t7reor 7u 6reptu "e ;ut 7 6on7Gii 9i 7 Je"iuiei
irte7 "re6in"io9ior@ i7r restu 7#erior $"7stee@ 6o;enii@ ro8i et".-
67te Fn foosu poporuui. Pe"Fn6 6e 7 te:tu Bi8iei@ _3"ifF
"o;p7r7Gi7 stHrior 8iseri"e9ti 6in ti;pu sHu "u "ee 6in Sf. S"rip?
"Fn6 nu e:ist7u ni"i no8ii@ ni"i GHr7ni@ "Fn6 "ei 7#uGi F ;pHrGe7u
i or "u "ei sHr7"i.
7 %* fe8ru7rie %255@ 7 insistenGee 7r4iepis"opuui 6e Lon6r7@
ff 7 ost "4e;7t Fn f7G7 tri8un7uui 8iseri"es". A #enit FnsoGit 6e
a 6e L7n"7ster@ 6e ;7re97u Per"3 9i 6e o puterni"H es"ortH. Ar4i?
ipu s?7 ;uGu;it sH 7#ertiJeJe pe FnfH"Hr7tu pre6i"7tor sH se
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ie 9i 6in pre6i"ie s7e@ pe "7re e?7u tri ;is 7 Ro;7. P7p7 Gri?
7 0?e7 7 e;is ;7i ;ute 8ue@ "riti"Fn6 ips7 6e #i!ienGH 9i 6e
ie 7 epis"opuui en!eJ@ or6onFn6 o ;inuGio7sH "er"et7re 7 s"rie?
ui _3"iff. Pentru "7Ju Fn "7re 7"est7 7r fi fost #H6it ereti"@ p7p7
2us 7rest7re7 ui@ i7r 67"H 7"est u"ru n?7r fi "u putinGH@ 7 4otHrFt
inter#7 6e trei uni@ sH se preJinte 7 Ro;7 "7 sH fie Mu6e"7t.
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n"7ster pe tot ti;pu ;inor7tuui ui Ri"47r6 7 II?e7 $%255)%2**-@
7 epis"op7tu en!eJ nu s?7 putut !Fn6i 7 7rest7re7 ui _3"iff.
epis"opu pri;7t 9i epis"opu Lon6rei 7u ru!7t pe "ei ;7i 6istin9i
sori sH se pronunGe 7supr7 Fn#HGHt urii ui _3" iff 9i sH?% "4e;e
Nn 6e"urs 6e 2& 6e Jie Fn f7G7 Muriuui or.
?.7 Fn"eputu 7nuui %25+ Fn"epe7u 6eJ87terie Fn p77tu L7;8et4
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7i ui _3"iff i s?7 propus 7"estui7 sH Fn"eteJe un ti;p 6e 7 ;7i
"7. D7r@ Fn %25+@ 7re o" Fn"eputu ;7rii s"4is;e p7p7e 9i@ fiin6
7M7t 9i 6e 7titu6ine7 "urGii re!7e@ _3"iff reFn"epe "7;p7ni7 6e
iGii BF;potri#7 instituGiior ui Anti4ristD. DupH e@ ier7r4i7 n?7re
Ie 78soutH Fn Biseri"H@ i7r "e7 pe "7re o 7re 7 pier6ut?o prin pH"7te
to7rte. P7p7it7te7 nu este 79eJH;Fnt 6u;neJeies"@ pentru "H nu 7re
i Fn Bi8ie. Ni"i T7inee@ ni"i i"o7nee@ ni"i "utu sfinGior 9i ni"i
htee nu 7u ni"i un rost. Tr7nssu8st7nGi7Gi7 eu47risti"H 7r tre8ui
BISERICA IN SECOLELE P#-6P#A
FnGee7sH@ Ji"e e@ "7 o "onsu8t7nGi7Gie@ 76i"H Fn "4ipu preJenGei si;u?
t7ne 7 pFinii 9i 7 trupuui ui /ristos. Toto67tH@ 6u"Fn6 7 e:tre; teJee
.er. Au!ustin@ _3"iff susGine7 9i pre6estin7Gi7. Desi!ur "H ori"Ft 6e
8rut7 s?7r fi "u!et7t pe ini7 s"o7sti"ii 7ristoteiJ7nte@ #e6erie uii
_3"iff nu ;7i pute7u fic toer7te. A"ti#it7te7 6esfH9ur7tH 6e e 7 7#ut
enor;H infuenGH 7supr7 stHrii 6e spirit 6in ti;pu 7"e7. Fn ti;pu
rHs"o7ei GHrHne9ti 6in %2+%@ poporu s?7 6e67t 7 e:"ese nesH8uite Fn
nu;ee e!7itHGii 9i 6reptHGii. ansH9i re!in7?;7;H 7 fost ;7tr7t7tH@ i"
7r4iepis"opu?pri;7t 7 fost o;orFt. In 7"e7stH situ7Gie@ 7 797?nu;itu
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pun"te 6in Fn#HGHtur7 ui _3"iff 7u fost "on67;n7te@ i7r e 7 fos
FnHtur7t 6e 7 "7te6rH@ Fn"re6inGFn6u?i?se p7ro4i7 Lutt4er`ort4. Ai"
9i?7 s"ris oper7 ui uti;H Trialogus, su8 for;7 o8i9nuitH 7tun"i 7 7e?
!oriei 6intre adevr $7et4ei7-@ minciun $pse#6is- 9i n!elepciune $p4ro?
nisis-. Fn ti;p "e 7sist7 7 Litur!4i7 sH#Fr9itH 6e prietenu sHu \o4n
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6upH trei Jie ;uri.
InfuenG7 ;i9"Hrii ui _3"iff 7 7"Gion7t puterni" Fn "er"urie uni?
#ersit7re@ ;7nifestFn6u?se 7tFt "7 i8ert7te 6e "u!et7re 9i 6e 7titu6ine
f7GH 6e "enJur7 or!7neor 8iseri"e9ti@ "Ft 9i 7 "eei e:er"it7te 6e fun"?
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en!eJH pFnH tFrJiu.Fn s"4i;8@ Fn po!or@ e"ou pre6i"ior ui s?7 "on?
tinu7t pFnH Fn #e7"u 7 0VI?e7 Fn 797?nu;it7 ;i9"7re 7 Bo7rJiorD
s7u 7 #or8HreGior@ 7 !F"e#itorior@ "u; 7u fost nu;iGi 6e istori"ii "te
seor pri#ie!i7te. PreferinG7 or pentru o #i7GH ;o6estH 9i Fn sHrH"ie
7 fost interpret7tH "7 un peri"o pentru or6ine7 6e st7t. Perse"uGi7 "ontrH
or 7 fost 6urH 9i Fn6eun!7tH@ "u to7te "H 7 Fn"eput 7u fost pri#iGi "i
o"4i 8uni 6e "7#7eri@ "7re #e6e7u Fn ei un 7i7t "re6in"ios F;potri#7
prepon6erenGei "eruui strHin. D7r 6upH %(&%@ prin st7tutu B6e 47ereti?
"is "o;8uren6oD@ s?7 7pro87t osFn6ire7 ori"Hrui GHr7n@ tH8H"7r s7u "roi ?
tor "7re tH!H6ui7 sfinGeni7 Eu47ristiei@ s7u "7re p7rti"ip7 se7r7 7
Fntrunire frHGe7s"H Fn "7re se propo#H6ui7 6in "u#Fntu Bi8iei.
8. \7n /us $f %(%'-. C7 sH FnGee!e; ;7i u9or "u; s?7u rHspFn6i
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seri"ii "7toi"e@ 9i ;7i 7es "u; i6eie pri#ito7re 7 refor;7 Biseri"ii 7i
u7t Fn 7"este pHrGi o for;H 6eose8itH@ #7 tre8ui sH 7#e; Fn #e6ere ;7
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spe"ifi"H. Fn e!HturH "u "e7 6intFi@ #7 tre8ui sH su8inie; "H ;7i ;u
6e"Ft Fn "7Ju ;i9"Hrior `3"iffiene 6in An!i7@ f7"toru n7Gion7 F9
spune 7i"i "u#Fntu. M7i FntFi@ "u to7te "H 7i"i ee;entu s7# este pre
6o;in7nt@ totu9i@ Fn"epFn6 6in se"ou 7 0II?e7@ "ooni9tii !er;7ni 7i
7Muns sH o"upe poJiGii puterni"e Fn "o;erG@ Fn e:po7tHrie ;iniere
"4i7r Fn unee "o;une rur7e A Fn s"4i;8@ "ee7 "e 7; nu;i ee;ente
6e supr7stru"turH ;e6ie#7H@ "Hu!Hri@ pre7Gi@ tot feu 6e fun67Gii 9i 6
8rese orH9ene9ti@ 7i"i ee;entu !er;7n "ooniJ7tor 7 reu9it sH se situeJ
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I7r "Fn6 9i 6intre "e4i 9i ;or7#i s?7u ri6i"7t pre6i"7tori s7u s"riitori "
MiiG 6e Ore;sier $f %25(-@ ori M7t4i7s 6e \7no# $f %2*(-@ ei #or re
PERIOADA A PATRA
un 7nu;it !en 6e spiritu7it7te@ 6eose8itH 6e "e7 !er;7nH@
Fn ti;p "e Fntre teoo!ii 9i fiosofii !er;7ni 7Munsese pre?
t nominalismul 9"oii p7riJiene@ Fntre Fn#HG7Gii "e4i@ "7re stHtu?
e!HturH "u Uni#ersit7te7 6in O:for6@ 6o;in7 re7is;u. i 67"H
ee 6e"enii 6e 7"ti#it7te Uni#ersit7te7 6in Pr7!7@ FnfiinG7tH Fn
F;pHr7tu C7ro 7 IV?e7 6e Boe;i7 $%2(L)%25+-@ 7 Fnse;n7t
7re !er;7nH@ 6e 7 %(&& u"rurie s?7u s"4i;87t repe6e. Intre
7"ti#i Fn6ru;Htori 7i ren79terii "utur7e "e4o?;or7#e nu;HrH;
istru Ieroni; 6e Pr7!7@ 7poi pe ProPopie 6in PiJen@ pe I7"o8
9i ;7i 7es pe Kan 4us#
ur;7 "HsHtoriei re!eui An!iei Ri"47r6 7 II?e7 $%255)%2**-
"ipes7 "e4H An7 6e Boe;i7@ se FntHrirH r7porturie prietene9ti
An! i 7 9i Boe;i 7. Int re uni #ersi tHG i e 6i n O:for6 9i Pr7!7 7
sH se f7"H s"4i;8 6e stu6enGi.
i6enGii en!eJi "7re #enirH 6e 7 O:for6 7 Pr7!7 7u intro6us ui
\o4n _3" iff. Fntre stu6enGii 6in Pr7!7 7 u7t 7stfe fiinGH o t7te
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sHr7"i@ Fn %2L*. DupH ter;in7re7 stu6iior uni re@ 8u"urFn6u?se 6e
un renu;e 6eose8it@ 7tFt "7 pre!Htire@ "Ft 9i 6e un "7r7"ter ;or7
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pre6i "7t or 7 "7peei Vi Pee; 6i n p7 7tu re!7@ n6 9i "onfesor 7
re!inei Sofi7.
A9i "F9ti!7t pentru i6eie ui _3"iff@ totu9i@ Fn %(&2@ "Fn6 ;7Mo?
!er;7nH 7 profesorior 6e 7 Uni#ersit7te7 6in Pr7!7 "on67;n7rH
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tu8ur7re Fn Pr7!7. A6erenGii ui /us ripost7rH "u f7n7tis;. Ieroni;
6e Pr7!7@ prietenu 9i "o78or7toru ui /us@ 7 unetit sH fie 8H!7Gi 7
Fn"4iso7re 6oi preoGi !er;7ni@ i7r un 7 treie7 sH fie Fne"7t Fn rFu
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76Hu!7t 9i ri6i"7re7 p7pei Io7n 7 00III?e7 $%(%&)%(%'- "ontr7 re!eui
L76isi7u 6e Ne7poe@ "7re susGine7 un 7t p7pH@ pentru "7 7t;osfer7 6e
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iuGe7H Fn Mor7#i7@ Fn Pooni7@ Un!7ri7 9i Fn GHrie ro;<ne.
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ui Petru@ "i 7 ui Iu67 Is"7riote7nu.
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PEEIOADA A PATRA
intF;p7t "H to";7i tre"e7u prin f7G7 pri;Hriei ;7i ;uGi 76erenGi
ii. Dintr?o Fn"Hpere "ine#7 7 7run"7t 7supr7 or "u o "HrH;i6H. Ur?
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?s 9i Fn67tH 7 7run"7t pe fere7strH pe 5 6in "onsiierii pri;Hriei@
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=
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eti"H nouH Fn istori7 ;iit7rH. Distru!eri 6e or79e@ 6e 8iseri"i@ pier6e
#ieGi 9i Fn#rHM8iri pHti;79e 6e popo7re prin e:pe6iGii "ru"i7te@ a "u
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ere7 Const7ntinopouui su8 tur"i Fn %('2@ "7re se 7"4itH onor78i 6e
=in7 Fn"re6inG7tH.
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son7itHGi "7re Fntru"4ip7 pe 7 %(*&)*+ protestu F;potri#7 6e"7?
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i nHs"ut 7 .err7r7 Fn ,% septe;8rie %(', "7 fiu 6e ;e6i". De tFnHr@
utFn6 pre6i"7 unui "Hu!Hr 6o;ini"7n@ 7 intr7t@ fHrH #oi7 pHrinGior@
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or 7 .orenG7@ ;etropo7 Ren79terii. Fntre %2*2)%(,& .orenG7 s?7
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9i "7pit7is;. D7r 9i ;7i i;port7ntH 7 fost epo"7 6intre %(2()%(*(@
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r76i"7e.
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Hs7t forentinii "on#in9i 6e refor;e@ pe 7tFt 6e repe6e s?7u 9i Fnton
7 o8i"eiurie or #e"4i@ Fn67tH "e 7u intr7t Fn 7"Giune "Hu!Hrii fr7n
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+ ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
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f ost spF nJur 7G i 9i 7poi 7r 9i pe r u!@ i 7r "enu97 or 7r un"7t H F n
F Ar no.
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it 8une@ 67r pFnH 7 ur;H te;per7;entu ui p7sion7t 7 6epH9it sfer7
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#on7ro7.
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Fii 7e Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e@ 7 fost "7noniJ7t sfFnt 6e 7"ee79i
seri"H.
B I B L I O G R A . I E I
\o4n _3"iff@ T?e latin MorLs, 2' #oi.@ Lon6on@ %++2)%*,,A rei;pri;7tH@
nPfurt]M7in@ %*L( A _. .7rr@ Ko?n M'clil as legal Reiormer, Lei6en@ %*L5.
/. B. _orP;7n@ Ko?n M'cliii# A =tud' oi t?e englis? medieval &?uir3,
Eol#, O:for6@ %*LLA L. \. D73@ T?e Political T?eor' oi Ko?n M'cliii, C4i"7!o@ %*L,.
\. A. Ro8son@ M'cliii and t?e ()iord =c?ools, C7;8ri6!e $Gr. Br.-@ %*L% A
B. M7" .7r7ne@ Ko?n M'cliii and t?e +eginning ol Englis? Fonconiormism, i6on@ %*',.
\. /. D74;us@ T?e Persecution oi Ko?n M'cliii, Ne` /7#en $Conn.-@ %*',.
A;. Mon7r@ Kean 4us, Paris, -9C;A R. O7i#o67@ 8er 4usitismus Revolution
l Ideologie, OSn?_ien@ %*5L@ 2*5 p.A M. \e6in@ 4andbuc? der
Qirc?engesc?ic?te$, Auf.@ B6. IV@ .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*5'A L. L7ntini@ Kan
4us, ii primate di tro, Torino@ %*(5.
/. \. S"4utJ@ 8ie Mar?eit der Qet%er, Stutt!7rt@ %*L+@ 25' p.
M. SpinP7@ Ko?n 4us, Prin"epton@ U.S.A.@ %*L+@ 2(( p.A \o4n /us@ &oncept oi
&?urc?, Princeton, -.;;: Ko?n 4us at t?e &ouncil oi &onstance, Ne` lorP@
'A \. M7reP@ He 3ouvement ?ussite en +o?eme, Pr7!ue@ %*L' A .. Sei8t@ 4ussiti$
Sur =truLtur einer Revolution, Oon@ %*L'. O. O6oJii"@ T?e ?ussite Qing# +o?e$
i in European Aiiairs ,-BB9)-BC-0, Ne` Bruns`i"P $N.\.-@ %*L'A P. 6e Voo!4t@
iresie de Kean 4us, Lou#7in@ %*L&A De 57 c?retiente en +o?eme, Fn BRe#ue
istoire e""esi7stiCueD@ L00I $%*5L-@ no. 2)(@ p. (&,)(%+A \. Bouier@ Kean 4us#
teOues avnt la c?ute de &onstantinople, Fn BB3J7ntinos7#i"7D@ %( $%*'2-@ p.
),,'A M. Vis"4er@ Kean 4us, sein Heben und seine Seit, .r7nPfurt 7; M7in@
&A E. Denis@ 4us et la guerre des ?ussites, P7ris@ %+5+@ ree6it7t@ P7ris@ %*2&A C4.
/efee?Do; /. Le"er"C@ 4istoire de &onciles, t. VII@ %@ P7ris@ %*%L.
In limba romn#
Io7n V. Le8@ Rela!iile ?usi!ilor ce?i cu Patriar?ia &onstantinopoluiui din
sec# , Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD 000 $%*5+-@ nr. 2](@ p. ,'(),L2A \7"Cues e Goff@
&ivili$a (ccidentului medieval, tr76u"ere 6e MHri7 /o87n@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5&@. 5,&
p. Re?Jie Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ Bu"ure9ti@ 00IV $%*5,-@ nr.
,@ p. ),5&A L. /uiJin!7@ Amurgul Evului 3ediu, tr76. 6e MHri7 /o87n@
Bu"ure9ti@ &A Tr7i7n Iones"u?Ni9"o#@ 4usitica n istoriografia romn,
Bu"ure9ti@ % E:tr7s 6in BRo;7nos7#i"7D@ 0 $%*L2-@ p. 2+')(&2A Pr. Mi7n
Ses7n@ 4usi!ii (rtodo)ia, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000IV $%*'+-@ nr.
2)(@ p. ,%+ ,5A 8in cile retorma!iei ce?e, Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 0III
$%*L2-@ nr. *)%&@
%25
)((LA 3agistrul Ioan 4us, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i
Su"e#eiD@ 0LI $%*L'-@ ])+.
Bi8io!r7fie Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
/. /err;7nn@ S7#on7ro]7 der Qet%er von =an 3arco, Miin"4en@ %*55.
/. B7uer@ Feuer in Floren% ,=avonarola0, LeipJi!@ %*5L.
R. Ri6ofi@ Aita di >irolamo =avonarola, Ro;7@ %*5(@ VIII@ 5(, p.
S. _einstein@ =avonarola et Florence, P7ris@ %*52.
\. .7#ier@ =avonarola ,Kerome0, Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 Uni#ers7isD@ t. %(@ P7ri
%*L+@ p. L*+)L** A Ro;. 6e M7in@ =avonarola e la &uria Romana, Lei6ein@ %*L5.
M. Munin@ =avonarola, P7ris@ %*L&A R7p4 Roe6er@ =avonarola, tr76uit 6e N7=
!7is p7r B7n"4e PreneJ@ P7ris@ %*22A P7sCu7e Vi7ri@ Ha storia di >irolamo =
vonarola e di suoi tempi, nou#7 e6.@ t. I)II@ .irenJe@ %*2&.
\. S"4nitJer@ =avonarola# Ein Qulturbild aus der Seit der Renaissance, MiiA
"4en@ %*,(.
Sino6u unionist 6e I7 .err7;?.orenG7 I
Respin!ere7 ui 6e "Htre Biseri"7 Orto6o:H
DupH feu Fn "7re 7u e#ou7t Fn uti;ee #e7"uri re7Giie poiti"
9i 8iseri"e9ti Fntre Apus 9i RHsHrit@ er7 !reu 6e spus 67"H "ee 6ouH rA
;uri 7e "re9tinHtHGii se #or ;7i pute7 76un7 6in nou 7o7tH pentr
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I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
PERIOADA A PATRA
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eri"e7s"H "u 7tinii. Sut7nu@ FnsH@ %?7 sfHtuit sH nu o f7"H@ 67r
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no6u.
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r<tu Io7n 7 VII?e7 P7eoo!u@ FnsoGit 6e fr7tee sHu Di;itrie -
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i %+ noie;8rie %(5, 7 R7#en7-@ o; 6e profun6H "uturH "7si"H@ f7?
'ISERICA IN
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tu 8orotei al 3onembasiei, 3itrofan, epis"op 6e CiJi"@ f7#or78i unirii@
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;7ree e"esi7r4 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ "7re@ 6upH Fnto7r"ere7 6in
It7i7@ 7 s"ris Istoria sinodului unionist din Ferrara$Floren!a, 9i 7Gi ie?
r7r4i@ "Hu!Hri 9i 6e;nit7ri.
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protopopu Const7ntin 9i un 6ee!7t ;ire7n@ o!ofHtu Ne7!oe@ pro878i
o"Giitoru epis"opiei s7u ;itropoiei Ro;7nuui.
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se;n7tH@ 7tri8uitH ;7i pro878i epis"opuui Dorotei 6e Mitiene@ s"risH
Fn spirit unionist@ "u e:tr7se 6in 7"tee ori!in7e@ #7ri7ntH tipHritH Fr
%',% 7 Ro;7@ i7r 6upH 7"ee7 F;8o!HGitH Fn "oe"Giie sino67e 7e Iu
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#7 f7"e o tr76u"ere 7 u"rHrii ui Si#estru S3ropuos 9i se #7 tipHri %A
/7!7@ su8 titu 1Aera ?istoria unionis non verae inter graecos et la!i
nos sive &oncilii Florentini e)actissima narratio2, Q Istoria adevrat
unei uniri neadevrate dintre greci "i latini, sau istorisirea cea tnai e)ac
t a sinodului florentin2# Fn %*5% se #7 pu8i"7 o nouH e6iGie 7 P7ris
PERIOADA A PATRA
]. L7urent. Coro8orFn6 to7te 7"este trei surse 9i GinFn6 "ont 9i 6e
Ae pu8i"7te 6e 7tun"i Fn"o7"e@ se pot e:pune u"rHrie sino6uui Fn
ur;Htor = Z
DupH "e F;pHr7tu Io7n 7 VII?e7 P7eoo!u HsH tre8urie I;pe?
ii Fn ;Fn7 fr7teui sHu Const7ntin@ sosi 7 + fe8ru7rie %(2+@ Fn Ve?
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i pFnH Fn o"to;8rie %(2+@ pentru 7 #eni 6e 7 B7se 9i 7Gi ;e;8ri
67i.
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este superior 7utoritHGii p7pei. Din p7rte7 7tinior s?7u 6istins Fn
6is"uGii = "7r6in7u Iuliu &esa$
fost pre9e6inte 7 sino6uui 6in B7se@ Andrei, epis"op 7tin 6e Ro?
Hudovic, 7r4iepis"op 6e .ori@ Ioan de Turrecremata s7u TorCue?7
$sp7nio-@ Ioan de 3ontenegro, 6o;ini"7nu Ioan de Ragu%a $7"u
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s;H sFnt 6e netre"ut@ pe "Fn6 7Gii e "re6e7u fHrH i;port7nGH.
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7fir;H "H nu;7i "u pH"7te u9o7re s7u #eni7e ur;e7JH sH se
"urHGe7s"H prin fo"@ Fn M7toriu. MitropoiGii M7r"u Eu!eni"u 7
Efesuui 9i Vis7rion 7 Ni?
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V W
/K
"eei 7u o8ie"t7t te;eini" "H@ potri#it re#e7Giei Sf. S"ripturi@ nu po7te
fi #or87 6e o pe6e7psH ;7teri7H 7 sufeteor spiritu7e Fn pur!7toriu
printr?un fo" ;7teri7@ "i sufetee "eor "7re 7u pH"Htuit Fn #i7GH Fn?
6urH 6upH ;o7rte suferinGe ;or7e pFnH 7 Mu6e"7t7 uni#ers7H. S3ropuoA
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pe 6e 7t7 "H 6is"uGiie se preun!es" "u pre7 ;ute 7;Hnunte. L7 7"e7s
tH 9e6inGH er7u preJente 78i7 %&& perso7ne@ "7r6in7i@ epis"opi@ e!u;eni
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$(2%-@ "Fn6 to";7i se spe"ifi"7 Bni;i" ;7i ;ut@ ni;i" ;7i puGin@ 6e"F
s?7 st78iit 7 sino6u 6in Ni"ee7D $2,'-. Mitropoitu M7r"u Eu!eni"u
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an#HGHtur7 6espre pur"e6ere7 Du4uui SfFnt 9i "H 6e 7i"i pro#ine@ F
fon6@ 6eJ8in7re7 6intre Apus 9i RHsHrit@ 6eJ8in7re Fn "7re 7tinii s?7
7rHt7t 7tFt 6e ipsiGi 6e 6r7!oste f7GH 6e fr7Gii or. S?7 7Muns 7 #erifi"7
re7 "it7teor p7tristi"e. Cu p7siune 7 rHspuns 6in p7rte7 7tinior An6n
6e Ro6os. Tensiune7 ur"7 A F;pHr7tu er7 Fn!roJit 6e perspe"ti#7 "H #
pe"7 7"7sH fHrH 7Mutor 6in Apus@ i7r p7p7 7;eninG7 "H ni;eni n?7r
#oie sH pe"e pFnH nu se #7 pro"7;7 unire7 Biseri"ior. C4i8Juin6 "
F;pHr7tu@ p7p7 Eu!en 7 IV?e7 7 7Muns 7 "on"uJi7 "H pentru reu9it
sino6uui 7r fi ne"es7r sH ;ute 6in nou se6iu 6is"uGiior@ 6e 7stH 67tH %
.orenG7@ pentru "7 pe"7re7 6ee!7Gior !re"i sH fie ;7i puGin posi8iA
S?7 in#o"7t 6rept ;oti# pentru ;ut7re7 7 .orenG7 peri"ou unei ep=
6e;ii 6e "iu;H 7 .err7r7@ "u to7te "H 7tFt S3ropuos "Ft 9i "ee7t
iJ#o7re spun "H 7"est peri"o tre"use 6eM7 6e trei uni. M7i er7 9i 7
;oti# 6e or6in intern = forentinii se o8i!7serH sH ;Hre7s"H su8#enGiiT
6ee!7Giior orto6o:e "u su;e su8st7nGi7e 67"H u"rHrie "on"iiuui >
#or 6esfH9ur7 Fn or79u or. L7 .err7r7 p7tri7r4u Iosif nu putu p7i
ti"ip7 6e"Ft 7 unee 9e6inGe 6in ;oti# 6e 8o7H@ i7r p7p7@ "7re sufere
6e po67!rH@ "eruse "7 6is"uGiie sH nu se 6u"H Fn "7te6r7H@ "u; se 4"
tHrFse 7 Fn"eput@ "i Fn p7r7"isu p77tuui ;7r"4iJuui 6e Este. L7 Fr
PERIOADA A PATRA
7nuui %(2* p7p7 Eu!en 7 IV?e7 7 tr7nsfer7t sino6u 6e 7 .er?
.orenG7@ un6e !re"ii 7u Fn6ur7t ;ute ipsuri@ p7p7 sperFn6 "H
#7 "onstrFn!e sH 7""epte unire7. A"u;@ 7 .orenG7@ ;uGi 6in
it7ieni er7u 6orni"i sH 7u6ieJe pe fiosofu G4e;istos Pet4on
t7 $PeoponeJ- 6espre fiosofi7 ui P7ton.
ApFn6 "u sesiune7 7 %+?7 6in , ;7rtie %(2*@ s?7u "ontinu7t 6is"u?
pre FilioOue ) pur"e6ere7 Du4uui SfFnt 9i 6e 7 .iu )@ 67r nu
iGe !ener7e@ "i 6e u"ru. Dis"uGiie 7u "ontinu7t Fn 97se 9e6inGe@
iN reJut7t. L7 "itHrie p7tristi"e 6in Sf. V7sie $f 25*- 9i 6in 7Gi
!re"i Fn e!HturH "u FnGeesu e:presiior BePD 9i B"HD Fn r7port
L M7r"u Eu!eni"u "o;8Htu pe An6rei 6e Ro6os Fn 9e6inG7 7
7tun"i "Fn6 7"est7 #oi7 sH spunH "H Sf. At7n7sie $f 252- 9i SfFn?
ie 7r fi 76;is Fn Sf. Trei;e 6ouH prin"ipii. Fn 9e6inG7 7 00II?7@
Eu!eni"u 6o#e6i "4i7r "H te:tu 76us 6e epis"opu An6rei 6e Ro?
Sf. V7sie@ Adv# Eunom# "7p. 0III@ nu este 7utenti". Unioni9tii 7u
i ;Hrturi7 SfFntuui M7:i; MHrturisitoru $f LL,-@ "7re@ 7 fe@
6espre 7tini "H 7""eptH Fn Sf. Trei;e nu;7i o "7uJH. .7GH 6e.
i poJiGie@ An6rei 6e Ro6os 6e"7rH "H 9i e 7""eptH tot nu;7i un
hiu@ o sin!urH "7uJH Fn SfFnt7 Trei;e. Atun"i F;pHr7tu inter#eni@
sH se Fn"4i6H 6is"uGiie pri#in6 .iioCue@ "H"i for;u7 7"e7st7 e
78iH pentru toGi. InterJi"e 7poi ui M7r"u Eu!eni"u 9i ui Antonie
Z7"eei 6e 7 ;7i p7rti"ip7 7 6eJ87teri pentru "H preun!es" 6is?
HJFn6 "H nu se o8Gine 6e 7 !re"i re"uno79tere7 ui .iioCue@ p7tri?
7 "4e;7t pe 7i sHi 7 p7tu sHu 6e suferinGH 9i 7 insist7t sH "e6e?
i7rH 6e "in"i perso7ne@ toGi !re"ii 7u "e67t. P7tri7r4u 7 ;urit 7
ie %(2*@ fiin6 Fn;or;Fnt7t Fn 8iseri"7 6o;ini"7nior@ S7nt7 MHri7
7@ "onstruitH Fntre %,(L)%2L&.
i 9e6inGee 00IV 9i 00V@ 7 "7re n?7u ;7i p7rti"ip7t "ei 6oi ie?
!re"i@ Io7n 6e Monteni!ro 7 "Hut7t sH 7r7te "u ;Hrturii s"o7se 6in
HrinGi "H Fn#HGHtur7 7tinior nu este Fn "ontr7Ji"ere "u 7 !re"ior.
;o7rte7 p7tri7r4uui@ 6is"uGiie 7u fost "on6use 6e F;pHr7t@ "7re
insut7t nu;7i "u unioni9tii Fn frunte "u ;itropoiGii Isi6or 7 Oie?
9i Mos"o#ei@ Vis7rion 7 Ni"eei 9i "u Dorotei 6e Mitiene.
;pHr7tu stHrui7 supr7 unirii "u i7tinii@ 9tiin6 peri"ou "e?% 79tep?
Fnto7r"ere7 7 Const7ntinopo fHrH 7Mutoru ;iit7r 6in Apus.
?W7 %2 9i %( 7priie %(2* ;itropoitu Vis7rion 7 Ni"eei 7 Ginut Fn
"onfr7Gior o pe6o7rie is"usitH pentru unire.
tn !enere@ 7tinii 7u susGinut "H Fn#HGHtur7 or nu este Fn "ontr7Ji?
"u Fn#HGHtur7 orto6o"9ior.
In pri#inG7 ui 1FilioOue2, 7supr7 "Hrui7 s?7u purt7t 6is"uGii 7prin?
i"or6u %?7 "7re s?7 7Muns s?7 for;u7t 7stfe = 1=fntul 8u? purcede
ve"nicie din Tatl "i din Fiul ca dintr$un singur i%vor "i dintr$o
ur suflare2 ) e) utraOue aeternliter tamOuam ab uno printipio
mica spiratione pro"e6itD@ for;uH "7re #7 fi reu7tH Fn 6is"uGiie
re orto6o"9i 9i "7toi"i Fn se"ou nostru.
DupH 7te p7tru sHptH;Fni 6e 6is"uGii@ !re"ii 9i 7tinii 7u "HJut 6e
Z6 9i "u pri#ire 7 "ee7te pun"te 6e "re6inGH = purgatoriul, a%imile
'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *I
9i primatul papal# S?7 76;is uJu 6e 7 se sH#<r9i SfFnt7 Litur!4ie s7u
Mis7 "7toi"H "u pFine 6ospitH 9i ne6ospitH 6upH pr7"ti"7 fie"Hrei Biseri"i@
Despre primatul papal, 6e9i 7 fost upt7 "e7 ;7i !re7@ !re"ii i7u
"on#enit "H p7p7 este su""esoru SfFntuui Petru@ o"Giitoru ui /ristos
pe pH;Fnt@ nv!tor "i *udector al ntregii +iserici, Vdup cum se cue
prinde n ?otrrile =inoadelor ecumenice "i n sfintele canoane2 QD
1Ouaemadmodum etiam in gestis oecumenicorum &onciliorum et in sa$
cris canonibus continetur2, i7r 7 6oie7 Fn r7n! 6upH e este p7tri7r4u
6e Const7ntinopo. Prin 7"e7stH for;u7re 78iH !re"ii 7u reu9it sH e#ite
re"uno79tere7 pri;7tuui Muris6i"Gion7 7 p7pei Fn Biseri"7 uni#ers7H.
A"este p7tru pun"te = primatul papal, FilioOue, purgatoriul "i a%i$
mile s?7u nu;it Fn istorie B"ee patru puncte florentine2 9i ee 7u fost
i;puse uterior 6e p7p7it7te 7 Fn"4eiere7 unor BuniriD "u unee Bise?
ri"i 6in RHsHritu Europei 9i 6in Orientu Apropi7t.
In "ee7 "e pri#e9te pri;7tu p7p7@ tre8uie su8ini7t "H !re"ii ?7u
FnGees Fn ;o6u Fn "7re s?7u pronunG7t 7supr7 ui Sfintee "7no7ne 9i
4otHrFrie Sino76eor e"u;eni"e@ 9i "7 un primat de onoare ) epis"opu
Ro;ei fiin6 so"otit "7 primus inter pares, 9i nu "u; fH"use 6ee!7Gi7
Ro;ei 7 Sino6u 7 IV?e7 e"u;eni" 6e 7 C7"e6on@ 6in ('%@ "Fn6 7
preJent7t o e:e!eJH !re9itH 7 "7nonuui 7 L?e7 7 Sino6uui I e"u;e?
ni" 6e 7 Ni"ee7@ 6in 2,'@ 7 "7re 7u 76Hu!7t 6upH te:tu ui "unos"utu
767os 7 6e"reteor pseu6o?isi6oriene 6e ;7i tFrJiu = BE""esi7 Ro;7n7
semper primatum ?abuit2 ) 1+iserica Romei a avut totdeauna prima$
tul2, "reJFn6 "H Fn "7no7nee 2@ ( 9i ' 7e sino6uui 6in S7r6i"7 6in 2(2
s?7 spus 797 "e#7. Te:tee ori!in7e n?7u "unos"ut un 7stfe 6e 767os@
"7re nu este 6e"Ft un f7s.
S?7 "o;pus 7poi decretul de unire, Fn i;8ie !re7"H 9i 7tinH@ "7re
7 fost se;n7t 6e %%' 6ee!7Gi 7tini 9i nu;7i 6e 22 6e rHsHriteni.
N?7u se;n7t = ;itropoitu M7r"u Eu!eni"u 7 Efesuui@ 6FrJu 7pH?
rHtor 7 Orto6o:iei@ 9i "ei "7re fu!iserH 6e 7 Sino6 ;7i Fn7inte@ 7 %(
iunie %(2*@ Fntre ei fiin6 Di;itrie P7eoo!u@ fr7tee F;pHr7tuui@ ;i?
tropoitu Gri!orie 7 Geor!iei $I#iriei- "u un 7i"@ G4eor!4e S"4o7rios@
se"ret7ru F;pHr7tuui@ 6e9i e stHruise pentru unire@ G4eor!4e G4e;ist
Pet4on 9.7. Unii 6intre fu!7ri 7u fost prin9i 9i "onstrFn9i sH se;neJe.
Dintre sino67ii !re"i 7u se;n7t %L ;itropoiGi@ Fntre ei 9i ;itropo?
itu D7;i7n 7 Mo6o#ei@ p7tru o"Giitori 6e p7tri7r4i@ p7tru 6i7"oni
9i repreJent7nGii "eor7Gi prin"ipi "re9tini. F;preunH "u 7"e9ti7 7 se;?
n7t 9i F;pHr7tu Io7n 7 VUI?e7 P7eoo!u.
Mut ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn7inte 6e %(',@ ;itropoitu D7;i7n 7 Mo6o#eif
7 renunG7t 7 unire@ 7HturFn6u?se 7ntiuninoni9tior 6in BiJ7nG@ ^ 6upH
"u; 7fH; 6intr?un Raport al ar?iereilor "i al celorlal!i contra sinodul
lui din Floren!a, Fn7int7t F;pHr7tuui Const7ntin 7 0?e7 Dr7!7se7
$%((+)%('2-@ Fn %(',@ 6e G4en76ie S"4o7rios $E6. Petit?Si6eri6es?\uM
!ie@ (pere, t. III@ P7ris@ %*2&@ p. %*2)%*'-. M
L7 L iuie %(2*@ Fn preJenG7 p7pei Eu!en 7 IV?e7@ "7re 7 ofi"i7t
7"est prieM@ 7 fost pro"7;7tH ofi"i7 unirea dintre cele dou +iseric
in "7te6r77 S7nt7 MHri7 6e .iore 6in .orenG7 $"onstruitH Fntre 7nif
%,*L)%(2L-@ 6e "Htre "7r6in7u Iuiu Ces7rini@ "7re 7 "itit te:tu 7tir
PERIOADA A PATRA
opoitu Vis7rion 7 Ni"eei@ "7re 7 "itit te:tu !re" 7 6e"retuui
We.
io6u 6e 7 .err7r7 ) .orenG7 este so"otit 6e Biseri"7 Ro;7no?
H al PAII$lea &onciliu general#
i reJut7tu 7"estui sino6 7tinii s?7u 8u"ur7t ;ut 7 Fn"eput@
!enere@ e n?7 ;uGu;it ni"i pe p7pH@ ni"i pe F;pHr7t@ ni"i pe
9e6inG7 uti;H@ p7p7 7 ;7i pretins !re"ior ur;Hto7ree = pri;i?
fHNtHturNii 7pusene "H o "HsHtorie Fn"4ei7tH 6upH rFn6uieie "7noni ?
seN po7te 6esf7"e@ 6e"i interJi"ere7 6i#orGuui@ pe6epsire7 i;e6i7tH
Wopoituui M7r"u Eu!eni"u@ "e ;7i ;7re 76#ers7r 7 unirii "u
9i 7e!ere7 unui ur;79 7 p7tri7r4uui Iosif 7 II?e7@ 6e"e67t 7
G7 7 %& iunie %(2*.
re"ii 7u respins to7te 7"este pretenGii "u poiteGe o8ie"tFn6 "H
Q7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" se po7te f7"e nu;7i Fn "uprinsu p7tri?
6e Const7ntinopo@ i7r sfinGire7 ui "7 7r4iereu nu;7i Fn "7te6r77
ifi7.
ino6u 6e 7 .err7r7?.orenG7@ so"otit 6e Biseri"7 Ro;ei "7 7
e7 "on"iiu !ener7 s7u e"u;eni"@ 7 "ontinu7t 6upH Fn"4eiere7
"u !re"ii 7 L iuie %(2*@ fiin6 ;ut7t 7 Ro;7@ un6e u"rHrie ui
inut pFnH Fn %(('.
iFseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 Fn"4ei7t unire7 9i "u Biseri"ie Ve"4i
t7e = Ar;e7nH $,, noie;8rie %(2*-@ I7"o8itH $%((,-@ CoptH 9i A8i?
LH $( fe8ru7rie %(((-@ Nestori7nH 6in Cipru $5 7u!ust %(('-@ fHrH
"7 i uniri sH 7i8H o i;port7nGH 6eose8itH.
7 ,L 7u!ust %(2* F;pHr7tu Io7n VIII 9i sino67ii !re"i 7u pHrHsit
9i prin VeneGi7 s?7u Fntors 7 Const7ntinopo@ 7Mun!Fn6 7 % fee
%((&. De reJut7tu 7"estui sino6 n?7 fost ;uGu;it ni"i F;pH? 9i
ni"i p7p7. CFn6 p7p7 7 7uJit "H M7r"u Eu!eni"u n?7 #oit sH se;?
6e"retu unirii 7 e:"7;7t = BN?7; re7iJ7t ni;i"D@ 9i 6e f7pt nu
8Ginut ni;i"@ "H"i 6e"retu 6e 7 .orenG7 7 rH;7s pFnH 7Ji un si;?
o"u;ent Fn 7r4i#ee V7ti"7nuui@ 7Mutoru 6in Apus se reJu;H 7
7 pun!i 6e 7ur 9i 7r!int 9i 6ouH "orH8ii 6e rHJ8oi. L7
Const7ntinopo@ Fn"H Fn7inte 6e 7 sosi 6ee!7Gi7 sino67H 7"7sH@
7re7 #e9tii unirii "eri"ii 9i "re6in"io9ii orto6o"9i 7u fost "uprin9i
i6i!n7re. CFn6@ Fn fine@ repreJent7nGii Biseri"ii Orto6o:e 7u sosit 7
t7ntinopo 7u fost FntF;pin7Gi "u epitete 6e BtrH6HtoriD 9i B7Ji;iGiD.
Istori"u DuP7s re7te7JH "H@ Fntre8Fn6u?i "u; 7 ie9it sino6u@ ei 7u
7ns = Bne?7; #Fn6ut "re6inG7... 6e fri"7 frFn"iorD. At"e#7 nu 7#e7u
i spunH.
G4eor!4e S"4o7rios@ 6upH "e s?7 Fntors 7 Const7ntinopo@ 7 6e#e?
iin %(((@ 6upH ;o7rte7 ;tiropoituui M7r"u Eu!eni"u 7 Efesuui
2 i7nu7rie %(((-@ &onductorul adunrii ortodoc"ilor 9i "e ;7i ;7re
=rs7r 7 unirii 6e 7 .orenG7 6in L iuie %(2*@ pe "7re 7 "on67;n7t?o
%(('@ Fn ter;eni fo7rte 7spri@ Fn Primul tratat despre purcederea
ului =fnt, e:pri;Fn6u?se 7stfe = 1Fici o nenorocire n$a fost pentru
mai rea dect aceasta# Ea este mai rea dect foametea, c?inurile "i
t mii de mor!i2 $E6. Petit?Si6eri6es?\u!ie@ (pere, t. II. P7ris@ %*,*@
BISERICA tN SECOLELE 0I?0V
p. ,L&@ Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ >?enadie II =c?olarios###, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@
VIII $%*'L-@ nr. %@ p. +&)+%-.
CFt 7Mutor pute7u 67 7pusenii se #7 #e6e7 Fn %(((@ 7 V7;7@ un6e
7r;7tee or #or fi FnfrFnte ru9inos 6e putere7 Se;iunei.
D7"H 6e o"4ii u;ii se pHre7 "H unire7 7 fost re7iJ7tH "u su""es@
6e #re;e "e Fnsu9i F;pHr7tu 7 fost 6e f7GH@ se;nFn6 7"tu 6e unire 6in
L iuie %(2* 6e 7 .orenG7@ Fn re7it7te@ ni"i 6e 67t7 7"e7st7 nu s?7 re7?
iJ7t ni;i". Poporu orto6o: 6in I;periu 8iJ7ntin s?7 7rHt7t ;ut ;7i
refr7"t7r f7GH 6e 4otHrFrie u7te 7 .err7r7 9i .orenG7@ 6e "u; s?7 7rH?
t7t f7GH 6e "ee u7te 6e sino6u 6e 7 L#onR6in L iuie %,5(.
F;pHr7tu Io7n 7 VII?e7 P7eoo!u 7 "reJut "H prin 79eJ7re7 ;i?
tropoituui Mitrof7n 7 II?e7 6e CiJi" Fn s"7unu p7tri7r47 $%((&)
%((2-@ "7re se;n7se 7"tu unirii 6e 7 .orenG7@ #7 pute7 76u"e 7 Fn6e?
pinire unire7. D7r 9i 6e 67t7 7"e7st7 F;pHr7tu 7 u7t o ;HsurH !re9i ?
tH. Poporu n?7 #oit sH p7rti"ipe 7 suM8ee ofi"i7te 6e preoGii 9i epis?
"opii "7re s?7u 7Htur7t unirii. Fn s"4i;8@ pre6i"ie pine 6e 7#Fnt 9i 6e
fo" rostite 6e M7r"u Eu!eni"u 7u fost sor8ite 6e popor.
Cei trei p7tri7r4i rHsHriteni FntruniGi 7 Ierus7i; Fn %((2 7u 6e?
"7r7t fHrH #7o7re unire7 6e 7 .orenG7. P7tri7r4u unionist Mitrof7n II
7 fost 6epus 6in s"7un 9i o#it "u 7n7te;H. DupH ;o7rte7 ui Mitrof7n II
s7u BMitrof7n u"i!Htoru 6e ;7;HD@ 76i"H 6e Biseri"H@ "u; er7 nu;it
6e popor@ S"7unu p7tri7r47 n?7 putut fi o"up7t ti;p 6e 6oi 7ni@ F;?
pHr7tu ne!Hsin6 ni"i un !re" 6ispus sH Mo7"e rou unui BunitD "u Ro;7.
Fn "ee 6in ur;H@ Fn %((2@ 7 fost 79eJ7t Fn s"7unu p7tri7r47 7 Con?
st7ntinopo Gri!orie M7;;7s@ "7re "7 p7tri7r4 s?7 nu;it Gri!orie 7
III?e7 $%((2)%('&-.
I6ee7 unirii 7 6e#enit "u totu ur!isitH ;7i 7es Fn ur;7 FnfrFn!erii
ru9ino7se 7 B"ru"i76eiD 6e 7 V7rn7 6in %& noie;8rie %(((@ pe "7re
Apusu o trF;8iG7se Fn7inte.
A"tu sH#Fr9it 7 .orenG7 7 se;Hn7t urH 9i 6is"or6ie Fntre fr7Gii
6e 7"e79i ne7; 6is"re6itFn6 BiJ7nGu 6in"oo 6e 4ot7re@ Fn u;e7 s7?
#ior orto6o"9i. Rusi7 pr7#os7#ni"H@ "res"utH "4i7r 6e BiJ7nGu oroo6o:@
7 #HJut Fn 7"tu sH#Fr9it 6e F;pHr7tu 6in Const7ntinopo o trH67re 7
Orto6o:iei. M7ree 6u"e 7 Mos"o#ei@ V7sie 7e II?e7@ Fn67tH "e 7 re?
#enit 7"7sH ;itropoitu Isi6or@ 7 6ispus 6epunere7 6in s"7un 9i 7res ?
t7re7 ui@ u"ru "7re s?7 9i fH"ut printr?un sino6 7 Biseri"ii Ruse.
De 7"u; Fn7inte Rusi7 9i?7 7es e7 sin!urH ;itropoitu ei Fn %((+@
Fn perso7n7 ui Ion7@ "7 o re7"Gie 6e 6ist7nG7re f7GH 6e BiJ7nGu 7post7tM
"7re F9i pier6use 6reptu 6e 7 Mu"7 pri;u ro Fntre popo7ree u;iu
orto6o:e. Greu Fn"er"7t7 F;pHrHGie 8iJ7ntinH 7 pier6ut 7stfe 9i spriMinuM
Rusiei. To7te strH6uinGee F;pHr7tuui 6e 7 Fn6upe"7 poporu !re" s7
7""epte unire7 7u fost J767rni"e. Fn#HG7tu ;itropoit Vis7rion 7 Ni"eeM
9i Isi6or@ ;itropoitu Mos"o#ei 9i 7 Oie#uui@ p7rtiJ7ni fer#enGi 7M
unirii@ s?7u refu!i7t Fn It7i7@ un6e p7p7 Eu!en 7 IV?e7 i?7 rHspHti
"u 6e;nit7te7 6e "7r6in7.
Unire7 "eor 6ouH Biseri"i 7 e9u7t@ ne7#Fn6 ni"i un reJut7t poitii
poJiti#@ in6ispunFn6 Fn s"4i;8 pe sut7nu Mur76 7 II?e7. F;pHr7tu
Io7n 7 VII?e7 7 tre8uit sH "7ute sH ini9te7s"H pe sut7n@ 7si!uiFn6u?
PERIOADA A PATRA
A7ti#ee 6use 7 .err7r7 9i .orenG7 nu 7u 7#ut un su8str7t poiti"@
r unu rei!ios.
?7 7fir;7t "H 6upH ;o7rte7 F;pHr7tuui Io7n 7 VUI?e7 P7eoo!u
"ei trei p7tri7r4i 6in Ae:7n6ri7@ Antio4i7 9i Ierus7i; s?7r fi
iit 6in nou 7 %('& Fntr?un sino6 7 Const7ntinopo@ 4otHrFn6 6in
H unire7 Fn"4ei7tH 7 .orenG7 nu 7re ni"i o #7o7re. P7tri7r4u
rie 7 II?e7 M7;;7s 7 fost e:"o;uni"7t 9i 6epus@ i7r Fn o"u
fost 7es At7n7sie 7 II?e7 $%('&-. De fri"7 poporuui Gri!orie 7
7 Ro;7 un6e 7 9i ;urit $%('*-. Uti;u su#er7n 8iJ7ntin@ Con?
n 7 0?e7 Dr7!7ses $%((+)%('2-@ se #7 76res7 9i e p7pei@ "erFn?
7Mutor. Apusu "on6iGion7 FnsH tri;itere7 7Muto7reor 6e pro"7;7?
ifi"i7H 7 unirii 6in Const7ntinopo@ u"ru "7re pFnH 7"u; nu se
e.
2
7p7 Ni"o7e 7 V?e7 $%((5)%(''- 7 tri;is Fn 6ee!7Gie 7 % o"?
rie %(', pe "7r6in7u Isi6or $f %(L2-@ fostu ;itropoit 7 Oie#uui
Ds"o#ei@ 6e ne7; !re"@ sH pro"7;e unire7 ofi"i7H "u 7tinii. Ceru
poru orto6o: 6in Const7ntinopo 7u protest7t #ioent. Mon74u G4e?
A S"4o7rios 7 7fi97t 7 % noie;8rie %(', pe u97 "4iiei s7e 6e 7
istire7 C47rsi7nit 6in Const7ntinopo un ;7nifest Fn "7re@ Fntre 7?
spune7 o"uitorior "7pit7ei 8iJ7ntine = BI7u martor pe 8umne%eu
ace!i o unire rea2 $E6. Petit)Si6eri6es)\u!ie@ t. III@ P7ris@ %*2&@
ri)%5,-.
Cu to7te protestee 7ntiunioni9tior@ unire7 "u 7tinii Fn"4ei7tH 7
enG7 7 L iuie %(2* 7 fost pro"7;7tH ofi"i7 7 %, 6e"e;8rie %(',@
u7 SfFntuui Spiri6on@ Fn "7te6r77 SfFnt7 Sofi7. Ser#i"iu Sfintei
r!4ii Bpentru unireD 7 fost ofi"i7t Fn preJenG7 F;pHr7tuui ConGin
7 0?e7 Dr7!7ses 9i 7 Fn7Gior 6e;nit7ri 8iJ7ntini 6e p7tri7r4u hnist
Gri!orie 7 II?e7 M7;;7s 9i 6e e!7tu pontifi"7@ "7r6in7u 7r@
"7re 7u suMit Fn so8or "u 2&& 6e preoGi.
A"e7stH pro"7;7re ofi"i7H 7 unirii pro#o"H o ;7re 7!it7Gie printre
in"io9ii orto6o"9i. M7ree 6u"e Lu"7 Not7rH@ 7 6oie7 Fn r7n! 6upH
Hr7t@ spuse 7tun"i f7i;o7see "u#inte = BM7i bine s vedem domnind
mi*locul ora"ului turbanul turcilor, dect tiara latinilor TD $Du"7s@ Is$
a bi%antin, 000VII@ %&@ Mi!ne@ P. G. CVII@ "o. %&5, C-.
Nenoro?A7 #eni "urFn6@ "H"i 7 ,* ;7i %('2 Const7ntinopou 7 "HJut Fn
;Finie "ior #i"torio9i.
Fntr?un sino6 Ginut Fn %(+2 $(- 7 Const7ntinopo@ 7 "7re p7rti"ip7u 9i
ri7r4ii Ae:7n6riei@ Antio4iei 9i Ierus7i;uui@ #7 fi 6enunG7tH uni?
i 6e 7 .orenG7 "7 Bf7sH 9i strHinH 6e Biseri"7 RHsHrituuiD. D7"H
spre unire7 6e 7 L3on 6in %,5( s?7 7fir;7t "H 7 fost o "7pitu7re
pusH Orientuui 6e O""i6ent@ unire7 6in .orenG7 7 fost o 76Fn"ire
;7i ;7re 7 6eJ8inHrii 6intre Biseri"i@ pentru "H re7"Giie popu7re
H 6e "ee7 "e s?7 sH#Fr9it 7"oo 7u ;ers ;ut ;7i 6ep7rte 6e"Ft spu?
7u B8Hr8ie tunseD 6e "7re #or8es" "roni"7rii Mo6o#ei. A fost o operH
W7nie@ pe "7re o #or respin!e ;ereu popo7ree orto6o:e 7Munse su8
r"i 9i "7re se #or 7propi7 9i se #or FntHri re"ipro" to";7i prin unit7te7
e6inGei orto6o:e.
R Unire7 6e 7 .orenG7 7 fost uti;7 unire Fn"4ei7tH pe "7e 6e tr7?
ti#e 9i sino76e Fntre !re"i 9i 7tini. Sin!uru "F9ti! 6e 7 .orenG7 7
'ISERICA I(
fost@ "u; spune un istori" 7puse7n@ unire7 "u Ro;7 7 unor7 6intre
7r;eni@ sirieni 9i 6intre 78isinieni $\7nin-. DupH "H6ere7 Const7ntinopo?
uui su8 tur"i 7se;ene7 tr7t7ti#e er7u i;posi8ie@ "H"i tur"ii@ 7tun"i Fn
pinH 7s"ensiune ;iit7rH 9i poiti"H@ nu 6ore7u FntHrire7 "re9tinior@ ni"i
7 orto6o"9ior@ ni"i 7 "7toi"ior. P7pii 7u "Hut7t 9i Fn p7rte 7u reu9it
sH 7tr7!H pe unii orto6o"9i prin 7te ;iMo7"e = prop7!7n6H@ 9"oi@ 7Mu?
to7re@ 6ipo;7Gie@ ;iMo7"e poiti"e.
BIBLIOGRA.IEI
IJ#o7re=
&oncilium Florentinum, 5 #oi.@ Ro;7@ %*(&)%*'+A \. Gi@ [uae supersunt
auctotum graecorum &oncilii Florentini, Ro;. "o.@ %*'2A V. L7urent@ Hes BMe?
moiresV du grand ecclesiastiOue de lEEglise de &onstantinople ='lvestre ='ropoulos sur le
concile de Florence $%(2+)%(2*-@ 5%& p.@ P7ris@ %*5%.
S t u 6 i i
P. O7rin?/73ter@ =tudies in +'%antine political ?istor'# =ources and contro$
versies, Lon6on@ %*+% A A. /. Bre6ero@ He mo'en ge et le purgatoire, Fn BRe#ue
6N4istoire e""esi7stiCueD@ L00VIII $%*+2-@ nr. ,@ p. (,*)(',.
C. N. Tsirp7nis@ 3arL Eugenicus and t?e &ouncil oi Florence# A ?istorical
reevaluation oi ?is personalit', T4ess7oniCue@ %*5(A A. V7sii76is@ 3arcu Eugenicu
"i unirea +isericilor, Mn grece"te, Aten7@ %*5,A \. De"7rre7u:@ HEGnion des Eglises
au &oncile de Ferrare)Florence, C4e#eto!ne@ %*L'A E. De7ruee@ E. R. L787n6e@
P. Outuine@ He >rand =c?isme et la crise conciliaire ,-WC7)-BC.0, I)II $/istoire
6e LNE!ise@ %(-@ P7ris@ %*L,)%*L(A \. Gi@ T?e &ouncil oi Florence, C7;8ri6!e@ %*'*.
O. /7e"Pi@ From Florence $o +rest, Ro;.@ %*'+A G. /of;7nn@ &oncilium Flo$
rentinum, I@ Fn BOrient7i7 C4risti7n7D@ 0VI $%*,*-@ nr. '5A II@ 0VII $i*2&-@ nr. '*A
III@ 00II $%*2%-@ nr. L+A I6e;@ 8ie Florentiner Gnion, Fn BOrient7i7 C4risti7n7 Pe?
rio6i"7D@ III $%*25-@ nr. 2)(@ %*2* 9. u.A M. Vier@ Ha Ouestion de Nunfon des Eglises
entre >recs et Hatins depuis le &oncile de H'on *usOuE celui de Florence, Fn BRe#ue
6N4istoire e""esi7stiCueD@ %5 $%*,%-@ p. ,L%)2&'A '%'@ '2,A %+ $%*,,-@ p. ,&)
L& A C4.?\. /efee?Do; /. Le"er"C@ 4istoire des conciles, t. Vi@ ,?e p<rtie@ P7ris@
%*%L. O fo7rte 8o!7tH 8i8io!r7fie 7 "on"iiuui 6e 7 .err7r7).orenG7 se !Hse9te
Fn Essai de bibliograp?ie sur le &oncile de Florence, Fn BIrePionD@ 0VI $%*2*-@
nr. 2)(@ p. 2&')2'& 9i nr. L@ p. '*&= Co;pe;ents < 7 8i8io!r7p4ie sur e
"on"ie 6e .oren"e.
I n i ;87 r o;<nH=
P7#e C4i47i7@ n legtur cu absen!a delega!iei rii Romne"ti la conciliul de la
Ferrara6Floren!a $%(2+)%(2*-@ Fn BG7su Biseri"iiD@ 000VII $%*5*-@ nr. %),@ p. %''
)%L'A Pr. prof. Mi7n es7n@ Gnirea Florentin "i papalitatea, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@
%*L% A Petre S. NHsture@ &teva Ensemnri despre sinodul de la Floren!a, Fn BMitropoi7
OtenieiD@ 0I $%*'*-@ nr. *)%,@ p. L(2)L(*A [uelOues obser$vations sur lEunion de
Florence, Fn BSu6?Est .ors"4un!enD@ %+ $%*'*-@ p. +()+*A Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@
>?enadie II =c?olarios, primul patriar? ecumenic sub turci, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@
Bu"ure9ti@ VIII $%*'L-@ nr. %@ p. 5%)%&*@ 7i"i p. 5+)+%A Pr. profM T. Bo6o!7e@ De
"e n?7 reu9it unire7 6e la Floren!a c Fn BRe#ist7 teoo!i"HD@ Si8iu\ %*2*A Grui7
tef7n@ 3oldova n sinodul de unire din Floren!a -BW., Fn BRe#ist7\ teoo!i"HD@ I0
$%*,%-@ nr. %)2@ p. '5)5%.
C. Auner@ 3oldova la soborul din Floren!a, e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*%'. E:tr7s
6in BRe#ist7 C7toi"HD@ IV $%*%'-. Cu pri#ire 7 fiosofu G4eor!4e G4e;ist Pet4or
6e 7 Mistr7 $f ,' iunie %(',-@ #eJi stu6iu= .r. M7s7i@ Plet?on et le plet?onismi
de 3istra, P7ris@ Les Bees Lettres@ %*'L@ (%* p. Re"enJie Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu
BOrto6o:i7D@ 0I $%*'*-@ nr. 2@ p. (L()(5&.
I Bi8io!r7fie Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
PERIOADA A PATRA
CH6ere7 Const7ntFnopouuF su8 tur"i
9i ur;Hrie ei Z
-e ;utH #re;e se si;Ge7 "H sfFr9itu f7ni"ei "7pit7e 8iJ7ntine
7i pute7 fi pre7 Fn6epHrt7t. DupH "e Fn"H 6in %2,L or79u Brus7 6e
r;u 7si7ti" 7 Bosforuui 6e#enise@ o67tH "u ;o7rte7 sut7nior
n 9i Ur"7n@ p7nteonu su#er7nior oto;7ni@ i7r 6in %2L' "7pit77
D #7 ;ut7 7 A6ri7nopo@ Fn7int7re7 tur"ior nu ;7i pute7 fi opritH
tre! sp7Giu peste "7re I;periu 8iJ7ntin 7#usese "ontrou Fn u?
2&& 6eN 7ni. Cererie 6isper7te 6upH 7Mutor@ FntFi 7 sFr8i 9i 7
iri@ 7poi 7 p7pH@ 7 F;pHr7tu !er;7n@ 7 re!ii .r7nGei ori 7i An!iei@
7 re!ee Un!7riei 9i 7 prin"ipii ru9i@ s?7u 6o#e6it fHrH reJut7t.
7rHt7t Fn 7tH p7rte "H Fn s"4i;8u 7Mutoruui ;iit7r F;pHr7Gii nu
67t Fn7poi 6e 7 Mertfire7 FnsH9i 7 in6epen6enGei or spiritu7e. PFnH
!ee Un!7riei Lu6o#i" I $%2(,)%2+,- #7 "ere F;pHr7tuui 8iJ7ntin
7 V?e7 P7eoo!u $%2(%)%25L A %25*)%2*%- 6rept "on6iGie pen?
iMutor nu nu;7i re"uno79tere7 pri;7tuui p7p7@ "i "4i7r 9i o8i?
6e 7 se 8oteJ7 6in nou 6upH ;o6eu "7toi". N?7 fost 6estu "H
tri;is fiu ost7te" 7 A#i!non Fn %2''@ "i pFnH 7 ur;H 6isper7t
r<tu Io7n V P7eoo!u #7 F;8rHGi97@ F;preunH "u Fntre7!7 f7;iie@
i. o"to;8rie %2L* "4i7r ritu 7tin. Totu 7 fost Fn J767r.
E 7 ;ers 9i ;7i 6ep7rte = 7 #Fn6ut VeneGiei insu7 Tene6os nu;7i
F po7tH pri;i Fn7poi@ pe Fn!H "e#7 87ni@ !iu#7erurie "oro7nei rH?
= Fn7inte "u 2& 6e 7ni or79uui 6e pe 7!une. D7r@ Fntru"Ft Fn ips7
iin "7pit7H tre8urie pu8i"e er7u "on6use 6e re!entu An6roni"
oo!u 9i Fntru"Ft 7"est7 #Fn6use 7"ee79i insuH !eno#eJior@ F;pH?
[ Io7n 7 V?e7 7 7Muns Fntr?o situ7Gie 797 6e Men7ntH@ "H n?7#e7 ni"i
e pHti "HHtori7 6e Fnto7r"ere 6e 7 VeneGi7 7 Const7ntinopo.
DupH 6oi 7ni 6e 78senGH 6in G7rH F;pHr7tu #7 7Mun!e sH trHi7s"H
pGii 9i ;7i 7;7re. Fn 7nu %25%@ Fn ur;7 8iruinGei tur"e9ti 6e 7
en@ pe rFu M7riG7@ 7 7Muns 9i e "7 9i fostu sHu ri#7@ G7ru Bu?
,i@ #7s7 tur"es"@ "u o8i!7Gi7 6e 7 pHti tri8ut sut7nuui@ tri8ut "7re
ir"7 pFnH Fn 7nu %(&& 7 su;7 6e 2&.&&& 6e 7spri. I7r tur"ii Fn7int7u
su A Fn %2+* "H6e7 Ser8i7@ 7 %2*2 Bu!7ri7 6e rHsHrit "u "7pit77
NFrno#o@ i7r Fn %2*L Bu!7ri7 6e 7pus "u "7pit77 7 Vi6in. In %2*&
;u B7i7Ji6 I I6eri; $.u!eru@ %2+*)%(&2- se so"ote7 "7 9i intr7t
=7pit77 8iJ7ntinH pentru "H spriMinise pe Io7n VII "7 ri#7 7 F;?
ituui M7nui 7 II?e7 P7eoo!u $%2*%)%(,'-. Din feri"ire 7"est7 6in
H reu9i sH?9i 7un!e ri#7u. D7r "e foos S C7 #7s7 tur"es"@ M7nui
.I?e7 P7eoo!u tre8ui7 sH FnsoGe7s"H pe sut7n oriun6e "u trupe
7te pentru 7 upt7. A97 7 tre8uit sH?% FnsoGe7s"H 6e pi6H@ Fn Asi7
H@ F;potri#7 tur"ior se!iu"iJi. Apoi@ pentru "H F;pHr7tu Io7n 7
A7 Fn"epuse Fn Const7ntinopo sH?9i reJer#e unee porGiuni 6in for?
=7Giie or79uui@ sut7nu Fi "eru sH e 6HrF;e@ 7;eninGFn6u?% "H 67"H
se supune #7 u"i6e pe M7nui III@ "7re er7 ost7te" 7 "urte7
7nuui.
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RHn;re7nu.
Se 9tie "H pentru 76un7re 6e 7Muto7re@ F;pHr7tu M7nui 7 II?e7
P7eoo!u 7 pe"7t@ "u; nu ;7i fH"use ni"i un 7t F;pHr7t 8iJ7ntin Fn7?
inte@ pe 7 "urGie su#er7nior 6in Apus = 7 VeneGi7@ Mi7no@ P7ris@
Lon6r7@ Fntre 7nii %2**)%(&,@ Fntor"Fn6u?se fHrH ni"i un reJut7t@ Fn
7f7rH 6e pro;isiuni "7re nu s??7u re7iJ7t. O o7re"7re u9ur7re pentru
I;periu 8iJ7ntin 7 "onstituit FnfrFn!ere7 tur"ior 7 An"3r7@ 7Ji AnP7r7@
7 %(&,. D7r@ sH8iGi 9i 6es"ur7M7Gi "H ni"i F;pHr7tu !er;7n@ ni"i repu?
8i"7 VeneGi7@ ni"i re!ee Ar7!onuui 9i ni"i un 7t su#er7n 6in Apus
nu e #ene7 Fn 7Mutor@ 8iJ7ntinii n?7u Fn6rHJnit sH e:po7teJe ;o;entu.
Gre9e77 8iJ7ntinior 6e 7 se fi 7propi7t 6e sut7ni $%(&2)%(,%-
9i 6e 7 fi "erut 9i pri;it spriMin pentru unu 6intre preten6enGii 7 tron
7 76us "u e7 situ7Gi7 9i ;7i pri;eM6io7sH 6in 7nu %(,,@ "Fn6 sut7nu
Mur76 7 II?e7 $%(,%)%('%- 7 7se6i7t Fn to7tH re!u7 Const7ntinopou@
67r reJistenG7 Ji6urior 9i o p7ni"H "urio7sH 7supr7 ui 9i 7r;7tei s7e
?7u 6eter;in7t sH renunGe 7 7se6iu.
Putere7 I;periuui 8iJ7ntin 9i 7 "7pit7ei s7e FnsH sH8e7 #HJFn6
"u o"4ii. Fn %(,( tri8utu se ri6i"H 7 su;7 6e 2&&.&&& 7spri. Fn %(2&
tur"ii o"upH Tes7oni"u pe "7re 8iJ7ntinii F #Fn6userH VeneGiei. Fn"er ?
"7re7 6isper7tH 7 F;pHr7tuui 6e 7 o8Gine ) prin unire7 8iseri"e7s"H
6e 7 .err7r7?.orenG7 $%(2+)%(2*- ) 7Mutor ;iit7r 6in Apus n?7 67t
ni"i un reJut7t@ i7r FnHuntru 7 pro#o"7t nu;7i 6eJ8in7re@ "u; spusese
istori"u "onte;por7n Sp4r7ntJes. DupH FnfrFn!ere7 6e 7 V7rn7 6in
%& noie;8rie %((( se si;Ge7 tot ;7i ;ut "H tur"ii 7u 6e !Fn6 sH i"4i ?
6eJe FntFi "u ;7r!inie I;periuui@ 7poi sH i7 "u 7s7t Const7ntinopou.
Fn %((L Mur76 7 II?e7 pustii "e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte 7 Ginuturior !re"e9ti@
ro8in6 peste L&.&&& "re9tini. Ar fi supus "urFn6 9i "7pit77 8iJ7ntinH
67"H n?7r fi 7#ut Fn"H 6ifi"utHGi "u "ei 6oi #iteMi = I7n"u 6e /une6o7r7@
#oie#o6u Tr7nsi#7niei $%((%)%('L@ Fntre %((L)%(',@ !u#ern7toru !e?
ner7 7 re!7tuui Un!7riei 9i Geor! SP7n6er8e! C7striotu $%((2)%(L+-
erou n7Gion7 7 787neJior.
Fn"H 6in %((( se se;n7se Fntre Un!7ri7 9i Tur"i7 un tr7t7t 6e
ne7!resiune pe ter;en 6e %& 7ni. Se 9tie "H su8 presiune7 "er"urior
"on6u"Hto7re "7toi"e tr7t7tu nu 7 fost respe"t7t. DupH FnfrFn!ere7 6e
7 V7rn7@ %& noie;8rie %(((@ 7 ur;7t "e7 6e 7 Cosso#opoie 6in %((+@
un6e 7r;7t7 "re9tinH "on6usH 6e #oie#o6u Tr7nsi#7niei@ I7n"u 6e /u?
ne6o7r7 $%((% ) f %% 7u!ust %('L- 7 fost Fn#insH.
L7 L i7nu7rie %((* 7 fost Fn"oron7t@ Fn "7te6r77 6in Mistr7@ utin;
F;pHr7t 8iJ7ntin@ Const7ntin 0I Dr7!7ses $%((+)%('2-@ "7re repurt7se
;7i 7es Fn Moree7 9i Fn "entru Gre"iei su""ese rHsunHto7re@ Fn"Ft se
pHre7 7 un ;o;ent 67t "H e e pe "7e 6e 7 inst7ur7 6in nou@ ;H"7i
Fn p7rte@ 6o;in7Gi7 8iJ7ntinH peste #e"4ie teritorii 7e I;periuui.
D7r 9i Fn t78Hr7 tur"e7s"H 7u 7#ut o" s"4i;8Hri 4otHr<to7re. CFn6
Fn fe8ru7rie %('%@ ;ure7 8HtrFnu 9i Bo7re"u;D p79ni"u Mur76 II
frFnee 7u fost u7te 6e tFnHru M74o;e6 7 II?e7 $%('%)%(+%- pe
7tun"i Fn #FrstH 6e 78i7 ,% 7ni@ te;per7;ent se;eG@ ener!i" 9i fo7rte
8un t7"ti"i7n. De ;i" 7 fost 67t pe ;Fn7 unor 67s"Hi "7p78ii@ "7rK
?7u Fn#HG7t nu nu;7i 9tiinGH 9i fiosofie $#or8e7 pe Fn!H tur"H@ i;8ie
7r78H@ !re7"H@ 7tinH@ pers7nH 9i "4767i"7 $9i Pur67 s7u po7te siri7"7-
"i 9i o 7e7sH pre!Htire ;iit7rH.
PERIOADA A PATRA
Mur76 7 II?e7 se retrHsese 6e 7 "on6u"ere Fn"H 6in %((L A tFnHru
o;e6 7 II?e7 nu sufere7 7;este"u 8HtrFnior !ener7i Fn pro8e? W
s7e@ "ee7 "e 7 67t n79tere 7 unee neFnGee!eri "7re 7u !ener7t
iirie N7r;7tei Fn uptee 6in A87ni7 9i Gre"i7. Situ7Gi7 "re7tH 7
sit7t inter#enGi7 8HtrFnuui Mur76 9i sur!4iunire7 tFnHruui. FntF;?
ie "opiHriei ?7u fH"ut sH nu se Fn"re76H Fn ni;eni. Intei!enG7 9i
rFre7 ui 7u i;pus un rit; nou e#eni;enteor@ ;7i 7es 6upH "e@
or6inu ui@ 7 pus sH fie su!ru;7t un fr7te 7 sHu@ sin!uru 6intre
en6enGii posi8ii sH i7 "on6u"ere7 pu4oiuui tur"es". CurFn6 6upH
;o7rte7 ui Mur76 7 II?e7@ tFnHru M74o;e6 7 II?e7 n7i 7#e7
rH867re. Fnto";e7 Fntr?un7 p7nuri@ 7er!7 pe teren Fn"o7"e i"oo. C7
BsH?i fie ;7i u9or 7 F;presur7re7 BiJ7nGuuiD $C47Po?ii-@
sut7nu 7 "onstruit pe GHr;u europe7n 7 Bosforuui@ f7GH Fn "u
"et7te7 ri6i"7tH 7"oo 6e sut7nu B7i7Ji6 9i ur;79ii sHi@ nu;itH 6o?
/is7r@ o 7tH fortHre7GH@ nu;itH Ru;ei?/is7r@ Fn for;H 6e tri?4i@
7#Fn6 Fn "ee trei un!4iuri 9i "Fte un turn. BA"e7stH fortHre7GH
;ei?/is7r-@ nu po7te fi u7tH "u 7s7t ni"i 6e pe ;7re@ pentru "H
6nH 6e 8o;87r6e@ 67r tot 797 ni"i 6e pe us"7t nu te poGi 7propi7 6e
spune Fn Murn7u sHu #eneGi7nu Ni"oo B7r87ro. In feu 7"est7@
7re F9i 6H6e7 se7;7 "u "e s"op s?7 fH"ut u"r7re7. Ni"i o "or78ie
nu ;7i pute7 intr7 Fn port fHrH sH nu fi fost B#7itHD 6e sut7n.
BNu se ;7i 7uJe7 Fntre "ei 6in Const7ntinopo@ 6in "i7 9i 6in to7tH
Asi7 7t "u#Fnt 6e"Ft = B7"u; s?7 7propi7t sfFr9ituD "7s-. Fn 7"e79i
ti;p@ sut7nu M74o;e6 7 II?e7 "4e;7se tot feu spe"i7i9ti
pentru pre!Htire7 7s7tuui. Intre ei 7 o" 6e frunte er7 7ru Or87n
s7u Ur87n@ un in!iner un!ur@ s7u po7te ro;<n 6in =nsi#7ni7@
"7re 9i?7 oferit ser#i"iie ;7i FntFi 8iJ7ntinior@ 67r pentru 7"e9ti7 n?
7u 7#ut "u "e?% pHti@ 7 tre"ut 7 tur"i@ "7re i?7u oferit 6e i ori ;7i
;ut 6e"Ft "eruse. BTunu "e ;7re #7 7Mun!e Fn f7G7 Ji6u?ir
Const7ntinopouui tr7s 6e 97pteJe"i 6e pere"4i 6e 8oi 9i 6e 6ouH 6e
8Hr87GiD $spune C47PoPon6i-.
G4iueee ui "FntHre7u Fntre L&&)*&& P!. AGi ,&& 6e o7;eni ne?
e7u 6ru;u 6e 7 A6ri7nopo spre "7pit7H. Fn 7"e79i ti;p s?7u sHp7t
n9ee 9i !7erii pe su8 pH;Fnt@ tur"ii !Fn6in6u?se sH intre 6ire"t Fn
7te. D7r tunu ui Or87n 7 4otHrFt so7rt7 7se6iuui. Fn7inte 6e 7
epe 7se6iu sut7nu fH"use inofensi#e 9i 7r;7tee "re9tine 6in
Mo?=7@ pentru 7 opri e#entu77 tri;itere 6e pro#iJii 9i 6e 7Muto7re 6e
7 tee F;pHr7tuui@ Di;itrie P7eoo!u $%((*)%(L&-@ 6espotu Peo?
neJuui.
AMuto7re 6in 7pus n?7u #enitA p7p7 nu #oi7 sH tri;itH ni;i" pFnH
se "onfir;7 unire7@ re!ee Ar7!onuui 7 per;is 6o7r strFn!ere7 6e
;ente@ 67r "ee 6ouH #7se "u "Fte %&& 6e o7;eni n?7u ;7i 7Muns
ti;p.
Fn o"u or@ "7 o 7;7rH ironie@ 7pHru "7r6in7u Isi6or "u 8u7 6e
ire 7 Biseri"ior@ "7re ;7i ;ut FntHritH spiritee. Sin!uru 7Mutor 6in
7rH %?7 67t potent7tu !eno#eJ 6in O7ff7 Cri;eii@ Gio#7nni Giustini7ni
Zn!o@ "7re intr7se Fn Cornu 6e Aur Fn7inte 6e 7 Fn"epe 7se6iu. E
ni "u 6ouH trire;e s7u #7po7re ;7i ;7ri "u un efe"ti# 6e 5&& 6e
;eni 9i tre8uie spus "H "ei ;7i ;uGi 6intre ei 7u upt7t #iteMe9te
U? BISERICA aN SECOLELE 0I)0V %,*
pFnH 7 ur;H. In tot7@ F;pHr7tu 8iJ7ntin 7#e7 6o7r '&&& 6e so67Gi
proprii 9i "7; ,&&& 6e ;er"en7ri strHini. Se ;7i 7f7u 7n"or7te Fn por?
turie "7pit7ei , #7se #eneGiene@ 7 "Hror e"4ip7M 7 upt7t 9i e "u en?
tuJi7s; 7Hturi 6e "ei7Gi.
A fost o ;7re !re9e7H poiti"H 7 7tinior "H n?7u FnGees i;inenG7
peri"ouui tur"es" 9i n?7u fH"ut ni;i" Fn ;o6 6eJinteres7t pentru s7 ?
#7re7 Const7ntinopouui@ 79teptFn6 "u in6iferenGH "H6ere7 "eui ;7i
fru;os or79 7 E#uui Me6iu. BFn re7it7te@ spune "u i;p7rGi7it7te
8iJ7ntinoo!u fr7n"eJ C4. Die4@ O""i6entu se 6eJinteres7 6e I;periu
8iJ7ntin@ nu se !Fn6e7 6e"Ft sH profite 6e ;iJeri7 ui pentru 7?% supune
6in pun"t 6e #e6ere rei!ios@ 7?% "u"eri poiti"e9te 9i 7?% 6o;in7 e"ono?
;F"e9te. P7p7it7te7 nu #is7 6e"Ft 6e 7 rest78ii unire7@ fHrH sH se neini9?
te7s"H 6e 6eJ!ustu pe "7re?% Fn"er"7u 8iJ7ntinii A prinGii O""i6entuui
nu se !Fn6e7u 6e"Ft 7 F;pHrGire7 I;periuuiD $C4. Die4@ 4istoire de
lEempire b'%antin, %,?e@ e6. P7ris@ %*2(@ p. ,&+),&*-.
Fntr?76e#Hr@ "u"erire7 e"ono;i"H 7 I;periuui 8iJ7ntin fusese fH"utH
6e O""i6ent@ Fn6eose8i 6e VeneGi7 9i Geno#7@ Fn7inte "7 tur"ii sH "u?
"ere7s"H teritoriu sHu.
Dintre rHsHriteni@ ;7ree prin"ipe 7 Mos"o#ei@ V7sie 7 II?e7
$%(,')%(L,- 7#e7 6estue !reutHGi@ Fn"Ft n?7 putut tri;ite 7Mutor. EHrie
ro;<ne@ un6e 6o;ne7u Ae:7n6rei $%(',)%('(- 7 Mo6o#ei 9i V7?
6is7# 7 II?e7 $%((5)%('(- 7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti@ n?7u tri;is 7Muto7re
pentru 7 nu intr7 Fn "onfi"t "u tur"ii. Unii 6intre s"riitorii "7re ne?7i
Hs7t 9tiri 6espre 7se6iu Const7ntinopouui 7fir;H "H Fntre7!7 popu7Gie 7
"7pit7ei se ri6i"H 7 (&)'&.&&& 9i "H 6intre 7"e9ti7 er7u nurn7i #re" '&&&
Fn st7re sH po7rte 7r;e. Se 9tie "H Fn ti;pu 7se6iuui 7u p7rti"ip7 . Fntr?
o for;H s7u 7t7 7 7"Giune7 6e 7pHr7re 9i fe;eie 9i "opiii. Fr uti;ee
Jie 7u fost Fnro7Gi 9i un nu;Hr 6e "Hu!Hri. CFn6 trupee tur"e9ti 7u
intr7t Fn or79 7u fost u"i9i 7pro7pe (&&& 6e 8iJ7ntini 9i ;7 ;ute ;ii
6intre ei 7u fost fH"uGi priJonieri.
Efe"ti#u trupeor tur"e9ti 7 fost fo7rte ;7re = unii #or8es" 6$
%L&.&&&@ 7Gii 6e ,&&.&&&@ 7Gii Fn ;o6 e:7!er7t 6e 2&&.&&&. Tur"ii 7t
upt7t 7tFt pe us"7t@ un6e 7u 6istrus uti;ee "onstru"Gii "re9tine 6ii
Muru Ji6uui un! 6e 5 P; Fn #estu or79uui@ "Ft 9i pe 7pH.
Cu to7te "H ;uGi;e7 tunurior 9i Fn6eose8i 7 "eui ;7re nu pute7i
e:e"ut7 ;7i ;ut 6e 5 tr7!eri pe Ji@ totu9i stri"H"iunie pro6use 6e eL
7u fost ;7ri. D7r@ Fn67tH "e se Hs7 no7pte7@ toGi "re9tinii@ Fntre ei 9
fe;eie 9i "opiii@ 7run"7u seFn6uri 9i 8uGi pine "u pH;Fnt 9i refH"e7N
7 o" tot "e se pute7. 7se sHptH;Fni 7u 6ur7t 7t7"urie. Fn no7pte7 6
%+ 7priie@ Fnsu9i sut7nu #eni Fn frunte "u torGe 9i "u s"Hri 6e es"7767
Ji6urie. Con6u9i 6e Giustini7ni Lon!o@ 8iJ7ntinii 7u 8iruit Fn 7"est 7s7
ReJut7tu = "e puGin ,&& 6e ;orGi 6e p7rte7 tur"ior@ ni"i ufu Fntr
"re9tini. DupH p7tru "e7suri 6e uptH@ tur"ii s?7u retr7s. Peste 7te 6ou
Jie@ ( #7se !eno#eJe reu9es" sH sp7r!H 8o"767 suteor 6e #7se Bin7
;i"eD@ sH in"en6ieJe B"u fo" !re"es"D ;ute 6in ee 9i sH se Fnto7r"
totu9i nestri"7te@ tre"Fn6 prin 8o"7Mu tur"es"@ 7 87Jee or. To7te 7"eM
te7 su8 o"4ii furio9i 7i sut7nuui. D7r Fn no7pte7 6e ,% spre ,, 7priiD
M74o;e6 7 II?e7 re7iJH o 7"Giune e:tr7or6in7rH = #reo 5& 6e #7s
* ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
r"e9ti 7u fost tr7nsport7te pe "oin7 6in Per7 "u 7Mutoru unui siste;
W s"ripeGi@ 7une"<n6 7poi 6e 7"oo@ pe us"7t "7 pe 7pH@ Fn Cornu 6e
ir 6e un6e se pute7u "ontro7 to7te ;7ne#ree 8iJ7ntinior. A"est f7pt
"re7t Fn ini;ie "re9tinior o stupo7re p7r7iJ7ntH.
De9i 8iJ7ntinii 8o"7serH "u 7nGuri ;et7i"e intr7re7 Fn port@ F;?
s6i"Fn6 posi8iit7te7 6e Mon"Giune 7 #7seor tur"e9ti pFnH 7 ,2 ;7i@
tu9i sosire7 or Fn 7pee portuui preJent7 un ;7re peri"o pentru
F7ntini. L7 ,2 ;7i@ FnsH@ pe un po6 6e ponto7ne@ 7r;7t7 tur"e7s"H
Ate7 oper7 Fn "4ip unit7r 7"Giuni 7tFt 6intr?o p7rte@ "Ft 9i 6in 7t7 7
;tuui. I7r tunurie trH!e7u Fn7inte. PFnH 7tun"i fuseserH respinse
e 7s7turi@ "u; 7 fost "e 6in 5 ;7i@ "Fn6 Fnsu9i ste!7ru sut7nuui
fost 6espi"7t Fn 6ouH. D7r Fn se7r7 6e ,2 ;7i 7nGurie 6in portu
M9uui Fn"et7rH @sH ;7i fie pentru tur"i o pie6i"H.
N Fn sfFr9it@ Fn f7G7 J#onurior "H se pre!Hte9te o nouH "ru"i76H "re9?
iH@ 67r 9i 4otHrFt sH ter;ine ori"u; "u B!4i7uriiD@ "onsiiu 6e rHJ8oi
A" 7 6e"is 7s7tu !ener7 pe 67t7 6e ,* ;7i. Fn 7Mun fie"7re 6in "ei
i "on6u"Htori@ Const7ntin 7 RI?e7 9i M74o;e6 7 II?e7@ 9i?7u pre?
tit !ener7ii. Sut7nu 7 spus "H 7 Mur7t pe ;or;intee pHrinGior sH
W;ine o67tH "u ru9ine7 7st7. Fn no7pte7 6e ,+ spre ,* ;7i 7utoritHGie
r
ie 9i rei!io7se 7e Const7ntinopouui@ Fn frunte "u F;pHr7tu@ 7u
rti"ip7t 7 o Litur!4ie soe;nH@ uti;7 Fn renu;it7 "7te6r7H 7 Sfintei
fii@ s?7u F;pHrtH9it "u toGii 9i 7u pe"7t 7 7pHr7re7 or79uui. F;pHr7tu
nst7ntin 7 0?e7 Dr7!7ses 7 fH"ut 7pe 7 toGi sH upte eroi". BTur"ii
7r;e ;ute@ noi FnsH 7#e; "re6inGH. De #7 #re7 Du;neJeu #o; 8irui
D7#i6 pe Goi7tD.
Cre9tinii s?7u F;pHrtH9it "u toGii. Nu se ;7i uit7u "H unii sFnt
ini@ 7Gii !re"i.
Fntre oree % 9i , no7pte7 tur"ii 7t7"7rH Fn trei o"uri 6eo67tH. Fn
ia sFnt respin9i A presiune7 ;7i puterni"H 7 fost Fn!H po7rt7 SfFntuui
;7n@ un6e upt7 F;pHr7tu. A"i 7 fost rHnit Giustini7ni Lon!o 9i s"os
i uptH. A fost tr7nsport7t Fn67tH pe o "or78ie 9i #7 ;uri Fn insu7
2s. S?7u fH"ut presiuni pe Fn!H F;pHr7t sH se retr7!H "Ft ;7i er7
A;e@ ur;Fn6 sH or!7niJeJe uterior o "7;p7nie "re9tinH pentru 7 re?
ti!7 BiJ7nGu. E n?7 #rut sH?9i pHrHse7s"H so67Gii. Pri;7 intr7re 7
rPoport7@ Fn 6ru;u spre A6ri7nopo@ 7 "e67t. Tunu fH"use o spHr?
H Fn p7is767 i;pro#iJ7tH. Er7 un !o 6e 2& ;etri. Nu se #7 9ti
io67tH 67"H po7rt7 SfFntuui Ro;7n 7 rH;7s ori nu 6es"4isH. F;pH?
u ni"i nu se 9tie un6e 7 "HJutA trupu sHu nu 7 ;7i fost !Hsit.
F;8uJe77 9i ;7s7"ru 7u ;istuit pe puGinii "re9tini "FGi ;7i rH?
seserH. MuGi 6in ei 7u fu!it spreNSf. Sofi7. O ;uGi;e enor;H@ 8Hr?
i@ fe;ei@ 8HtrFni 9i "opii@ "Hu!Hri 9i "Hu!HriGe se 76HpostirH Fn SfFnt7
i7@ "reJFn6 "H #or !Hsi s7#7re7 Fn ;7re7 "7te6r7H 7 Orto6o:iei.
C4i7r 9i Fn 7"este ;o;ente tr7!i"e@ ne spune istori"u Du"7s@ ur7
potri#7 7tinior er7 797 6e ;7re Fn"Ft !re"ii n?7r fi pri;it ni"i6e"u;
re7 "u Biseri"7 Ro;ei. SH ne 76u"e; 7;inte "H@ 7 %, 6e"e;8rie %(',@
6 "7r6in7u Isi6or 7 pro"7;7t unire7 ofi"i7H Fn nu;ee p7pii Ni?
7e 7 V?e7 $%((5)%(''-@ Fn "7te6r77 Sfintei Sofii@ Lu"7s Not7r7s@
tn7 7utorit7te Fn Const7ntinopo 6upH F;pHr7t@ spusese 7"este f7i?
7se "u#inte = 13ai bine s vedem n mi*locul ora"ului domnind tur$
banul turcilor dect mitra latinilor2 $Du"7s@ Istoria bi%antin, 000VI
P. G.@ CL. II.@ %&5, C-. I7tH "H@ nu;7i "u 97se uni ;7i tFrJiu@ 8iJ7ntinA
7u putut trHi !ro7Jni"7 re7it7te 7 7"eor "u#inte T i trHies" 7"e7sG
re7it7te pinH 6e !ree suferinGe 6e peste "in"i sute 6e 7ni T Nu er7 o7iM
;7i 8ine@ Fn o"u 7;8iGiior 9i 7ro!7nGei or 6e97rte@ !re"ii 9i 7tinii s
se fi Fn"re6inG7t ui Du;neJeu Fn unire 9i uniGi sH fi Ginut piept pH!
nior S Ori"e Mu6e"7tH sHnHto7sH 9i "institH n?7r 67 6e"Ft un rHspui
7fir;7ti# 7 7"e7stH Fntre87re.
Au pierit 7tun"i Fn Const7ntinopo peste (.&&& 6e "re9tini@ i7r 7 ?
inii @7u fost Fnro8iGi 9i #Fn6uGi "7 s"7#i. Fn unee o"uri@ preoGii s7
"Hu!Hrii 7u pre67t 6e 8unH #oie o"79urie. Trupee tur"e9ti s?7u nHpust
prin "7se@ prin ;FnHstiri@ prin ;7!7Jii 9i prin 8iseri"i@ prH6Fn6 tot $
#oi7u = o8ie"te@ po6o78e@ o7;eni. Fn Sf. Sofi7 "re9tinii se 7f7u 7 S
Litur!4ie@ "Fn6@ 6eo67tH@ u9ie 7u fost forG7te 9i "ete 6e tur"i Fn7r;7
7u pHtruns FnHuntru = 8HtrFni neputin"io9i 7u fost o;orFGi@ i7r "ei ;@
tineri@ 8Hr87Gi 9i fe;ei e!7Gi 7o7tH@ ur;7u sH fie #Fn6uGi "7 ro8i f
pieGee Orientuui. Certurie 9i uptee pentru F;pHrGire7 prHJii s?7
preun!it peste tot. Istori"ii Sp4r7ntJes 9i Crito8u spun "H@ Fn ;o;enti
"Fn6 7u #HJut pe tur"i Fn6reptFn6u?se 7supr7 or@ unii 6in preoGii "7i
suMe7u 7 7t7r 7u u7t Sfintee T7ine 9i s?7u Fn6rept7t "u ee spre pere
te e 6e ;i7JHJi A 7"est7 s?7 6es"4is 9i i?7 "uprins 9i 7"oo #or rH;Fr
pFnH "e "H6ire7 "e7 sfinGitH #7 fi i7rH9i 8iseri"H.
Sut7nu M74o;e6 7 II?e7 7 intr7t Fn 6upH?7;i7J7 Jiei 6e ,* ;
s7u 7 6oui7 Ji Fn "7te6r77 Sf. Sofi7 9i #HJFn6 pe un tur" "7re stri"
;oJ7i"u %?7 ;ustr7t@ spunFn6u?i furios = V?7; per;is sH MefuiGi or79iM
sH Fnro8iGi pe o"uitorii ui T Nu #H este 6e 7Muns S CH6irie@ ;onu;ei
tee@ e6ifi"iie pu8i"e sFnt 7e ;ee. Pe ee sH nu se ;7i 7tin!H ni;er
Se Fn6reptH 7poi "u f7G7 spre Me"7 9i puse un Bi;7;D $preot ;usu;7Y
sH roste7s"H pre6i"7 Fn nu;ee profetuui M74o;e6@ 9i 6e"7rH "7te6r7
;os"4ee. Unii 6in so67Gi in"en6i7rH ;7nus"rise@ 7Gii e "o;er"i7iJ7
Pe un t7er pute7i u7 Je"i 6e ;7nus"rise "u operee ui Aristote s7
P7ton@ i7r E#7n!4ei7ree@ 6upH "e er7u 6espui7te 6e 7uru s7u 7=
!intu 6e pe ee@ er7u #Fn6ute@ 7tee 7run"7te Fn fo"@ 797 "u; fH"e7
9i "u i"o7nee@ 7 fo"u "Hror7 F9i fri!e7u "Hrnurie. $Du"7s 0LII-.
Au fost totu9i 9i istori"i "7re 7u 7fir;7t "H tur"ii 7u fost ;7i puG=
6uri "u BiJ7nGu 6e"Ft fuseserH "ru"i7Gii T $UspensPi-. Se p7re "H sut7ni
7 67t or6in "7 Biseri"7 SfinGior Apostoi sH rH;FnH ne7tinsH@ HsFn6?
Fn se7;7 "re9tinior. Fntr?76e#Hr ) 6e9i se 7f7 Fn 6ru;u pri;ee
n7#7e Fn or79 )@ sut7nu M74o;e6 7 II?e7 7 Fn"re6inG7t?o unor p7=
ni"i spre 7 o "ruG7 6e M7furi. Tot 797 se #7 fi FntF;p7t "u 8iseri"ie 6=
"7rtieru ;FnHstirii Stu6ion@ pre"u; 9i "u "ee 6in .7n7r@ "7re 7u fo
ferite 6e M7furi. Sut7nu Fnsu9i s?7 !Fn6it sH st78ie7s"H un st7tut Mi
ri6i" Biseri"ii "re9tine Fn "76ru st7tuui tur".
Astfe 7 u7t sfFr9it I;periu 8iJ7ntin 6upH o e:istenGH 6e ;7i 8ii
6e o ;ie 6e 7ni. BTi;p 6e se"oe e 7 fost "7;pionu "re9tinHtHGii "ont=
Is7;uui@ 7pHrHtoru "i#iJi7Giei "ontr7 87r87riei@ e6u"7toru Orientu
s7#@ 6upH "e 7 fH"ut sH se si;tH infuenG7 s7 pFnH Fn O""i6ent... De
e:tre;itHGie Gre"iei pFnH Fn fun6u Rusiei@ to7te popo7ree Europ
PERIOADA A PATRA
7e@ tur"i 9i !re"i@ sFr8i 9i 8u!7ri@ ro;<ni 9i ru9i 7u pHstr7t 7;in?
#ieN 9i tr76iGiie BiJ7nGuui 6ispHrutD ,&?# 8ie?l, 4istoire de lEem$
'%antin, %,?e@ P7ris@ %*2(@ p. ,%*),,&-.
% #i7G7 ui@ 6e peste un ;ieniu@ BiJ7nGu 7 prop7!7t "re9tinis;u@
7r7t 6e ereJii@ a "ontri8uit 7 st78iire7 6o!;eor fun67;ent7e 7e
7is;uui Fn "ee 97pte Sino76e e"u;eni"e@ 7 spriMinit 9i rHspFn6it
W7 su8 7spe"tee ei "ee ;7i #7ri7te@ 7 Hs7t Fn #i7G7 spiritu7H 7
-r popo7reor orto6o:e tr76iGii 9i prin"ipii 6e #i7GH proprii prin fo?
7 i;8ior n7Gion7e@ "7re pFnH 7 ur;H se #or 6o#e6i s7#7to7re
7 treJire7 n7Gion7H 7 popo7reor 6in Orientu "re9tin tot 67toritH
Zii 9i spirituui 8iJ7ntin.
@7 "FGi#7 7ni 6upH "H6ere7 Const7ntinopouui su8 tur"i Fn %('2@
Jut 9i "ee7te st7te !re"e9ti@ frFnturi 7e I;periuui 8iJ7ntin@ 6upH
Mr;e7JH = L7 %(L& tur"ii "u"erirH PeoponeJu s7u Moree7@ un6e re?
6espot7tu 6e Mistr7@ "7re 6in %,L, re#enise puterii I;periuui
tin@ 6espot7t "on6us 7tun"i 6e To;7 $%(2,)%(L&- 9i Di;itrie P7?
Mu %((*)%(L&-@ fr7Gii F;pHr7tuui Const7ntin 7 0?e7 Dr7!7ses.
2 7u!ust %(L% tur"ii "u"erirH I;periu !re" 6e Tre8iJon67@ 6e su8
F"ere7 F;pHr7tuui D7#i6 Co;nen $%('*)%(L%-@ "re7t Fn %,&( 6e
os I Co;nen $%,&()%,,,-@ 6upH "u"erire7 Const7ntinopouui Fn
6e "7#7erii o""i6ent7i 7i "ru"i76ei 7 IV?7.
V74o;e6 7 II?e7 se "onsi6er7 ;o9tenitoru e!iti; 7 puterii i;?
e 8iJ7ntine 9i Fn unee pri#inGe e 7 "Hut7t sH se "o;porte "7 un
aU. PFnH 7 sfFr9itu 6o;niei e reu9i sH "reeJe 6in fHrF;iGHrie 9i
=e I;periuui 8iJ7ntin un 7tu@ I;periu tur"@ "7re se Fntin6e7 6in
pot7;i7 7 M7re7 A6ri7ti"H 9i rFu S7#7. Cre9tere7 e:terio7rH 7
riuiui oto;7n 7 7tins i;itee I;periuui 8iJ7ntin.
'i3/rica or.odo45 8n .im2u# 3u#.anu#ui
;a1om/d a# II-#/a
DupH ini9tire7 u"rurior Fn Const7ntinopo@ M74o;e6 7 II?e7 7
A orto6o"9ior sH?9i 7e7!H un p7tri7r4. L7 "H6ere7 Const7ntinopo?
s"7unu p7tri7r47 er7 #7"7nt. Uti;u p7tri7r4 e"u;eni"@ Gri!orie I?
e7 M7;;7s $%((2)%('&-@ unionist@ 6in "7uJ7 opoJiGiei popu?i
f7GH 6e unire7 "u 7tinii@ 7 pHrHsit or79u Fn %('&. Gre"ii@ 7#Fn6
F6ere "H tur"ii nu 7r fi 7""ept7t un unionist@ se !Fn6irH 7 Fn#HG7tu
74 G4en76ie S"4o7rios.
Fn7inte 6e 7 intr7 Fn ;on74is; 7"est7 Fn6epinise 6e;nit7te7 6e
E#ector general al romeilor2 $8iJ7ntinior- 9i 7"ee7 6e =ecretar ge$
l al mpratului Ioan al AlII$lea Paleologul $%(,')%((+- 9i Fn 7"e7stH
7te 7 FnsoGit pe F;pHr7t 7 sino6u unionist 6in .err7r7?.orenG7
2)%(2*-. C7 ;ire7n@ e n?7 se;n7t 7"tu 6e unire 6in L iuie %(2*
7 .orenG7 6e9i@ Fn ti;pu 6is"uGiior@ 6in ;oti#e poiti"e@ a fost
ru unire.
DupH "e s?7 Fntors 7 Const7ntinopo Fn %(2*@ #HJFn6 ur7 "res"Fn6H
7ri"ior 9i "re6in"io9ior "ontr7 unirii "u Ro;7@ G4en76ie S"4o7rios
s#enit@ 6upH ;o7rte7 ;itropoituui M7r"u Eu!eni"u 7 Efesuui
BISERICA UN
$f ,2 i7nu7rie %(((-@ 7pHrHtoru Orto6o:iei F;potri#7 "eor "7re "e67serH
7 .err7r7?.orenG7@ conductorul adunrii ortodoc"ilor n +i%an! 9i
"e ;7i ;7re 76#ers7r 7 unirii "u 7tinii.
L7 sfFr9itu 7nuui %(('@ Fn u"r7re7 8espre purcederea 8u?ului
=*nt, e "on67;nH Fn ter;eni fo7rte 7spri unire7 6intre !r7"i 9i 7tini
6in L iuie %(2* 6e 7 .orenG7@ spunFn6 7stfe = 1Fici o nenorocire n$a fost
pentru noi mai rea dect aceasta# Ea este mai rea dect foametea,
c?inurile "i dect mii de mor!i2 $E6. Petit)Si6eri6es)\u!ie@ (pere, t. II@
P7ris@ %*,*@ p. ,L&-.
De 7se;ene7@ 6upH "e s?7 "Hu!Hrit@ e 7 protest7t ener!i" 7 % no?
ie;8rie %(', 6in ;FnHstire7 P7nto"r7toruui "ontr7 pro"7;Hrii ofi"i7e
7 unirii Fn BiJ7nG@ spunFn6 unioni9tior = 1Iau martor pe 8umne%eu c
face!i o unire rea< ve!i fi pierdu!i2 $Petit)Si6eri6es)\u!ie@ (pere, t. III@
P7ris@ %*2&@ p. %5%)%5,-.
Infor;Fn6u?se un6e se 7fH ;on74u G4en76ie S"4o7rios@ !re"ii
F !HsirH 7 A6ri7nopo Fn suM87 unui tur" 8o!7t@ "7re %?7 tr7t7t "u
o;enie. Sut7nu porun"i sH fie 76us Fn67tH 7 Const7ntinopo spre 7
o"up7 s"7unu 6e p7tri7r4.
Ae!ere7 ui G4en76ie 7 II?e7 S"4o7rios "7 p7tri7r4 s?7 fH"ut
Fntr?un sino6 Ginut 7 Const7ntinopo 9i 7 fost 4irotonit 6e ;itropoitu 6e
/er7"ee7. Inst77re7 s7 "7 p7tri7r4 e"u;eni" s?7 fH"ut 7 L i7nu7rie %('(
9i 7 pHstorit Fn trei rFn6uri $%('()%('L A %(L,)%(L2 9i %(L()%(L'-.
Sut7nu M74o;e6 7 II?e7 7#e7 interes sH 7r7te "re9tinior o o7?
re"7re 8unH#oinGH@ 6eo7re"e Fn I;periu oto;7n ;utin7Gion7 9i puri?
"onfesion7 ei se 7f7u Fn ;7re nu;Hr.
Fntru"Ft siste;u teo"r7ti" 7 Cor7nuui opre9te pe ;usu;7ni sH
7i8H e!Hturi 6ire"te "u "ei 6e 7tH "re6inGH@ M74o;e6 7 II?e7@ fiin6
unu 6intre "ei ;7i instruiGi "on6u"Htori poiti"i 7i ti;puui@ infuenG7?
Fn p7rte 6e spiritu Ren79terii@ pentru 7 f7"e posi8iH o "on#ieGuiri
p79ni"H Fntre B7!7reniD 9i B"re9tiniD 9i 7 st78ii un 1modus vivendi2
Fntre ei@ uH ;Hsuri pentru ;enGinere7 9i or!7niJ7re7 P7tri7r4iei E"u?
;eni"e 6Fn6 6o#76H 6e ;7re7 ui perspi"7"it7te@ pri"epere7 9i "7r?
#iJiune7 ui poiti"H. De 7"ee7 s?7 7rHt7t 8ine#oitor f7GH 6e p7tri7r4u
G4en76ie S"4o7rios.
Sut7nu 6Hrui 7 Fn"eput "re9tinior orto6o"9i "7 re9e6inGH p7tri7r?
47H 8iseri"7 SfinGii Apostoi@ ;7re7 ne"ropoH 7 F;pHr7Gior 8iJ7ntini
Ji6itH 6e Const7ntin "e M7re $2&L)225-@ rest7ur7tH 6e F;pHr7tu \usti?
ni7n "e M7re $',5)'L'-@ MefuitH@ FnsH@ 6upH %2 7priie %,&( 6e "7#7eri
o""i6ent7i 7i "ru"i76ei 7 IV?7@ pe o"u "Hrei7 se 7fH 7Ji !e7;i7 .7ti4
ri6i"7tH 6upH 7"ee7 "4i7r 6e M74o;e6 7 II?e7.
In "7te6r77 SfinGior Apostoi s?7 fH"ut FntroniJ7re7 p7tri7r4uu
G4en76ie 7 II?e7 S"4o7rios. Sut7nu M74o;e6 7 II?e7@ "7re se "on?
si6er7 ur;79u 87sieior 8iJ7ntini@ 7 Ginut sH respe"te "ere;oni7u "7re
se o8i9nui7 7N in#estire7 unui p7tri7r4 e"u;eni" Fn ti;pu F;pHr7Gior
8iJ7ntini@ 7tFt "Ft Fi pute7 per;ite situ7Gi7 ui 6e "Hpetenie rei!io7sH
7 ;usu;7nior.
Fn 7"est s"op@ ne spune istori"u G4eor!4e Sp4r7ntJes@ sut7nu
in#it7t pe p7tri7r4 sH i7 ;7s7 F;preunH 9i sH #or8e7s"H ;ute =
PERIOADA A PATRA
1Di venind patriar?ul, l$a primit tiranul cu mare cinste "i vorbind
IteE mpreun, i$a fcut patriar?ului multe Zpromisiuni# Iar cnd s$a
opiat timpul s plece patriar?ul din palat, ndicndu$se sultanul, i$a
acea pre!ioas cr*e "i l$a frugat s$o primeasc2#
Apoi@ 6iii or6inu sut7nuui@ ;7i ;7rii "urGii 7u FnsoGit pe p7tri7r4
H 7 "7te6r77 SfinGior Apostoi $G4. Sp4r7ntJes@ &?roniLon 3a*us,
P. G.@ CLVI@ +*( C ) +*' AB A 9i Pseu6o?Sp4r7ntJes@ 76i"H M7"7rie
issenos@ &?roniLon, %,'+)%(+%@ i8er III@ %2@ %'@ e6. V7sie Gre"u@
=ure9ti@ %*LL@ p. (** 9i ('')('L-.
In "7te6r77 SfinGii Apostoi p7tri7r4u G4en76ie S"4o7rios 7 rH;7s
in ti;p@ 6eo7re"e Fntr?o Ji 7 !Hsit "767#ru unui tur". Biseri"7 fiin6 -
titH pFn!HritH@ p7tri7r4u 7 "erut sut7nuui o 7tH re9e6inGH p7?
r47H@ un6e se 7f7u ;7i ;uGi !re"i@ i7r 7"est7 Fi 6H6u Fn %(''
Hstire7 6e "Hu!HriGe 1PammaLaristos2 7 1Prea Fericitei
Fecioare2, e 7 rH;7s P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H pFnH 7 %'+5.
Din 7"est 7n@ re9e6inG7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e 7 pere!rin7t Fn ;7i
Lte o"uri. E7 7 fost 76HpostitH Je"e 7ni 7 Ala? =rai, p77tu prin?
r EHrii Ro;<ne9ti s7u 7 repreJent7nGior or pe Fn!H Fn7t7 Po7rtH=
In %'*% sut7nu Mur76 7 III?e7 $%'5()%'*'- prefH"u 8iseri"7
Hstirii Sfintei .e"io7re Fn ;os"4ee.
DupH %'*5 P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H !Hsi 76Hpost pentru trei 7ni Fn
Ari"7 Sf. Du;itru 0ioport7s@ 6e un6e@ 7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 7
III?e7 $%L&&)%L&,-@ se ;utH Fn 8iseri"7 SfFntu G4eor!4e@ Fn "7r ?
u !re" 7 .7n7ruui@ Fn fun6u Cornuui 6e Aur@ un6e 7 rH;7s
H 7Ji.
De 7 pri;7 FntFnire "u p7tri7r4u G4en76ie S"4o7rios@ s7u Fn "ee
FHto7re@ sut7nu M74o;e6 7 II?e7 7 fi:7t 9i Fn scris, 6upH "u; ne
ite7JH "roni"7ru 8iJ7ntin G4. Sp4r7ntJes@ statutul *uridic 7 Biseri"ii
o6o:e Fn I;periu oto;7n.
I7tH "ee re7t7te 6e Sp4r7ntJes =
B5?7 dat patriar?ului ,ecumenic0 porunci scrise ) cu puterea sem$
urii mprte"ti dedesubt, ca Ynimeni s nu$l Zsupere sau s i se opun,
el s fie independent, scutit de impo%it "i netulburat de nici un
rivnic# El "i patriar?ii urmtori lui s fie scuti!i de biruri "i dri n
c "i, de asemenea, to!i ar?iereii supu"i lui2 $Pseu6o)Sp4r7ntJes@ nica,
III@ %2@ 5@ e6. V. NGre"u@ p. ('L A P.N G.@ CLVI@ +*' C ) +*L A-.
A9767r@ Fn 7"este 1porunci scrise2, pe tur"e9te 1+erat2, 7u fost "on?
;7te 6repturie 9i 67toriie Biseri"ii Orto6o:e 9i 7e "re6in"io9i?
ei 6in Fntinsu I;periuui oto;7n.
Fn pri;u rFn6@ p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" 7 pri;it "7it7te7 6e 1Etnar?2,
tur"e9te 13ilet$+esi2, 76i"H 7 6e#enit conductorul religios "i poli$
7 supu9ior "re9tini 6in I;periu oto;7n@ 6rept pe "7re nu ?7 7#ut
ti;pu 6e strHu"ire 7 F;pHr7Gior 8iJ7ntini@ Fn f7#o7re7 "Hror7 pu?
ori"Fn6 inter#eni 7 6i#7n. I s?7 7"or67t p7tri7r4uui 6reptu 6e 7pe
nu;7i Fn pro8e;ee rei!io7se@ "i 9i Fn "ee "i#ie 9i Muri6i"e. P7tri?
u !7r7nt7 6e oi7it7te7 or f7GH 6e stHpFnire7 oto;7nH@ "H"i 67"H
unu 6intre "re9tini !re9e7 "e#7 f7GH 6e re!i;@ rHspun6e7 Fn uti;7
t7nGH p7tri7r4u@ "7 etn7r4.
MitropoiGii 9i epis"opii orto6o"9i pute7u sH?9i pHstreJe 6repturie i
#eniturie or nestin!4eriGi.
Fn %(L% sut7nu M74o;e6 7 I?e7 7 7"or67t 6repturi si;i7re
"7toi"osuui 7r;e7n 9i r78inuui supre; 7 iu6eior@ Fn "76ru 797 ni
;iteor 1capitula!ii interne2 7e PorGii@ "7re@ Fn feu or@ se 6ore7u 7
7"te 6e 8unH#oinGH 7e sut7nior tur"i f7GH 6e supu9ii or ne;usu;7r
Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te s"7r7 onorurior ) cursus ?onorum Fn I;peri
p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" 7 fost pus pe 7"ee79i tre7ptH "u #iJirii tur"i 9i
s?7 67t o !7r6H person7H 6in so67Gi tur"i.
P7tri7r4u pute7 pune t7:e 7supr7 "eruui 9i "re6in"io9ior 9i T
Mu6e"e pe "re9tini. Ceri"ii er7u Mu6e"7Gi Fn sino6u p7tri7r47. Epis"i
pii 9i ;itropoiGii se 7e!e7u 6e p7tri7r4 9i sino6u p7tri7r47@ 6upH "7i
se propune7u sut7nuui pentru nu;ire.
Ceru Fn Fntre!i;e@ 6e 7 p7tri7r4 pFnH 7 "e 6in ur;H suMitor@
fost s"utit 6e 8ir.
L7 Fn"eput p7tri7r4ii 6e Const7ntinopo n?7u 67t sut7nuui ni"i v
tri8ut. M7i Fn ur;H@ 6in "7uJ7 ri#7itHGior 6intre "eru 6in Const7nt
nopo 9i "e 6in Tr7peJunt@ s?7 7Muns sH se ofere sut7nuui un B67i
s7u Bpe9"4e9D. A "in"ie7 p7tri7r4 6upH G4en76ie S"4o7rios@ Si;i"
6e Tr7peJunt $%(LL)%(L5 A %(5,)%(5(-@ "u;pHrH s"7unu p7tri7r4
oferin6 sut7nuui M74o;e6 7 I?e7@ Fn %(LL@ un B67rD 6e %.&&& 6u">
7ur@ "7re@ Fn "urFn6 7Munse 7 ,.&&& 6e 6u"7Gi@ i7r pe 7 ;iMo"u se"
uui 7 0VI?e7 7 (.&&& 6u"7Gi@ "ee7 "e 7 6us 7 sHrH"ire7 S"7unu
e"u;eni".
Biseri"ii orto6o:e i s?7 Hs7t i8ert7te7 6epinH 7 "utuui 9i 6rept
6e 7?9i st78ii 6o!;ee Fn sino76e s7u sH?9i ;o6ifi"e or!7niJ7re7 6uY
ne"esitHGie ei. I s?7 re"unos"ut toto67tH pHstr7re7 o"79eor 6e "ut 9i
s?7 67t 7si!ur7re7@ "7re uterior nu s?7 respe"t7t@ "H ni"io67tH 9i si
ni"i un ;oti# 7"este7 nu #or fi prefH"ute Fn o"79uri ;usu;7ne.
I s?7 re"unos"ut 6reptu "7 nunGie 9i Fn;or;FntHrie@ "7 9i to7
"ee7te sHr8Htori "re9tine 9i suM8e sH se f7"H Fn to7tH i8ert7te7. Fn tir
pu sHr8Htorior P79teui porGie Ji6uui .7n7ruui pute7u rH;Fne 6e
"4ise trei Jie 9i trei nopGi.
P7tri7r4u 6e Const7ntinopo 7#e7 pri#ie!iu 6e 7 tri;ite SfFnt
Mir 9i "eor7te Biseri"i orto6o:e@ pe "7re ;7i Fn7inte 9i?% pre!Hte7 fi
"7re Biseri"H 7uto"ef7H.
C7 sH 7r7te "H Gine 7 respe"t7re7 Fnto";7i 7 "eor orFn6uite "u pi
#Fre 7 1statutul *uridic2 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ sut7nu M74o;e6 7 Y
e7 7 pHstr7t ;o6u 7e!erii 9i "ere;oni7 in#estirii p7tri7r4uui 9i pent
p7tri7r4ii ur;Htori@ Fn un!7 ui 6o;nie.
Cere;oni7 7"e7st7 s?7 Fntrerupt Fn ti;pu sut7nuui M74o;e6
IV?e7 $%L(+)%L+5-@ "7re@ Fn %L'5@ 7 spFnJur7t pe Np7tri7r4u e"u;er
P7rtenie 7 III?e7 $%L'L)%L'5-. De 7 7"e7stH 67tH inst77re7 p7tri7r4
ui s?7 fH"ut nu;7i Fn preJenG7 ;7reui #iJir.
DupH ini9tire7 u"rurior Fn Const7ntinopo@ sut7nu M74o;e6
I?e7 6ori sH #iJiteJe nou7 s7 "7pit7H. Fntr?un7 6in Jie 6in "ursu 7n
ui %(''@ s7u 7 Fn"eputu 7nuui %('L@ FnsoGit 6e suit7 s7@ e 7 #iJit7t
p7tri7r4u G4en76ie 7 I?e7 S"4o7rios 7 nou7 s7 re9e6inGH p7tri7r4
7@ 7 8iseri"7 ;FnHstirii Pre7 .eri"itei .e"io7re@ 7#Fn6 "u e o Iun
"on#or8ire teoo!i"H. Au ur;7t 7poi 7te 6ouH #iJite 9i "on#or8iri. DupH
7 trei7 "on#or8ire@ p7tri7r4u 7 s"ris pentru sut7n@ 7 "erere7 ui@ o
s"urtH 3rturisire sau e)punere a credin!ei cre"tine, "u titu = /sp trMS -
+ot2t5MFo7-G5Mp[7SN"H-#<#+p7-iro#Q 18espre calea mntuirii oamenilor2, F;pHrGitH
Fn %, "7pitoe@ 6upH nu;Hru "eor %, Apostoi@ "7re este so"otitH 6e nuGi
teoo!i@ Fn or6ine "ronoo!i"H@ cea din!ii scriere simbolic a +ise$@icii
ortodo)e, 6upH Si;8ou ni"eo?"onst7ntinopoit7n $VeJi pe 7r! = Pr. Mrof. I.
RH;ure7nu@ 3rturisirea de credin! a patriar?ului ecumenic I?enadie II
=c?olarios, Fn BOrto6o:i7D 000VI $%*+(-@ nr. (@ p. (L,) I..0#
L7 Fn"eput p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" F9i e:er"it7 ofi"iu sHu 6e 1etnar?2
Mut7t 6e un sfat intim, "o;pus 6in p7tru 6e;nit7ri p7tri7r47i@ Fntre
7re pute7u fi 9i ;ireni = ;7ree o!ofHt@ "7re fH"e7 e!Htur7 Fntre P7?
ri7r4ie 9i Fn7t7 Po7rtH@ ;7ree e"ono;@ s7"4e7ru 9i s7"4eiu.
Fn 7se;ene7 "on6iGii P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" iJ8uti sH se su8stituie
7re"u; I;periuui 8iJ7ntin 6ispHrut@ 9i foosin6u?se 6e I;periu oto?
7n e:istent@ reu9i sH "ontinue tr76iGiie 8iJ7ntine 9i sH?9i ref7"H 7uto?
t7te7 Fn tot RHsHritu "re9tin@ 76Fn" J6run"in7tH Fn ti;pu un!ior 6is?
iGii 9i Fn"er"Hri 6e unire "u 7tinii. i "u "Ft "u"erire7 tur"e7s"H
strFn?A7 su8 6o;in7Gi7 ei tot ;7i ;ute GHri orto6o:e@ Fn 7"ee79i
;HsurH Ze9te7 9i se Hr!e7 sfer7 6e 7utorit7te 7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni"@
Fn"Ft iseri"ie orto6o:e 6in Peninsu7 B7"7nior "7re se 8u"ur7serH
pFnH unei 6e se;i?in6epen6enGH s7u 7uto"ef7ie@ intr7rH 6in nou@ "u
ti;pu@ sfer7 6e "on6u"ere 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
Cei7Gi p7tri7r4i 6e RHsHrit@ Ae:7n6ri7@ Antio4i7 9i Ierus7i;@ "7re
tr7rH Fn se"ou 7 0VI?e7 su8 stHpFnire7 poiti"H 7 I;periuui oto?
7n ;utin7Gion7 9i puri?"onfesion7@ 7#e7u o situ7Gie ;7i puGin pri?
e!i7tH. P7tri7r4u 6e Const7ntinopo firn6 "Hpeteni7 poiti"H 9i peste
B9tinii 6in p7tri7r47tee or@ ei rH;Fne7u "u titu 9i 6e;nit7te7 6e
tri7r4i@ 67r nu;7i "u 6repturie rei!io7se.
/otHrFrie sut7nuui M74o;e6 7 II?e7@ "unos"ute su8 nu;ee 6e
erat2, "u unee ;o6ifi"Hri i;puse 6e F;preMurHri Fn 7nu;ite epo"i@ 7u
istituit 1&?arta2 Biseri"ii orto6o:e Fn I;periu oto;7n pFnH 7 Fn?S
iere7 pH"ii 6intre Gre"i7 9i Tur"i7@ 7 L7us7nne@ ,( iuie %*,2@ Fn
n7 rHJ8oiuui 6in Asi7 Mi"H 6intre 7nii %*%*)%*,,@ "Fn6 tFnHr7 Re?
8i"H tur"H@ "re7Gi7 refor;7toruui Oe;7 At7tiirP $%*,2)%*2+-@ 7
co!7t "e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte 6in 6repturie "i#ie 9i poiti"e 7e p7tri7r?
ui e"u;eni"@ HsFn6u?i nu;7i prero!7ti#ee s7e rei!io7se.
Din iuie %(L'@ 6upH 7 treie7 p7tri7r47t@ G4en76ie 7 II?e7
S"4o?=os@ "7re 7re ;eritu 6eose8it 7 st78iire7 "on6iGiior e:istenGei
9i "GionHrii P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e Fn I;periu tur"@ s?7 retr7s 6efiniti#
TiFnHstire7 Pro6ro;u s7u Fn7inte Mer!Htoru@ 6e Fn!H or79u Serres@
oo7ee ;unteui Mene"eu. Fn#HG7tu p7tri7r4 7 Fn"et7t 6in #i7GH Fn
,@ i7r ;or;Fntu sHu se 7fH pFnH 7Ji Fn 7"e7stH ;FnHstire. Nu
tre8uie sH ne Fn"4ipui; "H i8ertHGie 7"or67te Biseri"ii orto? e 6e
sut7nu M74o;e6 7 II?e7 s?7u respe"t7t "u stri"teGe 9i 6e 7nii
ur;Htori@ "i@ 6i;potri#H@ Fn 7nu;ite perio76e Biseri"7 7 tre"ut i
;o;ente fo7rte !ree.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
P7tri7r4u G4en76ie S"4o7rios Fnsu9i ne 6H infor;7Gii fo7rte
Gio7se 6espre !reutHGie FntF;pin7te Fn ti;pu pHstoriei s7e@ Fn "u
"7re ne i;presione7JH =
1Iar distrugerea neamului, spune e@ din cau%a mo"tenirii re
trecutului, o plng "i c?iar "i din mormnt o voi plinge###
1Aai, ce voi plinge mai nti c Robia cea dup trup a grecilor,
pier%ania din suflete "i din cele ce par c se mai pstrea% c Pier6
total a celor respectate de noi, sau necinstirea celor ce au mai ri
nc c Kignirile barbarilor mpotriva credin!ei, sau frdelegile card
pus stpnire pe sufletele credincio"ilor c2 ,Plngerea lui >?enadie
pra nenorocirilor vie!ii sale, "o;pusH Fn ;FnHstire7 Pro6ro;u@ Fn e6.
Petit?Si6eri6es?\u!ie@ (pere, t# I@ P7ris@ %*,+@ p. ,++. Tr76. Pr. I.
RH;ure7nu-.
Tre8uie 7#ut Fn #e6ere 7poi "H Bpri#ie!iieD 7"or67te 6e suf
"re9tinior er7u fo7rte s"u;p pHtite@ 6in "7uJ7 f7n7tis;uui ;usur
In s"4i;8u toleran!ei 7"or67te@ "re9tinii nu 7#e7u #oie sH
pr8p7!7n6H@ s7u sH "o;87tH "re6inG7 ;usu;7nH@ "H"i 797 "e#7 se
6epse7 "u ;o7rte7@ ni"i sH FnfiinGeJe "o;unitHGi s7u 8iseri"i noi@ pe
#e"4i e pute7u rep7r7 nu;7i "u 7pro87re7 stHp<nirii tur"e9ti@ "7re
7"or67 fo7rte r7rA "ru"ie 6e pe 8iseri"i 7u fost ri6i"7te. Tr7!ere7
poteor 7 fost interJisH@ "u e:"epGi7 8iseri"ior 6in insuee !re"e9tR
6e 7 Muntee At4os. Mute 8iseri"i 6in "ee e:istente Fn Const7ntine 9i
pro#in"ii 7u fost tr7nsfor;7te Fn ;os"4ei "4i7r Fn ti;pu ui M7M
;e6 7 II?e7@ 6e9i e pro;isese "H nu e #7 tr7nsfor;7.
Cre9tinii@ nu;iGi Fn 6erF6ere 1g?iauri2 Q 1necredincio"i2, nu #oie
sH presteJe MurH;Fnt 9i sH 6epunH "7 ;7rtori Fntr?un pro"es "u
;usu;7n. In fun"Gii pu8i"e nu er7u 7""ept7Gi. Ei nu pute7u sH intre
76;inistr7Gie@ Fn 7r;7tH@ Fn fun"Giuni 6e st7t@ 6e"Ft renunGFn6 7 "re6
G7 or. A"ei 6intre "re9tini "7re reu9e7u "u ;7ri !reutHGi sH intre Fn sZ
#i"iu unor tur"i s7u Fn instituGii 6e st7t tur"e "7 interpreGi@ se"ret7ri@
6i"i@ 7!enGi fis"7i@ er7u e:pu9i urii 9i f7n7tis;uui ;7MoritHGii "eor7
tur"i.
Ni"i "4i7r p7tri7r4ii e"u;eni"i n?7u fost e:"ept7Gi 6e 7 u;iinGe
87tMo"uri@ uneori fiin6 "4i7r sp<nJur7Gi. P7tri7r4u R7f7e $%(5()%(5\
sFr8 6e ori!ine@ i;pus 6e M7r7@ fost7 soGie 7 sut7nuui Mur76 7 II?
$%(,%)%('%-@ neputFn6 pHti 47r7"iu@ 7 fost purt7t Fn 87tMo"urH pe str
Jie Const7ntinopouui "u un 7nG 7 !Ft 9i o8i!7t sH "er9e7s"H.
Cre9tinii 6in re!iunie 6epHrt7te 6e "7pit7H 7u suferit 6eseori 786 Jurie@
#e:7Giunie 9i opri;Hrie 8e3or@ fun"Gion7rior 9i ;iit7rior tureM Dintre
to7te 8irurie pHtite 6e "re9tinii orto6o"9i@ !re"i@ 8u!7ri@ sFrt "ro7Gi@
787neJi 9i ro;<ni@ "e ;7i neu;7n@ ru9inos 9i u;iitor 7 foM 1birul
sau darea sngelui2 $76i"H ri6i"7re7 forG7tH 7 "opiior "re9tini@ Fr 6eose8i 7
"eor ;7i sHnHto9i 6in f7;iiie ;7i 8une- instituitH Fn pre #in"iie
europene@ 7 su!esti7 ;7reui ;uftiu@ 6e sut7nu Mur76 7 e7@ "Htre
%(2+@ pentru trup7 6e eitH 7 ieni"erior@ 6enu;ire 6eri#7t 6in
"u#intee tur"e9ti 1'eni ceri2 Q 1trup nou2, 9i pentru ser#i"ii
person7 7 sut7nuui. Mute 6intre fetee "re9tine 7u fost 8H!7te Fn 47
re;urie tur"ior. Cre9tinii 7u fost pu9i 7stfe Fn situ7Gi7 tr7!i"H 6e
"ontri8ui 7 sH8ire7 9i ni;i"ire7 or "u propriii or "opii.
Pe Fn!H 8iru e:7!er7t pe "7re?% pHte7u@ nu;it ?raci, 9i "opiii "e
F se rHpe7u@ 8HieGi 9i fete@ "re9tinii tre8ui7u sH 6e7 6iM;e 6in pro6use@
7re 7MunseserH uneori pFnH 7 7 trei7 p7rte 6in re"otH. Cor#eJi 9i re?
4iJiGii 6e tot feu@ 7tent7te 7supr7 "re9tinior@ rHpiri 6e "opii pentru
r;7NtH 9i 47re;uri@ s7u pentru 7 fi #Fn6uGi "7 s"7#i pe pieGee Orien?
uui@ er7u u"ruri fre"#ente Fn I;periu oto;7n. In 7"e7stH situ7Gie
u?i 6e ;ir7re "H un!u 9ir 7 p7tri7r4ior e"u;eni"i@ 6e 7 %('2 pFnH
Ji@ 9i 7 ;itropoiGior prin"ip7eor s"7une 6in I;periu tur"@ preJintH
Fute istorii 6urero7se pe "7re poporu !re" "re6in"ios Fn6eose8i e?7
Mport7t "u !reu@ f7pt "7re 7 67t n79tere 7 rHs"o7e 9i e;i!rHri@ i7r 6in
7rte7 tur"ior 7 is7;iJHri forG7te.
De?7 un!u 7 p7tru se"oe 6e ro8ie ;uGi "re9tini 7u fost siiGi sH
Ze7"H 7 ;74o;e67nis;@ "7 Fn Bu!7ri7@ Fn re!iune7 MunGior Ro6opi@
I87ni7@ Bosni7.
Cu to7te "on6iGiunie !ree 9i 7pHsHto7re Fn "7re 7 tre8uit sH e:is?
W@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 Fno"uit pentru "re9tini st7tu 8iJ7ntin 6ispHrut.
7 7 7#ut un ro 9i o i;port7nGH 6eose8itH pentru pHstr7re7 "on9tiinGei
FGion7e 7 popo7reor 6in B7"7ni@ pFnH "e 7 fost posi8i@ Fn ur;7 re#o?
Giior 9i rHJ8o7ieor 6in se"ou 7 00?e7@ "7 7"este7 sH se ei8ereJe.
Siste;u BMietD@ 76i"H or!7niJ7re7 I;periuui oto;7n "7 st7t ;u?
7Gion7 9i puri?"onfesion7@ 7 "onstituit p7tfor;7 6e pe "7re s?7u 6eJ?
ZIt7t@ 6upH re#ouGi7 fr7n"eJH 6in %5+*@ 7spir7Giie n7Gion7e 7e popo7?
or 6e su8 6o;in7Gi7 oto;7nH@ "7re 7u "ontri8uit 6in interior@ F;pre?
i "u "7uJee e:terne@ 7 6eJ7!re!7re7 I;periuui. L7 ,* o"to;8rie
,.2@ refor;7toru Tur"iei ;o6erne@ Oe;7 At7tiirP@ 7 pro"7;7t Repu?
i"7 tur"H. $Pentru 7te infor;7Gii@ #eJi Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ >?e$
die II =c?olarios, primul patriar? ecumenic sub turci, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@
II $%*'L-@ nr. %@ p. 5,)%&*-.
' I ' ) I O F R A G I E H
I J # o 7 r e = R. L7n!e@ Imperium %Nisc?en 3orgen und Abend# 8ic >esc?ic?te i
+'%an% in 8ocumenten, Re"Pin!47usen@ %*5, A Du"7s@ Istoria turco$bi%antin $%2(%)W
,-@ e6iGie "riti"H 6e V7sie Gre"u A te:t !re" "u tr76u"ere ro;<ne7s"H $S"riptores
=7ntini@ I-@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'+A G4. Sp4r7ntJes@ 3emorii $%(&%)%(55-. Fn 7ne:H Pseudo$
ir7ntJes= M7"7rie Meissenos@ &ronica, %,'+)%(+%. Te:t !re" "u tr76u"ere Fn
87 ro;<nH@ 6e V. Gre"u@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*LLA Crito8u 6in I;8ros@ 8in domnia lui
?omed al II$lea, anii -B5-)5(L5. Te:t !re" "u tr76u"ere Fn ro;<ne9te 6e &. Gre?
Bu"ure9ti@ %*L2A L7oni" C47"o"ontii@ E)puneri Istorice# &re"terea puterii tur$li#
&derea mpr!iei bi%antine# Te:t Cre" "u tr76u"ere ro;<ne7s"H. Bu"ure9ti@ 2.
S t u 6 i i referito7re 7 I;periu 8iJ7ntin 9i "H6ere7 Const7ntinopouui= P. in?
/73ter@ =tudies in +'%antine political ?istor'# =ources and controversies, Lon?@
%*+% A /7ns?Geor! Be"P@ 8as +'%antinisc?e Ka?rtausend, Miin"4en@ %*5+.
K# M. /usse3@ HEImpero bi%antina# A "ur7 6i A. Mero7@ Mi7no@ *&,@ p. A.
eier@ He drame de +'%ance# Ideal et ec?ec dEune societe c?retienne P7ris@ %*5LA
Moui7r6@ Etude sur la vie religieuse +'%ance# T4ese pour e 6o"tor7t@ P7risi
hA P. Le;ere@ 4istoire de +'%ance $"oi. due s7is?Me S-@ 5?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*5'A
Z# b7P3tinos@ fi3J7n"e. Etat, societe, economie# Pref7"e 6e /eene A4r`eier@
ion@ %*52 A. D. M. Ni"o@ T?e last centur' ol +'%antium $%,L%)%('2-@ Lon6on@
=. D. O8ensP3@ T?e +'%antine &ommonNelt?, Eastern Europe 599)%('2@ Lon6on@
I Bi8io!r7fi7 Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
Ne` lorP@ _7s4in!ton@ %*5%@ 0IV)((' p.A A!ostino Pertusi@ Repercussioni
caduta di &onstantinupoli $Refer7t 7 Con!resu 0IV 6e BiJ7ntinoo!ie@ Bu"u=
%*5%-A \. Gros6i6ier 6e M7tons et A. .roo`@ B3J7n"e@ Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 Uni#i
isD@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. 5%%)52L.
G. Ostro!orsP3@ 4istor' oi t?e +'%antine =tate# Tr7ns7tion 83 \o7n /uG
,?n6 e6.@ O:for6@ %*L+ A tr76. fr7n"@ p7r \. Goui7r6@ P7ris@ %*'LA Ste#en Run"iM
T?e Pali oi &onstantinople, %('2@ C7;8ri6!e@ %*L'@ tr76. Fn ro;. 6e Prof. Ae:. /
Bu"ure9ti@ %*5%A i6e;@ T?e last b'%antine Renaissance, C7;8ri6!e@ %*5&A i6e;@N
&reat &?urc? in captivit'# A stud' oi t?e Patriarc?ate oi &onstantinople trom
eve oi t?e turLis? conOuest to t?e greeL Nar oi independence, C7;8ri6!e@ %*i
Nor;7n S. B3nes@ T?e +'%antine Empire, Lon6on@ Ne` lorP@ %*'+.
G. _7ter@ Ha ruine de +'%ance, -/9B6-B5W, P7ris@ %*'+.
.. Do!er@ +'%ance und die europisc?e =taatenNelt, Ett7@ %*'2.
G. S"4u;8er!er@ He siege, la prise et Ie sac de &onstantinople, par Ies T_
enE-B5W, P7ris@ %*',A d. Bre4ier@ He monde b'%antin, t. I)III@ P7ris@ %*(+)%*'&.
C4. Die4@ 4istoire de lEEmpire b'%antin, %,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*2(. A. A. V7si i e#@
4i st oi re de l E Empi re b'%ant i n, t r76ui t 6u russe p7r P. Br et A. Bour!uin7@ t. I
)II@ P7ris@ %*2,.
In limba romn <
Prof. Teo6or M. Popes"u@ &inci sute de ani de Ia cderea &onstantinopolv
n BOrto6o:i7D@ V $%*'2-@ nr. 2@ p. ,+%)(25.
Pentru Imperiul grec de Trebi%onda ,-/9B)-/;-0 .W A. A. Bruer@ T?e Empirl
Trebi%ond and t?e Pontos, Lon6on@ %*+&. E. \enssens@ Trebi%onde en &olc?i
Bru:ees@ %*L*. Re"enJie Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00II $%*5&-@ nr.f
p. '5()'5+ A _. Mier@ Trebi%ond, t?e last >reeL Empire, Lon6on@ %*,L.
Pentru despotatul grec de 3oreea ,-/9B6-/;90 <
8# A. b7P3tinos@ He despotat grec de 3oree# 4istoire politiOue, e6. re#ue
C4r3ss7 M7teJou@ Lon6on@ %*5'.
+ibliogratia pentru Imperiul otoman se poate gsi la <
P. _iteP@ Ha iormation de IE empire ottoman, E6. p7r V. L. Men7!e@ Lon6"M
%*+,A A. De"ei@ Istoria Imperiului otoman pn la -;5;, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5+. E. _ern
un6 _. M7rPo#@ >esc?ic?te der TiirLen, Aon den Aningen bis %ur >egenNart, B
in@ %*5+@ 0II)2+& pA Must7f7 Aii Me4;e6@ Istoria turcilor, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5LA
B78in!er@ 3a?omed der Eroberer, Miin"4en@ %*L,. VeJi 9i u"r7re7 ui O. /7e"f
T?e crusade oi Aama, Ne` lorP@ %*(2.
Pentru Patriar?ia Ecumenic <
Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu@ >?enadi II =c?olarios, primul patriar? ecumenic
turci, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ VIII $%*'L-@ nr. %@ p. 5,)%&*A 3rturisirea de credin! a
triar?ului ecumenic >?enadie II =c?olarios, Fn BOrt4o6o:i7D@ 000VI $%*+(-@ nr. p.
(L,)(** A T4eo6or bissis@ TsvZ?ioi $2N,:o0<pNos. BFos@ mT*puf#a)cc, 't+"t"r:.s0Fot. InstM
tutui P7tri7r47 6e Stu6ii P7tristi"e@ An7e"t7 V7t76on@ 2&@ Tes7oni"@ %*+&.
\. E. An7st7siou@ EIn)opa %ffi NE:5.0Si7F7s@ e6. ,?7@ t. II@ Tes7oni"@ %*5*A /7r Geor!
Be"P@ >esc?ic?te der (rt?odo)es Qirc?e in b'%antinisc?en Reic?, Gottin!eiM %*+&A L.
M. C47tJip4otis@ +i%an!ul "i +iserica, Fn 8. !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*5+A VI. P4ei67s@ NE:N:.0i7t77?
rt:F\ istopFo II@ 8e Ia iconoclasm pn la cderea &onstantinopo lului, Aten7@ %*52@ '*5 p.A
Bis. O. Stef7ni6is@ NE::0#M7i7\Ti:#M FsTopF7 <AtN<p:N
F
is A$T "iMuepo#. e6. ,?7@ Aten7@ %*'*@
p. L++)L*&.
M7:i; 6e S7r6es@ ;etropoite@ He Patriar?at (ecumeniOue dans IEEglise (rt?ol
do)e, P7ris@ %*5'@ tr76u"ere 6in !re"e9te@ Aten7@ %*52A B. T4. St7#ri6is@ 4istoire 6\
Pntriarcat (ecumeniOue de &onstantinople, Fn BIstin7D@ P7ris@ %*5&@ nr. ,@ p. %2%),52%
Tb OF:ouM.E#t:i# Tla)piapfEPo
'
OoM#uTotMTF#ouTioAe`S ,Patriar?ia Ecumenic de &onstan!iY
nopol0, Fn Aie+MLaS S:R
7>i7
,Rela!ii Interna!ionale0, nu;Hr spe"i7@ 6e". %*L()7pr. %*L' nr.
5)+@ %%% p. Re"enJie Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. M p.
%(,)%(L.
G4en76ie $Ar787!io!u-@ ;itropoit 6e /eiopois@ Istoria Patriar?iei EcumeniceY
n !re"e9te@ Aten7@ %*'2@ 0III@ ((' p A P. Br7tsiotis@ 8ie (rt?odo)e Lirc?e in
c?isc?er =ic?t, B6. I)II@ Stutt!7rt@ %*'*)%*L&.
A PATRA
Cutu 9i #i7G7 "re9tinH Fn se". 0I)0V Fn
RHsHrit 9i Apus I
Pri;7 Mu;Ht7te 7 ;ieniuui 7 II?e7 e stHpFnitH ;7i ;ut s7u ;7i
Gin 6e i6ee7 "re9tinH. A"e7st7 7tFt Fn "e pri#e9te RHsHritu "Ft 9i Apusu@
t #i7G7 poiti"H 9i so"i7H@ "Ft 9i "e7 "utur7H 9i 7rtisti"H. ViJiune7
uui ;e6iu Fn for;H 6e Bitur!4ie "os;i"HD@ "on"epGi7 teo"r7ti"H
6e??e 6in7stii 9i 79eJH;inte so"i7?"utur7e@ iniGi7te 9i p7tron7te 6e
Bi?Zi"H s7u 6e spiritu ei@ "7 9i@ Fn fine@ #i7G7 7rtisti"H 9i "4i7r "e7
"oti?;H@ re6usH 9i "on6usH 6e Fn6ru;Hrie "re9tine@ se resi;te
pretutin6eni@ H 6e "e o;enire7 ;e6ie#7H@ F;pHrtH9itH 6in 7"e79i potir
7 6r7!ostei M9tine@ preJintH 7tFt7 unit7te@ fie "H e #or87 6e "ru"i76H Fn
Orient $Asi7 "H@ Siri7@ P7estin7-@ Fn Sp7ni7 9i Afri"7@ ori Fn uptee
"neMior ru9i F:7n6ru NNe#s"4i $%,',)%,L2- ori Di;itrie DonsPoi
$%2L2)%2+*-@ fie e #or87 6e uni#ersit7te7 BiJ7nGuui ori 6e "ee 7e
Apusuui@ 6e 7rt7 7ntinH ori 6e "e7 ro;7ni"H 9i !oti"H.
Desi!ur 7"e7stH BuptH pentru "o;unit7te7 "re9tinHD se 6u"e Fn?
un fe Fn RHsHrit 9i "u totu 7tfe Fn Apus. PHstrHto7re7 fi6eH 7 tr7?
iei e"u;eni"e@ Biseri"7 RHsHrituui nu s"4i;8H ni;i" 6in prin"ipiie
M;7ti"e 7e "utuui 9i #ieGii #e"4i "re9tine. De 7"ee7@ "4i7r 67"H Fntre
sin!ur7ti"ee Biseri"i orto6o:e !re"e9ti@ s7#e@ ro;<ne@ s7u 7r;e7nH
Z foosi i;8i 6iferite@ totu9i ee se #or si;Gi@ 67toritH unitHGii 9i uni?
;itHGii Fn#HGHturii 6o!;7ti"e 9i "utuui@ ;7i e!7te Fntre ee 6e"Ft
Aeri"ie 6iferiteor st7te 7e Apusuui@ un6e@ FnHturFn6u?se spe"ifi"u
"Hrui7@ se "7utH Fn perio767 7"e7st7 sH se i;punH tuturor B;iss7
n7nHD ofi"i7tH Fntr?o sin!urH i;8H@ "e7 7tinH. i 7"e7st7 6in pri"in7
i#otHrii 6eose8ite 7 6o"trinei Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e. Centr7iJ7re7
ninistr7ti#H 7 Biseri"ii Ro;ei@ "u pretenGi7 6e 6o;in7re Fn to7te@ #7
#ieGii itur!i"e o FnfHGi97re 6eose8itH f7GH 6e RHsHritA 6e 7"ee7 9i
ui #ieGii 9i pietHGii "re9tine #7 fi 7tu. Desi!ur@ F;preMurHrie e:terne
%
fi ;ut ;7i prieni"e Fn Apus@ un6e #o; 7f7 ;7i ;ut f7st Fn "ut@
Fn s"4i;8 9i e:"esee 9i 6e#ierie #or fi ;7i ;7ri.
7. Fn RHsHrit. Sin!uree s"4i;8Hri 6e "ut pe "7re e Fnre!istre7JH
eri"7 orient7H Fn 7"e7stH perio76H se referH 7 unifor;iJ7re7 uti?
or 7;Hnunte 6e ritu7 9i 6e Ju!rH#ire 7 8iseri"ior@ 7 intro6u"ere7
hr sHr8Htori noi 9i 7 76Fn"ire7 s7u e:pi"7re7 6o!;7ti"o?si;8oi"H 7
Friteor ;o;ente s7u rFn6uiei itur!i"e.
Referitor 7 te:tu Sfintei Litur!4ii@ o8ser#H; "H 7pro7pe Fn Fntre!
entu se !ener7iJe7JH foosire7 e:"usi#H 7 "eor trei Litur!4ii pe
s e 7#e; 9i 7Ji. Pe 7 7nu %,&&@ "7nonistu T4eo6or B7s7;on
%,&'- po;ene7 "H nu 6e;ut 7 Fn"et7t 6e 7 se ;7i sH#Fr9i Fn P7?
r4i7 Ierus7i;uui Litur!4i7 SfFntuui I7"o8@ 7 ,2 o"to;8rie@ i7r Fn
Fri"7 Ae:7n6riei Litur!4i7 SfFntuui M7r"u.
A;Hnuntee Fn e!HturH "u 67t7 sH#Fr9irii Litur!4iei SfFntuui V7sie
M7re $f 25*- Fn"H nu se fi:7serH 6efiniti#@ "e puGin Fn Biseri"7 RusH.c
H pe 7 7nu %2*& ;itropoitu Cipri7n #or8e9te 6espre sH#Fr9ire7
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e.
'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *I-*&
ei nu;7i Fn"epFn6 "u 6u;ini"7 7 Ii?7 6in PHresi;i 9i Fn 7Munu CrH"ii
nuui 9i P79tior@ "H"i pentru pr7Jni"u 8u"uriei 6u4o#ni"e9ti Fn Du;A
ni"7 Orto6o:iei se "re6e7 ;7i potri#itH Litur!4i7 SfFntuui Io7n /ris"
sto; $f (&5-. Tot 7"u; se fi:e7JH 9i 67t7 sH#Fr9irii Litur!4iei SfFntuG
Gri!orie Di7o!u s7u "e M7re $f L&(-@ nu;itH Hiturg?ia 8arurilor rrn
nainte sfin!ite# L7 fe se 6is"utH nu;Hru pres"urior 6in "7re sH
sH#<r9e7s"H pros"o;i6i7@ f7pt "7re p7re 7 se unifor;iJ7 6i;preunH "
ritu7u 76u"erii pFinii 9i 7 po;enirii sfinGior 9i 7 "re6in"io9ior #
9i ;orGi@ ;7i 7es Fn ur;7 ConstituGiei ui .iotei $P4iot4eos- OoPPin"
$%2'2)%2'( A %2L()%25L-@ p7tri7r4 7 Const7ntinopouui@ pe "7re Y
intro6u" 6upH 7"ee7@ rFn6 pe rFn6@ 9i ;itropoiGii Biseri"ior sFr8H@ 8ii
!7rH@ ro;<nH@ rusH. Tot Fn 7"e7stH perio76H se unifor;iJe7JH 9i Fn6rt
;Hrie tipi"on7e referito7re 7 foosire7 in!uriGei pentru "u;ine"7re
;irenior@ 7 ;o;entu ri6i"Hrii steuGei 9i 7 6is"uui@ 7 nu;Hru
8u"HGi Fn "7re se frFn!e 7!neGu@ 7 for;7 7poisuui et". D7"H 7"est
;i"i 7;Hnunte "onstituie 767osuri@ Fn s"4i;8 re6u"ere7 ;inoo!iio
s7u 7 #ieGii sfinGior Fn for;7 sin7:7reor 6e 7stHJi repreJintH o pre
s"urt7re. Tot Fn 7"e7stH perio76H se interJi"e 9i sH#Fr9ire7 7 6ouH Li
tur!4ii Jini"e Fn 7"ee79i 8iseri"H.
De Litur!4ie Gine7 pe 7tun"i 9i pre6i"7. E 76e#Hr7t "H preoGi;e
ti;puui nu o8i9nui7 sH pre6i"e@ "i ;7i ;ut "ite7 6in #ieGie sfinGio
9i "u#intee 6e Fn#HGHturH 7e ;7rior pre6i"7tori 6in epo"7 p7tristi"
s7u postp7tristi"H. Totu9i@ se po;enes" fo7rte ;uGi pre6i"7tori nu nu;s
Fn "7te6r7ee BiJ7nGuui s7u 7e "eor7te st7te orto6o:e@ "i 9i Fn orH9e
9i Fn ;FnHstiri. Cine 9i?7r u7 ostene77 nu;7i sH tre7"H Fn re#ist
titurie 7"estei iter7turi o;ieti"e@ 7tFt "FtH se "uno79te 6in "7t7o7!e
;7nus"riseor !re"e9ti@ s7#e@ !eor!iene@ pre"u; 9i ro;<ne@ #7 rH;Fn
ui;it "Ft 6e ;ut !ust7 poporu orto6o: 7 #re;ior 7"eor7 "u#Fntu
8iseri"es". De 7tfe e 9i fires" pentru o Biseri"H "u #i7G7 itur!i"H 7tF
6e 6eJ#ot7tH. Nu #or fi ur;7t preoGii orto6o"9i 9"oi Fn7te@ "H"i 7"esteR
er7u puGine A suM8ee orto6o:e "onGin FnsH 8o!7te "uno9tinGe istori"e
6o!;7ti"e@ 8i8i"e@ p7stor7e et". A"u; s?7u s"ris 9i 7u "ir"u7t "eK
;7i profun6e 9i ;7i siste;7ti"e e:pi"Hri itur!i"e@ 67torite p7tri7r4io=
G4er;7n $5%')52&- 9i .iotei OoPPinos $f %25L-@ pre"u; 9i s"riitorio=
Ni"o7e O787si7 $f 6upH %25(- 9i Sf. Si;ion@ 7r4iepis"opu Tes7oni"u
ui $f %(,*-.
CFt 6espre "ee7te suM8e 8iseri"e9ti@ in"usi# Sfintee T7ine@ nu
;Hru or Fn"H nu er7 fi:7t@ 67r pr7"ti"7re7 or e 6o#e6itH pe 6epin
In e!HturH "u BoteJu@ se;n7H; #e"4iu ;o6 6e sH#Fr9ire prin Fntreit
"ufun67re@ 7f7rH 6e unee "7Juri iJo7te@ "7 ;itropoi7 Oie#uui@ Bise
ri"7 Bu!7riei@ un6e@ su8 infuenG7@ pro878i@ "7toi"H@ se po;ene9te 6e
BoteJu prin turn7re. Se re"uno79te #7i6 BoteJu etero6o:@ 7f7ri 6e
unee "7Juri@ "erFn6u?se 6o7r sH#Fr9ire7 Mirun!erii 6i;preunH "i
6e"7r7Gi7 6e pHrHsire 7 #e"4ii "onfesiuni. T7in7 Miruui er7 unitH
7tun"i "u "e7 7 BoteJuui@ i7r f7GH 6e "7Juri iJo7te@ "Fn6 Fn o" 6e ;i=
se foose7 unt6ee;n sfinGit 7 Sf. Du;itru $Fn Bu!7ri7-@ pro878i 6i
pri"in7 ipsei 6e "o;uni"7Gii su8 stHpFnire7 tur"e7s"H-@ s?7 u7t 7titu
6ine. Cee7te T7ine se sH#Fr9e7u "7 9i Fn7inte@ "u puGine 7;HnunG
142 PERIOADA A PATRA
#re6ni"e 6e su8ini7t. O8ser#H; Fn e!HturH "u T7in7 MHrturisirii s7u
Spo#e67niei "H@ f7GH 6e epo"7 p7tristi"H@ sH#Fr9ire7 ei este ;7i r7rH@ f7pt
"7re se e:pi"H 9i prin s"H6ere7 ;or7itHGii@ 67toritH "ont7"tuui "u ne?
"re6in"io9ii@ prin sH8ire7 6is"ipinei "eruui 9i@ Fn !ener7@ prin rH"ire7
senti;entuui rei!ios.
Fn e!HturH "u Sf. Eu47ristie o8ser#H;@ spre 6eose8ire 6e Apus@
Au;ine"7re7 su8 7;8ee for;e $pFine 9i #in-@ pr7"ti"H i;ort7iJ7tH Fn
;inun7tee pi"turi 6in to7te 8iseri"ie 9i ;FnHstirie orto6o:e@ un6e
EIristos@ suMin6 "7 7r4iereu@ "u;ine"H 6in potir pe Apostoi. Pentru
.7in7 NunGii 7#e; Fn perio767 7"e7st7 repet7te 6ispoJiGii "7noni"e pri ?
;ito7re 7 ru6eni7 6e sFn!e 9i 7 "e7 spiritu7H@ i7r 67"H uneori "on?
9tiinG7 4iperJeo7s7 s7#H ori !re7"H opre7 "HsHtoriie ;i:te@ so"otin6u?e
Mpost7Jie@ sH nu uitH; "H Fn perio767 7"e7st7 7s7turie proJeitiste 7e
8ornei "7toi"e 7u "ontri8uit "e ;7i ;ut@ prin sini"iie 7tinior Fn
"ru"i76ee 6in P7estin7 s7u 6in B7ti"7@ 7 Fn#rHM8ire7 "onfesion7H
iintr?o p7rte 9i 6in 7t7. Desi!ur@ e:7!er7u 9i poe;i9tii rHsHriteni 7i
#e7"urior ;e6ie#7e 7tun"i "Fn6 Fn;uGe7u nu;Hru 6eose8irior 6o"?
rin7re s7u ritu7e@ sti!;7tiJFn6 "7 ereJii nu nu;7i .iioCue@ 7Ji;7@
hur!7toriu@ "u;ine"7re7 "u o sin!urH spe"ie@ "i 9i r76ere7 8Hr8ii@ 8i?
F7Gi7 itur!i"H@ postire7 ;7i u9o7rH et"@ Fn"Ft nu;Hru 7"estor 6eose8iri
iMun!e7u pFnH 7 Je"i 9i "4i7r sute. D7r nu?i ;7i puGin 76e#Hr7t "H
ho!7t7 iter7turH !re7"H 9i s7#H 7 #re;ior 7"estor7 6o#e6e9te o 8unH
i "ontinuH 76Fn"ire 7 #ieGii itur!i"e@ 7 "Hrei unit7te se #e6e7 7;eninG7tH
e ino#7Giie 7pusene.
&ultul sfin!ilor pri;e9te o ;7re 6eJ#ot7re Fn perio767 7"e7st7 prin
7noniJHri noi@ prin Fn;uGire7 sHr8Htorior Fn"4in7te or 9i prin rou
u"7t Fn #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H 6e ;o79tee 9i i"o7nee t7u;7tur!i"e. De f7pt@
=u 7#e; ni"i pentru perio767 7"e7st7 7;Hnunte 6espre pro"e6ur7 "7?
oniJHrii. Fntre "7Jurie "7re@ 6e un6e se po7te 6e6u"e pro"e6ur7 6e
7noniJ7re@ po;eni; pe "e 7 p7tri7r4uui Nifon 7 II?e7 $%(+L)%(++ A (*5
)%(*+ A %'&,-@ "7noniJ7t 7 Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ Fn %' iuie %'%5@ 797 u;
reiese 6in 6es"riere7 Hs7tH 6e "roni"7 ui G7#rii Protu. Totu9i@
on9tii nG7 Biseri"ii 7 "ons7"r7t 7tFt F n u;e7 !re7"H 7 BiJ7nG uui@ "Ft
i 7 sFr8i@ 8u!7ri 9i ru9i@ o serie 6e fi!uri 6e ier7r4i@ s"4i;ni"i@ prin?
ipi. I;no!r7fi7 Fn"H 6estu 6e Fnforito7re 7 "o;pus suM8ee respe"ti#e
F "inste7 or.
L7 !re"i 9i 7 unee popo7re s7#e s?7 intro6us 7"u; sHr8Hto7re7
L"operH;Fntuui M7i"ii Do;nuui@ 7 2% 7u!ust@ Fn ur;7 #e6eniei 7#ute@
F se"ou 7 0?e7@ Fn 8iseri"7 M7i"ii Do;nuui 6e Fn!H p77tu 8i?
7ntin 6in V74erne@ 6e "Hu!Hrii An6rei 9i Epif7nie@ "Fn6 M7i"7 Do;nu?
ii 7 fost #HJutH FntinJFn6 peste ei 9i peste tot poporu ;7nti7 s7
pro?="to7re@ i7r prin in#o"7re7 M7i"ii Do;nuui 6e ;7i ;ute ori@
poporu fost s7 #7t 6e i n#7Ji7 s7r7"ini or. To. Fn Bi J7nG se
intro6u"e 7"u; . sHr8Hto7re7 SfinGior Trei Ier7r4i@ 7 2& i7nu7rie@
Fn ur;7 7rHtHrii i#ine pe "7re o 7#usese Fn 7nu %&+L ;itropoitu
Io7n 7 E#47iteor@ fin "7re se "ere7 instituire7 Fntr?o sin!urH Ji 7
"instirii ;e;oriei 7"es?hr trei sfinGi 6eopotri#H 6e ;7ri 9i pentru "7re
pFnH 7tun"i ;uGi se Fft7u@ susGinFn6 "7 ;7i ;7re pe unu s7u pe 7tu
6in ei. Sino6u 9i 7pHr7tu Ae:ios I Co;nen (10$1111$) 7u
in.rodu3 7"e7stH sHr8H?
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
to7re o8i!7torie pentru toGi. P7tri7r4u .iotei OoPPinos $f %25$'
fi:7t@ "e 6intFi@ po;eniri spe"i7e pentru 6u;ini"ie 6in PHresi;i@ 7i
6e pri;7@ Fn "7re orto6o:i7 i"o7neor se ser87 Fn"H 6in 7nu +(2. Y
;ini"7 7 Ii?7 s?7 6e6i"7t SfFntuui Gri!orie P77;7 $f %2'*-@ Du;iiM
7 II?7 Sfintei Cru"i@ Du;ini"7 7 IV?7 SfFntuui Io7n S"Hr7ru $f ;Z
Du;ini"7 7 V?7 Sfintei MHri7 E!ipte7n"7@ tot 7tFte7 trepte 9i pop7s
6u4o#ni"e9ti Fn ur"u9u sufetuui "7re FntF;pinH BsHr8Hto7re7 sHri
toriorD@ P7stie.
In 7"e7stH perio76H se fi:e7JH "7 sfinGi n7Gion7i = fr7Gii Oiri $f +
9i Meto6iu $f L 7priie ++'- 7 s7#i@ pre"u; 9i u"eni"ii or = S7#7@ I
;ent@ N7u;@ Gor7J6 9i An!4e7r.
L7 sFr8i se st7torni"e9te sHr8Htorire7 sfinGior = Si;ion $se". P#
9i S7#7 $f %,2L-@ "re7torii 9i or!7niJ7torii st7tuui 9i Biseri"ii sFr
re!ii tef7n Ne;7ni7 $%%*L)%,,+-@ 7poi tef7n Miutin $%,+,)%2
9i tef7n De"i7nsPi $%2,%)%22%-@ "Hu!Hrii Petru@ Ro;i7 9i Pro4
Te:tu suM8eor 7 "ei ;7i ;uGi 6intre ei se 67tore7JH s"riitoruui G
!orie E7;87" $se". 0V-@ 6in %(%' ;itropoitu Oie#uui.
L7 8u!7ri ;enGionH; "7 sfinGi pe = G7rii Boris?Mi47i I $+'2)+
9i Petru $*,5).;.0, pri;u "re9tinHtoru 8u!7rior@ 7 6oie7 or!7ni=
toru Biseri"ii Bu!7riei@ s"4i;ni"u Io#7n RisPi $f *(L-@ p7tronu ne
ui st7t@ 7e "Hrui ;o79te fuseserH u7te 6e un!uri@ 7poi 76use 6e AsHne
7 TFrno#o 9i 6in %(L* 79eJ7te Fn ;FnHstire7 "e?i po7rtH nu;ee = Fn fiA
"Hu!Hrii Io7"4i; 9i G7#rii@ pre"u; 9i epis"opu I7rion 6e Mo!ei
6istins ;ision7r Fn "on#ertire7 8o!o;iior. VieGie 9i suM8ee or fost
s"rise 6e p7tri7r4u Efti;ie 6e TFrno#o $%25')%2*2 A f %(&&-.
L7 ru9i 7u pri;it "instire 6e sfinGi@ Fn 7"e7stH perio76H@ ,, pe
so7ne@ Fntre "7re Boris 9i Ge8@ pri;ii ;7rtiri@ O!7 $*(')*'5- 9i r
potu ei V76i;ir $*+&)%&%'- B"e Fnto";7i "u 7postoiiD@ "re9tinHto
poporuui rus@ 7poi I7ros7# "e FnGeept $%&%*)%&'(-@ or!7niJ7toru SE
tuui@ 7poi prinGii Ae:7n6ru Ne#sPi $%,'*)%,L2- 9i Di;itrie Dons
$%2L2)%2+*-@ pre"u; 9i ;itropoiGii Petru $%2&+)%2,L-@ Ae:ei $%2'(
%25+-@ Ion7 $%((5)%(L%- 9i "Hu!Hrii ;ision7ri = Ser!4ie 6e R76on
$f %2*&-@ Ni SorsPi@ st7reG 7 ;FnHstire7 SorsP7 $%(22)%'&+-@ Ios
VooGPi@ tef7n 6e Per; $f %2*L- et".
Ce7 ;7i popu7rH fi!urH 6e sfFnt "7noniJ7tH Fn 7"e7 #re;e es
Cu#io7s7 P7r7s"4e#7 $f %&'&-@ 7e "Hrei ;o79te se 7fH 7 Mitropo
6in I79i@ sHr8HtoritH 7 %( o"to;8rie Fn Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH. I
o e#7#ie tipi" ;e6ie#7H@ 7"e7stH pustni"H iu8ito7re 6e sHr7"i@ ori!in7=
6in Epi#7te@ orH9e Fntre Const7ntinopo 9i Sei;#ri7@ 7Ji Sii#ri@ 7 7Mui
prin ;o79tee ei fH"Hto7re 6e ;inuni fo7rte "unos"utH 7 popo7ree 6=
B7"7ni pe un6e 7u poposit ;o79tee ei. M7i FntFi 7u fost pHstr7te
Epi#7te@ Fntre %,&()%,2&@ 7poi 7 TFrno#o 9i 6e 7i"i Fn %2*2 7 Vi6i=
Fn Bu!7ri7@ 7poi 6use 7 Be!r76 Fn Ser8i7 Fn %2*+@ i7r Fn %',& sFnt 79i
J7te 7 Const7ntinopo 9i Fn fine sFnt 76use 7 I79i Fn %L(,@ "u 7Mutori
6o;nitoruui V7sie Lupu $%L2()%L'2-. E7 7 intr7t Fn e!en6H su
nu;ee 6e SfFnt7 Vineri $P7r7s"4e#i@ PetP7-. Pentru noi@ ro;<nii@ trK
8uie sH ;7i po;eni; 9i 6e nu;ee ;u"eni"uui Io7n "e Nou@ ne!uste
6in Tr7peJuntu Asiei Mi"i@ ;7rtiriJ7t Fn %22& 7 Cet7te7 A8H@ 6i
0ERIOADA A PATRA
rHut7te7 B"re9tine7s"HD 9i tHtHr7s"H. Mo79tee ui 7u fost 76use "u 77i
6e poporu Mo6o#ei@ Fn frunte "u Ae:7n6ru "e Bun $%(&&)%(2,- 9i
79eJ7te 7 Su"e7#7 Fn %(&, un6e se pHstre7JH 9i 7Ji. De 7;intit@ 6e 7se?
;ene7@ SfFnt7 .ioftei7 6e 7 Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ nHs"utH 7 TFrno#o Fn
%,&L. Mo79tee ei 7u fost ;ut7te 6e 7 Vi6in Fn 8iseri"7 Sf. Ni"o7e?
Do;nes" 6in or79u Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ prin 7nii %2*L)%2*5@ Fn ti;pu
6o;nitoruui Mir"e7 "e M7re $%2+L)%(%+-@ 7Ji p<strFn6u?se Fn p7r7?
"isu MHnHstirii Curte7 6e Ar!e9.
Dintre icoanele ;ir7"uo7se po;eni; Fn6eose8i 7 At4os 9i Fn Rusi7
;ute #7ri7nte 6e6i"7te M7i"ii Do;nuui pre"u; = M7i"7 Do;nuui 6e
7 I#ir A Ce7 "u trei ;Fini@ Ce7 "u Prun"uA Ce7 ;7i 7r!H 6e"Ft "erurie A
M7i"7 Do;nuui 6in O7J7n A M7i"7 Do;nuui 6in V76i;ir A M7i"7 Do;?
nuui 6e 7 Ne7;Gu et". A fo7rte popu7ri 7u 6e#enit Sf. Ni"o7e@ Sf. P7n?
tei;on@ Sf. Spiri6on@ 9i 7Gii@ 7e "Hror ;o79te se 76u"e7u 76eseori 9i
Fn nor6u DunHrii Fn #re;e 6e "iu;H s7u 6e 7te pri;eM6ii pentru iJ?
8H#ire 9i 7Mutor. Poporu "re6e7 profun6 Fn Du;neJeu@ ;er!e7 Fn pee?
rin7M 7 Lo"urie Sfinte 6e 7 Ierus7i;@ Sin7i@ At4os@ Pe9terie Oie#u?
ui et". A e:ist7t o 8o!7tH tr76iGie 7 peerin7Meor in6i#i6u7e@ nu "oe"?
ti#e@ "u; 7r7tH #e"4ie 6o"u;ente s7#e s7u !re"e9ti.
Desi!ur@ via!a moral 7 popo7reor orto6o:e 9i?7 7#ut 9i pHrGie ei
Fntune"7te. Lips7 unei 6is"ipine ;7i se#ere e s"o7sH Fn e#i6enGH 6e
"roni"ie 8iJ7ntine 9i ruse9ti@ "7re 6es"riu ;ute upte fr7tri"i6e@ rHpiri@
u"i6eri@ #i7GH 6esfrFn7tH@ 9.7.@ ;7i 7es Fn "entree ;7ri@ Fn BiJ7nG@ Te?
s7oni"@ Oie#@ Mos"o#7@ No#!oro6 et". Poporu respe"t7 ;7i ;ut pre?
s"ripGiunie ;or7e@ 67r er7 Fn s"4i;8 ispitit 6e "re6inGe 6e97rte@ 6e
#rHMitorie@ ;7!ie@ superstiGii@ 7poi 6e 8eGie@ furt@ "o;erG "u s"7#i 9i 7te
o8i"eiuri pH!Fne@ nu nu;7i Fn unee pHrGi 7e Rusiei@ un6e "re9tinis;u
Fn"H nu se rHspFn6ise te;eini" Fn 7"e7stH perio76H@ "i "7; peste tot.
Potri#it te;per7;entuui 9i ipsei 6e "uturH ;7i 6eose8ite 7 Fnforit
for;7is;u 9i ritu7is;u. Pentru ;uGi@ 67r ;7i 7es pentru ;on74i@
e#7#i7 se re6u"e7 7 repet7re7 per;7nentH 7 ru!H"iunii ;inGii =
BDo7;ne@ Iisuse /risto7se@ .iu ui Du;neJeu@ fii ;iosti# ;ie pH"H?
tosuD@ Fn BiJ7nG se 6u"e7 o #i7GH r7fin7tH@ pinH 6e u: 9i 6e pH"eri.
Gre"ii@ si;Gin6u?se superiori 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere "utur7@ 6ispreGui7u
2e "ee7te popo7re@ "HutFn6 sH e:po7teJe prin poiti"H 78iH 76eseori
=4i7r 9i unee Biseri"i orto6o:e.
D7r este 6e su8ini7t 9i f7ptu "H Fn Fntre! I;periu 8iJ7ntin 9i Fn
=ee7te GHri orto6o:e@ Fn "7re s?7 i;pri;7t pe"ete7 infuenGei 8iJ7n?
ine@ poporu "re6in"ios s?7 for;7t 9i 7 rH;7s ;7i e#7#ios@ "u o Biseri"H
n7i 6e;o"r7tH@ 6e"i ;7i 7pro7pe 6e popor 6e"Ft 7 fost Biseri"7 p7p7H@
7tH 6e "e@ Mu!u 6e ,'& 6e 7ni 7 tHt7rior peste "re9tinii ru9i $,(&)
t+&-@ 6e9i 7 Hs7t ur;e nef7ste Fn #i7G7 rei!io7sH 7 or ) Fnto";7i "7
i "on#ieGuire7 "u ;74o;e67nii = 6iferitee i;or7itHGi ) totu9i@ Fn
hofi67 tuturor !reeor Fn"er"Hri prin "7re 7 tre"ut poporu "re6in"ios@
Fiseri"7 orto6o:H 7 fost sin!ur7 "7re 7 9tiut sH?% ;Fn!Fie. .i!uri "7
Tf. S7#7 $f %,2L- 7 sFr8i@ s7u Sf. Ser!4ie 6e 7 R76oneM $f %2*&- pentru
u9i@ rH;Fn 76Fn" FntipHrite Fn ;inte7 9i Fn ini;7 popo7reor or. E#7#i7
rto6o:H 7 ro6it ;ute f7pte 6e 8inef7"ere@ Fn"epFn6 6e 7 spit7ee i;?
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I)0V
peri7e 6e !enu "eui fH"ut 6e Io7n II Co;nen $%%%+)%%(2- M
;FnHstire7 P7nto"r7tor 6in Const7ntinopo 9i pFnH 7 8oniGee ;FnR
ri or De"e7ni @ B7"i Po#7@ CoJi 7 9i 7 e "e or 6e 7 At 4os et "@ ) \
7 nu ;7i #or8i 6e Fntre7!7 operH 6e ri6i"7re 9i rest7ur7re 7 ;FnHstir
6e 7 Sfintee Lo"uri. .
%
Pute; spune "H perio767 7"e7st7 "uno79te o F;8o!HGire 7 "ut
"u ;ute o8i"eiuri "re9tine = ser8Hri 6e 4r7;uri@ fru;osu o8i"ei Bs7
s7u ser87re7 p7tronuui f7;iiei@ "o;pet7re7 suM8ei itiei 6e p7tri7i
P4iot4eos OoPPinos $f %25L-@ sfe9t7nii 7 "F;p 9i o"uinGe@ po;ei
pentru ;orGi 9.7. In E#u ;e6iu s?7 fH"ut 9i "o;pet7re7 "eor p7
posturi $"7nonistu Teo6or B7s7;on $f %,&'- 9i sino76ee o"7e %
7;Hnunte Fn 7"e7stH pri#inGH- 9i fi:7re7 nor;eor 6e e:e"ut7re 7 "Fn
rior 8iseri"e9ti A ;uGi;e7 i;no!r7fior 6in perio767 7"e7st7R "7 9
"\ntHreGior e:pi"H 8o!HGi7 9i fineGe7 ;uJi"ii uneori 7propi7te 6e ;e
6iie popu7re@ "7re 7u 9tiut sH ;Fn!Fie 9i sH e!e 7tFt 6e strFns suf7
"re6in"io9ior 6e Biseri"7 or.
8. Fn Apus. Epo"7 6e ini9te prin "7re 7 tre"ut Fn 7"est ti;p Iun
7puse7nH 7 per;is o 6eJ#ot7re ;7i f7#or78iH 7 "utuui 6e"Ft Fn %
sHrit@ "e puGin Fn pri#inG7 8o!HGiei 6e for;e 9i 7 proporGiior@ ;7i ;Hr
9i ;7i spe"t7"uo7se.
Fn pri#inG7 te)tului Hiturg?iei, Fnre!istrH; Fn 7"est ti;p Fn AM
o FnHtur7re siste;7ti"H 7 #e"4ior 9i #ener78ieor itur!4ii o"7e = 7
8roJi7nH@ !7i"7nH@ ;oJ7r78i"H 9i 8rit7ni"H. FnHtur7re7 or 9i Fno"uiM
"u Bniiss7 ro;7nHD nu s?7 putut f7"e FnsH 6epin 9i ni"i fHrH pro te
sou re7"Gii@ "H"i 6e pi6H Litur!4i7 7;8roJi7nH er7 rHsp<n6itH prin seK
ee 0III@ 0IV pFnH 7 nor6 6e Api@ 7 Au!s8ur! 9i Pr7!7@ i7r Fn se"o
7i 0VI?e7 reu9it7 refor;eor 7r4iepis"opuui ;i7neJ C7ro Borrorr
$%'2+)%'+(- se 67tore9te Fn ;7re p7rte rest7urHrii #e"4ii Litur!=
7;8roJiene.
Li;87 7tinH 7Mun!e@ tot pe "7e7 "onstrFn!erii@ sin!ur7 Fntre8uu
G7GH Fn "ut. Litur!4i7 s7#H@ pe "7re 7u 7#ut?o pFnH Fn se"ou 7 P$i
s7#ii #esti"i@ 7 fost FnHtur7tH Fn ur;7 sino6uui 6in Spoeto $%&'*-.
insu7 OrP $6in M7re7 A6ri7ti"H- upt7 pentru tr76iGiie 8iseri"e9ti si
#one 7 fost 6urH. L7 un 7 III?e7 sino6 "7re 7 7#ut o" Fn Spit Fn IO$
preotu VuP 7 fost 8i"iuit@ i7r 6upH "e 7 fost BFnse;n7tD "u pe"ete
fer Fnro9it@ 7 fost tri;is pe #i7GH Fn ro8ie pentru . ;oti#u "H 7 "7ut
sH susGinH B6e97rtH te;erit7te s7#onHD. Totu9i popu7Giie 6in D7;7i
7u re7"Gion7t F;potri#7 7"estei ;Hsuri 9i 6e 7"ee7 7 %,(+ p7p7 Ini
"enGiu 7 IV?e7 $%,(2)%,'(- 7 tre8uit sH e 7pro8e ;H"7r 7f78etT
!i7!oiti"@ "4i7r 67"H spe"ifi"u itur!i" 7 fost FnHtur7t 9i Fno"uit K
B;iss7 ro;7nHD.
Din "u;e7 7utoritHGii 6e "7re 6ispune7@ p7p7it7te7 o8i!H@ si
!ree pe6epse@ p7rti"ip7re7 7 "ut 9i Fn"epFn6 "u sino6u IV 6in L
ter7n $%,%'- spo#e6ire7 9i "u;ine"7re7 6e#in o8i!7torii ;H"7r o 67
pe 7n@ 7 P79ti. D7r 76eseori se 7u6 pFn!eri "H ;uGi preoGi nu sH#Fr9e7
6e"Ft fo7rte r7r Fn 7n Litur!4i7. A"oo un6e se sH#Fr9e7 6es@ e:isH
Fn#inuire7 "H ;oti#u prin"ip7 7 7"estei 6ese sH#Fr9iri 7 Sfintei Eu
47ristii er7 6orinG7 6e "F9ti! pentru "H 76ese7 se o;ite7u 7nu;ite pHr
%& ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
7 ;ute ;isse "7re se sH#Fr9e7u Fntr?o sin!urH Ji $Miss7 si""7-. Drept
re7"Gie@ s?7 intro6us 7tun"i 6ispoJiGi7 6e 7 se. 7rHt7 poporuui pFine7
"ons7"r7tH $A!nus Dei-@ uJ "7re 7 rH;7s pFnH 7Ji@ 67r neFnGee!Fn6 6e
"ee ;7i ;ute ori ni"i i;87@ ni"i 7"Giunie s7u si;8ourie 7tFt 6e re?
6use 7e missei romane, poporu 7 7Muns sH "re76H Fn ;o6 superstiGios
"H@ 67"H "ine#7 7 #HJut Fntr?o Ji Trupu Do;nuui s7u i"o7n7 SfFntuuF
Cristop4oros@ Fnse7;nH "H Fn 7"e7 Ji Fi #7 ;er!e 8ine.
In e!HturH "u t7in7 Sfintei Eu47ristii@ "7re nu er7 7tFt 6e fre"?
#entH "7 Fn7inte@ se "onst7tH !ener7iJ7re7 F;pHrtH9irii nu;7i "u o sin? c
9urH spe"ie = "u osti7 9i se supri;H@ "u totu 7r8itr7r@ potiru pentru
Ropii 9i ;ireni@ f7pt "7re 7 pro6us re7"Gii 6ure@ 76ese7 "4i7r #ioente A7
7"ee7 7 4usiGior Fn se"ou 7 0V?e7. A"e7stH pr7"ti"H 7 fost e:pi "7tH
prin teori7 "on"o;itentei@ 67r ;oti#u 76e#Hr7t 7r fi fost@ ;7i ie!r78H@
nou o8i"ei 7 pro"esiunior "u Trupu Do;nuui pe strHJi@ "7re pro"esiuni@
Fn"epFn6 6in se"ou 7 0II?e7@ 7Mun! "ee ;7i po;po7se 6 ;7i
fre"#ente ;7nifestHri 7e pietHGii 7pusene 6in E#u ;e6iu.
Fn e!HturH "u Sfintee T7ine@ 7 "Hror nu;Hr se fi:e7JH 7 5@ ;7i
ies Fn ur;7 rHspFn6irii ;7nu7uui 6e 6o!;7ti"H 7 ui Petru Lo;87r6u
f %%L&-@ s?7u intro6us o serie 6e ino#7Gii "u ;7ri efe"te Fn #i7G7 ute?
io7rH 7 Biseri"ii. FntFi 6e to7te@ Fn ur;7 infuenGei r7Gion7iste 7 s"o?
7sti"ii@ "on"epGi7 6espre T7ine 7 6us 7 pre7 ;utH s"4e;7tiJ7re 9i
8str7"tiJ7re. S?7 7fir;7t pre7 ;ut "7r7"teru o8ie"ti# 7 T7inei@ 7 "Hrei
7o7re e re6usH 7 sH#Fr9ire7 e:terio7rH "ore"tH 7 ei $opus oper7tu;-@
HrH sH se punH 6estu 7""ent 9i pe 7tur7 su8ie"ti#H 7 sH#Fr9itoruui
i 7 pri;itoruui@ f7pt "e s?7 putut "onst7t7 76ese7 9i Fn Biseri"ie
rto6o:e.
+ote%ul se fH"e7 7 Fn"eput prin Fntreit7 s"ufun67re A 78i7 ;7i tFrJiu
p7re uJu prin turn7re s7u stropire. Fn s"4i;8@ Fn se"ou 7 0/?e7@
=hr;u7 #e"4e i;person7H 7 7"Giunii 47ri"e e Fno"uitH 7 BoteJ "u un7
spri;7tH 7 perso7n7 I = 1ego te bapti%o###2: 7 3irungere< 1signo te###2:
npe6i;entee 7 "HsHtorie pri#in6 !r76ee 6e ru6enie 7u suferit ;o6i?
"Hri. Intru"Ft nu se 76;ite7 6i#orGu@ s?7 7Muns 7 souGi7 7nor;7H 7
=p7rHrii soGior Fn Fn"Hperi s7u "7se 6iferite. 3aslul pri;e9te se;niii?
iGi7 restri"ti#H 6e Be:tre;7 un"tioD. A 6e#enit o8i!7toriu "ei87tu@
ire pre;er!e /irotoniei 9i "7re nu s?7 putut intro6u"e 6e 7 Fn"eput
i to7te GHrieN "7toi"e@ Fn pofi67 ;Hsurior 6r7sti"e 7e p7pei Gri!orie
V/?e7 $%&52)%&+'-A 78i7 Fn se"ou 7 0II?e7 s?7 !ener7iJ7t@ i7r
Fn"eputu se"ouui 7 0V?e7@ ;ute !7suri 7u "erut 78oire7 ui. Ft
6espre si;onie@ e7 7 fost FnHtur7tH pe un ti;p@ "Ft 7 6ur7t 7po!eu
iterii p7p7e@ 67r 7 reFn#i7t Fntr?o for;H 8rut7H Fn ti;pu ;7rii
4is;e p7p7e $%25+)%(%5- 6e 7 A#i!non 9i ;7i 7es pe #re;e7 p7pior
Rn79terii.
Ce7 ;7i ;7re infuenGH Fn Apus 7 7#ut?o Taina Pocin!ei 9i tre?
ie sH su8inie; Fn6eose8i o8i!7ti#it7te7 9i 7spri;e7 "u "7re se "ere7
6epinire7 ei. Cine nu se spo#e6e7 er7 e:"us 6in "o;unit7te7 "re9?
iH@ "ee7 "e 7trH!e7 6upH sine pier6ere7 ori"Hrui 6rept pu8i" Fn st7t@
9"oi@ Fn 8rese et". Pentru ori"e pH"7t 6e ;o7rte se 6H6e7 "7non !reu@
"Hrui Fn6epinire "ere7 uneori 7ni 6e Jie@ ru!H"iuni@ ;iostenii@ post@
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
peerin7M et"A Fntr?o #re;e "Fn6 e:"o;uni"7re7@ inter6i"tu 9i in"4iJi
7"Gion7u fre"#ent 9i 6r7sti".
O67tH "u intro6u"ere7 noior "on"epGii 9i uJ7nGe itur!i"e@ "u; er7
foosire7 1ro%ariului2 "u sute 9i ;ii 6e 1Ave, 3ria###2 9i 1Pater noste
pr7"ti"7re7 6e posturi "u ;iostenii@ "u itur!4ii pHtite@ "u indulgeri
;7i 7es "ee pen7re o67tH pe 7n s7u pe #i7G7 Fntre7!H@ 7poi ;er!ei
Fn "ru"i76e et"@ s?7 7Muns sH se "re76H Fn "4ip 78er7nt "H 7stfeY
i7rtH nu nu;7i pH"7tee tre"ute@ "i 9i "ee #iito7re@ 87 9i "ee str7iY
7e 7tor perso7ne@ 7e "eor 6in pur!7toriu. A""entu 7 Fn"eput sH
punH nu 7tFt pe ini;7 frFntH 9i s;eritH Fn po"HinGH sin"erH 9i re7H@
pe 7"te "7re pot 76u"e s7tisf7"Gii. A97 s?7u nHs"ut in6u!enGee "I>
se "re6e7 "H 76u" ;Fntuire7 prin 87ni s7u prin 7te 7"te e:terne. S?
"<6it 9i e:e"ut7t ;ute 8iseri"i so;ptuo7se@ spit7e@ 9"oi 9i 7te u"rA
i;port7nte pe 87J7 in6u!enGeor. A"este7 er7u 7"or67te ;ereu "u o"
Ji7 fie"Hrui peerin7M@ 67r ;7i 7es 7 "eor 6in 7nii Mu8ii7ri@ "Fn6 #ene
7 Ro;7 sute 6e ;ii 6e o7;eni 6in Fntre7!7 u;e "7toi"H. Putere7
iert7re 7 unor in6u!enGe se "7"u7 "u ;iie 6e 7ni. .HrH Fn6oi7H
7"e7stH Binfe"t7re ;er"7ntiHD tre8ui7 sH fie f7t7H Biseri"ii 7puser
&ultul sfin!ilor i7 o ;7re 7;po7re ;7i 7es 6upH "e s?7 e78or
teori7 teJ7uruui 6e ;erite prisosito7re 7e sfinGior. C7noniJHrie reJ7
#7te@ Fn"epFn6 "u 7nu %%5%@ person7 p7pior@ er7u 7tFt "ons7"rHri
nu;ee Biseri"ii Fntre!i@ 67r ;7i 7es festi#itHGi spe"t7"uo7se "u pro"
rori@ 7#o"7Gi@ ;7rtori et"@ 76ese7 e!7te 6e u;es"u epo"ii. D7"H nu
"7noniJ7 6intr?o 67tH@ se pre!Hte7 opini7 pu8i"H prin 8e7tifi"7re. Vi7
sfinGior se popu7riJ7 prin "oe"Gii 6e ;7nus"rise 9i ;7i tFrJiu "Hi
tipHrite $Le!en67 7ure7@ Li8er P7tru;@ P7ssion7e@ Li8er M7rtiru; et"
prin "i"uri Fntre!i $Bi8i7 p7uperu;-@ s7u prin s"en7riJHri te7tr7e sA
repreJentHri 6e ;istere@ Fntr?76e#Hr pine 76ese7 6e 7e!orii 9i Fn#HG
;inte ;or7e@ 67r nu r7re ori presHr7te 6e u9urHtHGi 9i 6e9ertH"iu=
o;ene9ti. D7"H Fn #e7"urie 0I)?0III sfinGii er7u u7Gi "7 p7troni
GHrior@ or79eor 9i 8iseri"ior@ Fn s"4i;8 Fn se"oee 0IV)0VI se o8sen
o 7titu6ine in6i#i6u7istH 9i 6e e:po7t7re 7 ;iMo7"eor 47ri"e Fn foK
person7@ e!oist 9i pentru ferire7 6e ne"7Juri 9i 8oi. Toto67tH@ se e:A
!er7 cultul moa"telor, 6in "7re unii prinGi nu;Hr7u "u ;iie. Fntre e
se nu;Hr7u 9i o8ie"te in#ent7te = 8u"HGi 6in ru!u 7rJFn6 7 ui Mois
6in toi7!u ui A7ron@ 6in iese7 6in Betee;@ 8u"HGi 6e 7GH "u "7re
"usut M7i"7 Do;nuui et".
MutH #F#H 7 stFrnit 7titu6ine7 Biseri"ii f7GH 6e #rHMitoriie 9i "r<
6intee o"ute = 7stroo!ie@ "4iro;7nGie@ ne"ro;7nGie@ 7;uete et"@ fo7riM
rHspFn6ite Fn E#u ;e6iu. Biseri"7 7puse7nH 7 "on67;n7t 76eseori 7ss
;ene7 "re6inGe 9i Fn %(+( 7 pu8i"7t 9i un ;7nu7 spe"i7 pentru "or
87tere7 7"estor t7re pH!Fne9ti ,13aleus maleficarum2 9i 8u7 p7p7M
1=ummis desiderantes''0, i7r Ino"enGiu 7 VUI?e7 $%(+()%(*,- 7 "eri
unor "7r6in7i e:e"ut7re7 6e ;isiuni@ "7re s?7 fH"ut "u fo7rte ;7re #F4
9i 76ese7 "u "ruJi;e.
Cre9tinHt7te7 7puse7nH 7 "unos"ut Fn E#u ;e6iu ;ute fi!uri "re9
tine #ener78ie@ "u #i7GH 6e re7H sfinGenie@ 67r 9i o su;e6enie 6e e:"ese
6e !rosoHnii@ 6e "ruJi;i@ 6e i;or7itHGi?9i 6e f7n7tis;. AHturi 6e Mert
A PATRA
Reni"i7 9i "urHGeni7 unor peerini s7u 7 unor "7#7eri 6e Fn7t ni#e
Tior7@ E#u ;e6iu e pin 6e M7furi@ "ri;e 9i 6e 7#enturi i;or7e "7re@
iire9te@ nu pot fi Fn"76r7te Fn "re9tinis;@ 67r se foose7u 6e "re9tinis;.
E 6rept "H Fn"H 6e 7 pe"7re7 Fn pri;7 "ru"i76H $%&*L)%&**- s?7u
ntro6us ;Hsuri 6e e6u"7Gie 7 ;or7#urior 9i 6e proteM7re 7 "eor s78i.
J Treuga 8el2 s7u 1armisti!iul sfnt2 7 fost ;ut pre6i"7t = Fn Jiee 6e
nier"uri se7r7 pFnH uni 6i;ine7G7@ pre"u; 9i Fn post@ 7 P79ti@ 7
hH"iun@ ni;eni n?7#e7 #oie se# i7 7r;7@ sH upte s7u sH se rHJ8une.
Utfe tre8ui7 sH suporte e:"o;uni"7re7 s7u inter6i"tu $76i"H inter6i"Gi7
Arin "7re ni;eni n?7#e7 #oie sH #or8e7s"H "u "e pe6epsit 7stfe-.
Unee 6in B78"eseeD E#uui ;e6iu er7u instru;entee 6e torturH =
pFnJurHto7re7 7 6ru;u ;7re@ stFpu ru9inii Fn pi7GH s7u Fn f7G7 8ise?
ieii 9i te;niG7.
SFnt "unos"ute e:"esee 7ntise;ite 6in ti;pu "ru"i76eor $*&& e#rei
"i9i Fn MeinJ Fn "ru"i767 I-@ "ruJi;ie "u "7re se tr7t7u "ei 7"uJ7Gi 6e
rHMitorii s7u 6e ereJii@ 7 "7re se Fn!o87u@ Fn"epFn6 6in se"ou 7
IIII?e7@ 6esfr<u 9i so6o;i7. $Din 7"este7 6e6u"e; rit 6e 76Fn" 6e?
IJutH er7 so"iet7te7 7puse7nH Fn 7"ee #re;uri-.
S?7 s"ris ;ut Fn e!HturH "u B7;ur!u E#uui ;e6iuD@ 797 "u; F
"6e7@ 6e e:e;pu@ un \. /uiJin!7@ Fn 6oru 6upH o #i7GH ;7i fru;o7sH
;7i pH"utH pentru "H@ BFn spiritu unei e#7#ii 87J7tH pe "riterii 6e
hr;H ori 6e "7ntit7te@ se Fn!H6ui7u o;uui stiiJHri ori"Ft 6e i8ertine
i 6r7!oste@ Fn "F9ti! #en7@ Fntr?o #i7GH "o;o6HD. Pe 7 %(&, un s"riitor
A renu;e "7 \e7n C4. Gerson $%2L,)%(,*-@ ;e;8ru 7 Uni#ersitHGii
n P7ris@ porne7 upt7 6es"4isH F;potri#7 ;o6uui 6e #i7GH@ 797 "u;
nese 6in BLe Ro;7n 6e 7 RoseD@ "ee8ru B"7te4is; "7#7eres" 7
;9tiinGei pe"7te spre tr7nJ7"Gii 6e ori"e feD@ B"iu;H 9i iJ#or 7 to7tH
;or7it7te7D. L7i"iJ7re7@ fri#oit7te7@ FntFnire7 Fn 7"e79i "7r7"ter 7
HsHturior "eei ;7i 478otni"e e#7#ii "u poft7 ne8unH 6upH u:@ 6upH
7"eri neper;ise@ 797 "u; ne 7;intes" 6e pi6H #i7G7 6u"eui 6e Bur?
in6i7@ .iip "e Bun $%(%*)%(L*-@ ori 7 s"riitoruui B"ru"i7tD .iip 6e
eJieres $f %(&'-@ s7u "u; 7u fost "7Jurie@ "7re 7u pro#o"7t 7tFt7 s"7n?
.%@ 7e Bp7pior Ren79teriiD 6intre %('')%',%@ to7te 7"este7 ne f7" sH
Gee!e; "H@ 67"H Refor;7 n?7 putut fi fH"utH 6e Biseri"7 FnsH9i@ e7
ur;7 sH fie re7iJ7tH i;p7"78i 6e refor;7tori "7re@ 6in neferi"ire@
i se #or ;uGu;i nu;7i "u p7nuri utopi"e "7 S7#on7roF7 $f %(*+-
u "7 B4u;ii7GiiD 6in E#u ;e6iu@ "i #or rHsturn7 u"rurie "o;pet@
pFn6 6e Biseri"H ;uGi;i nenu;Hr7te 6e "re9tini 9i 6u"Fn6u?e spre
I;e 6in "e Fn "e ;7i prof7ne 9i ;7i i8er7e@ pFnH 7 6iu7re7 "re9?
is;uui spre 6es"re9tin7re. M7teri7is;u 9i 4e6onis;u puserH stH?
Fire tot ;7i 6epin pe e#7#i7 "oe"ti#H.
In 7"este F;preMurHri@ Fntr?o epo"H 6e tr7nsfor;Hri u;7niste 7tFt
puterni"e@ nu?i 6e ;ir7re "H?9i fH"use 6ru; i6ee7 "H u"rurie nu
ii pute7u "ontinu7 7stfe 9i@ pentru 7 se Fn6rept7@ er7 ne"es7rH o
ctunH puterni"H "7re sH treJe7s"H Biseri"7 9i s?o opre7s"H 6e 7 o
str<;7re tot ;7i 6urero7sH. i 7"e7st7 7 #enit su8 "4ipu Refor;ei -
test7nte.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
BI BL I OGRA. I E I
\. D7n#iier@ 4istoire et institution des Eglises orientales au mo'en <!e@ LoM
6res@ %*+2A /7ns?Geor! Be"P@ >esc?ic?te der (rt?odo)en Qirc?e im b'%anlinisc?ii
Reic?, Gottin!en@ %*+&A E. Ti;i76is@ He monac?isme ort?odo)e, P7ris@ %*+%.
P7u Le;ere@ He monde de +'%ance# 4istoire et instiiutions, Lon6on@ %*5T
\ Goui7r6@ Etude sur Ia vie religieuse +'%ance, P7ris@ %*5' 9i %*+%A D. A. b
P3tinos@ +'%ance, Etat, societe, economie# Pref7"e p7r /eene A4n#eier@ Lon6o
%*52A Ste#en .Run"i;7n@ T?e last b'%antine Reiiaissance, C7;8ri6!e@ %*5&A i6ei
T?e >rcat &?uic? in captivit'# A slud' oU t?e Patriarc?ate of &onstantinople Iro
tLe eve oi t?e turLis? conOucst to t?e greeL Nar ol independcnce, C7;8ri6!e@ %*L>
L. Bou3 er@ Ha spiritualite ort?odo)e of Ia spiritualite protestante et anglicane, P7ri
%*L' A tr76. en!eJH@ Lon6on@ %*L* A L. Bou3er@ \. Le"er"C@ .r. V7n6en8rou"Pe@ 4i
toire de Ia spiritualite c?retienne# II# Ha spiritualite au 3o'en Age, P7ris@ %*L%
\7"Cues Le Goff@ &ivili%a!ia (ccidentului 3edieval, tr76. 9i note 6e MHri7 /o87
Bu"ure9ti@ %*5&. Re"enJie Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00IV $%*5,-@ nr. p
,L'),5&A I6e;@ Pour un autre 3o'en Age# Tcmps, travail et culture en (cc
dent, P7ris@ %*55A G. _7ten@ Ha vie Ouotidienne +'%ance au siecle des &omnen
$%&2%)%%+&-@ P7ris@ %*LLA G. Ri"47r6@ (rient et (ccident au 3o'en Age# &oniac
et relations ,PII6PA s#0, Lon6on@ %*5LA \. /7us4err@ 4es'c?asme et priere, Ro;
%*LL.
P7u E#6oPi;o#@ Hes ges de la vie spirituelle, P7ris@ Lit4ieeu:@ %*L% A Lou
Bre4ier@ Ie monde b'%antin, t. II@ III@ P7ris@ %*'&A i6e;@ HEEglise et IE(rient a
3o'en Age, P7ris@ %*,+A i6e;@ 3nnuel dEart b'%antin, ,@ #oi.@ P7ris@ 19%+)19%7
P4. OonPoues@ V]e et civilisaiion b'%antines, 5 #oi. At4enes@ %*(+)%*'& A E. E4r47n
8ie ?omiletisc?e Hiteratur der griec?isc?en Qirc?e, 2 #oi.@ Berin@ %*(%)?%*('
\. /onsteiner@ D]e Qirc?e im Ringen um die c?ristlic?e >emeinsc?ait ,-/)5' Ka?r#
.rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*(&.
N. Ior!7@ 4istoire de la vie b'%antine, #oi. I)III@ Bu"7rest@ %*2(A Tr76. F
ro;<ne9te 6e MHri7 /o87n@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(.
C4. Die4@ I7 societe b'%antine lEepoOue des &omnene, P7ris@ %*,*.
In limba romn <
Pr. prof. Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@ Istoria +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, #oi. I@ Bu"ure9t
%*+&@ p. ,2()2+*A Teo6or M. Popes"u@ Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e@ prof. G4. StHnes"i
Istoria bisericeasc universal, t. II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L@ p. %,&)%2, A Euse#iu Popo#i6
Istoria bisericeasc universal, tr76. 6e At. Mirones"u@ t. II@ e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,NM
p. %&*)%%5.
+ibliografie pentru istoria Hiturg?iilor rsritene "i apusene <
\.?/. De;7is@ T?e Eastern Hiturgies, Lon6on@ %*L&A i6e;@ 8ie Hiturgie de
(stLirc?en, As"47ffen8ur!@ %*'&A N. Lies@ Ies Hiturgies cat?oliOues orientales
&ommenlaires et sc?emas anal'tiOues avec cartes geograp?iOues, Ro;e@ %*'+
E. A;iot@ 4istoire de la 3esse, P7ris@ %*'L. S. S77#ie@ Hiturgies orientales# Fotion#
genTrales, elements principau), P7ris@ %*2, A N. P7uus@ >esc?ic?te des Ablasses in
3ittelalter, 2 #oi.@ .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*,,)%*,2A A6. .r7nJ@ 8ie 3esse
deutsc?en 3ittelalter, Miin"4en@ %*&,.
In limba romn <
Pr. prof. Ene Br7ni9te@ Hiturgica special pentru Institutele teologice, e6. ,?7
Bu"ure9ti@ %*+'@ "u fo7rte 8unH 8i8io!r7fieA Pr. prof. Petre Vinties"u@ Hiturg?ii?
bi%antine privite istoric n structura 9i rnduiala lor# Bu"ure9ti@ %*(2. Bi8io!r7fie
fo7rte 8unH@ p. %2*)%(2A V. Mitrof7no#i"i@ Hiturgica +isericii ortodo)e# Cursuri
uni#ersit7re preu"r7te 6e T. T7rn7#s"4i 9i 6in nou e6it7te 6e N. Cot7r6u"@ %*,*
I Bi8io!r7fi7 7 fost 7"HtuitH 6e Pr. 2ro0. T. 'odo6a/ >i Pr. 2ro0. I. R5mur/anu.
Cutur7 teoo!i"H Fn RHsHrit.
Scrii.ori din 3/co#/#/ *I*III H
Spre 6eose8ire 6e perio767 pre"e6entH@ 7"u; Fnre!istrH; o 6eJ?
#ot7re ;7i ;7re 7 9tiinGei teoo!i"e. E 76e#Hr7t "H e7 nu?i pre7 ori ?
!in7H@ "i "onstH ;7i ;ut 6in preu"rHri 9i "o;pi7Gii. Totu9i@ pentru
F;preMurHrie !ree prin "7re tre"e7u Biseri"7 8iJ7ntinH 9i "ee7te Bi ?
seri"i orto6o:e@ 7"ti#it7te7 "utur7H 9i teoo!i"H este 6estu 6e re;7r ?
"78iH@ 7tFt 7 !re"ii 8iJ7ntini@ "Ft 9i 7 s7#i 9i ro;<ni@ pre"u; 9i 7 nes?
torieni 9i ;onofiJiGi. C7r7"teru "eor ;7i ;ute u"rHri s"rise Fn 7"e7stH
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BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
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BISEiUCA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
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6i;ir@ Fn Rusi7 septentrion7H@ 7 s"ris ;7i ;ute 8io!r7fii Ji6i?
ie sufet. Pe toGi i?7 Fntre"ut FnsH epis"opu <iri# d/ Turo=?
'-@ #esti t pri n "e e * pre6i "i "Ht re popor@ t rei F n6ru;Hri "Ht re
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
%'5
"Hu!Hri 9i o ;uGi;e 6e ru!H"iuni "7re s?7u pHstr7t. Pentru feuY
i;presion7nt Fn "7re 9ti7 sH pre6i"e@ 7 fost supr7nu;it 14risostomui
Rusiei2# M7i "unos"ut 6e"Ft e este Oiri 7 II?e7@ ;itropoit 6e Oie?#
Fntre %,'&).%,+&@ #estit prin "ue!erie 6e "7no7ne 9i prin "o6ifi"7re"
or 7 sino6u 6in %,5( 6e 7 V76i;ir@ Fn "7re se 6efiniti#e7JH@ pentru
pri;7 o7rH@ 1Qorrnceaia Qniga2# E7 "uprin6e pre#e6eri "ontr7 si;oniei
7 #Frstei pre7 tinere?7 4irotonit@ 7 8oteJuui sH#Fr9it 7tfe 6e"Ft prir
Fntreit7 "ufun67re@ pre"u; 9i 6espre suMire7 "ore"tH 7 Litur!4iei@ 7poA
"ontr7 8eGiioi3 9i 7 unor o8i"eiuri pH!Fne "7re se ;7i pHstr7u "u o"7Jie
unor sHr8Htori et". Ate u"rHri = ]ntrebrile episcopului T?eognost i
=rai, 6in %,5L@ 1&tre patriar?ul de &onstantinopol2, Fn e!HturH "u
pro8e;e 6e ritu7 pri#in6 8oteJu p7!inior 9i ereti"ior@ postu@ r7port7
epis"opiior"u ;inHstirie et".
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!orie 7 I0?e7 $%,,5)%,(%-@ "Htre Be7 7 IV?e7 $%,2')%,5&- re!ee
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9i "7p78ie sH "on#ert e7s"H 9i popo7re e Fn#e"i n7t e 7 Ort o6o:i eA
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6e pi6H 7 6iet7 6in Bu67@ 7 %,5*.
CFt 6espre Biseri"ie ne"7"e6onene tre8uie sH po;eni; "H@ Fn
"iu67 suferinGeor pro#enite 6in "7uJ7 ;74o;e67nior 9i "ru"i7Gior@
Fn6eose8i Biseri"7 Ar;e7nH 9i?7 7#ut repreJent7nGi 6e frunte Fn #i7tf
teoo!i"H@ 6e pi6H "ei 6oi Nerses@ unu "7toi"os 6e Ro;o74 Fn Ci?
i"i7 $E %%52-@ "7re ne?7 Hs7t o e:punere 6e "re6inGH 7 Biseri"ii Ar ?
;ene@ un poe; rei!ios@ BIisus .iuD A 7 6oie7 Nerses@ epis"op 6e
T7rs@ 7 s"iis ;7i ;ute tr7t7te 6o!;7ti"o?poe;i"e. i Fn Biseri"7 i7?
"o8iGior sirieni 7#e; 6o!;7ti9ti 9i istori"i 6e #7JH "7 = Dionisie B7r?
S7i8i $f %%5%- 9i Gri!orie A8uF7r7!iu $f %,+L-@ i7r Fntre nestorieni=
476ei se 6istin!e E8e6?Iesu $f %2%+-@ 7"ti# Fn to7te tHrF;urie teoo!iei
Fn"4ein6@ pute; spune "H #e7"urie 0I)0III n?7u fost ipsite 6e
"uturH teoo!i"H@ operee 9i 7utorii or 7;intiGi ;7i sus fiin6 !rHito7re
Fn 7"est sens.
B I B L I O G R A . I E I
/7ns?G"or! Be"P@ >esc?ic?te der (rt?odo)en Qirc?e im b'%antinisc?en Reicti
Gottin!en@ %*+&A I6e;@ Qirc?e und t?eologisc?e Hiteratur im b'%antinisc?en Rcic?
Miin"4en@ %*'*A P7u Le;ere@ Ie monde de +'%ance# 4istoire et institutions, Lon
6on@ %*5+A G. Po6sP7sP3@ T?eologie und P?ilosop?ie in +'%an%, Miin"4en@ %*55
\. Goui7r6@ Etude sur la vie religieuse B3J7n"e@ P7ris@ %*5' 9i %*+% A An6n
Guiou@ i#a civilisation b'%antine, P7ris@ %*5( A \. Me3en6orff@ Initiation Ia t?eolo
gie b'%antine, P7ris@ %*5'.
I6e;@ +'%antine t?eologie, Ne` lorP@ %*5(A /. _. /7ussi!]A 4istor' oi BV '#antine
&ivilisation, Lon6on@ %*5(.
I6e;@ Qulturgesc?ic?te #on +'%an%, Stutt!7rt@ %*'* A A. P. O7s467n@ B3J7nJ unt
seine Qultur, Berin@ %*52 A L. Bou3er@ \. Le"er"C@ .r. V7n6en8rou"Pe@ 4istoire de ?
spiritualite c?rctienne, II# Ha spiritualite au 3oven Age, P7ris %*L% A I6e;@ +'%aniini
Hiterature, n 1T?e &ambridge 3edieval 4istor'2, t. IV@ ,@ C7;8ri6!e@ %*L5A /er
8"?rt /un!er@ Reic? der neuen 3Gle# 8er c?ristlic?e >eist in der ?'%antinisc?ei
Z Bi8io!r7fi7 7 fost 7"HtuitH 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;urennu
tur, Gr7J?_ien?Oon@ %*''@ p. 2'')2L*A I6e;@ +'%antinisc?e >eistes)velt von
istaEntin der >rosse bis %um Fall Qonstantinopels, B76en?B76en@ %*'+A 8ie b'%an$
sc?e Hiteratur, n 18ie Hiteraturen der Melt2, biiri"4@ %*L(A P. o7nnou@ &?rist$
e 3etap?'siL in +'%an%# I# 8ie Illuminationsle?re des 3ic?ael Psellos und
mes Italos $Stu6i7 p7tristi"7 et 83J7ntin7@ 2-@ Ett7@ %*'L.
An6re Mire;8e@ Ha litterature b'%antine, Fn BEn"3"ope6ie 6e 7 Pei76e@
oire 6e Litter7turesD@ t. I.@ P7ris@ %*''@ p. L*5)5'& A En6re #on I#7nP7@ +'%anti$
?e >esc?ic?tssc?reiber, Gr7J?_ien?Oon@ %*'(A. B. T7t7Pis@ Ha p?ilosop?ie b'$
ine, P7ris@ %*(*A R. C7nt7re7@ Poeii bi%antini, / #oi.@ Mi7no@ %*(+A C47res
ti. Ha pensee b'%antine et le mouvement des idees, Fn 1Hes grands probleme de toire
b'%antine2, P7ris@ %*(2@ p. %(&)%(* A Di;itrios B77nos@ Oi foC7#?"i#o 7uScI ?Ih
,=criitori bi%antini0, Aten7@ %*'(.
G. Monte7ti"i@ =toria della letteratura b'%antina, Mi7no@ %*%LA A. Le8e6e#@
! istoric asupra istoriei +isericii bi%antine de la linele sec# al Pl$lea pn la
itatea sec# al PA$lea, Fn i;87 rusH@ Mos"o#7@ %*&*A O7r Oru;87"4er@ >esc?ic?te
b'%antinisc?en Hiteratur# Aon Kustinian bis %um Ende des (stromisc?en Reic?es
?%('2-@ ,?e@ Auf. Mun"4en@ %+*5A
Pentru literatura religioas a bulgarilor "i srbilor <
I. T7rn7;i6is@ EIa)opia %f*i ep!t?:.RS NEp:Ai-7F7s@ T4es7oni"@ %*+,@ p. L()+,.
Re"en?Ahr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CI $%*+2-@ nr. ')L@ p.
?(',A E. Tur6e7nu@ I7 litterature slave en +ulgarie au 3o'en ge, P7ris@ %*(LA
t7f7riP@ >esc?ic?te der siid$slavisc?en Hiteratur, t. III@ _ien@ %+LL.
Pentru literatura religioas rus#
/.?D. Dop;7nn@ 8ie Russisc?e (rt?odo)e Qirc?e in >esc?ic?te und >egenNart,
Auf7!e@ Berin@ %*+%A M. L7r7n et \. S7uss73@ Ha Russie ancienne, P7ris@ %*5'A
fiei67s@ Istoria +isericii ruse, Fn i;87 !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*L5. N. be;o#@ T?e
Eans and t?eir &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*L(A A. M. A;7nn@ (stslavisc?e Qirc?en$
uc?te, _ien@ %*'&.
In limba romn#
N. er87n?T7n79o"7@ Hiteratura +i%an!ului, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5% A Pr. prof. M. e?
8espre teologia postpatristic, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0I $%*LL-@ nr. ()L@
*),**A N. Ior!7@ 4istoire de la vie b'%antine, #oi. I)III@ Bu"7rest@ %*2(@ Tr76.
6e MHri7 /o87n@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(A T. M. Popes"u@ Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e@ G4.
seu@ Istoria bisericeasc universal, t. II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L@ p. %2,)%(% A Euse#iu
rid, Istoria bisericeasc universal, Tr76. 6e At. Mirones"u@ t. II@ Bu"ure9ti@
p. %+&)%*,.
Cutur7 teoo!i"H In RHsHrit.
S"riitori 6in se". 0IV)0V I
De9i strF;tor7t Fn Asi7 tot ;7i ;ut 6e tur"i@ i7r Fn B7"7ni 6e
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itiei P<eoo!ior $%,L%)%,+,- o ;i9"7re "utur7H fo7rte
Fnfori?T@ pe "7re 7 tr7ns;is?o 7poi 9i "eor7te st7te 9i Biseri"i
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6e n7turH poiti"H@ H 9i rei!io7sH@ spre 7 nu ;7i #or8i 6e
"7t7"is;ee 6e pe 7 ;iM?se". 7 0V?e7 = "iu;H@ "utre;ure 9i
7tee. Cu to7te 7"este7@ 6e9i ns teritori7 9i ;iit7r@ Fn7inte 6e 7
su"o;87@ BiJ7nGu 9i?7 ;7i i7t o 67tH to7te puterie s7e@ "u;
se e:pri;H 8iJ7ntinoo!u sJ C4. Die4@ spre 7 ;7i 7run"7 o
uti;H strHu"ire peste Fntre7?
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. Prof. Teo6or Bo6o!7e.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V %'*
!7 u;e. A; pute7 spune "4i7r "H epo"7 7"e7st7 6epH9e9te pe "ee
7nterio7re@ 67"H Gine; se7;7 "H BiJ7nGu 9i?7 "re7t 7"u; fii7e "u ?
tur7e 9i 7rtisti"e 7tFt 6e i;port7nte "7 = T4es7oni"u@ At4osu@ Mis?
tr7 9i Tr7peJuntu@ "7 9i tot 7tFte7 fo"7re 6e u;inH Fn st7tee sFr8@
8u!7r@ ro;<n 9i rus.
L7 Uni#ersit7te7 6in BiJ7nG@ reFnfiinG7tH 6e Mi47i VIII P7eoo!u
$%,L%)%,+,- ) in6iferent 67"H 7u fost "ursuri pu8i"e ori p7rti"u7re )
#ene7u tineri "4i7r 9i 6in It7i7@ nu nu;7i 6in Gre"i7@ Cipru@ Asi7 Mi"H
9i B7"7ni. .ioo!i7 pre67tH 6e profesori "7 M7:i; P7nu6is $%,''?
%22,-@ M7nue Mos"iiopuos $se". 0III)0IV-@ De;etrios TriPinios
$se". 0IV- 9i ;7i 7es Teo6or Meto"4ites $%,2,)%22,-@ er7 Fntre"utH
6o7r 6e fiosofi7 p7toni"H 9i 7rtistotei"H pre67tH 6e ;7rii "u!etHtori 9i
"o;ent7tori NiPiFpp?GTi!or7s $f %2L+-@ G4eor!4e G4e;istos Pet4on
$f %(',-@ G4eor!4e $G4en76ie- S"4o7rios $%25,- 9i 6e ;itropoitu Vis7?
rion 7F Ni"eei $fi%(5,-@ toGi trei 6in se". 7 0V?e7@ pri;u p7toniJ7nt@
"ei7Gi 6oi 7risFoteiJ7nGi. Retori"7 ee!7ntH 9i 6re7sH "u s7re7 7tti"H
se "uti#H 7tFt Fn G7rH "Ft 9i Fu strHinHt7te@ un6e se tri;ite7u ;7nus"ri se
6in "7si"ii eini. V7 rH;Fne un7 6in !oriie nepierito7re pentru
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u;7nis;u it7i7n@ "utur7 "7si"H 7 7nti"4itHGii ) "7re ni"io67tH n?7
fost FntreruptH Fn BiJ7nG ) 9i Fn !enere@ "e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte 6in Jes ?
tre7 "uturii "re9tine "u for;ee ei 6e #i7GH ;utipe = 7rtisti"H@ 9tiin?
Gifi"H et". Istori"ii prof7ni ne FnfHGi9e7JH frH;FntHrie poiti"e 7e "eor
6ouH p7rti6e = 7rtisto"r7t 9i 6e;o"r7t@ ;uGi;e7 s"4i;8urior "o;er ?
"i7e "u or79ee it7iene@ s7u "HsHtoriie 9i "HHtoriie 6upH 7Mutor 7pu?
se7n 7e uti;ior F;pHr7Gi 8iJ7ntini. Fn sfFr9it@ isi47s;u@ poiti"7 unio?
nistH 9i ren79tere7 7rtisti"H 7tFt 6e Fnforito7re #or u;pe "ee 6ouH
#e7"uri "u tot 7tFGi7 Fn#HG7Gi 9i opere rH;7se ne;urito7re. Nu e o"u
sH stHrui; 7supr7 stu6iior 6e ;e6i"inH@ 6e fiosofie@ 6e ;7te;7ti"H
9i 6e 7strono;ie. Istori"u Gieor!4e APropoitu $%,%5)%,+,- "uno9?
te7 "7uJee e"ipseor@ i7r Ni"4ifor Gri!or7s fH"use p7nu 6e Fn6rep?
t7re 7 "7en67ruui "u ,&& 6e 7ni Fn7inte7 p7pei Gri!orie 7 0/I?e<
$%'5,)%'+'-@ 6upH "u; nu #o; insist7 ni"i 7supr7 stu6iior 6e 9tiinGe
prof7ne@ poeJie@ 6r7;H@ ro;7n@ "er"et7te "u 7tFt7 p7siune Fn uti;ee
6e"enii.
In !ener7@ se po7te spune "H BiJ7nGu 7 fost@ Fn tot "ursu E#uui
;e6iu@ "e ;7i "ut 6intre st7te@ "u #i7G7 "it76inH 9i "utur7H "e7 ;7i
pro!resistH. BHie@ spit7ee@ fineGe7 ;7niereor@ 7rt7 9i ni#eu 6is"u?
Giior fiosofi"e 9i teoo!i"e 6epH9e7u tot "e er7 pe 7tun"i ;i9"7re "u ?
tur7H Fn 7te GHri. CH pFnH 9i Fn pr7!u 7!oniei s7e poiti"e #i7G7 8i ?
J7ntinH er7 6o;in7tH Fn6eose8i 6e p7siune7 rei!io7sH ) Fn "7re p7r?
"H se refu!i7@ ;Fn!Fin6u?se@ to7tH "on9tiinG7 unui popor "u tre"ut 7tFt
6e #ener78i ) e 76e#Hr7t@ 6upH "u; e 76e#Hr7t 9i f7ptu "H totu er7
su8or6on7t teoo!iei 9i poe;i"ii@ "4i7r poiti"u 9i e"ono;i"u. Pe"e?
te7 "uturii 8iJ7ntine se #e6e Fn Fntre7!7 6eJ#ot7re uterio7rH 7 Apu?
suui 9i ;7i 7es 7 st7teor orto6o:e@ un6e spiritu 7"estei "uturi 6Hi ?
nuie pFnH 7Ji. Ur;79ee BiJ7nGuui 7u 7Muns 9i ee 7 Fnforire ne"u?
nos"utH pFnH 7tun"i.
\A A .AIOA
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nt7"uJino $%2(%)%2''-@ pri;u "u tr7t7te 6espre Fn#HGHtur7 is7;u?
"u#FntHri 9i epistoe@ "eH7t "u 1Istoria2 s7 7tFt 6e 8o!7tH Fn 67te
spre isi47s;@ ori@ Fn fine@ "7 fiu sHu M7Fei C7nf7"uJino@ 7Muns "7
A7tH sHu Fn "4iiie unei ;FnHstiri 7t4onite.
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r7;uri 7e "uturii teoo!i"e 8iJ7ntine 7e se". 7 0V?e7 9i 7 0V?
M7i ;ut 7u fost "uti#7te s"rierie istori"e@ 6o!;7ti"o?poe;i"e@ i?
!i"e 9i Muri6i"e@ ;7i puGin "ee e:e!eti"e.
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ui NiPifor <a#i3. *an.o2o# $se". 0IV-@ "7re 7 trHit "7 ;on74 Fn Con?
ntinopo Fntre %,L')%22' 9i "7re 7 "on"eput o Istorie a +isericii de
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6e CeJ7ree7 2(&- 9i 6e ur;79ii sHi. Sin!ur7 #7o7re 7 BIstorieiD ui este
;uGi;e7 infor;7Gii@ 76eseori e!en67re@ pe "7re e e:pune fHrH
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9i p7tri7r4i@ Zi 6iferite i;ne@ epi!r7;e 9i p7r7fr7Je 7 Sf. S"ripturH 9i
7 #e"4e7 o!r7fie 8iseri"e7s"H@ pre"u; 9i o BVi7GHD #ersifi"7tH 7 Sf.
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"eei iri"e9ti 9i teoo!i"e.
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6u"7Gie 7e7sH 6in p7rte7 un"4iuui sHu@ ;itropoitu o7n@ 67r ;7i
6e !riM7 pHrinte7s"H "e i?7 purt7t?o Fn#HG7tu p7tri7r4 o7n 7 0VIII?
G3P3s $%2%')%2%*- 9i 6e 9tiinG7 8o!7tH 7 profesoruui Teo6or Me?
Fites $%,5&)%22,- "u 7i "Hrui "opii stu6i7 pe "7si"i 9i 7strono;i7@
F!Fn6 "4i7r sH preJinte F;pHr7tuui An6roni" 7 II?e7 P7eoo!u
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e Fnsu9i profesor@ fH"Fn6u?se "ee8ru Fn6eose8i prin 6isput7 6in t
Fn "7re 6e;7s"H pe "Hu!Hru V7r77; 6e C778ri7 $f %2'&-@ "7re
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6e unire "u Ro;7@ F f7" sH?9i pi7r6H totu 9i sH 7Mun!H I7 ;inHstire@
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sofie@ poeJii@ 6is"ursuri@ 8io!r7fii@ s"rieri 7strono;i"e@ retori"e@ !r7;7ti"H
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"orespon6enGH@ pinH 6e infor;7Gii@ pentru "uno79tere7 #e7"uui 0IV.
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s7u 6e ri#7it7te f7GH 6e opiniie ui. De 7"ee7@ pe Fn!H to7tH 8o!HGi7 6e
infor;7Gii 9i ee!7nG7 retori"H 7 s"risuui@ BIstori7D ui NiPifor Gri!or7s
tre8uie foositH "u pre"7uGie.
8m25ra.u# Ioan Can.acu-ino. Pe NiPifor Gri!or7s %?7 Fntre"ut
Ioan &antacu%ino, F;pHr7tu "7re s?7 pus Fn frunte7 p7rti6uui n7Gion7?
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"u "riJee ui 7tFt 6e ;7ri Fn istori7 BiJ7nGuui. Cres"ut 9i 7propi7t "7
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7"Giunie s7e. Unii N istori"i 7se7;HnH oper7 ui "u 7 ui Iuiu C7es7r
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e 7 ;iMo"u #e7"uui 7 0V?e7.
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"i e?7 preJis "H6ere7@ 9i "ontr7 7tinior@ pe "7re Fi "o;87te pentru
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6it fo7rte ;ut Fn B7"7ni-@ 1nv!turile Avei 8orotei2, i7r ;on74u
Gri!orie "o;pune Fn At4os 1Aia!a "i minunile cuviosului Romii2, 7 "Hrui
u"eni" 7 fost. CHu!Hri 7noni;i tr76u" 9i rHsp<n6es" ps7tiri@ p7teri "e@
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ui 6e Const7ntinopo .iotei@ Fn"H 6e pe "Fn6 er7 "Hu!Hr Fn Per7@ 7poi
1Hiturg?ia =fntului Iacob2, Hiturg?ierul, Evang?eliarul 9i Apostolul
tr76use 9i Fn6rept7te@ cuvntri la =fin!ii &onstantin "i Elena, 7 Intra$
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1Aia!a2 lui Eftimie de Trnovo ne?7 Hs7t?o s"risH Gri!orie E7;87"@ Fntre
%(%')%(%*@ ;itropoitu Oie#uui@ ;7ree pre6i"7tor 9i 7!4io!r7f "7re
7 ;7i s"ris 9i 1Istoria aducerii moa"telor &uvioasei Parasc?eva =erbia2,
BVi7G7 =fntului Ioan cel Fou2 $s"risH 7 Su"e7#7 Fn %(&%-
A PATRA
ia!a =*ntului &iprian2, un"4iu sHu@ 9i #reo ,& 6e predici, p7rte 6in
Ginute 7 Su"e7#7.
Biseri"7 rusH petre"e #e7"urie 0IV 9i 0V su8 Mu!u !reu 7 7su?
rii tHtHre9ti $%,(&)%(+&-@ f7pt "7re stin!4ere9te ;ut re7Giie "utur7?
teoo!i"e 9i F;pie6i"H 6eJ#ot7re7 unei iter7turi "re9tine Fnforito7re.
Atru!erie 9i M7furie tHtHre9tiN ni;i"es" #e"4ie ;onu;ente 6e "utu?
6in Rusi7 Oie#uui. Do7r /7i"iu 9i _o4ini7 Fn #est@ pre"u; 9i 8ou
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riMi 6e "utur7 teoo!i"H. Se 9tie "H@ spre sfFr9itu se"ouui 7 0III?
prin"ipee V76i;ir 6e /7i"i 6Hruie9te ;7i ;utor 8iseri"i "Fte#7 i
6e "HrGi 6e ritu7@ "ee7 "e er7 o r7rit7te pentru #re;e7 7"ee7@ "Fn6
6in ipsH 6e 4Frtie 9i 6e "opi9ti ) se Fnto";e7u trefoo!ii@ forie!ii@
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"opi9tii ;er!e7u uneori pFnH 7 Const7ntinopo@ "u; fH"e7 pe 7 &
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<n6ire7 6e "HrGi 8iseri"e9ti.
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6e No#!oro6@ sin!uree posi8iitHGi 6e "uti#7re er7u 6o7r suM8ee
ri"e9ti 9i tin67 ;FnHstirior ori 7 epis"opiior@ un6e ;7i rH;HseserH
istruse 6e tHt7ri 8i8iote"i 8o!7te@ 797 "u; 7 fost "e7 6e 7 epis"opi7
Rosto#@ un6e #estitu ;ision7r tef7n 6e Per; $f %2*L- 7 putut 7f7
e "HrGi s7#e 9i !re"e9ti. Operee teoo!i"e 9i s"riitorii ru9i 6in se".
9i 0V nu sFnt pre7 ;ute 9i ni"i pre7 ori!in7e. Le!Hturie "u "en?
%
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eori Fn peerin7M@ ;enGine7u totu9i pe ;uGi Fn "ont7"t "u "7rte7. Ce
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f7GH 6e "re6inG7 orto6o:H@ pe 7tun"i !reu Fn"er"7tH@ pentru "7re #H?
"neMi@ "Hu!Hri 9i o7;eni si;pi fH"e7u totu.
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;i.ro2o#i.u# Ae:ei$%2'()%25+- tr76u"e 6in !re"e9te Foul Testament
6e pe "Fn6 se 7f7 7 Const7ntinopo pentru 4irotonie@ u"r7re 6e
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infuenG7 re67"Giior sFr8o?8u!7re. i ur;79u sHu@ mi.ro2o#i.u#
an $?M? %(&L-@ s?7 o"up7t "u tr76u"eri 8i8i"e@ 6Fn6u?ne o ;inun7tH
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i!H 6upH re67"Giuni 7pusene.
i nu;ero7se sFnt FnsH u"rHrie o;ieti"e@ en"i"i"e 9i pre6i"i
se s7u preu"r7te 6upH "oe"Gii 8u!7re s7u 6upH "7tene !re"e9ti.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
Din en"i"i"ee ;7i i;port7nte@ pe "7re o8i9nui7u sH e tri;itH ;itrop"
iGii 7 ur"7re7 or Fn s"7une@ po;eni; un7 7 ;itropoituui Petru SfFr
tu@ ;ort 7 %2,L@ Fn "7re "ere preoGior #H6u#i sH nu ;7i suMe7s"H F
8iseri"i@ "i sH intre Fn ;FnHstiri@ pr7"ti"H 7sprH rH;7sH Fn #i!o7re pFn
7 ;iMo"u se". 7 0VII?e7. De 7 ;itropoitu Ae:ei SfFntu $%2'(?
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7 pros"o;i6ie@ 7 ierur!ii 9i 7 7te suM8e. Fntru"Ft Rusi7 su6i"H pri;e9
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tre8Hri 9i rHspunsuri #7 "Hut7 sH pre"iJeJe 9i sH unifor;iJeJe 6iferiteiI
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;itropoitu C4irii 7 II?e7 $%,'&)%,+&-@ pro8e;e 6e "7re se #or e!A
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"7re #or pro6u"e ;7re pier6ere Fn Biseri"7 rusH. Fn %2&%@ epis"opu
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teJ@ ;on74is; 9i Fn;or;Fnt7re. M7i tFrJiu@ Sf. Cipri7n $%2LL)%(&L-
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;oni7 Fn"onMurHrii Biseri"ii tre8uie sH ur;eJe "ursu so7reui@ ori "ontr7
ui. V7sie@ epis"opu Ro;7nuui 6in Mo6o#7 $%(L()%'&&-@ 7 67i
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rHspuns ;7reui "ne7J 7 Mos"o#ei@ I#7n 7 III?e7 $%(L,)%'&'- "H@ 1n
e!e7 !re"e7s"H $Q orto6o:H-@ ni;i" nu se f7"e Fn sfFnt7 8iseri"H 6upH
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u"r7re "e se sH#Fr9e9te Fn sfFnt7 8iseri"H@ to7te se f7" F;potri#7 ;ersu ?
ui so7reuiD.
PERIOADA A PATRA
Din iter7tur7 istori"H 7 epo"ii po;eni; Fn6eose8i "roni"ie 6e Sus?
t 9i 6e Vo4ini7@ "7re 67u ;ut ;7teri7 nu nu;7i 8iseri"es" 9i poiti"@
"unos" 9i pe B/o;er 9i 7Gi 67s"Hi #e"4iD. Dintre B#ieGie 6e sfinGiD@
"ui 6e frunte F o"upH BVi7G7 Si;Guui Ser!4ie 6e R76oneMD@ 8o!7t
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Ar;@ 7;8ee s"rise 6e "Hu!Hru Epif7nie@ u"eni" 7 ui Ser!4ie@ "7re
?7 Hs7t 9i o fru;o7sH 6es"riere 7 peerin7Muui 7 Ierus7i;.
3onumentele literare "i artistice romne"ti 6in7inte 6e 7nii %'&&
in Fn u;inH "ontri8uGi7 "utur7H 9i 7rtisti"H 7 poporuui ro;<n 9i 7
or7te popo7re orto6o:e 6in Mur. L7 Fn"eputu se". 0IV@ Fntre "ei
re se entuJi7s;7u Fn Muru TFrno#ei 9i 7 P7rori7 Fn ;unGii S7P7r@ Fn?
A6ri7nopo@ 6e Fn6ru;Hrie noii spiritu7itHGi isi47ste 7e SfFntuui
i!orie Sin7itu $f %2(L-@ se 7f7u ;uGi ro;<niA prin Cu=. (icodim
7 Tis;7n7 $f ,L 6e"e;8rie %(&L- se pune7u Fntre8Hri 6e 76Fn"H teo?
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SfFntuui Gri!orie Sin7itu $f %2(L-. A"este te;eiuri ne Fn6reptHGes"
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%'&& 7#e7u Fn7inte7 or tr76iGii 6e #7ori "e puGin e!7e "u 7e "eor?
te popo7re 6in Mur.
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'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *I-*&
C7 #7o7re 7 "uturii europene@ e7 7 fost "o;p7r7tH "u oper7 "oM
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6in Apus.
B I B L I O G R A . I E I
VeJi 8i8io!r7fi7 "7pitouui pre"e6ent 9i ur;Hto7ree u"rHri 9i stu6ii= /7ns?
Geor! Be"P@ T?eodoros 3etoc?ites# 8ie Qrise des b'%antinisc?en _e bilcles im
-B# Ka?r?undert, Miin"4en@ %*,'.
Pentru =i# >rigorie Paianta $%,*L) f %2 noie;8rie %2'*-= \e7n Me3en6or
nitiation la t?eologie b'%antine# HE?istoire et doctrine# Tr76. 6e N7n!"
p7r Anne S7n!76e 7#e" 7 "o78or7tion 6e C. An6roniPof@ P7ris@ %*5A
I6e;@ +'%antine t?eologie, Ne` lorP@ %*5(A I6e;@ +'%antine 4es'c?asme, ?istoi
cal, t?eological and social problem, Lon6on@ 19!A I6e;@ HEorigine de la controver
palamite, Fn BT4eoo!i7D@ ,' $At4enes@ %*'(-@ p. L&,)L2&A I6e;@ Hes debuts de
controverse ?es'c?aste, Fn BB3J7ntionD@ ,2 $%*'2-@ p. +5)%,&A /r. l7nn7r7s@ .
lEabsence et de -Einconnaissance de 8ieu, P7ris@ %*5% A VI. LossP3@ Essai sur la in
logie m'stiOue de lEEglise orientale, P7ris@ %*((. C47p. 1Hes tenebres divinesE
\@ /7us4err@ 4es'c?asme et priere, Ro;e@ %*LLA Ru6of Otto@ 3'stiOue dE(rlent
m'stiOue dE(ccident# 8istinction et unite# Tr76u7tion 6e \e7n Goui7r6@ P7ris@ %*'%
A. StoJ@ T?eologie de la m'stiOue, C4e#eto!ne@ %*2*A R. Gui7n6@ Essai suri N]"i
p?ore >regoras, P7ris@ %*,LA Post$+'%antine ecclesiastical personalities# =tudieEs
=t# FiLodemos t?e 4agiorite 9.7. BrouPine $M7ss.-@ %*5+.
tn limba romn A V
Pr. Prof. D. StHnio7e@ Istoria isi?asmului n (rtodo)ia romn, Fn #oi. Filoa
lia, t. VIII@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5*A I6e;@ Fatur "i ?ar n teologia bi%antin, Fn BOrto6t
:i7D@ 00VI $%*5(-@ 2@ p. 2*,)(2*A I6e;@ Aiata "i nv!tura =tntului >rig(r#
Palama, Si8iu@ %*2+A Pr. Prof. Mi7n es7n@ 8espre teologia postpatristic, Fn BM tropoi7
Ar6e7uuiD@ 0I $%*LL-@ nr. ()L@ p. ,5*),**A Du;itru Di;7@ &ontribu! romneasc
la cuno"tin!a isi?asmului $se". 7 0V?e7-@ Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0V $%*L'-@ nr. *)
%&@ p. '5%)'+&A P. P. P7n7ites"u@ 3anuscrisele slavone din +ibliotec Academiei
Romne, I@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'* A Ficulae &abasila, Di7". Ene Br7ni9te@ E)pl carea =iintei
Hiturg?ii dup Ficolae Qabasila, Bu"ure9ti@ %*(2A Ni"u7e O787siL Tlmcirea
dumne%eie"tii Hiturg?ii, Tr76. 6e Di7". Asist. Ene Br7ni9te@ Bu"ure9i %*(LA
Re"enJie I. Pupe7 RH;ure7nu@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L0VI $%*(+ nr@ %)
,@ p. +&)+(: Ni"u7e O787si7@ 8espre via!a n 4ristos# Tr76u"ere 9i stu6i 6e Pr.
Prof. Teo6or Bo6o!7e@ Si8iu@ %*(L.
I Bi8io!r7fi7 7? fost 7"HtuitH 6e Pr. Prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7;
A PATRA
Cutur7 teoo!i"H Fn Apus Fn se". 0I)0V
S"o7sti"7 9i spiritu7it7te7 ;e6ie#7H I
%. Fn "on6iGii e:terne ;ut ;7i f7#or78ie 6e"Ft Fn Orient@ "u o p7?
87te 9i un "er 6o;in7t 6e spiritu 7spru 7 refor;ei 6e 7 Cun3@
tFrJiu "u uni#ersitHGie 9i "u or6inee s7e "Hu!Hre9ti pre6i"7to7re@
.su F9i 6esfH9o7rH #i7G7 s7 8iseri"e7s"H 9i teoo!i"H "u totu 7tfe
t RHsHritu. D7r "4i7r 67"H 9"oie "7te6r7e 9i ;FnHstire9ti #or fi
ui 6e nu;ero7se@ i7r uni#ersitHGie #or 7Mun!e pFnH 7 %(&& 7 nu?
ni 6e ((@ totu9i Apusu nu 6epH9e9te "utur7 RHsHritu@ "7re #7 "o?
i 9i #7 i;presion7 pe "ru"i7Gi 9i pe ur;79ii or "u spen6orie 9i r7?
nentu unei "uturi 9i 7rte superio7re@ F;pru;utFn6u?e su8 7spe"t -
!i" spe"u7ti# sinteJee ui Io7n D7;7s"4in "7 te;H pentru
BSu?AD ui T4o;7s 6e ACuino@ "Ft 9i pe Dionisie Areop7!itu@ pentru
teo?i "onte;p7ti#H. D7"H 7 %2%%@ sino6u 6in R7#en7 pretin6e7
preo?9i "7noni"ior sH 9tie ;H"7r 7 "iti "Ft 6e "Ft@ ne 6H; se7;7 6e
ips7 ot7H 6e "uturH. Cu to7te 7"este7@ nu;Hru ;7re 7 9"oior 9i
9"o?Dr@ "7 9i or!7niJ7re7 or ;7i pr7"ti"H 6e"Ft Fn Orient@ f7" ;7i
#estite Zior instituGiie "utur7e 9i 8iseri"e9ti 7e Apusuui 6e"Ft 7e
RHsH?ui.
Meto67 6e pre67re er7 "e7 6is"ursi#?r7Gion7H@ 6e"i s"o7sti"H 9i
eti"H. Se "Hut7 e:punere7 siste;7ti"H 9i fiosofi"H 7 "re6inGei@ pe
o!i"ii for;7e 7 ui Aristote $2+()2,, F./r.-. Do!;ee se 6e;on? i
prin sio!is;e. I6ee7 6e or6ine r7Gion7H 9i 6e siste; o!i" tre"e
to7tH 6o!;7ti"7@ ;or77@ 6reptu "7noni"@ 6e"i in"usi# 9i prin or? k
s"oi7H 9i st7t7H 7 Biseri"ii Apusene. Teoo!i7 s"o7sti"H 7 fost
Hn7tH "u "7te6r7ee !oti"e Fn "7re fie"7re 7;Hnunt 7r4ite"toni" 9i
itur7 este Fn 797 fe FnM!4e87t FneFt 7ns7;8u FGi 6H i;presi7 unei
i;ent7e Fn"or6Hri o;ene9ti Fn ur"u9 spre "er. O;u s"o7sti"ii nu
7ste Fn6oiei 9i 78isuri. Pentru e 47ru se supr7pune Fn ;o6 fires"
Wii. Teoo!i7 n7tur7H 7Mun!e 7 "uno79tere7 unitHGii fiinGi7e 7 ui
neJeu 9i 7 ne;uririi sufetuui o;enes"@ i7r un6e nu 7Mun!e o!i"7
htei"H 9i teori7 "uno79terii@ 7"oo supine9te "re6inG7 "u te;eiurie
#e7Gion7e@ !7r7nt7te 6e 7utorit7te7 inf7ii8iH 7 Biseri"ii. Fn6rep?
o;uui ) "7re 9tie "H 47ru nu 6istru!e n7tur7@ "i o "o;pete7JH
f7"e u9or@ prin "re6inGH 9i f7pte. Confor; ;et7fiJi"ii 7ristoteiene@
nii sFnt 6estin7Gi 7 o "on#ieGuire or6on7tH 9i e!7tH prin interese
co"e@ 6e !7r7nt7re7 "Hror7 rHspun6e st7tu@ i7r Fntru"Ft 9tiinG7 o;u?
%
referH Fn ;7re ;HsurH 7 tr7ns"en6enGH@ 6upH "on"epGi7 ;e6ie#7?
seri"7 este 7"ee7 "7re Mustifi"H 9i e:istenG7 st7tuui 9i 7 in6i#i6uui.
% 9i Biseri"7 se r7portH re"ipro"@ "7 r7Giune7 f7GH 6e re#e7Giune@ "7
R f7GH 6e "re6inGH@ "7 n7tur7 f7GH 6e supr7n7turH. N ipi" ;e6ie#7H 9i
strFns e!7tH 6e "on"epGi7 Muri6i"H ro;7nH@ "7re 7;in7ntH 9i Fn
re7Giie 6intre "7#7erii ;e6ie#7i@ este "on"epGi7 6e 7"Gie@
in7u!ur7tH 6e teoo!i7 ui Anse; 6e C7nter8ur3 $%%&*-@ fonu
s"o67sti"ii@ 9i "7re 7 6us ;7i tFrJiu 7 78uJurie in6u!enGeor@
WpFr76 r7portu 6intre Du;neJeu 9i o; "7 pe un r7port 6e 6rept@
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. Prof. T. Bo6o!7e.
O\tL.V?_.L.\.L.E@ A ) R
"7re 7 fost stri"7t 6e "Htre o;@ prin Mi!nire7 76usH 6e e ;7MestHGii 6i#iR
ne@ s?7 !Hsit ne"es7rH ideea satisfac!iei pe "7re sin!ur .iu o po7te 76u?
"e T7tHui 9i "7re sin!urH e:pi"H ;isteru FntrupHrii. MFntuitoru /ris?
tos@ 76u"Fn6 o s7tisf7"Gie ;7i ;7re 6e"Ft se "ere7@ i7r 6upH E 9i sfinGii@
sH#Fr9in6 ;7i ;ute f7pte 8une 6e"Ft "ee "7re i se "ere7u pentru ;Fn?
tuire@ 7#Fn6 B;erite prisosito7reD ) oper7 superero!7tori7 ) s?7 7Muns
7 i6ee7 "H pusu 7"est7 F po7te foosi Biseri"7@ 6Fn6 7tor7 "7re 7#e7u
ne#oie 9i pe "7re Fi 6ese;n7 6upH "riterii "ont78ie. A"e7stH "on"epGie
#7 ne;uGu;i pe ;uGi "re6in"io9i ;e6ie#7i@ fH"Fn6u?i sH Fntreprin6H
;i9"Hri refor;7to7re Fn Biseri"H.
I;7!ine7 7"estei teoo!ii@ tr7nsfor;7te Fn fiosofie 7ristotei"H Fn?
"re9tin7tH@ 797 "u; 7 e:pus?o "e ;7i ;7re teoo! 9i "u!etHtor s"o7sti"@
T4o;7s 6e ACuino $f %,5(-@ s?7 tr7nspus Fn to7tH "onstru"Gi7 teo"r7ti"H
7 Biseri"ii "7toi"e ;e6ie#7e "u to7te ;iMo7"ee ei 6e re7iJ7re 9i "u
to7te peripeGiie 9i re7"Giie peste "7re 7 tre8uit sH tre7"H. Gr7n6iosu 9i
in!eniosu 7"estei #iJiuni pur r7Gion7e 7re Fn sine ;utH 7rtifi"i7it7te.
O;u nu este nu;7i intee"t. an"H Fn 7"e79i #e7"@ Duns S"otus $f %2&+-@
7 6oie7 ;7re !eniu 7 s"o7sti"ii@ nu #7 ;7i pHstr7 unit7te7 9i 7r;oni7
"on"epGiei to;iste 7tun"i "Fn6 #7 7fir;7 "H #oinG7 "7r7"teriJe7JH pe o;
?;7i ;ut 6e"Ft intee"tu. Teoo!i7 nu?i "uno79tere teoreti"H@ "i pr7"ti ?
"H. De 7i"i ;utee "ontro#erse Fntre to;i9ti 9i s"oti9ti. De 7 neFn"re6e re7
Fn r7Giune 7 ui Duns S"otus ;7i er7 un p7s pFnH 7 "e7 7 ui _i? i7;
O""7; ,f %2(5-@ "7re #7 pune "re6inG7 9i r7Giune7 Fntr?un "onfi"t
irep7r78i@ 76e#Hru unei7 putFn6 fi pentru "e77tH ;in"iunH@ s7u un
76e#Hr 6e 7tH n7turH A prin 7"e7st7 unit7te7 "u!etHrii s"o7sti"e s?7
6estrH;7t@ 6iJo#Fn6u?se Fn s"epti"is;@ 7i"is;@ "riti"is;@ n7tur7is;@ tot
7tFte7 7spe"te 7e "i;7tuui 6e "riJH spiritu7H@ "7re prin teori7 6u8uui
76e#Hr 7 76us refor;7 protest7ntH. D7r 76e#Hr7tu pHrinte 7 s"o7sti"ii
este u"eni"u sHu = Anse;@ 7r4iepis"op 6e C7nter8ur3 $f %%&*-@ 7 "Hrui
"u#Fnt 1credo ut intelligam2 e:pi"H Fntre7!7 "on"epGie s"o7sti "H prin
f7ptu "H 7""eptH 7"or6 6epin Fntre 6o!;H 9i r7Giune. De 7 76e#Hru
ne7ter7t 7 6o!;ei pe "7re ni?% Fnsu9i; prin "re6inGH in6is"ut78i H@
"on"4i6e; 7 "on"epGi7 9tiinGifi"?r7Gion7H@ pe "7re o e:pi"H; prin
6e6u"Gii o!i"e Fn to7te 7;Hnuntee 9i pe to7te 7turie ei. A97 7 6e6us
e 6in noGiune7 6e Du;neJeu e:istenG7 Lui@ i7r 6in i6ee7 6e or6ine Mu?
ri6i"H 7 pur"es 7 e:pi"7re7 ;isteruui FntrupHrii@ Fn6eose8i Fn "7rte7
1&ur 8eus ?omo SD $De "e Du;neJeu s?7 fH"ut o; S-.
Meto67 7"e7st7 n?7 fost 7""ept7tH 6e toGi. Ce ;7i ;7re 6i7e"ti ?
"i7n ) Fn "7re ;uGi #H6 pe 76e#Hr7tu Fnte;eietor 7 s"o7sti"ii ) este
Petru Abelard $f %%(,-@ #estitu 67s"H 6e teoo!ie 9i fiosofie 6e pe 6e7u
S7inte Gene#ie#e 6in P7ris@ un6e peste %&.&&& 6e ee#i F 7s"ut7u. Si;?
Gin6 pun"tu s78 7 s"o7sti"ii@ A8e7r6 spune "H tre8uie sH pe"H; in6u"ti#@
6e 7 Fn6oi7H@ "u 7te "u#inte FntFi tre8uie sH FnGee!e; 9i 7poi sH "re ?
6e; ,1intelligo ut credam20# Fn feu 7"est7@ "u!et7re7 ui se tr7nsfor;H
Fn pro8e;7ti"H. In "ee %'+ 6e teJe Bsi" et nonD@ Fn "7re pune f7tH F
f7GH prin"ip7ee pro8e;e fiosofi"o?teoo!i"e 6upH "u; 7p7r eMeNin !ur7
;7rior 67s"Hi "re9tini@ A8e7r6 nu 7t7"H 7utorit7te7@ "i "7utH@ prin n
!7re7 7fir;7Giei@ sH s"o7tH 76e#Hru prin 6is"ernH;Fnt o!i"@#797 "u;
PERIOADA A PATRA
iui7u Muri9tii ti;puui. .ire rei!io7sH@ 67r pre7 Fn"reJut Fn 7 pute7
onstr7 r7Gion7 ori"e 6o!;H@ A8e7r6 7 intro6us Fn s"o7sti"H@ Fn"H 6e
"eput@ !er;enee 6iJo#7nt 7 Fn6oieii in6i#i6u7iste. Un7 6in ;7rie
6is"uGii 6in se". 7 0?e7 7 fost 797 nu;it7 1cear$universaliilor2,
76i"H r7portu 6intre "u!et7re 9i #i7GH@ Fntre i6ee 9i t7te@ 67"H
noGiunie !ener7e sFnt re7e $o;@ po;@ trei;e et".- $re7? -@ s7u sFnt
nu;7i 78str7"Giuni ;int7e $no;in7@ no;in7is;-. Cei li spune7u
= universalia post rem $s7u in re0, "ei7Gi = universalia rem#
Api"Fn6 ;eto6ee or 6e Mu6e"7tH 7 6i#init7te@ re7istu Gi? 6e 7
Porree $f %%'(- 7fir;7 trei 6u;neJei@ 87 "4i7r p7tru "u fiinG7 7nH 7
or@ pe "Fn6 no;in7istu Ros"ein $f %%,&-@ "7noni"@ 7Mun!e7@ tH
"7e@ 7pro7pe tot 7"oo. AHturi 6e 6ire"Gi7 spe"u7ti#H s?7 ;7ni?t
Fn"H 6e 7 Fn"eput 9i "e77tH "7e@ 6e "uno79tere intuiti#?;isti"H@
i#it "Hrei7 Du;neJeu 9i 76e#Hru nu se "7utH "u ;inte7@ "i se si;te
i;7 A s7u@ "u; Ji"e Bern7r6 6e C7ir#7u: $f %%'2- = 1Tantum 8eus
osdtur, Ouantum diligitur2 $BDu;neJeu este "unos"ut 7tFt "Ft este
AD-. M7rii o7;eni 6e 7"Giune 7i E#uui ;e6iu@ "7 Petru Ere;ituc
7tre %%%'-@ Bern7r6 6e C7ir#7u:@ .r7n"is" 6e Assisi $%%+,)%,,L-@
n7s 6e Oe;pis $f %(5%-@ pre6i"7tori "7 Bert4o6 6e Re!ens8ur!@
C4. Gerson $f %(,*- 9i@ Fntr?un fe@ "4i7r unii p7pi s7u FnsH9i "on?
7 entuJi7stH 7 "ru"i76eor ;e6ie#7e 7u 67t 6o#76H "H 7u fost ;7i
s7u ;7i puGin ;isti"i. E 76e#Hr7t "H 7u fost 9i Fn 7"e7stH pri#inGH
erHri@ 6e pi6H ;isti"7 !er;7nH 9i sp7nioH@ "7re se pier6e7u fie Fn?
e:pi"7re spe"u7ti#H 7 trepteor 6iferite 6in pro"esu ;isti"@ fie Fn
oJitHGi p7nteiste. M7i 8ine 7u fH"ut "ei "7re "o;8in7u 7;8ee
"u?A@ 6e pi6H 67s"Hii ;FnHstirii Sf. Vi"tor 6in P7ris@ /u! $f %%(%-
9i 7r6 $f %%52-@ 67r ;7i 7es Bon7#entur7 $f %,5(-.
Ce7 ;7i puGin "uti#7tH 7 fost 6ire"Gi7 teoo!iei e:peri;ent7e@ "7re
=H 6e 7 "onfrunt7re7 person7H 7 6o!;eor "u 67tee e:perienGei
Gifi"e. Do7r unii@ 6e pi6H A8ert "e M7re $f %' noie;8rie %,+&- s7u
sr B7"on $f %,*,-@ 7u "uti#7t?o "7 unii "7re@ prin !eni7it7te7 9i
i7ter7it7te7 preo"upHrior or@ 7u sp7rt fH!79u tr76iGion7?7utori?
7 "u!etHrii. In s"4i;8@ spre sfFr9itu #e7"uui 7 0i?e7 9i ;7i
Fn "ee ur;Hto7re@ ;i9"7re7 u;7nistH 9i Ren79tere7 7u 67t 7"estei
6e tot ;7i ;utH 7tenGie@ pFnH "e "riJ7 spiritu7H 7 #re;ii #7 6u"e
6i#i6u7is;u Refor;ei.
MiMo7"ee "ee ;7i potri#ite pentru pro;o#7re7 "uturii teoo!i"e -
st uni#ersitHGie@ "7re 7u "res"ut i8er 9i neofi"i7 6in #e"4ie 9"oi
Ir7e 9i ;FnHstire9ti prin t7entu 9i "7p7"it7te7 unor7 6in
67s"Hii W De pi6H Uni#ersit7te7 6in P7ris 7 u7t fiinGH 7
Fn"eputu se". 7 e7 6i n "7t e6r7 7 Not re D7;e 9i ;F nHst i ri e
S7i nt e Gene#i e#e 9i = Vi"tor. .7i;7 ui Gui7u;e 6e
C47;pe7u: $f %%,%- 9i A8e7r6 Ae7 ;uGi;i i;ense 6e stu6enGi $,&
)2&.&&&- !rup7Gi Fn p7tru n7Gii =
nor;7nJii@ pi"7rJii 9i 7n!ii s7u !er;7nii@ su8 "on6u"ere7 unui
ir7tor 9i 7 6e"7nior. Dur7t7 9"o7riJHrii 7Mun!e7 uneori pFnH 7 %&
7ni. Er7u or!7niJ7Gi Fntr?un fe 6e 8re7sH s7u "orpor7Gie pri#ie?@
6e profesori 9i stu6enGi@ "u st7tute 9i "u #i7GH 7p7rte@ pri#ie!ii
st7te o7re"u; Fn se". 0III 9i 0IV@ "Fn6 or6inee "Hu!Hre9ti #or sH
punH ;Fn7 pe "on6u"ere7 or 9i "Fn6 Fn "76ru 7"eei79i 9"oi se or!7ni ?
Je7JH@ Fn sens ;o6ern@ f7"utHGi 6iferite@ "7 unitHGi 7p7rte.
Tot Fn #e7"u 7 0II?e7 se !ener7iJe7JH 9i titurie 6e baccalau$
reus, licentiatus, ma[ister 9i doctus ) oferite 7 Fn"eput nu;7i Muri9tior
7i"i ) pe Fn!H "7re se 767u!H 7poi@ Fn se". 7 0V?e7@ 7tri8ute orn7nte =
subtilis, irrefragabilis, mirabilis, sublimis, magister sententiarum et".
GHJ6uire7 or Fn"epe sH se f7"H 6in se". 7 0II?e7 "u 8urse spe"i7e Fn
"oe!ii 9i "H;ine@ 6intre "7re pri;u "7re s?7 fH"ut #estit 7 fost."e nu?
;it 1=orbona2, crea!ie 6in %,'( 7 "7pe7nuui ui Lu6o#i" 7 I0?e7 Ce
SfFnt $%,,L)%,5&- = Robert de =orbon#
Fn P7ris se pre67 teoo!ie 9i fiosofie@ ;7i tFrJiu 9i ;e6i"inH si
6rept. E !reu 6e st78iit or6ine7 Fn "7re s?7u BFnfiinG7tD uni#ersitHGie.
Pentru ;e6i"inH 7"ti#7 Fn"H 6in se". 7 0?e7 "e7 6in S7erno $It7i7-@
pentru 6rept 7pro7pe to7te "ee7te uni#ersitHGi it7iene@ Fn frunte "u
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"es7ri FntreGinerii puterii or 78soute. In An!i7@ O:for6 $%%L+- 9i C7;?
8ri6!e $%,*&- sFnt "ee ;7i i;port7nte 9"oi superio7re@ Fn !enu P7risu?
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;7n"7 $%,2* ) Fn Sp7ni7-@ i;peri7e@ pre"u; Fn Ne7poe %,,(@ "u p7tru
f7"utHGi FnfiinG7te 6e F;pHr7tu Ger;7niei .rie6eri"4 7 II?e7 $%,%'?
%,'&-@ s7u p7p7e@ "u; e "e7 6e 7 Tououse $%,,*-@ Fnte;ei7tH "u s"o ?
pu 6e 7 "o;87te pe 78i!enJi@ "e7 6in Ro;7 $%,((- "u s"opu 6e 7 sus ?
Gine "urte7 p7p7H et". PFnH 7 %,'& er7u ,& A Fn %(&& nu;Hru or "res ?
"use 7 ((@ 6e9i unee $pre"u; "ee 6in Sp7ni7- s?7u 6esfiinG7t "urFn6.
Uni#ersitHGie !er;7ne 7p7r Fn se". 7 0V?e7 = Pr7!7 %2(+@ Vien7 %2L'@
/ei6e8er!N $%2+L- et".
Dintre repreJent7nGii s"o7sti"ii 9i ;isti"ii 7f7rH 6e "ei 6eM7 po;e ?
niGi ;enGionH; pe =
C7r6in7u P/.ru Damiani $?M? %&5,-@ prieten 9i "o78or7tor 7 p7pei
Gri!orie 7 V/?e7 $%&52)%&+'-@ "7re 7 6es"ris 6e"76ent7 "eruui 6e
7 Fn"eputu se". 7 0?e7@ Fn "7rte7 s7 BLi8er Go;orr4e7nusD.
Fra.ian? profesor 6e 6rept 7 Boo!n7 ,f %%',-@ "7re s?7 fH"ut #estit
prin "o6ifi"7re7 6reptuui "7noni" Fntr?un ;7nu7 "7re 7 rH;7s nor ;7ti#
7pro7pe pFnH 9i 7Ji 9i "7re susGine@ prin 6e"ret7ee pseu6o?isi? 6oriene 9i
7tee uterio7re@ Fntre! p7nu teo"r7ti" 6e 6o;in7Gie uni #ers7H 7
p7pei. Fn se". 7 0II?e7@ Bern7r6 6e P7#i7 9i R7i;un6 6e Penn7forte
"o;pete7JH "o6i"ee 6reptuui "7noni" "u 6e"retee p7pi or Gri!orie 7
I0?e7 $%,,5)%,(%- 9i Bonif7"iu 7 VUI?e7 $%,*()%2&2-.
P/.ru )om,ardu# $f %%L&-@ profesor@ 7poi epis"op Fn P7ris@ 7 Hs7t
"e ;7i rHspFn6it ;7nu7 ;e6ie#7 6e 6o!;7ti"H = [uattuor Hibri =en$
tentiarum, o sinteJH p7tristi"H s"risH fHrH ori!in7it7te@ 67r "u ;7re
putere 6e siste;7tiJ7re 7 "eor ;7i i;port7nte pro8e;e 6o!;7ti"e@
Fn6eose8i 7 "eor "ontro#ers7te.
'/rnard d/ C#air=au4 $f %%'2-@ un7 6in "ee ;7i ;7ri person7itHGi
;e6ie#7e@ 7 fost e!u;en 7 ;FnHstirii "ister"iene 6in C7ir#7u:@ Fn
"7re "7it7te s?7 6istins printr?un ;7re t7ent 6e or!7niJ7tor@ pre6i"7 ?
tor 9i "u!etHtor profun6. P7pi 9i F;pHr7Gi pri;e7u sf7t 6e 7 7"est o;@
fTtllGA8A A PATRA
e refuJ7 ori"e 6e;nit7te 8iseri"e7s"H. De o intr7nsi!enGH uneori
7!er7tH@ Bern7r6 6e C7ir#7u: 7 "o;8Htut "u tHrie e:7!erHrie s"o?
ti"ii@ prin "7re se "re6e7 "H se sH8e9te 7utorit7te7 tr76iGiei 8iseri ?
"i. P7pei Eu!eniu 7 III?e7 $%%(')%%'2- Fi 7trH!e7 7tenGi7 prin
s"rie?
A
18e consideratione2 "7 nu Bi;periu;D@ "i s7eer6otiu;D@ nu
6o;?
u:o7sH@ "i suMire7 s;eritH sH fie Gint7 ui. Fn ;inun7tu sHu co$
ntariu la &ntarea &lntrilor e:pune 6o"trin7 s7 6espre iu8ire 9i
7#ie "7 iJ#o7re 7e "uno79terii.
Cu;e7 s"o7sti"ii este 7tinsH 9i 6e 6oi fr7n"is"7ni = Ae:7n6ru= 6e
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M7!nus 9i T4o;7s 6e ACuino.
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I/3 $f %,('- 7 fost "e "intii "7re 7 7pi"7t ;iMo7"ee o!i"ii for;7?
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i@ "o;ent7rii 9i 7tee.
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fesor 7 P7ris 9i Oon@ 7 7Muns 7poM epis"op 6e Re!ens8ur!@ i7r pe
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stote 9i pe Petru Lo;87r6u@ 7 s"ris 1=umma T?eologiae2 9i tr7t7te
nGifi"e 6i#erse. E 7fir;H "H Fntre 7r!u;entee pentru "uno79tere7
Du;neJeu sin!uru "7re 7re #7o7re este "e "os;oo!i". De 7 e
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Foo!iei "re9tine@ 1=umma contra gentiles2 9i ;7i 7es 1=umma T?eo$
BISEO%UA
logiae2, rH;7sH neter;in7tH. Uti;7 e un tr7t7t unit7r 6e 6o!;7ti"H
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"7toi"is;uui.
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;7i "unos"ute 7e ui Duns S"otus sFnt 6ouH &omentarii la sentin!ele lui
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i re#erse ironi7 9i s7r"7s;u sHu rHJ8unHtor. Pro8e;ee 6e teoo!ie
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=orp fHrH sufet.
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6e p7p7
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tiloOuium t?eologicum2@ Fn "7re re6u"e7 teoo!i7 spe"u7ti#H 7
ie propoJiGii@ 1[uodlibeta2, "o;ent7rii 7 Aristote 9i Perfiriu@ 797
se refe"tH ei Fn BSentinGeeD ui Petru Lo;87r6u. Con"epGi7 s7
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nie !ener7e $fiinGH@ su8st7nGH@ "7uJH et".- nu 7u "orespon6enGH
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?0III@ "i sFnt si;pi Bter;eniD s7u se;ne 7e unui o8ie"t ne"unos?
li 7u nu;7i #7o7re su8ie"ti#H@ 6e 7"ee7 "uno79tere7 ui Du;neJeu
spiritu7itHGii sufetuui e 6is"ut78iH 9i se f7"e nu;7i prin "re?
Z Sin!uru u"ru in6is"ut78i este 7totputerni"i7 6i#inH 9i posi8ii?
inter#enGiei ei Fn 7"Giunie N.i;7ne Fn 797 fe Fn"Ft uneori sH ni se
"H 8inee e "on67;n7t@ i7r rHu 7pro87t. De 7"ee7@ ;et7fiJi"7 tresH
fie tot7 6espHrGitH 6e teoo!ie. Le!e7 ;or7H nu este i;ut78iH. e
"e o""7;is;u ) inspir7t 9i 6e Duns S"otus ) 6u"e 7 e;piris;@
#is;@ s"epti"is;. A"e7st7 este B#i7 ;o6ern7D pe "7re #e7"urie
9i 0V o opun "uno79terii spe"u7ti#e s"o7sti"e $B#i7 7ntiCu7D-.
"e po7te fi 76e#Hr7t 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere o!i"@ po7te fi f7s 6in
6e #e6ere o8ie"ti#@ 6e un6e 9i "on"epGi7 nu;itH 7 B6u8uui 76e?
"7re #7 pre6o;in7 6e 7"u; Fn"oo Fntre7!7 ;i9"7re spiritu7H.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I)0V % K[
E:e!eGi "7 Io7n 6e R7!us7 $se". 0IV-@ Conr76 6e /78erst76t $se". 0IV-
9i ;7i 7es fr7n"is"7nu Ni"o7e 6e L3r7 $f %2(&- ne?7u 67t u"rHri 6e
#7o7re. Uti;u 7 "re7t un !en nou 6e Co;ent7riu@ 1Postilla2 ) 6e 7
post illa verba te)tus ) 76i"H ;eto6H si ;pH 6e "it7re 7 te:tuui 9i
7poi 6e "o;ent7re 7 ui Fn sens isGori"o?iter7r@ uneori "u nu7nGe "on?
te;p7ti#e. M7nu7ee e:e!eti"e 7 to7tH Sf. S"ripturH Fn '& 6e "HrGi "7
9i "ee 2' 6e "HrGi 6e ;or7H Hs7te 6e 7"est B6o"tor p7nus et utiisD 7u
fost 76eseori "o;8Htute 9i@ pFnH 7 %'&&@ 6e ;7i ;ute ori tipHrite. Lut4er
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spune "H 67"H L3r7 nu "Fnt7@ Lut4er Fn 67ns nu intr7 $si L3r7 non 3r7s?
set@ Lut4erus non s7t7sset-.
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ee "7 7"ee7 7 t7ent7tuui forentin Vi7ni $f %2(+-@ s7u 7e fr7n"eJior
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#7n Nie; $f %(%+- fiin6 6e ;7re i;port7nGH Fn istorio!r7fi7 ti;puui.
Restu sFnt "o;pi7Gii ;7i s78e.
i pe tHrF; Muri6i" se Fnre!istre7JH o 6e"76enGH tot ;7i ;7re. D7nte
se pFn!e7@ pe 7 %,+&@ "H ni;eni nu Fn#7GH 6e"Ft 6e"ret7ee@ i7r Fntr?un7
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9i s?7 supri;7t "4i7r r7portu 6intre Biseri"H 9i st7t. Ce7 ;7i ;7re s"H ?
6ere 7 stu6iior Muri6i"e 9i ;or7e er7 "7Juisti"7 s7u "o6ifi"7re7 fie"Hrei
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!4io7se s7u i;or7e $furt@ "ri;H et"-@ 6e 6r7!u prin"ipiior for;7iste
9i "7re #or s"7n67iJ7 ;7i tFrJiu pe u;7ni9ti s7u pe M7nseni9ti.
Pierre 6N Ai3 $%2'&)%(,&- 7 stu6i7t 7 P7risA 7 2& 6e 7ni er7
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7 se". 7 0V?e7@ 7 fost re"tor 7 P7ris ti;p 6e peste %' 7ni A 7 6epH9it
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PERIOADA A PATRA
nGi7 re!eui .r7nGei 7supr7 7;8iGiior feu67e e:7!er7te 7e prinGi7r
A4i7r 7e prinGuui ;o9tenitor@ "ee7 "e nu %?7 oprit sH protesteJe "Fn6
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7stH inie uptH 9i o8Gine FntFi7 o7rH 6reptu pentru "on67;n7Gi 6e
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;isti"H s7u@ ;7i 8ine Jis@ pr7"ti"H. Dintre operee s7e se 6istin!@
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periri A pr7fu 6e pu9"H 7 re#ouGion7t rHJ8o7iee Fn se" 0IV)0V
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irie !eo!r7fi"e $Fn"onMuru Afri"ii 9i 7f7re7 A;eri"ii- 7u 7tr7s
sine s"4i;87re7 so"ietHGii 9i pre!Htire7 #re;ior noi. Fn6eose8i ti?
7 6us 7 rHspFn6ire7 #erti!ino7sH 7 i6eior@ 7 "re7re7 "u ti;pu 7
opinii pu8i"e 9i 6e"i 7 s"4i;87re7 Fn sens 6e;o"r7ti" 7 stu"turii
7Gii@ i7r 6es"operirie !eo!r7fi"e@ "u 7run"7re7 pe pi7G7 europe7nH
titHGior i;ense 6e 7ur@ Fn6eose8i 7;eri"7n@ #or 6u"e 7 "re7re7 "7?
s;uui 9i 7poi 7 s"4i;87re7 e"ono;iei in6ustri7e 9i "o;er"i7e.
Aonse"inG7 7"estor ;7ri in#enGii 6in istori7 o;enirii se #7 #e6e7
n se". 0VI 9i ur;Hto7ree.
otu9i@ stu6iie fiosofi"e 9i fioo!i"e@ "riti"e@ #or pri;i un ;7re
Fn se". 0IV)0V. Gustu pentru 7nti"4it7te 7 6us 7 6orinG7 "u?
Frii i;8ior 7tinH 9i !re7"H@ "7re@ 6e 7tfe@ nu fuseserH "o;pet
ite ni"i pFnH 7tun"i@ 67r nu er7u stu6i7te 9tiinGifi". Petr7r"7 oft7
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
"H n?7 putut Fn#HG7 pe 6epin !re7"7 6in s"urt7 FntFnire 6e 7 A#i!non
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;7i 7es Fn se". 7 0V?e7@ o ;uGi;e 6e !re"i petre" s7u se refu!i7JH Fn
It7i7@ "reFn6 7 Fn"eput "er"uri s7u "en7"uri 6e stu6ii "7si"iste@ i7r 7poi
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renG7@ Ne7poe@ Ro;7@ P76u7@ VeneGi7@ M7ntu7 et". Dintre !re"ii refu?
!i7Gi Fn It7i7 po;eni; pe Io7n /r3soor7s $se". 0V-@ 67s"Hu fiosofu?
ui it7i7n 6in Tos"7n7@ .r7n"is"o .iefo $%2*+)%(+%-@ "Hrui7 i?7 67t
pe fii"7 s7 6e soGie 9i i?7 7Mut7t sH 6u"H 7 "7te6ree 6in Boo!n7 9i .o ?
renG7 te:tu ;utor "7si"i !re"i@ 7poi pe p7toni"i7nu G4e;istos Pe?
t4on $f %(',- ) Fnte;eietoru A"76e;iei 6in .orenG7@ F;preunH "u
M7rsiios .i"ino $f %(**-@ tr76u"Htoru opereor ui P7ton 9i Potin )
"7re@ Fn ti;pu sino6uui unionist 6e 7 .err7r7 ) .orenG7 6in %(2+)
%(2*@ 7 ui;it pe it7ieni "u entuJi7s;u sHu pentru P7ton@ 9i pe "7r6i ?
n7u Vis7rion $f %(5,-@ "unos"ut tot 6in ti;pu sino6uui forentin 9i
;7i pe ur;H unu 6intre "titorii A"76e;iei #eneGiene.
=
Dintre it7ienii Fn6rH!ostiGi 6e "7si"is; po;eni;@ 7f7rH 6e .r7n?
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7 f7;iiei ui Cosi;o 6e Me6i"i $%2++)%(L(-@ 7poi rHs"oitoru 9i rHs?
pFn6itoru 6e "HrGi Po!!io Br7""ioini $f %('*-@ "oe"Gion7ru Gio#7nni
Aurisp7 $se". 0V-@ pe67!o!ii = Vittorino 67 .etre $f %((L- 9i Gui6o 67
Veron7 $f %(L&-@ i8r7rii = Vesp7si7no 67 Bisti""i $f %((+- 9i N. Ni""oi
$f %(25-@ 7 "Hrui 8i8iote"H 6e +&& 6e "o6i"i #e"4i 7 fost "u;pHr7tH 6e
Co9i;o 6e Me6i"i 9i@ F;preunH "u 7te "oe"Gii@ 7 fost un7 6in pri;ee
8i8iote"i pu8i"e 6in Europ7 $L7urenti7n7 6in .orenG7- A o 7t7 7 fost
"e7 6in V7ti"7n@ FnfiinG7tH 7 %('2 6e p7p7 Ni"o7e V $%((5)%(''-@
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;7i tFrJiu Er7s;us 6in Rotter67; $%(L5)%'2L-@ 7poi prin s"rieri ite?
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#ieGii 6e 6in"oo-@ 9i prin "ontest7re7 7utenti"itHGii Si;8ouui 7postoi"
9i 7 B6on7Giei "onst7ntinieneD@ f7pt pentru "7re 7 7#ut 6e suferit 9i er7
sH fie 7rs pe ru! 67"H nu ?7r fi o"rotit re!ee Afonso V 7 Ne7pouui
$%(%L)%('+- 9i ;7i tFrJiu p7p7 Ni"o7e V.
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"ope6i9tii Picco d/ #a ;irando#a $f %(*(- 9i (ico#au3 Cu3anu3 $?oZ %(L(-
er7u ;7ri eru6iGi Fn s"rierie ;7te;7ti"e@ n7tur7e 9i fiosofi"e. ToGi
trei 7u "Hut7t sH punH 6e 7"or6 tef7o!i7 "7 reJut7tee 9tiinGifi"e@ pri;ii
6oi Fn"er"Fn6 un fe 6e teoo!ie rt7tofHH $Pi""o 7fir;7 = 1p?ilosopliia
veritatem Ouaerit, t?eologia invenit, religio possidet2 Q fiosofi7 "7utH
76e#Hru@ teoo!i7 F !Hse9te@ rei!i7 F pose6H-@ i7r Ni"o7us Cus7nus
fH"Fn6 Fn oper7 BDe docta ignorantia2 o sinteJH 6epinH@ Fntru"Ft e #e?
6e7 Fn "re9tinis; coincidentia oppositorurn# Lupt7 pentru unire7 Biseri?
"ior 9i ;7i 7es pentru FnHtur7re7 s"4is;ei p7p7e $%25+)%(%5- prin
"on"ii7ris; %?7 fH"ut pe Cus7nus #estit nu nu;7i 7 Sino6u 6in B7se
$%(2%)%((*-@ "i 9i Fn restu Europei.
PERIOADA A PATRA
B I B L I O G R A . I E I
Hes Gniversites la Gn du 3o'en ge, P7ris@ %*52A T?e Gniveisities in t?e
3iddle Age# E6it"6 83 \osef \ise`iMn 7n6 \. P7CuetA Stu6i7 VI@ Leu#en $Lou?
%*5+A /. Grun6;7nn@ Aom Grsprung der Gniversitatea im 3itielalter, e6. ,?7@
ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*L&A Denife@ 8ie Gniversitten des 3ittelalters bis -B99, Ber?
A. _eis4eipe@ T?omas von AOuin# =ein Heben und seine T?eologie# Aus 6er
P7nis"4 ii8ers"tJt@ Gr7tJ $St3ri7-@ %*+&@ 2*% p. An6re Ce;ent@ T?omas dEAOuin,
%*+2@ 2LL p. Re"enJie@ Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000V
-@ i)VIII.
L. \u!net@ Pour connatre la pensee de saint T?omas dEAOuin, P7ris@ 19!9A
C4esterton@ =aint T?omas dEAOuin, P7ris@ %*55.
R. C7sin@ =aint T?omas dEAOuin ou lEintelligence de la ioi, P7ris@ %*52A R. @
:@ Initiation la t?eologie de saint T?omas, Bor6e7u:@ %*L*A C4.?D. Bouo!ne@
T?omas dEAOuin, P7ris@ %*L'.
S. Breton@ =aint T?omas dEAOuin, P7ris@ %*L'. A
P. Grenet@ He t?omisme# Coi. Bdue s7is?MeD@ P7ris@ %*'2.
M.?D. C4enu@ Introduction a ietude de saint T?omas dEAOuin, P7ris@ %*'&A Z i
. Giet@ T?omas dEAOuin, P7ris@ %*(*A E. Gison@ He t?omisme# Introduction @N
ilosop?ie de saint T?omas, P7ris@ %*(*A A. Cresson@ =aint T?omas dEAOuin, sa M
:on oeuvre, P7ris@ %*(5 A M. Gr78;7nn@ S7int T?omas dEAOuin, P7ris@ %*2LA \.
p
rt@ =aint T?omas dE AOuin, le genie de lE ordre, P7ris@ %*2( A \. M7rit7in@ He doc$
angeliOue, P7ris@ %*2&A A. D. Serti7n!e@ Ha p?ilosop?ie de scint T?omas @L
un, , #oi.@ P7ris@ s7ns 67te A I6e;@ Hes grandes t?Eeses de la p?ilosop?ie t?o$ A
Paris, -./7: I6e;@ Ha p?ilosop?ie morale de saint T?omas dEAOuin, P7ris@ INm
ii
Yentru scolastic "i al!i scriitori medievali n Apus# E$
V
\. Pieper@ =c?olastiL# >estalten und Probleme, .rei8ur! i; BreFs!7u@ %*L&A E.
F@ Ha p?ilosop?ie du 3o'en Age, P7ris@ %*5LA P. .oss@ 3iLulas QusansL' $ )
aUS Cus7nus-@ Pr747@ %*55A \o4. Ir;s"4er@ Renaissance und 4umanismus, t.
Berin@ %*LLA \. C4e#7ier@ 4istoire de la pensee# T. ,. Ha Pensee c?retienne,
%*LLA Ru6of Otto@ 3'stiOue dE(ricnt et m'stiOue dE(ccident# 8istinction et
Tr76u"tion 6e \e7n Goui7r6@ P7ris@ %*'% A E. Bre4ier@ Ha P?ilosop?ie du Mo?
V!e@ P7ris@ %*25A E. Gison un6 P4. Bo4ner@ 8ie >esc?ic?te der c?ristGc?en f
op?ie, B6. I)IV@ P76er8orn@ %*2L)%*25A S"4nurer@ Qirc?e und Qultur im 3it$ lZ
@r, P76er8orn@ %*2' A .. C73re@ Patrologie et 4istoire de la t?eologie, t. II@ ,?e
.
N
7ris@ %*22@ p. 25&)5&LA M. 6e _uf@ 4istoire de la p?ilosop?ie medievale, / f
i?e e6. Lou#7in@ %*,(. No
n limba romn i
ntre antic?itate "i rena"tere# >ndirea Evului mediu de la nceputurile patris$ r@
/ Ficolae &usanus# Tr76u"ere 6e O"t7#i7n Nistor@ t. I)II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+(A
@_V
i Ion L7n"rHnMe7n@ Incercri de reabilitare a gndirii cre"tine medievale, Bu"u? MR
%*2L@ "7 8unH 8i8io!r7fie. Prof. T. M. Popes"u@ Pr. Prof. T. Bo6o!7e@ Prof. G4.
A"ii@ Istoria bisericeasc universal, Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L@ p. %'()%5(A Euse#iu Po?@
Istoria bisericeasc universal# Tr76u"ere 6e At. Mirones"u@ t. II@ e6. ,?7@
FSti@ %*,5@ p. %*,),&L. Eentru bibliografia Rena"terii, #eJi Bi8io!r7fi7
"7pitouui ur;Htor.
Bi8io!r7fi7 Fnto";itH 6e Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu 9i Pr. Prof. T. Bo6o!7e.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V %+5
Art7 "re9tinH Fn se". 0I)0V
Fn RHsHrit 9i Apus
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te7 7 87J7 Fntre!ii #ieGi. De9i@ ;7i 7es pentru Biseri"7 rHsHrite7nH@
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ori!in7it7te7 #e7"urior 7nterio7re 7e ui \ustini7n o',5)'L'- 9i 7e
F;pHr7Gior 6in 6in7sti7 M7"e6onenior $+55)%&'5- A 9i totu9i@ 7tFt Fn 7r ?
4ite"turH "Ft 9i Fn pi"turH 9i Fn "ee7te 7rte@ s?7 u"r7t ;ut 7"u;@ re?
u9in6u?se sH se tr7ns;itH 9i Apusuui@ prin "ru"i76e@ prin re7Gii "o;er ?
"i7e@ ;7tri;oni7e 9i 6e poiti"H fio?7tinH 6use 6e F;pHr7Gii Co;neni
$%&+%)%%+'- 9i P7eoo!i $%,L%)%('2-@ inspir7Gii 9i ;o6ee "7re #oi
"ontri8ui 7 "re7Giie nepierito7rei 7rte ro;7ni"e@ !oti"e 9i ;7i 7es
protoren79terii.
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ri"ie sFnt ;7i ;i"i@ 6in ;7teri7 ;7i puGin u:os 9i ;7i puGin reJistent
i7r ;oJ7i"u e foosit 6o7r 7 "H6iri prin"ip7e@ "H"i Fn o"u ui se fo?
ose9te fres"7. .or;7is;u 9i i;o8iit7te7 Fn"ep sH punH stHpFnire pe
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6e !orie. E 76e#Hr7t "H@ fiin6 e!7tH 6e spe"ifi"u "utuui orto6o:@ 7rte
8iJ7ntinH e lipsit de naturale!e, e !r7#H 9i 7usterH@ 797 "u; o i;pu;
"on"epG i 7 ort o6o:H. D7r nu e ;7i puGi n 76e#Hr7t "H e7 7 6et er;i n7
Fn #e7"urie 7"este7 to7te ;7rie opere 7rtsiti"e europene@ "u; Ji"e 8i
J7ntinoo!u C4. Die4. Cee7 "e tre8uie i7rH9i su8ini7t e f7ptu "H@ spn
6eose8ire 6e perio76ee pre;er!Hto7re@ Fnre!istrH; 7"u; o 6es"entr7S
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8iseri"uGe 6e e;n@ u"r7te "u fo7rte ;ut !ust@ Fn s7tee ro;<ne9ti s7t
rutene.
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ini@ sFr8i 9i ru9i@ n7rte:u "u un7 s7u 6ouH Fn"Hperi 9i "upoe. .or?
ie "ru"e e #iJi8iH uneori nu;7i Fn interior@ 7teori 9i Fn e:terior@
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0I-@ mica mitropolie 9i QapniLarea $se". 0II-@ to7te trei 8ine Fte
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lopone%, Epir, 3acedonia# Fn 'u#6aria sFnt "7r7"teristi"e pentru
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s"ou 7 0?e7
A
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infuenG7
BISERICA tN SECOLELE 0I?0V
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8iseri"i 6e pe Rin ) Ger;7ni7.
Din epo"7 P7eoo!ior "7pit77 8iJ7ntinH pier6e iniGi7ti#7@ Fn o"i
ei e#i6enGiin6u?se "entree "ret7ne = Mistri7@ M7"e6oni7 $"u At4osu-@ "7r
refe"tH@ prin ;o6eee tr7ns;ise Ser8iei@ infuenG7 7rtei ro;7ni"e $tre
"ento-@ "7re Fn"epe sH f7"H@ prin n7tur7eGe7 pe "7re o 76u"e@ tre"ere7 spr
u;7nis;u Ren79terii 6e ;7i tFrJiu. Const7ntinopou nu;HrH puGin
8iseri"i "H6ite Fn se". 0IV 9 0V $6o7r 6ouH "H6iri "7re for;e7JH 7A
"orpu 6e 7 .eti!e?DM7;i A ;7i ;ut se rep7rH 9i se Ju!rH#e9te.
T/3a#onicu# trHie9te Fn se". 7 0V?e7 epo"7 "e7 ;7i strHu"ite
+isericile < =f# Apostoli $%2%'- 9i 7"tu77 IaLub$Pa"a 7u fost u"rHri Gipi
"e. A.1o3u# #7 7tin!e 7po!eu Fn se". 7 0VI?e7@ 67r 9i 7"u; ne 6
fru;o7see 8iseri"i 7e ;FnHstirior PantoLrator $%252-@ Esp?igmen
9i =f# Pavel $%((5-. CH6ire7 ;FnHstirii t4es7iene 6in TriLala 7p7rGin
se". 7 0V?e7@ "7 9i 8iseri"7 6in QalabaLa#
Centru "e ;7i 7"ti# este 6espot7tu PeoponeJ 6e 7 ;i3.ra $Fn!
Sp7rt7-@ un6e se pHstre7JH 9i 7Ji@ Fn p7rte@ 97pte 8iseri"i 6in #e7"uri 0IV
)0V "7 3etropolia, =f# =ofia, Evang?elistria 9i Pantanassa, Fn "7r se
resi;te 9i profiu fr7n"eJ@ e:pi"78i prin stHp<nire7 un!H 7 "ru"i7 Gior
Fn 7"est o". A"u; Fnfores" ;inun7tee ,i3/rici 38r,/ = 8eceani $%2,5
>raciani!a $%2,&-@ Fogoricino $%2%+-@ Hesnovo $%2(%-@ Ravani!a $%2+%
&ruseva! $%2+2-@ 3anasia $%(&5- 9i 7tee "7re@ fie "H F;pru;utH ee;en
te 6in At4os $for;7 tri"on"H-@ fie 6in 7pus $6e"or 7tern7nt 6e pi7trH
7r"7turi@ port7uri 9i turn-@ fie "4i7r 7r;ene $8riuri 6e 67nteH-@ "ree7
JH un sti propriu pe "7re F tr7ns;it 9i 7 ,i3/rici#/ rom9n/ 6e 7 &o%ic
=nagov, =f# Ficolae 8omnesc 6in Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ "ee7 "e@ 8ine FnGees
nu Fnse7;nH "H 7rt7 ro;<nH@ ;7i 7es 8n ;o#do=a? nu 76u"e un specifi
original Fn #e7"urie 0V)0VI@ "o;8inFn6 pe p7nu 8iJ7ntin tref7t K
"upoH stri;tH 9i Fn7tH@ "Hrei7 Fi 767u!H forturi@ 7"operi9 J#et 9i orn7
;ent7Gie 7s"uGitH 7 u9i 9i ferestre. Ar.a ,u#6ar5 suferH 9i e7 infuenGi
8iJ7ntinH = cruce greac ,=fin!ii Petru "i Pavel 6in TFrno#o@ Pantocra
tor "i =fin!ii Ar?ang?eli 6in Mes7;8ri7-@ 67r 767u!H 9i infuenGee spe
"ifi"e 7e At4osuui $tri"on"H-@ Fn6eose8i Fn ;FnHstire7 Rila, Ji6itH i
%22'.
Ar1i./c.ura ru3/a3c5 Fnfore9te Fn se". 0IV 9i 0V Fn6eose8i %K
Fovgorod $8iseri"7 =f# Teodor 9i Gspenia0, 67r ;7i 7es Fn 3oscova, un6K
;7ree "ne7J I#7n O7it7 $%2,+)%2(%- "H6e9te Qremlinul "u 8iserief
=fntul Ar?ang?el 3i?ail, "Hrei7 i se ;7i 767u!H ;FnHstire7 &iudov 9
AosnesensLi, ri6i"7te 6e "ne7Ju Di;itrie DonsPoi $%2L2)%2+*-. L7 %2'%
se ri6i"H 7 nor6 6e Mos"o#7 #estit7 7#rH 7 =fntului =erg?ie de Rado
nc*, "u ro 7tFt 6e Fnse;n7t Fn istori7 Rusiei. Fn se". 7 0V?e7@ stHtu
puterni" 7 ui I#7n 7 III?e7 $%(L,)%'&'- 76use ;e9teri it7ieni "i
7Mutoru "Hror7 "H6i Fn Ore;in catedrala Adormirii $UspensPi So8or
9i 7 +unei Aestiri, "7re se pHstre7JH 9i 7Ji "u fi!ur7 or "o;poJitH $8i
J7ntin?Ren7iss7n"e-.
Cee7 "e for;e7JH #7o7re7 prin"ip7H 7 7rtei 8iJ7ntine 6in perio7?
67 7"e7st7 este 6e"or7Gi7 s"upt7tH 9i ;7i 7es pi"tur7 8o!7tH@ ;7i r7n
I?trt$\A\UA A PATRA
noJ7i" 9i ;7i ;ut Fn fres"H. bi6u 6in pi7trH sp7rtH 7tern7t "u "H?
66H@ i"i?"oo "u 8rFuri 6e "iopituri Fn pi7trH@ s7u "u pH"i 6e pi7trH
6e ;7r;orH@ 6H6e7 7spe"t #ioi "H6irior. Uneori 8u"HGie 6e pi7trH
i;este"7u "u fr7!;ente 6e 8ronJ@ si6ef@ 7r!int@ s7u "4i7r 7ur@ 9i pe
ZH@ 67r ;7i 7es in interioru 8iseri"ii. .i!uri s7u si;8ouri itur!i"e@
te Fn pi7trH@ u;pe7u sp7Giie !o7e 6in e:terior 9i 6in interior@ 7
teuri@ u9i@ i"onost7s et".
Pi"tur7 este rep7rtiJ7tH 6upH rFn6ui77 stri"t itur!i"H 9i si;8oi"H
i#it #iJiunii Bier7r4iei "ere9ti 9i 7 "eei 8iseri"e9tiD 7 ui Dionisie
i6o?Areop7!itu. Fntre7!7 ;uGi;e 6e person7Me 9i 6e e#eni;ente
istori7 ;<ntuirii = p7tri7r4i@ prooro"i@ 7postoi@ sfinGi@ ;u"eni"i@ 7r4i?
et". F9i 7u o"u 8ine st78iit pe p7nu 7r4ite"toni" 9i pi"tur7@ Fn?
o7te 6upH "e7 ;7i stri"tH "orespon6enGH si;8oi"H. Potri#it "on"ep?
soterioo!i"e orto6o:e@ 8iseri"7 Fn"4ipuie@ prin "upo7 ei 6o;in7ntH@
% pe pH;int@ "u; s?7u e:pri;7t soii "ne7Juui V76i;ir $*+&)
-. Sus pe "upoH@ Fn ;iMo"u ier7r4iei 8iseri"e9ti@ /ristos F;pHrtH? A
pe 7post oi $6e pi6H "7t e6r77 =f# =ofi a 6i n Qiev0 s7u@ F n o"u
tei s"ene@ 3aica 8omnului n figur de orant, Fntru"4ipFn6 Bise?
s7u "7 "e7 1mai nalt dect cerurile2, Fn"onMur7tH 6e o p7rte 9i 6e 7t7
sr7r4i@ preoGi 9i 6i7"oni. In 78si67 6in f7G7 7t7ruui stH 6e re!uH
7 1etimasia2, "u 4ristos ca *udector 7 sfFr9itu #e7"urior A "u "Ft
propie; 6e pH;Fnt "u 7tFt "o8orF; ;7i ;ut Fn #i7G7 Biseri"ii. I"o?
isu e:pune pe s"urt istori7 ;Fntuirii A Fn p7n67nti#ii 6e su8 "upoH
E#7n!4ei9tii@ pe pereGii 7ter7i s"ene 6in #i7G7 MFntuitoruui 9i 7 i
Do;nuui. In n7rte:@ "7 sH #76H ori"e "re9tin 7 intr7re 9i 7 ie9ire@
Ze7 o;uui@ uneori 7un!7re7 6in r7i@ s7u pHrGi 6in Mu6e"7t7 6in
i@ ori 6in Apo"7ipsH. Pe pereGi 9i sus@ pe p7fonu n7#ei sFnt Sino7?
e"u;eni"e@ #ieGi 6e sfinGi@ Fntre 7tee iustrHri fru;o7se "7 7 i;nu?
"7tist@ 7 ui V7r77; 9i Io7s7f@ s"7r7 ui Io7n S"Hr7ru@ #H;ie #HJ?
ui et".
2intre compo%i!iile n mo%aic, "ee ;7i fru;o7se sFnt "ee 6e 7
ni, 6e 7 ;itropoi7 6in =eres $M7"e6oni7- 9i "7toi"onu ;FnHsti?
atoped, to7te trei 6e 7 finee se". 7 0I?e7. Tot 6e 7tun"i 67te7JH
hJ7i"urie 6e 7 bisericile italiene din Torcello, 3urano 9i Fn p7rte
6in ;7!nifi"ee 6e"or7Gii 6e 7 =an 3arco 6in Aene!ia# Ve7"u 7
s7 ne?7 67t 6e"or7Giie 8iseri"ior si"iiene $Fn6eose8i ;onu;ent77
re 7 "7te6r7ei 6in 3onreale0, 7poi mo%aicurile bisericii vaticane 9i
Eibina din Roma, 7e 8iseri"ior =anta 3ria 3aggiore 9i =anta 3a$
ranstevere, =an Paolo Fuori le 3uri $%,%+-@ +aptisteriul din Flo$
$%,,'-@ 7 3onte &asino, 7 8omul din Ravena $%%%,- et".
ti RHsHrit ;7i po;eni; =f# =ofia din =alonic, Rotonda =fntului
nt $%%''- 9i biserica Fa"terii 8omnului din +et?leem $%%L*-@ 7poi
"7 =f# 3i?ail din Qiev, 8iseri"7 Parigoritissa din Epir et". Arta n
c ne?7 67t@ Fn se"oee 0II)0IV 9i tablouri portabile, "ee ;7i
pier6ute@ 67r 6in "Fte ne?7u rH;7s se po7te #e6e7 fru;useGe7 or@
I6H "ee 6ouH p7n6uri "u "i"u ;7rior pr7Jni"e@ "7re se 7fH Fn
ii operei 6o;uui 6in .orenG7@ ;e67ionu Sf. G4eor!4e 6in Lou?
tee 7 ;uJeu Er;it7!e 6in Lenin!r76@ 7 At4os et".
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0I?0V
19
Dintre pi"turie Fn fres"H 7;inti; pe "ee 6in &apadocia, e:e"ut7t
Fn sti popu7r 9i uneori "4i7r re7ist 67r 6o;in7te Fn !enere 6e "on
"epGi7 ;on747H orient7H@ 7poi o ;uGi;e 6e fres"e 6in 8iseri"i it7ie
ne ,cripta =fntului +lasiu Fn!H +rindisi ) %%*5@ grota =fnlului Dtefai
Fn!H (tranto, "7pe7 =anti Eremiti n &alabria et"-. Fn RHsHrit po;e
ni; biserica din Pergam, Fn Rusi7@ =f# =ofia 6in Oie#@ 8iseri"7 =c?im
tarea la Fa! 6in &ernigov, =f# =ofia din Fovgorod, biserica Fereditsi
Fn!H No#!oro6 et"@ opere 6e un ;7re t7ent 6e e:e"uGie. i i"o7ni
"uno79te epo"7 Co;nenior@ 67r 6estu 6e r7re@ fie Fn"4ipuin6 perso7n7
sin!ur7ti"e = M7i"7 Do;nuui Fn ;HnHstire7 Ivir, P7n7!4i7 Cu"uJeis7
Fn ?avra, 7t7 Fn 4ilandar, to7te Fn At4os A 7poi "ee 6in Rusi7 = Fovgo$
rod, &ostroma, Aladimir et"@ 9i neFntre"utee u"rHri 7e !eni7uui "H?
u!Hr 6e 7 ;FnHstire7 =f# =erg?ie, An6rei Ru8eo#@ 6e 7 Fn"eputu se"
7 0V?e7@ "7re 7 "re7t o 9"o7H "ee8rH Fn Biseri"7 RusH 9i 6in
7
"Hrui
operH este ;7i 7es #estitH i"o7n7 =fintei Treimi $2 Fn!eri stFn6 te
;7sH- 9i 7tee 7f7te Fn !7eri7 Treti7Po#. Din 7"e7stH epo"H 7#e; 9i tr7?
6iGi7 nor;7ti#H 7 13anualului de pictur2 pus su8 nu;ee ui 8ionisL
de Fuma $se". 0VII-@ "7re 7 stu6i7t 6upH M7nue P7nsein@ pi"tor #estii
6in At4os $se". 0III)0IV-@ te4ni"7 prep7rHrii "uorior 9i te;7ti"7 7;H?
nunGitH 7 pi"turii 8iseri"e9ti. Pi"tur7 P7eoo!ior ne 6H "e7 ;7i "o;?
petH i;7!ine 6e infuenGH re"ipro"H Fntre RHsHrit 9i Apus $"o77 ;7?
"e6oni"H 9i "ret7nH-@ "u fi!uri #ii@ "u te;e noi@ "u spe"ifi" o"7 sFr8es"@
ro;<n s7u ruses". Fn ori"e "7J@ pi"tur7 8iJ7ntinH 7 se". 0IV)0V nu eY
infuenG7tH@ "7 "e7 7puse7nH@ 6e te;ee te7treor 9i ;istereor@ "i 9i "u/
tur7 teoo!i"H s7u "4i7r prof7nH 7 #re;ii@ Fn"Ft istori"ii 6e 7rtH 7u tot
6reptu sH #or8e7s"H 6e o ren79tere ori!in7H 7 7rtei 8iJ7ntine Fn7inte
6e "H6ere7 Const7ntinopouui.
Pi"tur7 e:terio7rH pHstr7tH 7 "Fte#7 8iseri"i 9i ;FnHstiri 6in nor6u
Mo6o#ei = Aorone!, 3oldovi!a, =f# >?eorg?e din =uceava, 4umor
t
Ar$
bore, =ucevi!a et"@ "onstituie un feno;en 6e o se;nifi"7Gie uni"H Fn
istori7 7rtei "re9tine rHsHritene. SfinGi 9i fiosofi 7nti"i 9i?7u 67t FntF?
nire pe f7G76ee 7"estor 8iseri"i Fn 7;8i7nG7 pinH 6e u;7nis; 7 peis7?
Muui ro;<nes" su8 re#Hrs7re7 6e u;inH inH 7 sfintei s7#e 7 T7tHui
"eres"@ u;inH "7re 7 FntHrit "on9tiinGee tuturor fiior 7"estor pH;Fnturi
Fntr?o #re;e "Fn6 putere7 tur"e7s"H "otrope7 "F;puri@ 67r nu se pute7
7tin!e 6e sufete.
Mini7tur7 ne?7 67t o serie 6e ;onu;ente 6e #7o7re nepierito7re
pentru 7rt7 8iJ7ntinH. Psaltirile din Aatican $Nr. 25, 9i 2+% 6in se". 7
0/?e7- 9i +ritis? 3useum $Nr. %*.2', 6in %&LL-@ ;7nus"risee iustr7?
te "u opera =fntului >rigorie Teologul $P7ris@ Cois. ,2*@ Ierus. %(@ et"-@
"u unee repreJentHri 6in ;itoo!i7 prof7nH@ 7poi Evang?eliarele u"r7te
Fn 6iferite stiuri $;7nus"risu 5( 6in Bi8iote"7 N7Gion7H 6in P7ris 7re
2L% iustr7Gii Fn sti siri7"@ "e 6in ;FnHstire7 I#irior Nr. ' e 9i ;7i ori!i ?
n7-@ omiliile iustr7te Fn cinstea 3aicii 8omnului 6e I7"o8 Mon74u@
se". 0II@ ;7nus"risee 6in se". 0IV 9i 0V = 1Istoria2 ui Io7n C7nt7"u?
Jino@ "u iustr7re7 sino6uui 6in %2(%@ Psaltirea srb 6in Miin"4en@
fru;o7s7 "7i!r7fie 6in Evang?eliarul de la Feam!u 6in %(,'Rvia!a =fn$
PERIOADA A PATRA
ii =erg?ie din Radone* 9i ;ute 7tee 7u ri6i"7t #7o7re7 7rtei 8i?
tine 7 o FnHGi;e 7pro7pe e!7H "u 7r4ite"tur7 9i s"uptur7 ei.
EesHturie #e9;inteor 8iseri"e9ti@ 7 epitr74ieor@ 7 epit7feor 6in @ida
%,**@ &o%ia %2*L@ Putna %(+'@ Feam!u %(25@ Fovgorod %('&@ =ale %2'&@
76userH 9i ee o Fnforire ne;7iFntFnitH pFnH 7tun"i. L7 fe Iptur7
o8ie"te or 6e ;et7@ e;n ori fi6e9@ u"r7re7 e;7i u ui@ Fn s
8i J7ntinii sFnt pionieri@ Fn"epF n6 6e 7 o8ie"te it ur!i "e pFnH 7
"i@ "upe@ r7;e 6e i"o7ne 9i 7tFte7 7te o8ie"te 9i i"oniGe@ f7" 6in
;7?=stHrie 7rtisti"e 8iJ7ntine "e ;7i !orios 6o"u;ent 7
tre"utuui iie#7 7 popo7reor Biseri"ii rHsHritene.
Art7 8iseri"e7s"H 7puse7nH ;7r"4e7JH@ Fntre #e7"urie 0I)0V@
et7pe 9i trei 6ire"Gii = ro;7ni"H@ !oti"H 9i 7 Ren79terii.
Ce7 6intFi se nu;e9te ro;7ni"H pentru "H este o "ontinu7re 7 ;o ?
;i #e"4i ro;7n 6e 7 "H6i@ s"4i;87t su8 6iferite infuenGe@ Fn6eose8i
;tinH. Stiu ro;7ni" se ;7i nu;e9te 9i o;87r6@ pentru "H pri;7
Fnforire@ Fn"H 6e 7 finee se". 7 0?e7@ 7re o" Fn or79ee o;87r6e@
6e 7i"i tre"e ;unGii@ "uprinJFn6 tot #estu 9i nor6u Europei 9i 7Mun?
i 7i"i 6o;in7nt Fn se"oee 0I)0II@ i7r Fn Ger;7ni7 Fn se"ou 7 I?
e7. PFnH 7 Fnforire7 stiuui ro;7ni" "H6irie se fH"e7u ;7i ;ut
e;n@ "u; se #e6e Fn"H tFrJiu Fn E#u ;e6iu Fn GHri e nor6i"e 9i
r
e. Fn se"oee 0II)0III Fn"ep u"rHri nu;7i Fn pi7trH. Ar4ite"Gii 9i
p7!7n6i9tii nouui sti sFnt "Hu!Hrii@ Fn6eose8i Fn ur;7 i;port7ntei
irrrie 6e 7 Cun3.
Nou sti e:pri;H 7usterit7te 9i ;onu;ent7it7te 797 "u; er7 9i
e;u poiti" 8iseri"es" 7 teo"r7Giei p7p7e. Totu e Fn"4e!7t@ iniie
so8re@ 67r o Fntre7!H 8o!HGie 6e "H6iri 7ter7e 67u i;presi7 6e
ine 9i 6e supunere@ "7 9i senti;entu "7re 6o;in7 Fn ;HnHstirie 6e
e 7 pe"7t. TrHsHtur7 "7r7"teristi"H este 8ot7 "7re 7 7tr7s 6upH sine
W;87re7 Fntre!uui e6ifi"iu A Fntru"Ft !reut7te7 8oitei pres7 spre e:?
or@ s?7 si;Git ne#oi7 Hr!irii 9i FntHririi Ji6urior prin stFpi 9i "ontr7?
uri soi6e. P7nu 6reptun!4iu7r 7 87Jii"ii #e"4i 6e#ine 7"u; "ru"i?
n prin tHiere7 8r7Guui #erti"7 "u unu oriJont7 Fn f7G7 ?7t7ruui@
A "7re 6H n79tere 7 6ouH "oruri $8r7Ge s7u 78si6e- pHtr7te@ un6e st7u
HreGii@ respe"ti# "eri"ii@ i7r 6e6esu8t se 7fH "ript7 "u ;o79tee ;7r?
or $un fe 6e "upoH su8ter7nH-. Ar"76ee ferestreor 9i port7urior
or i;itH iniie se;i"ir"u7re 7e 8oitei. PereGii 7ter7i 7i n7#ei s7u
eor ) 6e re!uH e:istH trei s7u "in"i n7#e@ "7 7 Cun3@ un7 prin?
iH 9i 7tee se"un67re ) sFnt 6e"or7Gi "u fi!uri si;8oi"e@ 7ni;7e
#e!et7e@ 67r ;7i 7es "u s"upturi st7tu7re 7e sfinGior@ "7re 78un6H
Fn interior@ "Ft 9i Fn e:terior 7 port7uri. Pentru 7 67 9i ;7i ;7re
ipH@ s?7u "H6it 87"o7ne 7 et7M@ i7r sus@ 7 7 6oie7 et7M@ s?7u fH"ut
stre ;7ri@ "7re 7run"H 6estuH u;inH FnHuntru. O 7tH ino#7Gie
in"u6ere7@ Fn "orpu "H6irii@ 7 turnuui s7u 7 turnurior@ "H"i ;o?
Fentee ro;7ni"e 7u 6e re!uH ;7i ;ute turnuri@ Fn 7f7rH 6e unu
6ouH 6e 7 intr7re.
Pictura o"upH un o" ;7i re6us Fn "o;p7r7Gie "u 7rt7 8iJ7ntinH.
Fn 9"o77 sieneJH 9i Fn "e7 6in Assisi@ un6e 7u u"r7t u"eni"i fr7n?
7ni@ i7r ;7i tFrJiu ;7ree "re7tor Giotto@ se f7"e o" ;7i ;ut pi"turii .
Fn 8iseri"H. PFnH 7tun"i 7rt7 8iJ7ntinH e su#er7nH Fn ;onu;entee it7 ?
i"e@ 797 "u; 7; #HJut. Sin!urH miniatura ;7nus"riseor er7 Fn fo7re
Fn 7rt7 ro;7ni"H. Centree ;7i i;port7nte 6e ;ini7turH sFnt Fn p7rte7
rHsHrite7nH 9i su6?esti"H 7 .r7nGei = 6o;urie 6in Tououse@ 6in Cun3@
Cer;ont@ Fn It7i7 = 6o;urie 6in Mo6en7 9i P7r;7@ Fn Ger;7ni
ren7nH@ ;7i 7es = 6o;urie 6in .rei8ur!@ Spir7@ _or;s@ M7inJ@ M7ri
L77"4@ Li;8ur!. Din 7"este "entre "Hu!Hrii 8ene6i"tini 9i "ei 6in Cun3
6u" nou sti 9i Fn An!i7@ Fn Sp7ni7@ P7estin7@ Siri7. Artele minore, 6e
preu"r7re 7 7uruui@ 7r!intuui@ e;7iuui@ fi6e9uui@ ;7r;orei et". ne?7u
67t 9i Fn Apus opere 6e #7o7re@ 67r nu 7 FnHGi;e7 "eor 6in RHsHrit
Art 7 !ot i "H 7 F nf ori t pent r u pr i ;7 o7rH F n nor6u .r7nG ei @ F n
lle de France 9i Fn Picardia# Ce7 ;7i #e"4e 8iseri"H Fn 7"est sti este
St. Den3s@ 7 nor6 6e P7ris@ "H6itH Fn %%(& 6e 787tee Su!er. Porni
tot 6e 7 p7nu 6e "ru"e 7tinH 7 stiuui ro;7ni"@ nou sti intro6u"e
"7 te;H nouH o!i#7@ 7r" 6e "er" frFnt Fn un!4i 7s"uGit@ "u 7Mutoru "Hruit
se o8Gine o "H6ire "entr7tH #erti"7@ "FtH #re;e Fn stiu ro;7ni" 6o;ini
ten6inG7 oriJont7H. Pentru 7 susGine "orpu "H6irii "7re "u;ine7JH Fn
turnu "e se Fn7GH 7;eGitor 9i su8Gire spre "er@ 7rt7 !oti"H Fntre8uin ?
Ge7JH stFpi Fn interior 9i e:terior@ 6e 7 "7re 9i Fntre "7re 7r"uiturie
7s"uGite for;e7JH ner#uri 6ese Fn for;H 6e 6i7!on7H@ i7r 7tee ;7
rotun6e susGin !reut7te7 Fntre!uui. De sus@ #itr7iie tr7ns;it o u;i;
6ifuJH@ sporitH Fn interior 6e u;8ree FntretHi7te 7e ;uGi;ii "oo7neoi
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Sour"es 7n6 6o"u;ents@ En!e`oo6 Ciffs@ %*5,@ 0VI),5, p.A Ger#7se M7t4e`
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%*L2A M3ron P. Gi;ore@ T?e Morld of 4umanism, %('2)%'%5@ Ne` lorP@ %*L&
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Renaissance t?oug?t and letters, Ro;e@ %*'LA /. /7user)A. Ren7u6et@ Hes debut
de lEge moderne, (?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*'LA /7ns B7ron@ T?e &risis of t?e Italian Renais
sance, / #oi.@ Prin"eton@ Ne` \erse3@ %*''A E. O. .er!uson@ Ha Renaissance dan
7 pensee ?istoriOue $T4e Ren7iss7n"e in 4istori"7 t4ou!4t@ %*(5-@ tr76. fr7n". \. M7rtk
P7ris@ %*'%A L@ Re7u@ Ha Renaissance# LNArt ;o6erne@ P7ris@ %*2LA .. .unP Bren
t7no@ Ha Renaissance, P7ris@ %*2'A \. Bouen!er@ Le #r7f sfe"e 6e la Renaissanci
P7ris@ %*2(A \. Nor6stro;@ Mo3en Age et Renaissance, P7ris@ %*22A Et. Gison@ 4i
manisme medieval et Renaissance, P7ris@ %*2,A C4. /7sPins@ T?e Renaissance t?e
TNeltt? &enturv, C7;8ri6!e@ $M7ss.-@ %*,5A \7"o8 Bur"P47r6@ 8ie Qultur di
Renaissance in Italien, LeipJi!@ %+L* A tr76. fr7n"@ 6e S"4;i6t@ P7ris@ %++'.
Pentru arta cre"tin <
P7u E#6oPi;o#@ HEart de lEicone# T?eologie de la beaute, P7ris@ %*5&A An6i
Gr787r@ HEart du Mo3en Age en Europe orientale, P7ris@ %*L+.
D7#i6 T78ot Ri"e@ Art b'%antin# Tr76uit 6e N7n!7is p7r S. Seet?/oter4of
P7ris)Bru:ees@ %*'*. Tr76. !er;7nH 6e /. Br7uer@ MUn"4en@ biiri"4@ %*L+ A Gertru
Bi8io!r7fie Fnto";itH 6e Pr. Prof. T. Bo6o!7e 9i Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nN
Ier@ ILonograp?ie der c?ristlic?en Qunst, I)II@ Giiterso4@ %*LL@ %*L+A C4. De?
HEart b'%antin, Bru:ees@ %*L5 A L. Re7u@ Iconograp?ie de lEart c?retien, t. I)III@
%*''@ %*'L@ %*'*A L. /7ut"oeur@ 4istoire de lEart, t. II@ P7ris@ %*'*A _. .ei?
Li8enfes@ >esc?ic?te der b'%antinisc?en ILonenmalerei, Oten un6 L7us7nne@
Louis Bre4ier@ HEart c?retien# =on developpement iconograp?iOue des origines
' *ours, ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*,+A A8e .78re@ 3anuel dEart c?retien# 4istoire
ge$
Q de lEart c?retien depuis Ies origines *usOuE nos *ours, P7ris@ %*,+A O. Ounste@
grap?ie der c?ristlic?en Qunst, +d# I)II@ .rei8ur!@ i; Breis!7u %*,L@ %*,+A
-ie4@ HEart c?retien primi!ii et lEart b'%antin, P7ris@ Bru:ees@ %*,+.
Un limba romn <
An6rei OGete7@ Rena"terea "i Refor;7@ e6. ,?7 Bu"ure9ti@ %*L+@ (** p.A I6e;@
iterea, Bu"ure9ti@ %*L(@ (*& p.A C4. De#73e@ Arta bi%antin, , #oi.@ Bu"ure9ti@@
D. Li47"io@ Prerena"terea rus, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5' A /. .o"ion@ Arf7 (ccidentului,
< Evul mediu romanic : #oi. II= Evul mediu gotic, tr76. 6e Irin7 Iones"u@ Bu"u?
%*5(A I. D. tefHnes"u@ Iconograiia artei bi%antine "i a picturii ieudale rom$
Bu"ure9ti@ %*52A D. VHtH97n@ Istoria artei europene din perioada Rena"terii,
e9ti@ %*5,A P. P. Ne!ues"u@ Filosoiia Rena"terii, 2 #oi.@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*(LA
. Ap7to#@ Istoria artei, t. I. Arf7 lumii vec?i "i a Evului mediu, Fn ro;<ne9te
uno Co8ert 9i N. Is8H9es"u@ e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*L5A G. Opres"o@ 3anual de
i artei, #oi. I@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*(2A P. Const7ntines"u?I79i@ Arf7 bi%antin, %*,*.
PERIOADA AV?A
Biseri"7 Fn se"oee 0VI)0VIII
$%'&&)%5+*- I
Fn"epFn6 "u #e7"u 7 0VI?e7RNse Fnre!istre7JH o perio76H nouH
istori7 o;enirii 9i 7 Biseri"ii. E #or8P 6e Refor;7 rei!io7sH@ "7re "or
stituie unu 6intre "ee ;7i ;7ri e#eni;ente 6in istori7 uni#ers7H@
76inei rHsfr<n!eri 7supr7 #ieGii 8iseri"e9ti@ "utur7e@ poiti"e@ so"i7e
pFnH Fn Jiee no7stre.
.eu67is;u pre;er!Htor@ "u "onGinutu sHu i6eoo!i" Fn s"o7sti"
9i "u e:presi7 ;7teri7H Fn 7rt7 !oti"H@ 7 pri;it repi"7 prin Rena"ter
9i Gmanismul clasicist, "7re 7 7#ut 6ouH "onse"inGe = un7 7:7tH pe 7i
"is;@ i7r 7t7 pe "re9tinis; A Fntre 7"este 6ouH "urente s?7 6esfH9ur7
7poi "io"nire7 teoreti"?pr7"ti"7. De f7pt@ 6in "7uJ7 ;utor ree 6in #i7t
Biseri"ii 9i 7 st7tuui Fn Apus@ Fn #re;e7 Ren79terii 9i 7 U;7nis;uui
er7 79tept7tH ne"esit7te7 unei refor;e@ 7 unei Fn6reptHri re7e 7 stHrio
interne@ 67r e7 s?7 tr7nsfor;7t 7poi Fntr?o refor;H@ "7 e:poJie re#ou
Gion7rH 7 tuturor ne;uGu;irior 7"u;u7te "u ti;pu.
Cee7 "e "7r7"teriJ7 Fn6eose8i 7"e7 #re;e er7 i;pusu spre i8er
t7te@ spre in6i#i6u7is;@ spre su8ie"ti#is; A i8ert7te Fn #i7G7 6e st7
in6i#i6u7is; Fn "u!et7re@ su8ie"ti#is; Fn #i7G7 rei!io7sH@ 7rtisti"H
"utur7H. Desi!ur "H u"rurie nu s?7u petre"ut ent@ "i "u frH;FntHr
9i ne7stF;pHr@ 6u"Fn6 7 ;ute Fn"e9tHri 6e forGH Fntre Biseri"H 9i st7
Fntre in6i#i6 9i "o;unit7te@ Fntre forGee so"i7e@ e"ono;i"e 9i n7Gion7
7e popo7reor 9i Biseri"ior@ "u ;o;ente 6e ;HreGie "u 76e#Hr7t epi"7
9i fire9te 9i "u ;o;ente 6e "u;pite Fn"er"Hri. Refor;7 9i Contr7refor;
7u 6o;in7t se"oee 0VI 9i 0VII 9i prin ur;Hrie pe "7re e?7u 7#u
7supr7 spirituui u;7n@ se"ou 7 0VIII?e7@ #e7"u re#ouGiei fr7n"eJe
Cee spuse 7i"i se referH Fn6eose8i 7 u;e7 7puse7nH@ 67r 9i u;e
6in RHsHrit tre"e7 prin frH;FntHri Fntru"Ft#7 si;i7re@ "re7te 9i 6e noii
F;preMurHri 6in Apus. Pentru ;oti#ee 6e ;7i sus e ne"es7r 7 se e:
pune FntFi f7ptee petre"ute Fn Biseri"7 7puse7nH 9i 6upH 7"ee7 Fn "e
rHsHrite7nH.
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n. Fot < C7pitoee 7"Htuite 6e Pr. prof.
Mi7n es7n 7u fost re#HJute 9i "on piet7te 6e Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu.
PERIOADA A CINCEA
Situ7Gi7 !ener7H 7 Biseri"ii Apusene.
C7uJee refor;ei protest7nte
St7re7 Fn "7re se 7f7 Biseri"7 7puse7nH 7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 7
e7 i e9i t H 6i n Ren79t er e@ 7 f ost 6e 797 n7t urH F n"F t e7 F nsH9i 7
it ne"esit7te7 refor;ei@ "H"i er7u 6estui "re9tini "7re susGine7u
it7u pentru o Fn6rept7re 7 u"rurior@ ne6orin6 sH rupH "u Biseri"7.
he7 "e 7 6us 7 6eJHnGuire7 "onfi"tuui irep7r78i 7 fost 6istru 9i
Fntune"7re7 i6eii "7toi"e $"u; s"rie istori"u LortJ-@ 76i"H pier 6e
"Htre Biseri"7 p7p7H 7 "Fr;ei feu67e "u "7re Fn6ru;7se E#u a,
Fn ur;7 unei seri i F nt re!i 6e F ;preM urHri #e"4i 9i ;7i noi 6e H
8iseri"e7s"H@ poiti"H@ so"i7?e"ono;i"H@ "utur7H. Terenu er7
pre!Htit prin "o;pro;itere7 i6eii 6e supre;7Gie p7p7H Fn ti;pu
"it7Gii 878ioni"e 6e 7 A#i!non $%2&*)%255- 9i 7 s"4is;ei p7p7e
)%(%5- "e 7 ur;7t 6upH 7"ee7@ "Ft 9i prin teori7 "on"ii7rH 7 #e7"u?
0IV)0V "7re 6ore7 7"e7 Brefor;7tio in "7pite et ;e;8risD. Europ7
7puse7nH nu ;7i p7rti"ipH 7 ei8er7re7 Const7ntinopouui@ 6epFn!e7
"H6ere7 ui@ "H"i 7peurie pentru uptH "o;unH nu ;7i u e"ou
unit 7r. Nu;7i Io7n Cor7nu 6e /une6o7r7@ re!ent u Un? i@ V76
Eepe9 7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti 9i tef7n "e M7re 7 Mo6o#ei ; s78i7
pentru 7pHr7re7 "re9tinHtHGii orient7e 9i 7 "eei o""i6en? propunerie
pentru o "ru"i76H nu ;7i 7f7u FnGee!ere@ pentru "H F7i e:ist7 Fn
O""i6ent "on"epGi7 unei Europe unite "7 pe #re;e7 -r Gri!orie
VII@ Ino"enGiu III $%%*+)%,%L-@ s7u Bonif7"iu VIII )%2&2-.
Cee7 "e Fn"epe7 sH preo"upe 7tenGi7 o""i6ent7ior@ Fn !e? er7 "7 sH
profite "Ft ;7i "on"ret 6e pe ur;7 B6es"operirii u? .oiD.
T
ia!a religioas "i bisericeasc 7 #re;ii "re7se o ;uGi;e 6e ne?i;iri
pentru "H Bp7p7it7te7 se 7f7 Fntr?un "er" #i"iosD = B"7r6in7i ie!e7u
p7pi rHi 9i p7pii rHi nu;e7u "7r6in7i rHiD $A. .r7nJen- A hpii se
"o;pH"e7u Fn stHpFniri feu67e 9i no8ii;e7 e:"e7 prin n@ pe
"7re F 7pi"7 f7GH 6e Biseri"7 6in prin"ip7tu ei A spiritu sterii
;7i 6Hinui7 7 Ro;7 "u !r7n6ori 9i "u s"H6eri@ "7re se o8ser#H pi.
Astfe Pius II $%('+)%(L(- pro;ite7 sut7nuui "on"esii 7 Con?nopo
67"H se 7sH Bstropit "u 7pHD $6e 8oteJ- A P7u II $%(L() s?7
i nt i t u 7t "7 pri ;u Bpont i fe: ;7:i ;usD@ 7poi Si :t IV )%(+(-@
Ino"enGiu VIII $%(+()%(*,- 9i ;7i 7es Ae:7n6ru VI Bor?(*,)
%'&2- 7u p7tron7t 6e;or7iJ7re7 A Fn s"4i;8@ "riti"7 p7p7itHGii
Giro7;o S7#on7ro7 e:pusH Fn u"r7re7 BDe ruin7 e""esi7eD@ i?7
"7t 7"estui7 7r6ere7 pe ru! Fn %(*+ 9i ni"i6e"u; Fn6rept7re7 Or.
istfe 7;este"u p7p7itHGii Fn "ee u;e9ti@ "u pretenGii 7 putere
WitH 9i "u ;iMo7"e 78uJi#e Fntre8uinG7te Fn 7"est sens 7 6us 7 "ee
n7ri s"7n67uri. Nepotis;u 7 fH"ut 6in p7pii Ren79terii 76e#Hr7te
=ii 6e uJufru"tu7ri 9i f7#oriGi "7re F9i 6isput7u "F9ti!urie "u s78i7.
ii7 9i fis"7is;u "e ;7i e:7!er7t 7u Fnforit Fn #oie@ Fn"Ft 6e 7
E pF nH 7 M7""4i 7#e i t oG i se p <n!e7u "H F n Ro;7 sF nt nu;7i
i 9i pre"eptori p7p7i@ teoo!i 78i7 "Fte unu. Vin6ere7 9i "u;pH?
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
rHre7 6e;nitHGior 8iseri"e9ti 7tinseserH proporGii "u 76e#Hr7t "7t7stro?
f7e. Anu7 se "7"u7u 7"este #enituri@ s"o7se 6e p7pi prin "7r6in7ii
or@ 7 ,,&.&&& forini@ 6in "7re Mu;Ht7te e 76u"e7u 6ispensee@ pri#i ?
e!iie 9i 8enefi"iie reJer#7te p7pei@ i7r "e77tH Mu;Ht7te i;poJitee
or6in7re 9i e:tr7or6in7re@ Fn6eose8i inf7Gi7 in6u!enGeor "7re 7pHs7u
fo7rte !reu pe u;erii "re6in"io9ior. C7 forGH e:tr7or6in7rH u;e7s"H@
p7p7it7te7 Fn"7s7 6iM;H 6in #eniturie tuturor 8iseri"ior pe 6rept@ 67r
6e ;ute ori 9i pe ne6rept A Fn An!i7 er7 o8ou SfFntuui Petru@ Fn
Sp7ni7@ "ontri8uGii re!u7te pentru in"4iJiGie et". L7 nu;ire7 Fntr?o
fun"Gie 8iseri"e7s"H se pHte7 pFnH 7 Mu;Ht7te7 #enituui 7nu7 7 fun" ?
Giei@ "ee7 "e fH"e7 "7 6ie"eJee rH;7se 76eseori #7"7nte sH se ruineJe
"o;pet@ i7r pentru 7s7n7re7 or fin7n"i7rH s?7u "Hut7t e:pe6iente i;o ?
r7e 9i "H;HtHre9ti.
M7i 7p7r 9i p7pi rHJ8oini"i@ "7 Iuiu II $%'&,)%'%2-@ "u e9e"u
Con"iiuui ' L7ter7n 6in %'%, A s7u i8ertini@ "7 Leon 0 $%'%2)%',%-.
AtFt 6e ;7re er7 6e;or7i J7re7 Fn"F t Fn i7nu7rie %',, Fnsu9i p7p7
A6ri7n VI 7 repet7t Fn pri;7 s7 "u#Fnt7re "onsistori7H "u#intee iui
Bern47r6 6e C7ir#7u: = BAtFt 7u "res"ut pH"7tee Ro;ei@ Fn"Ft "ei
Fnt in7G i 6e ee ni"i ;H"7r nu e ;7i si ;t ;i rosu D.
Ve"4iu prin"ipiu 6e refor;H 1in capite et membris2 nu er7 8H!7t
Fn se7;H A "eru superior se F ;8o!HGise 9i se rHsfHG7 Fn u: A e se
re"rut7@ "onfor; uJ7nGei@ nu;7i 6in no8ii;e@ 76eseori 7 #Frst7 ;ino?
r7tuui A Fn 7"e79i ti;p preoGii 6e p7ro4ie er7u 6es"onsi6er7Gi "7 Bpe ?
8eiD in"uGi 9i pre7 ;uGi 7 nu;Hr pentru 7"ee79i o"uri@ 9i er7u
e:po7t7Gi "7 9i popu7Gi7 MFnsH9ir?:"onsi6er7tH Bproet7ri7tD. Fn s"4i;8@
Fn ;7rie ;FnHstiri 7e or6ineor lnon747e@ fo7rte nu;ero7se@ se Fn?
"ui87se spiritu Ren79terii A #i7G7 6e o89te er7 6e"76entH 9i nu;ero9i
"Hu!Hri stHte7u Fn p7rti"u7r "7 propriet7ri A pe 7"e9ti7 "re6in"io9ii
nu?i pute7u respe"t7.
Pe Fn!H 78uJurie "u "ee sfinte 9i "u si;onie@ se ;7i 767u!H 9F
superstiGiie popu7re@ "re6inGe Fn Bputere7 6i7#ouuiD 9i Fn #rHMitorie@
"u te7;7 6e 7;8ee. Atun"i inter#ene7 in"4iJiGi7 "u torturi Be!7eD 9i
7r6eri pe ru!@ ;7i 7es sti;u7te 6e 7peu p7pei Ino"enGiu VIII@ 6in
%(+(@ 9i 6e 6e"retu BM7eus ;7efi"7ru;D "ontr7 #rHMitoriei ,&iocanul
vr*itorilor0 6in %(+5. MuGi "re6in"io9i s?7u Fn6epHrt7t 7tun"i 6e BBi ?
seri"7 #HJutHD Fn f7#o7re7 unei BBiseri"i ne#HJuteD@ B7 76e#Hr7Gior
sfinGiD@ 76i"H supunFn6u?se Fn6ru;Hrii SfFntuui Du4 C7re@ 6upH pre ?
Ji"ere7 7ntitrinit7ruui o7"4i; 6e .oris $f %,&,-@ 7#e7 sH se ;7ni ?
feste 7po"7ipti" Fn %',&. Prin ur;7re B#i7 7ntiCu7D 7 teoo!iei s"o?
7st i "e 7 ui To;7 6i n ACui no $f %,5(- er7 pusH F n u;8rH F n"H 6e
B#i7 ;o6ern7D 7 no;in7istuui _ii7Sn O""7; $f %2(*-@ "u Fn#HGHtur7
6espre 6u8u 76e#Hr@ unu teoo!i" 9i 7tu fiosofi"@ prin "7re er7
sp7rtH unit7te7 s"o7sti"ii 9i se 7""entu7 prHp7sti7 6intre Du;neJeu 9i
"re6in"iosu pH"Htos.
CFt pri#e9te aspectul social$economic, se 7""entu7 "io"nire7 inte?
reseor no8ii;ii 6in "7stee "u 7e 8ur!4eJiei 6in or79e 9i 7e GHrHni;i=
6e 7 s7te. L7 7"e7st7 7u "ontri8uit 9i ;7rie 6es"operiri !eo!r7fi"e 7e
#re;ii = "HHtori7 "o;er"i7ntuui rus NiPitin 6e 7 Mos"o#7 7 De4=
PERIOADA A CINCEA
ni6i7@ Fn 7nii %(LL)%(5, A o"ou Afri"ii 6e "Htre V7s"o 67 G7;7
7 C7pu Bunei Sper7nG e spre In6i 7@ F nt re %(*5)%(** A 6ru;u
D o"e7nu At7nti" ) spre 7pus ) 7 ui Cristofor Cou;8 Fn %(*2@
eseoperire7 u;ii noiD@ nu;itH 7poi BA;eri"7D@ pre"u; 9i Bo"ou
i pe 7pHD 7 e:pe6iGiei ui M7!e7n@ Fntre %'%*)%',,@ "7re 7trH?
7tenGi7 spre noi GHri 6e un6e se pute7u 76u"e 8o!HGii ne8Hnuite.
Ri6i"7re7 8ur!4eJiei GHrHne9ti prin "ru"i76e 9i prin "o;erGu Fn?
tor 7 or79eor it7iene@ f7;7n6e s7u !er;7ne 7 76us "u sine
6es?Are7 unei upte sur6e pe 6e o p7rte Fntre no8ii;e 9i "er )
"7re ]oi7 sH?9i pi7r6H 6repturie feu67e ) 9i pe 6e 7tH p7rte
pHtur7 -"ie 6e 8ur!4eJi 9i ;i"7 no8ii;e ) "7re tre8ui7u sH?9i
7pere 6e e ori "u s78i7 Fn ;FnH 6reptu 7 e:istenGH. EHrHni;e7
profit7se 6e 7re7 or79e or un6e 9i ?7 put ut #i n6e surp usu
;un"i i ei 9i 7st fe 2 9i o GHrHni;e ;7i FnstHritH.
D7r to";7i Fn An!i7@ \o4n _3"if $f %2+(- 9i Fn Boe;i7@ ;7!istru
/us $f %(%'- 7u 7t7"7t Fn"H spre sfFr9itu se"ouui 0IV pretenGiie
ri;7t uni#ers7 7 p7pei@ !Hsin6 7pro87re Fntre "re6in"io9i 9i unii
. i 9i prin 7"e7st7 er7 #iJ7tH Btre"ere7 6e 7 ereJie 7 refor;HD A
7tH 7u 7t7"7t 9i prin"ipiu proprietHGii 8iseri"e9ti@ 7tFt 6e neonest
itH 6e ;on74i 9i epis"opi@ 797 "H 6upH ;o7rte7 or 7u ur;7t nu?
i7se ;i9"Hri popu7re sFn!ero7se@ 6e reJistenGH "ontr7 e:po7tHrii@
i te 6e 7 7p7re ;7re e "7pit 7i s; 87n"7r 9i i n6ust ri 7@ "re7t 6e
"7re7 pe pi7G7 europe7nH 7 7uruui 7;eri"7n )? 7e "Hrui ur;Hri se
i t pF nH 7 %'(& 6o7r F n Sp7ni 7@ Port u!7 i 7 9i EHri e 6e \os )@
7u F n It 7 i 7 ;7ri e pi eG e 9i 8Hn"i 7 e VeneG i ei 9i Geno#ei A Fn
i8ur!u Ger;7niei@ #estitee 8Hn"i 7e .u!!er?ior 6eGine7u
;ono??i pF nH F n nor6u 6epHrt 7t 9i ori ent u Me6i ter7nei . F n
An! i 7@ 6e @ Biseri"7 pr7"ti"7@ F;potri#7 e!ior 6e"ret7te 6e e7@
"o;erG 87n? uF n6 6o8F nJi 6e 2&p pent ru ori "e F ;pru;ut fH"ut
F n "ont u t7?W p7p7e. O67tH "u ur"7re7 preGurior 7 or79e s"76e 9i
6e"76e rent7 iH@ i7r no8iii@ "7 sH se s7#eJe@ 7u Fn;u Gi t t7:ee
feu67e 9i 7u A rentee@ to7te Fn 6ef7#o7re7 GHrHni;ii@ 7Munse Fn
Ger;7ni7 9i Fn ri t u Europei 7 s7pH 6e e;n@ Fn"Ft rHs"o7 e e
G HrHne9t i Fn Ger? 7 se Gin 7nG. Tot 797 7u fost 7tin9i Fn Ger;7ni7
o p7rte 6in ;un? i 9i 6in ;i"7 no8ii;e@ 6upH "e Fn E#eGi7 GHr7nii 7u
reu9it@ Fn %(5L@ rHJ8o7ie 7pri!e@ sH?9i "7pete 6repturie. Ni"i nu
este 6e ;ir7re h8ii "7 = Si"Pin!en@ poetu no8i Uri"4 #on /utten@
preotu T4o?
Mi i nJer@ "i ;poi eru /7ns Bo4; #on Ni P 7s47usen 9i 7 G i i 7u
F7t 7ntiteJ7 Fntre p7pH 9i /ristos 9i 79tept7u p7r"H sH "o8o7re 6in
%
rHJ8un7re 7 ne6reptHGior 7"oo un6e sp767 9i fo"u nu 7Mun!e7u.
=e7stH 7t;osferH "onfuJH se FntrepHtrun6e7u ten6inGee so"i7e "u
Jne77 6usH pFnH 7 tri#i7it7te@ 7 7"Giuni 7r;7te 9i e:7t7re. h67tH "u
sfFr9itu E#uui ;e6iu@ Fn .r7nG7@ An!i7 9i Sp7ni7 7p7re
statului na!ional 9i 7i"@ "u ten6inGe "entrifu!7e "eor p7p7e@ "7re
siste;u teo"r7Giei uni#ers7e 9i prin 7;eninGHrie inter6i"tuui "Hu?
sH su8Mu!e Muris6i"Giei s7e totu@ trupuri 9i sufete@ st7te 9i 8iseri"i@
p7rti"u7rH 9i pu8i"H. D7r@ Fn"epFn6 6in se"ou 7 0V?e7@ prin
!re7 "u .iip 7 IV?e7 "e .ru;os $%,+')%2%(-@ Fn .r7nG7@ "u
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
,C
prinGii it7ieni Fn se"ou 7 0V?e7@ "u Sp7ni7 puterni"ei re!ine Is78e
9i 7 ui .er6in7n6 "7toi"u $%(5*)%'%L- 9i 7poi Fn An!i7@ "u /enri"?E
VUI?e7 $%'&*)%'(5-@ p7p7it7te7 e ne#oitH sH "e6eJe p7s "u p7s )
6rept@ prin "on"or67te "7re ofere7u uneori s7tisf7"Gii ;7i ;i"i ) 6i=
poJiGiie 6e ;7re poiti"H ;on6i7H. S"riitoru M7rsiius 6e P76u7 $%,5,)
%2(,- nu nu;7i "H nu re"uno9te7 Biseri"ii 6reptu 7 o putere e:e"uti#i
67r fH"e7 6in e7 o si;pH instituGie 6e st7t@ st7tu putFn6 "ontro7 9i %
ne#oie "4i7r "onfis"7 7#erie ei. A"e79i u"ru %?7 sintetiJ7t 7poi repre
Jent7ntu tipi" 7 poiti"i7nuui Ren79terii@ M7""4i7#ei $f %',5-@ Fn "7rte
s7 BII Prin"ipeD@ un6e 7 u7t "7 ;o6e pe re!ee .er6in7n6 7 Sp7nie
9i pe tir7nu CeJ7r Bor!i7 $fiu n7tur7 7 p7pei Ae:7n6ru 7 V?e
Bor!i7-@ 7fir;;6 "H ori"e ;iMo7"e sFnt per;ise pentru pro;o#7reT
intereseor st7tuui. De 7i"i s?7 6eJ#ot7t 9i siste;u teritori7 7uto
no;ist@ "7 unu 6in 7spe"tee or!7niJ7tori"e "7re #or 6istru!e unit7te.
Biseri"ii p7p7e. Poporu se rupe 6e Biseri"H Fntru"Ft nu se ;7i si;te@
o"rotit 6e e7@ "i nu;7i F 7pHs7@ "HutFn6 o 7utorit7te 7i"H@ 7pro87t
"4i7r 6e o p7rte 6in "er@ e Fnsu9i sHtu 6e 6e"76enG7 pre7 ;7re A
Biseri"ii. O67tH "e o;u 7 !ust7t 6in ro76ee "u!etHrii 9i 7e 6es"ope
ririor s7e@ o;u i8er 7 Ren79terii 9i 7 Refor;ei u;7niste F9i per
;ite sH "riti"e 9i sH refor;eJe tot = 9tiinGH@ fiosofie@ teoo!ie@ 7rtH
"on"epGie 6e #i7GH.
D7"H s?7 spus "H Ren79tere7 9i Refor;7 sFnt 6ouH feGe 7e 7"eui79
feno;en@ s?7 FnGees ;7i 7es f7ptu "H 7;8ee 7u Fn #e6ere 7spe"tu
"utur7?spiritu7 7 pro8e;ei A 67r Ren79tere7 9i U;7nis;u 7i" ;
;7i pHstr7u refor;7 it7i7nH 7 se"ouui 7 0V?e7 A Fn Ger;7ni7 ;7ni
festHrie 6e "riti"H 7ntip7p7H@ 7nti"eri"7H 9i 7nti;on747H 6e#in 7!re
si#e@ Fn!uste@ 8rut7e 9i !roso7ne. Tonu Fn "7re s"riu 7"e9ti s"riitor
9i 7utori 7i 1=crisorilor brba!ilor obscuri2 9i 7i u"rHrii 1>ravaviint
nationis >ermanicele2 se7;HnH "u un 7pe 7 uptH "ontr7 superstiGie
9i 7 B7nti4ristuui 6e 7 Ro;7D.
Af7rH 6e ur7 "ontr7 Ro;ei 9i 7 "eruui sHu@ pe "7re sutee 6K
6ispute@ 6e "7ri"7turi@ 6e ;7nifeste 9i foi #o7nte 7u rHspFn6it?o 7"un
"u iuGe7H ui;ito7re prin tip7r 9i 6esen@ #i7G7 "utur7H 6e 7 %'&& A
76us@ Fn6eose8i Fn GHrie !er;7ni"e@ un !ust pronunG7t pentru ;isti"is;
s"epti"is; 9i re7ti#iJ7re 7 tot "e e 6o!;H 9i "4i7r supr7n7tur7@ !us
"7re s?7 Fn"orpor7t Fn spiritu ;7reui u;7nist Er7s;us 6e Rotter67n
$f %'2L-. Prin "o;pro;is@ Er7s;us 7 #rut sH "reeJe un nou "re9tinis;
fHrH 6o!;e 9i fHrH unit7te@ se;HnFn6 prin 7"e7st7 Fn "on9tiinG7 euro
pe7n7 9i Fn sFnu Biseri"ii otr7#7 6upi"itHGii. 1&olocviile2 9i 1Haude
nebuniei2, "7 9i stri!Htu ui BFn7poi 7 iJ#o7reD@ sFnt e:e;pu "on
fuJiei spiritu7e 7 ti;puui.
Epo"7 er7 "o7ptH 9i pre!HtitH. DeJ7!re!7re7 ener!iior interne
6es7"r7;ent7iJ7re7 9i superfi"i7iJ7re7 #ieGii 8iseri"e9ti@ Ren79tere7 9
U;7nis;u 7i"@ ne;uGu;irie 6e or6in inti; rei!ios 7e "re6in"io9i
or@ "7re?9i #e6e7u "re6inG7 9i Biseri"7 6esfi!ur7te prin "u;pHr7re7 9
B"o;er"i7iJ7re7D ;Fntuirii@ pe Fn!H "7uJee poiti"e@ so"i7e 9i e"ono
PERIOADA A CINCEA
;7i 7so"i7u 9i F;preMurHrie "H Fn "er"urie BFn7teD "ir"u7 7fir? H
vulgus vuit decipi, ergo decipiatur Q vulgul vrea s fie ne iu
"ontri8uit 7 "re7re7 7"estui feno;en fo7rte "o;pe:@ "7re
Refor;7 rei!io7sH 6in se"ou 7 0VI?e7.
eci s fie n"elat# i 7poi@ ;7i er7 f7ptu "H i8rHri7 A8er 6in
i pu8i"7t@ Fn %'%(@ "HrGui7 Ta)ae cancelariae Q Ta)ele cance$
postolice, "7re st78ie7 nor;7ti# preGu 6e rHs"u;pHr7re 7
pH"7teor@ spre #FnJ7re7 in6u!enGeor.
"u to7te 7"este7@ refor;7 Fn"H nu 7r fi 7#ut o" 67"H n?7r fi
7pH?@ii "7re i?7 67t "urs@ M7rtin Lut4er.
B I B L I O G R A . I E I
rtin Lut4er@ MerLe, e6iGie "riti"H@ L5 #oi.A _ei;7r?Er7n!en@ %++2)%*(+A
Ai7n"e n7Gion7e 6es E!ises ut4eriennes 6e .r7n"e et Positions ut4e? %'
t.@ Gene#e?P7ris@ %*'+)%*5&A Ies grands ecrits relormateurs, P7ris@ .
\out7r6 9i "o78or7torii@ 4istoriograp?ie de la Reforme, P7ris?Montre7@ *
p.A +ibliograp?ie de la Refor;e@ %('&)%L(+@ 5 #oi. Lei6en@ E6it. Bri@ .
5&.
dii<
C. Stein;etJ@ Hut?er and =taupit%# An Essa' in t?e intellectual origins of
E#estant Reiormation, Dur47;@ %*+&A \. D. P7riset@ 4umanisme, Reforme et
ie, Str7ss8our!@ %*+% A B. Benu7s"7r?P. C4e;i@ HEouverture du monde ,sec,
]]@ P7ris@ %*5+A /. /e!er@ =ptmittelalter# 4umanisme# Reormation# Te)te
ignissp# B6. ,. +lute%eit des 4umanismus und Reiormation, Miin"4en@ %*5+c@
N(2 p.A G. M7rtino@ I7 &?iesa ne4Eeta della Riiorma, Bres"i7@ %*5+@ %&&& p.A
e?E. Moeer@ (eLumenisc?e Qirc?engesc?ic?te, / B6.@ 3ittelalter und Re?
n, M7inJ?Mun"4en@ %*5+A A. Mon7r@ Sio#o; obnoveno $Fnnoire prin "u?
i BEn"i"ope6ie pentru Refor;7 protest7ntHD@ Pr747@ %*55A S"4opffer6ieP@
*esc?ic?te als 3issiongesc?ic?te, Stutt!7rt@ %*55@ (+& p.A A. \o8ert@ 8e
3o?ila, P7ris@ %*5(A /. G. Ooeni!s8er!er@ Hut?er, %*52A /. G. Ooeni!s?
K# Mosse@ INEurope au PAI$e sfecle, tr76uit 6e N7n!7is p7r S. S7ss7!ue
F 6e lEEurope, VI-@ P7ris@ %*5&A C4. Bo3er@ &alvin et Hut?er, Ro;e@ %*52A
866@ Reiormation, Lon6on@ %*5,A B. Guenee@ A (ccident au) PFA$e et PA$e
P7ris@ %*5% A \. Boisset@ 4istoire du Protestantisme, P7ris@ %*5&A M. Ven7r6@
mts du monde moderne, sec# 0VI)0VII@ , #oi.@ P7ris@ %*5&@ %,%( p.A L.
7@ Amurgul Evului 3ediu, tr76. 6upH e6. VII?7 !er;7nH@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5&@
\. LortJ@ Ha Reforme de Hut?er# 8ie Reiormation in 8eutsc?land, '?e Auf. @
\ i; Breis!7u@ %*L'@ Tr76. fr7n"@ p7r R. Gi#or6@ , #oi.@ P7ris %*5&A P. O7?
Hut?er, M7r8ur!@ %*L* A V. /. /. Green@ Hut?er and t?e Reiormation, Lon6on@
-# Tii"4e?C. A. Bou;7n et \. e Brun@ Refor;e et &ontrerelorme, tr76. 6e
D p7r M. B7rt4@ O. P. Re3;on6e B7rt4e@ A. Tint7nt et Ne3 _einstein
Ge ?istoire de AEglise0, sous 7 6ire"tion 6e L. \. Ro!er?R. Au8ert?M. D.
s@ t. 2@ P7ris@ %*L+A \. C4ei;@ 4istoire religieuse de lE(ccident medievdl,
*L+@ '%, p.A B. Vo!er@ Relorme, Fn BEn"3"Fop7e6i7 Uni#ers7isD@ t. %2@ P7ris@
. %&L&)%&L'A G. C7s7is@ Hut?er ,3artin0, Hut?eranisme, Fn BEn"3"Fop7e6i7
A7isD@ t. %&A P7ris@ %*L+@ p. %+,)%++A \. Deu;e7u@ Faissance et aiiirmation
Refor;e $Nou#e" Cio@ 2&-@ P7ris@ %*L'@ ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*L+A L. .e8#re@ Un
3artin Hut?er, P7ris@ %.*,5A ree6ite@ P7ris@ %*L2A R. Stupperri"4@ >esc?ic?te
iormation, Mun"4en@ %*L5A R. St7uffer@ Ie &at?olicisme la decouverte de
Neu"4<te?P7ris@ %*LLA /. \. Gri;;@ T4e Reiormation Era, -5996-;59, Ne`
*LL A I6e;@ T?e Reiormation in Recent 4isiorical T?oug?t, Ne` lorP@ %*L(A
Bi8io!r7fie 8n.ocmi.5 6e Pr. Prof. ;i#an es7n >i Pr. Pro0. Ioan R5muraanu.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
\. Bi4;e3er@ /. Tu"4e?M. /. Vi"7ire@ 4istoire de AEglise, #oi. 2@ P7ris?Mu4ouse@
%BL(@ p. %,+)%(5 A "u 8o!7tH 8i8io!r7fie 7 p. (,,)(2+ A O. C476`i"P@ T?e Retor$
mation, /7r;7n7s`ort4@ Mi66ese:@ %*L(A R. BiJer@ Reiormationgesc?ic?tc, 8eutsc?$
land, 2'2, bis 2'''@ Gottin!en@ %*L% A E. G. Leon7r6@ 4istoire generale du Pro$
testantisme, #oi. I@ Ha Reiormation, #oi. II@ lE Etablissement, P7ris@ %*L% A O. Br7n?
6is@ 8eutsc?e >esc?ic?te im Seitalter der Reiormation und >egenreiormation, 2?e
Auf. @ Miin"4en@ %*L&A E. L7u@ Hut?er, Berin@ %*'*A _. An6re7@ 8eutsc?land vor
der Reiormation, L?e Auf. @ Stutt!7rt@ %*'*A G. T7#7r6@ He Protestaniisme, P7ris@
%*'+A B. Ge847r6t @ Rei ormat i on bi s %um Ende des Absol ut i smus, St ut t !7rt @ %*''A
/. Stro4@ Hut?er# =a vie et sa pensee, Str7ss8our!@ %*'2 A I6e;@ Ha pensee 6e la
Relorme, Neu"4<te ) P7ris@ %*'% A /. /7user@ Ha naissance du Protestanlisme, P7ris@
%*(&.
Papii din timpul Rena"terii "i Reiormei
P. P7rtner@ Renaissance# Rome ,-5996-5590, Lei6en@ %*5LA G. R. Potter@ T?e Rc$
uaissance, C7;8ri6!e@ %*'5A L. #on R7nPe@ L. P7stor@ \. ./7er@ .r. Seppet et C.
.i7"oni@ =toria dei papi, Ro;7@ %*52@ 52L p. A Bi7niuP@ T?e iiit? Huteran council
,-5-/)-5--0 and$t?e Eastern &?urc?es, Toronto@ %*5'A E. C47;8er7in@ Ies ;7u?
vais p7pes@ P7ris@ %*5* $pentru p7pii 6in se"oee 0)0VI-.
Inc?i%i!ia
/. Bein7r6t@ Records tor t?e trials oi i?e spanis? inOuisition ,-B7W)%(+'@%@ Lei?
6en@ %*5( p. A P. Do;iniCue@ HEInOuisition, P7ris@ %*L*A /. O7;en@ 4istoire de AIn$
Ouisition espagnole $T4e Sp7nis4 InCuisition-@ tr76uit 6e N7n!7is p7r T7n"tte Pri?
!ent et /eene De7tre@ P7ris@ %*LL.
Figuri deosebite
L. A. L7nti ni @ Kan 4us, i i primat o di Pietro, Tori no@ %*5(A M. Spi nP7@ Ko?n
4us, Prin"eton@ S.U.A.@ %*L+@ 2(( p.A /. B7uer@ Feuer in Floren% ,=avonatola0, Leip?
Ji!@ %*5LA S. _eMnstein@ =avonarole et Florence, P7ris@ %*52A /. \. S"4utJ@ 8ie
'*a?r?eit der Qet%er, Stutt !7rt @ %*L+@ 25' p. A /. Ve6ri ne@ 3ac?i avel, P7ris@ %*5,A
\. C. M7r!oin@ Erasme, guerre et pai), P7ris@ %*52@ 2+& p.
A se #e6e7 nu;ee prot7!oni9tior Fn En"i"ope6ii@ "u 8i8io!r7fi7 respe"ti#H.
Autori ortodoc"i
I. E. An7st7siou@ NI7topi7 %Zi NE::0i7i7S@ e6. ,?7@ t. II@ T4es7oni"@ %*5*A
P4ei67s@ NE::0Ti7i77:ntN\M NI7:opF7.t. II@ 8e Ia iconoclasm pn la cderea &onstantinopo$
l ul ui , At en7@ %*52@ '*5 p. A B7s . O. St ef 7ni 6i s@ N E::0i N \ "G t 77N M i :i Y i ot opi 7. N A N < F M i
7TM i :Epo#@ e6. ,? 7@ At en7@ %*'*@ p. '+')L&L.
H u c r r i F n r o ;< n e 9 t e
G4. VH6uGes"u@ Introducere n istoria lilosoliei medievale, Bu"ure9ti@ %*52 A
P. Go!e7nu@ 3ari procese din istoria *usti!iei, Bu"ure9ti@ %*52A /. M7tei@ Pira*i
corsari, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(A \. e Goff@ &ivili%a!ia (ccidentului medieval, tr76. 6e MHri7
Fo87n@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5&. Re"enJie 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00V
$%*5,-@ nr. ,@ p. ,L5),5&A An6rei OGete7@ Rena"terea 9i Reiorma, Bu"ure9ti@ %*(%
e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*L+@ "u 8o!7tH 8i 8 io!r7fi e A A. . ore7@ Tort ura n Evul 3e$
diu, Fn BM7!7Jin istori"D@ Bu"ure9ti@ III $%*L+-@ nr. %, $,%-@ p. (&)('A Teo6or M.
P"pes"u@ T. Bo6o!7e 9i G4. StHnes"u@ 3anual de Istoria bisericeasc universal,
#oi. ,@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L@ p. %+L)%*2A Eus. Popo#i"i@ Istoria bisericeasc universal
e6. (?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,+@ p. +)'&.
Alte inlorma!ii bibliogralice Rm <
Internationale oeLumenisc?e +ibliograp?ie, e6itur7 C4. O7iser 6in Miin"4en
Fn"epFn6 6in %*L% A Centre n7Gion7 6e 7 re"4er"4e s"ientifiCue. Centre 6e 6o"u
;ent7tion?s"ien"es 4u;7ines = BBuetin si!n7etiCue 6es s"ien"es rei!ieusesD@ (
&?ristianisme, P7ris@ 6in %*5L.
PERIOADA A CINCEA
M7rtin Lut4er 9i Fn#HGHtur7 ui.
RHspFn6ire7 uter7nis;uui I
6ntei7 Refor;ei 7 fost M7rtin Lut4er $%(+2)%'(L-@ o person7i?
ri79H@ pinH 6e "ontr76i"Gii interio7re@ "H6itH 6in e:tre;e 9i e:?
tH FNnNp
7r7
6s
:uri
N o B;7reD 6e puteri@ 6e i;pusuri@ 6e "uno9tinGe@
?H867re. De 7"ee7 e 9i !reu 7 re67 8io!r7fi7 ui. E;oti# 9i sin"er@
i #eAse@ 8ine#oitor 9i n7i# "4i7r Fn re7Giie ui inti;e 9i f7;i?
6N7r tu;utuos@ 8rut7 9i "4i7r or6in7r Fn upt7 9i poe;i"ie 6use
;7i "u o7;enii p7p7itHGii@ "i 9i "u fo9tii sHi "o78or7tori@ prieteni
rHni rHs"u7G i@ s7u 7n787pti 9ti e:7 t 7G i@ Lut 4er 7 fost preJent 7t
i "7 un 7posto s7u profet prin !ur7 "Hrui7 7 !rHit Du4u SfF nt
i?7 ;7i fH"ut?o 6e 7 SfFntu Aposto P7#e Fn"o7"e $\u. Oostin-@
ri "7 un erou 9i "7 o person7it7te puterni"H@ pinH 6e "7itHGi !e?
$C7r3e@ T4iee-@ ori "7 "e ;7i !eni7 "re7tor 6e siste; fiosofi"
i!ios $/o-@ i7r 7teori "reJut 6rept un rHtH"it rHufH"Htor@ s7u un
i7t@ "7re 7 fH"ut 6in p7siunie ui un "reJ "u "7re 7 infe"t7t o;e?
[ntre7!H $Denife@ Gris7r 9.7.-.
i interpret7re7 operei ui Lut4er s?7 #HJut uneori rH8ufnire7 #e ri
n7Gion7e 7 !er;7nior f7GH 6e tute7 ro;7ni"H $Mi"4eet@ I;? e
7 Tour@ /. Preuss-@ 7teori sinteJ7 spiritu7H 9i "utur7H 7 Re? ii
9i u;7nis;uui $Bur"P47r6t@ R7nPe 9.7.- s7u "4i7r nu;7i Fn? e7
6e unifi"7re sufete7s"H 7 poporuui !er;7n $Fn o"u "eei po?
"7re ipse7-@ prin "re7re7 i;8ii n7Gion7e@ Fn6eose8i prin tr76u?
Bi8iei $.unP?Brent7no-. To7te 7"este preJentHri 9i interpretHri
i "o;pete.
FnH Fn %*&( se Fn"epe7 6ire"t "u 7nu Bipirii teJeorD pe u97 8ise?
6in _itten8er!@ "u 6es"4i6ere7 uptei "ontr7 in6u!enGeor@ e:? iu?
se Fntre7!7 epo"H 7nterio7rH prin i;presiie 6eJ7struo7se 7e riei
7 Ro;7@ 6espre "7re@ 6e f7pt@ Lut 4er nu po;ene9t e 6e"Ft ;7i
tFrJiu. O67tH "u 6es"operire7@ Fn %*&(@ 7 "ursurior 9i "o;en? r 7 =
Ps7;i@ Episto7 "Htre G77teni@ Episto7 "Htre Ro;7ni et"@ eMpo"H
6e "riJH 9i 6e 76Fn"i frH;FntHri@ s?7 #HJut "H pre!Htire7 A7s"H
pentru Refor;H er7 7pro7pe Fn"4ei7tH Fn o"to;8rie %'%5. i
7"e7st H pri #i nG H u"r 7re7 ui Ot t o S"4ee @ F n 6ouH #o u;e = d
Hut?er 9i 8e la catolicism la luteranism, er7 6HtHto7re 6e ton@
67ru sH FnHture Bre;7nierieD pe "7re 9i e?7 fH"ut Lut4er Fn?
iterior@ "u i;7!in7Gi7 9i sensi8iit7te7 s7@ 76eseori e:7t7te ?prin
ee "uprinse Fn "u#FntHrie 6e 7 ;7sH $Tis"4re6en-@ s"rise 9i pu?
2 postu; 6e prietenii sHi. Ce7 ;7i 8unH u"r7re 6e 7ns7;8u 6e?
tefor;H 9i refor;7toru !er;7n rH;Fne tot oper7 profesoruui "7?
.os. LertJ.
M7rtin Lut4er er7 fiu 6e ;iner 9i s?7 nHs"ut 7 Eise8en.R f"7 %&.
8rie %(+2. Cres"ut Fn stri"tH rei!ioJit7te 6e pHrinGii sHi@ "7re
sH?% f7"H 7#o"7t@ Lut4er e tri;is pe rFn6 7 9"o7H 7 M7n sfe6@
An8ur!@ Eisen7"4 9 i@ 7 sf<r9it@ 7 nou?FnfiinG7t7 f7"ut7te UUMurMF"S
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Mi7n es7n.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII . ,&5
6in TMM_MMrt fiR;)% ?RnR._ .ire7 ui sensi8iH fH"use pFnH 7"u; "uno9tinGH
"u 7t;osfer7 pio7sH 6in instituGiie B.r7Gior 6e #i7GH "o;unHD 9i "4i7r
67"H te;per7;entu ui nu sufere7 6e "o;p e:e 6e te7;H ori 6e Fu?
rie@ "u; s"rie ist ori "u ieJui t Gris7r@ tot u9i e 76e#Hr7t "H Lut4er 7
suferit 6in tinereGe 9i "4i7r ;7i tFrJiu 6e o 76e#Hr7tH fri"H fiJi"H Fn f7 t7
7rHtHrior 6i7#ouui s7u #rHMito7reor@ pre"u; 9i Fn pri#inG7 ;Fntuirii
sufetuui.
Fn , iuip %'&' pro7spHtu fiosof 9i 6o"tor Fn Drept@ "7re se Fn?
tor"e7 6e 7"7sH spre Erfurt@ 7 fost surprins 6e o furtunH 9i Fn ;o;en ?
tu "Fn6 trHsnetu "HJuse Fn!H e@ stri!H = B2fFntH
Ari
R BcRnH?n?rn @ sM ;H
#oi "Hu!Hri i D. L7 "Fte#7 Jie 6upH 7"ee7. Fn %5 .iuie. L ut4er 8Hte7 7
po7rt7 ;FnHstirii 7u!ustFniene 6in Erfurt spre 7 se 6e6i"7 e:7!er7tei
7s"eJe@ pe "7re o #7 pr7"ti"7 peste %' 7ni pentru "7@ 7 sfFr9itu #ieGii
s7e $%+ fe8ru7rie %'(L-@ sH spunH "H intr7re7 Fn ;on74is; 7 fost siitH.
E 7 ui7it?o 6rept !7s 7 6estinuui 9i 7 ui Du;neJeu@ 6upH "u; Fn ?
su9i !Fn6u "H e tri;is 6e. sus "7 refor;7tor Fi #7 fi ;7i tFrJiu tot 797
6e puterni"@ Fn e!HturH "u profeGi7 ui Io7"4i; 6e .oris $%%(' ) f
%,&,-@ "H 6in %',& #7 Fn"epe Bepo"7 SfFntuui Du4D Fn Biseri"H 9i Fn
#i7G7 "re9tinHtHGii.
Anii petre"uGi Fn ;FnHstire sFnt 7ni 6e 76<n"i frH;FntHri. Spre 6e
ose8ire 6e e#7#i7 #re;ii@ "7re superfi"i7iJ7 u"rururie@ 7fir;Fn6 "H
se po7te 7Mun!e si!ur 7 ;Fntuire Fn ur;7 f7pteor 8une "7re se f7"@ 7
ru!H"iunior@ 7 posturior@ 7 peerin7Meor 9i in6u!enGeor@ Lut4er se
J#Fr"oe7 Fn "4ii7 s7@ "4inuin6u?se "u !Fn6u "H@ Fn "iu67 7tFtor posturi
9i 78Gineri 7s"eti"e@ F Fn!roJe9te osFn67 6e #e"i@ F "4inuie nesi!ur7nG7
;Fntuirii. Ispitee 9i Fn6oieie F 6e#or7u@ s"epti"is;u 9i "4i7r 6isper7
re7 Fi "ope9e7u Jiee 9i nopGie "u #iJiuni "ere9ti 9i Fn6eose8i 6i78oi
"e. CHHtori 7 7 BffM!:L Fn %'%&) f'%%. nu %?7 6estrH;7t sufete9te@ e rH?
;F;n6 pe ;7i 6ep7rte un 76erent 7 p7p7itHGii Fn pre6i"ie s7e. D7r
pree!erie no;in7iste 7e 67s"Huui G78rie Bie pre"u; 9i e"tur7
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%'%5 . 7 _itten8er!. sH pre6e7 e:e!eJ7 "7 6o"tor Fn teoo!i e 9i ur;79
7 fostuui sHu superior@ St7upitJ. Astfe 7 7Muns i7 "on"uJi7 "H o;u
nu po7te ni;i" Fn7inte7 ui Du;neJeu@ "7re?i 6H totu 6upH "u; !Hse9te
E 6e 8ine 6in 7totputerni"i7 S7 $o""7;is;-@ 6es"operin6u?i ) prin
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"u 9i !ener7u BOr6inuuiD sHu@ St7upitJ@ 7tun"i "Fn6 se pFn!e7 "H
nu?9i 7fH ni"i6e"u; ini9te 9i Fn"re6ere Fn f7ptee 8une sH#Fr9ite. Lut4er
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7run"Fn6 7supr7 Lui to7tH !riM7@ fHrH sH?9i i;punH 9i strH67nii ;or7e
"orespunJHto7re. Pentru Lut4er i8eru 7r8itru e Bs"7#u 7r8itruD@ 87@
s"ri7 e Fn poe;i"7 s7 "u Er7s;us $%',')%',L-@ "H i8ert7te7 "on9tiin
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s"ri7 SfFntu Apsoto P7#e 7 = Ro;7ni@ %@ %5\9o7Mfi6e-@ "ifur;7re7
"H BDu;neJeu 6e ;7i 6in7inte 4otHrH9te st7re7 "re6in"iosuui D $Ro;.
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PERIOADA A CI(CEA
Cre6inG7 6e#ine 7 Lut4er o "4estiune 6e Fn"re6ere $Ro;. %&@ %&- A
it7te7 ui Du;neJeu tre8uie 6e"i FnGee7sH Fn sens tropi" s7u
;e?=i" 9i nu o8ie"ti#.
Ai"i reJi6H prin"ipiu fun67;en t7 7 ui Lut4er@ 797 "u; 7 iJ8u"?
Fn pu8i"@ 7f2% o"to;8 rie %'%5R Fn 7Munu sHr8Htorii Btuturor
sfin?D 9i pr7Jni"u supre; 7i in6u!enGeor@ prin "ee @ ft' 6e teJe^ pe
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tri;is "Htre 7r4iepis"opu A8re"4t 6e Br7n6en8ur!?MeinJ. 7poi
"opuui /. S"4uJ 6in Br7n6en8ur! 9i 7tor7. M7i tFrJiu 7 fost 7fi?
'i pe u9i 6e 8iseri"i un 7pe Fn 7"est sens $infor;7G i7 ui Me7n?
n 6espre 7fi97re7 protestuui 6e "Htre Lut4er 7 po7rt7 8iseri"ii 6in
Aen8er!@ 7 2% o"to;8rie@ nu este "onfir;7tH 6o"u;ent7r-@ 6upH "e
st tipHrit Fn sute 6e e:e;p7re. Astfe er7u "o;8Htute in6u!enGee
Iute
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P RRin!=cN;i .6nr;ni"7n T. TetJe Fn s"opu ri6i"Hrii 8iseri"ii
ntu PetruD 6in Ro;7. M7re 7 fost re#ot7 ui Lut4er F ;potri#7
?n7Giei 7"estui7 "H = BFn67tH "e 7uru $87nu- sunH Fn "utie@ sufetu
irH 7 "erD@ s7u pe ne;Ge9te BSo876 67s Ge6 i; O7sten Pin!t@ 6ie
e i; /i;;e sprin!tD.
At 7"F n6 6e"i i n6u !enG e e@ F nt r?o #re;e 9i F nt r?un ;o6 F n "7re
ru e?7 rHspFn6it "u iuGe77 pe "7re i?o 9ti;@ Lut4er 7 7t7"7t Fn 7"e?
ti ;p 9i p7p7 it 7t e7@ "7re susG i ne7 "H i 7rt H 7pri ori " ori "e pH"7t e@
t "e nu;7i Du;neJeu po7te f7"e. M7i "riti"H 9i prin"ipiu Fnsu9i 7
F!enGeor@ "7re nu presupune7 "HinGH 9i u7re7 8u"uro7sH 7suprH?9i
i!uui@ suferinGei@ "i fu!7 6e ee A Fn fine@ 7 "riti"7t 7utorit7te7 Bi ?
rui "7re per;ite 7stfe 6e pr7"ti"i@ 7 fe 6o"trin7 !re9itH 6espre ;e?
9i f7pte ;erituo7se 9.7.
Lu"rHrie se pre"ipitH. Ro;7 trHi7 Fntr?o nepre"iJie 9i so;noenGH
o!i"H ne;7iFntFFnitH. P7p7 Leon 0 $%'%2)% ',%-@ o"up7t "u #FnHto7?
9i 6istr7"Giie@ "re6e7 "H e #or87 6e o "e7rtH "Hu!Hre7s"H@ 67r pe
iH@ Fn iunie %'%+ . 7 6es"4is pro"esu@ 9i fiin6"H .ri e6eri"4 6e S7:7@
ii67tu p7pei 7 tronu 478s8ur!i"@ F proteM7 pe Lut4er@ 7 fost tri?
"7r6in7 u C7MetHrR sH?% re76u"H 7 7s"ut7re pe ;on74. A"est7 spu?
W7 9i p7p7 tre8uie sH 7s"ute 6e sino6@ i7r sino6u 6e SfFnt7 S"riptu?
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puGin 7 fost 7t7"7t@ 6e "7toi"u Dr. \o47nn E"P $f %'(2-@ un prie? 7
ui Lut 4er ) An6re7s Bo6enst ei n@ 6i n O7r st 76t. Lut 4er se 2e9te
6e"i 7 6isput7 6e 7 LeipJi!@ 6in Jiee 6e ,5 iunie)%L iuie *@
7supr7 pri;7tuui p7p7@ "u "7re prieM 7 Fn"eput sH "re7 6H "H ni"i @
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i^^6eE"i@ peNiLrN7 neresit7te7 f7pteor 8une@ s?7 e:pri;7t "H Beste 6e
RcCHrtur7ri 9i no8ii "7 Uri"4 #on /utten@ "7#7eru .r. #on Si"? S
en 9i ;7i 7es profesoru 6e e8r7i"H 9i !re7"H REiYip?^Me7De4torr?
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
$%(*5)%'L&-@ tren 6e p;?tp7 ini T.nt4pr Fn 7"este F;preMurHri@ u;7
nistu "e4 Uri"4 Veenus 7 ne!7t preJenG7 SfFntuui Petru 7 Ro;7@ Fn
u"r7re7 1Apostolus Petrus Romam non venisse neOue illic passum2 pu
8i"7tH 7 Pr7!7 Fn %',&@ orientFn6u?se 6upH "riti"ie ui L7urenGiu V77
$%(&')%('5-. ]V N
DenunG7t "7 ereti"@ Lut4er s?7 76res7t poporuui Fn >[',&A prin trei
s"rieri?pro!r7;@ 6in "ee 2& "Fte 7 s"ris Fn 7"e 7n. Pri;7@ &tre nobilimea
crest*n*ie na! iune german despre ndreptarea strii cre"tine2, tipHritH
in$7u!ust %',$> i- susGine7 "H 67"H p7p7it7te7 9i "eru nu #oi7u rpfnr;7
"erutH 6e sute 6e 7ni@ pre"u; 9i s7tisf7"ere7 6oe7nGeor poporuui !er
;7n 7tFt 6e "runt e:po7t7t 6e H"o;i7 or@ 7tun"i s?o f7"H poporu. M7
nifestu s?7 rHspFn6it Fn "Fte#7 Jie@ Fn peste (&&& 6e e:e;p7re@ F;potri
#7 "eor trei BJi6uriD 6upH "7re se 7s"un6e7 p7p7it7te7 = putere7 spiri
tu7H "7re 6epH9e9te pe "e7 u;e7s"H@ 6reptu p7pei sH e:pi"e Bi8i7 9i
6reptu 6e 7 "on#o"7 "on"iii. Lut4er opune7 7"estor7 preoGi7MRener7H@ i
8ert7te7 pentru toGi 6e 7 e:pi"7 S"riptur7 si. 6>i;7iLRCO0LiPiiRntre7:i7
6 i 6 F 6 H i 6 B i i i i
captivitatea babilonic a +isericii0 9 i se o"up7 nu;7i "u pro8e;e teo?
Mo!iCe. De 7"ee7 7 fost s"ris Fn i;87 7tinH. In 7"est7 Lut4er ne!7 "7 ?
r7"teru s7"r7;ent7 7 Biseri"ii@ "H"i 6in 97pte. T7ine 78i7 trei A Bote ?
Juc@ Eu47risti7@ si FnGr?o o7re"7re ;HsurH Po"HinG7 se pot 6o#e6i "7
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\YR22CRRis!..Kfi#nH.i...."ee7te sFrit 6o7r "ere;onii pio7se 76Hu!7te
6e o7;eni. D7r 9i pri;ee trei T7ine se 7fH Fntr?o s"7n67o7sH ro8ie 7
rHtH"irii o;ene9ti 7se;HnHto7re "eei 6in B78ion s7u A#i!non@ "H"i i
s?7 rHpit 9i Fntune"7t "7r7"teru pri;or6i7. Ce ;7i rHu 7 fost ;uti7tH
) s"rie refor;7toru ) Eu47risti7@ "H"i s?7 rHpit 7i"ior potiru A ;i ?
nune7 pref7"erii e su8;in7tH 6e su8tiitHGie s"o7sti"is;uui@ i7r o;u
"7re "re6e "H 76u"e un 67r@ pier6e@ prin 6en7tur7re7 ui@ 8ine"u#Fnt7?
re7 "eruui. Sin!uru u"ru "e se "ere 6e 7 "re6in"ios e "re6inG7@ 76i"H
pri;ire7 47ruui@ "H"i T7in7 nu?i 6e"Ft "u#Fntu e!7t 6e un se;n #H?
Jut A 79767r Biseri"7 nu ;7i este s7"r7;ent7H@ "i e o Biseri"H 7 "u#Fn?
tuui. L7 fe s"ri7 "H s?7 6e!r767t T7in7 Po"HinGei prin ru9inosu tr7fi"
7 in6u!enGeor. De"i@ BFn7poi 7 E#7n!4eie SD.
A trei7 s"riere@ "e7 ;7i teoo!i"H 9i@ 7Hturi 6e &atsliis)n**l "e7
;7i si;pH 6in rFtp p Hs7t@ TMit4pr este "e7R^^BfiesEre^^Ii8erGR omului
cre"tin2#itm# noie;8rie %',tTh Fn "7re o se7;H 6e i6ei 6in ;is?
ti"7c!er;7n7 se unes" "u prospeGi;e7 spirituui E#7n!4eiei 9i 7 u;7?
nis;uui "re9tin 7 refor;7toruui. E7 este s"risH Fn i;47 !er;7nH 9i
76res7tH p7pei Leon 7 0? e7@ "7 un fe 6e Mustifi"7re Fn f7G7 e:"o;u?
ni"Hrii "c7re 9ti7 "H?% 79te7ptH. BDn "re9tin 76e#Hr7t e stHpFn@ prin "re?%( )
Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
p G p
7 6e"i6e Fn 7 6unHri 6e so7rt7 Biseri"ii s7e. BTre8uie sH te treJe9ti@ Ger?
;c7nFeUThh stri!7 Lut4er@ "<"ic BDonHtio Const7ntiniD@ te;ei7 st7tuui p7?
p7@ e un f7s ne;7i7uJitA peerin7Mee 7 Ro;7 9i sHrut7re7 pi"io7reor
p7pei sH Fn"eteJe. BNe?7; sHtur7t 6e "er9etori7 9i 6e 6eJ;HGu Or6i ?
neor "Hu!Hre9ti A preoGii sH se "HsHtore7s"H 9i sH nu ;7i trHi7s"H@ ;7i
6ep7rte@ Fntr?o ru9ino7sH st7re 6e pro;is"uit7te A 7f7rH "u pH!Fnu Ari?
stote 6in teoo!ie A SfFnt7 S"ripturH sH fie .pusH Fn "entru ri6i"Hrii
poporuuiD ) er7u teJee uter7ne. Y_)VJJE$$$$$$$$cccc??#
A 6oie7 ;7nifest@ 7pHrut Fn R"Go;8rie',R purt7 titu
PERIOADA A CI(CEA
peste to7te 9i nesupus ni;HnuiD@ s"ri7 Lut4er@ 7fir;Fn6 7"ee79i
h !ener7H "7 9i Fn 7te u"rHri 7e s7e. D7r 767u!H@ Fn 7"e79i
"H B76e#Hr7tu "re9tin e un suMitor Fntru to7te prin iu8ireD@ 7fir?
prin 7"e7st7 ;ieJu eti"ii noi@ "7re spune "H /ristosu 6o8Fn6it
We6inGH e 6Hruit 7pro7peui prin iu8ire. BNu?i o7re o 76e#Hr7tH
e@ ) se Fntre78H Lut4er )@ "H /ristos@ ;iree "e 8o!7t@ 8un 9i
S?7 unit "u 6esfrFn7t7 "e7t H o;ene7s"H pentru 7 o s"Hp7 6e tot
t 7 o f7"e un7 "u Sine S Prin "re6inGH sH trHi; Fn /ristos 9i prin
Fntru 7pro7peeD.
o8iii 9i poporu s?7u ;i9"7t. Ro;7 "re6e7 "H e o 7f7"ere ;7i ;ut
o?so"i7H@ 67r Lut4er o #e6e 7 pur 9i si;pu "7 o refor;H rei!io7?
ieffE)urOe 8omine2, 6in %8 iunie %*c, thES"7re "enJur7 "7 ^ereti"e
RfeJe 6in s"risu Iui Lut4er@ pri#in6 ;7i 7es or!7niJ7re7 8iserPc
9i preoGi7 47ris;7ti"H@ fMM7\if $M
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ter;en pentru retr7"t7re@ Fn6
s?7u F;pinit 7"este7O7cN%& 6e"e;8rie %',&R Lut4er 7 rHspuns ?un
p7;fet intitu7t BF ;potri#7 Buei ui Anti4ristD 9i@ 7 po7r?iter@
7 7run"7t Fn fo" cBu7 si Corpus \uris "7noni"i @ fiin6 4otHrFt i; sH
7e7!H@ "7 9i stu6enGii sHi@ ) "Hror7 6e 7 6ou7 Ji 7 Fn"er"7t se
76reseJe nu;7i Fn i;87 !er;7nH ) ori i76u@ ori ;7rtiriu@ urne7
er7 o"up7tH "u 7e!ere7 F;pHr7tuui C7ro duintu@ Fn %'%* A
6or;e7@ epis"opii 7#e7u 7t"e#7 6e u"ru@ teoo!i7 "7toi"H er7
nnoenGH@ 797 Fn"Ft i6eie ui Lut4er se rHspFn6e7u repe6e. .ei"i? 9i
Fn"ur7MHrie "ur!e7u 6e pretutin6eni@ 6in G7rH 9i 6in strHinH? ie 7
no8ii 9i Fn#HG7Gi@ 6 e 7 7rti9ti@ ;e9te9u!7ri 9i GHr7ni. D7r Fn S
%',%@ Fn 6iet7 6e 7 _or;SRMRut4er tre8ui sH se preJinte 7 Mu? !^
Nu se ;7i te;e7 ni"i e@ ni"i 76erenGii "7re ?7u FnsoGit pe7ru?N
riu;f7. Erois;u "u "7re se 7pHr7 9i rHspunsu s"urt = BA"este7?s
ie ;ee 9i 7tfe nu pot A Du;neJeu sH?;i 7MuteD@ 7u i;pus tu?
E se 9ti7 i8er 6e 7utorit7te7 e:terio7rH 9i e!7t nu;7i 6e Du;? . .
De 7"ee7@ "7 9i /us@ 7fir;Fn6 B"H este un /us s7 :onD@ Lut4er
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te;e7 ni"i 6e e6i"tu 6e 7]_or;s@ 6in + ; 7i %',R@ "7re F "on? 7 7
pros"riere@ Fn"reJFn6u?se Uc;U"re6in"io9ii Uc"HcrecUFF 7pTHu"7iL@ I
.onstern7re7 Ro;ei@ "Fn6 7 7f7t "H to7tH Ger;7ni7 e 6e p7rte7
LU ;7i 7#e7 "7pHt. F;pHr7tu 7 se;n7t "on67;n7re7@ 67r prote"?
ui Lut4er@ .rie6eri"4 "e FnGeept 7 S7:oniei. %?7 76Hpostit Fn "7s?
sHu 6in _7rt8urP
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^JX"e)S7 $;7i %',%);7rtie %',,-@ tr76u"Fn6 Fn %',, Nou Ees? it
6upH ori!in7u !re"es" 7 ui Er7rnFsUIRFrrUTTRtto
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^>unFn6 7stfe@ prin 7e!ere7 "eor ;7i popu7re 9i ;7i ne7o9e "u?
ne;Ge9ti@ 87Jee i;8ii iter7re !er;7ne. E"ou pri;ei\Bi8\iL\ir S
6e Lut4er@ 7 % R7u!Mu9G\LHRSR?7 fost eriLrrn5U"7"TNpri;7 tr76u"ere
Zr;7nH Fn BP7tt6euts"4D@ 6in %(+'@ nu er7 FnGee7sH pretutin6eni@
R"e;8rie@ 7"e79i 7n@ 7pHre7 7 trei7 e6iGie@ i7r pFnH 7 %'(L 7u 7pH?
iu;7i 7 _itten8er! ', 6e retipHriri@ "H"i B"iJ;7rii@ fe;eie 9i to7?
ite!oriie 6e 7i"i "ite7u S"riptur7 9i Fn#HG7u pe 6e rost p7s7!ii A7
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI?0V%II
8.% RHspFn6ire7 uter7nis;uui. % Lut4er "ue!e7 ro76ee. E:7!erHri ?
e pre6i"ii uter7ne 9i tonu re#ouGion7r 7u treJit Fn 7n787pti9tii 9i Fn
GHr7nii ui T4o;7s MiinJer $%(*&)%','- un "re9tinis; ;isti"@ 7n7r4i"
9i "u "erinGe pe tHrF; so"i7 9i 6e i8ertHGi@ "7re 7u "ost7t ;o7rte7 7
iOO.dOO 6e GHr7ni.
Pie6i"i 7u fost puse 9i 6upH %','@ "Fn6 7 7#ut o" o 7tH rHs"o7H 7
GHr7nior. Pre6i"7@ 9"o77@ tipHriturie 9i in6oenG7 ier7r4iei f7#oriJ7u
rHspFn6ire7 noior i6ei. Mii 6e stu6enGi 7er!7u 7 _itten8er!@ ne!us torii
9i ;eseri79ii se entuJi7s;7u 6e nou "reJ@ intuit 7tFt 6e 78i? Fn 8ro9uri 9i
"7ri"7turi spiritu7e@ 6e ;ute ori "4i7r tri#i7e. CH re7"Giu?ne7 9i
rHstH;H"irie poporuui s7u 7e prietenior nu er7u pe potri#7 i6eior ui
Lut4er 9i "H Refor;7 6e ;7i tFrJiu nu ;7i pHstr7 Fnsu9irie 67te 6e e@
puGin i;portH. Lut4er@ "7re se ri6i"7se "ontr7 Ro;ei Fn nu;ee i8ertHGii
spunFn6 = BA 7r6e pe ereti"i e un pH"7t "ontr7 Du4uui ? SfFntD@ spune7
7"u; ) "7 sH potoe7s"H pe e:7t7Gii 6in b`i"P7u ori pe GHr7nii 6in
su6u Ger;7niei ) = Bo#iGi?i "7 pe 8este;7Gi 9i "ete 6e ne;erni"iD.
PFnH Fn %',* F;pHr7tu C7ro duintu $%'%*)%''L- 7 ipsit 6in
Ger;7ni7@ 797 Fn"Ft sf<9ierie 6intre p7rti6ee "7toi"e 9i uter7ni u7 ?
serH proporGii. RHJ8oiu "i#i er7 !7t7 sH iJ8u"ne7s"H. Unii se !Fn6e7u
"4i7r 7 o i!H intern7Gion7H. .oosin6u?se 6e F;preMurHri ) F f7#ori J7
poiti"7 tur"ofiH 7 re!eui .r7n"is" I 7 .r7nGei $%'%')%'(5-@ 6u9;7nu
ui C7ro duintu )@ 6e nest7torni"i7 p7pei Ce;ent VI $%',2?%'2(- 9i
6e neputinG7 for;Hrii unui 8o" unit7r "7toi"@ uter7nii s?7u FntHrit Fn
6ietee 6e 7 Spir7 $%',*- 9i I7^Au!s8ur! $%'2&-. un6e F9i re67"te7JH
"ee8r7 BConfessio Au!ust7n7D@ operH 7 ui .iip Me7n"4ton@ $%(*5)
%'L&- Fn MfR4sIfL
p

n
c ..r7s;ns rin /ftGGeMR7M;. No8ii;e7 uter7nH 7
protest7t "ontr7 i;itHrii uter7nis;uui 6e "Htre no8ii;e7 "7toi"H "7re
refuJ7 "ee trei prin"ipii = Bso7 fi6e@ so7 !r7Ji7 9i so7 s"riptur7D 9i pentru
"7re uter7nii 7u fost nu;iGi Bprotest7nGiD. Totu9i@ prin ;o6er7Gi7 s7@
Me7n"4ton #7 fi "onsi6er7t "7 B76e#Hr7tu e6u"7tor 7 Ger;7nieiD.
Fn %'2% 9 ?7^ for;7 t B8o"u s;7P76i"D 7 protest7nGio r@ "7 Li!H
proprie. PreJenGMT tur"ior in 7propiere7 Vienei 6eter;inH pe p7p7 P7u
iii $%'2()%'(*-. .siP"on#o7"e un sino6@ 7 M7ntu7 $%'25I-@ 6 7r protest7n?
Gii 7u refuJ7t. Di;pot ri#H@ peFn!H $BConfessi!N c5Ri!ust7 nRRRKApo
]RZ!r7RConfessionisDR7u ;7i 7""eptHVMArTaCoee srnA IIAffrffrpD "7re er7u
;7i puGin r76i"7e A 7stfe "ee trei pu8i"7Gii for;7u "HrGie si;8oi"e
7e uter7nis;uui protest7nt?)c c
FnTreUF;p5UpfFrT"FpFu "onfesion7 7 Biseri"ii teritori7e "F9ti!7se
teren 9i "7toi"ior e ipse7 o person7it7te "7re sH ;o8iiJeJe forGee
e:istente 9i sH re7iJeJe 6is"ipin7 Fn "er.
Lupt7 prin s"ris s7u prin pre6i"i er7 neunit7rH@ nu 7#e7 7#Fnt@ er7i
7ne;i"H 9i "4i7r in"on9tientH. S?7u fH"ut 9i Fn"er"Hri 6e reunire rei?
!ie7sH Fntre "ee 6ouH t78ere. In sfFr9it@ Fn %'(( C7ro duintu reu9i sHi
6esp7rtH pe protest7nGi 6e 7i7nG7 fr7n"eJior. CFn6 p7p7 7 inter#enit@T
Lut4er 7 pu8i"7t "e7 ;7i #u!7rH s"riere 7 s7 = BF;potri#7 p7pei 6e 7M
Ro;7@ instituit 6e 6i7#oD@ Fn %'('@ preJentFn6 "7ri"7turi e:e"ut7te 6e
LuP7s Or7n7"4 6upH inspir7Gi7 s7.
PERIOADA A CI(CEA
' p >
#G?"i7nH C7terin7 6e Bor7- . Le!7t 6e popor 9i 6e #i7G7 "o;unitHGiiR
trN u "7re 7 "o;pus ";te"e rei!io7se@ 7 s"ris pre6i"i 9i Fn6ru;Hri. A
it 7 %+ fe8ru7rie %'(L.
De9i C7ro duintu "F9ti!7se Fn 7priie %'(5 8HtHi7 "ontr7 protes?
iorM totu9i Fn %'''@ 7 ,' septe;8rie@ prin Interi;u 6e 7 Au!s8ur!
st78iit "o;pro;isu 1&u*us regio, e*us religEio2 $BRe!iune7 f7"e re?
;e7D-@ "ee7 "e "ons7"rH prin"ipiu teritori7 protest7nt 7supr7 i;pe?
ui teo"r7ti" ;e6ie#7. Prin 7"e7st7 s?7 "onsfinGit 6eJ8in7re7 "onfe?
7H@ "utur7H 9i poiti"H 7 Ger;7niei = nor6u 9i "entru@ "u o p7rte
_iirte;8er!@ 6e#ene7u uter7ne A i7r V7e7 Rinuui 9i B7#7ri7 rH?
e7u "7toi"e.
Prin s"4i;8 6e stu6enGi 9i e!Hturi e"ono;i"o?"o;er"i7e@ uter7?
ui s?7 rHspFn6it Fn tot nor6u Europei@ fiin6 "onsi6er7t "7 e:presi7
9tinis;uui potri#it spirituui !er;7ni" 9i s"7n6in7#?nor6i"D. Tre8uie
su8ini7t FnsH "H uter7niJ7re7 7"estor GHri nu s?7 fH"ut 7 nG7
poporuui@ "i 7 prin"ipior. In or!7niJ7re 9i Fn #i7G7 e:terio7rH ri"ie
s"7n6in7#e rH;Fn@ "7 9i An!i7@ ;7i "onser#7to7re 6e"Ft u? ni s;u
!er;7n s7u "7 #i ni s;u e #eG i 7n 9i fr7n"eJ. F nt re %',5) re!ee
Sue6iei@ Gust7# V7s7 $%',2)%'L&-@ 7Mut7t 6e ee#ii iui Lu? @ fr7Gii
Peterson@ uter7niJe7JHU Sue6i7. Fn D7ne;7r"7@ Nor#e!i7 9i i67.
re!ee C4risti7n 7 III?e7 $%'2()%''*- f7"e 7"e79i u"ru Fn
%'22)%'2(@ i7r Fn Prusi7 9i GHrie 87ti"e@ uti;u ;7re ;7estru
hr6inuui teuton@ A8re"4t 6e Br7n6e;8ur! F;preunH "u fr7tee sHu
e; 7u pri;it uter7nis;u@ s?7u "HsHtorit 9i 7u uter7niJ7t GHrie
In Boe;i7@ So#7"i7@ Pooni7 9i So#eni7 s?7u or!7niJ7t puterni"e
unitHGi uter7ne 9i s?7u unit "u Bfr7Gii ;or7#iD@ 6es"en6enGi 7i 4u?
2r 9i #76enJior. In Tr7nsi#7ni7@ uter7nis;u 7 fost susGinut 6e
= /onterus $f %'(*-@ "7re 9i?7 e:pus poJiGi7 Fn f7i;o7s7 u"r7re =
formatio ecclesiae &oronensis2, 6in %'(2@ tr76usH Fn !er;7nH Fn
N @ 9i "7re 7 st7t 7 87J7 Refor;ei Biseri"ii sHse9ti. D7r ;7i "ontri?
u pe Fn!H infuenGee `itten8er!iene 9i "ee e#eGiene. In !ener7@
6upH %','@ pe "Fn6 Lut4er 6e#enise un nu;e 9i o putere ii"H
poiti"H@ Refor;7 s?7 rHspFn6it ;7i ;ut pe "7e poiti"H 6e9i e
!Fn6e7 Fn"H tot 7 o Biseri"H unit7rH. D7"H se Mu6e"H person7i? 7
9i oper7 refor;7toruui !er;7n@ #7 tre8ui sH se spunH "H er7 un
profun6 rei!ios@ 67r ipsit 6e orient7re Muri6i"H@ poiti"H s7u 6e #e Gi
6e siste;7tiJ7tor. AGii 7u fH"ut ;7i tFrJiu 6in ;i9"7re7 ui o 7"? e
;7i ;ut poiti"H. BMieJu rei!ioJitHGii ui er7 Du;neJeu@ C7re
hspir7 o profun6H te7;H rei!io7sH A o;u e opus ui Du;neJeu A
;eJeu 9i o;u sFnt "ontr7steD. Putere7 ui Du;neJeu 9i Fn"re6ere7
N % Fi 6H6e7u ui Lut4er 7#Fntu 6e pre6i"7tor 9i "on9tiinGH 6e profet@
i6 "re9tinis;u Fn serios@ Lut4er Fi 7tri8ui7 #7o7re7 78soutH 9i nu
W7 ni;i" 7t"e#7 7f7rH 6e e. PreGui7 ru!H"iune7@ 67r 7 6esfiinG7t
r!4F7 9i unit7te7 Biseri"ii@ "ontestFn6 "7r7"teru ei s7"r7;ent7@
A fost uti;7 pH9ire pu8i"H 7 ui Lut4er "7re@ 7tfe@ se ;Hr!inise
?Hi 76eseori ner#os@ furios 9i 8onH#i"ios@ 67r ;7i ;ut ;o6est 9i
Fn6 pe sHr7"i@ ipsin6u?se 6e onor7rii 9i trHin6 Fn f7;ii7 s7 !re7@
' "opii ) trei fii 9i 6ouH fii"e $u7se FnRM9HtoM>MpeiosM7iHYu<HriFH
Ci 6 B- Lt 6
YuFn6 "7 87JH 6o7r "u#Fntu E#7n!4eiei@ pe "7re?% tF"ui7 su8ie"ti#.
A#e7 i6ee7 !re9itH "H se 7fH Fn Biseri"7 "e7 un7@ 67r "u "on"epGi7 s7
6espre Biseri"7 in#iJi8iH ie9e7 6in unit7te7 Biseri"ii. M7re7 ero7re 7
ui Lut4er e 7"ee7 "H 7 fH"ut@ 6in "on#in!erie s7e "u totu person7e
9i ie9ite 6in "e7 ;7i "urio7sH e#ouGie 7 unei pre6ispoJiGii "u; nu se
po7te ;7i person7H@ porun"H o8i!7torie pentru toGi@ 6eJ8inFn6 prin
su8ie"ti#is;u sHu "re9tinHt7te7 $\. LortJ-.
Confi"tu 6intre Lut4er 9i p7pH 6in %',& 7 7#ut 7 87JH o neFnGe?
e!ere tr7!i"H A e se "re6e7 7 fi B"7toi"D@ "4i7r 7nsFn6 refor;7 9i 78H?
tFn6u?se 6e 7 ;ute 9i 8une tr76iGii. De f7pt@ e Fnsu9i re!ret7 "H nu 7
putut f7"e refor;7 F;preunH "u epis"opii@ 797 "H s?7 ne#oit sH o re7i ?
JeJe F;potri#7 7"estor7. Prin ur;7re = Lut4er 7 pornit 7 Fn"eput Fn
;o6 sin"er spre Fn6rept7re@ prin refor;H internH@ 67r Fn "76ru F;pre ?
MurHrior !ener7e 7 fost F;pins spre o refor;H r76i"7H.
Fn ori"e "7J@ protest7nGii 6e to7te nu7nGee se "onsi6er7u 6rept
B;i"7 tur;HD $Lu"7@ %,@ 2,- o"rotitH 6e SfFntu Du4@ pe "Fn6 "7toi"ii
Fi tr7t7u "7 Bereti"iD@ #re6ni"i 6e respin!ere 9i "o;87tere r76i"7H.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
VeJi 7 Not7 pre"e6entH 9i= &orpus Reiormatorum, e6it. B. \. Oi66@ O:for6@
6in %+2(A &orpus &onlessionum, e6i. 6e D. .78ri"ius@ Berin@ 6in %*2+A P4. \ou?
t7r6@ 4istoriograp?ie de la Relorme, E6it. De7"47u:@ P7ris@ %*55@ '&& p.A D. Oi?
#Fer@ Ha foi de Hut?er, P7ris@ %*5+@ ,'L p.
Auton catolici<
\. _irt4@ Hut?er# Etude dE?i,stoire religieuse, Gene#e@ %*+% A M. Gres"47t@ 8ie
Reiormations%eii, t. .%),@ Stutt!7rt@ %*+%A E. Isero4@ \. G7JiP et /. \e6in@ Reior$
mation and &ounter Retormation, tr76. 6in i;87 !er;7nH@ Lon6on@ %*+&@ 00 )
5*' p.A P. Mi!ue@ Ha guetre 6e reii!ion@ t. %.),@ P7ris@ %*+,A Bi4;e3er?Tu"4e?
Vi"7ire@ op. cit#, #oi. 2@ %*L(@ p. %L*),%5@ "u 8o!7tH 8i8io!r7fie@ p. (2*)(L+A A.
.r7nJen@ Qleine Qirc?engesc?ic?te, (?e. Auf.@ .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*52@ p. ,'2)
,55A \. LortJ?E. Isero4@ =toria della Riiorma, Boo!n7@ %*5(A R. St7uffer@ Ha Re?
for;e@ "oe"Gi7 Bdue s7is?MeD@ nr. %25L@ P7ris@ %*5&@ 9i I6e;@ I7 cat?olicisme lai
decouverte de Hut?er, P7ris@ %*LLA T. Siiss@ Hut?er# =a p?ilosop?ie religieuse, P7?
ris@ %*L*A \. LortJ?\. \e6in@ Festsc?riit liir 3# Hut?er, Munster@ %*L'A \. LortJ@ Die
Reiormation in 8eutsc?land, L?e Auf.@ .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*+,@ 0III ) 2*% p. Af
\. LortJ@ Io relorme de 3# Hut?ei, , #oi.@ P7ris@ %*L2@ %&L( p.A \. B. MetJ@ Riiorma
contrariiorma, Bres"i7@ %*5&A .r. Moin7ri@ I tabu della storia della &?iesa moderna
Torino@ %*52A R. B7u;er@ M.= Hut?er und der Papst, Munster@ %*5&@ %&& p.A C4
Bo3er@ Hut?er, sa doctrine, Ro;7@ %*5&@ ,2+ p.A _. Be3n7@ 8as moderne Lat?olisc?c
Hut?erbild, Essen@ %*L*A \. /essen@ Hut?er in Latolisc?er =ic?t, e6. II@ .rei8ur!
%*(*A .. .unP?Brent7no@ Lut]ier@ P7ris@ %*2(@ 9i tr76u"ere ro;<nHA \7"Cues M7rtin
Trois relormateurs, P7ris@ %*,'.
Autori protestan!i=
I
Hut?er et la Reforme allemande dans la perspective oecumeniOue, C47;M
8es3@ %*+2A _. L7n6!r7f@ 3artin Hut?er, Reiormator und Rebeli, Bio!r7fie@ Berir6
%*+% A E6itur7 Anf76i@ ,&& ans de &?ristianisme, #oi. 'A Protestantisme, P7ri6
%*5LA G. C7s7is@ Protestantisme, E6it. L7rousse@ P7ris@ %*5' $6e 7 /us 7 B7rt4-
A. .riesen@ Reiormation und Gtopia, Stutt!7rt. %*5'@ ,5% p.A P. C47unu@ He templ
des rGormes ,-/596-5590, P7ris@ %*5'@ '5& p.A G. P4. _of@ 8as neuere iran%osisc?l
Hut?erbild, E6it. .r. Steiner@ M7inJ@ %*5(@ 25( p.A M. Lien47r6@ Hut?er temoin de \eM
sus &?rist, P7ris@ %*52@ (2, p.A D. Oi#ier@ -- piocesso Lutero@ Ro;7@ %*5,@ %+% pM
V. Vin73@ Ha riiorma protestante, Bres"i7@ %*5,@ ((+ p.@ e6. ,?7@ Bres"i7@ %*+,A IM
Stern?M. Stein;etJ@ ('& Ka?re Reiormation, Berin@ %*L5@ 25( p.A O. T4uin 9i "o7n
Reiormation in Europa, E6it. St7u67@ O7sse@ %*L5@ 2'% p.A So"iete 6N4istoire 6
Protest7ntis;e@ 8ivers aspects de la Reforme ,sec# PAI6PAII0, P7ris@ %*5'@ L(' p. @Z
\. Cour#oisier@ 8e la Reforme au protestantisme, E6it. Be7u"4esne@ P7ris@ %*55A R.
_. duerre@ 3elanc?ton &?ristum cognoscere, Lei6en@ %*55@ (2% p.A _. G7sp7rt3@
4istoire du protestantisme en Pologne ,s# PAI)00M@ V7r9o#i7@ %*55@ (&& p.A E.
EriPson@ Hut?er avnt Hut?er, P7ris@ %*L+A R. .rie6ent47@ Hut?er, sein Heben und
seine Seit, Stutt!7rt@ %*L5@ L+% p.A V. Vin73@ =critti religio"i di 3# Hut?er, Torino@
%*L5@ 5'& p.A /. iMe@ Hut?er, /7nno#er@ %*L'A /. Du8ief@ Ha Reiorme, P7ris@ %*L'A
\. Deu;e7u@ Faissance et altirmaton de la reiorme, P7ris@ %*L' A .. L7u@ 8er >laube
ier Relormatoren, Stutt!7rt@ '&& p.A R. L7#3@ Hut?er, P7ris@ %*L(A G. C7s7is@ Hut?er
0t lEeglise conlessante, P7ris@ %*L,A P. At47us@ M. Hut?er, Giiterso4@ %*L2A G. R. i?
ton@ Relormation Europe, -5-C)a''*@ Lon6r7@ %*L2A /. /7user@ Ha modernite du
fAI$e siede, P7ris@ %*L2@ 9i I6e;@ Ha naissance du protestantisme, e6. II@ P7ris@
*L2 A /. .ife@ T?e revolut ion oi Hut?er, Ne` lorP@ %*'5 A A. Greiner@ Hut?er, P7ris?
Mene#e@ %*'*A L. .e8ure@ Gn destin< 3# Hut?er, P7ris@ %*'% A M7uri"e Go!ue@ Hut?er#
ntro6u"tion@ tr76u"tion et notes@ P7ris@ %*,'.
8espre personalit!i<
/@ /7en6er@ Mort und >laube bei 3elanc?ton, Stutt!7rt@ %*L+@ '*% p.A I.
Soisset?Se!4ers@ P?il# 3elanc?ton, P7ris@ %*L5A /. En!e7n6@ 3elanc?ton, P7ris@
*L(@ 2*, p.A _. Neuser@ Hut?er und 3elanc?ton, Ein?eit im >egensat%, Miin"4en@
*L%A R. Stupperi"4@ 3elanc?ton, Co. Gos"4en %%*&@ Berin@ %*L&A A. Speri@ 3e$
mc?ton, %Nisc?en 4umanismus und Relormation, Miin"4en@ %*'*A R. Si6er@ Andreas
odenstein, Lei6en@ %*5(@ 2,+ p.A _. Ei!er@ T?omas 3in%er, Gottin!en@ %*5'@ +(,
A R. \ou#eneL Erasme e Hutero, Torino@ %*L*@ ,'( p.A V. An!4ee7@ '&& de ani de la
a"terea lui Erasm din Rotterdam, Bu"ure9ti@ %*L'A Er7s;us@ Elogiul nebuniei, tr76.
h;<nH@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'*@ 9i I6e;@ 8espre r%boi "i pace, tr76. ro;<nH@ %*L&A /.
8er;7n@ =tudies in 3edieval and Relormation t?oug?t, Lei6en@ %*LLA Fn %*5(@
sM7 %& #ou;eA D. .orte@ M. Hut?er "i T?# 3un%er, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(A G. Bene"Pe@
ociet' and Politics in >erman' ,-5996-C590, Lon6r7@ %*5(@ ((' p.A L. Bin6er@
i?annes 4onterus und die Relormation in =iiden =iebenbiPrgens, Fn Bb`in!i7n7D@
III@ %*52@ p. L(')L+5A Gernot Nuss8H"4er@ Ko?annes 4onterus# =ein Heben und
Jin MerL im +ild, Bu"ure9ti@ %*52A C7ri Goner@ Ko?annes 4onterus, BuP7re9t@
%L&A M. Bu"s73@ >esc?ic?te des Protestantismus in Gngarn, Sto""7n67@ %*'*A O.
Finert4@ 8ie Relormation der =ieben?urgisc?sc?sisc?en Qirc?e, Guterso4@ %*'L A
A# S"4uerus@ 8ie Augustana in =iebenburgen, 7 L. Bin6er@ Fn BOir"4i"4e BHt?
rD@ Nr. %)2@ Si8iu@ %*5L.
Autori romni<
A. OGete7@ Rena"terea "i Relorma, Bu"ure9ti@ %*L+@ (*+ p. r A. OGete7 9i "o78.@
oria lumii n date, e6. II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5,A E. Cornites"u@ &anonul =iintei =crip$ri la 3#
Hut?er "i K# &alvin, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00I $%*L*-@ nr. 2)i# p. %** 9.u. M ologia
dogmatic "i simbolic, #oi. I@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'+@ p. ,'( 9.u.@ pessi; A Istoria fericeasc
universal, ;7nu7@ #oi. ,@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L@ p. %*2),&, 9.u.A u"r7re7 G. Bon6@
Ies enrages de 8ieu, P7ris@ %*L&@ 7pHrutH 9i Fn i;87 ro;<nH su8 ui B.urio9ii
Do;nuuiD@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5L@ 2,( p.
AGi refor;7tori= /u6ri"4 b`in!i
9i \e7n C7#in. RHspFn6ire7
"7#inis;uui I
SH;FnG7 7run"7tH 6e _3"iff 9i 6e Lut4er 7 ro6it 9i 6in"oo 6e !r7?
ee Ger;7niei@ un6e F;preMurHri si;i7re o 7MutH sH se 6eJ#ote@
u"r7re7 E#7n!4eieiD pro!res7. DupH _itten8er!@ or79ee buri"4 @ 9i
ne#7 7u 6e#enit@ Fn ;HsurH 9i ;7i ;7re@ "entre intern7Gion7e 7e
hMtest7ntis;uui. Nu;7i "H 7tFt ;i9"7re7 6in buri"4@ e!7tH 6e nu;ee
/u6ri"4 b`in!i $%(+()%'2%-@ "Ft 9i "e7 6in Gene#7@ "unos"utH
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
prin oper7 ui \e7n C7#in o%'&*)%'L(-@ se 6eJ#otH 6eose8it 6e rei
;7 ui Lut4er. A;8ee ;i9"Hri refor;7to7re s?7u 6esfH9ur7t Fn E#e
9i 7nu;e "e7 7 ui b`in!i Fn p7rte7 o"uitH 6e popu7Gi7 !er;7nH@
"e7 7 ui C7#in Fn6eose8i Fn "e7 fr7n"eJH. De9i oper7 ui b`in!i i
fost Fn!4iGitH uterior 6e "e7 7 ui C7#in@ e7 7 7#ut i;port7nG7 9i t
reGi7 ei pentru epo"7 Fn "7re s?7 pro6us. E:pi"7Gi7 pentru 7p7riGi7Y
tor refor;e este 7"ee7 "H 6orinG7 6upH o refor;H 8iseri"e7s"H se
!ener7iJ7se 9i 7poi@ 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere 6i7e"ti"@ o refor;H !enere
7tH refor;HR 797 pre"u; Fn tre"ut o ereJie !ener7 7te ereJii.
s
N
7
nHs"ut Fn E#eGi7 inGTMMfiniifirip %(fU .
tr?o f7;iie 6eU GHr7ni oo!7Gi 6in _i647us $" 7ntonu S7int G7i-@ "e
i?7 7Mut7t sH f7"H stu6ii u;7niste 7fB7seY 5$un6e trHi7 76ine?spir.
r7Gion7ist?;or7ist 7 ui Er7s;us 6in Ootter67;-@ Bern7 si Vien7@ u
7 7#ut "7 67s"H pe un 7t u;7nist Fn6rHJneG@ Cetes. TrHsHtur7 r7Gio ist?
u;7nistH F 6eose8e9te po7te "e ;7i ;ut 6e Lut4er@ "H"i b`ii n?7
"unos"ut ni"i n?7 trHit Fntr?un "7toi"is; profun6 9i sin"er@ "i
6eJ#ot7t Fn "urentu er7s;i7n 6e "o;8in7re 7 u;7nis;uui "u ^""e
ni7oniL^^De 7i"i "u!et7re7 ui teoo!i"7 Fn6rHJne7GH "7re %?7 fH"ut
NLut4er sH e:"7;e@ profun6 rei!ios "u; er7@ 7 "onferinG7 nu;itH 1
"r7;ent7HD 6in %',* 6e 7 M7r8ur! = B7t 6u4 se 7fH Fn tineD. C
#re;e Lut4er pune7 Fn "entru preo"upHrior pro8e;7 ;Fntuirii@ b`
!i se^^p^reo"up7 ;7i ;ut 6e "76ru for; 7 7 76e#Hruui "re9t in@ 6e
fitiefim3FfrMHuMOTit7teU<c S"ripturii f b`Mn!/ er7R2re7estin7Gi7cnisGM 9i 7
c;7 $TMfpIre6!sFF'I/p Rrs r?nM?irin/Ri p7 Gf#/R E 7fir;7 "7 pH"7tu ori!i
7^fosML#oit 6e Du;neJeu spre 7?Si 7rHt7@ prin)pe6epsire7 ui@ to7tH r
reGi7 S7@ Fn ti;p "e Lut4ef spune7 "H pH"7tu ori!in7r 7 76us tr7!i
intrec o; 9i Du;neJeu A sin!urH "ru"e7 ui /ristos ;Fn!Fie prin "reoM
G<@ 67r si!ur7nGH nu e:istH.
Pri#in6 RfintpR T7in7@ b`in!i #e6e7 Fn ee 6o7r si;8ouri@ i7r
u"rHri o8ie"ti#e 47ri"e@ e!7te 6e 7nu;ite for;e 9f"u#inte. E:pre
B7"est7 este trupu MeuD@ pentru b`in!i se tr76u"e "u = B7"e7st7
se;ne7JH "H 7;inte9te 6e trupu 9i sFn!ee MeuD. De"i ni"i ur;H
pref7"ere@ 6e fe<Ft<Te s7"r7;ent7H. In o"u 7"Giunii 6u;neJeie9ti@
"7re Lut4er o re"uno9te7 Fn"H Fn Sfintee T7ine@ b`in!i pune7 Fn6r
ne77 r7Giunii o;ene9ti. f. Litur!4ie e o re6use 7 e:tre; = Fn Io
7t7ruui puse o ;7sH 7"operitH Fn 78 pe "7re se 797 JH un "o9 "u p
9i 7Hturi "Fte#7UUpotire 6e e;n pTTnp cu #i nRPreotTTT6es";NfNec suM87c
re"it7re7 p7s7!nor 6e 7 = I Cor.@ %%@ ,2 sC. I9 Io7n@ L@ (+ sC.@ 6upH "
se re"itH CreJu 9i BT7tH nostru@..D@ 7poi preotu 8ine"u#<nte7JH
;entee@ 6Fn6u?e 6i7"onior spre F;pHrtH9ire@ 6upH "7re Fn"4eiere7
f7"e prin "u#intee = B;er!eGi Fn p7"eD. Desi!ur@ nu er7 ni "i ier7r
ni"i "ei87 t@ ni"i^;o^n74i9 ni. ni"i post@ ni"i i"o7ne@ u;inHri@ ;o79te@
erin7Me@ ni"i "ru"e@ rii/R4Mfr
nr
!*ft ) Nc cc 6SceT6Y# UcU c
b`in!F F9i e:pri;H Fn#HGHtur7 s7 "onstFn 6 6in iL5 6e teJe^
"ieeiTri*:roduce) ^^^^
pornin6 6e 7 "ee trei 1sola2 uter7neT
fusese preot Fn G7rus@ 7poi Fn Einsie6en@ un6e fH"u "uno9ti
"u pre6i"7 in6u!enGeor #estite 6e fr7n"is"7nu Bern7r6 S7;son@
re o "o;8Htu "u 7tFt7 #e4e;enGH Fn"Ft ;7i tFrJiu "re6in"io9ii 7u s"os
ie"tee 6in 8iseri"H 9i e?7u 7rs A pe ur;H 7 7Muns^^M,r>dr^7??"7te6>77
i buri"4. b`in!i 7 for;7t Fn buri"4 9i Fn "ee7te "o;unitHGi "7n?
F7e p.eJ8iterii s7u sf7turi "u putere 6is"reGion7H@ 7tFt Fn "ee rei?
-7se $"urHGeni7 "re6inGei@ ;er!ere7 7 8iseri"H et".-@ "Ft 9i Fn "ee "i?
e 9i ;7tri;oni7e. Desi!ur "H instituGiie 9i 7#erie 8iseri"e9ti@ "u
t7ee 9i "u ;FnHstirie@ "u 8unurie or@ 7u fost "onfis"7te@ 797 "H nu?
ii "in"i "7nto7ne 6in treispreJe"e rH;HseserH "7toi"eR Ai"i inter#e?
M 7 6ou7 "7r7"teristi"H 7 MnH"<fii Iu b`n!N rR!eRn'H/ o47Sd7GnG"HR
@ C7 preot ;i i t7r@ e 7 trHit 7 Hturi 6e "on7Gi on7ii sHi@ pe "7re i?7
iut #e6e7 "u; se 6u"e7u F n GHri strHi ne 9i se Fnro 7u "7 ;er"en7ri
AepFn6 6in %(55-@ "ee7 "e "ontr7Ji"e7 si;Gu 6e ;Fn6rie 9i 6e;nit7te
ion7H. De 7se;ene7 Fi 6ispH"e7u ri#7itHGie 6intre or79e 9i institu?
pre"u; 9i 7;este"u puterior strHine. De 7"ee7@ 7tFt Fn 6isputee
-i"e 6in buri"4@ 6in %',2 ) 7 "7re 7 rHspuns susGinFn6 ino#7Giie
A 87J7t nu;7i pe SfFnt7 S"ripturH )@ "Ft 9i Fn 8ro9uri 9i ;7nifeste@
nu uit7 sH Fn6e;ne Fn 6u4 n7Gion7ist pe "re6in"io9ii sHi. CFn6 7
st7t<t su""esee Fnre!istr7te 6e e 9i 6e prietenii sHi = C7pito 9i Oe"o?
3p76ius Fn B7se@ 7poi 6e /7er Fn Bern7 9i 6e M. Bu"er Fn Str7s?
ur! et"@ s?7 !Fn6it sH unifi"e Fn 7"ee79i "re6inGH 9i "ee7te "7nto7?
87 se 6u"e7 "u !Fn6u "4i7r 7 o "onfe6er7Gie 7 st7teor protest7n?
tnsH@ o uptH 7pri!H Fn"epu 9i b`in!i F9i!H9L;o7rte7 "7 preot ;i?
r@ pe "F ;pu 6e upt H 6e 7 O7ppe @ F i f t '2 M f7pt "7re 7 7#ut "7
s7re stH#iire7 pentru un ti;p 7 refor;ere#eGiene.
8. C/an C1au=in s7u Ca#=in s?7 nHs"ut 7ROR\MbMSoS\ Fn o"7i?
7 No3on 6in pro#in"i7 Pi"7r6i7 6in nor6u .r7nGei. .iu 7 unui se?
7r epis"op7 rH;7s 6e "urFn6 #H6u#@ "7re 9i?7 "res"ut fiu Fntr?o
erit 7t e 7 e "Hrei ur;Hri se #or #e6e7 Fn t o7t H #i 7G 7 ut eri o7rH 7
tui7@ potri#itH "u fire7 ui. L7 #Frst7 6e %, 7ni@ tFnHru C7#in 7#e7
Dost pu8i"@ i7r 7 %+ 7ni #eniturie unei p7ro4ii 6in "7re s?7 putut
AGine "o;o6 7 uni#ersitHGie 6in P7ris@ Ore7ns . Bour!es. un 6e 7
i7t = 6reptu@ fiosofi7 9i u;7nis;uOefSsi". Nu se 9tie "u; 7 7Muns
;#ertire7 Bsu8itHD ) "u; o nu;e9te e ) 6in to7;n7 7nuui %'22@
p7re 7 nu fi strHin 6e M. Bu"er $f %''%- 9i 6e p7storu Gui7u;e
% $f %'L'-@ prietenu sHu 6e ;7i tFrJiu.
Intoer7nG7 "u "7re re!ee .r7n"is" I $%'%')%'(5- 9i 7utoritHGie
ci"ii "7toi"e 6in .r7nG7 ur;Hre7u pe Bereti"iD 7 siit pe tFnHru
fister 7rtiu;D sH rHtH"e7s"H prin 6iferite o"7itHGi 6in su6u .r7n?
FnH Fn to7;n7 7nuui %'('@ "Fn6 7 fu!it Fn E#eGi7@ un6e peste 6oi
t 7pHrut oper7 s7 prin"ip7H 1Institutio religioni" &?ristiana e2# 6e?
H re!eui .r7nGei@ "7 un fe 6e Mustifi"7re 7 noii "re6inGe. Lu"r7re7@
Dri e6Ft7tH@ po7rtH pe"ete7 !eni7itHGii "oor6on7to7re 9i siste;7ti?
re 7 refor;7toruui fr7n"eJ@ fiin6 "e ;7i profun6 9i ;7i Fn"4e!7t
t 6e teoo!ie 6o!;7ti"H 9i ;or7H 7 protest7ntis;uui Fn !ener7.
enG7tH 6e "7te4is;u ui Lut4er@ ) pe "7re 6e"7r7 6es"4i s "H?%
f7@ fHrH sH?i F;pHrtH9e7s"H Fntru totu pHrerie@ 6e9i pHstr7 "ee
Kso7D )@ u"r7re7 ui C7#in e:pi"H = De"7o!u@ Si;8ou Apos?
T7tH nostru@ T7inee $76e#Hr7te 9 Bf7seD-@ i7r 7 ur;H s"rie 6e?
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
spre i8ert7te7 "re9tinH 9i s"4iGe7JH iniie 6e or!7niJ7re 7 Biseri"ii
st7tuui 797 "u; e #e6e7 e.
De 7 Lut4er se p7re "H 7 F;pru;ut7t 9i i6ee7 6ist7nGei 9i opoJi
6intre Du;neJeu 9i o;@ pe "7re 7 6us?o 7 e:tre;. Pentru e @ i8ert7t
ne;Hr!initH 7 ui Du;neJeu 9i pre7;Hrire7 fHrH ;7r!ini fi I;Uf Mertfi
Lui este 6o!;7 "entr77 . Pentru Du;neJeu@ 7tFt feri"ire7 6repGior@
9i "4inurie #e9ni"e 7e i76uui sFnt "riterii 7e ;HreGiei S7e ne7Mun=
De 7i"i 6eri#H 6u87 pre6estin7Gie@ 7 unor7 spre r7i 9i feri"ire@ i7r
7tor7 spre i76 9 i suferinGH A 87 "4i7r "H6ere7UUui A67; 7 r fi fost #o
6
r
e Du;neJeu 6in #e"i. L7 Fn"eput susGinuserH 7"e7stH "on"epGie H
Lut4er@ Fn poe;i"7 "u Er7s;us 6in Rotter67; $%(L5)%'2L-@ "Ft
Me7n"4ton@ 67r 7poi o pHrHsirH A 87@ Me7n"4ton "4i7r o "o;8Htu.
C7#in nu?% ;uGu;e7 Bteoo!i7 ;Fn!FieriiD $Trostt4eoo!ie-@ pe "7
Lut4er o 6eri#7 6in teoo!i7 "ru"ii@ "onfor; "Hrei7 Du;neJeu Fn6re7
tH pe o; printr?o i;put7re for;7H 7 6reptHGii S7e ,actus forensi
6e"i o ;<ntuire nu;7i pHrutH@ e:terio7rH A o;u e 7tFt 6e s78 si stri"
prin pH"7tu ori!in7r Fn"Ft ni"i " rp6MnG7 CPP ;7i ;7re nu?i @ 6
e7 H fH it i i D M t t H
p ?TC
pe"t@ "FtH #re;e@ pentru LutEer@ er7u iu8ire7 9i e#7#i7@ i J#orfte 6in "r
6inG7.c cUU
D7"H@ 6upH C7#in@ o;u este stri"7t pFnH Fn ;H6u#H @ 7tun"i tre8u
u7te "ee ;Hi 6r7sti"e ;Hsuri "7N ;or7it7te7 ui sH nu se 787tH 6e
6e 7 ini7 se#erH 7 #oinGei ui Du;neJeu A 6e 7i"i 6is"ipin7 ..re7 ;
7sprH 9i treJ#i7"e7 ;7i pronunG7tH Fn #i7G7 in6i#i6uui 9i 7 so"iet<G
Si;Gin6^"H unu 6intre pun"tee s78 !^7e uter7nis;uU i 8
^ p !^
pre7 ;7reU9i ;or7it7te7 pre7 7:H@ C7#in 7 intro6us ) "7 o "ontr7
6i"Gie "u Fnsu9i prin"ipiu i8ertHGii protest7nte ) o 76e#Hr7tH tir7ni
7 6is"ipin ei. )?)c
Pe "Fn6@ 6upH Lut4er@ o;u nu ;7i 7re ne#oie 6e e!e 9i porun"
"H"i 47ru %?7 fH"ut BistHpFn 9i i8erD@ pentru C7#in e ;7i 7re ne#oi
Fn"H 6e frFu 9i 6is"ipinH. Este "ee7 "e 7 9i Fn"er"7t sH f7"H@ Fntre %'2L?
I=+Tr Fn Gene#7 @ un6e fusese "4e;7t 6e p7storu Gui7u;e T7re
$%(+*)%'L'-@ "7re 6o8Fn6ise su""ese printre e#eGieni 9i #76ensi@ "7r
i?7u 7""ept7t BConfessiune7D 6in %'2, Fn ,( 7rti"oe. D7r C7#in fiinM
respins 6e re7"tiune 7 B#e"4ior "re9tiniD@ s?7 refu!i7t 7 B7se si Str7s
s8our!@ 6e un6e 7poi 7 re#enit 7 Gene#7@ "4e;7t 7 6ou7 o7rH@ FnR\MMi\
"7 sH re7iJeJe "u Fn"HpHGFn7re 9i ten7"it7te ui;ito7re Fntre! cIp7nu
sHuN pFnH 7 ;o7rte7 s7M$,5 ;7i %'L(p3
Or6on7nGee s7e 8iseri"e9ti 6in %'(% pre#e6e7u Fn frunte7 Biseri
"ii p7tru ofi"ii "on6u"Hto7re = p7stor i@ Fn#HGHtori @ 8HtrFni si 6i7"oni. \ Pri
;ee 6ouH "7te!or ii #or Fn!riMi 6e Fn#HGHturH 9i 6e "urHGeni7@ "re6inGei
8<trFnii 6e 8un7 6is"ipinH si ;or7it7te@ 9i r/7;niM 6e 7"Giune7 "7 riG7
t#7irBiseiiuii. Confor; 6i"tonuui = 1Ecclesia sui *uris est2, or!7niJ7 GF7c?
83eree<S"< 67t7c 6e C7#in er7 in6epen6entH 9i supr7st7t7H@ un fe 6e
V7ti"7n protest7nt. Nu;7i "H e n?7 7""entu7t ni"i 78soutis;u p7M p7@
ni"i 6e;o"r7Gi7 uter7nH@ "i 7 "re7t un/ R
p
sin/
7%Gs;
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sistoriie ;i:te
6e 7i"i 9i "eri"i@ "7re F9i 7so"i7JH "o;isii spe"i7e 7uM
p p M G @ M G E M
re7 "H se 7fH printre "ei 7e9 i. De 7"ee7 #Mrtute7 supre;H 7 "re9tinu
# 9T "
p M
este@ 6upH C7#in@ 7s"ut7re 7 9i 6is"ipin <T F;thin..7>^"u^
$tjuais$#
in
Fe"7re se"tor 6e 7"ti#it7te = 8iseri"es"@ 9"o7r@ 6is"ipin7r@ 76?
;inistr7ti#. Nu;Hru ;e;8rior "onsistoriuFui 7 "res"ut 6e 7^M2^\7 ,&@
"u r7;ifi"7Gii 9i 7!enGi Fn to7te "7rtieree Gene#ei@ un6e tre8urie fie ?
"Hrei p7ro4ii ne"esit7u 7stfe 6e "o;itete ;i:te. In "4ipu 7"est7 er7
posi8i sH se "ontroeJe to7te ;7nifestHrie #ieGii rei!io7se 9i "i#ie.
Cine Fn#HG7 !re9it 7 "7te6rH er7 Fn6epHrt7t s7u e:e"ut7t@ "7 6e pi6H
"7r;eitu IRRfiR!i. "7re se Fn6oi7 6e 76e#Hru pre6estin7Giei@ 9i 6o"toru
sp7nio M3Ti47i Ser#e6 e $%'%%)%'''-@ pentru "H ne!7 6o!;7 Sfintei
Trei;i@ 7fir;Fn6 unit7ri7nis;u. Fntre %'(,)%'(L@ 7 Gene#7@ 7u 7#ut
o" '+ 6e e:e"uGii prin spFnJur7re 9i C; prin 7r6eri pe ru! A pentru Fn?
MurHturi s7u ;7tr7t7re7 pHrinGior@ 6oi tineri 7u fost 6e"7pit7Gi A "ine
nu "FntHre7 "ore"t 7 pi7GH er7 Fn"4is s7u e:i7tA "ine nu #iJit7 8iseri"7
er7 7;en67tA "ine Mu"7 "HrGi@ se F;8Ht7 ori 67ns7 er7 6es"7ifi"7t Fn
pu8i"@ uneori "4i7r e:i7t. Un@ tr7i 7uster@ si;pu 9i 6e 7sprH "ruG7re@
67r 9i 6e "ore"titu6ine 9i Fnforito7re 8unHst7re 7 Fn"eput 7 Gene#7.
C7#in 7 fost sin!uru refor;7tor "7re 7 Fn!H6uit 6o8Fn67@ 7 pro;o#7t
7!ri"utur7 9i "o;erGu@ 7 7Mut7t FnfiinG7re7 f78ri"ior 6e post7# 9i ;H ?
t7se@ pre"u; 9i 7 in6ustrieiR"e7sorni"<riei. Nu 6e!e787 s?7 7fir;7t "H
6u4u 9i 6is"ipin7 e"ono;iei refor;7te 7u "re7t "7pit7is;u. ToGi er7u
;o8iiJ7Gi pentru 7"e7stH operH 6e pre7;Hrire 7 ui Du;neJeu = "opii@
fe;ei@ su!i "7re er7u foosite "7 infor;7tori 6e "Htre B8HtrFniiD "7re
7#e7u 6reptu sH intre ori"Fn6 9i oriun6e. CFn6 nu se 7Mun!e7 7 reJu ?
t7te "on"rete@ se pHte7u spioni 9i 7!enGi.
Fn pri#inG7 Sfinteor T7ine@ C7#in 76;ite7 nu;7i Minn H A BoteJu
9i Eu47risti7 . E respin!e7 pHrere7 J`in!i7nH "7 fiin6 pre7 prof7n7cA
7propiin6u?se nu;7i p7rGi7 6e pHrere7 ui Lut4er@ e 7fir;7 "H /ristos
e preJent Fn "ee 6ouH e e;ent e@ 67r nu;7i #irtu7 @ "H"i@ 9eJF n6 6e?7
6re7pt7 T7tH ui@ /ristos nu po7te fi pretutin6eni @ BuN 8iCue D. "u; spu
ne7 Lut4er. In "ip7 "u;ine"Hrii se #7rsH 6in "er@ 6in trupu ui /ris
tos@ o putere Fn suMR!M7UM"re6Mi nriosu uRR nu;7i Fn 7 ?eeuP.
pre6estin7t spre feri"\re Tc "H"i "e pre6estin7t spre rHu pri;e9te 6o7r.
Rne 9i #in. Cu 7te "u#inte@ !usF<re7 spiritu7H po7te fi 9i in6epen6en?
H N6e "e7 ;7teri7H. Spiritu7iJ7re7 s7u ;istifi"7re7 7pro7pe ne7!H pre?
enG7 re7H@ Fn"Ft Fn 7"e7stH pri#inGH #7o7re7 T7inei rH;Fne pentru
7#ini9ti 6epen6entH 6e #7o7re7 R"on6iGiei u;7ne@ ne!Fn6u?se 7pro7pe
itre! "7r7"teru o8ie"ti#?s7"r7;ent7 7 T7inei. Cu pri#ire 7 SfFnG7
rei;e er7 7"oni".
Cutu 7 fost si;pifi"7t 9i ;7i ;ut 6e"Ft 7 uter7 ni. Pre6i"7@ ru?
i"iune7 si "FntHr e7 6e ps7;i er7u e e;entee ui prin"ip7e. Fn ti;p
7 Fn"eput suM D7 uter7n7 "u;in7 prin "u;ine"7re@ C7#in 7 fi:7t
R7stH 7"Giune nu;7i "u o"7Ji7 "eor p7tru pr7Jni"p 6p M?-PsTp cc7n IVa7i
it@ Biseri"7 recfof;7tHUR"7#inistH nu^>uno7sGe^ or!H@ ni"i i"o7ne@ u ?
n7ri@ 7t7re@ o6HM6ii s7u 7te o8ie"te 8iseri"e9ti @ "7re 7u fost ei;in7?@
9i ;7i r76i"7 6e"Ft 6in 8iseri"ie uter7ne. Cre9tinis;u sHu pr7"ti" Fn?
nn7 i7 "7pit7is;.
Din Gene#7@ Fn#HGHtur7 "7#inistH s?7 rHspFn6it Fn "e7 ;7i ;7re
te Fn or79ee 9i s7tee e#eGieneR7pro7pe 6ou7 trei;i-@ Fno"uin6 pe
J`in!i7nH@ Fn6eose8i pe 7 08776V "Fn6@ "u 7Mutoru ui /enri" Bu?
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
7i Sni b`fn!Fi @ s?7 re67"t7t ?
iiFiirf Ti\UrR Nc A"76e;i7 teoo!i"H 6in Gene#7@ Fnf\nnt7t<
c%''*@ ri6i"7tH 7 "u;e7 Fnforirii 6e prietenu 9i u"?eni"u
Teo6or BeJ7 $f %L&'-@ s?7 for;7t un spirit 9i o "on"epGie unii
;7tH. Mii 6e stu6enGi #ene7u 6in to7tH u;e7. Cu t7entu .B
pi"7"it7te7 s7 poiti"H 9i rei!io7sH@ C7#in "orespon67
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prinGi@ o7;eni poiti"i@ preoGi 9i "re6in"io9i 6in Fntre.7!7 Et
;ut 6e"Ft _itten8er!u@ Gene#7 6e#eni Ro;7 protest7ntis;u In
Ger;7ni7 "7#inis;u 7 putut pHtrun6e nu;7i Ype 7s"i
KN"r3pto"7#inis;D@ 9i 9i?7 7f7t e:presi7 Fn BConfessioD RM! M
7
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@". \RHspFn6ire7 "7\#inis;uui prin Y&onfessio
R s?7 fH"ut Fn ;o6 unit7r 9i repe6e ;7i 7es 6upH FnfiinG7
ieTfnei 6in Gene#7 $%''R-. Pri;7 G7rH pentru "F9ti!7re7 dHrei7 s
;7i ;uNt 7 fost Fran!a# Ai"i 4u!4enoGii@ "u; s?7u nu.;it
fr7n"eJi $ori!ine ne"unos"utH 7 nu;eui@ pro878i 6e i
7
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p7rtiJ7ni Mur7Gi@ "u; se nu;e7u uptHtorii e#eGieni pentru iY 9i?
7u 7#ut pre;er!Htori Fn pri;ii u;7ni9ti fr7n"eJi = Le GRe#re $%(''
)%'25-@ Gui7u;e Bu6e $%(L5)%'(&-@ N. Be67 9i 9"o77 6ir
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poporu 6e rHtH"irie p7p7e. D7r@ 6e9i ;7nifestee 9i BpiR"7r6e
pr7 78uJurior "7toi"e 7Mun!e7u pFnH 7 p7F7t@ totu9i .rRn"is" .
terJis BereJi7D@ i7r repreJent7nGii ei 7u fost e:i7Gi. Fn s"4i;8
re7 prinse teren Fn ti;pu re!eui .r7n"is" 7 II?e7 $%'%.'^^^%'% Z
re!ior 6in 6in7sti7 V7ois@ C7ro I0 $%'L&)%'5(- 9i /enrMe III $
%'+*-@ ;7i 7es prin no8ii 9i "u spriMinu 6in7stiei 6e Rtf7#7r7n
8on@ 6e#enitH infuentH 7 "urte 9i Fn G7rH@ "7 un 76e#Hr7t st7t Fn
efu ei in"ontest78i er7 7;ir7u G7sp7r6 6e Coi!n3 $%'R*^ %'5Y
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BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
B I B L I O G R A . I E
VeJi notee pre"e6ente = Bi4;e3er?Tu"4e?Vi"7ire@ op# cit#, #oi. 2@ %*L(@ M
,22@ "u 8i8io!r7fie@ p. (L&)(L+A .r7nJen@ op. cit#, p. ,55),*,A _. .7rr@ 3
as legal reormer, E6it. Bri@ Lei6en@ %*5(@ %*5 p.A G. _. Lo"4er@ SNingii ur
sc?Nei%erisc?e Relormation, Gottin!en@ %*+,A I6e;@ SNingliE s T?oug?t#
Perspective, Le36e@ %*+%@ 0VIII ) 2*( p.A .. E. S"iuto@ G?ico SNingii# Ha #
pensi ero, i i suo t empo, Ne7po e@ %*+&@ +'% p. A .. /. Busser@ SNi ngi i , Got t
%*52A K# Cour#oisier@ SNingii, t?eologien reiorme, Neu"4<te $Suisse-@ %*L'. F
Jie Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ Bu"ure9ti@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. %@ p.
%(& A G. _. Lo"4er@ 4uldric? SNingii in neuer =ic?t, buri"4@ %*L*A M. /77s@
dri cl i SNi ngi i und sei ne Sei t, buri "4@ %*L*A G. Gest ri "4@ SNi ngi i al s T?e
>laiibe und >cist bcim Siiiic?er Retormator, buri"4@ %*L5A O. .7rner@ /u
SNingii, ( #oi@ buri"4@ %*(2)%*L&A _. OoN4er@ 4uldric? SNingii, LeipJi!@ ,?
te Auf. @ Stutt!7rt@ %*',A R. B7inton@ T?e Reiormation oi t?e si)teent? ce
Lei6en@ %*L,A G. /. _ii7;s@ T?e radical Retormation, Lon6on@ %*L,A Glric?
gli# (euvres completes, ( #oi.@ buri"4@ %*L()%*L+@ +(2 p.@ Fn= BCorpus Ref
t oru;D 0CIII A .r. Busser@ HE i mage cat ?ol Oue de SNi ngi i, buri "4@ %*L+@ (2
.. S"4;i6t?C7usi!@ SNingii, Coe"Gi7 Gos"4en@ %,%*@ Berin@ %*L'A D. Oe;p
bibliograp?' oi &alviniana ,-.5.6-.CB0, Lei6en@ %*5'@ ,(* p.A B. Gir7r6in@ Ar
GE un discours t?eologiOue# He &ommcntaire de &alvin lE Eptre 7u: Ro
,=trassbourg, -5B90, P7ris@ %*5* A A. Du"4esne@ Ha guerre des &amisards, P7ris@
P4. \out7r6?\. Este8e@ Ha =ainte +art?elem' ou Ies resonances dEun massacre,
"4<t"@ %*5LA .r. _en6e@ &alvin ei lE ?urnanisme, P7ris@ %*5LA I6e;@ &alvin,
ces et evolution de sa pensee religieuse, P7ris@ %*'&. Re"enJie@ Pr. Prof. I. I re7nu@ F n
BOrt o6o:i 7D@ 0II $%*L&-@ nr. ,@ p. ,**)2&L@ Bu"ure9t i A \. T. M" T?e
?istor' and c?aracter ot &alvinism, ,?n6 e6.@ Ne` lorP@ %*L5 A A. M. S" &alvin
ou la pensee calvinienne, P7ris@ %*'5 A R. Guer67n@ Ha vie Ouotidiei >eneve au
iemps de &alvin, P7ris@ %*52@ ,'' p. A \. C7#in@ (pera selecta, Et B7rt4@ ' #oi. @
Gene#7@ %*L,A M7" Donne@ K# &alvin, Lon6r7@ %*L5@ (,& p.A \. 6ier@ &alvin,
Coe"Gi7 BM3t4es et rei!ionsD@ P7ris@ %*LLA G. Duffie6@ \. C Lon6r7@ %*LLA
E. D. _iis@ &alvinE s cat?olic &?ristolog', Lei6en@ %*LLA A S"4;i6t@ &alvin et
Hut?er polemistes, P7ris@ %*L( A L. S;its@ =t Augustin dans vie de K# &alvin, ,
#oi. @ Assen@ %*'5)%*'+@ L2% p. A P. Geisen6orf@ T?eodo +e%a, Gene#7@ %*L5@
(L5 p. A P. Step4ens@ HE Esprit =aint dans la t?eologie c Bu"er@ Lon6r7@ %*5&A /.
BornP7;?R. Stupperi"4@ M. +ucers, +edeutung 4i europisc?e
Reiormationsgesc?ic?te, Guterso4@ %*',A M. Bu"er@ (pera, e" _en6e@ %L #oi.@
P7ris@ 6in %*'(A E6it. Pri#7Gi@ 4istoire des Proteslants en F$ P7ris@ %*55@ (*&
p. A \. Estee@ Ha saison de =t# +art?elem' ,-5C/0, P7ris@ %*Lf p.A l. C7Je7u:@
3emoires de 3arguer*te de Aalois ,-55W)-;-50, P7ris@ %*5, \out7r6@ Hes
&amisards, E6. G7i;7r6@ P7ris@ %*5L@ ,'& p.A M. Peset@ HEepopei Aaudois, P7ris@
%*5L@ 6espre Confesiune7 ui G. .7re 6in %'2,A O. E. Str &csc?ic?te des
Protestantismus in FranLreic?, 2 #oi. @ Gottin!en@ %*5'A \. ;eister@ 8er
Let%erisc?e =c?uster KaLob +o?me $)%L,(-@ E6it. E#7n!4ei"H@ I %*5LA /.
LorenJ@ Italienisc?e Protestanten und i?re Einiluss auf die Reforma!i Polen
,=ocinus0, Lei6en@ %*5(@ ,+5 p. A M. M7rtini@ F# =ocino, P7ris@ %*L*A P Jeir6@
&ri%a con"tiin!ei europene, tr76. ro;<nH@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(A M. es7n@ CHi lorma!iei
ce?e, Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 0III $%*L2-@ nr. *)%&@ p. (25)(('.
PERIOADA A CINCEA
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BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
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s7n"Giuni.
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; A Fn re7it7t e er7 pentru "H n?7 nHs"ut un fiu@ "i o f7tH Eis78et7@
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-ur@ "7re ;uri@ 6upH "e nHs"u pe E6u7r6 7 V?e7. Cee7te trei
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8. Acc/n.uar/a r/0orm/i an6#ican/. I6eie refor;7to7re prin6e7u
#re;e7 ;inor7tuui ui E6u7r6 7 V?e7 $%'(5)%''2-@ "Fn6 re!enG7
i#ut?o toer7ntu 67r or!oiosu "onte 6e So;erset@ un"4iu re!eui@
i; pot #eni Fn G7rH ;uGi "7#ini9ti = Ver;i!i 7 O:for6@ O"4ino
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9i L7sPi 7 Lon6r7@ Bu"er 7 C7;8ri6!e A Fnsu9i C7#in er7 Fn "oresY
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su!estiie "o;isiior 7i"e su""esi#e 7u 76us s"4i;8Hri Fn for;7
"uprinsu 7"estei "HrGi $ei;in7re7 Fn!enun"4erior 9. 7.- "7re@ F;preY
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re"4e;e soGi7-@ se intro6use potiru@ se 78ro!7rH "ee 97se 7rti"oe M
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6u"ere 9i "ut@ protest7ntH Fn 6o"trinH@ "ee7 "e@ Fn 6e"ursu #re;ii@
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7n!i"7nH. %' ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
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ri"7 orto6o:H.
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BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
refor;7toru S"oGiei 7 fost \o4n Ono: $f %'5,-@ ee# 7 ui C7#iiM
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tinereGe@ f7r;e" 9i poeJie. Su8 ferestre i se "Fc Fn fie"7re no7pte
ps7;i@ pe 6ru;uri i se Fns"en7u t78ouri "u pH"i 7rJFn6 Fn i76 pentru
pH"7tee or. Totu9i MHri7 Stu7rt perse"ut7 refor;7Gi@ pFnH "Fn6 #7r7
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"7toi"is;u "Ft refor;7 protest7ntH.
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797 "H pFnH 7 ur;H 7u 8iruit "7toi"ii. I
BI BLI OGRA.I E
P. Mi`7r6@ Religion ol the Elisabet?an age, Lon6r7@ %*55@ ,%+ p.A Bi4;73e
Tu"4e?Vi"7ire@ op. cit, #oi. 2@ p. ,2(),2* 9i 2%2)2,, 9i 8i8io!r7fie p. (L+)(5, \
'&*)'%(A Lo3er Oi#ieic@ HEanglicanisme de Ric?ard 4ooLer ,-555)-;990, t# -6B
Liie?P7ris@ %*5*A O. S"4;i6t@ Religion$AersLlaNung und +elreiung, Stutt!7rt@ %*57
_. P. /7u!77r6@ Elisabet? and t?e Englis? Reformation, C7;8ri6!e@ $Gr. Br.-@ %*L+
A. G. Di"Pens@ T?e Englis? Reformation, ,?n6@ e6t Lon6on@ %*L5A T. M. P<rPeM
T?e Englis? Reformation to -557, ,?n6 e6.@ Lon6on@ %*LLA P4. /u!4es@ T?e Refo*
mation in England, e6. III@ Lon6on@ %*L2A M. P7`i"Pe@ T?e Reformation in England
O:for6@ %*L2A R. .in67@ T?e &?utc? of England, Lon6r7@ %*5,A /. C. PorteiG
Reformation and Reaction in Tudor regime, &ambridge, %*'+ A P. Tre;8e7s@ :30or:d
Reformei m +iserica anglican, Fn !re"e9te@ Tes7oni"@ %*'LA A. D. Toe67no@ 4isZ
toire de lEAngleterre c?retienne, P7ris@ %*''A C. Const7nt@ Ha Reforme en Angleterrel
W #oi.@ P7ris@ %*2&)%*2*A /. A. Moreton@ Ha Reforme anglicane au PAI$e s]e?M
"]e@ P7ris@ %*2&A /. D7#ies@ Mors?ip and T?eolog' in England ,6-;.90, / #o.\
E6it. Bri@ Lei6en@ %*5'A A. Pre#ost@ T?# 3ore ,6-5W50, Tours@ %*L*@ (&* p. A C. _.M
Bro;ie3@ T?# &ranmer t?eologian, Lon6r7@ %*'LA C. Dunop@ (liver &rommNellA
Lon6r7@ %*'LA I. Ri6e3@ Ko?n Qno), Lon6on@ %*L+A P. \7nton@ Ko?n Qno) k6-5C/0,l
rMIUADA A CINCEA
P7ris@ %*L5@ '', p. @Z A. Nf7urois@ Istoria Angliei, tr76. ro;<nH@ %*5&@ #oi. %@ p. ,'*
^^2'L 9i #oi. ,@ p. ,)%%+A Fn i;87 fr7n"eJH= 4isto*re dEAngleterre, P7ris@ %*25@ p.
2&L)2+(A Eus. Popo#i"i@ op# cit#, #oi. IV@ %*,+@ p. (&)(+A A. M. Step4ensens@
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rcligiuv#ea, 76i"H "on6u"Htoru pro#in"iei 6eter;inH "7r7"teru rei!ios
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e7 Rinuui@ _estF7i7@ Austri7 "u Stiri7 9i C7rinti7 7u fost re"7toi"i?
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fi"7ti#.
2. RHJ8o7iee rei!io7se
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pentru 7 se Fn"7ierH.
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sue6eJe 9i fr7n"eJe 9i "u 7si!ur7re7 i8ertHGii "onfesion7ei
PERIOADA A CINCEA
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iepini 7i situ7Giei.
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fiin6 su8#enGion7t 6e .r7nG7 "7r6in7uui Ri"4eieu $%'+')%L(,-.
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@ 7ni.
R.. IV?7 f7JH 7 rHJ8oiuui rei!ios 7 fost pinH 6e 4HrGuiei 9i pus?
#re;e 6e %2 7ni@ pFnH 7 %L(+@ 6use 6e 7r;7tee sue6eJe 9i fr7n?
su8 6ire"t7 Fn6ru;7re 7 "7r6in7uui Ri"4eieu@ 7 "Hrui s"op er7
ineJe "7s7 6e Austri7. L7 Munster "u fr7n"eJii 9i 7 Osn78ru"P "u
=Jii s?7 ne!o"i7t "ee8ru tr7t7t 6e p7"e 6in _estf7i7@ Fn o"to;8rie
Tr7t7tu 7si!ur7 i8ert7te7 rei!io7sH 9i e!7it7te7 Protest7ntis?
i uter7n 9i "7#inist "u C7toi"is;u "7re er7 re"unos"ut "7 BBi?
HD e!7 Fn6reptHGitH. Nu;7i uniune7 Bfr7Gior "e4iD@ Fn frunte "u
!o!u Io7n A;os Co;enius@ epis"opu or@ nu 7 fost in"usH Fn to?
GH A 6e 7"ee7 Co;enius 7 "erut prin s"ris sH se re7iJeJe Bo refor?
Iener7H r76i"7HD@ ;7i te;eini"H 6e"Ft 7u iniGi7t?o /us@ Lut4er 9i
Ln. D7r u"r7re7 s7 7 rH;7s ne"unos"utH.
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iui N teoo!i" 9i 8iseri"es"D. In fon6@ frH;FntHrie 9i uptee 6e un
L@ Fntre %%''' 9i %L(+@ Fntre "7toi"i 9i protest7nGi se sf<r9e7u 6in
=t 6e #e6ere teritori7 "u un Bst7tus CuoD@ pHtit "u pier6ere7 8o?
or 6e or6in "utur7@ "u se"Htuire7 e"ono;i"H 9i Fn"rFn"en7re "on?
hn7H.
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9"oi@ "7sH?
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6in %5L% 7 F;pHrHtesei MHri7 TereJ7 $%5(')%5L'-@ prin BConstituGie?
"ri;in7isD "7re pe6epse7 7spru 6ei"tu pHrHsirii "7toi"is;uui@ s?7u
7rHt7t inefi"7"e. D7r ni"i BP7tentu 6e toer7nGHD nu 7 6Hinuit ne7tins@
797 "H 7ni;oJitHGie "onfesion7e 7trH!e7u 6upH sine 9i pe "ee poiti"e.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
A. D. _ri!4t@ T4e &ounter$Reloimation# &at?olic Europe 7n6 t?e nonc?ristian
Morld, Lon6on@ %*+,A E. Isero4@ \. G7JiP 7n6 /. \e6in@ Retormation and &ounter
Relormation# Tr76. 6in i;87 !er;7nH@ Lon6on@ %*+&@ 00 ) 5*' p.A /. \e6in@ IY
&oncilio di Trento, t. IV@ ,@ Bres"i7@ %*+% A /. \e6in et P. Pro6i@ n &oncilio di Treno
come crocevi a del la poli ti ca europea, Boo!n7@ %*5*: Despre istori 7 p7p7i tHGi i 7
L. B7nP7@ L. P7stor@ E. Denife@ L. /7er 9i .r. Seppet@ R. BHu;er@ Con"i\iu; Tri$
dentinum, D7r;st76t@ %*5*@ 0 ) 'L( p.A M. P7"7nt@ 4istoire de la Fapaute, E6it.
.737r6@ P7ris@ %*5LA Bi4;e3er?Tu"4e?Vi"7ire@ op# cit#, #oi. 2@ p. ,(&)22% 9i 8i ?
8io!r7fie@ p. (5+)'&* A .r7nJen@ op# cit#, p. ,*')2%&A /. \e6in@ >esc?ic?te des
Qon%ils #on Trident, e6. II@ B<n6 IV@ #oi. % 9i ,@ .rei8ur! i; Br.@ %*'%)%*L(@ 2?e
AufL %*5'A 9i tr76u"ere7 fr7n"eJH= Le "on"iie 6e Trente, P7ris@ %*L')%*5&A O. D.
S"i;i6t@ 8ie Lat?olisc?e Reiorm un6 die >egenretormation, Gottin!en@ %*5'A \.
Deunie7u@ Refor;e cat?oliOue ,&ontreretorme0, Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 Uni#ers7isD@ t.
%2@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. %&L')%&L+A L. Vi7ent@ Ha Restauration cat?oliOue ,-5;W6-;B70#
/istoire 6e NE!ise sous 7 6ire"tion 6e Au!. .i"4e et V. M7rtin@ t. 0VIII@ %@ P7?
ri s@ %*L&A L. _i 7ert @ Apres l e conci i e de Trent e, P7ri s@ %*L&A A. Dupront @ He
conciie et Ies conciles, P7ris@ %*L&A E. Pre"in et \. \7rr3@ Hes luttes politiOues et
doctrinales au) 0V. NF?e et PAGI$e siecles# /istoire 6e NE!ise sous 7 6ire"tion 6e
Au!. Pi"4e et V. M7rtin@ t. 0I0@ $% et ,-@ P7ris@ %*'')%*'LA G. S"4rei8er@ D7s _eit?
Lon%il von Trident, , #oi.@ .rei8ur! i; Br.@ %*'% A \. Deu;e7u@ Le cattolicisme en$
tre Hut?er et Aoltaire, P7ris@ %*5%@ 2'+ p.A P. Mi!ue@ Hes guerres de religion, P7ris@
%*5%@ '*( p. A R. M7u6ron@ HE Europe absolutiste $,L(*),55'Y@ E6it. .737r6@ P7ris@
%*55 A l. Con!7r@ HEEglise de =t# Augustin lEepoOue moderne, E6it. Ceri@ P7ris@ %*5&@
(+( p. A P. C47unu@ Ha civilisation de lE Europe clasiOue, P7ris@ %*LLA T4. S. Ou4n@
Ha revolution copernicienne, P7ris@ %*52@ 22' p. A _i. S4e7@ Ha rivolu%ione intelei$
tuale di >alileo, Ro;7@ %*5( A \. \7n"eP@ V76stein $_7enstein-@ %'+2)%L2(@ Pr747@
%*5+@ '+5 p.
n romne"te < M. es7n@ In problema papalit!ii, Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 0II
$%*L,-@ nr. 5)+@ p. 2(()2',A I6e;@ (rt?odo)ie, ?istoire dEun mot, Fn BIstin7D@ nr. (@
P7ris@ %*5&A I6e;@ 8espre (rtodo)ie 9i &atolicitate, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0III $%*L%-@ nr.
,@ p. %'L)%L+A I6e;@ &ircula!ia cuvntului 1ort?odo)2 n Apus, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@
I $%*'L-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,(&),'2. .
Contro#erse 9i Fn#HGHturi noi Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H.
G7i"7nis;u. \7nsenis;u I
M7re7 "riJH prin "7re 7 tre"ut Biseri"7 ro;7nH Fn ti;pu refor;ei >
Hs7t ur;e <6Fn"i Fn sFnu ei. Unee 6in 7"este7 er7u 6in 6o;eniu 6o"tri?
n7@ 797 nu;itee 6ispute 6espre 47r@ 6intre "7re ;7i i;port7nte sFnt ;o?
inis;u@ M7nsenis;u 9i Cuietis;u@ i7r Fn 6o;eniu 76;inistr7Gi #?or?
!7niJ7tori" Fn6eose8i 7utono;is;u !<i"7n@ fe8roni7nist 9i iosefinist
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
Pentru 7 7fir;7 o "on"epGie ;7i opti;istH 6espre o; 9i 6espre
tuire7 ui teoo!ii ieJuiGi "7re 7u 7Muns sH Fn6ru;e 6eJ#ot7re7 spi?
7H 7 "7toi"is;uui post?tri6entin@ 7u "Hut7t sH 7fir;e ;7i "u tH?
rou #oinGei 9i 7 f7pteor o;ene9ti Fn oper7 6e ;Fntuire. Cu 7"e7st7
tu "HJut Fntr?un se;i?pe7!i7nis; "7re 7 67t n79tere 7 Fn6eun!7te
Hti;79e "erturi@ pe 6e o p7rte Fntre ei 9i 6o;ini"7ni@ i7r ;7i tFrJiu
e ei 9i M7nseni9ti. Contro#ers7 er7 o reF n#i ere 7 #e"4i or 6i spute
:e 7uN !ustinienii pre6estin7Gi7ni9ti 9i pe7!ieni@ i7r Fn E#u ;e6iu
e s"oti9ti 9i to;i9ti s7u Fntre 6o;ini"7ni 9i fr7n"is"7ni.
Pri;ii 7fir;7u sH o;u 9i?7 pier6ut i8ert7te7 #oii prin pH"7tu
;o9es" 9i "H nu;7i prin 67ru 6i#in@ Du;neJeu 4otHrH9te 9i pentru
roie9te E ;Fntuire7 prin pre6estin7Gi7 S7. Cei7Gi 7fir;7u "H
#oin?@ i i8ert7te7 o;uui nu s?7u ni ;i"it @ "e ;ut 7u sH8i t@ 67r
nu Fn
;HsurH Fn"F t sH nu po7tH "uno79te pe Du;neJeu 9i sH?L ur;eJe.
A7 "re9tinuui stH 6e"i Fn 6is"ipin7re7 #oinGei spre f7pte 8une. In
or7Gi7 or@ 6u4o#ni"ii ieJuiGi fH"e7u 76eseori uJ 6e 6istin"Gi7 Fntre
iGee !ree 9i u9o7re@ Fntre f7ptee per;ise 9i neper;ise@ "HutFn6 sH
tfi"e@ uneori@ "u f7pte 8une nu;7i 6upH for;H 6e9i intenGi7 7r fi
re7 s7u in#ers@ 6upH ;eto67 "unos"utH 7 BreJer#ei ;int7eD s7u 7
h878iis;uuiD. .oosire7@ "7Juisti"ii 7Mun!e7 7stfe sH eu6eJe
76e?i pres"ripGiie i;u78ie 7e e!ii "on9tiinGei@ Fn "7Ju "H se
!Hse7u ]7 ;oti#e s7u 7utoritHGi 6o"trin7re "7re 6H6e7u Mustifi"7re.
Ce ;7i -s"ut ;7nu7 pentru B"7Jurie 6e "on9tiinGHD 7 fost Fnto";it
pen?6u4o#ni"i 6e sp7niou Es"o87r $%LL*-@ 6upH nu;ee "Hrui7
!eni7u tor fr7n"eJ B7ise P7s"7 $%L,2)%LL,- 7 "re7t "u#Fntu
Bes"o87r?eD s7u su8terfu!iu@ #or8H Fn 6oi peri@ 9iretenie. Se
n79te Fn feu t7 o "on9tiinGH 7:H@ superfi"i7H 9i u9ur7ti"H@ "u
opti;is; ;or7 Aer7t@ "7re po7te 6u"e 7 6upi"itHGi "on67;n78ie@
prin "7re s"o?76eseori s"uJH ;iMo7"ee@ "4i7r 67"H 7"e7stH "ee8rH
;7:i;H nu se 9te e:pri;7tH Fn iter7tur7 respe"ti#H.
E:presi 7 = Bo;ni 7 76 ;7M ore; Dei ! ori 7;D er7 7st fe u;8ri t H
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t %L+5 7u fost "on67;n7te L+ teJe 6in oper7 ui Moinos@ i7r e 7 fost
i"4is Fntr?o ;FnHstire un6e ;uri peste %& 7ni $%L*L-.
Fn .r7nG7@ 7u propo#H6uit 7"ee79i Fn#HGHturi Fn ;o6 e:7t7t "t
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mintale $%L+L- 9i #H6u#7 pio7sH \e7nne 6e 7 Mot4e Gu3on $%L(+?
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Jur7t. L7"o;8e 7 fost Fnte;niG7t %% 7ni@ ;urin6 Fn %L** 9i \e7nne Gi
3on 7 fost 6e trei ori Fn"4isH@ o 67tH "4i7r Fn B7stii7. Ceru fr7n"eJ
6is"ut7t 6o"trin7 CuietistH Fn "onferinGee ui 6in %L*( 9i %L*'@ "Fn6 #e=
titu epis"op Bossuet 6e Me7u: $%L,5)%5&(- 7 6o#e6it 2( teJe !re9it
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epis"opuui .eneon 6in C7;8ri $%L'%)%5%'- "7re@ Fn oper7 s7 6espi
Aia!a interioar a s*in!ilor s"risH Fn %L*5@ 7 susGinut o7re"u; Cuieti
;u PFnH 7 ur;H@ 6enunG7t Ro;ei "7re 7? "enJur7t ,2 6in teJee "7
Bte;er7re@ s"7n67o7se@ peri"uo7se Fn pr7"ti"H@ "4i7r 67"H nu eret "eD@
.eneon se supuse.
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#erse. C7 sH reu9e7s"H 7u in#ent7t pe tHrF; pr7"ti"?itur!i" o serie
;iMo7"e noi 9i strHine 6e spiritu tr76iGion7. Fntre 7"este7 7 fost
B"utu Nini;ii ui IisusD@ nHs"ut 6in e:7tHrie "Hu!HriGei 8ur!un"
M7r!7ret7 A7"oCue $%L*&-. Do;ini"7nii si "4i7r Curi7 p7p7H 7u "oi
67;n7t 7"e7stH nouH pr7"ti"H@ "enJurFn6?o. D7r ;7i tFrJiu ieJuiGii
reu9it s?o i;punH@ 6upH "u; 7u fH"ut 9i pe 7te tHr<;uri 6e 7"ti#it7
teoo!i"H 9i 8iseri"e7s"H.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
B. Ti"rne3@ (rigins oi Papal iniallibilil' ,--596-W590, Lei6en@ %*5,@ 2&+
Bi4;e3er?Tii"4e ) Vi"7ire@ op#, cit#, #oi. 2@ p. 2'2)25, 9i 8i8io!r7fie@ p. '2L
'(* 9iN #oi. (@ %*L5@ p. 2()(+ 9i 8i8io!r7fie p. ',,)'22A V. M7rtin@ HesE origin
du >aGicanisme, P7ris %*2*A M.N Es"4oier@ Port Ro'al, Paris, %*L'A R. Tr7#ene7i Ha vie
Ouoiicicnne des Kansenistes, P7ris@ %*5?%A L. Co!net@ He Kansenisme, P7r %&L% A I6e;@ l a
ref orme de Port Ro'al , P7ri s@ %*. '&A C4. Au!. 6e S7i nt e?Be; Port Ro'al, 5
#oi. P7ris %*%,)%*,5A P. Bot@ He clerge 6e la France, , #oi.@ Roi T*L&A C4.
Mi"47u6@ HEEurope de Houis PIA, P7ris@ %*52@ ,'L p. A I. GrH;76H@ Frai lui
Ric?elieu "i 3a%arin, I79i@ %*5%@ 2*& p. A P. Gut4@ 3a%arin, P7ris %*52.
Conti`erse 9i "urente Fn protest7ntis; I
C7r7"teru su8ie"ti# 7 Refor;ei 7#e7 sH 6e7 n79tere 7 6eJ8inH
fiin6"H 6in 6eJ8in7re s?7 nHs"ut. Din "ip7 Fn "7re SfFnt7 S"ripturH r
;Fne7 sin!uru iJ#or 6e "re6inGH@ pe "7re fie"7re o po7te interpre
6upH 8Cnu p7"@ i7r 7utorit7te7 Tr76iGiei er7 FnHtur7tH@ s?7u nHs"ut
;uGi;e 6e pHreri 9i 6ire"Gii 6o"trin7re@ "H"i nu;in6u?se Bprotest7nt
"7r7"teru 7"est7 e?7 Fn6ru;7t 9i !Fn6ire7 teoo!i"H A totu9i Fn teoo!
6e9i protest7u F;potri#7 s"o7sti"ii p7p7e "7t7f7ti"e@ 7u 7pi"7t Fn "o
tinu7re 7"est prin"ipiu r7Gion7ist@ "reJFn6u?se su8 o"rotire7 SfFntu
Du4.
I Ca2i.o# r/dac.a. d/ Pr. 2ro0. ;. L/3an.
%L I3.oria 'i3/ric/a3c5 Xni=/r3a#5 &oi. II
De 7"ee7 Fn9i9i ;7rii refor;7tori Lut4er@ b`in!i 9i C7#in Fi
n8Hte7u pe refor;7torii ;i"i "7 7utori 6e !rupHri Bpe8ei"eD@ 6iJi6en?
se"t7re@ 76;iGFn6 "ontr7 or "4i7r 9i ;Hsuri represi#e. Fn 7"e7stH
;Fnt7re refor;7to7re !ener7H 7. rHsun7t 9i !7su pe67!o!uui "e4
An A;os Co;enius@ epis"opu BUniunii .r7Gior "e4iD $%L5&-@ "7re "e?
i o refor;H 9i ;7i r76i"7H 9i ;7i !ener7H 6e"Ft 7u re7iJ7t?o Fn7in?
ii sHi A 67r e7 nu 7 ;7i fost 7pi"7tH@ pro6u"Fn6 9i ;7i ;7re Fn!ri?
7re.
Astfe@ "Fn6 Lut4er 9i 7n6!r7fu .iip 6e /ess7 7fir;7u "H Fn "4es?
ni 6e "re6inGH nu;7i ui Du;neJeu Fi sFnt "re6in"io9i@ "H"i nu;7i
<ntu Lui rH;Fne Fn #e7"@ 797 "u; s"rie Fn S"ripturH@ nu 9i?7u 67t
;7 6e 6urero7see "ontr7Ji"eri pe "7re e 7fir;7u 9i pe "7re e:pe?
iGe 7;7re Fi #or "onstrFn!e sH e "7"e spre 7 Fnfrunt7 su8ie"ti#is;u
i8ert7te7 fHrH Mu Fn rFn6urie 7n787pti9tior 6in b`i"P7u@ 7e
GHr7?-r rHs"u7Gi@ s7u ;7i t<rJiu 7e 7tFtor teoo!i "7re susGine7u
7i"iJ7re7 ,7re o pro"7;7se i8ert7te7 6e "u!et7re.
De 7"ee7@ pini 6e 7;HrH"iune@ Lut4er@ Me7n"4ton 9i Bu"er se pro?
FG7u 76eseori F;potri#7 6eJor6inii ;or7e 9i teoo!i"e 7 "7re 7Mun? u
"re6in"io9ii 7tun"i "Fn6 "H6e7u Fn i8ertin7M@ 6eJ8inHri 9i "ontro? se@
"4i7r 67"H pentru uter7ni "u#Fntu refor;7toruui 6e 7 _it? 8er!
er7 so"otit "7 7 unui Bp7pHD 9i "Fn6@ pe 7 %'22@ p7storii ute? i
Mur7u sH pHstreJe nes"4i;87tH "re6inG7 Confesiunii 6e 7 Au!s? ! 9i
7. "eor trei si;8ouri. A"e79i u"ru F 7fir;7 C7#in "7re 7 nunG7t
9i pe6epse 6e ;o7rte "ontr7 "eor "e nu "re6e7u "7 e Fn i"Hre7
Sfintei S"ripturi. i totu9i stFn6 su8 !riM7 9i inspir7Gi7 7"e? 9i SfFnt
Spirit@ "u; o 7fir;7u "u 7""ente neFn6oieni"e B8iseri"iiGe? "7
Btur;H ;i"HD $Lu"7 %,@ 2,-@ ee 7u Fn"eput sH 7p7rH "urFn6. Pe
"ontinent se pre"iJ7u 6ouH. !rupHri protest7nte ;7i ;7ri = u?
nis;u 9i "7i#inis;u@ pe "Fn6 7n!i"7nis;u@ "7re preJent7 "e#7 in?
ne6i7r Fntre "7toi"is; 9i protest7ntis;@ nu s?7 putut ;enGine uni "i
s?7 6eJ8in7t Fn ;7i ;ute 6eJi6enGe. i Fn "76ru "onfesiunii
e"ti#e protest7nGii s?7u 6eJ8in7t "u ti;pu Fn uter7ni orto6o"9i@
%
respe"t7u iter7 ;Hrturisirior 6e "re6inGH@ 9i i8er7i@ "7re Gine7u
For;H nu;7i SfFnt7 S"ripturH@ 9i "7re@ 9i ei i7rH9i s?7u 6eJ8in7t Fn
0VII 9i ;7i 7es Fn se". 0VIII 9i 0I0 Fn supr7n7tur7i9ti@ "7re
re"uno9te7u Fn"H Re#e7Gi7@ 9i Fn r7Gion7i9ti@ "7re o 7""ept7u nu?
67"H er7 Fn 7"or6 "u r7Giune7. Desi!ur@ fie"7re 6in !rupHrie s7u
"Giie respe"ti#e ur;Hre7 9i perse"ut7 p7rti67 "ontr7rH@ "<"Fn6 prin? i
i8ertHGii pe e7re?% enunG7serH.
%. L7 Fn"eput@ nsu"i Hut ?er ;7i pHst r7 ;u te 6in 6o"t rinee 9F
ti"ie "7toi"e@ i7r f7ptu "H e n?7 fost un siste;7tiJ7tor@ pre"u;
Ne7 "H 6in 7nu;ite pri"ini "HrGie si;8oi"e 3rturisirea de la
Augs$i 6in %'2& 9i Apologia 3rturisirii, 6in 7"e79i 7n@ er7u oper7
prie?ui sHu .iip Me7n"4ton@ "7re er7 ;7i ;o6er7t@ e:pi"H 6e "e
nu o7te #or8i 6e o unit7te 6o"trin7rH Fn uter7nis;. Fn pri#inG7
o8i?fitHGii Sfintei S"ripturi@ Lut4er 9i Me7n"4ton spune7u "H 9i Le?
Ve"4iuui Test7;ent "u De"7o!u o8i!H "7 9i E#7n!4ei7 iu8irii
est7;ent7re. Pre6i"7toru 6in Eise8en@ \o4. A!ri"o7N@ ne!7 FnsH
'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *&I*&III %%
7"est u"ru@ "ee7 "e %?7 siit pe Lut4er sH?% "o;87tH@ so"otin6u?% B7nti?
no;istD@ 76i"H 76#ers7r 7 Le!ii@ 797 Fn"Ft A!ri"o7 W 7 tre8uit sH se
supunH.
i
Cee ;7i ;ute "ontro#erse s?7u is"7t Fn e!HturH "u problema n$
dreptrii s7u 7 Mustifi"Hrii. .7GH 6e Lut4er@ "7re 7fir;7 "H o;u se Fn?
6repte7JH nu;7i prin "re6inG7 Fn /ristos 9i Fn ;eritee Lui@ ;erite "7?
re?i sFnt i;puse o;uui printr?un 7"t Mu6e"Htores" $7"tu forensi-@ 6e"7?
rFn6u?% 6e 6rept fHrH 7 se Fn6rept7 6e f7pt@ Fn interioru sHu fiin6 6e ?
"HJut ire;e6i78i@ teoo!u An6r. Osi7n6er 6in Nurn8er! $%(*+)%'',Y
susGine7 "H o;u se s"4i;8H efe"ti# 9i Fn interior. D7r 6upH 6ouHJe"i
6e 7ni 6e "ontro#ersH teJ7 ui 7 fost respinsH.
In 7"e7stH pri#inGH@ F# 3elanc?ton "7 1praeceptor >ermaniae2,
er7 ;7i puGin r76i"7@ 7fir;Fn6 "H 9i f7ptee 8une ?sFnt ne"es7re pentru
;Fntuire. A"e79i u"ru F susGine7 9i teoo!u 9i profesoru uter7n G
M7Mor $f %'5,- 6in _itten8er!. Contr7 7"estei 6ispute B;7MoristeD s?e
ri6i"7t epis"opu uter7n Ni". #on A;s6orf@ susGinFn6 "H f7ptee nu nu ?
;7i "H nu sFnt ne"es7re@ "i sFnt "4i7r un peri"o pentru ;Fntuire. D7i
"urFn6 F9i 6H6u se7;7 6e rHtH"ire7 s7 9i se "ore"tH Fn sensu "H nu;7=
Fn"re6ere7 Fn 8unHt7te7 f7pteor e "on67;n78iH.
Tot su8 infuenG7 i6eior ui Me7n"4ton s?7 nHs"ut B"ontro#ersF
siner!istHD susGinutH 6e profesorii \on. Pfeffin!en 9i Vi"torin Stri!er
$f %'L*-@ Fn sensu "H #oi7 i8erH 7 o;uui tre8uie sH "on"u"reJe "t
47ru 6i#in spre ;Fntuire@ "7 7 orto6o"9i A 67r N. A;s6orf 9i ;7i 7es
M7tt4i7s .7"ius I3ri"us $f %'5'- susGine7u ;oner!is;u@ "H 7nu;t
nu;7i 47ru ;Fntuie9te. Apoi Me7n"4ton susGine7@ pentru 7 o8Gine
si;p7ti7 "7toi"ior 7 interi;u 6e 7 Au!s8ur!@ "H 7spe"tu 6is"ipin7i
7 "7toi"is;uui@ 87 "4i7r ier7r4i7 9i "utu sFnt u"ruri in6iferente
797 "H 9i "ee 6ouH t78ere s?7r pute7 FnGee!e@ ;7i 7es "H 9@i Me7n"4 ?
ton 7fir;7 "7r7"teru #iJi8i 7 Biseri"ii 9i "4i7r ;7!isteriu ei 6o"tri ?
n7r@ "u "on6iGi7 "7 sH se ei;ine 6in "7toi"is; 78uJurie "7re F 6en7?
tur7serH.
Fn sfFr9it@ tot Me7n"4ton 9i !ineree sHu G7sp7r Peu"er@ Fn e!H ?
turH "u Eu47risti7 7fir;7u ;7i ;ut "on"epGi7 "7#inistH 6e"Ft 6o"trinH
uter7nH 7 u8iCuitHGii@ "ee7 "e 7 pro6us 7"uJ7Gi7 6e "ripto"7i#inis; s7i
fiipis;. A fost "o;8Htut 6upH 6ouHJe"i 6e 7ni 6e frH;FntHri 6e "Htn
teoo!ii uter7ni 6e "entru = I7"o8 An6re7s $f %'*&-@ M7rtin C4e;nit=
$f %'*&-@ "e ;7i strHu"it u"eni" 7 ui .iip Me7n"4ton@ Sene"Per $N
%'52- 9i 7Gii@ "7re 7u re67"t7t Fn %'+d B.or;u7 6e "on"or6ieD@ uti;i
Confesiune uter7nH@ "7re "Hut7 sH F;p7"e e:tre;ee. Con"epGi7 J`in
!i7nH@ potri#it "Hrei7 ee;entee sFnt nu;7i si;8ouri 9i pe "7re o sus
Gine7 Fn e!HturH "u SfFnt7 Eu47ristie O7rst76t $An6rei B76enstein@ Z
%'(%-@ prietenu ui Lut4er@ 7 pro#o"7t 6in p7rte7 7"estui7 7tFt7 f7n7
tis;@ Fn"Ft O7rst76t 7 tre8uit sH pe"e Fn E#eGi7.
Do#76H 6espre 6eJorient7re7 "e 6o;ne7 Fn sFnu uter7nis;uu
este "on"epGi7 Bsin"retistHD susGinutH Fn se". 0VII 6e profesorii Geori
C7i:t 6in /e;ste6t $f %L'L- 9i 6e fiu sHu Uri"4@ "7re spune7u "
"ee trei "onfesiuni = ro;7no?"7toi"is;u@ uter7nis;u 9i "7#inis;u
s?7r pute7 F;pH"7 pe 87J7 "re6inGei Biseri"ii 6in pri;ee "in"i #e7"u
7 "7re 7r tre8ui sH r/=in5 .oa./.
/# n calvinism, "ee ;7i i;port7nte "ontro#erse 6in pun"t 6e #e?
6o"trin7r er7u e!7te 6e predestina!ie# Do!;7 fun67;ent7H 7
inis;uui@ 6espre pre6estin7Gi7 78soutH 7 fost 6isput7tH 6e teoo!ii
O7n67. Astfe@ profesoru 6e teoo!ie 6e 7 Le36en@ I7"o8 Ar;i?
$f %L&*- 9i ;7i tFrJiu O6en8 O6en87rne`e6t $f %L%*- 9i s7#7ntu
& Grotius $f %L('- susGine7u pe 7 %L&2 "H pre6estin7Gi7 nu este 78?
tH@ fiin6 nu;7i o "onse"inGH 7 "H6erii ui A67; Fn pH"7t $infr77ps7ri-@
A "re6in"iosu po7te "o78or7 "u 47ru@ s7u "4i7r reJist7 ui "7 9i pH?
ui. a;potri#7 or s?7 ri6i"7t FnsH profesoru 6e 7 Le36en@ .r7n?
Go;7rus $f %L(%-@ 7"uJFn6u?i 6e pe7!i7nis;@ 6e fio"7toi"is; 9i
;ii "4i7r 6e trH67re 6e p7trie A e 7fir;7 o pre6estin7Gie .78soutH@
"4i7r A67; 7r fi fost 6eter;in7t 7 pH"7t $supr77ps7ri-. Astfe
in"io9ii o7n6eJi s?7u F ;pHrGi t Fn 6ouH = pHt ur7 "u tH 9i Fn7Gi i
Gion7ri Gine7u "u Ar;inius@ "7re 7fir;7 Fntr?o 7poo!ie nu;itH
onstran! ) 6e 7i"i nu;ee or uterior 6e re;onstr7nGi ) "H nu
;or7 7 f7"e 6in Du;neJeu 7utor 7 rHuui@ 797 "u; spune7u Fn
Fe7 #e"4e ;7ni4eii A 67r 7 Fntrunire7 6e 7 Dor6re"4t@ 6in %L%+)
@ 6o;inFn6 !rup7 ui Go;7r@ 7u fost 6e"7r7Gi re8ei 9i s"o9i 6in
ie. O6en87rne`e6t 7 fost "4i7r e:e"ut7t@ i7r /u!o Grotius
Fnte;?A pe #i7GH.
C4i7r Fn sFnu Biseri"ii epis"op7e s?7 for;7t pe 7 %'L& o s"iJiune
7titu6in7riorD s7u Bi8er7iorD@ "7re fH"e7u "on"esiuni ;7i ;ute
iterpret7re. Fn Biseri"7 purit7nH s?7 for;7t pe 7 %'+& s"iJiune7 in?
n6enGior@ su8N
'
"on6u"ere7 ui Bro`ne@ refuJFn6 ori"e "ont7"t "u
.%@ 7f7rH 6e 76;inistr7Gi7 8unurior@ 9i so"otin6 "H fie"7re p7ro4ie
st7nGH supre;H pentru sine A 6e 7i"i 6eri#H nu;ire7 6e congrega$
@ii"ti# O 6ire"Gie 9i ;7i e:tre;H 7 or nu 76;ite7 ni"i ;H"7r
7uto?S7 p7ro4iei@ "o8orFn6 totu 7 ni#eu FnGee!erii in6i#i6u7e A
6e u;eFe 6e nivelatori#
Astfe@ Fnsu9i 7r4iepis"opu 6e C7nter8ur3 = _ii7; L7n6 $f %L('-
=ontr7 Ro;ei@ 67r 9i 7 "7#inis;uui@ 6orin6 sH rest78ie7s"H BBise?
"7toi"HD 6in ti;pu SfFntuui Cipri7n@ .er. Ieroni;@ Sf. Ciri 7
7n6riei 9i Rufin.
W# .7GH 6e ri!i6it7te7 9i spiritu poe;i" 7 Borto6o:iei uter7neD
#iniste 6in se". 0VII@ s?7 pornit@ pe 7 sfFr9itu se". 0VII 9i Fn"e?
% se". 0VIII@ 797 nu;it7 ;i9"7re 6e treJire ErNecLungsbeNegung
itismului, "7re Fn"epu sH infuenGeJe Fntre7!7 6eJ#ot7re 7 protes
tu ui@ Fn#i orFn6u?% "u noi ;et o6e spre noi Ginte.
BHtui 6e 7"e 1furor t?eologicus2, "7re 6o;in7 6e ;utH #re;e u?
is;u 9i "7#inis;u prin 7i"is; e:7!er7t@ teoo!i 9i s"riitori "7 =
rn6t $f %L,%-@ L7876ie $f %L5(-@ 9i ;7i 7es .iip I7"o8 Spener $f
9i Au!ust .r7nPe $f %5,5- 7u pus 87Jee "urent uui pieti st. In
"e \. Arn6t e#o"7@ Fn popu7ree s7e "HrGi Adevratul cre"tinism
@adina raiului, o Fnto7r"ere 7 un "re9tinis; 7 iu8irii 9i 7 po"Hin?
\pener for;uH Fn %L5' "ee8ree s7e 1pia desideria2 s7u 1dorin$
oase2, 6upH o ;7i 8unH Fn6ru;7re 7 76e#Hr7tei Biseri"i e#7n!4e?
E "ere7 sH se punH ;7i ;ut 7""ent pe #i7G7 "re9tinH 6e"Ft pe
6o"?@ ;7i ;utH 7"Giune 6e"Ft r7Giune@ ;7i ;utH piet7te 6e"Ft
9tiinGH@
BISERICA IN SECOL.EI.E .0.V%) ?0.#M.
;7i ;utH iu8ire 6e"Ft f7n7tis;@ pre6i"H #ie i7r nu s7#7ntH@ p7rti"ip7 ?
re7 7i"ior 7 opere 6e 8inef7"ere 9i popu7riJ7re7 Bi8iei "4i7r 9i Fn
Fntruniri p7rti"u7re.
D7r re"toru .7"utHGii teoo!i"e 6in _itten8er! e?7 "enJur7t "re ?
6inG7 9i ,+( teJe e?7 respins "7 B8i!otis; 7fe"t7tD.
.ire ;7i ener!i"H@ A. .r7nPe 6e 7 /7e 7fir;7 "H Bun !r7; 6e
"re9tinis; trHit f7"e ;7i ;ut 6e"Ft %&& 6e !r7;e 6e 9tiinGH se7"H@ s7u
o pi"HturH 6e iu8ire #7ore7JH ;7i ;ut 6e"Ft un o"e7n 6e 9tiinGHD.
.r7nPe 7 FnfiinG7t@ ;7i FntFi o 9"o7H pentru sHr7"i@ 7poi un orfein7t@
un se;in7r@ o 9"o7H nor;7H@ o tipo!r7fie@ un spit7@ o f7r;7"ie 9i un
institut 8i8i"@ "7re 7u 7Muns "u ti;pu sH for;eJe un Fntre! "7rtier 6in
or79. Cu 7Mutoru re!eui 67neJ 7 ;7i susGinut 9i ;isiune7 e:ternH Fn
In6i7 rHsHrite7nH 9i Fntre iu6ei@ pentru "7re 7 FnfiinG7t 9i un institut
7p7rte.
Desi!ur@ 8i!otis;u 7 6is"re6it7t "u ti ;pu pietis;u@ 67r 7"est7
7 7#ut o e:tr7or6in7rH infuenGH Fn #i7G7 uter7nis;uui uterior. Cri ?
ti"7 76usH 6e uter7nii Borto6o"9iD n?7 putut opri rHspFn6ire7 pietis;u?
iui@ "7re pe 7o"uri 7 6us 9i 7 for;7re7 6e "o;unitHGi se"t7re. In 7"est
"76ru@ istori"u G4. Arno6 $%5%(- 7 s"ris o istorie 8iseri"e7s"H Fn "7re
s"ote7 Fn reief to";7i pe ereti"i 9i pe se"t7ri@ "riti"Fn6 7utorit7te7
Biseri"ii.
(. D7r "e7 ;7i i;port7ntH infuenGH 7 pietis;uui 7 "onst7t Fn
"on#ertire7 ;7reui Fnte;eietor 7 ;i9"Hrii ?errn?utienilor sau 7 B.r7?
Gior 6e "o;unit7te e#7n!4ei"HD $Bru6er!e;ein6e-@ nu;itH 9i B.r7Gii
;or7#iD@ 7 "onteui Ni"o7e Lu6`i! 6e binJen6orf $%5L&-@ 7 "Hrui n79
7 fost .iip?I7"o8 Spener 9i e6u"7tor Au!uste .r7nPe. Contee binJen?
6orf@ s?7 6e6i"7t "u p7siune suMirii ui /ristos@ 7 "Hrui "ru"e 9i 7 "H rui
sFn!e 6e#ene7u pentru e "entru teoo!iei. an6eose8i 6in %5,,@ 6upH "e
pe ;o9i7 s7 6e 7 /ut8er! 6in pro#in"i7 L7usitJ s?7u refu!i7t nu;ero9i
fr7Gi ;or7#i $"e4i 9i !er;7ni su6eGi- 9i "7#ini9ti@ 7 "onstituit "o;unit7te7
rei!io7sH B/errn4utD@ "u trei !rupe in6epen6ente "onfesion7@ 67r e!7te
or!7niJ7tori" 9i ;ision7r = uter7ni@ fr7Gi ;or7#i 9i "7#ini9ti. Or!7niJ7re7
er7 preJ8iter7nH. So"otin6u?se ;i"i Be"esioeD@ 4errn4utienii s?7u
rHspFn6it Fn tot nor6u Ger;7niei@ Fn Muru B7ti"ii@ Fn An!i7 9i
A;eri"7@ 7poi Fn In6i7@ Groen7n67 9i Fn 7te pHrGi@ susGi? nFn6 o #ie
7"ti#it7te ;ision7rH@ unii 6in ei 7u "Hut7t Fntre %5(&)%5(2 "ont7"te 9i "u
orto6o"9ii@ "u P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ "u Mitropoi7 Un? !ro#74iei@ "u
Tr7nsi#7ni7. Vestite sFnt BoJin"ieD $Losun!en- tr7se 7 sorGi@ "7
#oite 6e Du;neJeu@ pe= "7re e 6H6e7u 7 e:7;ene@ "7 9i ;eto67 6e 7 "iti
Bi8i7 Fntre7!H.
InfuenG7t Fntru"Ft#7 6e i6eie 9i 7"Giunie 4errn4utienior@ s?7 for;7t
metoismul engle%, FnfiinG7t 6e fr7Gii C7ro _esie3 $f %5++- 9i \o4n
_ese3 $f %5*%-@ stu6enGi 7 O:for6@ 9i or!7niJ7t 7poi 6e pre6i"7toru
Geor!e _4itefie6 $f %55&- Fn %52+@ "7 o si;pH 7so"i7Gie rei!io7sH.
Mi9"7re7 #oi7 ;7i ;utH "re6inGH 9i e#7#ie Fn #i7GH 9i 6e 7"ee7
Fn"eput sH GinH pre6i"i F;potri#7 Fn"inHrior ree 9i sH Fn6e;ne 7 po?
"HinGH@ insistFn6 7supr7 oJin"ii = B;Fntuie?Gi sufetu "4i7r Fn "e7su
7"est7 TD. Mo;entu "on#ertirii@ pe "7re 76ese7 F forG7@ F so"ote7 "7
iGie 7 47ruui. .iin6 interJisH prin "7se 9i 8iseri"i@ ;i9"7re7 ;eto?
iN 7 ie9it Fn 7er i8er@ i;pro#iJFn6 o tri8unH@ 6e un6e ;e;8rii Fn"e?
i sH pre6i"e. Fn feu 7"est7 ;eto6i9tii 7u "utreier7t An!i7 9i A;eri?
i 7u pre6i"7t po"HinG7@ 6esfiinG7re7 s"7#iei 9i 7 "o;erGuui "u ne?
C7 9i pietis;u@ ;eto6is;u 7""entu7 e#7#i7 9i "7rit7te7@ GinFn6u?
s Bi8ie@ unii 6in ei se "on#usion7u s7u e:7t7u "7 sH Bsie7s"H 6u?
spre #estire 9i 7stfe s?7u 6i#iJ7t Fn ;7i ;ute !rupHri@ 6e 7 epis?
ieni pFnH 7 pres8iterieni@ 67r toGi pr7"ti"Fn6 9i "7rit7te7. Mi9"7re7
i 6e"is Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH "7 sH FnfiinGeJe@ Fn %+&(@ BSo"iet7te7
8ri?=H pentru rHspFn6ire7 Bi8iei Fn G7rH 9i. strHinHt7teD@ 6e#enin6@
"u ui@ "e7 ;7i puterni"H instituGie Fn feu ei Fn u;e. '. Fnt re se"tee
;7i "unos"ut e for;7t e 6in protest7ntis; 7u ;7i 9i 7n787pti9tii@
or!7niJ7Gi 6e T4o;7s MiinJer $%(*&)%','- 6in =7u 9i
_itten8er!@ pe #re;e7 rHs"o7eor GHrHne9ti 6in Ger;7ni7@ ie"ursu
7nior %',()%',' 9i %'2()%'2'@ "Fn6 \7n Bo"Peson 7 for?o
teo"r7Gie "o;unit7rH 9i poi!7;H. Mi9"7re7 7 "ontinu7t prin Men?
i;on $f %''*-@ "7re Fn %'2L respinse@ pe Fn!H BoteJu "opiior@
ser#i"ii 6e st7t = MurH;Fntu@ o"up7re7 6e ser#i"ii pu8i"e 9i s7tis?
e7 ser#i"iuui ;iit7r@ 9i 76erenGii ei 7u fost nu;iGi B;ennoniGiD.
;e7u 7""ent pe iu;in7re s7u Bn79tere7 6in nouD 9i s?7u rHspFn6it
e Fn Ger;7ni7@ O7n67@ Rusi7 9i A;eri"7. Din 7"e7stH ;i9"7re s?7
Ft7t 7poi B;i9"7re7 87ptistHD@ prin F;8in7re7 6iferiteor "o;uni?
7n787ptiste s7u ;ennonite "u "o;unitHGi "7#iniste 9i 7n!i"7ne@
tn6u?se Fn ;7i ;ute r7;uri. R7;ur7 en!eJH 7 fost FnfiinG7tH pe
%, 6e.\. S;it4 9i /e`3s@ "e7 7;eri"7nH 67tFn6 6in %L2&](&. Spre
W8ire 6e 8oteJu 7n787ptist@ prin stropire@ 87pti9tii 7u intro6us
i7re7@ i7r Fn 6o"trin7 6espre ;Fntuire@ unii er7u "7#ini9ti@ 76;i?
pre6estin7Gi7 $p7rti"u7ri9ti-@ pe "Fn6 7Gii 76;ite7u ;<ntuire7 !ene?
O 7tH r7;urH er7u Bs787t7riiD@ "7re "inste7u sF;8Ht7. Con6u"ere7
Z7 "pn!re!7Gion7istH. E# Antitrinitarii sau unitarienii Ji9i 9i
so"inieni@ 6upH nu;ee Fnte?
orior or@ it7ienii = .7ust So"inus $f %L&5- 9i L7eus So"inus $f
@ susGine7u "H e:istH un sin!ur Du;neJeu@ Fntr?o sin!urH perso7?
f7tH@ Du4u fiin6 6o7r o putere 7 T7tHui@ i7r .iu este o;
si;?=Hrui7 i s?7 "o;uni"7t o putere 6e sus 9i prin e:e;pu #ieGii
ui e7JH pe toGi. Nu e:istH pH"7t ori!in7r@ ni"i rHs"u;pHr7re@
ni"i
nte;eietorii ei 7u fost perse"ut7Gi. M. Ser#e6e este 7rs 7 Gene#7
'2 A 9"o77 poonH 6in R7Po`@ un6e er7 "entru or@ 7 fost 6istru?
Ifi'+ 6e ieJuiGi@ i7r 67s"Hii or e:i7Gi. C7te4is;u or@ fi:7t Fn \
6in R7Po` $%&L'-@ 7 fost "o;pus 6e L7eius So"inus. Fn Europ7 H
"o;unitHGi unit7riene@ 7f7rH 6e O7n67 9i An!i7 $un6e "ee8ru st
Prieste3 7 "re7t o se"tH unit7ri7nH in6epen6entH-@ Fn Tr7nsi? @
un6e 6o"toru it7i7n Gior!io Bi7n6r7t7 9i .7ust So"inus 7u 7"?
Fn"H 6in %L'2.
_uaLerii, nu;iGi 797 6e 7 tremurul $Q Cu7Per@ Fn en!eJe9te- "7re
"H pe "re6in"io9ii se"tei 7tun"i "Fn6 pri;es" inspir7Gi7@ 67te7JH 6in
6in ti;pu tu8ure 7 repu8i"ii purit7ne en!eJe. Cis;7ru G.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
Fo) 7fir;7 "H 76e#Hru 6i#in se 6o8<n6e9te nu 7tFt prin "itire7 S"rip?
turii@ ori prin sH#Fr9ire7 T7ineor@ "it ;7i 7es prin erupGi7 47ruui s7u
iu;in7re7 internH. Inspir7Gi7 se pri;e7 Fn e:t7J. Fn "ee7te pri#inGe
er7u purit7ni 6epini@ respin!Fn6 7utorit7te7 8iseri"e7s"H 9i st7t7H@ Mu?
rH;Fntu@ ser#i"iu ;iit7r 9i 7tee 9i ori"e 6istr7"Gie@ 67r 7pre"i7u "in ?
ste7 9i piet7te7 A se 7f7u su8 "on6u"ere7 e:p7tri7tuui en!eJ _ii7;
Penn $%5%+- Fn A;eri"7.
Cu trHsHturi spiritu7ist?;isti"e@ unit7riene 9i r7Gion7iste@ 9i tot ?
o67tH 7po"7ipti"e@N s?7 ;7nifest7t se"t7 BS`e6en8or!ieniorD@ s7u BBi ?
seri"7 nouHD@ Fnte;ei7tH Fn %5(2 6e refor;7toru@ s7#7ntu 9i fiosofu
"re9tin ;ont7nist E;7nue S`e6en8or! $%55,-@ fiu 6e epis"op sue6eJ.
E "ere7 Fn#ior7re7 Biseri"ii@ "e7 ;oe9itH@ Fn "7re SfFnt7 S"ripturH 9i
T7inee 7u 7Muns o8ie"te ;o7rte 9i un pro"es ;e"7ni".
Au fost po;enite nu;7i "ontro#ersee 9i se"tee ;7i i;port7nte.
Lips7 6e unit7te 6o"trin7rH 9i or!7niJ7tori"H pro#ene7 6in r7Gion7is ?
;u e:"esi# 9i 6in 6es7"r7;ent7iJ7re7 Biseri"ii@ "7re 7pHre7 7"u; "7 o
7so"i7Gie@ o si;pH "o;unit7te@ un6e stHpFne7u su8ie"ti#is;u 9i in6i#i ?
6u7is;u 9i un6e ni"i 7utorit7te7 Sfintei S"ripturi nu pute7 sH 6u"H 7
unit7te. Se i;pune 6o7r ;eritu or ;ision7r 9i "7rit7ti#.
BI BLI OGRA.I E
Bi4;e3er ) Tii"4e ) Vi"7ire@ op# cit#, #oi. 2@ p. 2,,)2,5 9i 8i8io!r7fie@
p. '%()'%+ A R. S. LopeJ@ Faissance de lEEurope, P7ris@ %*5,A S. Mours@ He pro$
tcstantisme au PAII$e siecle, P7ris@ %*L5 A \. Ir;s"4er@ Renaissance und 4umanismus
in 3ittel$ und (steuropa, / #oi.@ Berin %*L,@ 5L& p.A .. O78@ 8ie Helue von Qultur
der lut?erisc?en Qirc?e, Berin@ %*'* M .. O7tJen87"4@ 8as Ringen und die Ein?eit
der Qirc?e im Ka?r?undert der Reiormation, Stutt!7rt@ %*'5 A /. _e8er@ Retormation,
(rt?odo)ie$ und Rationalismus, , #oi.@ Stutt!7rt@ %*25](& A G4. Arno6@ Gnparteisc?e
Oir"4en ) un6 Qet%er?istorie, e6it.@ R. Rie;e"P@ M7inJ@ %*5L@ 2LL p.: A# Stoeffer@
T?e rise of evangelical pietism, Lon6r7@ %*L'@ ,'5 p.A _. /7rrison@ Arminianism,
Lon6r7@ %*25A _. /7er@ T?e rise of puritanisme, e6. III@ Lon6r7@ %*'5 A \. Eus6en@
Puritans, Ne` /7#en@ %*'+A G. Nutt7@ Aisible =aints $"on!re!7tion7ists-@ O:For6@
%*'5A O. .o"P@ 8er =ocinianismus, Stutt!7rt@ %*(5A E. _i8ur@ A ?istor' ol Gni$
tarianism, C7;8ri6!e M7ss@ %*',A G. Rousse7u@ 4istoire des ?aptistes, P7ris@ %*',A
\. M. E3sin!7@ 4ugo >rotius, B7sie7@ %*',A .r. /of;7nn@ Kan Amos &omenius, %*5'N
.. B7nPe@ Sin%endorf und die Ein?eit der Qinder >ottes, B7se@ %*'& M Centre n7?
Gion7 6e 7 re"4er"4e s"ientifiCue@ "o78.@ HEabolition de la Feodalite do#ns le monde
occidental, 7 "on!resu istori"ior 6e 7 Tououse@ %*L+@ 2 #oi.@ P7ris@ %*52@ *+& p.A
M. P. Buitenen 9i "o78.@ Gnit as Fratrum, Utre"4t@ %*5'@ (+, p.A /. RenPe`itJ@
8ie +rilder 6 Gnitt,# Stutt!7rt@ %*L5A A. Mon7r@ =toria dei Aaldesi, / #oi.@ E6.
C7u6i7n7 ) Torino@ %*5(@ L*L p.A M. PeJet@ HEepopee des Aaudois, P7ris@ %*5LA
P. De4ee7nu@ 3anual de sectologie, Ar76@ %*(+A D. V7sies"u@ 8espre 3ormoni,
BStu6ii teoo!i"eDN0V $%*L2-@ nr. *)%&@ 'LL p. 9. u.
A. _oo6ro`@ Ies nouvelles sectes, E6it. Seui@ P7ris %*55 A D. B7Per@ =c?ism$
4eres' and Religious protest, "o78orHri@ E6it. C7;8ri6!e Press@ Lon6r7 %*5,@ (%* p.
PERIOADA A CINCEA
Or6inu ieJuiGior. Ate or6ine ;on747e I
Qnsi#7 "7toi"H F;potri#7 protest7ntis;uui 7 fost 6usH Fn6eose8i
mpania lui lisus2, "u; s?7 nu;it 6e 7 Fn"eput or6inu "Hu!H?
JuiGi.
6it pe un fon6 6e ;isti"is; 9i "7#7eris; rei!ios tipi" sp7nio
Fn fo"u e:perienGeor 9i pro8eor 6e uptH spiritu7H@ pe "7re e
"utur7 7tFt 6e su8ie"ti#H@ 6e F ;prH9ti7tH 9i "u ten6inGe 7tFt 6e
nte 7 Ren79terii 9i U;7nis;uui@ sufetu ieJuit 7 !Hsit@ prin
r6in7r7 s7 putere 6e #oinGH 9i si;G pe67!o!i"@ "4ei7 "7re sH?%
sH re"u"ere7s"H poJiGii pier6ute. M7i ;ut@ printr?un 7"ti#is;
Are"4e pe to7te tHrF;urie@ Fn#HGH;Fnt@ p7stor7Gie@ poiti"H@ 9tiinGe@
e@ iter7turH@ 7rtH@ ieJuiGii 7u 7Muns sH Fn6ru;e "4i7r p7p7it7te7
e! "7toi"is;u pe un fH!79 nou. Cu; 7r7tH Fnse9i "u#intee 8uei
e;eiere 1Regimini militantis ecclesiae2, 6in ,5 septe;8rie %'(&@
% ieJuit er7 un fe 6e 13ili!ia &?risti2, strH8HtutH 6e senti;entu
n7i 6esH#Fr9ite supuneri@ 67r 9i 6e si!ur7nG7 "H fie"7re ;e;8ru 7
?e7JH BFn nu;ee 9i pentru !ori7 ;7i ;7re 7 ui Du;neJeuD )
ia ad ma*orevi 8ei gloriam2#
I!n7Giu $Ini!o- 6e Lo3o7@ Fnte;eietoru or6inuui@ er7 un no8i
N%@ nHs"ut Fn %(*% 9i "res"ut Fn tr76iGi7 upteor "7#7ere9ti. Fn
L',% ) e:7"t 7nu "Fn6 Lut4er spune7 Fn 6iet7 Ger;7niei "H nu
f7"e 7t"e#7@ 6e"t sH?9i se;ene noie Fn#HGHturi 7nti?"7toi"e )WW
u er7 rHnit 7 7se6iu "etHGii P7;peun7@ un6e upt7se "ontr7
WJior. Pe p7tu 6e spit7 i?7u "HJut Fn ;FnH ro;7ne "7#7ere9ti@ o
.D 7 ui isus 9i B#i7G7D sfinGior .r7n"is" 6e Assisi $%%+,)%,,L-
;ini" GuJ;7n $%%5&)%,,%-. I;presion7t 6e 7rHt7re7 M7i"ii Do;?
$BDonn7 MHri7D- "7re?i spusese "H 9i e po7te f7"e 797 "e#7@ 87
;7i ;u t @ I!n7G i u se "on#ert i 9i 6epuse 7 i "o7n7 M76onei 6i n
"7 Montferr7t 7r;ur7 9i sp767@ fH"Fn6 #otu@ 6upH o FntreitH spo?
6e !ener7H@ "H se #7 f7"e ;ision7r. De 7"ee7@ Fn %',2 7 4otHrFt
S"e Fn peerin7M 7 Ierus7i;. IJ8u"nin6 "iu;7@ nu s?7 putut 7pro?
e B7r"eon7 pentru F;87r"7re A #7 fi preo"up7t 6e e"tur7 "HrGior
u"7Gie spiritu7H s"rise 6e B.r7Gii 6e #i7GH "o;unH
%
D@ Fntre 7tee
\r;7re ui /ristosD@ 6e To;7 6e Oe;pis $f %(5%-. I;punFn6u?9i
. Giuni 9i 7sprH 7s"eJH@ I!n7Gi u 7 fost "uprins@ 7 un ;o;ent 67t@
=Fr8H insuport78iH f7GH 6e ;uGi;e7 pH"7teor 9i "on"epu p7nu
"F9ti!Hri tot7e 7 ini;ii 9i #oinGei o7;enior pentru "7uJ7 ui
Wos. A97 s?7u nHs"ut 7 M7nres7@ Fntre %',,)%',2@ 1E)erci!iile spi$
eD@ prin "7re?9i propune7 sH i;ite@ pe /ristos Fn #i7G7@ Fn#HGHtur7
ierinGee S7e.
Lu"r7re7 pre#e6e pentru fie"7re o; o B"on"entr7reD 6u4o#ni"e7s"H
u!H"iuni 9i pre6i"i ti ;p 6e ( stHptH;Fni. Fn pri ;7 sHptH;FnH se
7u@ uneori Fn 7""ente FnfiorHto7re@ !roJH#iie pH"7tuui@ 6e 7 "H?
7 Fn!erior 9i pFnH 7 #iJiune7 67ntes"H 7 J#Fr"oirior 6in i76 A
tentu tre8ui7 sH B#76HD 9i sH se "utre;ure 6e "4inurie "on67;?
or. Postu "o;pet7 ru!H"iune7@ 7s"eJ7 9i ;ortifi"Hrie 6in pro!r7?
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. Prof. M. es7n.
W
BISERICA IN SECOLOLE AVI)#.
;u pri;ei sHptH;; . DupH o spo#e67nie@ se tre"e7 Fn sHptH;Fn7 7
6ou7 7 preJent7re7 #ieGii u;ino7se 9i p7tri7r47e 7 ui isus pe "F;?
piie G7ieii@ ur;Fn6 "7@ Fn Jiu7 7 p7tr7@ penitentu sH 6e"7re 67"H
opte7JH pentru 7!Hru ui Lu"ifer@ ori pentru F;pHrHGi7 ui /ristos. Se
7n7iJ7u 7poi@ "u 7;Hnunte 76eseori e;oGion7nte@ 6iferite et7pe 6in
#i7G7 8unuui 9i 8Fn6uui isus. SHptH;Fn7 7 trei7 7Mut7 7 FntHrire7
4ot<rFrii u7te A 6e 7"ee7 se insist7 7supr7 p7ti;ior MFntuitoruui@ su8?
iniin6u?se fie"7re ispitH@ fie"7re suferinGH 9i fie"7re 8iruinGH 7supr7 or.
DupH o 7tH spo#e67nie@ se tre"e7 Fn sHptH;Fn7 7 p7tr7 7 istori7 Fn#ierii
Mistuitoruui 9i 7 penitentuui@? pro8e;H tr7t7tH "u 7"ee79i trHsHturi
#ii@ "7re ;er! "7; pF nH 7 strHu"ire7 9i 7 e:t7Ju "eres".
Desi!ur ni"io67tH BE:er"iGiieD nu se e:e"ut7u fHrH "on6u"ere7 unui
6u4o#ni" is"usit@ "7re ur;Hre7 9i susGine7 Fntre! pro"esu sufetes" 7
penitentuui. De pe ur;7 or@ 7"est7 ie9e7 "u #oinG7 FntHritH 9i 4otHrFtH.
EsenGi7u C7re se ur;Hre7@ "u ;ut te;ei psi4oo!i"@ er7 supunere7
9i 7s"ut7re7 78soutH 6e porun"7 6i#inH. I!n7Giu 7 fi:7t i7rH9i "u ;ut
t7"t f7Jee 6e pre!Htire 9i or!7niJ7re 7 or6inuui. Nu er7u pri;iGi 6e"Ft
o7;eni sHnHto9i 7 ;inte 9i 7 trup@ e6u"7Gi Fn p7tru et7pe = no#i"i7t@
"u 6epunere7 #oturior 6upH 6oi 7ni@ stu6ii 6e fiosofie 9i teoo!ie@ pre ?
"u; 9i 7"ti#it7te7 6i67"ti"H proprie@ Fn 6e"urs 6e %' 7ni A "ei 7f7Gi
8uni tre"e7u@ prin 4irotonie@ Fn "7s7 7 trei7@ 7 "o?7Mutorior@ "7re er7u
pu9i 7 u"ru Fn Fn#HGH;Fnt@ p7stor7Gie et". C7s7 7 p7tr7 o for;7u
BprofessiD@ "ei "7re 6o#e6e7u "7itHGi 6eose8ite 9i "7re 6epune7u 9i 7
p7true7 #ot ) pe Fn!H sHrH"ie@ fe"iorie 9i 7s"ut7re )@ 6e#ot7;entu
6epin f7GH 6e p7pH. In tot ti;pu pre!Htirii@ ;e;8rii or6inuui er7u
ur;HriGi "u sFr!@ i7r "ei "u "7itHGi s78e er7u foosiGi Fn 76;inistr7Gi7
e:terio7rH 7 or6inuui.
Con6u"ere7 supre;H o 7#e7 !ener7u or6inuui $titu se;nifi"7? %
ti# %-@ "7re stHte7 tot ti ;pu 7 Ro;7@ "7 un 7 6oie7 p7pH@ 7Mut 7t 6e
' pro#in"i7i 9i re"tori.
I!n7Giu 7 pHrHsit "urFn6 p7nu ro;7nti" 6e ;ision7r printre ;74o?
;e67nii 6in P7estin7. DupH "Fte#7 uni $%',2- 7 pe"7t 7 VeneGi7@ 67r
Fn %',L@ 7 #Frst7 6e 2& 6e 7ni@ er7 7 uni#ersit7te7 sp7nioH 6in A"77@
7poi 7 "e7 6i n S7 7;7n"7 9i pe ur;H 7 P7ri s. DupH "e 6o8F n6i se o
"uturH profun6H@ 7 %' 7u!ust %'2(@ Fntr?o 8iseri"uGH 6in "7rtieruM
Mont;7rtre 6in P7ris@ F;preunH "u prietenii sHi 7 fH"ut e!H;Fntu "H
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9i fr7n"eJu s7#o37r6 Pierre Lefe#re@ #iitor ;ision7r Fn Ger;7ni7@ 7HM
turi 6e Petru C7nisius $%'*5-. .iin6 rHJ8oi "u Tur"i7@ 1&ompania
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PERIOADA A CIO.CEA
ii "7re@ 6e 7tfe@ er7 pri#it "7 superfu@ 6e #re;e "e e:ist7u 9i
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europe7n@ uFn6 "on6u"ere7 9"oior #e"4i@ s7u FnfiinGFn6 7tee
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im romanum Fnte;ei7t Fn %''% 7 Ro;7 "7 9"o7H "entr7H 6e
9i fiosofie 7 ieJuiGior@ 7poi &ollegium germano$?ungaricum, <
tot Fn Ro;7 Fn %'', "u s"opu 6e 7 "re7 ;ision7ri pentru Ger? Ai
Un!7ri7. Fn Ger;7ni7 "entru ieJuiGior er7 uni#ersit7te7 6in
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L7 7i Sue6iei@ 7"e7st7 6in ur;H fii"H 7 ;7reui protest7nt Gust7#
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n6ere 7 "7toi"is;uui $Fn %'++ ieJuitu Posse#ino propune7 G7?
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=este7 "ontri8uie Fn ;o6 surprinJHtor 7 ri6i"7re7 p7p7itHGii 9i 7
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p7rte A ee 7u "7uJ7t ripost7 prin s"riere7 7noni;H 3onita secreta
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=ensiD 6in epo"7 feu67is;uui p7p7@ renHs"ut spre sfFr9itu se?
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6s"7nii@ 7tFt pe teren ;ision7r@ "Ft 9i pe "e teoo!i" 9i e6u"7ti#@
nte p7stor7e@ "7re e i;put7u@ Fntre 7tee@ 7;este"u Fn poiti"H@
erG 9i pret enG i 7 6e 7 6o;i n7. A"est e pr7"t i "i i ?7u fH"ut "4i 7r
in o"4ii tuturor. De 7"ee7 p7p7 Ce;ent 0III se !Fn6e7 7 6es?
7 s7u reor!7ni J7re7 or6i nu ui A 67r F n %5L,@ 7 F nt re87re7 ui
H !ener7uui ieJuit = "u; "re6e "H po7te fi reor!7niJ7t or6inu@
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BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0V?iVIU
ur;H@ Fn %55(@ p7p7 Ce;ent 0IV $%5L*)%55(- i?7 6esfiinG7t@ 6upH "e
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6ere7 ui N7poeon $%+&()%+%(-@ ei 7u fost re"4e;7Gi Fn e:istenGH 6e
p7p7 Pius VII $%2&&)%+,2-.
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7 Bte7tineorD@ FnfiinG7t 6e "7r6in7ii C7Met7n $f %'2(- 9i C7r7ff7@ 7u
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;7i ;ut s7u ;7i puGin o"7H@ 7nu;e = BOr6inu B7rn78iGiorD $6upH 8i?
seri"7 Sf. B7rn787 6in Mi7n@ un6e s?7 FnfiinG7t Fn %'2&-@ pentru p7stor7Gi7
7r!H Fn nor6u It7iei@ "7re 7#e7 9i o r7;urH fe;ininH@ 7 BAn!ei"eorD A
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fiinG7t Fn %'2, pentru e6u"7Gi7 orf7neor A BOr6inu UrsuineorD $6upH nu?
;ee Sfintei Ursu7@ o fe"io7rH@ fii"H 6e re!e 8rit7n@ ;7rtirH pe #re;e7 4u?
nior-@ FnfiinG7t Fn %'25 6e An!e7 Meri"i pentru e6u"7Gi7 tinereor fete
9i pentru Fn!riMire7 8on7#ior. BUrsuineeD s?7u rHsp<n6it Fn ;ute
pHrGi 6in Europ7. In !enu BUrsuineorD 7 FnfiinG7t@ Fn %L%&@ .r7n"ois
6e S7es $f %L,,-@ Or6inu S7esieneor@ nu;ite 9i #iJit7to7re $6upH
#iJit7 MHriei 7 Eis78et7-.
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p7rti"u7re@ 7 Fn"re6inGHrii unor ;FnHstiri perso7neor strHine spre 76?
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6e6i"7Gi pre6i"ii si;pe ?9i 7spre pentru poporu 6e Mos $"7pu"in76e- A
BOr6inu Cister"i7nD@ prin "re7re7 fii7ei B6es"uGiorD sp7nioi@ o r7?
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9i Fn A;eri"7 6e Nor6.
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maurinilor din Paris $%L%+-@ 7;8ee 6e6i"7te 9tiinGeor teoo!i"e 9i fio?
o!i"e $s7#7nGii Ri"47r6 Si;on@ f %5%,@ \. M78ion@ f %5&5@ Bern7r6
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PERIOADA A CINCEA
s7u liguorienii, FnfiinG7t 7 %52, 6e teoo!u Afonso MHri7 6e Li?
ri $f %5+5-@ pentru tineri;e 9i p7stor7Gi7 poporuui 6e Mos.
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se"Gie spe"i7H fe;ininH 7 7"eui79i Or6in@ se"Gie 6e surori 6e "7ri?
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cine@ Or6inu intitu7t Prin!ii 8u?ului =fnt, nu;iGi ;7i tFrJiu 9i
In!ii negri, pentru "H 7u 7"ti#7t ;7i 7es "7 ;ision7ri Fntre ne!rii
Afri"7 A o 7tH r7;urH se nu;e7 Prin!ii albi#
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A@ "on!re!7Gii s7u frHGii pre"u; = 13arianele2 9i Fr!ia =fintei Inimi
n7i tFrJiu.
B I B L I O G R A . I E I
pentru (rdinul ie%ui!ilor
I J # o 7 r e = 3onumenta ?istorica =ocietatis Kesu, 79 voi# $Au 7pHrut ,& #oi.
"rierie ui I!u7Giu 6e Lo3o7-@ Ro;7@ M76ri6@ %+*()%*,& A I!n7"e 6e Lo3o7@
Jtitutions, Tr76. 6e .. Coure@ , #oi.@ P7ris %*L5A I6e;@@ E)ercices
spirituels# # .. Coure@ P7ris@ %*L&A I6e;@ Autobiograp?ie# Tr76. A. Guier;on@
P7ris@ %*L,. S t u 6 i i = P. Irn4of@ /. R74ner@ Ignace de Ho'ole, P7ris@ %*5*A G.
Dufner@ ?ic?te der Kesuiten, Lei6en@ %*5'@ (', p.A \. C7;p8e@ T?e Kesuits, %'2(
)%*,%@ re#.@ e6. Boston@ %*5% A /. Co`6re3@ T?e Kesuits, %'2()%*,%@ ne`
re#.@ e6. Fn@ %*5% A /. Co`6re3@ T?e &luniacens and t?e >regorian Reiorm
$se". 0VI-@ on@ %*5&A C. /ois@ 4istoire des Kesuites, P7ris@ %*L*A \. Deu;e7u@
KesuitesV En"3"op7e6i7 uni#ers7isD@ t. *@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. (,2)(,LA \. Stieri@
Hes Kesuites, @ %*LLA E. bee6en@ 8as Seitalter der >egenreiormation, .rei8ur!
i; Breis!7u@ A \. Bi4;e3er ) /. Tu"4e ) M. /. Vi"7ire@ op. cit#, p. 2@ p.
22%)2(&A 7!r7fie@ p. (5+)(+& 9i ',&)',5A /. R74ner@ Ignatius von Ho'ola als
3ensc? T?eologe, .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*L(A A. Guier;7n@ Hes Kesuites,
nou#ee P7ris@ %*L2 A I6e;@ Ha vie de =aint Ignace de $Ho'ola, P7ris@ %*'L A
Hes Kesuites, @ %*L2 A =aint Ignace de Ho'ola et la &ompagnie de Kesus, P7ris@
%*L&. E. Ro97@ I >esuiti, e6. 2?7@ Ro;7@ %*'5 A P. Cousin@ Precis dE?istoirc
monastiOue, @ %*'LA M7tt L. #on et /. R74ner@ Ignace de Ho'ola, P7ris@ %*''A
Gui8ert \. 6e@ piritualite de la &ompagnie de Kesus, Ro;e@ %*'2 A M. Es"o87r@
(rdini e con$i%ior#i religio"i, / #oT.@ Torino@ %*(% A /. Be"4er@ 8ie Kesuiten,
Miinster@ %*'% A ti7r;ot@ Ha pedagogie des Kesuites, P7ris@ %*(2 A C. /ei;8u"4er@
(rder und iregationen, , B6.@ P76er8orn@ %*22.
Misiunie ro;7no?e7toFi"e 9i protest7nte Fn
6iferite "ontinente II
%. Restaura!ia catolic papal prin "ontr7refor;H 7 reu9it sH F;?
[H protest7ntis;u spre Bnor6u europe7nD. A Fn"eput 7poi sH?i Hr?
i"H 7"ti#it7te7 6e "on#ertire 9i spre Bu;e7 nouHD 7 A;eri"ii@ 6es?
FritH p7rGi7 Fn %(*, 6e "Htre C4rist ofor Cou;8@ 6enu;it H 7stfe
H nu;ee ui A;eri!o Vespu""i@ pre"u; 9i spre Asi7 su6?esti"H@ Fn
7 6ru;uui spre In6ii re7iJ7t Fn %(+* 6e portu!4eJu V7s"o 67
I Bi8io!r7ie Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n 9i Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu.
II C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
BISOO%UA
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pior 9i 7 n7#i!7torior europeni@ "u s7u fHrH 6ee!7Gie re!7H@ Fi "on?
si6er7u 6in prin"ipiu pe neeuropenii 6e "uo7re 6rept BpH!FniD@ 9i "4i7r
neo7;eni@ in6iferent 6e "utur7 9i rei!ioJit7te7 7"estor7 tr76iGion7
prin ur;7re F9i per;ite7u f7GH 6e 7"e9ti7 ori"e.
De f7pt@ "u; s"ri7 I!n7Giu 6e Lo3o7 Fn %'(%@ ;isiune7 7re Fn prin
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test7nGi- 9i "Htre proprii "re6in"io9i $"7toi"i-. De 7"ee7@ spre re7iJ7re7
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9i Fn A;eri"7 7ti nH@ "7 9i F n In6i7@ C4in7 9i \7poni7. Fn ur;7 i nie
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suportFn6 "4etuiei 6e 6ep7s7re@ 6Hruin6 u;inHri@ #in@ unt6ee;n
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fost pre7 st7torni"e@ Fn pri;u rFn6 pentru 7"ee79i ;oti#e@ pentru "7rt
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6e ;ii $Fntre ei 9i prinGii I;periuui-@ ;isiunie "7toi"e 7u fost 6istrusI
pe 7 %L'&@ Fn"Ft 7"oo ;ision7rii 78i7 6in se"ou 7 00?e7 7u? ;7
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BI BLI OGRA.I E
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"i 8u7 BIn Coen7 Do;iniD $intro6usH 6in %'L(-@ prin "7re se 7n7te?
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9i protest7nGi 7u interJis?o@ pFnH "e Fn %55& e7 7 fost supri;7tH 6e
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#u sHu prin"ip7 7 fost epis"opu titu7r 6e Trier@ \o4n. NiP. #on
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i 9i "utur7H 7 ieJuiGior nu e?7u putut pHstr7@.
2. Atun"i p7p7it7te7 7 "Hut7t sH?9i 7pere interesee Fn ;o6 78i@
n 797?nu;itee concorda./ s7u Fn#oiei Fntre Ro;7 9i st7tee 7i"e.
&oncordatele o"upH un o" 6eose8it Fn istori7 p7p7itHGii@ fiin6 6e
t ni9te tr7t7te poiti"e@ Fn feu or ur;Hrin6 pro8e;e rei!io7se. Con?
"t7nGii 7"estui tr7t7t Muri6i" N8i7ter7 er7u = pe 6e o p7rte p7p7
Curi7 ro;7nH@ Sf. S"7un@ V7ti"7nu )@ i7r 6e "e77tH p7rte "on6u?
orii poiti"i 7i unor st7te. O8ie"tu tr7t7tuui pri#e7 ur;Hto7ree
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#enituri 9i 7#eri.
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!io7se.
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F7i "ee 6e or6in poiti" 9i e"ono;i".
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7 er7 9efu Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e@ i7r "on6u"Htoru respe"ti# er7
ii poiti" 7 st7tuui@ pe "7re F repreJent7 A 6e"i fie"7re 7#e7 o 7tH
t7te.
Pri;u "on"or67t s?7 Fn"4ei7t Fn %%,,@ nu;it Btr7nJ7"Gi7 "7i:tinHD@
e p7p7 C7i:t II $%%%&)%%,(- 9i F;pHr7tu !er;7n /enri" V (1106
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t7r. Con"or67tee?tr7t7te 6in se". 0III 9i 0IV Fn"4ei7te "u Ger?
67@ .r7nG7 9i An!i7 9i 7te st7te 7#e7u un "7r7"ter poiti" 9i ur;H?
i i;punere7 puterii teo"r7ti"e p7p7e peste re!ii #re;ii 9i 7poi 7"?
u7re7 re#en6i"Hrii pri#ie!iior so"i7e 9i poiti"e. De 7"ee7 s?7u opus
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
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t7te7 8ona!iunii ui Const7ntin ) Don7tio Const7ntini 9i 7 De"ret7iior
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poiti".
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9i poiti"ieni.
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"eJ@ "7re pHstr7u spiritu !7i"7n. Apoi 6in opoJiGie@ ni"i 6e"iJiie Con?
"iiuui 7 00?e7 !ener7 6e 7 Tri6ent@ Fn"4ei7t Fn %'L2@ nu 7u fost
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0E'IOADA A CI(CEA
BI BLI OGRA.I E
R. N7J@ &oncordat, Fn BDi"tionn7ire 6e Droit "7nnoniCueD@ #oi. 2@ P7ris@ %*(,@
%2'2)%2+' A Bi4;e3er ) Tii"4e ) Vi"7re@ op# cit#, #oi. (@ %*L5@ p. 52)55 ss@
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t@ T?e booL ol &oncord, P4i76ep4i7@ %*'*A A. Mer"7ti@ Raccolta dei &oncorda!i kg)
-.-B0, Ro;7@ %*%* 9i e6iGi7 nouH %*'(A N. /iin!@ 8ie Qoncordate, Diisse?f@
%*2,A L. \ust@ 8er Miderrui des Febronius, Stutt!7rt@ %*L&A >6. _inter@ 8er
p?inismus, Berin@ %*L,A .. M77s S. \.@ Kosetinismus, ' #oi.@ _ien@ %*'%]%*L% A
ReMto@ Kosep? II, P7ris@ %*'2A A. L7treie@ Fapoleon el le =# =iege, P7ris@ %*2L A
_7s4@ T?e &oncordat ol -79-, Ne` lorP@ %*22A M. es7n@ 8espre concordatul
al, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD 000V $%*'*-@ nr. 5)+@ ('')(L(A
es7n@ &urs de 8rept bisericesc universal, e6. IV@ CernHuGi@ %*(,@ p. ,'% 9. u.A
Mo6o#7n@ &oncordatul n dreptul interna!onal, Si8iu@ %*(,A I. Suru@ Ce este un
@ordat cu Aaticanul, C7r7nse8e9@ %*22A R. C<n6e7@ &oncordate: un capitol de Jie
politic, CernHuGi@ %*,%.
Re#ouGi7 fr7n"eJH $%5+*-
9i "onse"inGee ei rei!io7se I
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or;ei 6o;ne7 Fn"H "re6inG7 rei!io7sH sti;u7tH 6e p7p7it7te@ 6e pe
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r
i7G7 istori"H A 7stfe u;e7@ "utur7 9i "4i7r pro!resu spiritu7 er7u
i"7te prin "7uJe n7tur7e@ ;7teri7iste "4i7r. In6i#i6u7is;u rei?9i
su8ie"ti#is;u@ propo#H6uite 6e protest7ntis;@ 7u 6us 7 Fn;u?i
"onfesiunior@ 7 Fn6oi7H 9i 6estrH;7re interio7rH@ 7 6is"uGii
r;in78ie 9i sterie "7re 7u pro#o"7t re7"Giune7 pietistH. Pro!resuN
Gei fiJi"o?;7te;7ti"e 6in se". 0VII "7 9i Fnforire7 fiosofiei "<r?
;e 9i 7 e;piris;uui s7u 7 !nosti"is;uui en!eJ@ 7u 6us Fn "ee
ur;H 7 B6eis;D $or6u /er8ert of C4er8ur3 6in An!i7@ f %L(+-@
n7turis;D $B7ru4 SpinoJ7 6in O7n67@ f %L55-@ 7 B;on76oo!ieD
_. Lei8niJ f %5%L-@ 7 Bs"epti"is;D 9i 7 Bsensu7is;D $\o4n Lo"Pe
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7teri7i9tior fr7n"eJi $Denis Di6erot f %5+(@ \. DNAe;8ert f %5+2-@ a
7i"i "4i7r 7 ur7 F;potri#7 Biseri"ii $Vot7ire f %55+@ "7re 7 spus =
seJ Ninf7;e TD-@ s7u 7 rei!i7 n7turii 9i 7 "ontr7"tu so"i7 7 ui
Rousse7u $f %55+-@ 7poi 7 "riti"is;u ui I;;7nue O7nt $f %+&(- =
Fn"er"Hrie se"rete 6e BreJi6ireD u;7nH prin fr7n";7sonerie. Fn T
7"este7 7pHre7u 7tFte7 9i 7tFte7 et7pe 9i "7uJe@ "7re 7u pre!Htit
irn7re7 tot7H 6e 7 sfFr9itu se". 0VIII = BRe#ouGi7 fr7n"eJHD 9i 7
6e"7n97t ur;Hri i;port7nte Fn #i7G7 poiti"H@ so"i7H@ "utur7H
'eri"e7s"H 7 o;enirii.
A"e7stH re#ouGie se Fn"76re7JH or!7ni" Fn 7t;osfer7 !ener7H@
itH BfurtunH 9i 7#FntD $Stur; un6 Dr7n!- 6in Europ7@ "7re 7 6us
ontinentu 7;eri"7n 7 "onstituire7 St7teor Unite 7e A;eri"ii@
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
prin De"7r7Gi7 6in ( iuie %55L@ 7poi prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e "u An!i7 6ir
septe;8rie %5+2 9i prin ConstituGi7 6in %5+5@ 7pro87te 6e "on!resu 7;e?
ri"7n@ "u 6eose8itH "ontri8uGie protest7ntH. Prin De"7r7Gie se 7fir;e
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6reptu 7 #i7GH 9i 6reptu 7 i8ert7teD. Din 7"este7 s?7 inspir7t 9i poo?
neJu T76eusJ Oos"iu9Po $f %+%5-@ Fn %5*(@ pentru 7 FnHtur7 stHpFnireA
G7ristH rusH.
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sFnt nu;7i "Fte#7. Ee ;er! 76Fn"@ Fn ti;p@ Fn7poi. O #i7GH 6e st7t "7r7"
teriJ7tH 6e 78soutis;u re!7@ "u feu67is;u no8iior 9i 7 "eruu
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7es Rousse7u 9i Vot7ire "7re pre!Hte7u re#ouGi7@ F;prH9ti7u i6eiL
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;7nifest7Gi7 8ur!4eJiei@ tr7nsfor;7tH Fn A6un7re Constitu7ntH. Ne
putFn6 fi stHpFnitH@ ;i9"7re7 s?7 tr7nsfor;7t Fn forGH "7re 7 FnHtur7
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7Mun!H 7 st7re7 6e spirit "7 sH ter;ine o67tH "u BN 7n"ien re!i;eD
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7e uiD. Fn o" 6e 7s7n7re s?7 7Muns 7 o rHsturn7re A re#ouGiie F9i 7i
o!i"7 or proprie.
Pri;ee 7"Giuni 7e A6unHrii Constitu7nte er7u Fn6rept7te Frnpo?
tri#7 "eruui. S?7 pro"7;7t i8ert7te7 6e "ut 9i 6esfiinG7re7 Je"iuieii
797 "u; o "eruse Fnsu9i epis"opu 6e;o"r7t 9i #iitor 6ipo;7t C4.?M
T7e3r7n6 $f %+2+-. A#erie Biseri"ii 7u fost pro"7;7te 7#eri n7Gion7
9i "onfis"7te A s?7 propus s77riJ7re7 "eruui@ ;FnHstirie sH fie supri
;7te@ nu;Hru epis"opior sH fie re6us 6e 7 %2( 7 +2@ i7r pentru preot
SN ?7 intro6usI ConstituGi7 "i#iH 7 "eruui $%5*&-@ pe "7re tre8ui7u Sa
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7 7r4iepis"opior@ 7"e9ti7 7s"utFn6 Fn "ee 76;inistr7ti#e 6e Consiiu
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epis"opii@ 6e "Htre or!7nee 76;inistr7ti#e Mu6eGene. Re!ee 7 se;n7
BConstituGi7D 9i BMurH;FntuD "eruui. \u;Ht7te 6in "eru 6e ;ir 9
#reo %&& 6e 6eput7Gi "eri"i@ 6e"i "7; %]2 6in tot "eru .r7nGei@ i
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"7 6u9;7ni 7i re!i;uui@ ;7i 7es 6upH "e p7p7 "on67;n7se BConsti?
PERIOADA A CINCEA
h "ee7 "e %?7 "ost7t 7ne:7re7 A#i!nonuui 9i 7 7tor 6o;enii. Peste
preoGi 7u fost 6eport7Gi 7 ;un"i sini"e.
E#eni;entee se pre"ipit7u "H"i se Fnfrunt7u i6eri "7 \. P. M7r7t
5*2-@ /. G. Mir78e7u $f %5*%-@ M7:i; Ro8espierre $f %5*(-@
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2
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9i e!7it7te7@ 67r 6upH 7"ee7 7. ;urit pe e97fo6. Fn s"4i;8 epis"opu
hire@ 6e9i 7 Mur7t "e 6int<i pe ConstituGie@ 9i?7 7pHr7t eroi" "re6inG7@
i6 78i7 Fn %+2%.
oporu FnsH nu pute7 suport7 ;ut ti;p e:"esee. Fn Ven6ee@ peste
- 6e "re9tini 7u u7t 7r;ee@ 7pHrFn6u?9i "re6inG7 A Fn %5*(
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7 A7t i8ert7te7 "uteor 9i suM8ee se pute7u "ee8r7
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67r ipse7u rie 6e "ut A 6e 7"ee7 s?7 67t e!e7 6e 7nu7re 7
ConstituGiei "i#ie@ e"onstituit #reo 2.&&& 6e p7ro4ii "e fuseserH
se"4estr7te@ s?7 per;is oGior@ "7re nu Mur7serH pe ConstituGie@ sH
suMe7s"H A "ei 6in e:i At re"4e;7Gi. Totu9i@ ni"i 7"u; i8ert7te7
nu er7 6epinH. Fn o"u ei pe f7GH se in7u!ur7 6e "Htre 6ei9ti o
tero7re 7s"unsH. Biseri"7
pute7 ;7nifest7 "H"i rei!i7 er7 6e"7r7tH "4estiune p7rti"u7rH
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M7it7te 9i 6e ier7r4ie. Cei ;7i ;uGi epis"opi 9i preoGi se;n7rH@
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i 9i e:puJ7Gi Fn o"uri nesHnHto7se un6e pieirH. Teofi7ntropi7 9i
7ru 6e"76eor ni#e7u "re9tinis;u "u o 6u"e!Hrie "7rit7ti#H@
FiGFn6 6e"Ft e:istenG7 ui Du;neJeu 9i ne;urire7 sufetuui A totu9i
iserH stHpFnire pe to7tH u;e7 "utH. BSuM8eeD 7i"e 7e 7"estei
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
rei!ii n7Gion7e@ "u nu;e 9i e"turi 6in So"r7te $f 2** F. /r.- 9i F;pH ?
r7tu M7r" Aureiu $%L&)%+%-@ 6in Cor7n 9i E#7n!4eie@ n?7u putut fi
susGinute. DupH 7nii %5*5)%5*+ 7u 6e"HJut. Fn s"4i;8@ p7p7it7te7 "7re?
Fn"ur7M7se "onser#7toris;u Biseri"ii 7 7#ut 6e suferit A Fn nu;ee 6ire"?
tor7tuui@ N7poeon Bon7p7rte $%+&()%+%(- 7 o"up7t o p7rte 6in St7tu
pontifi"7@ 6i"tFn6 un tr7t7t "ostisitor 9i o"up7Gie fr7n"eJH A fr7tee sHu
osif s?7 i;pus "4i7r 7 V7ti"7n pe "7re F 6e"7rH Repu8i"H@ 6esfiinGFn6
7stfe St7tu p7p7A 8HtrFnu p7pH Pius VI $%55')%5**- 7 fost u7t
priJonier pe teritoriu fr7n"eJ@ un6e 7 ;urit Fn %5** 7 V7en"e.
Ur;79u sHu@ p7p7 Pius VII $%+&&)%+,2- fusese 7es@ 6upH trei uni
6e intri!i@ su8 s"utu 7ustrie"ior@ "7re 7un!7serH pe fr7n"eJi 6in unee
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"te#7 sHptH;Fni FnsH@ Bon7p7rte "7re er7 7"u; pri;u "onsu 7Munse
stHpFn pe to7tH It7i7. Se pune7 6e"i pro8e;7 re!e;entHrii r7portu?
rior 6intre Ro;7 9i P7ris. Desi!ur "H tr7t7ti#ee er7u !ree@ pentru "H@@
6e9i in6iferent 6e "ee rei!io7se@ N7poeon susGine7 !7i"7nis;u 9i 6e"i
o Biseri"H 6e st7t. D7toritH ;7i 7es t7"tuui 6eose8it 7 se"ret7ruui
p7p7 Cons7#i@ tri;is spe"i7 7 P7ris@ s?7 Fn"4ei7t 7 %' iuie %+&%
"ee8ru Con"or67t "7re@ 7Hturi 6e 7rti"oee or!7ni"e 67te 6e N7poeon@
Fn %+&,@ fi:7u re!i;u 8iseri"es" rH;7s Fn #i!o7re pFnH 7 %*&' 9i er7
;o6eu tuturor Con"or67teor 6in se"ou 0I0. Pri;u 7rti"o 6in
Con"or67t fi:7 "H rei!i7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ rei!i7 ;7MoritHGii "etHGenior
fr7n"eJi@ e i8erH sH se po7tH e:er"it7@ Fntru"<t nu "ontr7#ene7 6ispoJi ?
Giior !u#ernuui. Se pre#e6e7 o nouH or6on7re 8iseri"e7s"H $%& 7r4i ?
epis"opii 9i '& epis"opii-@ nu;ire7 noior epis"opi $"ei 7f7Gi Fn suM8H..
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instituire7 6e "Htre p7pH A toGi "eri"ii sH 6epunH MurH;Fnt 6e fi6eit7te
f7GH 6e st7t@ "HsHtori7 "i#iH e sin!ur7 #778iH@ Je"iuieie "eruui se
6esfiinGe7JH 9i 7#erie 8iseri"e9ti se se"u7riJe7JH A Fn s"4i;8 s?7 fi:7t
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se 67 Mu;Ht7te 6in s77riu@ se supri;7 se"t7 fi7ntropi9tior 9i se re"u ?
no9te7 rep7usu 6u;ini"7.
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p7pei@ 7 7rti"oeor or!7ni"e@ inspir7te 6e T7e3r7n6 9i "7re pre#e6e7u
supr7#e!4ere7 6e "Htre st7t 7 poiti"ii 8iseri"e9ti "H ni"i un 7"t nu pute7
"ir"u7 6e 7 Ro;7 s7u spre Ro;7 fHrH 7utoriJ7Gi7 !u#ernuui@ ni"i unt
nunGiu nu se pute7 7;este"7 Fn tre8urie Biseri"ii !7i"7ne. De"retee
strHine nu 7#e7u #7o7re Fn .r7nG7 pFnH nu er7u "ontro7te 6e st7t@ Fn.
"onfor;it7te "u e!ie ui. Ni"i un epis"op nu pute7 pHrHsi epis"opi7
fHrH per;isiune7 pri;uui "onsu. Consiiu 6e st7t er7 or!7n 6e 7pe
pentru 78uJurie e"esi7sti"ior. In fine@ "ee p7tru 7rti"oe 6in %L+,
tre8ui7u sH f7"H p7rte 6in Fn#HGH;Fntu teoo!i". P7p7 7 protest7t@ 67r
7rti"oee 7u 6e#enit e!e. L7 , 6e"e;8rie %+&(@ N7poeon F9i puse e
Fnsu9i "oro7n7 6e F;pHr7t pe "7p@ spre stupef7"Gi7 p7pei@ "7re #enise@
sperFn6 "H #7 o8Gine #reo "on"esiune.
Re#ouGi7 se ter;in7se. Epis"opii 6in interior 6e;ision7serH toGiI
67r "ei 6in strHinHt7te n?7u #rut 9i i6e 7"ee7 7u fost 6epu9i. O ;i"H.
p7rte 6in "re6in"io9i@ Fn!H L3on@ n?7u 7""ept7t Con"or67tu@ for;Fn"7
PERIOADA A CI(CEA
B;i"H Biseri"HD M7nsenistH. Cee7 "e s?7 FntF;p7t Fntre N7poeon 9i
pH 7 "onstituit ruptur7 "7re s?7 6e"7r7t Fntre p7p7it7te 9i F;pHr7t@
pH "7re@ 6in pri"in7 or!oiuui ui N7poeon@ 7 ur;7t 7nu7re7 prin
rorG "i#i 7 "HsHtoriei fr7teui sHu Ieroni;@ o"up7re7 Ro;ei 9i 7ne:7?
M 7 .r7nG7 7 st7tuui p7p7@ pentru "7re Bur;79u ui C7roY "e M7reD
dg)+%(- 7 fost e:"o;uni"7t. P7p7 7 fost 7rest7t 9i Fn"4is 7 .on?
ne8e7u $%+%,-. Au fost 6epu9i "ei %2 "7r6in7i "7re n?7u 7pro87t 7
u7 "HsHtorie "u MHri7 LuiJ7. A 6oie7 Con"or67t@ 6in %+%2@ se;n7t
p7p7@ 7 fost 7nu7t. Fn %+%(@ "u 7Mutoru 7 6ouH st7te ne"7toi"e 9i 7
ui7 ne"re9tin $Rusi7@ An!i7 9i Tur"i7-@ p7p7 er7 ei8er7t 9i repus Fn
;nu p7p7. To7te 7"este7 fH"e7u p7rte 6intr?o epo"H "e Fn"epe7 Fn
itH Europ7 su8 titu 6e Brest7ur7Gie "7toi"HD.
Grmrile Revolu!iei# Rest78iire7 Biseri"ii 9i sep7r7re7 6e st7t )
=e s?7 efe"tu7t 9i Fn 7te GHri supuse .r7nGei = O7n67@ Ger;7ni7@ It7i7
Fn i 8er7 E #eGie ) 7u 7#ut 67ru 6e 7 o ei8er7 6in pH"7te e "e e
"4i $re"rut7re7 epis"opior nu;7i 6intre no8ii 9i 6in "i"7 feu67H@
;in7Gi7 e:7!er7tH 7 ieJuiGior 9i 7tee-. SuferinGee 7u 7Muns 7 ;7re
pu7rit7te 9i 7u 76us o nouH ren79tere rei!io7sH@ ;7turiJ7tH@ "u ;iM?
i"e noi 6e u"ru "e se #7 o8ser#7 i7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 0I0. DesfiinG7
s7u suspen67re7 pri#ie!iior e!en67re p7p7e 7 fost i7rH9i o 7"? Ane
ne"es7rH@ 76usH 6e spiritu "riti" 9i 9tiinGifi" 7 #re;ior noi "7
toer7nG7 rei!io7sH@ "7re 6e#ine un 8un "F9ti!7t pentru to7tH u;e7@
eJire7 interesuui pentru etno!r7fi7 9i rei!i7 popo7reor BpH!FneD 9i
er7 6e e#7n!4eiJ7re uri79H sFnt un reJut7t 7 7"estui pro"es istori"
t 6e 4otHrFtor Fn istori7 o;enirii.
E 6rept "H re#ouGi7 7 7#ut pentru rei!ie 9i ur;Hri ne!7ti#e. Ati?
iine7 6u9;Hno7sH f7GH 6e rei!ie u7se for;e pre"ise@ nu nu;7i Fn
;fetee rHutH"io7se 7e ui Vot7ire@ Fn s"risu ;7reui poet !er;7n
?E. Lessin! $f %5+%-@ pentru "7re 76e#Hru pute7 fi !Hsit Fn ori "e
i!ie@ s7u Fn Aia!a lui Iisus, s"risH 6e Rei;7rus $%5++@ prin "7re se
ApFn6e9te teori7 Fn9eH"iunii Bre!iJ7teD 6e Apostoi-@ "i 9i Fn 7tFte7
e ;7nifestHri 7e "uturii@ poeJiei 9i 9tiinGei 7utono;e. Noie "re6inGe
#i7GH "7pit7istH@ pro!resee 9tiinGifi"e 9i 6eJorient7re7 Fn "7re se !H?
IU ;uGi Fn ur;7 7"estor #FfteMuri 6e #i7GH 7u fost tot 7tFte7 se;ne
unui #e7" "7re 7 ur;7t.
B I B L I OGR A. I E
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)*'@ "u 8i8io!r7fie@ p. 222)22L 9i 2(')2(+ A .r7nJen@ op# cit#, p. 22%)22(A 78orHri@
HEAbolition de la eodaliie dans le monde occidental $6e 7 "oo"#iu M#n7G ion7 6e 7
Tou ouse 6i n %*L2-@ , =oi. ? P7ris@ %*5(@ *+& p. A E6i t. Auf76i@ & ans de
&?ristianisme, #oi. 5@ P7ris@ %*5LA 6espre Re#ouGi7 fr7n"eJHA \. R7n? i;@ Filr
>ott und die Frei?eit, iran%osisc?e &?risten J`is"4en Relorm und Re$ut i on,
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Lon6r7@ %*L*@ %5L p. A A. D7nie ) Rops@ HE Eglise des revolutions, #oi. %@ as@
%*L&A O. S. L7tourette@ &?ristianit' in a revolutionar' age, 2 #oi. Ne` lorP@
W+]L% A /. M7ier@ Revolution und Qirc?e, .rei8ur!@ %*'*A .. #7n As8e"P@ T?e
versal 8eclarat ion of ?umain rig?ts, $%L5*)%*(+-@ Lei6en@ %*(*A \. Lefton@ Ha
Fe re#oufionn7ire@ P7ris@ %*(*A C. Le6re@ HE Eglise de France sous la Revolution,
is@ %*(* A G. Lefe#re@ Ha revolution irancaise, Pari3? 1970.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
,. G. Gus6orf@ HEavenement des =ciences ?umianes au siecle des lumie
$se". 0VIII-@ #oi. VI@ P7ris@ %*52@ '*2 A i6e;@ 8ieu 6 la Fature 6 lE4omme au si
des lumieres, P7ris@ %*5,@ p. '2LA C47unu@ &ivilisation de lEEurope des Humie
P7ris@ %*5% A R. Desne@ Ies materialistes rancais, $%5'&)%+&&-@ P7ris@ %*L'A \. \. RK
se7u@ Religious Nritings, e6it7t 6e R. Gri`se3@ Lon6r7@ %*5&@ (%, p. A R. Po;i
I7 religion de Aoltaire, P7ris@ %*'LA \. M7ssin@ Robespierre, P7ris@ %*'LA B. I
K# K# Rousseau, P7ris@ %*5(@ (%L p.A /. T. M7son@ Aoltaire, Lon6r7@ %*5'@ ,&(
G. C47ussin7n6 ) No!7ret@ L7 noblesse au PAIII$e siecle, /7"4ette@ P7ris@ IE
P. N7n6on@ Ha irancmaconnerie, P7ris@ %*L&A 8ictionnaire universel de la iri
maconnerie, P7ris@ %*5(@ %2*+ p.
2. B. Me"4ior ) Bonnet@ Fapoleon et le pape, P7ris@ %*'+A E. /o"Ps@ Fe
leon et Pie AII, P7ris@ %*(*.
(. A. Vi7nu@ Fa"terea =#G#A#, E6it. 9tiinGifi"H@ %*L*A A8. So8ou@ Re#o].
france%, %5+*@ tr76. ro;<nH@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*L,@ 'L+ p.A E. T<re ) A. Eii;o#
.. /7ifeG@ Istoria modern, $%5+*)%+5&-@ #oi. ,@ tr76. ro;<nH@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L@ 5L,
B. Por9e# ) S. S"7JPin@ Istoria modern, $%L(&)%5+*-@ #oi. ,@ tr76. ro;<nH@ B
re9ti@ %*'(@ LLLN p.A A8. M7t4ieJ@ Revolu!ia france%, tr76. ro;<nH@ E6it. p
ti"H@ %*5L.
Cutur7.teoo!i"H Fn Apus.
Cutu 9i #i7G7 "re9tinH I
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o!i7 7puse7nH o e#ouGie ;7i r7pi6H spre 6es"4i6ere7 7tentH "H
re7itHGie u;ii. Fn 7"est "76ru 7 e:er"it7t o 6eose8itH infuenGH s
O""i6ent 9i BU;7nis;u 8iJ7ntinD@ 87J7t pe "7si"is;u ein 9i tr7nsi
prin nu;ero9i !re"i e;i!r7Gi Fn Apus 6e fri"7 7!resiunii tur"e9ti. Fn
7"e9ti7 7 fost spre sfFr9itu se". 0V 9i 8iJ7ntinu G. /er;on3;e
Sp7rt7@ "7re 7Munsese Fn %(5+ 7 Sor8on7 p7risi7nH sH fie 67s"H
#iitorior u;7ni9ti o""i6ent7i 6e renu;e@ "7 \o47nn Reu"4in $%'T
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orto6o:e.
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BRefor;7D 9i 6e BContr7refor;7 p7p7HD@ pre"u; 9i "io"nire7 6in
78soutis;u Bu;in7tD 7 unor ;on7r4i 9i pretenGiie uni#ers7i
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7e popo7reor 9i "uturior or. A"este7 7u 6eter;in7t Fn 6eJ#ot7
"uturii teoo!i"e trei et7pe@ potri#it "eor trei f7pte ;7More = o i
r7turH prepon6erent poe;i"H@ Fntre %'&&)%L(+@ Fn epo"7 Refor;e
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7;8ee 7!Hre Fnre!istre7JH un spirit r7Gion7ist 9i Fn"er"Hri 6e
reJist7.
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9i 7te et7pe $R. L7ffonte-@ pre"u; = 7 ren79terii europene $%('2)%LI
7 Europei "7si"e $) %5L2- 9i 7 Europei re#ouGion7re $pFnH 7 %+2&-. I
tre8uie reGinut f7ptu "H 67"H Fn epo"7 s"o7sti"ii stiu B!oti"D "oi
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
PERIOADA A CINCEA
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"riti"e 7e Bi8iei Fntre!i 6e L. \u6H@ S. C7steio 9i T4. 6e BeJ7
'&'-@ 7poi Fn se". 0VII@ "uno9tinGee fioo!i"e 7#7ns7te@ ;7i 7es
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"Fn6 9i ei trei e6iGii poi!ote 7e Bi8iei = 7 Co;putu;@ Fn Sp7ni7@
upr7#e!4ere7 "7r6in7uui 0i;enes@ Fntre %'%()%'%5@ 7poi 7 6ou7
it`erpen@ Fntre %'L*)%'5,@ 9i 7 P7ris Fntre %L,*)%L('.
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?urs 6e ,& 6e 7ni.
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"7toi"ii 9i protest7nGii 7u pu8i"7t o serie 6e Bi8ii "o;ent7te@ ise
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7. Do7r o7n6eJu /u!o Grotius $%L('- "o;ent7 ;7i i8er7. itoi"i
s?7u 6istins Corneius 7 L7pi6e 9i _. #7n Est@ 7;Fn6oi Mni.
. 6ou7 pro8e;H ;7re@ pe "7re 7u stu6i7t?o "u p7siune protest7nGii
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%
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la 3agdeburg, istorie 8iseri"e7s"H e6it7tH pe se"oe@ operH Fn "7re s?M
6istins ;7i 7es #7Mni"u 67;7Gi7n "on#ertit M7tt4i7s .7"ius I3ri"ui
$f %'5'- 9i 7Gi uter7ni. Lu"r7re7@ tr7tFn6 istori7 Biseri"ii pFnH 7 %2&&
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"r7re se 7fir;H "H Biseri"7 Ro;ei e o 6eJert7re 6e 7 spiritu Biseri"i
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ten6inGH ;7i ireni"H 7u s"ris epis"opu 7n!i"7n Be#eri6!e $f %5&+-
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9i Voeus $Voe-@ Sor8oni7 $f %L&5-@ "ee8ri Fn stu6ii 6e 6rept 8iseri"es"
6e istorie 9i 6e 7r4eoo!ie 8iseri"e7s"H.
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"u o istorie 8iseri"e7s"H nu nu;7i pe #e7"uri@ "i 7n 6e 7n = Anualei
ecclesiastici, Fn %, #ou;e@ tipHritH 7 Oon Fntre %'++)%L&5@ operi
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pe "7re 7utoru %?7 s"os 6in 7r4i#ee V7ti"7nuui@ un6e er7 prefe"t@ n?>
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6entin 7u s"ris?o Fn ( #oi. $%'L')%'52- Fn sens protest7nt@ M7rtir
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;uui Fn oper7 s7 Hoci &ommunes, Fntre"ut ;7i tFrJiu 6e Hoci t?eologic
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Fn"er"7re7 e"e"ti"H 7 ui G. C7i:t $f %L'L-@ profesor 7 /e;st76t@ 6t
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7 Ger;7nieiD 9i BF;8FnJitor 6e ereti"iD@ "u; 7 fost nu;it@ 7 s"ris
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$f %L%5- 7 fost "e ;7i profun6 6o!;7tist 9i fiosof "7toi" 7 ti;puui
7poi ieJuitu it7i7n Ro8ert Be7r;in $f %L,%-@ "u sinteJee s7e 8iV
putationes de &ontroversiis, 9i "e7 6espre pri;7tu p7p7@ "7re 7 7MunA
7 nu;ero7se e6iGii@ 9i Fn sfFr9it Dionisie Pet7u $f %L',-@ profesor 6K
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;ei7t Istori7 6o!;eor. Cu to7te 7"este7@ Do!;7ti"7 ui T4o;7s 6K
ino $f %,5(- )W s?7 pHstr7t "7 nor;7ti#H pentru teoo!i7 ofi"i77
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Mro878iis;u ieJuit@ 7tFt 6e "riti"7te. BM7nu7eeD 6e Fntre8Hri 9i
iunsuri pentru ;o6u 6e 7pi"7re 7 "7no7neor Fn T7in7 Spo#e67niei
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;s MHri7 6e Li!uori $%5+5-@ "Hu!Hr n7poit7n@ fon67toru Or6inuui
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in6i?7is;uui.
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ui "76 7 ui Pierre Ni"oe $f %L*'- 9i Antoine Arn7u6 $f %L*(-
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eJH u"rHri rH;7se "7si"e@ 67toritH stu6iior fioo!i"e profun6e 7e
ii _7ton $f %L'5- 9i Li!4tfoot $f %L'5-@ orient7i9ti "ee8ri. L7 fe@ pe
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er;7n@ "7 9i o serie 6e istori"i "u u"rHri 6espre pseu6o?epi!r7fie@
espre Sf. Poi"7rp $f %''-@ epistoee Sf. I!n7tie $f %&5-@ 6espre Sf.
Zineu $f ,&,-@ Tertui7n $f 6upH ,,&- 9i Sf. Cipri7n $f ,'+-@ stu6ii Fn
7re se susGine "ontinuit7te7 ier7r4iei.
". E.a2a a I#I-a? d/ #a 1!+01$00? e "7r7"teriJ7tH prin infuenG7 r7?
on7is;uui 7supr7 teoo!iei 9i Biseri"ii. PFnH 9i Fn teoo!i7 "7toi"H@
F7i 7es Fn Ger;7ni7 9i Austri7@ pretenGiie r7Gion7is;uui s?7u fH"ut
;Gite. CFt 6espre protest7ntis;@ teoo!i7 s?7 F;pHrGit Fn 6ouH = supr7?
7t ur7 i st H 9i r7Gi on7i stH. _7 "4@ t7tH 9i fi u @ 7u Hs7t 6i feri t e st u?
ii 6e istorie 8iseri"e7s"H@ Fntre 7tee o istorie 7 ieJuiGior. Istori"u
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sner78ie s?7u 6istins pe tHrF;u teoo!iei pr7"ti"e.
R7Gion7i9tii "Hut7u sH e:pi"e totu prin putere7 r7Giunii. C4i7r
C8r. _off $?\? %5'(-@ prin fioJofi7 s7@ Fn"er"7 sH 6o#e6e7s"H ori"e
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R&L- 9i 7 ui Vot7ire $f %55+-@ "riti"is;u ui I;;. O7nt $f %+&(- 9i
6eose8i s"riere7 ui = Religia n li mitel e ra!i unii 9i iu;i ni s;u ui
. E. Lessin! $f %5+%-@ pentru "7re "re9tinis;u s?7 for;7t trept7t@ Fn
N n6iGiie n7tur7e@ 6e 7"ee7 9i rei!iie = iu67i"H@ is7;i"H 9i "re9tinH
nt tot un7. Un pri ; ;7re r7Gi on7 ist e so"otit Se;er@ profesor Fn
7e@ 6e"e67t Fn %5*%. E 7fir;7? "H fie"7re "7rte 7 Bi8iei s?7 for;7t tr?
un rHsti;p un! 9i nu su8 inspir7Gie 6u;neJei7s"H. M7i r76i"7 er7
Fi;7rus $f %5L+-@ profesor 6e i;87 e8r7i"H 7 /7;8ur!@ "7re Fn
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9eH"iune7 re!iJ7tH 6e 7postoi "7re 7r fi in#ent7t@ pe Fn!H 76e#Hru?
e n7tur7e@ o ;uGi;e 6e u"ruri f7se@ ;7i 7es ;inunie. Unii isto#i
r7Gion7i9ti "7 Spitter $L %+%&- "i /enPe $f %+&*- #e6e7u Fn istori7
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se supri;e 6in Bi8ie tot "e Fntre"e7 r7Giune7@ "u; 7 fH"ut 6e pi6H
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tF;pHtor se et77u Fn ti;pu Re#ouGiei fr7n"eJe $%5+*-.
Teoo!i7 "7toi"H 6intre %5'&)%+&& n?7 ;7i Fnforit Fn .r7nG7
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t7ntH s?7 resi;Git Fn 7"est ti;p. Liter7tur7 teoo!i"H oferH ;7i ;u
;7nu7e 6e 9"o7H@ preu"r7te 6upH ;o6ee ;7i #e"4i@ 67r fHrH s"oi7
ti"is;. A97 Fn istori7 Biseri"ii er7u ;7nu7ee ui D7nnen;73er
%+&'-@ Fn stu6ii 8i8i"e@ ;7nu7ee ui \7nn $f %+%L- et". O fi!urH i;pi
nHto7re 7 fost profesoru Mi"47i S7ier $f %+2,-@ 6o!;7tist 9i ;or7i
epis"op 6e Re!ens8ur! $%5*()%5**-@ "7re 6e f7pt 7 7"ti#7t ;7i ;u
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rinior "u "ee8r7 BBi8iot4e"7 P7tru;D Fn "7re 7 pu8i"7t opere p7tri
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Li!uori 9i 7Gii. Totu9i ;un"7 epo"ii 7"estei7 nu ;7i 7#e7 e7nu "e
7nterio7re.
Cutu itur!i" s?7 "ontinu7t Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H pe fH!79
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6ru;7tH 9i pHJitH 6e prin"ipiie teoo!i"e 7e Contr7refor;ei 9i 6e ;
r7i7 ieJuitH.
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cin6i#i6u7is;u rei!ios.
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67 ui .7ustD@ 7u 7#ut o 7r!H rHspFn6ire Fn O""i6ent.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
Bi4;e3er ) Tu"4e ) Vi"7ire@ op. cit#, #oi. (@ %*L5@ p. ,()L( 9i 8i8io"
fie p. 2,')2,+A M. As4e3@ He grand sfecle, lEEurope de 2'*+)2525@ P7ris@ %>
,*, p.T R. L7ffonte@ Ies memoires de lEEurope, P7ris@ %*5% A E. /irs"4@ >esc?ic
der neueren Evag# T?eologie, e6. II@ ' #oi.@ Stutt!7rt@ %*L&]2A R. Stupperi"4@ R gion und
&luistentum in der deutsc?en AuiLlrung, Stutt!7rt %*'* A .. _. O7ntJ 87"4@ 8ie
ErNecLungsbeNegung, Stutt!7rt@ %*'5A G. S"4niirer@ Qat?olisc?e Qir und Qultur
im -7# Ka?r?#, Stutt!7rt@ %*(% A .. C7u3re@ Patrologie et ?istoire de T?eologie, e6.
2@ #oi. ,@ P7ris@ %*2+ A L. CoCuet@ Ha spiritualite irancaise au 0V siecle, P7ris@
%*(*A V. T7pie@ +arroOue et classicisme, P7ris@ %*'5A M. Petro" II problema
del lassismo $Pro8e;7 7:is;uui-@ Ro;7@ %*'2A De Meue;ees 4istoire de la
&ongregation des Redempteurs, e6. II@ Lou#7in@ %*'+A E. Stoefi
%+ ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
r
?e rise oi evang# Pietism, Lei6en@ %*5%@ ,L* p.A /. Le"er""f@ 3abillon, , #oi.
h7ris@ %*'2]5A \. C7#et@ +ossuet, P7ris@ %*''A _. S"4utJ@ Qant als P?ilosop? des
Erotestantismus, %*L&@ BerinA M. MiPer@ Entretiens sur lE?omme et le diable $pro?
he;7 f7usti"H-@ P7ris@ %*L'@ 2L& p. ) #eJi 9i 8i8io!r7fiie 7nterio7re. Pentru 7nte?e6ente
#eJi= /. Copestone@ >esc?ic?te der P?ilosop?ie im 3ittelalter, Stutt!7rt@ *5L@ (,&
p.A C. Co;oro#sPi@ Hiteratura Gmanismului "i Rena"terii, 2 #oi. Bu"u?s9ti@ %*5,.
Situ7Gi7 !ener7H 7 Biseri"ii Fn RHsHrit
Fn se". 0VI)0VIII I
Protest7ntis;u@ or!7niJFn6u?se Fn se"ou 0VI)0VII@ #ene7 "u
itee"tu7is;u rei!ios f7GH 6e Muri6is;u C7toi"is;uui@ Fn ti;p "e
rto6o:i7@ se ;7nifest7 Fn "ontinu7re prin? si;Gire@ trHire 9i Fn"re6ere
. MFntuitoru Iisus /ristos@ "reJFn6 "H 7stfe rHs"u;pHrH pH"7tee o;e?
rii. De 7"ee7 "H6ere7 Const7ntinopouui su8 tur"i Fn %('2 er7 e:pi?
itH 7po"7ipti" 9i er7 79tept7tH sosire7 7nuui 5&&& 6e 7 f7"ere7 u;ii
6i"H %(*,-@ "Fn6 se "re6e7 7 fi ;o;entu p7rusiei Do;nuui.
7. I;periu oto;7n se 7f7 Fn "u;e7 puterii s7e@ se "re6e7 B;o9?
7itoru BiJ7nGuuiD 9i 7 i6eoo!iei ui poiti"e $/. A4r`eier- F;po?
#7 Ro;ei p7p7e@ "7re se "onsi6er7 ;o9tenito7re7 ui pe 87J7
Buni?D 6e I7 .orenG7 6in %(2* 9i 7 "H6erii "etHGii Fn %('2. D7r
BiJ7nGu 7 "ontinu7t e:istenG7 printr?un BBiJ7nG 6upH BiJ7nGD
"utur7 9i poi?@ tr7ns;is st7teor 6in re!iune7 6unHre7nH?"7rp7ti"H@
76i"H EHrior n7ne@ fiin6 7poi ur;7t 6e B7 trei7 Ro;HD@ 7 Mos"o#7@
6in %'%,@ pe 6 Const7ntinopou@ 7"u; Ist7n8u oto;7n@ er7
"onsi6er7t 6e su?. 7 fi B7 p7tr7 Ro;HD.
Popo7ree 9i st7tee orto6o:e 6in B7"7ni 9i?7u pier6ut su""esi#
iG7 or poiti"H@ "u to7tH reJistenG7 unui Mir"e7 "e BHtrFn $%2+&)
+-@ 7poi 7 ui I7n"u 6e /une6o7r7@ #oie#o6 7 Tr7nsi#7niei $%((%)
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o9ii 6in 7"este pHrGi@ i7r Biseri"ie nestoriene 9i ;onofiJite Fn"e?
Fn i!nor7nGH 9i ;iJerie@ 6upH "e #e7"uri 6e?7 rFn6u 7suprire7
N C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
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ro"iGi..
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tre7JH "7r7"teru e"u;eni" sino67?7uto"ef7@ Biseri"ie oto6o:e 7u rK
9it sH?9i Fn6epine7s"H nu nu;7i ;isiune7 or stri"t spiritu7H@ "i
"ontri8uie 9i 7 8inee poporuui@ ne7se;Hn7t ;7i ;ut 6e"Ft "ee K
Apus.
Ni"i F;preMurHrie so"i7?e"ono;i"e nu er7u Fn RHsHrit "7 Fn Ap
In ti;p "e in6ustri7 9i "o;erGu 7#e7u Fn Apus tr76iGii #e"4i@ "H"i 6
"operirie !eo!r7fi"e 9i reJut7tee te4ni"e s"4i;87serH GHrie 7pusI
Fn GHri 8ur!4eJe@ "u r7porturi e"ono;i"e 9i so"i7e "orespunJHto7
Europ7 7!ri"oH@ "u; er7 nu;it Estu 9i Su6?Estu europe7n@ trHi7
tr?o e"ono;ie Fn"4isH@ "u stHri so"i7e 6e Cu7si?ser#itute@ "H"i stHrie r
6ie#7e 7u 6ur7t Fn RHsHrit ;7i ;ut 6e"Ft Fn Apus. L7 7"e7st7 7 "e
tri8uit Fn p7rte "onfor;7Gi7 souui@ 67r 9i poiti"7 e"ono;i"H 7 tur
or@ "7re nu;7i 7u "onsu;7t 9i 7u e:po7t7t fHrH sH in#este7s"H s7u
ref7"H A ter;inFn6 6e stors e"ono;i"e9te o G7rH@ "u"ere7u 7t7@ i7r
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BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
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PERIOADA A CINCEA
inior@ ;7s7"r7re7 6e "Htre 8798uJu"i 7 popu7Giei@ "7re nu ;7i pu?
Muport7 i ;poJitee enor;e 7e fun"GionHri ;ii oto;7ne 6e"HJute.
A 7"este f7pte 7u fost foosite 6e G7rii 9i G7rinee ruse 6in se". 0VIII
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ise ruso?7ustro?tur"e@ re"uno9te7u Rusiei Fntr?76e#Hr 6reptu 6e
"to7re 7 "re9tinior 6in I;periu tur". De 7tun"i@ pe f7GH@ Rusi7 7
Ginut tot ti;pu@ Fntre popo7ree orto6o:e 6in B7"7ni@ o 7t;osfe?
re#ote F;potri#7 tur"ior.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
. M. Cost7 6e Be7ure!7r6@ I. Bri7. De .ou"7u6@ HE(rt?odo)ie ?ier et demain,
%*5*A Aure De"ei@ Istoria Imperiului otoman pn la 2L'L@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5+A
in"i;7n@ T?e iall of &onstantinopole, C7;8ri6!e@ %*L'@ tr76u"ere ro;<nH 6e
i7n@ Bu"ure9ti %*5% A /. A4r`eier@ HEideologie politiOue de IEempire b'%antin,
%*5' A G. bor7s@ Peri ton ?alosin tis Qonstantinupdleos, Aten7@ %*'*@ "u 7"?
he BpFn!eriDA Must7f7 Aii Me4;e6@ Istoria turcilor, tr76u"ere ro;<nH@ E6it.
i"H %*5L@ ((L p.A /. In7"iP@ T?e (ttoman Empire ,-W99)-;990, Lon6r7@ %*52@
A P. _irt4@ Istanbul, das vierte Rom, Fn BAufstie! un6 Nie6er!7n! 6er ro?
Wn _etD@ #oi. 2@ Berin?Vest %*52A V. L. T7pie@ 3onarc?ies ct peuples du
e, E6. .737r6?P7ris@ %*L*@ (*2 p.
. T4. P7p76opouos@ =tudies and documents relating to t?e ?istor' ol t?e
>reeL a under turLis? domination, Bru:ees@ %*',A .r. /eier@ 8ie (stLirc?en,
Miin?i7se@ %*5% A E. #on I#7nP7?\. T3"i7P 9i "o78.@ 4andbuc? der
(stLirc?enLunde, 6"rf?P7t;os@ %*5&@ +&& p.A T.C.O. Brien@ &orpus dictionar' ol
easlern &?urc?es, i!ton@ %*5&@ +(& p.A B. Spuer@ 8ie morgenlndisc?en Qirc?en,
Miin"4en@ %*L(@ itinuHriA I6e;@ 4andbuc? der (rientalistiL, Miin"4en@ %*L% A E.
BenJ@ >eist und der (stLirc?e, /7;8ur!@ %*'5A G. _un6ere@ 8as geistige
Antlit% der (st$_urJ8ur!@ %*(*A R. \7nin@ Ies Eglises separees dE(rient, e6iGie
nouH@ P7ris@ B. /. T7ti9"e#@ Istoria RossiisLaia, 2 #oi. Mos"o#7?Lenin!r76@
%*L,. VeJi 9i n"i;7n@ T?e >reat &?urc? in captivit' ,-B5W)-7/-0,
C7;8ri6!e@ %*L+@ 9i Fn Are !er;7nH@ Miin"4en %*5& A P7nt7Jopouos B.@ &?urc?
and laN in t?e +alLan ila duringt?e (ttoman mie, T4es7oniPe@ %*L5A C4r3s@
P7p76opouos@ NOp+L'oSoB U:?rM NE:i"0TY7$7 At4en7@ %*'(A b7P3nt4ios D.@
NToop:o:p7:i7 At4en7@ %*'(. . Ior!7@ +'%ance apres +'%ance, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2'@
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(smanisc?en Reic?es, #oi. .eipJi!@ %*&5A M. D7n@ Gn stegar al luptei
antiotomane, Iancu de la 4une$E6. Miit7rH %*5(@ %*' p. Pentru Fntre7!7
perio76H #eJi= M. es7n@ 8ie ort?o$lirc?e $%&'2)%*L+-@ Fn BLe Mon6e
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;7i #e"4e A Eus. Popo#i"i@ Istoria bisericeasc al, E6. II@ #oi. (@ Bu"ure9ti@
%*,+@ p. ,5' 9.u. pentru to7te pro8e;eeA N. 7nu@ He monde ottoman des
+alLans $%(&,)%'LL-@ Lon6r7@ %*5L@ 2(& p. M. C47tJip4otis@ B3J7n"e et
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p.A Mi trop. M7:i; 6e S7r6es@ He paE#riarcat oecu$e dans lEEglise (rt?odo)e, e6.
Be7u"4esne@ P7ris@ %*5'@ (,, p.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE \S.V%)\i.#;
Situ7Gi7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Fn I;periu oto;7n.
Refor;7 p7tri7r4uui S7;ui I I
DupH o"up7re7 Const7ntinopouui 7 ,* ;7i %('2 9i 6upH Jiee 6e
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6e ori"e 6Hri@ 8iseri"i proprii 9i ur;79ior "4eie .7n7ruui@ nou se6iu
p7tri7r47@ pentru suM8ee 6in sHptH;Fn7 P7ti;ior 9i 6in Jiee P79ti ?
or@ "Fn6 unee ser#i"ii 6i#ine se sH#Fr9e7u no7pte7. I?7UU67t 9i Muris6i"Gi7
6epinH 9i Fn 7f7"eri "i#ie $proprietHGi@ ;o9teniri@ or!7niJ7Gie 9"o7rH et"-@
7f7rH 6e "7Jurie pen7e !ree@ 9i 7 fost fH"ut Betn7r4D@ 76i"H "on6u"H?
toru rei!ios 9i poiti" 7 "re9tinior orto6o"9i 6in I;periu oto;7n.
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"7re st7tu 9i rei!i7 se 7"opere7u 9i se "onfun67u@ sut7nu 9i fun"?
Gion7rii ui "on6u"e7u@ Mu6e"7u 9i 76;inistr7u Fn nu;ee 7"eor79i
pres"ripGii rei!io7se 7e Cor7nuui. In ;o6u 7"est7@ pro"e6ur7 prin
"7re Bre!e;ent7uD situ7Gi7 "re9tinior este u9or 6e FnGees. Nu se 76?
;ite7 o or!7niJ7Gie poiti"H in6epen6entH pe teritoriie "u"erite@ "i
interes7u tri8utu 9i #eniturie noior pro#in"ii supuse. C4i7r 9i Cor7nuN
pre#e6e7 "H "ine este e7 9i pHte7 o8i!7Giie f7GH 6e st7t nu pute7 fi
"onstrFns sH?9i pHrHse7s"H "re6inG7. De"i instituire7 unui or!7n 6e or ?
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"ontro7 9i 6espre "7re 9ti7u 6in e:perienG7 9i "ont7"tu 6e pFnH 7"urr
"H repreJent7 o ;7re forGH Fn #i7G7 "re9tinior@ nu pute7 fi 6e"Ft o!i6
9i foosito7re.
7. Lu"rurie FnsH n?7u 6e"urs 797. Fnsu9i p7tri7r4u G4en76ie
S"4o7rios s?7 retr7s Fn %(L' A treie7 ur;79 7 sHu@ Io7s7f $%(L')
%(LL-@ 7 fost 87tio"orit 6e sut7nu M74o;e6 II $%('%)%(+%- Fi
%(5(ZW= i s?7 tHi7t 87r87 pentru "H n?7 7pro87t un 6i#orG 7 unui #H=
7 sut7nuui@ G4eor!4e A;iruGis@ prin "HsHtori7 "Hrui7 se ur;Hre7i
s"opuri poiti"e@ De ;ute ori er7u 6e #inH 9i unii !re"i prin intri!7
"orupGi7@ 7r!4irofii7 9i poft7 or 6e ;Hrire.
Se 9tie "H prin %(LL@ !re"i 6in Tre8iJon67 7u oferit sut7nuui pe9
"4e9 %&&& 6e t7eri pentru 7 fi nu;it p7tri7r4 Si;eon I 6e Tre8iJon6 %(LL
)%(L5 A %(5%)%(5, A %(+,)%(+L@ "7n6i67tu or. Peste "Ft#7 ti;p p7rti67
opusH 7 oferit ,&&& 6e t7eri@ pentru 7 fi nu;it@ pentru "Fte# uni@
M7r"u II $%(LL)%(L5-@ un "unos"ut uptHtor 7ntiunionist. Pe Fn! sut7n@
s?7u oferit "u ti;pu 9i #iJiruui 9i 7tor ;e!4ist7ni su;e t6 ;7i
;7ri. D7r p7tri7r4i7 er7 sHr7"H@ "4i7r 67"H p7tri7r4uui Fi er7u sGM puse
to7te ;itropoiie pro#in"iior nou "u"erite 6in Bu!7ri7 9i Ser8ii Ni"i
67rurie 9i ;iosteniie strFnse 6in EHrie ro;<ne@ 6in Rusi7 U"r7in7@
un6e "oin67u p7tri7r4ii 9i "Hu!Hrii pentru susGinere7 tri7r4iei
E"u;eni"e@ nu 7Mun!e7u. Siste;u se pr7"ti"7 9i Fn pro#in"i
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
un6e 7 tre7pt7 6e ;itropoit nu se 7Mun!e7 6e"Ft tot prin "orupere7
!u#ern7torior.
D7r@ "u to7te 7"este s"H6eri 76;inistr7ti#e@ "re6inG7 orto6o:H nu
er7 6eo" 7tinsH@ "H"i se "re6e7 fer; Fn p7rusi7 Do;nuui Iisus /ristos
pentru 7nu 5&&& $%(*,-. De 7"ee7 p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Si;eon I 7 Ginut
un sino6 interorto6o: 7 Const7ntinopo@ Fn %(+2@ pentru 7 7nu7 ofi ?
"i7 9i 7 6e"7r7 ne7#enitH 6in "7pu o"uui pretins7 BunireD 6e 7
.err7r7?.orenG7 $%(2+)%(2*-@ "7 7stfe sH nu 7p7rH orto6o"9ii Fn
f7G7 MFntuitoruui "7 trH6Htori 7i "re6inGei orto6o:e@ sin!ur7 ;Fntui?
io7re. A"e7stH tHrie s?7 ;7nifest7t "4i7r 9i 6upH "e 7 tre"ut Bsoro"uD
ie 5&&& $%(*,-@ 7nii 9i istori7 "ontinuFn6 "u !reutHGie or.
In 7"e7stH situ7Gie !re7@ p7tri7r4ii er7u s"4i;87Gi 6es@ Fn6eose8i Fn
e". 0VII@ Fn"Ft 6eseori@ Fntr?un sin!ur 7n pHstore7u "Fte trei titu7ri@
ie"7re 6o7r "Fte#7 uni. Fntre %('&)%+&& 7u 7"ti#7t 5& 6e p7tri7r4i 6e
pro7pe %'& 6e ori. Nu;7i Fntre %L,& 9i %5&& s?7u s"4i;87t 6e peste
& 6e ori. Cee7 "e 7 fost ;7i tr7!i" er7 f7ptu "H ;uGi 6in 7"e9ti ie?
`4i n?7u ;urit 6e ;o7rte n7tur7H.
Cee7 "e 7 FnrHutHGit 9i ;7i ;ut u"rurie 7 fost rHJ8oiu rei!ios
, treiJe"i 6e 7ni 6in %L%+)%L(+ 6intre "7toi"i 9i protest7nGi@ ;7i pre"is
ntre ieJuiGi 9i "7#ini9ti "7re 9i?7u tr7nsport7t 7"Giunie 6in Apus Fn
HsHrit@ pe teritoriu p7tri7r4iior orto6o:e. C7toi"ii er7u susGinuGi 6e
7Gee "7toi"e .r7nG7 9i Austri7@ i7r "7#ini9tii 6e 7;87s76ee = en!eJH@
7n6eJH s7u 6e ;isiuni e#eGiene. A;8ee p7rti6e foose7u ori"e ;iM?
7"e "7re e stHte7u 7 Fn6e;FnH pentru 7 7tr7!e pe orto6o"9i 6e p7rte7
< In 7"est "e9te 6ipo;7ti" 9i ;ision7r 7 fost stri#it unu 6in "ei
ii ;7ri p7tri7r4i orto6o"9i = C4irii LuP7ris $%L,&)%L2+@ "u "in"i Fntre?
7eri-@ su!ru;7t Fn %L2+ 6e ieni"eri@ 7 intri!7 ieJuiGior@ 9i 7run"7t Fn
2e Bosforuui 7 ,& iunie %L2+.
Desi!ur "H ni"i intri!ie Bf7n7rioteD@ ni"i unetirie ieJuite s7u "7?iste
nu pot e:pi"7 nu;7i ee st7re7 6epor78iH 9i ;iJeri7 Fn "7re se a
Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6e su8 stHpFnire7 oto;7nH. Ce7 ;7i ;7re #inH e
tot 7supr7 siste;uui 6e 6o;in7re ;usu;7nH 7MunsH Fntr?o 6estr7;e 9i
Fn 78uJuri tot ;7i ;7ri. Do;ni7 87nuui@ 7 47re;uui@ 7 ipsei iis"ipinH
Fn 7r;7tH 9i Fn 76;inistr7Gi7 pro#in"i7H@ un6e "efGii $4oGii- .;7rtoii
!re"i 9i ;7"e6oneni@ s7u us"o"ii sFr8i Fn"epuserH sH se tre?A"H 9i sH
7"GioneJe "u 7r;7 Fn ;FnH@ 7 "re7t 7stfe 6e stHri@ Fn"Ft e 6e 7re "H s?7u
;7i pHstr7t totu9i treJe 7"este popo7re "u "re6inGee 9i eiurie or.
De 7 o #re;e@ ee s?7u o8i9nuit "ii 7supritorii 9i 7u Fn"eput "4i7r
i "reeJe situ7Gii Fn "76ru st7tuui is7;i"@ "7re 7pre"i7 9i "Hut7
G7 6e "7rte 9i 6ipo;7Gi7 6r7!o;7nior !re"i@ #iteMi7 7;7rtoior 9i
7 us"o"ior sFr8i 9i ;7"e6oneni@ "7re 7u 7Muns Fntre %'+& 9i %5&& sH
e%e 7pro7pe sin!uree !7rniJo7ne 7r;7te Fn or79ee 6in #estu 9i
ui B7"7nior.
A.97 s?7 "re7t@ rFn6 pe rFn6@ o 8ur!4eJie 7uto4tonH "7re spriMine7
ri6i"7re7 "utur7H 9i poiti"H 7 popo7reor respe"ti#e. Mut 7 Fn?
7t@ 6e pi6H@ oper7 ne!ustorior ;7"e6oneni 9i f7n7rioGi pentru
iere7 Biseri"ii 9i 9"oior or@ Fn"Ft 7pro7pe nu e:istH@ Fn se". 0VIII@
"H ori 9"o7H Fn or79ee 6in Ser8i7@ Un!7ri7@ Tr7nsi#7ni7 9i Fn
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)*&III
7ite re!iuni@ "7re sH nu fi fost fH"ute 9i susGinute 6e ne!ustorii
"Foneni@ 6upH "u; Fn insuee !re"e9ti@ Fn Const7ntinopo 9i Fn AtenR
FntFine7u 7pro7pe peste tot 8inef7"erie f7n7rioGior F;8o!HGiGi prin 9i
prin 7te "Hi.
Fn feu 7"est7 stHpFnire7 tur"H n?7 ;7i pHrut 7tFt 6e !re7 6e"FM
"7Juri spe"i7e@ "Fn6 Fn A87ni7@ Fn Bosni7@ Fn Ru;ei7@ Fn Cret7 9i
7es Fn Asi7 Mi"H@ Fn Ar;eni7 9i pe teritoriie "eor7te p7tri7rFc s?
7u fH"ut is7;iJHri forG7te. BD7re7 s7u 8iru sFn!euiD@ "u; se nuM
re"rut7re7 "opiior "re9tini 6in GHrie orto6o:e@ spre 7 fi is7;iJ7GM
"res"uGi Fn 6is"ipin7 7sprH@ ;iitHre7s"H 7 ieni"erior@ instituitH Fn 6e
sut7nu Mur76 7 II?e7 $%(,%)%('%-@ pr7"ti"7tH 6e tur"i se"oe rFn6u@
7 fost un7 6in "ee ;7i "ru6e 9i ;7i "on67;n78ie ;Hsuri@ po7ree
orto6o:e 6in B7"7ni@ !re"i@ 787neJi@ sFr8i@ 8u!7ri 9i ror 7u fost
puse 7stfe Fn situ7Gi7 tr7!i"H 6e 7 "ontri8ui 7 ni;i"ire7 prin
propriii or "opii. Inter#enGiie Fn f7#o7re7 "re9tinior 9i pro#o"HR 7
rHs"o7e@ fH"ute Fn ;iMo"u popo7reor 6in B7"7ni@ Fn6eose8i 6e Ri
orto6o:H@ s?7u so67t 76eseori "u ;7s7"rHri s7u is7;iJHri Fn ;7
Astfe 6e "7Juri 7u fost ;7i 6ese nu;7i spre sfFr9itu se". 0VIII@ "Ff
Fntr?76e#Hr@ Fn"epuse sH se FnstHpFne7s"H 6e87n6767 Fn unee pro#ii 6e
!r7niGH 7e I;periuui tur" $Aii P797 Fn M7"e6oni7@ P7J#7nto!u Fr Vi6in
9i 7Gii Fn An7toi7-.
8. Fn pri#inG7 or!7niJ7Giei interne 7 Biseri"ii su8 tur"i@ se o8senM
Fn pri;u rFn6@ o "re9tere 6e presti!iu 7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" 6in Ce
st7ntinopo f7GH 6e "ei7Gi p7tri7r4i 7i s"7uneor 7postoi"e 6in RHs7rN
"7re 76eseori stHte7u ;7i ;ut Fn "7pit7H 6in pri"in7 !reei situ7
fin7n"i7re s7u 7 7supririor 9i ;7i ;7ri Fn Ae:7n6ri7@ Antio4i7 si
WIerus7i;. Totu9i se FntFnes" 9i Fn 7"este "entre fi!uri Fnse;n7te
ier7r4i@ "u; 7u fost@ 6e pi6H@ Fn Ae:7n6ri7 = Si#estru $%'L*)%'>
9i Meetie Pi!7s $%'*&)%L&%-@ 7poi G4er7si; I $%L,&)%L2L-@ G4erM
si; II $%L++)%5%&-@ S7;ui O7p7suis $%5%&)%5,2-@ 7"ti#i "u toGii
tHrF; !ospo6Hres"@ p7stor7 9i "utur7. Fn Antio4i7 s?7u i;pus p7tr
7r4ii Io7"4i; V $%'+%)%'*,- 9i M7"7rie III $%L(5)%L5,-@ "unos"R
prin "HHtoriie s7e Fn GHrie orto6o:e@ pe "7re e?7 6es"ris fiu s7
7r4i6i7"onu P7u 6e Aep. In fine@ pe s"7unu 6e 7 Ierus7i; er7
;7ri ier7r4i@ uptHtori "ontr7 prop7!7n6ei ieJuite = Teof7n II $%L&+?
%L((-@ Ne"t7rie $%LL%)%LL*-@ Dositei II Not7rH $%LS*)%5&5- 9i nepotiM
sHu@ /ris7nt Not7rH $%5&5)%52%-@ 7"e9ti trei@ 7"ti#i Fntre %LL& 9i %5%2
spriMiniGi toGi 6e B.rHGi7 SfFntuui Mor;FntD@ un "o;itet restrFns
ier7r4i 9i "Hu!Hri@ ;iit7u 6e se"oe pentru 7pHr7re7 SfFntuui Mor;FnM
Desi!ur FnsH "e7 ;7i ;7re "ontri8uGie Fn susGinere7 or se 67tor7 ;ios
teniior 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ior ro;<nH 9i rusH. Biseri"ie Ar4iepis"opie
6e Cipru@ Sin7i 9i Biseri"7 Geor!iei er7u 7uto"ef7e@ 67r situ7Gi7 or erM
7 fe 6e pre"7rH "7 9i 7 p7tri7r4iior.
In P7tri7r4i7 6in Const7ntinopo $"u se6iu pFnH 7 %(', Fn 8iseri"7
SfinGior Apostoi@ 7poi@ Fntre %('2 9i %'+5@ Fn ;FnHstire7 P7;;7P7M
ristos Q 7 Pre7 .eri"itei .e"io7re 9i Fn p77tu 9i 8iseri"7 #oie#oJio\
ro;<ni BV74 Ser7iD@ i7r 6in %L&& Fn 8iseri"7 Sf. G4eor!4e 6in .7n7r-M
"ei ;7i i;port7nGi ier7r4i 6upH G4en76ie S"4o7rios 7u fost =
PERIOADA A CINCEA
Nifon II $%(+L)%(++ A %(*5)%(*+ A %'&,- "7re@ fiin6 "4e;7t Fn E7r7
n<ne7s"H Fn pri;H#7r7 7nuui %'&2 6e 6o;nitoru R76u "e M7re
')%'&+-@ 7 reor!7niJ7t Fntre 7nii %'&2)%'&' ;itropoi7 Un!ro?
6ei. E 7 ;urit Fn %% 7u!ust %'&+ Fn ;FnHstire7 Dionisiu 6in Mun?
At4os@ un6e se retrHsese 6upH %'&'. P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H %?7 tre"ut
Fn6u sfinGior A Io7s7f II $%''()%'L'-@ "titor 7 "H6irior p7tri7r47e@
;i7 II $%'5,)%'5* A %'+&)%'+( A %'+5)%'*'-@ "unos"ut prin "o?
on6enG7 "u protest7nGii 6in Tu8in!en@ prin upt7 "ontr7 Si;oniei@
i p7rti"ip7re7 7 refor;7 "7en67ruui 9i prin FnfiinG7re7 P7tri7r4iei
A@ Fn %'+*. In se". 0VII este 6e po;enit Oiri LuP7ris@ o; "ut 9i
# Fn6eose8i F;potri#7 prop7!7n6ei ieJuite Fn Pooni7@ Fn GHrie ro;<ne
F "ee 97se pHstoriri 7 Const7ntinopo@ "7re ?7u "ost7t pinH 7 ur;H
7. In #e7"u 0VIII@ "e ;7i "unos"ut ier7r4 6e Const7ntinopo 7 fost
Fui I /7n!eris@ "7re 7 pHstorit 6e 6ouH ori $%5L2)%5L+ A %552)%55(-
7re 7 Hs7t un re!u7;ent nou 6e or!7niJ7re 7 P7tri7r4iei. Potri#it
tui7@ pentru ;7i ;utH st78iit7te@ s?7 intro6us un sino6 per;7nent
"7re fH"e7u p7rte p7tru ;itropoiGi@ fie"7re 6eGinFn6 o p7rte 6in
iu A fHrH ei p7tri7r4u nu pute7 f7"e@ ni"i se;n7 un 7"t. Pentru
inistr7Gie s?7 for;7t un "o;itet ;i:t 6in "eri"i 9i 7i"i "u #7JH
WronGi-@ "7re Fn6epine7u ro 6e "onsiieri 9i "ontroori.
Astfe@ Sino6u per;7nent 9i Co;itetu ;i:t 7Mut7u 7 "ore"t7 76?
istr7re 7 #eniturior 9i 7 e#it7re7 6espotis;uui p7tri7r47@ #re?
fiin6 pinH 6e "oin6Hri 6upH ;iostenii 9i 6e !ree suferinGe
eri7e.
Totu9i 9"oie 9i tipo!r7fiie 9i ;uGi;e7 6e o7;eni Fn#HG7Gi@ "7re
;pFnJit 7pro7pe to7te GHrie orto6o:e@ er7u o 6o#76H puterni"H pen?
#it7it7te7 6eose8itH 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e. Ap7riGi7 Bfietis;uuiD@ H
supr7i"it7re7 #7orior n7Gion7e !re"e9ti f7GH 6e "ee 7e "eor? h
n7Gion7itHGi "u "re6inGH orto6o:H 6in Europ7 9i Orient@ 7 pro#o"7t te
ne;uGu;iri Fn se". 0VIII. Din "7uJ7 ui@ pre"u; 9i 7 ;oti#eor
;i"e 9i fin7n"i7re@ s?7 7Muns pFnH 7 ur;H 7 6esfiinG7re7 6e "Htre
Wi7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 7 p7tri7r4iior sFr8H 6e 7 Pe"i)IpeP 9i 7 "eei
A7re 6e 7 O4i6r7@ "e7 6e Pe"i@ 7 %% septe;8rie %5LL@ i7r "e7 6e
i67@ 7 %L i7nu7rie %5L5.
BI BLI OGRA.I EI
B. S7rtorius@ 8ie ort?odo)e Qirc?e, Gene#7@ %*52@ e6iGi7 fr7n"eJH@ P7ris@
A P. O7`er7u@ 8as &?ristentum des (stens, Stutt!7rt@ %*5,A E6iGi7= Qirc?e
e0sten, Gottin!en@ %*5%@ ,&' p.A G. b7n7niri@ &at?olicisme oriental, P7ris@ %*LLA
#6oPi;o#@ HE(rt?odo)ie, e6. II@ P7ris@ %*L'A \. M76e3@ 8ie (stLirc?en, Oon@
A Ae:. S"4;e;7n@ T?e ?istorical road of Eastern (rt?odo)', Ne` lorP@
F N. berno`@ Eastern &?ristendom, Lon6r7@ %*L% A O. Ce;ent@ HE(rt?odo)ie,
@ %*L%A \. Me3en6orff@ lEEglise ort?odo)e, P7ris@ %*L&@ 9i tr76u"ere7 it7i7nH.
I s t o r i i s p e " i 7 e = M. A4r`eier@ B3J7n"e@ Ies pa's et Ies territoires,
A@ %*5L@ 22+ p. A G. b7n7niri@ 4istoire de lEEglise b'%antine, P7ris@ %*'(. Co78orHri=
4ellenisme conterriporain $%('2)%*'2-@ Aten7@ %*'2A St. Run"i;7n@ Patriarc?at von
Qonstantinopel ,pin n sec# PIP0, Mun"4en@ %*5&@ (*& p.A .. .er?Patriarc?en am
>oldenen 4orn, Stutt!7rt@ %*L5@ %+( p.A A. Sp7t47ris@ Ie Patriarcat EmeniOue, At4en7@
%*'*A Mitropoit G4en76ios Ar787!io!os@ NIo:opF7 %oi ot:ounT-?n7?tpi7p:sFou@ Aten7
%*'2@ ('+ p.A .. M7t4e`s@ T?e b'%antine c?urc?es oi bulr Lei6en@ %* 5'@ (,' p.
I Bi8io!r7fie Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu 9i Pr. prof. M. \es7n.
'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *&I*&III
P e n t r u p 7 t r i 7 r 4 u e " u ; e n i " G 4 e n 7 6 i e S " 4 o 7 r i o s = :o0tpFo# rpfFoo?
rs`7SFoo@ RA#eav%a ) eupi7:oF:e#7 e6. L. Petit ) 0. 0i6eri6es ) M. \u!ie@ (euvres
completes de >eorges =c?olarios, t. I)VIII@ P7ris@ %*,+)%*2L A T4. N. bisis@ TE#R<SioS
PNS:o<ptoS@ PtoS@ 7u5fp7/.7T7@ BiB77:ot0F7 At4en7@ %*+&@ ''' p. A 8i8io!r7fie@ p. '25)'(LA
Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ >?enadie II =c?olarios, primul patriar? ecumenic sub turci,
Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ Bu"ure9ti@ VIII $%*'L-@ nr. %@ p. 5,)%&*.
P e n t r u p 7 t r i 7 r 4 u O i r i L u P 7 r i s = Ces7re AJ7ti@ Terra romena tra (riente
e (ccidenie < &?iese ed etnie nel tardo -599, Mi7no@ %*+,@ p. ,,(),2&A G. A.
/76Mi7ntonio#@ Protestant Patriarc?# T?e Iile oi &'rill Hucaris ,-5C/)%L2+-@ Pa$triarc?
of &onstantinople, Lon6on@ %*L,A I6e;@ Patriar?ul Qiril HuLaris, Fn !re"e9te@ Aten7@
%*'(A G4er;7nos of T4ei7teir7@ Q'rillos HouLaris, Lon6on@ %*'% A Lu"r7re
"o;e;or7ti#H = Oupi00oS L Aou3?7ptF@ Aten7@ %*2*@ "u stu6ii 6e ;7i ;uGi 7utoriA
G. /of;7nn@ Patriarc? Q'rillos HuLaris, Fn BOrient7i7 C4risti7n7D@ nr. ',@ Ro;7@ 0V
$%*,*-@ % A R. S"4Mier@ 8er Patriarc? Q'rill HuLaris von Qonstaniinopel, M7r8ur!@
%*,5A C. E;ere7u@ Hucas &'rill, Fn BDi"t. 6e T4eo. C7t4.D@ I0@ %@ P7ris@ %*,L@ "o. %&&2
)%&%*.
Fn i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = A. Ei7n@ Hegturile 3itropoliei Gngrovla?iei cu Pa$
triar?ia de &onstantinopo "i cu celelalte +iserici ortodo)e, de la ntemeiere pn
Io -799, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L0VII $%*'*-@ nr. 5)%&@ p. *&()*2'A Pr. Ni". M.
Popes"u@ Qiril HuLaris "i (rtodo)ia romn ardelean, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@
L0IV $%*(L-@ nr. 5)*@ p. (,')((L.
P e n t r u P 7 t r i 7 r 4 i i e 6e A e :7 n6r i 7 9 i I e r u s 7 i ; @ #e J i u "rHrie =
Io7n V. DurH@ 8ositei al Ierusalimului "i influen!a lui n !rile$ romne, Fn i;87
!re7"H@ At4en7@ %*55@ ,*, p.A Prof. C4r3s. P7p76opouos@ _. Mos"4opouos@ Ha
Terre =ainte, At4en7@ %*'5A Ger. Ooni67ris@
h
E:3.0ND-7i72Tt:iF cutopi7 Ta-B NE00<BoF e6.
II@ #oi. ,@ At4en7@ %*5&A D. \. Const7nteos@ T?e >reeL ort?odo) &?urc?, Ne` lorP@
%*L5A P. Br7tsiotis@ Aon der griec?isc?en (rt?odo)ie, _urJ8ur!@ %*LLA I. P7p76opouos@
cE007B r#aZ Op+o'o>$7 NIutopi"t tiMF M7:eSo#FetS $%2'()%+22-@ T4es7oniPe@ %*L*A S.
G4o7;@ Hegisla!ia Patriar?iei Antio?iei dup -5-;, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00VII $%*5'-@ nr. 2
)(@ p. ,(*),5*A Sp. OoPPinos@ Tn $:o#o"7?"Tapi7 $%Ys NE00<Sos. At4en7@ %*5L@ ,*+ p.@ "7re
6es"rie 7pro7pe o ;ie 6e ;FnHstiri.
In i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = Pr. I. RH;ure7nu@ Hegturile Patriar?iei de Ale)andria cu
!rile romne, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ Bu"ure9ti@ VIII $%*''-@ nr. %),@ p. '&)'+A Pr.
Ni". I. er8Hnes"u@ Patriar?ul 3eletie Pigas "i legturile lui cu !rile romne, Fn BBiseri"7
Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L0III $%*('-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. L**)5%L 9i L0IV $%*(L-@ nr. 5)*@
p. 2',)25, A D. G. Iones"u@ Rela!iile !rilor romne "u Patriar?ia de Ale)andria,
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Antio?iei, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0VI $%*L(-@ nr. *)%&@ p. '*2)L,% A Iie Geor!es"u@
Hegturile !rilor romne cu Ierusalimul# Patriar?ii Ierusalimului n !rile romna
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FnfiinG7re7 P7tri7r4iei ruse.
Refor;7 p7tri7r4uui NiPon I
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7 Oie#. Pri;7 6e#enise 7uto"ef7H Fn %((+ pentru Rusi7 propriu?JisH@
7 6ou7 pentru U"r7in7@ "uprinsH pe 7tun"i Fn st7tu poon 9i fiin6 6e?
pen6entH 6e P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H.
7. n 3itropolia de la 3oscova, un o" 6e frunte %?7 6o8Fn6it #i7G7
;on747H pornin6 6e 7 Fn6e;nurie SfFntuui Ser!4ie 6e 7 R76oneM
$?TZ %2*2- 9i fiin6 susGinutH ;7i 7poi 6e Ni SorsPi $f %'&+- 9i 6e Iosif
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er7 pentru un ;on74is; interioriJ7t@ "onte;p7ti# 9i 6e "7r7"ter
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
\rNiiROADA A CINCEA
oisi47st@ 7 6oie7 er7 ;7i ;ut 7s"eti"?pr7"ti". Dis"uGiie 6intre "ee
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6e Ni SorsPi 7 "erut supri;7re7 7#erior ;FnHstire9ti. Tot 797 o
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WFt ?7u Fnte;niG7t 2& 6e 7ni Fntr?o ;FnHstire Fntre %',')%''L@ "Fn6
;urit. PFnH 7 ur;H 7u 8iruit BiosifeniiD s7u BiosifeniiD Fn %. rusH@
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s"ut Fn se"ou ur;Htor 7 %&&. Fn se". 0VIII e:ist7u 6eM7 52,
FHstiri 6e ;on74i 9i ,,, 6e ;7i"i.
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s?7 i;pus M7"7rie $%'(,)%'L2-@ 7utoru "ee8rei "oe"Gii BCeti? FeiD
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n7i Fn6ru;7t 7"Htuire7 6e "HrGi 6e "ut 9i 6e ru!H"iune. Totu9i Fn
7stH 7"ti#it7te se o8ser#H infuenG7 ;7i puterni"H 7 ;i9"Hrii neo?
7ste 7 iui Ni SorsPi.
8. O67tH "u "re9tere7 rouui st7tuui rus ;os"o#it 6in pun"t 6e
ere poiti" 9i "HpHtFn6 tot ;7i 7r!H rHspFn6ire 9i "re6it "on"epGi7 "H -
s"o#7 este 7 trei7 Ro;HD@ s?7 e:pri;7t tot ;7i 6es 6orinG7 "7 la
icova s fie instituit un patriar?, 6e;nit7te "7re "orespun6e7 ;7i
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7stH 6oe7nGH 7 e:pri;7t?o ;7i 7poi Fn %'+L@ ;inistru Boris Go?
o# "Htre p7tri7r4u Io7Pi; V 7 Antio4iei $%'+%)%'*,-@ "7re er7
nu p7tri7r4 #enit Fn Rusi7@ 6upH ;iostenii. Peste 6oi 7ni@ "Fn6 7
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r7n!uri "4i7r "u 7utorit7te7 G7ruui.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII ,+'
D7r pri;ii trei p7tri7r4i ru9i 7u pHstorit Fn epo"7 Btu8urHriorD
pro6use 6e stin!ere7 6in7stiei Ruri"@ Fn %'*+@ 9i ur"7re7 pe tron 7
6in7stiei Ro;7no#ior@ Fn %L%2@ "u s"urt7 Fntrerupere Fn "7re frinee st7?
tuui 7u fost 6eGinute 6e Boris Go6uno# $%'*+)%L&'-. Astfe Fn 7"e7stH
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#esti"H 6e#ene7 7;eninGHto7re.
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7 tronu ;os"o#it@ "4i7r "u 7r;ee@ pe f7su Di;itrie@ "7re se 6H6e7
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e:i 9i .i7ret Ro;7no#@ ;itropoitu Rosto#uui@ F;preunH "u fiu sHu
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fiin6 "4i7r 7rsH Fn %L,5@ 7poi 9i BC7te4is;u ui L7urenGiuD. Tot 7tun"i
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Fn te:tee 8iseri"e9ti.
". 3itropolia de la Qiev, 6in "76ru st7tuui poon@ "uprin6e7 pe
orto6o"9ii 6in Litu7ni7@ U"r7in7 9i /7i"iu@ fiin6 supusH ;utor per ?
se"uGii Fn6eose8i Fn ur;7 7"ti#itHGii ;ision7rior ieJuiGi@ 6upH 7nu %'L(
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opsP7 #ier 7D ) "re6inG7 #u!uui. Re9e6inG7 ;itropoituui er7 9i
Vinius.
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HD@ 9i nu;7i Fn o"79uri i;proprii@ ni"i6e"u; Fn 8iseri"i Ji6ite@ fiin6
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"u Con?Ftin 6in Ostro! $f %L&+-@ pre"u; 9i 6in Mo6o#7@ "7
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6. Reforma patriar?ului FiLon, PHstorire7 "eui 6e?7 97see7 titu7r@
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:#i)0VIII ,+5
F;preMurHri p7tri7r4u NiPon 7 "ontri8uit 9i 7 reunire7 /7i"iuui "u
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%L'*-@ Fn "7re s?7u 7pro87t noie "HrGi itur!i"e = Ce7so#u@ Trio6u@
Ir;oo!4ionu@ Ps7tire7@ Moit#eni"u.
D7r 7pi"7re7 refor;ei@ "7re Fn fon6 er7 nu;7i o Fn6rept7re 7 te:?
teor !re9it pu8i"7te@ 7 st7!n7t 9i p7tri7r4u NiPon 7 "HJut #i"ti;7
ri!ior 9i unor !re9ei 7e s7e@ 797 "H Fn %L'5 7 6e;ision7t pripit@
ur;79 7 fost 7es Io7s7f. Totu9i@ pentru r7tifi"7re se "eru "on#o"7re7
ii sino6 p7tri7r47. Fn 7nii %LLL)%LL5 7 9i 7#ut o" #estitu sino6
7 Mos"o#7@ 7 "7re p7rti"ip7rH 2& 6e ier7r4i@ Fntre "7re 9i p7tri7r4ii
sie 7 Ae:7n6riei $%L'5)%L5+-@ M7P7rie III 7 Antio4iei@ trei ;i?
poiGi 6in p7rte7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ teoo!u P7isie Li!7ri6is 6e
s7 9i 7r4iepis"opu 6e Sin7i@ "7re repreJent7u P7tri7r4i7 6in Ieru?
;. Pro"esu "ontr7 ui NiPon %?7 purt7t P7isie Li!7ri6is@ "7r7"teriJ7t
NiPon "7 Bereti" 9i 7!ent pro#o"7torD.
Sino6u 7 "on67;n7t perso7n7 ui NiPon@ Fn s"4i;8 i?7 7pro87t
2r;7 "7re s?7 !ener7iJ7t "u to7tH F;potri#ire7 !rupHrii opuse 7i
or 76erenGi se nu;irH starovier!i, 76i"H #e"4i?"re6in"io9M. Deo7re"e
i rHs"u7t F;potri#7 6e"iJiior sino67e@ 7u fost nu;iGi 9i 1rascolnici2,
% rHJ#rHtiGi. A"e9ti7 "re6e7u "H prin Fn6rept7re7 "HrGior 8iseri"e9ti
= re7iJ7 o "H6ere 7 Biseri"ii su8 putere7 ui 7nti4rist. Prin 7"e7stH
Motri#ire 7u pro#o"7t o s"4is;H "7re@ fire9te@ nu se po7te 7se;Hn7 "u
prin "7re u7se n79tere protest7ntis;u Fn Apus. Ai"i er7 #or87
& Fn"76r7re pri;iti#H Fn "on6iGiie 6e re#otH so"i7?e"ono;i"H 6in
L Centru 6e reJistenGH r7s"oni"H 7 fost 7 Fn"eput Fn ;FnHstire7
D#eGP 6e 7 M7re7 A8H@ 6e un6e s"4is;7 s?7 rHspFn6it Fn Rusi7
tr7H. R7s"oni"ii prefer7u sH ;o7rH@ sH fie e:i7Gi 9i "4i7r sH fte
. 6e #ii Fn 8iseri"i@ 6e"Ft sH ;7i rH;FnH BFn 8iseri"7 ui 7nti4ristD@
6e ;7re er7 i!nor7nG7 or.
e. 3ai tr%iu, nsu"i !arul Petru cel 3are $%L+,)%5,'-@ "7re i?7
Aonit 6in ;oti#e 6e st7t@ era privit ca 1anti?rist2# L7 7"e7st7 se ;7i
u!H 9i 6isput7 teoo!i"H 6in 7nii %L2&)%L*% 6intre B7tinofronii
neniD 9i fr7Gii Li"4u6is Io7niPie 9i Sofronie $f %5%5 9i %52&-@ !re"i
Oef7oni7@ "7re 7pHr7u poJiGi7 orto6o:H Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te
pre?Are7 Sfinteor D7ruri. PFnH 7 ur;H@ r7s"oni"ii 7u fost Hs7Gi Fn
p7"e@ ;iJFn6u?se Fn ;7i ;ute !rupHri se"t7re@ peste 2&@ Fn 6ouH
"7te!orii = preoGi $popo#GF- 9i fHrH preoGi $8eJpo#GF-. Ei re"7;7u
BSto!7#uD Fn6reptHtor 7 or@ 67r te:tu 7"estui7 se rHspFn6ise Fn
"opii !re9ite.
CFt pri#e9te refor;7 8iseri"e7s"H 7 G7ruui Petru "e M7re@ Fn"epFn6
%L+,@ e7 er7 o 76e#Hr7tH re#ouGie@ 67r nu pe tHrF;u "re6inGei@ "i
i6;inistr7Giei. .or;7t intee"tu7 ;7i ;ut su8 infuenG7
Apusuui
% 7n!i"7nis;uui@ Petru er7 76eptu 78soutis;uui u;in7t@ "7re
"entr7 Fn ;Finie su#er7nuui to7te 7spe"tee puterii 6e st7t@ 6Fn?
e o Mustifi"7re poiti"o?8iseri"e7s"H = st7tu tutee7JH to7te se"to7ree
ii interio7re@ in"usi# 7e "eei 8iseri"e9ti@ "u; s"ri7 Fn "7rte7 67s?
ui 9i 7 sfetni"uui sHu Teof7n ProPopo#i"i $f %52L- = BDrept7re7
;on7r4uuiD. Apoi prin Bre!u7;entu 6u4o#ni"es"D 6in ,' i7?
rie %5,% s7u Le!e7 6e or!7niJ7re 7 Biseri"ii ruse@ operH "oe"ti#H
ruui "u Teof7n ProPopi#i"i@ er7 Fno"uitH 6e;nit7te7 6e p7tri7r4 "u
sino6 dirigent $i;itFn6 pe protest7nGi-@ preJi67t 6e ;itropoitu 6in
Wo!r76 $un6e 7 fost ;ut7tH "7pit77 Fn %5&2- 9i 6in "7re fH"e7u p7rte
u 7r4iepis"opi@ 97pte 7r4i;7n6riGi 9i 6oi protopopi@ Fntre ei "on?
ru G7ruui 9i protopopu 7r;7tei 9i fotei. E7ru er7 repreJent7t
tr?un fun"Gion7r superior nu;it oberprocuror# F;potri#7 7"estei
V i.? ? ?A Vii
refor;e er7u tr76iGion7i9tii@ Fn6ru;7Gi 6e tef7n I7#orsPi $f %55,-@ 7r4i ?
epis"op 6e Cerni!o# 9i o"Giitor 6e p7tri7r4 Fntre %5&&)?%5,%@ prietenu
9i "o78or7toru G7ruui Petru "e M7re. D7r refor;7 pri;in6 7pro87re7
p7tri7r4ior rHsHriteni@ "7re #e6e7u Fn G7ru Petru pe o"rotitoru or f7GH
6e s7;o#oni"iie tur"e9ti@ opoJiGi7 s?7 rese;n7t. P7tri7r4u e"u;eni"
Iere;i7 7 III?e7 $%5%L)%5,L A %52,)%522- 7 7pro87t s"4i;8Hrie ui
Petru "e M7re 7 ,2 septe;8rie %5,2.
De 7tun"i s?7 ;7i si;Git infuenG7 prin"ipiior protest7nte ;7i 7es
pe #re;e7 G7rinei An7 I#7no#n7 $%52&)%5(&-@ "Fn6 ;inistru ei@ 6e
ori!ine !er;7nH@ 7 intro6us nu nu;7i i;87 9i ;o67 !er;7nH@ "i 7 u7t
;Hsuri 9i F;potri#7 "HrGii BPi7tr7 "re6inGeiD@ s"risH 6e tef7n I7#orsPi@
o"Giitoru 6e p7tri7r4 9i ri#7u ui Teof7n ProPopo#i"i@ Fn "7re er7
"o;8Htut protest7ntis;u.
DupH 6e"esu Anei@ 7 ur;7t 7 tron G7rin7 Eis78et7 %5(%)%5L%@
"7re 7 in7u!ur7t o epo"H 6e ;7i ;ut spriMin pentru Biseri"7 Orto6o:H@
Fn"Ft 7u fost Fn"4ise 8iseri"i 7r;ene@ ;os"4ei tHtHre9ti@ 7u fost e:puJ7Gi
e#rei@ "ee7 "e 6H6e7 r7s"oni"ior posi8iit7te7 sH?9i ri6i"e "7pu. Er7
pe #re;e7 s7#7ntuui M. V. Lo;onoso# $f %5L'-@ ostenitor pentru 9ti ?
inGH 9i i;8H.
Ur;H 7 tron G7rin7 E"7terin7 7 Ii?7 $%5L,)%5*L- "7re er7 toe?
r7ntH@ i7r 6o;ni7 ei "unos"u "4i7r ;Hsuri "ontr76i"torii. E#7#io7sH 7
Fn"eput@ 6in %5L2 e7 Fn"epu sH se"u7riJeJe 8unurie 8iseri"ior 9i
;FnHstirior pentru 7 pute7 f7"e 67ruri 6in ee no8iior 9i ier7r4ior 6e ?
#ot7Gi 9i f7#oriGi A Fn s"4i;8 "eru 6e p7ro4ie er7 Hs7t pe se7;7 "re ?
6in"io9ior.
A"est f7pt FnsH nu 7 oprit?o sH protesteJe "ontr7 se"u7ris;uui
Re#ouGiei fr7n"eJe $%5+*-@ 7e "Hrei i6ei propo#H6uite 6e Rene Des?
"7rtes $f %L'&- 9i Vot7ire $f %55+-@ e 7""ept7 Fn "orespon6enG7 s7@ 67r
e 9i "on67;n7 Fn 7"e79i ti;p. Toer7nG7 ei o si;GirH r7s"oni"ii 9i ie ?
JuiGii. Apoi@ Fntreit7 F;pHrGire 7 Pooniei Fn %55,@ %5*2 9i %5*'@ 6in
#re;e7 ei@ 76use 7 Orto6o:ie #reo opt ;iio7ne 6eN uniGi@ "7re se si;?
W Ge7u 7tFt 6e perse"ut7Gi 6e f7n7tis;u "7toi". Fn s"4i;8 rutenii 6in
/7i"iu $G7iGi7- 9i U"r7in7 "7rp7ti"H@ 7tr79i prin sini"ie 7 uni7Gie Fntre
%L(2)%5&&@ 7MunserH su8 6o;in7Gi7 /78s8ur!ior. A8i7 spre sfFr9itu
6o;niei@ G7rin7 9i?7 ;7i s"4i;87t pHr]erie prin inter#enGN7 eru6ituui
;itropoit P7ton Le#9in 7 Mos"o#ef $f %+%,-.
tiinG7 6e "7rte se rHspFn6i Fn ;7see 7r!i 7e poporuui Fn ti;pu
ui Petru "e M7re 9i E"7terin7 If@ 7;8ii FnfiinGFn6 o ;uGi;e 6e 9"oi
Fn or79e 9i "4i7r 7 s7te@ Fn "7re pre67u "u sFr! 7postoi" un Sf. Di;itrie
6e Rosto# $f %5&2-@ ;7re neoisi47st@ 7poi Fnsu9i Teof7n ProPopo#i"i
?9i Mitropoitu P7ton Le#9in@ "e "7re 7 intro6us i;87 rusH Fn? 9"oi
9i Fn s"ris. Pentru Biseri"H e:ist7u p7tru 7"76e;ii 6u4o#ni"e9ti 9i '5 se?
;in7rii ep7r4i7e.
Fn 7"este trei se"oe ;isiune7 e:ternH 7 Biseri"ii Ruse 7 "res"ut
"onsi6er78i@ 7tin!Fn6 Fn nor6 O7rei7 9i "o7stee O"e7nuui an!4eG7t@ n
rHsHrit tre"Fn6 prin Si8eri7@ 6upH %'+%@ peste tri8urie "7;u"e 9i "4ir?
61i-/? 8n su6 spre C7u"7J 9i E4.r/mu# Ori/n.? 7tin!Fn6 O7;"i7tP7 9i
"o7stee A;eri"ii. Fn 7"est s"op 7u fost su""esi# FnfiinG7te Ar4iepis"opiie
6e 7 To8osP@ prin 7r4iepis"opu Oipri7n $f %L,&- 9i 6e 7 IrPutsP@ Fn!H
%* ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
ui B7iP7@ 6e 7r4iepis"opu .iotei $f %5,%-. Cei ;7i FnsufeGiGi ;i ?
nHri er7u ;on74ii. Apoi Fn ur;7 #iJitei spHt7ruui Ni"o7e Mies"u
,W; ) f %5&+- Fn ser#i"iu G7rinei E"7terin7 7 Ii?7@ 7 PePin! $BeiMin!-@
%L5,](@ s?7 FnfiinG7t 9i 7"oo un "entru ;ision7r@ Fn %L*(. L7 IrPutsP
u7t fiinGH un Se;in7r ;ision7r "u i;8ie 6e pre67re rusH@ ;on!oH
"4ineJH@ Bi8i7 fiin6 tr76usH "4i7r Fn opt i;8i "7re er7u #or8ite
6iferiGii o"7ni"i.
In 7"e79i ti;p@ Biseri"7 Orto6o:H RusH 7 6epus ;7ri strH67nii 6e
siune Fn interior "Htre iu6ei@ ;74o;e67ni 9i r7s"oni"i.
BI BLI OGRA.I E
VeJi notee pre"e6ente = u"rHri 6e istori7 rusH@ s"rise 6e D. P. GorsPi@ P. Us?
sPi@ V. V. Booto#@ E. Gou8insPi@ A. P. Le8e6e#A /. D. Dop;7nn@ Russisc?e ?odo)e
Qirc?e in >esc?ic?te und >egenNart, Berin@ %*55A B. /. T7ti9e#@ Istoria siisLaia,
#oi. ,]2@ Mos"o#7)Lenin!r76@ %*L(A M. P7nPr7to#7@ Istoria G#R#=#=#,
/, Bu"ure9ti@ %*'& A E. Donnert@ 8as 3osLauer Russland, Qultur und >eistesleben
-5# und -;# Ka?r?undert, LeipJi!@ %*5L@ ,(( p.A A. u;Pin@ 3osLovsLaia rusE,
s, %*5' A N. berno#@ Hes Russes et leur Eglise, $Fn !re"e9te-@ Aten7@ %*5,@ ,&5 p.A
i;. Io7n Ooo!ri#o#@ (cerLi po istorii russLoi sviatosti, Bru:ees@ %*L% A A. Oi?
o#@ Reformationoe dvi*enia v Rossii, Mos"o#7@ %*L&A G. .e6oto#@ =viate drev$
Rusi, $pFnH se". 0VII-@ e6. nouH@ Ne` lorP@ %*'*A /. S"47e6er@ 3osLau das
Ze Rom, e6. II@ %*'5A I. G7JiP@ 8ie russisc?e ort?odo)e 4eidenmission, seit
Jr dem >rossen, Munster@ %*'(A L. Muer@ Die QritiL des Protestantismus in
russisc?en T?eologie, vom -;# bis -7# Ka?r?#, Stutt!7rt@ %*'% A A. M. A;;7nn@
llavisc?e Qirc?engesc?ic?te, Stutt!7rt@ %*'&A E. BenJ@ 8ie (stLirc?e und die
isc?e &?risten?eit, Tii8in!en@ %*(*A T. MeniPo#@ Istoria bisericeasc a
rascol$Zor, BrHi7@ %*(&A E6itur7 N7uP7@cc QrestianisLie vo*ni v Ro"ii -C)-7
veLov, =P#7@ %*5(@ (5 p. A A. V. Muer@ T?e spiritual Regulation of Peter t?e
>reat, ir7@ %*5,@ %++ p.A M. Arsenie#@ Die geistigen =c?icLsale des russisc?en
AolLes, %, %*LLA Co;petHri Fn "oe"Gi7 BBo!oso#sPie tru67D@ Mos"o#7@ Fn
%*5(@ #o?u 7 %2?Fe7. Pentru 7nte"e6ente= B. GrePo#@ Ha culture de Russie
de Qiev, "o#7@ %*(5A I. Pupe7?RH;ure7nu@ +isericile ortodo)e cu special privire
asupra ricii (rtodo)e Ruse, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD I $%*(*-@ nr. %),@ p. 2)2&@
pentru
0VI)0VIII. T. Spi6iP@ ] grandi =anti mistici russi, Ro;7@ %*55@ 22L p.
DeJ#ot7re7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ee.
Situ7Gi7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e 6in B7"7ni@ Austri7 9i Un!7ri7.
Mitropoi7 6e O7ro#it I
Se"oee 0VI)0VII 7u 76us 9i pentru "re9tinii orto6o"9i 6in su6?
i Europei "7 "ei 6in GHrie ro;<ne@ Un!7ri7 478s8ur!i"H 9i B7"7ni
6iGii 9i F;preMurHri 6eose8ite. Putere7 tur"e7s"H J6ro8e7 Fn ,* 7u?
t %',L st7tu Un!7riei feu67e@ i7r Fn %'(% tur"ii 7u o"up7t 6in nou
[7 9i 7u tr7nsfor;7t Un!7ri7 Fn p797F" tur"es" pentru %(' 6e 7ni@
F 7 , septe;8rie %L+L. Vien7 se #e6e7 7;eninG7tH. Pe 6e 7tH p7rte
Mo6o#7 7 re"unos"ut suJer7nit7te7 tur"e7s"H@ Fn"epFn6 6in ti;pu
F#o6uui Petru Aron $%('')%('5-@ "7re pentru pri;7 o7rH 7 oferit
7nuui Mo47;e6 II $%('%)%('5-@ prin 8oieru Mi47i Lo!ofHtu@
nte 6e * iunie %('L@ un tri8ut 7nu7 6e ,&&& piese 7ur $P. P. P7?eseu@ Pe
marginea folosirii i%voarelor cu privire la supunerea 3ol$ ei la
tributul turcesc, Aaslui, -B5;, Fn BStu6iiD@ V $%*',-@ p. %+5)%*+-.
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII ,*%
Munt eni 7 pHt e7 tri8ut t ur"i or 6i n %(%5@ 6i n ti ;pu ui Mir"e7
"e BHtrFn $%2+L)%(%+-.
Tr7nsi#7ni7@ B7n7tu 9i uneori M7r7;ure9u s?7u "onstituit 6in
%'(% Fn prin"ip7t 7utono; "u re9e6inG7 7 A87?Iui7@ su8 suJer7nit7te7
tur"e7s"H@ pHtin6 un tri8ut 7nu7 tur"ior@ "7 9i Munteni7 9i Mo6o#7@
pFnH 7 , septe;8rie %L+L@ "Fn6 Tr7nsi#7ni7 intrH Fn "o;ponenG7 I;?
periuui 7ustri7".
B7n7tu 9i o p7rte 6in Cri97n7 7u fost o"up7te 6e tur"i Fn #7r7
7nuui %'', 9i tr7nsfor;7te Fn p797F" "u "entru 7 Ti;i9o7r7. Prin p7 ?
"e7 6e 7 P7ss7ro`itJ $PoM7ro#7"i@ 6in ,% iuie %5%+- B7n7tu 7 intr7t
su8 stHpFnire7 Austriei.
Cri;ee7 9i su6u Rusiei s?7u 7f7t su8 tHt7ri pFnH Fn se". 0VIII.
Biseri"7 Geor!iei $GruJiei@ I#iriei- er7 "ontinuu supusH 7 7supriri 6in
p7rte7 tur"ior 9i per9ior. Fn 7se;ene7 "on6iGii #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H orto?
6o:H 6in 7"esteNpHrGi se 6eJ#ot7 !reu. Cu to7te suferinGee FnsH poporu
"re6in"ios 9i?7 pHstr7t ne9tir8itH "re6inG7@ sin!ur7 ;Fn!Fiere 9i sin!ur7
Fii6ru;7re "utur7H "e?i ;7i rH;Hsese.
%. +iserica Romn F9i 6esfH9ur7@ Fn epo"7 7"e7st7@ 7"ti#it7te7 Fn
trei prin"ip7te = E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H 9i Mo6o#7 $fie"7re 6i n 7"este7
7#Fn6 "Fte o ;itropoie "u 6ouH s7u ;7i ;ute epis"opii sufr7!7ne- 9i
Tr7nsi#7ni7@ "7re 6in %'(% 6e#enise prin"ip7t 7utono; su8 suJer7ni ?
t7te7 tur"ior. Din pri"in7 6iferiteor s"4i;8Hri 6e stHpFniri poiti"e@
pHstoririe 7u fost uneori 6e s"urtH 6ur7tH@ spor76i"e "4i7r@ Fn se". 0VI
s"o7se 6e su8 Muris6i"Gi7 o"7H@ "u; 7 fost BMitropoi7 Proi7#ieiD s7u
7 BrHiei "7re 6epin6e7 6e P7tri7r4i7 6in Const7ntinopo. Fn !ener7@
Biseri"7 Ro;<nH s?7 "onsoi67t Fn perio767 7"e7st7@ re7iJFn6 "4i7r o
fru;o7sH Fnforire "utur7H. A"e7st7 s?7 pro6us ;7i 7es 6upH "e s"ri ?
su "4irii" ro;<nes" 7 fost ofi"i7iJ7t 6e ;itropoitu Teo"tist 7 Mo ?
6o#ei $%('2)%(55- 6upH pre"iJ7re7 7f78etuui fH"utH 6e "Htre Di;itrie
C7nte;ir $%5%&)%5%%- Fn 8escrierea 3oldovei# DupH 7p7riGi7 pri;eor
;7nus"rise ro;<ne9ti 7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 0VI@ s?7u re7iJ7t 9i pri ?
;ee tipHrituri 6e "Htre .iip Mo6o#e7nu 7 Si8iu $%'(()%'(L-@ 7poi
6e "Htre 6i7"onu Coresi 7 Br79o# $%''*)?%'+%-.
MuGi;e7 6e 8iseri"i 9i ;FnHstiri "H6ite s7u rep7r7te se 67tore9te
ui Ne7!oe B7s7r78 $%'%,)%',%-@ R76u P7isie $%'2')%'('-@ Mi47i Vi ?
te7Ju $%'*2)%L&%- 9i ;7i 7es ui M7tei B7s7r78 $%L22)%L'(- 9i Con?
st7ntin BrFn"o#e7nu $%L++)%5%(- Fn E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H@ 7poi ui Petru
Pt7re9 $%',5)%'2+ A %'(%)%'(L-@ Petrii "4iopu $%'5+)%'5* A %'+,)
%'*,- 9i Mo#ie9tior $%'*')%L%%- 9i ui V7sie Lupu $%L2()%L'2- Fn
Mo6o#7 9i "4i7r unor f7n7rioGi@ Fn se"ou 7 0VIII?e7@ "7 M7#ro"or?
67Gii 9i G4i"ue9tii@ GHr7nior io87!i 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 9i M7r7;ure9@ 6o?
#e6in6u?se 7stfe putere7 "re7ti#H 7 poporuui ro;<n@ "7re@ pe Fn!H
eforturie 6epuse pentru G7rH@ er7 Fn st7re sH ;iui7s"H 9i ;uGi;e7 6e
ier7r4i !re"i@ Fn "oin67re 6upH ;iostenie Fn pHrGie no7stre@ 9i sH 7Mute
7pro7pe to7te Biseri"ie orto6o:e "HJute su8 stHpFnire ;74o;e67n7 =
Ierus7i;@ Sin7i@ Cipru@ Const7ntinopo@ At4os@ Meteor7 6in Tes7i7@ Bi ?
seri"ie sFr8H@ 8u!7rH@ rute7nH et". Rou 6e prote"tori 7i orto6o:iei !re?
i ?7u 7#ut@ 6e pi6H@ V7sie Lupu 9i Const7ntin BrFn"o#e7nu@ 67r
IGi 6o;ni ro;<ni.
in re7Giie "u "onfesiunie protest7ntH 9i ro;7no?"7toi"H@ Biseri"7
n7nH s?7 6o#e6it toer7ntH@ 67r 9i intr7nsi!entH 7tun"i "Fn6@ su8 7"o?
I;Fntu 6o;in7Giei poiti"e se "Hut7 "on#ertire7 ro;<nior 7 #reo
inGH strHinH or@ fie prin soi 9i "Hu!Hri ro;7no?"7toi"i Fn E7r7 Ro?
e7s"H 9i Mo6o#7@ fie prin stHpFnire7 "7#inistH@ ;7i tFrJiu 478s8urR
ro;7no?"7toi"H Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7. Prop7!7n67 uter7nH s?7 fH"ut ;7i
t prin "HrGi "u s"op 6e "F9ti!@ "7#ini9tii FnsH 7u fH"ut uJ 6e forGH 76?
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PERIOADA A CINCEA
i7 sFr8H 6e IpeP $Pe"i-@ 7 "Hrei s"7un rH;Hsese #7"7nt o sutH 6e 7ni
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f7@ Fn!H Be!r76. Din 7"ee79i pri"ini p7tri7r4ii Arsenie III Cerno?
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P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
Un 7n ;7i tFrJiu@ 7 %L i7nu7rie %5L5@ 7"e79i p7tri7r4 e"u;eni"
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B I B L I O G R A . I E
VeJi notee pre"e6ente.
%. Do"u;ent7r = S3;posiu; = 1HEepoOue p?anariote2, T4es7oniPe@ %*5(@ (+2 p
E. /oes"4@ T?e +alLans, tr76. 6in i;87 !er;7nH@ Lon6r7@ %*5,@ ,%2 p.A N. G. S#K
rono#@ 4istoire de la >rece moderne, e6. IU@ P7ris@ %*5,@ %,L p.A Sf. Sino6 SFr
=pomeniL 5'& !o6. autoLefalnosti srpsLe !rLve, $%,%*)%*L*-@ Beo!r76@ %*5&A P.
Epis"op NiP7nor@ Pravoslavna !rLva pod 4absburgom $O7ro#iG-@ Fn BG7sn
sprsPe pr7#os. GrP#eD@ '@ Beo!r76@ %*5,@ p. %++@ 9.u.A M. MirPo#i"i@ Polo*ai srpsl
!rlive pod tursLom vlastu $%('*)%5LL-@ Beo!r76@ %*L'@ ,,( p. A G. Ostro!orsP$
=er?ien nac? dem Tode 8usc?ans, Beo!r76@ %*L5A B. I. Siep"e#i"i@ >esc?ic?te d
serbisc?enort?# Qirc?e, $pFnH Fn se". 0VIII-@ Miin"4en@ %*L,A I6e;@ GLinuiie pecii
patriar"ie, Beo!r76@ %*2*A Epis"op I7rion@ IJ istorii peciLe patriar"ie, Sr. O7ro?i
%*2% M L. /76ro#i"s@ He peuple serbe et son Eglise sous la domination turOue, P
ris@ %*(5A B. \. Buri"i@ Icone i% Kugoslavie, Beo!r76@ %*L%A O. Mi7no#i"i@ Fru"L
gorsLi mnstiri, No#i?S76@ %*5'A D. O79i"i@ =rpsLi mnstiri u 4rvatsLoi : =lav
mi, Beo!r76@ %*5%A 25( p.A D. Stef7no#i"i@ =tara srpsLa mu%iLa, Beo!r76@ %*F
,,& p.
,. V. b7r7rsPi@ Istoria na blgarsLata dr*ava pre% srednite veLove, #oi.
Sofi7@ %*5,A A"76e;i7 8u!7rH@ 8ocuments and materials on t?e ?istot' ot t
+ulgarian people, Sofi7@ %*L*@ ',5 p.A I#. DuM"e#@ Me6iNo7e#o b'%antinoslavo, 2 #"
E6it. Bri@ Lei6en@ %*L')%*5% A M. M7"6er;ot@ A ?istor' ol +ulgaria, $%2*2)%++
Lon6r7@ %*L,@ 2'' p.A I#. P7stu"4o#@ +lgarsLata istoria, #oi. ,@ Sofi7@ %*(2A P.
Epis"op P7rtenFe?Le#sPi@ Kitia n blgarsLite svetii, e6iGi7 nouH@ Sofi7@ %*5(@ L5% M
I#. DuM"e#@ RilsLi monastir, Sofi7@ %*L&A 6espre P7isie /i7n67rsPi #eJi ;ono!r7
6e P. Arn7u6o#@ /r. /risto" 9i B. An!eo#@ Sofi7@ %*5,)2A C. Vei"4i@ &urs de
loria modern a +ulgariei, Uni#ersit7te7 Bu"ure9ti@ .7"ut7te7 6e istorie@ %*5(.
PERIOADA A CINCEA
2. Pentru Biseri"7 Ro;<nH@ 4r"rHri 6e N. Ior!7 A nu;ero7se istorii 6e i;8H
ter7turH ro;<nH@ 6e #7ri7Gi 7utoriA .I. Du;itres"u@ &ontribu!ii la istoria limbii
ne vec?i %*52@ ,+* p. A Pr. Prof. G4. Moises"u@ Prof. St. Lup97 9i Prof. Ae:.
eseu@ Istoria +isericii Romne, / #oi. Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L A M. PH"ur7riu@ Istoria +i$
ii (rtodo)e Romne, Si8iu@ %*5,@ p. *'),L% A M. es7n@ 8imitrie &antemir "i i
romn, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0VIII@ $%*52-@ nr. *)%&@ p. *'%@ 9.u.A
8espre limba liturgic la romni, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 00 $%*5'-@ nr.
p. %L),+A Si#iu Anui"4i@ Patriar?ia de Peci ,\pcc0 ntre anii a''5),5LL.
E#urile ei cu srbii din +anat si Gngaria, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0IV $%*L,-@ nr.
p (,*)((&A I6e;@ Raport uri l e di nt re Pat ri ar?i a de \peL "i cea de (?ri da,
". 0]V)PAIII, i8i6e;@ 0IV $%*L,-@ nr. *)%&@ p. '5&)'+% A I6e;@ Rolul mitro$i de
Qarlovi t% n aprarea (rt odo)iei din Austro$Gngari a, Fn BOrt o6o:i7D@
$%*L%-@ nr. 2@ p. (%*)(2,A I6e;@ Activitatea mitropolitului Pavel Fenadovici 6
-C;70 de Qarlovit% n slu*ba (rtodo)iei, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0III $%*L%-@ )
%&@ p. '(2)''% A S. Poo ) A. Putto@ 4istoire de -E Albanie, E6it. /or#7t4; e@
%*5(@ 25, p.@ pri;7 istorie s"risH 6e 787neJi@ 6e 7 Fn"eputuri pFnH 7Ji.
Prop7!7n67 rorn7no?"7toFi"H Fn RHsHrit.
BUnirieD "u Ro;7 I
C7toi"is;u post?tri6entin@ infuenG7t 6e spiritu 6o;in7tor intro?
6e ieJuiGi@ nu s?7 ;uGu;it sH "F9ti!e o p7rte 6in poJiGiie pier6ute
n79tere7 Biseri"ior uter7ne@ refor;7te 9i 7n!i"7ne@ "i 7 "Hut7t sH
7t7"uri noi 7supr7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e 9i etero6o:e@ 7f7te Fn pe?
7 7"e7st7 Fn !ree "on6iGii poiti"e 9i so"i7e. DorinG7 6e 6o;in7re
p7itHGii se fH"use "unos"utH Fn B"ru"i76eeD sini"e 9i Fn BFn"er"H?
6e unireD 6in #e7"urie 0I)?0V. L7 .orenG7@ Fn %(2*@ !re"ii 8i?
ni nu re"unos"userH ni"i un7 6in "ee p7tru ino#7Gii 7tine@ fiioCue@
7toriu@ 7Ji;ee 9i pri;7tu p7p7@ "i 7u 76;is nu;7i pri;7tu
%@ Bpotri#it sfinteor "7no7neD@ 76i"H nu;7i "e onorifi". Fn pus@
orenG7 s?7 6is"ut7t "7 6e 7 e!7 7 e!7 9i nu s?7 fH"ut "7J ni"i
F4is;7 6in %&'(@ "u; s?7 Fn"er"7t 7 L3on Fn %,5(@ 9i "u 7tFt ;7i
L 6e refuJu 7tinior f7GH 6e 8oteJu orto6o: "u; 7 fost "7Ju 7
iiu 6e 7 Const7nG7 Fn %(%()%(%+. BIno#7Giie uni7ter7eD 7tino?
Le 7u 6e#enit 7stfe ;oti#e 6e FnstrHin7re pentru "H se Fn"er"7 6e
7n intro6u"ere7 or forG7tH 9i Fn Biseri"7 orto6o:H.
%. Meto6ee
i"u;@ 6upH s"4i;87re7 F;preMurHrior poiti"e 9i so"i7e@ 7u fost
F87te 9i ;eto6ee 6e proJeitis;. Mun"7 or!7niJ7tH 9i spiritu
6e A7re 7 re7itHGie poiti"o?so"i7e pe "7re e?7u 6o#e6it ieJuiGii
9i "7re 7u e:po7t7t 7 ;7:i;u; sH8i"iunie o"7e@ poiti"e@
so"i7e@ r7e@ fin7n"i7re 9i 8iseri"e9ti 7u 6us pFnH 7 ur;H 7 unee
su""ese n7re Fn sp7Giu orto6o: 9i etero6o:.
%. IeJuiGii foose7u ;7i 7es 7r;7 "utur7H. Er7u "ei 6intFi 67s"Hi
iropei "entr7e 9i rHsHritene@ Fn epo"7 6e 6upH Refor;H = Austri7@
ri7@ Mor7#i7@ Pooni7@ ;7i 7es Tr7nsi#7ni7@ Cro7Gi7 9i So#eni7
ist FnGes7te "u tipo!r7fii 9i "oe!ii nenu;Hr7te@ 6in "7re unee 6e
uni#ersit7r@ "7 Vin7 9i Br7uns8er! Fn Pooni7@ Oo;ouG Fn Mo?
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n 9i Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
I
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^*____________________________________ . '.J
r7#i7@ T3rn7#i7 9i Oo9iGe Fn So#7"i7@ 7poi 7 Vien7@ Bu67 9i Fn 7tn
o"uri. Peste to7te 6o;in7 9"o77 "entr7H ieJuitH 6in Ro;7 BCoe!iurt
ro;7nu;D@ FnfiinG7tH Fn %''%@ 6in "7re 7u roit 7poi o serie Fntre7!H 6K
se"Gii pentru fie"7re popor s7u Biseri"H ;7i ;7re = Coe!iu; ;7ro
niti"u; $%'+(- 9i Coe!iu; I3ri"u; $%'5L-@ infitrFn6 9i FnstrHin7re@A
6e orto6o:ie. S?7 FnfiinG7t 7poi@ Fn %L,,@ un Institut 6e "oor6on7re B
Fntre!ii opere ;ision7re@ #estit7 BCon!re!7tio 6e prop7!7n67 fi6eD. Ir
7"tu 6e Fnte;eiere se spune7@ Fntre 7tee@ "H orto6o"9ii nu se ;7i po
s7#7 6e"Ft prin Biseri"7 p7p7H. Desi!ur@ nu se ;7i "ere7 9i pHrHsireD
rituui orto6o: s7u etero6o: 6upH "e s?7 #HJut "H suM8ee itur!i"e for
;e7JH pFr!4i7 6e reJistenGH 7 "re9tinior 6in RHsHrit.
Astfe er7 pro;o#7tH 1unia!ia2 s7u 1greco$catolicismul2 pentri
orto6o"9i 9i #e"4ii orient7i@ "u Fn!H6uire7 iniGi7H 7 rituui 9i i;8ii
Fn #e6ere7 7tiniJHrii uterio7re@ "H"i "re6in"io9ii 9i teoo!ii rHsHriten
er7u ;ir7Gi "H se pot ;Fntui 7Gii nu;7i supunFn6u?se p7pei. Uterioi
FnsH ei t re8ui 7u sH?9i Fnsu9e7s"H to7te 6o!;e e 9i "7no7ne e Bi se
ri"ii p7p7e.
Apoi s?7 "Hut7t "7 prin 9"oie 9i tipHriturie proJeitiste 6e 7 Ro;7
6in Pooni7@ ori Un!7ri7 sH se 6o"u;enteJe "H nu e:istH propriu?Jii
6iferenGH pre7 ;7re Fntre "re6inG7 Apusuui 9i 7 RHsHrituui@ "i o Bper
petuH "on"or67nGHD@ "u; se 7rHt7 Fn "HrGie !re"ior rene!7Gi@ "7 Lee A?
7tius $%'++ ) f %LL*-@ !re" 6in insu7 C4ios@ Petru Ar"u6ius 6ir
Corfu $f 6upH %L22-@ N. Co;nen P7p76opo $f %5(&-@ prieten 7 stoni ?
"u ui Const 7nt i n C7nt 7"uJi no $%L(&)%5%(-@ i eJui t u Pet ru SP7r!s
$f %L%,- 6in Pooni7 9i 7Gii. Litur!4i7 9i suM8ee !re"ior@ se spune7
"onfir;H 7"est pun"t 6e #e6ere@ 76ueFn6u?se "it7te pri#ito7re 7 B.i
ioCueD@ pri;7t@ pur!7toriu@ sH#Fr9ire7 T7ineor et". 9i "HutFn6u?se sS
se 7r7te "H sin!ur "7toi"is;u@ 7pHr7t 6e ;7rie puteri 7pusene@ ;7
po7te s7#7 Orto6o:i7 Fn!enun"4i7tH@ 6espre "7re se #or8e7 9i se seriD
"u 6ispreG 9i "u pHreri uni7ter7e. A97 s?7 FnstrHin7t "u ti;pu@ 6ir
i nt er es@ o p7rt e 6i n no8i i ;e7 ro;<nH 9i rut e7nH. Ni "o 7e O 74uA
$f %'L+-@ pri;7t 7 Un!7riei 9i Fnte;eietor 7 pri;ei uni#ersitHGi %K
T3rn7#i7 Fn So#7"i7@ 7 pHstr7t "on9tiinG7 unitHGii 6e i;8H 7 ;o6o ?
#enior 9i ;untenior "u "ei7Gi ro;<ni 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7@ pentru "H e
Fnsu9i er7 6e ori!ine ro;<nH $6e 7 Si8iu- 9i 6in #iG7 #oie#o67H 7 EHri
Ro;<ne9ti. De 7"ee7 F9i ;enGine7 Fn "ontinu7re nu;ee 6e BO74uss
) V774 ) ro;<n.
At@ ;iMo" 6e "7re s?7 uJ7t 6in pin@ po7te "4i7r "e ;7i o8i9nuit
7 fost "e poiti". NunGii 7postoi"i 7Mun!e7u sH "on6u"H #i7G7 poiti"H
478s8ur!iior 9i 7 pooneJior@ unii 6in ei "7 Antonio Posse#ino propu
ne7u "4i7r 7 Mos"o#7@ ui I#7n IV "e Gro7Jni" $%'22)%'+(-@ ;Fntuires
prin supunere.
IeJuiGii foose7u spion7Mu@ insinuHri poiti"e Fn6rHJneGe 9i uneor
"4i7r Mustifi"7u "ri;7 poiti"H@ pre"u; se 7fir;7 7"e7st7 "Htre #oie#oJi
ro;<ni = Mi47i Vite7Ju $%'*2)%L&%-@ M7tei B7s7r78 $%L22)%L'(- 9i
Const7ntin BrFn"o#e7nu $%L++)%5%(-@ orto6o"9i "on#in9i@ "7 sH?i ti;oM
reJe 9i sH?i 7propie 6e V7ti"7n.
T
PERIOADA A CINCEA
Spo#e67ni7 9i ;iMo7"ee spiritu7e 7u fost foosite Fn 7"est s"op.
ii ;ision7ri ieJuiGi fH"userH "4i7r B9"o7H "o;pe:HD@ "7 6e pi6H
6in7u ;7!4i7r Leopo6 Oooni"s $%L*+)%5&%-@ 7r4iepis"op 6e
=ter!o; 9i pri;7tu Un!7riei@ urJitoru BuniriiD forG7te "u Ro;7 7
Mr ro;<ni 7r6eeni $%L*+)%5&%-@ 6upH "e fusese B"7#7er 6e M7t7D
ieei Fn"76r7t Fn 7"Giuni 6e B"ru"i7tD. AGii 7u foosit f7su 9i #i"eni7
"4i7r@ #ioenG7 9i tero7re7 "7@ 6e pi6H@ epis"opii 6in pHrGie SHt;7?
ui 9i Io7s7f OunGe#i"i $f %L,2-@ epis"op 6e Po oGP 6in Bi eorusi 7@
t pentru "7re 7u fost o;orFGi 6e poporu rHs"u7t.
,. Dintre BunirieD "u Ro;7 ;7i "unos"ute sFnt "ee Fn"4ei7te "u =
oru9ii@ u"r7inenii 9i rutenii orto6o"9i. A"e9ti7 fuseserH Fn"orpor7Gi
iti"e9te Fn 76;inistr7Gi7 poonH 7 * iuie %'L*@ "Fn6 s?7 Fn"4ei7t 797?
nit 7 uni une 6e 7 Lu8i n@ pri n "7re Po oni7 s?7 uni t "u Li t u7ni 7@
;7i pe "Fn6 ieJuiG i i er7u 7t ot put erni"i@ pe #re;e7 re!e ui Si !i s?
n6 III V7s7 $%'+5)%L2,-. Atun"i ei 7u fost ipsiGi 6e ori"e 6rept
ii@ fiin6 "onsi6er7Gi io87!i 9i supu9i e:po7tHrii 6in p7rte7 no8ii;ii
i 7ren679ior ne;io9i. A"e9ti orto6o"9i nu;iGi c?lopi Q !rnoi, er7u
niJ7Gi pentru "re6inG7 or A "on6u"Htorii or@ no8iii@ pentru 7?9i pHstr7
Arie@ 7u tre"ut 7 "7toi"is; $f %L&+-. A8i7 "FGi#7 no8ii@ Fn frunte
prin"ipee Const7ntin ee Ostro! $3 %L&+-@ Vi9ne#sPi@ GiJe@ "ne7Ju
refu!i7t Our8sPi 9i 7Gii 7u ;7i rH;7s "re6in"io9i Biseri"ii strH8une@
ooru 7 7#ut noro" 6o7r "u "7J7"ii Fn6rH!ostiGi 6e i8ert7te 9i 6e
=o6o:ie@ pre"u; 9i "u BfrHGiieD 6e ;eseri79i 9i ne!ustori 6e prin
9ee poone@ itu7ne 9i rutene@ "7re 9i?7u 67t to7tH "ontri8uGi7 ;er?
6 pFnH 7 BDiet7 poonHD pentru 7pHr7re7 Orto6o:iei. Lipse7 FnsH
so7n7 "7re sH "oor6oneJe to7te ;iMo7"ee 6e reJistenG7 f7GH 6e 7s7?
ie "7toi"e. A"e7stH perso7nH s?7 7f7t Fn prinGu Const7ntin 6e Ostro!
tro!sPi-@ tipHritoru Bi8i ei s7#e 6in %'+%. D7r "eru n?7 fost Fn
=e sH?% se"on6eJe "u; s?7r fi "erut.
CriJ7 "7re stHpFne7 "on6u"ere7 Biseri"ii 8ieoruse@ u"r7inene 9i ru?
e n?7 fost nu;7i 6e or6i n 76;i ni st r7t i #@ pre"u; F n Ht ur7re7 6i n
un 7 ener!i"uui ;itropoit Onisifor Petro#i"i 9i Fno"uire7 ui "u
t7torni"u 9i ;o7te"u Mi47i Ro!oJ7@ "i er7 ;ut ;7i 76Fn"H A Fn
i 6isputeor@ pre6i"ior@ spo#e67niior@ f7stuui ritu7@ 9"oior 9i 7"ti?
FGii "7rit7ti#e 6o#e6ite 6e ieJuiGi@ ;7i 7es Fn ti;pu "iu;ei 6in %'5&@
i 6intre ier7r4i Fn"in7u spre uni7Gie@ "H"i i se fH!H6ui7 s"4i;87re7
M8eor 9i@ Fn s"4i;8u re"uno79terii p7p7itHGii@ i8ert7te7 6e "ut 9i
c7re7 Fn Diet7 poonH 9i Fn Sen7t. Epis"opii = I!n7tie Posii 6e PooGP
Oiri TereGPi 6e 7 LuGP 7u 6e#enit "7;pionii unirii. InsinuFn6u?se
p7rte7 "eor 6oi epis"opi "H no8iii orto6o"9i Fi 7utoriJe7JH spre 7"est
Fn "7J "H p7tri7r4ii !re"i e?7r 7pro87 !estu@ frunt79ii orto6o"9i 7u
se;nHturi Fn 78 Fn 7"est sens "eor 6oi epis"opi@ "7re FnsH 7u pe"7t
ee 6ire"t 7 Ro;7@ "erFn6 Bpri;ire7 Fn sFnu Biseri"ii "7toi"eD. Fn
HturH "u 7"est ;7re e#eni;ent Mu8i7 Fn %'*' "u "u#inte Fnforite
6i n7 u CeJ7r B7roni us $f %L&5-. Si no6u Gi nut F n %L),& o"t o;?
2 %'*L 7 Brest)Lito#sP pentru "onfir;7re7 9i se;n7re7 festi#H 7
stui 7"t unionist 7 pus pe orto6o"9i Fn f7G7 unui f7pt F;pinit = ;i?
poitu "u "in"i epis"opi@ "u puGin "er 9i "u ;7i puGini "re6in"io9i 7u
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
se;n7t unire7 Fn f7G7 no8ii;ii@ 7 7r;7tei 9i 7 re!eui@ pe "Fn6 epis":
6e Le;8er! 9i PrJe;3s@ "u peste ,&& 6e preoGi 9i "Hu!Hri@ "u ier7
p7tri7r47i@ Fntre "7re Ciri Lu"7ris@ re"toru !i;n7Jiuui 6in Ostr
;7i tFrJiu p7tri7r4 e"u;eni" $%L,&)%L2+@ "u "in"i Fntreruperi-@ 9i prin
Const7ntin Ostro!sPi@ "u ;ut popor@ protest7rH F;potri#7 s7;7#onii
prin "7re s?7 f7sifi"7t #oinG7 poporuui orto6o:.
Cu to7tH 7"e7stH 7"Giune i;or7H@ 67r foosito7re "7toi"is;u
p7p7 Ur87n VIII $%L,2)%L((- 9i?7 e:pri;7t ;7re7 s7 8u"urie f7GH
"ee FntF;p7te 7 Brest 9i 7 7pro87t unire7 orto6o"9ior 7 ,2 6e"e
8rie %'*' "7 9i "Fn6 7r fi fost o "onse"inGH fire7s"H 7 unirii 6e
.orenG7.
D7r@ 6e f7pt@ BBiseri"7 unitHD 6in Pooni7 nu pri;e7 pri#ie!
fH!H6uite@ tre8uin6 sH tre7"H peste un "7#7r Fn6eun!7t. Lo" Fn Di
nu i s?7 67t 9i ritu !re" er7 87tMo"orit@ 8iseri"ie orto6o:e er7u prof7n
9i rHpite orto6o"9ior@ "4i7r 67"H er7u Fn ;7MoritHGi J6ro8ito7re Fn
ro4ii. Poporu s?7 rHs"u7t F;potri#7 sini"iior uni7te 7e B;7rtiru
Ios7f7t OunGe#i"i $%L,2- 9i 9i?7 pri;it Fn "ee 6in ur;H@ Fn %L,&@ i
s"utu trupeor "7J7"e@ L epis"opii orto6o:e pentru s"7unee rHpite
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6in Pooni7 s?7u rest78iit pe #re;e7 ;itropoituui Petru Mo#iH $%L2A
%L(L-. Fn s"4i;8 Biseri"7 unitH 7 "ontinu7t sH fie 87tMo"oritH 9i 6i
sino6u 6in %5,&@ Fn "7re s?7 u7t 7titu6ine F;potri#7 Fn"er"Hrior
7tiniJ7re 7 rituui !re".
AuJin6 6e to7te "ee "e se FntF;p7u Fn Pooni7@ 7poi Fn Tr7n=
#7ni7 9i Fn 7te re!iuni "u orto6o"9i@ p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Ser7fin
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$+'+)+L5 A +55)++L f +**-@ "7re se F;potri#ise p7p7itHGii@ 6rept si
7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e Fntre!i@ pentru "7 orto6o"9ii@ 7"oo un6e er7u oM
;7Gi@ sH 7i8H un fe 6e re7Je; spiritu7 "ontr7 uni7Giei.
M7i tFrJiu@ prin F;pHrGire7 FntreitH 7 Pooniei@ Fn 7nii %55,@ A
9i %5*'@ 8ieoru9ii@N u"r7inenii 9i rutenii 7u 7Muns Fn "o;ponenG7 Ruf
9i 7stfe 7u putut sH se Fnto7r"H 7 Orto6o:ie. Fn s"4i;8 "ei 6in G7=
7ustri7"H 7u fost ;7i 6ep7rte forG7Gi sH rH;FnH Fn urri7Gie.
Su8 7"ee79i presiuni 7e no8ii;ii "7toi"e s?7 sH#Fr9it 9i BunirK
rutenior 6in U"r7in7 su8"7rp7ti"H@ un6e epis"opii 6e Mun"7"s@ V7A
9i P7rtenie@ 7#Fn6 s78e e!Hturi ier7r4i"e "u Oie#u@ "u I79ii Mo6o
%
s7u "u BH!r76u 7r6ee7n Q A87?Iui7@ 7u os"i7t Fntre %L(,)%5&& Fn
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7u unit "u Ro;7 Fn si no76ee 6e 7 UM 4oro6 $Un!#7r- 6i n ,( 7M
ie %L(* 9i %' i7nu7rie %L', 9i Fn sino6u 6e 7 Mun"7"s 6in %L*&)%L
Pentru ei #oie#o6u Mo6o#ei Const7ntin I B7s7r78 Jis CFrriu 7 %
Fn %LL( o 8iseri"H 6e pi7trH. Prin inter#enGi7 7r4iepis"opuui ;7!4
6e EsJter!o;@ pri;7tu Un!7riei@ Leopo6 Oooni"s $se". 0VII-@
st7torni"it epis"opi7 unitH 6e Mun"7"s.
Cu 7"est prieM 7u fost 6istruse prin 7r6ere to7te 7r4i#ee orto6K
o"7e "7 sH nu se ;7i po7tH 7f7 #reo67tH "H re!iune7 9i popu7Gi7
seserH orto6o:e.
PERIOADA A CINCEA
, Unire7 un/i 25ri a rom9ni#or din Tran3i#=ania cu Roma
(169$1!01)
Nrin p7"e7 6e 7 O7ro#iG 6in ,L i7nu7rie %L**@ Tr7nsi#7ni7@ prin?
7utono; su8 suJer7nit7te7 tur"ior 6in %'(%@ 7 tre"ut su8 stHpFnire7
riuui 478s8ur!i". Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7 pre6o;in7u prin"ipii "7#ini ;7?
i 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere poiti"@ i7r ro;<nii@ "7re "onstitui7u ;7Mo?
7 popu7Giei@ er7u orto6o"9i. Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ Fn "o78or7re
ipHr7tu Austriei $%L'+)%5&'-@ pentru 7 ;i"9or7 infuenG7 "7#ini9?
9i 7 spori nu;Hru "7toi"ior@ 7 re"urs 7 7tr7!ere7 ro;<nior 7
7 "u Biseri"7 Ro;ei Fntre 7nii %L*+)%5&%. ?
n 7"e7stH 7"Giune rou prin"ip7 ?7u Mu"7t "7r6in7u Leopo6
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Leopo6 I@ "res"ut 6e ieJuiGi@ ;7i Fn7inte B"7#7er 6e M7t7D@ 9i
ii P7u L76is7u B<r<n3@ p7ro4u 8iseri"ii "7toi"e 6in A87?Iui7
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Oooni"s.
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t preoGior orto6o"9i ro;<ni 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 6e su8 pHstori7 ;i ?
rtuui Teofi 6e 187?Iui7 $%L*,)%L*5- "H@ 67"H se #or uni "u
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;i?itu ui At 47n7si e An!4e 6e A87?Iu i7 $%L*+)%5&%-@ "H se
#or 7 6e pri#ie!iie "eruui "7toi" 67"H 7""eptH@ unin6u?se "u
Bi?
Ro;ei@ cele patru puncte florentine, 7pro87te prin 6e"retu 6e
6e 7 .orenG7 6in L iuie %(2*@ 9i 7nu;e = %. P7p7@ "7pu Bise?
,. .iioCue A 2. Pur!7toriu A (. .oosire7 7Ji;ei 7 SfFnt7 Eu?
ie.
F ur;7 7"estor pro;isiuni@ "7re uterior nu s?7u respe"t7t Fntru
7 5 o"to;8rie %L*+@ un nu;Hr 6e 2+ 6e protopopi 7u se;n7t h7?
Iui7 un 7"t Fn i;87 ro;<nH prin "7re 6e"7r7u "H se unes" "u i"7
Ro;ei@ "e7 "7t4oi"e7s"HD@ ur;Fn6 "7 9i ei sH se 8u"ure 6e A!iie
6e "7re se 8u"urH B;H6uHrie 9i popii 7"estei Biseri"iD@ or@ s?7
76Hu!7t pe p7!in7 FntFi 7 7"tuui un Bposts"riptu;D prin B
spe"ifi"7serH "on6iGiie unirii@ 7""entuFn6u?se = 1cum pre noi "i
i!ele noastre ,urma"ii no"tri0 din obiceiul +isericii noastre aE R$
Jui s nu ne clteasc# &i toate !rmoniile, srbtorile, posturile,
tin acum, a"a "i de acum nainte s fim slobo%i a le !inea#2 7!in7 7
6ou7 7 7"tuui "uprin6e 6e"7r7Gi7 re67"t7tH Fn i;87
67r te:tu ei@ "u; s?7 6o#e6it 6e "er"etHrie fH"ute 6e istori"ii
Lup79 9i Si #i u Dr7!o;i r@ 7 fost f7 si fi "7t 6e i eJui G i @ "7re 7u
7t Fn 7tine9te noi "on6iGii Fn #e6ere7 unirii 9i prin "7re se 6esfiinG7
t ;itropoi7 orto6o:H 7 Tr7nsi#7niei.
7 %L],+ fe8ru7rie %L** F;pHr7tu Leopo6 I 7 67t 1ntia diplom
iin2 prin "7re se pre#e6e7 FnfiinG7re7 Biseri"ii unite 9i f7#orurie
ite "eri"ior ro;<ni "7re #or 7""ept7 unire7 "u Ro;7.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
In #e6ere7 perfe"tHrii unirii@ ;itropoitu At47n7sie An!4e 7 pe
"7t 7 sfFr9itu ui i7nu7rie %5&% 7 Vien7 un6e@ fiin6 pus Fn f7G7 une
"o;isii 6e Mu6e"7tH pentru ,, 6e 7"uJ7Gii urJite 6e ieJuiGi@ 7 fost "on
strFns sH 7""epte unire7 "u Biseri"7 Ro;ei. L7 ,( ;7rtie %5&%@ At47n7si
An!4e 7 f ost 4i r ot oni t pent r u 7 6ou7 o7r H "7 preot @ i 7r 7 6ou7 ,'
;7rtie "7 epis"op BunitD@ nu ;itropoit@ 6upH ritu "7toi"@ 6e "7r6i n7iu
Leopo6 OoUoni"s 9i 6oi epis"opi "7toi"i.
F;pHr7tu Leopo6 I 6H6u 7 %*]2& ;7rtie %5&%@ B7 6ou7 diplorrn leo$
poldin2, Fn %' 7rti"oe@ "7re po7te fi so"otitH 7"tu 6e Fnte;eieri 7
Biseri"ii unite 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7.
De9i ;itropoi7 orto6o:H 7 Tr7nsi#7niei 6e 7 A87?Iui7 7 fos
7"u; 6esfiinG7tH@ "e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte 7 ro;<nior 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 7
rH;7s 7 "re6inG7 orto6o:H 7 RHsHrituui@ protestFn6 9i uptFn6 "u ener
!ie Fn 6iferite "4ipuri 9i Fn 6iferite o"7Jii F;potri#7 uni7Giei. Astfe
no8iu ro;<n G7#rii N7!3sJe!4i@ pentru "H 7 protest7t "ontr7 uniri
"u Ro;7@ 7 fost Fnte;niG7t "in"i 7ni. AGi ro;<ni 7u fost e:i7Gi.
C4i7r 9i epis"opu unit Ino"4entie Mi"u $%52&)%5'% A f ,2 sep
%5L+- 7 suferit 7 Vien7 9i 7 V7ti"7n pentru "H "ere7 7pi"7re7 pro
;isiunior pentru unire@ 87JFn6u?se@ Fn %5(2@ pe Fn!H6uinGee prin"ipio
"7#ini9ti 6in %L&*@ %L,(@ %LL2. NeF;pinire7 pro;isiunior 7 6us Fn %5(
7 ;7re7 ;i9"7re 6e opoJiGie@ susGinutH 6e ;Hrturisitorii Vis7rion S7r7
GHr7nu Ni"o7e?Opre7 Mi"Hu9 6in SHi9te@ "7re 7u ;urit Fn Fn"4iso7re
6e 7 Oufstein@ 6in Austri7@ Fn MunGii Tirouui@ 9i "Hu!Hru Sofroni
6e 7 Cio7r7. Se "onst7tH 9i o 7r!H e;i!r7Gie 7 ro;<nior orto6o"9i@ s7i
Bfu!HD spre Mo6o#7 9i E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H. Fn 7"e7stH 7t;osferH se Fn
"76re7JH 9i re#ouGi7 ui /ori7@ Co9"7 9i Cri97n 6in %5+(@ FnH8u9itH Fi
sFn!e 9i "ruJi;i. Poporu ro;<n 7r6ee7n nu 7 7""ept7t unire7 "u Ro;
9i "4i7r 67"H unee 6in ur;Hrie "utur7e 7e 7"estui 7"t 7u fost foo
sito7re@ "7 B"o77 7r6ee7nHD@ f7ptu nu se 67tor7 senti;enteor pro
"7toi"e s7u prpp7p7e 7e "orifeior ei@ "i 6e f7pt "eor popu7r?n7Gion7e
De 7tfe ni"i situ7Gi7 BuniGiorD s7u B!re"o?"7toi"iorD nu s?7 pre7 F;
8unHtHGit su8 Bo"rotire7D "enJurii FnMosito7re 7 Bteoo!uuiD ieJuit.
De 7"ee7 rH;Fn "7 ;7re p7tH Fn istori7 7"estei uniri sini"iie in"4i
Jitori7e 7e epis"opuui unit Petru P7#e Aron $%5'2)%5L(-@ Fn"unu
n7te 6e 6istru!erie "u tunu 9i prin 7r6ere 6e "Htre !ener7u Ni"o7
A6of BuPo`@ Fn %5L%@ 7 "eor peste %(& 6e ;FnHstiri 6in Ar6e7u se"o
uui 0VIII.
L7 Bunire7 "u Ro;7D 7u ;7i tre"ut 9i #reo %&.&&& 6e B#774iD ?
Cro7Gi7@ So#eni7 9i Istri7@ refu!i7Gi 7"oo 6e fri"7 tur"ior. L7 Fn"epu
ei 7u rH;7s Fn !rup ;7i "o;p7"t@ 67r #HJFn6 ;ision7rii "7toi"i "H nu?
pot "on#erti@ i?7u F;prH9ti7t "7 !rHni"eri Fntre Stiri7 9i C7"i"7@ un6
7poi 7u fost B"on#ertiGiD prin ;iMo7"e 8rut7e 7 BunireD@ 7#Fn6u?9i
Fn se". 0VII@ "entru Fn epis"opi7 M7ree7@ i7r 6upH "e 7u #enit sFr8i
orto6o"9i Fn su6 Fn %L*&@ Fn OnrMe#7G@ epis"opie sufr7!7nH 7r4iepis"opie
"7toi"e 6in b7!re8. Prin ;iMo7"e sFn!ero7se 9i 6e prop7!7n6H "onGinuA
7u fost 7stfe 7tr79i 9i o p7rte 6in sFr8ii 6in B7n7t@ o"uitori F;preun.
"u ro;<nii 9i ;7i 7es Fntre 8osnienii 9i 8une#7Gii $/erGe!o#in7- e;i
!r7Gi Fn se". 0VII Fn So#eni7 9i B7"iP7 $"Fte#7 sute 6e ;ii-@ un6e 7i
"7toi"iJ7Gi 6ire"t 7 ritu 7tin@ "7 9i p7#i"ienii 6in Bosni7 9i
Ae!o#in7.
It7o?!re"ii s7u popu7Giie !re"e9ti 7uto4tone 6in C778ri7 9i Si?
i;i!r7te 7"oo 6in A87ni7@ 6in Epir 9i 6e pe "o7stee D7;7Giei@
i#e7u Fn"H Fn se". 0VI 8iseri"i 9i ;FnHstiri orto6o:e@ rH;7se 6e pe
e7 stHpFnirii 8iJ7ntine 6in It7i7. Lipsin6u?e e!Hturie "7noni"e "u
r7r4ie orto6o:H 9i ne7#Fn6 9"oi 6e pre!Htire@ "u ti;pu it7o?!re"ii
F pier6ut in6epen6enG7 ;7i 7es pe 7 %L&&@ "Fn6 p7p7 Ce;ent VIII
/)%L&'- 7 oprit popu7Gi7 sH ;7i 7siste 7 suM8e orto6o:e sH#Fr9ite
ei peste ,&& 6e preoGi !re"i "HsHtoriGi. RFn6 pe rFn6 er7u opriGi 6e
uM8H toGi preoGii !re"i@ 7f7rH 6e or79ee ;7ri "o;er"i7e@ Fn6eose8i
st 9i VeneG i 7@ un6e 67t orit H F ;preM urHri or po it i "e ;7i i8er7 e@
ii 7u 6eJ#ot7t "4i7r o i;presion7ntH 7"ti#it7te "HrturHre7s"H 9i
tropi"H ;7i 7es su8 7r4iepis"opu G7#rii Se#iros $%L%L-. De i;?
7nGH 6eose8itH 7 fost 9i 9"o77 neoeenisti"H 9i tipo!r7fi7 ui To;7
!inis $%L2L-. D7r to";7i pentru 7"e7st7@ Fn %5&&@ p7tri7r4u 7tin
7ri!o 6in VeneGi7 e?7 i;pus uni7Gi7.
2. Xniaia 2rin.r/ ori/n.a#i
Din "uprinsu p7tri7r47teor orto6o:e !re"e9ti orient7e@ nu;ite Fn
i t B;e Pi t eD $pr o8i J7nt i ne-@ "e "7re i ?7 7propi 7t 6e uni re7 "u
7 7 fost p7tri7r4u Oiri III 6e Antio4i7. Pentru 7 7Mun!e Fn s"7un
Wofit7t 6e neFnGee!erie interne Fntre orto6o"9ii !re"i 9i 7r78i 9i 7
o"7t o s"4is;H pe 7 %5&&@ 6e"7rFn6u?se@ Fn %5,(@ unit "u Ro;7@
ru 7 "F9ti!7 f7#o7re7 puterni"ior 7;87s76ori "7toi"i 6in Ist7n8uu
Ss"@ !er;7ni 9i fr7n"eJi. Lips7 6e t7"t 7 p7tri7r4uui e!iti; Si? ?
u $%5,()%5LL-@ "7re 7 6enunG7t sut7nuui pe unii "re9tini@ 7 7#ut
r;7re tre"ere7 7 uni7Gie 9i 7 7tor B;ePiGiD. A !re9it 9i p7tri7r4u
6t Di;itrie O7p7suis 7 Ae:7n6riei@ Fn %5%,@ Fn"inFn6 t7"ti" spre
Gie. CFn6 p7tri7r4ii orto6o"9i 6e Const7ntinopo@ Ae:7n6ri7 9i Ie?
i; 7u 6e"7r7t 7 sino6u 6e 7 Ist7n8u@ 6in %5'L@ ne#778iit7te7
Juui "7toi"@ pentru sini"iie 7 "7re se pret7 ;isiune7 "7toi"H@
;ePiGi@ pentru ;oti#e person7e@ s?7u 6eJ8in7t 9i ;7i ;ut. Cei
7u tre"ut 7 uni7Gie 7u 9i pri;it@ pentru FntHrire7 proJeitis;uui@
p7t ri 7r4 propri u@ ;7i F nt F i "u se6i u F n Li 87n 9i 7poi ;ut 7t 7
7se.
L7 rit 7tin 7u fost tre"uGi Fn 6e"ursu #e7"urior 6e 7suprire 7tinH
7i7nH ;uGi !re"i 6in insuee Me6iter7nei $Do6e"7neJ-@ ;uGi 6in
sH "HutFn6 sH se Fnto7r"H 7 ritu !re"@ "7 it7o?!re"ii@ "Hror7 i s?7u
A 9i trei epis"opi !re"i.
Dintre etero6o"9ii tre"uGi 6ire"t 7 rit 7tin@
%
s7u 7""eptFn6 nu;7i
s7 "u Ro;7@ 67r pHstrFn6u?9i ritu@ 7u fost 7r;enii 6in Pooni7@
iintFi "7re s?7u unit Fn se". 7 0VI?e7@ 7poi "ei 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7
Nr7@ %L+L- 9i Fn6eose8i "ei 6in "7toi"os7tu 6e Sis $Cii"i7@ %5(,- 9i
Const7nti nopo. Vestit F ntre 7r;enii uniGi 7 6e#eni t or6i nu 6e S
Hri ;e"4it7ri9ti $6upH nu;ee Fnte;eietoruui@ Me"4it7r@ ) %5(*-.
9"oi 9i tipo!r7fii 7 VeneGi7 9i Vien7. Spre sfFr9itu se". 0VIII@ "7 ?
ii 7u "F9ti!7t ;7i 7es prin ;iMo7"e poiti"e 9i o p7rte 6in sirienii
t\SEO\.UA UN 4li#GGH#THY?# \iV)0
i7"o8iGi@ "7re pri;irH un p7tri7r4 unit propriu. Teren ;7i puGin Fn"inA
uni7Giei ?7u preJent7t "opGii 6in E!ipt@ pre"u; 9i etiopienii@ "u to7t
presiune7 it7i7nH. Fn s"4i;8 ;7roniGii 6in Li87n@ nu;iGi 7stfe 6upT
;FnHstire7 Fnte;ei7tH 6e 7postou o"7 Sf. M7ron@ 7u fost uniGi "
Ro;7 Fn"H 6e pe #re;e7 "ru"i76eor@ unire "7re 7 fost "onfir;7tH 7pK
6upH sino6u 6e 7 .orenG7 Fn %(('. De 7"ee7@ ;7i tFrJiu@ p7p7 Gr
!orie 7 0II?e7 $%'5,)%'+'- 7 Fnte;ei7t un B"oe!iu; ;7roniti"urr
7 Ro;7. Din ;iMo"u or 7u rHsHrit Fn#HG7Gi "ee8ri@ "7 fr7Gii Asse;7i
9i 7Gii. Au pri;it 9i ei un p7tri7r4 propriu.
Fn !ener7 Bunire7D "u Ro;7 er7 o for;H 4i8ri6H@ "on67;n7i
"4i7r 6e ;uGi teoo!i "7toi"i. Su8 ori"e re!i; s?7u nHs"ut 9i 7u trHi
BunirieD 7u pro#o"7t ;ut #enin "onfesion7@ "u; 6e 7tfe 7 re"i
nos"ut?o@ 7 F;pinire7 7 %&& 6e 7ni 6e 7"ti#it7te 7 "oe!iuui !re" 6i
Ro;7@ Fn %L55@ Ur87n Cerni@ se"ret7ru Con!re!7Giei 18e propaganc fide2#
BIBLIOGRA.IE
%. D. M. Ni"o@ +'%antium )W its ecclesiastical ?istor' and relations Nii? ti
Mestern Morld, Lon6r7@ %*5,@ 22L p.A D. Ge7n7Popouos@ +'%antine East and Hat
Mest, O:for6@ %*LL@ ,&L p.A G. b7n7niri@ Papes et patriarc?es, P7ris@ %*L,A@ P. I
7niuP@ T?e iilt? Hateran &ouncil ,-5-/)-5-c0 and t?e Eastern &?urc?es, Toront
%*5'A P. Veri@ &?iesa Romana e 1rito !re"oD ,-5;;6-5.;0, Bres"i7@ %*5'@ 2&( p
G. .e67to@ t7 &?iesa latina in (rienle, #oi. %@ Veron7@ %*52@ ',L p A _. Vrie
Rom und die Patriarc?atc des (stens, .rei8ur! i; Br.@ %*L2A A. M. Ap7to
RussLaia istoricesLaia nrvsl i Sapadnaia Evropa -/)%5. veLov, Mos"o#7@ %*5
(5L p.A E6. _inter@ fio; und 3osLau, _ien@ %*5,@ (*& p. A I6e;@ Papstum ui
Russland, , #oi.@ Berin@ %*L&]% A B. \. R7;;@ Papstvo i Rus $se". 0)0V-@ Mos"o#7 W
Lenin!r76@ %*'*A I. T3"i7P@ SNisc?en 3orgcnland und Abendland, Diisre6orf@ %*(T
\. _e8ster ) Gr7nt@ 8ie unierten Qirc?en, Berin@ %*52@ 25' p.A R. \7nin@ ?
Eglises orientales et Ies rites orientaii), P7ris@ %*''@ e6. IV.
,. Si#iu Dr7!o;ir@ Istoria de%robirii religioase a romnilor din Ardeal
secolul PAIII, T. I.@ Si8iu@ %*,&A I6e;@ Romnii din Transilvania "i unirea cu I
serica Romei# 8ocumente apocriie privitoare la Enceputurile unirii cu &atolicism
roman $aL*5)%5&%-@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*L2A Si#iu Dr7!o;ir@ Ro;<nii din Transilvan
9i unirea cu +iserica Romei, Fn BStu6ii 9i M7teri7e 6e Istorie Me6ieD@ III@ %*R
p. 2,2)22* 9i Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000 $%*L,-@ nr. *)%&@ p. +L2)*
9i e:tr7s. Leon PH6ure7nu $Q Li #iu St7n-@ Adevrul asupra 1unirii2 religioa
de la -C99, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ I $%*(*-A Pr. prof. Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@ Istoria +iserii
(rtodo)e Romne, #. ,@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+%@ p@ ,*()2%(@ "u 8o!7tH 8i8io!r7fie
p. 2L*)22*A Io7n Lup79@ 8e%binarea bisericeasc a romnilor ardeleni n lumi
documentelor din ntia *umtate a veacului al PAIII$lea, Fn BStu6ii@ "onferiri
.9i "o;uni"Hri istori"eD@ t. I@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,+@ p. ,2%),L5A O. BFre7@ 8ie Gn?
der Rumnen $%L*5 8is %5&%- Fn u"r7re7 ui _. 6e Vries. Rom und die Pairiarc?c
des (stens, .rei8ur!)Miin"4en@ %*L2 ,(rbis Academicus, B6. III@ (@ p. %2,)%+C
M7t4i7s Bern7t4@ 4absburg und die Aninge der rumnisc?en Fationsbilclung, Li
6en@ %*5,.
2. M. es7n@ (rtodo)ia n ia!a Relormei 9i 7 Gnia!iei, Fn BMitropoi7 fi
6e7uuiD@ VII $%*L,-@ nr. 2)L@ p. ,L,),+2A I6e;@ Unire7 florentin "i papalit!i
Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD VI $%*L%-@ nr. 5)+@ p. (&2)(,2A I6e;@ De "e Gnia!ic
I79i@ %*(L@ ,( p. A %. Pupe7?RH;ure7nu@ Himba*ul necre"tin =olosii de papalitc
iat de celelalte "onfesiuni "re9tine@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D VI $%*'2-@ nr. ,)2@ p. 2*()(,
I6e;@ =peciiicul (rtodo)iei n compara!ie cu +iserica romano$catolic "U proti
tantismul, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD 000II $%*'L-@ nr. %&@ p. '55??L&
T. M. Popes"u@ =ensul sc?ismei 9i al unirii +isericilor, Fn BO;7!iu Mitropoitu
N. BH7nD. Pr. Prof. D. StHnio7e Gniatismul din Transilvania, opera unei ntreite s
ni"ii@ Fn BBis. Ort. Ro;.D@ L000VII $%*L*-@ nr. 2)(@ p. 2'')22*A I6e;. Hupta
ama Iui Inoc?entie 3icu >lain, Fn BBis. Ort. Ro;.D@ L000VI $%*L+-@ nr. *)i7
%%25)%%+'A repro6us 9i Fn u"r7re7 Gniatismul din Transilvania, ncercare de$
%membrare a poporului romn, Bu"ure9ti@ %*52@ p. B.)%&'A C. A8u?M. C7poi7nu
colae (la?us, coresponden! cu umani"tii, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(@ 2'% p. A I. S. .iru?
A8u@ Gmanistul Ficolaus (la?us, Te:te 7ese@ E6it. 9tiinGifi"H@ %*L+@ ,5+ p.A
Miius@ Hes 4absbourgs, IEEglise et Ies =laves du =ud, P7ris@ %*5&A Despre Bise?
ie #e"4i orient7e= \. T4. No#7P7tes4@ D]e s'risc?$ort?odo)e Q*rc?e der sud$
lisc?en T?omus$&?risten, _urJ8ur!@ %*L5A B. Spuer@ 8ie morgenlndisc?en
Jc?en, Lei6en@ %*L(@ ,'2 p.A M. A8e!M7n@ Istoria drevne$armiansLoi literaturi,
I@ Ere#7n@ %*((@ 9i E6. II re#HJutH@ Ere#7n@ %*5'@ L&L p.
R7porturie Biseri"ii Orto6o:e "u protest7nGii A
P7tri7r4ii Fere;i7 II@ Meetie Pi!7s
9i Oiri LuP7ris I
M7re7 "riJH spiritu7H Fn Biseri"7 Apusuui@ "7re 7 67t n79tere Pro?
t7ntis;uui@ s?7 petre"ut Fntr?o #re;e 9i Fn F;preMurHri so"i7e@ "u?
Z7e 9i poiti"e 6eose8ite 6e "ee 6in RHsHrit@ Fn"Ft ;utH #re;e noie
heri"i = uter7ne@ "7#iniste s7u 7n!i"7ne@ 7pro7pe nu 9ti7u "H ;7i
stH o Biseri"H orto6o:H Fn "76ru unui st7t pe "7re?% "on6u"e7u
t7nii Se;iunei. A fost 9i rH;Fne o ;7re 6urere Fn 7"est f7pt "H
r?o #re;e "Fn6 ;7re p7rte 6in u;e7 Apusuui s?7 rupt 6e Ro;7@
.5@ protest7nGii n?7u "unos"ut Fn#HGHtur7 9i tr76iGi7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e
e i?7r fi ferit 6e e:7!erHrie "unos"ute.
%. Fn"H 6in %('% Fn"er"7serH ?usi!ii de la Praga o unire "u Biseri"7
o6o:H 6e 7 Const7ntinopo@ i7r ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn %'5' 9i %5(5@ tot 7"ei79i
iiGi@ "unos"uGi su8 nu;ee 6e B.r7Gi Mor7#iD 9i 7i7Gi 7i B/erren?
AeniorD@ 7u Fntreprins Fn"er"Hri 6e unire "u Biseri"7 ort. !re7"H@
iin6 Fn 7"est sens p7tri7r4ior 6e Const7ntinopo@ 67r fHrH efe"t.
Fn"in7re7 4usiGior spre o Biseri"H n7Gion7H nu er7 strHinH 6e spi?
i orto6o:@ "7re 7 rH;7s sH6it Fn strHfun6urie sufetuui "e4o?;or7#
pe #re;e7 fr7Gior Const7ntin?Oiri 9i Meto6ie 9i 7;pifi"7t uterior
F re7Giie so"i7e 9i rei!io7se 6intre #774ii orto6o"9i 9i ;or7#ii
iGi.
,. M7i i;port7nte 7u fost rela!iile dintre luterani "i ortodoc"i# De
t@ Fn"H Fn poe;i"ie s7e "ontr7 6en7turHrior "7toi"e@ Lut4er se
srt7 7 Biseri"7 ort. !re7"H@ 6espre "7re spune7 "H ni"i e7 nu 76;ite
n7tu p7p7@ pur!7toriu 9i 7tee.c D7r orient7re7 s"o7sti"?u;7nistH
Rfor;7torior i?7 oprit sH "er"eteJe ;7i 6e 7pro7pe iJ#o7ree 6e "re?
=7 9i tr76iGi7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e Fn "7re 7r fi 7f7t te;eiuri 6o"trin7re
7noni"?76;inistr7ti#e 7nti"7toi"e.
Totu9i _itten8er!?u 7 7#ut u"eni"i 9i 6in Mo6o#7 6intre ne?
<ni. Astfe un 78so#ent 6o"tor 6e 7 _itten8er!@ ori!in7r 6in Mo?
7@ "unos"ut "u Lut4er@ s"ri7 7 %% ;7rtie %'2, "Htre tipo!r7fi7
s#eipo6t 6in Or7Po#i7@ e:istentH. Fn"H 6in %(*% "u itere "4irii"e@
ore9te sH pu8i"e E#7n!4ei7 9i Epistoee p7uine Fn i;8ie poonH@
n7nH 9i ro;<nH A 67r 7"est 6e;ers nu 7 7#ut "onse"inGe. Er7 #re;e7
7re 7"ti#7 7 Si8iu@ 7 tipo!r7fi7 sHse7s"H 7 ui Griffirs@ .iip Mo?
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. M. es7n.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
6o#e7nu@ pi"tor@ foosin6 iteree 6e "irii"H ro;<ne7s"H pentru tipHi
turie s7e 6in %'(( 9i %'(L. Er7 to";7i #re;e7 Fn "7re u;7nistu s
\o47nnes /onterus tre"use 7 uter7nis;@ Fn Br79o#.
Cu; p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Io7s7f II $%''')%'L'- fusese infor;
7tFt 6espre uter7nis;u 6e 7 _itten8er!@ "Ft 9i 6espre pHtrun6ere7 %
Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7@ %?7 tri;is pe 6i7"onu Di;itrie M3sos@ Fn pri;H#7
ui %''*@ 7 _itten8er!. M3sos 7 u7t "ont7"t "u .iip Me7n"4to
i6eoo!u uter7nior protest7nGi@ stFn6 7"oo 7pro7pe "in"i uni. Pr
e 7 tri;is Me7n"4ton 7 Const7ntinopo o s"riso7re@ FnsoGitH 6e tr
6u"ere7 !re"e7s"H 7 &onfesiunii Augustane, "u ru!H;inte7 6e 7 fi "iti
9i 6e 7 se spune pHrere7@ "erFn6u?i toto67tH p7tri7r4uui sH nu 6e7 "r
J7re "7o;niior rHspFn6ite 6e ;on74ii 7tini pe se7;7 uter7nior. Ih
se 9ti e FnsH 6e #reun rHspuns 7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni ".
A"e7stH tH"ere er7 6esi!ur e!7tH 6e F;preMur7re7 "H M3sos@ t
;Fn6u?se 6e 7 nu fi "onsi6er7t ereti" uter7n 6e "Htre orto6o"9ii ;"
6o#eni 9i !re"i@ 6in "7uJ7 si;p7tiei 7rHt7tH f7GH 6e protest7nGi@ nu s
;7i Fntors 7 Const7ntinopo@ "i s?7 oprit 7 Br79o#@ un6e Me7n"4tt
7#use e!Hturi "u Prof. V7. _7!ner. Astfe "o78ore7JH M3sos "u /7n
$\o47nnes- ?BenPner 9i "u Di7"onu Coressi pentru e6it7re7 unui C7t
4is; $Fn %''*- "u i6ei protest7nte@ s"riin6u?% Fn s7#onH@ !re7"H 9i r
;<nH. Apoi 7 ;7i "o78or7t "u I7"o8 /er7"i6 Despotu@ #oie#o6u M"
6o#ei@ 7 "titorire7 9"oii u;7niste 6e 7 Cotn7ri@ Fn %'L,@ un6e #eni
"7 profesor \o47nnes So;;er@ Fn o"u Prof. G7sp7r Peu"er@ !inere
ui Me7n"4ton. D7r ni"i ;o6o#enii nu 7u fost 7tin9i 6e protest7ntisi
"u; ni"i ;7i tFrJiu 7r6eenii ro;<ni@ "4i7r "Fn6 6upH %'L* s?7 i;pi
P7#e Tor679i "7 Bepis"opu "eor 6e i;8H ro;<nHD 9i 7 Fnre!istr
unee su""ese u9o7re 9i tre"Hto7re prin /une6o7r7@ b7r7n6 9i B7nA
A97 7 7pHrut Palia de la (r"tie, 6in %'+,@ 67r "onse"inGe "onfesion7
nu s?7u 7rHt7t ni"i 7tun"i 9i ni"i ;7i tFrJiu@ 6upH "e #enise Io7n A;
Co;enius Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7@ 7 S7fo9p7t7P $%L'&)%L'(- 9i unii prin"i
"7#ini9ti 7i Tr7nsi#7niei 7u Fn"er"7t "4i7r forG7 pentru "7#iniJ7rK
ro;<nior.
Protest7nGii stHrui7u Fn !ener7 Fn "ont7"tu or "u P7tri7r4i7 E7
;eni"H@ Fn 6orinG7 unei 7i7nGe 7ntip7p7e. Astfe Fn %'LL 4u!4enoN
6in .r7nG7 s?7u 76res7t p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" Mitrof7n III@ "unos"Fr
toer7nG7 7"estui7 f7GH 6e neorto6o"9i 9i tri;iGFn6u?i 3rturisirea l
de credin! : nu 7u pri ;i t FnsH ni"i un rHspuns. Fntre ti ;p@ priet en
ui Me7n"4ton@ D7#i6 C43tr7eus@ "unos"Fn6 7 Vien7 ni9te !re"i@ e
76;ir7t #e"4ie rFn6uiei itur!i"e@ F;pHrtH9ire7 su8 7;8ee feuri@ "
sHtori7 preoGior 9i "on67;n7re7 pri;7tuui p7p7 A 67r e nu putK
FnGee!e unee BsuperstiGiiD 7e or "u pri#ire 7 "instire7 sfinGior 7
sfinteor i"o7ne. E 7 "o;pus 7tun"i o u"r7re@ tipHritH Fn %'L+ ;ut
rHspFn6itH ;7i 7es Fn Pooni7 9i Sue6i7@ pri;in6 6e 7"oo 7%
rHspunsuri f7#or78ie "Ft 9i nef7#or78ie@ pre"u; "e pri;it 6in p7rtK
ui Antonio Posse#ino 6upH %'+&.
2. D7r teoo!ii uter7ni nu s?7u 6es"ur7M7t. Venin6 Fn %'5, 7 I
t7n8u 7;87s76oru !er;7n D7#i6 Un!n76@ teoo!ii 6e 7 Tii8in!e
i?7u 7so"i7t Fn suit7 s7 pe p7storu tef7n Ger7"4 "7 sH 6u"H tr7t7tn
6e unire "u p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Iere;i7 II $%'5,)%'*'-. ,& ) Istori7
Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
fEOIOADA A CINCEA
A"est7 76u"e7 6in p7rte7 #estiGior teoo!i M7rtin Crusius 9i I7"o8
?e7s 6ouH s"ri sori 9i o "u#F nt 7re t r76usH Fn !re"e9t e@ F n "7re se
i7 "H Biseri"7 uter7nH nu este ereti"H@ "i Biseri"H 76e#Hr7tH. P7tri?
% Iere;i7 II %?7 pri;it pe Ger7"4 9i 7 pro;is "H #7 rHspun6e. L7
Apte;8rie %'5(@ teoo!ii 6in Tii8in!en 7u s"ris 6in nou@ 6e 7stH 67tH
Gin6u?i o nouH tr76u"ere in !re"e9te 7 BConfesiunii Au!ust7neD 9i
6u?i sH se pronunGe. P7tri7r4u rHspunse 7"u; protest7nGior 7fir?
ne"esit7te7 "7 sH rH;FnH "re6in"io9i 6o"trinei "re9tine Hs7te 6e
Aos 9i 6e Apostoii Biseri"ii S7e."on6usH 6e sino76e@ 797 "u; e?7
s"ut 9i e?7 pHstr7t s"risu PHrinGior 8iseri"e9ti 9i Fn "ontinu7re
inHt7te7 e"u;eni"H. A 7""entu7t toto67tH rHtH"ire7 ino#7Giior pro?
nte "u pri#ire 7 = Biseri"7 in#iJi8iH@ ipsitH 6e Sf. Tr76iGie@ fHrH
e 8une@ fHrH to7te "ee 5 Sfinte T7ine 47ris;7ti"e@ 67r@ Fn s"4i;8@
Fn6 rHtH"ire7 Fn#HGHturii .iioCue. Fn 7"est rHspuns@ "7 pri;u tr7?
ie teoo!ie "o;p7r7tH?si;8oi"H@ p7tri7r4u er7 7Mut7t 6e teoo!ii
osie 9i Io7n b3!o;77s@ 6e D7;7s"4in 6e N7up7Pt@ Mitrof7n 6in
A7 9i 6e 7Gii.
n s"riso7re7 6in %' ;7i %'5L@ "u ,% "7pitoe 9i Fn 6ouH pHrGi@ p7 ?
iu Iere;i7 II rHspunse pun"t "u pun"t BConfesiunii Au!ust7neD@
HtFn6 pre"is 6o"trin7 6espre Bso7 fi6eD 7tFt 6e i;port7ntH Fn Pro?
itis;@ 7poi pe "e7 6espre "7r7"teru in#iJi8i 7 Biseri"ii 9i 6espre
iru T7ineor@ su8iniin6 "7r7"teru 6r 47ris;7ti"@ stHruin6 pentru
it7te7 for;eor 6e "ut@ sHr8Htori@ sfinGi 9i i"o7ne. A"e79i rHspuns
7t 9i 7 % ;7i %'5*. L7 o 7 trei7 Fn"er"7re 7 protest7nGior@ Iere;i7
puns@ 7 L iunie %'+%@ "H 67"H nu 76;it 76e#Hrurie 6o"trin7e pe
e 7fir;H Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i pe "7re e?7 tr7t7t Fn "ee 6ouH s"ri?
6o!;7ti"e 7nterio7re@ ur;e7JH "H o unire Fntre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i
o7te fi posi8iH@ ru!Fn6u?i 7 ur;H "7 sH nu ;7i Fn"er"e sH?i ;7i
pe 7"e7stH te;H@ 6e"Ft 7;i"7 67"H 6ores".
Corespon6enG7 7"es7t7 7#e7 o i;port7nGH 6eose8itH@ "H"i e7 pune7
u pri;7 o7rH Fn "ont7"t Biseri"7 #e"4e 7 SfinGior PHrinGi "u Bi?
i nouH 7 teoo!ior protest7nGi@ pinH 6e ino#7Giie "u!etHrior in6i?
iiste 9i "7re ur;Hre7 6e f7pt un s"op proJeitist@ 6e 7 "F9ti!7 pe
o"9i 7 Protest7ntis; Fn upt7 "ontr7 C7toi"is;uui.@ De 7"ee7@
nsurie p7tri7r4uui Iere;i7@ fiin6 pri;7 "o;87tere orto6o:H 7
Giior protest7nte@ 7u "F9ti!7t Fn Biseri"7 rHsHrite7nH un "7r7"ter
hi". Mut J!o;ot 7u fH"ut ) 6e9i protest7nGii #oirH sH rH;FnH se?
) rHspunsurie ui Iere;i7 Fn Pooni7@ un6e ieJuiGii e?7u pu8i?
itre 7nii %'+,)%'+( 6e ;7i ;ute ori@ "o;8HtFn6u?e ten6inG7
pro?AtH A 7"e7st7 7 pro#o"7t pu8i"7re7 Fn %'+( 6e "Htre M7rtin
Cru?7 Fntre!ii "orespon6enGe Fn u"r7re7 BTur"o?!r7e"i7D. W Ni"i
Fn"er"7re7 6in ti;pu p7tri7r4uui Meetie Pi!7s 7 Ae ei n?7
fost ;7i noro"o7sH. In ;7i?iunie %'**@ se 76un7rH 7 Vie? tr?o
"onferinGH ;i:tH protest7nGi $uter7ni@ fr7Gi 8oe;i 9i ;or7#i-
o6o"9i. ConferinG7 7#e7 s"op pur 6efensi#@ 6e 7 "ontr7877ns7 in?
G7 pre7 ;7re 7 "7toi"is;uui. E7 7 9i fost inspir7tH 6in p7rte7
;o9ior 6e prinGu Const7ntin Ostro!sPi. In s"riso7re7 tri;isH 6e
st7nGi p7tri7r4ior Meetie Pi!7s 9i M7tei II 6e Const7ntinopo se
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII
e:pri;7 nH6eM6e7 unei 76e#Hr7te uniri. Meetie Pi!7s 7 rHspuns 7 + 6e
"e;8rie %L&& prin 6ouH s"risori "Htre Oiri LuP7ris@ 7f7t 7tun"i "A
e:7r4 Fn Pooni7@ "H nu po7te fi #or87 6e"Ft 6e o unire t7"ti"H?poiti"H
9i nu 6e un7 rei!io7sH. E pre"iJ7 ur;Hto7ree = Be 6ureros "H unireA
6intre orto6o"9i 9i protest7nGi Fn ;o;entu 6e f7GH "onstituie o ;7rK
!reut7te@ nu nu;7i 6in pri"in7 6epHrtHrii !eo!r7fi"e@ 67r 9i 6o!;7ti"e
Fn "4estiuni 7supr7 "Hror7 toGi "re9tinii tre8uie sH fie 6e 7"or6 9i sA
7i8H 7"e79i "u!et. D7r 7#e; nH6eM6e7 6e unire 7 or Fn #iitor@ prii
8unH#oinG7 ui Du;neJeu. PFnH 7tun"i Fntre orto6o"9i 9i protest7nGi sK
"76e sH e:iste re7Gii 6e prietenie@ 6use Fn 6r7!oste 9i p7"e "re9tinH TT
"ipro"HD.
A"este pre"iJHri e:pri;7u o poJiGie 6e e"u;enis; "4i7r ;o6ern '.
&ontactul calvini"tilor cu (rtodo)ia 7 fost ;7i 6r7;7ti"@ "un o
iustre7JH B"7Ju p7tri7r4uui Oiri LuP7risD. Cres"ut Fn 9"o77 Apu
suui@ 7 P76u7 9i VeneGi7@ Oiri LuP7ris 7 fost tri;is 6e p7tri7r4u
Meetie Pi!7s Fn Pooni7 $%'*()%L&&- spre 7 spriMini Biseri"7 orto6o:A
7tFt 6e !reu Fn"er"7tH 6e sini"iie ieJuite. Prin 9"oie 6e 7 Ostro! 9
Vin7@ un6e 7 tipHrit "HrGi 7nti7tine@ 9i prin pre6i"ie ui FnsufeGite 9
Fn#HG7te@ Oiri LuP7ris 7 st78iit un Fn"eput soi6 6e reJistenGH "ontrA
C7toi"is;uui@ f7pt pentru "7re ieJuiGii 6in Pooni7 7u "Hut7t sH?% Fn
te;niGeJe@ "7 pe e:7r4u NiPifor 6in Const7ntinopo@ 6upH Bre7iJ7reA
uniriiD 6e 7 Brest. LuP7ris 7 petre"ut 9i Fn GHrie ro;<ne 9i s?7 FntFni
Fn Mo6o#7 "4i7r "u Mi47i Vite7Ju@ "onsi6er7t 6e !re"i #iitor B87Ji
euD 6e tip 8iJ7ntin@ o"rotitor 7 Orto6o:iei 9i Fn#in!Htor 7supr7 tur"i
or. Fn %L&, 7 fost 7es p7tri7r4 7 Ae:7n6ri7 $) %L,&- 9i 6in nou A
#iJit7t GHrie ro;<ne Fn 7"ti#it7te7 s7 7nti"7toi"H@ 7pre"i7tH 6e protes
t7nti@ 67r 7trH!Fn6 ur7 ieJuiGior 9i unee p7sto!r7fii "o;pro;iGHto7re
Apoi Fn %L,% 7 7Muns p7tri7r4 e"u;eni" 7 Ist7n8u@ un6e infuenG7 ie
Juitior "res"use 6upH %L&*.
Pe #re;e7 rHJ8oiuui "onfesion7 o""i6ent7 6e 2& 6e 7ni $%L%+?
%L(+-@ p7tri7r4u Oiri@ Fn "7it7te 6e etn7r4 7 !re"ior@ 7 fost siit 6N
F;preMurHrie e:tre; 6e !ree Fn "7re trHi7 Biseri"7 orto6o:H Fn i;pe
riu tur"es"@ sH os"ieJe 6ipo;7ti" Fntre ri#7itHGie 7;87s76eor "7to
i"e $fr7n"eJH 9i !er;7nH- 9i protest7nte $en!eJH 9i o7n6eJH- 9i s.
"7ute 7propiere 6e puterie "7#iniste. In 7"e7stH situ7Gie %?7 tri;is p
Mitrof7n Oritopuos 7 re!ee An!iei@ tri;iGFn6u?i Fn 67r BCo6i"eI
Ae:7n6rinD 7 Bi8iei. Apropiere7 s7u si;p7ti7 p7tri7r4uui Oiri f7G
6e repreJent7nGii "7#ini9ti@ "7re ?7u 7Mut7t ;7teri7i"e9te 9i poiti"e9
te@ 7 fost e:po7t7tH 6e 7"e9ti7 prin 78uJ pFnH 7 "o;pro;itere "4i7
"onfesion7H. Astfe 7u fost pre6i"7toru #76ens Antonie Le!er 9i 7;
87s76oru Corneiu /7!7 A pri;u 7 pu8i"7t pe se7;7 p7tri7r4uui Oi
ri LuP7ris #7ri7te p7sto!r7fii 6e "o;pro;itere 9i 7 6oie7 7 p7tron7
"u se;nHturH@ se p7re@ pu8i"7re7 Fn 7tine9te@ Fn %L,*@ 9i 7poi Fn !re
"este@ Fn %L22@ 7 Gene#7 7 unei BMHrturisiri 6e "re6inGHD "7#iniJ7nt
pe nu;ee p7tri7r4uui. S"7n67u 7 fost enor;@ e:po7t7t 7tFt 6e "7
toi"i "Ft 9i 6e protest7nGi F;potri#7 orto6o"9ior. P7tri7r4u LuP7ri
s?7 Mur7t "H nu este oper7 ui@ "H"i er7 un 76e#Hr7t orto6o: A 7"e7st7
6o#e6e9te s"riso7re7 s7 "Htre prin"ipee "7#inist 7 Tr7nsi#7niei@ G7
PERIOADA A CINCEA
Bet4en@ Fn %L,*@ "7re ur;Hre7 "7#iniJ7re7 forG7tH 7 ro;<nior 6in
7D@ Fn "7re@ Fn sti 6eose8it 6e fru;os 9i fer;@ 7fir;7 "H B67"H
67N "onsi;GH;Fntu 7 o 7stfe 6e 6eJert7re@ nu i?7r fi 6estu ni"i
rie i76uui sH o rHs"u;pereD. Apoi Fn6e;n7 pe "7J7"ii orto6o"9i
ere Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 RHsHrituui pentru "7re e Fn"epuse o ope?
rio7sH 6e u;in7re@ tipHrin6 "HrGi 9i FnfiinGFn6 9"oi. @i@ pe "Fn6
ieJuiGii 9i 7;87s76orii "7toi"i = !er;7nu Ru6of S"4;i6t nN "eJu De
Ces3@ pHnui7u "7ptur7re7 p7tri7r4uui 9i 6u"ere7 ui G7
in"4iJiGiei 6in insu7 M7t7@ p7tri7r4u LuP7ris@ 7Mut7t 6e 7;? orii
protest7nGi@ en!eJu T4o;7s Ro`e 9i o7n6eJu Corneiu
respin!e7 7"uJee #7ri7te@ prin s"risorie s7e 6in %L2(@ 76res7te
rei@ 7poi "Htre G7ru rus Mi47i .eo6oro#i"i 9i "Htre 8resee orto?
6in Lio#@ Oie#@ Ostro! 9i 7tee $6es"operite 78i7 Fn %*&'-@ prin
F9i 7fir;7 orto6o:i7 9i "on67;n7 pe 7utorii pretinsei ;Hrturisiri@
n 7"este F ;preMurHri 7u inter#enit pent ru e 7 sut7n 7tFt re!ee
J Gust7# A6of@ "Ft 9i #oie#o6u V7sie Lupu 7 Mo6o#ei@ pentru
e79eJ7t 7 '?7 9i 7 L?7 o7rH Fn tronu p7tri7r47. PFnH 7 ur;H FnsH
7 7puse7nH susG i nut H 6e 7t i nofroni i !re"i "7 Oi ri Oont 7ri s 9i
7 8iruitA p7tri7r4u Oiri LuP7ris 7 fost 7rest7t 6in or6inu ;7re?
iJir tur" 9i su!ru;7t 6e ieni"eri 7 5 iuie %L2+. D7r prin Mertf7
s7e@ p7tri7r4u Oiri LuP7ris 7 fH"ut "7 sH n7ufr7!ieJe 6efiniti#
rie 6e 76e;enire 7e Ro;ei@ pre"u; 9i "ee 7e "7#ini9tior. Or ?
i7 p7tri7r4uui Oiri LuP7ris 8irui7.
N rin 7"est B"7JD@ re7Giie 6intre orto6o"9i 9i protest7nGi 7u 7tins
S7 9i toto67tH 6e"inuA interpretHrie unor 7puseni "H Orto6o:i7
Fn"in7t spre Protest7ntis;@ eti"4etFn6?o "7 BE""esi7 !r7e"7 ut4e?
;sD@ s?7u 6o#e6it ne6repte. Biseri"7 orto6o:H nu Fn"in7 ni"i spre
i"is; 9i ni"i spre Protest7ntis;@ "u; o 6o#e6es" sino76ee orto?
6in "ursu se"ouui 7 0VII?e7.
Nrin u"r7re7 SpHt7ruui Ni"o7e Mies"u = 1Enc?iridion sive =tella talis
(ccidentali splendens###2, pu8i"7tH 7 Sto"P4o; Fn %LL5@ nii "7toi"i
9i protest7nGi er7u H;uriGi 7supr7 Orto6o:iei@ Fn pri? ZFn6 Fn
pro8e;7 Eu47risti"H. Este 6rept "H@ Fn toiu frH;FntHrior@ L
Oori67eu 9i 7poi u"eni"u sHu Io7n O7riofi 7u fost 7"uJ7Gi 6e
p7tri7r4u Dositei 6e unee 7""epGiuni neorto6o:e@ 67r 7"uJ7Gi7 7
espinsH 9i u"rurie H;urite@ ;7i 7ies 6e teoo!ii ro;<ni@ 7#7ntu
Di;itrie C7nte;ir@ 7Muns ;e;8ru 7 A"76e;iei 6e 9tiinGe erin Fn
%5%(@ 7 rH;7sc "re6in"ios Orto6o:iei. Cont7"tu "u RHsHritu 7: fiin6
fH"ut 6e unii 7puseni@ interesu protest7nGior pentru Orto?
7 rH;7s tre7J.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
Aort und 3'sterium$+rielNec?sel %Nisc?en den Tiibinger T?eologen und dem
r
c?en
#on Qonstantinopel $%'52)%'+%-@ Stutt!7rt@ %*'+A O. Rose;on6@ C3?Jucaris6
=ermons $%'*+)%L&,-@ E6it. Bri@ Lei6en@ %*5(@ %L5A _. B7tes. &'ril ris and ?is
&oniession ) an e)amination of an East$Mest debacle, Fn rn C4ur"4es. Ne`s
LetterD.5O@ %*5(]' p. ')%(A E. BenJ@ EndseiierNartungen en (st und Mest,
.rei8ur!@ %*52@ ,LL p.A I6e;@ Mittenberg und +'%an% Iere;i7 II-@ e6. II@
Mun"4en %*5%@ 2&& p.A O. Rose;on6@ Patriarc? Q'rill s und seine
+egegnung mit dem Protestantismus des 25. Ka?i?underts, Got?
tingen, %*5& A /. _e8er@ Reformation, (rt?odo)ie und Rationalismus, e6. II@ 2 #o=
Stutt!7rt@ %*LLA I. O7r;iris@ Hut?er und 3elanc?t?on ilber die orl?odo)e Qirc?e Fn
BO3riosD VI@ %*LL@ p. %L* 9.u. A I6e;@ NOp*o+o'F7 :7F TipoTE7?"7MTi7fioS@ Aten7@ %*25 9
e6iGie nouHA G. A. /7tJi7ntoniu@ Patr# Q'nllos HouLaris, Aten7@ %*'(A E. Be; 8ie
(stLirc?e im Hic?te der protestantisc?en >csc?ic?tssc?reibung, .rei8ur!@ %*', G.
b7"47ri6es@ Tbingen und Qonstantinopel, Gottin!en@ %*(% A I. P7p7;i47i@ Q'ril los
HouLaris, Aten7 %*2*A D. M<nu@ Activitatea patriar?ului ecumenic Ieremia I pentru
ntrirea (rtodo)iei, Fn BG7su Biseri"iiD 000III $%*5(- nr. 2)(@ p. 2,+? 22+A I. I.
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67r 7u fost "ore"t7te@ Fn re67"Gi7 !re7"H@ 6e "Htre Meetie Siri!u.
PERIOADA A CINCEA
L7 sino6u 6e 7 I79i 6in %L(,@ 3rturisirea ortodo) 7 fost so"otitH
& "7po6operH 6e "7rit7te 9i te;eini"ie@ prin "7re sFnt rHsturn7te
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F7n67tH 6e p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" P7rtenie I 6rept "7rte BF;preunH
iuito7re "u sfintee "7no7ne@ "7re ur;e7JH 6o!;eor Biseri"ii ui
2tosD@ pentru "7re ;oti# B4otHrF; "u #otu un7ni; 7 sino6uui@ "7
"re9tinu orto6o: 7f7t Fn Biseri"7 7postoi"H 6e RHsHrit sH o "ite7s"H
H nu o epe6eD. i s?7 67t ur;7re 7"estei in#itHri prin "onsens. A
7pro87tH 6e sino6u o"7 7 Mitropoiei 6e 7 Oie# Fn %L('@ 7poi 6e
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7 A;ster67;@ Fn %LL5 A o nouH e6iGie !re"e7s"H 7 7pHrut Fn %L5,.
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BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII 2\]=
;eni". D7r Fn epo"7 f7n7riotH 6in se". 0VIII@ !re"ii 7u pH"Htuit 6eseori
prin Bfietis;D@ 76i"H prin iu8ire 6e sine etni"H?n7Gion7H e:7!er7tH. C7
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tropoiGii tr7nsi#Hneni orto6o"9i se 4irotone7u 7 TFr!o#i9te@ 7poi 7
Bu"ure9ti@ 6e "Htre ;itropoiGii Un!ro#74iei.
Le!Hturie "utur7e 9i teoo!i"e 7u fost "ontinui@ "H"i 7pro7pe to7te
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se 67tor7u e!Hturior re"ipro"e 6intre Biseri"ie o"7e. Din 9"oie 6e
7 At4os 7u #enit ;7ri Fn6ru;Htori 7i #ieGii spiritu7e Fn Rusi7@ "7 Ni
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Arsenie Su47no# 7 76us "ee ;7i ;ute ;7nus"rise pentru "ore"t7re7
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6in ;FnHstirie ;o6o#ene se F;pru;utH ;7nus"rise pentru tr76u"ere7
Bi8iei s7#one 6e Ostro! Fn %'+%. Tot 6e 7i"i s?7 tri;is 9i Pr7#i7 pen?
tru I#7n IV "e Gro7Jni" $%'(5)%'+(- 9i tot 6e 7i"i s?7u refu!i7t ;i ?
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;ut pentru u;in7re7 9i Fnforire7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e. Pri;ee "HrGi 6e
pre6i"i 9i 6e "ut 9i pri;ee tip7rniGe 7u fost tri;ise 7 I79i 6e "Htre
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#7u F;preunH.
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ior tur"e9ti 9i tHtHre9ti@ "i si 7s7turior "onfesion7e protest7nte 9i
oi"e.
Ra2or.uri cu an6#icanii
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llia se "re6e7 "H@ p7tri7r4u Oiri LuP7ris este 7utoru MHrturisirii
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7"H Fn %L22. AfFn6 FnsH "H 7"e7stH MHrturisire este Bpseu6ou"7ri7nHD@
resu pentru Biseri"7 orto6o:H s?7 ;i"9or7t.
A8i7 7p7riGi7 u"rHrii SpHt7ruui Ni"o7e Mies"u 1En?iridion sive
la (rientalis###2 6in %LL5 7 stFrnit un nou interes pentru Orto6o:ie@
"H Mies"u intrH Fn "ont7"t "u teoo!u 7n!i"7n T4o;7s S;it4.
n"i unii teoo!i 7n!i"7ni s?7u 76res7t "u Fntre8Hri 6o"trin7re "Htre
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7 "7re 2st 7so"i7te 7"tee sino76eor 6in %L5, 9i %L*% 6e 7
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BISERICA aN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII 2%5
L7 7"e7st7 7n!i"7nii 6isi6enGi 7u rHspuns "H 7""eptH totu Fn 7f7rH
6e tr7nssu8st7nGi7Gie@ "utu sfinGior 9i 7 sfinteor i"o7ne. A ur;7t 7poi
7 6ou7 s"riso7re 6e rHspuns 7 p7tri7r4ior orient7i@ 6in septe;8rie %5,2@
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titu7tH 1Epistola Preasfin!i!ilor patriar?i ai +isericii catolice orientale
despre credin!a ortodo)2, 7#Fn6 %+ 6efiniGii 9i 2 rHspunsuri@ Fn "7re
"ere7u nonMourorior sH pri;e7s"H Fntre7!7 6o"trinH 6in MHrturisire7
p7tri7r4uui Dositei@ "H"i 7tfe unire7 nu se po7te re7iJ7.
Corespon6enG7 7 "ontinu7t 9i Fn %52( prin ;iMo"ire7 epis"opuui
At7n7sie 6e Te87i67@ #enit Fn An!i7 6upH 7Muto7re. D7r s"riso7re7 "o?
;unH 7 unor epis"opi 7n!i"7ni "Htre p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Neofit VI
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6o:e Ruse.
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tropoituui Petru Mo#iH@ ur;Fn6 sH se "ontinue tr7t7ti#ee.
BI BLI OGRA.I E pe Fn!H
"ee in6i"7te pre"e6ent=
Pr. DHnuG M<nu@ Import an! a si noadel or rsri t ene di n secol ul al PAII$l ea
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p. 2L)%&(A nr. (@ p. 22)2* M Pref7GH 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ p. ,52L.
I. O7r;iris@ 8ogmatiL Le s'mboliL mnemeia tes ortodo)u Qat?oliLes ELf
Llesias, e6. II@ #oi. II@ Gr7J@ %*L+A C.
s
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0VII-@ Ser!4ie Pos76@ %*%(A Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ 3rturisirea de credin! a
patriar?ului ecumenic >?enadie al Il$lea =c?olarios, Fn BOrto6o:i7D. 000VI $%*+(-@ nr. (@ p.
(L,)(**A I. O7r;iris@ NOpBLLoSoS NOMio0oTi7 II. MofF07"@ Aten7@ %*'2A e6. Pr. prof. N. M.
Popes"u@ Te:t !re" "u tr76u"ere7 6e 7 BuJHu 6in %L*%@ Bu"ure9t i@ %*(,A . Tr76. prof.
A e:. Ei 7n@ Bu"ure9t i@ %*+%A I. I. I"H@ 3rturi si rea fle credin! a lui 3itroan
Qritopulos, teJH 6e 6o"tor7t@ Si8iu@ %*52@ "u 7;Hnunte 9i 8i8io!r7fie A M. es7n@
=inodalitatea ortodo) n sec# 0V)0VII@ Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD 0 $%*L'- nr.
()L@ p. 2&L)2,+A I6e;@ =inodalitatea ortodo) n sec# PAII6PAIII, Fn BMitropoi7
Ar6e7uuiD@ 0 $%*L'-@ nr. *)%&@ p. LL&)L55 R. . ore7@ Di n rel a! i i l e s rbo$romne,
P7n"i o#7@ %*L(A G. BeJ#i "oni @ &ont ri bu! i i la istoria rela!iilor romno$ruse,
Bu"ure9ti@ %*L,A O. M7rin7@ ]nsemnri d*n +ul garia, Bu"ure9ti@ %@*'( A C. SFr8u@ 8in
trecutul unit!ii ortodo)e, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uui D IV $%*'*-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,&,)
,,5A V. Loi "4it H@ 3rturi si rea l ui 8osi tei, in BC7n6e7D LIII)LIV@ %*(,]2@ p. %52
),,L 9i 3rturisirea pseudo$lucarian, cu Epistola Patriar?ilor orientali, p. .,,*)
,'LA T. M. Popes"u@ Rela!ii oriodo)o$angli$cane di n sec# PAI p n n -./9, F n
BRo;7ni 7n Ort 4o6o: C4ur"4 7n6 t 4e C4ur"4 of En! 7n6D@ E6i t. Inst i t ut u ui
Bi 8 i " 9i 6e Mi si une 7 P7t ri 7r4i ei Ro;<ne@ %*5LA M. R7;se3@ &onstantinople andE
&anterbur', Lon6r7@ %*L,A L. NiPiforo`@ Russisc?$englisc?e +e%ie?ungen unter Peter I,
tr76u"ere 6e _. Muer@ _ei;7r@ %*'( A I. O7r;iris@ NOpXo'o>F7 T.7 IIpoTE7T7?MTt7noF@ #oi.
%@ Aten7@ %*25A G. L. M7riott@ De ecclesia anglicana cum ecclesiis ort?odo)is con*ugenda,
Lon6r7@ %*2'@ "u tr76u"ere ro;<n7 6e G4. Ciu47n6u@ Ar76@ %*25A M. /er8i!n3@
HE anglicanisNe et lE (rt?odo)ie greco$ slave, P7ris@ %*,,A P. Cerno#o6e7nu@ Dt iri noi
despre =pt arul F# 3il escu "i rela!iile lui cu teologul anglican T?omas =mit?, Fn
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD L000I0 $%*5%-@ nr. 2)(@ p. 2,L)22(A S. Anui"4i@
Raportul dintre Patriar?ia srbc de IpeL "i Patriar?ia greco$bulgar de la (?rida, Fn
BStu6ii teoo!i"eD 0IV $%*L,- nr. 5)+@ p. '5&)'+%.
A, Ji-W UiU A
Cutu 9i #i7G7 orto6o:H. Mon74is;u.
I;port7nG7 Munteui At4os I
DeJ#ot7re7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Fn #e7"urie 0VI)0VIII 7re o" Fn -
reMurHri e:terne fo7rte puGin f7#or78ie. Do;in7Gi7 tur"H 7MunsH
Fpo!eu@ 67r 7poi Fn 6e"in 6upH 7se6iu Vienei $%L+2)%L+L-@ este Fn"H
tu 6e t7re sH ;enGinH su8 putere7 ei@ Fn to7tH 7"e7stH perio76H@ poU
ree orto6o:e 6in B7"7ni. Nu;7i orto6o"9ii 6e pe teritoriu Rusiei
es" su8 stHpFniri "re9tine orto6o:e 9i se 8u"urH 6e to7te i8ertHGie
Irepturie. CFt pri#e9te pe orto6o"9ii 6in Pooni7 9i I;periu 7ustri7"@
9ti7 7u suferit sini"ii 9i ne6reptHGi nu;ero7se. Astfe@ 7 .H!Hr79@
7 O"n7 Si8iuui 7u fost 76use tunuri 9i inst77te spFnJurHtori@ "7 9i
nor6u Cro7Giei@ 9i 7 rutenii 6in Pooni7. S?7u 6istrus ;FnHstiri 9i
Ari"i 9i s?7u u7t ;Hsuri 7spre "7re ur;Hre7u FntHrire7 797?nu;iteor
r6o7ne s7nit7reD@ or!7niJ7te Fn GHrie 7;intite 6e 76;inistr7Gi7 "7"7
F;potri#7 Bs"4is;7ti"iorD. De 7"ee7@ #i7G7 7"estor ;uGi;i "Hror7 ?7u
6esfiinG7t epis"opiie 9i ;FnHstirie 7 pri;it 7"e79i "7r7"ter ;o?t
67r pin 6e p7tos popu7r "u; nu;7i Fn ;e6iu 6e Bs7te 9i preoGiD e7
7#e7 o".
C7 7t7re #i7G7 rei!io7sH Fn 7"e7stH perio76H este o7re"u; Fn fun"Gie
e 7"este F;preMurHri neprieni"e. Mor7it7te7 9i rei!ioJit7te7 7u 7#ut
suferit ;ut su8 7pHsHrie tur"e9ti@ un6e ) o67tH "u 6e"76enG7 ;o?
7 st7tuui tur" $finee se". 0VI- )W Fn"epe 6o;ni7 87nuui 9i "orup?
76;inistr7ti#e@ ;iMo7"e foosite fo7rte 6es pentru 7 se pute7 7Mun!e
;nHst7re@ 7 nu;iri Fn posturi 8iseri"e9ti 9i "i#ie. De 7i"i intri!7@
7it7te7@ nest7torni"i7@ i;or7it7te7. A6eseori ier7r4ii sFnt 7e9i s7u
FiGi prin si;onie s7u 6in interese poiti"e. Mute 6in e#eni;entee
!istr7te Fn 7"est ti;p $is7;iJHri ;7si#e Fn A87ni7@ Bosni7@ Ro6ope@
ieni7 et"@ "7 9i o p7rte 6in tre"erie i7 "7toi"is; s7u 7 r7s"o 9i
e- se e:pi"H ;7i u9or 67"H ne !Fn6i; 7 sH8ire7 ;or7itHGii 9i 7
Fiit7te7 "eruui 9i 7 unor ;ireni ;7i FnstHriGi. Bi!7;i7@ 76uteru@
toriie ;i:te s7u "u ru6enii@ e:po7tHrie 6e tot feu sFnt 7test7te
6o"u;entee #re;ii ;7i 7es Fn pHturie 8oiere9ti 9i orH9ene9ti. Fn
+le 7r!i 7e s7teor 6o;ne7 superstiGi7.
D7r #i7G7 orto6o:H F9i 7re@ Fn 7"e7stH #re;e@ 9i p7!ini ;inun7te de
7it7te@ 6e erois; rei!ios 6us pFnH 7 ;7rtiriu@ 6e trHire 6u4o#ni?
"H 6eose8itH. Poporu iu8e7 "u putere Be!e7D ui@ suM8ee@ 8iseri"ie@
=7 o"79uri 6e "ut ;o6este@ 67r fru;o7se@ fH"e7 ;iostenie@ ;er!e7
peerin7M@ toer7 "re6inG7 7tor7@ "u 7te "u#inte@ rH;Hsese ) Fn
i7 tuturor 7pHsHrior 9i 7t7"urior ) strFns e!7t 6e Biseri"H 9i 6e
iGiie ei. Des"riin6 #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H 6e su8 tur"i@ istori"u rus So?
# nu se po7te ;ir7 Fn6e7Muns 6e rH867re7 9i Mertfeni"i7 orto6o:H@
t7i 797 pute; FnGee!e "u; 6e 7 putut reJist7 poporu rus@ 76un7t
?iru ;FnHstirii Ser!4ie#sP7i7 L7#r7@ F;potri#7 7t7"urior 7r;7tei
eJe 7 Fn"eputu se". 0VII@ 6upH "u; nu;7i 797 #o; pute7 tH;H"i
ois;u rei!ios 7 rutenior 9i ro;<nior e:pu9i #e:7Giunior 9i 7su?
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e.
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII 2I*
pririor feu67e 7e "7toi"ior. BNeo;7rtiriiD se Fn;uGes" Fn perio767
7"e7st7.
PHrGi i;port7nte 6in popu7Gie preferH sH se e:p7trieJe@ sH e;i ?
!reJe = sFr8i 7 nor6u DunHrii 9i Fn Rusi7@ 8u!7ri Fn Oteni7 9i B7n7t@
ro;<ni 7r6eeni tre"uGi peste ;unGi@ ru9i peste Ur7i@ 7r;eni peste tot@
nu;7i sH?9i pHstreJe "re6inG7.
Desi!ur "H@ Fn "e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte@ #it7it7te7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e
pro#ene7 6in "utu 9i tr76iGiie s7e. Ni"i"Fn6 "7 Fn perio767 7"e7st7 nu
s?7u 6is"ut7t pro8e;e 6e "ut@ nu nu;7i Fn sino76ee 6e 7 Mos"o#7@
6in se". 0VI 9i 0VII $;7i 7es =toglavul C Q ( sut de capitole, Fn %''%
9i "ee 6e su8 NiPon@ %L'')%LL5-@ "i pretutin6eni@ Fn Cipru $%LL+-@ Fn
At4os $se". 0VII-@ Fn VeneGi7 9i Fn 7te or79e 7pusene un6e e:ist7u "o?
;unitHGi orto6o:e@ Fn Ar6e7@ Fn U"r7in7 9i peste tot un6e r7Gion7is;u
protest7nt s7u proJeitis;u "7toi" 6is"ut7 6in ne"uno79tere s7u 6in
6en7tur7re #oitH spe"ifi"u #ieGii no7stre orto6o:e. Af7rH 6e pro8e;ee
neJ8Htute 6e r7s"oni"i@ ;7i po;eni; "ontro#ers7 6e 7 At4os@ 6espre
o"u ;iri6ei pentru M7i"7 Do;nuui $se". 0VII-@ ;o;entu pref7"erii
"institeor 67ruri@ nou "7en67r 7puse7n !re!ori7n@ pe "7re ni"i un7
6intre Biseri"ie orto6o:e n?7 #rut sH?% pri;e7s"H@ ni"i "4i7r Rusi7@
un6e Petru "e M7re $%L+,)%5,'- 7 intro6us "7en67ru "i#i 7 %5&&@
6esi!ur "u forG7.
In Hit?os$ul sHu@ ;itropoitu Petru Mo#iH 7 Fnre!istr7t@ Fn e!HturH
"u FntFnire7 6intre 8rto6o"9i 9i "7toi"i 7 A87 Iui7@ "re6inG7 popu7rH
"H 7p7 6in 7!4i7s;7 orto6o:H nu?9i pier6e "7itHGie ni"i 6upH ti;p
Fn6eun!7t.
Pe 6e 7tH p7rte@ s"ri su "u orientHri "riti"e 9i pin 6e ;u t 8un
si;G 7 unui Dositei O8r76o#i"i 7 sFr8i 9i OrFo# 7 ru9i@ Fn f78uee or@
7e s"riitorior "oii Ar6eene $Fn 6eose8i BPro"7nonuD ui Petru M7 ?
ior-@ "7 sH nu ;7i #or8i; 6e infuenG7 iter7turii iu;iniste 7supr7 !Fn?
6irii teoo!i"e tot ;7i i8er7e 6in #i7G7 tuturor popo7reor orto6o:e@
!re"@ ro;<n 9i s7#@ to7te 7"este7 ;Hrturises" 6espre re"epti#it7te7 Bise?
ri"ii Orto6o:e f7GH 6e 9tiinGe ori f7GH 6e ten6inGee spre e;7n"ip7re
n7Gion7H 7e popo7reor.
Mon74is;u 7 ;ers Fn perio767 7"e7st7 pe 6ru;u p7r"urs Fn7inte.
RH;Fne7 6e"i 9i pe "7e7 "4ino#iei@ 67r pHJe7 9i pe 7 i6iorit;iei. Ce7
6intFi er7 in6i"7tH uneori pentru "ei ;uGi@ 7 6ou7 pentru 7s"eGi 9i s"4i# ?
ni"i. Popo7ree orto6o:e 7u 7#ut Fntot6e7un7 ;7re respe"t 9i 76;ir7Gie
f7GH 6e ;on74is;@ 6o#76H 7tFte7 peerin7Me 9i e!Hturi strFnse 6u4o#?
ni"e9ti "u st7reGii ;FnHstirior. Nu nu;7i Fn Rusi7 prin"ipii@ 8oierii 9i
GHr7nii fH"e7u peerin7Me 7 7#ree Pe"ersP7i7@ Ser!4ie#sP7i7@ Oirio#?
sP7i7@ Soo#eGP7i7 9i 7 Lo"urie Sfinte et"-@ "i 9i Fn GHrie ro;<ne s7u
Fn B7"7ni@ un6e se Fn;uGes" Bp7o;ni"eeD s7u "HHuJee 6e peerin7M@
;7nus"rise $MHri7 er87n C7nt7"uJino-@ oric tipHrite $;itropoitu An?
ti; I#ire7nu ) %5&+)%5%L ) 7 tipHrit BProsP3nit7ruD SfFntuui Munte
7 At4osuui-.
Fn i;87 rusH 7#e; o iter7turH fo7rte 8o!7tH pri#in6 peerin7Mu 7
Lo"urie S0in./ ('. 6e <1i.roYo? 7 =o#um/).
PERIOADA A CINCEA
Mon74is;u 7 7Muns sH Mo7"e rouri ;7ri Fn st7t nu nu;7i su8 r7?
"utur7 $;on74ii 7u fost "ei ;7i "uGi o7;eni Fn tre"utu orto6o:-@
so"i7@ poiti"@ rei!ios. Ei inter#ene7u Fn "erturie 6intre o7;eni@
iu Fn6u"ire7 r7porturior io8H!e9ti $6e pi6H Iosif VooGPi 9i Ni
"i Fn Rusi7-@ er7u tri;i9i Fn soii 6ipo;7ti"e. A6ese7 "oin6Hrie
or 6upH ;iostenii 7u ser#it 9i s"opuri poiti"e "re9tine F;potri#7
or. D7r@ ;7i presus 6e to7te@ u"r7u pe tHrF; rei!ios@ fH"e7u pee?
e@ "opi7u 9i rHspF n6e7u ;7nus"ri se@ "HrGi@ pi"t 7u i"o7ne et". F n
9tiri sFnt. 79eJ7te pri;ee tipo!r7fii. Astfe 7 ro;<ni@ s?7u 79eJ7t
Ar7fii Fn ;FnHstire7 De7u %'&+@ ;FnHstire7 Peri %'+&)%L2%@ Sn7!o#@
F9i Fn ;FnHstire7 Der;7sP7i7 $Fn Mos"o#7-@ 7 u"r7ineni Fn ;FnHsti?
Outein@ Po"i7e#@ Pe"ersP7i7 et". Fn ;FnHstiri 7u fun"Gion7t pri;ee
teoo!i"e = At4os@ O4ri67@ Pe"i@ Putn7 ui V7rtoo;eu MHJHre7nu
s7;Gu ui P7isie@ 9"oie st7#ropi!4i7e 6in Le;8er!@ Vien7@ 7poi Fn
isti ri e 6i n Oie# 9i Mos"o#7 et ". Tot F n ;F nHst i ri 7u u7t fi i nG H
ee 8oniGe s7u spit7e pe "7re e "uno79te;. Pe to7te tHrF;urie
i t 7t e7 ;F nHst i ri or er7 prepon6erent H F n st 7t @ nu nu;7i F n E#u
E#u, "i 9i Fn epo"i Fn "7re se ;7nifestH spiritu ;7i ;o6ern 7 8ur?
iei 9i 7i"is;uui. Ni"i refor;ee G7ruui Petru "e M7re 9i 7e G7rinei
9rin7 7 Ii?7 "e7 M7re $%5L,)%5*L-@ 6e9i 7i"iJ7nte@ nu s?7u putut
6e 7Mutoru ;FnHstirior@ "u to7te "H ee 7u supus ;on74is;u 7
= Fn"er"Hri@ prin se"u7riJ7re7 7#erior or@ prin 6esfiinG7re7 ;FnHsti?
;i"i 9i o8i!7re7 "Hu!Hrior 6e 7 f7"e u"rHri ;7nu7e R!ri"uturH@ S
rii et".- Fn foosu st7tuui 9i poporuui. SH nu uitH; 7poi "H 9i
D7ee 9i re#ouGiie so"i7e n?7u fost ipsite 6e 7Mutoru ;FnHstirior@
iree o"uri@ retr7se un6e se or!7niJ7 reJistenG7. Unii 6in "Hu!Hri
.u" "4i7r efe"ti# rHs"o7ee = "Hu!Hru Ser!4ie Fn uptee 6e 7 /u9t@
;7n6ritu Dionisie 9i 7r4on67ru A#r77; 7u fost 7pHrHtorii L7#rei
Ser!4ie Fn %L%&)%L%% "ontr7 Pooniei@ Cu#. Sofronie 6e 7 Cio7r7
#
r7nsi#7ni7@ s?7 6istins Fn upt7 6usH pentru 7pHr7re7 Orto6o:iei Fn
)%5L%@ Fn ti;pu ;7rior ;i9"Hri popu7re GHrHne9tir Dintre "entree
;FnHstire9ti 6e ;7re i;port7nGH pentru 6eJ#ot7re7 ri"ii Fn perio767
7"e7st7@ rH;Fn 7 o" 6e frunte 79eJH;intee 6e 7 .tee At4os@ "u
"ee ,& 6e ;FnHstiri 7e ui@ "u %( s"4ituri 9i peste "4iii. Fntr?o
#re;e "Fn6 su8 tur"i nu se Fn!H6ui7 ni"i o for;7Gie Ai"H@ sin!ure
;FnHstirie 9i Biseri"7 pute7u 7"ti#7 Fn foosu "re9ti? c. Tur"ii 7u
respe"t7t 6e 7tfe i8ertHGie ;FnHstirior@ 6e9i 7u prH67t i67tH
;eto7"ee or pentru 7 e rHpi #eniturie. Totu9i@ ne7#Fn6 "u ZHi@
fiin6"H se pier6userH 7Muto7ree 8iJ7ntine@ sFr8e9ti 9i 8u!7re@ "Hu? i
pe"7u ;7i ;ut 6upH ;iostenii Fn EHrie ro;<ne 9i Fn Rusi7. Fn feu t7
sH8e9te 6is"ipin7 ;on747H@ Fntru"Ft ;uGi "Hu!Hri@ 7Mun9i 76?
istp7tori 6e ;o9ii ori 76unHtori 6e 87ni@ "76 Fn ispit7 87nuui@ 7
7#e?N@ 7 #ieGii u;e9ti. StHrie 7"este7 e re;e6i7JH Fn p7rte refor;7
p7?W4uui Si#estru 6in Antio4i7 $%5,()%5LL-@ Fn %5,'@ "7re
opre9te@ !re7 pe6e7psH@ pe"7re7 6in ;FnHstire pentru interese
;7teri7e@ 6iGiie er7u FnsH !ree@ Fn"Ft "oin67tu 6upH 7Muto7re
"ontinuH@ Fntr?o ne Fn "7re 7 "urte7 ui BrFn"o#e7nu er7u@ 7 un
;o;ent 67t@ %' ie?i !re"i #eniGi 6upH ;iH. Cunos"utH este pentru
pHrGie 8HnHGene 9i
BISERICA IN SECOLELE A#i)Ms. #in
7rH6ene "oe"t7 FntreprinsH Fn %LL& 9i %LLL 6e p7tri7r4u M7:i; 6e Pe"i@
"oe"tH "7re ne?7 Hs7t interes7nte 7;Hnunte 6espre #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H
9i poiti"H 7 7"estor pHrGi. Mute 6in ;FnHstirie ;7ri se pustiirH@ se
pHrH!inirH. In o"u or s?7u ri6i"7t s"4iturie 9i "4iiie ;7i potri#ite
spirituui nou. In 7stfe 6e s"4ituri 9i "4iii #or trHi ;7rii Fn6ru;Htori
6u4o#ni"e9ti@ P74o;ie Rus7nos $se". 0VII-@ P7isie Vei"iPo#sPi $?-Z %5*(-
9i Ni"o6i; A!4ioritu $%5(+)%+&*-.
anse;nHt7te7 Munteui At4os@ nu;it >rdina 3aicii 8omnului este
fo7rte ;7re Fn tr76iGi7 tuturor popo7reor orto6o:e. (u /3./ o2/r5
"utur7H 9i teoo!i"H ;7i i;port7ntH@ Fn 7"e7stH perio76H@ Fn "7re sH
nu se si;tH 7Mutoru ui. Pentru !re"i@ e este "entru "e ;7i i;port7nt
6e #i7GH 6u4o#ni"e7s"H@ 6e un6e s?7u re"rut7t "ei ;7i ;uGi p7tri7r4i
9i ;itropoiGi@ "ei ;7i Fn#HG7Gi teoo!i 9i "ei ;7i ;uGi ;ision7ri. Fn
SfFntu Munte At4os s?7u pre!Htit operee teoo!i"e "7re s?7u pu8i"7t
Fn se". 0VII)0VIII 7 VeneGi7@ "u o ten7"it7te Fntr?76e#Hr ui;ito7re =
teoo!ie poe;i"H@ "HrGi itur!i"e@ s"rieri ;or7e@ 7s"eti"e@ #ieGi 6e sfinGi@
et"@ opere "7re 7u F;pFnJit tot sp7Giu orto6o:. Desi!ur spriMinu ro;< ?
nes" n?7 ipsit 6in se". 7 0IVUe7 pFnH Fn se". 7 00?e7.
i pentru !eor!ieni@ "7re 7#e7u 7i"i #e"4e7 9i fru;o7s7 ;FnHstire
7 I#irior ri6i"7tH Fn %&2& 6e i#iru Io7n@ !re"iJ7tH Fn"H 6in se". 0IV@
At4osu F9i 7re i;port7nG7 ui ;7re@ pentru "H 7i"i se pHstre7JH@ Fntre
7tee@ "ee ;7i #7oro7se 6o"u;ente 6e iter7turH "re9tinH !eor!i7nH@
Fn"epFn6 "u tr76u"ere7 Bi8iei fH"utH 6e Efti;ie $se". 0I- 9i 7tee. In
;FnHstire7 I#irior 6e 7 At4os s?7 7f7t "e ;7i #e"4i ;7nus"ris 7
fru;o7sei #ieGi 7 SfinGior V7r77; 9i Io7s7f.
Pentru 8u!7ri@ At4osu 7re i7rH9i i;port7nGH 6eose8itH nu nu;7i
pentru #e"4ie e!Hturi 6in epo"7 8iJ7ntinH 9i pentru "ee ;7i noi@ Fn?
6eose8i ;FnHstire7 Fnte;ei7tH pe 7 7nu %&&& 6e ;on74ii 8u!7ri@ 7f7tH
pFnH 7Ji Fn ;Finie or@ "i ;7i 7es pentru "H 6e 7i"i@ 6in At4os@ 7
pe"7t Fn %5L, #estitu pre6i"7tor 7 re6e9teptHrii 8u!7re@ PHrintee
P7isie@ 7utoru BIstoriei Bu!7riorD@ Fn "7re pre7;Hre9te f7ptee or 6in
tre"ut.
BA; s"ris@ se e:pri;H P7isie@ pentru 7"ei 4uitori 6e p7trie@ "7re
nu?9i iu8es" ne7;u 9i i;87. D7r 7; s"ris 9i pentru #oi@ "7re rF#niGi
sH "uno79teGi 9i sH 7uJiGi 6e ne7;u #ostru 9i 6e i;87 #o7strH@ "7 sH
9tiGi "H G7rii #o9tri 8u!7ri 9i p7tri7r4ii 9i 7r4iereii n?7u fost fHrH "ro?
ni"i 9i fHrH 6o"u;ente. O8i67 no7strH nu #ine 7tFt 6e 7 stHpFnire7 tre?
"utuui@ "Ft ;7i 7es 6e 7 7r4iereii !re"i. Din neferi"ire@ !re"ii nu ne
7sH #H6i"i 6e i;87 8u!7rH@ Fn"Ft 7u rH;7s 8u!7rii fHrH 9"o7H 9i
neis"usiGi 7 s"risD.
i sFr8ii ;Hrturises" prin 7r4i;7n6ritu G4er7si; bei"i@ 7 %5+(@
"H ni"i ei 4?7u #H6i"i 6e ne7;u or@ 87 Fn ;ute o"uri ni"i preoGi@ Fn?
"Ft 7u 7Muns unii sFr8i sH.se spo#e6e7s"H prin tH;7"i.
Pri;u ;7re istori" sFr8 R7i "i $f %+&%- 7 "HHtorit 9i e "7 9i Do?
sitei O8r76o#i"i 7 At4os pentru "H@ 6upH #enire7 6e 7 9"oie 6in
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B I B L I O G R A . I E
.. IinsPi@ nsemntatea At?osului n istoria literaturii slave, Fn B\urn7u Instr
Pu8LD@ Mos"o#7@ %5&5A .r. Do!er@ 8as 3onc?sland At?os, Berin@ %*(2. He 3illenairt
6u 3ont At?os, I)II, C4e#eto!ne@ %*L(@ A. 6e BMen6iett7D@ At?os, Berin@ %*5,
E. Tur6e7nu@ Hegturile romne"ti "u mnstirea 4ilandar "i =f# Pavel ) At?os
Fn BCer"etHri Liter7reD@ %*(&A T. Bo6o!7e@ A*utoarele romne"ti la mnstirile =iln tului
3unte At?os, Si8iu@ %*(% A I6e;@ nsemntatea 3untelui At?os n via!a popoa relor
ortodo)e Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ %*'2A E. Br7ni9te@ Rolul At?osului n istoria cultu lui
ortodo) $I8i6e;-A T. Bo6o!7e@ 8in comorile =tntului 3unte, Fn RBiseri"7 Or
to6o:H Ro;<nHD@ %*L2.
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F #re;e7 67s"Hior ETeofil$ Qoridaleu $se". 0VI- 9i Ioan Qariofil
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'ISERICA I( SECO)E)E *&I*&III
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6e;nH@ e#7#ios 9i "ut
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/[ PERIOADA A CINCEA
nionist@ "eH7t ;7i r76i"7. Pri;u 7 s"ris un tr7t7t 6espre B.iioCueD
un 6i7o! Fntre un !re" 9i un 7tin@ i7r "eH7t@ "ee8ru tr7t7t 8espre
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ii fiin6 Fn"4i9i. Fn "ore"t7re7 "HrGior itur!i"e@ "Ft 9i 7 6eJ#otHrii
9tiinGei teoo!i"e 9i "utur7e@ Oie#u 7#e7 un ro Fnse;n7t.
Pri nt re "o 78or7t ori i ui Pet ru "e M7re er7u Dt ef an l avorsLi
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e 7;Fn6oi fuseserH profesori 6e teoo!ie 9i 8uni or7tori. Oper7 prin?
7< 7 ui t. 7#orsPi este Piatra credin!ei, o "o;87tere 7 tuturor Fn?
<t uri or prot est 7nte@ s"ri sH Fn sti s"o 7st i "@ 6upH ;o6e 7puse7n@
i 7es 6upH Be7r;in. Teof7n s?7 rHJ8un7t pentru "H prin e7 fuse?
BISERICA IN SECOLELE 0VI)0VIII 2\
serH 7t7"7te 9i unee 6in pHrerie ui protest7ntiJ7nte@ inter#enin6 s
fie Fn"4is Teofi7"t Lop7tinsPi@ e6itoru Pietrei credin!ei# Af7rH 6h
Regulamentul du?ovnicesc 9i 6e &ursurile de teologie ,&?ristiana orto
do)a t?eologica0, tipHrite 6e ;7i ;ute ori 7 Ooni!s8er! 9i LeipJi!
?Fn6e;nFn6 pe teoo!u protest7nt Oo"4Hus sH s"rie (rt?odo)ia lut?era
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8iote"H 6e peste (&&& 6e "HrGi@ susGine7 "opii 7 9"o7H "u 87nii ui^ 9i
fost un 76e#Hr7t Biu;inistD. Ce#7 ;7i Fn7inte@ !er;7nu A67; boer
niPo#@ protest7nt "on#ertit 7 Orto6o:ie prin "itire7 3rturisirii Iu
Mitrof7n Oritopo@ 7 s"ris "e ;7i te;eini" stu6iu 6espre "o;87tere
767osuui .iioCue 7 Si;8ou 6e "re6inGH.
Fn6ru;Hto7re ;uti7ter7H 9i pentru teoo!ie 7 fost person7it7te
;7reui s7#7nt rus 3# A# Homonosov $f %5L'-@ "7re 7 pus 87Jee ter;i
noo!iei 9tiinGifi"e ruse@ 7M utF n6 7stfe pHt run6ere7 unei i ;8i ee
!7nte 9i Fn u"rHrie teoo!i"e. Respe"tFn6 Fn#HGHtur7 orto6o:H@ 7 "Hut7
sH re7iJeJe o sinteJH Fntre P7ton 9i Ne`ton@ 9i nu er7 6e 7"or6 c
B#oterieniiD "7re #ene7u 6in Apus.
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Rascolului 9i ;7i 7es "u#FntHri fru;o7se@ pentru "7re 7 fost nu;=
BBossuet 7 RusieiD.
Un spriMin i;port7nt intuiti# pentru FnGee!ere7 9i reGinere7 teo"
!iei orto6o:e 7 fost 9i pictura bisericeasc, "7re 7 "unos"ut Fn se". 0i
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lin $se". 0IV- 6e 7 At4os@ fi:7t Fn noie Ber;inii 6e pi"turHD. In Ru9i
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PERIOADA A CINCEA
Fn !ener7@ "utur7 teoo!i"H orto6o:H 7 p7r"urs Fn se". 0VI)0VIII
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rie !ree 7 e #re;ii @ tre8ui n6 sH?9i pre"iJeJe 7ti tu6ine7 f7GH 6e
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i 9i ren79tere7 6in se". 7 00?e7.
'I')IOFRAGIE
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eier@ 8ie [stLirc?en, E6iGie nouH@ Mun"4en)B7se@ %*5%@ LL& p. A M. es7n@
, gi a ort odo) n sec# 0V@ F n BMi t ropo i 7 Ar6e7 u ui D 0I $%*LL-. nr. %%)%,@
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itropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD 0V $%*5&-@ nr. 5)+@ p. (25)('&@ 9i Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7?
0III $%*L+-@ nr. ()L@ p. %!$),*2@ to7te "u 8i8io!r7fie nouHA VI. LossP3@
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en, L #oi.@ B7s"i@ Fn"epFn6 6in %*L,@ 9i "roni"i Fn BIntern7Jion7e Oir"4i"4e
=4riftD@ B7seA I. T3"i7P@ _e!e ostlic?er T?eologie, Bonn@ %*%LA O. Oir"4off@
<?ristlic?e (sten, Re!ens8ur!@ %*2*A T. Mos"4on7s@ &ataloagele +ibliotecii pa$
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6u 3t# At ?os, + #oi . @ P7ri s 6in %*5&A O. _eit J;7nn@ Aus den +i bl iot?eLen
Pt?os, /7;8ur!@ %*L2A A. D. No"P@ &?ristianisme et 4ellenisme, P7ris@ %*52@
2. A B. L7#7!nini@ =toria della letteratura neoellenica, Mi7no@ %*''A A. B7?ouos@
NIsTopi7 TOU Neou E10iY#i7fi.oo@ #oi. 2 $%('2)%LL*-@ T4ess7oniPe@ %*L+A rH@ N&
Ao7tOeos NiEpo7o0ui:ou@ At4en7i@ 19!!? ,*, p A CI. TsourP7s@ Hes debuts nseignement
p?ilosop?iOue dans les +alLans )Eii. &or'dalee, $)%L(L-@ T4ess7o?%*L5@ (L, p. A
N. M7tsouP7s@ Kean 8amascene Z E)position de la loi ort?odo)e, A7oniPe@ %*5L@
'&& p. A A. E. T7"4i7nos@ HE autobiograp?ie de Ia litterature niOue slave du
PAIII$e siecle, T4ess7oniPe@ %*5'A I. OisePo#@ PouLi i ocerti arobulgarsLoi
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E#ura PAII godini, Beo!r76@ %*&*@ %*&*. De la t?eologie ort?odo)e roumaine, des
ies < nos *ours, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(@ ',+ p.A M. PH"ur7riu@ Istoria +isericii Orto-
Romne, Si8iu@ %*5,@ p. *( 9. u.@ %%+),&%@ ,,+),'5A Teologia dogmatic si
E l ic, #oi . %@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'+@ p. ,&,),(' 9i p7ssi ;A t. B<rsHnes"u@ Pagi ni
ise din istoria culturii romne"ti $se". 0)0VI-@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5% A A. C7;7?
WCior7n@ Academiile domne"ti din +ucure"ti "i Ia"i, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5%@ 2,+ p. A
7; $;itropoitu-@ Rspunsul mpotriva cate?ismului calvinesc, E6iGie "riti"H@
% fioo!i" 9i in!#isti" 6e Mire7 Teo6ores"u@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+(A Mitropoi7
Mo?@ &omemorarea mitropolitului 8osoitei, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i
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)2',A iuGu)P. Cerno#o6e7nu@ 8imitrie &antemir< 4istor' oi =out?$east
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C7nte;ir@
D. LHu67t @ E6i t. \uni ;e7 I79i @ %*52 9i P. P. P7n7i tes"u@ Bu"ure9t i@ %*'+A
es7n $7utoru Bteoriei 7uto4toneD 6espre intro6u"ere7 i;8ii ro;<ne Fn Bi?
Fn"H 6in %*2*-@ 8espre limba liturgic la romni, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD
%*5'-@ nr. %),@ p. 5),+A I6e;@ Gnele considera!ii teologice despre gndirea
l i c romneasc di n sec# PAI6PAII $6e 7 Ne7!oe 7. C7nt e;i r -@ F n BMi ?
i i 7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei D LII $%*5L-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,('),'2A I6e;@ Aus der
lic?te des Rumnisc?en 8enLens, Fn B.ests"4rift E6. _interD@ E6it. Bo47u@
%*5L@ p. ,+'),*% A I6e;@ 8# &antemir academician, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7u?
OVI $%*52-@ nr. ')L@ p. '(5 9. u.A I6e;@ 8# &antemir "i limba romn, Fn
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8# &antemir, Hoca obscura, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD 0CI $%*52-@ nr. *)%
p. %&L2)%%%% 9i e:tr7s "u Intro6u"ere@ p. VII. \.. M7one3@ Russian 4es'c?asm
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Lon6r7@ %*55@ ,*, p.A G. Moisee#@ Homonosov i drevnerussLaia literatura, Lenin
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lussa, Mos"o#7@ %*&LA G. .oro#sPi@ Pu!i russLago bogoslovia, P7ris@ %*25A A. Os
t7po#)S. SoPoo#@ 8# &antemir "i urma"ii si n Rusia, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:
Ro;<nHD 0CII $%*5(-@ nr. 5)+@ p. *,+)*''@ #eJi 9i re#istee P7tri7r4iei Ruse
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$se". 0IV)0V-@ Lenin!r76@ %*5L@ ,'' p.A se "onst7tH "H 6in ti;pu SfFntuui Io7
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7 teoo!i7 isi47stH 9i p77;itH 9i Fn fine 7 teoo!i7 Refor;ei.
PERIOADA A VI ? A
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BISERICA IN EPOCA
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D7r Fn A;eri"7 6e Su6 n?7u putut fi repri;7te re#ouGiie 6intre
%+%%)%+2&. Re#ouGi7 6in .r7nG7 6e"7n97tH Fn iuie %+2& 7 in7u!ur7t
o erH 6e nest7torni"ie p7r7;ent7rH 9i 6e fri"Giuni "ontinui Fntre p7r ?
t i 67 "7t o i "i s;u ui u t r7;ont 7n? 9i 7 e!i t i ;i 9t i or ;on7r4i "i pe 6e
o p7rte@ 9i Fntre 8ur!4eJie 9i !rupHrie 6e;o"r7te pe 6e 7t7. Au fost
rHst urn7G i Bour8oni i 9i 7 fost 7 es re!e e 8ur!4eJ Lu6o#i "?.i i p I
$%+2&)%+(+-. Ase;ene7 o#ituri s?7u pro6us 9i Fn Be!i7@ Pooni7 9i
It7i7@ un6e f7"torii pro!resi9ti "er o8Ginere7 6e "onstituGii n7Gion7e
9i ;7i i8er7e.
Anu %+(+ ;7r"4e7JH Fn to7tH Europ7 o "riJH poiti"H 9i so"i7H
"u; nu ;7i fusese 6in %5+*. L7 7"e7st7 7u "ontri8uit 9i in#enGiie te4 ?
ni"e 7e ti;puui. M79in7 "u 78uri in#ent7tH 7 finee se"ouui 0VIII
7 "ontri8uit 7 ;Hrire7 8o!HGiior@ 7 Fn;uGire7 f78ri"ior@ fHrH "7 6e
7"este7 sH profite pre7 ;ut ;un"itorii "7re u"r7u ;7i 7es?Fn f78ri"ie
6e post7# 6in An!i7@ Fn "on6iGii ;iJer78ie@ "Fte %+ ore pe Ji@ fe;ei
9i "opi i@ uneori e:pu9i sH fie 7run"7G i Fn str76H@ fHrH si !ur7nG 7 Ji ei
6e ;Fine.
Mi9"Hrie so"i7iste 7u u7t Fn"eput Fn"H 6in pri;ee 6e"enii 7e
se"ou ui 7 0 0?e7. Contee fr7n"eJ C7u6e?/enri 6e S7i nt Si ;on
$f %+,'- #e6e7 posi8iH inst7ur7re7 prin "re9tinis; 7 unui "o;unis;
inte!r7@ 7 "7re sH se 7Mun!H prin 7pi"7re7 iu8irii "re9tine "7re 6es ?
fiinGe7JH propriet7te7 9i e:po7t7re7 6e ori"e fe. En!eJu Ro8ert O`en
$f %+'+-@ Fn "on"epGi7 s7 7tFt 6e utopi"H@ 7fir;7 "H #i7G7 6ure7JH nu;7i
pe pH;F nt @ un6e o7;eni i t re8ui e sH se 7M ut e re"i pro" 9i sH 7M un!H
) 6upH "u; pre"oniJ7 \. \. Rousse7u $f %55+- ) 7 6esfiinG7re7 "7sH?
toriei 9i 7 proprietHGii. .r7n"eJu Pierre \osep4 Prou64on $f %+L'- ;er ?
!e7 9i ;7i 6ep7rte@ susGinFn6 "4i7r 7n7r4i7 9i 7fir;Fn6 = Bpropriet7te7
e 4oGieD.
Cei "7re 7u pretins 7 fi stu6i7t FnsH 9tiinGifi" pro8e;ee e"ono;i"e@
so"i7e 9i poiti"e 7u fost = O7r M7r: $%+%+)%++2-@ Fn &apitalul, fon?
67toru ;7teri7is;uui 6i7e"ti" 9i istori"@ "re7tor 7 pri;ei Inter ?
n7Gion7e so"i7iste@ 9i .rie6eri"4 En!es $%+,&)%+*'- "7re@ Fn fe8ru7?
rie %+(+@ 7u preJent7t f7Jee 6e 6eJ#ot7re 7e istoriei so"i7e 9i e"o?
no;i"e@ 7fir;Fn6 "H pFnH nu se #7 inst7ur7 6i"t7tur7 proet7ri7tuui
7 "on6u"ere7 so"i7H 9i poiti"H 7 u;ii@ u"rurie nu se #or pute7 Fn?
6rept7. Punere7 Fn 7pi"7re 7 i6eior or 7 6us ) 6upH "u; 7; putut
"onst7t7 Fn uti;ii '& 6e 7ni ) 7 un tot7 6eJ7stru pe to7te p7nurie
#ieGii u;7ne 9i 7 ruin7re7 G<rior 9i popo7reor "7re 7u fost o8i!7te@
prin forGH 7r;7tH 9i tero7re@ sH 76opte fiosofi7 or.
L7 %& 6e"e;8rie %+(+ s?7 pro"7;7t Fn .r7nG7 Repu8i"7 7
I\?7@ "7re 7 6ur7t pFnH 7 %+',. Fntre %+', 9i %+5% 7 6o;nit Fn
.r7nG7 F;pHr7tu N7poeon 7 III?e7 Bon7p7rte. Pri;7 Fn"er"7re 6e
punere Fn 7pi"7re 7 noior i6ei "o;uniJ7r6e 7 fH"ut?o Co;un7 6in
P7ris@ Fn ;i9"7re7 6in ;7rtie ) ;7i %+5%@ 6upH "e .r7nG7 7 pier ?
6ut rHJ8oiu "u Ger;7ni7 7 % septe;8rie %+5&@ Fn ur;7 "Hrui7
I;periu Z german a 7ne:7t pro#in"iie As7"i7 9i Loren7@ prin tr7?
t7tu 6e 7 .r7nPfurt 6in %& ;7i %+5%. Fn i7nu7rie %+5%@ s?7 pro ?
"7;7t 7 Vers7ies I;periu !er;7n@ "7re 6e#eni pri;7 ;7re putere
Fn Europ7. Fn .r7nG7 s?7 pro"7;7t 7 2% 7u!ust %+5L Repu8i"7 7 II?7@
"7re 7 6ur7t pFnH 7 %& iuie %*%&. An!i7@ "7re ur;Hre7 sH ;enGinH un
e"4ii8ru europe7n@ n?7 #HJut "u o"4i 8uni ri6i"7re7 Ger;7niei@ "H?
rei7 i s?7 7Htur7t 7poi 9i I;periu 7ustro?un!7r. C7 ur;7re@ se #7
7Mun!e 7 FnfiinG7re7 BAnt7ntei Cor6i7eD@ Fn + 7priie %*&(@ for;7tH
6in An!i7 9i .r7nG7@ "Hror7 s?7 7Htur7t 7poi@ 7 2% 7u!ust %*&5@ 9i
Rusi7@ for;Fn6 F;preunH BTrip7 7i7nGHD 9i Fn!rH6in6 7"Giunie BPu?
terior "entr7eD = Ger;7ni7 9i Austro?Un!7ri7. L7 Trip7 7i7nGH s?7u
;7i 7Htur7t 7poi = \7poni7 6in %*%(@ It7i7 7 ,2 ;7i SR\Ro;<ni7 7
,5 7u!ust %*%L@ St7tee Unite 7e A;eri"ii 7 ( 7priieRa*%5Ri Gre"i7
6in %*%5. Ant7!onis;u poiti"@ ;iit7r 9i e"ono;i" 6intre 7"este !ru?
pHri #7 6u"e 7 iJ8u"nire7 pri;uui rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()-.g70#
Su8 r7port "utur7@ se"ou 7 00?e7 7 fost fo7rte frH;Fnt7t.
In7u!ur7t prin "riti"is;u r7Gion7ist 7 fiosofiei ui I;;7nue O7nt
$f %+&(- ) "7re supune r7Giunii ori"e pro8e;H@ in"usi# pro8e;7 ;et7?
fiJi"H?rei!io7sH "7re@ 6upH pHrere7 s7@ po7te fi "e ;ut postu7tH@ 67r
nu 6o#e6itH@ Fntru"Ft nu "76e su8 "enJur7 "eor "in"i si;Guri )@ se"ou
7 00?e7 "uno79te ;ute 7te "on"epGii fiosofi"e@ 9tiinGifi"e 9i rei ?
!io7se@ "7re 6e "7re ;7i ;HreGe@ FnsH "ontr76i"torii Fntre ee. Pornin6
6e 7 s"epti"is;u "uno79terii P7ntiene "7re re"uno79te totu9i e!e7
"on9tiinGei "7 "e#7 FnnHs"ut o;uui@ fiosofi "7 .r. /. \7"o8i $%+(2)%*%*-
9i neoP7ntienii \. Gottie8 .i"4te $f %+%(-@ .. _. .rie6eri"4 /e!e
$f %+2%-@ .r. _. \. S"4ein! $f %+'(- 9i 7Gii 7fir;7u "H o;u po7te fi
"u r7Giune7 un pH!Fn@ 67r "re9tin "u ini;7.
Totu9i@ ;uGi 6intre fiosofii 9i s"riitorii 6e se7;H 6in pri;7 Mu;H?
t7te 7 se"ouui 0I0 7u re#enit spre pro8e;ee rei!iei@ s7u ;H"7r
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
spre ro;7ntis;. Astfe .r. Rene C47te7u8ri7n6 $f %+(+-@ prin "un"
ui u"r7re He >enie du c?ristianisme ,X >eniul cre"tinismului ) I
s?7 strH6uit sH preJinte u;ii ;o6erne spen6orie 7rtisti"e@ "uiY
9i rei!io7se "re7te Fn 6e"ursu se"oeor 6e "re9tinis;@ spre 7 reFn6
pentru "re9tinis; o;enire7 ;o6ernH. Lu;e7 FnsH 7 "ontinu7t sH rC
;7i 6ep7rte spre un poJiti#is; 6i"t7t 6e 9tiinGH@ 6e te4ni"7
or6in7rH 7 in6ustri7iJHrii@ 6e 6eJ#ot7re7 "o;erGuui 9i 7 ;iMoA
6e "o;uni "7G i e r7pi 6H 6e 7 fi ne e se". 7 0 0?e7 9i Fn"eput u
7 00?e7 = teefon@ r76io@ ener!ie 7to;i"H@ "on!rese 9tiinGifi"e
presH@ 7propiere7 6intre popo7re 67toritH noior ;iMo7"e te4ni"
"o;uni"7Gie.
O infuenGH 6eose8itH 7 7#ut fiosofi7 ui .rie6eri"4 /e!e@ I
i7nis;u "on"epe istori7 9i re7it7te7 "7 pe un tot "e pro#ine 6ii
trup7re7 i6eii@ "7re@ Fn 6eJ#ot7re7 ei 6i7e"ti"H@ prin "io"nire7
tr7riior@ po7te sH 6u"H 7 "ontr76i"Gii 6iferite. Din 4e!ei7nis;@
76;ite7 totu9i o unit7te Fntre "re6inGH 9i "u!et7re@ fiosofi ;7i t=
"7 unii 6in 9"o77 6e 7 Tii8in!en = D. Pr. Str7uss $f %+5(-@ ..
B7ur $f %+L&-@ 67r ;7i 7es Lu6`i! .euer87"4 $f %+5,-@ #or tr7!e
"uJii "7re #or 6u"e spre "riti"is;u istori" 9i "4i7r spre ;7teri7Y
Lu;e7 7 Fn"eput sH se F;p7rtH Fn tot ;7i ;ute 9"oi@ "u tot ;7i
"re6inGH. M7teri7i9tii 6e se7;H "7 = O7r Vo!t $f %+*+-@ \. Moes
$f %+*2-@ Lu6`i! Bii"4ner $f %+**-@ Ernest /7e"4e $f %*%*-@ 7fir;
totu e nu;7i ;7terie.
Lu;e7 s?7 FnstrHin7t Fn se"oee 0I0 9i 00 tot ;7i ;ut 6
seri"H@ ;7i 7es 6upH "e poJiti#is;u ui Au!uste Co;te $f %+'5- p
"H 6H for;H 9tiinGifi"H 6eJ#otHrii o;enirii Fn 6ru; spre Brei!i7 #
ruuiD@ "7re nu ;7i 76;ite ni;i" Fn 7f7rH 6e "e spune 9tiinG7 poJi
D7r`inis;u@ "urent "re7t 6e C47res D7r`in $f %++,-@ p7re@
"onfir;e 7"est 76e#Hr "Fn6 susGine7 Fn"76r7re7 o;uui Fn re!nu
;7@ Fn "ir"uitu n7turii@ prin "unos"ut7 teorie 7 e#ouGiei spe"iior
ori!inii o;uui 6in ;7i;uGH.
.iosofu Art4ur S"4open47uer $f %+L&- #e6e7 u;e7 "7 o f
ir7Gion7H Fn 6eJ#ot7re@ i7r pe o; "u totu neputin"ios@ 67r e tre
sH se ;Fntuie 6e suferi nGH prin ne!7re7 6ori nGei 6e #i7GH 9i pi er6
Fn nefiinGH "7 Fn BNir#7n7D in6i7nH. .r. NietJs"4e oWN %*&&- 7 r
9i ;7i 6ep7rte@ "riti"Fn6 "re9tinis;u "H 7 "re7t o B;or7H 6e scit
"7re tre8uie Fno"uitH "u ;or77 supra$omului Q Gebermensc?,
nu "uno79te 6e"Ft forG7 #it7H o7r8H@ 8rut7H@ fHrH ;iH@ fHrH iu
Ase;ene7 i6ei 7u fost F;8rH"7te Fn 47in7 n7Gion7ist?r7sistH 6e A. /i
$%*22)%*('- 9i 7u "ontri8uit Fn ;7re ;HsurH 7 iJ8u"nire7 "eui
7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('-.
Vi7G7 poiti"H@ so"i7H 9i "utur7H 6in se". 0I0 9i pri;7 Mu;7
7 se"ou ui 00 nu 9i?7 pi er6ut "u tot u "7r7"teru ei "re9ti n Fn ;
rit7te7 GHrior europene@ i7r f7ptu se 67tore9te Fn pri;u rFn6 #it7i
9i forGeor Fnnoito7re 7e "re9tinis;uui. S?7 6us o uptH 7"ti#H
pun"t 6e #e6ere poiti"@ so"i7 9i e"ono;i"@ prin p7r7;ente@ 6ipo;A
9i presH 9i s?7 orient7t "utur7@ iter7tur7@ 7rt7@ ;uJi"7 9i "4i7r 9tii
spre s"opurie FnHGHrii so"i7e 9i spiritu7e 7e o;enirii. ,, ) Istori7
Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
?A ?fV
Cei ;7i ;uGi 6intre s"riitorii se"oeor 0I0 9i 00 7u tr7t7t Fn
peree or 9i te;e rei!io7se@ Fn"ep<n6 6e 7 ro;7nti"i@ 6upH %+&&@
FnH 7 si;8oi9tii 9i esei9tii se"ouui nostru. S"risu pin 6e si;Gire
i poetuui !er;7n E. M. Arn6t $f %+L&-@ poeJiie rei!io7se 7e ui
i8ert On7pp $f %+L(- 9i pre6i"ie ui Iu. O. Stur; $f %+*L- 6e#in popu?
7re@ 797 "u; 7u 6e#enit Fn Sue6i7 po#estirie s"riito7rei Se;7 L7?
erof $f %*%&- s7u ro;7nee ui Au!. Strin68er! $f %*%,- s7u@ Fn Rusi7@
trierie ui .eo6or Dostoie`sPi $f %++%- 9i Le# Tostoi $f %*%&-@ pine
e sufu u;7n 9i 6e pro8e;e "re9tine@ "e 6intFi Fn ro;7nee =
&rim l pedeaps, Idi otul, 8emonii, Adol escent ul, Fra!ii
Qarama%ov, i7r N. Tostoi Fn ro;7nee = R%boi "i Pace, nvierea 9i
"ee7te.
Fn .r7nG7 7u re"F9ti!7t "u Fn"etu "ititorii pentru !ustu 9i pre?
"upHrie pe inie "re9tinH s"rierie ui .r. Coppee $f %*&+- ) "7re F9i
es"rie Fn Ha belle souffrance "on#ertire7 7 "re9tinis; )@ 7e ui P7u
our!et $f %*2'-@ pine 6e frH;FntHri 6e "on9tiinGH@ 7poi poeJiie 9i
Meurie ui G4. Pe!ui $f %*%(-@ pu8i"7te su8 titu Pelerin de lEAbsolu
s"rierie ui M7uri"e Bon6ei $%+L%)%*(*-@ .r. M7uri7" $f %*5&-@ t.
Gison $n. %++(-@ \. M7rit7in $f %*52- 9i 7Gii@ 7poi o serie Fntre7!H X
ro;7ne@ po#estiri 9i 6r7;e 6iriM7te 6e 6iferite "er"uri iter7re "re9? ne
"7 = 4oc?land Fn Ger;7ni7@ Ha [uin%aine Fn .r7nG7@ 7tee Fn An?i7 9i
Fn 7te GHri.
De 7se;ene7 9i 7rtee p7sti"e 7u ur;7t 7"e79i 6ru;. DupH "e 7u
6rH!it n7tur7is;u 9i sensu7is;u Fn to7te "4ipurie@ nu;ero9i o7?
eni 6e 7rtH s?7u Fntors 9i 7 te;e ;7i senine@ 7 o 7rtH spiritu7iJ7tH@
spir7tH 6in "re9tinis;@ ;7i 7es Fn ;uJi"H@ 6o;eniu Fn "7re s?7u
Fpus "re7tori 6e se7;H@ 6intre "7re ;enGionH; = \. S. B7"4 $f %5'&-@
. .r. /Hn6e $f %5'*-@ _. A. MoJ7rt $f a5*%-@ .r. \. /736n $f %+&*-@
i6`i! #7n Beet4o#en $f %+,5-@ .r. S"4u8ert $f %+,+-@ .ei: Men?
=so4n?B7rt4o6i $f %+(5-@ \. Br74;s $f %+*5- 7 !er;7ni 9i 7ustrie"i A
it7ieni Giuseppe Ver6i $f %*&%- 9.7. A 7 fr7n"eJi = /e"tor BerioJ
%+L*-@ C4. Gouno6 $f %+*2-@ C7u6eN De8uss3 $f %*%+-@ M7uri"e R7#e
%*25-@ Oi#ier Messi7en $n. %*&+- 9.7.@ 7 e#eGieni = Art4ur /one!er
%*''-@ 7 sp7nioi = P78o C7s7s $f %*5L-@ 7 un!uri = .r7nJ LisJt
%++L-@ 7 ru9i = D. S. Bortne7nsPi $f %+,'-@ A. .@ L`o# $f %+5&-@
. P. Musor!sPi $f %++%-@ Ae:. P. Boro6in $G %++5-@ P. I. Ce7iPo#sPi
%+*2-@ M. A. Ri;sPi?Oors7Po# $f %*&+-@ S. V. R74;7nino# $f %*(2-@
or .. Str7#insPi $f %*5%- 9.7.@ 7 !re"i ;itropoitu /ris7nt 6e Pruss7
%+(&- 9.7.@ 7 ro;<ni = iero;on74u M7"7rie $f %+2L-@ Anton P7nn
%+'(-@ Di;itrie Su"e#e7nu $f %+*+-@ tef7n7"4e Popes"u $f %*%&-@
pri7n Poru;8es"u $f %++2-@ Euse8ie M7n6i"o#s"4i $f %*,*-@ G7#rii
uJi"es"u $f %*&2-@ Di;itrie CunG7n $f ,5 iunie %*%&-@ G4. Di;7
%*,'-@ D. Geor!es"u?Oiri7" $f %*,+-@ G4. Cu"u $f %*2,-@ Ion Popes"u?
sHre7 $f %*(2-@ Geor!e Enes"u $f %*''-@ P7u Const7ntines"u $f %*L2-@
i C4ires"u $f %*+&-@ N@ Lun!u@ G4. oi;7 9.7.
Pi"tori 9i s"uptori "7 B. T4or`76sen $f %++(- 7 67neJi@ A. C7 ?
#7 $f %+,,- 7 it7ieni@ G. O7u87"4 $f %+5(- 7 !er;7ni@ Ae:.?A. I#7?
# $f %+'+- 7 ru9i@ N. Gri!ores"u $f %*&5- 9i G. T7tt7res"u $f %+*(-
ro;<ni@ 7u Hs7t opere 6e r7rH #7o7re@ 67torFt7Ninspir7Giei "re9tine.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
MeritH sH 7;inti;@ 6e 7se;ene7@ fru;o7see iustr7Gii?st7;pe 6e 7
s7"i7nu G. Dore $f %++2- 7 = Bi8ie@ Di#in7 Co;e6ie@ P7r76isu Pier
6ut 9.7.
I
C4i7r 7r4ite"tur7 7 67t prin FnHG7re7 ;7rior 6o;uri !oti"e 9i
"ru"ifor;e $Oon@ Berin@ Peters8ur!@ Lon6r7 et"-@ fru;o7se opere 6e
7rtH "7re 7u stors 76;ir7Gi7 o;enirii.
In feu 7"est7@ "utur7 9i 7rt7 67u "re9tinis;uui 9i Fn epo"7 ;o?
6ernH 9i "onte;por7nH ;oti#e sufi"iente 6e 7 "re6e "H rei!i7 9i Biseri"7
"re9tinH rH;Fn Fn"H e!7te 6e sufetu o;enes".
In "on"uJie@ "4i7r 67"H unee "urente noi "7 teosofi7@ fr7n" ?
;7soneri7@ in6iferentis;u rei!ios 9i 7te "on"epGii 7u "Hut7t sH 87 ?
;eJe "re9tinis;u@ e 7re totu9i Fn sine 9i 6e p7rte7 s7 rHspunsurie 76e?
#Hruui re#e7t.
BI BLI OGRA.I E
R. OottMe)B. Moeer@ (Lumenisc?e Qirc?en)>esc?ic?te, B<n6 III. NeuJeit
,?e Auf7!e@ Miin"4en@ %*5*A M. P. /7rne3@ T?e &at?olic &?uic? t?ioug?out t?e
ages, Boston@ %*5L@ L&, p. A \o4n A. /7r6on@ &luistianit' in t?e tNentiet? &entur' Ne`
lorP@ %*5,@ '*' p.A +ilan de la t?eologie du PP$e siecle# Pu8ie sous 7 6ire"tion
6e R. V7n 6er Gu"4t et /. Vor!ri;er@ , #oi.@ Tourn7i)P7ris@ %*5&)%*5% A \. Mer"ier@
Aingt siecles dE?istoire du Aatican, P7ris %*L* A C4. Pi"4on@ He Aatican, ?ier et
au*ourdE?ui, W$e P7ris@ %*L+A M. Con!7r@ Papaute, Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 uni?#ers7isD@ t.
%,@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. (+')(++ A I6e;@ =ituation et tc?es prcsentes de Ic t?eologie, P7ris@
%*L5A A. G. Di"Pens@ Ha &ontre$Retorme, P7ris@ %*L*A R. Au8ert Hu T?eologie
cat?oliOue au milieu du PP$e siecle, Tourn7i)P7ris@ %*L( A Prop'ler Meltgesc?ic?te#
Eine Gniversalgesc?ic?te, /rs!. #on G. M7nn@ A. /euss un" A. Nits"4Pe@ B6. I)
0 g , supp.@ %, #oi@ Berin@ .r7nPfurt@ _ien@ %*L%)%*L': \. M7"Cu7rrie@ TNentiet?
&entur' religious t?oug?t# T?e irontiers oi P?ilosop?' and T?eolog', -.996-.;9, Lon6on@
%*L2 A R. Grousset et E. G. Leon7r6@ 4istoire universelle, t. III@ 8e la Retorme nos
*ours, P7ris@ %*'5A \. R. #on S7is@ Melt$gesc?ic?te der neusten Seit, #oi. I)II@
biiri"4@ %*'%@ %*''@ , #oi.@ I)00@ 52+ p 9i 0VI ) 5LL p.A M. M. S"4ein;7nn@
8er AatiLan im Seiten MeltLrieg, Berin %*'(A A. E4n47r6t un6 _. Neuss@ 8ie
Qat?olisc?e Qirc?e im Mandel der Seiten 2cB6.@ ,?e Auf7!e@ LeipJi!@ %*'&)%*'(A
M. C47ir;7n@ He Aatican contemporain, Tr76uit p7r D. S7se;7n@ Mos"ou@ fHrH 7nA
_. Mo;;sen@ >esc?ic?te des Abend$landes von der Fran%osisc?en Revolution bis
%ur >egenNart, 1789194! ;iinc1/n %*'% A \. M. Conno3@ He Rennouveau
t?eologiOue dans la France contemporaine, ti76u"tion fr7n"7ise@ P7ris@ %*LL.
Pentru istori7 6iferiteor GHri
G. Li#et et R. Mousnier@ 4istoire generale de AEurope, t. %)2@ P7ris %*+&
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5
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p7r C7t4erine Bour6et@ P7ris@ %*5&@ ((5 p. A \. M767ue@ Istoria Fran!ei# Tr76. 6e
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I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. R5mur/anu.
BISERICA aN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA 2(\
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2(, PERIOADA A ASEA
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BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
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?%*%(-@ "u ener!ie@ 67r fHrH su""es@ 6eo7re"e e7 7 rH;7s Fn #i!o7re
FnH 7Ji. Poporu fr7n"eJ@ rH;7s "re6in"ios Biseri"ii "7toi"e@ s?7 rHs?
M7t@ Fn unee pHrGi@ 9i 7 o8Ginut foosire7 pe ;7i 6ep7rte 7 #e"4ior
i"79uri@ pe 87J7 #e"4iuui 6rept 6e 7so"iere $%*&5)%*&+-.
Cu to7te ;Hsurie u7te "ontr7 Biseri"ii "7toi"e 6in .r7nG7@ e7 se
FenGine totu9i puterni"H 9i Fnforito7re 67toritH e:"eentei ei or!7ni?
iri 9i ;7i 7es Fn#HGH;Fntuui 6e to7te !r76ee = 9"oi pri;7re@ i"ee@
i"utHGi 6e teoo!ie@ uni#ersitHGi. Ap7riGi7 M7i"ii Do;nuui 7 Lour?
aS@ Fn .r7nG7@ Fn %+'+@ "7re s?7 7rHt7t pHstoriGei Bern76ette Sou8irous@
"re7t un #7 puterni" 6e piet7te popu7rH. A"e7stH piet7te este per?
7nent susGinutH 9i 6e "utu poporuui fr7n"eJ pentru .e"io7r7 6in
re7ns@ \e7nne DN Ar" $%(%,) f %(2%-@ 8e7tifi "7tH Fn %*&*@ "u to7te
i !u#ernee 7i"iJ7nte s?7u opus.
Din %++,@ 7p7re 7 P7ris "oti6i7nu Ha &roi), "7re 7pHrH "u su""es
teresee Biseri"ii "7toi"e Fn .r7nG7.
Totu9i@ 6ouH ;i9"Hri i;port7nte 6in .r7nG7@ ;i9"7re7 =illon, 6e
Fn!7 9i ;i9"7re7 6in Muru re#istei Action franOaise, 6e 6re7pt7@ "on?
isH 6e C4. M7urr7s $%+L+) f %*',- 9i Leon D7u6et $f %+(,- 7u fost
;67;n7te 6e V7ti"7n.
Mi9"7re7 BSionD@ FnfiinG7tH Fn %+*&@ F9i tr7!e ori!ine7 6e 7 un
up 6e stu6enGi 6in Coe!iu BSt7nis7sD 6in P7ris@ 7#Fn6 "7 pro!r7;
n"iiere7 6intre "re9tinis; 9i nou7 so"iet7te for;7tH Fn ur;7 Re#o?
Giei fr7n"eJe 6in %5+*. E7 7 fost "on6usH 6e 8Hr87tu poiti" M7r"
tn!nier $%+52)%*'&- prin re#ist7 He =illon, "7re 9i?7 Fn"eput 7p7riGi7
%+*( 67toritH ui P. Ren7u6in. Printr?o s"riso7re 76res7tH epis"op7?
ui fr7n"eJ@ Fn ,' 7u!ust %*%&@ p7p7 Pius 0 $%*&2)%*%(- 7 "on67;?
it ;i9"7re7 BSionD@ fiin6 7"uJ7tH 6e infitr7Gii ;o6erniste@ 6e pre?
nGii in76;isi8ie 7 7utono;ie f7GH 6e ier7r4i7 "7toi"H 9i 6e 7i7nGH
ne"7toi"ii.
L7 ,L i7nu7rie %*%(@ S7"r7 Con!re!7Gie 7 "on67;n7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@
7rHrie in"ri;in7te 7e ui C4. M7urr7s 9i re#ist7 8iun7rH BN A"tion
7ntp7iseD@ nu FnsH 9i "oti6i7nu "u 7"e79i nu;e. Con67;n7re7 7 fost
ro87tH 6e p7p7 Pius 0@ 67r pHstr7tH un ti;p se"retH. Con67;n7re7
8i"7Giior 6in "er"u re#istei BN A"tion .r7n"7iseD s?7 fH"ut 6in nou
#7r7 7nuui %*,L 6e "Htre p7p7 Pius 0I $%*,,)%*2*-@ pe ;oti#u "H
,ste7 repreJintH Bo for;H nouH 7 ;o6ernis;uui poiti" 9i so"i7D.
Fn 7f7rH 6e Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H se 7fH Fn .r7nG7@ 7 o popu?
e 6e "ir"7 '5 ;iio7ne o"uitori@ 6ouH ;iio7ne 6e "7#ini9ti $re iGi-@
fo9tii B4u!4enoGiD 6in se"ou 0VI 9i uter7nii 6in As7"i7 9i ap i7.
Biseri"7 protest7ntH 6in .r7nG7 este fo7rte 7"ti#H@ 7#Fn6 trei ItHGi 6e
teoo!ie@ 7 P7ris@ Str7s8ur! 9i 7 Montpeier@ ;ute 9"oi 9i -"i7Gii A
e7 7re o ;7re "ontri8uGie Fn 6o;eniu ;ision7r 9i 6eJ#otH o i;o7sH
7"ti#it7te Fn "76ru ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e. Nu;ero9i stu6enGi n7ni 9i?
7u fH"ut stu6iie 6e spe"i7iJ7re Fn teoo!ie Fn 6iferite .7"u? i
ro;7no?"7toi"e 9i protest7nte 6in .r7nG7.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
2. Ca.o#ici3mu# 8n F/rmania
InfuenG7 fe#roni7nis;uui 9i 7 Re#ouGiei fr7n"eJe 7supr7 BisI@
"ii !er;7ne 7 7#ut "7 reJut7t se"u7riJ7re7 8unurior 8iseri"e9ti
e:"epGi7 Austriei. Prin tr7t7tee 6e 7 C7;po?.or;io $%5*5- 9i LR
#iie $%+&%-@ N7poeon Bon7p7rte 7ne:H Be!i7@ "ee7 "e 7#u "7 urni
se"u7riJ7re7 tuturor 8unurior "i#ie 9i 8iseri"e9ti $%+&2- 6in G7rH.
DupH "H6ere7 ui N7poeon Fn %+%(@ "7toi"ii 9i?7u re!e;ent7#
pri;ee trei 6e"enii 6estu 6e "on#en78i situ7Gi7 or prin "on"or"#
Fn to7te st7tee !er;7ne@ 7f7rH 6e Prusi7@ un6e@ 6e9i se Fn"4ei7se
"on"or67t Fn"H 6in %+,%@ 78i7 Fn %*&, s?7 7Muns 7 e!7it7te7 "onfesii
or@ re"unos"utH Fn"H 7 Con!resu 6in Vien7 $%+%()%+%'-.
MuGi epis"opT !er;7ni se !Fn6e7u 7"u; sH for;eJe o Bise#
!er;7nH@ 67"H nu 6espHrGitH 6e p7p7@ "e puGin o Biseri"H "7re sH
8u"ure 6e o ;7i ;7re i8ert7te 6e ;i9"7re. A97 7 fH"ut Fn"H 6in tirr
Con!resuui 6e 7 ?Vien7 Fn#HG7tu epis"op 6e Const7nG7@ I!n7Giu
_essen8er!@ "7re 7 intro6us o serie 6e refor;e Fn Biseri"7 !er;7nH
stiu #e"4iuui sino67isrn.
.r7Gii preoGi T4einer pu8i"7rH Fn %+,+ "ee8r7 "7rte 6espre B5n
ducerea for!at a celibatului2, "7re 7 fost ;ut "ititH 9i 6is"ut7tH
preoGi;e7 "7toi"H 6in SieJi7 9i Ger;7ni7. A. T4einer $f %+5(- s?7 R
tins 9i prin pu8i"7re7 7 nu;ero7se 6o"u;ente ine6ite 6in 4
Ro;ei.
Din ipsH 6e unire 9i uptH siste;7ti"H@ FnsH@ i8er7is;u teoo!i
fost Fno"uit trept7t "u un "urent ;7i "7toi" susGinut Fn6eose8i 6e
teoo!i "on#ertiGi "7 Iosef Gores $f %++(-@ profesor 7 Miin"4en@
!Fn6e7 sH reFn#ioreJe "7toi"is;u Fn Ger;7ni7@ 6upH ;o6eu R
;e6iu.
Cei ;7i ;7ri teoo!i "7toi"i 6in7inte 6e %+'& sFnt = I. A. 3;Z
$f %+2+-@ 6o!;7tist 9i si;8oist "ee8ru 9i I!n7Giu Doin!er $f -a
istori" t7ent7t "7re@ 6in %+5%@ s?7 "ert7t "u p7p7it7te7@ Fn ur;7 C.
"iiuui I V7ti"7n 6in %+5&@ un6e s?7u pro;u!7t 6o!;ee pri;7tuuM
7e inf7ii8iitHGii p7p7e@ FnfiinGFn6@ F;preunH "u 7Gi teoo!i@ Biseri"7 R
"4iior?"7toi"i.
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"io9i !er;7ni. Astfe@ "ontee P7u #on /oens8roe"4@ ieJuit pFnH
%+*2@ pHrHsi "7toi"is;u Fn %+*' 9i 6e#eni ;7re 76#ers7r 7 Gii 9i 7
ieJuiGior.
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;7i i;port7nte Fn se"ou 7 00?e7 = 7- cel al cstoriilor mi)te, KMM
tre 7nii %+25)%+(& $"e7rt7 6e 7 Oon-@ 9i 8- conflictul cu privire lai
v!mnt, "unos"ut su8 nu;ee 6e QulturLampf Q Hupta pentru cuZ r
$%+5%)%+55-.
7. Pro,#/ma c535.orii#or mi4./. Gu#ernu Prusiei 7 67t Fn"H
%+&2 6e"iJi7 "7@ Fn "HsHtoriie ;i:te@ "opiii sH ur;eJe 6e re!uH reMM@
t7tHui or. Printr?un breve 67t 6e p7p7 Pius &III $%+,*)%+2&-@ Fn -Z
s?7 "erut preoGior "7toi"i sH nu ;7i ofi"ieJe "HsHtorii ;i:te@ 67"H
iu 6e"7rH "H #or "re9te "opiii Fn "re6inG7 "7toi"H. Deo7re"e 6o!;7 Bi?
eri"ii "7toi"e so"ote9te "H T7in7 CHsHtoriei "onstH Fn 6e"7r7Gi7 ;irior
e 7 trHi F;preunH@ ur;e7JH "H p7rti"ip7re7 preotuui 7 sH#Fr9ire7 T7i?
Fei e ;7i ;ut p7si#H. De 7"ee7 !u#ernu !er;7n s?7 FnGees "u epis"opii
=7toi"i sH 7se i8ert7te7 preoGior pentru 7 ofi"i7 ;7i 6ep7rte "HsHto?
ii ;i:te@ "4i7r 67"H soGu protest7nt nu 6H 6e"7r7Gi7 "erutH 6e p7pH.
n %+2' FnsH nou epis"op 6e Oon@ Vis"4erin! 9i@ 6upH e@ epis"opu 6e
Fnesen $Poen7;- interJi" prin "ir"u7re ofi"iere7 7"estui fe 6e "HsH?
orii. S?7 nHs"ut un "onfi"t 797 6e ;7re@ Fn"Ft !u#ernu 7 Fnte;niG7t
ie "ei 6oi epis"opi. In %+(& FnsH@ nou re!e 7 Prusiei .r. _i4e; IV
%+(&)%+L%- 7 tre8uit sH "e6eJe@ ei8erFn6 pe "ei 6oi epis"opi 9i F;?
hH"Fn6u?se "u Ro;7.
Re#ouGi7 8ur!4eJH 6in %+(+ n?7 7#ut infuenGH pre7 ;7re Fn "ee7
e pri#e9te r7porturie 6intre Biseri"H 9i St7t Fn Ger;7ni7.
8. OuiurP7;pf Q Hupta pentru cultur, este nu;ee 67t ;i9"Hrii
7tiste 6in Ger;7ni7@ prin "7re se ur;Hre7 "7 to7tH #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H =
ur;7re7 "eruui@ nu;ire7 9i 6epunere7 preoGior 9i epis"opior@ e:"o?
uni"7re7 "re6in"io9ior et"@ sH fie su8 "ontrou st7tuui@ Fn nu;ee
p7rHrii "i#iiJ7Giei 9i "uturii ;o6erne. Mi9"7re7 ur;Hre7 se"u7riJ7 ?
rH siste;7ti"H 7 instituGiior Biseri"ii 9i e7 7 fost Fnsu9itH 9i susGinutH
u ;7re ener!ie 6e "7n"e7ru Ger;7niei i;peri7e Otto #on Bis;7r"P %+%'
)%+*+-.
E:presi7 QulturLampf 7 fost Fntre8uinG7tH pentru pri;7 67tH 7
5 i7nu7rie %+52@ 6e "Htre 6eput7tu i8er7 R. Vir"4o#@ i7r e!ie 7"es?
Ai ;i9"Hri et7tiste@ 7"Htuite 6e ;inistru "uteor A. .7iP 7u fost #o?
Fte 6e P7r7;entu !er;7n 7 %% 9i %( ;7i %+52 $M7i!esetJe-. Gu#er?
u !er;7n@ su8 "on6u"ere7 "7n"e7ruui Otto #on Bis;7r"P@ i7 7"u;
FHsuri fo7rte se#ere = se 7reste7JH epis"opi 9i preoGi@ se opres" s77riie
feruui su8 oJin"7 = BCo9u "u pFine s?7 ri6i"7t ;7i susD. Bis;7r"P
isu9i 6e"7rH = BNoi nu ;er!e; 7 C7noss7D 9i ti;p 6e 97pte 7ni s?7
r7t7t neFn6upe"7t.
P7p7 Pius I0 $%+(L)%+5+- n?7 Ginut se7;7 6e e!ie #ot7te 6e P7r?
h;entu !er;7n Fn f7#o7re7 ;i9"Hrii BOuturP7;pfD@ o8i!Fn6 "eru@
i8 pe6e7ps7 e:"o;uni"Hrii@ sH?9i f7"H 67tori7 fHrH 7 rupe e!Hturie
iseri"e9ti "u Ro;7. De 7se;ene7@ p7rti6u "7toi" 6e "entru 6in Ger?
t7ni7@ FnfiinG7t 6e "7toi"i Fn %+5&@ fo7rte puterni"@ spriMin;6u?se pe
+ 6in popu7Gi7 !er;7nH@ 7 6us o uptH neFn"et7tH pentru 6esfiinG7?
S7 e!ior.
Fn "ee 6in ur;H@ Bis;7r"P Fnsu9i 7 "e67t@ #HJFn6 "H este i;posi8i
i 7i"iJeJe "7toi"is;u. Prin e!ie 6in ,% ;7i %+5L 9i ,5 7priie %+55@
is"7re7 BOuturP7;pfD 9i?7 Fn"et7t e:istenG7 9i s?7 7Muns 7 p7"ifi?
ire "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H Fn ti;pu pontifi"7tuui p7pei Leon
III $%+5+)%*&2- A epis"opii 6estituiGi 7u fost repu9i Fn s"7une@ s?7
FsfiinG7t o8i!7ti#it7te7 ser#i"iuui ;iit7r 9i 7 e:7;enuui 6e st7tcI
;tru preoGi@ s?7 Hs7t i8ert7te7 Fn#HGH;Fntuui Fn 9"oi@ st7tu e:er?
t Fn6 "ont ro u nu;7i 7 nu;i re7 6efi nit i #H 7 " eri "i or. Ur;7re7 7
st "H protest7nGii s?7u sesiJ7t 9i 7u Fn"4ei7t 9i ei@ Fn %++5@ un p7"t S
fensi# $E#7n!eis"4er Bun6-.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Spre sfFr9itu se"ouui 0I0@ "7toi"is;u s?7 re7fir;7t Fn Ger
ni7@ ;7i 7es Fn ur;7 poiti"ii e"4ii8r7te 7 p7pei Leon 7 0II?e7.
en"i"i"ee s7e@ ;7i 7es prin en"i"i"7 1Rerum novarum2 7supr7
8e;eor so"i7e@ pu8i"7tH 7 %' ;7i %+*%@ p7p7 "Hut7 sH F;p7"e i
ii"is;u "u puterni"7 ;i9"7re ;un"itore7s"H@ 7MunsH 7 ;7re i;port
Fn Ger;7ni7. I;periu !er;7n@ "re7t 7 %+ i7nu7rie %+5% 6e "7n"e
Otto #on Bis;7r"P@ 7 fost Fn#ins Fn pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%
6e Puterie 7i7te = .r7nG7@ An!i7@ It7i7@ Ro;<ni7 9i St7tee U
fiin6 F;pHr7t 7 Ger;7niei _i4e; II $%+++)%*%(-. Prin tr7t7tu
p7"e Fn"4ei7t 7 Vers7ies@ 7 ,+ iunie %*%*@ Fntre Puterie 7i7te 9i
;7ni7@ 7"e7st7 pier6e7 to7te "ooniie 6in Afri"7 9i O"e7nu P7"
fiin6 o8i!7tH sH retro"e6eJe .r7nGei pro#in"iie As7"i7 9i Lorens
se"ou 00@ "7toi"is;u 7 reu9it sH?9i 7pere poJiGiie s7e Fn Ger
ni7. Fn %*22@ p7p7 Pius 0I $%*,,)%*2*- 7 Fn"4ei7t un "on"or67t
Rei"4u !er;7n.
Fn ti;pu 6i"t7turii ui A. /iter $%*22)%*('-@ ;uGi 6intre ee
!er;7ni F n frunt e "u "7r6i n7 u .7u 478er 7u 7#ut 6e suferi t. I
Pius 0I $%*,,)%*2*-@ #<JFn6 suferinGee "eruui "7toi" 9i presiune
"7re er7 supusH Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 6in Ger;7ni7@ 7 "on67r
n7Jis;u prin en"i"i"7 13it +renender =orge2 X &u nflcrat g
pu8i"7tH Fn %( ;7rtie %*25.
De9i Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 6in Ger;7ni7 7re 6e upt7t "u u
"riJe interio7re 9i este ;ereu Fn "on"urenGH "u Biseri"7 uter7nH@
"e7 refor;7tH 9i "u Biseri"7 #e"4ior "7toi"i@ e7 7re totu9i o siti
Fnforito7re. Ger;7ni7@ Fn preJent unifi"7tH@ nu;HrH peste +& 6e i
o7ne 6e o"uitori 6intre "7re peste 2' 6e ;iio7ne sFnt ro;7no?"7t"
i7r restu sFnt refor;7Gi 9i uter7ni Fn ;7Morit7te@ ;7i 7es "ei pro#
6in fost7 Repu8i"H De;o"r7tH Ger;7nH.
(. Ca.o#ici3mu# 8n a#./ 5ri
Fn Imperiul Austriac, s?7 pHstr7t@ Fntr?o 7nu;itH ;HsurH@ o 7
6ine 6e in6epen6enGH f7GH 6e "7toi"is;@ Fn"H 6e pe ti;pu F;pHr
ui Iosif II $%5+&)%5*&-. Din %5+&@ 6upH ;o7rte7 ;7;ei s7e@ IV
TereJ7 $%5(&)%5+&-@ I"sif II 7 restrFns prin e!e 7utorit7te7 Curiei
;7ne Fn I;periu 7ustri7"@ su8or6onFn6 Biseri"7 7utoritHGii st7t
7"Giune "unos"utH Fn istorie su8 nu;ee 6e *osefism s7u *osefinism
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turi poiti"e 9i ne"7toi"ior@ f7pt "7re 7 irit7t "er"urie "7toi"e.
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pFnH tFrJiu@ "4i7r 9i Fn ti;pu F;pHr7tuui .r7n"is" Iosif I $%+(+)%
"7re ;7i 7pi"7 Fn"H 1placetum, regiurn2 7 nu;iri 8iseri"e9ti.
? Prin "on"or67tu 6intre V7ti"7n 9i I;periu 7ustri7"@ 6in %+''@
!o"i7t 6e \. O. R7us"4er $%5*5)%+5'-@ 7r4iepis"op 7 Austriei 9i
6in7 7 Vienei@ 6in %+'2@ e!is7Gi7 iosefinistH 7 fost i"4i67tH.
Din %+L5@ 6e "Fn6 7 Fn"eput 6u7is;u 7ustro?un!7r@ I;periu
tri7" s?7 nu;it I;periu 7ustro?un!7r@ "7re 9i?7 Fn"et7t e:istenGi
%*%+@ 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-.
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;i9"7re7 1Hos$von$Rom$+eNegung2 Q 3i"carea de desfacere de mia,
"7re 6enunG7 "7toi"is;u "7 pe o deutsc?feindlic?e 3ac?t Q o tere
ostil poporului german#
Prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e Fn"4ei7t 7 %& septe;8rie %*%*@ 7 S7int Ger?
Fin@ Fn .r7nG7@ Fntre Puterie 7i7te 9i Austri7@ 7"e7st7 6o8Fn6e9te "on?
Mur7Gi7 6e 7Ji 9i se FnfiinGe7JH 6ouH st7te noi@ Ce4oso#7"i7 9i Iu!o?
i#i7. Fn "o;ponenG7@ 7"estei7 6in ur;H 7u intr7t "7 repu8i"i 7utono?
a Ser8i7@ Cro7Gi7@ So#eni7@ Bosni7?/erGe!o#in7@ Muntene!ru 9i M7?
ioni7 9i 6ouH pro#in"ii 7utono;e = Voi#o6in7 9i Cosso#o.
Repu8i"7 Austri7@ "u peste %& ;iio7ne 6e o"uitori@ Fn ;7Morit7te
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" 6e se7;H Fn "on6u"ere7 GHrii@ 67r Austri7 6e 7Ji nu ;7i este stF?
C7toi"is;uui Fn Europ7 "entr7H@ "u; 7 fost Fn tre"ut.
In Elve!ia, G7rH Fn "7re Refor;7 protest7ntH 7 7#ut o ;7re
infu?AH@ 6in "ee L ;iio7ne 9i Mu;Ht7te 6e o"uitori@ o trei;e 6in
popu?ie este "7toi"H. Pe 7 %*(( 7u fost 76u9i Fn frunte7 9"oior 6in
E#e?ieJuiGii@ 67r@ prin ;eto6ee or@ 7"e9ti7 7u pro#o"7t o frH;Fnt7re
7tFt ;7re Fn popor@ Fn"Ft@ 6upH 2& 6e 7ni@ 7u tre8uit sH pHrHse7s"H
G7r7. inee "Hu!Hre9ti 7u fost e:"use 9i ;FnHstirie Fn"4ise s7u 67te
Bi?i"ii #e"4ior?"7toi"i. Fn p7rte7 rHsHrite7nH 7 E#eGiei FnsH@ Fn
pro#in?e o"uite 6e !er;7ni@ s?7 FnfiinG7t@ Fn %++*@ o. Uni#ersit7te
i8erH "7"7 7 .rei8ur!. Re!i;u 6e sep7r7Gie 6intre Biseri"H 9i st7t
67te7JH i E#eGi7 fr7n"eJH 6in 7nu %*%&.
In =pania "7toi"is;u 7 fost Fntot6e7un7 pri#ie!i7t 9i so"otit re?
s 6e st7t.
Fn ti;pu 6i"t7turii ui .r7n"o $%*2*)%*5L-@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?
"7?=?H 6in Sp7ni7 s?7 8u"ur7t 6e o ;7re infuenGH.
Despre Sp7ni7@ ;7ree istori" fr7n"eJ V. L7n!ois spune7 "H@ 7 Fn?
G7re7 in"4iJiGiei re!7e@ Sp7ni7 er7 pri;7 G7rH "7toi"H 6in u;e@ 67r
Sp7ni7 este "u ;ut Fn7poi7 7tor GHri 6in Europ7 9i 6in u;e.
A;inti; "H Fn 7nu %+2( in"4iJiGi7 7 fost 6esfiinG7tH. L7 ,* 7u!ust
%*'2@ st7t u sp7ni o 7 se;n7t un nou "on"or67t "u W"7nu@ prin
"7re s?7u "onfir;7t pri#ie!iie 6e "7re 8enefi"i7 Bisce? ro;7no?
"7toi"H Fn Sp7ni7 pe p7n Muris6i"Gion7@ fin7n"i7r 9i 9"o? "7ifi"7t
6e Ro;7 "7 B"e ;7i perfe"t 6intre "on"or67teD. I L7 ,% noie;8rie
%*5+@ 6upH infor;7Giie 6e "7re 6ispune;@ Confe?
% epis"opior sp7nioi 7 6e"is "7 st7tu sp7nio sH renunGe 7 "on?
7tu Fn"4ei7t 7 ,* 7u!ust %*'2 "u V7ti"7nu 9i sH fie Fno"uit "u
u acorduri bilaterale ntre =fntul =caun "i >uvernul spaniol, 7"or?
"7re sH GinH se7;7 6e pre#e6erie noii ConstituGii sp7nioe. Cee
6ouH "7;ere 7e Cortes?urior@ C7;er7 6eput7Gior 9i Sen7tu@
ipro87t 7 2% o"to;8rie %*5+ nou7 ConstituGie 9i e7 7 intr7t Fn #i?
e 6e 7 L 6e"e;8rie 7"e79i 7n. Potri#it noii ConstituGii@ pentru
7 67tH Fn istorie@ st7tu sp7nio se 7i"iJe7JH. +iserica romano$ca$
/ nu mai este socotit +iseric de stat n =pania, !7r7ntFn6u?se
% i8ert7te7 rei!io7sH tuturor "uteor 6in Sp7ni7. Arti"ou %L 6in
4SERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
nou7 ConstituGie sp7nioH pre"iJe7JH = 1Fici o confesiune religioas
va putea fi considerat religie de st7tD.
In preJent@ ;7Morit7te7 o"uitorior Sp7niei sFnt 6e rei!ie roni7
"7toi"H.
Fn Portugalia, or6inu ieJuiGior 7 fost interJis ;7i FntFi Fn 7
%55(@ 7poi Fn %+,,. Fn 7"est 7n %+,,@ s?7u "onfis"7t 7#erie Biseri"ii
toi"e 9i s?7u 6esfiinG7t ;FnHstirie@ 67r Fntre 7nii %+(&)%*%&@ ;Ff
rie 7u fost reFnfiinG7te. Di"t7toru A. S77J7r $%*22)%*5&- 7 ;eriGi
i8ertHGie Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e 67r@ Fn unee pri#inGe@ e?7 frFi
Nou re!i; R6e;o"r7t "7utH sH inst7ureJe Fn Portu!7i7 i8ertHGie
;o"r7ti"e 6e "7re?sHT se 8u"ure 6eopotri#H 9i Biseri"7 9i p7rti6ee P
ti"e. Popu7Gi7 Portu!7iei se ri6i"H Fn preJent 7 %& ;iio7ne 6e
"uitori@ Fn ;7re7 or ;7Morit7te ro;7no?"7toi"i.
Fn +elgia, 6in %& ;iio7ne 6e o"uitori@ 2]( 6in popu7Gie este
t"i"H. Anti"eri"7is;u 7 u7t ;7re 7;po7re 9i 7i"i. Cu to7te 7"es
7"Giune7 "7rit7ti#H 7 Biseri"ii 9i ;uGi;e7 ;FnHstirior ;enGin infu
G7 "7toi"is;uui Fn Be!i7 A uni#ersit7te7 i8erH "7toi"H 6in Lotf#
FnfiinG7tH 7 %++'@ este fo7rte Fnforito7re.
Fn (landa, 7 o popu7Gie 6e %( ;iio7ne 6e o"uitori@ %]2 6irh
6in"io9i sFnt ro;7no?"7toi"i@ i7r restu 7p7rGin Biseri"ior protest7=
Orient7re7 i8er7H 7 #ieGii poiti"e 9i "utur7e 7 GHrii n?7 per;is
te"u pre7 ;7re 7 ieJuiGior Fn O7n67 A Fn"H 6in %+'&. ieJuiGii pi
"ontrou 9"oior.
In !rile scandinave < D7ne;7r"7@ Nor#e!i7@ Sue6i7 9i .in7n67@
toi"ii sFnt ;7i puGini. .7n7tis;u n?7 fost "unos"ut Fn 7"este GHfi@
7"ee7@ "ee "Fte#7 ;ii 6e "7toi"i 7u pFnH 7stHJi i8ert7te7 6e "ut@
"unos"utH Fn"H 6in %+(+ Fn D7ne;7r"7@ Fn %+5( Fn Sue6i7 9i Nor#e
i7r Fn .in7n67@ 6upH %*%+@ "Fn6 7 u7t fiinGH 7"e7stH G7rH. EHrie s"7i
n7#e 7u Fn preJent 7pro:i;7ti# ur;Htoru nu;Hr 6e o"uitori = P
>
;7r"7 ) ' ;iio7ne A Nor#e!i7 ) ( ;iio7ne A Sue6i7 ) * ;iio7
.in7n67 ) ' ;iio7ne@ "7re@ Fn to7te 7"este GHri@ Fn ;7Morit7te
uter7ni.
Fn Polonia, "7re este un7 6intre ;7rie GHri "7toi"e $2L ;iio
6e o"uitori-@ ieJuiGii 7u 7#ut ;7re infuenGH. D7r@ prin ri!orisr;i
"ontr7 ne"7toi"ior@ 7u sH8it st7tu. DupH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7
%*%+@ Pooni7 7 7Muns totu9i un ;7re st7t "7toi". Poiti"7 p7p7H 7
s
Minit epis"op7tu "7toi" 7e "Hrui interese e 7pHrH. Totu9i Rr
prin "on"or67tu 6in %*,'@ 9i?7 7fir;7t 6rept 6e "ontro 9i 7
rH;Fntu 6e fi6eit7te@ 67r 7 re"unos"ut Fn#HGH;Fntu rei!ios Fn
se"un67re@ 7f7rH 6e uni#ersitHGi.
Fn &e?oslovacia, st7t nou "re7t 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 9 )
%*%+-@ prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e Fn"4ei7t 7 %& septe;8rie %*%* 7
s
Ger;7in@ Fn .r7nG7@ Fntre Puterie 7i7te 9i fostu I;periu 7ustro?tf
r
s?
7u pHstr7t tr76iGiie 6e 7utono;ie 8iseri"e7s"H 7e ui \7n /us I
iuie %(%'- 9i 7e Bfr7Gior ;or7#iD. I;e6i7t 6upH "re7re7 st7tuui
"
so#7"@ peste '&& 6e ;ii 6e "7toi"i@ 7Ji ;7i ;ut 6e un ;iion@
6e"7r7t 6espHrGiGi 6e Ro;7 9i 7u for;7t o 797 nu;itH BBiseri"H
ni
i "e4oso#7"HD. A"e7stH Biseri"H 7 intro6us "utu Fn i;87 "e4H@ 7
Ar7t siste;u epis"op7@ 67r@ ne7#Fn6 "ine sH e 4irotone7s"H epis?
s?7u unit Fn p7rte "u Biseri"7 orto6o:H rHsHrite7nH@ nou "re7tH@@
ni n6 "7 epis"op pe Gor7J6@ "7re 7 pierit 7poi u"is 6e 4iteri 9ti Fn
-. Fn preJent@ Ce4oso#7"i7 nu;HrH peste %' ;iio7ne 6e o"uitori
HrGiGi Fn 6iferite Biseri"i.
Fn Gngaria, 7 o popu7Gie 6e %% ;iio7ne o"uitori@ peste L&p sFnt
i"i@ i7r restu 7p7rGin refor;7Gior $"7#ini9ti- 9i 7tor 6eno;in7Giuni
.est7nte.
Cee7te "onfesiuni neo"7toi"e 7u fost re"unos"ute "u 6repturi e!7?
i"H 6in %+(+@ "Fn6 Un!7ri7 er7 Fn"76r7tH Fn I;periu 7ustro?un!7r@
putere7 st7tuui se e:e"ut7 prin "ontro $p7"etu;-. CHsHtori7 "i#iH
st intro6usH 6in %+*(.
Prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 6e 7 Tri7non@ 6in ( iunie %*,&@ Fn"4ei7t Fn?
Puterie 7i7te 9i Un!7ri7@ s?7 re"unos"ut pe p7n intern7Gion7 uni?
Tr7nsi#7niei "u Ro;<ni7@ pro"7;7tH 7 % 6e"e;8rie %*%+ Fn M7re7
n7re 6e 7 A87 Iui7. Un!7ri7 6e#ine 6e 7tun"i repu8i"H in6epen?
H. Tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 7 intr7t Fn #i!o7re 6e 7 ,% iuie %*,%. &roa!ia,
7#Fn6 "ir"7 L ;iio7ne 6e o"uitori 7pro7pe toGi "7toi"i@ 7 it Fn
"o;ponenG7 Iu!os7#iei prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 6e 7 S7int?Ger? F@ 6in
%& septe;8rie %*%*. Fn Iugoslavia, Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H u"urH
6e to7tH i8ert7te7 9i 6e to7te 6repturie@ "7 9i Biseri"7 orto? i sFr8H
9i to7te "ee7te "onfesiuni rei!io7se 6in G7rH.
Fn Rusia, re!i;u G7rist 7 se"u7riJ7t 7#erie ;FnHstire9ti@ nu nu?
7e Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ "i 9i 7e Biseri"ii "7toi"e@ Fn %+((. Totu9i@ Fn
st %+(5@ G7ru Ni"o7e I $%+,')%+''- Fn"4eie un "on"or67t "u Ro;7
s7p7 Pius I0 $%+(L)%+5+-.
Fn %++,@ 9i ;7i 7es prin e6i"tu 6e toer7nGH 6in %5R2& 7priie %*&'@
6e G7ru Ni"o7e II $%+*()%*%5-@ !u#ernu rus 7 67t i8ert7te ;7i
%
tuturor "uteor 6e pe teritoriu Rusiei G7riste.
DupH Re#ouGi7 6in o"to;8rie %*%5@ "er"urie V7ti"7nuui 7u "Hu?
H intre Fn e!HturH "u nou re!i;. P7p7 Pius 0I $%*,,)%*2*- 7 tri?
;7i FntFi o ;isiune 7 Mos"o#7@ Fn %*,,@ pentru 7 7Mut7 pe Fnfo?
Gi@ 67r 7"e7st7 s?7 6e67t 9i 7 prop7!7n6H rei!io7sH "7toi"H. A 6ou7
;e 7 fost tri ;isH 6e p7pH Fn %*,')%*,5@ su8 "on6u"ere7 ;ons.
e 6N /er8i!n3@ FnsH fHrH reJut7te poJiti#e@ 6eo7re"e ;e;8rii 6e?
iei "7toi"e s?7u 6e67t 7 prop7!7n6H rei!io7sH Fn 67un7 Biseri"ii
o:e@ Biseri"7 poporuui rus@ Fn"Ft !u#ernu so#ieti" Fe?7 pus Fn #e?
sH pHrHse7s"H G7r7.
tn 3area +ritanie, "7toi"is;u se 8u"urH 6e i8ert7te 78i7 6in %55+@
7 o8Ginut 6reptu 6e 7 7#e7 9"oi 9i unee ;i"i "on"esiuni@ 67r s?7
sH se pHte7s"H 6Hri 9i "eruui 7n!i"7n. Pre6i"7toru ir7n6eJ ,
ON Conne $f %+(5- 7 upt7t Fn p7r7;entu en!eJ pentru 6rep? Z A
"7toi"ior Fn An!i7 9i Fn Ir7n67. E 7 o8Ginut@ Fn %+%2 9i %+,*@
Au pentru "7toi"i 6e 7 intr7 Fn suM8e 7 st7t 9i "4i7r Fn p7r7;ent@
"e 7 7#ut "7 ur;7re FntHrire7 "7toi"is;uui Fn An!i7@ Frupu
i8er7 6in An!i7 s?7 or!7niJ7t Fn Muru re#istei T?e Ram$fon67tH
Fn %+(+.
BISEtICA IN EPOCA MODEONA Gii
L7 %+'&@ p7p7 Pius I0 $%+(L)%+5+- institui o ier7r4ie "7toi"H Fir
An!i7@ 76i"H nu;i un 7r4iepis"op 6e _est;inster@ Fn perso7n7 ui
Step4en _ise;7n $f %+L'- 9i %, epis"opi. M7i tFrJiu@ 6in %+5+@ p7pv
Leon 0III $%+5+)%*&2- 7 nu;it 9i pentru S"oGi7 6oi 7r4iepis"opi 9i
p7tru epis"opi.
3i"carea de la ()ford $%+22)%+('- 7 Btr7"t7rieniorD@ e:istenGiN
6in %+22A 7 reu9it sH 7tr7!H 7 "7toi"is; pe unii 6intre teoo!ii BiseriN
"ii 7n!i"7ne Fn7te $/i!4 C4ur"4- "7re Fn"inH spre unire7 "u Ro;7
Printre "ei tre"uGi 7 "7toi"is; 7u fost "ee8ru teoo! \. /. Ne`;7ih
$%+&%) f %+*&-@ nu;it "7r6in7 6e _est;inster@ Fn %+5+@ 6e p7p7 Leoih
0III $%+5+)%*&2- 9i /. M7nnin! $f %+*,- 6e#enit 6e 7se;ene7 "7r6in7
6e _est;inster. Su""esoru sHu@ "7r6in7u /er8ert V7u!47n $%+*,?
%*&2- "onstrui "7te6r77 6in _est;inster. Fn preJent@ M7re7 Brit7nii
F;preunH "u S"oGi7 9i Ir7n67 6e Nor6 7u L% ;iio7ne 6e o"uitori Fn#
p<rGiGi Fn 6iferite "onfesiuni. Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH e ;7i nu;ero7sH@ uic
;7tH 6e Biseri"7 ;eto6istH. Repu8i"7 Irlanda, G7rH "u ' ;iio7ne o"ir
itori@ este Fn ;7Morittfte7 "7toi"H. E7 7re o uni#ersit7te i8erH 7 Du8inD
6in %+'a. $
In =tatele GniteYaleY Americii, to7te "onfesiunie sFnt i8ere 9i e!7R
e Fn f7G7 e!ii Fn"H 6in %5++ A 6e 7"ee7 ;uGi "7toi"i "ontinent7i 9i ;7i
7es ir7n6eJii e:puJ7Gi 7u !Hsit 7"oo 7Ji. Fn St7tee Unite 7e Ar7ec
ri"ii e:istH 7Ji 7pro7pe '& ;iio7ne 6e "7toi"i@ "u peste %&& epis"opiN
7#Fn6 6ouH uni#ersitHGi i8ere $S7int Louis 9i _7s4in!ton-@ ;FnHstiri c
nu;ero7se 9"oi se"un67re. Spre finee se"ouui 0I0@ "7toi"ii 6in St7N
tte Unite 7e A;eri"ii 7u 7#ut o 7titu6ine i8er7H f7GH 6e Ro;7. FI
%
s"4i;8 7Ji@ se strH6uies" sH 7Mute Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H rHspFn6itR
Fn to7te "ontinentee.
\
Fn &anada, G7rH "u 7pro7pe ,' ;iio7ne 6e o"uitori@ "7toi"is;itM
este #e"4i@ fiin6 intro6us 7i"i 6e "ooni9tii fr7n"eJi 6in due8e"@ "7rNi
nu;HrH 7Ji 7pro7pe L ;iio7ne 6e "7toi"i. .r7n"eJii 7u 7#ut Fn"H 6iK%
%L52 6ouH epis"opii@ Fn due8e" 9i Montre7. Situ7Gi7 Biseri"ii ro;7neSN
"7toi"e este 7i"i 6estu 6e prosperH.
In st7tee Americii latine, "7toi"ii sFnt Fn proporGie 6e +& p@ 6R
Biseri"7 se resi;te 6in pri"in7 i8er7is;uui poiti"@ "7re pre6o;inN
in "on6u"ere7 7"estor popo7re.
Fn %+5(@ Fn 3e)ic s?7 7i"iJ7t Fn#HGH;Fntu@ s?7u se"u7riJ7t 7#eri
e Biseri"ii 9i s?7 supri;7t s77riJ7re7 "eruui 6e "Htre st7t.
Fn +ra%ilia, s?7 pro"7;7t Fn %++( sep7r7Gi7 6intre st7t 9i Biseri"
&
Totu9i@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 6o;inH Fn to7te st7tee A;eri"ii "ei
%
tr7e 9i A;eri"ii 6e Su6@ Fn "7re 7pro7pe 2&& ;iio7ne 6e o"uitoN
7p7rGin Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e. Fn GHrie A;eri"ii 6e Nor6 9i 6e SuI
%
6intr?o popu7Gie 6e 'LL ;iio7ne 6e o"uitori@ 2'% ;iio7ne sFnt roiGii no?
"7toi"i.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
C7ri Mir8t@ [uellen %ur >esc?ic?te des Papsttums und des romisc?en Qat?o$
i mus, (?e Auf . Ti i 8i n!en@ %*,(A O. A 7n6@ >esc?i c?t e der &l ui si en?ei t , T. ,
'n der Reiormation in die >egenNart, Giiterso4@ %*+*@ '(& p.A \. Mer"ier@ Aingt
icles dE?istoire du Aatican, P7ris@ %*5L@ '2& p.A I. E. An7st7siou@ N7:opF7 )Zs NE?
A3.0i-7t7B@
I^^II@ Tes7oni"@ %*5+)%*5*@ L(5 9i L2' p. A R. OotMe un6 B. Moeer@ (Lume$
sc?e Qirc?engesc?ic?te# B<n6 II. 3ittelaiter und Reiormation, ,?e Auf. M7inJ)
In"4en@ %*5+A B6. III Feu%eit, ,?te Auf.@ M7inJ)Mun"4en@ %*5*A O. /eussi
E. Peter@ Precis dE?istoire de lEEgiise, Neu"47te@ %*L5A R. Au8ert@ \. Brus@
S. Cruni"7n@ \. T7"3 Eis@ \. /7MM7ret@ .. B. PiPe@ HE Eglise dans le monde mo$
ine, $%+(+ < nos Mours- t. '@ 6in Fouvelle ?istoire de lEEglse, 6e R. Au8ert@
@ D. Ono`es@ L. \. Ro!ier@ P7ris@ %*5'A L. \. Ro!ier@ G. 6e B7rtier 6e S7i#i!n3@
/7MM7r@ =iecle des lumieres# Revolutions Restauration, t. (@ Fouvelle ?istoire
lE Egiise p7r L. \. Ro!ier@ R. Au8ert@ M. D. Ono`es@ P7ris@ %*L+A \. D7nieou@
/onore et P. Poup7r6@ Ie cat?olicisme ?ier$demain, P7ris@ %*5(A Aee. R. Vi6er@
e &?urc? in an Age oi Revoluti onA 25+* t o t ?e present da', Lon6on@ En!7n6 -
ri nt e6@ %*5(A P. Li e!e@ &at ?ol i ci smeE F n BEn"3" op7e6i 7 Uni #ers7 i sD@ t . III@
ris@ %*5&@ p. %&LL)%&52A Ro!er Au8ert@ \. Be"P;7nn@ \. P. Consi4 un6 R. Li@
volution und Restauration, .rei8ur!@ B7se@ _ien@ %*5% A I6e; T?e &?urc? bet$
en Revolution and Restauration, tr76. 6in i;87 !er;7nH@ Lon6on@ %*+%@ 00)(,L p.A
n6 VI@ , 8ie Qirc?e %Nisc?en Anpassung und Miderstand, i8i6ern@ %*52 A /u8ert
in@ 4andbuc? der Qirc?engesc?ic?te, B6. V = Seitalter J des Absolutismus und der
itLlrung, .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*5&@ 5L& p. A G. M7ron 8ie Romisc?)&at?ilisc?e
"]ie #on -7C9 bis -.C9, .7s". ,. 6in 8ie Qirc?e in i?rer >esc?ic?te, su8 6ire"Giune7
O. D. S"4;i6t un6 E. _of@ Goftin!en@ %*5,A /. 6e Lu87"@ Hes Eglises parti$Eiere? dans
lEEgiise universelle, P7ris@ %*5% A C. Bi4;e3er et /. Tii"4e@ 4istoire lEEgiise, t. 2@
HE Eglise des temps modernes# A67pte p7r M. /. Vi"7ire et A. Du#7@ is@ Mui4ouse@
%*L(A t. IV@ HE Eglise contemporaine, 767pte p7r M. /. Vi"7ire@ i 4ouse@ %*L5A
P4. /u!4ues@ As?ort ?i st or' oi t ?e &at ?ol i c &?urc?, Lon6on ]CA Do; C.
Pou et @ 4i st oi re du c?ri st i ani sme, t . III@ Te;ps ;o6ernesA t . IV@ ]o.@ EpoOue
contemporaine, P7ris@ %*LLA /. D7nie ) Rops@ 4istoire de lE Egiise, IV. HE Egl i se
des revol ut i ons# I # En f ace de nouveau) dest i ns, , #oi . @ P7r i s@ i&)%*L2 A t.
V@ HEEglise du >rand siecle et des revolutions, P7ris@ %*'+ A .r. /e3er@ W
Qat?olisc?e Qirc?e von -;B7 bis -7C9, Gottin!en@ %*L2A L. G7i7r6@ 4istoire
lEEgiise, t. III@ P7ris@ %*L, $"7toi"is;u-A Oennet4 S"ott L7tourette@ &?ristianit' a
Revolutionar' Age# A 4istor' oi &?ristianit' in t?e Fineteent? and TNentiet? ituries, '
#oi.@ Lon6on@ Ne` lorP@ %*'+)%*L, A E. E. l. /7es@ T?e &at?olic &?urc?
t ?e modern Morl d, Lon6on@ %*'+A _. #on Loe`eni "4@ 8er moderne Qat ?o$
smus, _itten@ %*'L $Pun"t 6e #e6ere protest7nt-A O7r /eussi@ Qompendium
Qirc?engesc?ic?te, Tu8in!en@ e6. %%?7@ Mo4r@ %*'5@ 0II@ '+, p.A \. LortJ@ 4istoire
l E Egi i se des ori gi nes nos * ours# Tr76ui t 6e N 7 e;7n6 p7r M. Lefe#re@ P7ri s@
LA ,?e e6. @ P7ri s@ %*L,A /. \e6i n@ 4andbuc? der Qi rc?engesc?i c?t e, .rei 8ur!
isse-@ %*L,A Prop'len Meltgesc?ic?te# Eine Gniversalgesc?ic?te# /rs!. #orA
M7nn@ A. /euss un6 A. Ni t s"4Pe@ B6. I )0 g , Supp . @ %, #oi . %@ Ber i n@
nPfurt)_ien@ %*L%)%*L'A B. Stef7ni6is@ NB::0TMMi7RTi#.#- NIo:ofF7 <?Nip:FMS f:R0PN Nc\M?spo
Torino@ %*'(A A. M. \7Cuin@ 4istoire de lE Egiise, 2?e #oi.@ P7ris@ %*(+IA \. RHe$i@
I7 crise revolutionnaire, %5+*)%+(L $Fn 4istoire de lEEgiise depuis les premiers
*uE noti Mours@ p7r A. .i"4e et V. M7rtin@ t. ,&-@ P7ris@ %*(*A /. /er;einP@
Qat?olisc?e Qirc?e unter den Pius)Ppsten des /9 Ka?r?underts, buri"4@ %*(* A
A. Veit@ 8ie Qirc?e im Seitalter des Individualismus, B6. II@ %+&& 8is Jur Ge?
`7rt $\. P. Oi rs"4@ Oi r"4en!es"4i "4t e@ B6. ,-@ .rei 8ur! i ; Brei s!7u@ %*22 :
Oru!er@ 4andbuc? der Qirc?engesc?ic?te, liir =tudirende (?e Teii= D7s NeuJeit@
Auf.@ Tu8in!en@ %*2%.
P/n.ru i3.oria 2a2i#or 8n 6/n/ra#
C. B7st i 7n@ Ies ,L, papes# Hes =ouverai ns Pont i i s de l E Egi i se &at ?ol i Oue$
laine et ApostoliOue, Montre7@ %*+%@ 0IV)2+2 p.A G. S"4`ei!er@ >esc?icliteE
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BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I tOOTSM/\OANA
?undert, Re#HJutH 6e G. S"4`ei!er@ ' B6.@ Mun"4en %*(')%*'*A _. 6e Or;7ssor
Ha papaute, P7ris@ %*'5A C4. Pi"4on@ L. #on M7tt@ Hes Papes, P7ris@ %*'LA L. #o=
R7nPe@ 8ie rdmisc?en Ppste in den let%ten vier Ka?rtiunderten, Neue Auf7!e
Stutt!7rt@ %*'2A \. /eer@ 8as Papsttum# Idee und MirLlic?Leit, ' B6.@ ,?e Auf
Tu8in!en@ %*'&A \os. S"4;i6in@ Papstgesc?ic?te der neuren Seit, ( B6.@ Miin"4er
%*22)%*2*. Tr76. fr. 6e L. M7r"47@ su8 titu = 4istoire des papes de lEepoOu
contemporaine, ( #oi.@ L3on)P7ris@ %*2+)%*(&A E. C7sp7r@ >esc?ic?te des Papsi
tums, B6. ,@ Tu8in!en@ %*22A L. P7stor@ >esc?ic?te des seit dem Ausgang de
3ittelalters, %L B7n6e@ %++L)%*22@ tr76. fr7n. p7r /. 6e Me6i"o sous e titre
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Revolution bis %ur >egenNart# ,?e Auf.@ Mun"4en@ ) Oe;pten@ %*,2.
C7toi"is;u Fn 6iferite 5ri
4istoire religieuse de la France, au) PlP$e)00?e siecles# Problemes el met?c
des, P7ris@ %*5' A P7u Vi!neron@ 4istoire des crises du clerge francais contemporair
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en France, tr76. ifr7n"7ise@ P7ris@ %*L( M L. Gir7r6@ Le cat?olicisme en Europe
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P7ris@ %*'5A \erJ3 O7o"Jo`sPi@ =toria del cristianesimo in Polonia, Boo!n7@
%*+$ (*' p. f \. S. Con`p3@ Ha persecution na%ie des Eglises, tr76u"tion fr7n"7ise@
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P7ris@ %*L& \. De Brou"Per@ HEEglise ti lEEst# I# Ha Pologne, P7ris@ %*L2 A R. A. O7;i@
>esc?ic?t des 4absburgerreic?es, -5/;)-.-7# Aus 6e; A;eri". O8ertr. #on D.
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Gr7tJ@ %*'+?%*L&A E. boner@ >esc?ic?te (sterreic?s von den Anlngen bis %ur
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At 7;7n@ t. II@ 6e 7 %'&L@ PoJn7n@ %*55A En!e. .r. \7nosi (sterrei c und der
AatiLan, t. II@ Gr7tJ@ %*L&.
Concorda./
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seit -799, .r7nPfurt@ %*L(A .. M. M7r"4esi@ -- concordato italiano dellE -- febra#
%*,*@ Ne7poe@ %*L&A A. Mer"7ti@ Raccolta di concorda!i su materie ecclesiastict
tra la =anta =ede e le autorita civile ,-9.76-.5B0, , #oi. Ro;7@ %*'( A A. Gi7nnir
l &oncorda!i postbellici, , #oi.@ Mi7no@ %*,*)%*2LA R. CFn6e7@ &oncordatele, %*,
In #im,a rom9n5
\. Moises"u $P. .. P7tri7r4 Iustin-@ Atitudinea papalit!ii fa! de progresi
omenirii, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ V $%*'2-@ %@ p. %%L)%2% A Pr. prof. Mi7n es7n@ 8
(rt?odo)e Qirc?e, Fn "o. BLe Mon6e rei!ieu:D@ no. 2&@ L7us7nne)LeJ73@ %*L
"47p. 2 $%5&&)%*L5-@ p. %&+)%,LA I6e;@ 8espre (rtodo)ie "i &atolicitate# &ercet
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nr. %@ p. %%')%2%-@ 9i Ibidem, I $%*(*-@ nr. ,)2@ p. 52)*LA Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7n
=pecificul (rtodo)iei n compara!ie cu +iserica romano$catolic "i Protestantismi
tn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000II $%*'L-@ no. %&@ p. '5+)5&&A I6ei
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BOrto6o:i7D@ III $%*'%-@ (@ p. (*')'2+A N. Gr. Popes"u)Pr74o#7@ +iserica d
Fran!a, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2+A N. bu!r7#@ +iserica din Fran!a# =epara!iunea +isericii
"i a statului, %*2(A D. StHnio7e@ &atolicismul de dup r%boi, Si8iu@ %*22.
,2 ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
INORIOADA A P.ASEA
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Irun"in7t 6e s"4i;8Hrie re#ouGion7re 6in se"ou 0I0@ 7u pre!Htit
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o7re proclamarea infailibilit!ii pontificale#
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7"e9ti 7 profun6ee s"4i;8Hri "7re 7u 7#ut o" 6upH Con"iiu 6e
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n"iiuiui@ 9tiin6@ F;preunH "u 6o!;7ti9tii "7toi"i 9i Curi7 ro;7nH@ "H
e7stH nouH 6o!;H #7 s"4i;87 "o;pet e"esioo!i7 9i "onstituGi7 'i-
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
BiSERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
seri"ii Fn f7#o7re7 s7. C4i7r Fn 7"tu 6e 6efinire 7 7"estei noi 6o!r
e7 este Fn"76r7tH Fn 7rt. 0I@ Fntre 7te 4otHrFri 6e ;7i ;i"H i;portHri
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I V7ti"7n@ s?7u preJent 7t ;7i puGi n 6e 5&&. 76i "H 6o7r 6o trei;i
6in tot7@ i7r pFnH 7 ur;H 7u 7Muns sH #oteJe nu;7i '2'.
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]R2'p\er7u it7ieni@ "ei ;7i ;uGi Ad.5p \fr7n"eJi A 5' 6e epis"opi
UU6in Ger;7ni7 9i Austro?Un!7ri7. su8 c"on6u"ere7 "7r6in7uui Viei
\. O.c R7us"4er. Sp7nioii 9i 7tino?7;eri"7nii for;7u un !rup 6e %&&
epis"opi A se 7f7 6e 7se;ene7 un i;port7nt !rup 7n!ofon Fn a
pre6o;in7u ir7n6eJii.
Apro7pe ,&& 6e epis"opi 7p7rGine7u unor GHri e:tr7europene@ 6=
tre "7re %(% er7u 6in A;eri"7 $(* 6in St7tee Unite@ %+ 6in C7n7i
%& 6in Me:i"@ L 6in Br7Jii7 et"-@ (% 6in In6iie en!eJe 9i E:tren
Orient@ 9i nu;7i * 6in Afri"7. Tre8uie spus "H@ 6intre pre7Gii #en
7 "on"iiu 6in GHrie Asiei 9i Afri"ii@ nu er7u ni"i un epis"op 7uto4te
"i europeni "7re pHstore7u Fn 7"ee o"uri Fn6epHrt7te.
Au fost preJenG i 7 "on"i i u 9i un nu;Hr 6e L& 6e pre 7G i 6e
orient7@ uniGi "u Ro;7@ "ei ;7i ;uGi ori!in7ri 6in Orientu Apropi
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67r 7"e9ti7 7u refuJ7t 9i 7u protest7t "u 6e;nit7te@ 7fir;Fn6 pe 8u
6rept7te "H 7"est "on"iiu pri#e9te 6o7r Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ fii
un "on"iiu o"7.
Din un7 i7nu7rie %+5& @ un !rup "o;p7"t 6e PHrinGi "on"ii7ri "A
pFnH 7 ur;H 7u reu9it sH strFn!H ('& 6e se;n7t7ri @ 7u 6is"ut7t 7sut
erorior pro#o"7te 6e r7Gion7is; 9i 7supr7 unor pun"te se"un67re.
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;on747@ reor!7niJ7re7 9"oior@ pro8e;7 ;isiunior 9.7. S"4e;7 7i
pr7 erorior r7Gion7is;uui 7 fost #ot7tH@ 7 ,( 7priie %+5&.
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7 % ;7rtie %+5&@ p7p7 Pius I0 7 Fns"ris Fn pro!r7;u "on"iiuui
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%+5(@ Istoria sinoadelor0, o8ie"t7@c pe 87JH 6e 6o"u;ente istori"e@ "H
p7pi 7u fostU"on2H;n7Gi 6e Sino76ee e"u;eni"e. E "unos"ut Fn6eos
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, M ( G p !^^^p
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@o mstitutione: /# 8e perpetuitate primatus beati Petri in Romanis
iificibus: 2. 8e vi et ratione primatus Romani pontificis: (. 8e
ani pontificis infailibile magisterio#
Voturie 6e pro8H e:pri;7te s?7u 6istri8uit 7stfe = R('%. 6in L&%@
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6o!;e@ ?e8ui7 #ot7tH Fn un7; rnMG7te.
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itHGii fH"u un uti; efort pentru F;pie6i"7re7 7pro8Hrii ei A prin
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W#enGi7 or 7 rH;7s fHrH reJut7t.
VHJFn6 7"e7st7@ un nu;Hr 6e L& 6e epis"opi 7u s"ris p7pei@ B6in
ite fii7HD "H ei #or pHrHsi Ro;7 Fn7inte 6e #otu fin7@ pentru 7
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e s"4e;ei 9i e:pi"7Giie 67te 6e epis"opu G7sser 6in Tiro 7u
sHrt7t o8ie"Giunie fH"ute 9i se 4otHrFrH sH #oteJe te:tu fin7@ refe?
7 pri;7t 9i inf7ii8iit7te@ 7Hturi 6e "ei7Gi epis"opi. 8 9e6inG7
7 IV?7 6in %+ iuie %+5&@ se o8Ginu Fn fine #otu fin7 i# = '2'
6e epis"opi #ot7r H pentru@ i7r 6oi "ontr7 $un it7i7n 9i
;erF"7n-T Ucc)???????N
Prin nou7 6o!;H pro"7;7tH prin en"i"i"7 Pastor Aeternus 6in
iie %+5&@ s?7 7"or67t p7pei@ nu nu;7i puterea suprem Fn Biseri"7 no?
" 7toi"H "i si infailibilitatea e) cat?edra, 76i"H putere7 spiri?
W Contr7 noii 6o!;e 7 protest7L^9i _.t E;;. #on Oetteer epis"op
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i9e8itH printre ;un"itori .
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ne 6o!;7 inf7ii8iitHGii "7re 6esfi!ure 7JH fiinG7 76e#Hr7tH 7 Biseri"ii.
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9i 1Io sono la &?iesa2 Q Eu snt +iserica#
Fntre epis"opii protest7t7ri se 7f7u fr7n"eJii G. D7r8o3@ 7r4i?
M"opu P7risuui Fntre %+L2 9i %+5%@ .. A. P4. Dup7noup $f %+5+-@
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%
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Ni"i FntF;pin7re7 unui !rup 6e %2L 6e epis"opi n?7 7#ut ;7i ;ut
=es.
L7 %2 ;7i@ Fn"epu 6is"uGi7 7supr7 oportunitHGii te:tuui referitor
nf7ii8iit7te@ i7r 7 ( iuie 6eJ87terie s?7u Fn"4is.
Fn %2 iuie %+5&. s?7 fH"ut o #ot7re 6p prn4H pentru &onstitutio
@ "7re "onGine "7pitoee referito7re 7 6o!ni7^^^pri;7?
fi i 8i i t t H % 8 t l i i i ? i K !
supre;7 7eU7 pro"7;7 Fn ;o6 inf7ii8i 76e#Hru Fn ;7terie 6e
nGH 9i ;or7H@ i7r 7"e7st7 e) "ese, non autem e) consensu Ec$
ie, 76i"H de la sine, nu v rin aprobarea + isericiiY ,&# Mir8t@ [uellen
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA 2'5
%ur >esc?ic?te des Papsttums und des Romisc?en Qat?oli%ismus, (?e
Auf7!e@ Tii8in!en@ %*,(@ p. (L')(LL-.
A"e7stH nouH 6o!;H 7 primatului p7p7 si 7 infailibilit!ii p7p7e
7 fost i;pusH Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H "7 7rti"o 6e "rp6MnGC m
t'2teUe<UcUpinH 7Ji se ;7i ri6i"H proteste "ontr7 ei "4i7r 9i 6in sFnu Bise ?
ri"ii "7toi"e.
Z E#eni;entee poiti"e@ iJ8u"nire7 rHJ8oiuui fr7n"o?!er;7n 7 %* iu?
ie %+5&@ "4i7r 7 6ou7 Ji 6upH pro"7;7re7 noior 6o!;e@ o8ose77 PH?
rinGior "on"ii7ri 9i "H6ur7 #erii 7u F;pie6i"7t "ontinu7re7 6eJ87te?
rior "on"iiuui. M7i rH;HseserH Fn"H '% 6e te;e 6e #ot7t@ 6in "7re
"e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte nu fuseserH Fn"H 6istri8uite.
Corpu e:pe6iGion7r fr7n"eJ tri;is 6e F;pHr7tu .r7nGei@ N7p7?
eon III $%+',)%+5&- sH 7pere V7ti"7nu 7 fost re"4e;7t Fn G7rH@ HsFn6
st7tu p7p7 fHrH 7pHr7re. L7 % septe;8rie %+5&@ 7r;7t7 ui N7poeon III
7 fost Fn#insH 6e Ger;7ni7 7 Se67n@ F;pHr7tu 7 fost u7t priJonier@
i7r A6un7re7 n7Gion7H 7 .r7nGei 6e"7rFn6u?% 6estituit@ I;periu fr7n?
"eJ F9i Fn"4eie 7stfe e:istenG7. V7ti"7nu nu ;7i 7#e7 7"u; un 7pHrHtor
poiti" s7u ;iit7r.
L7 ,& septe;8rie %+5&@ trupee ui \. G7ri876i $f %++,- intr7rH Fn
Ro;7 prin Port7 Pi7@ i7r n7Gion7i9tii?it7ieni 7ne:7rH 7 re!7tu It7iei@
su8 re!ee Vi"tor E;7nue II $%+L%)%+5+-@ "ee7 "e ;7i rH;Hsese 6in
st7tu p7p7. Astfe s?7 re7iJ7t unit7te7 poiti"H 7 It7iei 7tFt 6e 6oritH
6e toGi it7ienii.
Fn 7"e7stH situ7Gie@ p7p7 Pius I0 7 so"otit "H i8ert7te7 "on"iiuui
nu ;7i po7te fi 7si!ur7tH 9i?% 6e"7rH Fn"4is 7 ,& o"to;8rie %+5&.
E 6e re;7r"7t "H Fn ti;p "e putere7 u;e7s"H 7. epis"opuui Ro;ei
6ispHre7 6e pe 7ren7 istoriei@ prin unifi"7re7 poiti"H 7 St7tuui it7i7n
Fn ,& sept. %+5&@ p7p7 "Hut7 "o;pens7Gii prin "re9tere7 puterii s7e
spiritu7e@ prin 7pro87re7 67tH 6e PHrinGii Con"iiuui I V7ti"7n dogmei
primatului 9i infailibilit!ii, ;Hrin6u?se 7stfe@ Fn "4ip e:7!er7t 9i fHrH
te;ei putere7 s7.
P7p7 Pius I0 7 e:"o;uni"7t pe n7Gion7i9tii it7ieni pentru 6esfiin?
G7re7 St7tuui p7p7@ 67r 7"e9ti7@ Fn pin se"o re#ouGion7r@ nu s?7u
Hs7t 6eo" i;presion7Gi 6e 7n7te;ee p7p7e. P7p7 s?7 6e"7r7t pri ?
Jonier 7 St7tuui it7i7n "7re totu9i i?7 fi:7t@ prin Hegea garun!iilor
6in %' ;7i %+5%@ noie "on6iGii 6e e:istenGH@ 6estu 6e "on#en78ie.
Fn "on6iGiie poiti"e e:tre; 6e tu8uri Fn "7re s?7 fH"ut pro"7?
;7re7 dogmelor primatului papal 9i 7 infailibilit!ii papale, e7 n?7 fH"ut
7tun"i pre7 ;7re J!o;ot. EHrie Europei er7u preo"up7te 7tun"i 6e
7te pro8e;e.
P7p7it7te7 7 9tiut sH o8GinH@ 6upH Fn"4i6ere7 "on"iiuui I cV7ti"7n@
se;nHturie pentru nou7 6o!;H 9i 7e uti;ior epis"opi "7toi"i "7re
se ;7i opune7u Fn"H = "7nonistu 9i istori"u !er;7n epis"opu
C4. \. /efee $f %+*'-@ "7re se;nH 7 ioN7priie %+5%@ pri;7tu Un!7riei@
/73n76 "7re se;nH 7 %' septe;8rie %+5% 9i pri;7tu Cro7Giei@
\. G. Stross;e3er $f %*&'-@ "7re se;nH 7 ,' 6e"e;8rie %+5,.
Prin nou7 6o!;H 7 pri;7tuui 9i inf7ii8iitHGii p7p7e s?7 s"4i;87t
9i 6efor;7t Fntre7!7 e"esioo!ie 9i "onstituGie 7 Biseri"ii Fn 67un7 uni?
t7Gii "re9tinis;uui@ 7tFt 6e 6oritH 6e to7te Biseri"ie 6in u;e. Peni?
tu6ine7 puterii supre;e o 7re 7"u;@ Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ nu;7i
i7p7@ i7r epis"opii 9i preoGii sFnt 6ee!7Gii ui.
Ur;79u ui Pius I0@ p7p7 Leon 0III $%+5+)%*&2-@ prin en"i"i"7
1=atis cognitum2 6in ,* iunie %+*L@ preJintH dogma primatului 9i 7
nfailibilit!ii papale "7 76e#Hr 6o"trin7r 9i 7rti"o 6e "re6inGH "7re@
upH pHrere7 s7@ Bn?7 intro6us o opinie nouH "i 7 7fir;7t "re6inG7 "e7
rec?e 9i "onst7ntH 7 tuturor se"oeorD. Fn "iu67 7"estei 7fir;7Gii se 9tie
hine "H 7"e7stH 6o!;H n?7 fost "unos"utH Fn istori7 Biseri"ii pFnH 7 %+5&@
=Fn6 7 fost pro"7;7tH Fn Con"iiu I V7ti"7n. E7 7 tre"ut 6e 7tun"i
i Fn "7no7nee Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e.
,. 8n0iinar/a 'i3/ricii =/c1iior-ca.o#ici
DupH Fn"4i6ere7 Con"iiuui I V7ti"7n 7 ,& o"to;8rie %+5& 7u
i"eput sH rH8ufne7s"H ne;uGu;irie "ontr7 noior 4otHrFri 6o!;7ti"e@
nee ;7i "urFn6@ 7tee ;7i tFrJiu.
Pri;7 7 fost 6espHrGire7 6e Ro;7 7 ;7i ;utor ppisropi 9i teoo!i
7toi "i 6in Ger;7ni7. Austri7. E#eGi7@ O7n67. An!i7 9i A;eri"7@^
^<R7 7 u7t fiinGH@ prin 6espHrGire7 unor epis"opi 9i "eri"i 6e Ro;7@
L $%+5D +iserica vec?iior$catolici, s7u +iserica vetero$catolic# Un ro
Fose8Ft 7 FnfiinG7re7 7"estei Biseri"i 7 7#ut profesoru 6e istorie 6in
iin"4en@ E!p7Gin nniin!pr $Z-Z %+*&-.
Nou7 Biseri"H s?7 unit "u +iserica de la Gtrec?t# Fn O7n67@ nu;itH
Iserica *anseni"tilor, 6espHrGi tHUU/iOo;7 6in %5,(. cc N
L7 pri;u Cun!ies u6Giuii7TU7 #e"4iior?"7toi"i !er;7ni Ginut 7
iin"4en@ Fntre ,,),( septe;8rie %+5%@ Biseri"7 #e"4iior?"7toi"i s?7
R7rfit mitnrp*nln 9i s?7 or!7niJ7t 7p7rte "u "eru@ Litur!4i7Z 9i T7i?
We ei@ uFn6 "7 ;o6e Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 RHsHrituui. Nou7 Biseri"H
intro6us 7uto"ef7i7 sino76ee "7 for snprp; rZp "on6u"e re 7 Biseri"ii@
r/"ip7re7 iCi/nr 7 ppp/n"ere7 Biseri"ii 7Hturi 6e "en" i. \i;87 ;7?
?nH Fn r?nG@ "u;ine"7re7 su8 7;8ee for; e = pFine 9i #in itoto67tH
supri;7t "ei87tu "eruui@ nu nu;7i 7 preoGior 6e ;ir@ "i.Mii 7
is"opiN%or% si i 8i
p ff
L7 7 6oie7 "on!res@ Ginut 7 Oon@ Fn Ger;7ni7@ Fntre ,& 9i ,% sep?
A
n8rie %+5,@ Biseri"7 #e"4iior?"7toi"i 9i?7 7es "7 pri; epis"op pe .
Dfesoru 6e 7 Bonn@ \. /. ReinPens $%+,%)%+*L- "7re 7 fost 4iro? w
it 6e epis"opu M7nsenist 6e De#enter ) O7n67@ pentru 7 pri;i 47ru
er6ot7 pe te;eiu su""esiunii 7postoi"e.
A 6oie7 "entru 7 #e"4iior?"7toi"i 7 u7t fiinGH 7 Bern7@ Fn E?
i7@ 7#Fn6 "7 pri; epis"op pe \7"o8 /erJo! $f %++,-@ "7re 7 67t 7Mutor
FnfiinG7re7 unei .7"utHGi 6e teoo!ie proprii@ Fn %+5(@ pe Fn!H uni?
sit7te7 6in 7"est or79. P7r7e "u "on!resee n7Gion7e@ #e"4ii?"7toi"i
or!7niJ7t 9i &onferin!e de unire 7 Bonn@ pri;7 Fn %+5(@ 7 6ou7 Fn
?%L 7u!ust %+5'@ 7 "7re 7 p7rti"ip7t ) 7Hturi 6e 7te Biseri"i -
6o:e ) 9i Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH@ fiin6 repreJent7tH 7tun"i 6e
s"opu Me"4ise6e" tefHnes"u 7 DunHrii 6e \os $%+L')%+5*- 9i G4e?
ie Eeposu@ fost epis"op 7 Ar!e9uui $%+L')%+L+-.
BISERICA aN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
AtH ConferinGH 6e unire s?7 Ginut 7 LuJern@ tot Fn E#eGi7@ Fn lZ
7 "7re 7u p7rti"ip7t 6e 7se;ene7 6ee!7Gi 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ii orto6"
fHrH "7 pro8e;7 unirii 6intre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i sH po7tH fi 7tu
reJo#7tH.
L7 ,( septe;8rie %++*@ Biseri"7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i 6in Ger;7=
O7n67 9i E#eGi7 s?7 or!7niJ7t Fn Gniunea Interna!ional a vec?i
catolici, s7u Gniunea de la Gtrec?t, 7 "7re 7u 76er7t Fn ur;H 9i @
Biseri"i #e"4i?"7toi"e 6in Europ7 9i 6in A;eri"7. Uniune7 6e 7 Utre
9i?7 7es "7 or!7n supre; 6e "on6u"ere &onferin!a interna!ionc
episcopal a vec?ilor$catolici, "7re Gine pFnH 7Ji "on!rese 6in 6oiY
6oi 7ni@ 7 "7re 7u p7rti"ip7t 9i p7rti"ipH 9i Biseri"ie orto6o:e.
De"enii 6e?7 rFn6u@ #e"4ii?"7toi"i 7u trHit Jie !ree Fn GHri
pro#in"ii "u ;7MoritHGi "7toi"e $Austri7@ B7#7ri7 et"-@ fiin6 supu9i
!i;uui se"teor rei!io7se. Din se"ou 00@ situ7Gi7 or s?7 7;ei"
si;Gitor.
Nu;Hru or Fn 6iferitee GHri 6in u;e se ri6i"H 7 7pro7pe
;iion 6e "re6in"io9i. Ei 6ores" sH se une7s"H "u Biseri"7 orto6o:S
RHsHrituui@ "u "7re 7u 7#ut Fn"H 6e 7 Fn"eput 9i pHstre7JH pFnH
r7porturi 6intre "ee ;7i 8une.
Re#ist7 ofi"i7H 7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i se nu;e9te Revue inlernation
de T?eologie, 7Ji Internationale Qirc?lic?e Seitsc?rift, "7re 7p7re
Bern7@ Fn E#eGi7@ 6in %+*2@ 76u"Fn6 ;7ri seri#i"ii eforturior 6e un
"u Biseri"7 Orto6o:H.
2. A#./ 'i3/rici 3/2ara./ d/ Roma 8n 3/co#u# *I*
Mi9"Hri si;i7re "u Biseri"7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i 7u u7t fiinGH Fn se
Iu 0I0@ Fn 6iferite st7te "7toi"e@ "7 BBiseri"i n7Gion7eD = Fn Austi
7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 0I0@ 7 u7t fiinGH 1Hos$von$Rom +eNegung2
3i"carea de desprindere de Roma: Fn A;eri"7 6e Nor6@ e:istH o Biser
"7toi"H pooneJH sep7r7tH@ 7#Fn6 97se epis"opi 9i 7pro7pe o Mu;Ht
6e ;iion 6e "re6in"io9i A 7tee e:istH Fn It7i7@ .r7nG7 9i Sp7ni7.
In Pooni7 e:istH !rup7re7 ;isti"H 7 BM7ri7niGiorD@ Fn nu;Hr
pesteN%&& 6e ;ii@ "7re 6ores" sH se une7s"H "u Biseri"7 orto6o:H. P7
Pius 0 $%*&2)%*%(- i?7 "on67;n7t Fn %*&( 9i %*&L. Fn Ce4oso#7"i7
u7t fiinGH@ 6in %*%+@ o Biseri"H ro;7no?"7toi"H "e4H JisH Bn7Gion7i
I7tH pe s"urt "onse"inGee pro#o"7te 6e 4otHrFrie 6o!;7ti"e 7
Con"iiuui I V7ti"7n 6in %+L*)%+5& Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H. t
"epFn6 "u 7nu %+5&@ epis"opi 9i teoo!i 6e se7;H 7u pHrHsit "7toi"is;
"u; 7 fost@ 8unHo7rH@ I!n7Giu Doin!er $f %+*&-@ profesor renu;it
istorie 7 Miin"4en.
Din %+L, 7 pHrHsit Biseri"7 .r7nGei@ 6in pri"in7 spirituui uti
;ont7n 7 V7ti"7nuui@ #estitu istori" V76i;ir Guettee $f %+*,-@ r
nu;it 787te fr7n"eJ 6in P7ris@ "7re 7 tre"ut 7 Orte6o:ie. E 7 pu8i"
;7i ;ute u"rHri@ 7pre"i7te 6e A"76e;i7 fr7n"eJH "7 = 4istoire
AEglise de France nu PlP$e siecle : 4istoire de AEglise Ancienne, C vo
Ha Papaute sc?ismatiOue ou Rome dans ses rapports avec AEglise (rie
tale, P7ris@ %+L2@ ree6it7tH Fn %+5( A Ha Papaute ?eretiOue 9i re#is
PERIOADA A LASEA
on c?retienne, %+L,)%+*2@ "reFn6 Fn O""i6ent o 7t;osferH 6e
si;?A f7GH 6e Biseri"7 orto6o:H.
& 7tH "onse"inGH ;7i 6epHrt7tH 7 Con"iiuui I V7ti"7n 9i 7 spiri?
% pre7 "7toi" 7 Curiei ro;7ne #7 fi "riJ7 ;i9"Hrii ;o6erniste 6e
fFr9itu se"ouui 0I0 9i Fn"eputu se"ouui 00@ 6espre "7re #o;
ii Fn 7t o". W
' I ' ) I 0 F R A G I E
Conci#iu# I &a.ican
\. A8er!io@ P. P. Io7nnoU@ C. Leon7r6i@ P. Pro6i@ /. \er6in@ &onciliorum
oecu$<orum decreta, .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ B7e@ %*L,A /. DenJin!er@ CI.
B7nn`7rt@ iridion s'mbolorum, definitionum et declarationum de rebus Gdei
et morum, ,?7 6e A. S"4on;etJer@ .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*L2A O7r Mir8t@
[uellen %ur ?ic?te des Papsttums und des romisc?en Qat?oli%ismus, (?7
Auf.@ Tii8in!en@
p (LI)(LL@? =acrosanctum (ecumenicum &oncilium Aaticanum, e6. L. Petit@
M7rtin@ =acrorum &onciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, t. 0LI](*@ Arn4e; 7n6e-
et LeipJi!@ %*,2A t. L@ i8i6e;@ %*,(A t. LI@ i8i6e;@ %*,LA t. LII@ i8i6e;@
"o. %22&)%22(. Ai"i en"i"i"7 1Pastor aeternus2, pro;u!7tH Fn 9e6. 7 IV?7
=+ iuie %+5&A t. LIII I8i6e;@ %*,5A Stu6ii= \. Mer"ier@ Aingt siecles dE?istoire
Eatican, P7ris@ %*5LA Gust7#e T4is@ Ha primaute pontificale# Ha doctrine du
an I# Hes voies dEune revision, Ge;8ou:@ %*L* A .r7n"is D#orniP@ 4istoire des
Ies# 8e Ficee Aatican II# Tr76uit 6e N7;eri"7in p7r Soeur \e7n?M7rie. O. P.@
ee e6ition 7u!;entee@ P7ris@ E6itions 6u Seui@ %*LLA R. MetJ@ 4istoire des
les, P7ris@ %*L(A Ro!er Au8ert@ Aatican I# $/istoire 6es "on"ies oe"u;eniCues@
l0, P7ris@ %*L(A I6e;@ HEEcclesiologie au concile du Aatican I, Fn BLe
Con"ie A "on"iesD@ C4e#eto!ne@ %*L& A C. Du;ei!e@ 4istoire des &onciles
oecumeniOues,
%*L2A /. Ron6et@ Aatican I# He concile de Pie IP# Ha preparation# Hes me$
s de travail# Hes sc?emas restes en suspension, P7ris@ %*L,A I6e;@ Aatican I,
%*L,@ ,,& p.A Leone De4on@ 8iario del &oncilio Aaticano I a cura di Ain$
&ar?one# Ro;7@ %*L, A /. \. M7r!u@ 8ie oLumenisc?en Qon%ile der &?risten$
Stutt!7rt@ %*L% A .. D#orniP@ T?e #>eneral &ouncils oi t?e &?urc?, Lon6on@
/. \e6in@ +reve ?istoire des conciles, P7ris@ %*L&A L. Be7u6uin@ HEGnite
de =e et le concile du Aatican, Fn BE!ise et UniteD $Coi. C7t4oi"ite-@ Lie@
%*(+@ )'LA C. Butter)/. L7n!@ 8as AatiLanisc?e Qon%il# =eine
>esc?ic?te von
gesc?ildert in +isc?oi Gllat?ornes +rielen, 6ritte Auf.@ Mun"4en@ %*22A C.
r@ T?e Aatican &ouncil, Lon6on@ %+2&A E. C7;p7n7@ II &oncilio Aaticano I, Fn
pHrfi@ Lu!7no@ %*,LA P. Mourret@ He concile de Aatican dEapres des documents
s@ P7ris@ %*,'A I6e;@ He concile de Aatican, P7ris@ %*%*A /r3s. P7p76opouos@
7teFo# TOU <ui7:or"ou PCOMRC? NI6Toptr.NrM W:.ot :pt:i:Nf fB0eTiY. Aten7@ %*2&.
R/n.ru 2a2a Piu3 II
t. Au8ert@ He pontificat de Pie IP, %+(L)%+5+@ P7ris@ %*L(A I6e;@ He pontificat
2 I0 $/istoire 6e NE!ise sous 7 6ire"tion 6e Au!. .i"4e et V. M7rtin@ t.
P7ris@ %*',A C4. Pout47s@ He Pontificat de Pie IP, P7ris@ %*'(A E. S. /7es@
C A =tud' in European Politics and Religion in t?e PIPt?# centur', Lon6on@
R/n.ru in0ai#i,i#i.a./a 2a2a#5
f7ser@ Au!ust Bern47r6t@ 8ie Gmie?lbarLeitsdefinition des Ersten AatiLa$
n Qon%ils und die >esc?ic?tsNissensc?ait, Stutt!7rt@ %*5LA B. Tierne3@ (ri$
of papal iniaillibilit\ --596-W59, Lei6en@ %*5,@ 2&+ p.A /. Oiin!@ Intaillible c
iterpellation $Unfe487r S Eine .r7!e-@ %*5&@ Tr76. p7r /. Ro"47is@ P7ris@ %*5% A
Gibilite# =on aspect p?ilosop?iOue et t?eologiOue p7r = E. C7ste@ S. Cott7@ V.
u@ O. R74ner ete@ P7ris@ %*5&@ '+( p.
i #im,a rom9na Z
r. M. Ne7;Gu@ &ontrovers ntre catolici asupra infailibilit!ii n +iserica Ro$
Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ 00V $%*52-@ nr. 5)+@ p. L+%)L+(A Viore IoniGH@
I
ul I de la Aatican "i consecin!ele lui pentru +iserica romano$catolic, Fn BMi?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
tropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0VII $%*5,-@ nr. 5)+@ p. 'L&)'5% A Pr. Prof. D. StHnio7e@ 8octrina
catolic a infailibilit!ii la primul "i al doilea &onciliu Aatican, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VII $%*L'-@
nr. (@ p. ('*)(*,A Pr. Prof. P. De4ee7nu@ Ere%ia primatului papal# &e ]nva! catolicii "i "e
spune +iblia, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ I $%*(*-@ nr. ,)2@ p. %(2)%5& M Di7". /. CoMo"7ru@
Este primatul lui Petru un privilegiu de drept divin dup Foul Testament c, Si8iu@ %*(&.
P/n.ru 'i3/rica &/c1i#or-Ca.o#ici
Mitropoitu M7:i;os 7 S7r6eor@na0#aiov#adoli'nii)bi :"tF NOp+o'o>>7@e6. ,?7@ Aten7@
%*LL A Urs Our3@ 8ie AltLatolisc?e Qirc?e, i?re >esc?ic?te, i?re He?re, i?r Anliegen,
Bern7@ %*LLA D. Ce;ent Li7ine@ A ieu)$cat?oliOues et ort?odo)es en Ouete dEune union
depuis trois Ouarts de siEecle, Fn BIstin7D@ %*'+@ nr. %@ p. ,,)'LA \. O7r;iri NOpBoSoSF7
:7t II70"Bo?].7Loh7:i7uKPh Aten7@ %*2L A E. L7!er`e3@ 8ie Fiederlndisc?e AltLa$t?olisc?e
Qirc?e, Fn "o. BEPPesi7D@ t. IU]%%@ Got47@ %*2'@ p. '()L(A A. Oiir3@ Die
&?ristLat?olisc?e Qirc?e der =c?Neit%, Fn "o. BEPPesi7D@ t. IU]%%@ Got47@ %*2'@ p.
L')5( A E. OreuJer@ 8ie AltLat?olisc?e Qirc?e in 8eutsc?land, Fn "o. BEPPesi7D@ t.
IU]%%@ Got47@ %*2'@ p. 52)+2A A. Oiir3@ 8ie +e%ie?ungen des AlLat?oli%ismus %ur
Angl i L ani s c ?e n und (r t ?odo) e n Qi r c ?e , F n " o . BEPP e s i 7 D@ t . I I I ] @ Got 47 @ %*2'@
p. *5)*+.
In #im,a rom9n5=
3rturisirea de credin!2 a &onferin!ei interna!ionale de la Gtrec?t "i +erna, ti76. 6e
Pr. Ion SH8H6u9 Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00III@ $%*5%-@ nr. (@ p. L'&)L'5A Pr. Prof. Io7n G. Co;7n@
+iserica ortodo) "i +iserica vec?e$catolic, Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 0VII $%*L5-@ nr. ()
L@ p. ,((),'+A I6e; $Co;7n-@ +iserica ortodo) "i +iserica vec?e$catolic# Privire asupra
raporturilor dintre ele pe o perioad de circa un secol ,-7CB6-.;;0, Fn BMitropoi7
B7n7tuuiD@ 0VIII $%*L5-@ nr. ()L@ p. ,25),L,A Pr. Prof. M. C4i767@ =itua!ia actual a
+isericilor vec?i$catolice, Fn BOrto6o:i7D 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. (@ p. L,')L,5A I6e;@
ncercrile de apropiere ntre +iserica ortodo) "i +iserica vec?ilor$catolici, Fn
BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. 2@ p. 2%*)2'LA Do"tor7n6 Io7n SH8H6u9@ &anonicitatea
ierar?iei de la Gtrec?t, Fn BOrto6o:i7D 00 $%*L+-@ nr. %@ p. L,)52 A Di7". Do"tor7n6
Miron V. Mi4ut@ 1Aspectul canonic al raporturilor +isericii ortodo)e cu +iserica vec?e$
catolicV, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0I0@ $%*L5-@ nr. 2@ p. 2LL)2+&A Di7"on An7toie Lefter@
+iserica vec?ilor catolici "i +iserica ortodo), Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD 0I
$%*LL-@ nr. *)%&@ p. L&()L,*A Pr. Prof. Li#iu St7n@ Orto6o:i7 "i vetero$catolicismul,
Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ 0III $%*L%-@ nr. 5)*@ p. L2'?RL((.
Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 9i Orientu "re9tin.
Misiunie "7toi"e I
1. A.ra6/r/a 'i3/rici#or or.odo4/ #a ca.o#ici3m 2rin /ncic#ici 2a2a#/
DupH Re#ouGi7 .r7n"eJH 6in %5+*@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ strF;?
tor7tH 6e protest7ntis; 9i 6e Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH Fn #estu 9i nor6u Eu?
ropei@ s?7 strH6uit pe to7te "Hie 9i prin to7te ;iMo7"ee spre 7 "F9ti!7
Fn RHsHrit@ Fn 67un7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ "ee7 "e pier6use Fn Apus. Fn
ten6inG7 ei 6e 6o;in7re 9i e:p7nsiune spre Orient@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?
"7toi"H s?7 spriMinit Fn6eose8i pe puterie "7toi"e@ .r7nG7 9i I;periu
7ustro?un!7r@ pre"u; 9i pe Biseri"ie unite "u Ro;7@ s;use prin 7#7n?
t7Me 9i 7te ;o;ei 7trH!Hto7re Biseri"ior orto6o:e.
O67tH "u ;7ree 7#Fnt 67t 7"ti#itHGii ;ision7re "7toi"e Fn se"ou
0I0@ p7p7 Gri!orie 0VI $%+2%)%+(L- 7 7"or67t o 6eose8itH 7tenGie
1convertirii ortodoc"ilor2, uitFn6 e "H Biseri"7 orto6o:H nu po7te fi o
1terra missionis2, 6eo7re"e@ 6intre to7te Biseri"ie 6in u;e@ e7 este
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
PERIOADA A ASEA
7 ;7i #e"4e 9i sin!ur7 "7re 7 pHstr7t 76e#Hru inte!r7 Fn"re6inG7t ei
Do;nu Iisus /ristos.
Ur;79u sHu@ p7p7 Pius I0 $%+(L)%+5+- FnfiinG7 Fn"H 6e 7 Fn"epu?
% pontifi"7tuui sHu@ Fn %+(5@ un p7tri7r47t 7tin pentru Ierus7i; 9i
iestin7@ "u o8i!7Gi7 "7 p7tri7r4u 7es@ preotu !eno#eJ Giuseppe
6er!7@ sH reJi6e per;7nent 7"oo@ "u ;isiune7 6e 7 FntreGine #ie pro?
!7n67 Fntre orto6o"9i pentru "7toi"is;.
Fn 7nu ur;Ht or@ 7 i n#it 7t Bi seri "i e ort o6o:e 7 uni re "u Ro;7
in en"i"i"7 1Ad (rientales, in =uprema Patrie =ede2, 6in L i7nu7rie
(+@ pentru 7 re7iJ7@ "u; !Fn6e7 e@ 1ntoarcerea (rientului prin
ientali2#
En"i"i"ei 1Ad (rientales2 i?7u rHspuns "u 6e;nit7te p7tri7r4ii 9i
?7r4ii RHsHrituui@ Fn frunte "u p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Anti; VI $%+('
%+(+ A %+'2)%+''-@ printr?o un!H 9i 6o"u;ent7tH =crisoare, Fn L ;7i
(+@ "u titu = Epistola enciclic a +isericii una, sfnt, universal "i
lostolic, "o;8HtFn6 6o"u;ent7t erorie 9i ino#7Giie 6o!;7ti"e intro?
ise 6e Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 6e 7 s"4is;7 6in %&'( pFnH 7tun"i.
Co;8HtFn6 7stfe ten6inG7 epis"opior Ro;ei 6e 7 intro6u"e 6o!;e
i Fn Biseri"H@ ier7r4ii RHsHrituui s"ot Fn reief "H BI7 noi ) Fn
Bise?<a orto6o:H@ ) n$au putut nici sinoadele s introduc lucruri
noi, Jntru c aprtorul religiei este nsu"i corpul +isericii, adic
poporul su"i, care vrea ca credin!a s rmn ve"nic nesc?imbat "i la
fel ca Prin!ilor si##2 $"7p. 0VII-.
In 7"Giune7 6e 7tr7!ere 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e 7 "7t oi"is;@ p7p7
us I0 s?7 ser#it 6e "on"ursu nepre#HJut 7 unui 7#enturier "onfe?
;7@ I7"o8 G. PitJipios@ profesor !re" 7 9"o77 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni?
6in Const7ntinopo $%+&&)%+&'-@ "7re@ Fn ur;7 unei neFnGee!eri "u
tri7r4u C7ini" IV $%+&+)%+&*- 6e#eni un 7pHrHtor Fnfo"7t 7 unirii
Ro;7. I7"o8 PitJipios 7 propus p7pei Pius I0 un p7n 6e unire 7
seri"ior 9i 7 FnfiinG7t@ 7 %, o"to;8rie %+'2@ =ocietatea (riental pen$
i unirea tuturor cre"tinilor din (rient, 7pro87tH 6e p7pH Fn %+''. Doi@
su8 7uspi"iie S7"rei Con!re!7Gii 8e propaganda fide, FnfiinG7tH Fn ,, 6e
p7p7 Gri!orie 0V $%L,%)%L,2-@ I7"o8 PitJipios pu8i"H u"r7? 7
HEEglise (rientale, Ro;7@ %+''@ so"otitH 7tun"i ;7nu7 nor;7ti#
ntru pro;o#7re7 unirii "u orto6o"9ii.
D7r "u; PitJipios s?7 H;urit repe6e 7supr7 intenGiior 9i s"opu?
or p7p7e Fn RHsHritu orto6o:@ renunGH 7 "7toi"is; 9i s"rise 7"u;
ntr7 Bro;<nis;uuiD@ u"r7re7 He Romnisme, P7ris@ %+L&@ pe "7re o
"ote7 6e 7"u; Fn7inte Bun nou test7;ent poiti"D.
RHsHrit enii s?7u Fn6epHrt 7t 9i ;7i ;u t 6e Ro;7 p7p7 H "F n6 7u
7t "uno9tinGH "H p7p7 Pius 7 I0?e7 7 pro"7;7t 7 + 6e"e;8rie %+'(
!;7 Immaculata conceptio +eatae 3ariae Airginis Q Imaculata con$
p!ie a =fintei Fecioare 3ria, prin "7re 7fir;H "H SfFnt7 .e"io7rH s?7
s"ut fHrH pH"7tu ori!in7r@ ino#7Gie 6o!;7ti"H strHinH Orto6o:iei.
Fnto7r"ere7 ui I7"o8 PitJipios 7 Orto6o:ie fH"u pe p7p7 Pius I0
FnfiinGeJe o 7tH or!7niJ7Gie "7re sH u"reJe pentru unire7 Biseri"ior
tri#it "u interesee "7toi"is;uui. Prin B8re#eD?e = 1Romani ponti$
Jes2, 6in L i7nu7rie %+L, 9i 1Amantissimus ?umani generis Redemp$
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODE/NA I CONTEMPORANA 2LA
loris2, 6in + 7priie %+L2@ Pius I0 FnfiinG7 pe Fn!H S7"r7 Con!re!7Gie
18e propaganda fide2, o se"Gie spe"i7H nu;itH 1Pro negotiis ritus ori$
entalibus2, "7re sH se o"upe "u pro8e;ee rituui orient7@ se"Gie "7re
7 fost ;enGinutH 9i 6e p7pii ur;Htori.
L7 in#it7Gi7 fH"utH rHsHritenior 6e p7p7 Pius I0 spre 7 p7rti"ip7
7 u"rHrie Con"iiuui I V7ti"7n 6in %+L*)%+5&@ orto6o"9ii 7u refu?
J7t "u 6e;nit7te@ rHspunJFn6 "H 7"est "on"iiu pri#e9te e:"usi# Biseri ?
"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H.
ReFnto7r"ere7 RHsHrituui 7 Ro;7 7 fost 9i i6e7u pontifi"7tuui
p7pei Leon 0III $%+5+)%*&2-@ "u; reJutH 6in en"i"i"ie 9i 7"tee s7e
Astfe@ pentru 7 7tr7!e pe s7#ii orto6o"9i 7 "7toi"is;@ prin en"i"i"e
>rande munus, 6in 2& septe;8rie %++&@ Leon 7 0II?e7 7 pro"7;7t
6rept sfinGi "7toi"i pe sfinGii Oiri $f +5*- 9i Meto6iu $f ++'-@ BAposto?
ii s7#iorD. Spre 7 7rHt7 preGuire7 s7 f7GH 6e "utu Biseri"ii orto6o:e
p7p7 Leon 7 0II?e7@ 7 %, 7priie %++%@ prin 6e"retu (rientalium
Ecclesiarum ritus, 7 rest78iit ritu 8iJ7ntin Fn ;FnHstFre7 "7toi"H Grot?
t7ferr7t7 6e Fn!H Ro;7. Apoi@ Fn 7nu ur;Htor@ 7 %& iunie %+,,@ prin
s"riso7re7 7postoi"H 1In supremo2, supri;H titu onorifi" 67t unoi
epis"opi "7toi"i "7re?9i e:er"it7u fun"Gi7 or 1in partibus infidelium2
Fn GHrie orto6o:e. De 7se;ene7@ spre 7 fi pe p7"u orto6o"9ior@ Fn %+*&
7 pro"7;7t "7 sfFnt "7toi" pe SfFntu Io7n D7;7s"4in $f 5(*-.
Fn en"i"i"7 Praeclara gratulationis, 6in ,& iunie %+*(@ Leon 0II
in#it7 pe "re9tinii 6in RHsHrit BsH se Fnto7r"H 7 Ro;7D@ i7r "7 Fnto7r ?
"ere7 sH fie "Ft ;7i 7!re78iH orto6o"9ior@ Fn en"i"i"7 1(rientalium
dignitas2, 6in 2& noie;8rie %+*(@ #or8e7 6e pHstr7re7 riturior rHsHri ?
tene@ peri"it7te ) Ji"e7 e ) 6e 78uJurie ;ision7rior 7tini. Cu to7 te
;ustrHrie 76res7te 7"estor ;ision7ri 7tini@ nu se sfi7 totu9i sH nu?
;e7s"H pe orto6o"9i Bereti"iD.
En"i"i"ei 1(rientalium dignitas2 i?7 rHspuns 6o"u;ent7t p7tri7r?
4u 6e Const7ntinopo Anti; VII $%+*')%+*L-@ Fn %+*'@ printr?o En"i ?
"i"H sinodal, Fn "7re 7""entue7JH = BBiseri"7 no7strH orto6o:H este !Hti
sH pri;e7s"H ori"e propunere 6e unire@ nu;7i 67"H epis"opu Ro;ei Va
Fn6epHrt7 pentru tot6e7un7 ;utee 9i 6iferitee ino#7Gii nee#7n!4ei"e
intro6use Fn Biseri"7 s7 9i se #7 Fnto7r"e pe terenu "eor 97pte Sino76I
e"u;eni"eD.
Prin en"i"i"7 1&?risti nomen2, 6in ,( 6e"e;8rie %+*(@ p7p7 Leor
7 0II?e7 re"o;7n67 instruire7 "eruui "7toi" Bpentru re76u"ere=
rHsHritenior Fn st7uu Ro;eiD@ i7r printr?un ;otu proprio 1(ptatissi
me###2 6in %* ;7rtie %+*'@ 7 "re7t o "o;isie 6e "7r6in7i@ preJi67tH 6B
e Fnsu9i@ pentru Bre#enire7D "re9tinior orto6o"9i 7 Ro;7
De 7se;ene7@ prin en"i"i"7 1=atis cognitum2, 6in ,* iunie %+*L
p7p7 Leon 0III "ere7 orto6o"9ior BsH re#inH 7 Ro;7D.
A fost pri;u p7pH "7re@ prin 7"e breve < 1Provide matris2, 6in F
;7i %+*'@ 9i prin en"i"i"7 18ivini illud mundi2, 6in * ;7i %+*5@ 7 pro
pus o ru!H"iune pentru unit7te7 "re9tinior.
Pro8e;7 unirii "re9tinior 7 preo"up7t 7tun"i 9i Orto6o:i7@ "u; sK
#e6e 6in en"i"i"7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" o7"4i; III $%+5+)%++(
%+&%)%*%,-@ tri;isH Biseri"ior orto6o:e.
P7p7 Pius 0 $%*&2)%*%(- s?7 o"up7t ;7i puGin 6e pro8e;7 unirii
FsHritenior "u Ro;7 6e"Ft Fn7int79u sHu.
A"e7stH preo"up7re s?7 intensifi"7t su8 pontifi"7tu p7pei Bene?
i"t 0V $%*%()%*,,-@ "7re@ prin motu proprio < 18ei providentis2, 6in
;7i %*%5@ 7 tr7nsfor;7t se"Gi7 Pro negotiis ritus orientalis 6in Con?
re!7Gi7 pentru prop7!7n6H@ Fn &ongregatio pro Ecclesia orientali, i7r
rintr?un 7t motu proprio, 1(rientis cat?olicis2, 6in %' o"to;8rie %*%5@
"re7t Institutum pontificium orientale Q Institutul pontifical orien$
fl, "u s"opu B6e 7 pro;o#7 7propiere7 6intre RHsHrit 9i Apus 9i 7 6eJ?
Dt7 "uno79tere7@ interesu 9i FnGee!ere7 f7GH 6e "re9tinHt7te7 rHsHri?
7nH prin Fn#HGH;Fnt 9i pu8i"7Gii 7 ni#e uni#ersit7rD. E 7 propus
. orto6o"9ii sH nu ;7i fie nu;iGi Bs"4is;7ti"iD.
DupH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ pro8e;7 unirii Biseri?
or 7 fost 6in nou Fn preo"up7re7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e. Astfe@ ;i?
opoitu Dorotei 6e Brus7@ o"Giitor 6e p7tri7r4 e"u;eni"@ 7 propus
i7nu7rie %*,&@ printr?o Enciclic =inodal tri;isH tuturor Biseri"ior
e9tine 6in u;e@ sH renunGe 7 poe;i"ie or "onfesion7e 9i 7 pro?
itis;@ pentru 7 se pute7 re7iJ7 7stfe o ;7i strFnsH "o78or7re 9i Fn?
i/6/r/ 8n.r/ /#/.
P7p7 Pius 0I $%*,,)%*2*- s?7 strH6uit@ 67r fHrH su""es@ sH 76u"H pe
Ao6o"9i@ "u; pretin6e7 e@ 7 Bst7uu Ro;eiD.
Astfe@ Fntr?o s"riso7re@ EOuidem Aerba, 6in ,% ;7rtie %*,(@ 76res7tH
ne6i"tinior@ e in#it7 sH 7"GioneJe Bpentru u"r7re7 6e rest7ur7re
ionistHD.
In en"i"i"7 1[uam primas2, 6in %% 6e"e;8rie %*,'@ prin "7re p7p7
7s 0I institui7 sHr8Hto7re7 ui 4ristos$Rege, #or8in6 6espre re!7i?
e7 ui /ristos@ enunG7 prin"ipiie iero"r7Giei p7p7e@ "7re "onfir;H
We7 6e 6o;in7Gie 9i e:p7nsiune Fn u;e 7 "7toi"is;uui.
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"on"or?A@ r7tifi"7t 7 5 iuie %*,*@ "e ;7i 6eJ#ot7t 9i ;7i "o;pet@ Fn
"o;?Z7Gie "u 7te "on"or67te@ "7re 7 fost 6enunG7t 6e st7tu ro;<n
7 %+ ie %*(+.
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e:pri;7@ 7 * i7nu7rie %*,5@ 7stfe = BNu se "uno79te Fn6e7Muns )
;e7 e 7 Federa!ia catolicilor universitari italieni, 6espre "re9tinii
Orient ) tot "e se 7fH preGios@ 8un 9i "re9tines" Fn resturie #e?
uui 76e#Hr "7toi". Bu"HGie 6esprinse 6intr?o ro"H 7uriferH "onGin
Ae 7ur. Aec?ile cre"tint!i ale (rientului pstrea% o att de adev$
sfin!enie, nct ele merit nu numai respectul, ci ntreaga noastr
patie2# Nu;7i "H p7p7 Pius 0I nu #oi7 sH re"uno7s"H f7ptu "H +i$
cile ortodo)e ale Rsritului nu snt 1buc!i desprinse dintr$o roc2,
@nt ns"i roca, 76i"H Biseri"7 "e7 76e#Hr7tH 7 ui /ristos.
Prin en"i"i"7 1Rerum orientalium2, 6in + septe;8rie %*,+@ p7p7
s 0I 7ns7 ;eto67 JisH Bpsi4oo!i"HD pentru "on#in!ere7 orto6o"9i?
spre 7 se Fnto7r"e 7 Ro;7.
Su""esoru sHu@ p7p7 Pius 0II $%*2*)%*'+-@ prin en"i"i"7 1=um$
pontificatus2, 6in ,& o"to;8rie %*2*@ "onsi6er7 "H ne"7toi"ii sFnt Fn
7 trupuui ui /ristos@ i6entifi"7t "u Biseri"7 Ro;ei@ 9i "ere7 reFn?
"ere7 or Fn Bst7uu ui PetruD.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
2,'
A"e7stH reFnto7r"ere 7 "ontinu7t s?o pretin6H 9i prin en"i"i"ee
13'stici corporis &?risti2, 6in ,* iunie %*(2@ 9i 1(rientales Ecclesiae
decus2, 6in * 7priie %*((@ pu8i"7tH "u o"7Ji7 7ni#ersHrii SfFntuui Oi?
ri $f (((-@ p7tri7r4u Ae:7n6riei.
L7 % noie;8rie %*'&@ p7p7 Pius 0II 7 pro"7;7t o nouH 6o!;H =
1Assumptio corporis beatae 3ariae Airginis in coelum2 Q nl!area cu
trupul la cer a =fintei Fecioare 3ria, ;Hrin6 7stfe nu;Hru 6eose8i?
rior 6o!;7ti"e 6intre Biseri"7 Orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 Ro;7no?C7toi"H@
f7pt "7re 7 ne;uGu;it pe orto6o"9i@ 6eo7re"e fH"e7 6in SfFnt7 .e"io7rH
o B"orre6e;ptri:D $Q mpreun mntuitoare "u /ristos- 7 ne7;uui
o;enes". Biseri"7 Orto6o:H respin!e 7"e7stH nouH 6o!;H "H"i@ 6upH
"u#Fntu SfFntuui Aposto P7#e@ 1Gnul este mi*locitorul ntre 8umne$
%eu "i oameni< &el ce =$d fcut om, 4ristos Iisus $I Ti;. II@ %'-. D7"H
s?7r 76;ite 7"e7stH 6o!;H@ Fn o" 6e un MFntuitor@ 7; 7#e7 6oi.
Fn "inste7 Sfintei .e"io7re MHri7@ p7p7 Io7n P7u 7 II?e7 $%*5+-
7 pu8i"7t 7 ,' ;7rtie %*+5 en"i"i"7 1Redemptoris 3ater2, pentru 7
sHr8Htori Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 7nu ;7ri7.
Prin en"i"i"7 1=empiternus Re)2, 6in + septe;8rie %*'%@ pu8i"7tH
"u o"7Ji7 7ni#ersHrii 7 %'&& 6e 7ni 6e 7 Sino6u 7 IV?e7 e"u;eni" 6in
C7"e6on $('%-@ p7p7 Pius 0II insist7 7supr7 B8o!7tei surse 6e
8inef7"eri pe "7re 7r pro"ur7?o Fnto7r"ere7 RHsHrituui 7 Biseri"7 Ro?
;ei@ pentru foosu "o;un 7 "re9tinHtHGiiD. A"e7stH en"i"i"H@ "7 9i 7 ?
tee 6in tre"ut@ prin tonu ei neireni" 9i nee"u;eni"@ 7 irit7t Biseri"7
orto6o:H.
,. A#./ mi"#oac/ a#/ ca.o#ici#or 2/n.ru a.ra6/r/a or.odoc>i#or #a
unir/a cu Roma 7u fost = poiti"e@ "utur7e@ ;7teri7e@ e#eni;entee
f7#or78ie@ "7 9i situ7Giie !ree Fn "7re s?7u 7f7t unee 6intre Biseri"ie
orto6o:e.
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8u!7ri@ "Hror7 p7p7 Pius I0 e nu;i un 7r4iepis"op Fn perso7n7 ui
Iosif SoPosP3 pe "7re 7poi poiGi7 rusH G7ristH %?7 6us@ 7 %+ iunie
%+L&@ 7 O6es7 9i %?7 Ginut se"4estr7t Fntr?o ;FnHstire 6in Rusi7.
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6i"Gie 6e"Ft peste "Fte#7 ;ii 6e 8o!o;ii "on#ertiGi@ propuse st7tuui
8u!7r tre"ere7 7 "7toi"is;.
In ti;pu o"up7Giei 4iteriste 7 Cro7Giei $%*(%)%*((-@ "on6usH 7tun"i
6e Ante P7#ei"i@ "7toi"ii f7n7ti"i 6in Cro7Gi7 s?7u 6e67t 7 6uritHGi
ne;7i"unos"ute f7GH 6e "re6in"io9ii orto6o"9i 6in Istri7 9i 6e 7 !r7niG7
Cro7Giei "u Ser8i7@ pentru "H nu #oi7u sH tre7"H 7 "7toi"is;.
O intensH prop7!7n6H 7u 6esfH9ur7t ro;7no?"7toi"ii Fn GHrie orto?
6o:e prin institute 9i 9"oi 6e to7te !r76ee. Astfe@ "4i7r Fn7inte 6e
sfFr9itu pri;uui rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ p7p7 Bene6i"t 0V $%*%( )
%*,,- 7 FnfiinG7t 7 Ro;7@ 7 %' o"t. %*%5@ "u; 7; ;7i 7rHt7t@ Ins!i$
tutum Pontificium (rientale, pe "7re %?7 pus su8 "on6u"ere7 8ene6i"?
tinior@ 7poi 7 ieJuiGior@ 7ne:Fn6u?% Institutului biblic pontifical "u ;e?
nire7 6e 7 pro;o#7 oper7 unirii prin stu6ii 9i pu8i"7Gii. Pentru rute ?
nii uniGi "u Ro;7 Fn %'*L@ 7 Brest?Lito`sP@ Curi7 ro;7nH FnfiinG7 un
&ollegium Rut?enicum, 6es"4is 7 1$9!.
@[ PERIOADA A ASEA
L7 %' 7u!ust %*,%@ Bene6i"t 0V 7 FnfiinG7t un Institut spe"i7 pen?
u ru9i ) Russicum J)@ i7r 7 ,& iunie %*,' 7 instituit &omisia 1Pro
ussia2, 6e"7r7tH 7utono;H 7 L 7priie %*2& 9i tre"utH 7poi@ 7 ,% 6e?
W;8rie %*2(@ 7 Con!re!7Gi7 7f7"erior 8iseri"e9ti e:tr7or6in7re.
Fn -2,@ p7p7 Pius 0I $%*,,)%*2*- 7 FnfiinG7t un Coe!iu pentru
ruteni iu u"r7ineni. L7 Ro;7 fun"Gione7JH@ 6e 7se;ene7@ "oe!ii pentru
!re"i ro;<ni@ fiin6 so"otite "7 Bpepiniere pentru 7postoii 7"estor
ne7;uriD Are 7 7tr7!e pe orto6o"9i 7 "7toi"is;. L7 Grott7ferr7t7@
"7toi"ii 7u fiinG7t un se;in7r !re"o?787neJ@ 6in %*%+.
L7 Ro;7@ s?7 Ginut@ Fntre ,)L ;7i %*25@ pri;u &ongres interna$
onal pentru (rientul cre"tin, Fn "7re s?7u fH"ut "onst7tHri 9i propuneri
Zferito7re 7 intensifi"7re7 prop7!7n6ei unioniste Fn Orientu "re9tin.
Con!re!7Gi7 7sso;pGioni9tior@ FnfiinG7tH Fn %++&@ s?7 strH6uit pen?
u "F9ti!7re7 RHsHrituui orto6o: prin 9"oi "u intern7te 9i "7pee@ prin
uto7re ;7teri7e 9i prin or!7niJ7re7 6e peerin7Me. Ro;7no?"7toi"ii
i FnfiinG7t 9i ;ute 7te "on!re!7Gii 9i ;FnHstiri@ i7r ;ision7rii
"7to?=i 6in RHsHrit@ pentru 7 7tr7!e pe orto6o"9i@ 7u 76opt7t pr7"ti"ie
or?6o:e = 87r87@ "ostu;u preoGes"@ F;pHrtH9ire7 su8 7;8ee for;e
et".
Aso;pGioni9tii 7u e6it7t 6in %+*5 re#ist7 1Ec?os dE(rient2, "on6usH
A Institutu fr7n"eJ 6e Fn7te stu6ii 8iJ7ntine@ 7#Fn6 se6iu Fn %*25 7 76i?
Oeu3 $C7"e6on-@ 6upH 7"ee7 7 Bu"ure9ti@ 7poi 7 P7ris.
Fn Apus@ 7 7"ti#7t@ Fn6eose8i printre ru9ii orto6o"9i@ !rup7re7 8e?
F6i"tinior 6in Be!i7@ su8 "on6u"ere7 ui Do; L7;8ert Be7u6uin@ "7re
FnfiinG7t Fn %*,' ;FnHstire7 A;73?sur?Meuse@ Fn Be!i7@ tr7nsfer7tH -
oi@ Fn %*2*@ 7 C4e#eto!ne@ un6e se 7fH 9i 7Ji. Din 7priie %*,L@ 7"e9ti7
i8i"H re#ist7 IreniLon, "7re se "ons7"rH pro8e;ei unirii Biseri"ior.
Se 7u6@ e 6rept@ ;7i r7r@ 9i une e #o"i 6e preG uire 76e#Hr7tH f7GH a
Biseri"7 orto6o:H. Astfe@ .r. /eier@ "unos"ut istori" 9i 6o!;7tist
ir;7n@ Fntr?o "o;uni"7re 6in 7u!ust %*,+@ "u titu 3i"cri religioase
catolicismul roman actual, 7fir;7 "H Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H tre8uie
7Mun!H sH re"uno7s"H B47ris;ee proprii 7e Biseri"ior rHsHritene 9i
r
7n!4ei"eD@ "7re@ F;preunH "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ sH 7Mute 7
nee Biseri"ii uni#ers7e. De 7"ee7@ 7"Giune7 6e unire 7 Biseri"ior
e8uie sH tin6H 7 o 7propiere 7 corpurilor eclesiastice, 9i nu 7 un pro?
i ti s; i n6i #i 6u7 "7re este pH!u8i t or t ut uror Bi seri "i or. Pent ru
We7st7 tre8uie sH se 6epH9e7s"H o8st7"oee "re7te 6e 4otHrFrie 6o!?
7ti"e pro"7;7te Fn Con"iiu I V7ti"7n 6in %+5& 9i@ 8ineFnGees@ 76Hu?
i; noi@ tre8uies" FnHtur7te 9i pie6i"ie "re7te 6e 4otHrFrie 6o!;7ti"e
e Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n $%*L,)%*L'-.
Ce "7re prin stu6iie 9i pu8i"7Giie s7e 7r7tH f7GH 6e Biseri"7
to6o:H un Bsufet frHGes"D 9i Bun spirit ireni"D e "unos"utu 6o!;7tist
7n"eJ l. M. Con!7r@ "7re s"o7te Fn e#i6enGH ru6eni7 6e "re6inGH 6in?
s Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ e:pri;Fn6u?se 7stfe =
cu cre"tinii din (rient, ntr$adevr, aproape totul ne este comun# =n$
m, orice ar fi, din aceea"i familie, cci avem aceia"i Prin!i "i mncm
eea"i pine < nu numai Eu?aristia ne este comun, ci toate Tainele,
iltul =fintei Fecioare "i al sfin!ilor, succesiunea apostolic n episcopat,
adi!ia ascetic "i mistic, formele rugciunii### &it prive"te dogmele,
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
cele principale ne snt, ntr$adevr, comune: deosebirile noastre n
cteva din ele nu snt, cel mai adesea, de natur s fac imposibil uni $
tatea n credin! "i mul!i snt de acord c singurul punct, ntr$adevr
decisiv, e acela al primatului roman2 $l. M. Con!7r@ &?retiens desunis#
Principes dEun oecumenisme cat?oliOue, P7ris@ %*25@ p. ,'&-.
In !ener7@ FnsH@ "u to7te ;eto6ee foosite@ prop7!7n67 "7toi"H Fn
RHsHritu orto6o: n?7 Fnre!istr7t reJut7tee 79tept7te. C4i7r ro;7no?
"7toi"ii 7u re"unos"ut 7"e7st7 Fn %*2*@ "Fn6 7u sHr8Htorit '&& 6e 7ni
6e 7 "on"iiu unionist 6e 7 .err7r7).orenG7 $%(2+)%(2*-.
Prin ;eto6ee or #e"4i s7u noi@ ori"Ft 6e 8o!7t 7u fost susGinute
pe p7n poiti"@ "utur7 9i fin7n"i7r@ ro;7no?"7toi"ii n?7u fH"ut 6e"Ft
sH irite 9i ;7i ;ut spiritee 9i sH rH"e7s"H r7porturie nor;7e 6intre
"ee 6ouH Biseri"i. bFJ7ni7 stre"ur7tH 6e Ro;7 p7p7H Fntre fr7Gii 6e
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preGuire 7 "re6in"io9ior 6in RHsHrit f7GH 6e Orto6o:ie@ Fn Pooni7@
U"r7in7@ Rusi7?su8"7rp7ti"H 9i Ro;<ni7.
2. (oi#/ r/#aii din.r/ 'i3/rica romano-ca.o#ic5 >i
'i3/rica or.odo45
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6ouH Biseri"i "unos" o 6eJ#ot7re ;7i nor;7H@ f7#or78iH 6i7o!uui
teoo!i". Astfe@ ;it ropoit u I7"o8 6e M7t7 7 fH"ut o #iJitH p7pei
Io7n 00III@ Fn nu;ee p7tri7r4uui Aten7!or7 I $%*(*)%*5,- 6e Con?
st7ntinopo@ 7 %( fe8ru7rie %*'*
A
pri;7 #iJitH ofi"i7H fH"utH 6e un
ier7r4 6in p7rte7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e 6upH s"4is;7 6in %L iuie %&'(.
In ' iunie %*L&@ p7p7 Io7n 00III 7 "re7t prin motu proprio < 1=u$
perno 8ei nutu###2, =ecretariatul pentru unitatea cre"tin, "u s"opu e:?
pres "7 B"ei sep7r7Gi 6e 7"est s"7un 7postoi" $Ro;7-@ sH !Hse7s"H ;7i
u9or "7e7 pentru reJo#7re7 pro8e;ei unitHGiiD.
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p7norto6o:e 6e 7 Ro6os@ Fn %*L%@ %*L, 9i %*L(.N
Astfe@ ConferinG7 I?7 6e 7 Ro6os@ 6in ,( septe;8rie ) % o"to;?
8rie %*L%@ 7 4otHrFt B"uti#7re7 6e r7porturi Fn spiritu 6r7!ostei ui
/ristos "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"HD.
ConferinG7 7 6ou7 6e 7 Ro6os@ ,(),* septe;8rie %*L,@ 7 4otHrFt@
Fn prin"ipiu@ iniGiere7 unui 6i7o! pe pi"ior 6e e!7it7te Fntre Biseri"7
orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H.
Unee Biseri"i orto6o:e@ Fn frunte "u P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 6e Con?
st7ntinopo@ 7u tri ;is o8ser#7tori 7 "ee p7tru sesiuni 7e Con"iiu?
ui II V7ti"7n $%*L,)%*L'-.
DupH sesiune7 7 6ou7 7 Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n@ ,* septe;8rie )
( 6e"e;8rie %*L2@ 7 7#ut o"@ 7 ()L i7nu7rie %*L(@ FntFnire7 istori"H
6e 7 Ierus7i; 6intre p7tri7r4u Aten7!or7 I 7 Const7ntinopouui 9i
p7p7 P7u VI@ "7re 7u 6is"ut7t 7supr7 posi8iitHGior 6e 7propiere 6intre
"ee 6ouH Biseri"i. Ur;7re7 "on"retH 7 7"estei FntFniri 7 fost ri6i"7re7
7n7te;eor 6in %L 9i %0 iuie %&'(@ car/ 3-a 05cu. 2rin.r-o d/c#arai/
"o;unH 6in p7rte7 p7tri7r4uui Aten7!or7 I 9i 7 p7pei P7u VI@ 7 Fn?
"4i6ere7 Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n@ Fn Jiu7 6e 5 6e"e;8rie %*L'@ "ititH "on?
"o;itent Fn 8iseri"7 SfFntu Petru 6in Ro;7 9i Fn "7te6r77 SfFntu
G4eor!4e 6in Const7ntinopo.
L7 6oi 7ni 6upH Fn"4i6ere7 Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n@ 7 7#ut o" #iJit7
p7pei P7u VI@ Fn ,'),L iuie %*L5@ 7 Const7ntinopo 9i EiNes@ ur;7tH@
"7 rHspuns@ 6e #iJit7 p7tri7r4uui Aten7!or7 I@ Fntre /;),+ o"to;?
8rie %*L5@ 7 Ro;7. A"este #iJite 7u "ontri8uit Fntr?o ;7re ;HsurH 7
7;eior7re7 r7porturior 6intre "ee 6ouH ;7ri 9i #e"4i Biseri"i 7e
"re9tinHtHGii.
L7 Fntrunire7 Co;isiei p7n?orto6o:e 6e 7 C47;8es3)Gene#7@
6intre ,&),+ 7u!ust %*L+@ s?7 instituit o "o;isie sino67H p7n?orto6o:H
spe"i7H pentru Fn"epere7 6i7o!uui "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H.
L7 rFn6u sHu@ p7p7 P7u VI 7 "re7t@ 7 %( 6e"e;8rie %*5'@ o "o?
;isie teoo!i"H spe"i7H 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e pentru pre?
!Htire7 6i7o!uui "u Biseri"7 orto6o:H. In 7nu ur;Htor@ %*5L@ Co;isi7
pre"on"ii7rH p7n?orto6o:H@ "re7tH Fn i7nu7rie %*5L 6e p7tri7r4u e"u?
;eni" Di;itrie@ 7 re"o;7n67t instituire7 unei Co;isii teoo!i"e inter?
orto6o:e Fn #e6ere7 pre!Htirii 6i7o!uui teoo!i" "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?
"7toi"H. Co;isi7 spe"i7H intererto6o:H s?7 Fntrunit 7 C47;8es3
) Gene#7 Fn 6ouH sesiuni@ ,% 9i ,' iunie 9i %( 9i %+ noie;8rie %*55@
spre 7 6is"ut7 pun"tee 6e 7propiere 6intre Biseri"7 Orto6o:H 9i Bise?
ri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H.
Intre ,5 ;7rtie 9i % 7priie %*5+ s?7 Fntrunit 7 Ro;7 pri;7 re?
uniune 7 !rupuui ;i:t 6e "oor6on7re orto6o: 9i ro;7no?"7toi" pentru
7 6is"ut7 Fnto";ire7 unui p7n "o;un pentru Fn"epere7 6i7o!uui teo?
o!i" 6intre "ee 6ouH ;7ri Biseri"i $BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@
7nu 0CVI@ %*5+@ nr. 5)+@ p. 5%&A BEpisPepsisD@ %& $%*5*-@ no. ,&2@
% fe#rier@ poJ. (-.
P7p7 P7u VI 7 Fn"et7t 6in #i7GH 7 L 7u!ust %*5+. Su""esoru sHu@
Io7n P7u I@ 7 fost inst77t 7 2 septe;8rie 9i 7 6e"e67t 7 ,* septe;?
8rie %*5+.
L7 %L o"to;8rie %*5+@ "on"7#u "eor %%% "7r6in7i FntruniGi Fn
"et7te7 V7ti"7nuui 7 7es P7pH pe 7r4iepis"opu pooneJ 6e Or7Po#i7@
C7ro _oMt37@ su8 nu;ee 6e Io7n?P7u II@ "7re 7 fost FntroniJ7t Fn
;o6 soe;n 7 ,, o"to;8rie %*5+@ fiin6 pri;u p7pH 6e ori!ine pooneJH
pe S"7unu Ro;ei@ f7pt "7re 7 8u"ur7t fo7rte ;ut poporu pooneJ@ Fn
;7Morit7te 6e rei!ie ro;7no?"7toi"H.
Nou p7pH@ pFnH 7 7e!ere7 s7 "7 9ef supre; 7 Biseri"ii ro;7no?
"7toi"e 6in Fntre7!7 u;e@ 9i?7 6esfH9ur7t 7"ti#it7te7 "7 7r4iepis"op
6e Or7Po#i7@ Fn Pooni7 "7re nu;HrH Fn 4ot7ree s7e peste un ;iion
6e orto6o"9i@ Fn"Ft "uno79te fo7rte 8ine re7Giie 6intre orto6o"9i 9i
ro;7no?"7toi"i 9i se sperH "7 7"este7 sH 6e#inH 9i ;7i strFnse@ i7r Fn
fin7 sH se 7Mun!H 7 unire7 "eor 6ouH ;7ri Biseri"i. In 7"est s"op@ P7p7
Io7n P7u 7 II?e7 7 fH"ut o #iJitH Fn Tur"i7@ Fntre ,+ 9i 2& noie;?
8rie %*5*@ fiin6 pri;it Fn Jiu7 6e ,* noie;8rie 6e pre9e6intee Tur"iei
Si 6e !u#ernu tur"@ i7r Fn Jiu7 6e 2& noie;8rie@ fiin6 pri;it Fn "7te?
ir77 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ 7 Const7ntinopo@ 6e S7n"tit7te7 S7 P7?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
tri7r4u E"u;eni" Di;itrios I $FntroniJ7t 7 %L iuie %*5,@ 6e"e6 (
o"t. %**%-.
S"oG<n6 Fn reief n7tur7 r7porturior frHGe9ti 6intre "ee 6ouH
Biseri"i@ p7p7 Io7n P7u II 7 6e"7r7t "H #iJit7 s7 se situe7JH pe
6es"4i6erii iniGi7te 6e p7p7 Io7n 7 00III?e7@ "ontinu7tH 7poi Fn
strHu"itor 6e pre6e"esoru sHu@ p7p7 P7u 7 V?e7@ "7re 7 #iJit7t
SfFntH Fntre ()L i7nu7rie %*L(@ un6e s?7 FntFnit "u p7tri7r4u A
!or7 I@ 7poi 7 #iJit7t P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo@ Fn Jiee 6e % ,L
iuie %*L5. ViJit7 s7 7 P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ ) 7 6e"7r7t p7p7 P7u
7 II?e7 ) B6e;onstre7JH i;port7nG7 pe "7re Biseri"7 ro; "7toi"H
o 7"or6H 6i7o!uui teoo!i" "7re #7 Fn"epe "u Biseri"7 orto" Tre8uie
sH ref7"e; "onte:tu Fn7inte 6e 7 ref7"e F;preunH te: A"e7stH
perio76H 7 fost pe 6rept nu;itH 6i7o!u 6r7!ostei. A"est 6 7 per;is
u7re7 6e "uno9tinGH 7 profun6ei "o;uniuni "7re ne un 6eM7 9i f7"e
"7 noi sH ne pute; pri#i 9i tr7t7 "7 Biseri"i suroriD.
C7 rHspuns 7 "u#<nt7re7 P7pei Io7n P7u 7 II?e7@ P7tri7r4u
;eni" Di;itrios 7 6e"7r7t@ Fntre 7tee@ "H "ee 6ouH Biseri"i Bi
Fntr?o f7JH nouH 7 "onfr7ternitHGii no7stre@ o f7JH serio7sH 9i i;port7
7 "Hrei reJut7t #7 infuenG7 Fntre!u nostru ;ers spre s"opu #
unitatea# Foi intrm n fa%a dialogului teologic oficial ntre cele c
+iserici< romano$catolic "i ortodo)2#
DupH 7"este 6e"7r7Gii@ P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Di;itrios I 7 7nu
"re7re7 7 6ouH "o;isii teoo!i"e 6e "Htre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ "7re@
for;7 unei &omisii teologice mi)te ortodo)o$catolic, #7 Fn"epe 6i7"
teoo!i".
Fn 8eclara!ia comun, 67tH "u 7"est i;port7nt prieM@ S7n"tite
or 7u s"os Fn reief "H B7"est 6i7o! teoo!i" 7re "7 s"op nu nu;7i
!re9u pentru restabilirea deplinei comuniuni ntre +isericile suZ
romano$catolic "i ortodo), ci "i contribu!ia la dialogurile multiple se
vor desf"ura n lumea cre"tin, n cutarea unit!ii sale2 $LNOsser tore
Ro;7noD@ nr. (* $%*'(- 6in ( 6e". %*5*@ Fn i;87 fr7n"eJH-.
Co;isi7 ;i:tH orto6o:o?"7toi"H pentru 6i7o!u teoo!i" s?7 Fntri
Fntre ,* ;7i ) ( iunie %*+&@ Fn insu7 Ro6os@ spre 7 6is"ut7 6eose8ii
6o!;7ti"e@ "uti"e 9i "7noni"e 6intre "ee 6ouH ;7ri Biseri"i. O ne
Fntrunire 7 fost pro!r7;7tH pentru un7 ;7i %*+% 7 Re!ens8ur!@ f
Ger;7ni7 7puse7nH $BS.O.P.D@ nr. (5@ 7priie %*+&@ 9i BBiseri"7 Orto6"
Ro;<nHD@ %*+&@ nr. ')L@ p. ,L'-.
E 6e 6orit "7 7propiere7 9i "o78or7re7 6intre "ee 6ouH ;7ri
;uri 7e Biseri"ii uni#ers7e sH "re7s"H 9i ;7i ;ut@ spre 7 se 7Mur
7 unit7te7 "7re 7 e:ist7t Fn pri;u ;ieniu "re9tin@ pFnH 7 s"4is;7
%L iuie %&'(@ "<n6 nu se fH"e7 6eose8ire Fntre Biseri"7 6e RHsHrit f
Biseri"7 6e Apus@ 6eo7re"e "re6inG7 er7 un7 9i 7"ee79i. Pentru 7"e7s
spre 7 se 7Mun!e 7 unire7 "eor 6ouH Biseri"i@ e ne#oie 6e o 6es"4i6I
;7i 7r!H 9i 6e "o78or7re7 pe pi"ior 6e? e!7it7te@ 797 "u;@ pe 8uM
6rept7te@ s"rie 6o!;7tistu /7ns Oiin! $n. %*,+- = BNu po7te fi #orM
6e BFnto7r"ereD nu;7i pentru B7GiiD@ "7 9i "<n6 noi n?7; 7#e7 ni"iY
respons78iit7te@ ca "i cnd 1al!ii2 n$ar avea nimic s ne ofere2 ,4# Qiir
Qon%il und Miedervereinigung###, .rei8ur!@ %*L&@ p. +(-.
,( ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
;i3iuni#/ ca.o#ic/
In Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ misiunea intern e e!7tH 6e p7stor7Gie
o f7" 7tFt preotu 6e p7ro4i e "Ft ;7i 7es or6inee 9i "on!re!7Giie
i!io7se. Fn sFnu "7toi"is;uui@ 7u fost FnfiinG7te 6upH %+&&@ peste
=& 6e or6ine 9i "on!re!7Gii@ 6in "7re peste 22& sFnt fe;inine $e 6rept
unee 7u un nu;Hr restrFns 6e ;e;8ri-. E e se o"upH 6e e6u"7Gi e
Fn#HGH;Fnt@ pre"u; 9i 6e 7Mutor7re7 7pro7peui@ 6e !riM7 f7GH 6e sHr7"i@
\n7#i 9i 8HtrFni.
O !riMH 6eose8itH se 7r7tH Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H f7GH 6e f7?
iie@ "7re se re7iJe7JH prin #iJit7 preotuui 7 6o;i"iiu@ ;H"7r o 67tH
7n@ "u s"opu 6e 7 sti;u7 ;er!ere7 7 8iseri"H@ 67r ;7i 7es pentru
intro6u"e Fn f7;iie spiritu "re9tin.
S?7u for;7t pentru 7"e7st7 nu;ero7se 7so"i7Gii 6e ;7;e 9i fete 8
nu;ee !ener7 6e BsuroriD@ 6intre "7re 7;inti; = "o77 surorior
Fntuui Iosif FnfiinG7tH 7 Cun3@ Fn .r7nG7@ Fn %+&5 A Surorie Bunuui
istor@ Surorie "ons7"r7te Pro#i6enGei $%+,*-@ Mi"ie Surori 7e sHr7?
or ) 7so"i 7G i e F nfi i nG 7t H F n .r7nG 7@ F n %+(&@ 6e 8ret on7 \. \u!7n
]./)%+5*- )@ Surorie Sfintei .7;iii $MHri7@ Iosif@ Iisus- ) fon67tH
%+(, )@ Surorie Copiuui Iisus $%+(L- ) FnfiinG7tH Fn An!i7 6e
Conn73@ o 7n!i"7nH tre"utH 7 "7toi"is; )@ Surorie Bunuui S7?
irine7n $%+'5-@ Surorie SfFntuui Iosif $%+LL-@ Surorie ini;ii i;7?
7te 7 MHriei $%+5%-@ Surorie Sfintei Cu;ine"Hri $%+*%-@ Surorie ;i?
inii 7 6o;i"iiu Fn A;eri"7 $%*',- Q 4ome 3ission of America
en;7r3 Sistors- 9.7.
CH u!Hri G e e #i n"enG i ene ) 6upH nu;e e St . Vi n"ent 6e P7u
h5L)%LL&- ) 9i eis78et7ne se rHspFn6es"@ "Htre %+'&@ Fn tot Apusu
oi"@ or!7niJFn6 spit7e 9i 7Jiuri. Pe to7te e?7u Fntre"ut FnsH so"ie?
ie 6e Bsurori 6e "7rit7teD@ fHrH #ot "Hu!Hres"@ or!7niJ7te@ 6upH %+L&@
en!eJo7i"7 .oren"e Ni!4tin!7e@ "7re 7 "re7t 9i pri;ee 9"oi pro?
ion7e Fn 7"est sens.
Dintre so"ietHGie 6e 8Hr87Gi@ 7;inti; pe 7"ee7 7 SfFntuui Vin"ent
P7u@ FnfiinG7tH Fn .r7nG7 6e A. .r. OJ7n7; $f %+'2-@N Fn %+22@ "u
pu Fn!riMirii sHr7"ior 7 6o;i"iiu@ 6upH "7re 7 ur;7t =ocietatea f$
romus $%+('-@ pentru rHspFn6ire7 6e "HrGi 8une A =ocietatea +oni$iu
"i Iosif $%+'&-@ pentru Fn!riMire7 "7toi"ior 6in strHinHt7te A =o$
tatea =t# 3ic?ael, pentru ru!H"iune 9i ;iostenie A =ocietatea 1+u$
ui Pstor2, pentru o"rotire7 feteor "HJute $%++2-.
3isiunea e)tern 7 Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e este Fntr?76e#Hr fo7rt7
A7tH 9i e7 se e:tin6e 7 to7te "ontinentee u;ii@ fiin6 rHspFn6itH ;7i
' Fn Afri"7 ne7!rH@ un6e 7 67t "ee ;7i fru;o7se reJut7te.
ReFnnoire7 ;ision7rH 6in se"ou 0I0@ Fn sFnu "7toi"is;uui@ se
7"teriJe7JH prin Fn;uGire7 so"ietHGior 9i instituGiior ;ision7re pen?
;isiune7 e:ternH@ Fn"76r7te 6ire"t Fn S7"r7 Con!re!7Gie 8e pro$
anda fide, FnfiinG7tH Fn %L,, 6e p7p7 Gri!orie 0V (16%1)16%7).
MenGionH; "H@ 6upH %+'&@ 7u u7t fiinGH o serie 6e "on!re!7Gii 9i
etHGi ;ision7re. Astfe@ Li8er;7nn 7 FnfiinG7t@ Fn %+(%)%+(+@ &on$
*a!ia =fntului 8u?# DupH 7"e7st7 7u ur;7t = =ocietatea misiunilor
strine din 3ilan $%+'&-@ 3isionarii =fintei Inimi $%+'(-@ 3isiunile afri$
cane din H'on $%+'L-@ &ongrega!ia =fintei Inimi a 3riei $%+L,-@ P$
rin!ii din 3ill$4ill $%+LL-@ 3isiunile africane din Aerona $%+L5-@ 3i$
sionarii din Africa sau prin!ii albi $%+L+-@ Fn "7re s?7 6istins "7r6in7u
C4. M. L7#i!erie $f %+*,-@ =ocietatea &uvntului 8ivin $%+5'-@ +ene$
dictinii =fintei (dila $%++(-@ 3isiunile strine din Parma $%+*'-@ =ocie$
tatea =fntului losif din +altimore $%+*,-@ =ocietatea elve!ian a 3i $
siunilor din +etleem $%+*L-@ 3isionarii de la &onsolat din Turcia $%*&%-@
=ocietatea american pentru misiuni strine $%*%%-@ Gniunea 3isionar
a clerului de la 3ilano $%*%L-@ "re7tH 6e preotu P7u M7nn7 9.7.
Misiunie "7toi"e "unos" un 7#Fnt "onsi6er78i 6upH "e 6e 7 6oi ?
e7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('-@ Fn GHrie Afri"ii. In GHrie Asiei "7 =
In6i7. Sri L7nP7 $Ce3on-@ Bir;7ni7@ T47i7n67@ Vietn7;@ C4in7@ Coree7@
\7poni7@ 7"este ;isiuni FntF;pinH unee !reutHGi.
In se"ou 00@ s?7u pro;u!7t 6e epis"opii Ro;ei "in"i ;7ri en?
"i"i"i ;ision7re@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = 13a)imum illud2, 67tH 6e p7p7
Bene6i"t 0V@ Fn noie;8rie %*%*@ pentru intensifi"7re7 ;isiunii Fn C4in7 A
1Rerum Ecclesiae2, pro;u!7tH 6e P7p7 Pius 0I Fn ,+ fe8ru7rie %*,L@
pentru for;7re7 preoGior in6i!eni@ ur;7tH 6e 4irotonire7 pri;ior 97se
epis"opi "4ineJi.
P7p7 Pius 0II 7 pro;u!7t@ 7 Fn"eputu pontifi"7tuui sHu@ pentriA
or!7niJ7re7 ;isiunior@ en"i"i"7 1=ummi pontificatus2, Fn ,& o"to;?
8rie %*2*@ 7poi en"i"i"ie 1Evang?elii praeconesv_, 6in %% iunie %*'% 9=
1Fidei domum'_, 6in ,% 7priie %*'5@ pentru "onstituire7 Biseri"ior in6i ?
!ene@ "on6use 6e propriii or epis"opi.
In"epFn6 6in %*,2@ preotu L7e;7n6 7 FnfiinG7t 7 Lou#7in@ Fi
Be!i7@ sptmni de misiologie, "on6use 6in %*'2 6e P. C47rei $%++2
)%*'(-.
D7toritH strH6uinGeor ui \osep4 S"4;i6in $%+5L)%*((- 9i Ro8er
Streit $%+5')%*2&-@ 7 u7t fiinGH Fn %*%%@ pe in!H uni#ersit7te7 6ir
Miinster@ Internationale Institut fur missionsivissensc?aftlic?e For
sc?ungen Q Institutul informa!ional pentru cercetri misionare, "7ri
pu8i"H pri;7 re#istH 6e ;isioo!ie "re9tinH = 1Seitsc?rift fur 3issions
ivissensc?aft2 Q Revista de misiologie#
R. Streit 7 Fnto";it o u"r7re 8i8io!r7fi"H ;onu;ent7H = +iZ
bliot?eca 3issionum#
Pentru "o;87tere7 r7sis;uui@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 FnfiinG7
Fn St7tee Unite &onsiliul interrasial catolic $Q &at?olic Interracia
&ouncil0 in7u!ur7t 7 Ne` lorP@ Fn %*2(@ 6e \. L7for!e 9i ne!ri.
G. /. /unton.
Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H nu;HrH printre "eri"ii ei o serie 6e ier7r
6e "uo7re. L7 sfFr9itu Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n@ ?Fn 5 6e"e;8rie %*La
e7 7#e7 ,,+ 6e epis"opi neeuropeni@ 76i"H %L& 7si7ti"i 9i L+ 7fri"7r
$R. Au8ert@ \. Brus 9i "ei7Gi@ t. V@ HEEglise dans le monde modernV
P7ris@ %*L'@ p. ((2-.
A ASEA
BIBLIOGRA.IE
Epistola Enciclic a +isericii una, slnt, catolic "i apostolic ctre ortodoc"ii
de pretutindeni, L ;7i %+(+@ 7 \. D. M7nsi@ \. B. M7rtin@ L. Petit@ =acrorum conci$
liorum nova et amplissima collectio, t. (&@ P7ris@ %*&*@ "o. 255)(%+@ te:t !re" 9i
tr76u"ere fr7n"eJHA #eJi tr76u"ere7 Fn i;87 ro;<nH 6e Teo6or 3# Popes"u@ "u
titu 6e ;7i sus@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ LIII $%*2'-@ nr. %%)%,@ te:t !re"@
p. L,()L(+A te:t tr76. ro;.@ p. L(*)L++ 9i E:tr7s@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*2'A Touos NATfiitiMs@
V7ti"7n)P47n7r $%*'+)%*5&-. Citt7 6e V7ti"7no@ %*5%@ 52( p. ,Recueil des docu$
ments ec?anges entre le =aint =iEege eME le Patriarcat (ecumeniOue, en 7n!ue
!re"Cue et fr7nG7ise-A Ion Du;itriu)Sn7!o#@ Le probleme des Roumains et le
=aint =iege, Fn "oi. BAn7e"t7 Gre!ori7nHD@ Ro;7@ %*5+A S. .e67to@ L7 c?iesa latina in
(riente, Veron7@ %*5+@ 2&+ p.A /. \. Ste4e@ 8ie (stpolitiL des AatiLans $%*%5)%*5'-@
Miin"4en)biiri"4@ %*5'A \. /7MM7r@ Le &?ristianisme en (rient, P7ris@ %*L, A _. 6e
Vries@ (rt?odo)ie et cat?olicisme# Tr76uit 6e N7e;7n6 p7r K# 4ouel, Tourn7i@ %*L5A
I6e;@ Rom und die Patriarc?ate des (stens, .rei8ur!)Miin"4en@ %*L2A Ae:is
St7`o`sPi@ Essai de t?eologie ireniOue, -E(rt?odo)ie et le cat?olicisme, M76ri6@
%*LLA G. b7n7niri@ &at?olicisme oriental, P7ris@ %*LLA I6e;@ Papes et Patriarc?es, P7ris@
%*L,A \. M73en6orff@ (rt?odo)ie et cat?olicite, P7ris@ %*L'A Ar"4i;7n6rit Orest
Oer7;e@ Ein?eit mit der (rt?odo)ie# Meitin!en 8ei Au!s8ur!@ %*L2A Ros7rio ..
Esposito@ Leone PIII et -E(riente cristiano# Stu6io stori"o?siste?;7ti"o. Ro;7@
E6iJioni P7oine@ %*L% A P. Gri!oriou@ S:e7etF :7Go0i:`# :7i <pLo+L>$o#@ Aten7@ %*L+@
L*5 p. A T4o;7s S7rtor3@ 8ie Qat?olisc?e Qirc?e und die getrennten &?risten# Papst
und +isc?olsNorte %ur Miedervereinigung im >lauben, Diisse6orf@ %*'5A I#7n
Sofrono#@ 4istoire du mouvement bulgar vers lEEglise &at?oliOue au PlP$e siecle,
voi# I@ Hes origines ,-7556-7;50, Ro;e@ %*L&@ 00III ) (&& p.A Gio?#7nni S;it@
Roma e lE(riente &ristiano# HEA%ione dei papi per lEunit della c?iesa, Ro;7@ %*((A
G. /of;7nn@ >riec?isc?e Patriarc?en und Romisc?e Ppste# Gnter$suc?ungen und
Te)te, Ro;@ %*,+.
In i;87 ro;<nH
Antonie PH;H6e7H@ #i"7r p7tri7r47@ +iserica slu*itoare n =inta =criptur, in
=i# Tradi!ie "i in Teologia contemporan# E:tr7s 6in BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00I0 $%*5,-@
nr. ')5@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5,@ p. ,,5),L'A CeJ7r V7siiu@ Rela!iile dintre +iserica Ro$mano$
&atolic "i +iserica (rtodo), de la anun!area &onciliului Aatican II ,ianuarie
-.5.0, pn n decembrie -.C9# E:tr7s 6in BOrto6o:i7D@ 000III $%*5L-@ nr. %@ p.
'%),2(@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5L@ p. %5),+A Teo6or M. Popes"u@ Atitudinea Aaticanului
!a! de (rtodo)ie n ultimii trei%eci de ani, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ I $%*(*-@ nr. %@ p. 2&)*&.
P7pii 6in se". 0I0)00 =
C. B7stien@ Hes ,L, papes# Hes =ouverains Pontiis de lEEglise &at?oliOue$
Romaine et ApostoliOue, Montre7@ %*+,@ 0IV ) 2+2 p.A Ro!er Au8ert@ ]] pon$
tificato di Pio IP ,-7B;)-7C70, ,?e e6iJione it7i7n7 su7 ,?7 fr7n"ese 7 "ur7 6i
Gi7"o;o M7rtin7 S. I.@ t. 00I 6e lE4istoire de lEEglise### sous 7 6ire"tion 6e Au!.
.i"4e et V. M7rtin@ Ro;7@ Torino@ %*5LA \. C4eini@ Hes nouveau) papes, P7ris@
%*5+A C4r. _e8er@ [uellen und =tudien %ur Qurie und %ur VatiLamsc?en PolitiL
unter Heo PIII, Tu8in!en@ %*52A G. Monetti@ Leone PIII, 2 #oi@ Ro;7@ %*(,A
.. /7i`7r6@ Heon PIII, P7ris@ %*25A E. So6erini@ II pontiiicato di Heone PIII, 2 #oi.@
Mi7no@ %*2,)%*22A _. /. Peters@ T?e Hite oi +enedict PA, Mi`7uPee@ %*'*A
.. /73`7r6@ Gn pape meconnu.? BenoFf 0V@ P7ris)Tourn7i@ %*''A .. Pi"4ou@
+enot PA, P7ris@ %*(&A P. .ernessoe@ Pie 0. Essai ?istoriOue, , #oi.@ P7ris@ %*'2A
G. \7rot@ Pie PI# 8octrine et action sociale, Ro;7@ %*52A M. 6e /er6reu:@ 8ans
lEintimite dEun grand pape, Pie PI, Mu4ouse@ %*L2A b. Ar76i@ Pius PI, t?e pope
and t?e man, G7r6en)Cit3@ %*'+ A C. Conf7onieri@ Pio PI visto da vicino, Torino@
%*'5A Leon P7peeu:@ Hes silences de Pie PII, Bru:ees@ %*+&@ ,*( p.A /er8ert
S"47;8e"P@ Pius PII %um >edc?tnis, Berin@ %*55@ 5L+ p.A B. S"4nei6er@ Pius PII,
Gottin!en@ %*L+A L. C47i!ne@ Potrait et Aie de Pie PII, St. M7uri"e et
Tours@ %*LLA I. Gior67ni@ Pio PII, un grand pape, Torino@ %*L% A Const7ntin 6e
B7 #7ri7@ Papst Pius PII, Miin"4en@ %*'*A Ha vie de lEEglise sous Pie PII, P7ris@
%*'*A O. /7e"Pi@ E. P7"ei@ Pope oi t?e peace, Ne` lorP@ %*'% A P. Bor!eini@
]] pastore angelico Pio PII, .irenJe@ %*(+A A. Pur63@ T?e &?urc? oi t?e move#
T?e c?aracters and policies oi Pius "II and Ko?annes ""III! )ondon? 1966.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Pentru ;isiunie "7toi"e =
+ibliot?eca missionum, ,, #oi.@ .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*22@ 7poi Bi8io!6
;ission7ri7@ Ro;7@ Fn fie"7re 7nA /.?_. Gensi"4en@ 3issionsgesc?ic?te der neuM
bei]@ 2?e Auf7!e@ Miin"4en@ %*5LA A.?M. /enr3@ 4istoire des missions# Hes \i
sions cat?oliOues, Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 uni#ers7isD@ t. %%@ P7ris@ %*5%@ p. *5 M O. S.
tourette@ A ?istor' oi t?e e)pansion o] &?ristianit', %),@ Lon6on@ %*5% A \. Gue;
les 3issions etrangeres, P7ris@ %*L2 A Ap4. Mu6ers@ 3issionsgesc?ic?te, R7tis8o
%*L&A S. De7"roi:@ 4istoire universelle des missions cat?oliOues, ( #oi.@ P
G*'L)%*'*@ "u o 8o!7tH 8i8io!r7fieA \os. S"4;i6in@ 8ie Qat?olisc?en 3issic
von der VolLerNanderungen bis %ur >egenNart, Berin un6 LeipJi!@ %*,'.
Cutu 9i #i7G7 rei!io7sH Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H.
Cutur7 teoo!i"H. Atitu6ine7 "7toi"is;uui
f7GH 6e ;o6ernis;. Con"iiu II V7ti"7n I
1. Cu#.u# >i =iaa r/#i6ioa35 8n 'i3/rica romano-ca.o#ic5
Re#ouGi7 fr7n"eJH 6in %5+* 9i ;i9"Hrie re#ouGion7re 9i i8ei
"7re 7u ur;7t Fn 6e"ursu se"oeor 0I0 9i 00@ Fn to7te 6o;eni
9i ;7i ur;e7JH Fn"H 9i 7Ji@ ;7i 7es pe teren so"i7?poiti"@ 7u
Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H Fn f7G7 unor ;ute 9i !ree pro8e;e@ 7 "Hror
Jo#7re n?7 fost u9o7rH@ ni"i r7pi6H@ ni"i "o;petH. Fn unee pri#ii
9i?7 i;pus e7 pun"tu 6e #e6ere@ Fn 7tee 7 tre8uit sH "e6eJe@ Fn
;7i ;ute 7 76opt7t 7titu6ini 6e "o;pro;is. Lu"ru 7"est7 se #e6e
7es 6in 7n7iJ7 s"urtH 7 #ieGii "uti"e 9i 6is"ipin7re 7 "7toi"is;u
pre"u; 9i 6in e#ouGi7 ui teoo!i"H Fn uti;ee 6ouH se"oe.
.HrH Fn6oi7H "H Fn #i7G7 "7toi"is;uui ;o6ern 9i "onte;por7n
e:ist7t 9i e:istH ;ute "7itHGi@ ;ute pHrGi u;ino7se@ "7re 6o#e"
#it7it7te7 ui #i!uro7sH.
D7r@ 67toritH in6ustri7iJHrii@ feno;enu se"u7riJHrii s7u 7 as
JHrii 7 u7t Fn GHrie 6in O""i6entu Europei@ ;7i 7es Fn ;7rie or
proporGii "onsi6er78ie. Vi7G7 proet7riJ7tH 7 ;iio7ne 6e o7;eni
GHrie in6ustri7iJ7te@ "7re trHies" Fn preJent Fn ;7ri 7!o;er7Giuni
87ne 9i pun noi 9i ;utipe pro8e;e@ nu ;7i po7te fi Fn6ru;7tH@
pun"t 6e #e6ere rei!ios@ "7 Fn se"oee 0VIII 9i 0I0@ "Fn6 ;7MoritA
o7;enior F9i "F9ti!7u e:istenG7 67toritH ;un"ior 7!ri"oe Fn s7te
"entre ;i"i.
Piet7te7 "re9tinH s?7 putut ;enGine totu9i #ie Fn GHrie "u ;
ritHGi "7toi"e@ 67toritH "utuui@ ofi"ierii 6ese 7 Missei "7toi"e $i
!4i7-@ 7 sHr8Htorior@ 7 7"Giunior so"i7e 6e "7rit7te pr7"ti"7te 6e
9i 6e 6iferite 7so"i7Gii 6e 8inef7"ere@ ;ision7rior 9i ;7i 7es unor fi
rei!io7se "u "7itHGi 6eose8ite@ 7 "Hror piet7te 7 7tr7s 9i 7tr7!e ;ii"
6e "re9tini 7 Biseri"H.
Astfe 7 fost preotu 6in Ars@ 6io"eJ7 Bee3@ .r7nG7@ \. MHrie V
ne3 $%5+L)%+'*-@ o; si;pu@ fHrH 9"o7H teoo!i"H s7#7ntH@ 67r "u
itHGi 6eose8ite 6e p7stor7Gie@ 7e "Hrui pre6i"i pine 6e profetis;
i ;inunie s7e@ 7u 7tr7s ;ii 6e peerini 6e pretutin6eni.
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
PERIOADA A ASEA
De 7se;ene7@ SfFnt7 T4erese $%+52)%+*5- 6e Lisieu:@ .r7nG7@ 7
Ar7s prin sfinGeni7 #ieGii s7e ;ii 6e "re6in"io9i.
Fn .r7nG7@ 7rHt7re7 M7i"ii Do;nuui@ Fn %+'+@ pHstoriGei Bern7?
Dtte Sou8irous 7 Lour6es $Pirinei-@ 7 "re7t un puterni" #7 6e piet7te
Mpu7rH@ "7re se ;enGine neFntrerupt pFnH 7stHJi Fn u;e7 "7toi"H.
=e7stH piet7te popu7rH este per;7nent FntreGinutH Fn .r7nG7 9i 6e
tu poporuui fr7n"eJ pentru .e"io7r7 6in Ore7ns@ \e7nne 6NAr"
(%,)%(2%-@ 7rsH pe ru! 7 2& ;7i %(2%@ 8e7tifi"7tH Fn %*&* 6e p7p7
us 0 $%*&2)%*%(- 9i "7noniJ7tH Fn %*,& 6e p7p7 Bene6i"t 0V $%*%()
N,,-. De "instire 6eose8itH se 8u"urH 9i Ann7 C7terin7 E;;eri"4
%+,(-@ pe trupu "Hrei7 7u 7pHrut sti!;7tee Do;nuui.
Nu?i ;7i puGin 76e#Hr7t@ FnsH@ "H prop7!7n67 e:7!er7tH "7re pre?
6e 9i FnsoGe9te ;ute@ 6in 7"este ;7nifestHri rei!io7se 6in GHrie "7to?
e 7 7#ut 9i 7re 9i u;8ree ei. Se f7" peerin7Me spre 7 se #e6e7 797?
7 BCH;79H 7 ui /ristosD 7 Trier@ Fn Ger;7ni7@ BC7s7 6e 7 LorettoD@
F It7i7@ un6e 7r fi o"uit ) fHrH sH se po7tH 6o#e6i istori"e9te )W SfFnt7
"io7rH MHri7 T A se 78uJe7JH@ 6e 7se;ene7@ 6e pro"esiuni "u 4ostii
6e 7te for;e 6e piet7te 9i 6e#oGiune "7re 7u fost "riti"7te "u 7spri;e
i7r Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H.
O ;uGi;e 6e "on!re!7Gii 9i 7so"i7Gii 7u u7t fiinGH Fn6eose8i Fn
i7@ .r7nG7@ Ger;7ni7@ Austri7 9i Fn 7te GHri. Fn"H 6in %+22@
.r. OJ7n7; $f %+'2- 7 FnfiinG7t &onferin!a de caritate ,&onference
&?arite0, "unos"utH su8 nu;ee 6e =ociete de =aint Aincent de Paul
5L)%LL&-@ "u s"op 6e #iJit7re 9i Fn!riMire 7 8on7#ior 7 6o;i"iiu@
u7t fiinGH 7poi 6iferite 7so"i7Gii ;un"itore9ti 9i 9tiinGifi"e. Dintre
so"ietHGie 9tiinGifi"e 7;inti; >orresgeselsc?aft $%+5L-@ Fn r;7ni7@
Heogeselsc?aft $%+*,-@ Fn Vien7@ 7poi Augustinusverein $%+5+-@ Ftru
spriMinire7 presei "7toi"e.
O 7so"i7Gie 6e 8inef7"ere "7re 7 7#ut un ;7re su""es Fn .r7nG7 9i
GHrie Europei O""i6ent7e se nu;e9te Petites soeurs des Pauvres Q
$Ale surori ale sracilor, FnfiinG7tH Fn %+(& 6e 8reton7 \e7nne \u!7n
./)%+5*-@ "7re Fn!riMe9te 6e 8<trFni.
S?7u FnfiinG7t 7te so"ietHGi 6e tot feu pentru stu6enGi@ tinere fete@
Fiii sHr7"e@ ;un"itori@ 7rti9ti et"@ "7re s?7u unit to7te@ Fn %+*5@ Fn
_cia!ia 1&aritas2, "u se6iu 7 .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ Ger;7ni7@ un6e@
%*,'@ 7re 9i un institut superior.
Se 6u"e o uptH "ontinuH 9i perse#erentH pentru ;or7iJ7re7 Fn??
fii so"ietHGi@ 6e9i ;or7it7te7 nu?i "4i7r 7tFt 6e Fnforito7re@ "u;
Wturises" Fn9i9i ro;7no?"7toi"ii.
&ultul "i via!a liturgic# Prin "7it7te7 ei@ #i7G7 itur!i"H for;e7JH
oru "eei ;7i #ii Fnnoiri 7 "7toi"is;uui Fn u;e. In se"ou
tre"ut@ "e "7re 7 pro;o#7t "e ;7i ;ut stu6iie 9i trHi? itur!i"H 7
fost fr7n"eJu P. Guer7n!er $f %+5'-@ 7utor 7 ;utor Iii 6e
spe"i7it7te. S?7u FnHtur7t itur!4iie o"7e@ Fn"Ft Hiturg?ia
Ero%ian nu se ;7i sH#Fr9e9te 6e"Ft 7 Mi7no@ "e7 mo%arab, 7
To?@ i7r "e7 galican, 7 L3on.
L7 finee se"ouui 0I0 9i Fn se"ou 00@ ro;7no?"7toi"ii 7u 6esfH?
it o 7"ti#it7te 6eose8itH pentru 6eJ#ot7re7 3i"crii liturgice Fn #e?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
6ere7 "uti#Hrii pietHGii eu47risti"e 9i 7 "u;ine"Hrii 6ese 7 "re6in"io9ior
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o8i!7torie 9i "u;ine"7re7 n?o ;7i f7" Fn ;ute GHri ni"i ;H"7r Mu;7
7te 6intre "re6in"io9i.
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SHr8Htorie s"4i;8Hto7re 7u fost re6use Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7to
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sHr8Hto7re7 Tuturor =fin!ilor $% noie;8rie-.
A u7t 7;po7re Fn ;o6 6eose8it Cutu inimii lui 4ristos, institu
Fn %L5' 6e p7p7 Ce;ent 0 $%L5&)%L5L-@ prin "7re se f7"e 76or7re
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$Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 interJis 76or7re7 unei pHrGi 6in trupu o;eneA
7 ui Iisus /ristos@ "7 inima Lui@ s7u 7 unor fun"Giuni 6in ti;pu 7"t
#itHGii S7e pH;Fnte9ti@ 6eo7re"e so"ote9te@ pe 8unH 6rept7te@ "H orie
76or7re s7u Fn"4in7re se "u#ine perso7nei Do;nuui Iisus /ristos
Fntre!i;e = Du;neJeu 9i o;u-.
S?7 6eJ#ot7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@ "utu Trupului lui 4ristos ) Festu
&orporis &?risti, nu;it 9i "utu =fintei Eu?aristii s7u 7 =fntului
crament, instituit Fn %,L( 6e p7p7 Ur87n IV $%,L%)%,L(- prin en"i"ii
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;e7JH 7 opt Jie 6e 7 sHr8Hto7re7 Rus7iior s7u Cin"iJe"i;ii. Cut
Trupuui ui /ristos 7 u7t o ;7re 6eJ#ot7re 6upH "e M7r!7ret7 A
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popu7riJ7t 7poi 6e "7r6in7ii 9i epis"opii "7toi"i prin 797?nu;ite
congrese eu?aristice 7;intite ;7i sus.
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ofi"i7 7 %% 6e"e;8rie %*,' 6e p7p7 Pius 0I $%*,,)%*2*-@ prin e
"i"i"7 1[uam primas2, fi:7tH o 67tH pe 7n@ Fn uti;7 6u;ini"H 7 ui
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76or7t Iisus /ristos "7 3iel al lui 8umne%eu# Prin 7"e7st7@ se "ontr7#i
PERIOADA A ASEA
otHrFrii "7nonuui +, 7 Sino6uui duinise:t@ Ginut 7 Const7ntinopo
i L*,@ "7re 7 interJis Ju!rH#ire7 MFntuitoruui Fn "4ipu ;ieuui@ Fn?
h"uin6u? "u "4ipu sHu o;enes"@ Fntru"Ft MFntuitoru 7 trHit printre
7;eni "7 o; 76e#Hr7t $C4. \. /efee ) Do;. /. Le"er"C@ 4istoire
es conciles###, t. III@ %@ P7ris@ %*&*@ p. '52 A Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@
instirea sfintelor icoane n primele trei secole, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0III
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i e "uno79te. A"este7 "onstituie "e#7 spe"ifi" pietHGii "7toi"is;uui
nu sunt o pie6i"H 6e netre"ut Fn "7e7 "o78orHrii 9i rest78iirii uni Gii
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76iGiie Fn "ut 9i #i7G7 spiritu7H pot fi 6iferite@ 7stfe putFn6u?se
7nifest7 unit7te7 Fn 6i#ersit7te.
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;7i "u? pFine 9i 7pH se7r7@ ori 6e "Fte ori e#7#i7 person7H 7 fie"Hrui
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ti puGin 6e 97pte ori Fn Ji- potri#it re"o;7n6Hrii MFntuitoruui = Bru?Gi?
#H neFn"et7tD $Lu"7 %+@ %-.
Piet7te7 "re9tinH ;7i este ;enGinutH Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H
n Be:er"iGii spiritu7eD s7u B;e6it7GiiD@ or!7niJ7te siste;7ti"@ Fn "7ii
unor 797?Jise !rupuri 6e ru!H"iune@ "7re se Fntrunes" 7 ore 9i Jie
7;ite@ Fn 9"oi@ Fn sHi pu8i"e@ s7u p7ro4i7e@ rostin6 6e ;7i ;ute
$6e re!uH 6e "Fte 5 ori- BT7tH nostruD@ BS7#H T7tHui 9i .iuui 9i
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ste7 potri#it re"o;7n6Hrior Sfintei .e"io7re MHri7@ M7i"7 Do;nuui
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A 9i 8HieGi@ 7 o orH 7nu;e@ Fn s7tu Me6Mu!orMe@ 6in Iu!os7#i7
t %&& P; nor6 6e Du8ro#niP-@ s7u ori un6e 7r fi ei Fn 7tH p7rte@
"e7 orH@ tinerii #iJion7ri.
Bene6i"tinii 7""entue7JH Fn e:er"iGiie or spiritu7e ;7i 7es
uniunea cu 4ristos, "7re se ;7nifestH Fn #i7G7 itur!i"H@ 7#Fn6 "7
Are fer#ente = ;FnHstirie MHri7 L77"4 9i Beuron@ Fn Ger;7ni7. Tipu
"is"7n 7 e:er"iGiior su8ini7JH ;7i 7es iubirea spontan f7GH 6e 2
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steee@ pHsHrie@ forie@ u;in7. Do;ini"7nii "uti#H@ Fn !r7iu or =nt@
"utu f7GH 6e 4ristos$rege# Or7torienii "onte;pH e:t7ti" 9i
n
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ma*estatea divin, Fn ti;p "e ieJuiGii@ Fn e:er"iGiie or@ pun 7"u pe
gloria lui 8umne%eu, pe ascultare 9i pe supunere# O pro8e;H nouH
pe "7re n?7 "unos"ut?o so"iet7te7 "re9tinH Fn tre?Aste preo"up7re7
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BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA 2N
7te GHri. Aso"i7Gi7 nu;itH 1Ac!iunea catolic2 FnfiinG7tH Fn %*,'@ pentr
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veniens2, 6in %( ;7i %*5% 9i 7te 6e"rete.
,. Cu#.ura ./o#o6ic5
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real, FnsH neipsitH 6e 6ifi"utHGi 6in "7uJ7 In6e:uui@ "4i7r 9i 7tun"
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.7"utHGi 6e teoo!ie 7 Bonn@ Bres7u@ Miin"4en@ Tii8in!en et".
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7te or79e.
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i8ere FnfiinG7te Fn ur;7 sep7rHrii Biseri"ii 6e st7t. Ce7 ;7i #e"4e estK
7 M7ines $%+2(-@ ;ut7tH Fn %++' 7 Lou#7in Fn Be!i7 A 7tee 7u fos
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A ASEA
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0VI.
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;n A Fn preJent e#eGi7nu /7ns Oiin! $nHs"ut %*,+-@ profesor 6e Do!?
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BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
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7r4eoo!i7 "re9tinH@ 7 Ro;7@ Fn %*,L A un Institut ;e6i"7 ) ;ision7i
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7 Munster@ 6in %*,% A pentru stu6ii spe"i7 e@ 7 M7ines Fn Be!i 7
6in %*,&.
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teoo!i"e 9i re#iste 6e spe"i7it7te Fn i;8ie fr7n"eJH@ !er;7nH 9i en?
!eJH@ "7re pot fi "unos"ute 6in 8i8io!r7fi7 !ener7H ;enGion7tH Fn #oi. E#
6e Istoria bisericeasc universal, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5'@ p. %(),L.
2. A.i.udin/a ca.o#ici3mu#ui 0a5 d/ mod/rni3m
Mo6ernis;u 7 7pHrut Fn sFnu Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e nu "7 "
ereJie@ "u; pretin6 Fn "4ip e:7!er7t unii istori"i 9i teoo!i "7toi"i@ "
"7 un "urent 6e Fnnoire "utur7H "u ten6inG7 6e 7 F;8rHGi97 to7te 6o?
;eniie 6e 7"ti#it7te 7e #ieGii.
CriJ7 ;o6ernistH 7 iJ8u"nit 6in "io"nire7 8rut7H 6intre Fn#HGHturI
tr76iGion7H 7 Biseri"ii "7toi"e "u noie 6is"ipine rei!io7se@ "7re re
nunG7u 7 ;eto6ee tr76iGion7e 6e "er"et7re 6in 6orinG7 6e 7i"iJ7re pro?
!resi#H 7 Fn#HGH;Fntuui rei!ios. Mi9"7re7 ;o6ernistH s?7 Fntins repe6e
7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 0I0 9i Fn"eputu se"ouui 00@ Fn Ger;7ni7@ .r7nG7
An!i7@ It7i7 9i Fn 7te GHri.
SusGinHtorii ;o6ernis;uui 7fir;7u "H este ne"es7rH o ;ut7Gie@ "
s"4i;87re Fn pre67re7 stu6iior rei!io7se rH;7se ;ut Fn ur;H@ Fn "o;?
p7r7Gie "u noie 6es"operiri 9tiinGifi"e. De 7"ee7 ;i9"7re7 ;o6ernistH EfJ
fH"ut eforturi serio7se pentru 7 67 "re6inGei o ;7i 8unH e:pri;7re@ "7rK
sH GinH se7;7 6e pro!resu nouui spirit 9tiinGifi" 7 r7Gion7is;uui "on?
te;por7n 9i 6e pro!resu 9tiinGeor u;7ne.
Pentru 7"e7st7@ 7fir;7u ;o6erni9tii@ se i;pune o tr7nsfor;7re Fr
to7te 6o;eniie 6e 7"ti#it7te@ 9tiinGifi"@ "utur7@ so"i7@ fiosofi"@ 8i8i"
teoo!i"@ istori" et". Tre8uie e78or7tH@ 6upH opini7 ;o6erni9tior@ o neo
scolastic, fon67tH pe pro!resu 9tiinGeor fiJi"e@ psi4oo!i"e 9i so"i7o
Prin en"i"i"7 1[uanta cura2, 6in + 6e"e;8rie %+L(@ FnsoGitH ) su
titu 6e ='llabus errorum ) 6e un "7t7o! 6e +& opinii ;o6erniste@ p7pi
Pius I0 $%+(L)%+5+- 7 "on67;n7t 7"este erori@ so"otin6u?e Fn "ontr7 ?
6i"Gie "u 6o"trin7 Biseri"ii s7u "4i7r ereti"e. Dintre 7"este7 ;enGionH;
p7nteis;u@ n7tur7is;u@ r7Gion7is;u 78sout@ in6iferentis;u@ 7teis?
;u@ 7fir;7Gi7 "H o;u s?7r pute7 ;Fntui 9i Fn 7tH "onfesiune 6e"Ft Fn
"7toi"is;u p7p7. Se "on67;nH 7poi = so"i7is;u@ "o;unis;u@ fr7n"?
;7soneri7@ so"ietHGie 8i8i"e@ 7so"i7Giie preoGe9ti "7re #oi7u o Biseri"H
i8erH@ "HsHtori7 "i#iH@ pretenGiie "H Biseri"7 "7toi"H 7 fost "7uJ7 6eJ?
8inHrii 6intre RHsHrit 9i Apus et".
D7r "ee ;7i intoer7nte 6e"iJii p7p7e sFnt "ee "7re "on67;nH i?
8ert7te7 9tiinGei@ !Fn6irii@ 7 presei et". Su#er7nu pontif so"ote9te 6rept
BereJieD pHrere7 "H e 7r tre8ui sH se punH 6e 7"or6 "u pro!resu@ "u
i8er7is;u 9i "u "i#iiJ7Gi7 ;o6ernH $teJ7 +&-.
Su""esoru ui Leon 0III $%+5+)%*&2- = p7p7 Pius 0 $%*&2)%*%(-
7 "on67;n7t@ 6in nou@ rHtH"irie ;o6erniste prin en"i"i"7 1Pascendi
divini gregis2, 6in + septe;8rie %*&5@ re"o;7n6<n6 6in nou to;is;u
"7 nor;7ti#.
Prin en"i"i"7 1Rerum novarum2, 6in %' ;7i %+*%@ p7p7 Leon 0III
Mr7tH un interes "res"Fn6 pentru pro8e;ee so"i7e@ "7re tre8uies"
re?=o#7te Fn spiritu E#7n!4eiei.
P7truJe"i 6e 7ni ;7i tFrJiu@ prin en"i"i"7 1[uadragesimo anno2,
in %' ;7i %*2%@ P7p7 Pius 0I $%*,,)%*2*- Fntre!e9te unee i6ei 6in
n"i"i"7 1Rerum, novarum2 9i st78ie9te 7"u; noi poJiGii f7GH 6e pro?
e;ee so"i7e@ GinFn6 se7;7 6e noie re7itHGi i#ite = pro8e;7 ;un"ii@
r!7niJ7re7 sin6i"7teor@ r7porturie 6intre p7troni 9i ;un"itori et".
Mer!Fn6 pe 7"ee79i inie@ prin en"i"i"7 18ivini Redemptoris2 6in
. ;7rtie %*25@ p7p7 Pius 0I 6eJ#otH pe 7r! Fn#HGHtur7 "re9tinH 6espre
?n@ f7;iie 9i so"iet7te.
Teoo!i7 9i e:e!eJ7 i8er7H 7 ui Ernest Ren7n $f %+*,-@ "7re 7
i8i"7t Fn %+L2 "unos"ut7 u"r7re Ha Aie de Kesus 9i ;ute 7tee 6upH
Zee7@ Fn "7re ne!7 6i#init7te7 ui Iisus /ristos@ 7 7#ut 6esi!ur o p7rte
i "ontri8uGie 7 7p7riGi7 ;o6ernis;uui.
Cei ;7i 6e se7;H ;o6erni9ti 7u fost@ Fn .r7nG7@ unii profesori 6e 7
stitutu "7toi" 6in P7ris@ FnfiinG7t Fn %+5+. Dintre 7"e9ti7 ;enGionH; =
e!eGii Afre6 /outin $f %*,L-@ Afre6 Lois3 $f %*(*-@ M. \. L7!r7n!e
%*2+- A Fn istori7 6o!;eor = \. Tur;ei@ 6in E#eGi7 fr7n"eJH A Fn fio?
fie = M7uri"e Bon6ei $f %*(*-@ L. L78ert4onniere $f %*2,- 9.7. 9i ;7te?
iti"i7nu E6ou7r6 Le Ro3 A 6e 7se;ene7 7 susGinut ;i9"7re7 ;o6er?
tH poiti"i7nu M7r" S7n!nier $%+52)%*'&-@ "7re 7 "on6us ;i9"7re7
ionD@ "on67;n7tH 7 ,' 7u!ust %*%& 6e p7p7 Pius 0 $%*&2)%*%(-.
A. /outin 9i M. \. L7!r7n!e 7u retr7"t7t. CFt pri#e9te pe A. Lois3@
Gin<toru ;o6ernis;uui 8i8i"@ Curi7 ro;7nH i?7 pus ;7i FntFi "HrGie
Inde) librorum pro?ibitorum, Fn %*&'@ 7poi 7 5 ;7rtie %*&+@ 7 fost
o;uni"7t 9i so"otit vitandus Q de evitat#
L7 %5 iuie %*&5@ SfFntu Ofi"iu 7 67t un 6e"ret A 1Hamentabili sane
e$u2, un fe 6e nou BS378us erroru;D@ prin "7re er7u "on67;n7te
ie erori ;o6erniste@ e:tr7se 6in 7utori fr7n"eJi $;7i ;ut 6e (' 6in
Lois3-.
Trei 7ni 6upH 7"ee7@ 7 % septe;8rie %*%&@ prin motu proprio < 1=a$
ura Antistitum2, p7p7 Pius 0 7 o8i!7t pe toGi preoGii@ profesorii 6e
2!ie 9i stu6enGii teoo!i sH presteJe un MurH;Fnt 7nti;o6ernist. Pro?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERN I CONTEMPORANA
fesorii 6in Ger;7ni7 7u fost 6ispens7Gi 6e 7"e7stH o8i!7Gie 7 insiste
epis"op7tuui !er;7n.
Dintre it7ieni 7;inti; "7 ;o6erni9ti pe = epis"opu Gere;i7 B
no;ei $%*%(- 6e 7 Cre;on7@ preotu R. Murri $n. %+5&)%*((-@ e8r7is
S. Mino""4i $f %*(2-@ fiosofu 9i s"riitoru E. Buon7iuti $f %*(L-@
"o;uni"7t Fn %*,% 9i Fn %*,(@ poetu A. .o!7JJ7ro $f %*%%Y "7re@ Fn "e
8ru sHu ro;7n II =anto $%*&'-@ ne FnfHGi9e7JH un 7posto 7 refori
Biseri"ii@ 7ni;7t 6e spiritu iu8irii 6e o7;eni.
Dintre en!eJi 7;inti; pe = G. T3rre $f %*&*-@ pre6i"7tor "ee8
7utoru "HrGior He) (randi $%*&2- 9i He) &redendi $%*&L- 9i 87roi
.r. #on /ii!e $f %*,'- A 6intre !er;7ni = /. S"4e $f %*&L- K
_iirJ8ur!@ I. S"4nitJer@ I. Miier@ /. S"4rors $f %*,+- 6in BoY
.. 0. Or7us $f %*&(-@ A. E4r47r6 $f %*(*-@ /. Oo"4 A Fn E#eGi7 = A8
M. _eiss $f %*,'-.
Con6u"Htorii ;i9"Hrii ;o6erniste = A. Lois3 $%+'5)%*(*-@ G. T3ri
Fn It7i7 = S. Mino""4i 9i 787tee R. Murri@ nu s?7u supus p7pei. A"e9
9i 7Gii 7u rHspuns printr?o "erere 9i printr?o serie 6e s"rieri@ "u; e
u"r7re7 7noni;H &e OuEon a fait de lEEglise, %,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*%,@
"7re "riti"H tir7ni7 p7p7H@ "eJ7ris;u intee"tu7@ spiritu 6e 6e7Giu=
intri!H 9i ;in"iunH 9i 7te pH"7te "7r7"teristi"e siste;uui p7p7 Fn "e
6u"ere7 Biseri"ii.
Cu to7te "H@ referitor 7 fiosofie 9i Fn !enere 7 "uturH@ p7
Leon 0III 9i Pius 0 7u re"o;7n67t tomismul, Fntre %*(L 9i %*'&@ 7
i#it Fn .r7nG7@ 7poi s?7 pus Fn "ir"u7Gie 9i Fn ti;pu Con"iiuui II if
ti"7n $%*L,)%*L'-@ "on"epGi7 6espre e!iti;it7te7 9i "4i7r ne"esit7t
unui pur7is; teoo!i" Fn ;7terie 6e fiosofie rei!io7sH@ pentru "H n
un siste; nu este "7p78i@ 7#Fn6 Fn #e6ere i;itee "uno9tinGei o;ene9
sH F;8rHGi9eJe Fntr?o #e6ere sinteti"H uni#ers7H $_et7ns"47uun!- to>
7spe"tee re#e7Giei 6i#ine. A"e7stH nouH 6ire"Gie 7 pri;it@ Fntre %*
9i %*'&@ Fn .r7nG7@ nu;ee 6e Foua teologie#
Unee stu6ii 8i8i"e 7u fost e78or7te Fn spiritu ;eto6oo!i" 7 9"o
!er;7ne nu;itH Formgesc?ic?te, i;pusH 6e Ru6of But;7nn $;
"ut %++(-@ e:e!et 8i8i" "7re 7 6us 7 unee e:7!erHri. De 7"ee7 p7
Pius 0II $%*2*)%*'+-@ prin en"i"i"7 14umani generis2, 6in %*'&@
7tr7s 7tenGi7 e:e!eGior 8i8i"i 9i Fn !enere teoo!ior 7supr7 peri"ou
6e 7 pune Fn "ir"u7Gie unee i6ei pre7 Fn6rHJneGe@ "7re nu sFnt Fn "o=
"or67nGH "u 6o"trin7 "re9tinH.
AGi teoo!i 9i fiosofi "re9tini 7u Fn"er"7t sH rHspun6H prin s"ris
or 7 pro8e;ee u;ii "onte;por7ne@ orientFn6u?se 6upH i6eie puse
"ir"u7Gie 6e unii fiosofi 7i"i "7 .. _. .r. /e!e $f %+2%-@ O7r M7=
$f %++2-@ .r. Niets"4e $f %*&&-@ Soren OierPe!77r6 $f %++'-@ M7rt
/ei6e!!er $f %*5'-@ /. Ber!son $f %*(%-@ \. P. S7rtre $n. %*&' W
f %*+&- 9.7.
Pentru "onfrunt7re7 "re9tinis;uui "u noie 6es"operiri 9tiinGifii
P. Tei47r6 6e C47r6in $%++%)%*''- 7 Fn"er"7t o sinteJH Fn6rH
ne7GH@ nu tot6e7un7 "u su""es@ "ee7 "e 7 7tr7s "on67;n7re7 operei s7
Fn %*L,@ 6e p7p7 Io7n 00III $%*'+)%*L2-.
AstHJi ;o6ernis;u nu ;7i este Fn sFnu Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"
o pro8e;H@ 6eo7re"e@ prin 797?nu;itu aggiornamento Q aducere la %
PERIOADA A ASEA
is Fn "ir"u7Gie 6e p7p7 Io7n 00III 9i pro;o#7t 6e Con"iiu II V7ti"7n
*L,)%*L'-@ "7toi"is;u se pune Fn p7s "u noie pro8e;e 7e u;ii
;te;por7ne.
Fn 7"est spirit 7 pu8i"7t p7p7 Io7n 00III en"i"i"ee = 13ater et
agistra2, %' ;7i %*L%@ 9i 1Pacem in terris2, %% 7priie %*L2.
Mer!Fn6 ;7i 6ep7rte pe ini7 in7u!ur7tH 6e p7p7 Io7n 00III@ p7p7
; VI $2& iunie %*L2 ) f L 7u!. %*5+- 7 pu8i"7t o serie 6e 7te
i"i"i"e@ 6intre "7re ;enGionH; = 1Ecclesiam suam2, L 7u!ust %*L( A
Yopulorum progressio2, ,L ;7rtie %*L5A 1(ctogessima adveniens2,
;7i %*5%@ 6in 6orinG7 6e 7 fi Fn p7s "u noie pro8e;e 7e so"ietHGii
nte;por7ne.
MeritH sH re;7r"H; "H Fn en"i"i"7 1Ecclesiam suam2, 6in L 7u?
ist %*L(@ p7p7 P7u VI f7"e 6istin"Gie Fntre pro8e;ee "7re nu se
ferH 6ire"t 7 "re6inGH "7 = tr76iGi7@ spiritu7it7te7@ "utu@ 6reptu "7?
ni" 9.7.@ "7re #or pute7 fi 6is"ut7te Fn "76ru 6i7o!uui inter"re9tin@
integritatea credin!ei catolice, "7re@ 6upH pHrere7 s7@ nu po7te fi pusH
6is"uGie. Teoo!ii ro;7no?"7toi"i 7u pus Fn "ir"u7Gie teoo!i7 p7p7?
HGii@ teoo!i7 n7tur7H 9i@ F;preunH "u teoo!ii protest7nGi@ teoo!i7 rHs?
;pHrHrii.
Viitoru #7 7rHt7 Fn "e ;HsurH p7p7@ Guri7 ro;7nH 9i teoo!ii Bi? ?
i"ii "7toi"e #or FnGee!e sH f7"H un p7s ;7i 6ep7rte spre 7 fi 7 Ji "u
ie pro8e;e 7e o;enirii 9i 7 "ontri8ui 7 re7iJ7re7 unitHGii "re9?
6s;uui.
Con"iiu II V7ti"7n $%*L,)%*L'- f
DupH pro"7;7re7 6o!;ei primatului 9i infailibilit!ii papale, 7
iuie %+5&@ Fn &onciliul I Aatican, 6e "Htre p7p7 Pius I0@ prin en"i"i"7
astor Aeternus2, "eri"ii 9i "re6in"io9ii Biseri"ii Ro;7no?C7toi"e "re?
7u "H pentru #iitor nu #7 ;7i fi ne"es7rH "on#o"7re7 unui nou "on?
iu !ener7. De 7"ee7@ "Fn6 p7p7 Io7n 00III 7 7nunG7t@ 7 ,' i7nu7?
%*'*@ "on#o"7re7 Con"iiuui !ener7@ 7 fost o 76e#Hr7tH surpriJH pen?
L to7tH u;e7 "re9tinH.
Con"iiu II V7ti"7n s?7 6es"4is ofi"i7 Fn Jiu7 6e %% o"to;8rie %*L,..
preJenG7 p7pei Io7n 00III si 7 pest.e^,'&& /P epis"opi 9i 7 6ur7t pFnH
5^6e"e;8rie %*L'@ "Fn6 7 fost 6e"7r7t Fn"4is 6e p7p7 P7u VI. Co n?
iu 7 Ginut p7tru sesiuni@ "u o 6ur7tH 6e 6ouH s7u trei uni fie"7re@
i;n7@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = sesiune7 I?7@ Fntre %% o"to;8rie 9i + 6e?
n8rie %*L, A sesiune7 7 ,?7 Fntre ,* septe;8rie 9i ( 6e"e;8rie %*L2 A
iune7 7 2?7 Fntre %( septe;8rie 9i ,% noie;8rie %*L( A sesiune7 7 (?7
re %( septe;8rie 9i 5 6e"e;8rie %*L'.
Fn 7f7rH 6e "ei ,'&& 6e epis"opi "7toi"i@ #eniGi 6in to7te GHrie "7?
i"e 6in u;e@ 7u p7rti"ip7t 9i un nu;Hr 6e o8ser#7tori 6in p7rte7
nHto7reor Biseri"i = Biseri"7 orto6o:H@ Biseri"7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i@ Bi?
i"7 7n!i"7nH@ ,+ 6e Biseri"i 9i Confesiuni protest7nte. Astfe 7 se?
ne7 7 ,?7 7u p7rti"ip7t LL 6e o8ser#7tori@ Fntre ei 9i orto6o"9i@ repre?
itFn6 ,, 6e Biseri"i@ ;7Morit7te7 protest7nte A 7 sesiune7 7 2?7 7u
ti"ip7t 5' 6e o8ser#7tori@ repreJentFn6 ,2 6e Biseri"i A 7 sesiune7 7
7u p7rti"ip7t %&2 o8ser#7tori@ repreJentFn6 ,* 6e Biseri"i@ Fntre ei
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA CUiN
9i o8ser#7tori 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e. L7 7"e7stH uti;H sesiune@
7u tri;is 6ee!7Gi ur;Hto7ree Biseri"i orto6o:e = %. P7tri7r4i7 E"u;e ?
ni"H A ,. P7tri7r4i7 Ae:7n6riei A 2. Biseri"7 Orto6o:H RusH A (. Biseri"7
Orto6o:H 7 Geor!iei A '. Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Bu!7rH A L. Biseri"7 Orto ?
6o:H SFr8H.
F n pri ;7 sesi une "7re s?7 G i nut Fntre %% o"t o;8ri e 9i + 6e"e;?
8rie %*L,@ s?7 4otHrFt "7 te;ee sH fie re6use 6in 5& 7 ,&. S?7 6is"ut7t
pe 7r! 8espre lAturg?ie 9i s?7 76;is "7 Litur!4i7 sH fie sH#Fr9itH Fn
i;8ie n7Gi on7e@ ur;Fn6 Fn 7"e7st7 e:e;pu Biseri"ii orto6o:e. Tot Fn
7"e7st7 sesiune s?7 6is"ut7t = 8espre i%voarele Rpnplnp#p#i# J 8espre mi* $
loacele d f rnm'n*rprp 'nr*nlr*
c In sesiune7 7 ,?7@ "7re 7 7#ut o" Fntre ,* septe;8rie 9i ( 6e"e;?
8rie %*L2@ te;7 prin"ip7H 7 fost 8e Ecclesia $Despre Biseri"H- "7re s?7
6is"ut7t Fn "ontinu7re 9i Fn sesiune7 7 2?7.
P7p7 Io7n 00III 7 Fn"et7t 6in #i7GH 7 2 iunie %*L2@ 797 "H sesiune7
7 fost 6es"4isH 6e p7p7 P7u VI@ FntroniJ7t 7 2& iunie %*L2.
SF;8HtH@ ,% noie;8rie %*L(@ Fn 9e6inG7 6e Fn"4i6ere 7 sesiunii 7 2?7@
"7re s?7 Ginut Fntre %( septe;8rie 9i ,% noie;8rie %*L(@ Con"iiu II
V7ti"7n 7 7pro87t@ Fn preJenG7 p7pei P7u VI s"4e;ee = 18e Ecclesia2 Q
8espre +iseric: 18e (ecumenismo2 X$$ 8espre EcumenismA 18e Ec$
clesiis (rientalibus E&at?olicis2 e 8eespre +isericile (rientale &atolice#
L7 ,' noie;8rie %*L(@ p7p7 P7u VI 7 7pro87t 9i pu8i"7t &onsti$
tudio dogmatica 18e Ecclesia ) Humen gentium2#
In &onstitutio dogmatica< 18e Ecclesia2, se e:pune doctrina cole $
gialit!ii episcopale 9i se defi$np"tp m pnpid rtt$njro 7utorit7te7 &olegiului
eEpscopilor "i autoritatea# supremY V p7pei Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H. in
"7pitou 2 7 7"estei s"4e;e se 7r7tH "H@ 6upH "u; Petru 9i "ei7Gi
7postoi 7u for;7t un "oe!iu@ tot 797 pontifu ro;7n@ su""esoru ui
Petru@ 9i epis"opii@ su""esorii 7postoior@ se unes" Fntre ei@ for;Fn6 un
colegiu# 1&olegiul, ns, s au &orpul episcopilor nu ar p autnritnt#P d#e#c#t
numai mpreun cu pontiful roman, succesorul lui Petru, care este s
cotit capul su, iar pu terea primatului acestuia rmne ntreag asuvra
tuturor, fie pstori, *ie cre riE#inc*n" Pontifiid mrnnn R
n
sTirrpsnr al lui
Petru, este principiul "i temelia unit!ii, fie a episcopilor# fie a mul!imii
credincio"ilor2#
IRHrH 7pro87re7 p7pei@ "oe !iu epis"op7 nu 7rp nMpi n putereI si ;
poM#te p?in/ifir7 #rpn 4 otHrFre^^67tH 6eUp7p7. Te:tu pre"iJe7JH ;7i 6 e
p7rte = 18e aceea ?otrrile papei luate de la sine "i nu din consensul
+isericii )W 1e) "ese et non autem e) consensu Ecclesiae2 ) se numesc
pe drept ireformabile, ca unele ce snt date sub asisten!a =fntului 8u?,
fgduit lui Petru nsu"i, "i prin urmare nu au nevoie de aprobarea
altora, nici nu ngduie vreun apel la alt *udecat2#
Fn ;o6u 7"est7@ primatul "i infailibilitatea papal 7 u fosG^re"onR
fir;ite 6e 67t7 7iNe7s[7UU9Tcpnn 7utorit7te7 "oe!iuui epis"op7@ 67r "7re
in ur;7 4otHrFrii 67te@ nu ;7i este 6e"Ft un suport pentru "onfir;7re7
9i ;enGinere7 pri;7tuui 9i 7 inf7ii8iitHGii p7p7e Fn Biseri"7 ro;7no?
"7toi"H.
Sesiune7 7 (?7@ "7re s?7 Ginut Fntre %( septe;8rie 9i + 6e"e;?
8rie %*L'@ s?7 o"up7t "u unee pro8e;e "7re preo"upH u;e7 "onte;?
por7nH = i8ert7te7 rei!io7sH@ "oe!i7it7te7@ or!7niJ7re7 "onferinGeor
epis"op7e@ ;on74is;u@ or!7niJ7re7 se;in7riior@ e6u"7Gi7 "re9tinH@ pro?
8e;7 e#reior@ 7posto7tu 7i"ior@ pro8e;7 ;isiunii "re9tine@ "onsti ?
tuGi7 6o!;7ti"H 6espre re#e7Gie ) 18ei Aerbum2 9i "onstituGi7 6o!?
;7ti"H 6espre Biseri"H 9i u;e ) 1>audium et spes2, "e7 ;7i un!H@
+, p.@ "7re se o"upH "u pro8e;e 6e 6o!;H 9i p7stor7H.
8n -iua d/ ! d/c/m,ri/ 196+? 2rin.r-o d/c#arai/ comun5 ci.i.5 con-
comi./n. 8n ca./dra#a S08n.u#ui P/.ru din Roma >i ca./dra#a or.odo45
S08n.u# F1/or61/ din Con3.an.ino2o#? 3-a 2roc/da. #a ridicar/a /4-
comunic5ri#or din 16 >i %0 iu#i/ 10+? 2rima? da.5 d/ c5.r/ cardina#u#
Hum,/r.? 8n num/#/ 2a2/i )/on I* (10910+)? a3u2ra 'i3/ricii or-
.odo4/? >i a doua? 2ronuna.5 d/ c5.r/ 2a.riar1u# d/ Con3.an.ino2o#
;i1ai# C/ru#ari/ (10710+$) >i Sinodu# 35u 2a.riar1a# a3u2ra 'i3/ricii
romano-ca.o#ic/.
&ei doi nal!i ierar?i, papa Paul AI "i patriar?ul Atenagora I de
&onstantinopol ,-.B.)-.C/0, au subliniat n aceast declara!ie comun c
snt B"on9tienGi "H 7"est 7"t 6e MustiGie 9i 6e iert7re re"ipro"H nu po7te fi
6e 7Muns sH punH "7pHt 6eose8irior #e"4i s7u re"ente@ "7re su8sistH
Fntre Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 9i Biseri"7 orto6o:H "i care vor *i de$
p"ite prin lucrarea =fntului 8u?, gra!ie cur!iei inimilor, regretului
nedrept!ilor istorice, precum "i printr$o voin! activ de a se a*unge la
n!elegerea "i e)presia comun a credin!ei "i a cerin!elor ei2#
e6inG7 6e Fn"4i6ere 7 Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n 7 7#ut o" Fntr?un "7?
6ru festi#@ Fn Jiu7 6e + 6e"e;8rie %*L'@ Fn pi7G7 SfFntu Petru 6in Ro;7@
Fn preJenG7 7 +% 6e 6ee!7Gii !u#ern7;ent7e@ 7 nouH or!7niJ7Gii inter?
n7Gion7e 9i unui nu;Hr i;presion7nt 6e "re6in"io9i.
Pri#ite 6in pun"tu 6e #e6ere 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ 4otHrFrie 6o!?
;7ti"e 7e Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n@ prin f7ptu "H FntHres" primatul 9i
infailibilitatea papal 9i prin 7utorit7te7 "oe!iuui epis"op7@ "onstituie
Fn preJent 9i Fn #iitor pie6i"7 "e7 ;7i serio7sH Fn "7e7 ref7"erii unitHGii
"re9tine. A"este 6o!;e nu sFnt 76;ise ni"i 6e Biseri"ie orto6o:e@ ni"i
6e Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH@ ni"i 6e Biseri"7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i@ ni"i 6e Bise?
ri"ie protest7nte.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
Cu#.u# >i =iaa cr/>.in5 8n 'i3/rica romano-ca.o#ic5=
C7u6e Soetens@ Ie &ongres euc?aristiOue interna!ional de Kerusalem ,-7.W0 sur
la politiOue du pape Heon PIII, Lou#7in@ %*55A B. Botte@ He mouvement HiturgiOue,
Turn7i?P7ris@ %*52A G. E7r6@ Ha Hiturgie en marc?e, tr<6u"tion fr7np7ise@ P7ris@ %*L%@
Fotre 8ame ,coli# BIes documents pontiticau)20, P7ris@ %*'+A .. De!i EspoJiti@ Ha
teologia del =acro &uore di >es da Heone PIII a Pio PII, Ro;7@ %*L5A A. M
Besn7r6@ Aisage spirituel des temps nouveau), P7ris@ %*L(A R. Gr78er@ 8ie 4er%$
Kesu Aere?rung in der Qrise der >egenNart, Ei"4stHt@ %*L,A Ie renouveau liturgi$
Oue $"oi. B\e sui", *e "ro]sD@ no. %%&- P7ris@ %*L&A Hiturgisc?e +eNegung nac? '&
Ka?ren, su8 "on6u"ere7 ui T4. Bo!er@ MHri7 L77"4@ %*'*A E. B. /oenPer@ T4e
liturgical Renaissance in t?e Roman &at?olic &?urc?, C4i"7!o@ %*'(.
P/n.ru cu#.u# S0ini#or in 'i3/rica romano-ca.oiic5 =
G. M7r"N/7our@ T?omas 3ore, P7ris@ %*5% A _. Roper@ Ha vie de T?omt
3ore, ecrite par son gendre, P7ris@ %*'2A D. S7r!ent@ T?omas 3ore, P7ris@ %*2f
/. Bre;on6@ Le bien?eureu) T?omas 3ore, P7ris@ %*2&A G. G7u"4er@ Ha p7ssi"
de T?erese de Hisieu), P7ris@ %*5, A M. Au"7ire@ Ha vie de sainte T?erese, la 8an
errante de 8ieu, P7ris@ %*'& M 4istoire de =ainte T?erese dEapres Ies +ollandistes, si
?istoires, ses oeuvres, par un carmelite de &aen, , #oi.@ P7ris@ %++,A .. Tro"4
=ainte +ernadette, la vo'ante de Hourdes, Vitte@ %*'(.
In #im,a rom9n5=
Pr. Prof. Ene Br7ni9te@ =c?isma "i cultul cre"tin, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ VI $%*'(-@ i
,)2@ p. ,L&),** A Pr. P. ReJu9@ Practici romano$catolice de cult folosite ca mi*loa
de pro%elitism, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ VI $%*'(-@ nr. %@ p. L()+& M Pr. V7sie I!nHtes"u@ F
temeinicia dogmatic a practicii indulgentelor, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ VII $%*''-@ nr. ,@
,%5),,* a I6e;@ &ultul inimii lui lisus la catolici, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ VII $%*''-@ nr
p. (&%)(%,.
P/n.ru cu#.ura ./o#o6ic5 romano-ca.oiic5
l. M. Con!7r@ =ituation et tc?es presentes de la T?eologie, P7ris@ %*L5 A +iL de la
t?eologie du 00?e siecle, sous 7 6ire"tion 6e R. V7n 6er Gu"4t et /. V" !ri;er@
, #oi.@ Tourn7i?P7ris@ %*5&)%*5%@ en "o78or7tionA Tenden%en der T4eo\o! im /9#
Ka?r?undert# E]ne >esc?ic?te in Portrts, su8 "on6u"ere7 /. \. S"4utJ@ Sti t!7rt@
%*LL A \. M. Conno3@ Le Renouveau t?eologiOue dans la France contemporan
tr76u"tion fr7n"7ise@ P7ris@ %*LLA \. C4e#7ier@ 4istoire de la pensee, T. ,. La pe
see c?retienne, P7ris@ %*LLA L. S"4effeJ3P@ T?eologie in Auibruc? und Miderstre
8ie deutsc?e Qat?olisc?e T?eologie im -. Ka?r?undert, Bre;en@ %*L'A &inOuar
ans de pensee cat?oliOue irancaise, P7ris@ %*'' $en "o78or7tion-A A. Oopii
Qat?olisc?e T?eologie gestern und ?eute# T?ematiL und Entialtung deutsc?er Qatl
liisc?er T?eologie vom I# AatiLanum bis %um >egenNart, Bre;en@ %*L(A \. M"
Cu7rrie@ TNentiet?$centur' religious t?oug?t# T?e frontiers oi P?ilosop?' and T?t
log', %*&&)%*L&@ Lon6on@ %*L2 M R. Au8ert@ Ha T?eologie cat?oliOue au milieu
00?e sie"e@ Tourn7i?P7ris@ %*'(.
In #im,a rom9n5
Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ =peciiicul (rtodo)iei in compara!ie cu +iserica ron no$
catolic "i Protestantismul, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000II $%*A nr.
%&@ p. '5+)L&&A Pr. Prof. Corneiu SFr8u@ =piritul doctrinar$dogmatic ortodt
catolic "i protestant, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ VII $%*''-@ nr. (@ p. '*2)L&5.
P/n.ru /ncic#ici#/ 2a2a#/ r/0/ri.oar/ Ia mod/rni3m >i 2ro,#/m/ 3ocia#/
O7r Mir8t@ [uellen %ur >esc?ic?te des Papsttums und des Qomisc?en Qatl
li%ismus, (?e Auf7!e@ Tii8in!en@ %*,( A Hes enc'cliOues sociales, e6. Re;3 Muns
P7ris@ %*L,A Enciclica 1[uanta cura2, FnsoGitH 6e BS3i78us errorum2, 6in + 6
%*'(. Te:t 7tin 7 Do; O7r Mir8t@ [uellen %ur >esc?ic?te des Romisc?en Qatl
li%imus, Tubingen, %*,(@ p. ('&)('(A Te:t fr7n"eJ 7 D. C4. Pouet@ 4istoire
IEEglise, t. II@ P7ris@ %*,L@ p. L&')L%&A L. Bri!ue@ ='ilabus, Fn BDi"tionn7ire 6e T
oo!ie C7t4oiCueD@ t. 0IV@ ,@ P7ris@ %*(%@ "o. ,+55),*,2A Rerum Fovarum, %'
;7i %+*%@ e6. Re;3 Muns"4@ P7ris@ %*L,A P. E. C47r8onne7u@ De BReru; t
#7ru;D < la &onstitution BG7u6iu; et =pes2 et lEEnc'cliOue 1Populorum Progr
sio2, n HEEglise dans le monde de "e temps, t. II@ P7ris@ %*L5A HEEnc'cliOue IO
dragessimo anno2 $%' ;7i %*2%-@ 7 G. \7rot@ Pie PI, 8octrine et action socii
Ro;e@ %*52@ p. ((5)((*A Eu!ene Dut4oit@ HEEnc'cliOue de Pie PI 1[uadragessi
7nnoD ,-5 mai -.W-0, sur la Ouestion sociale, Fn BRe#ue 6es 6eu: ;on6esD@ CI $%*
nr. (@ p. %'L)%5(A \e7n 00III@ En"36i!ue BM7ter et 3agistraV ,-5 mai -.;-0, P7
%*L2A I6e;@ En"3"\OMue BP7"e; in tenis2 $%% 7#ri %*L2-@ P7ris@ %*L2A P7u
LNEn"3"iiCrue 1Ecclesiam =uam2 $%L 7u!ust %*L(-@ Fn BLNOsser#7tore Ro;7noD@ nr.
$2%L'5- 6in %&)%% 7u!ust %*L(@ 9i Fn BT`entiet4 "entur3 "7t4oi"is;eD@ t. I@ 83 L
"eot S4eep7r6@ Ne` lorP@ %*L'@ p. ,%+),,& 9i Fn BT4e C4ur"4 in t4e ;o6
_or6D@ Lon6on@ %*L5@ p. +%)+'A I6e;@ 8eclaration V3'sterium Ecclesiae2 $it
%*52- sur la doctrine cat?oliOue concernant IEEglise en vue de la proteger contre
erreurs dEau*ourdE?ui, Fn BL7 Do"u;ent7tion C7t4oiCueD@ nr. %( 6in %' iuie %T
,' ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H &oi. II
!L()LL+ A T4. M. Loo;e@ Hiberal &at?olicism, Reform &at?olicism, 3odernism# A
ntribution to a neN orientation in 3odernist Researc?, M7inJ@ %*5*@ VIII@ (', p. @?
.. UtJ@ Ha doctrine sociale de lEEglise travers Ies siecles, t. I@ P7ris@ Ro;7@ %*5& $
M. S"4opf@ A =urve' oi &at?olic T?eolog', -7996-.C9, Ne` lorP@ %*5&A A. R.
6er@ A Aariet' ot &at?olic 3odernists, C7;8ri6!e $Gr. Br.-@ %*5&A I6e;@ T?e
*dernist 3ovement in t?e &at?olic &?urc?, C7;8ri6!e $Gr. Br.-@ %*2(A \. \. /e7ne3@
ie 3odernist &risis < von 4iigel, Lon6on@ %*L* A S. _ei7n6@ I7 nouvelle T?eologie,
ris@ %*L*A P. S"opoo7@ &risi modernista e rinnovamento cattolico, Boo!n7@ %*L*A
S"4ro6er@ Auibiuc? und 3issverstndnis# Sur >esc?ic?te der RetormLat?olisc?en
Negung, Gr7J@ %*L*A E. Pou7@ 4istoire, dogme et critiOue dans la crise moderniste,
ris?Tourn7i@ %*L,A A. /outin et .. S7rti7u:@ Altred Hois', sa vie, son oeuvre, e6.
Pou7t@ P7ris@ %*L&A Rene M7re@ Au coeur de la crise moderniste, P7ris@ %*L&A
/eier $ZkZ %*L5-@ Alired Hois' der Aater des Qat?olisc?en 3odernismus, Miin?
An@ %*(5A \. Ri#iere@ 3odernisme dans lEEglise, P7ris@ %*,* $"e7 ;7i "o;petH-A
Buon7iuti@ He modernisme cat?oliOue# Tr76uit 6e Nit7ien p7r R. Monnot@ P7ris@
[!.
In #im,a rom9n5=
Epis"op Antonie PH;H6e7H@ 4ans Qiing "i declara!ia 13'sterium Ecclesiae2,
BOrto6o:i7D@ 000I $%*5(-@ nr. %@ p. 'A I6e;@ +iserica slu*itoare, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5,@
r7s 6in BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00IV $%*5,-@ nr. ')+@ p. ,,5),L'A Enciclicele papi$
ncepnd cu Heon PIII ,-7C76-.9W0 $, Pr. D. StHnio7e@ Ecclesiam =uam, Fn BOr?
D:i7D@ 0VI $%*L(-@ nr. (@ p. '*+)L&2.
Conci#iu# II &a.ican (196%196+)=
I J # o 7 r e = \. A8er!io@ &onciliorum (ecumenicorum decreta, e6. 2?7 Boo!n7@ 2A
=acrosanctum (ecumenicum &oncilium Aaticanum II# &onstitutiones, decreta,
l arat i ones# &onst i t ut i ons, decret s, decl arat i ons, P7ri s@ E6i t i ons 6u Cent uri on@
f: _. M. A88ott@ T?e 8ocuments ol Aatican II, Ne` lorP@ %*LLA Pentru u"r7?
ron"iiuui = Acta s'nodalia =s# (ecumenici &oncilii Aaticani II#, Citt< 6e V7?
no@ %*5&A Do"u;entee Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n 7u fost pu8i"7te 6e l. M. Con?
Fn "oe"Gi7 Gnam =anctam, #oi. '%@ L&@ L%@ L,@ L'@ LL@ L5@ L+@ 5&@ 5(@ 5'@ 5L@ %L
@ P7ris@ %*LL)%*5&A O. A7n6@ [uellen %ur >esc?ic?te des Papsttums und des
ti sc?en Qat ?oli %i smus, Rei?e ,@ Di e Oir"4e n7"4 6e; ,. Aati Lani sc?en Qon%i l,
i -, Miin"4en@ %*5,
S t u 6 i i = \. Mer"ier@ Aingt siecles dE?istoire du Aatican, P7ris@ %*5L@ '2& p.A
Noup7r6@ &onnaissance du Aatican, nou#ee e6.@ P7ris@ %*5(A R. RouCuette@ V7?
i ,@ , #oi.@ P7ris@ %*L+A /u8ert \e6in@ Aaticanum II und Tridentinum# Tradition
Fortsc?riit in der Qirc?engesc?ic?te# OL%n un6 Op76en@ %*L+A B. L7;8ert@ Ha
felie image de lE Eglise# +ilan du &oncile Aatican II, P7ris@ %*L5A B. C. P7`e3@
=econd Aatican &ouncil, O:for6@ %*L5. $Pun"t 6e #e6ere 7n!i"7n-A /. Rou:.
esse et promesse de Aatican II, P7ris@ %*L5 $Pun"t 6e #e6ere protest7nt- A
u;;er@ (rt?odo)ie und SNeites Aaticanum, _ien@ %*LLA G. M7rteet@ Ies idees
resses de Aatican II, P7ris@ %*L5A R. L7urentin@ +ilan du &oncile, P7ris@ %*LLA
@ HEEn*eu du &oncile, ( #oi.@ P7ris@ %*L,)%*L'A O. O7rrer@ 8as SNeite Aati$
s"4e Qon%il# Refle)ionen, Miin"4en@ %*LLA G. C7prie@ II &oncilio Aaticano II,
%.@ P7ris@ %*L2)%*LLA R. L7 V7e@ II &oncilio nelle nostre mani, Bres67@ %*LLA
. SP36s!77r6@ Qon%il und Evangelium, Gottin!en@ %*L,A P. Mein4o6@ Qon%ile
Qirc?e in evangelisc?er =ic?t, Stutt!7rt@ %*L,A /7ns Oun!@ Inlaillible c Gne
oellation, P7ris@ %*5% A Fn i;87 en!eJH@ Ne` lorP@ %*5% A /. \e6in@ Ecumenicul
cils ot t?e &at?olic &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*L&.
P/n.ru 2a2a Ioan **III (19+$1967) =
\. Neu#e"ee@ Kean PPIII, une #ie@ P7ris@ %*L*A .. M _ii7;@ Vo; *ungen oncalli
%um papst Ko?annes PPIII, Ins8ruP@ %*L5A E. E. /7es@ Pope Ko?n and Eevolution,
Lon6on@ %*L'A E. B76u""i@ Papa >iovanni, .irenJe@ %*L(A L. A!isi@ PPIII,
tr76u"tion fr7n"7ise@ (?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*L(A L. C7po#i7@ G]o#7nni PPIII, 6e
V7ti"7no@ %*L2.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
In #im,a rom9n5=
CeJ7r V7siiu@ Rela!iile dintre +iserica romano$catolic "i +iserica ortodo)
de la anun!area conciliului Aatican II ,ian# ,*'* pn n dec# -.C90, e:tr7s 6in BOrto6o:i7D@
00VIII $%*5L-@ nr. %@ p. '%),2(A Pr. Prof. D. Popes"u@ Ecle%iologia romano$catolic dup
documentele celui de al doilea &onciliu de la Aatican "i ecourile ei n teologia
contemporan, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5,A Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Primatul papal "i
colegialitatea episcopal n de%baterile &onciliului al Il$lea de la Aatican, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@
0VII $%*'L-@ nr. ,@ p. %2')%LLA Pr. B7r8u Gr. Iones"u $Prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu-@ &onciliul de
la Aatican# 8e%baterile "i ?otrrile primei sesiuni, Fn BOrto6o:i7D 0VI $%*L(-@ nr. %@ p. 2
)(LA Pr. B7r8u Gr. Iones"u $D. StHnio7e-@ &oncil iul II de la Aat ican# 8e%bateril e
"i ?ot rril e sesiuni i a doua, I8i6e;@ nr. ,@ p. %+5),%*A I6e;@ A treia sesiune a
&onciliului al Il$lea de la Aatican : I8i6e;@ nr N(^ p. (5%)'&, A I6e;@ 8e%baterile
"i ?otrrile sesiunii a patra a &onciliului al Il$lea de la Aatican, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@
0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. %@ p. +)2(A Pr. Prof. D. StHni o7e@ 8octrina catolic a infailibilit!ii la
I$ul "i al Il$lea &onciliu de la Aatican, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VII $%*L'-@ nr. (@ p. ('*)(*,.
E#ouGi7 protest7ntis;uui. Dire"Gii teoo!i"e I
1. Or6ani-ar/a 2ro./3.an.i3mu#ui 8n 2/rioada mod/rn5 >i
con./m2oran5
In perio767 6e 6upH Re#ouGi7 fr7n"eJH 6in %5+* 9i pFnH 7Ji@ pro?
test7ntis;u 7 e#ou7t potri#it prin"ipiior s7e r7Gion7iste 9i su8ie"ti ?
#e 7tFt pe p7n teoreti"?6o!;7ti"@ "Ft 9i "7 or!7niJ7re.
Fn sFnu protest7ntis;uui@ 7u 7pHrut 9"oi 9i opinii person7e Fn
teoo!ie@ 6eJ8inHri 76;inistr7ti#e 9i nu;ero7se 6eno;in7Giuni neopro?
test7nte@ "7re 7u 7#ut 9i 7u 6rept ur;7re fHrF;iG7re7 unitHGii interne 9i
e:terne 7 protest7ntis;uui@ fie 6e nu7nGH uter7nH 9i "7#inistH@ fie
neoprotest7ntH.
Totu este Fn protest7ntis; Fntr?o "ontinuH uptH@ ;i9"7re 9i s"4i;?
87re@ unii repreJent7nGi 6e 9"oi 9i teoo!i renu;iGi ;er!Fn6 7tFt 6e 6e?
p7rte Fn susGinerie or Fn"Ft ne7!H FnsH9i esenG7 "re9tinis;uui "7 rei ?
!ie re#e7tH 9i 6i#inH. E Fn protest7ntis; o uptH neFn"et7tH Fntre "on?
ser#7toris; 9i i8er7is;@ Fntre prin"ipiie orto6o:iei uter7ne 9i "7#i ?
niste 6in se"ou 0VI 9i ;o6ernis;@ Fntre teoo!ie 9i fiosofie@ Fntre su?pr7?
n7tur7is; 9i r7Gion7is;.
GFn6ire7 fiosofi"H pre6o;inH Fn unee siste;e 9i "urente teoo!i"e
protest7nte Fn 67un7 "re6inGei 9i 7 pietHGii@ Fn"Ft nu se ;7i 9tie un6e e
#or87 6e re#e7Gie 9i teoo!ie "re9tinH 9i un6e inter#ine fiosofi7.
DupH "ee8r7 #i"torie 6e 7 LeipJi!@ 6in %+%2@ nu;itH B#i"tori7 n7?
Gion7itHGiorD F;potri#7 ui N7poeon $%+&()%+%(-@ !er;7nii 7u Fn"e?
put sH?9i ref7"H unit7te7 n7Gion7H.
Fn %+%5@ Fntr?un entuJi7s; 6e ne6es"ris@ 7u sHr8Htorit 7 treie7 "en?
ten7r 6e "Fn6 M7rtin Lut4er $f %'(L- s?7 6espHrGit 6e Ro;7 p7p7H prin
7fi97re7 "eor *' 6e teJe pe u97 "7te6r7ei 6in _itten8er! Fn %'%5.
In 7"est ;o;ent@ O7us /7r;s $f %+''-@ p7stor 6in Oie@ 7 fH"ut
un 7pe ;i9"Htor 7 p7rti67 orto6o:H?uter7nH@ spre 7 se Fnto7r"e 7 87?
Jee 6o"trin7re 7e uter7nis;uui 6in se". 0VI 9i 7 "uti#7 ru!H"iune7
9i "re6inG7@ nu 7tFt !Fn6ire7 fiosofi"H r7Gion7istH@ ori"Ft 6e i;port7ntH
7r fi e7.
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu
u rRniUALiA A ASEA
A"est f7pt@ 7 "7re 76Hu!H; 9i infuenG7 fiosofiei i6e7iste !er;7?
W
$
67r ;7i 7es ;i9"7re7 pietistH@ fo7rte puterni"H 7tun"i@ 7 Fn6e;n7t
re!ee .r. _i4e; II $%5*5)%+(&- 7 Prusiei sH 7peeJe 7 "re6in?
-9ii !er;7ni 9i 7 "ei7Gi 6in st7tee #e"ine@ sH se une7s"H 9i 6in pun"t
#e6ere rei!ios@ nu nu;7i poiti". Re!ee 9i o ;i"H ;inorit7te er7u
L#ini9ti@ i7r restu uter7ni. A97 s?7 7Muns "7 Fn 7"e79i 7n@ %+%5@ sH se
seJe Gniunea evangelic, "u p7stori@ "ut 9i 7nu;ite 7rti"oe 6e "re?
iGH "o;une. EntuJi7s;u "u "7re 7 fost pri;itH propunere7 re!eui 7
At fo7rte ;7re 9i strHu"it ;o6u "u; 7 fost e7 7pHr7tH 9i susGinutH 6e
iree teoo! Ernest S"4eier;7"4er $f %+2(-. Re!ee@ FnsH@ 7#Fn6 9i
Ro"upHri itur!i"e@ 7 "Hut7t sH intro6u"H noi "HrGi 6e "ut@ 797?nu;i?
e BA!en6eD $%+,,)%+,*-. S?7u nHs"ut FnsH 6e 7"i ;7ri 6eJ8inHri@
ntru "H ni"i p7rtiJ7nii re!eui@ ni"i "ei7Gi nu 7""ept7u BA!en6eeD
i 9i ni"i 7;este"u re!eui Fn pro8e;ee interne 7e Biseri"ii. A97 7
it n79tere "onfesion7is;uA Fn SieJi7@ s?7 nHs"ut pri;7 6isi6enGH@ nu?
tH +iserica vec?ilor luterani, 6e9i re!ee u7se ;Hsuri se#ere@ Fn"4i?
6 #reo treiJe"i 6e preoGi@ i7r 7te f7;iii 7u fost siite sH e;i!reJe.
i7 fiu 9i ur;79u sHu@ .r. _i4e; IV $%+(&)%+L%- 7 Prusiei@ 7"or?
noii !rupHri i8ert7te7. S?7u for;7t ;ute 7te !rupHri@ 7Ji peste
iJe"i@ unee GinFn6 7 unit7te7 Biseri"ii@ 7tee 7 "HrGie or si;8oi"e.
Ce7 ;7i ;7re 6eJ8in7re e:istH Fn protest7ntis;@ FnsH@ Fn "ee7 "e
#este orient7re7 teoo!i"H. InfuenG7 iu;inis;uui $Q AufPHrun!-@
ent r7Gion7ist "7re 7 pre6o;in7t Fn tot se"ou 0VIII@ 9i 7 i8er7is?
iui 7supr7 intee"tu7ior 7 6eter;in7t@ Fn"H 6e 7 Fn"eputu se"ou?
0I0@ pe unii teoo!i@ Fn frunte "u p7storu O7us /7r;s $f %+''-@
7fir;e "H protest7ntis;u nu "onstH 7tFt 6e ;ut Fn teoo!ie 9i pre6i?
"Ft ;7i 7es Fn T7ine@ Fn si;Gire 9i #i7GH pio7sH.
P7rti6ee protest7nte s?7u unit "u ti;pu Fn BConfe6er7GiiD@ "7 6e
H BSo"iet7te7 Gust7#?A6ofD FnfiinG7tH Fn %+2,@ "u s"opuY 7MutorHrii
RunitHGior sHr7"e 6in st7tee un6e uter7nis;u er7 ;7i s78.
S"oGi7nu T4o;7s C47;ere $f %+(5- 7 Fnte;ei7t 7 Lon6r7@ Fn %+(L@
4an! evang?elic 7n!i"7no?uter7no?"7#inistH "ontr7 "7toi"is;u?
A"e79i s"op F #7 7#e7 9i Federa!ia evang?elic 6in Ger;7ni7@ Fn?
ei7tH in %++5.
Dire"Giune7 ;7i i8er7H 7 teoo!ior r7Gion7i9ti s?7 !rup7t 9i e7@
%+L2@ Fn BSo"iet7te7 protest7ntHD. Din %*&2@ s?7 for;7t 7 Berin un
nitet 7 Biseri"ii e#7n!4ei"e@ Hr!it ;ut 6upH %*%+@ 7poi 9i ;7i ;ut
H %*22@ "Fn6 A6of /iter $%*22)%*('-@ 7 #rut sH supunH pe toGi pro?
7nGii 6in Ger;7ni7@ uter7ni@ "7#ini9ti 9i neoprotest7nGi@ i6eoo!iei
6e p7rti6. S?7 "re7t 7tun"i un Sino6 7 Biseri"ior Protest7nte 6in
e7!7 Geir;?7nie@ "u L& 6e ;e;8ri@ "on6us 6e un superinten6ent@
;; se #e6e 6e inspir7Gie "7#inistH pres8iteri7nH@ "H"i uter7nii 76?
Fn "on6u"ere siste;u teritori7 ) un Reic?bisc?of Q Episcop al $?$
ului, 7Mut7t 6e un "o;itet 9i "4i7r 6e o !rup7re pro?4iteristH@ 797 FiGii
cre"tini germani, "7re #oi7u sH "ureGe Bi8i7 9i "re6inG7 e#7n? Zi"H
6e resturi iu67i"e@ respin!Fn6 Ve"4iu Test7;ent@ i7r 6in Nou A7;ent
re#iJuin6 pHrerie Br78inuui P7#eD@ so"otin6 ei "H oper7 /iter este
Binspir7tHD. D7r 7"e7st7 er7 o 76e#Hr7tH 78er7Gie teoo!i? S7re nu 7#e7
ni;i" d/-a f7"e "u 32iri.u# E=an61/#i/i #ui Hri3.o3.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Contr7 !rupHrii &re"tinilor germani s?7 opus "u "e7 ;7i ;7re 6Fr?
Jenie !rup7re7 protest7ntH 6e "entru@ nu;itH +eLennende Qirc?e Q
1+iserica mrturisitoare2, 7i "Hrei "on6u"Htori 7u fost "on67;n7Gi@ Fn?
"4i9i 9i e:p7tri7Gi@ "7 p7storu M7rtin Nie;oer $n. %+*,)%*L+-@ epis"o?
pu _ur; $f %*'2- 6in Stutt!7rt 9.7. D7r@ "7 9i 7tH67tH@ Fn"er"Hrie !ree
prin "7re 7 tre"ut protest7ntis;u !er;7n Fn ti;pu 6i"t7turii ui A6of
/iter 7u 7#ut 67ru sH purifi"e 9i sH unifi"e !rupHrie@ 7MutFn6 "4i7r 7
o nouH Fnforire 7 Biseri"ii. PersistH totu9i 9i 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere or?
!7niJ7tori" 9i teoo!i" ;7re 6eJ8in7re Fntre uter7ni@ "4i7r ;7i ;7re
6e"Ft 7 "7#ini9ti@ un6e siste;u pres8iteri7 Fn "on6u"ere Fn!H6uie o
or!7niJ7re 9i o unifi"7re ;7i 6epinH. Biseri"7 uter7nH 6in St7tee Uni ?
te 7 intr7t Fn 6i7o! teoo!i" "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 6in %*L'. Gru?
pu uter7no?"7toi" 7;er"i7n 7 pu8i"7t un r7port 7 ' ;7rtie %*5(
7supr7 reJut7teor 7 "7re s?7 7Muns "u pri#ire 7 pri;7tu p7p7 ,Ha
primenite du Pape# Points de convergences# 8eclaration commune du
groupe de dialogue lut?erien$cat?oliOue des Etats Gnis, Fn BL7 Do"u?
;ent7tion "7t4oiCueD@ L00I $%*5(-@ no. %L',@ ,% 7#ri@ p. 252)2+&-.
,. Cu#.ura >i dir/cii#/ ./o#o6ic/ 28n5 #a 1$!0
Ce ;7i #7oros teoo! protest7nt 6in7inte 6e %+'&@ 7 fost@ 6esi!ur@
Ernest S"4eier;7"4er $f %+2(-@ pre6i"7tor@ 7poi pri;u profesor 6e teo?
o!ie protest7ntH 7 Uni#ersit7te7 6in Berin. E 7 6e#enit "ee8ru prin
"ee 6ouH u"rHri 7e s7e = Reden uber die Religion $%5**- Q &uvntri
despre religie, 9i prin 6o!;7ti"7 s7@ 8er c?ristlic?e >laube $%+,%- )
&redin!a cre"tin, Fn "7re 7fir;H "H rei!i7 nu e ni"i 7"t 6e "uno79tere@
ni"i 7"t 6e #oinGH@ "i stH Fn sentimentul de dependen! f7GH 6e infinit@
f7GH 6e Du;neJeu 9i u;e@ senti;ent "7re@ 7fir;7 e@ 7 "on6us 9i pe
MFntuitoru Iisus /ristos 9i tre8uie sH "on6u"H 9i person7it7te7 no7strH
9i pe 7 fie"Hrui o; 6e ori"e rei!ie. .7GH 6e iu;inis;u r7Gion7ist 9i
n7tur7is;u se". 0VIII@ "7re ne!7 "4i7r 9i e:istenG7 ui Du;neJeu 9i
ne;urire7 sufetuui@ "on"epGi7 ui S"4eier;7"4er 7fir;H e:istenG7 ui
Du;neJeu strFns e!7t 6e u;e 9i un "re9tinis; #iu@ "7re ei8ere7JH pe
o; 6e frH;FntHrie 9i Fn6oieie rei!io7se. D7r@ 6upH "on"epGi7 s7@ "u?
prinsu Fn#HGHturii "re9tine nu po7te fi 6o!;7 tr76iGion7H 7 Biseri"ii@
"i "ee7 "e e:peri;ente7JH "on9tiinG7 "re9tinH in6i#i6u7H. .oosin6 ;e?
to67 in6u"ti#H@ E. S"4eier;7"4er porne9te 6e 7 67tee "on9tiinGei spre
7 7Mun!e 7 Du;neJeu 9i 7 #oi7 Lui f7GH 6e u;e@ "on"retiJ7tH Fn per ?
so7n7 ui Iisus /ristos.
InfuenG7 ui S"4eier;7"4er 7 fost ;7re Fn u;e7 protest7ntH in
tot "ursu se"ouui 0I0@ 87 "4i7r 9i 7 ro;7no?"7toi"i@ fiin6 nu;it
(rigen al secolului PIP#
Fn teoo!i7 protest7ntH@ e 7re ;eritu 6e 7 fi ei8er7t teoo!i7 6e
fiosofie@ 67r !re9e9te@ 6esi!ur@ "Fn6 f7"e teoo!i7 sH se pi7r6H Fntr?un
senti;ent7is; #7!@ Fntr?un !en 6e psi4oo!ie rei!io7sH. Pe 8unH 6rep?
t7te@ ori"e "re9tin po7te sH se Fntre8e "7re po7te fi #7o7re7 unei 7se;e?
ne7 e:perienGe rei!io7se su8ie"ti#e 9i "e rost ;7i po7te 7#e7 re#e7Gi7
6i#inH 9i Fntrup7re7 .iuui ui Du;neJeu@ Iisus /ristos.
rMM:tiUAUA A ASEA
DupH E. S"4eier;7"4er $f %+2(-@ ;7i 7;inti; 6intre teoo!ii su?
pr7n7tur7i9ti Fn6eose8i pe Au!ust $f %+(&-@ 7utoru unei Istorii a +ise$
ricii 9i 7 7tor u"rHri@ Fn "7re 7fir;H pietis;u reFnnoit. Inima face pe
teolog, spune7 e@ 6e 7"ee7 Fn "on"epGi7 s7 istori7 Biseri"ii este ;7i 7es
istori7 ;or7itHGii 9i 7 pietHGii.
PHreri 7se;HnHto7re 7u 9i 7Gi teoo!i protest7nGi "7 = Au!ust
T4ou"P $f %+55-@ e:e!et 9i 7poo!et "on#in!Htor@ 7poi Ernest _4en!sten?
8er! $f %+L*-@ e:e!et 9i 6o!;7tist #estit@ "7re 7 "o;8Htut "u ;ut su""es
pe teoo!ii r7Gion7i9ti.
Dire"Gi7 uter7nH s7u Borto6o:HD@ Fnte;ei7tH 6e C4r. Oonr76 #on
/off;7nn $%+55-@ profesor 7 Er7n!en@ 7 F;8in7t psi4oo!is;u ui E.
S"4eier;7"4er "u tr76iGi7 orto6o:iei uter7ne@ punFn6 Fn "entru teoo?
!iei istori7 ;Fntuirii.
D7r@ s7#7nGi "7 = G. U44orn $f %*&%-@ G. Au!. E`76 $f %+5'-@ T4.
b74n $f %*22-@ 7poi 7poo!eGi "7 = C4. Ernst. Lut47r6@ ;or7i9ti "7 G.
.e;;e 9.7.@ 7fir;7u supr7n7tur7is;u. Tot 797 o fH"e7u@ 67r "e#7 ;7i
ZeGinut@ teoo!ii 9"oii 6e ;Mio" = Ri"47r6 Rot4e $g %+L5-@ e6itoru Nou?
ui Test7;ent !re"@ .r. C. Tis"4en6orf Kf %+5(- A e:e!eGii = /. A. _.
tfe3er $f+52-@ B. _eiss $f %*%+-@ istori"u 8iseri"es" fo7rte t7ent7t O.
7se $f %+*&-@ 6o!;7ti9tii A8ert S"4`eitJer $f %*L'-@ \. Miier 9.7.
M7i e:7!er7Gi Fn 7fir;7Giie or 7u fost \uius _e47usen $f %*%+-
i 7s7"i7nu E6. G. E. Reuss $f %+*%-@ "7re 7u "riti"7t "HrGie Pent7teu?
uui.
"o77 r7Gion7istH protest7ntH 7 67t n79tere 7 "ee ;7i ;ute 6ire"?
ii@ "u "ei ;7i Fn6rHJneGi teoo!i. DupH orient7re7 r7Gion7ist?#u!7rH@
ustr7tH 6e /. E8ert4@ Gotto8 P7uus $f %+'%-@ \. /. D.Nbs"4oPPe $%+(+-
7. ) "7re 7fir;H "H ;inunie ui Iisus /ristos sFnt f7pte pur n7tur7e )
enGionH; Fn6eose8i 6ire"Gi7 istorico$criticist, iustr7tH ;7i 7es 6e e:e?
eGii _. Gesenius $f %+(,-@N_i4e; M. L. De _ette $f %+(*-@ "7re 7u "Hu?
Ft "ei 6intFi sH "o;87tH "riti" 7utenti"it7te7 "HrGior Nouui 9i Ve"4iu?
n Test7;ent.
Pe 7"e9ti7 i?7 6epH9it@ FnsH@ orient7re7 4e!ei7nH 6e stin!H 7 9"o7ei
in Tii8in!en@ "on6usH 6e .r. C4r. B7uer $f %+L&-@ D. .. Str7uss $f %+5(-@
runo B7uer $f %++,-@ Lu6`i! .euer87"4 $%+5,- 9.7.@ 6intre "7re uti?
tii 7u 7Muns 7 "on"epGii ;7teri7iste. Astfe@ .r. C4r. B7uer@ 7pi"Fn6
i7e"ti"7 4e!ei7nH ) teJH@ 7ntiteJH@ sinteJH )Z 7 epo"7 8i8i"H@ s?7
iH6uit@ 8u"urFn6u?se Fn #re;e7 ui 6e un su""es J!o;otos@ sH 7r7te "H
Tierie Nouui Test7;ent sFnt ten6enGio7se@ iJ#orFte 6in "io"nire7 iu?
Fis;uui "u eenis;u. DupH opini7 s7@ nu;7i "Fte#7 s"rieri neotest7?
ent7re 7r 67t7 6in se"ou FntFi@ i7r restu 6in se"oee II 9i III.
L7 rFn6u sHu@ D. .. Str7uss spune7@ Fn oper7 s7 8as Heben Kesu Q
ia!a lui Iisus, Tii8in!en@ %+2'@ "H f7ptee 9i fi!ur7 ui Iisus /ristos sFnt
Jut7tu unor ;ituri "re7te 6e i;7!in7Gi7 9i e#7#i7 uterio7rH 7 "re9ti?
s;uui. U"eni"ii 7"estor7 Fntre"urH pe 67s"Hi. Bruno B7uer@ 8unHo7rH@
ir;7 "H E#7n!4eiie sFnt "4i7r f7sifi"Hri ten6enGio7se 7e unor i;pos?
ri@ i7r Lu6`i! .euer87"4 spune7 "H Fntre! "re9tinis;u nu?i 6e"Ft o
#iniJ7re 7 o;enirii@ ne7#Fn6 Fn ;o6 o8ie"ti# ni;i" 6i#in Fn e.
Din feri"ire@ 7se;ene7 teorii 7u fost 6e ;ut 787n6on7te@ "4i7r 9i Fn
;e7 protest7ntH@ Fntru"Ft Fn preJent teoo!i7 protest7ntH 7 re#enit@ Fn
nere@ 7 te;ee iniGi7e 7e Refor;ei 6in se". 0VI.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
2. Dir/cii ./o#o6ic/ 2ro./3.an./ du25 1$!0.
CFn6 in6ustri7iJ7re7 7 7tins pHturie 7r!i 7e popu7Giei@ nu se n
pute7 #or8i o;uui 6o7r teoreti" 9i fiosofi"@ "i tre8ui7 sH se 7"GionK
;7i ;ut pr7"ti"@ 7rHtFn6 #7o7re7 9i "onGinutu eti" 7 "re9tinis;uui
infuenG7 ui 8inefH"Hto7re 7supr7 6eJ#otHrii Fntre!ii so"ietHGi. A"est =
"ru F f7"e 9"o77 ui A8re"4t Rits"4 $f %++*-@ Fnte;eietoru istor
mului#
DupH e@ teoo!i7 nu este 6es"riere 7 stHrior senti;ent7e?en
Gion7e@ "7 Fn "on"epGi7 ui E. S"4eier;7"4er $f %+2(-@ "i revela!ia is
ric, "e "u;ine7JH Fn /ristos@ 67r "7re nu interese7JH 7tFt "7 6o!;H@
;7i ;ut "7 valoare etic, 7#Fn6 ;enire7 6e 7 "u"eri u;e7 9i 7 sH6i
e7 si;Gu 67toriei@ 7 "instei. A8re"4t Rits"4 $f %++*- i7 "7 pun"t 6e p
"7re teJ7 P7nti7nH 7 i;posi8iitHGii o;uui 6e 7 "uno79te das 8ing
sic? X lucrul n sine, su8st7nG7 s7u esenG7 u"rurior@ "7re se 7r7tH
;7nifestHrie s7e@ Fn feno;ene@ pentru 7 tr7!e "on"uJi7 "H ni"i 6esG
Du;neJeu n =ine, nu pute; "uno79te ni;i" 9i 6e 7"ee7 nu pute; 6e
;7tiJ7 ni;i". E ;er!e7 9i ;7i 6ep7rte "Fn6 7fir;7 "H Bi8i7 nu?i ins
r7tH@ "i 7re #7o7re nu;7i pentru u;e7 6e 7i"i@ Fn i;7nenGH 9i Fn is
rie@ pentru f7ptu "H 7pro7pe toGi 7u 76;ir7t?o 9i s?7u Hs7t "on6u9i
e7. Teoo!i7 ui A8re"4t Rits"4 e tipi" !er;7nH@ tipi" 8ur!4eJH
terestrH.
Con"epGi7 teoo!i"H orto6o:H respin!e 1agnosticismul2 9i 1adogmat
mul2 ui A8re"4t Rits"4@ 6eo7re"e Fnsu9i Do;nu /ristos ne Fn"re6
Ge7JH@ spunFn6 = BCe "e MH vede pe 3ine, vede pe &el ce 3$a trir
pe 3ine2 $Io7n ,,@ ('-. I7r "Ft pri#e9te "uno79tere7 ui Du;neJeu@ M
tuitoru 7 spus = 1Aceasta este via!a de veci, s Te cunoasc pe Tine, s
gurul, adevratul 8umne%eu "i pe Iisus 4ristos pe care H$ai trim $Io7n %+@
2-.
"o7H ui A8. Rits"4 7 7#ut ;uGi repreJent7nGi@ "7 = VV. /e
;7nn $f %*,,-@ T4. O7ft7n $f %*,2-@ .er6. O7tten8us"4@ 67r ;7i 7
A6of /7rn7"P $%+'%)%*2&-@ profesor uni#ersit7r 9i 6ire"toru Insti
tuui 6e "er"etHri 9tiinGifi"e 7 Berin@ renu;it 7tFt Fn 6o;eniu teo
!i"@ "Ft 9i pe teren so"i7 9i poiti"@ Fn Ger;7ni7 9i Fn strHinHt7te. /
n7"P s?7 nHs"ut 7 Dorp7t $T7rtru Fn Estoni7-@ un6e G7ris;u 7supre7
neorto6o"9i. De 7"ee7 e 9i?7 for;7t o i6ee pre"on"eputH 6espre BisB
"7 Orto6o:H 9i 6espre tr76iGi7 #e"4e 7 Biseri"ii@ nu;in6 pe ne6rept $
to6o:i7 Bo +iseric pietrificat2 Fn i;o8iit7te7 ei se"u7rH.
Dintre nu;ero7see u"rHri 7e ui A. /7rn7"P@ ;enGionH; "7 i
Fnse;n7te@ pentru "on"epGi7 ui@ ur;Hto7ree = 8as Mesen des &?i
tentums Q Esen!a cre"tinismului ,tratat de istoria dogmelor0, Leip=
%*&* A 8ogmengesc?ic?te, >rundriss der t?eologisc?en Missensc?aft
Istoria dogmelor, Fundamentul "tiin!ei teologice, .rei8ur! i; Breis!
%+*2 Fn "7re s"o7te Fn reief "H Fntre! "re9tinis;u 9i E#7n!4ei7 nu s
6e"Ft manifestarea iubirii printe"ti 7 ui Iisus /ristos pentru u;e@ iiA
re 6in "7re #e"4e7 Biseri"H 7 fH"ut ;7i tFrJiu o BE#7n!4eie 6espre Iisi
Cre9tinis;u si;pu 9i fHrH 6o!;e 7 ui Iisus 7 fost f7sifi"7t 6e "u
t7re7 !re7"H 6in se"oee II 9i III@ "7re 7 6us 7 o B7""entu7tH eeniJ
0CS<IOADA A LASEA
"re9tinis;uuiD = Beine 7Pute /eenisierun! 6es C4ristentu;sD. C7
7re@ 6o!;7tiJ7re7 "re9tinis;uui este Boper7 spirituui eeni" 7pi"7t
#7n!4eiiorD. A. /7rn7"P@ FnsH@ !re9e9te@ 6eo7re"e este 9tiut "H nu ee?
M;u 7 6es"operit su8st7nG7 6o!;eor "re9tine@ "i 6o!;ee 7u u7t
stere 6in Re#e7Gie. .on6u 6o!;eor "re9tine@ for;u7te 6e Sino76ee
u;eni"e@ se 7fH Fn Re#e7Gi7 6i#inH.
A6of /7rn7"P 7 speri7t@ 6esi!ur@ 7utorit7te7 superio7rH protest7n?
prin 7fir;7Giie ui Fn6rHJneGe@ ;7i 7es prin "o;87tere7 Si;8ouui
ostoi"@ intro6us "4i7r 6e 7 Fn"eput Fn "HrGie 6e "ut protest7nte@ 67r
eretu 6in #re;e7 ui F 76;ir7@ sHr8Htorin6u?% 9i 7s"utFn6u?% "u;
2 ;7i fost@ po7te@ 7s"ut7t@ Fn7inte7 ui@ 6e"Ft fiosofu \. G. .i"4te
%+%(- 9i istori"u Leopo6 #on R7nPe $f %++L-. Operee ui A.
/7r?=P se referH 7 istori7 iter7turii #e"4i "re9tine@ 7 ;isiune7 9i
rHspFn?e7 "re9tinis;uui Fn pri;ee se"oe@ 7 istori7 6o!;eor et".
SFnt i!ur opere 6e 8o!7tH infor;7Gie 9i eru6iGie@ 67r po7rtH Fn ee 9i
unee iri istori"e.
I;port7nGi sFnt 9i teoo!ii "onte;por7ni ui A. /7rn7"P@ 6intre "7re
inti; = A. A8ert /7u"P $f %*%+-@ /. S"4ee@ R. See8er!@ .. Loofs
%*,+-@ istori"ii /. S"4u8ert@ O. /o $f %*,L-@ G. Orii!er $f %*,5-@ /.U
eis 9i@ Fn se"ou 00@ renu;itu istori" 6in Berin@ /7ns LietJ;7nn
%*(2-.
Uti;7 ;7re 9"o7H protest7ntH 6in7inte7 pri;uui rHJ8oi ;on6i7
%()%*%+- este 7"ee7 6e Istoria religiilor ,Religionsgesc?ic?t4c?e T?eo$
e0# Fnte;ei7tH Fn ur;7 "er"etHrior orient7isti"e@ referito7re 7 epo"7
i "H si 7 "uturii rei!io7se 7 popo7reor rHsHritene. Cer"etHtorii =
ii 6e L7!7r6e $f %+*%-@ A. Ei"4orn $f %+,5-@ /er;7nn Usener $f %*&'-@
GunPe $f %*2,-@ _. Bousset $f %*,&-@ Ernst Troets"4 $f %*,2-@ A?t
S"4`eitJer $f %*L'- 9.7. 7u susGinut "H "re9tinis;u nu este sin? 7
rei!ie ree#7tH 6e Du;neJeu@ "i e nu;7i un7 6in ;utee rei!ii "e@
6in "7re 7"est7 7 F;pru;ut7t ;ute i6ei printr?un .sin"retis; Mer7t.
C7rte7 ui .r7nJ DeitJs"4 $f %+*&-@ +abei und +ibel, 7fir;7 ntre!
"re9tinis;u F9i 7re ori!ine7 Fn B78ion@ 6e"i nu e inspir7t@ i7r 'rt
S"4`eitJer@ Fn >esc?ic?te der Heben Kesu Forsc?ung Q Istoria
etrii vie!ii lui Iisus, 7fir;H "H #i7G7 ui Iisus /ristos 7 fost "ontr7tH
Fn 6e"ursu ti;puui@ fiin6 "onfe"Gion7tH 6in 8u"HGi 9i 6in te;e
Zu;ut7te 6in to7te siste;ee rei!io7se #e"4i. A"e79i u"ru F f7"e
"u T7inee Biseri"ii@ "u ;on74is;u 9i "4i7r "u 6o!;ee "re9tine = S
sFnt F;pru;ut7te 6in ;isteree eeniste s7u 6in rei!iie orient7e. S?
7u "re7t 9i o "coal de psi?ologie "i alta de *ilosofie religioas,
6intFi "u infuenGe 6in iter7tur7 fr7n"eJH 9i 7;eri"7nH@ 7#Fn6 "7
tent7nGi pe E;i Dur"Pei; $f %*%5-@ _. \7;es $f %*%&- 9i 7 !er? =
pe Si!;un6 .reu6 $f %*2*-@ "e77tH iustr7tH ;7i 7es 6e !er?@
6intre "7re 7;inti; pe Ernest Troets"4 $f %*,2-@ R. Otto
N25-@ G. _o88er;in 9.7.@ 7;8ee 9"oi strH6uin6u?se sH re6u"H "re9?
nu 6o7r 7 stHri psi4oo!i"e s7u "4i7r 7 "on"epGii fiosofi"e. SFnt
ie;ene7 9i ;uGi 7Gi teoo!i protest7nGi "7re 9i?7u "re7t renu;e Fn
ite 7te GHri@ "u; 7 fost Fn Sue6i7 7r4iepis"opu 6e Upps77@ N7t?
So6er8o; $f %*2%-@ istori" 7 rei!iior@ "7re 7 7#ut un ro 6e se7;H
BISERICA IN N IPPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
7 ConferinG7 !rupHrii Hife and MorL ) Aia! "i Ac!iune, GinutH Fn "7
6ru ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e@ 7 Sto"P4o;@ Fntre %' 9i 2q 7u!ust %*,'. Ii
.r7nG 7@ 7;i nt i ; pe Loui s Au!ust e S787t i er $f %*&%- 9i pe fi u sHi
P. S787t i er $f %*,+-@ pe .er n7n6 Mene!oJ@ Loui s M. E. Bert r7n"
$f %*(%-@ _. Mono6 $f %*(2-@ M7uri"e Go!ue $f %*''- A Fn E#eGii
7;inti; pe A. Vinet $f %+(5-@ G. Go6et $f %*&%- A Fn u;e7 7n!N o
s7:onH pe Cos;o Gor6on L7n! $f %+('- A Fn D7ne;7r"7@ pe "unos"utu
9i renu;itu s"riitor 9i fiosof Soeren OierPe!77r6 $f %+''- 97.
(. Dir/cii ./o#o6ic/ 2ro./3.an./ du25 2rimu# r5-,oi mondia#
(191191$)
Cee 6ouH rHJ8o7ie ;on6i7e 6in se". 00@ %*%()%*%+ 9i %*2%)%*('
7u J!u6uit pFnH Fn strHfun6uri "on9tiinGee. Certitu6ine7 9i u9urinG7 "i
"7re se #or8e7 Fn 6iferitee 9"oi protest7nte 6espre Du;neJeu@ 6espre
E#7n!4eie 9i 6espre rei!ie n?7u 6us pe "re6in"io9i ;7i 7pro7pe 6s
Du;neJeu 9i ni"i nu i?7u fH"ut ;7i 8uni.
A u7t n79tere 7"u; o nouH teoo!ie@ nu;itH Teologia dialectice
s7u Teologia cri%ei, "7re s?7 strH6uit sH punH Fn reief i6ee7 "H pe Du;?
neJeu nu?% pute; "uno79te Fn ;o6 istori"@ ni"i spe"u7ti#@ ni"i 6es"rip?
ti#@ "i nu;7i stnd cu fric "i cu cutremur Fn7inte7 Lui@ ntr$o po%i!ii
de cri%, 6e "on9tiinGH 7 pH"Hto9eniei no7stre. Despre Du;neJeu puterr
sH #or8i; Fn ;o6 7ntino;i" s7u 6i7e"ti" = E este iu8itor 9i 6rept Fr
7"e79i ti;p@ este stHpFn 9i pHrinte@ este 7s"uns 9i 6es"4is. Du;neJei
este o re7it7te o8ie"ti#H@ tot7 6espHrGitH 6e u;e@ i7r Bi8i7 e !7su
Lui. Nu noi ne 7propie; 6e E pe o "7e su8ie"ti#H@ "i E@ Du;neJeu
se 7propie 6e noi@ #or8in6u?ne@ nu prin "u#inte@ i6eoo!ii 9i pro!r7;e
"i "4e;Fn6u?ne 7 Mu6e"7t7 Lui es47too!i"H prin starea de %bucium "
frmintare Fn "7re petre"e; 6in "ip7 Fn "7re 7uJi; !7su Lui.
Re"uno79te; "H e ;utH s;erenie Fn 7"e7stH "on"epGie teoo!i"H
"7re 7 surprins "e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte 7 teoo!ior 6in se"ou 00@ 67r ni
pute; sH nu o8ser#H; "H se si;te Fn e7 ;ut spirit "7#inist "u nu7nGe
6e Mu6e"7tH 7sprH 9i pre7 re"e@ 797 "u; reiese 6in !Fn6ire7 ui \. C7#in
$f %'L(-.
Teoo!i7 6i7e"ti"H s7u B7 "riJeiD 7 7#ut pre;er!Htori $%+''- pe fe?
no;enoo!ii pre"u; 9i e:istenGi7i9tii ;7i noi = M. \. L7#ee $f %*2*-
M7: S"4eer $f %*,+-@ M7rtin /ei6e!!er $f %*5'-@ O7r \7spers $f %*L*-
9. 7.
Ce ;7i "unos"ut repreJent7nt 7 teologiei dialectice este O7r
B7rt4 $%++L)%*L+-@ nHs"ut 7 B7se@ Fn E#eGi7@ profesor 7 M7r8ur! Fn
Ger;7ni7@ 7poi 7 B7se. E 7 fH"ut nu;ero7se "HHtorii@ "7 un 7posto
;o6ern@ 9i 7 Ginut nu;ero7se "onferinGe Fn ;ute GHri 6in Europ7 9i "4i7r
in A;eri"7 6e Nor6.
O7r B7rt4 787n6one7JH poJiGi7 se"u7rH 7 6o!;7ti"ii protest7nte@
"7re porne7 6e 7 e:perienG7 in6i#i6u7H@ 6e 7 su8ie"ti#is;u 7ntropo?
"entri"@ punFn6 Fn "entru teoo!iei s7e teocentrismul 9i putere7 "ii#Fn?
tuui ui Du;neJeu = 8as Mort >ottes, puterni" 7fir;7t Fn6eose8i Fn
u"r7re7 8er Romerbrief X Epistola ctre Romani $e6. I?7 Miin"4en@
rr#I$%."&A.UA. A LASEA
%+ A 7tH e6iGie@ Fn %*,,- 9i Fn 7te nu;ero7se stu6ii@ 67r ;7i 7es Fn
gmatica s7@ biiri"4@ %*(5@ tr76. fr7n"7ise@ ,& #oi.@ Mun"4en?biiri"4 2&
)%*L5.
Fn !enere@ teoo!i7 s7 6o!;7ti"H 7re 7 87JH tr76iGi7 "7#inistH. AHt uri
6e B7rt 4@ 7;inti ; pe .r. Go!7rten $f %*L5-@ profesor 7 i7@
renu;it prin operee s7e 6e "Hpetenie = 8ie religiose Entsc?ei$n,g Q
8eci%ia religioas, \en7@ %*,% = Aon >lauben und (ffenbarung spre
credin! "i Revela!ie, \en7@ %*,2 A Ic? >laube in den dreieinigen tt Q
&red ntr$Gnui 8umne%eu ntreit, \en7@ %*,L A >laube und Mir$<?Leit
Q &redin! "i realitate, \en7@ %*,+ 9.7.
A;inti ;@ 6e 7se;ene7@ pe E;i Brunner $n. %++*-@ profesor 7
ri"4@ Fn E#eGi7@ 6espHrGit 6e B7rt4 prin stu6iu sHu Fatur und >laube
Fatur "i credin!, B7se@ %*2(@ 7 "7re B7rt4 7 rHspuns = Fein#
tNort an Emil +runner Q Fu# Rspuns lui Emil +runner# Miin"4en@
(. M7i 7;inti;@ 6intre u"rHrie ui ur;Hto7ree = Erlebnis, ErLen$
is und >laube Q Eveniment, cuno"tin! "i credin!, Tii8in!en@ %*,2 A
>ren%en der 4umanitt Q 4otarele umanit!ii, Tii8in!en@ %*,, A
igionsp?ilosop?ie der evangelisc?en T?eologie Q Filo%ofia religioa$i
teologiei evang?elice, Tii8in!en@ %*,5 A T?eolog' of &?risis X Teo$la
cri%ei, Tii8in!en@ %*,5 A 8ogmatiL, biiri"4@ %*(+.
E 6e re;7r"7t "H teoo!i7 ui E. Brunner 7re 7 87JH tr76iGi7
J`in?=nH 7 Biseri"ii refor;7te 6in biiri"4@ 67r@ Fn unee pri#inGe@ se
7pro?6e Orto6o:ie.
M7i 7;inti; pe Ru6of T4urne3sen $f %*(&- 9i P7u Tii"4 $%++L
*L'-@ 7 "7re 6o;inH Fn !enere gri*a predicrii Evang?eliei adaptate
iinciosului modern#
De 7se;ene7@ Dietri"4 Bon4oeffer $f %*('-@ "unos"ut teoo! !er?
F@ se o"upH "u Binterpret7re7 rei!io7sH 7 te:teor 8i8i"eD. Pentru
stu6iie 8i8i"e 7;inti; pe M7uri"e Go!ue $f %*''-@ pro? hr 7
.7"ut7te7 6e teoo!ie protest7ntH 6in P7ris@ "7re s?7 re;7r"7t F
"unos"ut ee s7 e stu6ii = Kesus de Fa%aret ?< 3't ?e ou ?istoire,
is@ %*,' 9i Kesus et Ies origines du c?ristianisme, P7ris@ %*2(@ Fn "7re@
8HtFn6 pe nu;ero9i istori"i 9i teoo!i protest7nGi@ 7 pus Fn u;inH
ri"it7te7 ui Iisus /ristos.
Tot 7 fr7n"eJi@ 7;inti; pe Os"7r Cu;7n@ profesor 7 .7"utHGie
teoo!ie 6in Str7s8our!@ B7se 9i P7ris@ "7re@ prin nu;ero7see s7e
Iii@ pune Fn u;inH istoria mntuirii, 797 "u; reiese e7 6in s"rierie
ui Test7;ent 9i 6in #e"4e7 tr76iGie "re9tinH. L7 !er;7ni@ ;eritH
i;inti; pe Ru6of But;7nn $n. %++()%*5L-@ "7re@ Fn stu6iie s7e@
ue7JH B6e;itoo!iJ7re7D S"ripturii@ ;eto6H "7re 7 fost 7spru "riti?
6e nu;ero9i teoo!i protest7nGi 9i ro;7no?"7toi"i@ pentru e:7!erH?
ei.
Fn istorie@ 7;inti;@ 7 !er;7ni@ pe /7ns LietJ;7nn $f %*(2-@ "u?
ut Fn6eose8i prin u"r7re7 s7 >esc?ic?te der alten Qirc?e Q Istoria
iii +iserici, ( #oi.@ Berin@ tr76. fr7nC7ise@ t. I)II@ p7r An6re \un6t@
s@ %*2L)%*25 A t. III@ P7ris@ %*(%.
In 7f7rH 6e "urentee 7;intite@ 6upH "e 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on?
$%*2*)%*('-@ 7u 7pHrut Fn u;e7 protest7ntH o serie 6e teologii
BISERICA IN cPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
"7re 6e "7re ;7i 8iJ7re@ "7 = teologia radical, "unos"utH su8 nu;ee 6
teologia mor!ii lui 8umne%eu, "7re propune interpret7re7 "re6inGei "re9
tine prin cultura laic# E7 7 fost pusH Fn "ir"u7Gie ;7i 7es Fn St7tei
Unite 7e A;eri"ii 6e "Htre T4. \. \. AtiJer@ P7u M. #7n Buren@ V#
/7;iton 9.7. Teologia radical FnHturFn6 "re6inG7 Fn SfFnt7 Trei;e G
ne!Fn6 putere7 Lo!osuui "re7tor@ .iu ui Du;neJeu@ C7re S?7 Fntru
p7t pentru ;Fntuire7 u;ii@ nu po7te 7si!ur7 "re9tinior ;Fntuire7@ 6i=
"7re "7uJH 7 9i fost pHrHsitH.
Epis"opu 7n!i"7n \o4n A. T. Ro8inson este pro;otoru "urentu
ui nu;it teologia seculari%rii, "7re e:"u6e ori"e posi8iit7te 6e referi
re 7 Du;neJeu "e tr7ns"e6ent@ fiin6 o "on"epGie "7re so"ote9te "7 re7
H 6o7r 7"e7stH u;e. Siste;u sHu nu 7re o fun67;ent7re 6o!;7ti"7
"i tin6e ;7i ;ut spre so"ioo!ie. E s?7 inspir7t 6in teoo!i7 ui E
Bon4oeffer 9i 7 fost "ontinu7t 6e /7r#e3 Co: Fn St7tee Unite.
Un 7t "urent teoo!i" 7pHrut Fn O""i6ent este teologia politic
nu;itH 9i teologia speran!ei, prin "7re se Fn"e7r"H 7 se 67 un rHspun
7 #7st7 ;i9"7re 6e ei8er7re 6e su8 to7te for;ee 6e e:po7t7re "oo
ni7istH 9i post?"ooni7istH. RepreJent7nGii 6e se7;H 7i teologiei politi
ce sFnt \iir!en Mot;7nn@ "7#inist@ profesor 6e teoo!ie 6o!;7ti"H %@
Tii8in!en 9i \. B. MetJ@ ro;7no?"7toi"@ profesor 7 Uni#ersit7te7 6ii
Munster@ R. .. Ger;7ni7.
\. Mot;7nn este 7utoru u"rHrii T?eolog' of 4ope Q Teologii
speran!ei, Lon6on@ %*L*. BTeoo!i7 poiti"HD s7u BTeoo!i7 sper7nGei-
Fn"e7r"H sH reJo#e "riJ7 "re9tinis;uui "onte;por7n 7puse7n. Cre9tinis
;u este #HJut 6e 7"e7stH teoo!ie nu nu;7i pe p7n es47too!i"@ prii
sper7nG7 Fn#ierii ;orGior@ "i 9i prin iu8ire7 ui Du;neJeu f7GH 6e "re7
tur7 S7@ f7GH 6e u;e7 7;eninG7tH 9i opri;7tH@ "7re pro!rese7JH pe "7
e7 i8ertHGii Fn /ristos "e rHsti!nit 9i Fn#i7t. Cre9tinu pin 6e spe
r7nGH trHie9te Fn perspe"ti#7 #iitoruui reJer#7t 6e Du;neJeu o;enirii
VHJutH Fn 7ns7;8u ei@ Bteoo!i7 poiti"HD este ipsitH 6e os7tur7 ei teo
o!i"H fun67;ent7H.
.iosofu Lu6`i! _itt!enstein 7 pus Fn "ir"u7Gie teologia tcerii
7fir;Fn6 "H Fn teoo!ie e:istH Bine:pi"78iuD@ 6espre "7re nu se po7tK
#or8i 9i tre8uie sH tH"e;.
M7i sFnt 9i 7te "urente 9i 6ire"Gii Fn protest7ntis;@ "7re 7p7r repe
6e 9i 6isp7r tot 7tFt 6e repe6e@ "7 unee ;eo6ii 7 ;o6H.
E#i6ent@ Fn to7te 9"oie@ "urentee 9i 6ire"Giunie teoo!i"e protes ?
t7nte se re;7r"H 9i Fn ti;pu nostru ;7ri "ontr76i"Gii "7re@ fire9te@ 6u"
i7 fHrF;iG7re7 Fn "ontinu7re 7 protest7ntis;uui@ f7pt pe "7re?% re!reGi
Fn6eose8i "er"urie "on6u"Hto7re 7e Biseri"ii Protest7nte. .HrF;iG7reA
7"e7st7@ re!ret7tH 6e ;uGi@ 7 fH"ut pe unu 6intre teoo!ii protest7nt
6in .r7nG7@ _ifre6 Mono6 $f %*(2-@ profesor 7 .7"ut7te7 6e teoo!iI
protest7ntH 6in P7ris@ sH 7fir;e "H = protestantismul este, nainte d,
orice, o metod intelectual, un principiu moral, o e)perien! spiritual
pe scurt, un spirit# A face din el o religie e un nonsens ,8u Protestau tisme,
P7ris@ %*,+@ p. ,,,-.
5t^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^??L_UAUA A ASEA ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
B I B L I O G R A . I E
)ucr5ri 6/n/ra#/ 2/n.ru 2ro./3.an.i3m
O`en C476`i"4@ T?e Retormation, /7r;on6s`ort4@ En!7n6@ reprinte6@ %*5'A
3;on6 /. Lenn47r6t@ He Protestanti"me en France et dans Ies pa's latins, P7ris@
5' M V76o Vine3@ Ha Riiorma protestante, Bres"i7@ %*5,@ ((+ p. $7utor V76enJ-A
Ro8ert et S. Mours@ Hes Egl i ses rei ormees en France du PAIII$e si ecl e nos
*rs, P7ris@ %*5,A /. Tti"4e@ C. A. Bou;7n et \. Le Brun@ Reforme et contre$re$
r
me, ,Fouvel l e ?i st oi re de lE Egl i se, sous 7 6i re"t i on 6e \. D7ni e ou et /. M7r?
i, t. 2-@ P7ris@ %*L+A L. Dunst7n@ He Protestanti"me, P7ris@ %*L+A Ro!er Me4@ Ha
iEologie protestante, P7ris@ %*L5A G4. /. T7#7r6@ Protestantism, Fn BNe` C7t4oi"
"3"op7e6i7D@ t. 0I@ _7s4in!ton@ Lon6on@ %*L5@ p. +*%)+**A I6e;@ Protestantism,
6. R. Att`7ter@ Ne` lorP@ %*'*A R. Pur3@ [uE est$ce Oue le Protestanti"me, P7ris@
a' A \. P. Do7n@ 4istor' ol t?e Reiormation, Ne` lorP@ %*L'A R. _. A8ri!4t@ A
sfo]3 of t?e Protestant Episcopal &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*L(A \. LortJ@ T?e Reiormation<
problem lor toda', tr. \. C. D`3er@ _est;inster@ %*L(A E. G. Leon7r6@ 4istoire ge$
r
ale du Protestanti"me, 2 #oi. @ P7ris@ %*L%)%*L(A M. Bu"s73@ 8er Protestantis$
s in Gngarn, %',%)%*5+. Gngarns RetormationsLirc?en, in >esc?ic?te und >e$
iNart, B6. I@ _ien@ %*55 A G3u7 N7!3@ Bis4op@ 7n6 L<sJo P7pp@ Bis4op@ Relormed
urc? in t?e =ocialist Republic ol Romnia, CuM?N7po"7 7n6 Or76e7@ %*5LA P. n?
Borien7@ El Protestantismo en America Hatina, .rei8our! $E#eGi7-. %*L,)%*L2A S.
/u6son@ American Protestantism: O. S. L7tourette@ A 4istor' oi t?e E)pansion
&?ristianit', C #oi.@ Lon6on@ %*25)%*('A L. Bou3er@ T?e =pirit and Forms ol
itest7ntis;@ tr. A. V. Litte67e@ _est;inster@ M6. @ %*'LA \. LortJ@ 8ie Relorma$
i in 8eutsc?land, , t.@ .rei8ur! i; Breis!7u@ %*(*A _ifre6 Mono6@ Du Protes$
tisme, P7ris@ %*,+A \. T. M". Nei@ T?e 4istor' and &?aracter ol &alvinism, i6on@ %*'(.
Or.odo4ia >i 2ro./3.an.i3mu#
o7n O7r;iris@ NOp+o+o>tN7 :si IIpoTeot7#tiCfMios Aten7@ %*25A A. S. /o;i7Poff@ glise
Hatine et le Protestanti"me du point de vue de lE Eglise dE (rient, L7us7nne@ /:
Ernst BenJ@ 8ie (sTLirc?e im Hic?te der Protestantisc?en >esc?ic?tsc?reibung
der Rei ormat i on bi s %ur >egenNart , Mun"4en@ %*',A I6e;@ Mi t t enberg und
en der (stLirc?e, M7r8ur!@ %*(*.
Pentru O7r B7rt4 9i 7Gi teoo!i protest7nGi= /. De4ou!ne@ Qarl +art? et la
onalite# Periode de la dogmatiOue, T4ese@ P7ris@ %*+2@ 0II ) L*L p.A /. b74rnt@
t?eologie protestante au PP$e siecle, P7ris@ %*L* A /. Boui7r6@ Qarl +art?, 2 #oi.@
s@ %*'5A /. Oun!@ Kustilication# Ha 8octrine de Qarl +art? et une rellection cat?o$
e, Einsie6en@ %*'5A /. U. #on B7t47s7r@ Qarl +art?, presentation et signilication
sa t?eologie, Coo!ne@ %*'% A R. But;7nn@ Kesus# M3t?ologie et dem't?ologisation#
i# p7r .. .re3ss@ S. Dur7nt ) G7ssein $P73ot-@ P7ris@ %*L+A A. M7et@ +ultmann
i mort de 8ieu, P7ris@ %*L+.
Pentru Dietri"4 Bon4oeffer= 8# +on?oeiier, >esammelte =c?rilten, B6. I)IV@ =
)%*L% A 8ie 3iindige Melt, B6. I)V@ Mun"4en@ %*'')%*L'A R. .ei@ Aerspieltes
A c 8ietric? +on?oeiier und die deutsc?e Fac?Lriegsprotestantismus, Mun"4en@
NA Rene M7re@ +on?oeiier# T?e 3an and t?e MorL, Lon6on@ %*L,A A. Du;7s@ Gne
ologie de la realite< +on?otier, Gene#e@ %*L+A E. Bet4!e@ 8ietric? +on?oeiier#
ilogie, &?rist, Seitgenosse, R. M7ri@ 8ietric? +on?oeiier, temoin de Kesus$&?rist
l ses ireres, P7ris@ %*L5A /. Ott@ MirLlic?Leit und >laube $D. Bon4oeffer-@ bii?
%*LL. M. E. M7rt3@ T?e Place ol +on?oefler, Ne` lorP@ %*L2A \. D. Go6se3@ T?e
_log' oU 8ietric? +on?oeiier, P4i76ep4i7@ $U.S.A.-@ %*L&A /. Miier@ Von der
?e %ur Melt, LeipJi!@ %*L% A T. Tiir4@ >esammelte MerLe, I)0IV@ Stutt!7rt@
)%*5'A I6e;@ 8er Prot est ant i smus at s Qri t i L und >est al t ung, C B7n6e@
St ut ?@ %*L&A Mi"4e M7r"@ 8e =c?leiermac?er Tillic?, ou lEen*eu de la T?eologie
tienne, Lie@ %*55@ ''& p.
In #im,a rom9n5
PNc? prof. Ni". DurH@ Teologie "i teologii# Teologia ortodo) 9i noile curente
igice, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VIII $%*L+-@ nr. (@ p. (L)55A Pr. "onf. t. Ae:e@
nte "i tendin!e noi n teologia contemporan, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00[0 $%*55-@ nr.
%,(A Antonie PH;H6e7H@ #i"7r p7tri7r47@ +iserica slu*itoare, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5,@
BISERICA IN @ OTOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
E:tr7s 6in BStu6ii teoo!i"eD $%*5,-@ nr. ')+@ p. %'()%** A I6e;@ Teologi protestau
"i anglicani actuali# &onsidera!ii asupra teologiei dup B59 de ani do la Reiormt Fn BStu6ii
teoo!i"eD@ 0I0 $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@ p. ''')'L(A Pr. prof. P. ReJu9@ Teolog probleme "i
curente noi in Protestantismul contemporan, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0L $%*L5-@ nr. '
)L@ p. ,(5),5'A Dr6. Viore Me4e6inGu@ &oncep!ia ecle%iologic a ? Qarl +art?
privit din punct de vedere ortodo), Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. . p. 'L%)
'5+A Pr. Mi7n es7n@ (rtodo)ia n fa!a reformei "i a unia!iei, Fn BMitropoi Ar6e7uuiD@
VII $%*L,-@ nr. 2)L@ ;7rtie?iunie@ p. ,L,),+2A N. C4iGes"u@ Frmnt "i
contradic!ii ideologice n snul protestantismului Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ VI
$%*'L-@ nr. ()'@ p. ,5'),*( $p. ,5'@ 8i8io!r7fi7 pentru O7r B7rt4-A I6e;@ (r?
do)ie "i protestantism, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ II $%*'&-@ nr. 2@ p. 2+2)(*2A Pr. Prof. Io7
RH;ure7nu@ =pecilicul (rtodo)iei n compara!ie "u +iserica romano$catolic "i Pr"
tcstantismul Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000 $%*'L-@ nr. %&@ p. '55)L&&
I6e;@ &onfigura!ia actual a cre"tinismului, Fn BStu6ii Teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(*-@ nr. 2)W
p. %%*)%((.
An!i"7nis;u Fn Europ7 9i A;eri"7 I %.
Or6ani-ar/a 'i3/ricii an6#ican/ d/ #a 1$00 28n5 a-i
Biseri"7 6in An!i7 7re o FnfHGi97re 6eose8itH f7GH 6e Biseri"ie 6e p
"ontinentu europe7n@ Brit7ni7 propriu?JisH este anglican, S"oGi7 est
calvinist$pre%biterian, i7r Ir7n67@ catolic, "u e:"epGi7 Ir7n6ei 6
Nor6@ un6e 7n!i"7nii@ 7 o popu7Gie 6e un ;iion 9i Mu;Ht7te@ sFnt F
proporGie 6e ,]2 f7GH 6e "7toi"i.
&omuniunea anglican este "onstituitH 6in 6ouH r7;uri prin"ip7
6e Biseri"i = r7;ur7 +isericilor episcopaliene, "7re 7u pHstr7t for;7 epis
"op7i7 Fn "on6u"ere@ "u; este Biseri"7 An!i"7nH ;7;H@ 9i r7;ur
+isericilor pre%biteriene, numite "i evang?elice, "7re 7u 7 "on6u"ere
or preJ8iteri.
R7porturie 6e "o78or7re 6intre Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 9i Biseri"
preJ8iteri7nH s?7u st78iit@ 6upH un!i "on#ers7Gii@ 78i7 Fn %*'5.
ConferinG7 Co;uniunii 7n!i"7ne ) Anglican &omunion, Fntrunit
7 L7;8et4 P77"e@ %*2&@ 7 67t 7"estei7 ur;Hto7re7 6efiniGie@ Fn "ee7 "
pri#e9te 6o"trin7@ "utur7 9i 6is"ipin7 = BCo;uniune7 7n!i"7nH este o "o
;unit7te Fn "uprinsu Biseri"ii@ un7@ sfFntH@ uni#ers7H 9i 7postoi"H@ for
;7tH 6in 7"ee 6io"eJe@ pro#in"ii s7u Biseri"i re!ion7e propriu?"onst=
tuite@ Fn "o;uniune "u S"7unu 6e C7nter8ur3@ "7re 7u Fn "o;un ui
;Hto7ree "7r7"teristi"i = %. ;enGin 9i propo#H6uies" "re6inG7 9i stru"
tur7 $Or6er- uni#ers7H 9i 7postoi"H@ 797 "u; sFnt Fn !ener7 e:pri;7t
Fn T?e +ooL of &ommon Pra'er Q &artea comun de rugciune, 7pr"
87tH 6e Biseri"ie or A ,. SFnt +iserici particulare s7u na!ionale 9i "
7t7re pro;o#e7JH o e:presie n7Gion7H 7 "re6inGei #ieGii 9i "utuui eres
tin pe teritoriie or A 2. ee sFnt unite nu printr?o 7utorit7te "entr7
e!is7ti#H 9i e:e"uti#H@ "i printr?o e7it7te re"ipro"H@ susGinutH 6e "Htr
sfatul comun al episcopilor aduna!i n &onferin!# ,Report of t?e Han,
bet? &onference -.W9# Lon6on@ %*2&@ p. ''-.
Din 7"e7stH 6efiniGie reiese "H +isericile particulare s7u na!ional
7e Co;unitHGii 7n!i"7ne tre8uie sH pHstreJe o unit7te fun67;ent7
Fn "re6inGH@ "ut 9i 6is"ipinH "u S"7unu 6e C7nter8ur3@ 67r pe 6e 7ii
Z C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
p7rte pot 7#e7 o organi%are autonom 9i tr76iGii proprii@ "7re sH nu 7fe"?
teJe r7porturie 6e "o;uniune "u S"7unu 6e C7nter8ur3.
Co;uniune7 An!i"7nH in"u6e Fn preJent %+ unitHGi in6epen6en?
te@ n7Gion7e s7u re!ion7e@ rHspFn6ite pe to7te "ontinentee. A"este uni ?
tHGi sFnt F;pHrGite Fn 2(& 6e 6io"eJe 9i nu;HrH 7pro7pe '& 6e ;iio7ne
6e ;e;8ri@ ;7Morit7te7 "etHGeni 7i M7rii Brit7nii 9i 7i fosteor "oonii
Drit7ni"e. Lo"u "entr7 Fn Co;uniune7 7n!i"7nH F o"upH Biseri"7
in!iei ) C4ur"4 of En!7n6@ "7 BBiseri"H ;7;HD.
O67tH "u 6eJ#ot7re7 e"ono;i"H 7 "ooniior I;periuui en!eJ@ s?7
;pus 7utono;i7 rei!io7sH 7 Biseri"ior 6in "oonii@ 6eo7re"e pFnH
itun"i 7"este7 6epin6e7u 6ire"t 6e Ar4iepis"opi7 6e C7nter8ur3.
In ur;7 pro"7;Hrii in6epen6enGei St7teor Unite@ 7 ( iuie $%55(.
4serica anglican episcopal din America s?7 pro"7;7t 7utono;H@ 6in
5+(.
In %+*2@ s?7 pro"7;7t 7utono;H +iserica anglican din &anada,
ir ;7i tFrJiu +iserica provincial din regiunea Mest Indies $Antie-@ 9i
IGe Biseri"i 6e pe "ontinentu nor6?7;eri"7n.
In Orient@ Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 7 FnfiinG7t@ 6e 7 %L&&@ T?e East India
ompan' Q =ocietatea Indiei de Rsrit, "7re 7 fH"ut ;isiune Fn In?
i7@ P7Pist7n@ Bur;7 9i Sri L7nP7 $Ce3on-.
Ar4iepis"opi7 7n!i"7nH 6e Ierus7i; 7re e!Hturi 6ire"te "u S"7u?
u 6e C7nter8ur3.
Din se"ou 0I0 7 u7t fiinGH o +iseric anglican n Australia 9i
t7 Fn Foua Seeland, "7re sFnt 7utono;e.
Ate Biseri"i 7n!i"7ne s?7u or!7niJ7t Fn Afri"7 o""i6ent7H@ Fn
fri"7 6e Est@ Afri"7 Centr7H 9i Afri"7 6e Su6@ "7re 7re nu;Hru "ei
7i ;7re 6e "re6in"io9i.
Cu to7tH 7"e7stH F;pHrGire Fn Biseri"i 7utono;e@ rHspFn6ite Fn
neri"7@ Afri"7@ Asi7 9i Austr7i7@ 7r4iepis"opu 7n!i"7n 6e C7nter?
r3 este respe"t7t "7 pri;u 6intre toGi epis"opii 7n!i"7ni 6in u;e@
este 6e 6rept pre9e6intee &onferin!elor pan$anglicane 9i "on6u"Hto?
% 6e ono7re 7 tuturor r7;urior 6e Biseri"i 6in Co;uniune7 7n!i?
nH.
Din %+L,@ epis"opii 7n!i"7ni se Fntrunes" 7 inter#7e 6e Je"e 7ni
ConferinGe p7n?7n!i"7ne@ 7 L7;8et4 P77"e@ Lon6r7@ 7 Ar4iepis"opi
6e C7nter8ur3@ 6is"utFn6 pro8e;e 6o!;7ti"e@ ;or7e@ "7noni"e 9i
;inistr7ti#e. S?7 6is"ut7t uneori pro8e;7 re#iJuirii &r!ii de rug$
ne $Co;;on Pr73er BooP-@ 67r poporu en!eJ 9i p7r7;entu An?S
i s?7u opus 7 ori"e fe 6e re#iJuire.
Af7rH 6e sino76ee 9i "onferinGee epis"op7e@ Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH
sino76e 9i 76unHri !ener7e@ 7 "7re pot u7 p7rte 9i preoGii@ uneori
7r 9i ;irenii@ 67r nu;7i "u #ot "onsut7ti#.
C7 o re7"Gie f7GH 6e infuenG7 "7toi"H "res"Fn6H Fn se"ou 0I0@
"u; 9i "7 o u7re 6e 7titu6ine f7GH 6e pro!resu 9tiinGifi" 9i te4ni"
7"est se"o@ Fn Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH s?7u for;7t trei 6ire"Gii s7u trei
p7ri.
7. +iserica nalt ,4ig? &?urc?0, "7re "uprin6e pe epis"opi 9i pe
6in "7see 7risto"r7te A
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
8. +iserica de *os ,HoN &?urc?0, "e7 ;7i nu;ero7sH@ "7re 7p7ri
ne pHturior ;iMo"ii@ 7propi7tH 6e purit7ni 9i Fn6eose8i 6e 6issente
$6isi6enGi- A
". +iserica larg ,+road &?urc?0, ;7i puGin ;u;ero7sH@ 6in "7re fA
p7rte ;7i 7es intee"tu7ii ;7i i8er7i@ fie "eri"i@ fie ;ireni.
+iserica nalt este "riti"7tH 6e ;e;8rii "eor7te 6ouH !rup7
pentru supunere7 ei pre7 su!7rni"H f7GH 6e st7t 9i pentru 7"o;o67rI
ei 7 6iferite "ir"u;st7nGe istori"e@ "7re nu sFnt Fntot6e7un7 Fn spirit
E#7n!4eiei. Este 76e#Hr7t "H Fn 7"e7stH !rup7re se "ite9te ;ut Bi8i
) ;7i ;ut "7 Fn ori"7re Biseri"H 6in u;e ) Fn "76ru "utuui pu8
9i 7"7sH@ Fn fie"7re 7n 7pro7pe Fn Fntre!i;e@ f7pt "7re infuenGe7JH ;u
#i7G7 p7rti"u7rH 9i pu8i"H@ 67r 7propiere7 itur!i"H 9i "ere;oni7H 6
/i!4 C4ur"4 "u "7toi"is;u o f7"e 6estu 6e "riti"7tH 9i "4i7r nepopi
I7rH. Totu9i@ tipu "e ;7i o8i9nuit 6e en!eJ 8i8i"ist@ utiit7rist 9i
si;G esteti" fo7rte 6eJ#ot7t F 7fH; ;7i 7es 7 "re6in"io9ii Biseri"
Fn7te.
Cee7te 6ouH !rupHri +road &?urc? Q +iserica larg 9i Ho
&?urc? Q +iserica de *os se 6eose8es" ;7i 7es prin i8ert7te7 or f7
6e st7t 9i prin spiritu or e#7n!4ei" 9i "#7siprotest7nt. Me;8rii I"
sFnt o7;eni e#7#io9i 9i ;o6e9ti@ "u o e:tr7or6in7rH 7"ti#it7te fi7ntn
pi"H@ FntreGinFn6 spit7e@ 7Jie@ 9"oi pentru orf7ni et". Ei 6esfH9o7rH@
7se;ene7@ o intensH 7"ti#it7te pentru e6u"7re7 tineretuui@ i7r Fn se"e
Iu tre"ut 7u upt7t pentru ei8er7re7 s"7#ior@ uptH Fn "7re s?7 6is
tins@ ;7i 7es@ ;7ree fi7ntrop 9i o; 6e st7t _. _i8erfor"e $f %+2"
+iserica larg Q +road &?urc? se 6istin!e prin Fn!H6uinG7 pre
;7re f7GH 6e fiosofie 9i 6e "utur7 ti;puui. De pi6H@ C7enso epis"o
su6?7fri"7n 6e N7t7 ne!7 pe 7 %+L2 7utenti"it7te7 Pent7teu4uui 9i
"HrGii ui Iisus N7#i@ f7pt pentru "7re 7 fost 6epus 6e 7utorit7te7 8isB
ri"e7s"H@ 67r !u#ernu %?7 reinte!r7t.
D7r "ee7 "e "7r7"teriJe7JH ;7i ;ut 7"e7stH !rup7re este ten6inG
ei 6e 7 pre7;Hri tot "e e fru;os@ 7r;onios 9i eroi" Fn istori7 o;eniri
7 rei!iior@ 7 n7turii. E7 7 67t u;ii en!eJe ;7ri poeGi@ s"riitori 9i pre
6i"7tori@ 6intre "7re 7;inti; pe S. T73or Coeri6!e $f %+2(-@ C4. Oin!
sFe3 $f %+5'-@ e:por7toru /. M. St7ne3 $f %*&(-@ \. .r. D. M7uri"
$f %+5,-@ T4. C7r3e $f %++%-@ A. Tenn3son $f %+*,-@ pre"u; 9i pe CI
R. D7r`in $f %++,-.
Pre6i"7toru .r. _. Ro8ertson $f %+'2-@ prop7!H prin pre6i"ie s7
renu;ite@ un "re9tinis; ro8ust@ potri#ni" e:7!erHrior@ 67r rH;Fne un pHJi
tor neFn6upe"7t 7 9"oior 6u;ini"7e 9i 7 rep7usuui 6u;ini"7@
;iit7nt 6e se7;H pentru ri6i"7re7 9i "uti#7re7 ;un"itori;ii.
De9i +iserica larg Q +road &?urc? este@ "7 spirit@ ;7i 7propi7t
6e C7#inis;@ este ;7i re6usH "7 nu;Hr 6e ;e;8ri Fn An!i"7nis;@ Fns
6in pun"t 6e #e6ere intee"tu7 este Fn6ru;Hto7re pentru Fntre!u An
!i"7nis;.
, ;i>car/a d/ #a O40ord (1$771$+)
Fn istori7 ;o6ernH 7 Biseri"ii 7n!i"7ne@ o 7tenGie 6eose8itH ;eriGi
3i"carea de la ()ford, "7re 7 Fn"eput 6in %+22 printre teoo!ii Biseri"i=
7n!i"7ne Fn7te $/i!4 C4ur"4- "e Fn"in7u spre "7toi"is;. Printre 7"e9?
ti7 se 7f7u \. /. Ne`;7n $f %+*&-@ E6. Puse3 $f %++,- 9i /. M7nnin!
$WM? %+*,-. E7 7 Fn"eput prin pu8i"7re7 6e "Htre 7"e9ti teoo!i 7 unor
Btr7"t7teD ) 6e 7"i 9i nu;ee tractarieni ) Fn "7re ;iit7u pentru ;7i
;utH 6e;nit7te@ ;or7it7te 9i sfinGenie 7 sH#Fr9ire7 T7ineor@ pHstr7re7
tr76iGiei@ "o;8HtFn6 i8er7is;u pr7"ti"7t 6e B6issentersD ) 6isi6enGi. S?7
pro6us Fn Biseri"7 An!iei o ;7re tu8ur7re. Lu;e7 s?7 F;pHrGit Fn 6ouH =
unii 7pro87u ;i9"7re7@ i7r 7Gii 7u Fn"eput sH stri!e "7 Fn se"ou 0VIII =
Bnon poper3D Q. Bnu #re; i7r "eri"7is;D. Fn 6is"uGie 7 inter#enit re?
!in7 Vi"tori7 $%+%*)?%*&%- "7re "ere7 respe"t7re7 tr76iGiei rei!io7se 6in
se". 0VI@ Fn ti;p "e uni#ersitHGie 9i 7r4iepis"opu 6e C7nter8ur3 "e?
re7u re#iJuire7 "eor 2* 6e 7rti"oe 6e "re6inGH 9i re"7toi"iJ7re7 or.
Ur;7re 7 fost "H \. N. Ne`;7n 9i /. M7nnin! 7u tre"ut 7 "7toi"is;@
7Mun!Fn6 "e#7 ;7i tFrJiu "7r6in7i@ F;preunH "u %'& 6e preoGi. BA!re?
siune7 "7toi"HD 7 fost FnH8u9itH 6e re!inH 7 "erere7 7 L2 orJi@ %&+
;e;8ri 7i C7;erei "o;uneor 9i 7 peste un ;iion 6e ;ireni.
E6. Puse3 FnsH 7 rH;7s Fn Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 9i 7 pornit Mi9"7re7
ritu7istH@ nu;itH 6upH nu;ee ui puseism, "7re "ere7 7propiere7 6e
"7toi"is; 9i intro6u"ere7 Fn Biseri"7 An!iei 7 unor tr76iGii 9i o8i"eiuri
"7toi"e@ f7pt pentru "7re ei 7u fost 6enu;iGi anglo$catolici# Ei "ere7u
F;po6o8ire7 7t7reor@ reintro6u"ere7 "FntHrior itur!i"e@ 7 #e9;inteor
s7"er6ot7e@ intro6u"ere7 tH;Fii@ 7 u;inHrior@ 7 pro"esiunior@ 7 "ei87?
tuui@ 7 "utuui SfinGior@ ;Hrturisire7 7uri"u7rH 9i "4i7r FnfiinG7re7
;on74is;uui. Mut ti;p ei 7u fost 87tMo"oriGi pentru 7"est Britu7is;D@
;o6e7t 6upH ritu "7toi"@ 67r E6u7r6 Puse3 7 upt7t "u ener!ie 9i pFnH
7 ur;H i s?7u Fn!H6uit Britu7i9tiorD@ 6in %+5(@ unee "ere;onii. N?7u
7""ept7t FnsH 7;este"u re!7 Fn "4estiunie rei!io7se. Mi9"7re7 7 rH;7s
Fn #i7G7 Biseri"ii 7n!i"7ne pFnH "Htre %*&%@ "Fn6 s?7 6iJo#7t@ Fn"76rFn?
6u?se Fn !rup7re7 Biseri"ii Fn7te ) /i!4 C4ur"4.
Me;8rii !rupHrii Biseri"ii Fn7te 7u Fn"er"7t totu9i@ 6upH pri;u
rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ sH se 7propie 6in nou 6e "7toi"is;. Se
"unos" Fn 7"e7stH pri#inGH "on#ers7Giie 6e unire neofi"i7e 7n!i"7no?
ro;7no?"7toi"e@ "7re 7u Fn"eput 7 M7ines s7u Me"4en@ Fn Be!i7@ Fn?
tre or6u C47res Lin6e3 _oo6 Vis"ount /7if7: $%+2*)%*2(- 9i "7r?
6in7u Mer"ier $%+'% ) f ,2 i7n. %*,L-@ 7r4iepis"op 6e M7ines@ Fntre L
)+ 6e"e;8rie %*,%@ %()%' ;7rtie %*,2@ 5)+ noie;8rie %*,2@ %*)
,& ;7i %*,' 9i %%)%, o"to;8rie %*,L@ "7re s?7u Fn"4ei7t fHrH un re?
Jut7t poJiti#.
Prin S"riso7re7 Apospolicae curae, 6in %2 septe;8rie %+*L@ p7p7
Leon 0III $%+5+)%*&2- 7 respins re"uno79tere7 #7i6itHGii 4irotoniior
7n!i"7ne.
De9i Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH nu 7re e!Hturi ofi"i7e "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?
"7toi"H@ e7 7 tri;is totu9i o8ser#7tori 7 sesiunie Con"iiuui II V7ti?
"7n $%*L,)%*L'-@ Fn ti;pu 7r4iepis"opuui 6e C7nter8ur3 Art4ur Mi?
"47e R7;se3 $%*L%)%*5L-. DupH ConferinG7 6e 7 L7;8et4@ 6in %*L+@
s?7 "re7t o Co;isie ;i:tH 7n!i"7no?ro;7no?"7toi"H pentru 6i7o!u
teoo!i" 6intre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ 6i7e! "7re "ontinuH.
EISERICA I( E.UUA CE)XXCi<#(r.. \B[ )X11[
2. 'i3/rica din Scoia
Este Fn ;7Morit7te calvinist 9i pre%biterian Fn "on6u"ere. E7
;7i nu;e9te 9i puritan, pentru "H Fn frunte7 Biseri"ii 7u sino76
"on6use 6e 8HtrFni 9i respin! unee "ere;onii 7n!i"7ne pHstr7te 6e 7
toi"i. Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 9i "e7 "7toi"H 7u puGini 76erenGi Fn S"oGi7@
!enere@ ro;7no?"7toi"ii 7u Fn An!i7 9i S"oGi7 un nu;Hr 6e ' ;iioA
9i Mu;Ht7te 6e "re6in"io9i.
Vi7G7 Biseri"ii purit7ne?preJ8iteriene 6in S"oGi7@ Fn se"oee 0I0
00@ se "7r7"teriJe7JH Fn spe"i7 prin upt7 "ontr7 6reptuui 6e p7t
n7t@ potri#it "Hrui7 p7tronii o"uui i;poJ7u pe "eri"i.
Fn %*(2@ profesoru 6e teoo!ie T4. C47;ers $?M? %+(5- 7 for;7
+iseric liber, "7re nu 76;ite "eri"i intru9i@ i7r Fn %+5L s?7 fon
s"iJiune7 preJ8iteri7nH@ nu;itH BunitHD@ 797 Fn"Ft 7stHJi se 7fH Fn
Gi7 trei !rupHri = +iserica de =tat, +iserica liber 9i +iserica unit# A
Fn ti;pu nostru@ Biseri"7 6e St7t@ "e7 ;7i nu;ero7sH@ 7 o8Ginut o
6er7iJ7re "u "ee7te 6ouH@ nu FnsH "o;petH.
Su8inie; "H@ Fn #re;e7 ;7i nouH@ ri!oris;u 8iseri"es" 7 ;7i
8it printre purit7nii s"oGieni. S?7 intro6us 7 ei "4i7r 9i or!7@ iN ooA
Fn "utu ro;7no?"7toi".
Biseri"7 S"oGiei 7 6esfH9ur7t o fru;o7sH 7"ti#it7te so"i7H prir
;un"itori Fn se"ou 0I0@ su8 "on6u"ere7 ;7reui fi7ntrop Ro
O`en $f %+'+-@ pe "7re o "ontinuH 9i 7stHJi.
(. Cu#.ura ./o#o6ic5 an6#ican5
Referitor 7 "utur7 teoo!i"H 7n!i"7nH tre8uie sH spune; "H
!ener7 e7 nu 7re un "7r7"ter 797 6e spe"u7ti#@ pre"u; "e7 uten
Fn spe"i7 "e7 !er;7nH@ fiin6 ;ut ;7i Fn!H6uito7re 9i i8er7H. Fn 7i
sens@ 7; 7;intit 6eM7 6e epis"opu 7n!i"7n su6?7fri"7n 6e N7t7@
enso@ "7re susGine7@ Fn %+L2@ "H i76u nu?i #e9ni"@ i;itFn6 i6ee7 6e A
"7t7st7JH $rest78iire- 7 ui Ori!en $f ,'(- 9i "H Pent7teu4u 9i "7rte7
Isus N7#i nu sFnt 7utenti"e.
Fn !ener7@ se re;7r"H Fn teoo!i7 7n!i"7nH ;7i ;utH ;o6er7Gie
"Ft Fn r7Gion7is;u protest7nt@ 9i ;7i ;utH piet7te. PreferinGH 6eose
se 6H e"turii Bi8iei@ stu6iior 8i8i"e 9i stu6iior p7tristi"e@ ;7i 7e=
ur;7 BMi9"Hrii 6e 7 O:for6D 6in %+22.
MeritH sH su8inie;@ Fn pri;u rFn6@ Fn Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH@ 7"ti#
te7 i;presion7ntH 6e rHspFn6ire 7 Bi8iei@ nu nu;7i Fn An!i7@ "
to7te i;8ie u;ii@ 67toritH 1=ociet!ii +iblice +ritanice pentru rs:
direa +ibliei n !ar "i strintate2, FnfiinG7tH Fn %+&(@ "u se6iu 7 I
6r7. Au u7t fiinGH 7poi = o So"iet7te 7 Berin@ Fn %+%(@ 7t7 7 I
lorP@ Fn %+%5@ i7r ;7i tFrJiu 7tee@ 7 B7se@ Fn E#eGi7@ 9i 7 StuttR
Fn Ger;7ni7@ pre"u; 9i Fn 7te GHri.
Fn ti;pu nostru@ So"iet7te7 Bi8i"H Brit7ni"H 7 7Muns sH tip7re
7nu7 7pro7pe %, ;iio7ne 6e Bi8ii@D inte!r7e s7u p7rGi7e@ Fn peste .
6e i;8i 9i 6i7e"te 6in u;e.
Tot Fn 6o;eniu 8i8i"@ ;eritH sH ;enGionH;@ "7 un titu 6e !
pentru Biseri"7 7n!i "7nH 9i pentru !rupHri e Fnru6ite "u e7@ e6i
,L ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
i
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tOUAUA A ASEA
iti"e s"o7se 7 Nou Test7;ent Fn te:t !re" 6e BrooP. .oss. _ests"ott
%*&%-@ i7r ;7i tFrJiu 6e E8er47r6 Neste@ profesor 7 C7;8ri6!e@ 9i
7te 7te stu6ii 6e !r7;7ti"H 9i e:i"o!r7fie@ pre"u; 9i &oncordan!a la
ptuaginta 9i &omentariul la Apocalips, s"ris Fn %*,&@ 6e Ro8. /3.
F7res $f %*2%-@ s"oGi7n.
Di n pun"t 6e #e6ere p7tristi "@ "e ;7i ;7re p7tro o! este 7
en?AJi profesoru@ 7poi epis"opu I. B. Li!4foot $f %++*-@ e6itor 7
ope?or PHrinGior Apostoi"i@ 7 Sf. Irineu 6e Lu!6u; $f ,&,-@ 7poi
stu?ie 6espre 7poin7ris; 7e ui R7#ens@ stu6iie 6espre Fntrup7re
9i rso7nH 7e ui G. Mo8er3 $f %++'-@ 9.7.
Ce ;7i ;7re pre6i"7tor 7 7n!i"7ni 7 fost .. _. Ro8ertson $%+%L)
'2-@ i7r 7 87pti9ti@ C4. /. Spur!eon $f %+*,-. Dintre istori"i 7;inti;
C4. Oin!se3 $f %+5'-@ B. Oi66 $f %*%L- 9.7. A Fntre poeGi ;enGionH;
S. T. Coeri6!e $f %+2(-.
"oi teoo!i"e@ Fn !enu uter7nior@ 7u 9i 7n!i"7nii@ 67r se o8ser#H
ei "H pre6i"7 e ;ut ;7i "uti#7tH@ i7r #i7G7 itur!i"H o"upH un o"
ii 7r!. In !enere@ en!eJii sFnt renu;iGi Fn pu8i"7re7 6iferiteor en?
ope6ii@ referito7re 7 #i7G7 ;7rior person7itHGi "re9tine@ en"i"ope6ii
"uno9tinGe teoo!i"e@ pre"u; 9i re#iste fo7rte nu;ero7se@ "7re 7p7r
An!i7 9i Fn A;eri"7. MeritH sH ;enGionH; 6intre re#iste@ "7 fiin6
e ;7i 8une@ T?e Kournal of T?eological =tudies, "7re 7p7re 7 O:?
W6@ 6in %+**@ i7r Fn St7tee Unite@ T?e American Kournal of T?eolog',
Ze 7p7re 6in %+*5 7 C4i"7!o.
Dintre teoo!ii en!eJi 6e 7stHJi 7;inti; pe epis"opu \o4n A. T.
8inson@ "7re s?7 fH"ut "unos"ut ;7i 7es prin u"rHrie s7e teoo!i"e =
e +od' < A# =tud' of Pauline T?eolog' Q Trupul< =tudiu de teolo$e
paulin, Lon6on@ %*'2 A 4onest to >od, T?e =ecular &it' 8ebate X$$
istit fa! de 8umne%eu# 8e%batere despre cetatea secular, Lon6on@
i2 9i T?e FeN Reformation Q Foua Reform, Lon6on@ %*L'.
Pri#itH Fn 7ns7;8u@ "on"epGi7 teoo!i"H 7 ui Ro8inson 7re "7 87JH
e7 "H tre8uie sH Ji6i; Bo +iseric pentru ceilal!i2 ,1T?e &?urc? for
iers20# To7te puterie Biseri"ii "onte;por7ne tre8uie sH se Fn6repte
Ftru 7 "ontri8ui@ 6upH posi8iitHGie ei@ 7 7;eior7re7 stHrii "eor B78?
GiD 6intre noi@ Fn6eose8i 7 popo7reor sHr7"e 9i s78 6eJ#ot7te@ un6e
8uie rHspFn6it 9i "u#Fntu E#7n!4eiei@ pentru 7 f7"e o u"r7re "re9?
H "o;petH. Pentru 7"e7st7@ susGine e@ tre8uie sH renunGH; 7 ter?
oo!i7 teoo!i"H tr76iGion7H 9i s?o Fno"ui; printr?o Bter;inoo!ie
o!i"H pentru "ei 78senGiD pFnH Fn preJent 6in u;e7 "re9tinH. O;u
ouie sH "7ute pe Du;neJeu nu Fn ;o6 iJo7t@ "i Fn "o;uniune "u
o7pee sHu@ "7re@ "e ;7i 76ese7@ se 7fH Fn ipsH@ sHrH"ie 9i suferinGH.
E 6e re;7r"7t FnsH "H@ Fn 7"e7stH orient7re "Htre u;e 7 teoo!iei
Ro8inson@ ipse9te to";7i os7tur7 ei teoo!i"H esenGi7H.
Prof. E. L. M7s"7@ Fn u"r7re7 s7@ T?e =ecularisation of &?ristia$
i Q =eculari%area cre"tinismului, Lon6on@ %*5&@ 7re o 7titu6ine "ri?
f7GH 6e teoo!i7 ui \. A. T. Ro8inson@ repro9Fn6u?i "H pHrHse9te pe
nneJeu 9i 47ru SHu 9i se o"upH nu;7i 6e o; 9i n7turH.
Un 7t teoo! en!eJ este /7r#e3 Co:@ "7re s?7 i;pus 7tenGiei pu?
e prin u"r7re7 s7 T?e =ecular &it' Q &etatea secular, Lon6on@
BISERICA IN EPOCA MOURtt\NA Gi Luniti#irunni; .
t@
%*L+. Te;7 "entr7H 7 teoo!iei ui /. Co: este "H 7"ti#it7tR
7
Biseri"i
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M7i 7;inti; 6intre teoo!ii 7n!i"7ni 7"tu7i pe Prof. M M 'I
9K
Z
rison@ \. B7rr@ A. Ri"47r6son@ T4. Merton 9.7.
Fn !enere@ teoo!ii 6in u;e7 7n!o?s7:onH se i;pun p
r
i
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78oi
67re7 serio7sH 7 ;utor pro8e;e "7re 7!itH o;enire7 "onte;por7nA
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K
BI BLI OGRA.I E
\. C. /. A#erin!@ D. M. Lo76es@ /. R. M7" A6oo 7n6 _. /7! SLr R(me an t?e
Anglicans# 4istorical and doctrinal aspects oi Anglican$Romano$Yainoi*c re]$ tians,
Berin@ %*+% A Anglican religious communities# A 8irector' oi Principles an Practice,
O:for6@ %*5LA R. P. .in67@ T4e &?urc? ol England $%+%'?Ri+(+- A DK cumentar'
4istor', Lon6on@ %*5,@ (*5 p. A Ron76 \o4n _e88@ T4e [?urc? oi Ei gland, %+%'
)%*(+@ Lon6on@ %*5,A M7r"e Si;on@ HEAnglicanisme, p7r iSr i*LG B. D. Dupu3@
Angli cani sme, Fn BEn"3" op7e6i7 Uni #ers7 isD@ t. I@ p7ris %*L p. %&L*)%&5% A
Step4en Nei@ T?e &?urc? and &?ristian Gnion, Ok$for$Mr Lon6o= Ne` lorP@ Toronto@
%*LXA I6e;@ HEAnglicanisme et la comunion anglicane ,A# glicanism0# Tr76uit 6e N7n!7is
p7r \. M7rrou@ P7ris@ %*L% A /. G. G. /erPots@ TI &?urc? oi England, le7r BooP@
Lon6on@ %*L+A I6e;@ Frontiere oi $fie c?urc?# TI 3arLing oi t?e Anglican
&ommunion, Lon6on@ %*L% A T4e Romanian (tiodo) &?un and t?e &?urc? oi
England, Bu"47rest@ %*5LA \. R. /. Moor;7n@ A 4istor' ol ti &?urc? in England,
,?n6 e6.@ Lon6on@ %*5LA Ro!er Lo36@ T?e &?urY ot Englai in t?e TNentiet?
&entur' ,-.996-.;50, / voi#, Lon6on@ %*LLA \. VV@ [# _7n 'Znglicanism in 4istor'
and toda', Lon6on@ %*L2A \. _. C. _7n6@ Y[ Anglia &ommunion# A surve',
Lon6on@ %*(+A G. .. S. Gr73@ T?e Anglican &ommunio Lon6on@ %*'+A P. /u!4es@
Popular 4istor' oi t?e Reiormation in EriMA7n"Mr Lon6o %*'5 A I6e;@ T4e Reiormation
in England, 2 #oi.@ Lon6on@ %*'&)%*'(A [ .. G7r8e &?urc? and =tate in England,
Lon6on@ %*'&A C. M. A63@ T?e Englis? &?urc? ai 4o` it MorLs, Lon6on@ 190 A G.
<. A. '/##? HEAnglicanisme, P7ris@ %*2! . /. /. /e
PERIOADA A ASEA
son@ T?e &?urc? oi England, C7;8ri6!e@ En!7n6@ %*2*A P. E. More 7n6 P. L. Cross@
Angl i cani sm, Li `7uPee@ %*2'A \. C. A#e i n!@ D. M. Lo76es@ /. R. A7" A6oo
"t _. /77se@ Rome and t?e Anglicans# 4istorical and 8octrinal Aspects ol Angli$ con$
Roman$&at?olic Relations, Berin@ %*+,@ 2&% p.A \7"Cues 6e Bi#ort 6e 7 S7u6ee@
Anglicans et cat?oliOues# He probleme de lEunion anglo$romaine $%+22)%*22-@ P7ris@
%*(* A Ro!er Au8ert@ Hes conversations de 3alines# He &ardinal 3erciei et la =aint
=iege, Bru:ees@ %*L5A _. T. Ist7#ri6is@ (rt?odo)' and Anglicanism# Tr7ns. 83
Coin D7#e3@ S.P.C.O.@ Lon6on %*LL.
Cur/n./ ./o#o6ic/ 8n an6#icani3m
R. R. .7ir`e7t4er@ T?e ()lord 3ovement, Ne` lorP@ %*L(A O. C476`i"4@ T?e
3ind oi t?e ()iord 3ovement, Lon6on@ %*L&A C. B. Moos@ T?e (ld &at?olic 3o$
vement, its (rigins and 4istor', Lon6on@ %*(+A A. M. R7;se3@ From >ote to Temple#
T?e 8evelopment ot Anglican T?eolog' betNeen Hu) Muririi and t?e =econd Morld
Mar, %++*)%*2*@ Lon6on@ %*L&A l. Con!7r@ Les &ourants de pensee dans lEAngli$
canisme, Fn BC4retiens en 6i7o!ueD@ P7ris@ %*L(A /. D7#ies@ Mors?ip and T?eolog'
in England, t. % 9i ,@ Lon6on@ %*L% 9i %*L, A \. S. /i!!ins@ (ne Fait? and FelloNs?ip,
Lon6on@ %*L+A /. \. T. \o4nson@ Anglicanism in transition, Ne` lorP@ %*22NA P. \7n?
t en@ &oncept et sent i ment de l E Egl i se c?e% Ko?n Qno), l e ret ormat eur ecossai s,
P7ris@ %*5,.
In #im,a rom9n5
A
Pr. Prof. Ae:. Mor7ru@ +iserica Angliei "i Ecumenismul# Hegturile ei cu +i serica
(rtodo) Romn, te% de doctorat, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VIII $%*+'-@ nr. (. 2. 'L,)
L2(@ 000VIII $%*+L-@ nr. %@ p. ''%)'L% A Antonie PH;H6e7H@ Epis"op #i"7r
D7tri7r47@ +iserica slu*itoare n =imt =criptur, n =i# Tradi!ie "i n Teologia con$
emporan, E:tr7s 6in BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00IV $%*5,-@ nr. ')+@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5,@
-. %5+)%*LA Pr. Ae:. Moisiu@ &ultul +isericii anglicane contemporane, Fn BStu6ii
eoo!i"eD@ 00III $%U*5%-@ nr. *)%&@ p. L5*)L*% A Pr. Prof. Isi6or To6or7n@ Ce esfe
Znglicanismul c Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 0VIII $%*L+-@ nr. ()L@ p. ,%5),,+A
hr. prof. Petru ReJu9@ Autoritatea celor W7 de articole in &omuniunea +isericilor
mglicane, Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 0VIII $%*L+-@ nr. ()L@ p. ,,*),(2A Dr6. Ion
\iut7"u@ Aplicarea actual a celor W. de articole de credin!, n +iserica anglican,
n BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0I0 $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@ p. L(&)L(* A Dr6. Petre D7#i6@ &urente
Ni n teologia anglican, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. 2@ p. 2'5)2+&A I6e;@
Eendin!e de unire ntre cultele aprute n Anglicanism, i8i6e;@ 0VII $%*LL-@ nr. (@
NZ '%2)'2,A I. Bri7@ Actuala coniigura!ie geografic "i confesional a &omuniunii
nglicane, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0V $%*L2-@ nr. %@ p. %,+)%(&A Teo6or M. Popes"u@ Ra$
porturile dintre ortodoc"i "i anglicani din secolul al PAI$lea pn n anul -./9, Fn
Orto6o:i7D@ 0 $%*'+-@ nr. ,@ p. %5L)%*(A Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Tratative directe e
unire dintre +isericile ortodo)e "i +iserica anglican de la -./9 pn a%i, Fn
Orto6o:i7D@ 0 $%*'+-@ nr. ,@ p. ,%5),''A Pr. Ae:. Mor7ru@ Ac!iunile +isericii
nglicane din Anglia pentru ecumenicitate "i unitate cre"tin, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+,@
F7nus"ris.
Ate "ute 9i 6eno;in7Giuni "re9tine
7pHrute Fn u;e7 7n!o?s7:onH I
Fn 7f7rH 6e Biseri"ie 7;intite@ s?7u 6eJ#ot7t Fn u;e7 7n!o?s7?
onH o serie Fntre7!H 6e 7te !rupHri nu;ite@ Fn !enere@ Biseri"i@ B"ute S
i!io7seD s7u@ "u un ter;en ;7i 7r!@ B6eno;in7Giuni "re9tineD@ ;7i
es Fn A;eri"7@ un6e 7u e;i!r7t ;uGi europeni. Tre8uie s< re;7r"H;
FsH "H@ Fn An!i7 9i A;eri"7@ 6isi6enGii s7u !rupHrie rei!io7se nu sFnt
ri#ite ne!7ti# "7 Fn unee GHri 6e pe "ontinentu europe7n. Astfe@ #i7G7
;pH@ "ur7tH 9i 7usterH 7 purit7nior in6epen6enGi 6in S"oGi7 9i An?
i7 s?7 i;pus 9i opiniei pu8i"e en!eJe 9i 7;eri"7ne.
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Pre6i"ie "ee8re 7e p7storuui 87ptist C4. /. Spur!eon $\. M+T
7u infuenG7t ;or77 so"ietHGii 7n!o?s7:one Fn An!i7 9i A;erf
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fostu pre9e6inte 7 St7teor Unite 7e A;eri"ii er7 Cu7Per A Gii
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7Ji 7 peste (& 6e ;iio7ne 6e "re6in"io9i.
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an#HGHtur7 or este stri"t "7#inistH@ i7r or!7niJ7re7 8iseri"e7s"H es
congrega!ionalist# Prin 6o"trin7 or@ ei se 7propie 6e Hoia &?
+iserica de *os, 76i"H Biseri"7 poporuui 6e rFn6 6in Biseri"7 !
Unu 6intre "ei ;7i strHu"iGi repreJent7nGi 7i ;eto6i9tior
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tian Association Q Asocia!ia tinerilor cre"tini0, un ;7re ;isionV
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re7 u;ii KKpFnH 7 ;7r!inie pH;FntuuiD $.7pte I@ +-@ "4i7r Fn !ener7t s7 )
T?e Evangelisation of t?e Morld in t?is >eneration $%*&d-. D %+*'@ \.
Mott 7 fost se"ret7ru !ener7 7 .e6er7Giei = Morld _GudeZ &?ristian
Federation QZ?W Federa!ia 3ondial a =tuden!ilor &reYi
n
iY preJi67t pri;7
"onferinGH 7 !rupHrii e"u;eni"e Fait? and (rder R "S?K din!a "i
(rgani%are, GinutH 7 L7us7nne@ Fn E#eGi7@ Fntre 2),% aZ !ust
%*,5.
,. 'a2.i3mu#. Cre9tinii "ere 7p7rGin 7"estui "ut 9i?7u u7t t7iniei
6e 7 Fn#HGHtur7 or 6espre BoteJ ) Fn !re"e9te Q pK0Tt?=to[A7 ?R
C
7r
6upH "re6inG7 or@ tre8uie 76;inistr7t nu;7i celor adul!i, nu 9i "opiio
Ei 9i?7u fH"ut 7p7riGi7 pentru pri;7 67tH Fn An!i7 Fn ti;pu i
u
pti
pornite Fn %'2( 6e re!ee /enri" 7 VUI?e7 $%'&*)%'(5- "ontr
7
Bise
ri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e. Cei "e s?7u Fn"76r7t Fn ;i9"7re7 rei!io7s7
7

r
e
!eui 6e 7 se 6eJipi 6e Ro;7 s?7u nu;it B"onfor;i9tiD@ i7r "ei "
e
n?7
(&L PERIOADA A ASEA
7""ept7t?o s?7u nu;it Bnon"onfor;i9tiD@ F;pHrGiGi Fn ;7i ;ute !rupHri@
=ntre "7re 9i independen!ii s7u puritanii# Dintre Bpurit7niD fH"e7 p7rte
9i Ko?n =mit? $%'5&)%L%,-@ Fnte;eietoru 87ptis;uui "7re@ fiin6 per?
se"ut7t 6e Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH@ s?7 refu!i7t@ Fn %L&L@ Fn O7n67. Ai"i "u?
IOSCU \o4n S;it4 !rup7re7 B;enoni9tiorD@ 76epGii ui Menno Si;ons
%(*L)%'L%-@ "7re 76opt7serH 7n787ptis;u Fn %',L@ Fn#HGHturH i#itH
n E#eGi7@ potri#it "Hrei7 76;inistr7re7 8oteJuui tre8uie sH se f7"H
u;7i 76uGior. In %L%%@ \. S;it4 se Fnto7rse Fn An!i7 9i FnfiinG7 7"oo
Biseri"7 87ptistH@ 67r 7spru perse"ut7Gi Fn An!i7@ 87pti9tii e;i!r7rH@
Tn %L2%@ Fn St7tee Unite 7e A;eri"ii@ un6e 7u 7Muns 7 o ;7re 6eJ?
#ot7re.
Su8 for;7 ui en!eJH 9i 7;eri"7nH@ 87ptis;u s?7 rHspFn6it Fn
se?=oTu 0I0@ 6in %+2(@ Fn 6iferite GHri europene@ ;7i FntFi Fn
Ger;7ni7@ ipoi Fn E#eGi7@ O7n67@ Un!7ri7@ Rusi7@ Ro;<ni7 9.7.
Ce7 ;7i ;7re p7rte 7 Biseri"ior 87ptiste f7" p7rte 6in +aptist ,Aorld
Alliance X$J Alian!a +aptist 3ondial, fon67tH Fn %*&'.
L7 ro;<ni@ 87ptis;u 7 fost intro6us 7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 0I0 6e
Wo;<nii 87pti9ti "7re se Fntor"e7u 6in A;eri"7 7"7sH@ ;7i FntFi Fn Tr7n?
ii#7ni7@ Fn Mu6eGee Bi4or 9i Ar76 $Fn %++(@ Fn "orn. Ro47ni@ Mu6. Ar76-@
Dpoi@ 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ 9i Fn "ee7te pro#in"ii
ie Ro;<niei.
In Ro;<ni7@ 87pti9tii s?7u or!7niJ7t@ F;preunH "u adventi"tii, cre"$
inii dup evang?elie 9i penticostali"tii, Fn Federa!ia repre%entativ a
&ultelor evang?elice re"unos"ute@ fie"7re "ut 7#Fn6 st7tutu sHu 6e
or?N7niJ7re.
2. OuaI/rii ,[uaLers0 76i"H tremurtorii 7u u7t fiinGH pe 7 %L(*
i n purit7nis;u en!eJ@ 67toritH "iJ;7ruui >eorge Fo) $%L,()%L*%-@
n An!i7 9i S"oGi7. Dintre "utee 7pHrute Fn 7n!i"7nis;@ Cu7Perii re?
-reJintH r7;ur7 "e7 ;7i r76i"7H. Ei se nu;es" OuaLers $Q tremur$
ori0 pentru "H@ Fn 76unHrie or@ "e "e pri;e9te@ 6upH opini7 or@ inspi?
7Gi7 Du4uui SfFnt Fn"epe sH tre;ure 9i sH pre6i"e. Ei nu 76;it ier7r4i7
useri"e7s"H@ nu 76;it ni"i o T7inH@ nu 6epun MurH;Fnt Fn MustiGie@ refuJH
H po7rte 7r;e@ "o;87t rHJ8oiu@ so"otin6u?% o uptH fr7tri"i6H A sFnt@
ie"i@ p7"ifi9ti "on#in9i. Ei 6u" o #i7GH "ur7tH@ "institH@ sFnt fo7rte 47rni"i
i se 6istin! prin ;iostenie 9i ospit7it7te.
Din An!i7 9i S"oGi7@ Cu7Perii 7u tre"ut Fn A;eri"7 6e N7r6@ un6e
e ;7i nu;es" =ocietatea amicilor# Din %LL&@ ei s?7u inst77t Fn st7tu
Nenns3#7ni7@ 67t or 6e _ii7; Penn $f %5%+-. Teoo!u Ro8ert
B7r?=I73 $%L(+)%L*&-@ e;inent Cu7Per s"oGi7n@ 7 7Mut7t ;ut pe. Cu7Peri
hreJentFn6 Fn#HGHtur7 or Fntr?un siste; teoo!i"@ Fn u"r7re7 Apolo$
lia, %L5L.
Fn St7tee Unite 7e A;eri "i i@ Cu7Perii 7u "o;8Ht ut "o;erG u "u
"i 7#i 9i 7u upt7t pentru 6eJro8ire7 ne!rior 9i 7pHr7re7 6repturior
or. Ei 6esfH9o7rH Fn sFnu so"ietHGii o fru;o7sH operH "7rit78iH.
(. Arma.a mm.uirii ) =alvation Arm' ,saluti"tii s7u salva!ioni"tii0
< fost or!7niJ7tH 7 Lon6r7 Fntre %+L')%+5+ 6e pre6i"7toru en!eJ
Ailliam +ramNel +oot? $f %*%,- 9i 6e soGi7 ui@ pentru 7Mut7re7 9i ;Fn?
AFiere7 sHr7"ior. Grup7re7 7 fost 7 Fn"eput un fe 6e "ru"i76H "ontr7
I
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
;iJeriei 6in ;7rie or79e 7e An!iei. Fntre %+5+ 9i %+++@ _ B. B
$
7 or!7niJ7t ;iitHre9te ;i9"7re7 s7 rei!io7sH@ "u Bso67Gi 7i ui
tosD@ Fn unifor;e@ 8Hr87tN 9i fe;ei@ 7#Fn6 Fn frunte !ener7i@ "7re
su8or6ine "Hpit7ni 9i !r76e ofiGere9ti. In 7f7rH 6e unifor;e@ 7u
e:e"utH ;7r9uri@ nu;ite 6e ei Be:pe6iGii 6e "u"erireD 7
7#Fn6 "7 ;eto6H pre6i"7@ e:er"iGiie pio7se@ "Fnt7re7 Fn ps7;i 9i
f7ree.
Di n An! i 7@ ;i 9"7re7 S7 #7t i on Ar;3 7 tre"ut Fn St7t e e U
Fn C7n767@ Austr7i7@ In6i7@ Fn unee GHri europene "7 .r7nG7@ E#iN
Sue6i7 9.7.@ "unos"Fn6 su""ese Fn str7turie 6e Mos 7e poporuui@ 67i
tH FnfiinGHrii 6e spit7e@ 7Jie@ "7se 6e "ore"Gie@ 7te instituGii si;ii
TipHres" Ji7ru =trigtul de alarm 9i 7te 5& 6e pu8i"7Gii@ Fin pesGi
6e i;8i@ Fn 5' 6e GHri. In #i7G7 Jini"H ei ;7nifestH si;pit7te Fn 8A
9i F;8rH"H;inte@ "on67;nH 7"oois;u 9i fu;7tu@ se o"upH "u e.i
!4eiJ7re7 9i ;or7iJ7re7 so"ietHGii.
'. Cu#.u# ad=/n.i3.. A6#enti9tii 9i?7u u7t nu;ee 6e 7 "u#
7tin adventus 6 venire, sosire, pentru "H ei "re6e7u "7 fo7rte 7prR
tH 7 doua venire a 3ntuitorului# DupH opini7 or@ Iisus /ristos
te;ei 7 7 7 6ou7 #eni re pe pH;F nt o F ;pHrHGi e 6e o ;ie 6e 7ni A
6o;ni nu;7i "u "ei 6repGi@ 76i"H "u 76#enti9tii. DupH "uTn se '
6o"trin7 or este o reFn#iere 7 #e"4iuui ?iliasm s7u ;ie77ris;@ 7
7pHrut Fn Biseri"7 #e"4e Fn se"oee II 9i III.
Fnte;eietoru 76#enti9tior 7 fost Milliam 3iller (1!$%)Z
nHs"ut Fn %5+, Fn or79u Pitsfie6@ st7tu M7ss7"4usetts@ 6in StT
Unite 7e A;eri"ii. A"est7 7 7fir;7t@ Fn ur;7 stu6iior s7e 8i8i7
7 6es"operirior fH"ute ui@ "H s?7 7propi7t sfFr9itu u;ii@ M7r
;7rtie %+(2 9i ,% ;7rtie %+((@ #7 7#e7 o" 7 6ou7 #enire 7 ui /rRi
67tH pe "7re@ #HJFn6 "H nu s?7 76e#erit@ 7 preun!it?o pFnH 7 %&
8rie %+((. D7r no7pte7 6in %& o"to;8rie %+(( 7 tre"ut tot 7tFt titH
"7 9i 7t e nopGi 6in tre"ut@ spre ;7re7 6eJ7;H!ire 7
De9i 6eJ7;H!itH@ !rup7re7 76#entistH nu s?7 6iJo#7t@ "i s?7
!7niJ7t@ 79teptFn6 7 6ou7 #enire 7 ui /ristos 9i Fnte;eiereR F;ps
6e o ;ie 6e 7ni ) ;ieniu ) e!Fn6u?e 6e 6iferite e#eni;ente
ri"e s7u "7t7strofe n7tur7e.
Din St7tee Unite 7e A;eri"ii@ 76#entis;u s?7 rHspFn6it 9i
rie europene@ ;7i 7es Fn E#eGi7@ Ger;7ni7@ O7n67 9.7.
Cei "e 7u "ontri8uit ;ut 7 rHspFn6ire7 76#entis;uui 7u fost
Sno` 9i soGii EUen $f %*%'- 9i \7;es _4ite $%+,5)%*%5-.
In Jiee no7stre 76#enti9tii s?7u 6i#iJ7t Fn ;7i ;ute !c
ru
pHri
tre "7re ;7i "unos"ute sFnt =
7. Adventi"tii de %iua a "aptea, "unos"uGi 9i su8 6enu;ire7 fZ
bati"ti s7u smbtari, pentru "H respe"tH "7 sHr8Hto7re smbta, n#
8uminicii, pe "7re o sHr8Htores" ;7Morit7te7 "re9tinior 6fin
ut
l
F9i 7u e:istenG7 6in %+(L@ Fnte;eietorii or fiin6 Iosif +ates,, "HrorA@N.
7Htur7t 7poi soGii EUen 9i \7;es _4ite.
8. Adventi"tii reformi"ti s7u roNen$ismul, !rup7re ie9itH 6in
76#enti9tior 6e Jiu7 7 97pte7@ Fnte;ei7tH Fn %*%'@ 6upH ;o7rte7
tei EUen _4ite@ 6e 3argareta M# RoNen 6in Los An!ees@ St7tee
Uni?Ae@ 6e 7 "7re 9i?7 pri;it nu;ee 6e roNenism#
In Ro;<ni7 76#entis;u 7 fost intro6us 6e un fost preot ro;7no?
W7toi"@ 3i?ail &%ec?oNsLi ,f %+5L-@ "7re 7 pre6i"7t ;7i FntFi Fn or79u
2
ite9ti@ Mu6. Ar!e9. Fn %*&L@ 7 tre"ut 7 76#enti9tii s787ti9ti stu6entu
n ;e6i"inH P7uin P7uini@ "7re 7 7tr7s pe ;uGi 7 76#entis;.
&onform Hegii pentru regimul general al cultelor din Romnia, 6in
7u!ust %*(+@ 76#enti9tii s?7u or!7niJ7t F;preunH "u 87pti9tii@ "re9ti?
ii 6upH e#7n!4eie 9i penti"ost7ii@ Fn Federa!ia repre%entativ a &ui$
ilor evang?elice re"unos"ute Fn Ro;<ni7@ fie"7re "ut 7#Fn6 st7tutu
iu 6e or!7niJ7re.
L. S.ud/nii 8n 'i,#i/ 3au ru3/#i>.ii? nu;iGi 9i mileni"ti s7u secer$
ri sFnt o !rup7re rei!io7sH r76i"7H@ ie9itH 6in 76#entis;. Fnte;eieto?
i ei este &?# T# Russell $%+',)%*%L-@ 6upH nu;ee "Hrui7 76erenGii
estei !rupHri se nu;es" 9i ruseli"ti# Co;er"i7nt 6in St7tee Unite@ 6in
7su Pits8ur!@ st7tu Penns3#7ni7@ C4. T. Russe FnfiinG7 Fn %+5, un
Jre al studen!ilor n +iblie, "7re uH 7poi 6enu;ire7 6e International
ble =tudents Association $Q Asocia!ia interna!ional a studen!ilor n
blie0, 7#Fn6 "entru 7 BrooP3n Fn!H Boston@ st7tu M7ss7"4usetts.
an#HGHtur7 or se7;HnH "u 7 76#enti9tior. Stu6enGii Fn Bi8ie s7u
Aei9tii 7fir;H "H@ 6in %+5(@ /ristos este preJent Fn ;o6 ne#HJut Fn
ne@ ur;Fn6 sH Fnte;eieJe ;ieniu "u "ei 6repGi Fn %*%(@ s7u 7 s"urt
ip 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ 67r@ ne76e#erin6u?se
i 7"e7stH 67tH@ o tot 7;FnH@ e!Fn6?o 6e 6iferite "77;itHGi n7tur7e
F#eni;ente. PFnH 7tun"i@ Bturnu 6e #e!4eD 7 prop7!7n6ei ruseiste
s"rut7@ "u; spun ei@ se;nee ti;puui@ pentru 7 7tr7!e "Ft ;7i ;uGi
!rup7re7 or. Ei nu 7""eptH #e9ni"i7 pe6epseor i76uui.
In %+5*@ C4. T. Russe 9i?7 pu8i"7t u"r7re7 T?e Matc?toNer Q?
nul de veg?e, tr76usH Fn 6iferite i;8i@ 7poi =tudies in t?e =criptures
Stu6ii Fn S"ripturi@ L #oi. %++L)%*&(-.
Din %*%5 7 preu7t "on6u"ere7 or \. .. Rut4erfor6 $%+L*)%*%(-@
i "7re 7 ur;7t N7t47n /. Onorr $n. %*&'-.
In %*2%@ Rut4erfor6 7 67t stu6enGior Fn Bi8ie s7u rusei9tior nu?
6e 3artorii lui Ie?ova, 6e#enin6 o !rup7re 9i ;7i r76i"7H@ "7re -
7te7J< psi4oJ7 rei!io7sH@ "77;itHGie ti;puui@ nu respe"tH e!ie
ui 9i ni"i or6ine7 pu8i"H.
S
. ;ormonii? nu;iGi 9i Hatter 8aig =aints Q =fin!ii %ilelor de apoi,
tot o 6eno;in7Giune rei!io7sH 4ii7stH s7u ;ien7ristH@ i#itH Fn
Fn St7tee Unite 7e A;eri"ii 9i rHspFn6itH 7stHJi Fn #estu sH87?
pHrGie MunGior StFn"o9i@ Fn st7tu Ut74.
7 Fn"eput@ 7u fH"ut ;isiune Fn st7tee O4io@ Missouri 9i Iinois@
tH Iui Iosif =mit? $f %+((-@ un 7ren679 s"HpHt7t 6in Ne` lorP@ "on?
6e ur;79u sHu@ tF;p7ru Bri!47; loun! $f %+55-@ supr7nu;it
A 7 ;or;oniorD.
F L 7priie %+2&@ ;or;onii s?7u or!7niJ7t su8 6enu;ire7 6e &?urc?
us &?rist of Hatter$8a' =aints Q +iserica lui Iisus 4ristos a =fin$
lelor de apoi 7#Fn6 Fn frunte un pre9e6inte@ 7sist7t 6in %+2( 6e un
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Consiiu superior@ i7r 6in %+2' 6e 797 nu;itu BConsiiu 7 "eor 6oispi
Je"e 7postoiD.
DupH "u; 7fir;H ;or;onii@ un o7re"7re profet 6in se"ou f
V?e7@ nu;it Mor;on@ 7r fi Hs7t ni9te tH8iGe 6e 7ur ) "7re "onstiti
BC7rte7 ui Mor;onD )@ tH8iGe pe "7re 7r fi fost s"rise 6es"operiri
6u;neJeie9ti "erFn6 pre!Htire7 "re6in"io9ior pentru pri;ire7 ui /C
tos. Ei 7u 67tori7 sH FnfiinGeJe@ sH or!7niJeJe 9i sH "on6u"H +iserica lelor
de apoi#
Fn 7f7rH 6e Fn#HGHtur7 or 4ii7stH@ ;or;onii 7u intro6us "oe"ti#ii
;u pH;Fntuui@ upt7 "ontr7 pH"7teor #e7"uui 9i poi!7;i7. Fn %+L
e!is7Gi7 St7teor Unite 7 interJis poligamia, i7r prin e!e7 E6;un6M
Tu"Per 6in %++, s?7 interJis 8i!7;i7@ 7stfe Fn"Ft ;or;onii@ 7"uJ7Gi nu
respe"tH e!e7@ 7u Fn"eput sH fie perse"ut7Gi. Li s?7 67t@ Fn %+'&@ teritoriu
Fn pro#in"i7 Ut74@ Fn re!iune7 #estuui sH87ti"@ un6e noii B47 u"in7GiD@
"u; er7u nu;iGi 7tun"i ;or;onii@ s?7u or!7niJ7t@ for;Fn6 ui ;i" st7t pe
;ee7!urie L7"uui SHr7t ) S7t L7Pe.
Un #ot 7 p7r7;entuui St7teor Unite 6in %++5 e?7 interJis 6i
nou ;or;onior poi!7;i7. In %+*&@ pre9e6intee ;or;onior@ _iforM
_oo6ruf@ 6e"7rH "H se supune e!ior fe6er7e 7e U.S.A. in"usi# "ee
interJi"<n6 7"estor7 poi!7;i7. Din %+*L@ pro#in"i7 Ut74@ o"uitH 6
;or;oni@ 7 fost 76;isH "7 7 ('?e7 st7t 7 Uniunii@ Fn"Ft ;or;onii sM
8u"urH 6e i8ert7te. Din st7tu Ut74 ei 7u rHsp<n6it Fn#HGHtur7 or 9i a\$
st7tee AriJon7@ Nou Me:i"@ I674o@ Ne#767@ C7iforni7@ 7poi Fn C7n76f
Fn Me:i"@ Fn GHrie 6in A;eri"7 Centr7H 9i 6e Su6@ Nou7 bee7n6H@ preY
"u; 9i Fn unee GHri europene.
+. Ir=in6i/nii s7u +iserica nou catolic$apostolic F9i tr7!e nu;eP
%
6e 7 p7storu s"oGi7n E6u7r6 Ir#in! $%5*,)%+2(-@ "7re@ 6in %+,,@ 7 pre?M
6i"7t Fn C7pe7 "7e6oni7nH 6in Lon6r7. Fn %+,5@ s?7 6espHrGit 6e puri
t7ni 9i 7 fon67t +iserica irvingian, Fn "7re pre6o;inH Fn#HGHtur7 es47?
too!i"H "u "re6inG7 or 6espre 7propi7t7 #enire 7 ui /ristos. Biseri"7
ir#in!i7nH 9i?7 re"onstituit ier7r4i7@ "u; pretin6 ei@ 6upH ;o6eu pri
;uui se"o 7 "re9tinis;uui = "u profeGi@ 7postoi@ e#7n!4ei9ti 9i pHs
tori. Ei pre6i"H Fnnoire7 Biseri"ii@ 6upH ;o6eu 7postoi"@ "u 47ris;e
9i #or8ire7 Fn i;8i $!oso7ie-. Cutu or se 7se7;HnH "u 7 Biseri"iif
An!i"7ne. AstHJi nu;Hru or 7 s"HJut.
*. P/n.ico3.a#ii "7re se ;7i nu;es" 9i spiriGi s7u@ "u; F9i spun ei@ f
+iserica lui 8umne%eu apostolic, 7u u7t n79tere Fn sFnu 87pti9tior@
67toritH pre6i"7toruui &arol Par?am 6in St7tee Unite@ "7re 7 7nunG7t
"H 7 2 i7nu7rie %*&% 7 7#ut o" 7 6ou7 po!orFre 7 Du4uui SfFnt peste f
treispreJe"e perso7ne.
A6erenGii sHi 9i?7u u7t nu;ee 6e penticostali 6e 7 "u#Fntu !re"
F Q &inci%ecime, Fntru"Ft ei pun pe pri;u p7n "re6inG7 "H
#i7G7 "re9tinH "uprin6e Fn ;o6 ne"es7r re7"tu7iJ7re7 67rurior SfFntu?
ui Du4 pri;ite 6e SfinGii Apostoi 7 sHr8Hto7re7 Cin"iJe"i;ii@ 76i"H
8oteJu Du4uui SfFnt@ FnsoGit 6e 67ru #or8irii Fn i;8i ,glosolalia0 9i 7
#in6e"Hrior ;inun7te.
%& PERIOADA A ASEA
Ei se ;7i nu;es" 9i tremurtori, 6in "7uJ7 tre;urHturior 6e "7re
nt "uprin9i@ 6upH pHrere7 or@ su8 infuenG7 SfFntuui Du4@ s7u spiri!i,
in6"H preti n6 7 7#e7 pe Sf<ntu Du4 $spirit- prin 67ru #or8i rii Fn
;8i. Au 9i "re6inG7 Fn ;ieniu@ "7 9i 76#enti9tii 9i rusei9tii.
Fn#HGHtur7 penti"ost7H stH Fn e!HturH "u pr7"ti"ie ;eto6iste 7e
Roo!uui en!eJ Ko?n Mesle' $%5&2)%5*%- referito7re 7 sfinGenie@ "7re
Ate "on"eputH "7 o e:perienGH person7H 7 "re6in"iosuui.
Cutu penti"ost7 7 u7t fiinGH Fntre %*&()%*&L@ ;7i FntFi Fn
St7?Ae Unite@ Fn Te:7s 9i C7iforni7@ 6e un6e s?7 rHspFn6it Fn E7r7
G7ior n An!i7-@ 7poi Fn Nor#e!i7@ Ger;7ni7 9i 7te GHri europene.
In Ro;<ni7@ "utu penti"ost7 7 fost intro6us prin %*%& 6e unii ro?
i<ni "7re s?7u Fntors 7"7sH 6in A;eri"7@ fin6 7poi rHspFn6it 9i susGinut
, P7#e Bu6e7nu 6in Mu6eGu Ar76.
Fn %*(5@ penti"ost7ii 9i?7u 7"Htuit 9i pu8i"7t o ;Hrturisire 6e "re?
inGH@ su8 titu = =curt e)punere de credin! a +isericii lui 8umne%eu
postolice ,penticostale0 din Romnia, Ar76@ %*(5. Penti"ost7ii f7"
p7r?A 6in Federa!ia repre%entativ a &ultelor evang?elice 6in
Ro;<ni7@ #Fn6 st7tutu or 6e or!7niJ7re.
%&. N7J7reii s7u n7J7rinenii@ nu;iGi 9i poci!i, 9i?7u u7t nu;ee
upH pretenGi7 or "H ur;e7JH pe Iisus N7J7rine7nu@ nu nu;7i Fn "u?
inte "i 9i Fn f7pte@ i7r nu;ee 6e poci!i pentru f7ptu "H@ 6upH ei@ po?
<inG7 este te;ei7 ;Fntuirii.
Fnte;eietorii "utuui n7J7rine7n 7u fost GesHtoru e#eGi7n
$nHs"ut i B7se Fn %55+- Iacob Mirt% $%55+)%+'+- 9i pre6i"7toru
refor;7t 7;ue@ f7pt pentru "7re 7"est7 7 fost 6epus 6e Biseri"7
refor;7tH s7u 6#inistH 6in E#eGi7.
Fn St7tee Unite 7e A;eri"ii@ Biseri"7 n7J7rine7nH s?7 for;7t 9i
esprins 6in Biseri"7 penti"ost7H 7 Piot Pont Fn st7tu Te:7s un6e@
itre %*&5)%*&+@ s?7 FnfiinG7t "7 7t7re su8 nu;ee = T?e &?urc? of t?e
a%arene Q +iserica na%arinean, nu;itH 9i 4oliness &?urc? of
&?rist $$ =fnta +iseric a lui 4ristos#
N7J7rinenii Fn#7GH "H ren79tere7 spiritu7H este pri;7 u"r7re 7 47?
iui Du4uui SfFnt@ i7r sfinGire7 este 7 6ou7 u"r7re 7 47ruui. Cre6
2 7 6ou7 #enire 7 ui /ristos este 7pro7pe. Atun"i #7 7#e7 or Fn#iere7
ForGior 9i Mu6e"7t7 uni#ers7H. Cre6 Fn ;ieniu "7 76#enti9tii@ rusei9tii
penti"ost7ii. Nu 76;it MurH;Fntu@ ni"i foosire7 7r;eor 9i "o;87t@
FJ8oiu@ fiin6 p7"ifi9ti "on#in9i. InterJi"@ 6e 7se;ene7@ foosire7 8Hutu?
or 7"ooi"e@ tutunu@ Mo"urie 6e noro" 9i ori"e u"r7re "7re nu "on?
i8uie 7 e6ifi"7re7 ;or7H 7 "re6in"io9ior.
Stru"tur7 interio7rH 7 Biseri"ii n7J7rinene este 7se;HnHto7re "eei 7
iseri"ii ;eto6iste@ 7#Fn6 Fn frunte un superinten6ent@ "7re 7re Fn su8?
r6ine pHstori pentru p7ro4ii 9i o A6un7re !ener7H nu;itH@ 6in %*&5@ ?e
Penticostal &?urc? of t?e Fa%arene Q +iserica penticostal na%ari$
ean# L7 titu 6e Bpenti"ost7HD 7u renunG7t Fn %*%*@ rH;FnFn6 7 Gi ?
u 6e T?e &?urc? of Fa%arene Q +iserica na%arinean, pe "7re i %?7
7t pentru pri;7 67tH Fn %*&L 7 G7s!o`@ Fn S"oGi7@ p7storu Geor!e
47rpe.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Fn Ro;<ni7 n7J7renis;u 7 pHtruns Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7 ) Mu6eGeY
Ar76 9i Bi4or ) ;7i 7es Fn o"7itHGie Cen76 9i BePes.
%%. Dar,i>.ii s7u Graii MA P#Jmou.1 s?7u "onstituit Fn %+,5)%+,
in Ir7n67@ Fn sFnu Biseri"ii 7n!i"7ne@ su8 "on6u"ere7 ui \o4n Neso
D7r83 $%+&&)%++,-@ 6upH nu;ee "Hrui7 s?7u nu;it darbi"ti# Ei s?7
st78iit 7poi Fn portu Pl'mout? 6in An!i7@ un6e@ pe Fn!H 6enu;in 6e
67r8i9ti@ s?7u nu;it 9i Pl'mout? +ret?ren Q Fra!ii din Pl'mout Do"trin7
or este o "o;8in7Gie 6e pietis; 9i "7#inis;@ "u unee i6ei ; en7riste.
Din An!i7@ 67r8i9tii s?7u rHspFn6it Fn Ger;7ni7@ E#eGi O7n67 9i
7te GHri.
%,. Printre 6eno;in7Giunie rei!io7se "7re pr7"ti"H 9tiinGee o"u
s7u se"rete se nu;HrH T4e &?urc? of &?ristian =cience X$$ 'i3/rica >
in/i cr/>.in/? Fnte;ei7tH Fn An!i7@ Fn %+5&@ 6e 3ar' +aLer Edi
$%+,%)%*%&-. A"e7st7 pretin6e7 "H po7te #in6e"7 8oie trupe9ti "7 Iis
Iristos@ printr?o 9tiinGH 6eose8itH@ 76i"H prin "re6inGH@ ru!H"iune 9i i
#o"7re7 nu;eui ui /ristos.
M7i "unos"utH este !rup7re7 teoso*ilor 9i 7 spiriti"tilor#
7. Teosofii# Nu;ee teosofior pro#ine 6e 7 6o"trin7 or pe CE
ei o nu;es" teosofie, 76i"H n!elepciune divin#
Teosofi7 ;o6ernH 7 7pHrut Fn %+5'@ Fn St7tee Unite@ "7 o 6o"tri
6espre "uno79tere7 ui Du;neJeu pe "Hi o"ute s7u esoteri"e s7u@ "i
pretin6 teosofii@ pe "Hi ;isti"e@ prin re#e7Gi7 unei iu;inHri interio7
E7 este un 7;este" 8iJ7r@ "ontr76i"toriu@ ne8uos 9i ir7Gion7 6in i"
rei!io7se F;pru;ut7te 6in 8u6is;@ 4in6uis; 9i 6in 7te rituri 7e i
po7reor orient7e. Propriu?Jis@ teosofi7 nu este o rei!ie@ "i un 9ist
teoreti" 6espre ori!ine7 #ieGii@ 6espre ;o7rte 9i reFn"7rn7re@ 6e!4i
Fn pseu6o?rei!ie@ "7re "7utH sH "F9ti!e Fn6eose8i pe intee"tu7i.
Con#in!ere7 teosofior este 6e 7 fi 7Muns 7 76e#Hr7tu pro!res s
ritu7 prin "ontopire7 7 trei f7"tori = "tiin!a, religia 9i filosofia, 6esM
"7re pretin6 "H Fn tre"utu o;enirii er7u "ontopite Fntre ee@ for;
un sin!ur siste; 6e !Fn6ire. In 7"est ;o6@ susGin ei@ 67"H o7;enii
Wpri;i "u toGii 7"e7stH Fn#HGHturH@ s?7r 7Mun!e 7 un pro!res 76e#Hr7t
o;enirii@ prin FnfrHGire7 uni#ers7H.
Fnte;eietoru ;o6ern 7 teosofiei este "ooneu en!eJ /enr3 St
O"ott $%+2,)%*&5-@ "7re FnFni@ Fn %+5(@ Fntr?un ;e6iu 6e spiriti
pe Een7 Petro#n7 B7#7tsP3 $%+2%)%+*%-@@6e ori!ine rusH@ 9i F;pre6
pe"7rH Fn St7tee Unite@ un6e Fnte;ei7rH@ 7 Ne`?lorP@ Fn %+5'@ M
cietatea teosofic, 6estin7tH sH stu6ieJe o"utis;u@ esoteris;u. sp
tis;u 9i teep7ti7.
Din St7tee Unite 7u pe"7t Fn In6i7 pentru 7 rHspFn6i i6eie
teosofi"e. A"oo "unos"urH un o7re"7re su""es@ Fn"ur7M7Gi 6e "er"u
en!eJe 9i fioen!eJe.
Fn %++,@ ei 7u "re7t@ Fn!H rFu A637r@ 7pro7pe 6e M76r7s@ "en
;on6i7 7 So"ietHGii teosofi"e. Fn %+++@ Een7 B7#7tsP3 7 pHrHsit Ir
pentru Lon6r7@ i7r "on6u"ere7 teosofior o uH "ooneu /. S. OP
=7re "ontinuH prop7!7n67 teosofi"H. Profetu teosofior 6e#eni poetu
n6i 7n Ori s4n7;urt i @ "7re 7 G i nut "onferi nG e 9i F n Ro;<ni 7@ 7 I79i @
n %*2&.
Fn %+++@ F;8rHGi97 teosofi7 9i en!eJo7i"7 Annie Bes7nt $%+(5)%*22-@
oGie 6e p7stor en!eJ@ "7re@ Fn %+*%@ 7 pe"7t Fn In6i7 9i 7"oo preu7
Non6u"ere7 teosofior 6in %*&5.
L7 Fn6e;nu ui Annie Bes7nt@ s?7 "re7t Fn .r7nG7@ Fn %+*2@ o fr7n"?
n7sonerie fe;ininH 6e inspir7Gie teosofi"H.
Printre !er;7ni@ teosofi7 7 fost rHspFn6itH 6e 7ustri7"u Ru6of
iteiner $%+L%)%*,'-@ "7re 7 renunG7t 7 "7r7"teru ei 7nti"re9tin 9i 7
on67t propri7 s7 so"iet7te B7ntroposofi"HD 7 D7rn7"4 9i un institut
sosofi " nu;i t BGoet 4e7nu;D@ 6upH nu;e e "e e8ru ui poet !er;7n
. _. Goet4e $%5(*)%+2,-. So"iet7te7 teosofi"H 7re 7"Giuni or!7niJ7te
i to7tH u;e7@ Fn6eose8i Fn An!i7@ St7tee Unite@ In6i7@ .r7nG7@ It7i7@
N7n67. .in7n67 9.7.
I6eie Fn#HGHturii teosofi"e sFnt e:puse 6e Een7 P. B\7#7tsP3 Fn
srte7 s7 =ecret 8octrine Q 8octrina secret, 7pHrutH Fn %+++ 9i
pre?=urt7tH Fn %*L+. Fn 6o"trin7 teosofi"H pre6o;inH i6ee7 6e
P7r;7@ un hY 6e po#7rH@ un fe 6e "ru"e pe "7re o;u tre8uie sH o
po7rte Fn ;7i ute #ieGi su""esi#e pFnH s"7pH 6e e7 prin e:er"iGii
spe"i7e s7u efor?iri spe"i7e 6e?7 un!u fie"Hrei #ieGi@ Fn "76ru
reFn"7rnHrior su""esi#e ire se pro6u" to";7i Fn 7"est s"op 9i 6in 7"e7stH
"7uJH 9i "7re #or Fn"et7 n6 se #7 7Mun!e@ Fn "ee 6in ur;H@ 7
ei;in7re7 P7r;ei 9i 7 ini9te spinH. Teosofii 76;it reFn"7rn7re7
trupuui 6e 7tFte7 ori "Ft este ne?Ws7r pFnH "e o;u 7Mun!e 7
perfe"Giune prin unire7 sufeteor Fntr?un t unit7r@ Fn Du;neJeire.
St7re7 7"e7st7 este nu;itH 6e ei Firvana# "7re sufetu "uno79te
supre;7 feri"ire@ i6ee pe "7re ei 7u F;pru? ut7t?o 6in Bu6is; 9i
/in6uis;.
8. =pi riti"ti i# Se nu;es" 7stfe pentru "H ei pret in6 "H prin 7nu?
ite e:perienGe se po7te 7Mun!e 7 "o;uni"Hri "u spiritele s7u sufetee
7rGior. Ori!ine7 or e #e"4e "7 9i o;enire7@ Fn"Ft nu po7te fi #or87
un Fnte;eietor. C7 9i teosofii@ ei sFnt o !rup7re fiosofi"o?;isti"H@
Fn6 o 6o"trinH fo7rte Fn6epHrt7tH 6e Fn#HGHtur7 "re9tinH.
Spiritis;u ;o6ern F9i 7re ori!ine7 Fn A;eri"7 6e Nor6@ 67toritH
;Htoruu f7pt = Prin %+(L@ 7u Fn"eput sH se 7u6H 7 o"uinG7 unui
tHGe7n nu;it _e"P;7n@ 6in orH9eu /36es#iie@ st7tu Ne`?lorP@
Ate "io"Hnituri 9i po"nituri ;isterio7se Fn ;o8ie@ u9i@ ferestre@ pereGi@
putF n6 7f7 "7uJ7 or@ e s?7 ;ut 7t Fn 7t H o"uinG H@ i7r Fn o"u ui
i ;ut7t@ Fn %+(5@ \o4n .o: "u f7;ii7. .eno;enee "u "io"Hnituri 9i
=nituri "ontinu7rH@ i7r "ee trei fete 7e f7;iiei .o: 7u "reJut "H 7u
?7 f7"e "u spiritu ui C7ro Re3@ fost o"7t7r 7 7"eei o"uinGe@ 7s7?
7t "u "in"i 7ni Fn ur;H 9i Fn!rop7t Fn pi#niG7 "7sei. Ee se ;utH 7 `?
lorP 9i 7u 6e#enit ;e6iu;i.
Fntre feno;enee spiritiste ;7i intrH 9i ur;Hto7ree ee;ente = ;7?
i7iJ7re7 spiriteor 9i "o;uni"7re7 or "u "ei #ii prin s"riere@ prin
sr;e6iu unui ;iMo"itor FnJestr7t s7u medium, #e6ere7 9i 7uJire7
7 6ist7nGH@ #or8ire7 Fn i;8i ne"unos"ute@ "Fnt7re7 7 6iferite instru?
nte ;uJi"7e@ !4i"ire7 Fn o!inJi s7u 7te o8ie"te@ e#it7Gi7 s7u ri6i?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
"7re7 unor o8ie"te s7u perso7ne Fn 7er@ moni!iunile, 76i"H "uno79ter
unor f7pte pe 7tH "7e 6e"Ft 7 si;Gurior@ premoni!iunile, 76i"H "uno7
tere7 e#eni;enteor #iito7re 9.7.@ to7te ;enite sH i;presioneJe pe 7si
tenGi 7 9e6inGee spiritiste.
Spiritis;u 7re 9i unee pre"epte ;or7e@ prin "7re re"o;7n6H i
8ire7 f7GH 6e Du;neJeu 9i f7GH 6e 7pro7pee. Au 9i un "ut "u un 7nun
"ere;oni7 pe "7re?% pr7"ti"H Fn 9e6inGee spiritiste. Din %+L*@ spiritis;
7 u7t o ;7re 6eJ#ot7re 9i 7 tre"ut 6in A;eri"7 Fn GHrie europene@ F
6eose8i Fn An!i7@ .r7nG7@ Ger;7ni7 9.7. Spiriti9tii 6in Ro;<ni7
FnfiinG7t Fn Bu"ure9ti@ Fn %*2%@ =ocietatea spiritualist din Romnia#
Biseri"7 orto6o:H nu 76;ite ni"i teosofi7@ ni"i spiritis;u@ i6e=
or fiin6 so"otite Fn6epHrt7re 9i Fn ;ute pri#inGe "ontr7re 76e#Hr7?
Fn#HGHturi 7 ui Iisus /ristos.
'i3/rica Xni.arian5
Unit7ri7nis;u 9i?7 fH"ut 7p7riGi7 Fn 6iferite GHri europene "7 = Ge
;7ni7@ An!i7@ E#eGi7@ Pooni7 9i Fn Prin"ip7tu Tr7nsi#7niei. E eK
o ;i9"7re 7ntitrinit7rH@ 7pHrutH 7 i;it7 protest7ntis;uui 9i 7n!ie
nis;uui.
Pre"ursorii unit7ri7nis;uui 7u fost = Fn Ger;7ni7@ 3# &ellari
$%(**)%'L(-@ Fn E#eGi7@ teoo!u 7ntitrinit7r sp7nio 3i?ail =erve
$er#et = %'%%)%''2-@ 7rs pe ru! 7 Gene#7@ Fn %''2@ 6in or6inu
C7#in@ Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7@ teoo!u Ferenc 8avid $%'%&)%'5*-@ ;ort
;7rtir unit7ri7n Fn %'5*@ Fn "et7te7 6e 7 De#7@ Fn Pooni7 Faust @
cinius $%'2*)%L&(-@ ori!in7r 6in Sien7@ It7i7.
Unit7rienii insistH@ "7 9i 7ntitrinit7rii 6in pri;ee #e7"uri "re9tiY
in se"oee II)III@ 7supr7 B;on7r4ieiD 6i#ine 9i nu "re6 "H Du;neJ
"e Unu 7re trei perso7ne = T7tH@ .iu 9i SfFntu Du4. Unii 7tri8uie
Iisus /ristos un o" e;inent Fn oper7 re#e7Giei@ 67r 7Gii refuJH sH E
;it H 6u;neJeire7 Lui. Despre SfF ntu Du4 "re6 "H este un 67r 7
Du;neJeu.
Pri;7 "o;unit7te B7ntitrinit7rHD Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7 s?7 or!7niJ7t
ur;7 4otHr<rii Dietei 6e 7 Tur67 6in %'L+@ inspir7tH 6e p7storu .ere
D7#i6@ "Fn6 7 u7t fiinGH +iserica reformat unitarian n Transilvan
76optFn6 i6eie 7ntitrinit7re 7e ui .7ust So"inius. Fn Pooni7@ 67tor
pie;onteJuui 7ntitrinit7r Gior!io B7n6r7t7@ fiJi"i7n it7i7n refu!
Fn 7"e7stH G7rH@ 7 u7t 6e 7se;ene7 fiinGH@ 6e 7 Mu;Ht7te7 se"ouui
0VI?e7@ "o;unit7te7 7ntitrinit7rH poonH@ pe "7re e 7 "on6us?o Fn
%''+ 9i %'L2.
C7 ur;7re 7 "onferinGei 6e 7 PiotrPo` 6in %'L2@ s?7 or!7niJ7t
Pooni7@ 7 Fn6e;nu teoo!uui Gonesius@ +iserica fra!ilor din Poloi "i
Hituania care au respins Treimea, nu;itH 9i 3ica +iseric polone
.7ust So"inius 6in Sien7 7 6e#enit teoo!u "e ;7i i;port7nt
unit7ri7nis;uui Fn Pooni7 9i 7 "on6us BMi"7 Biseri"H pooneJHD Fn
7nii %'5* 9i %L&(. De 7 nu;ee 7"estui7@ unit7rienii 7u pri;it 9i nu;?
6e socinieni# Oper7 teoo!i"H 7 ui .7ust So"inius se o!in6e9te Fn &a
?ismul de la RacoN, nu;it &ate?ismul racovian, 6in %L&'.
$%( PERIOADA A ASEA
DupH 6istru!ere7 R7"o`uui@ Fn %L2+@ 6e "Htre pooneJii "7toi"i@
;it7rienii pooneJi 7u e;i!r7t Fn Prusi7@ O7n67 9i Tr7nsi#7ni7@ un6e
iu !Hsit 8unH pri;ire. Gior!io B7n6r7t7 s?7 refu!i7t Fn %'L2 Fn Tr7nsi ?
#7ni7 9i 7 reu9it sH "on#erte7s"H 7 unit7ri7nis; pe prin"ipee Tr7nsi?
7niei@ Io7n Si!is;un6 $%''*) f %( ;7rtie %'5%-.
Unit7ri7nis;u uH 6eJ#ot7re Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7@ fiin6 popu7riJ7t
6e i Meius@ Fn 6isput7 6e 7 A87 Iui7 $G3u7fe4er#7r-@ 6in %'L+.
Fn %L&&@ Diet7 6e 7 Le"J<#7 7 re"unos"ut 6repturie Brei!iunii uni?
7rieneD.
L7 finee se"ouui 7 0VIII?e7@ unit7rienii 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 7u in?
r7t Fn "o;uniune "u unit7rienii 6in An!i7 9i St7tee Unite.
Fn An!i7@ unit7ri7nis;u en!eJ 7 fost or!7niJ7t 6e Ko?n +iddle %L%'
)%LL,-. L7 Lon6r7@ p7storii 7n!i"7ni@ Teofil Hindse' $%5,2)%+&+- i
Iosif Pristle' $%522)%+&(- 7u or!7niJ7t Fn %55( o Biseri"H unit7ri7nH.
ti %5*%@ T4o;7s Bes47; $%5'&)%+,*- 7 fon67t pri;7 so"iet7te uni?
7ri7nH Fn An!i7@ nu;itH = Gnitarian =ociet' for Promoting &?ristian
EnoNledge X =ocietatea unitarian pentru promovarea nv!turii
re"tine#
L7 finee se"ouui 7 00?e7@ \7;es M7rtine7u $%+&')%*&&-@ "7re
P
#e7 e!Hturi "u teoo!i7 i8er7H !er;7nH 6in Tii8in!en@ 7 67t 7nti?
u
?init7ris;uui en!eJ un 7spe"t r7Gion7ist@ ;7i puGin "onfesion7.
FM
In A;eri"7 6e Nor6@ unit7ri7nis;u s?7 6eJ#ot7t 67toritH efortu?
u
ior ui _ii7; E. C47nin! $%5+&)%+(,-@ "7re i?7 67t un "onGinut teo?
m
-!i" ;7i pre"is. E 7 fost ;ut FntHrit 7poi prin u"rHrie ui R7p4
%
]76o E;erson $%+&2)%+L&- 9i 7e ui M. P7rPer $%+%&)%+L&-. !
Fn %+,'@ 7 u7t fiinGH Fn A;eri"7 = T?e American Gnitarian Asso$ # h
iation Q Asocia!ia unitarian american, i7r Fn %*&& s?7 "re7t = Inter$ i
ational &ouncil of Gnitarian and ot?er Hiberal Religions X &onsiliul
M
iterna!ional unitarian "i al altor religii liberale#
Fn ;7i %*L%@ 7 u7t n79tere = Gnitarian Gniversalist Association Q f
socia!ia unitarian universal#
r
DupH "e 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('- 7 u7t fiinGH Fn f
er;7ni7 Fn %*'2 = &onsiliul +isericilor liberale, Fn "7re 7u fost pri;iGi ?
unit7rienii. f
Unit7rienii 6in Ro;<ni7 7u 7 CuM?N7po"7 o epis"opie 9i o se"Gie .
f
nit7ri7nH 6e Fn#HGH;Fnt teoo!i" 7 Institutu teoo!i" protest7nt 6in f
=est or79.
'
BI BL I OGRA. I E f
Cu#./ >i d/nominaiuni cr/>.in/ a25ru./ 8n #um/a an6#o-3a4on5
S
P u r i t 7 n i s ; u = \. R. /. Moor;7n@ A 4istor' of t?e &?urc? oI England, r6 e6.
Lon6on@ %*52 A \. B7u8erot@ Puritanisme, Fn BEn"3"ope6i7 Uni#ers7isD@ t. %2@ iris@
%*L+@ p. +,()+,'A G. .. Nut7@ T?e Puritan =pirit, Lon6on@ %*L5A C. /i@
iritanism and Revolution, Lon6on@ %*'+A ree6it7tH Fn %*L*A _. /7er@ T?e Risc
Puritanism, ,n6 e6.@ %*'5A A. Si;pson@ Puritanism in (ld and FeN England,
i"7!o@ %*''A A. A. Pee@ +riei 4istor' of Englis? &ongregationalism, e6. 2?7@
;6on@ %*'2A D7#ies /7ston@ T?e 'or(hi) o% t?e Englis? *+rita,(! 19$.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODE/\NA Ghi UUIN M.
Cu#./ 9i d/nominaiuni r/#i6ioa3/
A7in Noo6ro`@ Hes nouvelles sectes, P7ris@ %*55 A .r. /e3er@ 8er Pietismi# i m
>est al t en und Mi rLungen, Munst er@ %*5'A R. I. /7n63@ A &?ri st i an Ameri c Ne`
lorP@ %*5,A Si6ne3 E. A4stro;@ A religious ?istor' oi t?e american peopL Ne`?/7#e@
Lon6on@ %*5,@ 0VI)%%'+ p. A C. ?P. C7sen@ N Anabaptism, Ne` lorP %*5,A B. R.
_ison@ Religious =ects, Lon6on@ %*5&A I6e;@ =ects and =ociet', Lon 6on@ %*L% A E.
S. Gu7st76@ A Religious ?istor' oi America, Ne` lorP@ %*LLA _. B7rt =eLtcn 4eute# He?re,
(rganisation, Aerbreitung, Prei8ur!@ /er6er@ %*L5A G. /. _i i7;s@ T?e Radical
Retormation, P4i76ep4i7@ %*L, A /. C. C4er3@ HE (llensive dt sectes, P7ris@ %*'(@
ree6it. %*'*A \. Se!u3@ Hes =ectes protestantes dans la Franc contemporaine, P7ris@
%*'L A G. _eter@ 4istoire des sectes c?retiennes, P7ris@ %*'& E. T4. C7r"P@ T?e
=mal l =ects in America, N7s4i ii e@ %*(*A _. _. Irren S`ee T?e stor' of Religion
in America, Ne` lorP@ %*2*A Oonr76 A!er;issen@ Oon]es sionsLunde# Ein
4andbuc? der >egenNart, /7nno#er@ %*2& A P7u S"4euren@ =eLten der >egenNart,
Stutt!7rt@ %*,2.
In i ; 8 7 r o ;< n H = P. /76"4i?Bu"o#ine7nu@ Fe!ele reale alc sectelor re ligioasc,
Bu"ure9ti@ %*+2 A T. M. Popes"u@ Privire istoric asupra sc?ismelor, ere %iilor "i sectelor,
Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ II $%*'&-@ nr. 5)+@ p. 2(5)2*(A Pr. P. De 4oe7nu@ 3anual de
=ectologie, Ar76@ %*(+ A Ar4iereu Gri!orie Leu?Boto9Hne7; =ectele din Romnia,
C4i9inHu@ %*2% A I6e;@ &onfesiuni "i secte# =tudiu istoric$mi sionar, Bu"ure9ti@ %*,*.
M e t o 6 i 9 t i i
CI. \. Bertr7n6@ Le 3et?odisme, P7ris@ %*5% A \. B7u8erot@ 3et?odisme
BEn"3"op7e6i7 Uni#ers7isD@ t. %&@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. %&&L)%&&5 A R. E. D7#ies 7n
E. G. Rupp@ A 4istor' oi t?e 3et?odist &?urc? in >reat +ritain, t. I@ Lon6on@ %*L'
E. S. Bu"Pe@ T?e 4i st or' ol t ?e Ameri can 3et ?odi sm, 2 #oi . @ Ne`? lorP@ %*L(
/. Bur8ri6!e@ 3et?odisme, Lon6on@ %*'5A I. L. /oit 7n6 E. T. C7rP@ T?e Morl
3et?odist 3ovement, N7s4#ie@ %*'LA M. L. E6`7r6s@ K# Mesle' and t?e PAIG$t
&cntur', Lon6on@ %*''A _. _. S`eet@ 3et?odism in American 4istor', Ne`?lorM
%*'(A _. C. B7r"73@ 4istor' oi 3et?odist 3issions, L #oi.@ Ne`?lorP@ A. 6e
Cer"e@ Ko?n _esie3@ maire dEun peuple, P7ris@ %*(& A ree6it7tH Fn %*L'A A. C. Ou
or@ Ko?n RMesle', Ne`?lorP@ %*L(A \. S. Si;on@ \o4n Mesle', ' #oi. @ Lon6or %*,%
)%*2(.
B 7 p t i 9 t i i
R. G. Tor8et@ A 4istor' oi t?e +aptistes, P4i76ep4i7@ %*'&A V7e3 .or!K
%*L2@ Lon6on@ %*LLA A. Gi;ore@ &?ristian +aptism, Lon6on@ %*'*A \. D. /un!4eR
8ip +aptistcn, O7sse@ %*'*A G. Rousse7u@ 4istoire des Eglises baptistes dans
monde, P7ris@ %*'% A .. T. Lor6@ +aptist Morld FelloNs?ip# A =?ort 4istor' ol t?
+aptist Morld Aliance, %*''A R. Don7t@ Entste?ung und Ausbreitung der +aptistei
[emeinden in 8eutsc?land, , #oi.@ O7sse@ %*'+ 9i %*L&A E#erett Gi@ &ine slut
"e cred bapti"tii, Bu"ure9ti@ %*22.
d u 7P e ri i
\. Se!u3@ [uaLers, Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 Uni#ers7isD@ t. %2@ P7ris@ %*5,@ p. +'5?
+'+ A D. E. True8oo6@ T?e People &alled [uaLers, Ne` lorP@ %*LLA _. C. Br7i4#@ 7ii
T?e +eginning oi [uuLerism, Lon6on@ %*%,A e6iGie re#HJutH@ Lon6on@ %*L'A I6er
T?e =econd Period ol [uaLerism, Lon6on@ %*%+ A e6. re#HJutH@ Lon6on@ %*L% A /. Vo Etten@
Geor!e .o: et les [uaLers, P7ris@ %*'L A E. Gru88@ [uEest$ce Oue le OuaLerisn ,M?ot
is [uaLerismc0 %*%5A e6. (?7@ P7ris@ %*(&A A. N. Br73s47`@ T4e [uaLer T?eir
=tor' and 3essage, Lon6on@ %*,% A re#HJutH@ Lon6on@ %*'2.
A r ;7 t 7 ;F n t u i r i i
Du;itru Pop7@ 8ie >emeinsc?ait der =iebenten$Tags$Adventisten in der =o%it
listisc?en RepubliL Rumnien, BuP7rest@ %*+2A R. Miier@ Adventisten, =abbc
Reiormation, Lun6@ %*5*@ ,'% p.A =event?$da' Adventist Enc'clopaedia, _7s4in!to
%*LLA A. A. /7"Pe;7@ T?e Four 3a*or &ults# &?ristian =cience, Ke?ova?E s, Mi
nesses, 3ormons, =event? 8a' Adventists, Gr7n6?R7piCs@ Mi"4.@ %*L(A A. _. Sp76in
(rigin and 4istor' oi =event?$8a' Adventists, ( #oi.@ _7s4in!ton@ %N*L%)%*L,
D. Mit"4e@ =event?$da' Adventists, Ne`?lorP@ %*'2 A M. Co4n@ T?e Pursuit of t?e
3illenium, Lon6on@ %*'5 A D. E. Re8oP@ (ui Firm Foundation, / #oi.@ _7s4in!ton@
%*'2A L. E. .roo;@ T?e Prop?etic Fait? of our Fat?ers, ( #oi.@ _7s4in!ton@ %*(L)
%*L(A I6e;@ 3ovement of 8estin', i8i6e;@ %*5%A A. Rett7roi@ Protestan!i aventisti,
%*(%A O. A!er;issen@ 8ie Adventisten, '?e Auf7!e@ /7nno#er@ %*2&A M. /ei;?8u"4er@
3et ?odi st en, Advent i st en, und Feuapost ol i sc?e >emei nde, Re!ens8ur!@ 2
Auf7!e@ %*,( A T. S"4eu6en@ 8ie Adventisten# Adventi"tii, tr76. 6e Di7". N. A. Con?
st7ntines"u e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,L.
In i ; 8 7 r o ;< n H =
&ul t ul cre"t i n advent i st de %i ua a "apt ea, C uM ?N<po"7@ %*5L@ (2, p. A Prof.
N. C4iGes"u@ 8espre milenarism, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 0LVIII $%*5,-@
nr. ')L@ p. 2(&)2'(A .r. Ser7fi; .. MoroJ7nu@ 3ilenarismul# 8e%voltarea istoric
"i ]nv!tura lui gre"it, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ 0II $%*L&-@ nr. 2)(@ p. %5%)%+2A
M7!istr7n6 N. V. StHnes"u@ 4iliasmul "i inco?eren!ele lui, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ I0 $%*'5-@
nr. ,@ p. ,2*),'+A V. Loi"4iGH@ &?iliasmul ,3ilenarismul0, CernuHti@ %*,(A Pr. D. Geor?
!es"u@ Adventismul din punct de vedere biblic, ra!ional "i moral$practic, Bu"ure9ti@
%*,,A Pr. Io7n Const7ntin N7J7rie@ &ombaterea principalelor nv!turi adventiste,
Bu"ure9ti %*%2.
Mo r ;o n i i
Ree6 S;ost ) R. G. E#7ns@ L. /. Creer@ 3ormonii, Hatter$8a' =aints, &?urcli
ol Kesus &?ri st, Fn BEn"3" op7e6i 7 Bri t7nni"7D@ t. I. @ Lon6on@ %*5%@ p. 5'*)5**A
R. R. Miier@ HE4isioire des 3ormons, P7ris@ %*5&A C. .o4en@ 3ormons, Fn BEn?
"3"op7e6i7 Uni#ers7isD@ %%@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. 2,5)2,+A _. R. M7rtin@ 3ormonism,
Ne`?lorP@ %*L+ A N. An6erson@ 8esert =aints < T?e 3ormons Frontier in Gta?,
C4i "7!o@ %*(,A e6. ,?7@ C4i "7!o@ %*LLA _. Turner@ T?e 3ormon Est abl i s?ment ,
Ne` lorP@ %*LLA _. \. _47en@ T?e Hatter$8a' =aints in t?e 3odern Morld, %*L(A
.. O. De7@ T?e 3ormons, C4i"7!o@ %*L(A .. M. Bro6ie@ No 3an QnoNs m' 4istor'#
T?e Hif e of Kosep? =mitE s, t ?e 3ormon Prop?et, Ne`?lorP@ %*(LA Lon6on@ %*L2A^
_. A. Linn@ T?e =tor' of t?e 3ormons, Ne`?lorP@ %*L2A N. .. .urniss@ T?e 3or$
mon &onflict < -759)%+'*@ Ne`?/7#en@ %*L& A L. \. Arrin!ton@ >reat +asin Qingdom $#
an Economic 4istor' of t?e Hatter$8a' =aints, %+2&)%*&&@ C7;8ri6!e $M7ss.-@ %*'+ A B.
R. M". ConPie@ 3ormon 8octrine, %*'+ A \. .. S;it4@ AnsNers to >ospel [uestions, W
#oi.@ %*'+A I6e;@ 8octrine oi =alvation, 2 #oi.@ %*L&A T. .. ONDe7@ T?e 3ormons,
C4i"7!o@ %*'5A R. B. _est@ T?e =tor' of t?e Qingdom ol +rig?am \oung and t?e
3ormons, Ne`?lorP@ %*'5 A B. /. Ro8erts@ A &ompre?ensive 4istor' of t?e &?urc?
ol Kesus of t?e Hatter$8a' =aints, L #oi. @ S7t Cit3@ %*2&A M7!istr7n6 Du;itru
V7sies"u@ 8espre mormoni, n BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0V $%*L2-@ nr. *)%&@ p. 'GL)'5L.
S t u 6 e n G i i Fn B i 8 i e s 7 u r u s e i 9 t i i
_. C. Ste#enson@ \ear of t ?e 8oom, %*5'= T?e =tor' of Ke?ova Mi tnesses,
Lon6on@ %*L5A G. /er8ert@ Hes Temoins de Ke?ova?# Essai critiOue dE ?istoire et de
doctrine, Montre7@ %*L&A M. Coe@ Ke?oNa?Es Mitnesses, Ne`?lorP@ %*''A Lon6on@
%*'LA R. PiPe@ Ke?oNa?E s Mitnesses, %*'(A M. S. SJ7tt@ T?e International +ible
=tudents< Ke?ova?Es Mitnesses, %*22A Dr. \o4n?Bus"4@ 8as =eLtenNesen unter be$
sonderer +riicLsic?tung der Ernsten +ibel?ersc?er, /i6es4ei;@ %*,*.
I r #i n ! i e n i i
/. C. _4ite3@ +linded Eagle, Lon6on@ %*''. An Introduction to t?e Hife and
Teac?ing oi EdNard Irving, Lon6on@ %*''A A. L. Dru;;on6@ EdNard Irving and ?is
&ircie, Lon6on@ %*2+.
P e n t i " o s t 7 i i
Teo6or S7n6ru@ +iserica lui 8umne%eu apostolic penticostal din Romnia,
Bu"ure9ti@ %*+,A _. \. /oen`e!er@ T?e Pentecostals< T?e &?arismatic 3ovement
in t?e &?urc?es, Lon6on@ %*5,A I6e;@ Ent?usiastisc?es &?ristentum, buri"4@ %*L*A
V S3n7n@ T?e 4oliness ) Pentecostal 3ovement in t?e Gnited =tates, Ne`?lorP@
%*5% A D. Gee@ T?e Pentecostal 3ovement, Cro36on@ %*L5A \. T. Ni"4o@ Pente$
costalism, Ne`?lorP@ %*LLA \. L. S4erri@ T?e' =peaL Nit? (t?er Tongues, Lon6on@
%*L'A M. \. C. C7e3@ Go6Ns People# Mest Indian Pentecostal# =ects in England,
I
BISERICA tN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
%*L'A M. T. Oese3@ =peaLing Nit? Tongues, Lon6on@ %*L'A N. Bo"4?/oe@ Pi
costal 3ovement, Lon6on@ %*L(A Bo"4?/oe@ T?e Pentecostal 3ovement, its (r
8evelopment and 8istinctive &?aracter, Oso)Lon6on)Ne`?lorP@ %*L(A O.
6ri"P@ T?e Promise Fuliilled# A 4istor' oi t?e 3odern Pentecostal, Mo#e;ent@
R. .. G7!!@ Qirc?e im Feuer, Stutt!7rt@ %*L%.
N 7 J 7 r e i i =
T. L. S;it4@ &alled Gnto 4oliness# T?e =tor' ol t?e Fa%arenes# T?e Fa%art
T?e lormative \ears, %SL,.
.7ust So"inius@ =ocinianism and its Role in t?e &ultural oi PA$t? to PAI
&enturies, E6. 83 Lie"4 SJoJu"P@ _7rs7`@ L76e@ %*+2A M. M7rtini@ Fau#sto =ocin
la pensee socinienne, P7ris@ %*L5A G. Pioi@ Fausto =ocino, vita, opere, iortuna,
6en7@ %*',A M". L7"47n@ =ocianianism in =eventeent? &entur' England, LoNn
%*'%.
B i s e r i " 7 u n i t 7 r i 7 n H
Feg's%% ev -5;7)-.;/# EmleLLoniv a% Gnitarus eg'?% alapitsi
neg's%%adiL eviordulo*a alLalmbol ,X Patru sute de atK< ,''+)2*L2. &arte
memorativ cu oca%ia ]mplinirii a patru sute de ani de la naintarea +isericii
iariene0, edi!ia a /$a, cu re%umat n limbile romn "i engle%, OooJs#<r )
po"7@ %*5*A Ces7re AJ7ti@ Terra Romena tra (riente e (ccidente# &?iese ed
nel tardo -599, Mi7no@ %*+,@ p. (+)'LA G antitrinitarismo : C. Eri!4t@ T?e Hil
&?ristians# Essa's on American Gnitarian 4istor', %*5&A I6e;@ T?e +eginnin
Gnitarianism in America, Boston@ %*''A B. Rousse@ Gnitarianisme, Fn BEn"3"t
6i7 Uni#ers7isD@ t. %L@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. 25%)(5,A /. /. C4eet47;@ Gnitarianism
Gniversalism, Boston@ %*L,A A. Pirn<t@ 8ie Ideologie der =iebenburgen Antitri
rien, Bu67pest@ %*L% A /. B. S"4oefie6@ Gnitarian 4istor', _eiese3 /is $M
%*'+A D. B. P7rPe@ T?e Epic oi Gnitarism, Boston@ %*'5 A S. Oot@ =ocinianisi
Poland, Tr76. en!eJH 6e E. M. _i8ur@ Boston@ %*'5A I6e;@ HEiniluence de 3
Dervet sur le mouvement antitrinitarien en Pologne et en Trans'lvanie, Fn BAi
6e Mi"4e er#et et Se87stien C7stienD@ /77re;@ %*'2@ p. *()%&2 A I6e;@ He
vcment antitrinitaire au 0VI?e et PAII$e siecles, P7ris@ %*25A E. M. _i8ur@
4istor' oi Gnitarianism, =ocinianism and its Antecedents, , #oi.@ C7;8ri6!e $M
%*(5)%*',A ree6it7te Fn %*L'A I6e;@ A 4istor' oi Gnitarianism in Trans'lv
England and America, C7;8ri6!e $M7ss.-. %*',A M". L7"47n@ T4e Gnitarian
vement in t?e Religious Hiie oi England, Lon6on@ %*2(A /. Go`@ T4e Gnitai
Lon6on@ %*,+A M7r3 B7Per E663@ C. S. Br76en@ &?ristian =cience Toda', D
%*'* A R. Pee@ &?ristian =cience Toda'# Its Encounter Nit? American &ullure,
I6e;@ T4e \ears oi 8iscover', Ne` lorP@ %*LL A S. _i8ur@ T?e Hiie oi 3ar'
Edd', Boston@ %*2+A N. Be7s3@ T?e &ross and t?e &roNn# T?e 4istor' oi &?ri
=cience, Ne` lorP@ %*',.
T e o s o f i 7
/. P. B7#7tsP3@ T4e =ecret 8octrine, %+++A pres"urt7re %*L+A B. Gor"
He 3'stiOue# Aalentin Meigel et Ies origines de la T?eosop?ie allemande,
%S5,A \. L7ntier@ Ha T?eosop?ie, P7ris@ %*5%A A. .7i#re@ T?eosop?ie, Fn BEn"
p7e6i7D@ t. %'@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. %&*')%&SLA \. S. \u674@ 4istor' and P?ilosopt
t?e 3etap?'sical 3ovement in America, P4i76ep4i7@ %*L5A R. Guenen@ He
sop?isme# 4istoire dEune pseudo$religion, P7ris@ %*L'A _. .. Peu"Pert@ Fansf#
Berin@ %*'LA T?e T?eosop?ical 3ovement, -7C5)%*'&@ Los An!ees@ %*'% A
Gr7n6;7ison@ He T?eosop?ie et lEant?roposop?ie, P7ris@ %*2*A C. \. R37n@ Mr
T?eosop?ie c Co#in7@ C7if.@ %*((A P. Otr7;7re@ 4istoire des idees t?eosop?
67ns NIn6e@ II. L7 t4eosop4ie 8ou6iCue@ P7ris@ %*2,.
S p i r i t u 7 i s ;u
A. T. S"4efie6@ Mo6ern =piritism, Its =cience and Religion, %*L& A. A. _
!er@ (ccult P?enomena, _est;inster@ %*'5A G. _. Butter`ort4@ =piritualism
Religion, %*((A A. C. Do3e@ T?e 4istor' oi =piritualism, , #oi. %*,L. ,5 )
Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
Cu#.u# >i =iaa r/#i6ioa35 8n 2ro./3.an.i3m
>i an6#icani3m. ;i3iuni 2ro./3.an./ 9i 7n!i"7ne I
%. Cu#.u# ># =iaa r/#i6ioa35 8n 2ro./3.an.i3m
Protest7ntis;u 7 nutrit no8i7 7spir7Gie 6e 7 re#eni 7 for;ee pri? 7re
7e "re9tinis;uui. Fn 7"est sens@ Refor;7 protest7ntH 7 #rut sH Fn? ;ne
nu nu;7i FnHtur7re7 erorior 6o"trin7re@ 6is"ipin7re 9i pr7"ti"e e
"7toi"is;uui@ pentru "7re s?7 6esprins Fn se"ou 0VI 6e "7toi"is;@ ;7i
7es@ 6e 7 reforma 76i"H de a forma 6in nou@ 6e 7 reface, 6e 7 re$mra
"re9tinis;u Fn for;7 ui ori!in7rH@ pri;7rH@ ten6inGH "7re pre6o?N inH
tot ;7i ;ut Fn uti;u se"o. I7tH 6e "e protest7ntis;u@ Fn !enere@ 9i
"o;87te "u #e4e;enGH erorie 9i ino#7Giie p7p7e@ nu #re7 sH se
sntifi"e ne7pHr7t "u antipapalismul, "u; ;7i "re6 Fn ;o6 eron7t unii -
o!i ro;7no?"7toi"i s7u@ ;7i r7r@ "4i7r 9i unii orto6o"9i.
Protest7ntis;u se "onsi6erH pe sine 1+iserica universal reformat2,
re se ri6i"H 9i uptH F;potri#7 1+isericii catolice deformate2.
Protest7nGii 6e nu7nGH uter7nH s7u "7#inistH F;preunH "u to7te 6e?
;in7Giunie "7re?9i 7u ori!ine7 Fn protest7ntis; 7u unee pun"te 6e
F6inGH 9i 6e "ut 6eose8ite nu nu;7i f7GH 6e Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H
9i f7GH 6e Biseri"7 orto6o:H@ 6intre "7re 7;inti; "Fte#7 ;7i Fnse;n7te=
%- In 6o!;7 soteriologic, protest7nGii Fn#7GH mntuirea omului nu$
i prin credin!< 1sola fide2, fHrH "o78or7re7 f7pteor 8une 7e
,- Au pri;it 9i pHstre7JH 6e 7 ro;7no?"7toi"i Fn#HGHtur7 6espre
$cederea =fntului 8u? "i de la Fiul ) FilioOue, Fn"Ft@ Fn "utu or@
tes" Si;8ou "re6inGei "u 767osu FilioOue#
2- So"otes" "H SfFnt7 S"ripturH este singurul i%vor al Revela!iei di$
e "i resping =fnta Tradi!ie, "e 6e?7 6oie7 iJ#or 7 Re#e7Giei.
(- Au for;u7t 9i 7fir;7t Fn#HGHtur7 6espre liberul arbitru "i pre$
tina!ie, pe "7re nu o 7u ni"i ro;7no?"7toi"ii@ ni"i orto6o"9ii.
'- In Fn#HGHtur7 6espre Biseri"H@ preferH "on"epGi7 6espre +iserica
i%ibil, nu 76;it infailibilitatea +isericii "7 6epoJit7rH 7 47ris;ei
#Hruui ) 1c?arisma veritatis2 ) 9i ni"i infailibilitatea =inoadelor
menice# Ei respin!@ 6e 7se;ene7@ 6o!;7 pri;7tuui p7p7 9i 7 inf7i?
it<Gii p7p7e@ pro"7;7tH 6e Con"iiu I V7ti"7n $%+L*)%++&- 9i 6e
"iiu II V7ti"7n $%*L,)%*L'-. Fn Fn#HGHtur7 6espre 47r@ sfinGenie@
Hru 9i #7o7re7 T7ineor@ protest7nGii se 6eose8es" r76i"7 6e Or?
-:ie. Ei 7u re6us nu;Hru Sfinteor T7ine = uter7nii@ 7 trei = +ote$
Eu?aristia 9i Pocin!a, i7r "7#ini9tii 7 6ouH = +ote%ul 9i Eu?aristia#
L7 SfFnt7 Eu47ristie@ pe "7re o sH#Fr9es" "7 ro;7no?"7toi"ii@ eu
FH@ nu admit prefacerea elementelor materiale ) 7 pFinii 9i 7 #inu?
) Fn Trupu 9i SFn!ee MFntuitoruui@ "i 7""eptH o preJenGH re7H@
spiritu7H@ 7 ui /ristos@ nu;itH 1praesentia per impanationem2 Q
en!a prin impana!iune< /ristos / preJent 1in pane, cum pane et
pane2 : 1in vino, cum vino et sub vino2#
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
V7o7re7 T7inei e Fn fun"Gie 6e st7re7 su8ie"ti#H 7 pri;itoruui@ 6K
"re6inG7 o;uui. T7in7 e #778iH 1e) opere operantis2 76i"H 6in Iu
"r7re7 sH#Fr9itoruui 9i nu Be: opere operato2, 76i"H nu 7re o #7o7rI
Bprin e7 FnsH9iD.
Ei Mustifi"H re6u"ere7 nu;Hruui Sfinteor T7ine "u 7fir;7Gi7 "i
ni"i SfFnt7 S"ripturH@ ni"i SfFnt7 Tr76iGie nu pro"7;H for;7 nu;Hru
or. Se 9tie "H Fn Apus nu;Hru 6e 97pte T7ine 7 fost 7test7t Fn se"ou
0II 6e Petru Hombardul $f %%L(-@ i7r Fn RHsHrit Fn se"ou 0III $%,5&-
6e ;on74u Iov Isaitul# A"est nu;Hr 7 fost "onfir;7t 7poi 6e Consiiu
unionist 6e 7 L3on@ 6in %,5(@ i7r Fn RHsHrit@ Fn %'5L@ 6e p7tri7r4u
Iere;i7 II 7 Const7ntinopouui $%'5,)%'5* A %'+&)%'+( A %'+5?
%'*'-@ Fn "orespon6enG7 ui "u profesorii uter7ni 6in Tii8in!en@ Ger
;7ni7.
Protest7nGii nu re"unos" =acerdo!iul s7u Preo!ia "7 T7inH@ 6eo7re
"e@ 6upH "on"epGi7 or@ orice cre"tin poate fi preot, "on"epGie Fnte;e
i7tH pe te:tu 6in I Petru ,@ * Fn "7re se #or8e9te 6espre BpreoGi7 uni
#ers7HD@ "7re nu este tot un7 "u Preo!ia ?aric "u "ee trei trepte 7K
ei@ 6i7"on@ preot@ epis"op.
De 7se;ene7@ protest7nGii nu 7""eptH ni"i 3irungerea s7u &onfir
marea, ni"i =fntul 3aslu, ni"i Taina &storiei, pentru "H ) spun e
) 7"este7 nu 7u porun"H 6e instituire 6e 7 Do;nu /ristos.
Cu to7te 7"este7@ protest7ntis;u 6e 7Ji ;7nifestH un fe 6e nos
t7!ie 7 Sfinteor T7ine pHrHsite@ 76optFn6 unee pr7"ti"i spe"ifi"e or 7
3irungerii s7u &onfirmrii, 7 &onsacrrii pastorilor "i episcopilor 6 printr?
un "ere;oni7 i;presion7nt 7 punerii ;Finior Fn "o;un )@ K Fun!ii
) prin 8ine"u#<nt7re7 tinerior 9i prin ru!H"iuni ) 9i o pr7" ti"H 7
unui fe 6e 3rturisire 7 pH"7teor.
In ti;pu sH#Fr9irii &inei 8omnului, un o" prin"ip7 F 7re pre6i"A
9i e:e"ut7re7 unor "FntHri rei!io7se spe"ifi"e@ inspir7te 6in Ps7;i 9
6in piet7te7 "re9tinH "7re@ 6upH trei sute 6e 7ni@ 7u 6e#enit tr76iGion7
e. Teoo!u protest7nt A. N. Bertr7n6 s"rie = BE spre "inste7 protest7n
tis;uui "H 7 fH"ut 6in pre6i"H nu nu;7i un instru;ent 6e pe67!o!iI
"re9tinH 9i 6e infuenGH ;or7H s7u so"i7H@ "i 9i un iJ#or per;7nent 6K
#i7GH spiritu7HD $A. N. Bertr7n6@ Protestantisme, 2?e6.@ P7ris@ %*2%
p. L(-.
De 7se;ene7@ protest7nGii 6e 7Ji f7" eforturi pentru 7 F;pini une
e ipsuri 7e "utuui. Astfe@ Fn unee 8iseri"i protest7nte 7u intro6uA
o slu*b special pentru 7nu;ite Jie@ "7 = Vinere7 M7re@ suM8H nu;itA
Hiturg?ie sau 13issa catec?umenorum2, 13issa Fidelium2, i7r unii fo
oses" 7 sH#Fr9ire7 "utuui #e9;inte s7"er6ot7e@ u;inHri 9i tH;Fie.
Tre8uie sH su8inie; "H protest7nGii 6e to7te r7;urie nu admit din
cultul romano$catolic "i ortodo), srbtorile, cinstirea crucii
c, obiect de cult, cinstirea sfin!ilor, ngerilor, a Prea &uratei Fecioan
3ria, venerarea icoanelor, a moa"telor "i a relicvelor sfinte: nu admi
posturile ortodo)e, precum "i diferite tradi!ii "i ierurgii ortodo)e#
PERIOADA A ASEA
,. Cu#.u# >i =iaa r/#i6ioa35 8n An6#icani3m
Spre 7 ne 67 se7;7 6e ;o6u "u; se re7iJe7JH pr7"ti" #i7G7
"u?AH 9i 6is"ipin7rH Fn Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH@ tre8uie sH Gine; se7;7
"H seri"7 An!iei 7 7pHrut Fn se"ou 0VI@ 7tFt "7 +iseric reformat "Ft
catolic, 76i"H e7 7 pHstr7t "ontinuit7te7 neFntreruptH "u "re6inG7 pri?
7rH 7 SfinGior Apostoi 9i 7 SfinGior PHrinGi@ 67r 7 76opt7t 9i unee
#HGHturi 9i pr7"ti"i "uti"e 6e nu7nGH uter7no?"7#inistH.
C7 Biseri"H refor;7tH@ Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH respin!e p7p7it7te7 9i
stituGiie ei 9i insistH "7 +iblia, &artea comun de rugciune ,T?e
toL of &ommon Pra'er0, cele W. Articole de credin! 9i (rdinalul $E#?
o!iu s7u Moitfeni"u-@ sH fie "HrGie ei prin"ip7e@ Fn "ee7 "e pri?
9te "re6inG7@ "utu@ 9i 6is"ipin7 8iseri"e7s"H. Prin 6orinG7 9i stHruinG7
6e 7 rH;Fne +iseric universal s7u 1catolic2, Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 7
str7t pFnH 7Ji #e"4ie =imboluri de credin!, ?otrrile =inoadelor ecu$
_#nice, ierar?ia istoric pe ba%a succesiunii apostolice, =fintele Taine
unele tradi!ii cre"tine vec?i la svr"irea cultului#
In ;o6u 7"est7@@ Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH pretin6e "H 6eGine o poJiGie pro?
e@ de mi*loc, Fn "re9tinHt7te7 7"tu7H.
Referitor 7 sH#Fr9ire7 "utuui@ Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH insistH Fn6eose8i
ipr7 "eor 6ouH T7ine@ +ote%ul 9i &ina 8omnului $SfFnt7 Eu47ristie-.
f7"e 6es e"tur7 Bi8iei 7 Biseri"H@ Fn f7;iie 9i "4i7r Fn o"uri pu?
%e 9i se Gin pre6i"i "u re!u7rit7te@ FnsoGite 6e "Fnt7re rei!io7sH@ 797
n se pr7"ti"H 9i Fn Biseri"7 refor;7tH s7u "7#inistH@ 67r@ 6upH "u; m ei
Fn &artea de rugciune comun 6 T?e +ooL of &ommon Pra'er Fn
(rdinal ,Ev?olog?iul0, sH#Fr9es" 9i "ee7te "in"i T7ine 9i 7nu;e =
$ungerea, Pocin!a, Preo!ia, Funta 9i 3aslul#
Cu o"7Ji7 6is"uGiior 6intre ier7r4ii orto6o"9i 9i 7n!i"7ni 7 Confe?
G7 6e 7 Lon6r7@ 6in %*2&@ s?7 Hs7t 7 se FnGee!e "H doctrina +isericii
ilicane este e)primat n mod autoritativ n 1T?e +ooL of &ommon
i'er 9i "H sensu "eor W. Articole de credin! tre8uie sH fie inter?
t7t 6e 7"or6 "u 7"e7st7D. ,Report of t?e Hambet? &onferences, %*2&@
%2* A E6`in \. P7;er@ T?e destin' of t?e Anglican &?urc?es, Lon?
@.%*2%@ p. 2,)22-.
In !ener7@ Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 9i teoo!i7 7n!i"7nH 76;it sacerdo$
s7u preo!ia instituitH pe 87J7 su""esiunii 7postoi"e@ "u "ee trei
hte ier7r4i"e 7e ei = 6i7"on@ preot@ epis"op@ 7#Fn6 7utorit7te 6e 7
stos 9i tr7ns;isH prin punere7 ;Finior.
Respin!@ 6e 7se;ene7@ "7 9i Biseri"ie uter7nH 9i "7#inistH@ pri?
u p7p7 9i inf7ii8iit7te7 p7p7H@ 6o!;H pro"7;7tH 6e Con"iiu I
i"7n $%+L*)%+5&- 9i Con"iiu II V7ti"7n $%*L,)%*L'-@ pre"u; 9i Mu?
i"Gi7 epis"opuui Ro;ei 7supr7 Biseri"ii An!iei.
Re;7r"H;@ FnsH@ "H Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH se !Hse9te@ 6in 7nu %*2%@ Fn
uniune 6epinH "u Biseri"7 .#e"4ior?"7toi"i "7re@ 6e 7se;ene7@ res?
[e pri;7tu 9i inf7ii8iit7te7 p7p7H.
E7 se 7fH Fn inter?"o;uniune "u Biseri"7 uter7nH 6in Sue6i7@ Nor?
7 9i .in7n67 9i "u Biseri"7 uter7nH 6in Ir7n67@ "7re ;enGin@ Fn
niJ7re7 or 8iseri"e7s"H@ epis"op7tu istori".
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH pr7"ti"H@ 6e 7se;ene7@ inter"o;uniune7 "u +iserica
reformat episcopal spaniol, 7pHrutH Fn %+5%@ "u +iserica lusitan 6in
Portu!7i7@ or!7niJ7tH Fn %+%&@ 6espHrGitH 9i e7 6e Ro;7 Fn %+5& 6in "7uJ7
inf7ii8iitHGii p7p7e@ pre"u; 9i "u o Biseri"H 6e nu7nGH ute r7nH 6in
.iipine.
Biseri"7 protest7ntH epis"op7H 6in A;eri"7@ "7re nu;HrH Fn preJen
7pro7pe p7tru ;iio7ne 6e ;e;8ri@ 7 Fn"4ei7t@ Fn %*L%@ un "on"or67t "i
+iserica independent din Filipine, Biseri"H "u ier7r4ie instituitH pe 87Je
su""esiunii 7postoi"e@ "7re respin!e 6e 7se;ene7 pri;7tu p7p7.
Pe p7n o"7 9i Fn ;o6 iJo7t@ unee Biseri"i 7n!i"7ne pr7"ti"H 797?
Jis7 comuniune desc?is Q 1open comunion2, 76i"H sH#Fr9es" Litur!4i
7 ."7re sFnt in#it7Gi sH p7rti"ipe 9i sH se F;pHrtH9e7s"H "4i7r "re9tini@ 6e
7te 6eno;in7Giuni@ "7re 7u FnsH BoteJu #7i6.
Prin en"i"i"7 Apostolicae curae, 6in %2 septe;8rie %+*L@ p7p7
Leon 0III $%+5+)%*&2- 7 respins re"uno79tere7 #7i6itHGii 4irotoniior
7n!i"7ne@ i7r 4otHrFrie ei sFnt Fn #i!o7re pFnH 7stHJi.
De9i Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH nu 7re e!Hturi ofi"i7e "u Biseri"7 Ro;ei
Fn ur;7 7"estei respin!eri@ e7 7 tri;is totu9i trei o8ser#7tori 7 Con?
"iiu II V7ti"7n $%*L,)%*L'- 9i 7re un repreJent7nt pe Fn!H =e$
cretariatul pentru unitatea cre"tin 6e 7 V7ti"7n@ FnfiinG7t 6e p7p7 Io7n
00III $%*'+)%*L2-@ 7 ' iunie %*L&@ prin 1motu proprio2 < =uperno +ei
nutu#
Gu Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 RHsHrituui@ Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH FntreGine e?
!Hturi 6e prietenie 9i "o78or7re@ Fn"H 6in ti;pu p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni"
Oiri LuP7ris $%L,&)%L2+-@ $"u p7tru Fntreruperi- 9i 7 ui Mitrof7n
Oritopuos $\L'+*)%L2*-@ p7tri7r4 6e Ae:7n6ri7 Fntre 7nii %L2L)%L2*
Pentru "o78or7re7 7"ti#H "u Biseri"ie orto6o:e@ Fn %+L, 7 u7t
fiinGH =ocietatea anOlo$continental, Fn ur;7 "on#or8irior teoo!i"e 6in?
tre teoo!u rus Ae:ei t. /o;i7"o# $%+&()%+L&- 9i 7 or6uui /. P7?
;erston $f %+L'-.
MenGionH; "H \. .r. O#er8e"P $%5+*)%+L*-@ ro;7no?"7toi"@ renu;it
profesor !er;7n 6in /7e@ 7 tre"ut Fn %+L' 7 Orto6o:ie 9i s?7 st78iit
7 Lon6r7 un6e@ prin Jeu 9i s"risu sHu@ 7 76us ;7ri ser#i"ii "7uJei
Orto6o:iei printre en!eJi.
Le!Hturie 6e prietenie 9i "o78or7re 6intre Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 9i
Biseri"ie orto6o:e s?7u intensifi"7t 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()
%*%+-@ "Fn6 s?7u 6us tr7t7ti#e Fn pro8e;7 re"uno79terii #7i6itHGii 4iro?
toniior 7n!i"7ne 6e "Htre Biseri"ie orto6o:e. Fn ur;7 7"estor tr7t7 ?
ti#e@ P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo@ Fn ti;pu p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" Me?
etie IV Met7:7Pis $%*,%)%*,2-@ 7 recunoscut, la // iulie -.//, validi $
tatea ?irotoniilor anglicane#
In 7"tu 6e re"uno79tere@ p7tri7r4u Meetie IV 9i Sino6u P7?
tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo 7r7tH "H 7u u7t Fn 6ei8er7re pro8e;7 #7 ?
i6itHGii 4irotoniior 7n!i"7ne 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere orto6o: 9i@ "er"e?
tFn6?o 6in to7te pun"tee 6e #e6ere@ 7u 7Muns 7 "on"uJi7 "H pentru Biseri"7
orto6o:H@ ?irotoniile de episcopi, preo!i "i diaconi n confesiunea episcopal
anglican au aceea"i trie ca "i acelea din +isericile romano$catolic,
vec?i$catolic "i armean, ntruct se gsesc n ele toate pune$
PERIOADA A LASEA
le esen!iale, socotite indispensabile din punct de vedere ortodo), pentru
recunoa"te n ele 1?arisma preo!iei, derivat prin succesiunea
aposto$AHD.
V7i6it7te7 4irotoniior 7n!i"7ne 7 fost re"unos"utH 7poi 6e P7?
i7r4i7 Ierus7i;uui@ 7 ,+ fe8ru7rie]%, ;7rtie %*,2@ 6e Ar4iepis"opi7
pru 7 5] ,& ;7rt i e %*,2@ 6e P7t ri 7r4i 7 A e:7n6ri ei @ 7 ,& noi e;?
ie %*2&@ Fn ti;pu p7tri7r4uui Meetios II $%*,L)%*2'-. Fn 7"tu 6e
"uno79tere 6in %*2&@ p7tri7r4u Ae:7n6riei su8ini7JH "H@ Fntru"Ft Fn
"7r7Giie ConferinGei 6e 7 L7;8et4@ 6in ()%+ iuie %*2&@ se 6H 6e?
inH s7tisf7"Gie "u pri#ire 7 su""esiune7 7postoi"H@ 7 F;pHrtH9ire7
7H "u Trupu 9i SFn!ee Do;nuui@ 7 Eu47ristie@ "7 MertfH 6e F;pH?
re@ 9i 7 4irotonie@ "onsi6er7tH "7 T7inH 1+iserica Ale)andriei suprim
%ervele sale fa! de validitatea ?irotoniilor anglicane "i ader la ?ot$
@ea patriar?ului ecumenic din // iulie -.//, recunoscnd c preo!ii
rotoni!i de episcopii anglicani care vor intra n +iserica ortodo) nu
r mai fi re?irotoni!i, dup cum nici laicii bote%a!i de anglicani nu mai
it rebote%a!i2#
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 re"unos"ut@ 6e 7se;ene7@ #7i6it7te7
?otoniior 7n!i"7ne Fn ur;7 tr7t7ti#eor ofi"i7e Fn ConferinG7 7n!o?
Ti<nH 6e 7 Bu"ure9ti@ Fntre %)+ iunie %*2'. Biseri"7 Ort. Ro;<nH
fH"ut 7"e7stH re"uno79tere "u "on6iGi7 "7 Biseri"7 An!iei sH?9i pre?
eJe e7 FnsH9i 6o"trin7 6espre Sfintee T7ine 9i Fn spe"i7 6espre T7in7
rotoniei@ 67"H o "onsi6erH s7u nu Fntr?76e#Hr T7inH.
Sino6u Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ Fn 9e6inG7 s7 6in %* ;7r?
%*2L@ 7 7pro87t re"uno79tere7 #7i6itHGii 4irotoniior 7n!i"7ne@ 67r 7
F"iJ7t te:tu7 "H aceast omologare devine definitiv dup ce auto$
atea suprem a +isericii anglicane va ratifica conclu%iile delega!iei
e, relativ la =acramentul ?irotoniei, cu toate momentele sale din doc$
na +isericii (rtodo)e#
In 9e6inG7 s7 6in , 7priie %*25@ SfFntu Sino6 7 Biseri"ii no7stre
;unG7t "H 7 u7t 7"t 6e s"riso7re7 6in fe8ru7rie %*25@ prin "7re Ar4i?
s"opu 6e C7nter8ur3 7 7nunG7t "H Sino76ee Ar4iepis"opiior 6e lorP
6e C7nter8ur3@ 6in "7re se "o;pune Biseri"7 An!iei@ 9i?7u Fnsu9it
r$o ma*oritate covr"itoare pun"tee 6e "re6inGH su8s"rise 6e 6ee!7Gi7
\i"7nH 7 Bu"ure9ti Fn iunie %*2'.
DupH Biseri"7 no7strH@ Fn %*2* Biseri"7 Gre"iei 7 re"unos"ut@ 6e
;ene7@ #7i6it7te7 4irotoniior 7n!i"7ne.
Dis"uGii Fn #e6ere7 7propierii 9i "o78orHrii "u Biseri"7 An!i"7nH
7#ut o"@ Fntre %L),2 iuie %*'L@ 7 Mos"o#7@ "u ier7r4ii Biseri"ii or?
o:e ruse. Fn #e6ere7 7propierii 9i unirii 6intre Orto6o:ie 9i An!i"7?
ni@ este 6e i;port7nGH 6eose8itH@ 6e 7se;ene7@ sesiune7 pen7rH 6e 7
s"o#7 7 6i7o!uui orto6o:o?7n!i"7n 6in ,L iuie ) 2 7u!ust %*5L@ 7
e 7u p7rti"ip7t 97pte Biseri"i orto6o:e 9i 97pte 7n!i"7ne@ Fn "7re@ pe
iH pro8e;ee 6o"trin7re referito7re 7 "uno79tere7 ui Du;neJeu@
pir7Gi7 9i 7utorit7te7 Sfintei S"ripturi@ Sfintei Tr76iGii@ 7utorit7te7
o76eor@ s?7u 6is"ut7t 9i unee pro8e;e "uti"e "7 = 767osu FilioOue
Si;8ou "re6inGei@ =fnta Eu?aristie 9i Epiclesa# An!i"7nii s?7u 6e?
r7t 6e 7"or6 sH renunGe 7 767osu .iioCue. S?7u su8ini7t 6e "Htre
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
"ee 6ouH !rupe 6e Biseri"i@ "H Eu47risti7 este oper7 Sfintei Trei;i@ i7=
pentru orto6o"9i ;o;entu "u;in7nt 9i 6e"isi# 7 sfinGiirii este Epiclesa
76i"H in#o"7re7 Du4uui SfFnt pentru pref7"ere7 67rurior Z) piine7
#inu ) Fn Trupu 9i SFn!ee ui /ristos. D7r@ 6e9i Epi"es7 7re un FnGe
Ies spe"i7 Fn SfFnt7 Eu47ristie@ tre8uie sH "re6e; "H 9i Fn "ee7te
T7ine@ prin ru!H"iune7 9i 8ine"u#Fnt7re7 Biseri"ii@ se in#o"H putereA
Du4uui SfFnt "7re sfinGe9te Fntre7!7 "re7Gie. Biseri"7 este "ornunit7t
sFFntH "7re trHie9te 6in "ontinu7 in#o"7re 7 Du4uui SfFnt 9i 6u"K
pe "re6in"io9i 7 "urHGire 6e pH"7te@ sfinGire 9i Fn6u;neJeite prii
47r $Ss"o7iF :7r< :KIpt#- $BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CIV $%*5L-@ nr 5
)+@ p. LL()L52-.
MeritH sH su8inie; "H Fn "76ru Consiiuui Mon6i7 7 Biseri"io
$"7re 7 u7t fiinGH 7 A;ster67; Fn 2.*(+-@ Fn pri;7 s7 A6un7re !ener7H
Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 6esfH9o7rH o 7r!H 7"ti#it7te 7Hturi 6e Biseri"ie or
to6o:e 6in u;e@ 7#Fn6 "on9tiinG7 "H e7 este o r7;urH 7 Biseri"ii uni
#ers7e. Tr7t7ti#ee Fn #e6ere7 7propierii "eor 6ouH Biseri"ii "onGinu
prin 797?nu;itu 8ialog teologic pe "7re?% #o; tr7t7 Fntr?un "7pito
spe"i7.
2. Misiuni protest7nte 9i 7n!i"7ne
7. Misiune7 internH. Este e#i6ent "H Fn pri#inG7 ;isiunii internt
protest7nGii 6e nu7nGH uter7nH@ "7#inistH s7u neoprotest7ntH 7u re7iJs
opere "7re ;eritH to7tH 76;ir7Gi7. Astfe@ Fn se". 0I0 9i 00@ Fn Ger
;7ni7@ Fn ur;7 infuenGei "res"Fn6e 7 ;i9"Hrior pietiste@ Jeu ;ision7
7 6us 7 re7iJ7re7 unor opere 6e "7rit7te 6intre "ee ;7i fru;o7se. S?7
ri6i"7t "FGi#7 ;ision7ri Fn interior@ 7 Fn"eput neFnGee9i s7u "4i7r 87t
Mo"oriGi@ "7re 7u treJit u;e7 7 un ;7re Je 7postoi"@ "u; 7 fost \o47n
nes .7P $f %+,L-@ "7re 7 Fnte;ei7t Fn %+%2@ 7 _ei;7r@ pri;u 7Ji pen
tru orf7nii rH;79i Fn ur;7 rHJ8o7ieor ui N7poeon $%+&()%+%(-. D7
pri;u ;7re 7"ti#ist pe teren so"i7@ "u un p7n 8ine 6eter;in7t@ 7 foi
tFnHru 78so#ent Fn teoo!ie \o47nnes /. _i"4e; $f %++%-@ "7:e 7 oi
!7niJ7t Fn %+22@ Fn!H /7;8ur!@ pri;u Institut 6e e6u"7re 7 "opiie
pHrHsiGi 9i sHr7"i 6in #i7G7 6e ;iJerie 7 ;7rior or79e in6ustri7e. AHtu=
6e BC7s7 7sprHD $D7s r7u4e /7us-@ e:ist7 9i un spit7@ "7re 7 tnfiinGE
"u ti;pu fii7e 9i Fn 7te pHrGi.
Fn %+2L@ un 7 6oie7 ;7re ;ision7r intern 7 fost T4eo6or .ie6ne
$f %+L(-@ "7re 7 FnfiinG7t 7 O7isers`ert4@ Fn!H Diisse6orf@ Instituti
iaconi!elor, un fe 6e surori 6e "7rit7te@ #iito7re ;ision7re@ "7re
u;put or79ee !er;7ne "u Bospi"ii "re9tineD pentru pri;ire7 strHinio
pentru Fn!riMire7 "opiior@ 7 8on7#ior 9i ree6u"7re7 fe;eior 6e"HJut
In ti;pu ;i9"Hrior so"i7iste 6e pe 7 %+5&)%++&@ 7u pre6i"7t
Berin p7storii A6. StoPer $f %*&*- 9i .r. Neu;7nn $f %*%*-@ "7re
FnfiinG7t o !rup7re so"i7?"re9tinH Fntre ;un"itori.
Ce ;7i ;7re ;ision7r intern@ "7re 7 Fnre!istr7t "ee ;7i fru;o7s
re7iJHri@ 7 fost .r. Bo6es"4`in! $f %*%&-. S?7 6us 7"u; o uptH 6Fr=
"ontr7 8eGiei@ i;or7itHGii@ "ontr7 iter7turii 6e"76ente@ "ontr7 ;iJeri
Fn "7re trHi7u 47;7ii 6in porturi@ ;un"itorii@ 9o;erii@ priJonierii@ Fnten
niG7Gii@ orf7nii 9i fe;eie 6e"HJute. Se 9tie "H@ F;potri#7 s"7#iei 9i
ft3IGAGA A ASEA
ArGuui "u ne!ri@ o uptH Fn6FrMitH 7 6us printre 7n!i"7ni or7toru
isiNon7ru _. _i8erfor"e $f %+22-@ "unos"ut o; 6e st7t en!eJ. i
7stHJi@ Fn GHrie protest7nte 9i 7n!i"7ne@ nu;ero9i ;ision7ri 6eJ? i o
fru;o7sH 7"ti#it7te internH@ 7Mut7Gi 6e preoGi 9i "re6in"io9i@ 8.
Misiune7 e:ternH. Protest7nGii 9i 7n!i"7nii 7u 6esfH9ur7t 9i
i9o7rH 9i 7stHJi@ pe p7n e:tern@ o ;isiune "u reJut7te 6intre "ee
fru;o7se. Cre9tere7 i;periuui "ooni7 en!eJ Fn se"oee 0VII)W
ri6i"7re7 in6ustri7H 9i "o;er"i7H 7n!i"7nH "7 9i entuJi7s;u ;i?ir
7 !rupHrior neo?protest7nte e:pi"H 7"est f7pt. Entre %+&& 9i %*%& 7
fost B;7ree se"oD 7 e:p7nsiunii protest7nte !i"7ne. Au u7t 7"u;
fiinGH nu;ero7se so"ietHGi "7 = So"iet7te7 ;i?For 6in Lon6r7 $%5*'- A
So"iet7te7 o7n6eJH 7 ;isiunior $%5*'- A So?te7 ;isiunior Biseri"ii
7n!i"7ne $%5**- A Consiiu 7;eri"7n 7 ;i?or $%+%&- A So"iet7te7
;isiunior ;eto6i9tior `ese3?eni $%+%2- A Ft7te7 ;ision7rH
7;eri"7nH 87ptistH $%+%(- A So"iet7te7 ;isiunior i B7se $%+%'- A
So"iet7te7 ;isiunior e#7n!4ei"e 6in P7ris $%+,,- A Wt7te7 ;isiunior
6in Berin $%+,(-.
L7 Mu;Ht7te7 se"ouui 0I0@ 7u u7t fiinGH 7te so"ietHGi 6e ;isiuni
W;Hto7ree GHri = S"oGi7 $%+'L-@ Sue6i7 $%+'L-@ .in7n67 $%+L+-@ EHrie
hs $%+'+-@ St7tee Unite $%+*(-.
so"ietHGie protest7nte ;ision7re 7u fH"ut prop7!7n6H Fn6eose8i Fn
Asiei 6e su6?est@ Fn Afri"7 9i Fn O"e7ni7.
.@7 7peu e:por7toruui en!eJ 7 Afri"ii@ D7#i6 Li#in!ston $f %+52-@
t fiinGH Fn %+'+ Gniversities 3ission to &entral Africa, i7r Fn %+L'
Te3or 7 or!7niJ7t &?ina Inland 3ission# Fn ;isiune7 6in Afri"7@
6istins Fn "4ip 6eose8it teoo!u@ 6i7"onu 9i p7storu A8ert
eitJer $f %*L'-@ "7re 7 FnfiinG7t 7 L7;87rene@ Fn G78on@ un spit7
eproJerie@ e!Fn6 ;isiune7 "re9tinH 6e 7"ti#it7te7 so"i7?
e6u"7ti#H@ =7H 9i 9tiinGifi"H.
2in 7 6ou7 Mu;Ht7te 7 se"ouui 0I0@ F9i f7"e o" Fn uni#ersitHGie
st7nGe stu6iu 9tiinGifi" 7 ;isiunii. Fn Ger;7ni7 s?7u FnfiinG7t "7?
6e ;isiune "re9tinH@ 7 Er7n!en Fn %+L(@ 67toritH ui O. Gr<u@ i7r
L5 7 Berin@ 67toritH ui G. _7rne"P $f %*%&- 9i Fn %+*5 7 /7e.
n An!i7@ s?7 FnfiinG7t o "7te6rH 6e ;isiune "re9tinH Fn"epFn6 6in
7 E6in8ur!4. Tot 7 E6in8ur!4 s?7 Ginut Fn %*%& &onferin!a mon$a
misiunilor protestante#
-in 7"e7stH ;i9"7re ;ision7rH s?7 nHs"ut Fn %*,& ;i9"7re7 e"u;e?
7poi@ Fn %*,%@ &onsiliul interna!ional al misiunilor "7re@ Fn 7 6ou7
7re !ener7H 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior@ GinutH Fn %*
no?cie %*L% 7 Ne`?De4i@ Fn In6i7@ 7 fost inte!r7t@ Fn or!7niJ7Gi7
Con?ii E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior@ Fn sFnu "Hrui7 6e#ine &omisia
pentru ne mondial "i evang?eli%are# D7r nu to7te 7so"i7Giie
;ision7re 7u t 7 7"e7st7.
I 6e re;7r"7t "H Biseri"ie protest7nte 7u nu;ero9i ;ision7ri pini
;H 9i entuJi7s;. Astfe@ 7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 0I0 9i Fn"eputu se?
ii 00@ renu;itu ;ision7r 6e ori!ine 7;eri"7nH@ \o4n Mott $%+L')
;eto6ist@ 7#e7 "on#in!ere7 "H se po7te re7iJ7 e#7n!4eiJ7re7 u?
pFnH 7 ;7r!inie pH;FntuuiD $.7pte I@ +-@ "4i7r Fn !ener7Gi7 s7
BISERICA IN EPOCA MOUEU\NA iMi LU_i;rUOA/A
$%*%&-@ 6upH oJin"7 pusH 6e e Fn "ir"u7Gie = Evangeli%ation of t?e
Morld in t?is >eneration Q Evang?eli%area lumii n aceast genera!ie#
In "iu67 7fir;7Giei ui \o4n Mott@ tre8uie sH re;7r"H; f7ptu "H entu?
Ji7s;u sHu er7 ;ut pre7 e:7!er7t@ Fntru"Ft ;7i sFnt Fn"H pFnH 7Ji ;ute
popo7re 6in u;e "7re n?7u 7uJit Fn"H "u#Fntu E#7n!4eiei ui /ristos.
'I')IOFRAGIE
P/n.ru ;i3iuni 2ro./3.an./ >i an6#ican/
$VeJi Bi8io!r7fi7 "7pitouui pre"e6ent referito7re 7 "utu 9i #i7G7 rei!io7sH
Fn Protest7ntis; 9i An!i"7nis;-.
G. Moor4ouse@ T?e missionaries ,&?ristian missions, Africa, -7B9)-.590, Lon?
6on@ %*52@ 2L+ p.A S36ne3 E. A4stro;@ A Religious 4istor' ol t?e American People,
Ne`@ /7#en ) Lon6on@ %*5,A \. B7u8erot@ Hes missions protestantes, Fn BEn"3"op7e?
6i7 uni#ers7iisD@ t. II@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. %&,)%&2 A M. Mere@ Hes Eglises c?retiennes et
la decolonisation, P7ris@ %*L5A Step4en Nei@ &olonialism and &?ristian 3issions, Lon?
6on@ %*LLA I6e;@ A 4istor' ol &?ristian 3ission, /7r;on6s`ort4@ %*L'ANR. Me4.@
8ecolonisation et missions protestantes, P7ris@ %*L(A M. S"4unP@ 8ie Meltmission der
Qirc?e &?risti, Stutt!7rt@ %*'% A O. S. L7tourette@ T?e &?ristian Morld 3ission in (ur
8a's, Ne`?lorP@ %*'(A I6e;@ A 4istor' oi t?e E)pansion oi &?ristianit', 5 #oi@ Lon?
6on@ Ne`?lorP@ %*25)%*('A G. _7rne"P@ Abriss der >esc?ic?te der protestantisc?en
3issionen von der Reiormation bis aut die >egenNart, Berin@ %+*+.
In i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = Pr. Ae:. Moisiu@ &ultul +isericii anglicane contempo$
rane, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00III $%*5%-@ nr. *)%&@ p. L5*)L*% A Pr. Prof. Ae:7n6ru
Mor7ru@ +iserica Angliei "i Ecumenismul# Hegturile ei cu +iserica (rtodo) Ro$
mn, teJH 6e 6o"tor7t@ Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VII $%*+'-@ nr. (@ p. 'L,)L2(A 000VIII
$%*+L-@ nr. %@ p. *)%''. Pref7GH Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ p. ''%)'L%.
Biseri"7 Fn RHsHrit
Pri=ir/ !ener7H 7supr7 situ7Giei 2o#i.ic/?
r/#i6ioa3/? 3ocia#/ >i cu#.ura#/ H
Perio767 "7re se Fntin6e 6e 7 %+&& pFnH 7Ji este un7 6intre "ee
7i interes7nte 9i i;port7nte 6in istori7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ pentru f7p?
i "H@ Fn se"oee 0I0 9i 00 to7te Biseri"ie orto6o:e n7Gion7e 6in
eninsu7 B7"7ni"H 6e#in 7uto"ef7e s7u in6epen6ente = Biseri"7 Gre?
ei 7 ,* iunie $%% iuie- %+'&@ Biseri"7 Ser8iei 7 ,& o"to;8rie $% no?
;8rie- %+5*@ Biseri"7 Ro;<nH 7 ,' 7priie %++'@ Biseri"7 A87niei@ 7
l 7priie %*25 9i Biseri"7 Bu!7riei@ 7 ,' fe8ru7rie %*('. Trei ;7ri
iseri"i orto6o:e sFnt ri6i"7te Fn se"ou 00 7 r7n!u 6e p7tri7r47t =
7tri7r4i7 SFr8H@ 7 %, septe;8rie %*,&@ P7tri7r4i7 Ro;<nH@ 7 2& iuie
%,' 9i P7tri7r4i7 Bu!7rH@ 7 %& ;7i %*'2.
De9i ;7Morit7te7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e n7Gion7e 6in u;e sFnt
7uto?Nf7e 9i se "on6u" in6epen6ent 6e "Htre SfFntu Sino6 7 fie"Hrei
Bise?"i o"7e@ ee for;e7JH 7o7tH o singur +iseric ) un7@ s*nt, so$
'rniceasc "i apostoleasc +iseric a lui 4ristos# Unit7te7 6e "re6inGH@ it@
6is"ipinH 9i #i7GH 8iseri"e7s"H 6epH9e9te 6i#iJiune7 7uto"ef7iior u
7utono;iior n7Gion7e. Prin or!7niJ7re7 or 7uto"ef7H 9i sino67H@
seri"iie orto6o:e rHspun6 ;7i 8ine ne"esitHGior #ieGii n7Gion7e 9i
"i7e 7e fie"Hrui popor.
Prin"ipiu "7re e7!H Biseri"ie orto6o:e Fntre ee este ortodo)ia
edin!ei, 76i"H dreapta credin!, "7re Fnse7;nH respe"t7re7 6o!;eor@
Z76iGiei 9i "7no7neor #e"4ii Biseri"i e"u;eni"e@ pe "7re fie"7re
Bise?=H orto6o:H e pHstre7JH pFnH 7Ji "u fi6eit7te@ ;enGinFn6 toto67tH
e?tur7 6r7!ostei 9i frHGiei 6intre ee 9i fiin6 per;7nent 7tente 7 pro?
e;ee !ener7e "7re se i#es" Fn 6e"ursu istoriei@ pentru "7 nu "u;#7
s6inG7 sH sufere #reo 9tir8ire@ 76Hu!ire s7u rHstH;H"ire.
Din se"ou 00@ Orto6o:i7 nu ;7i este Fn ;o6 e:"usi# o Biseri"H
RHsHrituui@ 6eo7re"e 67toritH ;utor "ir"u;st7nGe ? istori"e@ "re6inG7
to6o:H 7 Fn"eput sH fie rHspFn6itH 9i Fn GHrie 6in estu Europei@ Fn
neri"7@ Afri"7@ Austr7i7 9i Fn GHrie Asiei.
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Se po7te spune 7"u; "H Biseri"7 orto6o:H este +iseric universc
nu nu;7i 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere 6o!;7ti" 9i istori"@ "i 9i 6in pun"t
#e6ere !eo!r7fi".
Se"oee 0I0 9i 00 sFnt pentru RHsHritu Europei se"oee re6e
teptHrii poiti"e 9i n7Gion7e 9i Fn"eputu unor ;7ri re7iJHri so"i7e@ "i
tur7e 9i e"ono;i"e.
Rusi7@ st7tu "e ;7i puterni" 6in RHsHritu Europei@ 7#Fn6 Fn "
prinsu ei "e7 ;7i ;7re Biseri"H orto6o:H@ 7 spriMinit Fn se"oee 0VY
9i 0I0 popo7ree orto6o:e 6in B7"7ni Fn eforturie or 6e 7 se ei8e
6e 6o;in7Gi7 tur"e7s"H 9i 7?9i re"u"eri in6epen6enG7 or n7Gion7H. D
7;este"u I;periuui 7ustro?un!7r@ 7 An!iei@ .r7nGei 9i Ger;7niei
B7"7ni 7 67t n79tere 7 ;7ri "o;pi"7Gii 9i tu8urHri poiti"e 9i 6ip
;7ti"e $"H6eri 6e !u#erne@ 7s7sin7te@ "7re 7u 7#ut "7 ur;7re rHJ8o7ie
6in se"oee 0I0 9i 00-.
In ur;7 tr7t7tuui 6e p7"e 6e 7 I79i 6in * i7nu7rie %5*, 6int
Rusi7 9i Tur"i7@ o p7rte 6intre 8Hr87Gii "uGi 6in Gre"i7 9i 6e 7 Co
st7ntinopo 7u e;i!r7t Fn Rusi7@ un6e@ su8 "on6u"ere7 prin"ipeui A
:7n6ru Ipsi7nti $%5*,)%+,+- 9i 7 ui Io7n C7po6istri7 $%55L)%+2%-@ o
poiti" !re" "7re 7 intr7t Fn ser#i"iu 6ipo;7ti" 7 Rusiei Fntre %+&*
%+,5@ 7 u7t fiinGH@ 7 O6es7@ Fn %+%(@ So"iet7te7 se"retH Eteria, "7re 7#i
"7 s"op unire7 tuturor popo7reor "re9tine 6in Tur"i7 europe7nH Fntr
uptH "o;unH pentru "u"erire7 in6epen6enGei or n7Gion7e.
Re#ouGi7 !re7"H 7 iJ8u"nit 7 ,% ;7rtie %+,%@ i7r !re"ii 7u upt
"ontr7 tur"ior "u ;ut e7n 9i erois;@ fiin6 7Mut7Gi 6e popo7ree ere
tine 6in B7"7ni 9i 6e 6ipo;7Gi7 popo7reor europene. Cunos"utu seri
tor ro;7nti" en!eJ or6u G. Gor6on B3ron $%5+L)%+,(- 7 #enit
7Mutoru !re"ior@ uptFn6 7Hturi 6e rHs"u7Gi@ !Hsin6u?9i sfFr9itu ero
I7 Missoon!4i@ Fn su6u Gre"iei@ pe GHr;u !ofuui Corintuui. De 7si
;ene7@ fot7 en!eJH@ fr7n"eJH 9i ruse7s"H 7 67t un 7Mutor preGios rHs"i
7Gior !re"i@ Fn#in!Fn6 fot7 tur"H Fn %+,5@ 7 N7#7rin.
Fn ti;pu upteor pentru in6epen6enGH@ "7re 7u 6ur7t 6in E#
pFnH Fn %+,*@ tur"ii oto;7ni s?7u purt7t fo7rte "ru6 "u "on6u"Htorii
"re6in"io9ii orto6o"9i !re"i. L7 %& 7priie %+,%@ Fn Jiu7 6e P79ti@ 7 fo
spFnJur7t 7 po7rt7 8iseri"ii P7tri7r4iei 6in Const7ntinopo p7tri7r4N
e"u;eni" Gri!orie V $%5*5)%5*+ A %+&L)%+&+ A %+%+)%+,%-@ F;preur
"u 7Gi %, ;itropoiGi 9i epis"opi@ preoGi 9i nu;ero9i "re6in"io9i. AGi pe
te 2& 6e ;ii 6e ;ireni@ 6in 6iferite pHrGi 7e Tur"iei@ 7"uJ7Gi ) unii
ne6rept ) "H 7r fi u7t p7rte 7 re#ouGie@ 7u fost e:e"ut7Gi.
L7 %]%2 i7nu7rie %+,,@ s?7 pro"7;7t@ 7 Epi67ur@ Fn nor6?estu PK
oponeJuui@ in6epen6enG7 n7Giunii !re"e9ti 9i s?7 #ot7t o "onstituGie
spirit 6e;o"r7t. Au iJ8u"nit pe "uprinsu I;periuui tur" noi rHs"o7
"u; este 7"ee7 6in insu7 C4ios@ Fn 7priie %+,,@ "7re 7 ost ur;7tH
un ;H"e sFn!eros 6in p7rte7 tur"ior@ so67t "u ,2 6e ;ii 6e perso7n
u"ise 9i (5 6e ;ii 6e tinere fete 6use Fn ro8ie s7u 8H!7te Fn 47re;uri@
p79ior.
Prin p7"e7 6e 7 A6ri7nopo 6in ,]%( septe;8rie %+,*@ "o;pet7i
prin pre#e6erie "onferinGei 6e 7 Lon6r7 6in fe8ru7rie %+2&@ s?7 re"i
nos"ut in6epen6enG7 Gre"iei@ 7utono;i7 Ser8iei 9i 7utono;i7 76;iniA
PERIOADA A ASEA
7ti#H 7 Prin"ip7teor 6unHrene@ Munteni7 9i Mo6o#7. De9i Ser8i7 er7
itono;H prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 6e 7 Bu"ure9ti@ 6in %L],+ ;7i %+%,@ re?
no79tere7 7utono;iei ei 7 fost "onfir;7tH printr?un e6i"t i;peri7
7tti?9erif 67t 6e sut7nu M74;u6 II ) %+&+)%+2*- 78i7 7 ,* 7u!ust
2&.
Fn ur;7 presiunii puterior europene@ sut7nu A86u?Me!i6 $%+2*
%+L%- 7 iniGi7t W unee refor;e interne "u "7r7"ter i8er7@ 6e "7re s?7u
s"ur7t Fn p7rte 9i "re9tinii orto6o"9i 6in I;periu tur". Astfe@ prin itti$
Deriful de la >?ul$4ane $/7tti?erif Q LiterH sfFntH s7u e6i"t nt-@
6in 2 noie;8rie %+2*@ s?7 !7r7nt7t tuturor "re9tinior 6in I;periu
D;7n e!7it7te7 "i#iH@ 7si!ur7re7 #ieGii 9i 7#erii@ respe"t7re7 i8ertH?
6e "on9tiinGH. E6i"tu in7u!ure7JH perio767 nu;itH 7 reformelor )
i%imat, Fn i;87 tur"H@ "7re 7 "onstituit@ 6e 7"u; Fn7inte@ B"47rt7D
ri6i"H@ fin7n"i7rH?76;inistr7ti#H 9i ;iit7rH ;enitH sH 6e7 I;periuui
re@ 6upH 7spir7Giie 8Hr87Gior 6e st7t tur"i ;7i pro!resi9ti 6in ti;pu
s7@ o stru"turH europe7nH@ spre 7?% pute7 7stfe s7#7 6e 7 pieire.
Pre#e6erie e6i"tuui FnsH nu s?7u respe"t7t Fnto";7i@ ;7i 7es Fn
s#in"ii@ un6e 78uJurie Bp79iorD tur"i 9i 7e ;iit7rior 7u "ontinu7t@
tfe@ Fntre %+(% 9i %+(L 7u fost ;H"eHriGi un nu;Hr ;7re 6e "re9tini
storieni 9i ;7roniGi 6in Li87n.
Fn %+',@ Fn ti;pu ui Lu6o#i"?N7poeon III Bon7p7rte $%+',)%+5&-@
insistenGee .r7nGei "7re@ in6iferentH 7 e7 7"7sH Fn pro8e;7 rei?
7sH@ 6u"e7 pe p7n e:tern o poiti"H f7#or78iH "7toi"is;uui@ sut7?
% A86u Me!i6 7 porun"it sH se 6e7 s7tisf7"Gie "7toi"ior 7 Lo"urie
nte@ pre6Fn6u?se "4eie 8iseri"ii 6in Betee; p7tri7r4uui "7toi" 6e
Wus7i;@ pe "7re e?7 u7t p7tri7r4uui orto6o: 7 Ierus7i;uui@ Oi?
II $%+(')%+5,-. Prin "7pitu7Giuni@ .r7nG7 o8Ginuse Fn %5'5 re"u?
79tere7 6repturior rei!io7se 7tine 7 Lo"urie Sfinte@ 67r !re"ii re?
rH Fn ur;H sH o8GinH 6e 7 Fn7t7 Po7rtH FnHtur7re7 7tinior Fn f7?
7re7 orto6o"9ior. Fn %+&+@ su8 G7ru Ae:7n6ru I $%+&%)%+,'-@ ru9ii
Ain 6in p7rte7 tur"ior 6reptu 6e prote"Gie 7supr7 Lo"urior Sfinte@
est f7pt 7 pro#o"7t un ;7re s"7n67 Fn u;e7 orto6o:H 9i 7 fost un7
Ltre "7uJee "7re 7u pro#o"7t rHJ8oiu Cri;eii 6in 7nii %+'2)%+'L.
Cu; se "uno79te@ rHJ8oiu Cri;eii@ nu;it 7stfe 6upH Peninsu7
;ee7@ un6e s?7u 67t uptee Fntre 7nii %+'2)%+'L@ 7 7#ut "7 prete:t
Dro8e;H 6e or6in rei!ios = stpnirea Hocurilor =finte, Ierusalim "i
tleem, pe "7re 9i e 6isput7u "re9tinii orto6o"9i@ spriMiniGi 6e G7ru
siei Ae:7n6ru I $%+&%)%+,'-@ 9i "7toi"i@ spriMiniGi 6e .r7nG7@ "on?
2H 7tun"i 6e F;pHr7tu N7poeon III $%+',)%+5&-. RHJ8oiu 7 iJ8u"nit
re Rusi7@ pe 6e o p7rte@ 9i Tur"i7@ An!i7@ .r7nG7 9i re!7tu S7r6i?
i@ pe 6e 7t7@ "7 ur;7re 7 7s"uGirii "ontr76i"Giior 6intre ;7rie puteri@
reJo#7re7 c?estiunii orientale, Fn !ener7@ 76i"H 7 F;pHrGirii posesiu?
2r I;periuui oto;7n@ 7f7t Fn 6e"in 9i e:pus "ontinuu 7
BF;pHr?D se"rete Fn "78inetee Puterior europene. Fn %+'2@ G7ruY
Ni"o7e I ,')%+''- propune7 An!iei F;pHrGire7 tertioriior
I;periuui oto;7n.
RHJ8oiu Cri;eii@ pier6ut 6e Rusi7 9i "F9ti!7t 6e Puterie 7i7te@ s?7
4ei7t prin p7"e7 6e 7 P7ris@ 6in %2],' fe8ru7rie ) %+]2& ;7rtie
NL. A"e7stH p7"e 7re ;7re i;port7nGH pentru poporu ro;<n@ 6eo7re?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
"e Prin"ip7tee 6unHrene 7u fost puse su8 !7r7nGi7 M7rior Puteri eu?
ropene ,Istoria Romniei n date, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5%@ p. ,&,-.
L7 insistenG7 Puterior europene@ sut7nu A86u Me!i6 $%+2*)%+L%N
7 pu8i"7t Fn %+ fe8ru7rie $, ;7rtie- %+'L un nou e6i"t i;peri7@ nu;ii
4atti$4uma'ium Q BS"riso7re 7uto!r7fHD s7u BS"riso7re i;peri7HD
prin "7re "onfir;7@ ;7i ;ut 6e"Ft Fn /7tti?erifu 6e 7 G4ii?/7ne 6ir
2 noie;8rie %+2*@ 6repturie 7"or67te tuturor Biseri"ior "re9tine 6in
I;periu tur"@ nu nu;7i Biseri"ii Orto6o:e@ 78ro!Fn6 toto67tH 9i e!es
;7i #e"4e "7re pe6epse7 "u ;o7rte7 pe ;74o;e67nii "7re #or tre"e IE
"re9tinis;.
Ro;7no?"7toi"ii@ spriMinin6u?se pe GHrie "7toi"e ) .r7nG7@ I;pe?
riu 7ustro?un!7r 9i re!7tu S7r6iniei )@ 7u "reJut "H 7 sosit ;o;entu
sH po7tH spe"u7 Fn f7#o7re7 "7toi"is;uui i8ertHGie 7"or67te 6e I;?
periu oto;7n "re9tinior 9i s?7u 6e67t 7 o prop7!7n6H #ie 9i intensH
Fn B7"7ni 9i Fn Orientu 7propi7t@ Fn 67un7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e. D7i
n?7u putut Fnre!istr7 su""esee s"ont7te@ "u; re"uno79te /. DespreJ Fn
7rti"ou HEEglise dE(rient, pu8i"7t Fn BRe#ue 6es 6eu: ;on6esD@ 00IIY
$%+'2-@ no. (@ p. +(%@ s"ris Fn "onMun"tur7 "riJei Orientuui 6intre 7nii
%+'2)%+'L@ Fn "7re ;Hrturise9te "u 7;HrH"iune =
BCre9tinii !re"i orto6o"9i nutres" 6esi!ur o #ie 9i se"u7rH neFn"re?
6ere f7GH 6e Biseri"7 Ro;ei@ 9i noi o 9ti; 9i o 6epFn!e;.
D7"H Biseri"7 6e RHsHrit n?7 fH"ut ni"i o "u"erire serio7sH prin pre ?
6i"H 9i proJeitis; 6e 7 s4is;7 6in %&'(@ e7 n?7 pier6ut@ insH@ ni"i o
p7;H 6e teren Fn uptee "7re i s?7u 67t@ "Fteo67tH "u t7ent 9i tot6e7 ?
un7 "u "ur7M@ 6e "Htre ;isiunie "7toi"e. E7 7 opus 7t7"urior or o fer ?
;it7te 6e neJ6run"in7t@ un siste; 6e tHrie 9i i;o8iit7te "ontr7 "Hrui7
9tiinG7 9i 7utorit7te7 Biseri"ii C7toi"e 7u 7Muns sH se iJ8e7s"H Fn "4ip
inuti pFnH 7JiD $VeJi 9i = R. Au8ert@ \. Brus 9i "ei7Gi@ Fouvelle ?istoire
de lEEglise, t. VA HEEglise dans le monde moderne, P7ris@ %*5'@ p. '%5)'%+-.
Ni"i 6upH pu8i"7re7 e6i"tuui /7tti?/u;73iu; tur"ii n?7u "ur;7t
78uJurie@ 7s7sin7tee 9i 7tro"itHGie "7re s?7u Ginut 7nG 9i "7re 7u "on ?
tri8uit 7 prH8u9ire7 I;periuui tur".
Astfe@ Fn .%+L& 9Fnt o;orFGi peste %L ;ii 6e "re9tini nestorieni 9i
;7roniGi 6in Li87n.
Fn %+5' s?7u "o;is ;H"euri Fn ;7sH Fn /erGe!o#in7 9i Bosni7 A Fn
iuie %+5L@ Fn Ser8i7 A Fn * 7u!ust %+5L@ Fn Bu!7ri7.
CriJ7 I;periuui oto;7n s?7 76Fn"it 9i prin tu8urHrie pro#o"7te
6e BMunii tur"iD@ p7rtiJ7ni 7i i8er7is;uui 8ur!4eJ@ "u;in7te prin rHs?
turn7re7 9i 7s7sin7re7 sut7nuui A86u?AJiJ $%+L%)%+5L-@ Fn Jiu7 6s
2% ;7i $i iunie- %+5L. D7r ni"i su8 nou sut7n@ A86u?/7;M6 II $%+5L
)%*&*-@ nu s?7u 7"or67t 6repturi popo7reor supuse 6in I;periu
oto;7n.
Fn J767r 7u protest7t repreJent7nGii Puterior europene "ontr7 ;H?
"eurior 6in /erGe!o#in7@ Bosni7@ Ser8i7 9i Bu!7ri7@ Fn ConferinG7 "7re
7 7#ut o" 7 Const7ntinopo Fn %%],2 6e"e;8rie %+55 9i 2& i7nu7rie $%%
fe8ru7rie- %+5+@ Fn "7re 7u "erut sH se 7"or6e unee i8ertHGi popo7reor
"re9tine 6in B7"7ni.
PERIOADA A ASEA
In %*]2% ;7rtie %+55@ puterie se;n7t7re 7e Btr7t7tuui 6e p7"e 6e
P7risD@ 6in %+'L@ se;ne7JH 7 Lon6r7 un proto"o prin "7re re"o?
7n67u Tur"iei sH 7"or6e unee i8ertHGi popo7reor supuse.
Respin!ere7 or 6e "Htre sut7nu A86u?/7;i6 7 6us 7 iJ8u"nire7
J8oiuui ruso?ro;<no?tur" 6in %+55. Rusi7 7 6e"7r7t rHJ8oi I;periu?
i oto;7n@ pentru 7pHr7re7 8u!7rior 9i ei8er7re7 or@ 7 %(],' 7pri?
hc %+55@ i7r Ro;<ni7 7 ,* 7priie $%% ;7i- %+55.
L7 *],% ;7i %+55@ ;inistru 6e e:terne 7 Ro;<niei@ Mi47i Oo!H?
"e7nu@ 7 "itit Fn C7;er7 6eput7Gior@ Fn nu;ee !u#ernuui ro;<n@ o
F67r7Gie prin "7re Ro;<ni7 se pro"7;7 na!iune de$sine$stttoare, i7r
6unHre7 6eput7Gior@ "u o ;7Morit7te J6ro8ito7re@ 7 #ot7t tndependen$
absolut a Romniei#
Bu!7rii 7u fost uti;u popor ei8er7t 6e su8 6o;in7Gi7 tur"H 6in
6"7ni@ "u 7Mutoru Rusiei 9i 7 Ro;<niei.
Fn"H 6in %+%,@ peste 2& 6e ;ii 6e 8u!7ri 7u tre"ut@ Fn frunte "u -
is"opu Sofronie 6e Vr7G7 $f 6upH %+2&-@ Fn E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H@ un6e
7u 8u"ur7t 6e 8unH pri;ire 9i !HJ6uire. A"i #or tipHri 8u!7rii pri?
ee or "HrGi Fn i;87 8u!7rH 9i?9i #or pre!Hti "76ree re#ouGion7re S
ntru rHJ8oiu 6e ei8er7re 6in %+55.
Din pun"t 6e #e6ere 8iseri"es"@ 8u!7rii se 7f7u supu9i ier7r4iei
Ze"e9ti 6e Const7ntinopo. In %+'*@ 8u!7rii@ 6orin6 sH intro6u"H Fn Bi?
ri"7 or o ier7r4ie n7Gion7H@ 7u pus Fn #e6ere ier7r4ior !re"i sH pH?
ise7s"H s"7unee or 6in Bu!7ri7. Lupt7 7 6ur7t Je"e 7ni@ pFnH "Fn6@
%, ;7rtie %+5&@ sut7nu A86u?AJiJ $%++%)%+5L-@ 7 insistenG7 "on?
ui I!n7tie#@ repreJent7ntu 6ipo;7ti" 7 Rusiei orto6o:e pe Fn!H
tit7n@ 7 re"unos"ut printr?un fir;7n +iserica na!ional bulgar, su8
in6u"ere7 unui e:7r4 8u!7r 9i o ier7r4ie 8u!7rH. Sino6u 8u!7r 7
es@ 7 ,2 fe8ru7rie %+5,@ pe pri;u titu7r 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e
8u!7?0, Fn "7it7te 6e e:7r4@ fiin6 FntroniJ7t 7 %% ;7i %+5,@ 7
sHr8Hto7re7 7Gior Oiri 9i Meto6ie@ BApostoii s7#iorD.
P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo@ FnsH@ s?7 opus 7 FnfiinG7re7 e:7r47?
iui 8u!7r. L7 ,' ;7i %+5,@ p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Anti; 7 V?e7 +('
)%+(+ A %+'2)%+'' A %+5%)%+52- 7 Const7ntinopouui 7 6e"7r7t iseri"7
8u!7rH Bs"4is;7ti"HD. Fn Sino6u Ginut 7 Const7ntinopo Fn Apte;8rie?
o"to;8rie %+5,@ 7 "7re 7u p7rti"ip7t p7tri7r4u Anti; VI .
Const7ntinopouui 9i p7tri7r4ii S"7uneor 7postoi"e 7e RHsHrituui =
e:7n6ri7 9i Antio4i7 $fHrH p7tri7r4u Oiri 7 II?e7 7 Ierus7i;uui
+(')%+5,- 9i 7r4iepis"opu Cipruui-@ Biseri"7 8u!7rH 7 fost 7"uJ7tH
' *iletism ,6 iu8ire e:7!er7tH 6e ne7;- 9i 6e"7r7tH Bs"4is;7ti"HD@
"4is;7 8u!7rH 7 fost ri6i"7tH 7 ,' fe8ru7rie %*(' 6e p7tri7r4u e"u?
eni" Veni7;in I $%*2L)%*(L-.
Prin tr7t7tee 6e p7"e 6e 7 S7n?Stef7no@ 6in %* fe8ru7rie $2 ;7rtie-
25+@ 9i 6e 7 Berin@ 6in %]%, iuie %+5+@ se re"uno79te pe p7n intern7?
on7 independen!a de stat a Romniei 9i 6repturie s7e 7supr7 Do8ro?
Qi@ strH#e"4i teritoriu ro;<nes".
Se re"uno79te@ 6e 7se;ene7@ independen!a =erbiei "i a 3untene$
rului 9i autonomia +ulgariei, 6e"7r7tH prin"ip7t 7utono;@ su8 suJer7?
it7te7 Tur"iei@ Fn 7f7rH 6e Ru;ei7@ "7re s?7 7ipit Bu!7riei Fn %++'.
u!7ri7 7 o8Ginut in6epen6enG7 6epinH 7 %, septe;8rie %*&+.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
DupH p7"e7 6e 7 Berin@ 7u 7#ut o" Fn B7"7ni 9i i;port7nte s"4i;?
8Hri 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere 8iseri"es". Se "uno79te "H Biseri"7 Orto6o:H
SFr8H@ Fn ur;7 pH"ii 6e 7 A6ri7nopo@ 6in %+,*@ 7 o8Ginut@ Fn %+2,@
autonomia f7GH 6e P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo. Fn ur;7 pH"ii 6e 7
Berin@ %]%2 iuie %+5+@ p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Io7Pi; III $%+5+)%++( A
%*&%)%*%,- 7 7"or67t Biseri"ii Orto6o:e SFr8e@ 7 ,& o"to;8rie $% no?
ie;8rie- %+5*@ autocefalia#
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 o8Ginut@ 6e 7se;ene7@ aiitoce*alia "e#7
;7i tFrJiu@ 7 ,' 7priie %++'@ prin to;osu 6e 7uto"ef7ie 7"or67t ei 6e
p7tri7r74u e"u;eni" Io7Pi; IV $%++()%++L-.
Pe p7n poiti" 9i ;iit7r intern7Gion7@ 6upH p7"e7 6e 7 Berin
6in %+5+@ s?7u pro6us nu;ero7se 7te e#eni;ente "7re 7u sH8it ;ut
I;periu oto;7n.
Fn %+5+@ Tur"i7@ Fn 87J7 unui 7"or6 se"ret@ 7 tre"ut te;por7r M7rii
Brit7nii insu7 Cipru@ pe "7re en!eJii 7u Fn"76r7t?o Fn I;periu 8rit7?
ni". A8i7 7 % o"to;8rie %*L&@ insu7 Cipru s?7 pro"7;7t in6epen6entH@
su8 "on6u"ere7 Ar4iepis"opuui M7"7rios.
Fn ;7i?iunie %++%@ .r7nG7 o"upH Tunisi7. Fn septe;8rie %++,@ An?
!i7@ prin !ener7u Se3;our@ o"upH E!iptu.
Ne;uGu;itH "H n?7 p7rti"ip7t 7 nou7 F;pHrGire "ooni7H@ It7i7
o"upH@ Fn ti;pu rHJ8oiuui it7o?tur"@ 6in septe;8rie %*%%)%*%,@ Tri?
poit7ni7@ Ciren7i"7@ insu7 Ro6os 9i Do6e"7neJu.
L7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 0I0 9i Fn"eputu se"ouui 00@ 67toritH inter?
#enGiei Puterior europene@ i8ert7te7 9i 6repturie "re9tinior 6in I;?
periu oto;7n s?7u respe"t7t "e#7 ;7i 8ine@ 67r nu peste tot 7 fe. Ast ?
fe@ Fn %+*()%*&*@ 7u fost 6in nou ;7s7"r7Gi peste %&& ;ii 6e !re"i.
Fn "on6iGiie 6eJ#otHrii 8ur!4eJiei n7Gion7e 9i 7e 6epen6enGei I;?
periuui tur" 6e "7pit7u strHin@ 7 u7t n79tere 9i s?7 FntHrit ;ut ;i9?
"7re7 6e;o"r7ti"H 7 BMunior tur"iD@ "7re@ Fn ur;7 o#iturii 6e st7t 6in
iuie %*&+@ 7u u7t putere7@ rest78iin6 "onstituGi7 pro;u!7tH Fn %+5L@
67r 78ro!7tH Fn %+5+. D7r 9i BMunii tur"iD 7u "ontinu7t poiti"7 6e opri ?
;7re rei!io7sH 9i e"ono;i"H 7 popo7reor "re9tine 6in B7"7ni@ "7 9i
sut7nii 6in tre"ut.
RHJ8o7iee 87"7ni"e 6in %*%,)%*%2 7u siit Tur"i7 sH pHrHse7s"H
"e7 ;7i ;7re p7rte 6in Peninsu7 B7"7ni"H@ rH;FnFn6 Fn Europ7 6o7r
"u o ;i"H fF9ie 6e teren@ "u or79u A6ri7nopo $E6irne-@ de$ un!u Bos?
foruui 9i D7r67neeor@ re"unos"utH ei prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 6e 7 Lon6r7
6in 2& ;7i %*%2.
Fn ti;pu pri;uui rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ 7 "7re Tur"i7 7 p7r?
ti"ip7t 6e 7 ,2 noie;8rie %*%( 7Hturi 6e Puterie "entr7e@ Ger;7ni7 9i
Austro?Un!7ri7@ tur"ii@ profitFn6 6e situ7Gi7 !re7 Fn "7re s?7u 7f7t Pu?
terie Ai7te ) .r7nG7@ An!i7 9i Rusi7 )@ 7u ;7s7"r7t Fn %*%')%*%L
7pro7pe un ;iion 9i Mu;Ht7te 6e 7r;eni@ 8Hr87Gi@ fe;ei 9i "opii@ !eno"i6
7 "Hrui rHspun6ere "76e 7supr7 7utoritHGior I;periuui oto;7n@ Fn"Ft pro?
#in"iie 7r;ene 6in An7toi7 6e RHsHrit 7u rH;7s ruin7te 9i pustii@ 7"oo
un6e 7tH67tH 7 Fnforit "utur7 9i "i#iiJ7Gi7 "re9tinH 7r;e7nH.
L7 sfFr9itu pri;uui rHJ8oi ;on6i7@ Fn %*%+@ Tur"i7@ "7 putere Fn?
#insH@ 7 pier6ut E!iptu@ Ir7Pu@ Siri7@ Tr7nsior67ni7@ Li87nu 9i P7estin7.
PERIOADA A ASEA
Prin tr7t7tu 6e 7 Se#res@ 6in %& 7u!ust %*,&@ S;irn7 $IJ;ir-@ "u te?
oriu Fn"onMurHtor 9i ;7u europe7n 7 D7r67neeor@ er7u 7tri8uite
e"iei.
Fn %*%*)%*,,@ 7 iJ8u"nit rHJ8oiu !re"o?tur"@ pe "7re Tur"i7 %?7 "F9ti?
t su8 "on6u"ere7 ui Must7f7 Oe;7 At7tiirP $%++%)%*2+-@ fHuritoru
r"iei ;o6erne@ su8 "7re@ 7 ,* o"to;8rie %*,2@ s?7 pro"7;7t Repu8i"7
ir"H.
Re#ouGi7 Pe;7istH s?7 Fn"4ei7t prin #i"tori7 "ontr7 Gre"iei@ prin iJ?
nire7 sut7nuui Fn %*,2. L7 % noie;8rie %*,2@ M7re7 A6un7re N7Gion7?
Tur"H supri;H Sut7n7tu oto;7n@ Fno"uin6u?% "u Repu8i"7 Tur"H@ i7r
2 ;7rtie %*,( supri;H O7if7tu ;usu;7n.
Fn ur;7 FnfrFn!erii Gre"iei 6e "Htre Tur"i7@ s?7 pro"e67t 7 un s"4i;8
Fsi# 6e popu7Gie Fn %*,, Fntre !re"ii 6in Asi7 Mi"H 9i tur"ii 6in M7"e6o?
7 9i Tr7"i7. Peste un ;iion 9i Mu;Ht7te 6e !re"i 7u fost o;orFGi s7u
puJ7Gi@ i7r ;itropoitu /risosto; 7 S;irnei 7 fost 87tMo"orit@ tHi7t Fn
i"HGi 9i 7run"7t 7 6ini@ fHrH "7 B"re9tiniiD 6in Apus sH inter#inH@ 6e9i
fi putut?o f7"e.
Prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e Fn"4ei7t 7 ,( iuie %*,2@ 7 L7us7nne Fn E#eGi7@
tre Gre"i7 9i Tur"i7@ s?7u 7nu7t pre#e6erie tr7t7tuui 6e p7"e 6e 7 Se?
es@ 6in %& 7u!ust %*,&. P7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" i s?7u u7t 7"u; to7te
ero!7ti#ee poiti"e 9i Muri6i"e pe "7re e 7#e7 "7 Betn7r4D 7 "re9tinior
n I;periu tur"@ 7"or67te 6e M74o;e6 II BCu"eritoruD $%('%)%(+%-@
2an6u?i nu;7i 7tri8uGiie s7e rei!io7se. De9i tur"ii #oi7u 7un!7re7 p7?
i7r4uui e"u;eni" 6in Const7ntinopo@ 797 "u; #or 6esfiinG7 Fn 2 ;7rtie
N ,( O7if7tu ;usu;7n@ totu9i 7 insistenG7 puterior europene@ Fn6eo?
8i 7e or6uui G. N. CurJon $%+'*)%*,'-@ ;inistru 6e e:terne 7 An?
iei@ tr7t7tu 6e 7 L7us7nne 6in %*,2 pre#e6e "7 P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H
rH;FnH 9i Fn #iitor Fn Const7ntinopo.
SfFnt7 Sofi7 7 6e#enit ;uJeu n7Gion7 Fn %*,(@ 6in ;os"4ee tur"e7s?
i@ "u; fusese tr7nsfor;7tH 6in ,* ;7i %('2. Oe;7 At7tiirP@ nou "on?
F"Htor 7 Tur"iei ;o6erne@ "7re 7 interJis tur"ior purt7re7 fesuui@ 7 in?
rJis 9i "eruui !re" 6in Const7ntinopo 9i 6in Tur"i7 purt7re7 "ostu;u?
i preoGes"@ prin 6e"retu 6in 6e"e;8rie %*2(.
DupH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+- 7u u7t fiinGH@ Fn Peninsu7
7"7ni"H@ trei ;7ri p7tri7r4ii = P7tri7r4i7 sFr8H@ Fn %, noie;8rie %*,&@
"unos"utH 6e P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo prin to;osu 7"or67t ei 6e p7?
i7r4u Meetie IV Met7:7Pis $%*%,)%*,2-@ 7 * ;7rtie %*,, A P7tri7r4i7
h;<nH@ 7 ( fe8ru7rie %*,'@ re"unos"utH 6e P7tri7r4i7 e"u;eni"H 7 2&
Lie %*,'@ prin to;osu %'5*@ 7"or67t ei 6e p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" 6e Con?
7ntinopo V7sie III $%*,')%*,*-@ 9i P7tri7r4i7 8u!7rH@ 7 %& ;7i %*'2.
e"uno79tere7 ri6i"Hrii Biseri"ii 8u!7re 7 r7n!u 6e p7tri7r47t s?7 fH"ut
L % 7u!ust %*L%@ 6e "Htre p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" 7 Const7ntinopouui Ate?
7!or7 I $%*(+)%*5,-.
Fn "ee7te GHri 6in RHsHrit@ "u popu7Gie orto6o:H ;7Morit7rH@ situ7Gi7
oiti"H 7 fost ;7i f7#or78iH 6eJ#otHrii Biseri"ii. Totu9i 9i 7i"i 7u fost
nee !reutHGi "7@ 6e e:e;pu@ Fn Rusi7@ 7;este"u pre7 ;7re 7 G7rior
i tre8urie Biseri"ii.
BISERICA IN EPOCA W MUI\EittiN]# Ghi
Cu; se "uno79te@ pri;u p7tri7r47t rus 7 fost 6esfiinG7t Fn Y5&& 6e G7?
ru Petru "e M7re $%L5,)%5,'- 9i Fno"uit 7 ,' i7nu7rie %5,% "u SfFntu
Sino6 6iri!ent per;7nent@ 7 "Hrui re9e6inGH 7 fost ;ut7tH 6e 7 Mos"o#7
7 Peters8ur!@ nou or79 Fnte;ei7t 6e e Fn %5&2. Le!Htur7 6intre G7r 9i
SfFntu Sino6 6iri!ent o fH"e7 un pro"ur7tor supre; nu;it (?er$procu$
ror, "7re !7r7nt7 F;pHr7tuui 6reptu 6e 7 "onfir;7 u"rHrie Sino6uui.
A"e7stH et7tiJ7re "res"Fn6H 7 Biseri"ii ruse 7 7#ut ur;Hri nepH"ute pen?
tru 6eJ#ot7re7 ei nor;7H. E7 nu 9i?7 putut re"F9ti!7 i8ert7te7 6epinH 6e
;i9"7re 6e"Ft Fn %*%+@ 7 Fn"eputu inst7urHrii re!i;uui so"i7ist 6in
Rusi7@ "Fn6 un Sino6 Ginut Fntre %' 7u!ust %*%5 ) septe;8rie %*%+@ 7
Mos"o#7@ 7 4otHrFt reFnfiinG7re7 7 ' noie;8rie %*%5 7 P7tri7r4iei Ruse.
St7tu so#ieti" "7re 7 preu7t "on6u"ere7 poiti"H 7 Rusiei 6in %*%5
7 pu8i"7t 7 ,2 i7nu7rie %*%+ decretul pentru noul regim al cultelor,
Fnte;ei7t pe ur;Hto7ree prin"ipii =
7. +iserica este separat de stat:
8. Se asigur libertatea de con"tiin! complet# Fiecare cet!ean
este liber s profese%e cultul, dup alegerea sa, sau s nu profese%e
rci unul $.. .e6oro#@ LNE!ise et e "ute en URSS@ E6itions So"i7es@
P7ris@ %*('@ p. 5-.
De"retu 6in ,2 i7nu7rie %*%+ 7 fost re"onfir;7t 9i 6e ConstituGi7
U.R.S.S. 6in %*2L@ "7re pre#e6e7 7 7rt. %,( "H@ Bpentru 7 se 7si!ur7
"etHGenior i8ert7te7 6e "on9tiinGH@ Biseri"7 Fn U.R.S.S. este sep7r7tH 6e
st7t 9i 9"o77 6e Biseri"H. Li8ert7te7 6e 7 pr7"ti"7 "utee rei!io7se 9i
i8ert7te7 6e prop7!7n6H 7ntirei!io7sH sFnt re"unos"ute tuturor "etH?
GeniorD $.. .e6oro#@ op# cit#, p. %*-.
A"este7 er7u pre#HJute@ 8ineFnGees@ pe 4Frtie@ pentru "H@ Fn pr7"ti
"H@ 7teis;u #iruent 9i !rotes" er7 prop7!7t prin to7te ;iMo7"ee@ in?
"usi# "onstrFn!eri 6e tot feu 7supr7 tuturor "etHGenior@ 67r ;7i 7es
7supr7 "eor "re6in"io9i.
Ate Biseri"i Orto6o:e 7u u7t fiinGH@ 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7
$%*%()%*%+-@ Fn Ce4oso#7"i7@ 6in %*,2@N Fn Pooni7@ Fn %*,( 9i Fn .in?
7n67@ 6in %*,2.
Biseri"7 A87niei s?7 pro"7;7t 7uto"ef7H 7 %, 7priie %*25. Fr
%*5%@ re!i;u "o;unist tot7it7r 6in A87ni7 7 6e"7r7t st7tu 787neA
6rept pri;u st7t 7teu 6in u;e@ interJi"Fn6 ori"e "re6inGH 9i ori"e ;7?
nifest7re rei!io7sH@ ;er!Fn6 "4i7r pFnH 7 e:e"ut7re7 pe o"@ fHrH Mu?
6e"7tH@ 7 "eui surprins Fn sH#Fr9ire7 unui 7"t 6e "ut s7u 6e piet7te
person7H. Din i7rn7 7nuui %**&)%**%@ A87ni7 7 re#enit 7 #7orie
6e;o"r7Giior Europei o""i6ent7e@ 787n6onFn6 ;7r:is;u 9i 7teis;u
6e st7t@ Fn"Ft@ Fn preJent@ ori"ine po7te sH?9i ;7nifeste i8er "on#in!eri
e s7e rei!io7se@ poiti"e s7u fiosofi"e@ i7r Biseri"ie "re9tine pot sH sK
or!7niJeJe 9i sH fiinGeJe 6in nou i8ere.
Situ7Gi7 so"i7H 7 GHrior orto6o:e 6in RHsHrit 7 fost@ 6esi!ur@ strFn=
e!7tH 6e situ7Gi7 or poiti"H. In RHsHrit@ for;ee 6e e:po7t7re feu67
H 9i io8H!e7s"H 7u 6ur7t ;7i ;ut 6e"Ft Fn Apus@ Fn"Ft nu e 6e ;irHri
"H popo7ree orto6o:e 7u rH;7s "e#7 ;7i Fn ur;H Fn "ee7 fce pri#e9ti
"i#iiJ7Gi7@ Fn "o;p7r7Gie "u popo7ree 6e "re6inGH "7toi"H 9i protest7n
tH 6in Apus. ,+ ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
PERIOADA A ASEA
D7toritH i6eior Re#ouGiei fr7n"eJe 6in %5+*@ pe "7re 7r;7tee ui
oeon e?7u rHspFn6it pretutin6eni Fn Europ7@ 7uto"r7Gii ti;puui 7u
siiGi sH f7"H unee refor;e so"i7e. Astfe@ Austri7 7 fH"ut unee re?
e so"i7e 7 %+(+ Fn Un!7ri7 A Fn Rusi7@ prin e!e7 F;pHr7tuui Ae?
Iru II $%+'')%++%- 6in %+L%@ s?7 FnfHptuit refor;7 7!r7rH prin "7re
=H"ut F;proprietHrire7 GHr7nior.
In Ro;<ni7@ 6in iniGi7ti#7 6o;nitoruui Ae:7n6ru Io7n CuJ7 $%+'*
LL-@ 7 %5],* 6e"e;8rie %+L2@ P7r7;entu ro;<n 7 #ot7t Hegea se$
ri%rii averilor mnstire"ti, i7r Fn 7nu ur;Htor@ prin pe8is"itu 6in
, 9i %(],L ;7i %+L( 9i prin Le!e7 pro;u!7tH 6e Ae:7n6ru Io7n
i# i7 %(],L 7u!ust %+L(@ s?7 fH"ut F;proprietHrire7 GHr7nior. Totu9i@ Fn
pofi67 F;proprietHririi GHr7nior@ Fn GHrie orto6o:e@ situ7?; s?7
F;8unHtHGit pre7 ;ut. AHturi 6e #e"4iu stHpFn ) ;o9ieru i
7pHrut un nou stHpFn ) f78ri"7ntu. DiferenG7 Fntre "7see so"i7e
;enGinut@ 6esi!ur su8 o for;H ;7i toer78iH.
E 6e o8ser#7t "H Europ7 rHsHrite7nH@ "u e"ono;i7 ei 7!r7rH Fn"4i?
i "u in6ustri7 ei pFnH 6e "urFn6 ;ut Fn7poi7tH@ 7 7#ut infuenGH
A 9i 7supr7 #ieGii 8iseri"e9ti 9i spiritu7e. Fn RHsHrit n?7u e:ist7t@ "7
tpus@ o pHturH ;iMo"ie puterni"H 9i ni"i !rupHri 6e 8rese "7re sH
e pe ;un"itori 9i pe GHr7nii sHrH"iGi 6e 78uJurie 7tifun6i7rior. De
7se;ene7@ 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere "utur7@ RHsHritu 7 rH;7s "e#7 Fn
ur;H Fn uti;ii %+& 6e 7ni f7GH 6e Apus. In Apus i6ee7 st7tuui
7 "uturii iu;iniste@ 7 sep7rHrii Biseri"ii 6e st7t@ 7 re!i;uui 6e
A7te "onfesion7H Fn f7G7 e!ii 7u fost "unos"ute 9i 7pi"7te Fntre
%+'&)%*&&@ Fn ti;p "e Fn RHsHrit tre8uie sH se opereJe "u 7te re?
Gi. Desi!ur@ 7u pHtruns Fn GHrie RHsHrituui infuenG7 fr7n"eJH@ !er?
H 9i en!eJH@ "7re se resi;te Fn 6iferite GHri rHsHritene@ Fn refor;e?
oiti"e@ so"i7e@ "utur7e 9i e!is7ti#e. D7r 7"e7stH infuenGH n?7
us Fn"H for;7 "uturii p7tri7r47e Fn RHsHrit@ pFnH Fn ti;pu nostru@
@ 9i Fn 7"este GHri@ Fn"ep sH i7 o ;7re 6eJ#ot7re in6ustri7iJ7re7@
niJ7re7 9i 7i"iJ7re7.
InfuenG7 fr7n"eJH 7 fost ;7i puterni"H "7 "ee7te 9i uneori so"o?
peri"uo7sH 6e "Htre "on6u"ere7 8iseri"e7s"H. CHrGie ui .r. M. A.
7ire $f %55+- 9i 7e ui \. \. Rousse7u $%55+- 7u fost Fntr?un ti;p
WJise Fn RHsHrit.
Dintre to7te popo7ree orto6o:e@ nu;7i ro;<nii 7u intro6us i;87
inH "7 i;8H itur!i"H Fn Biseri"H@ Fn"H 6in ti;pu ;itropoituui
?o#74iei@ Anti; I#ire7nu $%5&+)%5%L-@ i7r SfFnt7 S"ripturH 7 fost
isH Fn Fntre!i;e Fn ro;<ne9te Fn %L++ 6e fr7Gii er87n 9i R76u Gre?
u@ "unos"utH su8 6enu;ire7 BBi8i7 6e 7 Bu"ure9tiD.
Cee7te popo7re orto6o:e ) !re"ii@ 8u!7rii@ sFr8ii 9i ru9ii ) n?7u
t intro6u"e Fn Biseri"H i;8ie or ;o6erne@ "7 i;8i itur!i"e@ ni"i
7stHJi@ 6eo7re"e "eri"ii 9i "re6in"io9ii 7"estor Biseri"i so"ote7u 9i
so"otes" 9i 7stHJi "H 7"est f7pt 7r fi o nee!iuire f7GH 6e te:tu s7?
fie "e 6in i;87 !re7"H #e"4e@ fie "e tr76us Fn s7#on7 #e"4e@ Fn
pri#inG7 intro6u"erii i;8ii n7Gion7e "7 i;8H itur!i"H Fn Bise?
ro;<nii se 7r7tH 7 fi "ei ;7i pro!resi9ti 6in Fntre7!7 Orto6o:ie.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
In se"ou 7 00?e7@ Fn Rusi7@ pHtur7 superio7rH "on6u"Hto7re 8i?
seri"e7s"H 9i 7i"H se F;p7rte Fn 6ouH p7rti6e = occidentali"tii 9i tradi$
!ionali"tii sau slavofilii, "u 7te "u#inte pro!resi9tii 9i "onser#7tori9tii
O""i6ent7i9tii er7u pentru i;it7re7 Apusuui@ Fn ti;p "e s7#ofiii ;i ?
it7u pentru pHstr7re7 9i "uti#7re7 #7orior proprii.
In Biseri"H s?7 resi;Git infuenG7 i6eior 7pusene@ Fn pri;u rFn6
i6e7is;uui !er;7n@ stre"ur7t Fn teoo!i7 ruse7s"H pe 7 ;iMo"u se"o?
uui 0I0@ 9i 7 neos"o7sti"ii@ stre"ur7tH Fn 6o!;7ti"ie ie9ite 6in 9"o77
istori"H@ 6e e:e;pu 6e Si#estru Le8e6insP3@ "7re 7 pu8i"7t Fn %5** 9i
%+&' &ompendium T?eologiae clasicum didactico$polemicum doctrinae
o4?oo)ae c?ristianae: M7"7rie Bu!7Po# $f %++,-@ "7re 7 pu8i"7t Te$
ologia dogmatic ortodo), , #oi.@ Peters8ur!@ %+(+ 9i %+'2@ tr76usH Fn
ro;<ne9te@ fr7nGuJe9te 9i 7te i;8iA 9i 7 Si#estru M7e#7nsPi@ epis"op
6e O7ne#@ "7re 7 pu8i"7t Teologia dogmatic ortodo), Fn e:punere7
istori"H 7 6o!;eor@ ' #oi.@ %+5+)%+*+@ tr76usH 9i Fn ro;<ne9te. DupH
pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+- s?7 resi;Git infuenG7 9"oii 6i7e"?
ti"e 7 ui O7r B7rt4 $%++L)%*L+- Fn s"risu unor7 6intre teoo!ii ru9i
"onte;por7ni@ ;7i 7es 7 7"eor7 6in 7f7rH. M7i ;7re 7 fost FnrFurire7
Fn or!7niJ7re7 9"oior 6e tot feu@ un6e s?7u 76opt7t pro!r7;e 9i ;eto?
6e "opi7te Fn Fntre!i;e 6upH Apus.
i Fn Gre"i7 se"ouui 0I0 s?7 67t o uptH Fntre pro!resi9ti 9i tr7?
6iGion7i9ti. De e:e;pu teoo!u C. OiPono;os $n. %5+&) f %+'5- er7
tr76iGion7ist@ pe "Fn6 T4eo"itos .7r;7"4i6es $n. %5+() f %+L&- er7
pro!resist.
Fn !enere@ e 6e re;7r"7t "H uneori s?7 i;it7t pre7 ;ut Apusu@
;7i 7es Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te or!7niJ7re7 9"oior ;e6ii 9i 7 .7"utHGior
6e teoo!ie@ "7re nu tot6e7un7 se potri#e7 "u situ7Gi7 rei!io7sH 7 RHsH?
rituui orto6o:.
Din"oo 6e to7te "onsi6er7Giie@ rH;Fne #778i f7ptu "H Biseri"7
orto6o:H 7 trHit 9i 7 rH;7s Fn to7te GHrie orto6o:e@ 67r ;7i 7es Fn GH?
rie 6in B7"7ni@ 7Hturi 6e poporu sHr7" 9i ne"HMit@ 7inFn6u?i 6urerie
9i Fn"ur7MFn6u?% Fn Jiee ne!re 6e "runtH 7pHs7re 9i ro8ie. Orto6o:i7 7
purt7t Fn sp7tee ei #e7"uri 6e u;iire 9i suferinGH@ "7 ni"i o 7tH Bise?
ri"H. Mute se"oe e7 7 tre8uit sH 6u"H pe u;erii sHi "ru"e7 Do;nuui
/ristos@ 67r 7 fH"ut 6ru;u "ru"ii "u "ur7M neFnfri"7t@ "u sper7nGH 9i
opti;is; Fntr?o so7rtH ;7i 8unH pentru "re6in"io9ii 9i suMitorii ei. Fn
tre"ere7 ei istori"H prin #re;eni"ie@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 re7iJ7t@ "7
ni"i o 7tH Biseri"H 6in u;e@ "4ipu omului durerii $Is7i7 '2@ ,-@ "4ipu
Do;nuui Iisus /ristos Fn suferinGH@ fHrH ;Hrire 9i fHrH fru;useGe@ B"7re
suferinGee no7stre 7 purt7t 9i 6urerie no7stre e?7 u7t 7supr7 LuiD
$Is7i7 '2@ (-.
Prin "ontri8uGi7 ei 7 7pHr7re7 fiinGei n7Gion7e 7 fie"Hrui popoi
orto6o:@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 sH#Fr9it f7pte nepierito7re 9i 7 fost o 76e?
#Hr7tH 9i 8unH ;7;H "eor "e 7u rH;7s Fn sFnu ei.
PERIOADA A ASEA
B I B L I O G R A . I E
Pentru B"4estiune7 OrientuuiD 9i I;periuui Oto;7n =
Aure De"ei@ Istoria Imperiului otoman pn la -;5;, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5+@ p. %&)%+A
! St76;iier@ >esc?ic?te =udesteuropas, ,?e Auf.@ Mun"4en@ %*5L@ '55 p. i P.
eo4ou et M. Si#i!non@ Les +alLans, P7ris@ %*5% A M. S. An6erson@ T?e Eastern
4on, -CCB6-./W : Lon6on@ %*LLA _. E. Mosse@ T?e Rise and Fall oi t?e
&?ri$i S3ste;@ %+'')%+5%@ Lon6on@ %*L2A V. P. Pote;Pin@ Istoria diploma!iei,
tr76. i;87 rusH 6e V7eri7 CostH"4e@ t. III@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*(+A \. An"ei@ 3anuel
?is$ue de la Ouestion dE(rient, -C./)2*,2@ P7ris@ %*,2A E. Dri7ut@ Ha
[uestion ent, depuis ses origines *usOuE la pai) de =evres $%*,&-@ P7ris@ %*,% M
Must7f7 Vfe4;e6@ Istoria turcilor, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5LA R. M7ntr7n@ 4istoire de Ela
TurOuie, M6.@ P7ris@ %*L+A R. /. D7#ison@ Reiorme in t?e (ttoman Empire, %+'L
)%+5L@ eto`n@ Ne` \erse3@ %*L2A _. l7e@ T?e Fear East, Mi"4i!7n@
%*'+A E. Oe?e@ England and t?e 4iddle East< t?e 8estruction oi t?e
(ttoman Empire, on@ %*'LA \. C. /ure`itJ@ 8iplomac' in t?e Fear and
3iddle East# A docu$7r3 record, , #oi.@ Prin"eto`n@ %*'LA D. DMoroMe#i"@
Re#oiuf]ons nationales des les balLaniOues, -79B6-.-B, Be!r76@ %*'LA G. E.
OirP@ A =?ort 4istor' ol t?e le East< irom t?e Rise ol Islam to 3odern Times,
Ne` lorP@ %*''A C. BroPe?i@ 4istoire des Etats et des peuples islamiOues#
Tr76u"tion fr7n"7ise@ P7ris@ %*(*A hr!7@ >esc?ic?te des osmanisc?en Reic?es,
B<n6 V@ LeipJi!@ %*%2A I6e;@ 4is$des etats balLaniOues, P7ris@ %*,'A A6ri7n
Popes"u@ =itua!ia cre"tinilor orto$In Imperiul otoman, In secolul al PlP$lea, Fn
BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ VII $%*''-@ )+@ p. ('()(L+A Teo6or M. Popes"u@ T.
Bo6o!7e@ G4. StHnes"u@ Istoria bise$sc universal, Bu"ure9ti@ %*'L.
Pentru istori7 Gre"iei=
Peter .. Su!7r@ =out?eastern Europe under (ttoman Rule ,-W5B6-79B0, Se7te
Lon6on@ %*55A B. T4. St7#ri6is@ 4istoire du Patriarcat (ecumeniOue de &on$
inople, Fn re#. BIstin7D@ P7ris@ %*5&@ nr. ,@ p. %2%),52A I6e;@ Istoria Patriar$
m ecumenic, Fn i;87 !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*L5A M. SpinP7@ A 4istor' oi t?e +al$
reprint@ /7;67n@ Conn.@ %*L+A G. St76t;uer@ >esc?ic?te =udesteuropas, ,?e
i!e@ Mun"4en@ %*2LA Ni". G. S#oronos@ 4istoire de la >rece moderne, 2?e
L6.@ @ %*5,A A. V7"7opouos@ Istoria neo$elenismului, 2 #oi. Fn i;87 !re7"H@
Te?i"@ %*L%)%*L+A E6!7r /os"4@ >esc?ic?te der +alLanlnder, Stutt!7rt@
Ver7!@
%L& p.A _. A. /7urte3@ /. C. D7r83@ C. _. Cr7`e3 9i C. M. _oo64ouse@ A
?istor' oi >reece irom earl' times to -.;B, C7;8ri6!e@ %*L'A L. S. St7#ri7?
T?e +alLans since -B5W, ,?n6 e6. Ne` lorP@ %*L%. Istori7 Rusiei 9i 7 U.R.S.S. G.
B7r8erini@ M. Sto4@ E. _ein!Hrtner@ Qirc?en im =o%ialismus, Qirc?en und
in den osteuropisc?en so%ialistisc?en RepubliLen, .r7nPfurt@ %*55@ ,+& p.A R.
%@ Russie ,4istoire0, Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 uni#ers7isD@ t. %(@ P7ris@ %*5,@ p. '(()
M. T. $Mi"47e Ti;ot43- .orinsP3@ Russian 4istor', Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 Brit7?
_, t. %*@ Lon6on@ %*5%@ p. 5+*)5*LA N. V. Ri7s7no#sP3@ A 4istor' oi Russia, ,?n6
K\e` lorP@ %*L*@ /u!4 Seton?_7tson@ T?e Russian Empire, -7996-.-C, O:for6@
i Re76in! in Russi7n /istor3@ t. IA From Ancient Times to t?e Abolition oI
lom: t. II= T?e 3odern Period, Ne` lorP@ %*L,A A. P7nPr7to#7@ 4istoire de
A
S@ t. II et III@ Mos"ou@ %*(+@ tr76. ro;.@ t. II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'&A V. Giter;7nn@
?ic?te Russlands, 2 #oi.@ biiri"4@ %*(()%*(*A P. MiiouPo#@ C. Sein!8os et L.
;7nn@ 4istoire de Russie, nou#ee e6.@ 2 #oi.@ P7ris@ %*2')%*2L. Istori7 Ro;<niei=
Dinu C. Giures"u@ Istoria ilustrat a romnilor, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+% A Const7ntin
iures"u 9i Dinu C. Giures"u@ Istoria romnilor din cele mai vec?i timpuri pn
i, e6. 7 ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5'A A. OGete7@ I. Popes"u?PuGuri 9i 7Gii@ Istoria poporu$
oman, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5&A N. Ior!7@ Istoria Romnilor, t. VIII@ I0@ 0@ Bu"ure9ti@
?%*2*.
'ISERICA I( EPOCA ;ODER(A LI CO(TE;PORA(A
Pentru istori7 Ser8iei=
\7n Sott7@ >esc?ic?te der =erben, B7utJen@ %*5(A At47n7ssios An!eeopouos@
T?e Relations betNeen t?e Ecumenical Patriarc?ate and &?utc? oi =erbia during t?e period
-7756-.-/, Fn BB7P7n Stu6iesD@ S7oniCue@ % $%*5,-@ p. %%*)%,5A _i?i876 M. Po"4@
8ie (rt?odo)e Qirc?e in der 4absburgisc?en 8onaumonarc?ie ,-5/;6-.-70, Fn BB7P7n
Stu6iesD@ % $%*5,-@ p. %5)2*A V. Pospis"4i@ 8er Patriarc? in der serbisc?$ort?odo)en
Qirc?e, _ien@ %*LLA L. /76ro#i"s@ He peaple serbe et son Eglise sous la
domination turOue, P7ris@ %*(5.
In i;87 ro;<nH =
Si#iu Anui"4i@ Rolul mitiopoliei de Qarlovit% n aprarea orto6o:iei 6in Aus$tio$
Gngaria, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0III $%*L%-@ nr. 2@ p. (%*)(2,.
Pentru istori7 Bu!7riei=
&oncilium &onstantinopolitanum in Ouo +ulgari dissidentes ab Ecclesia (rt?o$
do)a damnantur -7C/ ,augusti /.gseptembris -9)25],* septembris0, Fn= \. D. M7nsi@
I. B. M7rtin et L. Petit@ =acrorum &onciliorum nova et amplissima collectio, t. ('@
P7ris@ %*%%@ "o. (%5)'(L@ "o. '(2)'((. /otHrFre7 6e "on67;n7re= Actes du =aint
et grand ='node tenu &onstantinople dans lEEglise patriarcale du glorieu) mart'r
=aint >eorge le Aictorieu), Au su*et de la Ouestion religieuse bulgare, Const7nti?
nope@ %+52 A C4r. An7st7soff@ T4e +ulgarians# From t?eir arrival in t?e +alLans to
modern times, /i"Ps#ie@ %*55@ 0VI@ 2+& p.A R. Stupperi"4@ Qirc?e and =taat im
+ulgarien und Kugoslavien, _itten@ %*5% A Oiri@ P7tri7r4u Bu!7riei@ QatoiicesLa
propaganda sred bulgrite pre% vtorata polovina na PIP veL# I ,-75.6-7;50, Sofi7@
%*L,A M. M7"6er;ott@ A ?istor' ol +ulgaria, Lon6on@ %*L&A L. Dein@ +ulgaria,
Ne`?lorP@ %*'5A \. O7n7p7@ +ulgarie dE?ier et dEau*ourdE?ui, P7ris@ %*'aA N. S. Der?
i7#in@ Istoria +ulgariei, t. II)III@ Fn i;87 rusH@ Mos"o#7)Lenin!r76@ %*(L)%*(5 A
S. Run"i;7n@ A ?istor' oi t?e First +ulgarian Empire, Lon6on@ %*2&A V. N. b7?
t7rsPi@ N. St7neff@ >esc?ic?te der +ulgaren, , #oi.@ LeipJi!@ %*%5)%*%+ A E. Rein47r6t@
8ie Entste?ung des bulgarisc?en E)arc?at, %*%,.
Pentru A87ni7 =
G. M7Psuto#i"i@ Ha solidarite des peuples avec la lutte du peaple albanais
pour lEindependence ,-7CC)2*2,A@ Fn BRe#ue 6es Etu6es Su6?Est EuropeennesD@ 0V
$%*55-@ nr. (@ p. 525)5'&.
Situ7Gi7 #e"4ior p7tri7r4ii orto6o:e
7e RHsHrituuiI
Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 RHsHrituui este "onstituitH 7stHJi 6in nou pa$
triar?ii, "in"i #e"4i 9i p7tru noi@ 9i 6in peste Je"e Biseri"i orto6o:e
7uto"ef7e s7u 7utono;e "u r7n! 6e 7r4iepis"opie.
In nu;Hru "eor "in"i #e"4i p7tri7r4ii orto6o:e se 7fH ur;Hto7?
ree Biseri"i = Patriar?ia Ecumenic de &onstantinopol 9i "ee trei p7?
tri7r4ii 7postoi"e 7e RHsHrituui = Ale)andria, Antio?ia 9i Ierusalim,
9i P7tri7r4i7 Geor!iei@ 7 "Hrei Biseri"H s?7 6e"7r7t 7uto"ef7H Fn ''L 9i
re"unos"utH "7 7t7re 7 L&( 6e "ee7te Biseri"i.
7- Pa.riar1ia e"u;eni"H d/ Con3.an.ino2o#. Potri#it #e"4ior rFn?
6uiei "7noni"e@ P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo o"upH prin 4otHrFrie "7?
nonuui 2 7 Sino6uui II e"u;eni" 6e 7 Const7ntinopo@ 6in 2+%@ 9i 7e
"7nonuui ,+ 7 Sino6uui IV e"u;eni" 6e 7 C7"e6on@ 6in ('%@ pri;u
o" 6e ono7re@ nu 6e Muris6i"Gie@ Fn sFnu Biseri"ii orto6o:e.
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
PERIOADA A ASEA
Titu 6e Patriar?ie Ecumenic nu %?7 7#ut 6e 7 Fn"eput@ "i
nu;7i i se"ou 7 V?e7. Pentru pri;7 o7rH Fn istorie@ 6enu;ire7
6e Pairii ecumenic s?7 67t 6e "Htre F;pHr7tu \ustini7n "e M7re
$',5) h-@ Fn 7priie '22@ p7tri7r4uui Epif7nie 6e Const7ntinopo $',&)
'2'-. ti;pu p7tri7r4uui 6e Const7ntinopo Io7n VI Postitoru $'+,)
'*'-@
4otHrFt@ printr?un sino6 o"7 Ginut 7 Const7ntinopo Fn '++@ "7 toGi
ri7r4ii Biseri"ii 6e Const7ntinopo sH po7rte Fn #iitor titu 6e pa$
ir?i ecumenici, pe "7re?% po7rtH pFnH 7stHJi@ fHrH "7 prin 7"est titu
i;pieteJe 7utorit7te7 s7u Muris6i"Gi7 "eor7Gi p7tri7r4i 7i Biseri"ior
to6o:e.
De 7 ,* ;7i %('2@ P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo se 7fH pFnH 7Ji
- stHpFnire7 tur"e7s"H. P7tri7r4iie 7postoi"e 6in RHsHrit = Ae:7n6ri7
Antio4i7 7u reu9itcsH se ei8ereJe 6e 6o;in7Gi7 tur"ior. Fn preJent@
A:7n6ri7 9i Antio4i7 se 7fH Fn GHri "u ;7MoritHGi ;usu;7ne@ "7
iptu 9i Siri7@ i7r p7tri7r4i7 6e Ierus7i; fun"Gione7JH 6in %*(5 Fn
tu Isr7e.
Un nou spirit 6e #i7GH 9i 6orinGH 6e i8ert7te s?7 rHspFn6it Fn to7tH
rop7@ 6upH Re#ouGi7 fr7n"eJH 6in %5+*. Popo7ree orto6o:e 6in B7?
Fi@ "7re !e;e7u su8 6o;in7Gi7 tur"e7s"H@ Fn"ep upt7 6e ei8er7re 9i
ti!7re 7 in6epen6enGei or@ "7re 7 6ur7t tot se"ou 0I0 9i pri;ee
i7 6e"76e 7e se"ouui 00.
L7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 0I0@ P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo ;7i 7#e7
H %2+ 6e ;itropoiGi 9i epis"opi sufr7!7ni.
Potri#it refor;ei 8iseri"e9ti 6in %5L2 7 p7tri7r4uui S7;ui I /7n?
Zi6is $%5L2)%5L+ A %552)%55+-@ "on6u"ere7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e o
S7 Sino6u p7tri7r47 "o;pus 6in p7tri7r4 9i %% ;itropoiGi.
Pri;ii Aru ;itropoiGi nu;iGi g?eronti $8HtrFni- for;7u "o;itetu
e:e"uti#@ H 6e "7re nu se u7 ni"i o 6e"iJie ;7i i;port7ntH Fn #i7G7
P7tri7r4iei@ ntru pro8e;ee fin7n"i7re 9i 76;inistr7ti#e@ !4eronGii
"ere7u sf7tu or ;ireni ;7i 6e frunte@ 8oieri f7n7rioGi s7u ne!ustori
8o!7Gi@ "7re 7Mut7u Fn r7porturie ofi"i7e "u st7tu tur". M7ree
o!ofHt@ ;7ree no;@ protoiereu@ s7"4e7ru 9i 7Gi fun"Gion7ri
e:er"it7u to7te 7tri?Giie "onsfinGite 6e sut7n@ 7tFt Fn "ee
8iseri"e9ti "Ft 9i Fn tre8urie ie.
Fn 7 6ou7 Mu;Ht7te 7 se"ouui 7 0VIII?e7 s?7u 6esfiinG7t Fn Pe?
Fsu7 B7"7ni"H p7tri7r4i7 sFr8H 6e Ipe" 9i p7tri7r4i7 !re"o?8u!7rH
O4ri67. In ti;pu rHJ8oiuui tur"o?7ustri7" 6intre 7nii %52L)%52*@
tri7r4u sFr8 Arsenie IV I#7no#i"i S7P78ent 6e Ipe" s?7 refu!i7t pe
itoriu I;periuui 7ustri7" "u un nu;Hr 6e L&&.&&& sFr8i 9i 7 pHstorit
Fntre %525)%5(+. Situ7Gi7 p7tri7r4iei sFr8e 6e Ipe" 7 6e#enit tot ;7i
F7. Fn %5L'@ p7tri7r4u O7ini" II 6e Ipe" $%5L')%5LL- 7 "erut p7tri7r?
4ii e"u;eni" S7;ui /7n!eris $%5L2)%5L+- sH tre7"H su8 Muris6i"Gi7
tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
L7 %% septe;8rie %5LL@ sut7nu Must7G7 III $%5'5)%55L- 7 6esfiinG7t@
ntr?un 8er7t@ p7tri7r4i7 sFr8H 6e Ipe" $Pe"i- 9i o supuse P7tri7r4iei
u;eni"e@ su8 "7re 7 rH;7s pFnH 7 %, septe;8rie %*,&@ "Fn6 s?7 re?
8iit p7tri7r4i7 sFr8H. Un 7n ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn %5L5@ 7 fost 6esfiinG7tH 9i
tri7r4i7 !re"o?8u!7rH 6e O4ri67@ pentru 7 nu ;7i f7"e "on"urenGH
tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e Fn B7"7ni.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORAN
L7 sf<r9itu se"ouui 0VIII 9i Fn"eputu se"ouui 0I0@ situ7Gi7 PA
tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e Fn"epe sH se 7;eioreJe. IJ8u"nire7 re#ouGiei !rK
"e9ti@ 7 ,% ;7rtie %+,%@ 7 7!r7#7t FnsH Fntre %+,% 9i %+,* situ7Gi7 PA
tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ 7 "eri"ior 9i "re6in"io9ior !re"i.
In ti;pu re#ouGiei@ 7 %& 7priie %+,%@ 7 fost spFnJur7t 7 po7ri
8iseri"ii P7tri7r4iei 6in Const7ntinopo@ p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Gri!orie
$%5
*5^^%5*+ A %+&L)%+&+ A %+%+)%+,%-@ F;preunH "u 7Gi %, ;itropoi
9i epis"opi 9i nu;ero9i "eri"i 9i "re6in"io9i.
Prin p7"e7 6e 7 A6ri7nopo 6in ,]%( septe;8rie %+,* s?7 re"un"i
"ut in6epen6enG7 Gre"iei 9i s?7u "re7t "on6iGiuni ;7i 8une 9i pentr
P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 6e Const7ntinopo. Se in7u!ur7 7"u; Fn I;perii
oto;7n perio767 nu;itH Fn i;87 tur"H tan%imat ) 7 reformelor, pri
"7re "on6u"Htorii pro!resi9ti tur"i se strH6ui7u sH 6e7 st7tuui tur"
stru"turH europe7nH@ pentru 7?i preun!i e:istenG7.
Pro"7;7re7 in6epen6enGei n7Giunii !re"e9ti 7 %]%, i7nu7rie %+,
7 Epi67ur@ Fn nor6?estu PeoponeJuiui@ in6epen6entH prin tr7t7tu "
7 A6ri7nopo 6in ,]%( septe;8rie %+,*@ 7 "re7t o situ7Gie nouH pentr
P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ Gre"i7 6orin6 sH se 76;inistreJe sin!urH 9i 6i
pun"t 6e #e6ere rei!ios.
D7toritH presiunior ;7rior puteri europene 9i interesuui 7rHGi
f7GH 6e "re9tinii 6in I;periu oto;7n@ sut7nu A86u Me!i6 $%+2*?
%+L%- 7 fost "onstrFns sH 6e7 7 2 noie;8rie %+2* B/7tti?erifuD 6e E#
G4ii?/7ne@ prin "7re se !7r7nt7 "re9tinior i8ert7te7 6e "on9tiinG
i8ert7te7 "utuui@ e!7it7te7 Fn f7G7 e!ii@ si!ur7nG7 #ieGii 9i 7#eri
Sut7nu F9i 6H6e7 se7;7 6e ;ersu e#eni;enteor 9i 7 i;pus "7 7"e
7"t sH fie "itit Fn preJenG7 s7@ 7 ;ini9trior@ 7 Fn7Gior 6e;nit7ri re
!Fo9i@ 76;ininistr7ti#i 9i ;iit7ri@ 7 p7tri7r4ior "re9tini@ !re" 9i 7r;e7=
7 ;7reui r78in@ 7 9efior "orpor7Giior 9i 7 repreJent7nGior 6ipo;7tT
7i st7teor strHine.
Fn ti;pu "riJei orient7e pentru reJo#7re7 B"4estiunii Orientuui
"7re 7 6us Fn "ee 6in ur;H 7 rHJ8oiu Cri;eii@ 6in %+'2)%+'L@ PA
tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 7 7#ut 6e suferit unee presiuni 6in p7rte7 Biseri"
"7toi"e@ susGinutH 7tun"i 6e .r7nG7 prin 6ipo;7Gi7 F;pHr7tuui N7p
eon III $%+',)%+5&-@ 6e I;periu 7ustro?un!7r 9i 6e re!7tu S7r6inie
pre"u; 9i 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ior protest7nte@ e:istente 7tun"i Fn An!i
O7n67@ Prusi7 9.7.
Prin 7"or67re7 7uto"ef7iei Biseri"ii !re"e9ti 7 ,* iunie]%% iuie %+'
6e "Htre P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Anti; IV $%+(%)%+(' A %+(+)%+',-@ Mi
ris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e s?7 re6us fo7rte ;ut.
Un nou 7"t i;peri7 ) Iradeaua din ; iunie -75W ) fu e;is "
sut7nu A86u Me!i6@ prin "7re FntHre9te 6in nou stipu7Giie B/7tt
erifuuiD 6e 7 G4u?/7ne@ 6in 2 noie;8rie %+2*. Se 7""entue7JH 7"u
refor;7 #ieGii interio7re 7 Biseri"ior !re7"H@ 7r;e7nH@ "7toi"H?7r;e7i
9i 7 Cutuui ;oJ7i" 6in I;periu oto;7n.
DupH ter;in7re7 rHJ8oiuui Cri;eii@ Fn"4ei7t prin p7"e7 6e 7 P7r
6in %2],' fe8ru7rie ) %+]2& ;7rtie %+'L@ sut7nu A86u?Me!i6@ 7 in9i
tent7 puterior europene@ 7 fost "onstrFns sH 6e7 7 %+ fe8ru7rie ] , ;7
tie %+'L e6i"tu /7tti?/u;73iu; Q =crisoare imperial s7u =crisom
PERIOADA A LASEA
*raf, prin "7re se !7r7nt7 6in nou i8ert7te7 "re9tinior 6e to7te
Asiunie 9i se 6efine7u r7porturie 6intre I;periu oto;7n 9i P7?
i7 E"u;eni"H. A"tu pre#e6e restrFn!ere7 Muris6i"Giei P7tri7r4iei Fn
irie "i#ie 7e supu9ior orto6o"9i@ 67r s?7 pro;is "re9tinior o
e!7?= "o;petH 6e 6repturi. Li s?7 67t #oie sH f7"H uJ 6e "opote@
sH?9i s"H 9i rep7re 8iseri"ie 9i s?7 78ro!7t e!e7 "7re pe6epse7 "u
;o7r?De ;74o;e67nii "7re 7r tre"e 7 "re9tinis;. Se 7si!ur7
toto67tH DUire7 "eruui Fn 797 fe "7 sH se e#ite 78uJurie Fn
per"epere7 or. Cre9tinii pute7u fi 76;i9i Fn fun"Giie 6e st7t@
pre"u; 9i Fn 9"o?Ai#ie 9i ;iit7re 7e I;periuui oto;7n. S?7
i;pus@ FnsH@ ser#i"iu 7r 9i "re9tinior@ 6e "7re ;7i Fn7inte er7u
s"utiGi. A"este pro;isiuni H;7s 6o7r 6repturi no;in7e@ "H"i@ Fn
re7it7te@ nu s?7u respe"t7t. Tn 7priie %+'5@ Po7rt7 Oto;7nH 7
"erut P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7nti? sH nu;e7s"H un "onsiiu
pro#iJoriu spre 7 7"Htui un proie"t 6e pentru 76;inistr7re7
8iseri"e7s"H Fn spiritu 6ispoJiGiior 6in e6i"?nperi7 B/7tti?
/u;73iu;D 6in %+'L.
istfe s?7 7"Htuit Hegea din ianuarie -7;9, 6upH "7re s?7 "on6us
7r4i7 E"u;eni"H pFnH 7 tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 6intre Gre"i7 9i Tur"i7@
( iuie %*,2@ 6e 7 L7us7nne ) E#eGi7.
A"e7stH e!e@ Fn 97pte "7pitoe "uprin6e 4otHrFri referito7re 7 7e?
t 9i FntroniJ7re7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni"@ 7 ;itropoiGior 9i epis"opi?
7 or!7niJ7re7 Sino6uui p7tri7r47 "o;pus 6in p7tri7r4 9i %% ;i?
iGi@ 7 7e!ere7 unui "onsiiu ;i:t 6e "eri"i 9i ;ireni@ 7"Htuit 6in
7r4@ trei ;itropoiGi 9i opt ;ireni@ "7re sH se o"upe 6e #eniturie
etuieie P7tri7r4iei@ 7 r7porturie p7tri7r4uui "u ;itropoiGii 9i
Dpii sufr7!7ni@ 7 or!7niJ7re7 ;FnHstirior@ 7 s77riJ7re7 "eruui
6e;nit7rior p7tri7r47i.
R7 Fn"eputu 7nuui %+L5@ !re"ii 6in insuH Cret7 s?7u rHs"u7t. Pen?
potoi u"rurie@ sut7nu A86u?AJiJ $%+L%)%+5L- 7"or6H insuei@
n?7 putut o8Gine Fn"orpor7re7 7 nou st7t !re"@ un regulament
ic, un fe 6e "onstituGie.
Cerere7 Biseri"ii 8u!7re 6in %+'* 6e 7 "re7 un e:7r47t in6epen?
9i 7un!7re7 ier7r4ior !re"i 6in Bu!7ri7 7 "o;pi"7t 9i Fn!reui7t
situ7Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e. Cu; se 9tie@ 7 insistenG7 "onteui
ie#@ repreJent7ntu Rusiei pe Fn!H Po7rt7 oto;7nH@ sut7nu A86u?
printr?un fir;7n pu8i"7t 7 %, ;7rtie %+5&@ 7 re"unos"ut 8u!7?
nfiin!area e)ar?atului, i7r 7"e9ti7@ 7 ,2 fe8ru7rie %+5,@ 9i?7u 7es
i;u or e:7r4. ]
n Sino6u Fntrunit 7 Const7ntinopoi Fn septe;8rie?o"to;8rie %+5,@
Dr4ii RHsHrituui@ 7nu;e "ei 6in Const7ntinopoi@ 6in Ae:7n6ri7@
4i7 $fHrH p7tri7r4u C4irii 7 II?e7 7 Ierus7i;uui $%+(')%+5,-
iepis"opu Cipruui- 7u respins "erere7 8u!7rior@ 7"uJFn6 Biseri"7
rH 6e filetism Q iubire e)agerat de neam, 9i 7u 6e"7r7t?o s"4is?
H. Prin ie9ire7 Biseri"ii 8u!7re 6e su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei
E"u?=e@ 7utorit7te7 7"estei7 s?7 restrFns 9i ;7i ;ut.
8iseri"7 8u!7rH 7 rH;7s Fn situ7Gi7 6e Bs"4is;HD 6in %+5, pFnH
fe8ru7rie %*('@ "Fn6 p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Veni7;in I $%*2L)%*(L-
"7t s"4is;7 8u!7rH.
I
I
'ISERICA I( EPOCA ;ODER(A LI CO(TE;PORA(A 1
RHJ8oiu ruso?ro;<no?tur" 6in %+55)%+5+@ Fn"4ei7t ;7i FntFi prin
p7"e7 6e 7 S7n Stef7no 6in %* fe8ru7rie]2 ;7rtie %+5+@ 7poi prin p7"e7
6e 7 Berin 6in %]%2 iuie %+5+@ 7 76us Fnse;n7te ;o6ifi"Hri Fn situ7Gi7
P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
Astfe@ Fn %+5* Tes7i7 9i o p7rte 6in Epir s?7u unit "u Gre"i7@ i7r
;itropoiie 6e 7"i 7u intr7t Fn %++% su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Biseri"ii Gre"iei.
P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Io7Pi;@ III $%+5+)%++( A %*&%)%*%,- 7 7"or67t
Biseri"ii sFr8e@ 7 ,& o"to;8rie] noie;8rie %+5*@ 7uto"ef7i7 8iseri"e7s"H@
f7pt "7re 7 "ontri8uit 7 restrFn!ere7 9i ;7i ;7re 7 Muris6i"Giei P7tri7r ?
4iei E"u;eni"e.
Ro;<ni7@ o8GinFn6 re"uno79tere7 in6epen6enGei s7e poiti"e prin
p7"e7 6e 7 Berin 6in %]%2 iuie %+5+@ 7 upt7t pentru re"uno79tere7
in6epen6enGei s7e rei!io7se s7u 7 7uto"ef7iei 8iseri"e9ti. A"e7st7 7
fost 6e"7r7tH prin 8ecretul organic 6in 2 6e"e;8rie %+L(@ pro;u!7t 6e
6o;nitoru Ae:7n6ru Io7n CuJ7 $%+'*)%+LL-@ 67r 78i7 6upH 6ouHJe"i
6e 7ni P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 7 re"unos"ut autocefalia +isericii [rtodo)e
Romne, prin to;osu sino67 7"or67t ei@ 7 ,' 7priie %++'@ 6e p7?
tri7r4u Io7Pi; IV $%++()%++'-@ Biseri"7 ro;<nH 6e#enin6 6e 7"u;
Fn7inte Biseri"H sorH 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e. Prin 7"or67re7 7uto?
"ef7iei Biseri"ii ro;<ne@ Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e s?7 ;i"9or7t
fo7rte ;ut@ i7r situ7Gi7 ei ;7teri7H s?7 Fn!reui7t@ 67t fiin6 "H E7r7
Ro;<ne7s"H 9i Mo6o#7 7u fost se"oe 6e?7 rFn6u susGinHto7ree 9i
spriMinito7ree P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo@ pre"u; 9i 7e "eor7te
P7tri7r4ii 7postoi"e@ Ae:7n6ri7@ Antio4i7 9i Ierus7i;.
Fn %+*+@ insu7 Cret7 7 o8Ginut 7utono;i7 poiti"H Fn "76ru i;pe?
riuui oto;7n@ i7r Fn %*%2@ 7 fost 7ne:7tH 7 Gre"i7. Din pun"t 6e #e6ere
rei!ios@ FnsH@ Biseri"7 Cretei 7 rH;7s ;7i 6ep7rte su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7?
tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ pFnH 7 ,+ fe8ru7rie %*L5@ "Fn6 Sino6u p7tri7r47
6in Const7ntinopo@ prin 6e"iJi7 nr. ,+2@ i?7 acordat autonomia#
Prin 7"or6u Fn"4ei7t 7 +]%, ;7rtie %*&+@ Fntre !u#ernu Gre"iei
9i P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ Biseri"7 Gre"iei 9i?7 e:tins Muris6i"Gi7 7supr7
"o;unitHGior !re"e9ti 6in Europ7@ "u e:"epGi7 VeneGiei@ "7re 7 rH;7s
;7i 6ep7rte su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo@ pre"u; 9i
7supr7 "o;unitHGior !re"e9ti 6in "ee 6ouH A;eri"i.
L7 7"est 7"or6 s?7 renunG7t@ FnsH@ 7 %]%( ;7rtie %*,,@ "Fn6 p7?
tri7r4u e"u;eni" Meetie IV Met7:7Pis $%*,%)%*,2- 7 supus 6in nou
"o;unitHGie !re"e9ti 6in Europ7@ A;eri"7@ Austr7i7 9i Nou7 bee7n6H
Muris6i"Giei P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ su8 "7re 7"este7 7u rH;7s pFnH 7stHJi.
Unee s"4i;8Hri Fn #i7G7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e 7u 76us 9i rHJ?
8o7iee 87"7ni"e 6in 7nii %*%,)%*%2@ 6use 6e Ai7nG7 87"7ni"H@ for ?
;7tH 6in = Bu!7ri7@ Ser8i7@ Gre"i7 9i Muntene!ru@ "ontr7 I;periuui
oto;7n@ pentru ei8er7re7 popo7reor or.
L7 ,+ noie;8rie %*%,@ Fn Con!resu n7Gion7 6in or79u Vore@ A ?
87ni7 s?7 pro"7;7t in6epen6entH.
Pri;u rHJ8oi 87"7ni" 6in %*%, s?7 Fn"4ei7t prin p7"e7 6e 7 Lon?
6r7 6in 2& ;7i %*%2@ prin "7re s?7 "onsfinGit #i"tori7 Ai7nGei B7"7ni"e
7supr7 Tur"iei 9i s?7 re"unos"ut in6epen6enG7 A87niei.
Ce 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi 87"7ni"@ 6in %*i2@ s?7 Fn"4ei7t prin p7"e7
6e 7 Bu"ure9ti@ 6in ,+ iuie]%& 7u!ust %*%2@ Fn "7re Gre"iei i?7 re#enit
PERIOADA A LASEA
6u M7"e6oniei 9i #estu Tr7"iei@ Ser8iei nor6u M7"e6oniei@ i7r Tur"i7
rH;7s "u Tr7"i7 rHsHrite7nH 9i or79u A6ri7nopo.
Cu to7te "H M7"e6oni7 9i nor6u Gre"iei 7u intr7t Fn "o;ponenG7
Ftuui !re"@ P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 9i?7 pHstr7t totu9i Muris6i"Gi7 7supr7
or p7truJe"i 6e ;itropoii 6in M7"e6oni7 9i nor6u Gre"iei pFnH Fn
,+@ "Fn6@ printr?un nou 7"or6@ 7"este ep7r4ii 7u tre"ut 6efiniti# su8
ris6i"Gi7 Biseri"ii Gre"iei.
Fn ur;7 rHJ8oiuui 87"7ni" 6in %*%2@ P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 9i?7
tins Muris6i"Gi7 9i 7supr7 "eor 6ouHJe"i 6e ;FnHstiri 6in Muntee
A4os@ "entru ;on747 interorto6o:@ i7r teritoriu 7 fost 7ne:7t Gre"iei.
ie 6ouHJe"i 6e ;FnHstiri prin"ip7e sFnt ur;Hto7ree = L7#r7 SfFntuui
A7n7sie@ V7tope6@ I#ir@ /i7n67r $sFr8H-@ Dionisiu@ Cutu;u9 $"7re 7
2t 7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti-@ P7nto"r7tor@ 0iropot7; $Seou-@ bo!r7fu $8u?
rH-@ Do4i7r@ C7r7"7u@ .iotei@ Si;onpetr7@ SfFntu P7#e@ St7#roni"4it7@
Fnofon@ Gri!oriu@ Esfi!;enu@ SfFntu P7ntei;on s7u Rossi"on $rusH-
Cost7rnonit.
A"este 6ouHJe"i 6e ;FnHstiri@ 6intre "7re %5 7p7rGin "Hu!Hrior
s"i@ un7 s<r8ior@ un7 8u!7rior@ un7 ru9ior@ 7 "7re 76Hu!H; 9i s"4i?
rie ro;<ne9ti Pro6ro;u 9i L7"u@ for;e7JH o fe6er7Gie s7u repu8i"H -
n7sti"H "on6usH 6e un "onsiiu "u re9e6inG7 7 O7r37@ "7pit77 pe?
isuei@ 6upH un st7tut pro;u!7t Fn %*,L 9i un re!u7;ent 6in %*2&.
Fn ti;pu pri;uui rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ P7tri7r4i7
E"u;e?=H 7 tre"ut prin ;7ri 6ifi"utHGi@ pentru "H I;periu oto;7n
s?7 7H?r7t 6e 7 ,2 noie;8rie %*%( Puterior "entr7e@ Ger;7ni7 9i
Austro?F!7ri7@ Fn ti;p "e Gre"i7 s?7 7Htur7t@ 6in %*%5@ Puterior
Ant7ntei = 7nt7@ An!i7 9i Rusi7. Intre %*,& 9i %*,2@ Const7ntinopou
7 fost o"u?t 6e 7r;7tee 7i7te fr7n"o?en!eJe 9i se sper7 "H
Const7ntinopou 9i te6r77 Sf. Sofi7 #or fi re67te Biseri"ii orto6o:e@
67r pFnH 7 ur;H F7stH sper7nGH nu s?7 re7iJ7t.
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7u!ust %*,&@ S;irn7 $IJ;ir- "u teritoriu Fn"onMurHtor 9i ;7u eu?
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tri7r4iei 6e Antio4i7 sFnt sirieni = Gri!orie IV /76676 $%*&L)%*2&-
Ae:7n6ru III $%*2%)%*'+- A Teo6osie VI $%*'+)%*5&- A Iie IV $Fns"Hu
n7t 7 ,' sept. %*5& ) f ,% iunie %*5*- A I!n7tie IV /7Ji; $+ iuni
-.
*g .^ f ,L iunie %*+&-.
In ti;pu stHpFnirii 7r78e@ L'+)*L* 9i %,L+)%'%5 9i 7 stHpFnirA
tur"e9ti %'%5)%*,&@ situ7Gi7 "re9tinior orto6o"9i sirieni 9i !re"i 7 fosM
fo7rte !re7. Sirienii 9i?7u uit7t i;87 or 9i 7Ji ei #or8es" i;87 7r78i
Pe 7 %+L&@ s7te 9i "7rtiere Fntre!i 6in or79ee Siriei 9i Li87nuu
7u fost 6e#7st7te 9i 7rse 6e popu7Gi7 f7n7ti"H 7 6ruJior ;usu;7n
6in Li87n.
Su8 ;7n67tu .r7nGei@ %*,&)%*(2@ "7re proteM7 pe "7toi"i@ sirieni
orto6o"9i 7u 7#ut 6e suferit nu nu;7i 6e 7 ;usu;7ni@ "i 9i 6in "7uJA
prop7!7n6ei "7toi"e@ fH"utH prin ;isiuni 9i 9"oi@ i7r 6in se"ou 0h
7u suferit 9i 6in p7rte7 prop7!7n6ei protest7nte.
P7tri7r4i7 orto6o:H 6e Antio4i7 F9i Fntin6e Fn ti;pu nostru Muris?
6i"Gi7 peste Siri7@ Li87n 9i GHrie #e"ine 6in Orientu Apropi7t. E7 7re
un nu;Hr 6e 7pro7pe L&&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i@ ,& 6e ep7r4ii@ ,( 6e epis?
"opi@ ',& 6e p7ro4ii@ ('& 6e preoGi Fn Orientu Apropi7t 9i A;eri"7.
Fn Orientu Apropi7t 7re peste 2L&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i !rup7Gi Fn 97se
ep7r4ii Fn Siri7@ i7r %(&.&&& 6e orto6o"9i@ !rup7Gi Fn 97se ep7r4ii@ Fn Li ?
87n. AGi "re6in"io9i orto6o"9i 7r78i se !Hses" rHspFn6iGi Fn Ir7P@ Ir7n 9i
Ou`eit 9i un nu;Hr ;i" Fn Tur"i7.
6- P7tri7r4i7 Ierus7i;uui. Biseri"7 Ierus7i;uui 7 o"up7t tot ?
6e7un7 o poJiGie spe"i7H Fn sFnu "re9tinis;uui@ pentru "H e7 este ;7;7
tuturor Biseri"ior "re9tine 6in u;e. Prin "7nonu ,+ 7 Sino6uui IV
e"u;eni" 6e 7 C7"e6on@ 6in ('%@ Biseri"7 Ierus7i;uui 7 fost ri6i"7tH
7 r7n!u 6e p7tri7r4ie.
De?7 un!u istoriei@ P7estin7 9i Ierus7i;u 7u suferit nu;ero7se
o"up7Gii 9i 6o;in7Gii pers7ne@ 7r78e@ tur"e9ti 9i "re9tine. Astfe@ Fn 7nu
L%(@ per9ii 7u "u"erit P7estin7 9i Ierus7i;u@ rH;FnFn6 su8 6o;in7Gi7
or pFnH Fn L,*@ "Fn6 Or79u sfFnt 7 fost re"u"erit 6e F;pHr7tu /er7"ie
7Y BiJ7nGuui $L%&)L(%-@ 67r@ 78i7 s"Hp7Gi 6e per9i@ peste Ierus7i; 9i
P7estin7 7u #enit 7r78ii "7re 7u "u"erit Ierus7i;u Fn L25. Fn 7nu
%&5+@ tur"ii 7u "u"erit Ierus7i;u 6e 7 6in7sti7 7r78H 7 .7ti;iJior
6in E!ipt@ "7re ?7u pHstr7t pFnH 7 %&*+@ "Fn6 7 tre"ut 6in nou su8 stH?
pFnire7 E!iptuui. L7 %' iuie %&**@ Or79u SfFnt 7 tre"ut su8 stHpFnMre7
"7#7erior fr7n"i 6in Cru"i767 I?7 $%&*L)%&**-@ "7re ?7u putut ;enGi ?
ne pFnH 7 %%+5@ "Fn6 7 fost "u"erit 6e sut7nu S776in 7 E!iptuui
$%%5%)%%*2-. Prin tr7t7tu Fn"4ei7t 7 %% fe8ru7rie %,,* 7 \7ff7@ Fntre
sut7nu M7iP 7 O7;i $%,%+)%,2+- 7 E!iptuui 9i F;pHr7tu Ger;7?
niei .ri6eri" 7 II?e7 $%,%')%,'&-@ Ierus7i;u 7 fost "e67t fr7n"ior@
"7re ?7u pHstr7t pFnH Fn %,((@ "Fn6 7 Fn"Hput 6in nou Fn ;Finie 7r78i ?
or pFnH Fn se"ou 0VI. Fntre %',& 9i %*%5@ Ier7s7is;u 9i P7estin7 7u
tre"ut su8 6o;in7Gi7 tur"ior.
((+ PERIOADA A ASEA
In ti;pu pri;uui rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ en!eJii 7u o"u?
p7t P7estin7 9i Ierus7i;u 7 * 6e"e;8rie %*%5.
Fn"H Fn7inte 6e "u"erire7 P7estinei@ An!i7 s?7 7n!7M7t 7 ,5 noie;?
8rie %*%5@ prin 6e"7r7Gi7 B7fur@ B6e 7 pri#i f7#or78i FnfiinG7re7 unui
"H;in n7Gion7 Fn P7estin7 pentru poporu iu6eu 9i e7 #re7 sH foose7s?
"H eforturie ei Fn 7"est s"opD.
Tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 6e 7 Se#res@ 6in %& 7u!ust %*,&@ prin 7rt. ++@ 7
7"or67t An!iei prote"tor7tu 7supr7 P7estinei 9i 7 Lo"urior Sfinte =
Ierus7i;@ Betee;@ N7J7ret 9.7.@ pe "7re %?7 pHstr7t pFnH 7 %( ;7i %*(+.
L7 ,' noie;8rie %*(5@ prin #otu Or!7niJ7Giei N7Giunior Unite@ 7
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;7rtie %*(+. Situ7Gi7 Ierus7i;uui 7 fost 6intre "ee ;7i !ree@ 6eo7?
re"e Fntre 7nii %*(5)%*L5 frontier7 isr7ei7no?7r78H tre"e7 prin ;iMo"u
Ierus7i;uui@ or79u fiin6 F;pHrGit Fn 6ouH se"to7re = ior67ni7n 9i isr7?
ei7n. Fn preJent@ Ierus7i;u se !Hse9te Fn Fntre!i;e Fn st7tu Isr7e.
Fn %*L5 7 iJ8u"nit un nou rHJ8oi isr7eo?7r78@ Fn Jiu7 6e o; Oi?
pur@ "7re@ 6e9i s?7 ter;in7t repe6e@ nu s?7 Fn"4ei7t printr?un tr7t7t 6e
p7"e Fntre Isr7e 9i st7tee 7r78e 6in Mur.
Pentru o"rotire7 Lo"urior Sfinte 9i 7pHr7re7 Orto6o:iei Fn Orien?
tu Apropi7t@ Rusi7 orto6o:H 7 FnfiinG7t Fn %++,@ =ocietatea imperial
ortodo) a Palestinei#
Fn P7tri7r4i7 Ierus7i;uui@ Fn"H 6in se"ou 7 00?e7 7 Fn"eput
o uptH Fntre "eru !re" 9i "eru 7r78@ "7re nu s?7 ter;in7t ni"i 7stHJi@
Fn ur;7 re#ouGiei B\unior tur"iD 6e 7 Const7ntinopo@ 6in iuie %*&(@
7r78ii orto6o"9i 6in P7estin7 7u "erut 6reptu e!iti; 6e 7 p7rti"ip7 7
"on6u"ere7 P7tri7r4iei Ierus7i;uui Fntru"Ft ei "onstituie ;7re7 ;7Mo?
rit7te 7 popu7Giei "re9tine orto6o:e 6in P7estin7. Cerere7 or@ FnsH@ 7
fost respinsH 6e Fr!ia =*ntului 3ormnt, or!7niJ7Gie !re"e7s"H@ e:is?
tentH 6in se"ou 0VI@ ;7i pre"is 6in %'(2@ 6e 7 Fn"eputu pHstoriei
p7tri7r4uui G4er;7n $%'(2)%'5*-@ !re" 6e ori!ine. Fn %*%%@ B\unii
tur"iD 7u i;pus 7 "on6u"ere7 p7tri7r4iei Ierus7i;uui un "onsiiu ;i:t
7r78o?!re"@ 67r !re"ii s?7u opus 9i 7u pHstr7t ;7i 6ep7rte "on6u"ere7
nu;7i pentru ei@ referin6u?se 7 e6i"tee 9i 8er7t?ee sut7nior tur"i 6in
%',&@ %+L% 9i %+5'.
Fn rHsti;pu 7nior %*,&)%*(+ s?7u 6us tr7t7ti#e Fntre 7r78ii orto?
6o"9i 9i !re"i. O "o;isie nu;itH Bertr7;?loun! 7 fost nu;itH 6e !u?
#ernu en!eJ pentru 7 stu6i7 7 f7G7 o"uui re#en6i"Hrie 7r78ior or?
to6o"9i@ 67r@ 6e9i "on"uJiie ei er7u f7#or78ie 7r78ior orto6o"9i@ ee
nu s?7u 7pi"7t 6in "7uJ7 opoJiGiei ier7r4iei !re"e9ti.
\uris6i"Gi7 p7tri7r4iei 6e Ierus7i; se Fntin6e Fn preJent 7supr7
P7estinei@ Ior67niei 9i 7 ;FnHstirii Sf. E"7terin7 6in Muntee Sin7i. Z
Fn preJent@ p7tri7r4i7 orto6o:H 7 Ierus7i;uui 7re "ir"7 +&.&&& 6e
"re6in"io9i@ trei ep7r4ii@ %2 epis"opi@ L& p7ro4ii@ L+ preoGi !re"i 9i 7r78i@
9i peste '& 6e "Hu!Hri.
Or!7niJ7Gi7 B.rHGi7 SfFntuui Mor;FntD@ for;7tH 6in +& 6e ;e;?
8ri@ ;7Morit7te7 !re"i@ 76;inistre7JH (& 6e ;FnHstiri 9i 8iseri"i. Dintre
8iseri"ie ;7i Fnse;n7te 7;inti; = 8iseri"7 SfFntuui Mor;Fnt@ 8iseri"7
SfFnt7 Me7ni7 Ro;7n7@ 8iseri"7 SfinGior Const7ntin 9i Een7@ un6e se
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I
7i7 o"u 6e re9e6inGH 7 p7tri7r4uui 9i 7 ;e;8rior SfFntuui Sino6@
Fn restu P7estinei ;7i i;port7nte sFnt = MFnHstire7 SfFntu S7#7 6e
Fn!H Ierus7i; 9i 8iseri"7 N79terii Do;nuui 6in Betee;.
Uti;u p7tri7r4 6e"e67t 7 fost Dio6or@ 7es 7 %L fe8ru7rie %*+%
FntroniJ7t 7 % ;7rtie %*+%. A"tu7u p7tri7r4 FntroniJ7t este B7rto?
o;eu. Tre8uie sH ;enGionH; "H ;7Morit7te7 epis"opior 6e 7 Ieru?
s7i; n?7u ep7r4ie@ "i sFnt nu;7i titu7ri@ f7" p7rte 6in SfFntu Sino
9i p7rti"ipH 7 suM8e.
e- Ar4iepis"opi7 Munteui Sin7i. De p7tri7r4i7 Ierus7i;uui 6e?
pin6e Fn preJent 9i Ar4iepis"opi7 Munteui Sin7i@ re6usH 6o7r 7 suMi ?
torii ;FnHstirii SfFnt7 E"7terin7@ Ji6itH Fn ',5 6e F;pHr7tu \ustini7
"e M7re $',5)'L'-@ "uprinJFn6 Fn preJent ,& 6e "Hu!Hri 9i person7u
7MutHtor 6in 6ouH s7te #e"ine.
In 6e"ursu ti;puui@ Muris6i"Gi7 Ar4iepis"opiei Munteui Sin7i
Fntin6e7 nu nu;7i 7supr7 ;FnHstirii SfFnt7 E"7terin7@ "i 9i 7supr7 Unor
;FnHstiri 9i ;eto"uri 6in 7f7rH@ "7 = Et?Tor@ C7iro@ insu7 Cret7 9i Fn
7te pHrGi.
Auto"ef7i7 Ar4iepis"opiei Munteui Sin7i 7 fost 6eseori "ontest7te
6e p7tri7r4i7 Ierus7i;uui. P7tri7r4u 6e Const7ntinopo 7 re"unos"ui
7uto"ef7i7 ei Fn %'5'@ 7poi "ei p7tru p7tri7r4i 7i RHsHrituui 7u re"u?
nos"ut?o 6in nou Fn %5+,. Sino6u 6e 7 Ierus7i; 6in ' septe;8rie %+L%
7 6esfiinG7t 7uto"ef7i7 7r4iepis"opiei Munteui Sin7i 9i 7 pus?o 6in noi
su8 Muris6i"Gi7 p7tri7r4iei Ierus7i;uui@ su8 "7re 7 rH;7s pFnH 7Ji.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
Pentru Biseri"ie Orto6o:e
V. P7ri. I7 1grande &?iesa2 ,bi%antina, HEambito ecclesiale dellE(rtodo)ia
Bres"i7@ %*+%@ (2L p.A /7ns Geor! Be"P@ >esc?ic?te der (rt?odo)en Qiic?e im b'
%cmtinisc?en Reic? ,8ie Qiic?e in i?rei >esc?ic?te0, +d# H, Hieierung, D. I. Gotin!er %*+&
M \. E. An7st7siou@ IN7:opt7 ?u?FMS NE:#.Aii7F7s@ e6. ,?7@ t. %)II@ Tes7oni"@ %*5+)%*5* L(5
9i L2' p.A M. Cost7 6e Be7ure!7r6)I. Bri7 ) De .ou"7u6@ HE(rt?odo)ie, ?ie ei
demain, P7ris@ %*5*A P. E#6oPi;o#@ HE(rt?odo)ie, ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*5*A I. Ti;P"
&re"tintatea oriental# +isericile orientale# Cu "o78or7re7 ui N. Mon7r@ Fn un
!ure9te@ Bu67pest7@ %*5(@ '(2 p.AN P. O7`er7u@ 8as &?ristentum des (stens, Stutt!7rt
%*5, A \. M76e3@ 8ie Qirc?e des (stens, .ri8our! $Suisse-@ %*5, A I6e;@ 8ie (stLirc?t
unsere Fac?barn, Oon@ %*L(A E. #on I#7nP7@ 4andbuc? der (stLirc?enLunde, Diis
se6orf@ %*5% A .r. /eier@ 8ie (stLirc?e, Mun"4en@ %*5% A Hes Eglises ort?odo)es ?ie
et au*ourdE?ui, ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*L*A I6e; T?e (rt?odo) &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*L2A .
Goui7r6 et Oi#ier Ce;ent@ (rt?odo)e ,Eglise0 Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 Uni#ers7is
t. %,@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. ,'(),L( A "u 8unH 8i8io!r7fieA O. Ce;ent@ HE(rt?odo)ie $"o
Bdue s7is?MeD-@ P7ris@ %*L% A AJiJ S.@ Ati37@ A 4istor' oi Eastem &?ristianit', Lon
6on@ %*L+A T. _7re@ HE(rt?odo)ie, lEEglise des sept &onciles oecumeniOues, P7ri=
%*L+A tr76. 6in en!eJe9te@ T?e (rtodo) &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*L2A B. Spuer@ >eger
Nartslage der (stLirc?en in i?rer nationalen und staatlic?en GmNelt, ,?e Auf7!K
.r7nPfurt 7; M7in@ %*L+A B. S7rtorius@ HEEglise (rt?odo)e, P7ris@ %*L2@ N. \. P7r
tifJopouos@ &?urc? and HaN in t?e +alcan Peninsula during t?e ottoman R?
T4ess7oniPi@ %*L5A M. Rin#ou"ri@ >reeL (rt?odo)' toda', Lon6on@ %*LLA P. Br7
siotis@ Von den griec?isc?en (rt?odo)ie, _iirJ8ur!@ %*LLA I6e;@ 8ie (rt?odoV
Qirc?e in griec?isc?en =ic?t, B6. I)II@ Stutt!7rt@ %*'*@ %*L&A G. b7n7niri@ C7f4oi
cisme oriental, P7ris@ %*LLA I6e;@ 4istoire de lEEglise b'%antine, P7ris@ %*'(A
Stupperi"4@ Qirc?e im Osfen@ Gottin!en@ %*L'A D. Coo;8o@ Le c?icse separai
dE(riente, Mi7no@ %*L(A C4r. D74;@ 8ie Qirc?e im (sten# M7"4t un6 Prac?t d,
,* ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
PERIOADA A ASEA
t ri arc?en, I B6. @ Offen87run!@ %*L(A /er8ert _7667;@ 3eet ing t ?e (rt?odo)
iurc?, Lon6on@ %*L( ] C. C7iniPos@ T?e 4istoi' oi t?e &?urc?, Ne` lorP@ %*L2A
Aor!e E#er3@ T?e +'%antine Patriarc?at $('%)%,&(-@ Lon6on@ %*L, A A. S"4;e;7nn@
ie ?istorical road oi Eastern (rt?odo)', Lon6on@ %*L2A N. berno#@ Eastein &ris$
idom, Lon6on@ %*L% A I6e;@ T?e &?urc? of eastern c?ristians, Lon6on@ %*(L M Mi?F
es7n@ 8ie (rt?odo)e Qirc?e vom Ka?re -95B bis?eut%u#ta#ge, Fn BLe ;on6e re?eu:D@
L7us7nne?LeJ73@ %*L,A A. Const7ntinopouos@ /. 0PN
K;
B
#
NN
T
c NE:i"0R7t7 7:is A:eF
Si\Ao:p7?"Ut@ Aten7@ %+'*A _. 6e _ries@ 8er &?ristlic?e (sten in >esc?ic?te id
>egenNart, _iirJ8ur!@ %*L% A D. Att`7ter@ T?e &?ristian &?urc?es oi t?e East,
#oi . @ Lon6on@ %*L% A I6e;@ T?e di ssident East ern &?urc?es, Lon6on@ %*25A B.
4uJe un6 \. C4r3sosto;os@ 8ie >laubensNelt der orto?odosen Qirc?e, S7tJ8ur!@
2% A T4o;7s S"4rei8er@ He c?ristianisme en Europe orientale, P7ris@ %*L% A \. /7r?
r@ Ei ne >esc?ic?t e der ort?odo)en Qi rc?e, Mii n"4en@ %*L% A A. S. /ern7n6eJ@
lesias de (riente, t# I@ S7nt7n6er@ %*'*@ '(% p.A t. II Repertorio bib?ograiico, S7n?F6er@
%*L2 A B. Stef7ni6is@
I
ES$.I.0iYi\i7K;:NiY Ela)opia 7T"N"ep:FiS uR0P
%
7iMuepo# e6. ,?7@ Aten7@ -*@ p.
%++)5((A Ger. Ooni67ris NEI.:0IY7i77Ti:iM i7topF7@ e6. ,?7@ Aten7@ %*'5 A L.b7n?r@ 8ie
(rt?odo)e Qirc?e, Stutt!7rt@ %*'5A P. Ron6ot@ Hes c?retiens d (rient, P7ris@ 2'A R.
\7nin@ Hes Eglises orientales et Ies rits onent7u:@ (?e@ e6. @ P7ris@ %*''A en76ie
$Ar787!io!u-@ ;itropoit 6e /eiopois@ Istoria Patriar?iei ecumenice, Fn F"e9te@
Aten7@ %*'2A E. BenJ@ 8ie (stLirc?e im Hic?te der protestantisc?en
sc?ic?tssc?reibung, Tii8in!en@ %*',A R. M. .ren"4@ T?e Eastern (rt?odo) &?urc?,
i6on@ %*'%@ e6. (?7@ Lon6on@ %*L(A /. Musset@ 4istoire du c?ristianisme, speciale$
nt en (rient, III@ /7riss7?\erus7e;@ %*(*A I#7n Sne!7ro#@ QratLa istori*a na
E remite pravoslavni !rLi 6 =curta istorie a +isericilor ortodo)e contemporane,
i 7@ %*(LA M. \u!i e@ He sc?isme b'%anti n# Apercu ?i st oriOue et doct ri nal, P7ri s@ /
A A. .ortes"ue@ T?e Eastern (rt?odo) &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*2*A .. S"4utJe@ 8ie
I?odo)e Qirc?e aut dem +alLan und Aorderasien# >esc?ic?te, He?re und Aertas$
vg der (rt?odo)en Qirc?e, Fn BE""esi7D $Eine S7;;un! #on Se8st67rsteun!en
C4risti"4en Oir"4en@ 0-@ LeipJi!@ %*2*A M. E. Posno#@ Istoria na &?ristiansLata va
$? Istoria +isericii cre"tine, t. II@ Sofi7@ %+2'.
P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ninopo
V. P7ri@ Ha 1grande &?iesaV bi%antina# HE ambito ecclesiale dellE (rtodossia,
s"i 7@ %*+%@ (2L p. A \. du6ot@ Pat ri arc?at us &onst ant i nopol i t ani act a select a,
n7@ %*(% A B7si Ist7#ri6is@ Patriar?ii ecumenici, -7;9 ) pn a%i, Fn 8.
!re7"H@ . I@ Istorie# Tes7oni"@ %*55@ L*( p.A I6e;@ 4istoire du Patriarcat
(ecumeniOue &onstantinople, Fn BIstin7D@ P7ris@ %*5&@ nr. ,@ p. %2%),52A I6e;@
Istoria Patri$iei Ecumenice, Fn 8. !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*L5A Metropoite M7:i ;e 6e
S7r6es@ He ri arcat oecumeni Oue dans lE Egli se (rt?odo)e, Tr76ui t 6u !re" p7r \.
Tour7i e@ i s@ %*5'A St e#en Run"i ;7n@ T?e >reat &?urc? in capt ivi t'# A stud'
ol Pat ri ar$te oi &onstantinople trom t?e e#e oi Independence, C7;8ri6!e@
%*L+A N. \. t7Jopouos@ &?urc? and HaN in t?e +alcan Peninsula during t?e (ttoman
Rule, 7oni"@ %*L5 A TL Ot:ou$\.e#ir.L# n7:pi"tp:eFo# O"o#7:7#ti#ouFto0e`S ,Patriar?ia
Ecumeni$de &onstantinopol0, nu;Hr spe"i7 7 re#istei AIELVEaS 4)ia%ii ,6 Re7Gii
intern7?t7e-@ %*L()%*L'@ nr. 5)+@ %%% pA Re"enJie pr. pro. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn
BOrto6o?h@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. %@ p. %(,)%(LA D. M7#ropouos@ Patriar?ia
Ecumenic, -7C7 .B., Fn !re"e9te@ Aten7@ %*L& A T4. /. P7p76opouos@ =tudies and
8ocuments rela$f t?e 4istor' oi t?e >reeL &?urc? and People under turLis?
domination, Bu"u?ti@ %*', A G4en76ie $Ar787!io!u-@ Mitropoit 6e /eiopois@
Istoria Patriar?iei Ecu$iN"e@ Fn 8. !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*'2@ 0III@ ((' p. M C?tin G.
P7p76opouos@ Les privi$=s 6u Patriarcat (ecumeniOue# &ommunaute >recOue
(rt?odo)e dans lE Empire man, P7ris@ %*,(.
P e n t r u s " 4 i s ;7 B i s e r i " i i B u ! 7 r e = &oncillium &onstantinopoli$im Ouo
+ulgari dissidentes ab Ecclesia (rt?odo)a damnatur, -7C/, augusti /.g embris
-9, 7 \. D. M7nsi@ \. B. M7rtin@ L. Petit@ &ollectio &onciliorum recentio$
Ecclesiae Gniversalis, t. I0 $0IV-@ Fn "oi. M7nsi@ ='nodi (rier#tales, %+L&) @ P7ris@
%*%%@ "o. (%+)'2+A M. G4e6eon@ cE5lp7Kp7 Ti7tptop:tN:?< :7 oo#o+iB< r"epT
Poo0f7pi:oO CTiTRn7ToS@ Const7ntinopo@ %*&+.
S t u 6 i i = b. M7r"o#7@ 3i"carea bisericeasc "i na!ional bulgar pn la r%$
ii &rimeii, Fn 8. 8u!7rH@ Sofi7@ %&5L A A. Meinin!er@ Ignatiev and t?e establis?ment
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
ol t?e +ulgarian e)arc?ate, %+L()%+5, A M76ison@ %*5&A Pr. St. b7n"o#@ +iserica
(rtodo) +ulgar de la eliberarea +ulgariei pin la vremea noastr, Fn i;87 8u?
!7rH@ Sofi7@ %*2*.
Cer"etHtori ro;<ni
Pr. Mi7n es7n@ 8ie (rt?odo)e Qirc?e, Fn BLe ;on6e rei!ieu:D no 2&. L7u? s7nne?
LeJ73@ %*L*@ "7p. 2@ %5&&)%*L5A p. %&+)%,LA I6e;@ Probleme dE?istoire e"?clesiastiOue
dans Ies ouvrages des c?erc?eurs ort?odo)es roumains, n BDe 7 t4e?oo!ie
ort4o6o:e rou;7ine 6es ori!ines 7 nos MoursD@ Bu"7rest@ %*L(@ p. %&2)%,& M tr76. 6in
8. ro;.@ Fn BBis. Ort. Ro;.D@ L00I0 $%*5%-@ nr. 2)(@ p. 2+,)2*(A Pr. prof. F. RH;ure7nu@
Ha contribution des t?eologiens et des ?istoriens de lEEglise (rt?odo)e Roumaine
Ia connaissance du deveioppment ?istoriOue de lEEglise (rt?odo)e, Fn 18e la
t?eologie ort?odo)e roumaine des origines nos *ours2, Bu"7rest@ %*L(@ p +')%&2. Tr76.
6in %. ro;. 6in BOrto6o:i7D@ 00III $%*5%-@ nr. %@ p. %%),LA I6e;@ Hegturile 3itropoliei
Gngrovla?iei cu Patriar?ia de &onstantinopol "i celelalte +i serici (rtodo)e de Ia -799
pin la recunoa"terea autocefaliei +isericii noastre, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00VII
$%*'*-@ nr. 5)%&@ p. *2')*L&A I6e;@ +isericile Orto6o:e "u special privire asupra
+isericii ortodo)e ruse, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(*-@ nr . ? ),@ p. L*)*&A A6ri7n
Popes"u@ =itua!ia cre"tinilor ortodoc"i n Imperiul otoman n secolul al PlP$lea, Fn
BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ VII $%*''-@ nr. 5)+@ p. ('()(L+A I. CrH"iunes"u@ Patriar?ia
&onstantinopolei, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD 000V $%*'*-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,L%
),LLA Prof. prot. T. Tito#@ =itua!ia +isericii ortodo)e orientale n pre%ent, C4i9inHu@
%*22A V. Po"it7n@ >ene%a demnit!ii patriar?ale "i patriar?alele +isericii ortodo)e,
teJH 6e 6o"tor7t@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,L.
P7tri7r4i7 Ae:7n6riei=
/r. P7p76opouos@ NI7topF"t Ta\a NEr.:0i7F7B NA0e>KJii'peF7F $L,)%*2(-@ Ae:7n6ri7@
%*2'A O7us V]esse@ &?ristentum am Fil, RecLling?ausen, %*L(A G. M7J7r7iPis@
liiserica ortodo) din Egipt, Fn 8. !re7"H@ Ae:7n6ri7@ %*2,.
S t u 6 i i Fn i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = Viore Ioni tH@ Pat ri ar?i a Ale)andri ei di n
-./9 pin a%i, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0C $%*5+-@ nr. ')L@ p. L2%)L2L s Pr. I.
RH;ure7nu@ Hegturile Patriar?iei de Ale)andria cu rile Romne, Fn BStu6ii
teoo!i"eD@ VIII $%*LL-@ nr. %@ p. 5,)%&*A I6e;@ &oniigura!ia actual a cre"tinismu$
lui, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(*-@ nr. 2)(@ p. %%*@ %((A I$rineu- C$rH"iun79-@ Patri$
ar?ia Ale)andriei, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000V $%*'*-@ nr. ')L@ p.
25*)2+2A D. G. Iones"u@ Rela!iile !rilor romne cu patriar?ia de Ale)andria,
Bu"ure9ti@ %*2'.
Pentru P7tri7r4i7 6e Antio4i7 =
\. /7MM7r@ He c?ristianisme en (rient, Etudes dE?istoire contemporaine, %L(+?
%*L*@ Be3rout4@ %*5LA \. P. Ae;@ He 3o'en$(rient $Coi. due s7is?Me S-@ P7ris@ %*'*A
.. L. /uiier@ Ie Mo3en?Onenf contemporain, %*(L)%*'+@ P7ris@ %*'*A I6e;@ fon?
daments ?istoriOues des problemes du Mo3en Orient@ P7ris@ %*'+A Ar4i;7n6rit Ci?
pri7n P7p76opouos@ (rtodo)ia n (rientul de mi*loc, Fn i;87 !re7"H@ Ae:7n6ri7@
%*'(A Gr. P7p7;i47i 9i G. Tri7n67fi7Pis@ NI7topi7 tF-F NE:3.0Tioi7F tiMF N $6upH
notee ;itropoituui Atenei /r. P7p76opouos-@ Ae:7n6ri7@ %*'%.
In i;87 ro;<nH=
S7;ir G4o7;@ +iserica (rtodo) a Antio?iei< organi%are "i func!ionare n pre $
%ent, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00VII $%*5'-@ nr. %),@ p. 5()*'A Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@
Hegturile !rilor romne cu patriar?ia Antio?iei, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0VI $%*L(-@
nr. *)%&@ p. '*2)L,% A Anti; Ni"o#@ (rtodo)ia n ='ria "i la Hocurile =finte, %*2L.
Pentru Biseri"7 Ierus7i;uui=
M. M7NoJ@ =tudies on Palestine during t?e (ttoman period, \erus7e;@ %*5'A
N. Mos"4opouos@ I7 Terre =ainte# Essai sur lE?istoire politiOue et dplomatiOue
des Hieu) =aints de la &?retiente, At4enes@ %*'5 A B. Coin@ Ie probleme *aridiOuedes l$
ieu) =aints, P7ris@ %*'LA I6e;. Ies Hieu) =aints, P7ris@ %*(+A T. E. Do`in!@ T?e
(rt?odo) >reeL Patriarc?ate of Kerusalem, Lon6on@ %*%2A /r. P7p76opouos@ cIotopC7 IFF
NE3.l.0i-7i7B NIepo7o0uneo# Ierus7i;@ %*%&.
', PERIOADA A ASEA
In #im,a rom9n5 =
Iie Geor!es"u@ Hegturile !rilor romne cu Ierusalimul, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ III
$%*'L-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2(*)2L,A Pr. Prof. Li#iu St7n@ Hocurile =linle din (rient, F
BOrto6o:i7D@ IV $%*',-@ nr. %@ p. ')5+A I.P.S. Mitropoit Ni"o7e Corne7nu 7 B7? 7tuui@
3untele =inai "i importan!a sa n Istoria +isericii, -B99 de ani de la nte$ Nierea
3nstirii =iinta Ecaterina, Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD 0VI $%*LL-@ nr. %&) i, p.
L5+)L+5.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH. A"ti#it7te7 ei ;ision7rH.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H !re!ori7nH I
7. 'i3/rica or.odo45 ru35. Fn uti;ii %+& 6e 7ni@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H
usH s?7 6eJ#ot7t@ "7 9i Fn tre"ut@ Fn e!HturH 6ire"tH "u #i7G7 st7tu?
ii rus.
Pre"u; se 9tie@ 7 ,L i7nu7rie %'+*@ p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Iere;i7 II
%'5,)%'5* A %'+&)%'+( A %'+5)%'*'- 7 ri6i"7t Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH
i r7n!u 6e p7tri7r4ie. Din suit7 p7tri7r4uui Iere;i7 II 7 fH"ut p7rte
i ;itropoitu Mo6o#ei@ G4eor!4e Mo#iH $%'+5)%'*% A %'*')%L&&-.
Wn sino6 7 p7tri7r4ior orient7i FntruniGi 7 Const7ntinopo Fn fe8ru7?
e %'*2 7 7"or67t P7tri7r4iei ruse o"u 7 "in"ie7@ Fn or6ine7 onorifi"H
upH #e"4ie P7tri7r4ii 7e RHsHrituui = Const7ntinopo@ Ae:7n6ri7@
Mitio4i7 9i Ierus7i;.
Pri;7 P7tri7r4ie rusH s?7 ;enGinut Fntre %'+*)%5&& A 7 ;o7rte7
7tri7r4uui A6ri7n $%L*&)%5&&-@ G7ru Petru "e M7re $%L+,)%5,'- 7
is7t Biseri"7 rusH@ ti;p 6e ,& 6e 7ni@ fHrH p7tri7r4@ i7r 7 ,' i7nu7?
e %5,%@ 7"est7 7 6esfiinG7t 6e;nit7te7 p7tri7r47H Fn Biseri"7 rusH@ Fn?
h"uin6?o printr?un sino6 6iri!ent@ 7 "Hrui re9e6inGH o ;utH 6e 7
fos"o#7 7 Peters8ur!@ or79 FnfiinG7t 6e e Fn %5&2@ fere7str7 Rusiei spre
""i6ent@ spre 7 fi Fn e!HturH ;7i strFnsH "u G7ru. Tute7 in"o;o6H
7pHsHto7re e:er"it7tH 6e re!i;u G7rist 7supr7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e ruse
?7 fost strHinH 6e o anumit concep!ie luteran despre suprema!ia mo$
ar?ului n +iseric, F;pru;ut7tH 6in Ve"4iu Test7;ent@ 6upH e:e;?
Lu re!ior teo"r7ti"i e#rei@ 9i pusH Fn pr7"ti"H 6upH su!estiie e#eGi7?
uui protest7nt Lefort. Se "uno79te "H Petru "ei M7re 7 petre"ut un
;p Fn O7n67 9i Fn An!i7@ un6e re!ee este toto67tH 9i "7pu Biseri"ii.
Le!Htur7 6intre F;pHr7t 9i SfFntu Sino6 6iri!ent se fH"e7 Fn Bi? S
ri"7 rusH printr?un pro"ur7tor supre; nu;it (ber$procuror "7re@ "u
;pu@ 7 7Muns ;7i i;port7nt 6e"Ft SfFntu Sino6 rus@ Fn 6etri;entu
iseri"ii ruse Fnse9i. P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Iere;i7 7 III?e7 $%5%L)
N,L A %52,)%522- 7 7pro87t refor;7 ui Petru "e M7re 7 ,2 septe;?
rie %5,2. Fn ;o6u 7"est7@ 7uto"r7tis;u G7rior s?7 i;pus 6eseori Fn
i7G7 Biseri"ii ruse@ tu8urFn6u?i ;ersu ei nor;7. O8er?pro"uroru "en?
\r7 7"tee Sino6uui 9i opune7 #eto 4otHrFrior sino67e pe "7re st7tu
"re6e7 inoportune s7u nepotri#ite. Dintre "ei ;7i r76i"7i
o8er?co"urori@ "7re 7 7#ut o ;7re putere Fn ti;pu G7ruui Ni"o7e I
$%+,') '''- 7 fost "ontee Prot7so#@ fost !ener7 6e 4us7ri@ 7poi
"onsiier in?; 7 G7ruui@ "7re@ "u #oinG7 ui 6e fier@ 7 i;pus 6e#iJ7 =
BUn 6o;n@ i;8H@ o "re6inGHD.
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA ('
Su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Biseri"ii ruse 7 fost Fn"76r7tH@ 6in %L+L@ 9i Mi
tropoi7 Oie#uui@ Fn ur;7 unirii U"r7inei "u Rusi7@ ;7i FntFi Fn %L'(
7poi prin p7"e7 6e 7 An6ruso#o 6in %LL*@ Fn"4ei7tH Fntre Pooni7 9
Rusi7@ Fn ur;7 rHJ8oiuui 6intre 7nii %L'()%LL5.
In ti;pu G7ruui Ni"o7e I@ se re7iJe7JH@ Fn %+2*@ Fnto7r"ere7 %A
Orto6o:ie 7 unei Fnse;n7te pHrGi 6intre rutenii uniGi "u Ro;7 Fn %'*T
7 Brest)Lito#sP. S?7u Fntors 7tun"i 7 Orto6o:ie trei epis"opi@ %2&& 6i
preoGi 9i ;ii 6e "re6in"io9i.
Ten6inGee fio?poone "7toi"e 9i 7utono;iste 7e rutenior uniGi cZ
Ro;7@ "7re 7u p7rti"ip7t 7Hturi 6e poonii "7toi"i 7 re#ouGiie 6ir
%+,& 9i@ ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn %+L2@ Fn ti;pu G7ruui Ae:7n6ru II $%+'')%++%-
7u pus re!i;u G7rist Fn ;7re Fn"ur"HturH 9i ?7u o8i!7t sH i7 7tun"
unee ;Hsuri se#ere "ontr7 or.
Fn %+5'@ ep7r4i7 unitH /e; $4o;-@ "u ,L&.&&& sufete@ s?7 Fntor=
7 Orto6o:ie. Pentru "ei Fntor9i 7 "re6inG7 orto6o:H 7 strH;o9ior or
G7ru Ae:7n6ru II 7 porun"it sH se FnfiinGeJe 9"oi proprii 9i sH se 7"or6I
"eruui 6e ;ir@ Ginut@ Fn ;7re ;iJerie Fn Pooni7@ un s77riu ;7i o;eno
9i to7te Fnesnirie posi8ie. E7ru Ae:7n6ru II 7 fost u"is Fn %++%
Fntr?un 7tent7t.
O8er?pro"uroru Prot7so# 7 fost@ Fn ti;pu G7ruui Ni"o7e I@ inspi
r7toru "on#ertirii protest7nGior 6in GHrie 87ti"e@ etoni 9i estoni@ %A
Orto6o:ie@ "7re@ o 67tH "on#ertiGi@ nu ;7i 7#e7u #oie sH tre7"H 7 7tA
rei!ie. Fn %+2,@ s?7 4otHrFt "7 prun"ii nHs"uGi 6in "HsHtori7 unui orto6o:
"u un etero6o: sH fie tre"uGi 7 Orto6o:ie. M7i tFrJiu@ su8 G7rii Ae?
:7n6ru II $%+'')%++%-@ Ae:7n6ru III $%++%)%+*(- 9i Ni"o7e II $%+*()
%*%5-@ s?7 4otHrFt@ Fn %+L'@ 7poi 6in nou Fn %+*5@ "7 8HieGii sH ur;eJs
rei!i7 t7tHui@ i7r fetee pe 7 ;7;ei A 6upH Re#ouGi7 6in %*&'@ G7ru
Ni"o7e II 7 7"or67t toer7nGH rei!io7sH tuturor "uteor 6in Rusi7 9
s?7 per;is F;8rHGi97re7 ori"Hrei rei!ii.
. Re!i;u poiGist 7 G7ruui Ni"o7e I@ "7re 7 opri;7t "ru6 rHs"o7e
6e"e;8ristH 6in %+,' 9i 7 Fn"4is !r7niGee ori"Hrei i6ei 6e.refor;H 9i 6B
"uturH 6in Apus@ 7 u7t ;Hsuri 6e 7suprire 9i "ontr7 se"teor@ fie r7s?
"oni"e@ fie protest7nte@ ;er!Fn6 pFnH 7 si!i7re7 "i;itireor 6ir
Mos"o#7.
DupH Ni"o7e I@ 7 ur;7t o perio76H "e#7 ;7i i8er7H. L7 Fn6e;nu
;itropoituui .i7ret 7 Mos"o#ei $f %+L5-@ G7ru Ae:7n6ru II 7 6es?
fiinG7t io8H!i7 GHr7nior Fn %+L% 9i 7 Fnte;ei7t o ;uGi;e 6e se;in7rii
O;u "e ;7i infuent Fn ti;pu G7rior Ae:7n6ru III 9i Ni"o7e T#
7 fost@ Fntre 7nii %++& 9i %*&'@ o8er?pro"uroru Const7ntin Po8e6onosGei
$%+,5)%*&5-@ profesoru G7ruui Ni"o7e II@ profesor uni#ersit7r 9i ;i?
nistru 7 Cuteor.
DeJ#ot7re7 in6ustri7H 7 Rusiei 6e 7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 0I0 >
"re7t o puterni"H ;i9"7re ;un"itore7s"H@ orient7tH spre so"i7is;@ "7re
6esi!ur@ nu pute7 fi pe p7"u "er"urior re7"Gion7re. O8er?pro"uroru
C. Po8e6onosGe# "re6e7@ "7 9i repreJent7nGii s7#ofiior@ "H poporu rus
"4i7r 67"H rH;Fne in"ut 9i #i"ios@ 67r F9i iu8e9te Biseri"7 9i rH;Fne
e#7#ios@ se ;Fntuie9te. De 7"ee7 ori"ine Fn6rHJne7 sH susGinH intro6u?
"ere7 refor;eor Fn st7t 9i Fn Biseri"H@ 9i 7;eior7re7 situ7Giei GHr7nioi
9i ;un"itorior@ 7i "Hror "opii nu er7u pri;iGi ni"i Fn 9"oi@ tre8ui7 sH
se 79tepte 7 6eport7re7 Fn Si8eri7 s7u 7 7te pe6epse !ree. DHri 9i s7r ?
"ini !ree 7pHs7u poporu rus Fn 7"est ti;p 6e "re9tere 7 "7pit7is;uui
;onopoist@ fHrH "7 Biseri"7 sH po7tH u9ur7 situ7Gi7 poporuui. Ier7r4i7
superio7rH rusH se et7tiJe7JH@ Fntru"<t ;itropoiGii 9i epis"opii 7MunseserH
;7i ;ut un fe 6e prefe"Gi e"esi7sti"i@ 9"oie se 8iro"r7tiJ7serH. Se?
;in7riie nu 6H6e7u preotuui 6e ;ir e6u"7Gi7 9i for;7re7 8iseri"e7s"H
"orespunJHto7re@ 6e9i@ Fn %+55@ e:ist7u Fn Rusi7 ,'L 6e Se;in7rii@ "ee
;7i ;ute 6e !r76 inferior.
Situ7Gi7 Fn Rusi7 s?7 s"4i;87t si;Gitor 6upH Re#ouGi7 6in %*&'@
"Fn6 s?7 7"or67t "onfesiunior 9i "uteor rei!io7se 6epinH i8ert7te 9i
7utono;ie 8iseri"e7s"H. Totu9i@ "Fn6 o "o;isie ;i:tH 6e "eri"i 9i ;ireni
7 "erut G7ruui Ni"o7e II sH rest78ie7s"H p7tri7r47tu Fn Biseri"7 rusH@
G7ru 7 7;Fn7t 7pro87re7. Lu"ru 7"est7 se #7 re7iJ7 78i7 Fn ti;pu
Re#ouGiei 8o9e#i"e 6in o"to;8rie %*%5.
Un sino6 7"Htuit 6in "eri"i 9i ;ireni@ "on#o"7t 7 %' 7u!ust %*%5N
9i Fn"4ei7t Fn septe;8rie %*%+@ 7 rest7ur7t P7tri7r4i7 Fn Biseri"7 orto?
6o:H rusH@ pri;u p7tri7r4 nu;it Ti4on $Be7#in A %*%5)%*,'- fiin6
7es 7 ' noie;8rie %*%5 9i FntroniJ7t 7 ,% noie;8rie 7"e79i 7n.
Nou re!i; poiti"@ inst7ur7t 6e M7re7 Re#ouGie 6in O"to;?
8rie %*%5@ 7 7pi"7t ideea separrii +isericii de stat 9i to7te refor;ee
"7re 6e"ur! 6in noGiune7 st7tuui 7i" = se"u7riJ7re7 7#erior 8iseri"e9ti
9i ;FnHstire9ti@ s"o7tere7 Fn#HGH;<ntuui rei!ios 6in 9"oie 6e st7t@ Fn?
treGinere7 Biseri"ior 9i "eri"ior 6e to7te !r76ee 6e "Htre "re6in"io9i
9i 6in #<nJ7re7 u;inHrior 9i 7 unor o8ie"te 6e "ut.
Fn 7"e7stH pri#inGH@ De"retu pentru nou re!i; 7 Cuteor@ pro?
;u!7t 6e So#ietu Supre; 7 ,2 i7nu7rie %*%+@ 4otHrH9te ur;Hto7ree =
-0 +iserica este separat de stat:
%- =e asigur libertatea de con"tiin! complet# Fiecare cet!ean este
iber s profese%e cultul dup alegerea sa, sau s nu profese%e nici unul
.. .(6oro#@ HEEglise et le culte en G#R#=#=#, P7ris@ E6itions So"i7es@
%*('@ p. 5-.
Prin"ipiie De"retuui 6in ,2 i7nu7rie %*%+ 7u tre"ut 7poi Fn "on?
itituGi7 U.R.S.S. 9i 7u fost re"onfir;7te 7poi ori 6e "Fte ori s?7 s"4i;87t
M"e7stH "onstituGie.
Referitor 7 ;7nifest7re7 pietHGii 9i "re6inGei rei!io7se su8 to7te
8r;ee ei@ 7utoru "it7t re7te7JH 7stfe = BSHr8Htorie Biseri"ii orto6o:e
Fnt "ee8r7te Fn Uniune7 So#ieti"H 6upH "7en67ru Biseri"ii@ 76i"H 6upH
=7en67ru iui7n@ "7re FntFrJie@ f7GH 6e "7en67ru !re!ori7n@ "u %2 Jie.
Cee7te or!7niJ7Gii rei!io7se pHstre7JH@ 6e 7se;ene7@ tr76iGiie or Fn
n7terie 6e "7en67r pentru "ee8r7re7 riturior $;usu;7ni@ isr7eiGi et"-.
Ni;eni nu F;pie6i"H pe "re6in"io9i sH 7siste 7 ser#i"iie "utuui@ sH
e ro7!e@ sH pr7"ti"e riturie rei!io7se "7 postu@ 8ine"u#<nt7re7 p<inii
N79tior et". biu7 6e o6i4nH sHptH;<n7H Fn Uniune7 So#ieti"H e fi:7tH
u;ini"7 $Ji 6e sHr8Hto7re pentru "re9tini-@ i7r <n Repu8i"ie orient7e@
inere7 $Ji 6e rep7us pentru ;usu;7ni-D. $.. .e6oro#@ op# cit#, p. %(-.
In f7J7 inst7urHrii re!i;uui so"i7ist@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH@ 6in
7uJ7 "riJei prin "7re 7 tre"ut@ pentru 7 se 767pt7 7 nou7 situ7Gie po?
'ISERICA V( EPOCA ;ODER(A LI CO(TE;PORA(A
iti"H@ s?7 6i#iJ7t Fn "Fte#7 ;7ri !rupHri@ #reo 97pte 6e to7te@ 6intre "A
;7i i;port7nte sFnt ur;Hto7ree = %. +iserica patriar?al rus, "on6i
6e p7tri7r4u Ti4on@ fost 7r4iepis"op 6e Vin7@ FntroniJ7t 7 ,% noie
8rie %*%5. ,. +iserica vie Q Kivaia erLovi s7u +iserica renvierii, i
%*,2@ "7re pHstr7 #e"4e7 or!7niJ7re sino67H@ 67tH Biseri"ii ruse
,' i7nu7rie %5,% 6e G7ru Petru "e M7re. +iserica vie s?7 7rHt7t 6e
Fn"eput fo7rte i8er7H@ 76i"H 7 B"eor "e se 4irotones" sin!uriD@ fHrH
pri;e7s"H 47ru Du4uui SfFnt 6e 7 #reun epis"op 4irotonit "7nor
fiin6 "e7 ;7i 6epHrt7tH 6e tr76iGi7 orto6o:H. 2. +iserica panucrainia
FnfiinG7tH Fntr?un sino6 Ginut 7 %( o"to;8rie %*,%@ 7 Oie#. (. +iser
ucrainian, 6in %*,'. ?
DupH p7tri7r4u Ti4on@ 7 ur;7t 7 "on6u"ere7 Biseri"ii ruse@ "
%*,'@ "7 o"Giitor 6e p7tri7r4@ Ser!4ie $Str7!oro6sPi A %*,')%*(2- M
tri7r4 Fn %*(2)%*((.
+iserica vie, "7re@ 7 Fn"eput@ 7 fH"ut 7tFt7 J!o;ot 9i 7 pro#o"7t ;
6ifi"utHGi Biseri"ii p7tri7r47e@ s?7 inte!r7t Fn 7"e7st7. M7Morit7te7 %
seri"ior ruse9ti 6in e;i!r7Gie@ =inodul mitropolitan 6in O7ro#iG $IuM
s7#i7-@ Biseri"ie ruse 6in GHrie Europei Apusene@ 6in A;eri"7. M"
"iuri7@ C4in7 9i \7poni7 9i 6in 7te pHrGi 7u reintr7t@ "u e:"epGi7 "Ftor
su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei ruse 6e 7 Mos"o#7@ "u; #o; #e6e7 Fntr?
"7pito spe"i7 6espre Biseri"ie orto6o:e 6in 6i7sporH.
Fn ti;pu "eui 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%+2*)%*('-@ rou I
seri"ii ruse 7 "res"ut Fn o"4ii re!i;uui so#ieti" prin "ontri8uGi7 r;
pe "7re e7 7 76us?o Fn rHJ8oiu 6e 7pHr7re F;potri#7 7!resiunii 4iteris
DupH ;o7rte7 p7tri7r4uui Ser!4ie@ 7 ur;7t 7 "on6u"ere7 Bis
ri"ii orto6o:e ruse p7tri7r4u Ae:ei $Si;7nsPi@ %*(')%*5%-@ i7r 6u
e@ p7tri7r4u Pi;en@ FntroniJ7t 7 2 iunie %*5% 9i 6e"e67t Fn noiei
8rie %**&. Ur;79u sHu@ 7"tu7u p7tri7r4 Ae:ei 7 II?e7 7 fost in#es
Fn supre;7 fun"Gie Fn %**%.
Fn ti;pu p7tri7r4uui Ae:ei@ u"r7inienii uniGi "u Ro;7 6in U"r7i
o""i6ent7H s7u G7iGi7@ Fn %'*L 7 Brest)Lito#sP@ "7 ur;7re 7 7ipi
G7iGiei 7 U"r7in7 6e rHsHrit Fn %*('@ 7u fost Fn!o87Gi 6in ofi"iu@
;7rtie %*(L@ 6e re!i;u so#ieti" Fn "76ru Biseri"ii orto6o:e?M7;e@
rei7 7p7rGinuserH pFnH Fn %'*L@ tre"Fn6 su8 Muris6i"Gi7 ;itropoiei O=
#uui. In %**&@ o p7rte Fnse;n7tH 6in fo9tii uniGi ) "eri"i 9i "re6i
"io9i ) s?7u re7ipit S"7unuui Ro;ei.
De 7se;ene7@ u"r7inienii 6in Rusi7 su8"7rp7ti"H ) Po6"7rp7ti7
uniGi "u Ro;7 Fn "76ru 7 6ouH sino76e Ginute 7 UM4oro6 $Un!#7r-
,( 7priie %L(* 9i %' i7nu7rie %L',@ 7poi prin 7te 6ouH sino76e Ginu
7 Mun"7"i Fn %L*& 9i %L*%@ "7 ur;7re 7 7ipirii 7"estui teritoriu
Ruteni7 s7u G7iGi7 Fn %*('@ 7u fost@ 6e 7se;ene7@ Fn!o87Gi 7 Orto
:ie 6in ofi"iu 6e re!i;u so#ieti"@ Fn 7u!ust %*(* 9i Fn"76r7Gi Fn Mur=
6i"Gi7 7"eei79i ;itropoii 7 Oie#uui. i 7"e7stH Biseri"H s?7 6eJ;e;8r
prin tre"ere7 Fn %**& Fn 6epen6enGH 6e S"7unu Ro;ei@ 7 unei Fnser
n7te pHrGi 6intre "eri"ii 9i "re6in"io9ii ei.
Sino6u Biseri"ii orto6o:e ruse@ Fntrunit 7 Mos"o#7 Fntre 2& rr
i , iunie %*5%@ su8 pre9e6inGi7 o"Giitoruui 6e p7tri7r4@ Pi;en@ 7 4otHi
ri6i"7re7 7n7te;eor pronunG7te 6e sino76ee Ginute 7 Mos"o#7 Fn %L
C6 PERIOADA A LASEA
%LL5 "ontr7 B#e"4ior "re6in"io9iD@ pre"iJFn6 "H "re6in"io9ii ru9i pot
tiiJ7 6e 7"u; Fn7inte pr7"ti"i 9i rituri 6iferite 7 sH#<r9ire7 "utuui.
Uti;ii %'& 6e 7ni 6in istori7 Biseri"ii ruse Fnse7;nH un pro!res GH
6e epo"ie 7nterio7re@ 7tFt Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te or!7niJ7re7 76;inis? 7ti#H
9i 9"o7rH@ "Ft 9i "e7 teoo!i"H 9i ;ision7r?"7rit7ti#H. In %*&+@ iseri"7
rusH 7#e7 trei ;itropoii@ 7 Oie#@ Mos"o#7 9i Peters8ur!@ I
7r4iepis"opi@ Fntre ei se nu;Hr7 9i e:7r4u?"7toi"os 7 Geor!iei@ "u
6iu 7 Tifis@ ', 6e epis"opi@ 7Mut7Gi Fn 76;inistr7Gie 6e "Fte un #i"7r
iu ;7i ;uGi.
Ac.i=i.a./a mi3ionar5 a 'i3/ricii or.odo4/ ruse. Rusi7 7#e7 Fn"H
se"ou 0VII o ;uGi;e 6e popo7re ne"re9tine pe teritoriu ei. Penii
u;in7re7 9i "on#ertire7 or 7u "onu"r7t Biseri"7 9i st7tu. A"ti#i?te7
;ision7rH 7 Biseri"ii ruse 6in se"ou 0VII pFnH Fn se"ou 00 te
re;7r"78iH@ "u to7te "H Fn ;7re p7rte se resi;te 9i infuenG7 f7"?ruui
poiti".
arul Petru cel 3are ,-;7/)%5,'- 7 or6on7t sH se or!7niJeJe pri?
ee ;isiuni Fn RHsHrit@ spre 7?9i 6es"4i6e 6ru; spre C4in7. Pentru
i"esitHGie popo7reor ne"re9tine 6e 7 rHsHrit 6e Ur7i@ Biseri"7 rusH
?7 "o;pus pri;ee 78e"e67re@ e?7 or!7niJ7t pri;ee 9"oi 9i e?7 tr7?
is "HrGie sfinte Fn i;8ie or. Teoo!u rus G. .oro#sP3 e 6e pHrere
B7Mutoru st7tuui@ Fn !ener7@ 7 "o;pi"7t u"r7re7 ;ision7rH pro?
iu?JisHD@ 6eo7re"e st7tu #oi7 "7 o 67tH "u "re9tin7re7 7"estor popo7re
e i;punH i;87 rusH@ "ee7 "e frFn7 7"ti#it7te7 ;ision7rior "7re pre?
A7u Fn i;8ie o"7e.
Pentru 6esfH9ur7re7 7"ti#itHGii ;ision7re printre tHt7ri@ s?7 FnfiinG7t
C7J7n@ pe Fn!H A"76e;i7 6u4o#ni"e7s"H@ un Institut ;ision7r "u
O!r7fie 9i to7te ;iMo7"ee ne"es7re Fn #e6ere7 tre"erii 7 Orto6o:ie
;74o;e67nior 9i i8er?"u!etHtorior.
Pri;7 so"iet7te ;ision7rH s?7 FnfiinG7t pe 7 7nu %5'&@ pentru Si
ri7@ su8 "on6u"ere7 Ar4iepis"opuui 6e To8osP. Mision7rii ru9i@ por?
F6 6in Si8eri7@ 7u 7"ti#7t "u su""es 7poi Fn C4in7@ Coree7 9i \7poni7.
Pentru re!iune7 "7u"7Ji7nH@ i;port7nGH ;7re 9i?7 "F9ti!7t =ocietatea
fnta Funia2, i7r printre e#rei a fH"ut prop7!7n6H orto6o:H =ocietatea
ntului Ficodim#
Z
Pentru "7 7"ti#it7te7 ;ision7rH sH se 6eJ#ote Fn "4ip unit7r@ s?7
iinG7t Fn %R@5&@ 7 Mos"o#7 = =ocietatea ortodo) pentru rspndirea
Edin!ei cre"tine ntre pagini# DupH ,' 6e 7ni 6e e:istenGH@ Fn %+*'
A7stH so"iet7te nu;Hr7 %' ;ii 6e ;ision7ri 7"ti#i Fn C4in7@ Coree7@
2oni7 9i 7 to;iGii 6in In6i7. Nu;Hru "on#ertiGior er7 "7; 6e +' 6e
i@ 67r "u #re;e7 7u sporit.
Se"ou 7 00?e7 7 Fnse;n7t pentru Biseri"7 rusH un ;7re re#i?
Fent spiritu7@ 67toritH 797?nu;itei B;i9"Hri 7 st7reGiorD@ "7re 7 7#ut
ro Fnse;n7t pentru #i7G7 6u4o#ni"e7s"H 9i pentru 7"ti#it7te7 ;i ?
n7rH 6in I;periu rus. MeritH sH fie ;enGion7Gi pentru 7"ti#it7te7 or
sion7rH Fn 7"est ti;p@ ur;Htorii =
%. 3acarie >luLarev $%5*,)%+(5-@ profesor 6e Istoria +isericii 6e
Himba german 7 Se;in7ru 6in E"7terinos7#@ "7re 7 6e#enit
Nstou tri8urior 6in MunGii At7i. De 7 M7"7rie GuP7re# ne?7 rH;7s
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA (!
"7rte7 intitu7tH nsemnri asupra metodelor ce trebuiesc folosite pentn
rspndirea cu succes a credin!ei printre ma?omedani, iudei "i pgn
din Imperiul rus#
,. SfFntu ere;it >?erman de AlasLa#
2. InoLentie Aeniaminov $%5*5)%+5*-@ 7postou Si8eriei 6e est 7
insueor Aeutine@ "7re 7 7"ti#7t printre 7euGi@ es"4i;o9i 9i 7te tri
8uri@ pre"u; 9i Fn A7sP7. Preot 6e ;ir Fn IrPuGP@ in %*,(@ e pe"H Fr
;isiune "u Fntre7!7 f7;iie. DupH ;o7rte7 soGiei e fH"ut epis"op. L>
#Frst7 6e L2 6e 7ni 7Mun!e Fn \7poni7@ 7poi 6in nou Fn O7;"i7tP7 9=
M7n"iuri7. Din %+L+@ e nu;it Ar4iepis"op 7 Mos"o#ei@ Fn o"u Iii=
.i7ret. De 7 e ne?7 rH;7s u"r7re7 = &lu%a spre mpr!ia cerurilor
Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH %?7 "7noniJ7t@ tre"Fn6u?% Fn sFnu SfinGior e
L o"to;8rie %*55@ 7#Fn6 Ji 6e po;enire 7 %2 7priie.
(. Teoo!u 9i in!#istu F# I# IlminsLi $%+,,)%+*%-@ "7re 7 fH"ui
;isiune "re9tinH printre tHt7ri 9i 7 tr76us SfFnt7 S"ripturH Fn i;8"
tHt7rH.
'. Apostou \7poniei@ Ficolae QasatLin $%+2L)%*%,-@ "7re 7 Fn
"eput ;isiune7 s7 Fn %+L% 7 /7Po67te@ un6e 7 FnfiinG7t 9"oi@ opere
;ision7re 9i 7 tr76us SfFnt7 S"ripturH 9i "HrGie itur!i"e Fn i;87 M7
poneJH. E 7 6e#enit epis"opu \7poniei. L7 ;o7rte7 s7@ Ni"o7e O7s7tPirM
7 Hs7t o Biseri"H orto6o:H M7poneJH 6e "ir"7 22 6e ;ii 6e "re6in"io9i@
"u ,,L "o;unitHGi 9i 2' 6e preoGi@ toGi M7poneJi.
L7 %& 7priie %*5&@ o"Giitoru 6e p7tri7r4 7 Mos"o#ei@ Pi;en@ ,
rest78iit e!Htur7 itur!i"H 9i 8iseri"e7s"H "u Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 \7?
poniei 9i 7 4otHrFt "7 7r4iepis"opu Ni"o7e $f 2 7priie %*%,-@ 7postou
\7poniei@ sH fie tre"ut Fn rFn6u sfinGior.
De 7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 0VIII@ o ;isiune orto6o:H rusH 7 7"ti#7i
Fn C4in7@ un6e 7 u7t fiinGH o Biseri"H orto6o:H "4ineJH. L7 Fn"eputu
se"ouui 00@ epis"opu InoPentie .i!uro#sPi 7 fH"ut ;isiune "u su""es
Fn C4in7. Din %*'(@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H "4ineJH 7 6e#enit 7utono;H@
7#Fn6 6ouH epis"opii.
O ;i"H Biseri"H orto6o:H 7 u7t fiinGH 9i Fn Coree7@ un6e 7 7"ti#7t
"7 ;ision7r ;ire7nu Pavel Afanasiev, 7poi epis"opu Pavel IvavovsLi,
"7re 7 tr76us "HrGie itur!i"e Fn i;87 "oree7nH.
Pentru "on#ertire7 sirienior 9i 7r78ior@ pre"u; 9i pentru "o;87?
tere7 prop7!7n6ei ro;7no?"7toi"e 9i protest7nte Fn Orientu Apropi7t@
Biseri"7 rusH 7 FnfiinG7t 7 Ierus7i; =ocietatea imperial ortodo) a#
Palestinei, Fn %++,. S?7u FnfiinG7t Fn 7"e7stH perio76H so"ietHGi 6e 8ine?
f7"ere@ 6e 7r4eoo!ie@ 6e pi"turH@ 6e e6u"7Gie 7 tineri;ii@ 6e te;per7nGH.
Biseri"7 7 7#ut un ;7re ro 7 6esfiinG7re7 io8H!iei Fn %+L%@ pentru
"7re ;itropoitu .i7ret 7 Mos"o#ei $f %+L5- 7re ;erite 6eose8ite.
Re#istee 9i "HrGie 6e Ji6ire sufete7s"H 7u fost nu;ero7se Fn se?
"ou 7 00?e7@ Fn"Ft ;uGi 6intre teoo!ii 9i s"riitorii 7puseni se rtir7u
"Ft 6e ;ut se tipHre7 Fn Rusi7 9i "Ft 6e puGin "uno9te7u ei 7"e7stH
7"ti#it7te.
Fn se"ou 0I0@ #i7G7 6u4o#ni"e7s"H 7 "unos"ut Fn Rusi7 o ;7re
Fnforire. MeritH sH fie po;eniGi st7reGii Teofan SatvorniL $f %+*(- 9i "ei
6oi st7reGi 6e 7 MFnHstire7 Optin7@ 3aLarie $f %+LL- 9i Amlro%ie
PERIOADA A LASEA
%+*%-. A;inti;@ 6e 7se;ene7@ pe SfFntu =erafim 6e S7ro# $f %+22-@
preotu Ioan 6e Oronst76t $f %*&+-@ preotu >?eorg?e Petrov 9.7.@
?e sFnt 76Fn" sH6iGi Fn e#7#i7 9i "on9tiinG7 poporuui rus. Ei 7u Fn?
t7t "re9tinis;u 7utenti" nu nu;7i pe GHr7nii ru9i@ "i 9i pe o7;enii
rHG7Gi 9i teoo!i 6e se7;H@ "u; sFnt = Ale)ei =t# 4omiaLov $%+&()
2&-@ ... 3# 8ostoievsLi $f %++%-@ fioJofu rei!ios Qonstantin Heontiev
noie;8rie %+*,-@ L. F# Tolstoi $f %*%&-@ "7re ;er!e7u 6eseori Fn #iJitH
st7reGii ;FnHstirii Optin7@ 6e 7 "7re Fn#HG7u "u; tre8uie sH 7Mute
n s"risu or 7 ri6i"7re7 ;or7H 7 se;enior.
In fost7 Uniune So#ieti"H@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7#e7 5L 6e 6io"eJe@
;itropoiGi@ 2& 6e ;ii 6e preoGi.
De P7tri7r4i7 6e Mos"o#7 6epin6e@ "7 Biseri"H 7utono;H 9i e:7r47t@
heri"7 orto6o:H u"r7ine7nH@ "u re9e6inG7 7 Oie#@ 7#Fn6 "ir"7 (& 6e ;i?
7ne "re6in"io9i@ %* ep7r4ii@ +&.&&& 6e p7ro4ii 9i 5&&& 6e preoGi. Bise?
7 orto6o:H u"r7ine7nH e6ite7JH re#ist7 Pravoslavni AisniL#
Tot 6e P7tri7r4i7 Mos"o#ei ;7i 6epin6e7u ur;Hto7ree Biseri"i
o6o:e 6in fost7 Uniune So#ieti"H =
%. Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 rutenior 78i@ "u re9e6inG7 7 MinsP@ "u
. ' ;iio7ne 6e "re6in"io9i 9i 2 ep7r4ii.
,. Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 Estoniei@ "u re9e6inG7 7 T7in $Re#7-@ "u
p7r4ie 9i peste ,&& 6e ;ii 6e "re6in"io9i.
2. Biseri"7 orto6o:H itu7ni7nH@ "u re9e6inG7 7 Vinius@ 7#Fn6 o
ir4ie 9i peste ,&& 6e ;ii 6e "re6in"io9i.
Fn 7f7r7 Uniunii So#ieti"e@ P7tri7r4i7 Mos"o#ei 7re trei e:7r47te
7te Biseri"i 6epen6ente 6e e7@ 6espre "7re #o; #or8i Fn "7pitou
i7spor7 orto6o:HD.
8. Biseri"7 orto6o:H !eor!i7nH
Biseri"7 Geor!iei s7u I#iriei 7 u7t fiinGH Fn se"ou 7 IV?e7@ fiin6
hen6entH 7 Fn"eput 6e P7tri7r4i7 6e Antio4i7.
Tr76iGi7 Biseri"ii !eor!iene st78ie9te Fn"et7re7 Muris6i"Giei P7tri7r?
i 6e Antio4i7 7supr7 Geor!iei Fn (5%@ "Fn6 Biseri"7 Geor!iei 9i?7
TFit pe pri;u ei p7tri7r4?"7toi"os.
Istori"ii so"otes" "H Biseri"7 Geor!iei 7 6o8Fn6it 7uto"ef7i7 Fn
ii ''L@ i7r Fn L&( i?7 fost re"unos"utH 9i 6e "ee7te Biseri"i.
Perse"uGiie 7r78ior Fn se"oee VIII)0I 9i 7e tur"ior Fn se"oee )
0VIII@ 7u 76us !ree suferinGe !eor!ienior@ "7re #oi7u sH 7ne:eJe
sr!i7 7 I;periu tur". C7 sH s"7pe 6e ro8i7 tur"e7s"H@ !eor!ienii 7u
ut prote"Gi7 Rusiei orto6o:e. Prin tr7t7tu 6in ,( iuie %5+2@ Fn"4ei7t
re re!ee Geor!iei Er7"ie $%5(()%5*+- 9i F;pHrHte7s7 Rusiei E"7?
in7 7 Ii?7 $%5L,)%5*L-@ Geor!i7 7 intr7t su8 suJer7nit7te7 Rusiei.
L7 %+ i7nu7rie %+&%@ G7ru Ae:7n6ru I $%+&%)%+,'- 7 pro"7;7t
$:7re7 Geor!iei 7 I;periu rus.
Din %+%%@ Biseri"7 Geor!iei 7 fost Fn"76r7tH "7 e:7r47t Fn Biseri"7
26o:H rusH@ rH;FnFn6 Fn 7"e7stH situ7Gie pFnH Fn %*%5. L7 %, ;7r?
%*%5@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 Geor!iei s$a proclamat autocefal, 67r@
'ISEHICA I( EPOCA ;ODER(A LI CO(TE;PORA(A
6in %*2L@ 7 fost 6in nou "on6usH 6e un 7r4iepis"op?e:7r4@ ;e;8ru 7
SfFntuui Sino6 rus.
Fn %*((@ Fn ti;pu "eui 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('-@
Biseri"7 Geor!iei s$a proclamat din nou autocefal, i7r situ7Gi7 7"e7st7
se ;enGine pFnH 7stHJi@ 7#Fn6 un p7tri7r4?"7toi"os@ Fn perso7n7 S7n"?
titHGii S7e Ei7 $Iie- 7 I?e7@ 7es Fn %*+&.
Fn preJent@ Biseri"7 Geor!iei 7re "ir"7 ( ;iio7ne 6e "re6in"io9i@
%' ep7r4ii@ * epis"opi@ +& 6e p7ro4ii 9i +& 6e preoGi@ pre"u; 9i
, ;FnHstiri.
BIBLIOGRA.IE
/. D. Dop;7n@ D]e Russisc?e (rt?odo)e Qirc?e in >esc?ic?te und >egenNart,
Berin@ %*55A b`eite Auf7!e@ Berin %*+% A A. Poppe@ T?e rise oi c?ristian Russia,
Lon6on@ %*+,@ 2(L p.A C. D. G. Miier@ >esc?ic?te der orientalisc?en FationalLirc?en,
Gottin!en@ %*+% A M. Le;ese#sPi un6 C. P7to"P@ D]e russisc?en ort?odo)en +isc?oie
von -7.W bis -.;5, t. I Er7n!en@ %*5*A A. A. Orn7tsC3@ 4istor' oi t?e Russian
?ierarc?', f. %),. Ree6ite6 83 M. Oester83@ Copen47!ue@ %*5*A E. /os"4@ (rt?o$
do)ie und 4resie im alten Russland, _ies876en@ %*5'A _. C. .e"4ter@ T?e Rus$
sian &?urc? Gnderground, %*%5)%*5&@ Lon6on@ %*5(A S. A. benPo#sPii@ RussiaEs
(ld +elivers, Miin"4en@ %*5&A \. M76e3@ Qirc?e %Nisc?en (st und _est. +eitrge
%ur >esc?ic?te der GLrainisc?en und Meissrut?enisc?en Qirc?e, Miin"4en@ %*L*A
Berto6 Spuer@ >egenNartslage der (stLirc?en, .r7nPfurt 7; M7in@ %*'+@ p. ,*)*'A
Russland: \o47nnes C4r3sosto;us@ Qirc?engesc?ic?te Russlands der ?euesten Seit,
2 B7n6e@ Miin"4en)S7J8ur!@ %*L')%*L+A I. B. P4e67s@ Istoria bisericeasc a Rusiei
ae la origini pn Fn %ilele noastre, Aten7@ %*L5@ Fn i;87 neo?!re7"HA A. _u3ts@
Ha Patriarcat russe au concile de 3oscou de -.-C)-.-7, Ro;7@ %*L'@ ,(( p.A
N. Stru#e@ Ies c?retiens en G#R#=#=#, ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*L(A I. S;oits"4@ >esc?ic?te
der russisc?en Qirc?e, B<n6 I@ Le367@ %*L( A E. _inter@ Russland und das Papsttum,
B6. II@ Berin@ %*L% M A8ert M. A;;7nn@ Abriss der ostslaNisc?en Qirc?en
gesc?ic?te, _ien@ %*L& A I6e;@ Sfor]7 della &?iesa Russa e dei Paesi limitrofi, Utet@
Torino@ %*(+A I#7n Sne!7ro#@ QratLa istori*a na savremite pravoslavni !rLvi
,X =curt istorie a +isericilor ortodo)e contemporane0, Sofi7@ %*L(A A. Oont79e#@ (cer$
Li po istorii RussLoi !erLvi, #oi. ,@ P7ris@ %*'* A I6e;@ HEEglise (rt?odo)e Russe@ or$
ganisation, situation, activite, Mos"ou@ %*'+A /. S"47e6er@ 3osLau, das dritte Rom,
,?e Auf7!e@ /7;8ur!@ %*'5A Ar4i;. Cipri7n P7p76opouos@ A s?ort ?istor' ol t?e
Russian &?urc?, Ae:7n6ri7@ %*'LA M. SpinP7@ T?e &?urc? im =oviet Russia, Ne`
lorP@ %*'LA /. /. S"4re3@ 8ie >eneration der Entsc?eidung# =taat und Qirc?e im
Europisc?en Russland, -.-76-.5W, Miin"4en@ %*''A .r. /e3er@ D]e (rt?odo)e
Qirc?e in der GLraine vom -.-C bis -.B5, Bonn@ %*'2@ ,'* p.A E. BenJ@ 8ie (stLirc?e
und die russisc?e &?rlsten?eit, Tii8in!en@ %*(*A N. berno#@ T?e &?urc? ol t?e
Eastern &?ristians, %*(LA I6e;@ T?e Russians and t?eir &?urc?, %*('A tr76u"ere
Fn i;87 neo?!re7"H@ Aten7@ %*5, A St. E#7ns@ &?urc?es in t?e G#R#=#=#, Lon6on@ %*(2A
A. Oi87no#@ =toria delle sette religiose in Russia degli anni ;9 del PIP secolo
al -.-C# A "ur7 6i V. beii@ .irenJe@ %*+&@ 0VIII ) LL( p.
Fn i;87 ro;<nH
Pr. prof. I. Pupe7 $I. RH;ure7nu-@ +isericile (rtodo)e cu special privire asupra
+isericii ortodo)e ruse, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(*-@ nr. %),@ p. L*)*&A I6e;
&oniigura!ia actual a cre"tinismului, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(*-@ nr. 2)(
p. %%*)%22A Pr. C4irii Pistrui@ +iserica (rtodo) Rus -.-76-.57, Fn BMitropoi7
Ar6e7uuiD@ V $%*L&-@ nr. %),@ p. '')L2A Pr. P. St7to#@ +iserica ortodo) rus Ir
G#R#=#=#, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ II $%*'&-@ nr. %@ p. 'L)+5.
Pentru ;isiunie Biseri"ii orto6o:e ruse
Ar4i;. Spiri6on@ Ies missions en =iberie, P7ris@ %*L+A A. l7nnou7tos@ Hei
missions des Eglises dE(rient, Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7 uni#ers7isD@ t. %%@ P7ris@ %*L+
p. **)%&,A NiPit7 Stru#e@ (rt?odo) 3ission# Past and present, Fn BSt. V76i;irNs
Se;in7r3 du7rter3D@ VII $%*L2-@ nr. %@ p. 2* 9. u.A I6e;@ From t?e 4istor' o.
.EOIOADA A ASEA
(rt?odo) 3ission# (rt?odo)' in# &?ina, Fn BPoreft4en6esD@ IV $%*L,-@ nr. %(@ p.
,L 9. u. A G. StoPe@ >esc?ic?te der =lavenmission, Fn "oe"Gi7 8ie Qirc?e in i?rer
>esc?ic?te# Gottin!en@ %*L% A \. G7JiP@ 8ie Islammission der russisc?$ort?odo)en
Qirc?en, Munster@ %*'*A I6e;@ 8ie russisc?$ort?odo)e 4eidenmission seit Petei der
>rosse, Munster@ %*'(A B. Bos47Poff@ T?e Foreign 3issions ol t?e Russian (rt?o$
io) &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*(2A N76eM67 Goro6eiJPi@ T?e 3issionar' E)pansion ol t?e
Russian (rt?odo) &?urc?, Fn BT4e Intern7tion7 Re#ie` of MissionD@ Lon6on@ o"t.
[*(,A \. Bee`Je`@ 3issionar und 4Kerarc? auf den Inseln der Aleuten# Sum ?under$
iten Todestag des 3etropoliten InnoLenti von 3osLau und Qolomna, Fn BSti;;e
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noLenti von 3osLau, i8i6e;@ %*5+@ nr. %@ p. %*@ Lon6on o"t. %*(,A N. Be4r@ 3issions
nt?odo)es au Kapon ert en Perse, Fn BIreniPonD@ VIII $%*2%-A I6e;@ 3issionar'
iAorL oi t?e Russian &?urc?, Fn BT4e C4risti7n E7stD@ 0I $Lon6on@ %*2&-@ nr. % =
C. S. L7tourette@ A 4istor' oi &?ristian 3issions in &?ina, Ne`?lorP@ %*,*.
In i;87 ro;<nH
Antonie PH;H6e7H@ Epis"op?Vi"7r p7tri7r47@ +iserica slu*itoare, Bu"ure9ti@
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iseri"ii ruseA Epis"op Anti; Ni"7?TFr!o#i9te7nu@ nfiin!area episcopiei ortodo)e
utonome din &?ina, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00IV $%*'L-@ nr. '@ p. (2%)
(22A I6e;@ (rtodo)ia n E)tremul (rient, Fn BOrto6o:i7D III $%*'%-@ nr. %@ p. %&%)
%(A Pr. Li#iu St7n@ (rtodo)ia n diaspor, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0V $%*L2-@ nr. %@ p. 2)2+A
r. L. PH6ure7nu $Li#iu St7n-@ &re"tinismul n &?ina, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD III
%*L%-@ nr. %)(@ p. ,,L),2% A I. N. $Ion Ne!res"u-@ Cu privire la introducerea (rto$
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e ndrumri misionare, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2&@ p. 2,%)22&.
Pentru Biseri"7 !eor!i7nH=
O. S7i7@ 4istoire de la nation georgienne, P7ris@ %*+&@ '', p.A Mitropoitu
[7:i;es 6e S7r6es@ +iserica >eorgiei, Fn i;87 !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*L+A _. E. D. Aen@
4istor' oi t?e >eorgian People, Lon6on@ %*2,A M. T7;7r7ti@ HEEglise georgienne,
o;e@ %*%& A Protos. Epif7nie Noro"e@ Istoricul +isericii georgiene "i rela!iile ei cu
iserica romneasc, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 0LIII $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@
'55)'*, A P. Const7ntines"u?I79i@ 8in rela!iile culturale romno$gru%ir#e, Fn BStu6ii
7rti"oe 6e istorieD@ II $%*'5-@ p. ')2,.
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH I
Fntre Biseri"ie orto6o:e surori@ Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH este "e7
7i ;7re 6upH Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH.
Fn "o;ponenG7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne 7u intr7t Biseri"ie or?
6o:e 7e "eor trei GHri ro;<ne9ti = E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H s7u Munteni7@
86o#7 9i Tr7nsi#7ni7.
Biseri"7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti 9i Biseri"7 Mo6o#ei 7u 7#ut o istorie se?
ir7tH pFnH 7 2 6e"e;8rie %+L(@ "Fn6 6o;nitoru Unirii "eor 6ouH prin?
p7te 7 ,( i7nu7rie %+'*@ Io7n Ae:7n6ru CuJ7 $%+'*)%+LL-@ 7 pro?
M;7t 8ecretul organic pentru nfiin!area unei autorit!i sinodale cen$
ile n +iserica romn#
Biseri"ie ro;<ne9ti 7e "eor 6ouH prin"ip7te s?7u 7f7t su8
Muris?=Gi7 "7noni"H 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e 6e Const7ntinopo@
Biseri"7 irii Ro;<ne9ti s7u 7 Un!ro#74iei 6in ;7i %2'*@ i7r Biseri"7
Mo6o#ei i ,L iuie %(&%@ pFnH 7 ,' 7priie %++'@ "Fn6 P7tri7r4i7
E"u;eni"H re"unos"ut Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne autocefalia,
6e#enin6 6in Bi?
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERN I CONTEMPORANA
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#7 tur"ior. Mitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 7#e7 su8 6epen6enG7 ei 6ouH epis"opii
un7 7 RH6HuGi @9i 7 6ou7 7 Ro;7n@ Fnte;ei7tH 6e Ae:7n6ru "e Bun.
Mut ;7i tFrJiu@ 6e 7 %' 6e"e;8rie %'*+@ 7 u7t fiinGH@ Fn ti;pu pri ?
;ei 6o;nii 7 ui Iere;i7 Mo#iH $%'*')%L&& A %L&&)%L&L-@ epis"opi7
/u9ior@ pri;u ei titu7r fiin6 epis"opu Io7n $%'*+)%L&'-.
(L( PERIOADA A ASEA
Mitropoitu Biseri"ii Mo6o#ei purt7 Fn pus titu@ "7 si ;itropoi ei
EHrii Ro;<ne9ti@ 6e 1prea cinstit "i e)ar? al Plaiurilor2, 76i"H 7#e7
ireptu sH pHstore7s"H peste unee Ginuturi "7re@ Fn "ursu istoriei@ 7u
epins 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere poiti" 6e Mo6o#7@ "7 "et7te7 9i 6o;eniu
IRi"eiuui@ Fn "o;it7tu DH8F"7@ 9i 6o;eniu 9i Cet7te7 6e B7tH@ Fn "o?
nit7tu TFrn7#ei.
Biseri"7 Mo6o#ei 7 p7rti"ip7t 7 sino6u unionist 6e 7 .err7r7?
RorenG7 6in %(2+)%(2*.
Do;nitorii Mo6o#ei Iie9 9i tef7n $%(2')%((,- 7u tri;is o 6ee?
!7Gie "o;pusH 6in ;itropoitu D7;i7n 7 Mo6o#ei@ o"Giitor 7
Se#7s?Aei@ !re" 6e ne7;@ nu;it Fn %(25 6e P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@
FnsoGit 6e 7"7ru sHu@ protopopu Const7ntin 9i un 6ee!7t ;ire7n@
o!ofHtu Ne7?Aoe@ pro878i o"Giitoru epis"opiei Ro;7nuui. Mitropoitu
D7;i7n 7 Mo6o#ei 7 se;n7t 7"tu 6e unire 6e 7 .orenG7 6in L iuie
%(2*@ 67r n7i tFrJiu@ Fn %(',@ s?7 7Htur7t 7ntiunioni9tior 6in BiJ7nG@
renunGFn6 7 unire7 "u 7tinii.
A#Fn6 Fn #e6ere presti!iu 6e "7re se 8u"ur7u E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H
i Mo6o#7 "7 st7te in6epen6ente Fn su6?estu Europei@ 7u fost in#it7te
i ee 6e P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 9i 6e F;pHr7tu M7nui 7 II?e7 P7eo?
o!u $%2*%)%(,'- sH p7rti"ipe 7 sino6u 6e 7 Const7nG7 $%(%()%(%+-@
r79 situ7t Fn su6u Ger;7niei@ Fn #e6ere7 unirii 6intre !re"i 9i 7tini@
perin6 "7 Fn ur;7 7"estei7 sH pri;e7s"H 7Muto7re 6in Apus pentru 7
tH#ii peri"ou oto;7n.
Astfe@ Fn fe8ru7rie %(%+@ 7 sosit 7 Const7nG7 o 6ee!7Gie "o;pu?
< 6in %* ;itropoiGi rHsHriteni@ Fntre ei 9i Gri!orie E7;87"@ u"eni"u
7tri7r4uui Efti;ie 6e TFrno#o $%25')%2*2 A f %(&&-@ ;7i tFrJiu ;i?
ropoit 7 Oie#uui $Fntre %(%')%(%*-@ 6in 7i"i 6in Const7ntinopo 9i
in repreJent7nGii 7i"i 7i EHrii Ro;<ne9ti ) fiin6 6o;n Mir"e7 "e
7re $%2*L)%(%+- ) 9i 7i Mo6o#ei@ Fn ti;pu 6o;niei ui Ae:7n6ru
e Bun $%(&&)%(2,-@ 6ouH person7itHGi FnJestr7te "u e"4ii8ru 9i ;ut
7"t 6ipo;7ti".
Sino6u 6e 7 Const7nG7@ so"otit 7 0VI?e7 Con"iiu e"u;eni" 6e
iseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ 7 fost ;7i ;ut Bun "on!res europe7nD@ 7
Hpeteniior e"esi7sti"e 9i 8iseri"e9ti 6in Apus 9i 7re ;eritu 6e 7 fi pus
7pHt ;7rii s"4is;e p7p7e $%255)%(%5-@ ur;Fn6 "7 pro8e;7 unirii
iiseri"ior sH fie 6is"ut7tH Fntr?un 7t sino6@ Fn #iitor.
PreJenG7 ;untenior 9i 7 ;o6o#enior 7 sino6u BCon"ii7ristD 6e
i Const7nG7 este pri;7 p7rti"ip7re 7 ro;<nior 7 un "on!res intern7?
on7 s7u inter"re9tin.
Tr7nsi#7ni7 7 7#ut@ 6e 7se;ene7@ ;itropoiGii 9i epis"opii ei@ Fn"e?
Fn6 6in se"ou 7 0?e7.
O ins"ripGie 6es"operitH Fn %*5+@ pe 7 6oie7 str7t 6e pi"turH Fn or?
ine7 #e"4i;ii pe Ji6u 8iseri"ii ;FnHstirii RF;eG@ Mu6. A87@ "onse;?
e7JH Fn %255 nu;ee 7r4iepis"opuui >?elasie, pri;u ier7r4 ro;<n
inos"ut Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7@ f7pt "7re 76e#ere9te Fn ;o6 e#i6ent e:istenG7
nei #ieGi 8iseri"e9ti orto6o:e 8ine or!7niJ7te Fn 7"e7stH pro#in"ie 7
ursitu se"ouui 7 0V?e7.
4SiSSiiUUA /M M?UtA IV%U%?
Din puGinee 7"te referito7re 7 ;FnHstire7 Sf. Ar47n!4e Mi47i
6in Peri@ 6e"7r7tH 7 %2 7u!ust %2*% stavropig?ie 6e p7tri7r4u e"u;e?
ni" Antonie 7 IV?e7 $%2+*)%2*& A %2*%)%2*5-@ 6epinJFn6 76i"H 6ire"t
6e p7tri7r4@ reiese "H pe 7 %2*% e:ist7u Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7 B7Gi ier7r4iD
$7r4ierei o"7i-@ i7r 7 %( ;7i %2*( er7 7;intit un B7r4iepis"opD orto?
6o: 7 Tr7nsi#7niei.
Fn7inte 6e %('L@ Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7 pHstore7 epis"opu orto6o: Ioan
din Qaffa Qrimeei, 7#Fn6 re9e6inG7 Fn or79u /une6o7r7@ fiin6 FnHtur7t
6e in"4iJitoru p7p7 Io7n C7pist7n.
Dintr?un 6o"u;ent 67t 7 ,&@ ;7rtie %(5* 6e re!ee Un!7riei 6e
ori!ine ro;<nH M7tei Cor#in $%('+)%(*&-@ 7fH; "H peste ro;<nii orto?
6o"9i 6in M7r7;ure9 9i Tr7nsi#7ni7 pHstore7 ;itropoitu orto6o:
loanic?ie, ori!in7r 6in Be!r76u Ser8iei.
L7 finee se"ouui 7 0V?e7 9i Fn pri;7 Mu;Ht7te 7 se"ouui 7
0VI?e7@ se6iu ;itropoiei Tr7nsi#7niei s?7 st78iit pentru 97pte 6e ?
"enii Fn s7tu ro;<nes" .ee7"@ Fn!H CuM?N7po"7@ pri;u ;itropoit
fiin6 8aniil $Mir"e7 PH"u7riu@ Istoria +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, #oi. I@
Bu"ure9ti@ %*+&@ p. 5%)*%-.
Din %'5*@ re9e6inG7 ;itropoiei Tr7nsi#7niei s?7 st78iit 7 A87
Iui7@ pri;u ;itropoit 6espre "7re 7#e; 9tiri si!ure fiin6 >?enadie $%'5*
)%'+'-. Cu 7Mutoru ui Mi47i Vite7Ju $%'*2)%L&%-@ 6o;nitoru unirii
"eor trei GHri ro;<ne Fn %L&&@ s?7 ri6i"7t Fn %'*5 o 8iseri"H 9i o "H6ire
;FnHstire7seH 7 A87 Iui7@ <n!H Ji6urie "etHGii@ "7re 7 ser#it 6rept
"7te6r7H 9i re9e6inGH ;itropoit7nH pentru ro;<nii orto6o"9i pFnH 7
%5L%@ "F;6 o"u ei %?7 o"up7t episcopia unit, 6epen6entH 6e. 7r4i?
epis"opi7 ro;7no?e7toi"H 6e EsJter!o;@ su8 "on6u"ere7 fostuui ;itro?
poit orto6o: At7n7sie An!4e $%5&%)%5%2-.
Fn Mur; 7nuui %5%(@ fost7 "7te6r7H 9i re9e6inG7 ;itropoit7nH@ "ti ?
torii 7e ui Mi47i Vite7Ju@ 7u fost 6HrF;7te 6in te;eie 6in or6inu
CurGii 6in Vien7@ i7r se6iu epis"opiei unite 7 fost ;ut7t@ 7 ( o"to;?
8rie %5%L@ 7 .H!Hr79@ i7r 7 2% 7u!ust %525@ 7 B7M@ Fn ti;pu epis"opu?
ui Ino"4entie Mi"u?C7in $%52&)%5'%-.
Pentru reor!7niJ7re7 Biseri"ii 6in E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H 6o;nitoru
R76u "e M7re $%(*')%'&+- 7 "4e;7t Fn %'&2@ "u Fn#oire7 PorGii@ pe fos?
tu p7tri7r4 e"u;eni" Nifon 7 II?e7 $%(5L)%(++ A %(*5)%(*+ A %'&, A
f %% 7u!ust %'&+-@ "7re 7 pHstorit ;itropoi7 Un!ro#74iei Fntre %'&2)
%'&'. Fn so8oru "on#o"7t Fn %'&2@ s?7 4otHrFt prin"ipi7 "re7re7 7 6ous
noi epis"opii = 7 RF;ni"uui ) Fn o"u fostei ;itropoii 7 Se#erinuui
6e 7"i titu7tur7 ei 6e 1episcopia Rmnicului Foului =everin2, 9i E
+u%ului# Ee n?7u fun"Gion7t i;e6i7t.
P7tri7r4u Nifon 7 4irotonit pentru ee 6oi epis"opi@ "Hror7 e?E
67t Bep7r4ie 4otHrFtH@ "7re "Ft #7 8iruiD. Or!7niJ7re7 or "7noni"H S?E
fH"ut ;ut ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn uti;ii 7ni 6e 6o;nie 7i ui Ne7!oe B7s7r7t $%'%,
)%',%-.
Re9e6inG7 ;itropoiei EHrii Ro;<ne9ti 7 fost 7 Fn"eput@ 6upH uti ?
;ee "er"etHri $C?tin Giures"u@ P. P. P7n7ites"u-@ 7 &mpulung, Fn 8i?
seri"7 JisH 7 ui Fegru Aod, "u 4r7;u A6or;ire7 M7i"ii Do;nuui
un6e sFnt Fn;or;Fnt7Gi pri;ii 6o;nitori 7i GHrii@ B7s7r78 I Inte;eieto?
2& ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
ui $%2%&)%2',- 9i fiu sHu Ni"o<e Ae:7n6ru B7s7r78 $%2',)%2L(-.
hu8 6o;nitoru V76is7#?V7i"u $%2L()%255- o 7fH; 7 Curte7 6e
Ar?Ae9@ un6e 7 rH;7s pFnH 7 %'%5.
L7 %5 7u!ust %'%5@ "u o"7Ji7 sfinGirii 8iseri"ii Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ "ti?
ori7 ui Ne7!oe B7s7r78 $%'%,)%',%-@ e7 7 fost ;ut7tH 6efiniti# I7
rFr!o#i9te@ un6e se 7f7 7tun"i "7pit77 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti@ Fn 8iseri"7 Fn?
eputH 6e R76u "e M7re $%(*')%'&+- 9i ter;in7tH 6e 6o;nitoru Ne7?
oe B7s7r78@ un6e 7 fun"Gion7t pFnH 7 %LL+.
In %L'+@ s?7 sfinGit fru;o7s7 8iseri"H 6in Bu"ure9ti = =fin!ii Imp$
a!i &onstantin "i Elena, Fn"eputH 6e 6o;nitoru Const7ntin er87n B7?
7r78 $%L'()%L'+- 9i ter;in7tH 6e ur;79ii sHi@ "7re@ 6in -;;7, 7 6e#e?
it re9e6inGH ;itropoit7nH@ i7r ;7i tFrJiu@ 6in %*,'@ re"edin!a Patriar$
iei Romne, un6e se 7fH pFnH 7Ji.
Mitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 7 7#ut re9e6inG7 7 Fn"eput 7 RH6HuGi@ 7#Fn6
rept "7te6r7H ;itropoit7nH 8iseri"7 "u 4r7;u SfFntu Ni"o7e@ "tito?
i7 ui Bo!67n I $%2'*)%2L'-@ 7poi@ Fn ti;pu ui Petru Mu97t $%25()
2*%-@ 7 Su"e7#7@ un6e se 7f7 "7pit77 GHrii.
Prin 4riso#u 6o;nitoruui Antonie Ruset $%L5')%L5+- 6in /. mar$
e -;CC, re9e6inG7 ;itropoiei Mo6o#ei s?7 ;ut7t 6efiniti# 7 I79i@ "7?
it77 Mo6o#ei 6in ti;pu "eei 6e 7 6ou7 6o;nii 7 ui Ae:7n6ru LH?
u9ne7nu $%'',)%'L% A %'L()%'L+-.
O 7tH ;itropoie 7 fost 7"ee7 7 Proilaviei s7u Proilavului $ Q 7
rHiei-@ 6enu;ire for;7tH. 6in nu;ee !re"es" 7 or79uui BrHi7@
poF0<Rio# "7re 7 u7t fiinGH 7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 7 0V?e7.
Fn "o;ponenG7 ei 7u intr7t 6in %(%5 r7i7ee $"u#Fnt tur"es" Q
Mpor 6e 76unHturH- 6in E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H@ Giur!iu 9i Turnu
MH!ure?@ i7r 6in %'(, BrHi7@ 7poi r7i7ee 6in Mo6o#7 $C4ii7 9i
Cet7te7 A8H@ n %(+(@ Bu!e7"u "u Ti!4in7@ nu;itH 6e tur"i@ Ben6er@
76i"H re!iune7 i6i"H 6intre Prut 9i Nistru 6in %'2+@ 9i 6in %5%2
/otinu.
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o unit7te 8iseri"e7s"H 7p7rte@ nu;itH mitropolia Proilaviei $Q 7
milei0, su8 Muris6i"Gi7 6ire"tH 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ "7re s?7 ;en?
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tHGie 6in stFn!7 DunHrii "u Ginuturie Fn"onMurHto7re 7u fost restitui?
EHrii Ro;<ne9ti.
Biseri"ie 6in r7i7ee Turnu 9i Giur!iu 7u fost 7ipite ;itropoiei
i!ro#74iei@ i7r "ee 6in r7i7u7 BrHi7@ epis"opiei BuJHuui.
MenGionH; "H@ Fntre %L5,)%L5*@ 7 fun"Gion7t epis"opi7 efe;erH 7
re?aiei, Mu6eGu Me4e6inGi.
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;<n 6e ori!ine@ un ;7re "Hrtur7r 9i p7triot 6in tre"utu Biseri"ii
7stre.
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Ro;<ne9ti@ "e7 ;7i ;7re ;itropoie 6in "uprinsu P7tri7r4iei E"u?
Fni"e@ p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Sofronie 7 II?e7 $%55()%5+&- 7 ri6i"7t@
%& o"to;8rie %55L@ s"7unu ;itropoiei EHrii Ro;<ne9ti 7 tre7pt7 6e
AGiitor 7 s"7unuui 6e &e%areea &apadociei, "e 6intFi s"7un 6intre
;itropoiie P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo@ titu "7re "onfere7 ;itrop"
ituui EHrii 6reptu 6e 7 o"up7 o"u 7 6oie7 6upH p7tri7r4u e"u;e
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o7N"4i; 7 IV?e7 $%++()%++L- 9i Sino6u sHu p7tri7r47 7u re"unos"t
7uto"ef7i7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne.
Fn se"oee 0VII)0I0 Biseri"7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti 9i 7 Mo6o#ei 7
"unos"ut o ;7re Fnforire 67toritH "on6u"erii FnGeepte 7 unor ier7r4i "
7ese "7itHGi.
Dintre ;itropoiGii Un!ro#74iei@ un o" 6eose8it F o"upH Ant?
Ivireanul $f %5%L-@ person7it7te 6e pri; r7n! 7 epo"ii ui Const7nGi
BrFn"o#e7nu $%L++)%5%(-@ un7 6in fi!urie u;ino7se 6in tre"utu B
seri"ii 9i p7triei no7stre. E 7 fost tipo!r7f renu;it 7 "HrGior 6e "u
in i;8ie s7#H@ ro;<nH@ !re7"H@ 7r78H 9i !eor!i7nH $i#irH-@ pre6i"7te
t7ent7t@ pHstor 7es 6e sufete@ "titor 6e 8iseri"i@ spriMinitor 7 Orto6"
:iei@ 7MutHtor 7 ro;<nior 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7.
Din nu;ero7see ui u"rHri@ o"u 6e frunte F o"upH pre6i"ie s7
nu;ite 18ida?ii2, operH or7tori"H ori!in7H 6e ;7re #7o7re pentru J
6ire7 6u4o#ni"e7s"H 7 "re6in"io9ior@ "7re este Fn 7"e79i ti;p un ;o;
;ent 6e se7;H 7 i;8ii ro;<ne@ fiin6 pine 6e ;utipe nu7nGe 9i "
fi!uri 6e sti re;7r"78ie. Ee F 797JH pe ;itropoitu Anti; I#ire7;
7Hturi 6e ;7rii or7tori 7i epo"ii s7e 6in .r7nG7@ 6e9i nu 7u fost rost
te Fntr?o i;8H 6e "ir"u7Gie europe7nH.
Lui Fi re#ine ;eritu 6eose8it 6e 7 fi intro6us 6efiniti# i;87 rK
;<nH Fn suM87 8iseri"e7s"H. E este "re7toru i;8ii itur!i"e 6e ;7i
fru;useGe@ "7re se foose9te pFnH 7stHJi Fn Biseri"7 no7strH.
>rigorie al IA$lea 8asclul $%+,2)%+2(- este 6e 7se;ene7 un7 6ii
tre fi!urie "ee ;7i repreJent7ti#e 7e ier7r4iei 8iseri"e9ti Fn E7r7 RK
;<ne7s"H. E 7re o "ontri8uGie i;port7ntH 7 tr76u"ere7 unor s"riso
6u4o#ni"e9ti 7e SfinGior PHrinGi.
S?7 i;pus prin respe"t7re7 pr7#iei "Hu!Hre9ti Fn 6u4u tr76iGi
ui P7isie Vei"i"o#s"4i $f %5*(- 6e 7 ;FnHstire7 Ne7;G.
A fost@ Fn 7"e79i ti;p@ un ;7re pHstor 6e sufete@ Fn!riMin6 Fn6ei
se8i 6e 8un7 pre!Htire@ 7 preoGior. S?7 re;7r"7t 9i "7 8un !ospo67r@ pi
nFn6 rFn6ui7H Fn 76;inistr7re7 8unurior ;itropoiei Un!ro#74iei
7 7#erior ;FnHstirior Fn"4in7te@ uFn6 ;Hsuri pentru "ur;7re7 nu;i
ro7seor 78uJuri 7e "Hu!Hrior !re"i.
In Mo6o#7@ ;erite 6eose8ite pentru pro;o#7re7 teoo!iei 9i "utt
rii ro;<ne9ti 7u ;itropoiGii V7r77; 9i Dosoftei. Ei sFnt "re7torii in
8ii iter7re ro;<ne 9i 7pHrHtorii Orto6o:iei.
Mitropoitu V7r77; $%L2,)%L'2 A f %L'5- 7 pu8i"7t 7 I79i =
%L(2@ Fn ti;pu 6o;nitoruui V7sie Lupu $%L2()%L'2-@ &artea romf
neasc de nv!tur la dumenicele preste an "i la pra%nice mprtei
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7 7#ut o "ontri8uGie 6e se7;H 7 for;7re7 i;8ii ro;<ne@ fiin6 rHspFi
6itH pretutin6eni printre ro;<ni. A tipHrit 7poi = Dapte Taine ale +is ricii,
%L(( A Rspuns la &ate?ismul calvinesc, %L(( s7u %L('. ?
3itropolitul 8osoftei $%L5%)%L5( A %L5')%L+L- este "re7toru poK
Jiei "ute ro;<ne9ti. E 7 pu8i"7t Fn %L52@ 7 Unie#@ Fn Pooni7@ Psalt
ea n versuri, %'& 6e Ps7;i #ersifi"7Gi@ pri;7 u"r7re poeti"H 6e ;7ri
iroporGii Fn i;87 ro;<nH.
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ut "ititH Fn tre"ut 6e strH;o9ii no9tri.
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us Fn #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H 9i "utur7H 7 Mo6o#ei prin ;uGi;e7 "HrGior
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i tipHrite "u "4etui77 s7.
E 7 tr76us 9i pu8i"7t Fn ro;<ne9te nu;ero7se u"rHri 6in SfinGii
HrinGi 9i 6in s"riitorii postp7tristi"i@ unee u"rHri teoo!i"e tr76use 6in
;8ie s7#H 9i rusH@ 9i 7pro7pe to7te "HrGie 6e "ut $peste 5& 6e #o?
i;eM.
Pentru ri6i"7re7 ni#euui teoo!i" 9i "utur7 7 #iitorior preoGi 7
FfiinG7t Fn %+&2 Se;in7ru teoo!i" 6e 7 So"o7@ Fn!H I79i.
Veni7;in Cost7"4i 7 fost pe 6rept "e ;7i ;7re 9i renu;it ;itro?
oit 6in istori7 Mo6o#ei. @
In Mo6o#7 s?7 re;7r"7t@ prin 7"ti#it7te7 s7@ "Hu!Hru Paisie Ae$
cicovsc?i $f %5*(-@ "7re este reor!7niJ7toru 9i Fn6ru;Htoru ;on7?
is;uui 6in ;FnHstirie Dr7!o;irn7@ Ne7;Gu 9i Se"u. Curentu p7isi7n
7 e:tins 7poi 9i 7 7te ;FnHstiri 6in E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H. Unire7 Prin?
p7teor Ro;<ne@ E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H@ Munteni7 9i Mo6o#7@ 7 ,( i7nu7?
e %+'*@ su8 6o;nitoru Ae:7n6ru o7n CuJ7 $%+'*)%+LL- 7 pro6us
iport7nte s"4i;8Hri 9i Fn #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H.
In ur;7 unirii poiti"e 7 "eor 6ouH Prin"ip7te@ 7 ur;7t Fn "4ip
ne?As7r unire7 "eor 6ouH Biseri"i orto6o:e@ 7 EHrii Ro;<ne9ti 9i 7
Mo?-#ei Fntr?o sin!urH unit7te@ +iserica (rtodo) Romn# In ur;7 unirii
rin"ip7teor Ro;<ne@ 7 %5 noie;8rie %+L( s?7 FnfiinG7t epis"opi7 Du?
irii 6e \os "u se6iu 7 Is;7i "7 sufr7!7nH 7 ;itropoiei Mo6o#ei@
Zi;u ei epis"op fiin6 Me"4ise6e" tefHnes"u $%+L()%+5*-@ "e ;7i
#HG7t ier7r4 7 Biseri"ii Ort6oo:e Ro;<ne Fn 7 6ou7 Mu;Ht7te 7 se"o?
ui 7 00?e7. Fn 7"e79i ti;p@ 6o;nitoru Ae:7n6ru o7n CuJ7 9i
itropoiGii "eor 6ouH Prin"ip7te unite 7u stHruit pentru recunoa"terea
itocefaliei +isericii (rtodo)e Romne#
Prin 8ecretul organic pentru nfiin!area unei autorit!i sinodale
ntrale pentru afacerile religiei romne, pro;u!7t 7 2 6e"e;8rie %+L(
@ 6o;nitoru Ae:7n6ru o7n CuJ7@ se stipu7u 7 7rti"ou % referitor
autocefalie, ur;Hto7ree =
1+iserica (rtodo) Romn este "i rmne independent de
ice autoritate bisericeasc strein n tot ceea ce prive"te organi%a!ia "i
sciplina2# Arti"ou 7 ,?e7 pre#e6e7 "re7re7 1unui singur =inod ge$
ral2 pentru Fntre7!7 Biseri"H Ro;<nH@ i7r 7rti"ou 2 pres"ri7 =
1=ino$<l general al +isericii Romne pstrea% unitatea dogmatic a
sfintei %din!e ortodo)e romne cu 3area +iseric de Rsrit prin
con!ele$re cu +iserica Ecumenic din &onstantinopol2#
Este pentru pri;7 67tH Fn istori7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne 9i 7
7tuui ro;<n "Fn6 o e!e pre#e6e Fn ;o6 ofi"i7 autocefalia +isericii
Jtodo)e Romne#
In Fn"er"7re7 6e 7 o8Gine re"uno79tere7 7uto"ef7iei@ Biseri"7 Orto?
:H Ro;<nH 9i 6o;nitoru Ae:7n6ru o7n CuJ7 7u FntF;pin7t FnsH
BISERICA aN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
opoJiGi7 6FrJH 7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" Sofronie 7 III?e7 $%+L2)%+L
9i 7 "er"urior p7tri7r47e 6in Const7ntinopo@ supHr7te Fn6eose8i penti
f7ptu "H@ 7 %2],L 6e"e;8rie %+L2@ C7;er7 Deput7Gior 7 #ot7t 9i 7pr6
87t Hegea pentru seculari%area averilor mnstirilor nc?inate Hocurile
=finte#
DupH 786i"7re7 siitH 7 6o;nitoruui Ae:7n6ru Io7n CuJ7 7 %% fi
c8ru7rie %+LL@ pre#e6erie referito7re 7 autocefalia +isericii (rtodo<
Romne 6in 8ecretul organic pu8i"7t 7 2 6e"e;8rie %+L( 7u tre"ut
&onstitu!ia =tatului Romn, pro;u!7tH 7 2& iunie %+LL@ "7re pres"r
7 7rt. /-, ur;Hto7ree =
1+iserica (rtodo) Romn este "i rmne neatrnat de orice e?
riar?ie strein, pstrndu$se ns unitatea cu +iserica Ecumenic a R
sritului n privin!a dogmelor2#
A8i7 6upH ,& 6e 7ni FnsH@ Fn ur;7 unor inter#enGii repet7te@ f7"i
te 6e Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH@ ;7i 7es 6upH "e Ro;<ni7 7 6e#er
st7t in6epen6ent@ 7 * ;7i %+55@ P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 7 re"unos"ut@
,' 7priie %++'@ 7uto"ef7i7 BisNeri"ii Ro;<ne ) fiin6 ;itropoit pri;
C7ini" Mi"es"u $%+5')%++L- ) prin to;osu 7"or67t ei 6e "Htre p
tri7r4u e"u;eni" Io7Pi; 7 IV?e7 $%++()%++L- 9i 6e Sino6u p7ti
7r47.
Cu trei 7ni Fn7inte 6e re"uno79tere7 ofi"i7H 7 7uto"ef7iei@ penti
7 su8ini7 "H Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH se consider autocefal, ;eri
8rii SfFntuui Sino6 Ro;<n 7u sfinGit 7 ,' ;7rtie %++,@ Fn \oi7 "e7 M7
7 Sfinteor P79ti@ Fn "7te6r77 ;itropoiei 6in Bu"ure9ti@ SfFntu 9i M
ree Mir@ fHrH 7 ;7i "ere Fn pre778i Fn"u#iinG7re7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;
ni"e.
.7ptu 7"est7 7 in6ispus pe p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Io7Pi; 7 III?%K
$%+5+)%++(-@ "7re tri;ite@ 7 %& iuie %++, ;e;8rior sino67i 7i Bis
ri"ii Ro;<ne o s"riso7re p7tri7r47H ) se;n7tH 6e "ei %% 7r4ierei
P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e ) pinH 6e ;ustrHri 9i 7;eninGHri.
Din Fn"re6inG7re7 SfFntuui Sino6 ro;<n@ Fn#HG7tu epis"op Me"4
se6e" 7 Ro;7nuui $%+5*)%+*,- 7 Fnto";it un r7port 6e rHspuns
s"riso7re7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni"@ Fn "7re e 7#u o"7Ji7 sH?9i 7r7te t
t7entu 9i to7tH eru6iGi7 s7 "7 teooo! 9i istori"@ rHspunsu fiin6 so"oi
Bo "7po6operH 7 !enuuiD. SfFntu Sino6 ro;<n 7 7pro87t@ Fn 9e6inG7 6
,2 noie;8rie %++,@ r7portu@ "7re 7 6e#enit 1Act sinodal care cuprin,
autocefalia +isericii (rtodo)e Romne@ 9i rela!iile ei cu Patriar?ia K
&onstantinopol2, fiin6 tri;is Fn fe8ru7rie %++2 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni
7 Const7ntinopo. DupH "e "o;87te pun"t "u pun"t 7"uJ7Giie ne6rep
7e p7tri7r4uui Io7"4i; 7 III?e7@ A"tu Sino67 su8ini7JH "H@ 6uY
"7no7nee Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ sfinGire7 M7reui Mir o po7te sH#Fr9i ori
epis"op.
BA cuta 3irul pe la +isericile altor !ri, nseamn a nu avea co
Dtiin!a "i ncrederea c 8u?ul =fnt se pogoar de la 8umne%eu### A
dar, "i +iserica noastr crede c 8u?ul =fnt se pogoar asupra ei M
cum "i asupra celorlalte +iserici, "i ea$l caut "i$l cere de sus, de
Printele luminilor "i dttorul a tot darul desvr"it###2#
PERIOADA A LASEA
Apoi A"tu sino67 "on"4i6e 7stfe = 1Pe temeiul istoriei noastre
nane, pe temeiul legisla!iei noastre moderne, pe temeiul demnit!ii
itului Romn "i al demnit!ii na!iunii romne, =fntul =inod romn
ilar sus "i tare c +iserica (rtodo) Romn a fost "i este autoce$
n tot cuprinsul teritoriului Romniei "i nici o autoritate biseri$
scRstrein nu are drept a ne impune ceva###2#
BDe"7rH; toto67tH "H noi@ 7pHrFn6 7uto"ef7i7 Biseri"ii no7stre 6e
"e presiune 6in 7f7rH@ nu #oi; 7 ne 6espHrGi 6e Fntre!i;e7 Biseri"ii
o6o:e. Noi pHstrH; 7"ee79i 6o"trine 8iseri"e9ti@ 7"ee79i 6is"ipinH.
A79i "ut 6i#in@ pe "7re e?7; ;o9tenit 6e 7 pHrinGii no9tri@ 9i "7re
t "o;une Biseri"ii orto6o:e 6in to7te GHrieD $Ar4i#7 Sf. Sino6@ Dos7r
5'@ f. (%&)(,& $ori!in7- A BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ VI $%++,-@
%,@ 6e"e;8rie@ p. 52+)5'5-.
In To;os?u 6e re"uno79tere 7 7uto"ef7iei 6in ,' 7priie %++'@ p7?
Fr4u e"u;eni" Io7"4i; 7 IV?e7@ 6upH "e i7 Fn "onsi6er7re 7r!u?
ntee Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ "onfir;H 7uto"ef7i7 ei Fn ter;e?
ur;Htori =
BA97 67r@ 6upH "e 7; 6ei8er7t "u SfFntu Sino6 "e 6e pe Fn!H
7 Pre7 iu8iGior no9tri fr7Gi Fn SfFntu Du4 9i "oitur!4isitori@ de$rm
c +iserica ortodo) din Romnia s fie "i s se %ic "i s se
unoasc de ctre to!i neatrnat "i autocefal, administrndu$se de ipriul
"i =fntul su =inod, 7#Fn6 6e Pre9e6inte pe Fn7t Pre7 SfFntu Pre7
Cinstitu Mitropoit 7 Un!ro#74iei 9i e:7r4 7 Ro;<niei@ "e kH
#re;i@ nere"unos"Fn6 Fn propri7 s7 76;inistr7Giune internH ni"i o i
7utorit7te 8iseri"e7s"H@ fHrH nu;7i pe C7pu Biseri"ii orto6o:e... pe
ituitoru Du;neJeu?o;u...D $Ar4i#7 Sf. Sino6@ Dos7r nr. 5+@ f. ,,)
A Acte privitoare la autocefalia +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, Bu"ure9ti '@
p. %5),2 A BBis. Ort. Ro;.D@ I0 $%++'-@ p. 2(()2'(-.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 7 6epins pFnH 7 %5&% 6e Biseri?
EHrii Ro;<ne9ti@ "Fn6 ;itropoi7 Tr7nsi#7niei "u se6iu 7 A87
i7 7 fost 6esfiinG7tH 6e Curte7 478s8ur!i"H 6in Vien7@ Fn ur;7 Fnfiin?
ii Biseri"ii ro;<ne unite "u Ro;7. Intre %5&% 9i %5L%@ ro;<nii orto?
"i 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 7u rH;7s fHrH "on6u"Htori 8iseri"e9ti. In ur;7
hr nu;ero7se proteste 9i inter#enGii Curte7 6in Vien7 7 per;is Fntre
% 9i %5*L unui nu;Hr 6e p7tru epis"opi sFr8i@ 7f7Gi su8 Muris6i"Gi7
ropoiei sFr8e 6e O7ro#iG@ sH pHstore7s"H peste ro;<nii orto6o"9i
Tr7nsi#7ni7@ 7#Fn6 re9e6inG7 7 Si8iu. Apoi 67toritH "7toi"is;uui
pritor@ Curte7 6in Vien7 7 Hs7t s"7unu epis"op7 7 Si8iuui #7"7nt
tru %' 7ni $%5*L)%+%&-.
A8i7 7 %+%&@ ro;<nii orto6o"9i 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 7u putut sH?9i
7!H un epis"op ro;<n Fn perso7n7 ui V7sie Mo!7 $%+%&)%+('-@ "u
iu 7 Si8iu. Din 6e"e;8rie %+,*@ 6upH nu;ero7se pFn!eri 9i inter?
Gii@ 7 fost 7es 7 Ar76 pri;u epis"op ro;<n. L7 L iuie %+L'@ s?7
o87t FnfiinG7re7 epis"opiei orto6o:e ro;<ne 7 C7r7nse8e9uui@ "7
s"opie sufr7!7nH 7 ;itropoiei orto6o:e 7 Tr7nsi#7niei.
M7ree ;itropoit An6rei 7!un7 $%+(+)%+52- 7 reu9it@ 6upH efor?
i Fn6eun!7te@ sH reFnfiinGeJe@ 7 ,( 6e"e;8rie %+L(@ fost7 ;itropoie
Nr7nsi#7niei@ 7"u; "u re9e6inG7 7 Si8iu@ pe "7re 7 s"os?o 6e su8
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Muris6i"Gi7 ;itropoiei sFr8e 6e O7ro#iG@ 6e"7rFn6?o Biseri"H 7utono;H
Mitropoi7 orto6o:H 7 Tr7nsi#7niei "u "ee 6ouH epis"opii sufr7!7ne
Ar76 9i C7r7nse8e9 #7 "ontinu7 sH fun"GioneJe pFnH 7 ,2 7priie %*%*
"Fn6 #7 intr7 Fn "o;ponenG7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e. Ro;<ne.
L7 ,L noie;8rie %+'2@ epis"opi7 !re"o?"7toi"H 7 B7Muui 6e#i;
;itropoie unitH@ 7#Fn6 6ouH epis"opii sufr7!7ne = G4er7 9i Lu!oM@ "re7?
te 6in %+'2 prin 8u7 p7p7H = Ad apostolicum ministerium$, pro;u!7te
6e p7p7 Pius 7 I0?e7 $%+(L)%+5+-.
Astfe 7u "ontinu7t sH "oe:iste Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7 6ouH Biseri"i ro;<?
ne = orto6o:H 9i unitH@ "u un "er Fn#rHM8it 6e un "onfesion7is; ;Hrunt
6e9i poporu nu #oi7 sH 9tie 6e 7"este 6eJ8inHri.
Pentru ro;<nii 6in Bu"o#in7@ "otropitH 6e I;periu 7ustri7" Fn6
6in %55'@ s?7 FnfiinG7t 7 ,2 i7nu7rie %+52@ mitropolia +ucovinei "u se?
6iu 7 CernHuGi@ 7#Fn6 su8 6epen6enG7 ei 6epHrt7tee epis"opii 6ii
b7ro 9i C7tt7ro@ Fn D7;7Gi7@ pre"u; 9i "ooniie orto6o:e 6in Triest 9
Vien7@ potri#it spirituui 6e 6eJ8in7re 7 Austriei.
DupH unire7 Bu"o#inei 7 %'],+ noie;8rie %*%+ "u #e"4e7 Ro;<nie
;itropoi7 Bu"o#inei 7 intr7t Fn %*%+ Fn "o;ponenG7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:
Ro;<ne@ i7r epis"opiie 6in b7ro 9i C7tt7ro 6in D7;7Gi7@ Fn "o;ponent
Biseri"ii orto6o:e sFr8e.
DupH reFntre!ire7 Ro;<niei Fn %*%+@ 7 ur;7t unifi"7re7 or!7niJ7to
ri"H 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ "7re@ 7#Fn6 Fn #e6ere "H ro;<nii 6ii
to7te pro#in"iie #or8es" 7"ee79i i;8H 9i 7u 7"ee79i "re6inGH 9i tr76iGi
rei!io7se@ s?7 re7iJ7t u9or.
L7 ,2 7priie %*%*@ ;itropoi7 Tr7nsi#7niei "u epis"opMe ei sufr7
!7ne 7 intr7t Fn "o;ponenG7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne.
L7 % i7nu7rie %*,&@ 7 fost 7es "7 ;itropoit pri;7t Miron CristeA
;7i Fn7inte epis"op 6e C7r7nse8e9 $%*%&)%*%*-@ "7re 7re ;erite 6eo
se8ite Fn re7iJ7re7 unifi"Hrii or!7niJ7tori"e 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;7
ne@ 6e#enitH 7"u; 7 6ou7 ;7re Biseri"H orto6o:H 6upH Biseri"7 ort7
6o:H rusH. Lu"rHrie 6e unifi"7re 8iseri"e7s"H Fn"epute Fn %*,& s?7u Fn
"4ei7t 7 L ;7i %*,'@ "Fn6 s?7 pro"7;7t Hegea "i =tatutul de organi%at
a +isericii (rtodo)e Romne#
E#eni;entu "e ;7i 6e se7;H 6in istori7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Re
;<ne Fn se"ou 7 00?e7@ "7re 7 sporit presti!iu ei Fn sFnu Orto6o:if
este@ fHrH Fn6oi7H@ ridicarea ei la rangul de Patriar?ie prin tomos$i
din W9 iulie -./5, cu nr# -5C., 7"or67t 6e p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" V7sie A
III?e7 $%*,')%*,*- 9i 6e SfFntu Sino6 7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo
Pri;u p7tri7r4 ro;<n 7 fost Miron Criste7@ in#estit 7 % noien
8rie %*,' $f L ;7rtie %*2*-. DupH e 7u pHstorit ur;Htorii = Ni"o6i=
Munte7nu $' iuie %*2* ) f ,5 fe8ru7rie %*(+-@ \ustini7n M7rin7 $L ii
nieN %*(+ ) f ,L ;7rtie %*55-@ Iustin Moises"u $%* iunie %*55 ) f F
7u!ust %*+L- 9i Teo"tist ArHp79u $%L noie;8rie %*+L-.
DupH ri6i"7re7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne 7 6e;nit7te7 6e p7tr
7r4ie 7 2& iuie %*,'@ e#eni;entu istori" "e ;7i 6e se7;H 6in #i7
ei este Fnto7r"ere7@ 7 iniGi7ti#7 9i prin p7rti"ip7re7 7"ti#H 7 7utoritHG
or 6e st7t@ 7 ,% o"to;8rie %*(+ 7 ro;<nior 6in Tr7nsi#7ni7 uniGi K
Ro;7@ 7 %L*+)%5&%@ Fn sFnu Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne "Hrei7 EfJ
PERIOADA A ASEA
rGinut. Ei 7u 7""ept7t ) Fn ;7Morit7te "o#Fr9ito7re@ "eri"i 9i 7i"i )
FstH Fnto7r"ere 7"7sH A o p7rte infi;H FnsH ) pre7Gi@ preoGi 9i 7i"i
rH;FnFn6 Fn "ontinu7re rupGi 6e Biseri"7?M7;H pFnH 6upH Re#ou?
6in %*+*@ s?7u reor!7niJ7t 9i 9i?7u re7fir;7t 7t797;entu 7 unire7
S"7unu Ro;ei@ "onstituin6u?se 6in nou Fn Biseri"H ro;<nH unitH
tr7nsi#7ni7. Un 7t e#eni;ent 6e se7;H 6in #i7G7 Biseri"ii
Orto6o:e Ro;<ne
!ener7iJ7re7 "utuui SfinGior 7e "Hror ;o79te se 7fH 6e se"oe
7r7 no7strH 9i "7noniJ7re7 unor sfinGi ro;<ni.
A fost !ener7iJ7t "utu sfinGior = SfFnt7 Cu#io7sH P7r7s"4i#7@ sHr?
hritH 7 %( o"to;8rie A SfFnt7 Mu"eniGH .ioftei7@ 7 5 6e"e;8rie A
Ltu Di;itrie "e Nou $B7s7r78o#-@ 7 ,5 o"to;8rie A SfFntu Ni"o6i;
7 Tis;7n7@ 7 ,L 6e"e;8rie A SfFntu Io7n V774u@ 7 %, ;7i. Au fost
pro"7;7Gi 9i "7noniJ7Gi "7 sfinGi = C7ini" 6e 7 Cerni"7@ Htorit 7
%% 7priie A SfinGii Ier7r4i Iie Iorest 9i S7#7 Br7n"o#i"i@ 7 ipriie A
SfFntu Ier7r4 Vis7rion SHr7i@ Cu#iosu Sofronie 6e 7 Cio7r7 f.
Opre7 Mi"Hu9@ 7 ,( o"to;8rie A SfFntu Ier7r4 Iosif 6e 7 P7rto9@ '
septe;8rie. C7noniJ7re7 soe;nH s?7 fH"ut Fn Jiee 6e %&),2 o"? 8rie
%*''@ i7r 7 SfFntuui Iosif 6e 7 P7rto9@ 7 L o"to;8rie %*'L. Fn"epFn6 6in
%*,&@ Fn 7f7rH 6e ;itropoiie 9i epis"opiie e:istente@
FnfiinG7t Fn Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH noi epis"opii@ 7r4iepis"opii@
Zopoii@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = epis"opi7 (radiei, 7 2& 7u!ust %*,& A
"opi7 Armatei, Fn %*,% A epis"opi7 Aadului, Feleacului 9i &lu*ului,
+ iuie %*,%@ ri6i"7tH 7 r7n!u 6e 7r4iepis"opie 7 %% iunie %*52 A
"opi7 6e Tomis$&onstan!a, Fn %*,2@ "ontopitH "u epis"opi7 8unrii
r
os Fn %*'&@ "u se6iu 7 G77Gi@ ri6i"7tH 7 %L o"to;8rie %*5' 7 r7n?
6e 7r4iepis"opie su8 titu = 1Ar?iepiscopia Tomisului "i a 8unrii
Eos2: 7r4iepis"opi7 &?i"inului, Fn %*%+@ "7re Fn %*,5 7 fost ri6i"7tH
;!u 6e ;itropoie A epis"opiie 6e &etatea Alb$Ismail 9i 4otin, Fn?
7te 7 %& ;7rtie %*,2 A epis"opi7 3aramure"ului, "u se6iu 7 Si!4et@
5 iunie %*25@ "7re 7 6ur7t pFnH 7 %+ septe;8rie %*(+ A epis"opi7
i"oarei, FnfiinG7tH 7 5 noie;8rie %*2*@ ri6i"7tH 7 r7n!u 6e
7r4i?=opie 7 ,( 7priie %*(5@ 7poi ;itropoie 7 2 iuie %*(5 A
;itropoi7 ovei, "u re9e6inG7 7 Cr7io#7@ FnfiinG7tH 7 % noie;8rie
%*2* A epis?a 6e Alba$Iulia FnfiinG7tH 7 %L o"to;8rie %*5'.
In uti;ii , 7ni s?7u ;7i FnfiinG7t ur;Hto7ree ep7r4ii = Ar?iepisco$
Tomisului, "u se6iu 7 Const7nG7 A Ar?iepiscopia Trgovi"tei, "u se?
7 TFr!o#i9te A Ar?iepiscopia =ucevei, "u se6iu Fn Su"e7#7 A episco$
Arge"ului, "u se6iu Fn Curte7 6e Ar!e9 A episcopia >ala!iului, "u se?
Fn G77Gi A episcopia =tmarului, "u se6iu Fn B7i7 M7re. Pent ru
ro;<nii e;i !r7G i 6e peste 4ot7re@ s?7u "re7t dou ar?i$<opii#
Astfe@ pentru ro;<nii e;i!r7Gi Fn St7tee Unite 9i C7n767 =re7t 7
,' 7priie %*,* Episcopia 3isionar (rtodo) Romn n rica, "u
se6iu 7 Detroit@ st7tu Mi"4i!7n Fn St7tee Unite@ re? s"utH 6e
SfFntu Sino6 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne Fn 9e6inG7 6in 7i %*2( A
Fn 9e6inG7 6in %, iuie %*'& i?7 7"or67t autonomia biseric
administrativ# M7i tFrJiu@ Fn 9e6inG7 6in %, 6e"e;8rie %*5(@ Au
Sino6 7 Biseri"ii no7stre 7 ri6i"7t?o 7 r7n!u 6e ar?iepiscopie
'ISERICA I( EPOCA ;ODER(A LI CO(TE;PORA(A
!7
9i@ Fn 7"ee79i 9e6inGH@ i?7 reFnnoit autonomia 7"or67tH 7 %, iuie %*'&.
E7 "uprin6e 2' 6e p7ro4ii Fn St7tee Unite 7e A;eri"ii 9i C7n767 9i
un7 Fn VeneJue7.
Pentru ro;<nii 6in GHrie Europei Centr7e 9i O""i6ent7e 7 u7t fiinGH
Fn %*'5 Episcopia (rtodo) Romn pentru Europa &entral "i (ccidental
"u re9e6inG7 7 P7ris@ "7re prin 7pro87re7 SfFntuui Sino6 Ro;<n@ 9e6inG7
6in ,' 7priie %*5,@ 7 intr7t su8 Muris6i"Gi7 "7noni"H 7 P7tri7r4iei
Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ 7poi Fn 9e6inG7 6in %, 6e"e;8rie %*5(@ 7 fost
ri6i"7tH 7 r7n!u 6e 7r4iepis"opie@ intituFn6u?se 1Ar?iepiscopia (rtodo)
Romn pentru Europa &entral "i (ccidental2# E7 "uprin6e ,( 6e
p7ro4ii@ 7f7te Fn 6iferite GHri 6in Europ7 = An!i7@ Austri7@ Be !i7@
Bu!7ri7@ E#eGi7@ .r7nG7@ Ger;7ni7@ It7i7@ O7n67@ Sp7ni7 9i Sue6i7.
E7 7re@ 6e 7se;ene7@ Fn 7f7r7 4ot7reor GHrii@ dou vicariate < Ai$
cariatul (rtodo) Romn din Iugoslavia, "u re9e6inG7 7 VFr9eG@ 6epen?
6ent 6e ;itropoi7 B7n7tuui@ reor!7niJ7t Fn %*5%@ "7re "uprin6e 2* 6e
p7ro4ii@ !rup7te Fn trei protopopi7te A Aicariatul (rtodo) Romn din
Gngaria, "u se6iu Fn or79u G3u7@ 6epen6ent 6e epis"opi7 Ar76uui@
FnfiinG7t Fn ,5 ;7rtie %*L(@ "7re "uprin6e %* p7ro4ii. Biseri"7 Orto6o:H
Ro;<nH 7re Fn preJent@ Fn G7rH@ o p7tri7r4ie@ ' ;itropoii 9i %, ep7r4ii@
i7r Fn 7f7r7 4ot7reor 7re su8 Muris6i"Gi7 s7 "7noni"H , 7r4iepis"opii 9i
, #i"7ri7te@ 6espre "7re 7; 7;intit. Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 6in Ie?
rus7i;@ s"4itu orto6o: ro;<n 6e 7 Ior67n@ Co;unitHGie orto6o:e
ro;<ne 6in Austr7i7@ Fn nu;Hr 6e trei@ 9i p7ro4i7 orto6o:H ro;<nH 6in
_ein!ton@ Nou7 bee7n6H@ 6epin6 6ire"t 6e P7tri7r4i7 Ro;<nH.
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poporul romn, Fn u"r7re7 = 1=iin!i romni "i aprtori ai legii strmo"e"ti2, Bu"u?
re9ti@ %*+5@ p. %&,)%2,A I6e;@ Le c?ristianisme c?e% les T?raco$P?r'giens dEAsie
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=lntul Aasile cel 3are 9i cre"tinii din =c't?ia 3inor 9i 8acia Ford$8unrean, Fn
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%*5*@ p. B25+)2*2A I6e;@ 3i"carea audienilor n 8acia Pontic "i nord$dun$ican, $se". IV
)V-@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CVI $%*5+-@ nr. *)%&@ p. %&'2) %&5&A I6e;@
Termeni latini cre"tini din =imbolul lui Gltila "i din =crisoarea lui Au)entiu de
8urostorum intra!i n tondul principal al limbii romne, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000VI
$%*+(-@ nr. *)%&@ p. L+%)L*LA$ 3omente istorice "i i%voare cre"tine# 3rturii 6e
strvec?e continuitate a romnilor pe teritoriul 8unrii de Kos "i al 8obrogei,
G77Gi@ %*+5. Lu"r7re "oe"ti#HA De 7 DunHre 7 M7re. 3rturii istorice "i de art
cre"tin, e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5 A \. beier@ Hes origines c?retiennes dans Ies
provinces danubiennes de lEEmpire romain, P7ris@ %*%+@ u"r7re fun67;ent7HA Pr.
Prof. Ni". er8Snes"u@ ,L&& de ani de Ia prima mrturie documentar despre
e)isten!a episcopiei Tomisului, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000VII c$%*L*-@
nr. *)%&@ p. *LL)%&,LA I. B7rne7@ &ontribu!ii Ia studiul cre"tinismului n 8acia, Fn
BRe#ist7 Istori"H Ro;<nHD@ 0III $%*(2-@ f7s". 2@ p. 2%)(,A I6e;@ &re"tinismul in
=c't?ia 3inor dup inscrip!ii, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ VI $%*'(-@ nr. %),@ p. L')%%,A
I6e;@ Monu;ente 6e art cre"tin descoperite pe teritoriul R# =# Romne, Fn BStu6ii
'ISERICA I( EPCCA ;ODER(A LI CO(TE;PORA(A
teoo!i"eD@ 0 $%*'+-@ nr. ')L@ p. ,+5)2%&A I6e;@ 3onumentU paleocristiatii del
=ci%ia 3inore, .7enJ7 ) R7#en7@ %*5% A I6e;@ Hes monuments p7]eo"ft]eiferis \
Roumanie, Citt< 6e V7ti"7no@ %*55A I6e;@ Arta cre"tin n Romnia I# iecole
III6AI# A8u;@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5*A t. II@ Se"oee VII)0III@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+%. Piof E
Popes"u@ Inscrip!iile grece"ti "i latine din secolele IA6PIII descoperite n Romn
Bu"ure9ti@ %*5LA R76u Vupe ) Ion B7rne7@ 8in istoria 8obrogei ,Romanii * a [
narea de Kos0, t. I@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*L+A Epif7nie Noro"e@ +a%ilicile din 8obroOea
BG7su Biseri"iiD@ 0L $%*+%-@ nr. 2)'@ p. 2(')25,A I. I. Russu@ 3ateriale ar?eologi
paleocre"tine din Transilvania# &ontribu!ii la istoria cre"tinismului daco$rorTan
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origines du c?ristianisme daco$sc't?iOue, Fn u"r7re7 ui .r7nJ At4ei;@ >e!c?icI
der 4unen, (?er B<n6@ Berin@ %*L,@ p. %(L)%L'A Prof. D. M. Pippi6i@ in Au;M iSvo
relor literare ale cre"tinismului daco$roman, Fn #oi. &ontribu!ii la istoria Z_ec?e
Romniei, e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*L5A =tudii selective de Istoria +isericii pentru =ec
lele PII)00 .Z Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ 3itropolia Aicinei "i rolul ei n ptrar
(rtodo)iei n !inuturile romne"ti, Fn u"r7re7 "oe"ti#H= 8e la 8unre ]C 3a#
e6. ,?7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5*@ p. %(L)%L*A Ni". Do8res"u@ ntemeierea mitropo?ilor \?
celor dinti mnstiri din !ar, Bu"ure9ti@ %*&LA I6e;@ 8in istoria +isericii i_omi
Se"ou 7 0V?e7@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*%&A C?tin C. Giures"u@ ntemeierea mitropoliei Gngr
vla?iei, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00VII $%*'*-@ nr. 5)%&@ p. L5=2^^^^L5
Pr. Ni". er8Hnes"u@ 3itropoli!ii Gngrovla?iei, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H RGi;<ni
L00VII $%*'*-@ nr. 5)%&@ p. 5,,)+,LA I6e;@ 3itropolia =everinului# Dase sute de a
de la niiin!are ) %25& ) o"t. %*5&@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L\ft"0V
$%*5&-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %%*%)%,,5A I6e;@ 3ircea cel 3are ,-W7;6-B-70# ;99 de a
de la urcarea pe tronul rii Romne"ti, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5@ p. %,%)%((A C. M7nnes"
nfiin!area mitropoliilor n ara Romneasc "i 3oldova, Bu"ure9ti@ %*,(A Pr. pr
I. RH;ure7nu@ Rolul +isericii (rtodo)e Romne n +iserica Rsritului, n Me"o]e PIA "i
PA, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CI0 $%*+%-@ nr. %@ p. %2%)%Kd. V$ tr76u"ere7
fr7n"eJH su8 titu= Le role de lE Eglise (rt?odo)e Roumaine dani Z e " dre de
lEEglise dE(rient au) 0]V?e et 0V?e siecles, 67ns 3iscellanea ?istodae e clesiasticae,
VII@ Lou#7in 7 Neu#e et Lou#7in@ %*+'@ p. %%')%,+A I. D. Su" 3onografia
3itropoliei +anatului, Ti;i9o7r7@ %*55A Pr. G78rie Co"or7@ /Mis"oM +u%ului, o#
vatr de spiritualitate romneasc, BuJHu@ %*+LA Prof. Ae:. EN 7n@ I gaturile
3itropoliei Gngrovla?iei "u Patriar?ia de &onstantinopol "i celela?e +ii rici
(rtodo)e# 8e la ntemeiere pn la -799, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ G&PZ $%*'*-@
nr. 5)%&@ p. *&()*2'A Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Hegturile J 3itropoliei Gngr vla?iei cu
Patriar?ia de &onstantinopol "i cu celelalte +iseErici (rtodo)e de i a -7 pn la
recunoa"terea autocefaliei +isericii noastre, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Rs;<ni L00VII
$%*'*-@ nr. 5)%&@ p.c *2')*L&A Di;itrie Iones"u@ Rela!iile !rilor rom cu
Patriar?ia de Ale)andria, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2'A Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Hegturile P
tiiar?iei de Ale)andria cu !rile romne, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ VIII $%*'L-@ rr. %)
p. '*)+& A Iie Geor!es"u@ Hegturile !rilor romne cu Ierusalimul# Patriarlai e i
rusalimului "i !rile romne $#e7" 0VII)0VIII-@ Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ VIIY $%*'
nr. ')L@ p. 2(*)2L, A Io7n V. DurH@ 8ositei al Ierusalimului "i influen!a lu_ in !
rile romne "i +iserica lor, Fn i;87 !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*55A Pr. Prof. Mi7ri esA
+iserica (rtodo) din veacul al PA4$lea pn a%i, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uu=D@ %*'
nr
? %),@ p. '% 9. u.A Si#iu Dr7!o;ir@ Istoria de%robirii religioase a romnZior d
Ardeal, Fn se"ou 0VIII@ t. %),@ Si8iu@ %*,&@ %*2&A Ni". Do8res"u@ =tudii de Istoi
+isericii Romne contemporane# I. Istoria +isericii din Romnia $%+'&)%+*'% Bu"
re9ti@ %*&L.
Au.oc/0a#ia 'i3/ricii Or.odo4/ Rom9n/ Z
C?tin PFr#u@ Autocefalia +isericii (rtodo)e Romne Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@
$%*'(-@ nr. *)%&@ p. '(%)''&A Pr. Prof. Ni". er8Hnes"u@ (pt%eci de ani de ia c
bmdirea autocefaliei +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<n
L000III $%*L'-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,(5),52A I6e;@ Autocefalia +isericii (rtodo)e hiom
"u prile*ul centenarului -775 ) ,' aprilie -.75, n &entenarul autocefaliei siseri
(rtodo)e Romne, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5@ p. (%)%2+A Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Ha a *>
aniversare a autocefaliei +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<n
0
CIII $%*5'-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %2LL)%2+2A Prof. Ior!u I#7n@ Autocefalia +iserica (r,
do)e Romne# Gn veac de la recunoa"terea ei, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000VIIY $%*+
H-C)<#XADA A LASEA
nr. ,@ p. %()2+A Pr. Prof. Ni". DurH@ Patriar?ia Ecumenic "i autoceialia +isericii
noastre de$a lungul secolelor, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000VIII $%*+L-@ nr. 2@ p. ',)+% A
&entenarul autoceialiei +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, Stu6ii 6e ;7i ;uGi 7utori@ Bu"u?
re9ti@ %*+5.
8n0iinar/a Pa.riar1i/i Rom9n/=
Ar4iereu Tit Si;e6re7@ Patriar?ia romneasc# Acte "i documente, Bu"ure9ti@
%*,LA G. Sere67 $G4. I. Moises"u-@ 8e la +iserica autocefal la Patriar?ia Romn,
in BOrto6o:i7D@ II $%*'&-@ nr. ,@ p. 2,')22LA G4. I. Moises"u@ Gn ptrar de veac
de la naintarea Patriar?iei Romne, Fn BG7su Biseri"iiD@ I0 $%*'&-@ nr. 2@ p. (,)'&A
Nestor Vorni"es"u Se#erine7nu@ ]ncercri, posibilit!i "i propuneri n vederea n$
fiin!rii Patriar?atului nainte de -./5, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CIII $%*5'-@
nr. %%)%,@ p. %2(,)%2L'A I6e;@ Propuneri simultane pentru nfiin!area Patriar?atului
la +ucure"ti "i a unei 3itropolii la &raiova intre -77/ "i -./B, Fn BMitropoi7 Ote?
nieiD@ 00VII $%*5'-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. +,%)+'% 9i e:tr7sA Pr. Prof. Ni". er8Hnes"u@
]nfiin!area Patriar?iei Romne, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CIII $%*5'-@ nr.
%%)%,@ p. %2+()%(&&. VeJi tot 7"i 7te stu6ii 9i 7rti"oeA Pr. Le"tor D?tru R76u@
=emicentenarul Patriar?iei# Romne, &oordonate, semnifica!ii "i nfptuiri, Fn BG7su
Biseri"iiD@ 000II $%*5'-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %%'*)%%+2A Antonie PH;H6e7H@ Mitropoitu
Ar6e7uui@ &ei patru patriar?i ai celor L& de ani de patriar?at ortodo) romnesc,
Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CUI $%*+'-@ nr. *)%&@ p. 5+&)5*+A Pr. Prof. Io7n
RH;ure7nu@ Hegturile Patriar?iei (rtodo)e Romne cu Patriar?ia Ecumenic de la
nceput pn ast%i, Fn lucrarea < &entenarul autocefaliei +isericii (rtodo)e Romne,
Bu"ure9ti@ p. (*,)'2&.
A#./ 3.udii =
Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ +isericile (rtodo)e cu special privire asupraY +isericii
(rtodo)e Ruse, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(*-@ nr. %),@ p. L*)*&A R76o#7n N. O7?
Ji;iro#i"i@ =itua!ia actual de drept bisericesc a +isericilor (rtodo)e Rsritene#
=upliment la 8reptul bisericesc oriental, 6e Ni"o6i; Mi7s@ e6. 2?7@ Be!r76. Tr7?
6u"ere 6e Uro9 Oo#in"i"i 9i Ni". Popo#i"i@ Ar76@ %*,5A Pr. V7sie Po"it7n@ Patriar$
?atele +isericii (rtodo)e, Bu"ure9ti@ %*,LA Prof. Protoiereu T. Tito#@ =itua!ia +i$
sericii (rtodo)e (rientale in pre%ent, C4i9inHu@ %*2,A =fin!i romni "i aprtori ai Hegii#
strmo"e"ti, Stu6ii 6e 6iferiGi 7utori. Lu"r7re 7pHrutH su8 "on6u"ere7 I. P. S.
Mitropoit Nestor Vorni"es"u 7 Oteniei@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5A Le"tor D?tru R76u@ >ii*a
+isericii (rtodo)e Romne fa! de comunit!ile ortodo)e romne de peste ?otare, Fn
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CIII $%*5'-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %(L%)%(5,A Pr. Prof. Viore
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BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
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PoMon $%+&'-@ su8 .r7nG7 Fn ti;pu F;pHr7tuui N7poeon Bon7p7rte
$%+&()%+'(-@ 67r 6in %+%( tre"e 6in nou 7 Austri7@ pFnH 7 %*%+@ "Fn6
D7;7Gi7 9i Istri7 intrH Fn "o;ponenG7 Iu!os7#iei. Centree 8iseri"e9ti
sFnt Fn i8eniP $;7i tFrJiu 7 b7ro 9i C7tt7ro $%+5&-@ Fn"76r7te 7poi Fn
;itropoi7 6e CernHuGi@ FnfiinG7tH 7 ,2 i7nu7rie %+52 pentru ro;<nii
6in Bu"o#in7. Tot 6e epis"opiie 6in b7ro 9i C7tt7ro Gine7u Fntr?un ti;p
9i Biseri"ie sFr8e 6in Triest 9i 6in Vien7@ "7re sFnt 7Ji Fn"76r7te Fn P7?
tri7r4i7 SFr8H. Prop7!7n67 unitH 6esfH9ur7tH Fn 7"este re!iuni@ 6e9i Fn
Mur er7u ;7i ;ut ro;7no?"7toi"i@ n?7 prins.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
In fine@ sudul =erbiei, "7re 7 re#enit 78i7 6upH %*%2 9i %*,& 7 stHtu
Iu!os7#iei@ 7 76us "u e 7;intire7 stHrior "eor ;7i 7pHsHto7re 9i >
"ieruui "eui ;7i in"ut.
L7 %, septe;8rie %*,&@ Fn ur;7 FnGee!erii ier7r4ior 9i or!7neoi
6e
:
st7t $s"7unu p7tri7r47 6e O7ro#iG@ #7"7nt 6e "FGi#7 7ni@ 7 fost su?
pri;7t-@ "7 9i 7 7pro8Hrii Const7ntinopouui@ Biseri"7 orto6o:7 6ir
Iu!os7#i7 se "onstituie Fn p7tri7r4ie@ Fn frunte "u ;itropoitu Be!r7?
6uui@ Di;itrie@ FntroniJ7t Fn %*,(. To;osu 6e re"uno79tere 7 ri6i"Hri
Biseri"ii sFr8e 7 r7n!u 6e p7tri7r47t i s?7 7"or67t 7 * ;7rtie %*,'
6e "Htre p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Meetie IV Met7:7Pis $%*,%)%*,2- P7?
tri7r4i7 sFr8H 7re un p7tri7r4@ p7tru ;itropoii $S"opMe@ CetinMe@ S7r7?
Me#o 9i B7nM7u"7- 9i %5 epis"opii. L7 7"este7 se 767u!H "Fte un #i"7ri7t
7 = Ti;i9o7r7@ Bu67pest7@ Vien7@ i7r Fn A;eri"7 un epis"op7t 9i ur
#i"7ri7t. De 7se;ene7 7re o epis"opie Fn Austr7i7 9i Nou7 bee7n6H
Biseri"7 7re p7tru se;in7rii pentru pre!Htire7 preoGior = 7 Be!r76
O7ro#iG@ PriJren 9i OrP7@ 9i o .7"ut7te 6e teoo!ie $6in %*,&-.
Din %*LL@ s?7 reor!7niJ7t tipo!r7fi7 p7tri7r47H@ "7re 7 tipHrit Fr
uti;ii 7ni@ Fntre 7tee@ 9i BVieGie sfinGiorD@ %, #ou;e@ Fn re67"Gis
;7reui teoo! \ustin Popo#i"i.
In %*L*@ s?7 "onstituit Fn 3acedonia $tip- "entru unei ;itropoi
6eose8ite@ "7re 6in %*'+ s?7 6e"7r7t 7uto"ef7H@ 67r 7uto"ef7i7 ei n?s
fost Fn"H re"unos"utH 6e P7tri7r4i7 sFr8H. In %()%' septe;8rie %*L5
Biseri"7 orto6o:H sFr8H 7 "on#o"7t un sino6 e:tr7or6in7r 9i 7 respinM
"o;uniune7 "u Biseri"7 orto6o:H ;7"e6one7nH@ pro"7;7tH 7r8itr7r 9
uni7ter7 7uto"ef7H.
B I B L I O G R A . I E I
I . T7 r n 7 n i 6 i s @ N I u ? " o p F 7 % f t i N E : # \ . N M s i 7 N = @ T e s 7 o n i " @ % * + , . I 6 e ;@ T o t n p R
d
f IhY ? p o r . L h. E$ i - B Qa p Ao ; r g # i u _i 5 . 2 t i i o # r KM 7 u o# J 0\ a b l o v a n Ra * i c , - C / ; )- 79 -0 , Te s 7 on i " @ % * 5 ,
Istoria srspLog naroda, Beo!r76 %*+%. C. D. G. Miier@ >esc?ic?te der orientalisc?ei
FationalLirc?en, Gottin!en@ %*+%. Ste7 Ae:7n6er@ &?urc? and =tate in KugoslavL
since -.B5, C7;8ri6!e@ %*5*@ 00II@ 2'% p. Cost7 6e Be7ure!7r6@ I. Bri7@ De .oue7u6
HE(rt?odo)ie, ?ier et demain, P7ris@ %*5*. M. PurPo#i"i@ =rpsLi patri*arsi stredn*egt
veLa, Dusse6orf@ %*5L. R. Stupperi"4@ Qirc?e und =taat in +ulgarien und Kugoslavien
_itten@ %*5%. VI. DMor6Me#i"@ NI7Ropi7 %f,i Ssp!i7F %+&&)%*%+. Tr76u"ere Fn i;8K
!re7"H 6e N. P7p7rro6u@ Tes7oni" %*5&. Miius Br7nPo@ Hes 4absbouigl lEEglise e Ies
=laves du =ud, P7ris %*5&. .r7n"is D#orniP@ Ies =laves# 4istaire et civilisatior de
IEantiOuite au) debuts de lEepoOue contemporaine, P7ris@ %*5&. S. CirPo#i"i@ Pra
voslavna crLva u sredn*oveLovno* srpsLo* driavi, Beo!r76@ %*L*. D. O7si"i@ =rpsLt
crLva pod Turcica, Beo!r76@ %*L*. AJJiJ S. Ati37@ A 4istorv oi Eastern &?ristlanit\
Lon6on@ %*L+. D. Att`7t"r@ T?e dissident Eastern &?urc?es, , #oi. Lon6on@ %*L+
I6e;@ T?e dissident Eastern &?urc?es, Lon6on@ %*25. DM. SiMp"e#i"i@ Istori*a srpsLi
PE avos l avne cr Lve, t . I)II@ Mon7"o@ %*L,@ %*LL. Ce7 ;7i 8unH. Tr 76us H F
i;87 !re7"H 6e I. T7rn7ni6i@ Tes7oni"@ %*L*A Tr76u"ere Fn i;87 !er;7nH@ t. I)
II@ Mun"4en@ %*L,@ %*LL. R. Veseino#i"i@ Istori*a srspLe pravoslavne crLve sa na$
rodnom istori*om, t. I)II@ Beo!r76@ %*LLA \. M76e3@ 8ie (stLirc?en unsere Fac?$
?arn, Oon@ %*L(. T. _7r@ T?e (rt?odo) &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*L2. S. A. /ern7n6eJ
Igl esi as de (ri ente, S7nt 7n6er@ %*'*@ '(, p. A t . II. Repert ori o bi bl i ograi i co
S7nt7n6er@ %*L2. \. M73en6orff@ HEEglise (rt?odo)e ?ier et au*ourdE?ui, P7ris@ %*L&@ E6
I Bi8io!r7fi7 7 fost Fnto";itH 6e Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu 9i Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e.
2% ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
PERIOADA A ASEA
i F n i ;87 en! eJH@ su8 t it u = T?e (rt?odo) &?urc?# It s pas and it s role i n t?e
orld toda', Crest`oo6@ %*+a. Leften@ St7#rinos@ T?e +alLan sincc -B5W, Ne` lorP@
'*. R73;on6 \7nin@ Ies Eglises orientales et Ies rits orientau), (?e e6. P7ris@ %*''.
s;@ Ies Egli ses separees dE (ri ent, P7ri s@ %*2(. O. \ire"eP@ I. R76oni"i@ Istori *a
ba, t. %),@ Beo!r76@ %*',. R. M. .ren"4@ T?e Eastern (rt?odo) &?urc?, Lon6on@
'%. L. /76ro#i"s@ Le peuple serbe et son i=glise sous la domination turOue, P7ris@
(5. I#. Sne!7ro#@ QratLa istori*a na sa'remenite pravoslavni crLvi, Sofi7@ %*(L.
e;@ Istori*a na (?ridsLata Ar?iepiscopi*a, t. %),@ Sofi7@ %*,(@ %*2,. M. berno#@
ie &?urc? ol eastern &?ristian, Lon6on@ %*(L. Si#iu Dr7!o;ir@ Anclre Daguna et
sep? Ra*acici# Gn c?aptre de lE?istoire des relations de lEEglise Roumaine avec E#glise
=erbe, Fn BB7"7ni7D@ VI $%*(2-@ p. ,(,),+,. M. \u!ie@ He sc?isme ?'%antin# *ercu
?istoriOue et doctrinal, P7ris@ %*(%. A. P. Pe"47r3@ HEArc?evec?e dE(?rida# -W.B -C;C, Fn
BE"4os 6NOrientD@ 00I0 $%*2L-@ no. +,@ p. %5&)%*+. R76. GruMi"i@ JopsLa mitropoli*a,
S"opie@ %*22. I6e;@ RecLi patri*arsi i QarlovcLi mitropoliti u gIII veLu, O7ro#iG@
%*2%. I6e;@ Pravoslavna srpsLa crLva, Beo!r76@ %*,&. Pr. prof. ef7n b7nPo`@ 8as
ortodo)e &?ristentum des (stens# =ein Mesen und seine gegen$ irtige >estalt,
Berin@ %*,+. A. G7#rio#i"i@ Istoria +isericii =r?e, Fn sFr8e9te@ Be?76@ %*2&. C.
M7rM7no#i"i@ Istori*a srpsLe crLve, Beo!r76@ %*,*. St. Di;itriMe#i"i@ E#ori*a PeciLe
patriarsi*e, Beo!r76@ %*,(. Aois /u67@ 8ie serbisc?$ort?Eodo)e itionalLirc?e, Gr7J?
LeipJi!@ %*,,. \. Musset@ I7 =erbie et son Eglise -79B6-.9B, ris@ %*,& 9i %*2+. C?
tin \ire"eP@ Ha civilisation serbe au mo'en ge, P7ris@ %*,&. Finri"4 GeJer@ 8er
Patriarc?at #on (c?rida, LeipJi!@ %*&,.
In #im,a rom9n5
Iero;. Nestor Vorni"es"u@ Patriar?ia =erbiei, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su?
#eiD@ %*+&@ nr. %),@ p. %22)%(,. \. Iufu@ =curt istorie a +isericii =rbe, Fn BBi?ri"7
Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00V $%*'5-@ nr. +)*@ p. 5L*)5+(. Di7". prof. Si#iu ui "4i@ Rel a! i i
bi seri ce"t i romno$s rbe n secol el e al PAII "i al PAIIl $l ea# TeJH = 6o"tor7t.
Intro6u"ere@ Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ ? CVII $%*5*-@
nr. 5)+@ p. +L*)%&'L@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+& 9i E:tr7s@ p. %2)%L*A 8i8io? 7fie fo7rte
8o!7tH@ p. %5&)%++. I6e;@ Patriar?ia de Peci ,\peL0 ntre anii -55C) LL.
Hegturile ei cu srbii "i romnii din +anat 9i Gngaria, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ [V
$%*L,-@ nr. 5)+@ p. (,*)((&. I6e;@ Raporturile dintre Patriar?ia de IpeL "i "e7 n
(?rida n secolele PIA6PAII, Fn BSt u6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0IV $%*L,-@ nr. *)%&@ p. &)
'+%. I6e;@ Rolul mitropoliei de Qarlovi! n aprarea (rtodo)iei n Austro$Gn$ igia, Fn
BOrto6o:i7D@ 0III $%*L%-@ nr. 2@ p. (%*)(2,. I6e;@ Activitatea mitropolitului ,vel
Fenadovici de Qarlovi! ,-CB.)-C;70 n slu*ba (rtodo)iei, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ III
$%*L%-@ nr. *)%&@ p. '(2)''%. Aure \i#i@ Patriar?ia (rtodo) =lrb de la 2*,& nH
a%i, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ %*5&@ nr. ')L@ p. (',)(L&. I6e;@ Rela!iile 3itropoliei n Qarlovi!
cu +iserica (rtodo) Romn din Transilvania n secolul al PAlII$lea,
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000VIII $%*5&-@ nr. ')L@ p. '+5)'*L. V7eriu An7? 7@
=curt pre%entare istoric a +isericii (rtodo)e =irbe, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VIII
*LL-@ nr. ,@ p. 2&L)2%&. Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e@ Peripe!iile unei traduceri a Foului
istament ,AuL Qaragici0: Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. 2@ p. ,(L),'2. I6e;@
itropolitul =t# =tratimirovici "i romnii, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ IV $%*'*-@ p.
W2)2*'. Pr. Ni". er8Hnes"u@ Hegturile biserice"ti, culturale "i politice ntre ro$ni "i
srbi, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ 0V $%*L2-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2&L)2%5. Pr. prof.
RH;ure7nu@N +isericile (rtodo)e cu special$ privire asupra +isericii (rtodo)e
\se@ Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(*-@ nrt %),@ p. L*)*&. Prof. protoie
r
eu T. Tito#@
tua!ia +isericii (rtodo)e (rientale n pre%ent, C4i9inHu@ %*2,. R76o#7n N. O7Ji?
iro#i"i@ =itua!ia actual de drept bisericesc a +isericilor ortodo)e rsritene# Su?
i;ent 7 8rept ul bisericesc ori ental 6e Ni"o6i; Mi 79@ e6. 2?7@ Be !r76. Tr76u
"e 6e Uro9 Oo#in"i"i 9i Ni". Popo#i"i@ Ar76@ %*,5. Pr. V7sie Po"it7n@ Patriar?alele
Esericii (rtodo)e, Bu"ure9ti@ %*,L. t. Bere"4et@ +iserica =rb din Austro$Gngaria,
i BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ *) (19%1)? nr. 7? 2. %1%%%1\ nr. ? 2. %!$%$7\
W. '@ p. 2'*)2L*. @
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Biseri"7 orto6o:H 8u!7rH I
Su8 r7port poiti" 9i 8iseri"es"@ 8u!7rii 7u 7#ut "e7 ;7i !re7 situ7
Gie 6intre popo7ree 6in B7"7ni. DupH 7nii furtuno9i %2*2)%2*L@ "ine
Bu!7ri7 7 fost tr7nsfor;7tH Fn p797F" tur"es" eu re9e6inG7 7 Sofi7 9
Russe@ 8u!7rii n?7u putut 8enefi"i7 6e 6reptu siste;uui B;ietD a
"ei7Gi "re9tini. De 7"ee7 9i "on6u"ere7 epis"opiior er7 Fn"re6inG7tH. ;7
7es !re"ior. .iin6 "e7 ;7i 7pro7pe 6e "7pit77 tur"e7s"H@ Bu!7ri7 erA
Fn"onMur7tH 6e o ;uGi;e 6e !7rniJo7ne 6e sp74ii 9i ieni"eri@ f7pt pen
tru "7re o 8unH p7rte 6in popu7Gi7 8u!7rH 6in Ro6ope s?7 is7;iJ7
$797 nu;iGii Bpo;7"iD-@ fie "7 sH s"7pe 6e 7suprire@ fie pentru 7?9F p<stn
8ru;7 6e 7#ere pe "7re sHrH"i7 pH;Fntuui e Fn!H6uise sH o 76une
Ori"e ur;H 6e in6epen6enGH poiti"H@ "utur7H 9i 8iseri"e7s"H 8u!H ?
re7s"H 6ispHruse. Tur"ii 6istruseserH "7see "on6u"Hto7re@ !re"ii puse?
serH ;Fn7 rFn6 pe rFn6 pe 7pro7pe to7te epis"opiie 9i e!u;eniie. Mo?
n74u Sofronie@ "7re tre"e7 7 noi Fn Prin"ip7te "7 sH tipHre7s"H BPre?
6i"ie 6u;ini"7eD $Ne6eni"- 7 RF;ni"@ Fn %+&L@ po#este7 Fn Br"e;ori
ieD s7e "Ft 6e ne7!rH este ne9tiinG7 Fn "7re 7u fost GinuGi poporu 8u ?
!7r 9i Biseri"7 s7. S7#i9tii 6e 7 Fn"eputu se"ouui 0I0@ Oopit7r@ Vene?
in 9i 7Gii@ nu !HsiserH ni"i o "7rte 9i ni"i o 9"o7H 8u!7rH@ rH;FnFn"
FnsH i;presion7Gi@ "7 9i so67Gii ru9i "7re #ene7u Fn %+,* 6e 7 N7#7rin
6in Gre"i7@ 6e 8un7 i;8H s7#H pe "7re o #or8e7u 8u!7rii. CFn6 FnsH
"Hu!Hru P7isie 7 #enit Fn %5L, 6in ;FnHstire7 /i7n67r@ 6e 7 At4os
"u ;inun7t7 ui "7rte 6espre BIstori7 S7#o?Bu!7rHD@ "7re 6es"ri7 tre ?
"utu ;HreG 6e 7tH67tH 7 poporuui 8u!7r@ "7rte pe "7re 7 rHspFn6it?o
7poi "u o rF#nH 6e 7posto Fn to7tH G7r7@ poporu se treJi "7 6in so;n.
Ren79tere7 fH"e7 p79i uri79i A "ee7 "e fusese pentru 8u!7ri o ipsH
7 6e#enit 7"u; o forGH = 78senG7 unui "76ru poiti" e ofere7 oriJonturi
;7i 7r!i 6e"Ft 67"H 7r fi 7#ut un prin"ip7t ;Hrunt "7 7 Ser8iei s7u "7
7 Gre"iei. De 7"ee7 upt7 or 6e e;7n"ip7re n?7 fost Fn!rH6itH 6e fron?
tieree unor Mu6eGe o7re"7re@ "i 7 F;8rHGi97t un "76ru ;7i 7r! 9i ;7i
pen7r.
In %*(L@ "Fn6 se sHr8Htore7u %&&& 6e 7ni 6e e:istenGH 7 ;FnHstirii
Rio@ ;7ree p7triot G4eor!4e Di;itro# 7 7fir;7t "H fHrH Mertf7 ;FnHs?
tirior 9i 8iseri"ior orto6o:e 8u!7re n?7r fi fost posi8iH ren79tere7
st7tuui 8u!7r. L7 pre!Htire7 BrHs"o7ei 6in 7priieD %+5L 9i pe to7tH
6ur7t7 upteor "eru 8u!7r 7 u7t p7rte 7"ti#. M7ree poet 9i p7triot
V7si Le#sPi er7 6i7"on. Cee8ree upte 6in pHrGie Po#6i#uui@ G78ro?
#uui@ 7e ;FnHstFrior Dri7no#@ Tr7M7no# et". 7u fost "on6use 6e "eri"i.
O ;uGi;e 6e ne!ustori@ ;eseri79i 9i intee"tu7i se ri6i"7u Fn t7rH 9i
ni7i 7es Fn strHinHt7te $Prin"ip7tee Ro;<ne@ Rusi7@ Ser8i7@ Austri7-@
#enin6 Fn 7Mutoru Biseri"ii 9i 7 poporuui. Ei tipHres" pri;ee "HrGi ;o ?
6erne@ "7 6e pi6H B7f78etuD 6e 7 Br79o# $%+,(-@ e6it7t 6e ne!ustoru
Petru Bero#i"i 6in Oote@ 6upH "7re se f7"e Fn"eputu 9"oii 7n"7steriene
) s"ris 9i so"otit pr7!;7ti" ) Fn Bu!7ri7. Pri;7 9"o7H@ "e?7 6in
G78ro#o@ i7 fiinGH 7 %+2' 67toritH eforturior ne!ustoruui V7sie Apri?
o#@ st78iit 7 O6es7@ "7re se "on#ertise "itin6 s"risu FnfH"Hr7t 7 s7?
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. T. Bo6o!7e.
r";uAUA A ASEA
#<ntuui rus Venein. Poporu se treJi@ Fn"4ise forG7t 9"oie !re"e9ti@
infiinGFn6 Fn o"u or 9"oi 8u!Hre9ti.
DupH %& 7ni@ Fn %+('@ er7u "7; '2 6e 9"oi Fn Bu!7ri7@ Fntre ee 9i
6e !r76 se"un67r. L7 %+(( se tipHre9te pri;u Ji7r 8u!Hres" 7 S;ir ?
n7@ Fntre %+'&)%+L& se for;e7JH 7 Bu"ure9ti 9i Const7ntinopo "er"uri
iter7re 9i poiti"e@ se tipHres" Ji7re@ 8ro9uri A Fn %+L+ se FnfiinGe7JH 7
BrHi7 A"76e;i7 Bu!7rH. B/7tti?erifuD 6in %+2* 7"or67se tuturor "e?
tHGenior 6in Tur"i7 i8ert7te 6e "u!et7re@ 6esfiinG7 #H;ie@ per;ite7 8i ?
seri"i i8ere. In M7"e6oni7 9i peste tot Fn Bu!7ri7@ poporu "ere7 epis?
"opi proprii 9i i;8H s7#H. PFn!erie 7 p7tri7r4u 6in Const7ntinopo
n?7u fost s7tisfH"ute A 7tun"i poporu 7 pornit "u #ioenGH = 7 7un!7t pe
epis"opii !re"i 9i 7 s"os "HrGie !re"e9ti 6in 8iseri"H. Ce "7re 7 pornit
7"e7stH uptH 7 fost "Hu!Hru 6in ;FnHstire7 Rio@ Neofit Bos#ei 6in
Oote. In o" sH upte "7 "ei7Gi "o;p7trioGi 7i sHi pentru ei8er7re7 6e
su8 P7tri7r4i7 !re7"H@ "Hu!Hru Neofit RisPi "ere7 7t"e#7 = BJi6iGi ;7i
FntFi 9"oi 9i 78i7 6upH 7"ee7 8iseri"i 9i ;FnHstiriD@ Ji"e7 e. BTipHriGi
FntFi "HrGi Fn i;87 poporuui 9i 78i7 6upH 7"ee7 Nou 9i Ve"4iu Test7 ?
;ent $"7re pentru popo7ree s7#e se e6it7u 7tun"i tot Fn s7#7 8iseri ?
"e7s"H@ nu Fn i;87 proprie 7 fie"Hrui popor-@ pentru "H 6e ru!7t te poGi
ru!7 9i Fn "F;p@ 67r Fn#HGHturH nu poGi 6o8Fn6i 6e"Ft Fn 9"o7HD.
E 8ine sH notH; "H ;itropoitu Un!ro#74iei Gri!orie IV D7s"Hu
$%+,2)%+2(- 7 7Mut7t ;ut Biseri"7 8u!7rH@ tipHrin6 7 noi Fn G7rH@ Fn
6ouH rFn6uri@ Nou Test7;ent Fn i;87 8u!7rH #or8itH@ 6e9i p7tri7r4u
e"u;eni" A!7t7n!4e s?7 opus 7 Fn"eput. In pref7G7 pri;ei e6iGii $6in
%+,+- se 7u6H !estu ier7r4uui ro;<n@ B"7re nu nu;7i tip7ru %?7 6H?
ruit@ "i 9i 7Mutor 8Hnes" 7 fH"ut@ "Hrui7 to7tH Bu!7ri7 67to7re este sH?i
;uGu;e7s"HD.
Intre 7tee@ 7"estor F;preMurHri se 67tore9te f7ptu "H ren79tere7
n7Gion7H 9i 8iseri"e7s"H 8u!7rH preJintH 7spe"te ;7i re#ouGion7re 9i
;7i p7pit7nte 6e"Ft Fn 7te o"uri.
C7 ur;7re 7 f7ptuui "H P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H nu #roi7 sH e 7"or?
ie 6reptu 6e 7?9i 7e!e epis"opi proprii@ 7pro7pe L&.&&& 6e 8u!7ri
;7?=e6oneni tre" 7 uni7Gie. P7p7 Pius I0 $%+(L)%+5+- 4irotone9te pe
e!u;enu Iosif SoPosPi 6in G78ro#o "7 epis"op. Intre "ei "7re s?7u
!Hsit AH tri;itH ;ision7ri 7"oo er7 9i #H6i"u A. ter"7?uuGiu 6e 7
B7M. 2e "ontur7 un nou 7s7t "7toi". Atun"i Rusi7 7 inter#enit ener!i"@
f7pt A 7re 7 6us 7 s"H6ere7 "onsi 6er78i H 7 nu;Hru ui "e or rH;79i
Fn ini7Gie.
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7 pu8i"7 pro!r7;u poiti" 7 unei BBu!7rii 6in M7re7 Ne7!rH pFnH
i A6ri7ti"7D@ "4i7r 9i sFr8ii@ "7re Fi 7Mut7serH pFnH 7tun"i@ Fn"epurH sH
s rH"e7s"H Fn re7Giie or@ 6e9i ;itropoitu Mi47io 6e 7 Be!r76 fr7?
FrniJ7 "u Biseri"7 8u!7rH.
Fn"HpHGFnFn6u?se "7 nu;7i un sino6 e"u;eni" sH 6e"i6H@ p7tri7r4ii
re"i@ unu 6upH 7tu@ refuJ7rH F;pinire7 6oe7nGeor Biseri"ii 8u!7re@
FnH "e Fn %, ;7rtie %+5&@ Fn7t7 Po7rtH 6H6u un 6e"ret 6e FnfiinG7re 7
"7r47tuui 8u!7r in6epen6ent@ "7re pre#e6e7 "H Fn pro#in"iie "u ,]2
7pu7Gie 8u!7rH se #7 7e!e un ;itropoit 8u!7r@ i7r un6e popu7Gi7
%'TSERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
er7 ,]2 !re7"H ur;7 sH se 7e7!H ier7r4i !re"i A suM87 #7 fi i8e
!re7"H s7u s7#H@ 6upH "o;unitHGi. Bu!7rii se 9i "onstituirH i;e6
sino6@ Fn frunte "u ;itropoitu I7rion@ Fn o"u "Hrui7@ fiin6"H F
e:"o;uni"7t Fn"H 6in %+L&@ 7eserH pe Anti;@ "7re 7 fost 6e"7r7Gi ;7i
%+5, $Jiu7 sfinGior Meto6ie 9i Oiri- e:7r4 7 Biseri"ii 8u!7R se6iu
7 Const7ntinopo. Pe ;oti# "H "ontr7#ene7 "7no7neor p7 4ui Anti;
7 V?e7 $%+(')%+(+ A %+'2)%+'+ A %+5%)%+52- Fi 6e 6e"7rFn6
Biseri"7 8u!7rH s4is;7ti"H $,' ;7i %+5,-. Fn septe;8rie 79i 7n@ tur"ii
insist7rH sH se GinH un sino6 Be"u;eni"D. P7tri7r4 Const7ntinopo@
Ae:7n6ri7 9i Antio4i7@ pre"u; 9i 7r4iepis"opu ei Cipru 7u 7pro87t
e:"o;uni"7re7 A "e 6e Ierus7i; $Oiri- s?7 po7te 9i 6in pri"in7
presiunii ruse9ti@ ;oti# pentru "7re Oiri 7 6epus 7poi. De f7pt@ 7i"i
o 7tH Biseri"H nu 7pro87se e:"o;uni"7re fusese 6i"t7tH ;7i ;ut 6in
;oti#e poiti"e 6e"Ft 8iseri"e9ti. BisM rusH #7 67 SfF nt u Mi r
pent ru 8u !7ri #re;e 6e (& 6e 7ni @ i 7r %*,2 7"est u"ru ?7u fH"ut
pe rFn6@ pFnH 7 ,' fe8ru7rie %*(' s4is;7 7 fost ri6i"7tH 6e "Htre
p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Veni7;in I $Y )%*(L-@ Biseri"ie ro;<nH 9i
sFr8H@ "7re 7u fr7terniJ7t "u 8uM tot ti;pu.
Pri;u e:7r4@ Anti; $%+5,)%+55-@ 7 pHstorit 6estu 6e !reu@ pe
6e o p7rte Po7rt7 n?7 e;is 8er7te 6e "onfir;7re pentru toGi epis"opi
7e9i@ i7r pe 6e 7tH p7rte@ n7Gion7is;u 8u!7r ;er!e7 6ep7rte@
tri;iGFn6u?se epis"opi 8u!7ri 9i Fn re!iunie "u ;7MorY !re"e9ti
$.iipopoe@ S7oni" et"-@ 6e un6e epis"opii !re"i nu fuseAM re"4e;7Gi.
Din pri"in7 rHs"o7eor "ontr7 tur"ior@ "7re #or 6u"e 7 8oiu 6in %+55@
67r 9i 6in ;oti#u presiunior sFr8e9ti@ "7re re#en6iY pentru ei 7"este
re!iuni@ epis"opii 6in S"opMe 9i O4ri67 nu 9i?7u p# o"up7 s"7unee
6e"Ft Fn %+*&. Re9e6inG7 e:7r4uui rH;Hsese su8ur Ort7Pioi $Fn!H
Ist7n8u-@ pentru 7 nu se "ontr7#eni "7nonuui opre9te "7 Fn 7"e79i
or79 sH fie 6oi epis"opi orto6o"9i. Intre %*&2 se ;utH "e#7 ;7i Fn
"entru Inst7n8uuui. De9i Fn"H 6in %++' Bu!s er7 re"unos"utH "7
re!7t 9i 7ne:7se 9i Ru;ei7@ totu9i e:7r4u #oi7M r<;FnH Fn
Const7ntinopo pentru 7 supr7#e!4e7 ;7i 8ine 9i epis"opi 6in Tr7"i7
9i M7"e6oni7@ pe "7re e #7 pier6e 6upH rHJ8oiu 87"7ni"Y 6upH "e
;on6i7@ "Fn6 ;7re p7rte 6in M7"e6oni7 se 6H Iu!os7#iei@ "e77tH p7rte
6in Tr7"i7 se 6H Gre"iei. Peste '&&.&&& 8u!7ri sFnt reM tri7Gi@ Fn ti;p "e
peste (&.&&& e;i!r7serH@ 6in "7uJ7 ;iJeriei@ Fn A;eriM
L7 opt 7ni 6upH ri6i"7re7 s4is;ei 8u!7re@ 7 ,' fe8ru7rie %*%
Biseri"7 orto6o:H Bu!7rH 7 fost ri6i"7tH 7 r7n!u 6e P7tri7r4ie@ 7
;7i %*'2@ Fn ti;pu pHstoriei p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" Aten7!or7s I $%*M
)%*5,-@ "7re 7 e;is To;osu 6e re"uno79tere 6in p7rte7 P7tri7r4iei E"Y
;eni"e 7 % 7u!ust .%*L%.
Vi7G7 8iseri"e7s"H 6in st7tu 8u!7r er7 J!u6uitH@ "7 9i Fn "ee7M
st7te orto6o:e@ 6e frH;FntHrie fire9ti pe "7re e 76u"e7 nou7 #i7GH p7M
7;ent7rH "u p7rti6ee 9i "u p7ti;ie poiti"e pro#o"7te ;7i 7es 6e ir
fuenG7 ;7rior puteri. Gu#ernu St7;8uo# susGine7 Fn poiti"7 r i i sH
pe re!ee .er6in7n6 $%++5)%*%+-@ 6e9i 7"est7 er7 "7toi". MitropoM tu
Ce;ent 6e TFrno#o 7#u "ur7Mu sH se opunH re!eui $fiin6 spriMini
PERIOADA A ASEA
6e Rusi7@ un6e F9i fH"use stu6iie@ "7 9i Mi47i 7 Be!r76uui- )@ ;o?
# pentru "7r< 7 fost 6estit uit 9i Fn"4is trei 7ni@ 67r 7poi ei 8er7t Fn
2*'@ 7#Fn6 s7tisf7"Gi7 sH?% ;iruie orto6o: pe prinGu Boris $%+*L-@ "7re@
. rFn6u sHu@ 6e9i "HsHtorit "7toi"@ #7 fi siit 6e "er 9i popor sH?9i 8o?
iJe fiu 9i fii"7 orto6o:. A9767r@ poporu 9i Biseri"7 s?7u 6o#e6it ;7i
tri "u to7te presiunie poiti"e 9i p7ti;7 p7rti6eor@ "7re nu se 7rHt7?
rrH 6eo" f7#or78ie Biseri"ii. A8i7 7 ,' fe8ru7rie %*('@ s"4is;7 7 fost
6i"7tH@ reuFn6u?se r7porturie "u P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H.
Or!7niJ7re7 8iseri"e7s"H 7re 9i 7Ji 7 87JH ) "u ;i"i ;o6ifi"Hri )
N!u7;entu e:7r47 6in %+*' A 7utorit7te e:e"uti#H e sino6u@ "7re se
instituie 6in e:7r4 9i 6in p7tru ;itropoiGi. Din %*&+ s?7 for;7t 9i un
;siiu n7Gion7@ Fn "7re 7u intr7t 9i L ;ireni. E:7r4u 7#e7 6e f7pt nu?
7i 7utorit7te7 for;7H@ fiin6 "onsi6er7t Bpri;us inter p7resD. Coe!iu
e"tor7 se "o;pune7 6in "Fte 6oi 6ee!7Gi 6in fie"7re 6in "ee %% ep7r?
i. DupH "e !u#ernu 7pro87 pe ,)2 "7n6i67Gi 6intr?o istH propusH@
e!iu 7e!e7 pe unu. DupH "e se fH"urH prep7r7ti#ee pentru pro"7?
7re7 p7tri7r47tuui@ 7"est7 7 fost pro"7;7t 7 %& ;7i %*'2 "u p7tri7r?
i Oiri M7rPo#@ "7re stu6i7se 7 .7"ut7te7 6e teoo!ie 6in CernHuGi.
Pentru pro8e;ee "7noni"e 9i 6o!;7ti"e@ 7utorit7te7 supre;H e
:
8oru 7r4iereior@ i7r pentru "ee 76;inistr7ti#?fin7n"i7re@ Con!resu
.Gion7 ;i:t. .ie"7re epis"op e 7Mut7t 6e un "onsiiu 6in ( preoGi 7e9i
"er 9i reFnnoiGi 6in 6oi Fn 6oi 7ni. e6inGee sFnt preJi67te 6e ;i?
MpoiGi. Pri;7 9"o7H "eri"7H 7 fost "e7 6e 7 TFrno#o@ Fn %+5(@ "7re
fost Fn"4isH Fn %+55@ 7poi re6es"4isH Fn %+5+ 9i 6esfiinG7tH Fn %++'. M7i
itorni"H 7 fost "e7 6e 7 S7;oPo# $%+5L)%*&(- $"u Fntreruperi-@ "7re
i ;ut7t Fn %*&( 7 Sofi7.
AHturi 6e "unos"ut7 ;FnHstire Ri7 ;7i sFnt = B7"i"o#o@ TroM7n@
eo8r7MensPoe et". L7 B7"i"o#o e:ist7u Fn se"ou 0I un spit7@ o 9"o7?
pentru preoGi 9i un 7Ji pentru 8HtrFni.
Fn !ener7@ #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H 8u!7rH 7 e#ou7t@ "7 9i "e7 "utur7H
ie st7t@ fo7rte ;ut Fn uti;u #e7".
B I B L I O G R A . I E
C. D. G. Miier@ >esc?ic?te der orientalisc?en FationalLirc?en, Gottin!en@
5. P. Din"o#@ HE(euvre de &'rille et 3et?ode et la culture bulgare, Sofi7@ %*+%.
Stupperi"4@ Qirc?e und =taat in +ulgarien und Kugoslavien, _itten@ %*5% A O7?i
DinPo#@ Istoria +isericii +ulgare, Fn i;87 8u!7rH@ Sofi7@ %*L2A Ire;. Doens@
riarc? Qiril Qirc?en?istoriLer +ulgariens, Fn BOsterrei"4is"4e Ost4efteD@ _ien@
$%*L'-A DM. SMep"e#i"@ 8ie bulgarisc?e (rt?odo)e Qirc?e, %*(()%*''@ B6. I@
n"4en@ %*'5A I#7n Sne!7ro#@ QratLa istori*a na savremite pravoslavni !rLvi k 6
irt istorie a +isericilor (rtodo)e contemporane0# Sofi7@ %*(LA St. TJ7nJo`@
+ise$= bulgar de Ia eliberare pn ast%i, Fn i;87 8u!7rH@ Fn BAnu7ru .7"utHGii
6e o!ieD@ Sofi7@ 0VI@ %*2*A I6e;@ 8ie Aertassung der bulgarisc?en Qirc?e,
buri"4@ 2A St. St7ni;iro#@ Istoria +isericii bulgare, Fn i;87 8u!7rH@ Sofi7@
%*,'A E. i47r6t@ 8ie Enste?ung des bulgarisc?en E)arc?at, %*%,.
In #im,a rom9n5 Z
Ar4i;. Epif7nie Noro"e@ Rela!iile biserice"ti "i culturale ntre +iserica orto$
romn "i +iserica bulgar n secolul al PlP$lea, 2n BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro?iHD@
L000V $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@ p. %&&()%&%LA Vi"tor /in Bune7@ =tintul =ofronie Ara!a,
Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0I $%*LL-@ nr. %)2@ p. 'L)L5A Pr. prof. T.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Bo6o!7e@ /99 de ani de la apari!ia 1Istoriei slavo bulgare2 a lui Paisie de 4iland,
,-C;/)-.;/0, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ %*L2A Si#iu Anui"4i@ +iserica ortodo)
gar de la Iniiin!area E)arleatului pin la naintarea Patriar?iei, Fn BG7su BiseM
6iD@ Bu"ure9ti@ 0I0 $%*L&-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. *(')*'%. S. Si;eono#@ iniiin!area E)ar?
tului bulgar, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ LI0 $%*(%-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2'&^^^^2S
P. Const7ntines"u?I7Si@ =tudii istorice romno$bulgare, Bu"ure9ti@ %*'LA i6e;@
rela!iile artistice romno$bulgare, %*,+.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 Gre"iei I
Fntre Biseri"ie orto6o:e "u r7n! 6e 7r4iepis"opie@ Biseri"7 Gre"ii
este "e7 ;7i ;7re.
Istori7 ;o6ernH 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e 6e RHsHrit este 6o;in7tH A
;7re ;HsurH 6e i6ee7 9i 6e 7"Giune7 6e or!7niJ7re 7 Biseri"ior n7Gie
n7e Fn Biseri"i 7uto"ef7e. Pri#itH 6in 7"est pun"t 6e #e6ere@ 7"Giune
F;pHr7tuui Leon I Is7uru $5%5)5(%- 6e 7 tre"e Iiri"u 8iseri"es" orien
t7@ 6in "7re fH"e7 p7rte 9i Gre"i7@ 6in se"ou IV 7f7t su8 Muris6i"Gi
Biseri"ii Ro;ei@ su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei e"u;eni"e 6e Const7ntino
po@ "onstituie un pre"e6ent Fn6epHrt7t. Biseri"7 Gre"iei s7u E76ei s?
7f7t su8 Muri6s6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e 6e 7 52, pFnH 7 %+22@ "F;
e7 7 "erut 7uto"ef7i7.
Fn"H 6e pe #re;e7 I;periuui 7tin 6e Const7ntinopo $%,&()%,L&-
penetr7Gi7 7tinior 9i ;7i "u se7;H 7 #eneGienior Fn Gre"i7 7 7#ut "A
ur;7re i;e6i7tH intensifi"7re7 prop7!7n6ei ro;7no?"7toi"e@ ier7r4i7
7tinH 6e i;pro#iJ7Gie nouH e:er"itFn6 o fo7rte serio7sH presiune 7supr7
Biseri"ii orto6o:e !re"e9ti o"7e.
Situ7Gi7 s?7 FnrHutHGit 9i ;7i ;ut 6in 7 6ou7 Mu;Ht7te 7 se"ouu
0V@ "Fn6 #eneGienii F;pHrGirH "u tur"ii stHpFnire7 7supr7 Gre"iei@ pini
7 %5%+@ 9i "Fn6 7"e9ti7 6in ur;H 7u fost siiGi sH 7se to7tH Gre"i7 Fn stH?
pFnire7 tur"ior. VeneGienii 9i?7u ;enGinut stHpFnire7 7supr7 insueoi
6in M7re7 Ioni"H pFnH 7 %5*5@ 7nu 6eJ;e;8rHrii Repu8i"ii VeneGie?
ne. Cu to7tH 6u87 presiune e:er"it7tH 6e tur"i 9i 6e #eneGieni Fn Gre?
"i7@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 supr7#ieGuit.
D7r 6o;in7Gi7 tur"e7s"H@ Fn se"oee 0VII)0VIII@ nu ;7i er7 6e
suport7t. ApHsHtor peste ;HsurH@ Mu!u tur"es" 7 pre!Htit spiritee 9i 7
!rH8it iJ8u"nire7 re#ouGiei !re"e9ti 7 ,% ;7rtie %+,%.
L7 %]%2 i7nu7rie %+,,@ >recia s$a proclamat independent la Epidaur,
Fn Ner6?Estu PeoponeJuui@ 9i 9i?7 67t o "onstituGie 6e;o"r7ti"H. Cu?
nos"utu poet ro;7nti" en!eJ@ or6u G. Gor6on B3ron $%5+&)%+,(-@ 7
#enit Fn 7Mutoru rHs"u7Gior !re"i@ !Hsin6u?9i sf<r9itu eroi" 7 Misso?
on!4i@ pe GHr;u su6i" 7 Gre"iei@ 7 !ofu Corintuui.
Epis"opii@ 6estu 6e nu;ero9i Fn Gre"i7@ 7u fost 7Hturi 6e re#ou?
Gion7ri pentru 6o8Fn6ire7 in6epen6enGei n7Gion7e. Astfe@ epis"opu 6e
P7tr7s@ G4er;7nos@ 7 sfinGit ste7!urie FntFior rHs"u7Gi !re"i.
P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" 6e 7tun"i@ Gri!orie V $%5*5)%5*+ A %+&&)
%+&+ A %+%+)%+,%-@ siit 6e tur"i@ 7 e:"o;uni"7t pe rHs"u7Gii 6in "er@
;itropoiGi@ epis"opi 9i preoGi@ 67r@ "u to7te 7"este7@ e Fnsu9i 7 "HJut
#i"ti;H rHJ8unHrii tur"ior@ fiin6 spFnJur7t Fn o6HM6iie 7r4iere9ti@ 7 %&
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu.
(++ PERIOADA A ASEA
7priie %+,%@ Fn Jiu7 6e P79ti 7 po7rt7 P7tri7r4iei 6in Const7ntinopo.
O67tH "u e 7u suferit 7"ee79i so7rtH ;e;8rii SfFntuui Sino6 9i 2&.&&&
6e !re"i 6in Gre"i7 9i I;periu tur".
RHs"o77 6in insu7 Oios@ iJ8u"nitH Fn %+,,@ 7 fost ur;7tH 6e un
;H"e Fn!roJitor 6in p7rte7 tur"ior = ,2.&&& 6e perso7ne 7u fost u"ise@
i7r (5.&&& 6e tinere fete 7u fost #Fn6ute "7 ro78e s7u 8H!7te Fn 47re;u ?
rie tur"ior.
Cu to7tH tero7re7 e:er"it7tH 6e tur"i@ pentru 7 FnHtur7 7;este"u
or Fn tre8urie interne 7e Gre"iei ei8er7te@ rHs"u7Gii s?7u 6e"7r7t 6eJ ?
e!7Gi 6e o8i!7Gi7 6e 7 ;7i re"uno79te Muris6i"Gi7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;e ?
ni" 6e Const7ntinopo@ 7titu6ine ;7nifest7tH pr7"ti" prin nere"uno79te?
re7 p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" E#!4enie II $%+,%)%+,,-@ pre"u; 9i prin res?
pin!ere7 epis"opior tri;i9i 6e P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H Fn s"7unee for;7
#7"7nte.
Luptee 6intre !re"i 9i tur"i 7u "ontinu7t 6in %+,% pFnH Fn %+,+.
Gre"i7 7 fost 7Mut7tH sH?9i 6o8Fn6e7s"H in6epen6enG7 6e 6ipo;7Gi7 GH
rior europene@ Fn6eose8i An!i7@ .r7nG7 9i Rusi7. .ot7 en!eJH@ fr7n
"eJH 9i rusH 7 67t un preGios 7Mutor !re"ior 6istru!Fn6 fot7 tur"e7s"H
Fn %+,5@ 7 N7#7rin. c
Fn ur;7 7"estei FnfrFn!eri@ Tur"i7 7 fost o8i!7tH sH Fn"4eie p7"e.
In6epen6enG7 Gre"iei 7 fost re"unos"utH pe p7n poiti" intern7Gio?
n7 prin p7"e7 6e 7 A6ri7nopo 6in ,]%( septe;8rie %+,*. Fn %+2& s?7
"onstituit st7tu !re" ;o6ern@ "7re Fn %+2, s?7 6e"7r7t re!7t@ "e 6in?
tFi re!e 7 Gre"iei ;o6erne fiin6 Otto I $%+2,)%+L,-@ 6e ori!ine !er?
;7nH@ Fn %+2(@ Aten7 7 re6e#enit "7pit77 Gre"iei in6epen6ente@ 7#Fn6
7tun"i "e ;ut '.&&& 6e o"uitori.
Fn"epFn6 6in %+,+@ Io7n C7po 6NIstri7 $%55L)%+2%-@ pre9e6intee
!u#ernuui Gre"iei Fntre 7nii %+,5)%+2%@ 7 Fn"eput sH se o"upe 9i 6e
pro8e;ee 8iseri"e9ti. Pentru 7 6et797 Biseri"7 Gre"iei ei8er7te 6e P7?
tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ pentru "7 tur"ii sH nu ;7i !Hse7s"H prieMu 6e 7
se 7;este"7 Fn tre8urie 8iseri"e9ti 9i "i#ie 7e Gre"iei@ e 7 instituit o
"o;isie 6e trei epis"opi@ Fn#estiGi "u 7utorit7te7 ne"es7rH@ pentru 7 se
o"up7 6e to7te interesee spiritu7e 7e Gre"iei ei8er7te. Un sino6 "o;?
pus 6in 22 6e epis"opi@ FntruniGi 7 N7upi7@ 7 %'],5 iuie %+22@ 6e"7rH
7 ,2 iuie]( 7u!ust %+2( "H Biseri"7 6in re!7tu Gre"iei este in6epen ?
6entH f7GH 6e P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 6e Const7ntinopo 9i "H "re6in"io?
9ii ei #or fi "on6u9i 6e un sino6 8iseri"es" su8 pre9e6inGi7 re!eui ee ?
nior.
A9eJH;intee n7Gion7e 8iseri"e9ti 7u fost rFn6 pe rFn6 reor!7niJ7 ?
te A nu;Hru epis"opior 7 fost re6us 7 Je"e@ i7r pe Fn!H Uni#ersit7te7
6in Aten7@ FnfiinG7tH Fn %+25@ 7 fost FnfiinG7tH o .7"ut7te 6e teoo!ie.
P7r7e@ FnsH@ "u 7"e7stH 7"Giune 6e ri6i"7re 9i 7fir;7re 7 Biseri"ii@
un !rup 6e 8Hr87Gi 6e st7t 7u Fntreprins o operH ne!7ti#H@ F;pie6i"Fn6
siste;7ti" ori"e Fn"er"7re 6e st7torni"ire 7 unui re!i; 6e 7utono;ie 8i ?
seri"e7s"H Fn Gre"i7 ei8er7tH. A97 s?7 FntF;p7t "u Beteri7 orto6o:HD@
"7re@ 7 %+2*@ 7 Fn"er"7t sH repunH Biseri"7 !re"e7s"H su8 Muris6i"Gi7
P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo. Ce#7 ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn %+'&@ prin ;iMo"ire7
Rusiei@ s?7 7Muns 7 F;pH"7re7 Biseri"ii Gre"iei "u P7tri7r4i7 E"u;e ?
ni"H.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
DupH tr7t7ti#e Fn6eun!7te 9i o8osito7re@ "7re s?7u preun!i
7ni@ P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo 7 re"unos"ut Fn "ee 6in ur;H@
Bto;osu sino6i"D 6in /. iunieg-- iulie -759, 7"or67t ei 6e p7tri7
Anti; IV $%+(&)%+(' A %+(+)%+',-@ autocefalia +isericii >reciei# E#
fost FntHritH 7poi 6e nou st7t !re" prin Le!e7 pro;u!7tH 7 *],=
%+',.
Inspirin6u?se 6upH or!7niJ7re7 sino67H 7 Biseri"ii ruse@ 67t
Petru "e M7re $%L+,)%5,'- 7 ,' i7nu7rie %5,%@ Sino6u Biseri"ii
"e9ti se "o;pune7 6in "in"i ;e;8ri@ ;itropoitu Atenei fiin6 pre9N
te@ i7r "ei7Gi p7tru er7u nu;iGi 7nu7@ 6upH #FrstH 9i #e"4i;e. Ui
;is7r re!7 Fno"ui7 pe o8er?pro"uroru rus@ fH"Fn6 e!Htur7 6intre
tu Sino6 !re" 9i re!ee E76ei.
Biseri"7 Gre"iei ei8er7te s?7 ;Hrit 7 %+L( prin 7ne:7re7 Fn
or ioni"e. A"este7 s?7u 7f7t pFnH 7 %5*5 su8 6o;in7Gi7 VeneGiei@
%5*5)%+%( su8 6o;in7Gi7 .r7nGei@ i7r 6in %+%( su8 6o;in7Gi7 An
"7re e?7 "e67t re!7tuui Gre"iei Fn %+L(. Cee "in"i ;itropoii 9i
epis"opii 6in 7"este insue s?7u Fn"76r7t 6in %+LL su8 Muris6i"Gi7
ri"ii Gre"iei.
In ur;7 rHJ8oiuui ruso?ro;<no?tur" 6in %+55?)%+5+@ Fn"4ei7t
p7"e7 6e 7 Berin 6in %]%2 iuie %+5+@ Tes7i7 9i Epiru 6e Su6
unit@ Fn %+5+@ "u Gre"i7. Cee "in"i ;itropoii 9i "in"i epis"opii
7"este 6ouH pro#in"ii 7u tre"ut@ Fn %++%@ su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Biseri"ii
"iei. Refor;7 76;inistr7ti#?8iseri"e7s"H 6in %++, 7 F;pHrGit Gre"
(& 6e ep7r4ii@ 76i"H o ;itropoie@ "u re9e6inG7 7 Aten7@ %5 7r4ieG
pii 9i ,, 6e epis"opii. Fn 6e"ursu 7nior@ F;pHrGire7 7"e7st7 7 fost
6ifi"7tH 6upH ne"esitHGi@ i7r epis"opiie 7u fost to7te ri6i"7te 7
6e ;itropoii pentru 7 opri ri#7itHGie 6intre titu7rii or.
Prin 7"or6u Fn"4ei7t 7 +],% ;7rtie %*&+ Fntre !u#ernu Gre"
P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo@ Biseri"7 Gre"iei 9i?7 e:tins Murish
7supr7 "o;unitHGior !re"e9ti 6in Europ7 9i A;eri"7@ "u e:"epGi7
ri"ii !re"e9ti 6in VeneGi7@ "7re 7 rH;7s ;7i 6ep7rte su8 Muris6i"Gi7
tri7r4iei 6in Const7ntinopo@ pre"u; 9i 7supr7 "o;unitHGior 6in
"ee 6ouH A;eri"i.
Cee 6ouH pHrGi 7u renunG7t@ FnsH@ 7 7"est 7"or6 7 %]%(
%*,,@ "Fn6 p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Meetie IV Met7:7Pis $%*,%)%
supus 6in nou "o;unitHGie !re"e9ti 6in GHrie Europei@ 6in . "ee
A;eri"i@ 6in Austr7i7 9i Nou7 bee7n6H@ su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7trii
E"u;eni"e@ su8 "7re 7"este7 se 7fH pFnH 7Ji.
Insu7 Cret7 7 o8Ginut@ Fn %+*+@ o 7utono;ie poiti"H Fn "76ru
periuui oto;7n@ i7r Fn %*%2 7 fost 7ne:7tH 7 st7tu Gre"iei@ 6in
f7"e p7rte pFnH 7stHJi. Din pun"t 6e #e6ere 8iseri"es"@ FnsH@ Bu
insuei Cret7 7 rH;7s ;7i 6ep7rte su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei 6e
st7ntinopo. L7 ,+ fe8ru7rie %*L5@ SfFntu Sino6 7 P7tri7r4iei 6e
st7ntinopo@ Fn frunte "u p7tri7r4u Aten7!or7 I $%*(*)%*5,-@ pri
"iJi7 nr. ,+2@ i?7 7"or67t 7utono;i7 8iseri"e7s"H.
Fn ur;7 rHJ8oiuui 87"7ni" 6in %*%,)%*%2@ "7re s?7 Fn"4ei7t
p7"e7 6e 7 Bu"ure9ti 6in ,+ iuie]%& 7u!ust %*%2@ Gre"iei i?7
su6u M7"e6oniei 9i #estu Tr7"iei. Cu to7te "H 7"este 6ouH pro#iiD
%
PERIOADA A ASEA
ntr7t Fn "o;ponenG7 st7tuui !re"@ P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 9i?7 ;enGinut
uris6i"Gi7 8iseri"e7s"H 7supr7 "eor (& 6e ;itropoii 6in M7"e6oni7 9i
8or6u Gre"iei pFnH 7 %*,+@ "Fn6@ printr?un nou 7"or6@ 7"este ;itropo?
ii 7u tre"ut 6efiniti# su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Biseri"ii E76ei.
SfFntu Munte At4os 7 fost Fn"76r7t Fn %*%2 7 teritoriu Gre"iei@
i7r "ee ,& 6e ;FnHstiri@ "7re "onstituie un "entru ;on747 inter?orto?
o:@ 7u rH;7s ;7i 6ep7rte su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
Insuee Do6e"7neJuui ) e #or87 6e "ee %, insue situ7te in!H
7r;u 6e su6?#est 7 Asiei Mi"i@ o"up7te 6e It7i7 Fn ti;pu rHJ8oiuui
A7io?tur" 6in %*%%)%*%,@ 7u re#enit Gre"iei@ prin p7"e7 6e 7 P7ris 6in
& fe8ru7rie %*(5. Cee p7tru ;itropoii 6in 7"este insue = Ro6os@ Le?=hs?
C73;nos@ Cos 9i C7rp7tos?C7ssos 7u intr7t su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Biseri"ii
A
reeiei.
In ti;pu pri;uui rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%L)%*%+-@ Gre"i7 s?7 7Htur7t@
n %*%5@ Puterior Ant7ntei ) .r7nG7@ An!i7 9i Rusi7.
Prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 6e 7 Se#res $Fn .r7nG7-@ 6in %& 7u!ust %*,&@
ni rn7@ "u t eri t ori u 6i n M ur 9i ;7 u eur ope7n 7 D7r 67ne e or 7u
?st 7tri8uite Gre"iei@ "7re 7 upt7t 7Hturi 6e Puterie Ant7ntei.
RHJ8oiu !re"o?tur" 6in %*%*)%*,,@ "F9ti!7t 6e Tur"i7@ su8 "on6u?N
re7 ui Oe;7 At7turP $%++%)%*2+-@ "re7toru Tur"iei "onte;por7ne@
fH"ut "7 Gre"i7 sH pi7r6H teritoriie 7tri8uite ei prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e
W 7 Se#res 6in %*,&.
Tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 6e 7 L7us7nne@ 6in ,( iuie %*,2@ 6intre Gre"i7
Tur"i7@ se;n7t 9i 6e .r7nG7@ An!i7 9i It7i7@ 7 Hs7t Gre"iei "onfi!u?
Gi7 teritori7H 6e 7stHJi.
In ur;7 FnfrFn!erii Gre"iei@ Fn %*,,@ 6e "Htre Tur"i7@ s?7 pro"e67t@
%*,,@ 7 un s"4i;8 ;7si# 6e popu7Gie Fntre !re"ii 6in Asi7 Mi"H 9i
?"ii 6in M7"e6oni7 9i Tr7"i7. Peste un ;iion 9i Mu;Ht7te 6e !re"i 7u
At u"i9i 9i e:puJ7Gi@ 7"e9ti7 6in ur;H fiin6 "ooniJ7Gi 6e st7tu !re"@
Tes7i7@ M7"e6oni7 9i Tr7"i7.
Din %*,,@ Biseri"7 Gre"iei 7 fost "on6usH 6e 7r4iepis"opu /risos?
n P7p76opuos $%*,,)%*2+-@ unu 6intre ;7rii eru6iGi Fn ;7terie 6e
-rie 8iseri"e7s"H 7i Gre"iei "onte;por7ne. In ti;pu pHstoriei ui@
tu !re" 7 pro;u!7t@ 7 2% 6e"e;8rie %*,2@ nou St7tut rei!ios 7 Bi?
i"ii E76ei@ "7re@ "u unee ;o6ifi"Hri fH"ute 7 ,( 6e"e;8rie %*2*]2
u7rie %*(&@ 7 rH;7s Fn #i!o7re pFnH 7 pu8i"7re7 Le!ii '*& 6in 2%
i %*55. S?7 7Muns@ 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7@ "7 Biseri"7 Gre"iei sH
H +% 6e ep7r4ii@ to7te "u titu 6e ;itropoii@ 67r e:istH ten6inG7 6e 7
;i"9or7 nu;Hru or.
SfFntu Sino6 7 Biseri"ii Gre"iei se "o;pune 6in toGi ;itropoiGii A
6u"ere7 76;inistr7ti#H o 7re 7r4iepis"opu Atenei "u un sino6 re?
is@ for;7t 6in 97se ;itropoiGi.
C7 to7te st7tee ;o6erne@ Gre"i7 7 se"u7riJ7t 7#erie 8iseri"e9ti 9i
Hstire9ti.
Tr76u"ere7 opereor ui .r. M. Arouet Vot7ire $f %55+- Fn !re"e9te
Eu!en Vu !7ri s $f %+&L- 9i A6. Oor7is $f %+22-@ 7 "ontri 8uit 7
t7re7 spirituui ;on7sti" Fn Gre"i7. In r7port "u nu;Hru popu7Giei@
+2& er7u trei "Hu!Hri 7 %&&& 6e o"uitori@ i7r 6upH %*%*@ 5 "Hu!Hri
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
7 %&.&&& 6e o"uitori. Fn %+22 e:ist7u peste 2.&&& 6e "Hu!Hri 9i ,+&
"Hu!HriGe.
Se "unos" 9i Fn Gre"i7 Fn"er"Hri 6e proJeitis; susGinute 6e 7!e
Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e 9i protest7nte. ReJut7tee or FnsH n?7u M
ni"i"Fn6 Fn!riMorHto7re. Fn67tH "e 7utoritHGie 8iseri"e9ti 7u "unos"ut
6esu8turie or@ Fn"er"Hrie 7"este7 7u 6e#enit inoper7nte.
"o77 en!eJuui Oin! $%+,,)%+L*- 7 reu9it totu9i sH "on#erte
"H 7 protest7ntis; "FGi#7 !re"i@ 67r 9"oie 9i 8iseri"ie or 7u fost 7
6esfiinG7te.
Fn#HGH;Fntu teoo!i" uni#ersit7r !re" 7re peste %&& 6e 7ni 6e e
tentH@ 7 Aten7 fun"GionFn6 o .7"ut7te ee teoo!ie 6in %+25. A"est
#HGH;Fnt 7 fost o7re"u; infuenG7t 6e spiritu protest7nt@ 67r ten6i
"onser#7to7re@ inspir7tH 6e teoo!i7 rusH@ 7 Ginut e"4ii8ru@ te;per
7une"7re7 pripitH 7 unor teoo!i !re"i spre infuenGe protest7nte
7n!i"7ne.
Fn "ursu se"oeor 0I0 9i 00 Biseri"7 !re7"H 7 67t iter7turii t
o!i"e uni#ers7e teoo!i 9i repreJent7nGi 6e se7;H@ 6e in"ontest78
#7o7re teoo!i"H 9i istori"H@ "u un pronunG7t "7r7"ter orto6o:.
Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te orient7re7 spiritu7H 7 Gre"iei ;o6erne@ tre8
sH o8ser#H; "H i8ert7te7 6e "u!et7re 9i 7nu;e 7tur7 ei spe"u7Gi
este un7 6intre "ee ;7i "7r7"teristi"e Fnsu9iri "4i7r 9i 7e !re"uui
7Ji. De 7"ee7 nu?i 6e ;ir7re f7ptu "H Fn Gre"i7 ;o6ernH s?7u FntF
Fn #i7G7 spiritu7H unee 6ire"Gii i8er7e@ unee opinii person7e teoi
!i"e ) teoo!u;ene.
Au e:ist7t@ 6esi!ur@ "ontro#erse 7prinse Fn se"ou 0I0 Fntre Teo"
.7r;7"4i6es $f %+L&- 9i Neofit V7;#7s $f %+''- 6e o p7rte@ 9i Const7nt
Oi"ono;uos $f %+'5- 6e 7t7@ Fn e!HturH "u 7uto"ef7i7 !re7"H s7u
]Mustifi"7re7 se"u7riJHrii 7#erior 8iseri"e9ti 9i ;FnHstire9ti@ "7re 7u 6i
!ener7t@ uneori 7Mun!Fn6 7 Fn"or6Hri 9i upte 7prinse. .7r;7"4i6ei
V7;#7s 9i 7Gii 6e ;7i tFrJiu susGine7u intro6u"ere7 refor;eor 8is
ri"e9ti pe 87J7 pro!resuui 9tiinGifi" = tr76u"ere7 Bi8iei Fn i;87 neK
!re7"H@ 7"tu7iJ7re7 interpretHrii Sfintei S"ripturi@ un ro so"i7 ;
efe"ti# 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ii et"@ pe "Fn6 "onser#7torii@ Fn frunte "
C. Oi"ono;uos@ susGine7u rH;Fnere7 ;7i 6ep7rte 7 tr76iGi7 SfinGio
PHrinGi. PFnH 7 ur;H 7 8iruit #iJiune7 pro!resi9tior.
In %*&2 Fnsu9i 7r4iepis"opu Pro"opie 7 Atenei 7 tre8uit sH?9i 6e
6e;isi7@ pentru "H ;i9"7re7 stu6enGe7s"H nu 7 7pro87t tr76u"ere7 Bi
8iei Fn i;87 neo?!re7"H.
To7te 7"este7 nu for;e7JH peri"oe pentru Biseri"7 orto6o:H !re7"H
76Fn" FnrH6H"in7tH Fn "re6inG7 e#7n!4ei"H@ 7postoi"H 9i p7tristi"H. Unei
ree pro#in 9i 6in st7re7 6e sHrH"ie 7 "eruui@ pentru "7re@ Fn uti;i
'& 6e 7ni@ s?7 fH"ut ;ut@ intro6ueFn6u?se s77riJ7re7 6upH !r76u 6
stu6ii fH"ute.
Fn preJent@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H !re7"H 7re peste * ;iio7ne 6e ere
6in"io9i.
Mitropoi7 Cretei se 8u"urH 6e 7utono;i7 pe "7re 7 o8Ginut?o _
7 P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 7 ,+ fe8ru7rie %*L5.
Mi9"7re7 ;ision7rH 6in ti;pu nostru@ Soi $Vi7G7-@ "on6usH 6e pro?
fesoru ;ire7n P7n7!4iotis Tre;8e7s@ "7re nu;HrH sute 6e ;ii 6e
*, PERIOADA A ASEA
ne;8ri@ repreJintH un "ore"ti# f7GH 6e tr76iGion7is;u ipsit 6e ;7?
R78iit7te 9i 7"tu7it7te 7 unor teoo!i 9i ;itropoiGi "7re nu #oi7u
Si8i7 Fn i;87 poporuui@ ni"i "onferinGe s7u ;e6it7Gii Fn 7f7rH 6e
Useri"H. Spiritu !re" 7re tot6e7un7 7"e7stH e7sti"it7te Fn "u!et7re@
iJi8iH Fn opiniie teoo!i"e person7e ) teoo!u;ene@ susGinute nu
turn7i 6e profesorii 7i"i 6e teoo!ie@ "i 9i 6e unii "re6in"io9i ;ireni@
7re totu9i sFnt 8uni spriMinitori 7i Biseri"ii.
In %*L%@ tinerii 6in ;i9"7re7 BS3n6es;osD 7u "re7t 7 Aten7 un
ent ru ;i si on7r i nt erort o6o:@ su8 nu;e e 6e 1Porevt ?ent es2 Q
[opsoOe#"sS Q 13ergnd2, $Fn#HG7Gi to7te ne7;urie M7tei@ ,+@ %*-.
ifFntu Sino6 7 Biseri"ii Gre"iei 7 FnfiinG7t@ Fn %+L5@ o =ec!ie pentru
Jlisiune, i7r Fn %*5&@ Fn "o78or7re "u .7"ut7te7 6e Teoo!ie 6in Aten7@
FnfiinG7t un Institut on mission studies# Din 6e"e;8rie %*+%@ pu8i"H
e#ist7 BI<#r7 )a# cSOVT\D $Q AG Fations ) BTo7te ne7;urieD-. @
C7 Fn to7fe Biseri"ie@ 7u 7pHrut 9i Fn Biseri"7 Gre"iei unee ;i9"Hri
isi6ente@ 67r fHrH i;port7nGH. Astfe@ pe 7 %+2*@ Fn#HG7tu T. O7iris@
n preot Fntors 6e "urFn6 6e 7 stu6ii 6in Apus@ susGine7 6eis;u@ "on?
7;nFn6 tot "e tre"e7 6in"oo 6e "re6inG7 Fn Du;neJeu@ 6e pre6estin7Gie i
ne;urire7 sufetuui. E ne!7 tot "ee7 "e e #iJi8i Fn Biseri"H@ rHstH?
?FH"in6 "re9tinis;u@ pe "7re?% re6u"e7 7 un !en 6e teofi7ntropie. A
=ist un ;7re pre6i"7tor 9i or!7niJ7tor ) fH"use 7Jiuri 9i orfein7te )@
7tr7s pe ;uGi "7re "riti"7u pH"7tee o7;enior Biseri"ii 9i 7e poi?
i"ienior@ "7re se Hu67u "u suferinGee 9i ;eritee Biseri"ii !re"e9ti@
7r nu fH"e7u ni;i" 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere pr7"ti". Mi9"7re7 7 6e!ener7t F
ereJie@ i7r e Fnsu9i 7 fost Fn"4is.
DupH e s?7u i#it 9i 7Gii = poJiti#i9ti@ 8u6i9ti@ teosofi@ fr7n";7soni@
7re 9i?7u pre6i"7t "reJurie@ FnstrHinFn6 pe unii intee"tu7i 9i "re6in?
io9i 6e Biseri"H. S"riitoru L7s"7r7tos@ 6e pi6H@ 7 ri6i"uiJ7t Biseri"7
i 79eJHrie ei A "Hu!Hru P7pou7Pis 7 67t n79tere 7 unee tu8urHri
nisti"e A ;ire7nu M7Pr7Pis 7 for;7t@ spre finee se"ouui 0I0@ "4i7r
se"tH "u #reo '&&& 6e 76erenGi@ pretinJFn6 "H intro6u"e o 76e#Hr7tH
efor;H 7 ;or7#urior@ i7r Nifon Di;opuos 7 prop7!7t un r7Gion7is;
:7!er7t.
BIBLIOGRA.IE
C. D. G. Muer@ >esc?ic?te der orientalisc?en FationalLirc?en, Cotin!en@ %*+% @
i"47r6 Co!!@ A s?ort ?istor' oi modern >reece, C7;8ri6!e@ %*5* A D. A. b7P3t4i?
os@ T?e maLing oU modern >reece# From +'%antium to independence, O:for6@ %*5LA
Feor! St76;iier@ >esc?ic?te =iidosteuropas, ,?e Au0#.? Miin"4en@ %*5L@ Ir;!7r6 3Ni4e;@
8ie Anlnge des griec?isc?en Fationalstaates, ,+22)2+(2@ Mun"4en?_ien@ *52 A A.
V7"7opouos@ A ?istor' of T?essaloniLi, tr7ns7tion 83 P. .. C7rne3@ T4es? FoniPi@ %*5,A
I6e;@NI7TopF7 TOU VEOIh e00i#i7tiou@ 2 #oi.@ Tes7oni"@ %*L%)%*L+A N. G. #ornos@ 4istoire
de la >rece moderne $Coi. Bdue s7is?MeSD-@ nr. '5+@ P7ris@ %*5,A =4. A. .r7Jee@ T?e
(rt?odo) &?urc? and Independent >reece, %+,%)%+',@ C7;8ri6!e@ *L*A M.
Rin#ou"4@ Anatomie dE une Eglise# HE Eglise grecOue dE au*ourdE ?ui, P7ris@ *L*A C.
M. _oo64ouse@ T?e =tor' ol 3odern >reece, Lon6on@ %*L+ A D. OitJiPis@
%
N @rece
moderne# 8e la >rece b'%antine la >rece contemporaine, Fn BEn"3"op7e6i7
fni#ers7isD@ t. 5@ P7ris@ %*L+@ p. %&55)%&+'A _. C. Mont7!ue@ T?e 4istor' oi Mo?
ern >reece, Lon6on@ %*L+A D. I. Const7nteos@ T?e >reeL (rt?odo) &?urc?, Ne`
NorP@ %*L+ A B. Spuer@ >egenNartslage der (stLirc?en in I?rer nationalen und staat$
c?en Gmvelt, ,?e Auf7!e@ .r7nPfurt 7; M7in@ %*L+@ p. %*L),%,A >riec?enland :
E## /7r77;pi6is@ N/NE::0i\7F7 tfis NE006SoS Fn BLpNNM7:ei;N0.TY noi R+%-5.R
:P Rp @ Is:opF
@ pA NE00<ooS@t. II@ Aten7@ %*'5A P. /7;;on6@ T]ie present state of t?e >reel
&liurc?, Lon6on@ %*'L A Mitropoitu P7ntei;on 6e C4ios@ TL :7#o#t:o# 7u7:R[i7 :FM
+toi3.r@2E$oS :RF NE::0R7F7S :fMF NE007BoF@ Aten7@ %*'' A /. Ai#iJ7tes@ N/NE00Rr].iA NOpfoSoSo
NE::].rMsF?:@ Aten7@ %*''A I#7n Sne!7ro#@ QiatLa istori*a na savremite pravoslavn
!rLvi $) S"urtH istorie 7 Biseri"ior Orto6o:e "onte;por7ne-@ Soi7@ %*(L T4. /.
P7p76opouos@ =tudies and documents relating fo t?e ?istor' of t?e >reef &?urc?
and peopl e under t urLi s? domi nat i on, Brusse i s@ %*',A T. /7r7 7;pi 6es 8ie
Qirc?enpolitiL >riec?enlands, Fn Bbeits"4rift fur Oir"4en!es"4i"4teD@ Stutt!7rt LV
$%*2L-@ p. %'+)%*,A /r. P7p76opouos@ NI7o:pFot :FMF NE:3.0r]7F7S :rMs NE].0<fioF@ t. I Aten7@
%*,&A N. B. To;767Pis.NI7:opi7 :r@A NE::0sF7A OpT\:#FF eRNt Toup:o:pF:i7F $%L(') %+*+-@ t.
% Ai Gniai $IJ#o7ree-@ Aten7 %*5(.
In #im,a rom9n5 =
A6ri7n .o"4i@ Rela!iile culturale romno$balcanice pln in secolul al PlP$lea Fn
BRo;<ni7 Fn su6?estu EuropeiD@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5*@ p. ,*R)5* A Pr. prof. Io7n RH;u re7nu@
&ontribu!ia !rilor romne la dobndirea independen!ei na!ionale a poporulu grec, Fn
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0C $%*5,-@ nr. %),@ p. %2%)%('A I6e;@ Heg tarile
3itropoliei Gngrovla?iei cu Patriar?ia de &onstantinopol "i celelalte +iseric (rtodo)e,
de la -799 pna la recunoa"terea autocefaliei +isericii noastre, Fn BBiseri"i Orto6o:H
Ro;<nHD@ L00VII $%*'*-@ nr. 5)%&@ p. *2')*L&A Pr. prof. Li#iu St7n@ Nou =tatut de
organi%are al +isericii ortodo)ie clin >recia, Fn BOrtp6o:i7D@ 00II $%*5&- in. ,@ p.
%*5),&(A I6e;@ Hegturi ale +isericii (rtodo)e Romne cu +iserica ortodo) din
>recia, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ 0IV $%*L,-@ nr. ,)(@ p. ,2%),(&A Pr. prof En"
Br7ni9te@ +iserica >reciei, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0I0 $%*L5-@ nr. ,@ p. 2&,)2&+A Iero;
aSestor Vorni"es"u@ +iserica ortodo) din >recia, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su
"e#eiD@ 000VII $%*L%-@ nr. 5)+@ p. '+L)'*2.
Ate Biseri"i orto6o:e =
'i3/rica Ci2ru#ui? 'i3/rica A#,an/-5? 'i3/rica C/1o3#o=ac5?
'i3/rica Po#on5 >i 'i3/rica Gin#and/-5 H
1. Ar1i/2i3co2ia in3u#/i Ci2ru. Biseri"7 insuei Cipru este un7 6in?
tre "ee ;7i #e"4i Fn istori7 "re9tinis;uui@ 67tFn6 6in 7nii (')'& 6. /r
Prin "7nonu + 7 Sino6uui III e"u;eni" 6e 7 Efes@ 6in 7nu (2%@ Bi ?
seri"7 insuei Cipru 7 fost 6e"7r7tH 7uto"ef7H@ "u r7n! 6e 7r4iepis"opie
r<;FnFn6 Fn 7"e7stH situ7Gie pFnH 7stHJi.
Insu7 Cipru s?7 7f7t su8 stHpFnire7 I;periuui ro;7n 6e RHsHri
pFnH 7 "u"erire7 ei 6e "Htre 7r78i Fn 7nu L(5)L(+ 9i 7 rH;7s Fn 7"e7st7
situ7Gie pFnH Fn *L()*L'@ "Fn6 8iJ7ntinii 7u "u"erit?o 6e 7 7r78i.
L7 L ;7i %%*% insu7 Cipru 7 fost "u"eritH 6e "7#7erii en!eJi 6ir
Cru"i767 7 II?7 $%%+*)%%*,-@ su8 "on6u"ere7 re!eui Ri"47r6 Ini;H 6e
Leu. In ;7i %%*, re!ee en!eJ o #Fn6u ui Gu3 6e Lusi!n7n@ fostu
re!e 6e ori!ine fr7n"eJH 7 prin"ip7tuui fr7n" 7 Ierus7i;uui. Din7sti"
fr7n"eJH 6e Lusi!n7n 7 stHpFnit insu7 Cipru pFnH 7 %(+*@ "Fn6 e7 >
fost "u"eritH 6e #eneGieni@ "7re@ 7 rFn6u or@ 7u stHpFnit?o pFnH Fn %'5%
Sut7nu I;periuui tur"@ Sei; II $%'LL)%'5(- 7 "u"erit insuF
Cipru Fn %'5% 6e 7 #eneGieni@ FneFt infuenG7 "7toi"is;uui@ ;enGinutH
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ur"7nu.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA (*A
t. V@ Aten7@ %*L(@ p. L%*)L(+ A G. I. Ooni67ris]E::0TFoi77:i:?rM F7:opF7 tf.F N E0ACCSOS XTC
:RF aSpuse"oF :"u?# s::0rpi;# 7u:rMF uitL :ou <Mio7:o0ou I7u0ou /S0PN ciF$M.spo# (*)'& ) %*'%
t. I)II@ Aten7@ %*'()%*L&A I6e;@ EEi%i%oi)oi NE3.:0#Moi77:t5.TM L7:opF7 :rMs NE00<8os (&]'& )
2&2+. E:tr7s 6in BLprM23.si;:.?iM :7 rMLSM:iY NER:u:0oTi7tBEi7D@ Aten7@ %*2+@ p. %'+)(%' : Ev,
T4eo6or u@ T?e &?ur c? of >reece, At 4ens @ %*'*A Mi t r opo i t V. At es i s @ N /N E::0#- 2$ f
:to# NAOR#"o# arYb :ou %+22 Mii:P
%
7iRM?>po
N
Nh e6. ,?7@ Aten7@ %*'5 A I7nis Oor67tos@ NIs:opF
NE00< II A %*'5 P /6 T]
i
\
\iO$\ADA A ASEA
ie fr7n"eJi 9i 6e #eneGieni@ 7 "e67t o"u 6o;in7Giei ;usu;7ne. Fn
i;pui stHpFnirii tur"e9ti@ 7r4iepis"opu Biseri"ii insuei Cipru se 8u"ur7
n f7G7 7utoritHGior 6e prero!7ti#ee unui etn7r4.
O fi!urH e;inentH 6intre "on6u"Htorii Biseri"ii Cipruui este 7r4i ?
epis"opu Cipri7n@ fost ee# 7 9"oii 6in I79i@ "7re@ 6upH "e 7 7Muns 7r4i?
Wpis"op Fn Cipru@ 7 Fnte;ei7t Fn %+%, 9"o77 BSfFnt7 Trei;eD pe terenu
nF nHstirii M7"4er7. A pi erit Fn ti ;pu ;7s7"ru ui or!7niJ7t 7 * iu?
ie %+,%@ Fn ti;pu re#ouGiei !re"e9ti@ 6in or6inu ui Ou"iuP M74;e6@
Au#ern7toru insuei@ F;preunH "u ;itropoiGii /ris7nt 6e P7fos@ Meetie
e Oition 9i L7urenGiu 6e O3reni7.
Tur"i7 < stHpFnit insu7. Cipru 6e 7 %'5% pFnH 7 %+5+@ "Fn6@ Fn 87J7
inui 7"or6 se"ret@ 7 tre"ut te;por7r 76;inistr7Gi7 Fn se7;7 M7rii Bri?
7nii. P7"e7 6e 7 Berin@ 6in %]%2 iuie %+5+@ 7 "onfir;7t tre"ere7 insuei S
ipru 6e su8 6o;in7Gi7 Tur"iei su8 7"ee7 7 M7rii Brit7nii.
Cu; rei ese 6i n 7rt. ,& 7 t r7t 7t u ui 6e p7"e 6e 7 L7us7nne@ 6i n
( iuie %*,2@ Tur"i7 7 renunG7t 6efiniti# 7 stHpFnire7 insuei Cipru Fn
7#o7re7 An!iei. Do;in7Gi7 M7rii Brit7nii 7supr7 Cipruui. s?7 putut
FenGine pFnH 7 % o"to;8rie %*L&@ "Fn6@ 67toritH re#en6i"Hrior popu?
itGiei !re"e9ti@ 7"e7st7 7 6e#enit repu8i"H in6epen6entH@ su8 "on6u"ere7
r4iepis"opuui M7"7rie $f %*55-@ "7re 7 pHstorit Biseri"7 Cipruui Fntre
nii %*'&)%*55.
Lo"u Biseri"ii 7uto"ef7e 7 Cipruui ur;7@ 6in pun"t 6e #e6ere
snoni"@ Fn67tH 6upH #e"4ie p7tri7r47te 7postoi"e 7e RHsHrituui@
pen?cu ;oti#u "H 7uto"ef7i7 ei 7 fost 6is"ut7tH 9i re"unos"utH Fn
6ouH no76e e"u;eni"e@ ;7i FntFi Fn Sino6u III e"u;eni" 6e 7 Efes@ 6in
(2%@ rin "7nonu +@ 7poi 6e Sino76ee V)VI $Cuinise:t-@ prin "7nonu
2*. r7"ti"@ FnsH@ "u to7te "H. Fn Sino76ee e"u;eni"e 7;intite@ epis"opu 6e
ustini7n7 NouH $Cipru- er7 Fn#estit "u to7te 6repturie epis"opuui 6in
onst7ntinopo@ 7"est7 6in? ur;H 7 Ginut ;ereu sH?% su8or6oneJe.
In preJent@ Ar4iepis"opi7 7uto"ef7H 7 insuei Cipru nu;HrH peste
2&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i 9i 7re ( ;itropoii = Ni"osi7@ P7fos Fn #est@
Oition i su6@ O3reni7 Fn nor6 A L epis"opi@ L'& p7ro4ii@ L+' preoGi@ 5
;FnHstiri@ %& "Hu!Hri.
Ae!ere7 ;itropoituui se f7"e 6e "Htre "eru superior@ 6e preoGi
6e repreJent7nGii ;irenior@ f7pt "7re 7 pri"inuit 6eseori upte Hun?
i"e 9i 76#ersitHGi re!ret78ie Fntre "7n6i67Gi. A97 s?7 FntF;p7t@ spre
"e;pu@ 6upH ;o7rte7 7r4iepis"opuui Sofronie $%*&&-@ 6eJ8in7re7 Fn
no6 neputFn6 fi FnHtur7tH ni"i "4i7r prin inter#enGi7 6in %*&+ 7 p7?
i7r4uui 6e Const7ntinopo.
,. 'i3/rica or.odo45 a#,an/-5. A87neJii 6es"in6 6in #e"4e7 -
pu7Gie in6o?europe7nH 7 iirior@ Fnru6itH "u tr7"ii. Ei 7u suferit ;7i
tFi un pro"es 6e eeniJ7re@ 7poi 6in se"ou I F. 6. /r. 7u tre"ut prinR
?un pro"es 6e ro;7niJ7re@ ;ut ;7i infuent. Ce#7 ;7i tFrJiu@ Fn"epFn6
n se"ou VII@ A87ni7 7 fost stHpFnitH 6e s7#ii 6e Su6 pFnH Fn se?
u 0IV@ "Fn6 7 #enit 7supr7 or in#7Ji7 tur"e7s"H. Biseri"7 787neJH
7#ut e!Hturi "u Biseri"ie orto6o:e s7#e 6in Mur@ 67r n?7u ipsit ni"i
!7turi pr7"ti"e "u Biseri"7 Ro;ei@ ;7i "u se7;H Fn epo"7 6e 7po!eu
BI\ERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
7 VeneGiei@ "7re 7 Fn"et7t 7 %5*5@ 7nu 6eJ;e;8rHrii Repu8i"ii Vi
neGiene.
Fn ti;pu rHJ8o7ieor 87"7ni"e 6in %*%,)%*%2@ A87ni7 s?7 prK
"7;7t in6epen6entH@ 7 ,+ noie;8rie %*%,@ Fn "on!resu n7Gion7 6i
or79u Vore@ i7r in6epen6enG7 ei 7 fost re"unos"utH pe pCn 6ipo;7t
intern7Gion7 prin p7"e7 6e 7 Lon6r7@ 6in 2& ;7i %*%2.
Prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e 6e 7 L7us7nne@ 6in ,( iuie %*,2@ s?7 rK
"onfir;7t in6epen6enG7 A87niei. A87neJii 9i?7u 7es 7"u; un p7riA
;ent n7Gion7@ i7r "7pit77 GHrii s?7 st78iit Fn or79u Tir7n7. Fn 7"e
ti;p "eri"ii superiori 7i Biseri"ii orto6o:e 6in A87ni7 er7u toGi "
n7Gion7it7te !re7"H@ i7r 7"e9ti7@ ne#oin6 sH ste7 Fntr?o A87nie in6eNper
6entH@ 7u pHrHsit G7r7 Fn"H 6in %*,,@ HsFn6 Biseri"7 787neJH fHrH "or
6u"Htori. Fn 7"e7stH situ7Gie@ Biseri"7 787neJH 7 "on#o"7t Fn septerr
8rie %*,, un "on!res 7 orto6o"9ior@ "7re s?7 o"up7t 6e "onstituire
SfFntuui Sino6 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e 787neJe 9i 6e 7e!ere
7
unui 7r4
epis"op@ Fn perso7n7 7r4i;7n6rituui Vis7rion. Pentru 4irotonire7 noui
7es@ Biseri"7 787neJH s?7 76res7t p7tri7r4uui sFr8 6e Be!r76 7"est7
7 refuJ7t. Vis7rion 7 tre8uit sH re"ur!H 7 ser#i"iie 7 6oi epFs"oM 6in
e;i!r7Gie@ /er;o!en 9i Mi47i.
Fn 7priie %*,2@ Biseri"7 787neJH 7 tri;is o 6ee!7Gie spe"i7H %
Const7ntinopo "u ;isiune7 6e 7 intr7 Fn e!HturH "u p7tri7r4u e"t
;eni" 9i sino6u sHu p7tri7r47@ "erFn6u?i 7pro87re7 pentru "7 Biseri"
orto6o:H 787neJH sH 6e#inH 7uto"ef7H. P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" FnsH
7"or67t Biseri"ii 787neJe nu;7i 6reptu 7 7utono;ie@ 67r n?7 #oit sH?
6e7@ 7uto"ef7i7 pe ;oti#u "H tFnHr7 Biseri"H repreJintH o si;pH ;ino
rit7te Fntr?un st7t "u ;7MoritHGi ;usu;7ne.
L7 ,L fe8ru7rie %*,*@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in A87ni7 9i?7 re"onfir
;7t 6in nou 7uto"ef7i7. VHJFn6 stHruinGee orto6o"9ior 6in A87nie
P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo 7 re"unos"ut 9i e7@ Fn "ee 6in ur;H@ ?
-/ aprilie -.WC, 7uto"ef7i7 Biseri"ii A87niei. To;osu 6e 7uto"ef7i
i?7 fost 7"or67t.6e p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Veni7;in I $%*2L)%*(L-. L
5 7priie %*2*@ A87ni7 7 fost o"up7tH 6e It7i7 f7s"istH@ Fn ti;pu 6i"
t7turii ui Mussoini@ su8 "7re 7 rH;7s pFnH Fn %*('.
A87neJii orto6o"9i 7u "onstituit ;7Morit7te7 "re6in"io9ior Fn ep7r
4iie Dur7JJo@ Ber7t 9i Oor"e7. Gre"ii sFnt ;7i nu;ero9i A
n
su6?estu
A87niei@ Fn ep7r4i7 Ar!4iro"7stro.
E:istH@ 6e 7se;ene7@ o Biseri"H 787neJH Fn A;eri"7@ or!7niJ7tH
6in %*&+@ "u un nu;Hr 6e L,.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i. AGi 787neJi@ pestK
+&&.&&&@ se 7fH Fn Iu!os7#i7 6e su6@ i7r 7Gii Fn It7i7 6e su6.
2. 'i3/rica or.odo45 c/1o3#o=ac5. Repu8i"7 Ce4oso#7"i7 7 ue
fiinGH prin unire7 Ce4iei $Boe;i7- 9i Mor7#iei "u So#7"i7@ re"unos"utA
prin tr7t7tu 6e p7"e Fn"4ei7t Fntre puterie Ant7ntei ) .r7nG7@ An!i7
It7i7 9i St7tee Unite@ "u Austri7@ 7 %& septe;8rie %*%* 7 S7int?Ger?
;7in Fn .r7nG7.
Orto6o:i7 ren79te pe teritoriu Boe;iei@ Mor7#iei 9i So#7"iei 6i
7 6ou7 Mu;Ht7te 7 se"ouui 0I0@ "Fn6 "e4ii 9i so#7"ii 7u intr7t Fn e!H ?
turi ;7i 7propi7te "u sFr8ii 9i ru9ii orto6o"9i.
(*L PERIOADA A ASEA
DupH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ 7 u7t fiinGH Fn Ce4o?
so#7"i7 o Biseri"H orto6o:H "7re s?7 or!7niJ7t 7 Fn"eput su8 "on6u?
"ere7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e sFr8e.
A inter#enit FnsH P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo susGinFn6 "H nu;7i
e7 7re 6reptu s< 7"or6e Biseri"ior 6in 6i7spor7 orto6o:H 7uto"ef7i7@
"onfor; 4otHrFrii "7nonuui ,+ 7 Sino6uui IV e"u;eni" 6e 7 C7"e6on
6in ('%.
Pri;u 7r4iepis"op 7uto"ef7 "e4 7 fost =avatie Arabe!, 4irotonit
in %*,% "7 epis"op orto6o: pentru Ce4oso#7"i7 6e "Htre p7tri7r4u Me ?
etie IV Met7:7Pis $%*,%)%*,2-@ "7re pri;i nu;ee 6e =aba%d 9i titu
6e BAr4iepis"op 6e Pr7!7 9i 7 Fntre!ii Ce4oso#7"iiD. Ofi"i7@ Biseri"7
orto6o:H "e4oso#7"H 7 o8Ginut 7uto"ef7i7 7 7 martie -./W, prin to?
;os?u sino67 7"or67t ei 6e p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Meetie IV Met7:7Pis.
L7 rFn6uT sHu@ epis"opu Gor7J6 II P7#i"@ 4irotonit 7 Be!r76@ 7
or!7niJ7t pe orto6o"9ii 6in Boe;i7@ Mor7#i7 9i So#7"i7@ Fntr?o "o;uni ?
t7te 8iseri"e7s"H orto6o:H "u re9e6inG7 7 Pr7!7@ pusH su8 Muris6i"Gi7
P7tri7r4iei sFr8e 6e Be!r76. St7tutu 7"estei "o;unitHGi 8iseri"e9ti orto?
6o:e 7 fost 7pro87t 6e !u#ernu "e4oso#7" prin 6e"iJi7 Ministeruui 6e
Instru"Gie@ 67tH 7 2% ;7rtie %*,,@ Fn"Ft e:ist7u p7r7e Fn Ce4oso#7"i7
6ouH Biseri"ii orto6o:e = un7 su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Biseri"ii sFr8e 9i 7t7 su8
Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei e"u;eni"e 6e Const7ntinopo.
Cei ;7i ;uGi "re6in"io9i orto6o"9i 6in Ce4oso#7"i7 7u re"unos"ut
7 ,, noie;8rie %*,' "7 FntFistHtHtor 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e Ce4oso#7"e pe
Ar4iepis"opu Gor7J6 P7#i"@ 4irotonit 7 Be!r76.
A"e7stH ri#7it7te Muris6i"Gion7H 6intre P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 9i P7?
tri7r4i7 sFr8H "u pri#ire 7 Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in Ce4oso#7"i7 7 fH"ut
;ut rHu ;i9"Hrii orto6o:e printre "e4i 9i so#7"i@ F;pie6i"Fn6 "re9tere7
9i 6eJ#ot7re7 nor;7H 7 7"estei Biseri"i.
Situ7Gi7 7"e7st7 s?7 ;enGinut pFnH 7 ,*)2& septe;8rie %*2+@ "Fn6@
prin 7"or6u 6e 7 Miin"4en@ Ger;7ni7 4iteristH 7 rHpit Ce4oso#7"iei
re!iune7 797?Ji9ior B!er;7ni su6eGiD. L7 %' ;7rtie %2*@ Fntre7!7 Boe?
;ie 7 fost 7ne:7tH 6e Ger;7ni7 4iteristH su8 nu;ee 6e Bprote"tor7t
!er;7nD@ i7r So#7"i7 se 6e"7rH in6epen6entH.
In ti;pu "eui 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('- 7r4i ?
epis"opu Gor7J6 II 7 7pHr7t "u 6e;nit7te 9i "ur7M Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in
Ce4oso#7"i7@ 67r e 7 fost F;pu9"7t 7 ( ;7rtie %*(, 6e 4itFeri9ti@ pri ?
;in6 "unun7 6e ;7rtir pentru Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i p7tri7 s7. In ti;pu
o"up7Giei 4iteriste@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in Ce4oso#7"i7 7 7#ut fo7rte
;ut 6e suferit.
DupH ei8er7re7 Ce4oso#7"iei@ Fn ;7i %*('@ .s?7 refH"ut unit7te7 ei
poiti"H 9i Fn67tH s?7 Fn"eput reor!7niJ7re7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e. P7tri7r4u
Aie:ei 7 Mos"o#ei $%*(')%*5%- 7 tri;is Fn 7"est sens pe 7r4iepis"opu
Eefterie 6e Rosto#@ e:7r4 7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Mos"o#7. Nou ier7r4 7 6epus
to7te eforturie "u o ener!ie neFntre"utH 9i ;un"H Fn"or67tH@ spre 7 re ?
f7"e unit7te7 internH 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e "e4oso#7"e. E reu9i sH F;?
p7"e !rupurie orto6o:e 6isi6ente "7re 7s"ut7u 6e Muris6i"Gii ri#7e@ re?
or!7niJ7 #i7G7 8iseri"e7s"H@ Fn!riMin6u?se Fn6eose8i 6e pre!Htire7 "76reor
6e suMitori 6e#ot7Gi Orto6o:iei@ 9i uptH 6in rHsputeri pentru rHspFn?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MULhOO\h
6ire7 Orto6o:iei Fntre "e4i 9i so#7"i@ ;ut perse"ut7tH 9i 6ispre
in tre"ut 6e "7toi"is; 9i "4i7r 6e protest7ntis;.
DupH reor!7niJ7re7 ei 6e "Htre 7r4iepis"opu Eefterie 6e Ros
Biseri"7 orto6o:H "e4oso#7"H 7 o8Ginut o nou autocefalie, 7 ,2
ie;8rie %*'%@ 6in p7rte7 p7tri7r4uui Ae:ei 7 Mos"o#ei. Pro"7;
ofi"i7H 7 noii 7uto"ef7ii s?7 fH"ut 7 + 6e"e;8rie %*'%.
Nu;Hru "re6in"io9ior orto6o"9i 6in Ce4oso#7"i7 7 "res"ut
ritH rep7trierii "e4ior 6in Vo4ini7@ 6intre "7re ;uGi tre"userH 7
6o:ie. De 7se;ene7@ Fn Jiu7 6e ,+ 7priie %*'&@ !re"o?"7toi"ii si"
7u tre"ut 7 Orto6o:ie@ sporin6 7stfe nu;Hru orto6o"9ior 6in tF
Biseri"H "e4oso#7"H.
Fn preJent@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H "e4oso#7"H 7re "ir"7 L&&.&&& 6e
6in"io9i@ or!7nJi7Gi Fn ( ep7r4ii = Pr7!7@ O;ou"@ Preso# 9i Mi47"
"u peste %(& 6e p7ro4ii.
(. 'i3/rica or.odo45 2o#on5. Fn ur;7 6eJ;e;8rHrii I;per
7ustro?un!7r@ 7 u7t fiinGH@ 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%T
Fn rFn6u st7teor europene@ Repu8i"7 PoonH.
P7tri7r4u Ti4on 7 Mos"o#ei $%*%5)%*,'- 7 7"or67t Biseri"ii
to6o:e 6in Pooni7@ prin s"riso7re7 6in %(],5 septe;8rie %*,%@ o
nomie larg, puGin 6eose8itH 6e 7uto"ef7ie. L7 ' o"to;8rie %*,%@ 7"
p7tri7r4 nu;i pe fostu 7r4iepis"op 6e MinsP 9i Turo#sP@ G4eo
I7rose`sPi@ e:7r4 Fn Pooni7.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in Pooni7 6ore7 FnsH o autocefalie corni
9i 6e 7"ee7 e7 s?7 76res7t P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
Fn + fe8ru7rie %*,2@ ;itropoitu G4eor!4e I7rose`sPi 7 fost
sin7t 6e un 7r4i;7n6rit f7n7ti"@ i7r Fn o"u ui 7 fost 7es "7 ;itro
Dionisie V7e6ins"4i@ su8 "7re Biseri"7 Orto6o:H 6in Pooni7 7 6o8
7uto"ef7i7 6in p7rte7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo. To;os?u 6e
"ef7ie 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e poone 7 fost 7"or67t 6e p7tri7r4u
;eni" Gri!orie VII $L 6e". %*,2 ) %5 noie;8rie %*,(-@ 7 %2 no
brie -./B, "u nr. ('++. L7 %5 septe;8rie %*,'@ s?7 pro"7;7t@ Fn
soe;n@ 7 V7r9o#i7@ 7uto"ef7i7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e poone.
DupH ter;in7re7 "eui 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%
7 u7t fiinGH@ 6in %*('@ Repu8i"7 Popu7rH PoonH.
U"r7in7 o""i6ent7H s7u G7iGi7@ "7re 7p7rGinuse Pooniei@ 9i
su8"7rp7ti"H ) Po6"7rp7ti7@ "7re fusese Fn"76r7tH 7 Ce4oso#7"i
7u intr7t@ 6in %*('@ Fn "o;ponenG7 Uniunii So#ieti"e.
U"r7inienii orto6o"9i 6in 7"este pro#in"ii 7u intr7t@ "7 7t7re@
Muris6i"Gi7 Mitropoiei Oie#uui.
Fn ti;pu p7tri7r4uui Ae:ei 7 Mos"o#ei $%*(')%*5%-@ u"r7
nii uniGi "u Ro;7 6in U"r7in7 o""i6ent7H s7u G7iGi7@ Fn %'*'@ 7 B
Lito#sP@ s?7u Fntors 7 +)%& ;7rtie %*(L Fn sFnu Biseri"ii ortoK
"Hrei7 7u 7p7rGinut@ tre"Fn6 7"u; su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Mitropoiei Oie#u
De 7se;ene7@ u"r7inienii uniGi "u Ro;7 6in Rusi7 su8"7rp7ti"
Po6"7rp7ti7)@ Fn sino76ee 6e 7 UM4oro6 $Un!#7r- 6in ,( 7priie
9i %' i7nu7rie %L',@ 7poi Fn sino76ee 6e 7 Mun"7"i 6in %L*& 9i
Fn ur;7 7ipirii Po6"7rp7tiei@ Fn %*('@ 7 U"r7in7@ s?7u Fntors 7 K
6o:ie@ Fn 7u!ust %*(*@ intrFn6 su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Mitropoiei Oie#uui.
2, ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
In Repu8i"7 Popu7rH PoonH ;7i rH;Hsese "7 7t7re peste un ;i?
i 6e ort o6o"9i@ "7re s?7u reor!7niJ7t "u spri Minu P7tri7r4i ei Ruse
7 Mos"o#7.
Nou7 Biseri"H orto6o:H poonH 7 "erut@ 7 ' iunie %*(+@ autocefalia
7 P7tri7r4i7 rusH 6e Mos"o#7@ ;oti#Fn6 "erere7 ei Fn 7"e9ti ter;eni =
erica Autonom Polon consider necanonic "i nevalabil autocefa$
+isericii polone proclamat prin Tomos$ul patriar?ului de &onstan$
opol >rigorie AII, la -W noiembrie -./B, cu nr# B577, "i cere binecu$
tarea +isericii ruse mame pentru o autocefalie canonic#
C7 rHspuns 7 7"e7st H "erere@ p7tri 7r4u A e:ei 7 Mos"o#ei 7
r67t@ 7 ,, iunie %*(+@ Biseri"ii orto6o:e poone o nouH 7uto"ef7ie.
A"or67re7 unei noi 7uto"ef7ii Biseri"ii orto6o:e poone 6e "Htre
ri7r4i7 Mos"o#ei 7 ne;uGu;it P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H. Astfe@ 7 ,2
ru7rie %*'&@ p7tri7r4u Aten7!or7 7 Const7ntinopouui $%*(*)%*5,-
"ris p7tri7r4uui Ae:ei 7 Mos"o#ei "H@ Fntru"Ft P7tri7r4i7 E"u;e?
S 7 7"or67t 7 %2 noie;8rie %*,( Biseri"ii orto6o:e poone 7uto"ef7?
e7 nu #e6e ne"esit7te7 sH i se 7"or6e o nouH 7uto"ef7ie 6e o 7tH
eri"H sorH. L7 7"e7stH s"riso7re@ 7 rHspuns@ 7 2 iuie %*'&@ p7tri7r4u
:ei 7 Mos"o#ei@ 7fir;Fn6 "H Biseri"7 orto6o:H poonH FnsH9i "onsi?
H 7uto"ef7i7 ei 6in %*,( "7 Bne"7noni"H 9i ne#778iHD@ 6eo7re"e nu
7 7"or67t 6e Biseri"7 Orto6o:H ;7;H@ Biseri"7 rusH@ "Hrei7 7u 7p7r?
it Fn tre"ut "re6in"io9ii orto6o"9i 6in Pooni7.
P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Aten7!or7 7 rHspuns 7"estei s"risori 7 ,L sep?
i8rie %*'%@ fH"Fn6 "unos"ut P7tri7r4iei ruse "H 7"tu Biseri"ii orto?
e ruse 6in ,, iunie %*(+@ prin "7re s?7 7"or67t 6reptu 6e 7uto"ef7?
Biseri"ii orto6o:e poone@ Bnu ;i"9ore7JH ni"i6e"u; Fnse;nHt7te7
nos?uui s"7unuui 6e Const7ntinopo@ 6in %2 noie;8rie %*,(D. L7
FstH FntF;pin7re@ 7 rHspuns 6in nou p7tri7r4u Ae:ei 7 Mos"o#ei 7
7nu7rie %*',.
Pro8e;7 7uto"ef7iei Biseri"ii orto6o:e poone 7 fost 6in nou re?
7iJ7tH@ prin s"riso7re7 6in ,' septe;8rie %*',@ nr. %2(,@ 7 p7tri7r?
7i Aten7!or7 7 Const7ntinopouui@ prin "7re 7"est7 "o;uni"H Bise?
or orto6o:e 7uto"ef7e surori "7 Fntre pro8e;ee pe "7re e #7 6is?
i #iitoru Sino6 e"u;eni"@ 797 "u; 7 st78iit "o;isi7 p7norto6o:H
7 V7tope6@ 6in %*2&@ sH fi!ureJe 9i problema autocefaliei#
Biseri"7 orto6o:H poonH nu;HrH "e7. un ;iion 6e "re6in"io9i@ !ru?
Fn p7tru ep7r4ii@ ,%& p7ro4ii@ ,& 6e protopopi7te@ ,+& 6e 8iseri"i@
h7pe 2&& 6e preoGi 9i 6ouH ;FnHstiri. O f7"ut7te 6e teoo!ie orto6o:H
=Gione7JH pe Fn!H Uni#ersit7te7 6in V7r9o#i7.
Re#ist7 ofi"i7H 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Poone se nu;e9te &erLovni
stniL $BVestitoru 8iseri"es"D-@ "7re 7p7re 7 V7r9o#i7. '. 'i 3/ri ca
or.odo45 0i n# and/-5. DupH pri ;u rHJ8oi ;on6i 7 ()%*%+-@ 7
u7t fiinGH Fn Repu8i"7 .in7n67 o Biseri"H orto6o:H@ Fn7inte 6e
pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in .in7n67 supusH
Muris6i"Giei SfFntuui Sino6 rus 6in Petro!r76. DupH pro"7?e7
in6epen6enGei@ Fn %*%5@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in .in7n67 7 e78o? un
st7tut prin "7re s?7 6e"7r7t 7utono;H. In sFnu tinerei Biseri"i
J8u"nit unee "erturi interne@ 7i;ent7te ;7i 7es 6e "4estiune7 in?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA (*"
tro6u"erii nouui "7en67r@ Fn"Ft s?7 pro6us o rupturH Fntre Ar4iepis ?
"opu fin7n6eJ Ser7fi; 9i preotu G4er;7n A7#7. A"est7 6in ur;H 7
soi"it7t spriMinu p7tri7r4uui 6e Const7ntinopo Meetie IV Met7:7Pis
$%*,%)%*,2-@ 6e 7 "7re 7 o8Ginut 4irotoni7 s7 "7 7r4iereu 9i un to;os
sino67@ "u 67t7 6e L iulie -./W, prin "7re se 7"or67 7utono;ie Biseri ?
"ii .in67n6eJe@ su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e. A"e7stH situ7Gie
7 fost re"unos"utH 6e !u#ernu Repu8i"ii .in7n6eJe. M7i tFrJiu@ !ru?
purie 6isi6ente 7u tre"ut su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Biseri"ii .in7n6eJe@ 67r 7!i ?
t7Gi7 pe te;7 "7en67ruui nou 7 "ontinu7t ;utH #re;e. Centree 6e
reJistenGH 7u fost ;FnHstirie V7777; 9i Oone;eGP@ "7re ;enGin #e ?
"4iu "7en67r.
SfFntu Sino6 7 P7tri7r4iei e"u;eni"e 6in Const7ntinopo@ Fn 9e6in?
G7 6in % fe8ru7rie %*5,@ 7 7pro87t "7 6io"eJee orto6o:e 6e O7rei7 9i
/esinPi sH fie ri6i"7te 7 r7n!u 6e ;itropoii@ 7 "erere7 I.P.S. P7#eF@
7r4iepis"opu O7reiei 9i 7 to7tH .in7n67. Prin 4otHrFre7 A6unHrii !e?
ner7e e:tr7or6in7re 7 Biseri"ii .in7n6ei@ 6intre %L)%5 fe8ru7rie %*55@
s?7 "re7t Fn .in7n67 7 trei7 epis"opie@ pentru .in7n67 6e Nor6@ "u re?
9e6inG7 7 Uu $BEpisPepsisD@ %&?e Annee $%*5*-@ no. ,&'@ % ;7r9@ p. ,)
+-. Biseri"7 orto6o:H fin7n6eJH nu;HrH peste L&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i.
Fn o"to;8rie %*%+@ s?7 pu8i"7t st7tutu 6e or!7niJ7re 7 Biseri"ii
orto6o:e fin7n6eJe@ "7re se ;enGine pFnH 7stHJi.
L. DupH "e 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('-@ 7 u7t fiinGH
Fn Un!7ri7 'i3/rica or.odo45 ma61iar5? 7 Bu67pest7@ su8 "on6u"ere7
protoiereuui .eriJ BerPi. Nou7 Biseri"H 7re %% "o;unitHGi ;7!4i7re or ?
to6o:e 9i s?7 6e"7r7t Fn %*'( "H 7p7rGine Muris6i"Giei P7tri7r4iei 6e
Mos"o#7@ su8 "on6u"ere7 preotuui .eriJ BerPi. PFnH Fn %*'(@ Biseri"7
orto6o:H ;7!4i7rH 7 fost su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e sFr8e.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
Ar1i/2i3co2ia Ci2ru#ui
C. D. G. Muer@ >esc?ic?te dor orientalisc?en FationalLirc?en, J Gottin!en@
%*+% A B. Spuer@ >egemvartslage der (rt?odo)en Qirc?en, .r7nPfurt 7; M7in@ %*L+@
p. ,,%A .. G. M7ier@ &'pern, Insei am Qreu%Neg der >esc?ic?te, Stutt!7rt@ %*L(A
Eu!en P4oe8us@ (diseea &iprului, Bu"ure9ti@ %*L(A &'pius, a ?andbooL oi t?e islandEs
past and present# Se"on6 e6.@ Ni"osi7 $C3prus-@ %*L( A A. E;ii7ni6es@ 4istoiie de
&?'pre, P7ris@ %*L2A E. E;ii7ni6es@ 4istoire de &?'pre, P7ris@ %*L,A P7n7!iot7Pes@
TL 7o?o3itp"6o# %AE Elia)i%Eii )#oa%oELiv#Tfi NE::0R7F7S tiMe OuTtpou@ Aten7@ %*'*@ ,( p. A Sir
Geor!e /i@ A ?istor' ol &'prus, #oi. IV@ T?e (ttoman Province, T?e +ritis? &o$lEm',
-5C-6-.B7, C7;8ri6!e@ %*',@ 000II g L(& p.A I#7n Sne!7ro#@ QratLa isto$ti*a na
savremite pravoslavni !rLvi $S"urtH istorie 7 Biseri"ior Orto6o:e "onte;por7ne-@
Sofi7@ %*(LA Rupert Gunnis@ 4istoric &'prus# A >uide to its ToNns and Aillages#
3onasteries and &astles, Lon6on@ %*2L@ (*L p.A Ar4i;7n6rit /ippo3tos P7p4os@ 8ie
AutoLep?ale Apostolisc?e (rt?odo)e Qirc?e &'perns, Fn BEPPesi7D B<n6 0@ LeipJi!@
%*2*@ p. %%5)%,*.
In #im,a rom9n5 =
Do"tor7n6 Aure \i#i@ +iserica (rtodo) din &ipru "i situa!ia ei actual, Fn
BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00II $%*5&-@ nr. %),@ p. %%+)%,+A Iero;. Irineu CrH"iun79@ Ar$
?iepiscopia &iprului, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000VI $%*L&-@ nr. 'RL@
;7i?iunie@ p. (%()(%*.
'i3/rica Or.odo45 7 A#,ani/i
N. Ci7"4ir@ Istoria modern a Albaniei, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5(A Ge"u M7Psuto#i"i@
&ontribution lEetude du mouvement cultuel albanais de Roumanie et des rapports
r
oumaino$albanais, Fn BRe#ue Rou;7ine 6N/istoireD@ 0V $%*5L-@ %@ p. +%)*,A B.
'&& PERIOADA A ASEA
hpuer@ op# cit#, p. %2+)%(%= Albanien: .. Cor6i!n7no@ >eografia Ecclesiastica dellE
Zlbania, Fn BOrient7i7 C4risti7n7 An7e"t7D@ **@ Ro;7@ %*2(.
In #im,a rom9n5=
Prof. M. es7n@ 3itropolia (rtodo) din Albania, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i
Su"e#eiD@ 000VII $%*L%-@ nr. i),@ p. %,*)%2,A Ar4iereu Veni7;in Po"it7n BFrH?
e7nu@ +iserica (rtodo) Albane%, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0LVIII $%*2&-@
ir. ,@ fe8r.@ p. %'()%L' A nr. 2@ ;7rtie@ p. ,L(),5L.
'i3/rica Or.odo45 C/1o3#o=ac5
Berto6 Spuer@ op# cit#, p. %&()%%2A Tsc?ec?osloNaLei A Dr6. tef7n GHn"e7?
Fu@ +iserica (rtodo) din &e?oslovacia, din -.B5 pn n pre%ent, n BStu6ii teo?o!i"eD@ 00
$%*L*-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,L2),52A Prof. M. es7n@ 3itropolia ortodo) ce?o$JKovac, Fn
BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000VII $%*L%-@ nr. 2)(@ p. 2%() 2%+ A I6e;@
8in rela!iile romno$ce?oslovace, Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 0I $%*L%-@ ir. 5)%,@ p.
(+)'2 A I. Pupe7 $Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu-@ 8ou noi +iserici (rtodo$"e
autocefale< +iserica (rtodo) Polon "i +iserica (rtodo) &e?oslovac, Fn
=Orto6o:i7D@ V $%*'2-@ nr. 2@ p. (+*)'&&.
'i3/rica Or.odo45 Po#on/-5
Mitropoitu B7rn787 D. TJortJ7tos 6e Oitros@ Oi P7;:oF &e7$:ot Sioi:iM7eX` TRa
UTO5:Kp<S.o# NOpBoBoEoo NE::0TM7\7F TT\S Io0to#i7S. Met6t F7:opt#.RS i`7J"nt#M7EeooF@ Vten7@ %*5'@
'& p.A B. Spuer@ >egenNartslage der (stLirc?en, .r7nPfurt 7; M7in@ *L+@ p. *+)
%&2A O. .. Oupr7ne"@ +iserica (rtodo) Fn Polonia, -.-76-.W. $Fn i;87 u"r7ine7nH-@
Ro;7@ %*5(@ 00I@ ,2' p.A O. C4o63ni"Pi@ +iserica (rtodo) n EEolonia $Fn i;87
poonH-@ V7r9o#i7@ %*2(A 4istoria Loscio%a ` Polsce, E6itur7 P7?76iu;@ PoJn7n@ %*5(.
n limba romn< Do"tor7n6 tef7n GHn"e7nu@ +iserica (rtodo) Polon din
-.B5 pn n pre%ent, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 0LVI $%*5&-@ nr. 111%?
h. LL,)L5, A Mi7n es7n@ 3itropolia (rtodo) Polon, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i
iu"e#eiD@ 000VI $%*L&-@ nr. 5)+@ p. (*5)'&%A I. Pupe7 $Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu-@
(ou noi +iserici (rtodo)e autocefale < +iserica (rtodo) Polon "i +iserica (rto$
o) &e?oslovac, n 1(rtodo)ia2, IV $%*'2-@ nr. 2@ p. (55)(+*.
'i3/rica Or.odo45 Gin#and/-5=
ErPPi Piiroinen@ T?e (rt?odo) Fait? in Finland, Ouopio@ %*'5A V. O. I47tsu@
(rgani%area +isericii (rtodo)e Finlande%e, teJH d/ i"enGH@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'(@ e:e;?
i7r 67"tio!r7fi7tA CeJ7r V7siiu@ +iserica (rtodo) Finlande%, Fn BStu6ii teoo?
i"eD@ 0VI $%*L(-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2L5)2+2A Vei"u Du6u@ +iserica (rtodo) din Fin$
anda, CHHr79i?I7o;iG7@ %*(&.
'i3/rica Or.odo45 ;a61iar5=
.. BerPi@ +iserica (rtodo) n Gngaria $Fn i;87 !re7"H-@ Tes7oni"@ %*L(.
R7porturi interorto6o:e.
Di7spor7 orto6o:H I
Ra2or.uri in./ror.odo4/
De9i se 7fH F;pHrGitH Fn ;7i ;ute Biseri"i 7Dto"ef7e n7Gion7e 9i
utono;e@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H se ;7nifestH Fn u;e "7 o unit7te 47ris;7?
i"H 6i#ino?u;7nH. Biseri"ie o"7e 7uto"ef7e "onstituie 7o7tH Bise?
i"7 uni"H 7 ui /ristos Fn 87J7 7""eptHrii i8ere 9i 7 pHstrHrii "onst7nte
i "re6inGei "re9tine ori!in7re 797 "u; 7u propo#H6uit?o Do;nu Iisus
Fristos@ SfinGii Apostoi 9i PHrinGii Biseri"ii.
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Se po7te #or8i 6e p7tru trepte 7e #ieGii orto6o:e Fn u;e =
%. Pe pri;7 tre7ptH st7u p7tri7r47tee istori"e = Const7ntinopoT
Ae:7n6ri7@ Antio4i7 9i Ierus7i;@ "7re se 7fH Fn GHri 6o;in7te 6e ;uf
su;7ni@ 7r78i 9i tur"i@ "u e:"epGi7 Ierus7i;uui "7re 6in %*(5 se 7fM
Fn st7tu Isr7e@ re"unos"ut prin #otu N7Giunior Unite.
,. Pe tre7pt7 7 6ou7 st7u Biseri"ie 7uto"ef7e n7Gion7e@ pe 6epi
in6epen6ente@ "u; sFnt Biseri"ie 6in insu7 Cipru@c 6in fost7 Uniun
So#ieti"H@ 6in \u!os7#i7@ Ro;<ni7@ Gre"i7 9i Bu!7ri7@ Fn "7re popu7Gi
este Fn ;7Morit7te orto6o:H.
2. Pe 7 ctrei7 tre7ptH se 7fH Biseri"ie orto6o:e 6in. Ce4oso#7"i-
.Pooni7 9i .in7n67@ "7re 7u un st7tut 6e 7uto"ef7ie 9i 7utono;ie@ i
se 7fH Fn GHri Fn "7re popu7Gi7 nu este Fn ;7Morit7te orto6o:H.
(. A p7tr7 "7te!orie o for;e7JH Biseri"ie orto6o:e 6in diaspor#
A""entu7re7 tot ;7i pronunG7tH 7 "7r7"teruui n7Gion7 7 fie"Hr$
Biseri"i orto6o:e o"7e n?7 6us@ "u; 7r fi tre8uit@ 7 o ;7i ;7re 7pr"
piere 7 or. Este 76e#Hr7t "H respir7Gi7 e"u;eni"H 7 Orto6o:iei 7 fos
6eseori Fn!reui7tH 6e tensiunie poiti"e@ n7Gion7e 9i e"ono;i"e@ "7re 7
F;pie6i"7t "o78or7re7 or ;7i intensH. De 7"ee7 ier7r4i 9i teoo!i 6
se7;H 6in sFnu Biseri"ior orto6o:e 9i?7u e:pri;7t 6eseori@ prin ser=
9i #iu !r7i@ 6orinG7 "7 Fntre Biseri"ie orto6o:e 7uto"ef7e sH se "reeJ
un spirit de 7propiere 9i "o78or7re ;7i intens pentru ;enGinere7 unit7
Gii spiritu7e 9i 6is"ipin7r?"7noni"e 7 Fntre!ii Orto6o:ii.
Este 76e#Hr7t "H Fn f7G7 ;7rior pro8e;e "7re s?7u i#it Fn "ur9i
perio76ei 6e 7 %+&& pFnH 7stHJi@ Biseri"ie orto6o:e 7u 7"Gion7t unit7i
Fn6eose8i Fn r7porturie or "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ "u Biseri"7 7n
!i"7nH@ "u Biseri"7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i@ "u Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e@ "
Biseri"ie protest7nte@ pre"u; 9i Fn "76ru ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e@ Fn "7r
7u "o78or7t Fn"H 6e 7 FnfiinG7re7 ei@ 6in %*,&.
EHrie Ro;<ne Fn6eose8i 7u "ontinu7t sH spriMine Biseri"ie "re9tin
6in Orientu Apropi7t 9i pe "re9tinii 6in B7"7ni. In se"oee 0VIII i
0I0@ ;uGi ier7r4i orto6o"9i 6in I;periu oto;7n 9i?7u !Hsit s"Hp7r
9i 76Hpost@ 6e fri"7 tur"ior@ Fn E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H 9i Mo6o#7. Spre e:ern
piu@ #estitu epis"op 8u!7r Sofronie 6e Vr7G7 $f %+%2-@ "e 6intFi "7r
7 tipHrit o "7rte Fn i;87 8u!7rH@ 6upH o pHstorie 6e trei 7ni 7 Vi6ii
pentru 7 s"Hp7 6e ur!i7 tur"ior 9i pentru 7?9i !Hsi ini9te7@ 7 tre"ut@ F
%+&2@ Fn E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H. E s?7 st78iit 7 Bu"ure9ti pentru restu #ie
Gii@ un6e nepoGii sHi 6upH sorH@ tef7n 9i At7n7sie Vo!ori6e@ Fn#HG7u %
A"76e;i7 6o;ne7s"H 6e 7 BSfFntu S7#7D. E ;Hrturise9te "H B7 Bu"u
re9ti 7 fost pri;it "7 un fr7teD 6e ;itropoitu Dositei .iitti 7 Un!r"
#74iei $%5*2)%+%&-. In Bu"ure9ti s?7 o"up7t "u tr76u"ere7 6e "HrGi 8=
seri"e9ti Fn i;87 8u!7rH@ 6in "7re 7 tipHrit unee.
Fn ti;pu rHJ8oiuui ruso?tur" 6in %+&L)%+%,@ epis"opu Sofronie
6esfH9ur7t o intensH 7"ti#it7te pentru 6eJro8ire7 "o;p7trioGior sHi 8u
!Hri@ fiin6 ;e;8ru 9i ;7i 7poi pre9e6inte 7 Co;itetuui 8u!7r 6e e=
8er7re FnfiinG7t Fn Bu"ure9ti. A ;urit Fn %+%2@ fiin6 Fn;or;Fnt7t %
rnFnHstire7 MHr"uG7 6in Bu"ure9ti.
L7 Bu"ure9ti@ s?7 tr76us 9i s?7 tipHrit pentru pri;7 67tH Fn i;8
8u!7rH@ Fn iuie %+,+@ 6e "Htre Petre S7puno# 6in Tre7#n7 Bu!7rie
2&, PERIOADA A ASEA
Zefu!i7t Fn E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H@ Foul Testament, "u 8ine"u#Fnt7re7 9i
$Mutoru ;itropoituui Un!ro#74iei Gri!orie IV D7s"Hu $%+,2)?%+2(-.
Tot 7 Bu"ure9ti 7u trHit 9i unii 6intre ier7r4ii 9i teoo!ii !re"i pFnH
7 %+'&.
Co78or7re7 interorto6o:H s?7 ;enGinut 9i prin stu6enGii teoo!i "7re
iu fost tri;i9i 7 stu6ii Fn 6iferite "entre orto6o:e = insu7 /7Pi@ Fn!H
Ronst7ntinopo A Aten7@ Mos"o#7@ Petro!r76@ Oie#.
Astfe@ ;itropoitu Neofit 7 Un!ro#74iei $%+(&)%+(*- 7 tri;is@
n "ursu 7nuui %+((@ "in"i tineri ro;<ni 7 Se;in7ru BRiJ7rionD@ "e
A?7 6es"4is 7 Aten7@ 7 %L ;7i %+((@ prin 67ni7 Hs7tH 6e G. RiJ7ris
f % iunie %+((-.
Tot ;it ropoit u Neofit 7 Un!ro# 74i ei 7 tri ;i s@ Fn septe;8ri e
+(5@ 97pte tineri sH stu6ieJe 7 Se;in7riie 6u4o#ni"e9ti 6in Rusi7@ trei
7 Mos"o#7 9i p7tru 7 Peters8ur!.
S"4i;8urie 6e stu6enGi teoo!i 6intre GHrie orto6o:e 7u fost re?
u7te 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+- 9i s?7u intensifi"7t 6upH
e 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('-. DupH pri;u 9i 7 6oie7
HJ8oi ;on6i7@ "o78or7re7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e surori s? 7 intensifi"7t
n "76ru ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e prin p7rti"ip7re7 6ee!7Gior tuturor Bise?
i"ior orto6o:e 7 6iferite "onferinGe inter"re9tine@ prin s"4i;8u 6e
irofesori orto6o"9i 9i@ ;7i 7es@ prin "onferinGee p7norto6o:e 6in se"o?
u 00@ 6espre "7re #o; #or8i Fntr?un "7pito spe"i7.
Peerin7Mee 7 Lo"urie Sfinte@ fH"ute 6e "eri"ii 9i "re6in"io9ii 6i?
eriteor Biseri"i orto6o:e@ 7u "ontri8uit 6e 7se;ene7 7 "uno79tere7
e"ipro"H.
Institutee 6e "er"etHri teoo!i"e 9i istori"e "re7te 7 Const7ntino?
IOT 9i Fn P7estin7 6e "Htre Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH@ 7poi 6iferitee 8ise?
i"i !re"e9ti rH;7se Fn to7te "7pit7ee 9i or79ee ;7ri "o;er"i7e 6in
S7"7ni 9i Rusi7@ 79eJH;intee fi7ntropi"e 6in P7estin7 9i "ee ,& 6e
7FnHstiri ;7ri 6in Muntee At4os@ "7re 7u rH;7s pFnH 7stHJi un "entru
7norto6o:@ 7u "ontri8uit Fn 7r!H ;HsurH 7 ;enGinere7 unitHGii 9i spi?
ituui e"u;eni" 7 Orto6o:iei.
Tre8uie sH re"uno79te; FnsH "H s?7u i#it 9i 6ifi"utHGi serio7se@ "re te
6e rHJ8o7ie@ pro#o"7te@ e 6rept@ ;7i 7es 6e i;peri7is;u Bst7teor
7riD@ 67r uneori 7u fost pornite 9i 6in 9o#inis; 9i urH poiti"H 6intre
7rie orto6o:e. A97@ 6e e:e;pu@ rHJ8oiu 87"7ni" 6in %*%,)%*%2 7 Fn?
rHM8it to7te popo7ree orto6o:e 6in 7"este pHrGi@ Fn"Ft Fn ur;7 or s?7u
i#enin7t 9i r7porturie inter8iseri"e9ti.
Confi"tu i#it Fntre P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 9i Biseri"7 8u!7rH@ "7re
6ur7t 6in %+5, pFnH 7 ,' fe8ru7rie %*('@ "Fn6 7 fost ri6i"7tH s"4is? i7
8u!7rH@ 7 ;enGinut Fn 7"est ti;p o 7t;osferH 6e Fn"or67re@ Fn6eo? e8i
Fntre Biseri"ie s7#e orto6o:e 9i p7tri7r47tee !re"e9ti.
To7te "onferinGee p7norto6o:e 6in se"ou 00 9i?7u pus pro8e;7
nei ;7i strFnse "o78orHri Fntre ee pentru ref7"ere7 unitHGii p7norto?
o:e. Fn #e6ere7 7"estui s"op@ ;uGi ier7r4i superiori 9i teoo!i 6e se7;H
u propus "Hut7re7 unui "entru unit7r pentru Fntre7!7 Biseri"H orto6o:H@
e 7 Const7ntinopo@ fie 7 Ierus7i;@ fie Fntr?in7 6in ;FnHstirie Mun?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
'$
teui At4os@ 6e e:e;pu MFnHstire7 V7tope6. Un 7stfe 6e "entru tr7ti#
9i si;8oi" 7 unitHGii orto6o:e 7r 76u"e o "onsi6er78iH "ontri8iiG 7
pro;o#7re7 re7Giior interorto6o:e.
Pentru orto6o"9ii 6in Europ7 o""i6ent7H@ P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H
"re7t@ 6in iuie %*LL@ un "entru p7norto6o: 7 C47;8es3@ Fn!H GeneN
"7re tin6e sH se o"upe "u pro8e;ee Fntre!ii Orto6o:ii.
Dia32ora or.odo45
Fn7inte 9i 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ Fn 7f7rH 6e GHri
6in Orientu Apropi7t@ 6in Afri"7 6e nor6 9i 6in Europ7 orient7H@ B
seri"7 orto6o:H s?7 rHspFn6it Fn GHrie Europei "entr7e 9i o""i6entR
Fn "ee 6ouH A;eri"i@ Fn Afri"7@ Fn Asi7@ Austr7i7 9i Nou7 bee7n6
Fn"Ft se po7te spune "H Biseri"7 orto6o:H este Buni#ers7HD 9i 6in pu
n
6e #e6ere !eo!r7fi".
Cee7 "e "7r7"teriJe7JH Biseri"ie orto6o:e 6in 6i7spor7 este p?
r
lismul *urisdic!ional, 6eo7re"e ee "onstituie un fe 6e Bpro#in"ii 6
Ji7sti"eD@ 6epen6ente 6e un7 6intre Biseri"ie ;7;e 7uto"ef7e?n7Gi
n7e 6in RHsHritu Europei 9i 6in Orientu Apropi7t.
P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo 7re o FntinsH 6i7spor7 Fn Europ7 "
e
tr7H 9i 7puse7nH@ Fn A;eri"7 6e Nor6 9i 6e Su6@ Fn Austr7i7@ Nou7 b
e7n6H 9i Fn \7poni7.
Astfe@ "o;unitHGie !re"e9ti 6in Europ7 7puse7nH 9i "entr7H 7u
or!7niJ7te Fn "in"i ;itropoii 9i o 7r4iepis"opie.
MenGionH; "H prin 7"or6u Fn"4ei7t 7 +],% ;7rtie %*&+ Fntre !uV
>
nu Gre"iei 9i P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ 7 Fn"eput@ Biseri"7 Gre"iei 9i?7
tins Muris6i"Gi7 7supr7 tuturor "o;unitHGior !re"e9ti 6in strHinHt7te.
%]%( ;7rtie %*,,@ FnsH@ "ee 6ouH pHrGi 7u renunG7t 7 7"est 7"or6@
p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Meetie IV Met7:7Pis $%*,%)%*,2- 7 i;pus 6in
*
Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e 7supr7 "o;unitHGior !re"e9ti
strHinHt7te.
7- Pa.riar1ia Ecum/nic5 7re Fn preJent su8 Muris6i"Gi7 s7 ur;Ht
$
ree Biseri"i 6in Europ7 =
%. Ar?iepiscopia ortodo) greac de T?'atira "i 3area +vita
n
FnfiinG7tH 7 %% ;7i %*,,@ "u se6iu 7 Lon6r7@ 7#FnN6 su8 Muris6i"Gi7
pe "re6in"io9ii !re"i 6in An!i7@ Ir7n67 9i insu7 M7t7. Din %*L+ 7 I
ri6i"7tH 7 r7n!u 6e Ar4iepis"opie.
,. 3itropolia ortodo) greac din Fran!a "i =pania, Fnte;ei7tH G
fe8ru7rie %*L2@ "u se6iu 7 P7ris A 7re su8 Muris6i"Gi7 ei pe "re6in"t
$
!re"i 6in .r7nG7@ Sp7ni7@ Portu!7i7 9i insuee C7n7re. A"e7stH ;iI
poie nu;HrH 7pro7pe %&&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i 9i 7re peste 2& 6e preot
%
2. 3itropolia ortodo) greac din >ermania, Fnte;ei7tH 7 %5
8ru7rie %*L2@ "u se6iu 7 Bonn A 7re su8 Muris6i"Gi7 ei pe "re6in6M
!re"i 6in Ger;7ni7 9i D7ne;7r"7. Are %'&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i 9i ,5 tc
ri"i. Pentru pre!Htire7 "eruui 6in Europ7 o""i6ent7H@ P7tri7r4i7 >
;eni"H 7 FnfiinG7t 7 %+ septe;8rie %*L+ o 9"o7H teoo!i"H Fn G
(. 3itropolia ortodo) greac din Austria, FnfiinG7tH 7 %5 R
%*L2@ "u se6iu 7 Vien7@ F9i Fntin6e Muris6i"Gi7 7supr7 "re6in"io9i
PERIOADA A LASEA
F"i 6in Austri7@ Un!7ri7@ E#eGi7 9i It7i7. E7 7re peste (&.G&& 6e "re?
F"io9i@ ,& 8iseri"i 9i ,& 6e preoGi. t
'. 3itropolia ortodo) greac din +elgia "i (landa, FnfiinG7tH 7 %,
!ust %*L*@ "u se6iu 7 Bru:ees@ 7re su8 Muris6i"Gi7 ei "re6in"io9ii
F"i 6in Be!i7@ O7n67 9i Lu:e;8ur!.
L. 3itropolia ortodo) greac din =uedia "i ntreaga =candinavie,
N iinG7tH 7 %, 7u!ust %*L*@ "u se6iu 7 Sto"P4o;@ 7re su8 Muris6i"Gi7
= Sue6i7@ Nor#e!i7 9i Is7n67.
5. Su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Const7ntinopo se 7fH 9i Ar?ie$
tcopia ortodo) greac a Ameridi de Ford "i de =ud, FnfiinG7tH 7 i i
ii %*,,@ "u se6iu 7 Ne` lorP@ 7#Fn6 su8 Muris6i"Gi7 ei pe !re"ii or?
o"9i 6in "ee 6ouH A;eri"i. Biseri"7 orto6o:H !re7"H 6in A;eri"7 N
istH 6in 7nu %5L5. In 6e"ursu ti ;puui e7 7 tre"ut prin ;7i ;ute n
=er"Hri 6e or!7niJ7re@ unee #enite 6in p7rte7 Ar4iepis"opiei !re"e9ti
F Aten7@ 7tee 6in p7rte7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ su8 Muris6i"Gi7 "Hrei7 N@
7fH 6in %*,,. Este "e7 ;7i Fnforito7re 7r4iepis"opie !re7"H 6in str7i?
R
Z
t7te@ nu;HrFn6 Fn preJent peste trei ;iio7ne 6e "re6in"io9i@ %% epis"o? M
@ ('& 6e p7ro4ii@ ',& 6e preoGi@ %, epis"opi@ nu;ero7se 9"oi 9i instituGii
Ffesion7e. Y$ Z
De P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo ;7i 6epin6 9i 7te Biseri"i orto6o:e
Z
9re"e9ti 6in A;eri"7@ "u; sFnt =
I
7- +iserica ortodo) carpato$rus american, "u re9e6inG7 Fn o"7? A
iGe7 \o4nsto`n 6in st7tu Pens3#7ni7@ "7re 7 intr7t su8 Muris6i"Gi7 h
tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e 6in %* septe;8rie %*2+@ 7#Fn6 o 6io"eJH "u 6oi Mi
s"opi@ 5& 6e p7ro4ii 9i 5% preoGi. Z fY
8- +iserica ortodo) ucrainian din =tatele Gnite ale Americii "i d
iada, or!7niJ7tH 6in %*2%@ 7#Fn6 p7tru ep7r4ii@ trei Fn St7tee Unite #:Z
C7n767@ i7r un7 Fn Br7Jii7. Se6iu ei se 7fH Fn o"7it7te7 Sout4 TM
7n6 BrooP 6in st7tu Ne` \erse3. NA
"- +i seri ca ortodo) albane% di n Ameri ca, or!7ni J7tH 7 Bost on
M
%*&+@ 7re L,. &&& 6e "re6in"io9i. E7 7 fost reor!7niJ7t H Fn %*(* 6e i
:i7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 6e Const7ntinopo "7re 7 u7t?o su8 Muris6i"Gi 7 l
7#F n6 se6i u 7 \7;7i "7 P 7i n@ o su8ur8i e 7 or79u ui Bost on. $AM
+. Su8 M ur i s6i "G i 7 P7t ri 7r4i ei 6e Const 7nt i nopo se 7f H 9i Ar?i e$ Ri
%opia Austral iei 9i Foii Seel ande, F nfii nG 7t H F n %*,( "7 epis"opi e 9i M
i "7t H 7 r 7n! 6e 7r4i epi s"opi e F n sept e;8ri e %*'*. \ ur i s6i "G i 7 7"est ei
i epi s"opi i se F nt i n6e 7supr7 Aust r 7 i ei @ Noi i bee 7n6e 9i i nsu e or 6i n
@ 7#F n6 pest e ,&&. &&& 6e "re6i n"i o9i @ 6oi epi s"opi @ +& 6e "o;uni t HG i @
6e preoG i 9i o ;F nHst i re BSf F nt u G4eor!4eD 7 Spri n!`oo6@ F n Ne`
it4 V7es. ? \
*. Di n * i 7nu7r i e %*5&@ P7t r i 7r4i 7 E"u;eni "H 7 F nfi i nG 7t Ar?i epi s$
Y
i a Foi i Seel ande, 6espHrG i n6? o 6e Ar4i epi s"opi 7 Aust r7 i ei @ rH;F nF n6 MM
Muris6i"Gi7 ei "o;unitHGie orto6o:e !re"e9ti 6in Nou7 bee7n6H@
%
i7@ \7poni 7 9i Coree7@ "u un nu;Hr 6e pest e %'. &&& 6e "re6i n"i o9i. FM
7f H@ F n t ot 7i @ F n Aust r7 i 7 9i Nou7 bee 7n6H pest e '&&. &&& 6e or ?
W AM
2"9i@ 6intre "7re peste 760.000 sFnt 6e ori!ine !re7"H@ i7r restu 7p7r?
Muris6i"Giei 7tor Biseri"i n7Gion7e orto6o:e.
=
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
,. Pa.riar1ia A#/4andri/i 7re@ 6e 7se;ene7@ o 6i7sporH Fn GHrie
Afri"ii. Un "entru orto6o: 7 u7t n79tere Fn U!7n67@ "Htre 7nu %*2&@
"7re 7poi 7 "res"ut Fntre %*'+)%*L( A 7t "entru 7 u7t fiinGH Fn Oen37
"entr7H@ Fntre %*22 9i %*2'@ un6e@ 6upH %*L&@ se 7fH 2&.&&& 6e "re6in
"io9i. AGi orto6o"9i se ;7i 7fH Fn Tunisi7 ) 2.&&& A Nu8i7 ) %&.&&& A
Etiopi7 ) '.&&& A 7Gii Fn T7n!7ni"7@ b7nJi87r 9i Afri"7 6e Su6 ) %&.&&&
In tot7 peste 5'.&&& 6e orto6o"9i.
Fn preJent@ su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Ae:7n6ri7 se 7fH ur;Hto7?
ree ;itropoii 7fri"7ne =
7- 3itropolia Africii orientale, 7#Fn6 Muris6i"Gie 7supr7 "re9tinior
orto6o"9i 6in Oen37@ U!7n67 9i T7nJ7ni7@ "u re9e6inG7 Fn Oen37.
8- 3itropolia Africii centrale, su8 Muris6i"Gi7 "Hrei7 se 7fH "re9tinii
orto6o"9i 6in Repu8i"7 b7ir@ Ru7n67 9i Burun6i@ "u re9e6inG7 7 Oin?
s47s7@ Fn b7ir.
"- 3itropolia Africii occidentale, "u re9e6inG7 Fn C7;erun $BEpis?
PepsisD@ %' ;7rtie %*+&@ p. ')L-.
". Pa.riar1ia An.io1i/i 7re Fn A;eri"7 6e Nor6 9i 6e Su6 o i;por
t7ntH 6i7sporH. Ce7 6inGii Biseri"H orto6o:H siri7nH?7ntio4i7nH 6e i;
8H 7r78H 7 fost Fnte;ei7tH 7 ,% 7u!ust %+*' Fn or79u Ne` lorP 6ii
"Htre 7r4i;7n6ritu siri7n R7p47e /77`een3@ 4irotonit Fn %*&' Bepis
"op 6e BrooP3nD@ "u ;isiune7 6e 7 or!7niJ7 p7ro4iie orto6o:e sirie
ne 6in St7tee Unite Fntr?un e:7r47t.
In %*%'@ 7r4iepis"opu siri7n G4er;7nos S4e667674 7 "re7t@ fHrH
7utoriJ7Gi7 P7tri7r4iei Antio4iei@ o ep7r4ie in6epen6entH su8 Muris6i"Gi7
s7@ pe "7re 7 "on6us?o pFnH Fn %*2(@ "Fn6 s?7 Fntors 7 Beirut@ Fn Li87n.
Fn.septe;8rie %*2(@ P7tri7r4i7 Antio4iei 7 nu;it pe Antonie B7s4ir
#i"7r p7tri7r47 pentru Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7ntio4i7nH 6in A;eri"7 6e
Nor6. Antonie B7s4ir 7 fost 7es 7 ' fe8ru7rie %*2L "7. 7r4iepis"op@
fiin6 4irotonit 7 %* fe8ru7rie 7"e79i 7n@ pentru 7 "on6u"e Ar4iepis"o ?
pi7 orto6o:H siri7nH 7 Ne`?lorP?uui 9i Fntre!ii A;eri"i 6e Nor6@ "u
se6iu 7 Ne` lorP.
Fn 7"ee79i Ji@ FnsH@ 7 %* 7priie %*2L@ "ontr7?"7n6i67tu ui Antonie
B7s4ir@ 7r4i;7n6ritu S7;ue D7#i6@ 7 fost 4irotonit epis"op 6e "Htre
6oi epis"opi ru9i 6in St7tee Unite pentru ep7r4i7 6e Toe6o@ st7tu
O4io@ 67r P7tri7r4i7 Antio4iei %?7 e:"o;uni"7t 7 2% i7nu7rie %*2+. In
%*(%@ FnsH@ P7tri7r4i7 Antio4iei 7 7nu7t e:"o;uni"7re7 67tH F;potri#7
s7@ i7r epis"opu S7;ue D7#i6 7 fost ri6i"7t 7 r7n!u 6e Ar4iepis"op
6e Tee6o 9i F;preMuri;i@ pHstorin6 pFnH 7 ;o7rte7 s7 Fn %*'+. Dis ?
"or6i7 6intre "ee 6ouH Ar4iepis"opii siriene?7ntio4iene 7 "ontinu7t FnsH
9i 6upH ;o7rte7 7"estui7.
L7 76un7re7 !ener7H 7 Ar4iepis"opiei siriene?7ntio4iene 6e Ne`
lorP@ FntrunitH 7 ,5 iuie %*5' 7 Louis#ie@ st7tu Oentu"P3@ s?7 re7 ?
iJ7t un 7"or6 Fntre "ee 6ouH 7r4iepis"epii@ "7re 7 fost 7pro87t 6e P7 ?
tri7r4i7 6e Antio4i7@ Fn"Ft s?7 pus "7pHt sep7rHrii "re6in"io9ior orto6o"9i
7ntio4ieni 6in A;eri"7 6e Nor6. Cee 6ouH 7r4iepis"opii 7u peste %&,
p7ro4ii@ %%& preoGi 9i peste %,'.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i.
Af-L PERIOADA A ASEA
P7tri7r4i7 Antio4iei 7re@ 6e 7se;ene7@ Fn A;eri"7 "entr7H 9i 6e
<u p7tru ep7r4ii "u peste %&&.&& 6e "re6in"io9i.
De 7se;ene7@ P7tri7r4i7 Antio4iei 7 or!7niJ7t@ 6in %*2*@ o
epis"o?-ie siri7nH "u se6iu 7 S36ne3@ Fn Austr7i7.
6. Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH 7re o ;7re 6i7sporH Fn 7f7r7 fostei Uni?
;i So#ieti"e@ fiin6 F;pHrGitH Fn trei e:7r47te =
%. E)ar?atul Europei apusene, 6epen6ent 6e P7tri7r4i7 6e Mos"o?
r7@ "u se6iu 7 Lon6r7 A 7re su8 Muris6i"Gi7 s7 "re6in"io9ii ru9i 6in M7?
e7 Brit7nie@ .r7nG7@ Be!i7 9i O7n67. Are 6e 7se;ene7 re9e6inGe epis?
op7e i7 P7ris@ Bru:ees 9i Rotter67;.
,. E)ar?atul Europei centrale 7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Mos"o#7@ "u se6iu
7 Berin. Are 9i o re9e6inGH epis"op7H 7 Vien7@ Fn Austri7.
2. E)ar?atul american 7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Mos"o#7@ "u re9e6inG7 7
I
T
e` lorP@ F9i Fntin6e Muris6i"Gi7 peste orto6o"9ii ru9i 6in A;eri"7 6e
Bor6 9i Su6@ 7#Fn6 p7tru epis"opii 7 = BrooP3n@ .i76ep4i7@ S7n .r7n?
is"o 9i un7 Fn Ar!entin7.
+iserica ortodo) rus din America de Ford s?7 or!7niJ7t ;7i FntFi
fi A7sP7@ Fn"epFn6 6in %5+(@ G7rH "7re 7 fost 7poi #Fn6utH St7teor Unite@
n %+L5@ 6e "Htre Rusi7.
O 6eJ#ot7re ;7i ;7re 7 u7t Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH 6in A;eri"7
upH %+ ;7i %*5&@ "Fn6 o"Giitoru 6e p7tri7r4@ ;itropoitu Pi;en 6e
TUtiGe 9i Coo;n7@ 7 7"or67t epis"opuui .i7ret 6in A;eri"7 6e Nor6
N o;os?u 6e 7uto"ef7ie 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e ruse 6in A;eri"7@ "unos?
ut < su8 6enu;i re7 6e 3i tropol i a Rus, 7#F n6 se6i u 7 Ne` lorP.
T7 7re peste un ;iion 6e "re6in"io9i@ * ep7r4ii@ * epis"opii@ (&& 6e p7?
o4ii Fn A;eri"7 6e Nor6 9i 6e Su6@ o epis"opie Fn \7poni7.
In %*', 7 pri;it 7utono;i7 6in p7rte7 P7tri7r4iei 6e Mos"o#7 +i$
erica ortodo) din &?ina, "u re9e6i nG7 7 S47n!47i@ "on6usH 6e
pis"opu Si;eon Du. E7 7re 6ouH epis"op7te 9i peste ,&.&&& 6e ere?
;"io9i.
L7 %& 7priie %*5&@ o"Giitoru 6e p7tri7r4@ Pi;en 7 Mos"o#ei@ 7
est78iit "o;uniune7 "7noni"H 9i itur!i"H "u +iserica ortodo) din
aponia, "Hrei7 i?7 7"or67t 7utono;i7. A"e7st7 7re trei ep7r4ii@ '&.&&&
e "re6in"io9i@ 5& 6e 8iseri"i@ ,&& "7pee@ (& 6e preoGi. AtH p7rte 6in
re6in"io9i se 7fH su8 Muris6i"Gi7 Mitropoiei Ruse in6epen6ente 6in
i;erie7. Pentru pre!Htire7 "eruui fun"Gione7JH 6in %*'L un Se;in7r
7oo!i" 7 ToP3o.
SFnt 9i 7te Biseri"i orto6o:e ruse Fn strHinHt7te@ in6epen6ente 6e
7rri7r4i7 6e Mos"o#7@ "7 = +iserica ortodo) rus din strintate, 797?i s7
+iseric sinodal de la Qarlovi!, "7re 7re '&&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i 9i (
ep7r4ii ruse@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = p7tru Fn Europ7 O""i6ent7H 9i
Zentr7H@ 97pte Fn A;eri"7 9i C7n767@ p7tru Fn A;eri"7 6e Su6@ un7 Fn
7ustr7i7@ 9i Nou7 bee7n6H@ Fn "urs 6e or!7niJ7re 6in %*L'@ 7#Fn6 ;7i
;it 6e un ;iion 6e "re6in"io9i.
+iserica ortodo) ucrainean din strintate 7re@ 6e 7se;ene7@ trei
itropoii = un7 pentru Europ7 7puse7nH 9i Austr7i7 A 7t7 Fn A;eri"7
i 7t7 Fn C7n767. Din %*(* 7 u7t fiinGH Fn St7tee Unite +iserica orto$
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
o) autocefal bielorus, "7re 7re peste %&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i #eniGi ?
A;eri"7 6upH "e 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('-.
e. Pa.riar1ia orto6o:H sFr8H 7re o Biseri"H Fn A;eri"7@ Fnte;ei7Gi
6in %+*(@ "u trei ep7r4ii@ trei epis"opii 9i 5( 6e p7ro4ii.
) +iserica ortodo) macedonean, "7re s?7 pro"7;7t 7uto"ef7
fHrH 7pro87re7 P7tri7r4iei SFr8e@ 9i?7 "re7t 7 "in"e7 ep7r4ie@ 7 %& 7u
!ust %*L*@ Fn A;eri"7@ nu;itH Epis"opi7 A;eri"ii@ C7n76ei 9i Aus
tr7iei.
f. 'i3/rica Or.odo45 Rom9n5 7 FnfiinG7t pentru ro;<nii orto6o"9
6in strHinHt7te 6ouH 7r4iepis"opii =
) Ar?iepiscopia (rtodo) Romn pentru Europa &entral "i (c
cidental "u se6iu 7 P7ris. E7 7 u7t fiinGH ;7i FntFi "7 epis"opie ir
%*'5 9i 7 intr7t su8 Muris6i"Gi7 "7noni"H a P7tri7r4iei Ro;<ne prin 7pro
87re7 SfFntuui Sino6 Fn 9e6inG7 6in ,+ 7priie %*5,@ i7r Fn 9e6inG7 6ii
%, 6e"e;8rie %*5( 7 fost ri6i"7tH 7 r7n!u 6e 7r4iepis"opie@ 7#Fn6 suT
Muris6i"Gi7 ei ,( 6e p7ro4ii 7f7te Fn 6iferite GHri 6in Europ7@ 6upH "un
ur;e7JH = Anglia )? Lon6r7@ Bir;in!47; A Austria ) Vien7@ S7J8ur!
+elgia ) Bru:ees A +ulgaria ) Sofi7 A Elve!ia )Z Gene#7@ L7us7nne
Fran!a ) P7ris@ Str7ss8our! A R# F# >ermania ) B76en?B76en@ /7;
8ur!@ Miin"4en@ Offen87"4 7; M7in@ S7J!itter?Le8enstH6t A Italia ?
.orenG7@ Mi7no@ Torino@ B7ri A (landa ) /7!7 A =*iania ) M76ri6
=uedia ) Gote8or!@ M7;o@ Sto"P4o;@ \onPopin!.
) Ar?iepiscopia 3isionar (rtodo) Romn n =#G#A# "i &anada
"u se6iu 7 Detroit ) S.U.A.@ 6epen6entH 6e P7tri7r4i7 Ro;<nH@ 7rs
2' 6e p7ro4ii@ 7 fost FnfiinG7tH 7 ,+ 7priie %*,* "7 epis"opie 9i 6e"7
r7tH 7utono;H 7 %, iuie %*'&. A fost 7poi ri6i"7tH 7 r7n! 6e 7r4i
epis"opie 7 %, 6e"e;8rie %*5( 6e SfFntu Sino6 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:I
Ro;<ne@ reFnnoin6u?i?se 7utono;i7 8iseri"e7s"H 7"or67tH 7 %, iu
lie %*'&.
Fn America de =ud se 7fH ur;Hto7ree p7ro4ii ro;<ne9ti = Aene
%uela ) C7r7"7s A Argentina ) Buenos?Aires A +ra%ilia ) Rio 6e \7
r.eiro@ S7o?P7oo.
E:istH 9i o 7 doua Episcopie romn, "u "ir"7 (' 6e 8iseri"i@ 67i
"7re nu re"uno79te Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei Ro;<ne.
Prin 4otHrFre7 SfFntuui Sino6 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ reFn?
noitH 7 %, 6e"e;8rie %*5(@ s?7 7"or67t Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne 6in
A;eri"7 autonomia, ur;Fn6 "7 7"e7st7 sH pHstreJe e!Hturi 6o!;7ti"e 9
"7noni"e "u Biseri"7 Orto6o:H ;7;H 6in Ro;<ni7.
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH ;7i 7re Fn strHinHt7te ur;Hto7ree #i
"7ri7te 9i p7ro4ii =
) Aicariatul ortodo) romn din Iugoslavia, Fn B7n7tu iu!os7#
"u re9e6inG7 7 VFr9eG@ 6epen6ent 6e Mitropoi7 B7n7tuui@ reor!7niJ7
Fn %*5%@ "7re "uprin6e 2* 6e p7ro4ii@ !rup7te Fn trei protopopi7te@ 7#Fn"
peste L&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i.
) Aicariatul ortodo) romn din Gngaria, "u se6iu Fn or79u G3u7
FnfiinG7t 7 ,5 ;7rtie %*(L@ 7#Fn6 %* p7ro4ii "u peste 2&.&&& 6e "re6in
"io9i@ 6e "7re Fn!riMe9te Epis"opi7 Ar76uui.
-+ PERIOADA A ASEA
) A"e%mintele biserice"ti de la Ierusalim "i Iordan, n Israel#
) n Australia se 7fH trei p7ro4ii@ 7 = Me8ourne@ S36ne3 9i A6e?
i6e A i7r n Foua Seeland, un7 7 _ein!ton. In tot7@ "re6in"io9ii
rto6o"9i ro;<ni 6in Austr7i7 9i Nou7 bee7n6H sFnt Fn nu;Hr 6e
Sste +.&&&.
) Tot su8 Fn!riMire7 P7tri7r4iei Ro;<ne se 7fH "ei L& 6e ;on74i
-;<ni 6e 7 sc?iturile Prodromul "i Hacul din =fntul 3unte Ai?os#
Co;unitHGie orto6o:e ro;<ne9ti 6in 6i7spor7 7u "Fte o pu8i"7Gie
i "7re "onse;ne7JH 9tiri 6in #i7G7 9i 7"ti#it7te7 or@ 7rti"oe 9i stu6ii
i Ji6ire sufete7s"H@ 6e interes istori" 9i n7Gion7.
L7 FntFnire7 "7re 7 7#ut o" 7 Const7ntinopo Fntre p7tri7r4u e"u?
Feni" Di;itrios I 9i p7tri7r4u Iustin 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ )
M o"7Ji7 #iJitei "7noni"e efe"tu7te Fntre %()%5 7priie %*5+ 7 P7tri7r?
i7 E"u;eni"H 6e "Htre o 6ee!7Gie 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne )@ s?7
otHrFt "7 fie"7re Biseri"H Orto6o:H sH po7rte !riMH 6e 6i7spor7 ei@ res?
e"tFn6u?se Muris6i"Giie "7noni"e n7Gion7e.
!. Biseri"7 orto6o:H 8u!7rH 7re Fn A;eri"7 6ouH ep7r4ii. Pri;7
pis"opie 8u!7rH s?7 FnfiinG7t Fn i7nu7rie %*2+@ 7#Fn6 re9e6inG7 7 Ne`
orP. In %*L* s?7 FnfiinG7t Ar?iepiscopia bulgar a Americii de Ford
i de =ud, "u se6iu 7 Ne` lorP@ i7r 7 ,& 7priie %*5&@ 7 u7t fiinGH
F &anada Epis"opi7 6e APron 9i Detroit@ "u re9e6inG7 7 Detroit.c O
7ro4ie orto6o:H 8u!7rH 7 fost FnfiinG7tH 7 A6e7i6e Fn Australia, su8
Mris6i"Gi7 Ar4iepis"opiei 8u!7re 6in A;eri"7.
Pentru 7 s"o7t e Bi seri"ie ort o6o:e 6in A;eri "7 6e Nor6 9i Su6
i n Bi nsu 7ri t 7t e7 or re i !i o7sH 9i n7Gi on7 HD@ 7 7#ut o" 7 %L ;Hr ie
%*L& &onferin!a permanent a episcopilor canonici ortodoc"i din Amee
ica_ $T4e St7n6in! Conferen"e of C7noni"7 Ort4o6o: Bis4ops of t4e
R.;eri"7s-@ "7re 7 Fnte;ei7t@ su8 "on6u"ere7 7r4iepis"opuui !re" I7"o8os
% A;eri"ii@ Asocia!ia voluntar a episcopilor ortodoc"i din cele dou
imerici, "7 sH suMe7s"H 6rept ;iMo" 6e "entr7iJ7re 9i "on6u"ere 7
nisiunii. E7 7"Gione7JH "7 o "entr7H ;enitH sH Fn6repte eforturie tu?
uror Biseri"ior orto6o:e 6in A;eri"7 7supr7 s"opurior "o;une 9i s7
#ite 6e6u87re7 ser#i"iior@ 7!enturior 9i or!7niJ7Giior.
Un ;o;ent i;port7nt 6in istori7 re7Giior Biseri"ior orto6o:e 6in
A;eri"7 %?7 "onstituit pri;7 &onferin! na!ional a episcopilor ortodoc"i,
ntrunitH 7 %+ o"to;8rie %*5+ Fn \o4nsto`n@ se6iu Epis"opiei orto6o:e
7rp7to?ruse@ Fn st7tu Penns3#7ni7@ "7re 7 fH"ut eforturi Hu678ie spre
i st78ii o "o78or7re frHGe7s"H ;7i intensH Fntre ee.
E:istH@ e#i6ent@ Fn A;eri"7 ten6inG7 7"tu7H "7 to7te Biseri"ie or?
o6o:e 6epen6ente 6e Biseri"ie 7uto"ef7e ;7;e 6in Orientu Apropi7t
i 6in Europ7 sH se une7s"H Fntr?o sin!urH Biseri"H orto6o:H 7uto"ef7H@
iu8 6enu;ire7 6e Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in A;eri"7. A"e7stH pro8e;H #7
i 9i e7 6is"ut7tH@ o67tH "u pro8e;7 dreptului de acordare a auto$
cefaliei, 7 #iitoru M7re Sino6 orto6o:.
In preJent 6i7spor7 orto6o:H 7Mun!e 7 7pro7pe nouH ;iio7ne 6e
=re6in"io9i@ rHspFn6iGi Fn to7te "ontinentee u;ii.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
F;8u"urHtor rH;Fne totu9i f7ptu "H@ Fn "iu67 7uto"ef7iiior 9i 7
tono;iior ;utin7Gion7e 6in A;eri"7 ;7i 7es@ "re6in"io9ii orto6o"
6e pretutin6eni se so"otes" "7 fH"Fn6 p7rte 6in Biseri"7 Orto6o:H uni
7 Do;nuui /ristos@ pHstrFn6 F;preunH "re6inG7@ tr76iGi7@ "utu 9i 6i
"ipin7 "7noni"H 7 #e"4ii Biseri"i 7 RHsHrituui.
BI BLI OGRA.I E
Re7Gii interorto6o:e
G. Strinopuos@ 8ie +e%ie?ungen der (rt?odo)en Qirc?en Ju 6en andei Qirc?en, Fn
Co. BEPPisi7D@ B6. 0@ LeipJi!@ %*2*@ p. %(' 9. u. A Di7". Prof. Si4 Anui"4i@ Rela!ii
biserice"ti romno$srbe Fn secolele al PAII$lea "i al P#AIII$I- Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H
Ro;<nHD@ 0CVII $%*5*-@ nr. 5)+@ p. +L*)%&'L@ teJH 6e 6e tor7t A Vi"tor /in
Bune7@ =im!ul =oironie de la Ara!a, Fn BMitropoi7 At6e7uu 0I $%*LL-@ nr. %)
2@ p. 'L)L5A P. Const7ntines"u?I79i@ =tudii istorice romno$bi gare, Bu"ure9ti@
%*L% A I6e;@ 8in rela!iile artistice romno$bulgare, C4i9inHu@ %*, Ar4i;. Epif7nie
Noro"e@ Rela!iile biserice"ti "i culturale dintre +isericile (rtodo Romn "i +ulgar
n secolul al PlP$lea, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00h $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@ p.
%&&()%&%LA I. O7r;iris@ +iserica (rtodo) "i rela!iile ei celelalte +isericiE "i cu
&onsiliul Ecumenic al +isericilor, Fn i;87 !re7"H@ Atei %*(*A Pr. Prof. I.
RH;ure7nu@ Hegturile 3itropoliei Gngrovla?ieiR "u Patriar?ia &onstantinopol "i
celelalte +iserici (rtodo)e, de la -799 pn la recunoa"terea aut ceialiei +isericii
noastre, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00VI $%*'*-@ nr. 5)= p. *2')*L& A I.
Pupe7 $Pr. Prof. I. RH;ure7nu-@ &oniigura!ia actual a cre"tinism lui, Fn BStu6ii
teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(*-@ nr. 2)(@ p. %%*)%(( h I6e;@ +isericile (rtodo ca special
privire asupra +isericii (rtodo)e Ruse, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(
%
nr. %),@ p.
L*)*&A /iero;oine Pierre@ Fotes dE Ecclesiologie ort?odo)e Le P triarc?e
oecumeniOue et Ies Eglises (rt?odo)es Autocep?ales, Fn BIreniPonD@ $%*22-@ no. ')L@ p.
(&()(&L.
Dia32ora or.odo45 Fn 6/n/ra#
Mitrop. P. Ro6opouos@ 8iaspora ortodo) $ F n i;87 !re7"H-@ Aten7@ %*+$
L. S"7ife@ Paris?es and &lerg' oi t?e (rt?odo) and ot?er Eastern &?urc?es
Fort? and =out? America, Ne` lorP@ %*L&A Pr. Prof. Li#iu St7n@ (rtodo)ia
diaspora, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0V $%*L2-@ nr. %@ p. 2)2+A I6e;@ 8iaspora ortodo),
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00III $%*'&-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. L&2)L%5.
Dia32ora orto6o:H 8n Euro2a occid/n.a#5
Oi#ier Ce;ent@ Avenir et signiiication de la diaspora ort?odo)e en Euroi
(ccidentale, Fn BCont7"tsD@ 2& $%*5+-@ no. %&2@ p. ,'*),+2A I6e;@ T?e (rt?odc
diaspora Rm Mestern Europe: its iuture and ts role, Fn BSo8ornostD@ 5 $%*52-@ no.
p. 5L)5+5A _. O74e@ Mestlic?e (rt?odo)ie# Heben und Siele Kulian Kosep? (ve
becLs, Lei6en@ Oon@ %*L+A Rene M7ri"47@ HEArc?evTc?e (rt?odo)e de France
dEEurope (ccidentale, Fn BEtu6esD@ t. 2,( $%*LL-@ p. ,L2),L5A D. O. Rousse7u@ 8i
logue sur lE(rt?odo)ie (ccidentale, Fn BIreniPonD@ t. 000II $%*'*-@ no. ,@ p. ,2*?
,(+A L. b7n6er@ HE(rt?odo)ie (ccidentale, tr76u"tion 6e \7"Cues Toui7ie. CenGi
6NEtu6es ort4o6o:es@ P7ris@ %*'+A _ie C47un"3 E;47r6t@ T?e Easter &?urc?
t?e Mestern Morld, Mi`7uPee@ %*,+.
Fn i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = Antonie $PH;H6e7H-@ epis"opu BuJHuui@ 8iaspoi
ortodo) romneasc, Fn BFn6ru;Htoru 8iseri"es"D@ %*+,@ BuJHu@ p. LL)5% A Pr. L tor
Du;itru R76u@ >ri*a +isericii (rtodo)e Romne fa! de comunit!ile ortodo)
romne de peste ?otare, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CIII $%*5'-@ nr. %%? p.
%(L%)%(5,A Pr. Asist. Ni". V. DurH@ &omunit!ile ortodo)e romne de pes,
?otare, o preocupare permanent a +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, Fn BStu6ii teoi
!i"eD@ 00VIII $%*LL-@ nr. %@ p. +),2A N. Mitru@ 8in activitatea paro?iilor ortodoV
romne de peste ?otare, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CVI $%*5+-@ nr. %%)%
p. %,,2)%,,LA Ae:. Ni"o#@ (rtodo)ia Irance%, Fn BBi seri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH
U $%*22-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. ',)L(.
PERIOADA A ASEA
Orto6o:i7 Fn A;eri"7
Aure \i#i@ (rtodo)ia n America "i problemele ei, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+&@ ;s. 67"tio?
7fi 7t @ %+L p. A Ser7fi ; Surren"3@ T?e [uest t or (rt ?odo) &?ur c ? Gni t ' i n
Ame$<a# A 4istor' of t?e (rt?odo) &?urc? in Fort? America in t?e TNenliei? &entur',
2i# lorP@ %*52@ %*( p. A 4andbooL oi American (rt?odo)'# Issue6 83 t4e Coun"i
Re7tions `it4 t4e E7stern C4ur"4es on t4e \oint Co;;ission on E"u;eni"7T
i7tionsN of t4e Epis"op7 C4ur"4 in t4e Unite6 St7tes of A;eri"7@ %*5,A Geor?
R. Ursu @ T?e (l d &?urc? i n t ?e FeN Morl d# A =t ud' oi (rt ?odo)' i n &anada,
< T?e Romanian 3issionar' Episcopate in America# A =?ort 4istor', pu8is4e6
t4e Ro;7ni7n Ort4o6o: Mission7r3 Epis"op7te in A;eri"7@ Detroit@ Mi"4i!7n@
L5A A. Bo!oepo#@ Tov#ard an American)(rt?odo) &?urc?# T?e Establis?ment
an Autocep?alous (rt?odo) &?urc?, Ne` lorP@ %*L2.
Biseri"7 or.odo45 6r/ac5 8n Am/rica
5oo#>S 5.,I <fo;"Ji %ffi EV A.uspt:#M NEM.i\#i:iMs Op+oSLGo# NE:3?0R7i7A Enc'clicals and 0
cuments oi t?e >reeL (rt?odo) Arc?diocese ol America, E6ite6 83 Re#. Dr. De?S
trios \. Const7nteos@ T4ess7oniCue@ P7tri7r"7 Institute of P7tristi" Stu6ies@ %*5L.
'' p. A S. OosPin7s@ N/ 7up.MFo0#- 3.7 iM 5ipo7Kpopi tou Oi:ou.uE#t:oo n7:pi7pRFou ei F TN\V
T@u.Lp*7h7f# :7i <#<5""uAi# tFMs NOpOoSoEou NE:p0iKit7F EaS %bv Nei# OoMf:o# $) Contri8uGi7
s7"rifi"iu P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e 7 for;7re7 9i 6eJ#ot7re7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Fn
;e7 NouH-@ Fn BOirono;i7D@ 0I $%*5*-@ p. (55)'2&A _7ter E. _iest@ T?e Cen?r3 oi t?e
>reeL (rt?odo) Arc?diocese ol Fort? and =out? America, 7 A. \. .i?pon@ T?e
(rt?odo) Et?os# Essa's in ?onour oU t?e centur' of t?e >reeL (rt?odo) c?diocese oi
Fort? and =out? America, /o3`e Press@ O:for6@ f.7. A D. \. Con? ;teos@ T?e
>reeL (rt?odo) &?urc?, Ne` lorP@ %*L5A T4. S7outos@ T?e >reeLs t?e Gnited
=tates, C7;8ri6!e $M7ss7"4usetts-@ %*L(A T. Oouri6es@ T?e Evolution t ?e >reeL
(rt?odo) &?urc? in America and Its Presents Problems, Ne` lorP@ 2*A B. busti@
Elenismul n America "i activitatea lui# Istoria Ar?iepiscopiei gre$ Jhti din America de
Ford "i de Su6@ Fn i;87 !re7"H@ Ne` lorP@ %*'(@ (%( p.
'i3/rica or.odo45 ru35 8n.Am/rica
2. Bensin@ 4istor' of t?e Russian (rt?odo) >reeL &at?olic &?urc? ol Fort?
nerica, Ne` lorP@ %*(% A P. luJ3P@ T?e ALrainian >reeL (rt?odo) &?urc? of
nada, %*%+)%*'%@ teJH 6e 6o"tor7t@ susGinutH 7 Uni#ersit7te7 6in M7nito87@ %*'+@
s. 67"ti o!r7fi 7t A Step4en Se6or. @ T?e &arpat?o$Russians and t ?eir &?urc?,
4nsto`n@ Penns3#7ni7@ %*'*.
'i3/rica or.odo45 rom9n5 8n Am/rica
Ger7 6 G. Bo87n!o@ T?e Romani an (rt?odo) Episcopate# T4e first /7f Cen? 3@
%*,*)%*5*. Pu8is4e6 83 t4e Ro;7ni7n A;eri"7n /erit7!e Center@ \7"Pson@
"4i !7n@ %*5*A Pr. Prof. N. er8Hnes"u@ Pat ru%eci de ani de la nscunarea pri $
ilui episcop al Episcopiei 3isionare (rtodo)e Romne n America < -.W5 ) B iu$
-.C5, Fn BC7en67ru Cre6inG7D@ %*5'@ p. '%)L'A B7rtoo;eu V. An7ni7@ (rt?o$
)' i n Ameri ca t oda', Det roi t @ %*5% A I6e;@ (rt ?odo)' i n Ameri ca t oda'# A cri $
al anal'sis, Fn BC7en67ru orto6o: Cre6inG7D pe 7nu %*5%@ p. %&&)%%5A Pr. te?
F Se#o7"H@ +iserica (rtodo) Romn n America de Ford, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H
;<nHD@ 0C $%*5,-@ nr. 5)+@ p. +'L)+L% A I. C7si 7n@ Romni i di n Ameri ca i
i!a lor religioas, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L0VIII $%*'&-@ nr. %%)%,@
'++)L&,A Epis"opu Poi"7rp 7 A;eri"ii@ Episcopia misionar "i romnii din
nerica, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ LVIII $%*(&-@ nr. 5)+@ p. '2+)''5A I6e;@
mnii din Ameri ca, F n BO;7!i u I. P. S. S7 e Dr. Ni"o 7e BH7n@ Mi tropo it u
6e7uui. L7 6ouHJe"i 6e 7ni 6e 7r4ipHstorireD@ Si8iu@ %*(&@ p. L&%)L&* A Veni7;in
"it7n Poie9te7nu@ +iserica (rtodo) Romn din America $T4e Ro;7ni7n C4ur"4
A;eri"7-@ Bu"ure9ti ) Cerni"7@ %*25@ %%, p.A Tr. S"oro8et@ Ac!iunea misionar
=ibiului n America, Fn BRe#ist7 teoo!i"HD@ 00IV $%*2(-@ nr. 5)+@ p. ,L&),L'A
rerica (rtodo) Romn din =tatele Gnite "i C7n767...@ Ce#e7n6@ O4io@ % no?n8rie %*2,.
'i3/rica or.odo45 a#,an/-5 din Am/rica
VeJi = Mitropoit .7n S. Noii@ T?e Filtiet? Anniversar' +ooL of t?e Albanian
t?odo) &?urc? in America, -.976-.57, Boston@ %*L&.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA 'U
Dia32ora or.odo45 din A0rica
P. S. Anti; Ni"7@ #i"7r p7tri7r47@ Fegrii ortodoc"i din Airica de Est "i lupta lor
pentru autonomia bisericeasc, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0I0 $%*L5-@ nr. %@ p. 2)%L A Di7".
E;. V7sies"u@ Probleme ale cre"tinismului airican, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD 0V $%*L2-@
nr. *)%&@ p. ',L)'(&.
'i3/rica or.odo45 din Au3.ra#ia
I7n S4e#i@ T?e (rt?odo) and ot?er Eastern &?urc?es in Australia, Ne`"7stFe@
%*5'A Pr. Oi;p CH"iuH@ =tatutul de organi%are al 3itropoliei Australiei "i A oiA Seelande
,5 aprilie -.5.0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000VIII $%*L&-@ nr. 2)(@ p %*L)
%**A Pr. Du;itru GHinH@ 8iaspora (rtodo) Fn Australia, Fn BAt7ru strH8unD@ VII
$%*5+-@ nr. (@ p. %), 9i *A VIII $%*5*-@ nr. %@ p. %),.
Or.odo4ia 8n E4.r/mu# Ori/n.
P= S. Anti; Ni"7@ #i"7r p7tri7r47@ (rtodo)ia n E)tremul (rient, Fn BOrto?
6o:i7D@ III $%*'%-@ nr. %@ p. %&%)%%(A I6e;@ nfiin!area episcopiei ortodo)e autonome
din &?ina, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L00IV $%*'L-@ nr. '@ p. (2%)(22@ 9i Fn
BOrto6o:i7D@ III $%*'%-@ nr. %@ p. %&%)%&'A Pr. L. PH6ure7nu $St7n-@ &re"tinismul
ui &?ina, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ III $%*L%-@ nr. %)(@ p. ,,L),2% A V. G. Ispir@
&urs de ndrumri misionare, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2&@ p. 2%+)2((.
'i3/rica or.odo4a din A#a3Ia
Vse#oo6 Ro"47u@ T?e (rigins ol t?e (rt?odo) &?urc? in AlasLa ,-7/96-7B90,
Fn BOrt4o6o: A7sP7D@ III $%*5,-@ ,@ p. %)%'A Vse#oo6 Ros4Po@ HEEglise (rt?odo)e
d
<
AlasLa, Fn BIstin7D@ %*L&@ (@ p. 2+*)(&L.
#
Cutu 9i #i7G7 rei!io7sH.
MFnHstirie. "oie teoo!i"e I
1. Cu#.u# >i =iaa r/#i6ioa35
Fn perio767 6e 7 %+&& pFnH 7stHJi@ "utu Biseri"ii orto6o:e s?7
;enGinut unifor; Fn to7te Biseri"ie orto6o:e surori 6in. u;e@ potri#it
#e"4ii rFn6uiei 7 Biseri"ii #e"4i.
Fn to7te 6u;ini"ie 6e peste 7n se sH#Fr9e9te 6e re!uH Litur!4i7
SfFntuui Io7n GurH 6e Aur@ "u e:"epGi7 6u;ini"ior 9i Jieor ) Fn
nu;Hr 6e Je"e ) Fn "7re se sH#Fr9e9te Litur!4i7 SfFntuui V7sie "e
M7re. Litur!4i7 67rurior ;7i Fn7inte sfinGite ) 7 SfFntuui Gri!orie
Di7o!u ) se sH#Fr9e9te 6e re!uH Fn Jiee 6e uni@ ;ier"uri 9i #ineri
6in Postu M7re@ "u e:"epGiie pre#HJute 6e tipi"u 8iseri"es".
Cee7te ser#i"ii 8iseri"e9ti ) utreni7@ #e"erni7@ rFn6ui77 "eor
97pte T7ine@ ser#i"iu Fn;or;FntHrii 9i "ee7te ierur!ii 8iseri"e9ti )@
sHr8Htorie Fn"4in7te "instirii M7i"ii Do;nuui 9i "instirii SfinGior se
respe"tH pretutin6eni 7 0/#. In pus@ unee Biseri"i 7uto"ef7e n7Gion7e
7u intro6us Fn 6iferite perio76e 7e istoriei or "instire7 unor sfinGi
n7Gion7i.
O infuenGH 6eose8itH 7supr7 #ieGii rei!io7se orto6o:e 7 7#ut@ Fn"e?
pFn6 "u se"ou 7 0VIII?e7@ Ficodim Ag?ioritul $%5(+)%+&*-. L7
2% ;7i %*''@ p7tri7r4u Aten7!or7 I 7 Const7ntinopouui $%*(*)%*5,-
7 4otHrFt "7noniJ7re7 "7 sfFnt 7 ui Ni"o6i; A!4ioritu@ st78iin6 sHr?
8Hto7re7 ui 7 %( ;7i Fn fie"7re 7n. De 7se;ene7@ printre ;on74ii
I C7pitou re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu.
'%, PERIOADA A ASEA
7!4ioriGi s?7 6istins "Hu!Hru T?eoclitos, prin "unos"ut7 ui s"riere
Intre cer "i pmnt, pinH 6e spiritu7it7te orto6o:H.
In pin se"o 7 00?e7@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H !re7"H 7 67t 6oi ;7ri
sfinGi. Unu este epis"opu Fectarie de Egina $f %*,&-@ ;itropoit 6e Pen?
t7poe@ Fn P7tri7r4i7 Ae:7n6riei@ 7poi profesor 7 Se;in7ru 6in Aten7@
Fn %*&( 7 rest7ur7t o #e"4e ;FnHstire 6in insu7 E!in7@ un6e 7 inst77t
un nu;Hr 6e "Hu!HriGe@ "HHuJin6u?e pe "7e7 #ieGii 6u4o#ni"e9ti. Er7
un o; 6u4o#ni"es" "7re 7#e7 67ru profeGiei 9i 7 f7"erii 6e ;inuni@
in#o"Fn6 neFn"et7t nu;ee ui Iisus Fn ru!H"iune7 ini;ii = 8oamne
lisuse 4ristoase, Fiul lui 8umne%eu, miluie"te$m pe mine pctosul,
"7re este ru!H"iune7 #7;e9uui 6in E#7n!4eie $Lu"7@ %+@ %2-. E se strH?
6ui7 sH re7iJeJe Bo;u interior 7 ini;iiD $I Petru@ 2@ (-@ "H"i 76e#Hr7t7
ru!H"iune Beste Fn Du4 9i Fn 76e#HrD $Io7n@ (@ ,2@ ,'-@ 6upH "u; Fnsu9i
/ristos 7 spus "H BF;pHrHGi7 ui Du;neJeu este Fn Huntru #ostruD
$Lu"7@ %5@ ,%-. BDu4u SfFnt #ine Fn 7Mutoru ru!H"iunii no7stre ) spune
SfFntu Aposto P7#e )@ "H"i nu 9ti; sH ne ru!H; "u; tre8uie@ 67r
Du4u se ro7!H pentru noi "u suspine ne!rHiteD $Ro;. +@ ,L-.
BDr7!oste7 ui Du;neJeu ) s"rie SfFntu Ne"t7rie 6e E!in7 ) se
n79te intr?o ini;H "ur7tH Fn "7re iJ#orH9te 47ru 6i#inD. Er7@ 6upH ;Hr ?
turi7 p7tri7r4uui Aten7!or7 7 Const7ntinopouui $%*(*)%*5,-@ B6e o
8unHt7te infinitH@ un o; pin 6e p7"e 9i ru!H"iuneD.
L7 ,& 7priie %*L%@ p7tri7r4u Aten7!or7 %?7 "7noniJ7t@ tre"Fn6u?%
Fn rFn6u sfinGior.
Un 7 6oie7 sfFnt 67t 6e Biseri"7 orto6o:H !re7"H Fn se"ou 00
este st7reGu =ilvan 6e 7 Muntee At4os $f %*2+- $Oi#ier Ce;ent@
8ialogues avec le patriarc?e At?enagoras, P7ris@ %*L*@ p. ,( 9i L*N)5%-.
L7 ro;<ni@ SfFntu Sino6 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ Fn 9e6inG7
6in ,+ fe8ru7rie %*'&@ 7 4otHrFt !ener7iJ7re7 "utuui pentru Fntre7!7
Biseri"H Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 sfinGior ;u"eni"i 9i "u#io9i 7e "Hror
;o79te se 7fH 6e #e7"uri pe pH;Fntu GHrii no7stre 9i canoni%area unor
sfin!i ortodoc"i romni#
Fn 9e6inG7 SfFntuui Sino6 Ro;<n 6in %& o"to;8rie %*''@ s?7 4otHrFt
sH se !ener7iJeJe "utu sfinGior 7e "Hror ;o79te se !Hses" pe pH;Fntu
Ro;<niei@ "7 = =fnta &uvioas Parasc?eva, sHr8HtoritH 7 %( o"to;8rie A
=fnta 3uceni! Filoteia, 7 5 6e"e;8rie A =fntul &uvios 8imitrie cel
\VOU din +asarabi, 7 ,5 o"to;8rie A =fntul Ficodim de la Tismana, 7
,L 6e"e;8rie A =fntul Ioan Aala?ul, 7 %, ;7iA =fntul >rigorie 8ecapo$
litul, 7 ,& noie;8rie.
Fn 7"ee79i 9e6inGH@ s?7 4otHrFt "7noniJ7re7 9i pro"7;7re7 unor sfinGi
ro;<ni@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = =fntul Ierar? &alinic de la &emica, st7?
8iin6u?i?se sHr8Hto7re7 7 %% 7priie A =fntul Ilie Iorest 9i =ava +ran$
covici, 7 ,( 7priie A =fntul ierar? Aisarion =rai 9i &uvio"ii =ofronie
de la &ioara 9i (prea 3iclu", 7 ,% o"to;8rie A =fntul Ierar? Iosif de
la Parto", 7 %' septe;8rie.
Fn se"ou 7 00?e7 s?7 6istins prin ne#oinGee s7e 6u4o#ni"e9ti
Cu#iosu Ioan Iacob 4o%evitul (1917 ) f 5 7u!ust %*L&-@ "Hu!Hrit 7
+ 7priie %*2L 7 MFnHstire7 Ne7;G@ "7re 7 #ieGuit ,( 6e 7ni ) Fntre
%*2L)%*L& ) 7 Lo"urie Sfinte. L7 Fn"eput s?7 ostenit 6oi 7ni 7
BIS>RICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Ierus7i;@ 7poi@ Fntre %*2+)%*(L@ Fn ;FnHstire7 BSfFntu S7#7D. Ps
tri7r4i7 Ro;<nH %?7 nu;it e!u;en 7 s"4itu BSf. Io7n BoteJHtoruD 6
7 Ior67n@ un6e 7 suMit "7 iero;on74 Fntre 7nii %*(5)%*',. De 7i"
s?7 retr7s@ trHin6 "7 s"4i;ni"@ Fn pe9ter7 6in pustiu /oJe#ei@ un6e
6e"e67t@ Fn!H ;FnHstire7 BSfFntu G4eor!4e /oJe#ituD. Trupu sHi
nesupus stri"H"iunii@ se 7fH Fn 8iseri"7 7"estei ;FnHstiri.
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 sfinGit@ pentru pri;7 67tH Fn istori7 e
7 ,' ;7rtie %++,@ Fn \oi7 P7ti;ior@ Fn C7te6r77 Mitropoiei 6in Bu"u
re9ti@ SfFntu 9i M7ree Mir@ pe "7re ;7i Fn7inte F pri;e7 6e 7 P7tri7i
4i7 6e Const7ntinopo.
L7 protestu p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" Io7Pi; III $%+5+)%++( A %*&%?
%*%,-@ 6in %& iuie %++,@ 7 rHspuns SfFntuV?Sino6 Ro;<n@ Fn 9e6inG7 6i
,2 o"to;8rie %++,@ prin Actul =inodal care cuprinde autocefalia +ise
ricii (rtodo)e Romne "i rela!iile ei cu Patriar?ia de &onstantinopol, F
"7re 7fir;H "H@ 6upH "7no7nee Biseri"ii Orto6o:e@ sfinGire7 SfFntuP
9i M7reui Mir po7te fi sH#Fr9itH 6e ori"e Biseri"H 7uto"ef7H@ "H"i BSfFn
tu Mir@ "7 pe"etie 7 BoteJuui@ "7 si;8o 7 "o;uni"Hrii SfFntuui Du
"ere ne7pHr7t "7 e sH se pro6u"H Fn fie"7re o"7it7te@ un6e este or!>
niJ7tH o Biseri"H 7uto"ef7H. A "Hut7 7"est ;iMo" 6e sfinGire pe 7 Bise
ri"ie 6in 7te GHri 7r Fnse;n7 "H 7"e7 Biseri"H nu pose6H to7tH penitiA
6ine7 ;iMo7"eor 6e ;Fntuire 9i sfinGire. CH 67"H e7 nu po7te pro6u"
SfFnt u Mir@ nu po7t e "o;uni "7 ni"i Du4u SfFnt "eor 8oteJ7Gi 6
6Fns7... A "Hut7 ;iru pe 7 Biseri"ie 7tor GHri Fnse7;nH 7 nu 7#e
"on9tiinG7 9i Fn"re6ere7 "H Du4u SfFnt se po!o7rH 6e 7 Du;neJeu. . . h
BA9767r 9i Biseri"7 no7strH "re6e "H Du4u SfFnt se po!o7rH 9i 7si
pr7 ei pre"u; 9i 7 "eor7te Biseri"i@ 9i e7 F "7utH 9i F "ere 6e sus ) 6
7 PHrintee u;inior 9i DHtHtoru 7 tot 67ru 6esH#Fr9itD ,Act =inodE,
care cuprinde autocefalia +isericii (rtodo)e Romne "i rela!iile ei c
Patriar?ia de &onstantinopol, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ VI $%+*,
Zp. 52+)5'5@ 7i"i p. 5'')5'L-.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H 8u!7rH@ fiin6 so"otitH 6e P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"
s"4is;7ti"H Fntre 7nii %+5, ) ,' fe8ru7rie %*('@ 7 pri;it Fn 7"est ti;
SfFntu 9i M7ree Mir 6e 7 Biseri"ie orto6o:e surori = rusH@ ro;<n
9i sFr8H.
ConferinG7 p7norto6o:H 6e 7 Const7ntinopo@ 6intre %& ;7i 9i + ii
nie %*,2@ 7 4otHrFt ndreptarea calendarului vec?i s7u itdian ) rH;F
Fn ur;H "u %2 Ji e f7G H 6e "7en67ru "i#i ) prin supri ;7re7 "ee
%2 Jie 6e FntFrJiere 7 #e"4iuui "7en67r. S?7 so"otit 7stfe Jiu7 6e % O$
to;8rie %*,(@ %( o"to;8rie.
Astfe@ P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo@ Biseri"7 Gre"iei 9i Biseri"
Cipruui 7u 7pi"7t Fn6rept7re7 "7en67ruui 7 %&],2 ;7rtie %*,( A B
seri"7 orto6o:H 7 Pooniei@ 7 ,( iunie %*,( A Fn Biseri"7 Orto6o:H RK
;<nH@ Jiu7 6e % o"to;8rie %*,( s?7 so"otit %( o"to;8rie %*,(. De 7sK
;ene7@ Fn %*,( 7u 76opt7t "7en67ru Fn6rept7t P7tri7r4i7 Antio4iei
Biseri"ie orto6o:e = "e4oso#7"H 9i fin7n6eJH@ pre"u; 9i MFnHstiR
V7tope6 6in SfFntu Munte At4os. Biseri"7 Geor!iei 7 Fn6rept7t "7ei
67ru 7 ( o"to;8rie %*,5 A P7tri7r4i7 Ae:7n6riei 7. %]%( o"to;8r 22 )
Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
2%( PERIOADA A ASEA
%*,+ A Biseri"7 orto6o:H 8u!7rH %?7 Fn6rept7t 7 ,, 6e"e;8rie %*L+. De
7se;ene7@ Biseri"7 M7"e6oniei 7 intro6us nou sti Fn %*L+.
P7tri7r4i7 Ierus7i;uui@ P7tri7r4i7 rusH@ P7tri7r4i7 sFr8H 9i %* ;F?
nHstiri 6in SfFntu Munte At4os 7u rH;7s pFnH 7stHJi 7 "7en67ru ne?
Fn6rept7t@ s7u 7 B#e"4iu stiD@ 79teptFn6 sH?% Fn6repte Fn #iitor.
Se"oee 0I0 9i 00 7u 76us Fn #i7G7 popo7reor rHsHritene o serie
6e "urente@ pFnH 7tun"i ne"unos"ute. A"este7 7u infuenG7t fHrH Fn6oi7H
Fn ;7re ;HsurH 6eJ#ot7re7 #ieGii rei!io7se 9i 7 "eei 8iseri"e9ti. Din
pri"in7 siste;uui e"ono;i" Fn"4is@ 7 in6ustri7iJHrii 7tFt 6e tFrJii@ pre?
"u; 9i 6in "7uJH "H i6eie 7"este7 7u pHtruns "u !reu 9i Fn ;i"H ;HsurH
in u;e7 s7teor@ un6e se 7fH 9i 7Ji ;7Morit7te7 o"uitorior 6in GHrie
orto6o:e@ "re6in"io9ii orto6o"9i 7u rH;7s Fn ;7re ;HsurH e!7Gi 6e Bi ?
seri"H. De 7tfe@ Biseri"ie orto6o:e@ ;7i 7es "ee 6in Peninsu7 B7 ?
"7ni"H@ sFnt "u 76e#Hr7t Biseri"i 7e poporuui 9i 7u Mu"7t un ;7re ro
Fn 7pHr7re7 fiinGei n7Gion7e 7 7"estor popo7re. Ceru orto6o: n?7 "on?
stituit Fn ni"i un7 6intre GHrie orto6o:e o ^ "7stH 6eose8itH 6e popor@ "i
7 fost inte!r7t Fn to7te ti;purie Fn popor.
Spre 6eose8ire 6e Biseri"ie 6in Apus@ un6e o ;7re p7rte 6in "eru
superior s?7 re"rut7t ti;p 6e se"oe 6in "7s7 6e sus@ uneori "4i7r 6in
f7;iiie prin"i7re@ 6in 6orinG7 6e 7 8enefi"i7 6e 7#erie 9i #eniturie
8iseri"e9ti@ "eru orto6o: s?7 re"rut7t tot6e7un7 6in ;iMo"u poporuui.
Popo7ree orto6o:e p7rti"ipH 7 #i7G7 itur!i"H@ un6e "Fnt7re7 76e
seori Fn "o;un 9i sH#Fr9ire7 6eo67tH 7 7"eor79i 7"Giuni itur!i"e une9te
pe suMitori 9i "re6in"io9i. In #re;e "e Fn Apus sFnt re!iuni "7toi"e 9i
protest7nte@ un6e p7rti"ip7re7 "re6in"io9ior 7 Biseri"H nu ur"H 6eseori
peste ,&)2& p@ Fn RHsHritu orto6o:@ 7"est feno;en este ;ut ;7i r7r.
In !enere@ p7rti"ip7re7 7 ser#i"iie "uti"e este 8ene#oH@ ni;eni ne
siin6 pe "re6in"io9i sH #inH 7 8iseri"H@ "i totu e Hs7t 7 i8ert7te7
"on9tiinGei or.
$
Postu@ "inste7 f7;ii7H@ iu8ire7 6e 7pro7pee@ ospit7it7te7@ toe ?
r7nG7 rei!io7sH 7u rH;7s pFnH 7Ji #irtuGi 7pro7pe !ener7e Fn u;e7
orto6o:H.
SFnt r7re "7Jurie "Fn6 #reo "Hpetenie poiti"H sH fi u7t ;Hsuri
pentru 7 o8i!7 pe "re6in"io9i sH ;e7r!H 7 8iseri"H. Se "ite7JH "7Ju
prin"ipeui sFr8 Mios G8reno#i"i $%+%()%+2* A %+'*)%+L&-@ "7re 7 u7t
;Hsuri@ Fntre 7nii %+,,)%+2*@ F;potri#7 "re6in"io9ior "7re nu ;er!e7u
7 8iseri"H@ pFnH 7 87ston7re@ 9i F;potri#7 "eor "e nu Fn!enun"4i7u "u
6e;nit7te s7u fu;7u Fn "urte7 8iseri"ii.
Este 76e#Hr7t "H FnrFurire7 stHpFnirii tur"e9ti 7 Hs7t unee ur;e
ne!7ti#e Fn #i7G7 ;or7H 7 popo7reor orto6o:e supuse. CorupGi7 ;eto ?
6eor poiti"e tur"e9ti 7 fost nef7stH 9i se si;te pFnH 7Ji Fn unee st7te
87"7ni"e.
AHturi 6e unee 7spe"te ne!7ti#e 6in #i7G7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e@
Biseri"7 orto6o:H "uno79te Fn !enere Fn se"oee 0I0 9i 00 ;ute 9i
fru;o7se e:e;pe 6e #i7GH "ur7tH@ FnHGHto7re@ su8i;H. SuM87 rei!io7sH@
;7i 7es suM87 sHr8Htorior N79terii Do;nuui 9i 7 Sfinteor P79ti@ Fn?
se;ne7JH fo7rte ;ut pentru #i7G7 fie"Hrui "re6in"ios orto6o:. I;7!i ?
n7Gi7 poeGior@ 7 s"riitorior 9i 7 7rti9tior 6in se"ou 0I0 s?7 oprit
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
6eseori 7 te;e rei!io7se@ 6e e:e;pu 7 fru;useGe7 suM8ei 6in n o M
P79tior 6es"risH 7tFt 6e ;inun7t 6e s"riitori 6e #7o7re7 ui Le# ToN
$f N%*%&-@ N. Go!o $f %+',-@ A. Ce4o# $f %*&(-. Operee 6e 7rtH
tre"utuui 8iseri"es"@ Fn6eose8i operee 6e 7r4ite"turH 9i pi"turH
popo7reor !re"@ ro;<n@ sFr8@ 8u!7r 9i rus sFnt 76;ir7te pFnH 7sN
nu nu;7i 6e "re6in"io9ii 7"estor popo7re@ "i 6e toGi #iJit7torii Iu
,. ;8n53.iri#/
In uti;ii 7ni@ ;FnHstirie 7u fost F;puGin7te Fn to7te GHrie o
6o:e@ i7r 7#erie or se"u7riJ7te 6e st7tee respe"ti#e s7u et7tiJ7te.
F n Rusi 7@ fi i n6"H ;F nHst i ri e 7#e7u ;7ri 7#eri 9i #eni t uri@
fH"ut se"u7riJ7re7@ Fn7inte 6e %+&&@ 6e F;pHrHte7s7 E"7terin7 7 $%5L,
)%5*L-.
Fn Gre"i7@ "ontee Io7n C7po6istri7 $%55L)%+2%-@ pre9e6intee
#ernuui !re"@ Fntre %+,5)%+2%@ fost Fn ser#i"iu 6ipo;7ti" 7 Ri
Fntre 7nii %+&*)%+,5@ 7 re6us Fn %+2& nu;Hru ;FnHstirior 6e 7 '*
+'@ i7r 7#erie or 7u fost et7tiJ7te.
Fn Ro;<ni7@ 6o;nitoru Ae:7n6ru Io7n CuJ7 $%+'*)%+LL- pror
!H@ "u 7Mutoru ui Mi47i Oo!Hni"e7nu 9i "u 7pro87re7 #otuui C7;
Deput7Gior@ 7 %2],L 6e"e;8rie %+L2@ Hegea pentru seculari%area
rilor mnstirilor nc?inate la Hocurile =finte#
Se"u7riJHrie 7u fost Fntr?o 7nu;itH ;HsurH s7#7to7re@ 6eo7
7u "ontri8uit 7 re76u"ere7 ;on74is;uui 7 rosturie ui Fn Bise
orto6o:H@ fH"Fn6 pe "Hu!Hri sH i7 Fn serios #i7G7 ;on747H@ F;pii
6upH #e"4ie pr7#ie "ee trei #oturi@ fecioria s7u cur!ia trupeasc,
cultarea s7u supunerea necondi!ionat 9i srcia de bun voie#
Pentru pHstr7re7 9i pro;o#7re7 #ieGii ;on747e@ L7#r7 Pestei
6in Oie#@ Ierus7i;u Rusiei@ 9i L7#r7 BSfFntuui Ser!4ieD 6e 7 b7!"
6e Fn!H Mos"o#7@ 9i@ 6esi!ur@ ;FnHstirie 6in P7estin7 9i 6e 7 SfF
Munte At4os 7u Mu"7t 9i Mo7"H pFnH 7stHJi un ;7re ro.
Fn #i7G7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e ruse s?7u 6istins Fn se"ou 0I0@
#i7G7 ;on747H@ unii sfinGi 9i st7reGi 7i unor ;FnHstiri "7 = SfFntu S
fi; 6e 7 S7ro# $f %+22-@ st7reGii ;FnHstirii Optin7@ M7"7rie $f %+Lf
A;8roJie $f %+*%- A st7reGii Leoni6@ I!n7tie@ Br7n"i7nino#@ SfFntu
6e Oronst76t $f %*&+- 9.7.
S?7 tr76us 6e opt ori Fn ruse9te Filocalia, operH ;inun7tH
pune Fn u;inH nost7!i7 sufetuui o;enes" 6upH fru;useGe7 "ur
;or7e 9i 7 sfinGeniei. Teoo!i7 spiritu7H 9i "onte;p7ti#H 9i fioA
"re9tinH rusH 7u 67t Fn se"ou 00 "FGi#7 ;7ri teoo!i "7 = N. Arsei
preotu Ser!i u Bu !7Po# $f %*((-@ N. Ber6i7e# $f %*(+-@ VI. Le
$f %*'+-@ P. E#6oPi;o# $f %+ sept. %*5&-@ Pr. G4. .oro#sPi $t %*5*-
De9i pe SfFntu Munte At4os s?7u 79eJ7t iere;iGi Fn7inte 6e se"
7 I0?e7@ istori7 Munteui At4os Fn"epe Fn *L2 prin FnfiinG7re7 ;F
tirii M7re7 L7#rH 6e "Htre SfFntu At7n7sie Atonitu $Fntre *55)?
"u 7Mutoru F;pHr7tuui 8iJ7ntin Ni"4ifor II .o"7s $*L2)*L*-.
SfFntu Munte At4os 7 rH;7s pFnH 7stHJi Fn ;7re "inste@ fiin6
t7t 6e ;ii 6e peerini. Cee 6ouHJe"i 6e ;FnHstiri ;7ri 9i nu;ero7se
%L PERIOADA A ASEA
uri "uprin6e7u Fn %*&, 7pro7pe +.&&& 6e "Hu!Hri@ 6intre "7re 2,5&
re"i@ 2(*L ru9i@ ,+L ro;<ni@ 2L5 8u!7ri@ (L sFr8i 9i '5 !eor!ieni.
Cu pHrere 6e rHu tre8ui e sH spune; "H proporGi 7 o"79uri or nu
ste MustH. Gre"ii 7u %5 ;FnHstiri@ ru9ii un7@ sFr8ii un7@ 8u!7rii un7@ i7r
oi ro;<nii@ "7re 7; spriMinit Fn !r76u "e ;7i ;7re to7te ;FnHstirie
unteui At4os@ nu 7#e; 6e"Ft 6ouH s"4ituri = Prodromul 9i Hacu#
Muntee At4os@ nu;it BGrH6in7 M7i"ii Do;nuuiD@ 7 rH;7s pFnH
stHJi un ;7re "entru 6e #i7GH spiritu7H 9i 6e trHire orto6o:H.
Bi8io?A"i 9i ;FnHstiri !re"e9ti@ Fn "7re s?7u 76un7t 6o"u;ente 6in
p7rte7 tu?iror popo7reor orto6o:e@ sFnt "er"et7te Fn uti;u se"o 6e
Fn#HG7Gi re?u;iGi 6in RHsHrit 9i Apus. S?7 fH"ut "7t7o!u ;7nus"riseor
9i se stu?i7JH ;onu;entee istori"e 9i pi"turie spre foosu tuturor
Biseri"ior re9tine.
SFnt renu;ite@ 6e 7se;ene7@ s"4iturie 9i ;FnHstirie nu;ite 3ete$
ra, situ7te pe #Frfurie 78rupte "7re se ri6i"H se;eG 6e7supr7
ro6ito7?Si "F;pii 7 Tes7iei@ 7 ie9ire7 6in ;unGi 7 rFuui Pinios.
DupH uti;ee st7tisti"i@ ;on74is;u s?7 refH"ut Fn Gre"i7@ un6e
[istH 7stHJi peste ,+& 6e ;FnHstiri 9i s"4ituri.
Centre ;on747e ;7i ;7ri e:istH 7 Ierus7i;@ .rHGi7 SfFntuui
[or;Fnt 9i MFnHstire7 BSfFntu S7#7D@ 7poi MFnHstire7 BSfFnt7 E"7te?
n7D 6in Muntee Sin7i. In Bu!7ri7@ "e7 ;7i renu;itH este MFnHstire7
i7@ nu;itH 797 6upH Fnte;eietoru ei@ SfFntu Io7n RisPi $f *(L-. DupH
"en6iu 6in %+22@ e7 7 fost refH"ut H "o;p et @ fiin6 un7 6int re "ee
7i ;7ri "H6iri ;FnHstire9ti 6in B7"7ni. Ate ;FnHstiri 8u!7re ;7i
nt = B7"i"o#o@ 6in se"ou 0I A TroM7n@ Preo8reM7nie 9.7.
In Ser8i7 e:istH renu;ite 8iseri"i 9i ;FnHstiri 7 O4ri67@ Fn M7"e?
hni7@ 7 Mie9e#o 9i Pe"i $IpeP-.
Fn Ro;<ni7 7#e; nu;ero7se ;FnHstiri. In Munteni7 = Cerni"7@ PH re7@
CH6Hru97ni@ Cioro!Fr7@ Ei!Hne9ti@ De7u@ ViforFt7@ Cio7nu@ G4i? iu@
NH;He9ti 9.7. A Fn Oteni7 = Tis;7n7@ CoJi7@ BistriG7@ /oreJu@ Ar? it7@
Go#or7@ MFnHstire7 6intr?un e;n@ L7ini"i 9.7. A Fn Do8ro!e7 = Cii"? Sre@
Co"o9u@ S7on 9.7. A Fn Mo6o#7 = Ne7;Gu@ Putn7@ Se"u@ Si4Hstri7@ I7pi7@
VHr7te"@ RF9"7@ Dr7!o;irn7@ VoroneG@ Su"e#iG7@ Mo6o#iG7 9.7. A
Tr7nsi#7ni7 = SF;8Ht7 6e Sus@ RF;eG@ Ro4i7@ Ni"u7 9.7.
L7 ro;<ni s?7u 6istins printr?o #i7GH spiritu7H 7e7sH nu;ero9i ;o?
4i@ 6intre "7re s?7u ri6i"7t fi!uri repreJent7ti#e "7 = ;itropoitu
76o#ei Iosif N7nies"u $f ,L i7n. %*&,- 9i SfFntu Ier7r4 C7ini" 6e 7
;i"7 $f %% 7priie %+L+-.
S?7u pu8i"7t 7 ro;<ni nu;ero7se u"rHri 6e #7o7re "u "onGinut -
o!i"@ itur!i"@ 6u4o#ni"es" 9i istori"@ ;7i 7es 6upH "e 6e?7 II?e7
F8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('-. Din pun"t 6e #e6ere 6u4o#ni"es"@ 6e un
eres 6eose8it se 8u"urH .io"7i7@ pu8i"7tH 6e Pr. prof. D. StHnio7e.
O st7tisti"H e:7"tH 7 ;FnHstirior@ 7 s"4iturior 9i ;on74ior nu se
7te f7"e 7Ji. Fn tot "7Ju@ se "onsi6erH "H sFnt peste (&& 6e ;FnHstiri
s"4ituri Fn GHrie orto6o:e@ "u "ir"7 ,&.&&& 6e "Hu!Hri. In ti;pu 6in
cnH@ s?7 67t "Hu!Hrior o orient7re ;7i pr7"ti"H@ e!7tH 6e?ne#oie #ie?
6e to7te Jiee.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
2. "oie teoo!i"e
"oie teoo!i"e s?7u Fn;uGit Fn se"oee 0I0 9i 00 Fn Biseri"i
orto6o:e fo7rte ;ut.
PFnH 7 %+&& nu 7#e7;@ "u e:"epGi7 Biseri"ii ruse@ 9"oi 6e te7o!
superio7rH Fn sensu 7"tu7 7 "u#FnGuui. Fn#HGH;Fntu teoo!i" se f7"e
Fn ;FnHstiri 9i Fn nu;ero7se 9"oi inferio7re@ Fn seminarii, 6in "7re !rK
"ii 9i ru9ii 7#e7u "ee ;7i ;ute.
P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo s?7 Fn!riMit 6e 7pro7pe@ Fn 6e"ur9i
ti;puui@ 6e "utur7 teoo!i"H orto6o:H 7 "eruui 9i 7 "re6in"io9ior
In %+2*@ p7tri7r4u Gri!orie VI $%+2')%+(& A %+L5)%+5%- 7 FnfiinG7t
Dcoal teoo!i"H pe Fn!H P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ pe "7re p7tri7r4u G4e
=
r77n IV $%+(%)%+(' A %+',)%+'2- 7 ;ut7t?o@ Fn %+((@ Fn insu7 /7f"i 6i
7r4ipe7!u insueor PrinPipos 6in M7re7 6e M7r;7r7@ 7#Fn6 se6iu
MFnHstire7 BSfFnt7 Trei;eD. L7 Fn"eput@ e7 er7 un =eminar superior@ i"
6in %*%* 7 fost tr7nsfor;7tH Fn Academie teoo!i"H 9i 7 fun"Gion7t pFr
Fn %*52. Fn 7"e7stH "o7H teoo!i"H@ 6e#enitH 7poi A"76e;ie@ 7u stu6iA
;uGi stu6enGi teoo!i@ Fntre ei 9i strHini = !re"i@ sirieni@ i87neJi@ 8u
!Hri@ sFr8i@ ro;<ni 9.7. Din %+(( pFnH 7 %*%,@ "o77 teoo!i"H 6e 7 /7
7 ei8er7t 6ipo;e Fn teoo!ie unui nu;Hr 6e (5+ ee#i.
Din iniGi7ti#7 p7tri7r4uui Aten7!or7s $%*(*)%*5,-@ P7tri7r4i7 E"i
;eni"H 7 "re7t Institutul patriar?al de studii patristice, pe "7re %?7 stA
8iit@ 6in %*LL@ Fn ;FnHstire7 V7t76on@ #e"4i "entru spiritu7 6in M7"K
6oni7@ Fn!H Tes7oni"@ pentru 7 "o78or7 "u profesorii .7"utHGii 6e teoK
!ie 6in 7"est or79.
De 7se;ene7@ P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 7 FnfiinG7t 7 ' noie;8rie
%*$ un &entru de studii patriar?al ecumenic la &?ambes', Fn!H
Gene#7@ E#eGi7@ un6e se Gin i;port7nte "onferinGe inter"onfesion7e
Fn "76r Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior.
Cu; 7; 7rHt7t@ "ee 6ouHJe"i 6e ;FnHstiri 7e Munteui At4os
7fH pFnH 7Ji su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e.
. Fn %*'2 s?7 6es"4is Fn s"4itu BSfFntu An6reiD 6in Muntee At4i
o 9"o7H 7tonitH.
L7 CHrei7@ Fn Muntee. At4os@ fun"Gione7JH un Se;in7r pentru pr
!Htire7 teoo!i"H 7 ;on74ior.
Su8 Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e se 7fH@ 6in %*&+@ 9i Biseri
Insuei Cret7@ "7re@ 6in ,+ fe8ru7rie %*L5@ 7 o8Ginut 7utono;i7. Din
o"to;8rie %*L+ 7 u7t fiinGH Academia ortodo) a +isericii Insulei &r
ta "u se6iu Fn MFnHstire7 Goni7?/7riton.
Pentru pre!Htire7 "eruui 9i 7 teoo!ior 6in P7tri7r4i7 Ae:7
6riei@ fun"Gione7JH 6in %*,L o "coal clerical "u nu;ee BSfFntu At7n
sieD@ 7#Fn6 "in"i "7se@ 6upH Fn#HGH;Fntu ee;ent7r. Ee#ii 7"estei 9""
sFnt 6e ori!ine !re7"H@ 7r78H@ siri7nH@ i87neJH 9i uneori etiopi7n7.
Fn %*', 7 u7t fiinGH Fn Ae:7n6ri7 un Institut de =tudii (rLntal
L7 ,L o"to;8rie %*5&@ P7tri7r4i7 Antio4iei 7 6es"4is pentru pre!
Gire7 6e teoo!i un Institut de teologie Fn Li87n@ Fn MFnHstire7 B7B;7n
"u nu;ee BSfFntu Io7n D7;7s"4inD@ 7#Fn6 un "i"u 6e p7tru 7ni
stu6ii@ "7re 7"or6H titu 6e i"enGi7t Fn teoo!ie.
ff"iOi\ADA A ASEA
In P7tri7r4i7 Ierus7i;uui fun"Gione7JH 6in %+2%@ 7 Ierus7i;@
leminarul 1=fintei &ruci2# Fn %*2& s?7 or!7niJ7t Dcoala teologic patri$
r?al a =fntului 3ormnt#
Ar4iepis"opi7 7uto"ef7H 7 insuei Cipru s?7 o"up7t 6e 7se;ene7 6e
6u"7re7 9i instruire7 "eruui ei. Pri;7 9"o7H pentru pre!Htire7 "eri?
ior s?7 FnfiinG7t Fn 7nu %*%&@ "Fn6 s?7 6es"4is =eminarul 6in MFnHsti?
e7 BSfFntu G4eor!4eD 6in L7rn7"7.
In 7nu %*(* s?7 FnfiinG7t un nou =eminar teologic, nu;it BApos?
\os B7rn787sD@ Fntr?un ;eto" 7 ;FnHstirii O3PPos 6in Ni"osi7@ "7pi?
77 insuei.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H !re7"H 7re pentru pre!Htire7 stu6enGior teoo!i
i 7 "eruui superior 6ouH .7"utHGi 6e teoo!ie@ un7 7 Aten7@
FnfiinG7?Z Fn %+25@ 9i 7t7 7 Tes7oni"@ "7re fun"Gione7JH 6in %*2*.
Fn N7f7rH 6e 7"este instituGii teoo!i"e superio7re@ Biseri"7 Gre"iei 7
FfiinG7t pentru pre!Htire7 "eruui 6e p7ro4ie ;7i ;ute Se;in7rii = 7
.ten7@ nu;it Ri%arion, FnfiinG7t prin 67ni7 Hs7tH 6e fi7ntropu !re"
N. RiJ7ris $f % iunie %+(%-@ "7re 9i?7 6es"4is "ursurie 7 %L ;7i %+(( A
n Se;in7r 7 CorintA un Se;in7r 7 L7;i7 A un Se;in7r 7 07nt4is A
7 Se;in7r nu;it BSf. A;8roJieD@ Fn Peninsu7 C7"i6i"H.
Are 6e 7se;ene7@ Fn"epFn6 6in %*'+@ 97se 9"oi superio7re 6e teo?
!ie@ Fn "7re sFnt pri;iGi pentru instruire7 teoo!i"H 78so#enGii !i;n7?
ior 9i 7i 9"oior "o;er"i7e@ Fntre ,, 9i 2& 6e 7ni@ "7re #or sH intre Fn
er@ Fn ur;Hto7ree or79e = Aten7@ C77;7@ P7tr7s@ Boos@ C7terini@ Te?
oni". Dur7t7 "ursurior este 6e 6oi 7ni.
In insu7 Tinos fun"Gione7JH 6in %*L+ un Se;in7r superior@ Fn "7re
nt pri;iGi "7n6i67Gii "u stu6ii ;e6ii 9i "7re 7u #Frst7 6e ,L 7ni. Du?
it7 "ursurior este 6e un 7n.
Are 6e 7se;ene7 un Se;in7r 7 Ve7@ Fn!H I7nin7@ "u 6ur7t7
irsurior 6e 97se 7ni@ pentru tinerii "7re 7u ter;in7t !i;n7Jiu@ Fn #Fr?
H 6e %L 7ni.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH 7 7#ut 6e 7se;ene7 nu;ero7se Se;in7rii@
oii rei!io7se 9i A"76e;ii teoo!i"e.
CFn6 Fn %+&+ s?7u or!7niJ7t "ee p7tru A"76e;ii 6u4o#ni"e9ti@ Bi?
ri"7 orto6o:H rusH 7#e7 2L 6e Se;in7rii@ "7re 7u 7Muns Fn %*&, 7 un
i;Hr 6e '+@ "u un nu;Hr 6e %%L, profesori 9i %*.2+L ee#i. Fn 7f7rH 6e
este7 se ;7i 7f7u %+' 9"oi p7ro4i7e "u %*5& 6e profesori 9i ,*.L&&
'Va.
"oie teoo!i"e er7u 7tun"i ;7i ;ut "re7Gi7 st7tuui@ i7r Biseri"7
sH "ontro7 nu;7i 6o"trin7 A teoo!i7 se pre67 nu;7i Fn uti;ee
ise 9i ;7i ;ut Fn Se;in7riie superio7re "u Je"e "7se@ "7re pre!Hte7u
eoGi pentru or79e@ "H"i 6intre 78so#enGii A"76e;iior 6u4o#ni"e9ti se
=rut7u ;7i ;ut "eru superior 9i "76re pentru Fn#HGH;Fntu teoo!i".
A"76e;iie 6u4o#ni"e9ti 6in Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH 7u tre"ut prin
ii ;ute refor;e pFnH 7 %*&,@ "Fn6 i s?7 Hs7t o 7utono;ie 6estu 6e
Fre.
PFnH 7 %*%+ 7u fun"Gion7t p7tru A"76e;ii 6u4o#ni"e9ti 7 = Mos?
va $FnfiinG7tH 7 %, 6e"e;8rie %L+'-@ Petro!r76@ Oie#@ C7J7n@ 9i LL 6e
;ni7rii teoo!i"e. A"76e;iie 6u4o#ni"e9ti 7#e7u 9i Institute 6eose?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
8ite. De e:e;pu@ A"76e;i7 6in C7J7n 7#e7 un institut pentru ;isA
Fntre ;74o;e67ni 9i r7s"oni"i A A"76e;i7 6in Peters8ur! 7#e7 un
stitut pentru tr76u"ere7 opereor PHrinGior !re"i@ i7r A"76e;i7 6in O
un institut pentru tr76u"ere7 PHrinGior 7tini.
AstHJi P7tri7r4i7 rusH 7re ur;Hto7ree A"76e;ii teoo!i"e 9i Se
n7rii = A"76e;i7 6u4o#ni"e7s"H 6e 7 b7!orsP@ Fn L7#r7 BTroiG7?S
!4ieD@ Fn!H Mos"o#7@ 9i A"76e;i7 6u4o#ni"e7s"H 6in Peters8ur!. trei
Se;in7rii = unu 7 Mos"o#7@ 7tu 7 Peters8ur! 9i 7tu 7 O6es7
P7tri7r4i7 orto6o:H 7 Geor!iei 7re pentru pre!Htire7 "eruui
Se;in7r 7 T8iissi@ FnfiinG7t Fn %+%5@ 9i un 7tu 7 Out7is@ "7re 67te
6in %+*(.
Fn Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH@ Fn#HGH;Fntu rei!ios s?7 fH"ut 6e
%+&& pFnH 7Ji Fn 6iferite Se;in7rii@ Fn .7"utHGi 6e teoo!ie@ Fn A"7
;ii teoo!i"e 9i Fn Institute teoo!i"e.
Cu spriMinu ;itropoituui Mo6o#ei Veni7;in Cost7"4i $%+&
%+&+ A %+%,)%+(,-@ 7 u7t fiinGH Fn %+&2@ Fn Mo6o#7@ 7 MFnHstire7
"o7 6e Fn!H I79i@ Se;in7ru Veni7;in@ pentru pre!Htire7 #iitor
preoGi.
F n Tr7nsi #7ni 7 s?7u Fnfii nG 7t Se;i n7ri i 7 Si 8i u@ F n %' ni si
%+%%@ 9i 7 Ar76@ Fn %+,,@ unite ;7i tFrJiu "u "o77 nor;7H@ "H"i pr
tu er7 6eseori@ Fn ti;pu stHpFnirii 7ustro?;7!4i7re@ 9i Fn#HGHtor@ "7
7 sFr8i.
Fn E7r7 Ro;<ne7s"H s?7u FnfiinG7t Fn %+2L = Se;in7ru Centr7
Bu"ure9ti@ Se;in7ru 6in Curte7 6e Ar!e9@ "7re 7 fun"Gion7t Fntre
%+2L)%*&%@ %*,&)%*(&@ %*(L)%*(+@ %*'%)%*'5 A Se;in7ru 6e 7
JHu@ i7r Fn %+25@ Se;in7ru .6in RF;ni"u?VF"e7.
Ate Se;in7rii inferio7re 7u fun"Gion7t 7 /u9i $%+',- 9i Ron
$%+'+-@ "7re s?7u 6esfiinG7t.
Fn %+5,@ ;itropoitu Nifon 7 Un!ro#74iei $%+'&)%+5'- 7 Fnf=
G7t Se;in7ru BNifon MitropoituD "7re 7 fun"Gion7t Fntre 7nii %+5
i*(+@ Fn Bu"ure9ti. Fn %*&, s?7 FnfiinG7t Se;in7ru 6in G77Gi.
In Bu"o#in7 s?7 FnfiinG7t un Se;in7r Fn %+5,@ 7poi Fn %+5' .H"u
te7 6e teoo!ie 6in CernHuGi@ "7re 7 fun"Gion7t Fntre 7nii %+5')F
7poi 7 Su"e7#7@ Fntre 7nii %*(()%*(+.
L7 I79i s?7 FnfiinG7t Fn %+L& o .7"ut7te 6e teoo!ie@ "7re 7 fun"
n7t puGin.
Fn %L noie;8rie %++% 7 u7t fiinGH 7 Bu"ure9ti@ .7"ut7te7 6e
o!ie "7re 7 fun"Gion7t pFnH Fn %*(+@ "Fn6 7 6e#enit Institutu teo"
uni#ersit7r 6in Bu"ure9ti. Fn preJent fun"Gione7JH 6in nou "7 .7"u
Fn "76ru Uni#ersitHGii 6in Bu"ure9ti.
Fn Tr7nsi#7ni7 7 fun"Gion7t 7 Si8iu@ 6in %*,%@ o A"76e;ie te
!i"H@ 6e#enitH Fn %*(2 .7"ut7te 6e teoo!ie@ i7r Fn %*(+@ Institut te
!i". Ate A"76e;ii teoo!i"e 7u fun"Gion7t 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on
$%*%()%*%+- Fn or79ee = CuM?N7po"7$%*,(-@ Or76e7 $%*,2-@ Ar76 $%+
Ti;i9o7r7 $%*(%)%*(+- 9i C7r7nse8e9 $%+L'-. A"76e;i7 teoo!i"H
CuM 7 6e#enit Fn %*(+ Institut teoo!i"@ "7re 7 fun"Gion7t pFnH Fn %
DupH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 s?7u FnfiinG7t ;7i ;ute Se;in7rii
7f7rH 6e "ee ;enGion7te ;7i Fn7inte@ Fn or79ee = Cr7io#7@ Const7
PERIOADA A ASEA
n7n@ Doro4oi $Mu6. Boto97ni- 9i Se;in7ru BMiron P7tri7r4uD 6in
ipuun!?Mus"e@ "7re 7 fun"Gion7t Fntre 7nii %*,,)%*2(.
Un Se;in7r ;on747 7 fost FnfiinG7t Fn %*,+ 7 MFnHstire7 Cerni?
Fn!H Bu"ure9ti@ "7re 7 fun"Gion7t pFnH Fn %*(%.
Fn preJent@ Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7re@ 6in 7nu %*(+@ 6ouH In?
ite teoo!i"e@ unu 7 Bu"ure9ti 9i 7 6oie7 7 Si8iu@ 9i 6in %**&
AGione7JH 6ouH .7"utHGi 6e teoo!ie 7 I79i 9i CuM 9i o .7"ut7te 6e o!ie?
fioo!ie Fn or79u Pite9ti. Are ;7i ;ute se;in7rii = Bu"ure9ti@
%*'5@ i7r 6in %*(*@ 7 Cr7io#7@ BuJHu@ MFnHstire7 Ne7;Gu@ CuM?N7?
i 9i C7r7nse8e9. Un Se;in7r spe"i7 pentru 78so#enGii 9"oior se?
i7re 7 fun"Gion7t 7 Curte7 6e Ar!e9 6in %*L+ pFnH Fn %*55@ i7r 6in
L@ fun"Gione7JH 7te Se;in7rii teoo!i"e 7 Ro;7n@ G77Gi@ Curte7 6e
A9@ Ar76 et".
In Biseri"7 orto6o:H sFr8H@ "e7 ;7i #e"4e "o7H teoo!i"H este Se?
7ru 6in O7ro#iG@ FnfiinG7t Fn %5*( 6e ;itropoitu tef7n Str7ti;i?
"i 6in O7ro#iG $%5*&)%+25-@ 7poi Se;in7ru 6in Be!r76@ FnfiinG7t
22&@ 9i Se;in7ru 6in S7r7Me#o@ FnfiinG7t Fn %++2.
Din %*,& fun"Gione7JH o .7"ut7te 6e teoo!ie 7 Be!r76.
Fn 7f7rH 6e 7"e7stH .7"ut7te@ Biseri"7 sFr8H 7re Fn preJent p7tru
in7rii teoo!i"e 7 = Be!r76@ O7ro#iG@ PriJren 9i OirP7.
Fn Biseri"7 orto6o:H 8u!7rH@ pri;u Se;in7r teoo!i" s?7 FnfiinG7t
NFrno#o@ "7re 7 fun"Gion7t Fntre 7nii %+5()%+55 9i %+5+)%++'. Un
se;in7r 7 fun"Gion7t 7 S7;7Po#@ Fntre 7nii %+5L)%*&2@ "u unee Fn?
Mperi@ ;ut7t 7poi 7 Sofi7@ un6e 7 fun"Gion7t Fntre %*&2)%*'&. Un
Se;in7r s?7 FnfiinG7t 7 Po#6i# $.iipopoe-@ "7re 7 fun"Gion7t Fntre
1915_1950.
Din %*'% fun"Gione7JH Fn Biseri"7 orto6o:H 8u!7rH un Se;in7r "u
"7se@ Fn MFnHstire7 Cerepi9@ Mu6eGu Vr7G7.
.7"ut7te7 6e teoo!ie 6e 7 Sofi7 67te7JH 6in %*,2 9i 7 fun"Gion7t
ontinu7re 6e 7tun"i pFnH 7Ji.
Fn Pooni7@ 6upH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7@ fun"Gione7JH@ pentru pre?
We7 "eruui Biseri"ii orto6o:e poone@ o .7"ut7te 6e teoo!ie orto?
i@ 6e st7t@ pe Fn!H Uni#ersit7te7 6in V7r9o#i7.
Fn Ce4oso#7"i7 s?7 FnfiinG7t pentru pre!Htire7 "eruui orto6o: 6in
stH G7rH@ Fn to7;n7 7nuui %*(+@ un Se;in7r orto6o: "e4 7 O7ro#3?
r $O7rs876-@ "7re 7 fost ;ut7t@ Fn o"to;8rie %*(*@ Fn "7pit77 GHrii@
r7!H.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H "e4oso#7"H 7re@ 6e 7se;ene7@ o .7"ut7te 6e te?
e 7 Pre9o#@ Fn So#7"i7.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H fin7n6eJH 7re pentru pre!Htire7 "eruui un Se?
ir teoo!i" Fn o"7it7te7 Ouopio@ se6iu Ar4iepis"opiei. Are@ 6e 7se?
e7@ o .7"ut7te 6e teoo!ie orto6o:H 7 Uni#ersit7te7 6in \oensuu. Un
institut teoo!i" orto6o: nu;it BSfFntu Ser!iu 6e R76oneMD
Gi one7JH 7 P7ri s@ F nfi i nG 7t 6upH pri ;u rHJ8oi ;on6i 7 @ pent ru
6in 6i7sporH.
Pentru pre!Htire7 "eruui orto6o:@ Ar4iepis"opi7 orto6o:H !re7"H
neri"ii 6e Nor6 9i 6e Su6@ re"unos"utH 6e P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ 7
7i %*,,@ 7 FnfiinG7t un Institut teoo!i" Fn %*25@ nu;it =eminarul
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA ',%
Ilol' &ross $SfFnt7 Cru"e-@ "7re fun"Gione7JH Fn o"7it7te7 BrooP3ne@
Fn!H Boston@ Fn st7tu M7ss7"4usetts@ "u un "i"u 6e 97se 7ni 6e stu6ii.
Ate 6ouH 9"oi superio7re 6e teoo!ie 7u fost FnfiinG7te Fn St7tee
Unite 7e A;eri"ii 6e Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6in A;eri"7@ fost7 Mitropoie
rusH@ 9i 7nu;e = =eminarul =fntul Aladimir, Fn o"7it7te7 Tu"P74oe@
6in st7tu Ne` lorP@ 9i =eminarul =fntul Ti?on, n o"7it7te7 Sout4?
C7n77n@ Fn st7tu Penns3#7ni7.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H u"r7ine7nH 7 C7n76ei 7re 6in %*2, o 9"o7H 6e
teoo!ie Fn o"7it7te7 _innipe!@ nu;itH 6in %*(L &olegiul 1=fntul
Andrei2, "7re 7 intr7t Fn %*L, Fn r7porturi 6e 7so"iere "u Uni#ersit7te7
6in M7nito87.
Pentru orto6o"9ii 6e ori!ine 7;eri"7nH 7 u7t fiinGH Fn %*(( Insti$
tutul 1=fntul Aasile2 7 _7s4in!ton. Re"ent s?7 6es"4is un Se;in7r
orto6o: 7 Meit47n6@ Fn .ori67@ "u i;87 6e pre67re en!eJH.
Fn !ener7@ 9"oie teoo!i"e 7u fost 6o;in7te Fn GHrie orto6o:e 6in
Estu 9i Su6?Estu Europei@ pFnH 7 "e 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*
)%*('-@ 6e 7i"i@ st7tu FnfiinGFn6 9"oie 9i FntreGinFn6u?e@ pentru "H@ Fn
unee 6in 7"este GHri@ ee 6H6e7u 9i preoGi 9i Fn#HGHtori.
DupH "e 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7@ Fn fostee GHri so"i7iste@ Bi ?
seri"ie 7uto"ef7e orto6o:e 9i?7u reu7t rou 6e 7tH67tH@ fiin6 rHspun?
JHto7re 6e "7it7te7 pre!Htirii "eri"ior 9i 7 profesorior@ pentru Fn#HGH?
;Fntu teoo!i" se;in7ri7 9i superior.
Fn ;o6u 7"est7@ Se;in7riie teoo!i"e 9i Institutee 6e teoo!ie se
Fn"76r7u ;7i nor;7 Fn "ir"uitu 6e #i7GH 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e 9i "ores?
pun6e7u ;7i 8ine ne#oior spiritu7e 7e "re6in"io9ior.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
Cu#.u# >i =iaa r/#i6ioa35 or.odo45
Irenee /7us4err@ 8ogme et spiritualite @orientale, 67ns BEtu6es 6e spiritu7ite
orient7eD $Orient7i7 C4risti7n7 An7e"t7@ %+2-@ Ro;7 %*L*@ p. %(')%5*A Petite P?i$
loculie de Ia priere du coeur, tr76. et intro6. 6e \e7n Goui7ri6@ ,?e e6.@ P7ris@ %*L+ A
Asterios@ Ar!3riou@ =pirituels neo$grecs ) 0V?e)00?e siecles, N7;ur@ %*L5A A;?
8roise .ontrier@ =aint Fectaire dEEgine, P7ris@ fHrH 67tHA P7u E#6oPi;o#@ Hes ges
de ia vie spirituelle, P7ris@ %*L(A I6e;@ HE(rt?odo)ie ,?e e6.@ Neu"4<te?P7ris@ %*L'A
M. \. Le Guiou@ HEEsprit de lE(rt?odo)ie grecOue et russe, P7ris@ A. .737r6@ %*L%A
C. Li7ine@ 3onac?isme oriental et monac?isme occidental, Fn BIreniPonD@ t. 00II $%*L&-@ p.
(2')('*A Ernst BenJ@ >eist und Heben der (stLirc?en, /7;8ur!@ %*'5A VI. LossPi@ Essai
sur la t?eologie m'stiOue de lEEglise dE(rient, P7ris@ %*((@ tr76. en!eJH@ Lon6r7@
%*'5A \. N. D7nJ7s@ Hltineraire religieu) de la conscience russe, P7ris@ %*2'A S.
Bou!7Poff@ HE(rt?odo)ie, P7ris@ %*2,A O. /oo@ 8ie religiosen >rundlagen der
russisc?en Qultur, Tu8in!en@ %*,+A Pr. prof. Ene Br7ni9te@ liturgica special pentru
Institutele Teologice, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+&@ "u 8o!7tH 8i8io!r7fie strHinH 9i ro;<ne7s"H.
Fn i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = =lin!i romni "i aprtori ai legii strmo"e"ti, u"r7re "oe"ti#H
7"HtuitH su8 6ire"Gi7 I.P.S. Mitropoit Nestor 7 Oteniei@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+5A Iero;on74
Io7ni"4ie BH7n@ 4ran du?ovniceasc, t. I@ II@ Ierus7i;@ %*L+A %*5&A I6e;@ Pateric
romnesc, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+&. Pentru !ener7iJ7re7 "utuui Cu#io7sei P7r7s?"4e#7@ 7 Sfintei
.iotei7@ 7 SfinGior = Di;itrie "e Nou@ Gri!orie De"7poitu@ Ni"o?6i; 6e 7
Tis;7n7 9i pro"7;7re7 "7noniJHrii SfinGior ier7r4i C7ini" 6e 7 Cer? ni"7@ Iie
Iorest 9i S7#7 Br7n"o#i"i@ 7 Cu#io9ior ;Hrturisitori Vis7rion SHr7i i Sofronie 6e
7 Cio7r7 9i 7 SfFntuui. Mu"eni" Opre7 Mi"Hu9@ #eJi = 8eci%ia =intu$lui =inod 9i
stu6iie respe"ti#e@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD L00III $%*''-@ nr.
',, PERIOADA A ASEA
%%)%,@ p. %&LL)%,,% A Pr. N. er8Hnes"u@ =lintul ierar? &alinic de Ia &erniaa, episcopul
Rmnicului, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000VI $%*L+-@ nr. 2)'@ p. 2L2)2*'A N7t7i7
Dinu@ Aia!a "i activitatea =intului Ierar? &alinic de la &ernica, Fn BG7su Biseri"iiD@
00VII $%*L+-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,*5)22LA Pr. Const7ntin O7r7is7ri6is@ =fntul Ficodim Ag?ioritul
"i activitatea sa n domeniul liturgic, teJH 6e 6o"tor7t Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000I0
$%*+5-@ nr. %@ p. L)LL A nr. ,@ p. L)5(.
MFnHstirie orto6o:e Fn !ener7=
E. Ti;i76is@ He monac?isme ort?odo)e, P7ris@ %*+% A Post$+'%antine ecclesias$
ticul personalities# =tudies oi =t FiLodemos t?e 4agiorite, =t FiLep?oros oi &?ios,
Feoptc'tos Aamvas, Qonst# (iLonomos### and Eus, 3att?opoulos, +rooldine $M7ss.-@
%*5+ A R. \7nin@ Hes Eglises et Ies monasteres des grands centres b'%untins ,+'t?'$
nie, 4ellespont, Hatros, >alesios, Trebi%onde, At?enes T?essaloniOue0, P7ris@ %*5'@
0VI ) (*, p.A C. C7#7rnos@ Ficodemos t?e 4agiorite, Be;ont@ %*5(A N. b747ro?
pouos@ =tintul# Ficodim Ag?ioritul ca dascl al vie!ii du?ovnice"ti, Fn i;87 !re7?
"H@ Tes7oni"@ %*L5A Teo"it 6e 7 MFnHstire7 Dionisiu@ =intul Ficodim Ag?ioritul,
Fn !re"e9te@ Aten7@ %*'*A Irin7 Gor7Fnoff@ =eraiim de =arov, P7ris@ %*5*A \. P.
M7;77Pis@ To cAfios cOpoS@ ,EA[,ai0T*i $fs7o# TKOV 7t"o#o#@ Tes7oni"@ %*5%A P. Le;ere@
Ades de Havra, P7ris@ %*5&A O...A.@ T?e =aints oi >reece, At4ens@ %*5&A L. Bou3er@
Ha spirit uali te ort ?odo)e et la spi ri tual ite protest ante et angl icane, P7ri s@ %*L'A
t r76. en! eJH@ Lon6on@ %*L*A P7u /u8er@ At ?os# Heben, >l aube, Qunst , bi i ri "4@
%*L* A He 3illenaire du 3ont At?os, .;W)-.;W# Etu6es et Me7n!es@ , #oi.@ V"ne?67?
C4e#eto!ne@ %*L(A Irenee Doens@ Hes monasteres en >rece depuis -7WW, Fn BIre?nPonD@
0LIV $(*5%-@ nr. 2@ p. (,()((%A I6e;@ 3onasteres ort?odo)es en >rece< ,I0 He 3ont
At?os ,II0 Autres monasteres de >rece, Fn BIreniPonD@ 000IV $%*L%-@ nr. 2@ p. 2(L)25%@ 25,
)2*,A N. M. P7n7!iot7Pis@ cA*"oB@ Fn Bepi7#.E#uNnui :7i N/*i5.i E#:u:o:7iBsC7D t. I@
Aten7@ %*L,@ p. +(*)++* A M. \. Le Guiou@ Au) sources des mou$vements spirituels de
IEEglise (rt?odo)e de >rece, Fn BIstin7D@ %*L&@ p. *')%,+@ %22) [',A +iserica >reciei#
3nstirile "i numrul mona?ilor, Fn BNEst70iF7F7D I $%*,2-@ nr. 2L@ %*,(@ p. 22,)22(A
E. A;7n6 6e Men6iet7@ I7 presOuEile des &alo'ers < He 3ont 3?os, Bru!es@ %*''A Pr. T.
Bo6o!7e@ A*utoarele romne"ti la mnstirile din =in$# ui 3unt e At ?os, Si 8i u@
%*(%A G. Ci or7n@ Hegt uri l e ! ri l or romne cu 3unt el e At?os "i ndeosebi cu
mnstirile &utlumu", Havra, 8o?iariu "i =I# Pantelimon sau i Ru"ilor, Fn i;87
!re7"H@ Aten7@ %*2+A V. Ar;inton@ Ha Russie monastiOue, Siste?on@ %*5'@ ,2+ p. A V.
Ar;inMon@ Ha Russie monastiOue, %*5'A M. \. Rouet 6e \our? F7@ 3onac?isme et
monasteres russes, P7ris@ %*', A L. Re7u@ LNArt russe@ , #oi.@ p7? is@ %*,,)%*,2.
MFnHstirie 6in Ro;<ni7 =
+iserica (rtodo) Romn n trecut "i ast%i, Bu"ure9ti@ %*5*A Pr. prof.
Mir?=e7 PH"ur7riu@ Istoria +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, #oi. I@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+&@ p.
,+() '%5@ 2(()2''@ 22*)2'2@ t. II@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+%@ p. ,%L),,*@ 'L&)'+5@ "u 8o!7tH
8i?Fio!r7fie@ t. IIIA Iero;. Io7ni"4ie BH7n@ Vefre de si?strie romneasc, sec# IV
) C0@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+,A I6e;@ Pateric romnesc, Bu"ure9ti@ %*+&A Pr. prof. I.
RH;ure7?IU@ Patru sute cinci%eci de ani de la ntemeierea 3nstirii &urtea de Arge", Fn
KG7su Biseri"iiD@ 00VI $%*L5-@ nr. 5)+@ p. 5%+)5(L A I6e;. &omemorarea a cinci ute de
ani de la nfiin!area 3nstirii Putna, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 000V $%*LL-@ nr.
5)+@ p. L,+)L(&A Pr. N. er8Hnes"u@ &urtea de Arge" ) ('& ni de la sim!ire,
Bu"ure9ti@ %*L5@ "u #ersiune fr7n"eJHA I6e;@ Istoria bisericii 3$@stirii &urtea de
Arge", Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000V $%*L5-@ nr. 5)+@ . 52&)5''A
Protos. Irineu CrH"iun79@ 3nstirea Feam!u# Havra mona?ismului din 3oldova, Fn
BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 000VIII $%*L,-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2(2) '2 A Pr. Au!.
.7ur@ 3ona?ismul romnesc "i reorgani%area Iui, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ [ $%*'&-@ nr.
2)L@ p. ,*')2&LA t. Mete9@ 3nstirile romne"ti din Transilvania i Gngaria,
Si8iu@ %*2LA A. Mirones"u@ fost ;itropoit pri;7t@ Istoria 3nstirii E#ernica,
Tipo!r7fi7 MFnHstirii Cerni"7@ %*2&A D. .urtunH@ Gcenicii stare!ului Paisie n$
3nstirile &ernica "i &ldru"ani, Bu"ure9ti@ %*,5A t. Bere"4et@ =itua!ia +ise$i ci i
"i a mi nst i ri l or di n 3ol dova, F n BBi seri "7 Ort o6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0LI $%*,2-@ .
%%%')%%,&A Pr. prof. tef7n Ae:e@ Festivit!ile nc?inate Academiei du?ovni$
e"ti din 3oscova$SagorsL, Fn BBi seri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CIV $%*+L-@ nr. %),@
. '%?R''.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA '
Gacu#.5i#/ >i S/minarii#/ ./o#o6ic/ =
D. B77nos@ Istoria Facult!ii de teologie din Atena, ,+25)-.WC, Fn !re"e9t
Aten7@ %*25 A &entenarul Facult!ii "i Institutului de Teologie din +ucure"ti, Fn BSt
6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000IV $%*+,-@ nr. %),@ p. %&)%25@ stu6iu "oe"ti#A Pr. prof. Mir7
PH"ur7riu@ Istoria nv!mntului teologic n +iserica (rtodo) Romn, Fn BBis ne7
Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CI0 $%*+%-@ nr. *)%&@ p. *5*)%&%5A I6e;@ Istoria +isei cii
(rtodo)e Romne, t. III@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+%@ p. ,,5)2,5@ (2,)(L&@ (+&)(*( A I6ei &ultura
teologic ortodo) romneasc intre anii -./5)-.C5, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"e 00VII
$%*5'-@ nr. *)%&@ p. (%L)(2+A Pr. prof. Ni". er8Hnes"u@ Facultatea de Ie logie a
Gniversit!ii din +ucure"ti# ( sut de ani de la niiin!are ,-77-)-.B7$-.7-0, Fn
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CI0 $%*+%-@ nr. *)%&A I8i6ern@ p. io %+?%&*2A Pr. 7sist.
Viore IoniGH@ Institutul teologic de grad universitar din +ucuri<,< -.B7)-.7-: I8i6e;@ p.
%&*%)%%(+A Pr. prof. Ene Br7ni9te 9i Prof. Ion Apost" Internatul teologic din +ucure"ti,
-.B76-.7-: I8i6e;@ p. %%%')%%,*A Pr. prof. T R76u@ Privire istoric general
asupra catedrelor "i evolu!iei lor calitative, Fn BSti 6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000III $%*+%-@ nr.
5)%&@ p. (+*)'&,A M7i ;uGi profesori= Istoria catedrelor "i disciplinelor de studiu
la Facultatea de teologie "i Institutul teolog din +ucure"ti, -77-6-.7- : I8i6e;@ p.
'&2)'*+A A6ri7n7 C7;7ri7no Cior7n@ G Academi es pri nci eres de +ucarest et de
Kass' et leurs prof esseurs, T4ess7 oni P %&5(@ 52& p.A Un "oe"ti#@ Istoria
nv!mntului n Romnia, Co;pe6iu@ Bu"ure9t %*5%@ (5* p.A Ni"o7e A8u@ Istoria
"colilor romne"ti din Transilvania ntre -799$ -7;C, Bu"ure9ti@N %*5%@ ,2L p.A Pr. prof.
D. CHu!Hr@ Inv!mntul teologic n +iserL (rtodo) Romn, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H
Ro;<nHD@ L000I0 $%*5%-@ nr. t),@ p. %,'? %('A T. G. Bu7t 9i Pr. A. I. Ciure7@
&ontribu!ii la istoricul Facult!ii de teologi "i Institutului teologic universitar din
+ucure"ti, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH L00V $%*'5-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %&5%)%,'% A Pr.
I. Popes"u?MHHe9ti@ Facultatea de tei logie din +ucure"ti, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ III $%*2,-@
nr. %),@ p. 2)%*A Sofron Vi7 9i Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@ Istoria Institutului teologic de grad
universitar din =ibiu, F BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ VI $%*L%-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. L55)5L5A
Ar4i6i7". Const. Voi"i DouH sute de ani de nv!mnt teologic la =ibiu ,-C7; )
-.7;0, Fn BStu6ii teoo! "eD@ 000VIII $%*+L-@ nr. .%@ p. +%)*%A Pr. M. MHnu"H@
Facultatea de teologie di Ia"i 6 -7;96-7;B, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@
L00VIII $%*L&-@ nr. *)%&@ G +5,)*&L A M7!istr7n6 Io7n I. .o"7@ Dcolile
teologice, organi%area "i *urisdic!ia io Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ VI $%*'(-@ nr. ')L@ p.
2%L)2(( A Di7". G4. I. Moises"u@ +ai sierii romni la "coalele teologice din Rusia, -7B5
)%+'L@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro ;<nHD@ L0III $%*('-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. 5,,)5'L@ 9i L0IV
$%*(L-@ nr. ()L@ p. ,(5),'= E:tr7s@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*(5A M. Re!e7nu@ Ies premiers
boursiers roumains At?enei Fn BB7"7ni7D@ VI $%*(2-@ nr. L@ p. (%5)(,,A V. P7p7"oste7
9i M. Re!e7nu@ =emi narul &entral# 8ocumentele ntemeierii, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2+A G4. C.
M7rines"u@ =em, naiul din &urtea de Arge", -7W;)-.W;, Bu"ure9ti@ %*25A N. Ior!7@
Istoria inv!mn tului romnesc# Bu"ure9ti@ %*,+@ ''% p.@ e6. ,?7 6e Iie P8pes"u
Teiu97n@ Fn %*5% 000III ) %5' pi.A Veni7;in Mi"e@ =eminarii teologice la &raiova n
secolele PlV "i PP, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ 00VII $%*5'-@ nr. *)%&@ p. LLL)L+% A P.
GFr8o#i "e7nu@ =eminariile din ara Romneasc, Bu"ure9ti@ %*%LA D. G. Iones"u@ =eminan
din +u%u, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ LV $%*25-@ nr. 2)(@ p. %5'),%2A A T.
Du;itres"u 9i G. M. Iones"u@ Istoria seminariilor preo!e"ti din +u%u, &urtea d
Arge", 4u"i "i Ismail, Bu"ure9ti@ %*&LA G4. A67;es"u@ Istoria =eminarului BVen]7
;]nD din Ia"i ,-79W)-.9W0, Bu"ure9ti@ %*&(A Const. Er8i"e7nu@ Istoricul =eminarulu
Aeniamin din 3nstirea =ocola, I79i@ %++'A Vi"tor Bune7 /in@ &4eva date despr
inv!mntul teologic superior din +ulgaria, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0VI $%*L(-@ ; 5)+@ p.
(*&)(*'.
,( PERIOADA A ASEA
Cutur7 teoo!i"H orto6o:H I
Teoo!i7 orto6o:H@ 7#Fn6 o 87JH soi6H Fn teoo!i7 SfinGior PHrinGi in
se"oee II)VIII 9i Fn teoo!i7 8iJ7ntinH 6in se"oee I0)0V@ 7 fH?ut
Fn se"oee 0I0 9i 00@ Fn uti;ii %+& 6e 7ni@ ;7ri pro!rese. De 7t ei@
popo7ree 6in Estu 9i 6in Su6?Estu Europei 7u re7iJ7t fru;o7se
ro!rese "utur7e@ e"ono;i"e@ so"i7e 9i poiti"e Fn 7"e7stH perio76H. Nu
fost u9or pentru 7"este popo7re 9i pentru Biseri"ie orto6o:e 6in
"e7st7 p7rte sH 7Mun!H 7 st76iu 6e 6eJ#ot7re "utur7H 7 popo7reor
in Apusu Europei@ un6e pro!resu Fn"epuse "u ;ute se"oe Fn7inte.
Fntr?un fe@ pro!resu popo7reor orto6o:e 6in RHsHritu Europei
ste 6eose8it f7GH 6e 7"e7 7 popo7reor 6in Apus@ un6e@ ;7i 7es 7
rotest7nGi@ se pune preG ;7i ;ut pe "uno79tere7 Bi8iei 9i
7r!u;ente?A r7Gion7e@ Fn ti;p "e "7toi"ii 7u "7 nor;H 6e orient7re
teoo!i7 ui o;7 6e ACuino $f %,5(- 9i s"o7sti"7 E#uui ;e6iu.
Fn RHsHritu orto6o: s?7u "uti#7t 6in teoo!ie ;7i ;ut pro8e;ee
tur!i"e@ spiritu7e@ ;or7e@ 6o!;7ti"e 9i "7noni"e. De f7pt@ "7 ni"i
Fn?c?o 7tH Biseri"H 6in Apus@ "HrGie 6e ritu7 orto6o:e "uprin6
Fn#HGH?MrH 6o!;7ti"H@ ;or7H@ "7te4eti"H@ 6rept@ 9i "4i7r 9i istorie
8iseri"e7s?H. E 6rept "H Fn Apus@ "u e:"epGi7 6is"uGiior 9i
"ontro#erseor i#ite Fn itire7 9i interpret7re7 Bi8iei 7 protest7nGi@ preoGii
9i "re6in"io9ii ro?7no?"7toi"i nu "uno9te7u ni"i ei ;7i ;ut 6in
profunJi;e7 pro8e;eor rei!io7se. Cutur7 teoo!i"H orto6o:H s?7
6eJ#ot7t Fn RHsHrit Fn?eose8i Fn ur;7 FnfiinGHrii Se;in7riior@
.7"utHGior 9i A"76e;iior te?io!i"e@ pre"u; 9i 7 Instituteor 6e
teoo!ie@ "7re 7u 7pHrut Fn Rusi7@ i"H Fn7inte 6e %+'&@ Fn P7tri7r47tu
6e Const7ntinopo@ Fn Gre"i7 9i Fn Ro;<ni7 6upH %+'&@ i7r Fn "ee7te
p7tri7r47te@ Fn Ser8i7@ Bu!7ri7 9i F "ee7te Biseri"i orto6o:e ;7i
;i"i@ 6upH %*%+.
Este !reu sH 7rHtH; pe toGi ier7r4ii@ "eri"ii 9i teoo!ii "7re 7u 7#ut
"ontri8uGie Fn 6eJ#ot7re7 "uturii orto6o:e Fn 7"e7stH perio76H. Dintre
Roo!ii ;7i ;7ri pe "7re i?7u 7#ut Fn uti;ii 7ni 9i Fi ;7i 7u Fn"H Fn
reJent 6iferitee Biseri"i orto6o:e@ 7;inti; nu;7i pe "ei ;7i Fnse;?
7Gi 9i "unos"uGi.
7- Fn Pa.riar1ia d/ Con3.an.ino2o# s?7 "uti#7t Fn6eose8i istori7 8i?
;"e7s"H uni#ers7H 9i stu6iie 6e p7troo!ie 9i p7tristi"H. Dintre isto?
i"ii 8iseri"e9ti ;7i "unos"uGi "7re 7u ie9it 6in 9"o77 6e 7 /7Pi@ 7;in?
i; pe ur;Htorii = Filotei Ariennios $f %*%+-@ "7re 7 6es"operit Fn %+5'
L pu8i"7t nv!tura celor doispre%ece Apostoli, Const7ntinopo@ %++2
i Epistolele lui &lement Romanul, Const7ntinopo@ %++' A Filaret Aa$
Idis $f %*2(-@ &# 8elicanis 9i 3i?ail >?eeon, "7re 7u pu8i"7t nu;e?
o7se 6o"u;ente 9i stu6ii referito7re 7 istori7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@
i se"ou 00@ >?enadie ,Arabagioglu0, ;itropoit 6e /eiopois@ 7 pu?
i"7t Istoria Patriar?iei Ecumenice, Fn !re7"7 ;o6ernH@ Aten7@ %*'2.
L;inti; 6e 7se;ene7 pe +# T?# =tavridis ,Istavriis0, "7re 7 pu8i"7t
storia Patriar?atului de &onstantinopol, Fn BIstin7D@ P7ris@ %*5&@ nr. ,@
. %2.%)%52@ pre"u; 9i pe 3a)ime de =ardes, "7re 7 pu8i"7t He Patri$
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERN I CONTEMPORANA
arcat (ecumeniOue dans lEEglise (rt?odo)e $tr76uit 6u !re" p7r \
Tour7ies-@ P7ris@ %*5'.
8- Fn 'i3/rica Fr/ac5 7;inti; pentru se"ou tre"ut Fn6eose8i p
Teoclit FarmaLides $f %+L&-@ 7utor 9i s"riitor "u #e6eri i8er7e@ "7r
ne?7 Hs7t@ Fn 7f7rH 6e u"rHrie "unos"ute Fn e!HturH "u tr76u"erii
8i8i"e Fn i;87 #u!7rH@ Apologia 9i =crierea sinodal, "ee 97se #ou
;e 6e "o;ent7rii 7 Nou Test7;ent@ 6upH SfFntu Io7n GurH 6e Aui
9i pe Eftimie Sigaben, 6in "7re "o;ent7ru 6e 7 e#7n!4eistu M7tei@ 6ou
#ou;e@ e tr76us 9i Fn ro;<ne9te.
A6#ers7ru sHu@ &onstantin (iconomos $f %+'5-@ teoo! utr7"onser
#7tor@ "7re s?7 opus 7 tr76u"ere7 Bi8iei Fn i;87 !re7"H ;o6ernH 9i %
intro6u"ere7 i;8ii #or8ite Fn "ut@ ne?7 Hs7t@ Fn 7f7rH 6e predici ;inun7
te@ o u"r7re 6e Istorie a +isericii grece"ti ntre anii -7/-)-75/$, pin. 6e
;7teri7 infor;7ti# 9i e:pusH "riti".
Profesoru &# &ontogonis ,f %+5+- 7 Hs7t ;7nu7e 6e p7troo!ie
istorie 8iseri"e7s"H@ 7r4eoo!ie 8i8i"H@ intro6u"ere7 Fn "HrGie Sfinte
S"ripturi et". >?# 8ervos $f %*,'- 7 s"ris o Istorie 7 iter7turii "re9tin
6in pri;ee trei se"oe $2 #ou;e-. In se"ou 00@ "unos"utu profeso
=# +alanos $f %*'*- ne?7 Hs7t un 8un ;7nu7 6e P7troo!ie 9i 7te stu
6ii te;eini"e 6in istori7 E76ei.
Do!;7ti9ti 9i si;8oi9ti ;7i i;port7nGi 7 !re"i sFnt ur;Htorii F#
8amalas $f %+*,-@ SiLos Rossis ,f %*22-@ ]. 3esoloras $f %*,2-@ C
8'ovuniotis $f %*(2- 9.7. Pe toGi i?7 6epH9it profesoru 4ristu Andrutso#
$f %*25-@ "7re ne?7 Hs7t ;7nu7e 6e Do!;7ti"H@ Mor7H $tr76us Fn ro
;<ne9te 6e Io7n LH"rHnM7n 9i prof. E#;is Mu6opouos@ Si8iu@ %*(5- 9
Si;8oi"H $tr76us Fn ro;<ne9te 6e Pr. D. StHnio7e 7 Si8iu Fn %*2&@ 9
6e Prof. Iustin Moises"u 7 Bu"ure9ti Fn %*''-. /ristu An6rutsos 7 s"rii
9i un ;7nu7 6e Psi4oo!ie. In to7te 6o;inH o or6ine o!i"o?r7Gion7U
"7re 7 pH"ut ;ut teoo!ior 7puseni@ 67r ;7i puGinH si;Gire "re9tinH 9
"re6inGH.
Dintre istori"ii 8iseri"e9ti ;7i "unos"uGi Fn Biseri"7 Gre7"H 7;in
ti; pe profesoru 7teni7n 8# Q'riaLos $f %*,2- 9i pe profesoru@ 7po
7r4iepis"opu Atenei@ 4risostom Papadopulos $%*,,)%*2+-@ "7re ne?M
Hs7t Istoria Aec?ilor Patiar?ii ) Ierus7i; $%*%&-@ Ae:7n6ri7 $%*22- 9
Antio4i7 $%*'%- )@ u"r7re postu;H. E 7 ;7i s"ris 9i Istori7 Biseri"i
E76ei 9i 7 Ar4iepis"opiei insuei Cipru@ pre"u; 9i nu;ero7se 7tee.
Dintre profesorii .7"utHGii 6e teoo!ie 6in Aten7@ 6in7inte 6e pri ?
;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 9i 6upH 7 6oie7 ;on6i7@ ;eritH sH fie 7;intit
ur;Htorii = 7r4i;7n6ritu A# =tefanidis $f %*'+-@ "7re 7 s"ris o i;por ?
t7ntH Istorie +isericeasc Gniversal, Aten7@ %*(+@ e6. ,?7@ %*'* A >r
Papami?ail $f %*'L-@ G4. =otiriu, renu;it 7r4eoo!@ Am# Alivi%atos i
%*L,-@ "unos"ut "7nonist 9i ;7re 7ni;7tor Fn Mi9"7re7 e"u;eni"H A F
Huvaris, P# +ratsiotis $f 2% i7n. %*,+-@ P# Trembelas $f %*55-@ ]. &armi$
ris, Alassios P?eidas, A# P?'traLis, A# Aellas, &# +onis, >?# Qonidaris
E# Teodoru, FiLos Fissiotis, =ava Aguridis, >alitis 9.7. Dintre profeso?
rii .7"utHGii 6e teoo!ie 6in Tes7oni" 7;inti; pe = Panda Q# 4ristu,
&# &aloL'ris, I# Anastasiu, -# &ot%onis 9.7.
',L PERIOADA A ASEA
"- Teoo!i7 'i3/ricii or.odo4/ ru3/ s?7 6eJ#ot7t Fn se"oee 0I0 9i
00 ;7i ;ut 6e"Ft Fn ori"7re 7tH Biseri"H orto6o:H. Ce7 ;7i repre ?
Jent7ti#H person7it7te 8iseri"e7s"H 9i teoo!i"H 6in pri;7 Mu;Ht7te 7
se"ouui 0I0 7 fost ;itropoitu Mos"o#ei Filaret 8ro%dov $f %+L5-.
E 7 fost un #estit profesor@ ;ision7r@ fi7ntrop 9i ;7i 7es ier7r4. In
tinereGe 7 pu8i"7t un tr7t7t s"urt intitu7t E)punerea diferen!elor din$
tre +iserica ortodo) "i cea occidental, tipHrit ;7i FntFi Fn An!i7@ Fn
%+2&@ 9i 7poi Fn Rusi7@ Fn %+5&. Lu"r7re7 7 i;presion7t ;ut "er"urie
"on6u"Hto7re@ Fn"<t 7 "ontri8uit@ F;preunH "u 7Gi f7"tori 6e n7turH inter nH@
7 e:puJ7re7 ieJuiGior 6in Rusi7 Fntre 7nii %+%')%+,&. Co;ent7riie s7e
7 GeneJH@ 7 Ps7;i 9i ;7i 7es 7 E#7n!4eii 7u fost s"rise "u ;7re
"o;petenGH 9tiinGifi"H A F;preunH "u Pre6i"ie s7e $2 #ou;e-@ 7u fost
tr76use 9i Fn 7te i;8i. Ce7 ;7i "unos"utH operH teoo!i"H 7 ;itropoi ?
tuui .i7ret este &ate?ismul sHu@ tipHrit Fn peste o sutH 6e e6iGii Fn ti;p
6e %&& 7ni 9i tr76us FnNi;8ie = !er;7nH@ !re7"H@ fr7n"eJH@ poonH@ !eor ?
!i7nH@ 7r78H@ tHt7rH et". Lu"r7re7 7 stFrnit 7 Fn"eput o 76e#Hr7tH fur ?
tunH@ 6eo7re"e De"7o!u@ CreJu 9i Ru!H"iune7 BT7tH nostruD er7u pu?
8i"7te Fn i;87 #or8itH. Cee %, #ou;e 6e s"risori@ stu6ii@ 6e"iJii@ p7sto?N
r7e 9i ;7i 7es pre6i"ie s7e F 7r7tH "7 pe un ;7re Fn6ru;Htor 7 teoo ?
!iei ruse@ orient7tH spre iter7tur7 SfinGior PHrinGi@ 6upH "e ;7i Fn7inte
stHtuse 6ouH se"oe su8 infuenGe ro;7no?"7toi"e 9i protest7nte.
Filaret >umilevsc?i $"e u;i-@ 7r4iepis"op 6e Cerni!o# $f %+LL-@ 7
fost un eru6it 6estoini". D7toritH ui s?7 u7t iniGi7ti#7@ pinH 6e ro76e
pentru Biseri"7 rusH@ 6e 7 e6it7@ stu6i7 9i tr76u"e operee SfinGior PH ?
rinGi@ iniGi7ti#H "7re 7 76us teoo!iei ruse ;ute 9i te;eini"e stu6ii p7 ?
tristi"e@ Fn "o;p7r7Gie "u iter7tur7 teoo!i"H 7 "eor7te Biseri"i orto?
6o:e. E 7 fost un o; pin 6e Je ;ision7r@ 7 "on#ertit nu;ero9i r7s"o ?
ni"i@ 7 "re7t 9"oi 9i "H;ine. A s"ris %'* opere ori!in7e@ pine 6e si;G
"riti" 9i 6e trHire rei!io7sH. Dintre 7"este7@ ;eritH sH po;eni; = Istoria
+isericii ruse, ' #oi. %*',@ tr76usH 9i Fn i;87 !er;7nH A Privire asupra
literaturii +isericii ruse $, #oi.-@ u"r7re fo7rte preGio7sH A 2 #ou;e@ 8e$
spre imnografi: , #ou;e 6espre =fin!ii ru"i 9i =fin!ii slavilor din =ud: un
;7nu7 6e Teologie 8ogmatic $, #oi.-@ Cerni!o#@ i+(+ 9i %+L'@ "e#7 ;7i
8un 6e"Ft ;7nu7u ui M7"7rie Bu!7Po# $f %++,- 9i@ Fn sfFr9it@ 6ouH ;7 ?
nu7e 6e Patrologie, unu ;7i 6eJ#ot7t Fn trei #ou;e@ 9i 7tu reJu;7tV
tr76us Fn ro;<ne9te 6e epis"opu G4en76ie EnH"e7nu.
Ce ;7i #estit teoo! 6in 797?nu;it7 B9"o7H istori"HD 7 fost 3acarie
+ulgaLov $f %++,-@ profesor ;7i FntFi@ 7poi epis"op Fn ;7i ;ute o"7 ?
itHGi 9i ;e;8ru 7 A"76e;iei 6e 9tiinGH@ fo7rte "unos"ut peste 4ot7re.
Lu"r7re7 s7 prin"ip7H este 8ogmatica ortodo), Fn ' #ou;e@ "7re 7
fost tr76usH Fn i;8ie = fr7n"eJH@ !er;7nH@ !re7"H@ ro;<nH@ sFr8H. A"e7s tH
u"r7re se 6istin!e prin "7rit7te@ 8o!HGie 6e "it7te s"ripturisti"e 9i@
p7tristi"e 9i si;G pe67!o!i". M7"7rie 7 ;7i s"ris o Istorie a +isericii
ruse,, Fn %, #ou;e@ pinH 6e 6o"u;ente@ 67r e7 7Mun!e nu;7i pFnH 7
%LL5@ fiin6 "o;pet7tH 7poi 6e u"r7re7 ui Evg?enie >olubinsLi $f
%*%,-. A ;7i s"ris = Istoria Academiei du?ovnice"ti din Qiev, "7re e teJ7
ui 6e ;7!istru Fn teoo!ie A o Istorie a rascolului, sute 6e pre6i"i 9i 7te
u"rHri.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANAc
Pe ini7 tr7s7tH 6e M7"7rie Bu!7"o# 7u ;ers 9i 6o!;7ti9tii uti
riori@ =ilvestru 3alevansLi, epis"op 6e O7ne#@ "7re ne?7 Hs7t uRr7rf
Teologia dogmatic ortodo), "u e:punere7 6o!;eor@ ' #ou;e Y+5+?
%+*+@ tr76usH 9i Fn ro;<ne9te@ 9i F# 3alinovsLi#
M7i i8er7i 9i "u Fn"er"Hri 6e 7 7#e7 q 7titu6ine person7H Fn inte=
pret7re7 6o!;ei@ 7u s"ris teoo!i "7 Iani"ef, re"toru A"76e;iei teoo!
"e 6in Peters8ur!@ 7poi 7poo!etu Ro*destvensLi ?=i =vetlov, 7;8ii trA
6u9i Fn ro;<ne9te@ uti;u "u pHreri 6estu 6e i8ere Fn pro8e;e
6o!;7ti"e.
Fn 6o;eniu Istoriei 8iseri"e9ti uni#ers7e@ "ee ;7i 8une stu6ii
;7nu7e e?7u 67t = Ale)ei Hebedev $f %*&+-@ =oLolov, 9i ;7i 7es %
+olotov $f %*&&-. Ae:ei Le8e6e# 7 pu8i"7t stu6ii 6espre s"4is;7 "e
;7re@ 6espre Biseri"7 8iJ7ntinH 9i "ontinu7re7 ei su8 6o;in7Gi7 ture?
or@ pre"u; 9i 6espre Biseri"7 !re7"H Fn se"ou 0I0.
A# +olotov 9i 8imitrie Hebedev 7u s"ris "ee ;7i te;eini"e stu6
6espre istori7 pri;eor #e7"uri "re9tine 9i 7 Sino76eor e"u;eni"
A;inti; 6e 7se;ene7 pe istori"u Evg?enie >olubinsLi $f %*%,-@ "7r 7 s"ris
Istoria +isericii slavilor din =ud "i a romnilor, Mos"o#7@ %+5 "7re FnsH 7
for;u7t teorii ne"orespunJHto7re "u re7it7te7 istori"H 6e spre
pHtrun6ere7 "re9tinis;uui 7 ro;<ni.
Pentru Istoria cultului, i;port7nGH ;7i ;7re 7u stu6iie ui A# 8
mitrievsLi# In 6o;eniu stu6iior 8i8i"e@ 7;inti; pe A# P# Hopu?v
tr76us p7rGi7 9i Fn ro;<ne9te = F# >luboLovsLi $f %*2,- _g, Teofan, 7"est
6in ur;H renu;it pentru interpret7re7 7s"eti"o?"onte;p7ti#H 9i pentr
e6it7re7 Filocaliei Fn ruse9te@ 7MunsH 7 Je"e e6iGii.
W Cei ;7i ;7ri pre6i"7tori 7i Biseri"ii ruse 7u fost InoLentie +or
sov, 7r4iepis"opu C4ersonuui A Ambro%ie 7 /7r"o#uui 9i@ 7 Mu;Ht>
te7 se"ouui 00@ Mitropoitu Ficolae &ruti!Li, 7e "Hror opere 7u fo=
tr76use 9i Fn ro;<ne9te.
AHturi 6e teoo!i7 istori"o?tr76iGion7istH@ 7 Fnforit Fn se"oee PII
9i 00 o 7tH 6ire"Gie@ "unos"utH su8 nu;ee 6e teologia slavo*ililor, "7r
susGine7u@ Fn "reJu or so"i7?poiti"@ "H nu;7i Orto6o:i7 9 tr76iGi7 si"
#H pot s7#7 Rusi7@ i7r nu "i#iiJ7Gi7 9i "utur7 ;7teri7istH i;it7tH 6u
pH Europ7 O""i6ent7H. In teoo!ie@ s"riitorii s7#ofii 7u "Hut7t sH "orr
8ine i6e7is;u ui .r. S"4ein! $f %+'(-@ G. /e!e $f %+2%- s7u li"to
Cousin $f %+L5- "u Orto6o:i7 s7#H@ punFn6 Fn "ir"u7Gie o "on"epGie teo
o!i"H #ie@ i8erH@ 6es"Htu97tH 6e ri!i6it7te 9i 6e s"o7sti"H. Ce ;7i fe
"un6 9i ori!in7 6intre s7#ofii 7 fost 7i"u Ale)ei 4omiaLov $f %+L&
BpHrintee e"esioo!iei ruse9tiD@ "7re 7 s"ris = +iserica una "i HE+glis
latine et le Protestantisme du point de vue de lEEglise (rt?odo)e dE(rien
L7us7nne@ %+5,@ tipHritH Fn ;7i ;ute i;8i strHine@ "7re "onstituie
te;eini"H "o;87tere 7 "7toi"is;uui 9i protest7ntis;uui. Ae:ei /o
;i7Po# 7fir;H "H esenG7 6o"trinei 9i 7 #ieGii "re9tine "onstH Fn unire
iu8irii "u i8ert7te7 A 6e 7"ee7@ i6eie Muri6i"e 6espre s7tisf7"Gie 9i ;e
rit foosite Fn 6o!;7 ;Fntuirii 6e "7toi"i 9i protest7nGi@ 6esfi!ure7J
"re9tinis;u@ "7 9i i6ee7 "H Biseri"7 "re9tinH 7r fi o instituGie 7pro7p
st7t7H@ "7re po7te 6o;in7 o;enire7 prin forG7 in"4iJiGiei.
',+ PERIOADA A ASEA
AGi s7#ofii@ tot 7i"i@ 7u fost Ivan =# A)aLov $f %++L-@ Ivan A# Qi$
reevsLi $f %+'L-@ lurii F# =amarin $f %+5L-.
I6ei 7se;HnHto7re "u 7e s7#ofiior@ 67r nu 797 6e i8er7e@ 7 sus ?
Ginut 9i teoo!u 6e ori!ine ro;<nH Ale)andru =turd%a $f %+'(-@ "7re 7
pu8i"7t Fn fr7n"eJH@ !re7"H 9i rusH o serie 6e u"rHri 6e ;7re #7o7re "7 =
8ublul paralel sau deosebirea dintre +isericile de Rsrit "i Apus, "7
rHspuns 7 en"i"i"7 p7pei Pius I0 6in %+(+@ 7poi 8espre datoriile
preo!ilor, 8espre doctrina "i spiritul +isericii ortodo)e, to7te trei tr7?
6use Fn ro;<ne9te.
Dire"Giune7 in7u!ur7tH 6e /o;i7"o# 7 fost "ontinu7tH 6e unii fi ?
osofi 9i teoo!i ru9i "7 Aladimir =oloviev $f %*&&-@ i7r Fn se"ou 00 6e
renu;iGi teoo!i@ 6intre "7re 7;inti; pe ur;Htorii = FlorensL', F# +er$
iiaev $f %*(+-@ preotu =ergiu +ulgaLov $f %*((-@ F# Arseniev, Fedotov,
ZU# HossL' $f %*'+-@ >?# FlorovsLi $f %% 7u!ust %*5*-@ A# Iliin,
Ai"eslav$<ev, P# Evdoc?imov $f %+ septe;8rie %*5&-@ (livier &lement,
fr7n"eJ 6e 7ri!ine@ 7pro7pe toGi profesori 7 Institutu teoo!i" orto6o:
BSfFntu Ser!iuD 6in P7ris@ "7re susGin o teoo!ie 7pro7pe e:istenGi7H@
#ie@ Fnte;ei7tH pe tr76iGi7 p7tristi"H 9i 8iJ7ntinH. Este 6rept "H unii
6intre ei "7 ,4. .oro#sPi $f %*5*- 9i preotu S. Bu!7Po# $f %*((-@ "u
to7te rneri?Aee or@ 7u pus Fn "ir"u7Gie unee teoo!u;ene 9i i6ei
!re9ite "7 so*i$ologia, 9i 7tee. Fn se"ou nostru 7;inti; 9i pe fostu
p7tri7r4 =erg?ie ii Mos"o#ei $f %*((-@ "7re@ Fn u"r7re7 nv!tura
ortodo) despre mn$:uire, s"risH "u ;utH "re6inGH 9i 7r!u;ent7re
teoo!i"H@ "o;87te "u su""es sofioo!i7 ui Ser!iu Bu!7Po#.
6- Teoo!i7 ro;<ne7s"H este ;7i nouH Fn "o;p7r7Gie "u "e7 !re7"H
Si rusH@ 67r Fn se"ou 00 e7 6e#ine 7pre"i78iH. De 7 Fn"eputu se"o?
uui 0I0 ;eritH sH 7;inti; tr76u"erie p7tristi"e 9i teoo!i"e pu8i"7te
ie ;itropoiGii N"7re 7u ur;7t orient7re7 ui Paisie AeliciLovsc?i $f %'
oie;8rie %5*(-@ Aeniamin &ostac?i $fO2)%+&+ A %+%,)%+(,-@ Fn Mo?
io#7 A 9i >rigorie IA 8asclul $%+,2)%+2(-@ Fn Munteni7. Fn Tr7nsi ?
#7ni7@ 7;inti; u"rHrie ;itropoituui Andrei Daguna $%+(+)%+52-@
7re@ Fn 7f7rH 6e tr76u"ere7 Bi8iei 9i tipHrire7 "HrGior 6e ritu7@ 7 pu?
8i"7t 9i unee u"rHri ori!in7e s7u preu"r7te. Cee ;7i i ;port7nte
DFnt 8reptul &anonic, tr76us Fn ;7i ;ute i;8i A Istoria +isericii Gni$
versale "i Romne, Pastorala, Predici 9.7.
Din %+5' s?7 FnfiinG7t 7 CernHuGi@ Fn Bu"o#in7 6e Nor6@ o .7"u?
7te 6e teoo!ie orto6o:H@ 7 "7re@ pe Fn!H stu6enGii ro;<ni@ 7u stu6i7t
fM stu6enGi ruteni@ sFr8i 9i 8u!7ri. Dintre profesorii 6e teoo!ie 6e 7i"i@
F;Fnti; pe 7poo!eGii A# >in 9i F# &otos, pe e:e!eGii Teodor Tar$
tavsc?i 9i A# >?eorg?iu, pe itur!istu A# 3itrofanovici, pe "7nonistu
falerian Desan 9i pe eru6itu istori" Eusebiu Popovici $f %*,,-@ "7re
ie?7 Hs7t "e ;7i "o;pet tr7t7t 6e Istorie +isericeasc Gniversal,
i"ris Fn i;87 !er;7nH 9i tr76us Fn ro;<ne9te 6e fostu ;itropoit 7
\n!ro#74iei Atanasie 3ironescu $e6. (?7@ t. I)IV@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,')Z
L*,+-.
Dintre Fn7Gii ier7r4i 6e 7Ji 7i Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ "7re
?ontri8uie prin s"risu or 7 pro;o#7re7 "uturii teoo!i"e ro;<ne9ti@
i;inti; pe Patriar?ul Iustin 3oisescu $f 2% iuie %*+L-@ "7re 7 pu8i?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
"7t u"rHri #7oro7se Fn 6o;eniu P7troo!iei 9i Fn stu6iu Nouui Tes?
t7;ent A pe fostu ;itropoit 7 Ar6e7uui Ficolae 3ladin $f ( iunie
%*+L-@ "7re 7 pu8i"7t stu6ii interes7nte Fn 6o;eniu Mor7ei "re9tine A
pe I.P.S. Mitropoit Ficolae &orneanu 7 B7n7tuui@ "7re 7 pu8i"7t 9i
pu8i"H stu6ii #7oro7se Fn 6o;eniu P7troo!iei 9i P7tristi"ii A pe I.P.S
Mitropoit Antonie Plmdeal 7 Ar6e7uui@ "7re 7 pu8i"7t 9i pu8i"s
stu6ii Fn 6o;eniu teoo!iei 6o!;7ti"e 9i Fn pro8e;ee e"u;enis;uui
7"tu7 A pe I.P.S. Mitropoit Festor Aornicescu 7 Oteniei@ "7re 7 pu8i?
"7t 9i pu8i"H u"rHri #7oro7se Fn 6o;eniu P7troo!iei 9i 7 Istoriei Bi ?
seri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne.
Dintre fo9tii profesori 7i .7"utHGior 6e teoo!ie 9i 7i Instituteor
teoo!i"e 7e P7tri7r4iei Ro;<ne@ "7re 7u "ontri8uit 7 pro;o#7re7 9i
F;8o!HGire7 "uturii teoo!i"e@ ;enGionH; = Fn stu6iie 8i8i"e 9i 6e e:e?
!eJH = Pr. prof. Aasile >?eorg?iu $f %*'*- A Pr. Ioan Popescu$3lie"ti
$t 2 7priie %*'2- A Pr. 4aralambie Roven!a $f %5 iunie %*(L- A Pr. >ale
>alaction $f + ;7rtie %*.L%-@ tr76u"Htoru Bi8iei Fn i;87 ro;<nH ;o6er ?
nH@ F;preunH "u Preotu A# Radu $f %*(&- A Di7"on F# Ficolaescu $f (
;7rtie %*55- A Pr. >rigorie 3arcu $f % i7n. %*+5-.
Fn Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H 9i Istori7 Biseri"ii Ro;<ne@ 7i
pu8i"7t stu6ii interes7nte 9i nu;ero7se 6o"u;ente = &# Erbiceanu $Zk
%*%2-@ 8# 8emetrescu $f 2 iunie %*,L-@ F# 8obrescu $f %& iuie %*%(-@ Pr
Fic# 3# Popescu $f %% fe8ru7rie %*LL-@ Teodor 3# Popescu $f ( 7priie
%*52-. "7re 7 pus 87Jee istoriei 8iseri"e9ti uni#ers7e eru6ite@ Fn Biseri "7
Orto6o:H Ro;<nH A Pr. >?# I 3oisescu $f ,& sept. %*5(-@ Pr. 3ilan
Desan $f 5 iunie %*+%-@ Pr. Teodor +odoOae, Pr. Ioan Rmureanu $f ,5
sept. %*++-.
In 6o;eniu P7troo!iei 9i P7tristi"ii 7u pu8i"7t nu;ero7se tr76u?
"eri 6in SfinGii PHrinGi@ pre"u; 9i stu6ii = Pr. (limp &ciul, Pr. 8umi$
tru Fecioru, Pr. Ioan &oman $f %% ;7rtie %*+5-@ "7re 7 pu8i"7t 9i tre=
#ou;e 6e Patrologie $Bu"ure9ti@ %*+(@ %*+'@ %*++-.
Fn Do!;7ti"H 9i Istori7 Rei!iior 7 pu8i"7t u"rHri #7oro7se PreotuT
Ioan 3i?lcescu $f 2 7priie %*(+-@ profesor 6e ;7re prest7nGH Fn u;e>
orto6o:H@ "7re 7 7Muns 7poi@ Fntre %*2*)%*(5@ ;itropoit 7 Mo6o#ei 9=
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8i"7t #7oro7se stu6ii Di7"onu Emilian Aasilescu $f %* iunie %*+'-
su""esoru 7 "7te6rH 7 Pr. prof. Io7n Mi4H"es"u.
Fn Dreptu "7noni" 9i 8iseri"es" ;enGionH; pe Pr. Aalerian Desan
$f %*(&-@ 8# +oroianu $f + sept. %*(%-@ Prof. Iorgu Ivan 9i Preotu prof
Hiviu =tan $f % 7priie %*52-.
Fn 6o;eniu Mor7ei "re9tine 7;inti; pe Ar4i;. luliu =criban $cf
%*(*-@ Pr. &onstantin Fa%arie $f ,% ;7rtie %*,L-@ Derban Ionescu $f %K
iunie %*5(-@ Prof. &onstantin Pavel 9.7.
Fn 6o;eniu Fn6ru;Hrior ;ision7re 7;inti; pe Aasile Ispir $f E
iuie %*(5-.
Fn Litur!i"H@ Preotu Petre Aintilescu $f %, iunie %*5(- ne?7 Hs7i
stu6ii i;port7nte Fn 6o;eniu istoriei Litur!4iei@ 7 i;noo!iei "re9tine
9i 7 Fn6ru;Hrii p7stor7e@ pre"u; 9i Pr. Ene +rani"te $f %+ fe8r. %*+(- 2( )
Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
PERIOADA A ASEA
Fn 6o;eniu Istoriei Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne ;enGionH; pe = Pr.
?eorg?e I# 3oisescu $f ,& sept. %*5(-@ Pr. Ale)andru &iurea, Pr.
M?<lae Derbnescu, Pr. 3ircea Pcurariu#
MenG i onH; "H 7 F n6e;nu 9i "u spri M i nu rHpos7t u ui P7t ri 7r4
stin Moises"u s?7 Fn"eput 6in %*5* tr76u"ere7 9i pu8i"7re7 Fn i;87
;<nH 7 s"rierior ;7i i;port7nte 7e PHrinGior 9i s"riitorior 8iseri?
9ti 6in se"oee I)VIII@ 6intre "7re 7u 7pHrut pFnH Fn preJent 7pro7?
,& 6e #ou;e. Coe"Gi7 BPHrinGi 9i s"riitori 8iseri"e9tiD ) Fn i;87
;<nH ) este o u"r7re fo7rte #7oro7sH 9i utiH pentru 6eJ#ot7re7
turii teoo!i"e ro;<ne9ti 9i e7 "inste9te Fn ;o6 "u totu 6eose8it Bi?
ri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH@ pe iniGi7toru 7"estei u"rHri@ #re6ni"u 6e
;enire P7tri7r4 Iustin Moises"u@ "7re 7 supr7#e!4e7t Fn6e7pro7pe
7riGi7 ei@ pre"u; 9i pe "ontinu7toru 7"estei opere@ 7"tu7u
IntFistH?Aor 7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ Pre7 .eri"itu PHrinte
P7tri7r4 o"tist.
In Do!;7ti"H ;enGionH; pe Prof. F# &?i!escu, Pr. 8# =tniloae 9i
. Isidor Todoran $f ,* ;7i %*+'-. Prof. Ni"o7e C4iGes"u@ Pr. prof.
6or To6or7n 9i Pr. prof. I# Petreu! 7u pu8i"7t Teologia 8ogmatic
=imbolic, #oi. I)II Bu"ure9ti@ %*'+. Pr. prof. Du;itru StHnio7e 7
8i"7t Teologia 8ogmatic (rtodo) pentru Institutele Teologice $2
Fu;e@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*5+-@ "7re 7 fost 7poi tr76usH Fn i;87 !er;7nH 6e
r;7nn Pitters su8 titu (rtliodo)e 8ogmatiL, "u o Intro6u"ere 6e
r!en Mot;7nn@ Fn Coe"Gi7 BOPu;enis"4e T4eoo!ieD@ t. %,@ BenJi!er
r7! ) Giitersoe4 Ver7!47us Mo4en@ %*+'.
Fn BiJ7ntinoo!ie@ ;enGionH; pe Prof. Ale)andru Elian 9i pe Prof.
lilian Popescu#
e- Fn Biseri"7 or.odo45 38r,5 "ei ;7i "uGi ier7r4i Fn se"oee 0I0
Q#P 7u fost ;itropoiGii Dtefan =tratimirovici 7 O7ro#iGuui@ 3i?ail 7
!r76uui 9i Ficolae Aladimirovici 7 O4ri6ei $M7"e6oni7-. Istori"ii
Sri"e9ti "unos"uGi sFnt ]. 9i 8# Ruvara!: "7noni9ti ;7i i;port7nGi =
iici "i Ficodim 3ila": itur!i9ti 9i pre6i"7tori = H# 3arcovici, Fica$
J 9.7. Un ;7re teoo! 7"tu7 este ;itropoitu Iustin Popovici, spe?
ist Fn 6o!;7ti"H. Din %*LL@ Biseri"7 sFr8H 7 tipHrit ;ute "HrGi 6e
t 9i teoo!ie A Fntre 7tee se;n7H; Aie!ile =fin!ilor Fn %, #ou;e.
f- Fn 'i3/rica or.odo45 ,u#6ar5 "ei ;7i "unos"uGi ier7r4i "Hrtur7ri
fost ;itropoiGii &lement 9i Dtefan ,Z i7r 6intre teoo!i s?7 re;7r"7t
"4ip 6eose8it "7nonistu 9i 6o!;7tistu Pr. Dtefan anLov $f %*L'-.
istorie 7 pu8i"7t #7oro7se stu6ii I# =negarov# M7i 7;inti; pe itur?
u >o"ev, pe profesorii Pa"ev, 8ulg?erov 9.7.
Fn !ener7@ se "onst7tH "H iter7tur7 teoo!i"H orto6o:H s?7 6eJ#o?
;ut 6e 7 %+&& pFnH 7stHJi Fn to7te Biseri"ie orto6o:e. Lini7 tr76i?
L7istH@ e!Htur7 ei "u Fn#HGHtur7 SfinGior PHrinGi@ 7 fost ;ereu #e ?
:7tH 9i 76Fn"itH "u ;iMo7"e 6e "er"et7re ;o6erne@ 7 FnHGi;e7 "er?
itorior 6in Apus. O !reut7te Fn "uno79tere7 7"estei iter7turi o pre?
H f7ptu "H i;8ie n7Gion7e Fn "7re s?7u s"ris u"rHrie teoo!i"e
h6o:e nu sFnt FnGeese 6e 7puseni@ 9i ni"i "4i7r rHsHritenii 6e 6ife?
ne7;uri nu FnGee! ;H"7r Fn p7rte 7"este i;8i. Fn se"ou nostru@
fost puse Fn "ir"u7Gie@ ;7i 7es 6e unii teoo!i 6in 7f7r7 GHrior or?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
to6o:e@ Fn6eose8i 6in .r7nG7 9i A;eri"7@ 6iferite ;o6uri 6e teoo!ii "F =
teoo!i7 perso7nei@ teoo!i7 itur!i"H@ teoo!i7 i"o7nei@ teoo!i7 etni"H@
teoo!i7 "uturii@ teoo!i7 "onfesion7H@ teoo!i7 e"u;enistH@ "7re se o"u?
pH "u unee 7spe"te uni7ter7e 7e teoo!iei orto6o:e A 6e 7"ee7 7u 9i
6ispHrut 9i 6isp7r repe6e@ "7 9i unee ;eo6ii 7 ;o6H.
!- Re#iste 8iseri"e9ti. Pentru F;8o!HGire7 iter7turii 9i "uturii teo?
o!i"e 9i 7"tu7iJ7re7 ei@ un ro i;port7nt ?7u 7#ut 9i?% 7u Fn to7te Bi ?
seri"ie orto6o:e surori re#istee teoo!i"e. A;inti; Fn "ee "e ur;e7JH
pe "ee ;7i i;port7nte =
Patriar?ia de &onstantinopol 7 e6it7t 6in %+(( pFnH Fn %*,2 re#ist7
8iun7rH BNE::0TMoi77ti:T- NA0RSet7D $Q A6e#Hru 8iseri"es"-@ pinH 6e stu6ii
teoo!i"e serio7se 9i interes7nte. De 7se;ene7@ 6in 7nu %*25 7 e6i=7t
re#ist7 1(rtodo)ia2, or!7nu ofi"i7 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e A i7r 6ir
%*'%@ Ji7ru 8iseri"es" sHptH;Fn7 1Apostolos Andreas2, 7;8ee Fn i;87
!re7"H ;o6ernH@ "7re 9i?7u Fn"et7t e:istenG7 Fn %*L(@ 6in "7uJ7 "on?
fi"tuui i#it Fntre Gre"i7 9i Tur"i7@ referitor 7 insu7 Cipru.
Ar?iepiscopia ortodo) greac a Americii de Ford "i de =ud 6e su"
Muris6i"Gi7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ 6in %% ;7i %*,,@ "u se6iu 7 NeiI
clorP@ 7re "7 8uetin ofi"i7 6in %*2* 1T?e (rt?odo) T?eological RevieN_
$Q Re#ist7 teoo!i"H orto6o:H-.
Institutul teologic numit 4ol' &ross $Q SfFnt7 Cru"e-@ "7re fun"?
Gione7JH Fn o"7it7te7 BrooPine@ Fn!H Boston@ Fn st7tu M7ss7"4usetti
$U.S.A.-@ pu8i"H 6in %*'( re#ist7 1T?e (rt?odo) (bserver2 $Q O8ser?
#7toru orto6o:-. Ate re#iste sFnt = 1Et?niLos2 9i BO3MpoiAD $Q Pre6i?
"7toru-.
Patriar?ia Ale)andriei e6ite7JH 6in %*&+@ Fn i;87 !re7"H@ re#isteiI
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t7inos- 9i BNA#60s::7D $Q An7e"t7-@ 6in %*',@ pu8i"7tH 6e 6ouH ori pK
unH 6e Bi8iote"7 P7tri7r47H 6in Ae:7n6ri7.
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pFnH Fn %*%( re#ist7 1Al$Fimat2 $ Q /7ru- A 7 Beirut@ 1Al$3ur2 $Q Lu
;in7-. Din %*'(@ e6ite7JH 7 D7;7s"@ Fn i;87 !re7"H@ re#ist7 1Al$Imam_
$Q Cre6inG7-.
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ri7 9i Li87n@ Fn i;87 en!eJH@ re#ist7 1T?e Morld2 $ Q Lu;e7-@ "7rK
este 8uetinu ofi"i7 7 Ar4iepis"opiei siri7no?7ntio4iene 6e Ne` lorP
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Sion-@ Fn i;87 !re7"H ;o6ernH.
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!re7"H@ 6in %*(% re#ist7 KB>uOD $Q Lu;in7-@ i7r Fn or79u L7rn7"7@ re
#ist7 BNE::0TM7i";:oS O#MpoiAD $Q Propo#e6uitoru 8iseri"es"-. Buetine
ofi"i7 7 Ar4iepis"opiei insuei Cipru se nu;e9te 1Apostolos +arnabas_
e6it7t pentru FntFi7 o7rH Fn %*%+A Fn"etFn6 7p7riGi7 Fn %*,2@?7p7re Fi
%*,*@ 7poi@ 6upH o Fntrerupere Fntre 7nii %*2L)%*2*@ re7p7re "u re!u
7rit7te pFnH 7stHJi. Fntre 7nii %*'()%*'L s?7 e6it7t 8iun7r re#Fst
BE3.:05-oi7oTi?].o# \R7D $Q Tri8un7 8iseri"e7s"H-@ "7re Fn %*'* 9i?7 s"4i;
87t titu Fn BNE::0#M7i77Tt3.TY b_T\D $Q Vi7G7 8iseri"e7s"H-@ titu su8 "7r
iN\S\tUOADA A ASEA
ip7re Fn "ontinu7re. Fntre %*(()%*'( 7 7pHrut re#ist7 BNE0itsD $Q Spe?
r7nG7-.
+iserica (rtodo) a >reciei e6ite7JH nu;ero7se pu8i"7Gii teoo!i"e@
intre "7re ;7i i;port7nte sFnt = BNE::0TM7t7D $Q Biseri"7-@ re#ist7
ofi?=i7H 7 Biseri"ii E76ei@ "7re 7p7re 6in %*,2@ su8 "on6u"ere7 Ar4i?
pis"opuui Atenei@ 9i re#ist7 1T?eologia2 6in %*'+@ 7 Aten7@ Fn "7re
e pu8i"H i;port7nte stu6ii 6e teoo!ie. BN/Mispo0oifio# trfi NE:]0N]M7i7G TT\S
200KJ+oGD $Q C7en67ru Biseri"ii Gre"iei-@ 6in %*'(@ Fn "7re se 67u
firi 9i 67te st7tisti"e 6espre to7te Biseri"ie Orto6o:e 6in u;e. Din
*', 7p7r re#istee = 1EEfYepioi2 $Q Coti6i7nu-@ re#istH un7rH A B(h"o#5M
iupF ouD $Q G7su Do;nu ui -@ re#i stH 6e Ji 6i re suf et e7s"H@ 9i
/[i.epo+et::5MS TT\a NE3?:0R7t7"D $Q A;7n74u Biseri"ii-@ "7re 7p7re 6e
se;ene7 o 67tH pe unH. Din %*L+ 7p7re 1+uletinul de informa!ii al
Eisericii >reciei2#
Fn tre"utu 7propi7t Biseri"7 Gre"iei 7 ;7i 7#ut re#istee = BTur"oSD Q
Pres7- 6in %*L% A BN A#<it07otSD $Q Ren79tere7-@ re#ist7 preoGior A \
$Q Vi7G7-@ re#ist7 Aso"i7Giei "re9tine BVi7G7D A BNIspoS So#Se7fAoSD
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ts$f-iSD $Q GFn6ire7 orto6o:H-.
.7"ut7te7 6e teoo!ie 6in Tes7oni" e6ite7JH re#ist7 1>rigorios
alamas2#
Ate re#iste 8iseri"e9ti 7p7r Fn pro#in"ie pe Fn!H Mitropoiie
!re?N9ti 6e se7;H.
n +iserica ortodo) rus "ee p7tru A"76e;ii 6u4o#ni"e9ti 6in
os"o#7@ Petro!r76@ Oie# 9i C7J7n 7#e7u fie"7re "Fte o re#istH teoo?
"H. Ce7 ;7i #e"4e er7 1Hegtura cre"tin2 pu8i"7tH 6e A"76e;i7
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tre 7nii %+'')%*%5. Pe Fn!H 7"este7 7u 7pHrut Fn Biseri"7 rusH o ;u?
ne 6e perio6i"e@ s"o7se 6e ep7r4ii s7u 6e Aso"i7Gii preoGe9ti. AstHJi
.tri7r4i7 rusH 6e Mos"o#7 e6ite7JH ur;Hto7ree re#iste 9i pu8i"7Gii
ntru stu6ii = 1Kurnal 3osLovsLoi Patriar?ii2 $Q Re#ist7 P7tri7r4iei 6e -
seo#7-@ Fn i;87 rusH 9i Fn i;87 en!eJH@ 7"e7st7 6in ur;H 7 Lon? 7
6in %*5% A 1=tudii teologice2, un 7nu7r #ou;inos@ tipHrit 7 Mos? sa,
Fn i;87 rusH@ Fn "7re profesorii A"76e;iior 6u4o#ni"e9ti 6in
hs"o#7 9i Peters8ur! F9i pu8i"H stu6iie or A 1+uletin de informa!ii2,
Ft7t 6e Ser#i"iu 6e Re7Gii e:terne 8iseri"e9ti@ Fn i;87 rusH A
13es$der de lEE)arc?at du Patriarc?e Russe en Europe (ccidentale2, "7re
Fre 7 P7ris pentru Biseri"ie ruse 6in Europ7 o""i6ent7H A 1=timme
E (rt?odo)ie2, "7re 7p7re Fn fostu Berin 6e RHsHrit pentru Biseri"ie
ie 6in Europ7 "entr7H A 1(ne &?urc?2 $Q O sin!urH Biseri"H-@ re#ist7
ieri"ii orto6o:e 6in A;eri"7@ fost7 Mitropoie rusH@ "7re 7p7re i7 Ne`
?P pentru ru9ii 6in St7tee Unite 9i C7n767.
+iserica (rtodo) din Gcraina, "7re 7p7rGine 6e P7tri7r4i7 6e Mos?
r
7@ e6ite7JH 7 Oie# re#ist7 1Pravoslavni AisniL2 $Q VestitoruN Or?
o:iei-.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
n +iserica (rtodo) Romn "e ;7i #e"4i perio6i" 8iseri"es" est
1Telegraful Romn2, "7re 7p7re 7 Si8iu 6in %+'2. Re#istee ;7i #e"i
sFnt = 1+iserica (rtodo) Romn2, "7re 7p7re 7 Bu"ure9ti 6in %+5(
Y#&andela2, Fntre 7nii %++,)%*(L A 1Revista teologic2, "7re 7 7pHrut %
Si8iu Fntre 7nii %*&5)%*(5 A 1=tudii teologice2, seri7 I?7@ Bu"ure9t
Fntre %*,*)%*(& 9i seri7 7 Ii?7 6in %*(* pFnH 7Ji@ s"o7sH 6e profesor
6e teoo!ie A 1(rtodo)ia2, "7re 7p7re 7 Bu"ure9ti 6in %*(* 9i "7re p#
8i"H Fn6eose8i stu6ii 6e 6o"trinH orto6o:H A 6in 6e"e;8rie %*+*@ 7p7r
pu8i"7Gi7 8iun7rH 1Aestitorul (rtodo)iei Romne"ti2, un or!7n ofi"iM
7 SfFntuui Sino6 Ro;<n. 1Romanian (rt?odo) &?urc? FeNs2
$du7rter3 Buetin@ 7p7re 7 Bu"ure9ti 6in %*5&@ e6it7t 6e Ser#i"iu Re
7Giior e:terne 7 P7tri7r4iei Ro;<ne. Fn 7f7rH 6e 7"este7@ fie"7re ;=
tropoie 7re re#ist7 ei@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = 7 I79i@ 13itropolia 3oldovei
Fntre 7nii %*,')%*(2@ "7re 6in %*'& 7p7re "u titu 6e 13itropolia 3od
dovei "i =ucevei2, fHrH Fntrerupere pFnH 7Ji A 7 Si8iu@ 13itropolia Ai
dealului2 7p7re 6in %*'L A 7 Cr7io#7 13itropolia (lteniei2 7p7re 6i
%*'& A 9i 7 Ti;i9o7r7 7p7re 13itropolia +anatului2 6in %*'&. Per
tru un s"urt ti;p 7 7pHrut 7 Cr7io#7@ Fn %*(2@ 1Revista de Iatori
bisericeasc2, nr. %@ ,@ 2.
Ate re#iste 7p7r Fn i;87 ro;<nH pFentru 8iseri"ie ro;<ne9ti 6i
strHinHt7te@ 6intre "7re "itH; = 1Almana?ul paro?iei ortodo)e romn
din Aiena2, 1Aestitorul2 7 P7ris@ 1Altarul strbun2 7 Lon6r7@ 1&ar
dela2 7 Sto"P4o;@ 1+iserica Romneasc2 7 Mi7no@ 1&redin!a2 F
St7tee Unite 7e A;eri"ii 9i C7n767@ 1Altarul2 7 Me8ourne Fr. Au=
tr7i7 9.7.
+iserica ortodo) srb e6ite7JH 7 Be!r76@ 6in %*,'@ re#ist7 1>lai
niL2, or!7nu sHu ofi"i7@ 9i 1+ogoslovie2 $Q Orto6o:i7-@ re#ist7 .H"u
t7Gii 6e teoo!ie 6in Be!r76 A 7poi 1TeologsLi Pogledie2 $Q Ve6eri te"
o!i"e- 9.7.
(rganul oficial al +isericii bulgare este 1erLoven AestniL2 $Q Ve=
titoru 8iseri"es"-@ 6in %+**. M7i e6ite7JH 9i re#ist7 18u?ovna Qulturc
,X$$ Cutur7 spiritu7H-@ Fn "7re 7p7r stu6ii 6e teoo!ie. Din %*,+@ pr"
fesorii .7"utHGii 6e teoo!ie 6in Sofi7 pu8i"H stu6iie or Fn 1Anuan
Facult!ii de teologie din =ofia2#
+iserica ortodo) din &e?oslovacia e6ite7JH "7 re#istH ofi"i7H BGK
los Pravoslavia2 $ Q G7su Orto6o:iei-.
+iserica ortodo) din Polonia e6ite7JH re#ist7 1erLovnii AiestniL
$Q Vestitoru 8iseri"es"-@ "7re este 8uetinu ei ofi"i7.
EinFn6 se7;7 6e f7ptu "H "re6in"io9ii 9i "eri"ii Biseri"ior orto6o:
nu "unos" i;8ie n7Gion7e 7e popo7reor orto6o:e 9i nu pot "iti sti
6iie interes7nte "7re 7p7r Fn re#istee or@ 7r fi ne"es7rH e6it7re7 un
re#iste 6e teoo!ie orto6o:H Fntr?o i;8H 6e "ir"u7Gie uni#ers7H@ F
"7re sH se 6e7 infor;7Gii e:7"te 9i 8o!7te 7supr7 tuturor pro8e;eiA
7"tu7e "7re preo"upH u;e7 orto6o:H 9i sH se pu8i"e stu6ii 6e #7o7i
spre foosu tuturor@ 797 "u; s?7 "erut 7 Con!resu profesorior 6e te"
o!ie 6e 7 Aten7@ Fn %*2L.
BI BLI OGRA.I E
SH se #76H 8i8io!r7fi7 6e 7 "7pitou pre"e6ent.
G. .oro#sP3@ T?e Na' oi (rt?odo) T?eolog', At4ens@ %*L,: M. \. Le Gui?LI@
HEesprit de A(rt?odo)ie grecOue et russe, P7ris@ %*L% A /7ns?Geor! Be"P@ Qirc?e
fd t?eologisc?e Hiteratul im b'%antinisc?en Reic?, Miin"4en@ %*L* A I% Istorii rusLoi
osoiii, 3osLva, %*'%A Fn i;87 ro;<nH@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*'2A VI. LossP3@ Essai sur t?eologie
m'stiOue de lEEglise dE(rient, P7ris@ %*((@ tr76. en!eJH su8 titu= te m'stical
t?eologie oi t?e Eastern &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*'5A D. B77nos@ >esc?ic?te r griec?isc?en
Hiteratur, Fn BE""esi7D@ LeipJi!@ %*2*A V. /7r77;8i6es@ 8ie rc?enpolitiL >riec?enland#
+eitrag %ur Qulturgesc?ic?te Feugriec?enlands von /-6-.W5, Fn Bbeits"4rift fur
Oir"4en!es"4i"4teD@ Stutt!7rt@ LV $%*2L-@ p. %'+)%*,A \u!ie@ T?eologia dogmatica
c?ristianorum orientalium ab Ecclesia dissidentium, #oi.@ P7ris@ %*,L)%*2'A O. /o@
8ie religiosen >rilndlagen der russisc?en Qul$r@ Tu8in!en@ %*,+.
Teoo!i7 ro;<ne7s"H
Conf. 6i7". P. I. D7#i6@ 8istin"ii iii ai 3itropoliei (lteniei, profesori n nv$
nntul teologic superior, Fn BMitropoi7 OtenieiD@ 000VIII $%*+L-@ nr. (@ p. 'L)+2 A
prof. Mir"e7 PH"ur7riu@ Istoria +isericii (rtdoo)e Romne, t. III@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+%@ ,,5
)2,5@ (2,)(L&@ (+&)(*(A I6e;@ &ultura teologic romneasc ntre anii -./56 S'@
Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00VII $%*5'-@ nr. *)%&@ p. (%L)(2+A I6e;@ Politica itulul ungar
iat de +iserica romneasc din Transilvania n perioada dualismului E;C)-.-70,
Si8iu@ %*+LA Pr. prof. Ene Br7ni9te@ Tiparul "i cartea bisericeasc n
U
cinci%eci
de ani de patriar?at ,-./5)-.C50, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ =i $%*5'-@
nr. %%)%,@ p. ,+5)2&&@ %(,%)%(',A Stu6iie pu8i"7te 6e profesorii itituteor
teoo!i"e 6in Bu"ure9ti 9i Si8iu Fn 8e la t?eologie ort?odo)e roumaine s
origines nos *ours, Bu"7rest@ %*5(@ ',+ p.A Pr. "onf. Const7ntin G7eriu@ Teo$fia
romn contemporan# &oordonate "i sinte%, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00VIII $%*5L-@
2)(@ p. ((5)(5,A Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ &ontribu!ia teologilor "i istoricilor
J@ericii (rtodo)e Romne la cunoa"terea de%voltrii istorice a +isericii (rtodo)e,
1HEEglise (rt?odo)e Roumaine2 ) 8e la t?eologie (rt?odo)e Roumaine des
gines nos *ours, Bu"7rest@ %*5(@ p. +')%&2 A I6e;@ Preocupri "i studii de teorie
istoric "i patristic, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00 $%*L+-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2L')2++A
prof. Mi7n es7n@ Probleme de istorie bisericeasc n e)punerea cercettorilor
odoc"i romni, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000I0 $%*5%-@ nr. 2)(@ p. 2+,
) %A 9i Fn i;87 fr7n"eJH@ Fn BDe 7 t4eoo!ie Ort4o6o:e Rou;7ine...D@ p. %&2)
%,& A =;@ Teologia ortodo) in secolul PIP pin la -7B7, Fn BMitropoi7
Mo6o#ei 9i =e#eiD@ 0LVI $%*5&-@ nr. %),@ p. L),&A Teologia ortodo) n
secolul PIP, dup Z7, Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 00 $%*5&-@ nr. ()L@ p. ,55)
,+2A G4. DrH!uin@ lodo)ia n Teologia contemporan, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0I $%*'*-@
nr. %@ p. %(')%'+.
ConferinGe p7norto6o:e
Fn se"ou 00 I
ConferinGee p7norto6o:e 6in se"ou 00 7u o i;port7nGH 6eose?H
pentru Fntre7!7 Biseri"H orto6o:H. Ee s?7u Ginut 6in 6orinG7 9i
=esit7te7 76optHrii unor ;Hsuri pentru 7si!ur7re7 unitHGii Biseri"ii
o6o:e printr?o "o78or7re frHGe7s"H ;7i strFnsH Fntre to7te Biseri"ie
Ao6o:e surori@ 7. Pri;7 ConferinGH p7norto6o:H s?7 Ginut b7
&onstantinopol, ntre
mai "i 7 iunie -./W, Fn ti;pu p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" Meetie IV
Me?=7Pis $%*,%)%*,2-. Au p7rti"ip7t 7pro7pe to7te Biseri"ie
orto6o:e@
e:"epGi7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e ruse. O i;port7ntH "ontri8uGie 7 7#ut 7
i7stH "onferinGH Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH.
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu.
Pro8e;7 prin"ip7H pe "7re 7 6is"ut7t?o 9i 7 reJo#7t?o Conferir
7 fost reforma sau ndreptarea calendarului vec?i sau iulian, rH;7s
ur;H "u %2 Jie f7GH 6e "7en67ru "i#i. DupH 7;pe 6is"uGii s?7 4ot7r
Fn 9e6inG7 7 M?7 6in %+ ;7i %*,2@ sH se supri;e "ee %2 Jie 6e FntFrJie
7e "7en67ruui #e"4i s7u iui7n@ Jiu7 6e % o"to;8rie so"otin6u?se %(
to;8rie. Astfe s?7 7Muns 7 e"4i#77re7 7nuui 8iseri"es" 9i "i#i "u 7n
7strono;i"@ so7r s7u tropi". S?7 u7t "7 87JH pentru 7"e7stH 4otHrF
refer7tu ui Petru DrH!4i"i@ 6in Si8iu ) Ro;<ni7@ Fnte;ei7t pe "7"
ee ;i9"Hrii so7reui@ 9i refer7tu Prof. Mi7n"o#i"i@ 6in Be!r76
Iu!os7#i7@ Fnte;ei7t pe ;i9"Hrie unii. S?7 7#ut Fn #e6ere "7 7"e7M
4otHr<re sH nu s"4i;8e Fntru ni;i" fon6u 6o"trin7r?6o!;7ti" 9i "7non
7 "re6inGei orto6o:e. P7stie se #7 ser87 Fn pri;7 6u;ini"H 6upH ui
pinH@ 6upH e"4ino"Giu 6e pri;H#7rH@ potri#it 4otHrFrior Sino6uui
e"u;eni" 6e 7 Ni"ee7 6in 2,'. Lunie 7nuui #or pHstr7 7"e79i nu;
6e Jie. SHr8Htorie "u 67tH fi:H nu?9i #or s"4i;87 67tee pe "7re e?
7#ut Fn tre"ut. Se #7 pHstr7 "7t7o!u sHr8Htorior Biseri"ii orto6o:e
9i Fn tre"ut.
S?7u ;7i propus 9i 7te refor;e "7 = ;i"9or7re7 nu;Hruui sHr8Ht
rior@ pro8e;7 "HsHtoriei 7 6ou7 7 preoGior #H6u#i@ s"urt7re7 9i u9ur
re7 posturior@ re6u"ere7 !r76eor 6e ru6enie 9i u9ur7re7 pie6i"ior
"HsHtorie@ #Frst7 intrHrii Fn "er 7 tinerior@ ;isiune7 e:ternH 7 Biseri
orto6o:e 9.7.
/otHrFrie ConferinGei p7norto6o:e 6e 7 Const7ntinopo referito!
7 Fn6rept7re7 "7en67ruui n?7u putut fi 7pi"7te 6e to7te Biseri"ie
to6o:e surori. ConferinG7 7 st78iit "7 4otHrFre7 ei referito7re 7 Fn6re
t7re7 "7en67ruui BsH fie 7pi"7tH 6e fie"7re Biseri"H Orto6o:H Fn p7r
7 ;o;entu oportun@ 76i"H 7tun"i "Fn6 F;preMurHrie #or fi f7#or78=
Fn6reptHrior 76;iseD.
P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo@ P7tri7r4i7 Ae:7n6riei@ P7tri7r4
Antio4iei@ P7tri7r4i7 Ro;<nH@ Ar4iepis"opi7 7uto"ef7H 7 Biseri"ii
pruui@ Ar4iepis"opi7 Gre"iei 9i Biseri"ie orto6o:e 6in A87ni7@ Poon
Ce4oso#7"i7 9i .in7n67@ pre"u; 9i MFnHstire7 V7tope6 6in Munte
At4os 7u 76opt7t "7en67ru Fn6rept7t. Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH
intro6us Fn"H 6e 7 % o"to;8rie %*,(@ 67tH "7re 7 6e#enit %( o"to;8r
P7tri7r4i7 Ierus7i;uui@ P7tri7r4i7 n sH@ P7tri7r4i7 sFr87 9i %* n
nHstiri 6in SfFntu Munte At4os 7u rH;7s pFnH 7Ji 7 "7en67ru n
Fn6rept7t@ s7u 7 B#e"4iu stiD.
Biseri"7 8u!7rH 7 4otHrFt 7 ,, 6e"e;8rie %*L5 sH intro6u"H ne
"7en67r Fn"epFn6 "u Jiu7 6e ,, 6e"e;8rie %*L+. De 7se;ene7@ Biseri
orto6o:H 6in M7"e6oni7 7 4otHrFt sH intro6u"H nou "7en67r@ "7re
intr7t Fn #i!o7re 6e 7 ,& 6e"e;8rie %*L+ $#eJi = BIreniPonD@ 0LI $%*L
nr. (@ p. '*& A nr. 2@ p. 2+%-.
8. L7 97pte 7ni 6upH ConferinG7 p7norto6o:H 6e 7 Const7ntin"p
6in %*,2@ s?7 si;Git ne#oi7 "on#o"Hrii unei noi Con0/rin/ 2anor.odo4
A"e7st7 s?7 ntrunit ntre 7 "i /W iunie -.W9, n %iua Pogoririi 8u?u
=*nt, la 3nstirea Aatoped din 3untele At?os# Biseri"7 Orto6o:H I
;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH 6e epis"opu Lu"i7n 7 Ro;7nuui 9i 7r4ierK
Tit Si;e6re7. ConferinG7 s?7 o"up7t Fn !enere 6e pre!Htire7 unui #ii
hsino6 p7norto6o:@ "7re@ 7 rFn6u ui@ sH pre!Hte7s"H un Sino6 p7n?
o6o:. S?7u propus spre st u6i ere %5 t e;e@ "7re pot fi F nfHG i 97t e F n
i "7te!orii =
Z)Z In pri;7 "7te!orie se Fn"76re7JH te;e referito7re 7 or!7niJ7re7
6is"ipin7 internH 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ 9i 7nu;e = FntHrire7 9i reor!7?
7re7 ;on74is;uui@ e6u"7re7 te;eini"H 7 tinerior teoo!i@ "o6ifi"7re7
iGeor "7no7ne@ "HsHtori7 7 6ou7 7 preoGior@ 6i#orGu@ unifor;iJ7re7
t7nGeor 8iseri"e9ti.
Din pun"t 6e #e6ere itur!i"@ s?7 pre#HJut or!7niJ7re7 unui tipi"
iun pentru to7te Biseri"ie orto6o:e.
) Fn 7 6ou7 "7t e!orie intrH pro8e;e referit o7re 7 re7Gii e frH?
Ai 6intre Biseri"ie orto6o:e 9i ;o6u 6e proclamare a autonomiei "i
utocefaliei unei Biseri"i orto6o:e.
) A trei 7 !rupH 6e te;e se o"upH "u pro8e;7 re7Gi ior Bi seri?
r orto6o:e@ 7tFt Fn RHsHrit "Ft 9i Fn Apus.
S?7 pre"oniJ7t "7 o nouH "onferinGH sH se GinH peste 6oi 7ni@ Fn %*2,@
7 MFnHstire7 V7tope6@ 67r@ 6in "7uJ7 unor F;preMurHri nef7#or78ie@
7st7 nu s?7 ;7i Ginut.
". Con6r/3u# 2ro0/3ori#or d/ ./o#o6i/ or.odo45 din 1976. Intre ,*
noie;8rie 9i L 6e"e;8rie %*2L@ s?7 Fntrunit 7 Aten7 pri? "on!res
7 profesorior 6e teoo!ie orto6o:H. IniGi7ti#7 "on#o"Hrii ui rGine
.7"utHGii 6e teoo!ie 6in Aten7. E 7 fost pre"e67t 6e o con$n!
pregtitoare, "7re s?7 Fntrunit Fn i7nu7rie %*2L 7 Bu"ure9ti@ 7 A 7
p7rti"ip7t "Fte un 6ee!7t 6in p7rte7 .7"utHGior 6e teoo!ie or?2:H
6e peste 4ot7re@ 4otHrFn6 Fnto";ire7 unei iste 6e te;e. R7po7rtee
preJent7te 7 Con!resu profesorior 6e teoo!ie orto6o:H 7 Aten7 6e
6iferiGi 6ee!7Gi 7u fost 7n7iJ7te 9i 6is"ut7te Fn "76ru suH ;7ri
te;e =
Pri;7 = Po%i!ia "tiin!ei teologice n +iserica ortodo), i7r 7 6ou7 =
&?estiuni teologice preliminare a unor probleme biserice"ti#
Fn pri;7 te;H er7u pre#HJute = prin"ipii fun67;ent7e@ i8ert7te7
"er"etHri teoo!i"e@ infuenGe "7toi"e@ protest7nte@ fiosofi"e@ r7por?
"u teoo!i7 p7tristi"H.
Fn 7 6ou7 te;H@ prin"ip77 pro8e;H 7 fost "on#o"7re7 neFntFrJi7tH
iui Sino6 !ener7 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ pe "7re unii ?7u nu;it Sino6
orto6o:@ i7r 7Gii Sino6 E"u;eni". Unii 7u susGinut pHrere7 "H Fn
?ui Bi seri "ii ort o6o:e nu se po7te Fntruni un Sino6 e"u;eni"@ "i
F7i unu p7norto6o:. AGii@ 6i;potri#H@ 7u fost 6e pHrere "H nu;7i
H "e se #7 7Mun!e 7 Bunifi"7re7 Biseri"ior "7re 7u epis"op7t "u su"?
une 7postoi"HD@ 76i"H Biseri"7 orto6o:H@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@
ri"7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i@ pus Biseri"7 An!i"7nH 9i 6esi!ur 9i #e"4ie
ri"i pre"7"e6oniene ) "optH@ etiopi7n7@ siro?i7"o8itH 9i 7r;e7nH@ se
9ute7 "on#o"7 un Sino6 "u 76e#Hr7t e"u;eni".
E 6e 7 sine FnGees "H un "on!res 7 profesorior 6e teoo!ie@ ori"Ft
;port7nte 7r fi pro8e;ee 6eJ8Htute 6e 7"est7@ nu po7te 4otHrF Fn
srie 6e "re6inGH 9i ;or7H@ 7"e7st7 rH;FnFn6 67tori7 prin"ip7H 7
isteriuui Biseri"ii@ "onstituit 6in epis"opii Biseri"ii@ "7 su""esori 7i
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
SfinGior Apostoi@ "Hror7 i s?7 67t porun"7 6e "Htre Do;nu /ristt
B6e 7 Fn#HG7 to7te ne7;urie...D 9i B...sH pHJe7s"H to7te "Fte #?7; porui
"it #ouHD $M7tei@ ,+@ %*),&-.
S?7u ;7i 6is"ut7t 9i 7te pro8e;e "7 = pro8e;7 unifi"Hrii "7ei
67ruui@ "HsHtori7 7 6ou7 7 preoGior@ "o6ifi"7re7 "7no7neor@ pu8i"7re
te:teor itur!i"e@ ;isiune7 internH 9i e:ternH 7 Biseri"ii@ pu8i"7re7 un
re#iste 6e teoo!ie orto6o:H 9i "Hut7re7 ;iMo7"eor "eor ;7i 8une pei
tru strFn!ere7 e!Hturior 6intre Biseri"ie orto6o:e.
A 6oie7 Con!res 7 profesorior 6e teoo!ie orto6o:H ur;7 sH i
Fntrune7s"H 7 Bu"ure9ti@ Fn %*2*@ 67r 6in "7uJ7 iJ8u"nirii "eui 6e A
6e ie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('- nu s?7 ;7i putut Gine. E s?7 Gi;
Fntre %*),* 7u!ust %*5L 7 Aten7.
6. Con0/rina 2anor.odo45 d/ #a ;o3co=a $+?)%+ iuie %*(+-.
Cu o"7Ji7 sHr8Htoririi 7 '&& 6e 7ni 6e 7 pro"7;7re7 7uto"ef7iI
Biseri"ii orto6o:e ruse@ Fn %*(+@ s?7 Fntrunit 7 Mos"o#7 o ;7re "onfe
rinGH p7norto6o:H 7 "7re 7u p7rti"ip7t p7tru p7tri7r4i 9i nu;ero9i G
r7r4i@ ;itropoiGi@ 7r4iepis"opi@ epis"opi@ preoGi@ 6i7"oni 9i ;ireni. Bis$
ri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH 6e o 6ee!7Gie "on6usH "
p7tri7r4u \ustini7n.
ConferinG7 7 6eJ8Htut pe 7r! 9i 7 67t reJouGii "u pri#ire 7 p7tr
pro8e;e ;7i i;port7nte 6in ti;pu nostru@ 9i 7nu;e =
%. V7ti"7nu 9i Biseri"7 orto6o:H A
,. V7i6it7te7 4irotoniior 7n!i"7ne A
2. Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i ;i9"7re7 e"u;eni"H A
(. C7en67ru 8iseri"es".
Dee!7Gii Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne 7u 7#ut o i;port7ntH "ontr
8uGie@ preJentFn6 refer7te su8st7nGi7e "u pri#ire 7 "ee p7tru pro8e;i
i7r "on"uJiie or 7u fost 76opt7te 6e "onferinGH Fn reJouGiie 67tt
Astfe@ Fn reJouGi7 Aaticanul "i +iserica ortodo) se 7r7tH Fn spir
"riti"@ 67r "u ;o6er7Gie@ !re9eie Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e Fn "o;poi
t7re7 ei f7GH 6e Biseri"ie orto6o:e@ "o;8HtFn6 te;eini" erorie 9i in"
#7Giie ei 6o"trin7re 9i 6is"ipin7r?"7noni"e. B.7ptu "H V7ti"7nu 7 6e
uitHrii tr76iGiie Orto6o:iei e"u;eni"e@ 7 F;pins "or78i7 Biseri"ii ro;7ne
"7toi"e spre #FrteMu p7pis;uui 7nti"re9tin@ strHin pentru Biseri"7 4
/ristos...D. BNoi ne ru!H; fier8inte ;7i?;7reui pHstorior@ Do;nui
nostru Iisus /ristos@ "7 sH u;ineJe "u u;in7 Fn#HGHturii S7e 6u;ne
Jeie9ti ier7r4i7 "7toi"H 9i sH?i 7Mute "7 sH FnGee7!H tot 76Fn"u "H6er
Fn pH"7te@ Fn "7re e7 7 7run"7t Biseri"7 7puse7nH@ Fn Fn#HGHturie nHs
"o"ite 6e ei 6espre suprema!ia "i infailibilitatea papei, 9i prin f7ptu "
fooses" Biseri"7 Fn interesee uptei poiti"eD.
Fn 6e"iJi7 67tH "u pri#ire 7 validitatea ?irotoniilor anglicane se e:
pri;H 6orinG7 "7 BBiseri"7 An!i"7nH sH?9i ;o6ifi"e "re6inG7 $6o"trinA
6in pun"t 6e #e6ere 6o!;7ti"@ "7noni" 9i e"esioo!i" 9i Fn spe"i7 in!ei
pretarea autentic a =fintelor Taine, mai ales a Tainei ?irotoniei###E
BNoi 4otHrF; ) se su8ini7JH Fn "ontinu7re ) "H ier7r4i7 7n!i"7n
"onte;por7nH po7te o8Gine 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e re"uno79tere
"7r7"teruui 47ris;7ti" 7 preoGiei 7"estei7 67"H Fn pre778i se #7 st7
PERIOADA A ASEA
Fn ;o6 for;7 Fntre Biseri"7 Orto6o:H 9i "e7 An!i"7nH unitatea
edin! "i n mrturisire2#
In reJouGi7 3i"carea ecumenic "i +iserica ortodo) se "ere sH se
;i"e Consiiuui Mon6i7 7 Biseri"ior "H Biseri"ie orto6o:e nu
p7rti"ip7 7 A6un7re7 I?7 !ener7H 6e 7 A;ster67;@ 6in %*(+@ Fn
Fte 6e ;e;8ri@ Fntru"<t pro!r7;u ei 7"tu7 se oriente7JH 6upH unee
ri poiti"e strHine Orto6o:iei 9i este ipsit 6e prin"ipiu "o78orHrii
i"e.
Dintre "ee p7tru pro8e;e@ "e7 ;7i 6is"ut7tH 7 fost pro8e;7 uni$
i%rii calendarului bisericesc#
Fn reJouGi7 67tH@ "onferinG7 6e 7 Mos"o#7 so"ote9te "H pascalia ale$
rin, st78iitH 6upH "7en67ru iui7n@ potri#it 4otHrFrior 6e 7
sa 6in 2,'@ Bs7tisf7"e "o;pet 7"e7stH e:i!enGH 8iseri"e7s"HD. BPFnH
78or7re7 9i r7tifi"7re7 "eui ;7i perfe"Gion7t "7en67r@ "onsfHtuire7
Ae9te "H Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te srbtorile fi)e, fie"7re Biseri"H 7uto?
H po7te sH se foose7s"H 6e "7en67ru "e 7 intr7t Fn uJu Biseri"ii
A"ti#eD.
Apeu FntFistHtHtorior 9i repreJent7nGior Biseri"ior orto6o:e 7uto?
e@ respe"ti# 7 ConferinGei p7norto6o:e 6e 7 Mos"o#7@ este 76res7t
e toGi "re9tinii 6in u;e@ "Htre toGi o7;enii "7re Fnsete7JH 6e 6rep?
6e p7"e@ "4e;Fn6u?i "7 sH 7u6H !7su nostru "e?i in#itH 7 frHGie@
Fie@ 6rept7te 9i 76e#HrD@. pentru st78iire7 unei pH"i tr7ini"e Fntre
popo7ree 9i 7si!ur7re7 unei #ieGi ini9tite 9i p79ni"e@ pe "7re o
Ate Fntre7!7 u;7nit7te.
,. Con0/rin/#/ 2anor.odo4/ 6e #a R1odo3? din anii 1961? 1967?
196.
L Pentru pre!Htire7 9i 6efiniti#7re7 te;eor "u "7re se #7 o"up7
iitor prosino6 e"u;eni"@ "erut 6e ConferinG7 p7norto6o:H 6e 7
9tire7 V7tope6 6in Muntee At4os Fn %*2&@ 6in iniGi7ti#7 p7tri7r4u?
"u;eni" Aten7!or7 I $%*(*)%*5,-@ 7 fost "on#o"7tH prima &onfe$
panortodo) de la R?odos, "7re s?7 Ginut ntre /B septembrie )
#ombrie -.;-# L7 7"e7st7 7u p7rti"ip7t 6ee!7Gi 6in p7rte7 tuturor
eior orto6o:e. Dee!7Gi7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne 7 fost "on?
6e I. P. S. Mitropoit Iustin 7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei. ConferinG7 7
uit 97se "o;isii@ fie"Hrei7 Fn"re6inGFn6u?i?se spre 6eJ87tere 9i "er?
2 "Fte o pro8e;H@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH =
)Despre "re6inGH@ 6o!;H 9i "utu 8iseri"es" A
)Despre 76;inistr7Gi7 9i 6is"ipin7 8iseri"e7s"H 9i 6espre Orto6o
:i7 Fn u;e A
)Despre r7porturie Biseri"ior Orto6o:e Fntre ee A
)Despre te;ee teoo!i"e 9i pro8e;ee so"i7e A
)R7porturie Biseri"ii orto6o:e "u Biseri"ie rHsHritene ne?
"7"e6onene A
)R7porturie Biseri"ii orto6o:e "u Biseri"ie 7pusene.
n 9e6inG7 6in ,* septe;8rie ConferinG7 7 4otHrFt "7 pe ist7 #iito?
prosino6 e"u;eni" sH fie tre"ute spre "er"et7re 9i reJo#7re ur;H?
e te;e !ener7e = %. Cre6inG7 9i 6o!;7 A ,. Cutu 6i#in A 2. A6;i?
iGi7 9i or6ine7 8iseri"e7s"HA (. R7porturie Biseri"ior orto6o:e
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Fntre ee A '. R7porturie Biseri"ii orto6o:e "u "e77tH u;e "re9tinH
;# Orto6o:i7 Fn u;e A 5. Te;e teoo!i"e Fn !ener7@ 9i +. Pro8e;e so
"i7e. ConferinG7 s?7 pronunG7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@ Fn f7#o7re7 B"uti#Hrii r7
porturior inter"re9tine@ Fn spiritu 6r7!ostei ui /ristosD.
Fn ;es7Mu 76res7t tuturor Biseri"ior "re9tine 6in u;e@ Fn7Gii ie
r7r4i FntruniGi 7 pri;7 ConferinGH p7norto6o:H 6e 7 R4o6os s"ot Fi
e#i6enGH "H Bnoi 7; 67t 7"u; o 6efiniGie ;7i pre"isH@ "7re #7 "onstitu
or6ine7 6e Ji 7 stu6iior 9i 6ei8erHrior #iitoruui prosino6. A#e; spe ?
r7nG7 "H@ 8ine#oin6 Du;neJeu@ 7"e prosino6 #7 pre!Hti "7e7 souGiioA
ne"es7re 9i 6e"iJiior 8une 9i i;peJi pe "7re #7 tre8ui sH e i7 Sino6u
e"u;eni" uterior...D. BNoi "re6e; "H Biseri"ie orto6o:e o"7e@ to7te
surori Fntre ee@ pHstre7JH "re6inG7 ;Fntuito7re 7 PHrinGior no9tri 9
stHruie Fn 7"e7stH unit7te@ "7re este i;7!ine7 unitHGii spiritu7e 9i supr7 ?
n7tur7e 7 Pre7sfintei Du;neJeiri "7re stH pe un sin!ur tron. Astfe
este unit7te7 profun6H 9i netu8ur7tH pe "7re 7 ;7nifest7t?o Biseri"7
orto6o:H Fn 7"e7stH o"7Jie istori"H...D $6upH BIreniPonD@ 000.V $%*L%-
nr. (@ p. ''+)''*-.
,. A doua &onferin! panortodo) de la R?odos s?7 Ginut ntre
/;)/. septembrie -.;W, 7#Fn6 "7 te;H prin"ip7H re7Giie Orto6o:ie=
"u "ee7te "onfesiuni "re9tine@ Fn spe"i7 "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH printr?o 6ee!7Gie "on6usH
6e I. P. S. Mitropoit Iustin 7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei.
Pe or6ine7 6e Ji 7 ConferinGei 7u fi!ur7t 6ouH pro8e;e = ) Pro$
blema trimiterii de observatori la cea de a doua sesiune a &onciliului II
de la Aatican: ) Propunere7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e "7 Biseri"ie orto6o:e
sH st78ie7s"H@ pe ba% de egalitate, un dialog cu +iserica romano$catolic#
Cu pri#ire 7 tri;itere7 6e o8ser#7tori 7 Con"iiu II V7ti"7n@ "7re
7u nu;7i s7r"in7 6e 7 7s"ut7@ 7 pri#i 9i 7 infor;7@ Fn 9e6inG7 6in ,+ sep ?
te;8rie ConferinG7 B7 7""ept7t 6e "o;un 7"or6 "7 fie"7re 6intre Bise ?
ri"ie orto6o:e sH pro"e6eJe Fn ;o6 i8er Fn 7"e7stH "4estiune spe"i7HD
S?7 7pro87t toto67tH "7 Biseri"ie orto6o:e "7re #or tri;ite o8ser ?
#7tori sH infor;eJe 9i "ee7te Biseri"i orto6o:e 6espre "ee "onst7t7te
9i o8ser#7te 7 Con"iiu II V7ti"7n.
Cu pri#ire 7 "4estiune7 7 6ou7@ 76i"H Fn"epere7 6i7o!uui pe pi"ior
6e e!7it7te Fntre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i "e7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ propus 6e
P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ B9i 7"e7st7 7 fost 7""ept7tH 6e "o;un 7"or6 6e
to7te 6ee!7Giie orto6o:eD. S?7 7Muns 7 7"e7stH 4otHrFre Fn sper7nG7 "H
6es"4i6ere7 ;7nifest7tH 6e p7p7 Io7n 00III $%*'+)%*L2- f7GH 6e Bi ?
seri"7 orto6o:H 6in ti;pu 6eJ87terior sesiunii FntFi7 7 Con"iiuui II
V7ti"7n@ 6in %% noie;8rie ) % 6e"e;8rie %*L,@ se #7 ;enGine 9i su8
p7p7 P7u VI $7 2& iunie %*L2-@ 67r@ 6in neferi"ire@ 7"e7stH sper7nGH nu
s?7 F;pinit.
2. A treia &onferin! panortodo) de la R?odos s?7 Fntrunit ntre
-Y$-5 noiembrie -.;B, p7rti"ipFn6 7pro7pe to7te Biseri"ie orto6o:e. P7
tri7r4i7 Ro;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH printr?o 6ee!7Gie "on6usH 6e
I. P. S. Mitropoit Iustin 7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei.
PERIOADA A ASEA
erinG7@ "on#o"7tH "7 9i "ee7te 6ouH@ 6in iniGi7ti#7 p7tri7r4uui
Z Aten7!or7 I@ 7 7#ut pe or6ine7 6e Ji ur;Hto7ree pro8e;e =
-i7o!u "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ propus 6e ConferinG7 7
L7 R4o6os@ 6in ,L),* septe;8rie %*L2 A teu7re7 tr7t7ti#eor "u
Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH A teu7re7 tr7t7ti#eor "u Biseri"7 #e"4e?
"7toi"H. HrFre7 ConferinGei 7 trei7 6e 7 R4o6os@ 67tH 7 %(
noie;?i( pre#e6e ur;Hto7ree@ Fn pri#inG7 dialogului cu
+iserica ro$tolic <
Ses# 6e 7 trei7 ConferinGH p7norto6o:H 6e 7 R4o6os@ stu6iin6
tee Fn"eperii unui 6i7o! "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ B7 "on? i
pentru un Fn"eput ro6ni" 7 unui dialog teologic real este ne?
re!Htire7 tre8uito7re 9i "re7re7 6e "on6iGii "orespunJHto7reD. Ae7st7
nu Fnse7;nH "H fie"7re 6intre Biseri"ie orto6o:e o"7e nu ArH sH
"ontinue 7 "uti#7@ Fn nu;ee sHu propriu@ 9i nu 7 Fntre!ii =ii@
r7porturi frHGe9ti "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ "u "on#in!ere7 "est
fe #or pute7 fi ei;in7te Fn ;o6 trept7t 6ifi"utHGie "7re n
preJentD.
i u7t 7"e7stH 4otHrFre Fntru"Ft nou p7pH@ P7u VI@ Fn En"i"i"7
im =uam 6in L 7u!ust %*L( 9i Fn 7te 6e"7r7Gii ofi"i7e@ nu
re?@e Biseri"ii orto6o:e o poJiGie 6e e!7it7te "u "e7 ro;7no?
"7toi"H@ i6 Fn ;o6 eron7t@ ten6enGios 9i ne"re9tin "H nu;7i
Biseri"7 ro?=7toi"H pose6H penitu6ine7 76e#Hruui 9i 7 unitHGii@
i6ee pe "7re 7 orto6o:H o respin!e 9i 7 "o;8Htut?o tot6e7un7.
Biseri"7 orto?espin!e 9i 7 respins Fntot6e7un7 "4e;7re7
B"re9tinior sep7r7GiD@ # 7 ;e;8rior Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ 6e "Htre
Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7?spre 7 intr7 Fn Bst7u u Ro;ei D@ p7p7
"onsi 6erF n6u?se pe sine L ui /ristos pe pH;Fnt.
Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te te;7 "ontinuHrii 6is"uGiior teoo!i"e 6intre
=7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH@ ConferinG7 7 trei7 p7norto6o:H
R4o6os 4otHrH9te "onstituire7 i;e6i7tH 7 unei Co;isii teoo!i"e
rto6o:e@ "7re sH Fn"e7pH 6i7o!u teoo!i" 6intre ee. De
7se;ene7@ Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te te;7 "ontinuHrii 6is"uGiior i"e
6intre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 #e"4e?"7toi"H@ nu;it7 Con? H
4otHrH9te instituire7 i;e6i7tH 7 unei Co;isii teoo!i"e inter?
h:e pentru Fn"epere7 6i7o!uui teoo!i".
i Mes7M u t ri ;i s F nt re!i i "re9t i nHt HG i @ Conferi nG 7 7 t rei 7 6e 7
7s@ 6upH "e e:pune pri n"i pi i e 4ot HrF ri or u7t e@ BF 9i F n6re7pt H
% "u 7"ee79i 6r7!oste 9i prietenie 9i ctre venerabilele +iserici vec?i
Esritului, "Htre "7re tri;ite un "H6uros s7ut frHGes"@ e:pri;Fn6
7 9i nH6eM6e7 Sfintei Biseri"i orto6o:e "H unu 9i 7"e79i Do;n
i ne"u#F nt 7 ori "e 6eJ#ot 7re ;7i 6ep7rte 7 e!Ht uri or no7st re
9tiD.
ConferinG7 7 trei7 p7norto6o:H 6e 7 R4o6os este "on#insH "H 7 fost
tH 6e Du;neJeu Fn u"r7re7 ei@ Fntru"Ft s?7 spriMinit pe ru!H"iune7
i"ii@ 7 "orespuns 79teptHrii tuturor 9i 7 ;ers@ Fn 6epinH FnGee!ere
7!oste@ Fn unit7te7 Du4uui 9i 7 ini;ior pe "7e7 F;pH"Hrii@ 7 prie?
i 9i 7 frHGietHGii@ "u o 6ispoJiGie sin"erH f7GH 6e toGi@ Gintin6 spre
BISERICA IN EPOCA MOUiB77
unit7te7 fin7H 7 tuturor Fn /ristos Iisus@ Do;nu nostru $#eJi = BBise?
ri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000II $%*L(-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %&%')%&%+-=
f. A 2a.ra Con0/rin5 2anor.odo45 s?7 Ginut ntre 7)]= iunie -.;7
la &?ambes', Gng >eneva, n Elve!ia, 9i 7 7"e7st7 7u p7rti"ip7t 7pro7pe
to7te Biseri"ie orto6o:e. Biseri"7 no7strH 7 fost repreJent7tH 6e o 6e?
e!7Gie "on6usH 6e I. P. S. Mitropoit Iustin 7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei. Pe
or6ine7 6e Ji 7 ConferinGei 7u fost Fns"rise trei te;e prin"ip7e 9i
7nu;e =
) St78iire7 unui p7n 6e u"ru "7re sH 6u"H 7 Fntre!ire7 unui
;7re Sino6 interorto6o: s7u p7norto6o:@ "7re sH se pronunGe 7supr7
te;eor Fns"rise pe ist7 pri;ei ConferinGe p7norto6o:e 6e 7 R4o6os@
6in %*L%.
) E:7;in7re7 pro!resuui re7iJ7t Fn "e pri#e9te re7Giie Biseri"ii
orto6o:e "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH@ Biseri"7 #e?
"4e?"7toi"H@ "u Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e 9i "u Biseri"ie uter7ne.
) E:7;in7re7 posi8iitHGii unei 7"Giuni ;7i efi"iente 7 Orto6o:iei
Fn "76ru Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior.
DupH 7;8ee 6is"uGii@ Fn Jiu7 6e %' iunie %*L+@ ConferinG7 7 u7t un
nu;Hr 6e 4otHrFri@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH =
%. Biseri"7 orto6o:H 6e RHsHrit re"uno79te ne"esit7te7 "on#o"Hrii
"Ft ;7i repe6e 7 unui 3are =inod 7 ei 9i 7 pre!Htirii siste;7ti"e inter?
orto6o:e 7 "eor referito7re 7 e.
Din te;ee 6e pe or6ine7 6e Ji 7 pri;ei ConferinGe p7norto6o:e
6e 7 R4o6os@ 6in %*L%@ ConferinG7 7 7es spre "er"et7re 9i tr7t7re unee
te;e "u "7r7"ter teoreti"@ 7tee "u "7r7"ter pr7"ti"@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH =
) I%voarele revela!iei: ) P7rti"ip7re7 ;7i 7r!H 7 ee;entuui Z 7i" Fn
#i7G7 6e "ut 9i Fn !ener7 Fn #i7G7 Biseri"ii A ) Re767pt7re7 6ispoJi
Giior 8iseri"e9ti 6espre post 7 "erinGee epo"ii 7"tu7e A ) I;pe6i;en
tee 7 "HsHtorie A ) &?estiunea calendaristic: ) Iconomia n +iserica
ortodo), "7re 7 re#enit spre "er"et7re Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Eo;<ne.
,. Cu pri#ire 7 re7Giie Biseri"ii orto6o:e "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7?
toii"H@ s?7 4otHrFt sH se "ontinue 6e 7;8ee pHrGi "ont7"tee 9i ;7nifestH
rie 6e 6r7!oste frHGe7s"H 9i respe"t re"ipro"@ spre 7 se 6epH9i 6efiniti#
6ifi"utHGie "7re e:istH pentru un ro6ni" 6i7o! teoo!i" s7u teoreti".
2. Referitor 7 re7Giie "u Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH@ ConferinG7 6e 7
C47;8es3 4otHrH9te sH se "ontinue pre!Htire7 6i7o!uui 6e "Htre Co
;isi7 interorto6o:H teoo!i"H. Se "ere FnsH Biseri"ii 7n!i"7ne "7@ Fn7
inte 6e ori"e 7tH 6is"uGie@ sH se H;ure7s"H Fn6eose8i "u= ) Mo6u Fn
"7re Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH FnGee!e unire7 ei Fn "re6inGH "u "e7 orto6o:H A
)D7"H este posi8iH unire7 Biseri"ii 7n!i"7ne "u "e7 orto6o:H@ Fn ur;7
inter"o;uniunii pe "7re o pr7"ti"H Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH "u Biseri"ie ute
r7ne S ) Mo6u Fn "7re 4otHrFrie u7te 7supr7 te;eor 6i7o!uui #or
6e#eni o8i!7torii pentru Fntre7!7 "o;unit7te A ) Autorit7te7 "eor
2* 7rti"oe 9i 7 CHrGii 6e ru!H"iune "o;unH Fn Co;uniune7 Biseri"ior
7n!i"7ne.
(. In "e pri#e9te Biseri"7 #e"4e?"7toi"H@ ConferinG7 so"ote9te "Hi
tre8uie sH se 6e7 ur;7re 4otrFrior u7te 6e Co;isi7 teoo!i"H interorto?M
\A A ASEA
o:H FntrunitH Fntre %)%' septe;8rie %*LL 7 Be!r76. Se "ere FnsH Ar?
iepis"opuui 6e Utre"4t "7 #etero?"7toi"ii sH "o;punH o ;Hrturisire
e "re6inGH H;uritH@ pre"isH 9i ofi"i7H@ se;n7tH Fn sino6 6e epis"opii
i preoGii or@ H;urin6u?se to7te pun"tee 6o!;7ti"o?si;8oi"e "ontro?
ers7te.
'. Cu pri#ire 7 Biseri"ie ne"7"e6oniene s7u #e"4i?orient7e@ Con?
FrinG7 4otHrH9te "7 6i7o!u teoo!i" sH se re7iJeJe 6eo7re"e "orespun6e
erfe"t 6orinGei e:pri;7te 6e 7;8ee Biseri"i.
L. Fn "e pri#e9te Biseri"ie uter7ne@ ConferinG7 "onsi6erH "7 foo?
Rto7re Fn"epere7 "ont7"teor Fntre orto6o"9i 9i uter7ni@ pentru "re7re7
e r7porturi 8une Fn #e6ere7 pre!Htirii unui #iitor 6i7o! teoo!i" "u
edera!ia Huteran 3ondial#
5. Referitor 7 6esfH9ur7re7 unei 7"ti#itHGi ;7i efi"iente Fn "76ru
onsiiuui Mon6i7 7 Biseri"ior@ ConferinG7 e 6e pHrere "H Biseri"7
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i"rHri 7 Consiiuui Mon6i7 7 Biseri"ior $#eJi = BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H
o;<nHD@ L000V $%*L+-@ nr. 5)+@ p. +52)++&-.
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;orto6o:@ "Ft 9i Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te orient7re7 spre reJo#7re7 ;7rior
Wo8e;e "7re preo"upH u;e7 "onte;por7nH.
!. A# H-#/a Con6r/3 a# Gacu#.5i#or d/ ./o#o6i/ or.odo45 $Aten7@
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7u 6esfH9ur7t ntre -;)-. august -.C;, u"rHrie "eui 6e 7 II?e7
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"rHrie 7"estui Con!res %L, 6ee!7Gi ofi"i7i@ Fntre ei 9i o8ser#7tori 6in
irte7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior 9i 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ii ro;7? i?
"7toi"e@ 7 Biseri"ii #e"4i?"7toi"e@ 7 Biseri"ior #e"4i?orient7e 9i 7
seri"ior protest7nte@ pus +L 6e in#it7Gi ofi"i7i.
Dee!7Gi7 ro;<nH@ 7"HtuitH 6in Je"e ;e;8ri@ 6intre "7re opt pro?
sori 6e 7 Institutee teoo!i"e 6in Bu"ure9ti 9i Si8iu@ 7 fost "on6usH
P. S. Epis"op Antonie Poie9te7nu@ #i"7r p7tri7r47.
Lu"rHrie Con!resuui s?7u 6esfH9ur7t Fn 9e6inGe pen7re 9i Fn "in"i
upe 6e u"ru@ Fn "7re 7u fost 76Fn"ite refer7tee 9i "o;ent7riie sus?
ute Fn 9e6inGee pen7re.
Refer7tee 9i "o;ent7riie 7u fost F;pHrGite Fn trei se"Giuni =
) Teoo!i7 "7 e:presie 7 #ieGii 9i "on9tiinGei Biseri"ii A
) Teoo!i7 "7 e:presie 7 preJenGei Biseri"ii Fn u;e A
) Teoo!i7 Fn reFnnoire7 #ieGii Biseri"ior.
Fn "76ru pri;ei se"Giuni s?7u preJent7t 9i "o;ent7t te;ee = %-
burg?ie "i spiritualitate: ,- =pirit comunitar "i conciliaritate# S?7 res?
is "7te!ori" noGiune7 6e B"o;unit7te "on"ii7rH-S pusH Fn 6is"uGie 6e
\ 6e 7 V?7 A6un7re !ener7H 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior@
utH Fntre ,2 noie;8rie 9i %& 6e"e;8rie %*5'@ 7 N7iro8i $Oen37-@
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I ?CONTEMPORANA
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7u pri;it 47ru SfFntuui Du4 pe 87J7 su""esiunii 7postoi"e A 2- A
pecte istorice "i es?atologice# f
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e
A
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) 8imensiunea ecumenic a (rtodo)iei#
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p. +**)*+,-.
B I B L I O G R A . I E
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(( PERIOADA A ASEA
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7"ti#7t teoo!i en!eJi@ 7;eri"7ni@ ru9i@ !re"i 9.7.
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu.
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2' ) Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
PERIOADA A ASEA
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8ioo!i"e 7e ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e 9i s?7 67t i;port7nGH i6eii 6e
Biseri?@ "H"i 7"e7stH Mi9"7re tre8uie sH 7"or6e un o" "entr7
pro8e;eor 9i es47too!iei.
) A 6ou7 !rup7re 7 ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e@ &redin! "i (rgani%are
7it4 7n6 Or6er-@ ur;Hre9te apropierea "i unirea +isericilor pe teren
gmatic, "7re 6e f7pt rH;Fne "e ;7i i;port7nt s"op 6e re7iJ7t. Gru?
re7 &redin! "i (rgani%are 7 Ginut pri;7 ei "onferinGH Fntre 2 9i 2%
!ust %*,5 7 L7us7nne@ Fn E #eGi 7@ 7#Fn6 "7 pre9e6int e pe \o4n R.
-tt $%+L' ) f %*''-. Au p7rti"ip7t (&& 6e 6ee!7Gi repreJentFn6 %&&
Biseri"i@ "ute 9i "o;unitHGi "re9tine = 7n!i"7ne@ #e"4i?"7toi"e@ pro?
t7nte 9i orto6o:e. Din p7rte7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e 7u tri;is 6ee!7Gi =
tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ P7tri7r4i7 Ae:7n6riei@ P7tri7r4i7 SFr8H@ P7tri?
i7 Ro;<nH 9i Biseri"ie = Gre7"H@ 7 insuei Cipru@ Bu!7rH@ PoonH 9i
Geor!iei. P7tri7r4i7 Ro;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH printr?o 6ee!7Gie
F6usH 6e ;itropoitu Ne"t7rie 7 Bu"o#inei. Fntre ;7rie person7i?
i 7e ti;puui "7re 7u p7rti"ip7t 7 ConferinG7 6e 7 L7us7nne 7u fost
N o!ii ru9i = Protoiereu profesor Ser!iu Bu!7Po# $f %*((- 9i Ni".
senie#.
Dis"uGiie s?7u 7:7t pe ur;Hto7ree pro8e;e = +iserica, 3rturisi$
i de credin!, Tainele 9i Ierar?ia, 7supr7 "Hror7 6ee!7Giie 7u e:pus@
;o6 ireni"@ pun"tee 6e #e6ere 7e Biseri"ii proprii.
A 6ou7 ConferinGH 7 !rupHrii &redin! "i (rgani%are s?7 Ginut Fn?
2 9i %+ 7u!ust %*25 7 E6i;8ur!@ Fn S"oGi7@ su8 pre9e6inGi7 7r4iepis?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
"opuui _ii7; Te;pe 6e lorP@ 7poi 6e C7nter8ur3. Au p7rti"ip
(&& 6e repreJent7nGi 6in p7rte7 6iferiteor Biseri"i "re9tine 6in u;e.
Dee!7Gi7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne@ "7re se 7f7 7 O:for6@ 7
6ou7 "onferinGH 7 !rupHrii Vi7GH 9i A"Giune@ 6in %,),L iuie %*25@ n?
putut p7rti"ip7 7 7 6ou7 "onferinGH 7 !rupHrii &redin! "i (rgani%a
6in 2)%+ 7u!ust %*25 6e 7 E6i;8ur!.
ConferinG7 6e 7 E6i;8ur! 7 6is"ut7t ur;Hto7ree Fn#HGHturi 6o
ni 7ti"e = 8espre ?ar: 8espre +iseric "i &uvntul lui 8umne%eu: 8e
pre Taine "i Preo!ieA 8espre unitatea +isericii n via! "i cult#
Fn ;es7Mu ConferinGei@ Biseri"ie p7rti"ip7nte ;Hrturises" Bo ur
t7te 7 ini;ior 9i 7 6u4uuiD@ e:pri;Fn6u?9i sper7nG7 "H Bo FnGee!e
;7i 76Fn"H ne #7 "on6u"e "Htre o FnGee!ere "o;unH 7 76e#Hruui@
"u; este e Fn Iisus /ristosD.
P7p7 Pius 7 0?e7 $%*,,)%*2*- 7 interJis p7rti"ip7re7 Biseri"
ro;7no?"7toi"e 7 ConferinG7 "re9tinis;uui pr7"ti" Aia! "i Ac!iN
6in 7u!ust %*,' 6e 7 Sto"P4o;.
Doi 7ni 9i Mu;Ht7te ;7i tFrJiu@ prin en"i"i"7 13ortalium animos
pro;u!7tH 7 L i7nu7rie %*,+@ p7p7 Pius 0I so"ote7 !re9itH 7"Giuni
;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e 9i 7 interJis "7toi"ior@ "eri"i 9i "re6in"io9i@ ori
fe 6e p7rti"ip7re 7 u"rHrie ei. Ceri"ii 9i "re6in"o9ii Biseri"ii ro;7n
"7toi"e n?7u p7rti"ip7t 7 ni"i unu 6intre "on!resee ei $Gene#7
%*,&@ Sto"P4o; ) %*,'@ L7us7nne ) %*,5@ O:for6 ) %*25@ E6i;8u
) %*25-@ ni"i 7 7te ;7nifestHri e"u;eni"e o"7e.
L7 "onferinGee ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e 6e 7 O:for6 9i E6i;8ur!
%*25 s?7 propus fuJion7re7 "eor 6ouH !rupHri 7e s7e@ "re9tinis;
pr7"ti" Aia! "i ac!iune 9i "re9tinis;u 6o!;7ti" &redin! "i (rgani%
re, Fntr?o sin!urH or!7niJ7Gie inter"re9tinH ;on6i7H@ su8 6enu;ir 6e
&onsiliul Ecumenic sau 3ondial al +isericilor $Consei Oe"u;eniC 6es
E!ises ) T4e _or6 Coun"i of C4ur"4es-.
In #e6ere7 Fnto";irii st7tutuui noii or!7niJHri@ s?7 for;7t BCon
tetu "eor %(D@ "7re s?7 Fntrunit Fntre * 9i ,2 ;7i %*2+ Fn ConferinG7
7 Utre"4t@ Fn O7n67@ 7 "7re 7u fost "on#o"7te Biseri"ie p7rti"ip7n
7 ;i9"7re7 e"u;eni"H 9i s?7 Fnto";it BConstituGi7 Consiiuui E"u;
ni" 7 Biseri"iorD@ st78iin6 B87J7D s7u Bp7tfor;7D ui 6o"trin7rH@
st78iit "7 !rup7re7 &redin! "i (rgani%are sH?9i pHstreJe totu9i o7re"7
7utono;ie@ 7#Fn6 Fn "ontinu7re un "o;itet propriu.
IJ8u"nin6 7 % septe;8rie %*2* "e 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6
$%*2*)%*('-@ 7"ti#it7te7 ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e se re6u"e si;Gitor. In tii
pu rHJ8oiuui 9i 6upH rHJ8oi Consiiu Mon6i7 7 Biseri"ior@ FnfiinN
7 Utre"4t Fn %*2+@ 67r fun"Gion<n6 for;7 6in %*((@ 7 7"ti#7t pent
u9ur7re7 9i #in6e"7re7 !reeor suferinGe pro#o"7te 6e rHJ8oi = 7Mutoi
re7 priJonierior@ 7 refu!i7Gior@ 7 re"onstru"Giei 9.7.
L7 76un7re7 6e 7 Gene#7 6in %*(L s?7 for;7t BConsiiu E"un
ni" 7 Biseri"iorD 7#Fn6 "in"i pre9e6inGi@ i7r 6r. _. A. VisserNt /ooft
un7 6intre ;7rie person7itHGi 7e e"u;enis;uui ;on6i7 ) 7?fost 7
se"ret7r !ener7.
Constituire7 6efiniti#H 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior
fH"ut 7 pri;7 76un7re !ener7H 7 ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e 6e 7 A;ster67
PERIOADA A ASEA
O7n67@ Fn pri;7 ei 9e6inGH 6in ,, 7u!ust %*(+. L7 A;ster67;@ nou7
7niJ7Gie 9i?7 st78iit ur;Hto7re7 ba% 6o"trin7rH = &onsiliul Ecume$
al +isericilor este o asocia!ie fr!easc de +iserici, care primesc pe
nnul Iisus 4ristos ca 8umne%eu "i 3ntuitor#
L7 pri;7 76un7re !ener7H 6e 7 A;ster67; 7u p7rti"ip7t 2'% 6e
A!7Gi 6in p7rte7 7 %(5 6e Biseri"i 6in (( 6e GHri.
a;pHrGirie 76;inistr7ti#e pe "7re 9i e?7 for;7t Consiiu E"u;e?
7 Biseri"ior Fn ur;7 ConferinGeor 6e 7 O:for6 9i E6i;8ur!@ 6in
5@ 67r ;7i 7es Fn %*(+@ 7 A;ster67;@ "uprin6 = 7f7"eri intern7Gio?
a@ fin7nGe@ re"onstru"Gie 9i 7Mutor intern7Gion7@ ser#i"iu "re9tin in?
7Gion7 7 infor;7Giior 9i presei 9.7.
,. Adun5ri#/ 6/n/ra#/ a#/
Con3i#iu#ui Ecum/nic a# 'i3/rici#or
) Prima Adunare general 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior
7 Amsterdam, din // august )' septembrie -.B7, 7 7#ut "7 tem cen$
/ < Planul lui 8umne%eu "i situa!ia pre%ent a omului, 9i 7 fost stu?
H Fn p7tru se"Gii@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = %. Biseri"7 e"u;eni"H 9i p7nu
Du;neJeu A ,. P7nu ui Du;neJeu 9i ;Hrturi7 Biseri"ii A 2. Biseri?
i so"iet7te7 A (. Biseri"7 9i so"iet7te7 intern7Gion7H. Con"epGi7 6espre
ri"H ) e"esioo!i7 ) 7 fost 7 7"e7stH pri;H A6un7re !ener7H pro?
n7 prin"ip7H@ fiin6 pri#itH su8 6u8u ei 7spe"t@ instituGion7 9i 6u?
i"es"@ 76i"H )W 6upH teoo!u protest7nt O. B7rt4 W) su8 in"i6enG7
Fi;entuui $Erei!nis- BFntFniriiD o;uui "u Iisus /ristos. PiN o8e;ee
es47too!i"e 9i intern7Gion7e 7u fost "er"et7te 6e "ei ;uGi prin
pris;7 pr7!;7tis;uui@ "7re situe7JH F;pHrHGi7 ui Du;? u 7i"i pe
pH;Fnt@ i7r 6e 7Gii@ ;7i puGini@ prin pris;7@ es47too!iei@ n6u?e
6e7supr7 re7iJHrior o;ene9ti. i unii 9i 7Gii 7u "on67;n7t FotHrFre
rHJ8oiu@ "erFn6 FnHtur7re7 ui "u 6esH#Fr9ire 6in re7Giie cn7Gion7e.
L7 76un7re7 !ener7H 6e 7 A;ster67; 6in %*(+@ p7rti"ip7re7 orto?
i 7 fost ;7i s78H. M7Morit7te7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e Fntrunite Fn Con?
tG7 6e 7 Mos"o#7@ 6in +)%+ iuie %*(+@ 7u 4otHrFt sH "o;uni"e Con?
ui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior "H nu pot p7rti"ip7 7 pri;7 76un7re
r7H@ 6eo7re"e pro!r7;u 7"tu7 7 ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e 7 Fn"eput sH
ienteJe 6upH unee #e6eri so"i7?poiti"e strHine spirituui Orto6o:iei.
Prin Enciclica din W- ianuarie -.5/, p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Aten7!o?
[ re"o;7n6H "o78or7re7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e "u Consiiu E"u;eni"
iseri"ior@ 7r!u;entFn6 "H B7"Giune7 7propierii 9i 7 "o78orHrii tu?
"onfesiunior 9i or!7niJ7Giior "re9tine este o ne"esit7te 9i o 67to?
fFntH@ 6e"ur!Fn6 6in Fnsu9i spe"ifi"u 9i ;isiune7 orD. P7tru 7ni
;7i tFrJi u@ 6upH 76un7re7 6e 7 A;st er67;@ Fn &onf e$
mi"crii ecumenice de la Hund ) =uedia, 6in %'),+ 7u!ust %*',@ 7
7#ut un "7r7"ter 6o!;7ti"@ s?7 re7iJ7t inte!r7re7 !rupHrii &re$Z
9i (rgani%are ) "u unee tr7nsfor;Hri ) Fn or!7niJ7Gi7 Consii?
Mon6i7 7 Biseri"ior. S?7 pHstr7t o o7re"7re 7utono;ie 7"estei
7ri 9i i s?7 fi:7t st7tutu.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Toto67tH s?7 preu"r7t pro8e;7 e"esioo!i"H@ 7:7tH pe trei te;e
+iseric, cult 9i inter comuniune#
Pro8e;ee es47too!i"e 7u fost inte!r7te Fn 4ristoo!ie.
ConferinG7 6e 7 Lun6 s"o7te Fn reief "H dialogul ecumenic se p te
re7iJ7 nu pe "7e7 neteJirii !reutHGior@ 76i"H prin i!nor7re7 or@ "i
6i;potri#H@ pe "7e7 7profun6Hrii spe"ifi"uui fie"Hrei Biseri"i@ pentru
7 se "uno79te 76e#Hrurie fun67;ent7e 7e Fn#HGHturii "re9tine 9i ;H?
sur7 Fn "7re ee 7u fost pHstr7te 6e Biseri"i@ spre 7 se pute7 7Mun!e 7
o 76e#Hr7tH unire@ "7re nu po7te fi 6e"Ft o B"o;;unio in s7"risD.
Fn %*'( 7 u7t fiinGH Institutul ecumenic de la +osse', Fn E#eGi7
in "7re Biseri"ie orto6o:e@ Fn frunte "u P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H@ F9i 7t
repreJent7nGii or "7re p7rti"ipH 7 6iferite 6i7o!uri 6intre Orto6o:ie
9i Protest7ntis;.
Din %*(*@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ "u 7pro87re7 p7pei Pius 7 0II?
e7 $%*2*)%*'+-@ 7 76opt7t o 7titu6ine ;7i 8ine#oito7re f7GH 6e ;i9"7?
re7 e"u;eni"H. S7"r7 Con!re!7Gie 7 SfFntuui Ofi"iu 7 S"7unuui Ro;ei
7 67t 7 ,& 6e"e;8rie %*(* noi 6ire"ti#e 6e orient7re pentru p7rti"ip7?
re7 epis"opior@ "eri"ior 9i "re6in"io9ior "7toi"i 7 unee Fntruniri u"rHri
7e Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior prin = Instruc!iunea 1Ec$clesia
&at?olica'' 6in ,& 6e"e;8rie %*(*@ 67tH 6e SfFntu Ofi"iu epis"opior 9i
"eri"ior "u pri#ire 7 ;i9"7re7 e"u;eni"H. Li se per;ite 7"u; "7toi"ior@
"u 7nu;ite reJer#e@ sH p7rti"ipe 7 76unHrie o"7e 9i inter"re9?tine 7e
Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior.
Fn %*',@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 FnfiinG7t &onferin!a interna!iona$
l catolic pentru problemele catolice, i7r 7 ' iunie %*+&@ p7p7 Io7n
00III@ printr?un motu proprio < 1=uper 8ei nutu2, 7 "re7t =ecretariatul
pentru unitatea cre"tinilor, pus su8 pre9e6inGi7 "7r6in7uui Au!ustin
Be7.
L7 ConferinG7 &redin! "i (rgani%are 6intre %'),+ 7u!ust %*'S
GinutH 7 Lun6 Fn Sue6i7@ 7u p7rti"ip7t 9i o8ser#7tori ro;7no?"7toi"i.
) A doua Adunare general 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior
"re9tine@ FntrunitH ntre -56W- august -.5B la Evanston n =tatele Gni
te, 7 7#ut ca tem principal< 4ristos ) singura speran! a lumiii, ur
;7tH 6e 97se te;e se"un67re@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = unitatea +isericii
evang?eli%area: c?estiuni sociale "i rasiale: treburi interconfesionale
rela!ii ntre gruprile omene"ti: laicii cre"tini#
Au fost repreJent7te %L2 6e Biseri"i. L7 7"e7stH 76un7re Biseri"A
ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 tri;is 9i e7 o8ser#7torii ei.
DupH te;7 prin"ip7H s?7 6is"ut7t te;7 Gnitatea noastr n 4risto<
"i mpr!irea noastr n +iserici# Cee trei pHrGi 7e refer7tuui $) Uni
t7te7 no7strH Fn /ristos A ) a;pHrGire7 no7strH "7 Biseri"i A ) Un pro?
!r7; 6e 7"Giune 6i"t7t 6e "re6inGH- 7u fost fo7rte 7spru "riti"7te 6e or?
to6o"9i@ Fntru"Ft Fn p7rte7 fin7H Biseri"ie sFnt 7si;i7te "u un o; pH
"Htos@ 67r ;Fntuit.
) A treia Adunare general 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"io
s?7 Ginut ntre -7 noiembrie); decembrie -.;-, la FeN$8el?i n India
7#Fn6 ca tem < Iisus 4ristos ) lumina lumii# L7 6es"4i6ere7 76unHri
nu;Hru Biseri"ior ;e;8re er7 6e %5'@ 67r Fn 9e6inG7 7 6ou7@ 6in ,$
noie;8rie %*L%@ 7u ;7i fost pri;ite "7 ;e;8re Fn"H ,2 6e Biseri"i@
Fn?Are ee 9i Biseri"ie orto6o:e 6in Rusia, Romnia, +ulgaria 9i Polonia#
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH 6e o 6ee!7Gie "on6usH
e I.P.S. Mitropoit Iustin 7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei.
Au p7rti"ip7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@ 9i o8ser#7tori 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ii ro? n7no?
"7toi"e.
Din tot7u 6e %*+ 6e Biseri"i ;e;8re@ nu;7i %5& 6e Biseri"i@ 6in L'
e GHri@ 7u tri;is 6ee!7Gi@ "onsiieri 9i repreJent7nGi 7 76un7re7 6e 7 \e`?
De4i.
L7 7 II?7 76un7re !ener7H 6e 7 Ne`?De4i s?7u u7t ur;Hto7ree
otHrFri prin"ip7e =
%. Inte!r7re7 BConsiiuui Intern7Gion7 7 MisiuniorD Fn Consiiu
"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior@ "7re s?7 fH"ut Fn 9e6inG7 6in %* noie;8rie %*L%.
,. .or;u7re7 B87JeiD 6o"trin7re "u un "7r7"ter trinit7r. Astfe s?7
tr!it B87J7D 6e 7 A;ster67; ) %*(+@ "7re "ere7 B7""ept7re7 ui
ristos "7 Du;neJeu 9i MFntuitorD@ 7 7""ept7re7 "eor trei Perso7ne
e Sfintei Trei;i@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = &onsiliul Ecumenic al +iserici$
r este o asocia!ie fr!easc de +iserici, care mrturisesc pe 8omnul
sus 4ristos ca 8umne%eu "i 3ntuitor, dup =criptur, "i se strduiesc
rspund mpreun la c?emarea lor comun pentru slava singurului
umne%eu ) Tatl, Fiul "i =fntul 8u?#
2. Pri;ire7 6e noi Biseri"i@ Fn nu;Hr 6e ,2@ printre "7re p7tru Bi?
ri"i orto6o:e@ 7nu;e 6in = fost7 U.R.S.S.@ Ro;<ni7@ Bu!7ri7 9i Pooni7@
seri"7 orto6o:H sFr8H #7 intr7 Fn Consiiu E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior Fn
u7rie %*L'.
(. Pre"iJ7re7 e"esioo!iei "re9tine Fn "ee7 "e 7re e7 "o;un pentru
r7GHtur7 orto6o:H 9i "e7 protest7ntH.
'. Mo6ifi"7re7 stru"turii or!7niJ7tori"e 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7
seri"ior.
In !ener7@ 7tFt Fn 76un7re7 6e 7 A;ster67; 6in %*(+@ "Ft 9i Fn "e7
7 Ne`?De4i@ 6in %*L%@ s?7 s"os Fn e#i6enGH "H = &onsiliul Ecumenic
+isericilor nu este "i nu va trebui niciodat s devin o supra$+iseri$
76i"H nu este Gna =ancta, 6espre "7re #or8es" ;Hrturisirie 6e "re?
iGH@ "i e 7re 6o7r ;enire7 sH 7Mute Biseri"ie spre 7?9i !Hsi unit7te7
Fn /ristos.
Nu;Hru ;e;8rior "o;itetuui "entr7 7 fost ri6i"7t 6e 7 *&@ "Ft
Fn %*'( 7 E#7nston@ 7 %&&@ 9i 7re ' pre9e6inGi 7"ti#i.
) A patra Adunare general 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior
Ginut ntre B)/9 iulie -.;7 la Gppsala, n =uedia, 7#Fn6 "7 tem
Jeral un verset din Apocalips, /-, 5); < 1Iat Eu nnoiesc toate2#
u7t p7rte peste ,. &&& 6e repreJent7nGi@ 67r nu;7i 52& er7u 6ee?
i "u 6rept 6e #ot@ Fn nu;ee "eor ,2, 6e Biseri"i ;e;8re 6in pes?
2& 6e GHri.
Dee!7Gi7 P7tri7r4iei Ro;<ne 7 fost "on6usH 6e I.P. S. Mitropoit
Ain 7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei@ ;7i tFrJiu P7tri7r4u Biseri"ii Orto6o:e
<ne $%* iunie %*55 ) f 2% iuie %*+L-.
Din p7rte7 Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e 7u p7rti"ip7t %' 6ee!7Gi?o8?
r
7tori@ i7r 6intre ei * teoo!i ro;7no?"7toi"i 7u fost pri;iGi "7 6ee?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
!7Gi 7Hturi 6e "ei %2' 6e ;e;8ri 7i Co;isiei pentru &redin! "i (r
ni%are, putFn6 p7rti"ip7 7 6is"uGii@ FnsH fHrH sH 7i8H 6rept 6e #ot.
In"epFn6 "u Jiu7 6e ( iuie s?7u stu6i7t Fn 97se se"Gii ur;Hto7i
te;e prin"ip7e = =fintui 8u? "i catolicitatea +isericii: nnoirea rnis
nii: 8e%voltarea economic "i social: 8reptatea "i pacea n aface<
interna!ionale: &ultul adus lui 8umne%eu ntr$o epoc seculari%a
&tre un nou stil de via!#
L7 sfFr9it@ Fn Jiu7 6e ,& iuie@ 76un7re7 7 pu8i"7t un ;es7M Fn
tru pun"te@ "7re reJu;H to7te 6is"uGiie 9i u"rHriie ei.
BFn"reJHtori Fn putere7 6e Fnnoire 7 ui Du;neJeu@ 76un7re7 6e
Upps77 f7"e 7pe 7 unire7 tuturor "re9tinior ca s anticipm mpr
na mpr!ia lui 8umne%eu, fcnd v%ut de pe acum ceva din cele
va nnoi 8umne%eu#
%. ToGi o7;enii 7u 6e#enit #e"ini unii f7GH 6e 7Gii@ F;pHrGiGi@ Fr
6e 6eose8irie 9i Fn"or6Hrie 6intre noi. Nu 9ti; totu9i "u; sH trF
F;preunH. D7r Du;neJeu Fnnoie9te to7te. /ristos #re7 "7 Biseri"7
sH prefi!ureJe o "o;unit7te o;ene7s"H FnnoitH.
SH intrH; Fntr?o 76e#Hr7tH "o;unit7te "u o7;eni 6e 7te r7se@ "
se so"i7e@ #FrstH@ "on#in!eri rei!io7se s7u poiti"e.
,. Des"operirie 9tiinGifi"e 9i ;Hsurie re#ouGion7re 76u" o;en
noi posi8iitHGi 6e e:istenGH. O;u rHtH"e9te pentru "H nu 9tie "ine ei
Bi8i7 ne 6es"operH "H o;u este pentru Du;neJeu iconomul crea
=ale 9i "H Fn /ristos 7p7re Bo;u nouD. Du;neJeu Fnnoie9te to7te.
2. PrHp7sti7 6in "e Fn "e ;7i ;7re 6intre 8o!7Gi 9i sHr7"i@ F;pe
"4e7tH "u rasismul 9i cursa narmrilor, "ree7JH ;7ri pri;eM6ii pen
o;enire. De 7"ee7 o7;enii 6e ori"e fe 6e "on#in!eri tre8uie sH "on
"reJe pentru 7 7si!ur7 6repturie o;uui Fntr?o comunitate ;on6i
6re7ptH.
Tre8uie sH 7"ti#H; pentru 6eJ7r;7re 9i pentru st78iire7 u=
7"or6uri "o;er"i7e ne6is"ri;in7torii.
(. Consiiu E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior F;preunH "u p7rtenerii ui
!ion7i@ n7Gion7i 9i o"7i se strH6uies" sH "reeJe o "o;unit7te frHGe
"H uni#ers7H. CH"i Du;neJeu Fnnoie9te to7te. Mi9"7re7 E"u;eni"H t
8uie sH 6e#inH ;7i Fn6rHJne7GH 9i ;7i repreJent7ti#H.
Noi 7fir;H; 6in nou 7i7nG7 no7strH spre 7 ne susGine 9i Fn6re
unii pe 7Gii. Vre; sH "HutH; ;7i "u 4otHrFre unirea +isericilor no
tre 9i o "o;unit7te ;7i 76Fn"H "u Biseri"ie "7re nu sFnt Fn"H Fn "on
nit7te7 no7strHD.
) A cincea Adunare general 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"i
s?7 Ginut la Fairobi n Qen'a, ntre /W noiembrie)-9 decembrie -.
7#Fn6 ca tem < Iisus 4ristos liberea% "i une"te# Au fost 6e f7GH ,i
6e p7rti"ip7nGi@ repreJentFn6 6ee!7Gi 7i Biseri"ior@ o8ser#7tori@ "or
ieri@ in#it7Gi 6e ono7re@ ;e;8rii person7uui 6e "on6u"ere 9i 76;ir
tr7ti# 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior 9i repreJent7nGi 7i pre=
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH 6e o 6ee!7Gie 7"Hti
6in %, perso7ne@ 7#Fn6 Fn frunte pe I.P.S. Mitropoit Iustin 7 Mo6o
9i Su"e#ei. Au p7rti"ip7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@ repreJent7nGii 6iferiteor "u
6in Ro;<ni7.
i6erFn6u?se "H te;7 !ener7H 7 76unHrii 7re 6eose8itH i;por?
Ltru #i7G7 Biseri"ior "re9tine 6in u;e7 7"tu7H@ s?7 4oHtFrt "7
H fie 6eJ8HtutH Fn "76ru 7 97se se"Gii@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH =
Hrturisire7 ui /ristos 7stHJi A 7!entee unitHGii A
"Hut7re7 "o;unitHGii. S7r"in7 "o;unH 7 o7;enior 6e 6iferite
F6inGe@ "uturi 9i i6eoo!ii A u"7Gi7 Fn #e6ere7 i8erHrii 9i 7
"o;unitHGii A ru"turie ne6reptHGii 9i uptee pentru i8ert7te A
AJ#ot7re7 o;uui. A;8i!uitHGie puterii@ te4noo!iei 9i "7itHGii
AGii.
ee 97se te;e@ fHrH Fn6oi7H "e7 ;7i i;port7ntH este te;7 6is"u?
"Gi7 7 6ou7@ "u pri#ire 7 unitatea +isericii, "7re 7 fost 6efinitH
Gserica Gna trebuie privit ca o comunitate conciliar de +ise$
ele nsele unite n mod autentic# Fn 7"e7stH "o;unit7te "on?
"7re Biseri"H o"7H pose6H Fn "o;uniune "u 7tee penitu6i?
"itHGii 9i ;Hrturise9te 7"ee79i "re6inGH 7postoi"H A e7
re"u?=i "H "ee7te Biseri"i f7" p7rte 6in 7"ee79i Biseri"H 7 ui
/ris?inspir7Gi7 or pro#ine 6e 7 7"e79i Du4 SfFnt. Ee sFnt
e!7te rin 7"e79i BoteJ 9i 7"ee79i Eu47ristie...D $#eJi =
BEpisPepsisD@ r. %(2 6in %' ;7rtie@ p. +-.
7Gii Biseri"ior orto6o:e ) Fntre ei fiin6 9i 6ee!7Gii Biseri"ii
Ro;<ne ) 7u "o;8Htut te;eini" intenGi7 9i pretenGi7 unor7@
hrotest7nGi 9i 7n!i"7ni@ 6e 7 tr7nsfor;7 Consiiu E"u;eni" 7
Fntr?o supr7stru"turH e"eJi7?uni#ers7H s7u Fntr?un sino6
7 tuturor Biseri"ior 9i 6eno;in7Giunior "re9tine@ 7r!u;en?
is"opii "eor7te Biseri"i 6e tip protest7nt nu 7u pri;it 47ru -
u4 prin su""esiune 7postoi"H.
r9it@ p7rti"ip7nGii 7u 76res7t Fntre!ii u;i "re9tine un "o;u?
7re@ pri ntre 7te e@ se spune "H 7"e9ti7 7u u"r7t ti ;p. 6e %+
i te;ei = Iisus liberea% "i une"te# As"utFn6 opini7 fie"Hrui7
se spune 7poi@ 7; trHit bucuria unit!ii, FnHturFn6 87rieree
9i r7sH@ se: 9i "7sH@ 7n7iJFn6 9i 6ifi"utHGie 7"estor 6i#iJiuni@
p7rti"ip7nGii 7u 76res7t tuturor Biseri"ior o invita!ie la ru$
ire Fn"epe 7stfe = BDo7;ne@ Cre7torue 9i DHtHtorue 6e #i7?
iGi i7rH9i 6e pro8e;7 supr7#ieGurii u;7ne@ FGi ;Hrturisi; "H
We trHi; Fn 6iferite orFn6uiri 7e so"ietHGii ne f7"e sH fi; unu
7tui7 9i sH ne FnstrHinH; 6e "re7Gi7 T7@ Fntre8uinGFn6@ "7 9i
fHrH 6e #i7GH@ u"rurie "Hror7 Tu e?7i 67t #i7GH. SJeue 7
nH6eM6ii@ 7 "Hrui Du4 6H u;inH 9i putere poporu?iiHre9t e?ne "7
sH ;Hrturi si ; nu;ee THu pretuti n6eni@ sH Ftru 6rept7te7
T7@ F;potri#7 tuturor puterior 9i stHpFnirior DH?ne@
Do7;ne@ 7Mutor sH Te sH#i; Fntr?un !7s 9i Fntr?o ?Ei
"FntH; i ;ne 6e 7u6H@ Fn nu;ee T7tHui 9i 7 .iuui 9i i
Du4. A;inTD $BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CIII $%*5'-@ p.
%''%)%'L%-.
un!u Fn6eun!7tei s7e 7"ti#itHGi@ Consiiu E"u;eni" 7
Bi?cunos"ut tr7nsfor;Hri r76i"7e. AstHJi e "uprin6e Fn
or!7ni?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
''2.
J7re7 s7@ pe Fn!H Adunrile >enerale, &omitetul &entral, &omitetul
E)ecutiv, =erviciul &omunica!iilor, =erviciul financiar, un =ecretariat
general "u trei unitHGi 9i 7nu;e =
%. Gnitate "i 3rturisire, "7re 7re p7tru se"Gii = %. &redin! "i (r$
aani%are: /# 3isiune "i Evang?eli%are: 2. 8ialog cu alte religii: (. +i
seric "i societate#
,. 8reptate "i slu*ire, "7re 7re@ 6e 7se;ene7@ p7tru se"Gii = %. &o
misia pentru afacerile interna!ionale: /# &omisia pentru participare la
de%voltare : W# Programul de lupt mpotriva rasismului: (. &omisia de
ntr$a*utorare a +isericilor $C.E.S.E.A.R. s7u C.I.C.A.R._.S.-.
Din %*L%@ "u; s?7 putut "onst7t7@ Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH "o78o?
re7JH 7"ti# pe teren pr7"ti" 9i 6o!;7ti" "u Consiiu E"u;eni" 7 Bise?
ri"ior@ Fntre %*L% 9i %*55@ ;itropoitu Iustin 7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei 7
fost ;e;8ru Fn Co;itetu Centr7 7@ Consiiuui E"u;eni" A ;itropoitu
Antonie PH;H6e7H 7 Ar6e7uui 6eGine 7"ee79i "7it7te 6in %*5'@ i7r
Mitropoitu Ni"o7e 7 B7n7tuui 7 6e#enit@ Fn %*55@ ;e;8ru Fn Co;i ?
tetu "entr7 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior. AGi nu;ero9i ie ?
r7r4i@ preoGi 9i teoo!i ro;<ni@ 7u fost 7e9i Fn 6iferite "o;isii 9i "o;itete
7e Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior. P7tri7r4u \ustini7n $%*(+)
%*55- 7 fH"ut o #iJitH 7 se6iu Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior 7
Gene#7@ Fntre ,+)2& iunie %*LL@ i7r P7tri7r4u Iustin@ Fntre ,&),' no?
ie;8rie %*+%.
2. Educa!ie "i rennoire#
PFnH 7 pre!Htire7 "eei 6e 7 Vi?7 76unHri !ener7e 7 Consiiuui
E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior@ 7u 7#ut o" 6iferite Fntruniri 7e ;e;8rior
se"Giior s7e 7rHt7te ;7i sus@ Fn6eose8i 6e Co;itetu Centr7 9i 6e Co?
;itetu e:e"uti# 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior. NotH; "7 ;7i
i;port7ntH ntlnirea dintre conductorii &onsiliului Ecumenic al +ise$
ricilor "i repre%entan!ii +isericilor membre din fostele =tate comuniste
din Rsritul Europei, "7re 7 7#ut o" 7 Bu67pest7@ Fn Un!7ri7@ Fntre ,+
)2% i7nu7rie %*+&. Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH 6e P.
S. Epis"op Antonie PH;H6e7H 7 BuJHuui@ ;e;8ru Fn Co;itetu
e:e"uti# 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni". FntFnire7 7"e7st7 7 6eJ8Htut pro8e;e
referito7re 7 p7"e@ 7 6reptu n7Giunior 7 i8ert7te@ su#er7nit7te 9i
in6epen6enGH. S?7 "erut "u insistenGH "7 Fn r7porturie 6intre popo7re
sH nu se utiiJeJe forG7 9i 7;eninG7re7 "u forG7@ sH Fn"eteJe "urs7 Fn7r ?
;Hrior 9i "urs7 pentru 4e!e;onie ;on6i7H.
) A "asea Adunare general 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior s ? 7
G i nu t 7 Aa n c o u v e r ) &a na da , n t r e / B i u l i e 6 - 9 au gu s t -.7 W, 7 #F n6
" 7 t e m pr i n c i pal < 14s u s 4r i s t o s 6 v i a ! a l umi i 2#
Au p7rti"ip7t 2&&& 6e perso7ne@ 6intre "7re +'& 7u fost 6ee!7Gi 7i
Biseri"ior ;e;8re 7e Consiiuui "u 6rept 6e #ot.
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH printr?o 6ee!7Gie
"o;pusH 6in %' ;e;8ri@ Fn frunte "u I. P. S. Mitropoit Antonie PH?
;H6e7H 7 Ar6e7uui.
Re7;inti; "H ;itropoitu Iustin 7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei@ 6e#enit
P7tri7r4u Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne $%*55 ) f 2N iuie %*+L-@ 7 fost
;e;8ru Fn Co;itetu Centr7 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior 6in
%*L% pFnH Fn %*55@ i7r I. P. S. Mitropoit Antonie 7 Ar6e7uui 6eGine
7"ee79i "7it7te 6in %*5' pFnH Fn preJent.
Au p7rti"ip7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@ 9i repreJent7nGii Biseri"ior refor;7tH
$C7#inistH- 9i e#7n!4ei"H?uter7nH 6in Ro;<ni7.
Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 tri;is 6e 7se;ene7 6ee!7Gii ei@ "7 o8?
ser#7tori.
Te;7 prin"ip7H@ Iisus 4ristos ) via!a lumii, 7 fost tr7t7tH Fn "7?
6ru 7 p7tru su8 te;e@ intitu7te = %. Aia!a, darul lui 8umne%eu: ,. Aia!a,
biruitoare a mor!ii: 2. Aia!a in plenitudinea ei: (. Aia!a n unitate#
P7r7e "u 7"este7 7u fost puse Fn 6is"uGie Fn !rupee 6e u"ru opt
mari probleme Fn e!HturH "u preo"upHrie 7"tu7e 7e Consiiuui
E"u;eni".
In subtema - < referenGii 9i p7rti"ip7nGii 7 6is"uGii 7u su8ini7t ur ?
;Hto7ree i6ei =
Du;neJeu este 7utoru Fntre!ii "re7Gii@ i;pi"it 7 #ieGii. C7 7utor
7 #ieGii@ E ne 6H nu nu;7i #i7G7 8ioo!i"H@ pH;Fnte7s"H@ "i 9i #i7G7 "e7
#e9ni"H@ 6e 6in"oo.
Fn 7"est s"op@ Iisus /ristos@ .iu ui Du;neJeu@ S?7 Fntrup7t 9i 7
#enit Fn u;e@ reFnnoin6 fire7 o;ene7s"H 9i ei8erFn6?o 6e ;o7rte prin
#i7G7@ ;o7rte7 9i Fn#iere7 S7. Cine se ri6i"H F;potri#7 #ieGii se;enior
sHi se ri6i"H F;potri#7 ui Du;neJeu@ iJ#oru 9i "re7toru #ieGii.
Fn "onse"inGH@ Biseri"7 7re "e7 ;7i ;7re rHspun6ere f7GH 6e u;e
9i pentru 7pHr7re7 ei 6e 6istru!ere.
=ubtema / < Aia!a, biruitoare a mor!ii, 7 fost tr7t7tH Fn 97se refer7te@
"7re 7u 6es"ris 7spe"tee !ener7e 7e "onfi"teor 6e pe tot !o8u@ "on ?
fi"te "7re J6run"inH !r7# e"4ii8ru fires" 7 #ieGii pe pH;Fnt.
ReferenGii 9i #or8itorii 7u 76res7t 7peuri #i8r7nte Biseri"ior 6in
u;e 6e 7 nu rH;Fne p7si#e Fn f7G7 !r7#eor peri"oe "7re 7;eninGH Fn ?
tre7!7 o;enire. Lu;e7@ "re7Gi7 ui Du;neJeu@ nu tre8uie sH fie 6istrusH
6e erorie 9i 7;8iGiie "on6u"Htorior popo7reor. Cre9tinii 6e pretutin?
6eni 7u 67tori7 6e 7 f7"e totu Z pentru oprire7 78er7ntei "urse 7 Fn7r?
nHrior 9i s"o7tere7 ei Fn 7f7r7 e!ii.
=ubtema W< Aia!a n plenitudinea ei 7 for;7t o8ie"tu 7 97pte
refer7te.
ReferenGii 9i #or8itorii 7u s"os Fn reief@ 6e pe propriie or poJiGii
"onfesion7e@ 67tori7 "re9tinior 6e 7 spriMini upt7 pentru FnHtur7re7
friJeriei@ 7 su86eJ#otHrii 9i Fnro8irii prin re7iJ7re7 6reptHGii so"i7e@
F Fn"re6erii@ FnfrHGirii 9i 6r7!ostei 6intre o7;eni 9i popo7re.
Fn subtema B < Aia!a n unitate, s?7 reief7t importan!a =fintei Eu$
larstii pentru re7iJ7re7 unitHGii Biseri"ii 9i 7 u;ii@ 7 7nti"ipHrii Fn?
fierii 9i 7 p7rti"ipHrii 7 #i7G7 6i#inH. CH"i #i7G7 pH;Fnte7s"H tre8uie
iH fie o pref7GH 7 #ieGii 6i#ine. O;enire7 tre8uie sH 7Mun!H 7 FnGee!ere@
=ooper7re 9i unit7te prin FnHtur7re7 ipsurior@ 7 6is"ri;inHrior 9i 6i ?
#iJiunior 6intre o7;eni 9i popo7re@ prin 7pHr7re7 pH"ii 9i 7 #ieGii.
Ce7 6e 7 "asea Adunare general 7 7pro87t "7 nu;Hru pre9e6inGi?
or sH fie sporit 7 5@ i7r 7 ;e;8rior Co;itetuui Centr7@ 7 %('@ Gi?
FFn6 se7;7 "H Fn uti;ii 7ni nu;Hru Biseri"ior ;e;8re 7e C.E.'. 7
res"ut@ 6epH9in6 "ifr7 6e 2&&.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Fn nu;Hru "eor %(' 6e ;e;8ri 7i Co;itetuui Centr7 7u fost
K# P. S. Mitropoit Antonie PH;H6e7H 7 Ar6e7uui 9i P. S. EpiT
V7sie TFr!o#i9te7nu@ #i"7r p7tri7r47.
In Co;itetu E:e"uti# 6in Co;itetu Centr7 7 fost 7es 6in I.
P. S. Mitropoit Antonie 7 Ar6e7uui@ "7re 7 6eGinut un ;7n67
;i7r Fn perio767 6intre 7 '?7 9i 7 L?7 A6un7re !ener7H 7 C.E.B.
(rgani%area &onsiliului Ecumenic al +isericilor#
De?7 un!u 7"ti#itHGii s7e@ Consiiu E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior 7
nos"ut Fn or!7niJ7re7 s7 ;7i ;ute tr7nsfor;Hri. AstHJi e "upri
pe Fn!H A6unHrie !ener7e = &omitetul &entral, sporit Fn 7 Vi?7
n7re !ener7H 6e 7 V7n"ou#er@ 6in %*+2@ 7 %(' 6e ;e;8ri A &omit
E)ecutiv, 7#Fn6 5 pre9e6inGi A =erviciul &omunica!iilor: =erviciul fir
dar 9i un =ecretariat "u trei unitHGi =
%- Gnitate "i 3rturisire, "u p7tru se"Gii = %. Cre6inGH 9i Or!
J7re A ,. Misiune 9i e#7n!4eiJ7re A 2. Di7o!u "u 7te rei!iiNA (. E
ri"H 9i so"iet7te.
,- 8reptate "i slu*ire, 7#Fn6 6e 7se;ene7 p7tru se"Gii = %. Con
pentru 7f7"erie intern7Gion7e A ,. Co;isi7 pentru p7rti"ip7re 7 o
niJ7re A 2. Pro!r7;u 6e uptH "ontr7 r7sis;uui A (. Co;isi7 6e Fntr?
tor7re 7 Biseri"ior.
W0 Educa!ie "i rennoire#
Consiiu E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior 7 7#ut "7 se"ret7r !ener7 Fi %*(+
)%*LL pe Dr. _ie; A6of VisserNt /ooft $%*&& ) f ( iuie %*
presti!io7sH person7it7te@ "7re 7 "ontri8uit ;ut 7 8un7 or!7niJ7rt
fun"Gion7re 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni".
Desi!ur@ Consiiu E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior 7 7"ti#7t 9i 7"ti#e
stHruitor 9i "ontinuu pentru re7iJ7re7 unitHGii Biseri"ior "re9tine
pe teren pr7"ti" "Ft 9i pe teren 6o!;7ti". DupH trei sferturi 6e se"o
"onsfHtuiri@ 6is"uGii@ Fntruniri 9i "on!rese@ se "onst7tH FnsH "H ee
Fn"H 6ep7rte 6e 7 fi re7iJ7t unit7te7 6e "re6inGH Fn Iisus /ristos@
6e f7pt rH;Fne adevrata unitate de credin! pentru "7 to7te Biseri
9i toGi "re9tinii 6in u;e sH ;Hrturise7s"H "u o ini;H 9i Fntr?un !7s
"e ne Fn#7GH #e"4e7 Biseri"H uni#ers7H@ Un7 9i ne6espHrGitH@ Fn hN
8ou ni"eo?"onst7ntinopoit7n = BCre6 Fn Un7@ SfFntH@ So8orni"e7s"7
Apostoe7s"H Biseri"HD.
PFnH 7 re7iJ7re7 intercomuniunii 1in sacris2, pentru "7re e ne
s7rH o mrturisire comun de credin! su8 to7te 7spe"tee@ e 8ine
6i7o!u 8i7ter7 s7u ;uti7ter7 6intre Biseri"i sH "ontinue@ fiin6
tuturor "eri"ior 9i "re6in"io9ior "re9tini 6in u;e.
B I BL I OGRA. I E
C4. Bo3er@ He mouvement oecumeniOue< Ies taits, le dialogue, Ro;e@ %S
N. \un!@ +ilan de lEoecumenisme contemporain, Tours@ %*5% A A 4istor' ol t?e menical
3ovement, t. I@ %'%5)%*(+@ e6. 83 Rut4 Rouse 7n6 C4. Nei@ Lon" P4i76ep4i7@
e6. %?7@ %*'(@ ,n6 e6. %*L5A t. ,@ %*(+)%*L+@ e6ite6 83 /7ro6 E. I Lon6on@
P4i76ep4i7 $Penns3#7ni7-@ %*5&A E. /. .e3@ T?e EcumenicaU Advar A 4istor'
oi t?e Ecumenical 3ovement, #oi. ,@ %*(+)%*L+@ Lon6on@ %*5&A Ci \? _ie8r7n6s@
(ecumenisme et problemes actuels, P7ris@ %*L*A M. T4uri7n?\. O !er@ Vers
Aintercommunion, P7ris@ %*5&A Step4en Nei@ T?e &?uic? and &?risi
union, O:for6@ Lon6on@ Ne`?lorP@ Toronto@ %*L+ A St. Cost7nos 6e Me6i"is@ At?e$
nagoras I$er# HEapport de lE(rt?odo)ie lE(ecumenisme, L7us7nne@ %*L+A Ni"os
A. Nissiotis@ 8ie T?eologie cler (stLirc?e im oLumenisc?en 8ialog# Qirc?e und Meit
in ort?odo)er =ic?t, Stutt!7rt@ %*L+A O. S. To;Pins@ T?e Roman cat?olic &?urc?
and t?e Ecumenical 3ovement, -.-9)-.B7, Fn BA 4istor3 of t4e E"u;eni"7 Mo?
#e;"ntD@ su8 6ire"Gi7 ui R. Rouse 7n6 S. C4. Nei@ ,
n6
e6.@ Lon6on@ %*L5A
_. /. V7n 6e Po@ Ha &ommunion anglicane et lEoecumenisme, dEapres Ies docu$
ments oiiiciels, P7ris@ %*L5A M. B7rot@ He 3ouvement (ecumeniOue, "oi. Bdue
s7is?Me SD@ P7ris@ %*L5A D. P. G7ines@ T?e Morld &ouncil oi &?urc?cs# A =tud' oi
ils +acLground and ?istor', Peter8orou!4@ N. /.@ %*LLA P. C. Cro`@ T?e Ecume$
nical 3ovement in +ibliograp?ical (utline, Ne` lorP@ %*L'A M. Vi7in@ Introduc$
tion lE(ecumenisme, P7ris@ %*L(A L. Gouiou@ Gn nouvel ge ) (ecumeniOue,
P7ris@ %*L&A V7sie T. St7#ri6is@ NI7topF7 TRA oFIoofiE#;RB Qiv'aeoi, Aten7@ %*L(A
_. A. VisserNt /ooft@ (eLumenisc?er Auibruc?, , B ) 6e Stutt!7rt@ %*L5A I6e;@
HEEglise iace au s'ncretisme# Tr76. 6e N7n!7is p7r A. Per3@ Gene#e@ %*L(A I6e;@
Hes e)igences de notre vocation commune, Gene#e@ %*L&A G. T4is@ 4istoire doc$
Ginale du 3ouvement oecumeniOue, nou#ee e6ition@ Lou#7in)P7ris@ %*L,A \. Guit?
on@ 8ialogue avec les precurseurs# Kournal oecumeniOue, -.//)-.;/, P7ris@ Bru:e?
es@ %*L,A .. Biot@ De 57 polemiOue au dialogue, , #oi.@ P7ris@ %*L2A l. M. Con!7r@
&?retiens en dialogue# &ontributions cat?oliOues 6 lE(ecumenisme, P7ris@ %*L(A
V. Con!7r@ Aspects de lE(ecumenisme, Bru:ees. Pensee cat?oliOue, %*L,@ %,L p.A
I6e;@ &?retiens desunis# Principe dEun 1(ecumenisme2 cat?oliOue, $Coi. Un7;
S7n"t7;-@ P7ris@ %*25A M. Vi7in@ Introduction lEoecumenisme, 2e e6.@ P7ris@
.ourn7i@ %*L% A Bern7r6 L7;8ert@ He probleme oecumeniOue, , #oi.@ P7ris@ %*L,@
S2( p. A R. Au8ert@ Problemes de lEunite c?retienne# Nou#ee e6.@ P7ris@ %*L% A
i# Seu"JP7@ (stLirc?e und (ecumene, Gottin!en@ %*L,A G. T7#7r6@ Petite ?istoire
Iu mouvement oecumeniOue, P7ris@ %*L% A I6e;@ TNo &ertturies of Ecumenism,
@on6on@ %*L&A Nor;7n Goo67@ T?e Ecumenical 3ovement, Lon6on@ O:for6@ %*L%@
T(& p.A M. berno#@ (rt?odo) Encounter# T?e &?ristian East and t?e Ecumenical
Aovement, Lon6on@ %*L%A I6e;@ T?e Reintegration oi t?e &?urc?, Lon6on@ %*',S
Z# Lee;in!@ T?e &?urc?es and t?e &?urc?# A stud' oi Ecumenism, Lon6on@ %*L&A
i# Beini@ II movimento ecumenico, Ro;7@ %*L&A M?at is t?e Morld &ouncil of
$?urc?es, L7us7nne@ %*L&A B. G7#767@ He 3ouvement oecumeniOue, P7ris@ %*'*A
7u Conor6@ +reve ?istoire de lE(ecumenisme, P7ris@ %*'+A M. Vi7in@ Introdac$
on lE(ecumenisme, Tourn7i)P7ris@ %*'+ A T4o;7s S7rtor3@ Die oeLumenisc?e
eNegung und die Ein?eit der Qirc?e, Meitin!en 8ei Au!s8ur!@ %*''A C4. Bo3er@?
nit c?ristiana e 3ovimento Ecumenico, Ro;7@ %*''A P. Ar;inMon@ He 3ouvement
ecumeniOue, Eiforts faits pour realiser$ lEunion ou Ie rapproc?ement des Eglises
iretiennes, P7ris@ %*''A C. Du;ont@ Hes voies de lEunite c?retienne, P7ris@ %*'(A
A. b7n6er@ Aision and Action# T?e Problems oi Ecumenism, Lon6on@ %*',A O7rt
67;@ Aers lEunite c?retienne au point de vue cat?oliOue# Tr76u"tion p7r .r. 6e
hur8on Busser@ P7ris@ %*(*A St. b7nPo#@ 8ie (rt?odo)e Qirc?e des (stens im oLu$
Wnisc?er =ic?t, buri"4@ %*(L.
Con0/rin/ /cum/nic/
Enc'cl iOue de lE Egli se de &onst anti nopl e a tout es les Egl ises du 3onde# Tr7?
"tion fr7n"7ise et intro6u"tion@ Fn BE"4os 6NOrientD@ 00 $%*,%-@ p. (L%)(L(A Fn
F87 ro;<nH@ Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0LI $%*,,)%*,2-@ p. 5%,)5%2@ 9i
4i#7 SfFntuui Sino6 Ro;<n@ Dos7r nr. %'2]%*,&@ f. ,)(@ 2+)(+@ '')L*A Foi et
nstitution# Ades officiels de Ia &onference mondiale de Hausanne, W)/- aot -./C,
8ies sous 7 6ire"tion 6u P7steur \. \eJeCuie@ P7ris@ %*,+@ L,L p.A Ha &onference
Hausanne, Foi et &onstitution, Fn BLe C4risti7nis;e so"i7D@ sept.?6e"@ %*25A
O. A. Be@ T?e =tocL?olm &onference ) -./5# T?e (ficial Report, Fn BLife 7n6
-rPD. %*)2& 7u!. %*,'@ O:for6@ %*,L@ 5*, p. A 9i Ha# &onference Gniverselle du
tistianisme pratiOue de =tocL?olm, Fn BLe C4risti7nis;e so"i7D@ o"t.?no#. %*,'@
+(*)%%+,A G. O. Be@ T?e =tocL?olm &onference -./5, O:for6@ %*,LA =econd
irld &onference on Fait? and (r der, Edimburg, %*25@ Lon6on@ Ne` lorP@ %*2+@
p. A Actes oiiciels de la 8eu)ieme &onference universelle, EdimbNg, aot -.WC,
is@ %*2*A Ies Travau) et l es &oncl usions de la &onl erence dE Edimburg ) Fai t?
(rder, Fn BC4risti7nis;e so"i7D@ sept.?6e". %*25@ p. ,L&)2+(A T?e &?urc?es
BISERICA aN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
surve' tasL# T?e Report oi t?e &onlerence at ()ford, Kul' -.WC, on &?urc?,
munit' and =tate, Lon6on@ %*25A ies Eglises en iace de leur tc?e# Rapport 6
&onieience universelle des Eglises ()iord, P7ris@ %*2+A VintiH Popes"u@ &ongi
mondial despre +iseric, na!iune "i stat, ()iord, -/6-; iulie -.WC, Ar76@ %*25A
cuments concernant le &onseil oecumeniOue des Eglises, A;ster67;@ %*(+ A 8esol
de lE?omme et dessein de 8ieu < Travau) preparatoires de da premiere assemZ
Oenerale du &onseil (ecumeniOue des Eglises en -.B7, P7ris@ %*(SA T?e
Morld &onlerence on Fait? and (rder ) Hund, -.5/, e6it7tH 6e S. To;Pins@
6on@ %*'2A Evanston# 8oLumente# +eric?te und Reden aut der MeltLirc?enLc
ren%, in Evanston -.5B# /rs!. #on .o"Po Liipsen@ 2?e Auf7!e@ _itten $Ru4r-@ Iii
HEEsperance c?retienne dans le monde dEau*ourdE?ui ) Evanston -.5B, pM
Neu"4<tef@ %*''A T?e Appsala Report -.;7# (iticial Report oi t?e iourt? AsserA
oi t?e Morld &ouncil oi &?urc?es ) Gppsala, Kul' B)/9, -.;7 : 3anuel lEua
des &omites de l Assemblee, prepare en vue de la Troisieme Assemblee du Cor@
(ecumeniOue des Eglises, Gene#e@ %*L% A Evanston to FeN 8el?i# T?ird Assen
Morld &ouncil oi &?urc?es, Ne`?De4i@ %*'()%*L% A Fouvelle$8el?i -.;-# Con
(ecumeniOue des Eglises# Rapport de la troisieme assemblee, pu8ie sous 7
re"tion 6e _. A. VisserNt /ooft@ Neu"4<te $Suisse-@ Kesus &?rist# Humiere du moi
&onseil (ecumeniOue des Eglises# Troisieme Assemblee, Fouvelle 8el?i, Q
Fairobi, -.C5# +riser Ies barrieres# Rapport oiliciel de la cinOuiettie Assemblee
&onseil (ecumeniOue des Eglises, Fairobi, /W novembre ) -9 decembre, -.C5, P7
%*5LA Ro!er Me4@ Gppsal)Fairobi, -.;76-.C5, Gene#e@ %*5'A (rt?odo) &ori
butions to Fairobi# Papers compiled and presented b' t?e (rt?odo) TasL Fa
oi t?e Morld &ouncil oi &?urc?es, Gene#7@ Nis E4renstro; 7n6 Gunt4er G7ss;6
&oniessions in 8ialogue, Gene#7@ %*5'A Pr. prof. D. Popes"u@ Assemblee GeneiM
du &#(#E# de Fairobi# Realisations, appreciations et perspectives, Fn BRo;7ni
Ort4o6o: C4ur"4es Ne`sD@ VI $%*5L-@ nr. ,)2@ p. %%),+A Pr. "onf. D. Popes"uY
Pr. e"t. D. R76u@ &omunitatea conciliar ) problem ecumenic actual, Fn BStu
teoo!i"eD@ 00VIII $%*5L-@ nr. 2)L@ p. ,&%),%% A Pr. D. So7re@ Participarea 66
gatiei +isericii (rtodo)e Romne la cea de a A$a adunare general a &onsiliu
Ticumbnc al +isericilor ,Fairobi ) Qen'a, /W noiembrie ) -9 decembrie -.C50,
RBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CIII $%*5'-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %''%)%'L% Z I. O7r;i
Orto6o:ie 9i Protest7ntis; $NOp+o+oSF7 I7i npo:"7t7#Ti7uos- t. I@ Aten7@ %*25A I6$
+iserica ortodo) "i rela!iile ei cu celelalte +iserici "i cu &onsiliul Ecumenic
+isericilor, Fn %. !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*(*A G. Strinopuos@ 8ie +e%ie?ungen der (rtl
do)en Qirc?e %u den anderen Qirc?en, Fn "o. BEPPisi7D@ B6. 0@ LeipJi!@ %*N
E. BenJ@ 8ie (stLirc?e im Hic?te der protestantisc?en >esc?ic?tsc?reibung von K
Reiormation bis %ur >egenNart, Miin"4en@ %*', A I6e;@ Mittenberg und +'%an% uZ
>eist und Heben der (stLirc?e, M7r8ur!@ %*(*@ Miin"4en@ %*5%.
In i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = Pr. prof. A. Mor7ru@ +iserica Angliei "i ecumenisml
Hegturile ei cu +iserica (rtodo) Romn, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VII $N%*+'-@ nr. p.
'L,)L2(@ 9i 000VIII $%*+L-@ nr. %@ p. *)%''A Prelat, Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7i p.
''%)'L% A Pr. Du;itru So7re@ Participarea unei delega!ii a +isericii (rtoclo
Romne la cea de a Ai$a Adunare general a &onsiliului Ecumenic al +iserici,
,Aancouver ) &anada, /B iulie ) -9 august -.7W0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<n@
CI $%*+2-@ nr. 5)+@ p. (L&)(*% A Pr. prof. Ni". V. DurH@ Teologia ortodo) 9i te
logiile coniesionale n ecumenismul contemporan, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VIII $%*+
nr. 2@ p. L%)++ A Pr. prof. Ion Bri7@ 8r# Millem Adoli AisserEt 4ooit ,-.99 6 f B iZ
4e -.;;0, =ecretar general al &onsiliului Ecumenic al +isericilor ,&#E#+#0 Intre -.B7-
-.;;, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VIII $%*+L-@ nr. 2@ p. %'()%L&A Pr. D. So7re@ &ontribui
Prea Fericitului Patriar? Iustin la de%voltarea rela!iilor ecumenice ale +isericii CI
todo)e Romne, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CVIII $%*+&-@ nr. 2)(@ p. (&')(2^\
Epis"op Antonie PH;H6e7H@ Ecumenism "i rela!ii e)terne biserice"ti, -.BB)\*5\
Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000II $%*+&-@ nr. %@ p. %'*)%5&A I6e;@ +iserica (rtodo) Romi
"i ecumenismul# Rememorri la mplinirea unui stert de veac de la intrarea n CoM
siliul Ecumenic al +isericilor, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VIII $%*+L-@ nr. (@ p. %%),
Pr. prof. D. Popes"u@ &ontribu!ia +isericii Romne la Ecumenism# Rela!iile (rtodi
Ziei cu +isericile Protestante, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000 $%*5+-@ nr. '+@ p. ',L)'(2A
Fn i;87 fr7n"eJH@ Fn BRo;7ni7n Ort4o6o: C4ur"4 Ne`sD@ Bu"ure9ti@ VIII $%*5+
nr. 2@ p. %2)2(A Pr. prof. Isi6or To6or7n@ Rela!iile biserice"ti ortodo)e romne
celelalte +iserici n ultimii 59 de ani, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00VII $%*5'-@ nr. (@ p. 'L&)
'+'A Pr. prof. Corneiu SFr8u@ Pre%en!a activ a +isericii (rtodo)e Romne in ca$
irul ecumenismului, n BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ LI $%*]'-@ nr. 2)(@
-. ,&&),,&A Prof. N. C4ites"u@ Tematica "i re%ultatele convorbirilor ortodo)o$proe
estante dup -.;-, Importan!a acestor convorbiri pentru ecumenismul actual, In
$Mitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0I0 $%*5(-@ nr. %&)%,@ p. ''+)'5% A I6e;@ 3i"carea ecu$
?enic, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0IV $%*L,-@ nr. %),@ p. 2)'*A Pr. prof. D. StHnio7e@ Re$
a!iile ecumenice ale +isericii (rtodo)e Romne n ultimul sfert de veac, Fn BOr?
o6o:i7D@ 00V $%*52-@ nr. ,@ p. %LL)%5'A Conf. t. Ae:e@ Aspecte noi ale
cumenismului "i contribu!ia +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00V $%*52-r
r. 2@ p. ,L2)25, A Pr. prof. Mi7n es7n@ Pe drumul ecumenismului n secolul PP,
ii BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0VII $%*5,-@ nr. *)%&@ p. L+2)L*5A I6e;@ (rtodo)ia
i mi"carea ecumenic, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ VII $%*L5-@ nr. 5)+@ p. (%L)(,,@
i Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 0II $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@ p. (L*)(5'A Pr. prof. Io7n G. Co?
7n@ Rela!iile +isericii (rtodo)e Romne cu organi%a!iile ecumenice, Fn BOrto6o?
i7D@ 00 $%*L+-@ nr. ,@ p. ,2'),'&A Di7". Ion Bri7@ Aspecte dogmatice ale unirii
isericilor cre"tine, teJH 6e 6o"tor7t@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*L+A Pr. bosi;7 O7n"e7@ &on$
ibu!ie la fundamentarea ecumenismului, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0VIII $%*L'-@ nr. Wr
. (&&)(%+A Teo6or M. Popes"u@ Po%i!ia ortodo) n ecumenism, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@
V $%*L'-@ nr. ,@ p. %+5),%'A Pr. prof. I. RH;ure7nu@ Atitudinea +isericii Romano$
atolice iat de mi"carea ecumenic, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0IV $%*L,-@ nr. %),@ p. %'2)
iOA Pr. N. er8Hnes"u@ +iserica (rtodo) Romn "i mi"carea ecumenic, Fn BOr?
?6o:i7D@ 0IV $%*L,-@ nr. %),@ p. %&5)%',A V7sie G. Ispir@ &urs de ndrumri
isionare, Bu"ure9ti@ %*2&.
Di7o!u Biseri"ii orto6o:e
cu 'i3/rici#/ =/c1i-ori/n.a#/? cu 'i3/rica romano-ca.o#ic5?
cu 'i3/rica =/c1i#or-ca.o#ici? cu 'i3/rica an6#ican5?
cu 'i3/rica #u./ran5? cu 'i3/rica r/0orma.5 H
Dia#o6u# Or.odo4i/i cu 'i3/rici#/ =/c1i-ori/n.a#/ 3au n/ca#c/doni/n/
Intre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e s7u ne"7"e6o?
ene = armean, copt, abisinian, siro$iacobit 9i +iserica cre"tinilor
mi!i din 3alabar ,India0, e:istH o ;7re 7propiere Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te S
6inG7@ "utu@ or!7niJ7Gi7 9i #i7G7 "re9tinH Fn !enere. Ee 7u u7t n79? Ze
6upH ('%@ refuJFn6 sH re"uno7s"H 4otHrFre7 6o!;7ti"H 7 Sino6uui IV?
e7 e"u;eni" 6in ('%. Nu;Hru "re9tinior ne"7"e6onieni Fn pre? Ft
tre"e 6e ,' ;iio7ne "re6in"io9i. Ee sFnt ur;Hto7ree =
%. +iserica &opt din Egipt, "7re nu;HrH peste ' ;iio7ne "re6in?
9i@ !rup7Gi Fn ,2 6e ep7r4ii $,& Fn E!ipt@ , Fn Su67n 9i un7 7 Ierus7?
i-@ '&& 6e p7ro4ii 9i %&&& 6e preoGi. Re9e6inG7 Biseri"ii "opte este 7
iro 9i 7re r7n! 6e p7tri7r4ie. De Biseri"7 "optH 6in E!ipt 7 6epins
ieri"7 etiopi7n7 pFn< Fn septe;8rie %*'*@ "Fn6 7"e7st7 7 o8Ginut 7uto?
7i7.
,. +iserica etiopiana# DupH L(%@ Biseri"7 Etiopiei 7 intr7t su8 Mu?
ii"Gi7 Biseri"ii "opte 6in E!ipt@ su8 "7re 7 rH;7s pFnH 7 % septe;?
e %*'*@ "Fn6 7 6o8Fn6it 7uto"ef7i7 9i r7n!u 6e p7tri7r4ie in6epen?
FtH. In preJent Biseri"7 etiopi7n7 7re peste %' ;iio7ne "re6in"io9i@
ep7r4ii $%2 Fn Etiopi7 9i , Fn strHinHt7te-@ %( epis"opi. Biseri"7 etio?
nH 7re un epis"op 7 Ierus7i;@ i7r Fn 8iseri"7 SfFntuui Mor;Fnt@
C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA 'A
un p7r7"is "u 4r7;u BSfFntuui Lon!4inD. Din %*'&@ s?7 FnfiinG7t
.7"ut7te 6e teoo!ie 7 A66is?A8e87. M7i 7re 6ouH Se;in7rii teoo!i"e
unu 7 A66is?A8e87 9i 7tu 7 /7rr7r.
2. +iserica siro$iacobit# Se nu;e9te Bi7"o8itHD 6upH nu;ee or!
niJ7toruui ei@ I7"o8 B7r767i@ BCer9etoruD@ s7u BE7nG7osD $'(2 ?
f 2& iuie '5&-@ un ;7re ;ision7r 7 "re9tinior siro?i7"o8iGi. Prin p7K
6e 7 S7n Re;o $It7i7- 6in %*),L 7priie %*,&@ Siri7 7 tre"ut su8 pro
te"tor7tu Repu8i"ii .r7n"eJe pFnH Fn ,& noie;8rie %*(2@ "Fn6 Siri7
Li87nu 7u o8Ginut in6epen6enG7.
Biseri"7 siro?i7"o8itH 7re Fn preJent %L&.&L& 6e "re6in"io9i $''.&&
in Siri7@ 2'.&&& Fn Tur"i7@ ,&.&&& Fn Ir7P@ Li87n 9i Ior67ni7@ 9i '&.&&&
Ar;eni7-@ or!7niJ7Gi Fn %% ep7r4ii = ( Fn Siri7@ , Fn Tur"i7@ , Fn Ir7P
un7 Fn Li 87n@ un7 Fn Ierus7i ; 9i un7 Fn A;eri"7 6e Nor6.
(. +iserica cre"tinilor tomi!i din 3labar ,India0# A"e7stH Biseri"
se ;7i nu;e9te +iserica ortodo) sirian a 3albarului s7u +iserica or
todo) sirian a Rsritului, s7u +iserica din Qerala# E7 7 6epins 6i
pun"t 6e #e6ere Muris6i"Gion7@ pFnH Fn %*2(@ 6e Biseri"7 siro?i7"o8itH
Antio4iei@ i7r 6in %*2( 7 6e#enit 7uto"ef7H@ 7#Fn6 Fn frunte un catolico,
Fn preJent 7re peste ,.&&&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i@ %' epis"opi@ peste %,&N
6e p7ro4ii@ +&& preoGi@ ) Fn In6i7 6e Su6@ insu7 Ce3on $Sri L7nP7-
Fn M77eJi7 )@ L ;FnHstiri 9i un Se;in7r teoo!i".
'. +iserica armean# DupH "u; se 9tie@ Biseri"7 7r;e7nH@ Fn sino
6ee 6e 7 V77r97p7t $(*%- 9i Do#in $'&L 9i ''(-@ 7 respins 4otHrFre7 Si
no6uui 6in C7"e6on 6in ('%. De?7 un!u istoriei@ Biseri"7 7r;e7n
7 Fn"er"7t Fn ;7i ;ute rFn6uri sH se une7s"H "u Biseri"7 orto6o:H. Bi
seri"7 7r;e7nH@ nu;itH 9i +iserica armean gregorian, 7re Fn preJen
peste '.&&&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i@ !rup7Gi Fn 6ouH "7toi"os7te = Ecimiad%in
Fn Repu8i"7 Ar;eni7@ 9i "7toi"os7tu 6in &ilicia "i Hiban, "u re9e6inG.
7 Sis $Tur"i7-. Din pun"t 6e #e6ere Muris6i"Gion7@ "ee 6ouH "7toi"os7fr
sFnt in6epen6ente@ 67r st7u Fn "o;uniune 8iseri"e7s"H.
C7toi"os7tu 6e E"i;i76Jin 7re su8 Muris6i"Gi7 s7 peste (.&&&.&&
6e "re6in"io9i@ ;7Morit7te7 Fn Repu8i"7 Ar;eni7 9i restu Fn 6iferiGi
G7ri 6in Europ7 9F A;eri"7. E 7re trei patriar?ale, unu 7 Const7nGi
nopo@ 7tu 7 Ierus7i; 9i 7tu Fn A;eri"7.
C7toi"os7tu 6in Cii"i7 9i Li87n 7re su8 Muris6i"Gi7 s7 peste '&&.&&
6e "re6in"io9i.
O Biseri"H sep7r7tH 6e Orto6o:ie 6upH Sino6u III e"u;eni" 6e %
Efes 6in (2% este +iserica nestorian s7u asirian# E7 nu;HrH Fn pre
Jent ,&&.&&& 6e "re6in"io9i@ rHspFn6iGi Fn Ir7P@ Ir7n $Persi7-@ In6i7 9
A;eri"7. Fntru"Ft e7 s?7 sep7r7t 6e Orto6o:ie Fn7inte 6e Sino6u Ic
e"u;eni" 6e 7 C7"e6on@ 6in ('%@ nu se nu;e9te ne"7"e6oni7nH.
De?7 un!u se"oeor s?7u Fn"er"7t unee 7propieri Fntre Orto6o:ii
9i Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e@ 67r ee n?7u 6us 7 unire7 6oritH "u Bi
seri"7 orto6o:H.
ConferinG7 I?7 p7norto6o:H 6e 7 R4o6os@ 6intre ,( septe;8rie
% o"to;8rie %*L%@ 7 4otHrFt B"uti#7re7 re7Giior prietene9ti pentr
rest78iire7 unitHGii "u eeD. A"e7stH 4otHr<re 9i?7 Fnsu9it?o 9i "onferinGi
7 II?7 6e 7 R4o6os@ 6in %)%' noie;8rie %*L(. De 7se;ene7@ "on6u
"Htorii Biseri"ior #e"4i?orient7e@ FntruniGi 7 A66is?A8e87 Fn %*L'@ 7u
4otHr<t sH se st78ie7s"H re7Gii ;7i strFnse "u Biseri"ie orto6o:e. A"este
=?e7Gii prietene9ti s?7u "on"retiJ7t prin s"4i;8uri 6e #iJite Fntre Fn7Gii
er7r4i@ prin "ont7"te teoo!i"e@ prin "onu"r7re7 7 76unHrie e"u;eni"e
se teren 6o!;7ti" 9i pr7"ti"@ prin #iJitee re"ipro"e 6e profesori 9i
stu6enGi.
Pentru o ;7i 8unH "uno79tere 7 6iferenGeor 6o!;7ti"e 6intre "ee
iouH Biseri"i s?7 or!7niJ7t 7poi o "onferinGH neofi"i7H 7 Aar?us $D7?
ie;7r"7-@ Fntre %%)%' 7u!ust %*L(@ Fn "o78or7re "u !rup7re7 pentru
&redin! "i (rgani%are 7 Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior. L7 7"e7st7
iu p7rti"ip7t teoo!ii Biseri"ior orto6o:e 9i 7i Biseri"ior #e"4i?orien?
7e@ i7r 7"e9ti7 7u 7Muns 7 "on"uJi7 "H Fntre "ee 6ouH f7;iii 6e Bi?
eri"i@ Fn problema ?ristologic, sFnt 6eose8iri ;7i 6e!r78H de termeni,
Eect de doctrin# Este 6e"i posi8iH !Hsire7 unei for;ue 6e "re6inGH
7re sH s7tisf7"H "ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ Fntru"<t 7;8ee Biseri"i ;Hrturises"
7 Iisus /ristos 7 fost 8umne%eu adevrat "i (m adevrat#
O nouH Fntrunire neofi"i7H Fntre opt teoo!i orto6o"9i@ 7p7rGinFn6
iferiteor Biseri"i orto6o:e@ 9i 97pte teoo!i ne"7"e6onieni@ 7p7rGinFn6
iseri"ior #e"4i?orient7e@ 7 7#ut o" Fntre ,'),* iuie %*L5 7 Bristo@
i An!i7@ Fn "7re s?7 6is"ut7t = Raportul celor dou voin!e n 4ristos#
onsut7Gi7 7 7Muns 7 "on"uJi7 "H Biseri"7 Orto6o:H 9i Biseri"ie #e"4i?
Zient7e Fn#7GH 6e "o;un 7"or6 "H Fn Iisus /ristos se 7fH 6ouH #oinGe@
i7 6u;neJei7s"H 9i 7t7 o;ene7s"H.
A IV?7 "onferinGH interorto6o:H 6e 7 C47;8es3 ) Gene#7@ 6in
6-; iunie %*L+@ 7 4otHrFt sH se instituie o Co;isie interorto6o:H pen?
\ 6i7o!u "u Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e.
A trei7 sesiune 6e "on#or8iri neofi"i7e Fntre orto6o"9i 9i #e"4i?
ient7i 7 7#ut o" Fntre %L 9i ,% 7u!ust %*5& Fn ;FnHstire7 BLe Ce?
"eD 6in Gene#7. L7 7"e7stH Fnt<nire s?7 6is"ut7t te;7 = 8eosebirea atre
1oros2 "i canon "i nsemntatea ei pentru primirea =inodului din Icedon,
pre"u; 9i 7te refer7te "u pri#ire 7 6eose8irie 6intre or? io"9i 9i
ne"7"e6onieni.
De"7r7Gi7 fin7H@ 76res7tH tuturor Biseri"ior 6in "ee 6ouH f7;iii@
7rin6e trei pHrGi 9i 7nu;e =
%- Reafirmarea n!elegerii ?ristologice 6e 7 A7r4us $%*L(- 9i Bris?
$%*L5-@ "7re 7re "7 te;ei e:istenG7 unei ?ristologii comune, "u to7te
se foose9te o ter;inoo!ie 6eose8itH pentru H;urire7 7"estei Fn#H?
K#ri# De 7;8ee pHrGi se ;Hrturise9te "H Iisus /ristos@ "7re este de$o
Ef! "u T7tH@ 6upH 6u;neJeire@ este consubstan!ial "u noi 6upH u;7?
Fte@ prin Fntrup7re A i7r "ee 6ouH firi sFnt unite Fntr?o sin!urH ipost7sH
o!osuui 6u;neJeies" Fn "4ip ne7;este"7t 9i nes"4i;87t@ neF;pHrGit
Fe6espHrGit A #oinG7 s7u u"r7re7 o;ene7s"H 7 ui /ristos@ 7 Fntrup7re@
sFnt ni"i 78sor8ite@ ni"i 7nu7te 6e #oinG7 9i u"r7re7 S7 6u;ne?
is"H@ ni"i nu se opun un7 7tei7@ "i sFnt unite F;preunH@ Fntr?un 7"or6
F#Fr9it@ fHrH F;pHrGire 9i fHrH 7;este"7re.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA. I CONTEMPORANA
,- Gnele deosebiri referito7re 7 for;u7re7 9i sensu Tr76iGiei e
!7te 6e ur;Hto7ree pro8e;e =
7- Sensu 9i o"u Sino76eor Fn #i7G7 Biseri"ii. Se 9tie "H Biseri"ie
#e"4i?orient7e 7""eptH nu;7i pri;ee trei Sino76e e"u;eni"e = Sino
6u I e"u;eni" 6e 7 Ni"ee7 6in 2,' A Sino6u II e"u;eni"@ 6e 7 Con?
st7ntinopo 6in 2+% A 9i Sino6u III e"u;eni" 6e 7 Efes 6in (2%@ Fn
ti;p "e Biseri"7 orto6o:H 76;ite 97pte Sino76e e"u;eni"e@ 76i"H@ pe
Un!H "ee trei@ Sino6u IV e"u;eni" 6e 7 C7"e6on 6in ('% A Sino6u V
e"u;eni" 6e 7 Const7ntinopo 6in ''2 A Sino6u VI e"u;eni" 6e 7 Con?
st7ntinopo 6in L+&)L+% A 9i Sino6u VII e"u;eni" 6e 7 Ni"ee7 6in 5+5.
8- Anatemati%ri "i proclamri ca =fin!i ale unor dascli #ener7Gi Fn
Biseri"7 orto6o:H@ 67r 7n7te;7tiJ7Gi 6e Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e 9i in
#ers@ "u; e "7Ju "u p7p7 Leon I "e M7re $((&)(L%-@ p7tri7r4u Dios"or
7 Ae:7n6riei $((()('%- 9i p7tri7r4u Se#er 7 Antio4iei $'%,)'%+ A
?f '2+-.
"- &?estiuni *uridice n rela!ie cu manifestarea unit!ii +isericii la
nivel local, regional "i mondial# \uris6i"Gi7 nu tre8uie pri#itH nu;7i "7
o pro8e;H pur 76;inistr7ti#H@ "i Fn unee 7spe"te e7 se referH 7 su8
st7nG7 FnsH9i 7 e"esioo!iei.
2- =pre o nou 1formul de mpcarea# Dee!7Gii "eor 6ouH f7;iii
6e Biseri"i 7u "erut sH se nu;e7s"H o "o;isie ;i:tH spre 7 e:7;in7
pun"tee 6o!;7ti"e "7re 7u 6espHrGit Biseri"ie Fn tre"ut 9i sH se re67"
teJe o formul de n!elegere pe 87J7 "Hrei7 ee sH po7tH sH se une7s"H
Fntr?o Eu?aristie comun# O 7se;ene7 for;uH 6e re"on"iiere 7r pute7
foosi for;u7 SfFntuui C4irii 7 Ae:7n6riei = [u7 "po7tS :ou SeoS?AoRoo
os77p:XMis#T- Q O singur fire ntrupat a lui 8umne%eu$&uvntul 9i
e:presiie foosite Fn for;u7 6e F;pH"7re 6in %, 7priie (22 6intre
SfFntu C4irii 7 Ae:7n6riei 9i epis"opu Io7n 7 Antio4iei $#eJi = Fn
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000VIII $%*5&-@ nr. 5)+@ p. L+2)L+5-.
A p7tr7 "onsut7Gie neofi"i7H 6intre teoo!ii orto6o"9i 9i #e"4i?
orient7i 7 7#ut o" 7 A66is?A8e87@ Fntre %'),2 i7nu7rie %*5%@ "u pri ?
#ire 7 ridicarea reciproc a anatemelor 67te 6e fie"7re 6intre "ee 6ouH
f7;iii 6e Biseri"i. D7r e7 nu se #7 pute7 re7iJ7@ ) 7u 7fir;7t pe 8unH
6rept7te p7rti"ip7nGii 7 7"est "oo"#iu )@ 6e"Ft nu;7i 6upH "e se #7
76opt7 o defini!ie ?ristologic comun 6e "Htre "ee 6ouH pHrGi@ pentru
7 se 7Mun!e ;7i FntFi 7 unitatea credin!ei Fntre ee. PFnH 7tun"i este 6e
6orit "7 fie"7re 6intre 6iferitee Biseri"i o"7e orto6o:e 9i ne"7"e6oni?
ene sH pro"e6eJe 7 Hs7re7 Fn 6esuetu6ine 7 7"eor 7n7
(
c?NcT??.
Fn pri#inG7 "eor p7tru Sino76e e"u;eni"e "7re 7u ur;7t pri;eor
trei re"unos"ute 6e Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e@ teoo!iN ne"7"e6onieni
s?7u e:pri;7t "H 7"este Biseri"i sFnt 6ispuse sH recunoasc defini!iile
dogmatice 7e 7"estor Sino76e@ 67r nu pe 87J7 respe"ti#eor Sino76e
e"u;eni"e@ "i pentru f7ptu "H "onGinutu or 6o!;7ti" se 7fH i;pi"it
"uprins Fn 4otHrFrie 6o!;7ti"e 7e pri;eor trei Sino76e e"u;eni"e $BBi ?
seri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000I0 $%*5%-@ nr. *)%&@ p. *+,)*++-.
Co;isi7 interorto6o:H pentru 6i7o!u "u Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7 ?
e@ instituitH 6e Biseri"ie orto6o:e surori@ potri#t 4otHrFrii u7te 6e 7
(?7 "onferinGH p7norto6o:H 6e 7 C47;8es3?Gene#7 6in %' iunie %*L+@ 2L )
Istori7 Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
s?7 Fntrunit Fn pri;7 ei sesiune 7 A66is?A8e87@ Fntre %+),+ 7u!ust
%*5%@ pentru pre!Htire7 Fn 6et7iu 7 6i7o!uui teoo!i" 6intre Orto6o:ie
9i Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e.
Co;isi7 interorto6o:< 7 "onst7t7t "H poJiGiie "o;une 7e "on"or ?
67nGei 6intre "ee 6ouH f7;iii 6e Biseri"i sFnt ;ute 9i 7nu;e = Fn Fn ?
#HGHtur7 6espre tr76iGie@ 6espre "ut@ #i7G7 spiritu7H@ su""esiune7 7pos ?
toi"H@ Sfintee T7ine@ e#7#ie@ 7 6ou7 #enire 7 ui /ristos@ #i7G7 ;on7 ?
47H@ "instire7 SfinGior@ 7 ;o79teor 9i i"o7neor 9i pHstr7re7 ;utor
o8i"eiuri 9i 67tini #e"4i. To7te 7"este7 "onstituie o ;o9tenire "o;unH
9i un teJ7ur "re9tin preGios "7re po7te f7"iit7 unire7 "eor 6ouH f7;iii
6e Biseri"i.
SfFntu Io7n D7;7s"4in $f 5(*- spune 6espre "re9tinii "7re 7p7rGin
#e"4ior Biseri"i orient7e "H Bnu;7i 6in prete:tu Sino6uui 6in
C7?Ae6on $('%- s?7u rupt 6e Biseri"H@ 67r Fn to7te "ee7te pri#inGe sFnt
irto6o"9iD ,8espre ere%ii, +2@ P. G.@ 0CIV@ "o. 5(%-.
ConferinG7 7fir;H "H unire7 "e se #7 re7iJ7 pe et7pe Fntre Biseri?
ie orto6o:e 9i Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e nu #7 7tin!e 6repturie Mu?
is6i"Gion7e 7e Biseri"ior o"7e e:istente@ 6eo7re"e prin 7"e7sf7 nu se
r;Hre9te "Ftu9i 6e puGin absorbirea unora de ctre altele dintre +ise$
Idle e)istente n aceea"i regiune $BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 000I0
$%*5%-@ nr. *)%&@ p. *+*)**%-.
A 6ou7 Fntrunire 7 Co;isiei teoo!i"e interorto6o:e s?7 6esfH9ur7t
tre *)%2 i7nu7rie %*5' 7 A66is?A8e87. Co;isiune7 interorto6o:<
Fntru pre!Htire7 6i7o!uui teoo!i" "u Biseri"ie #e"4i?orient7e s?7
trunit Fntre 5)%% fe8ru7rie %*5* 7 C47;8es3?Gene#7@ su8
pre9e6in?T ;itropoituui /risosto; 7 Mireor@ 9i 7 6e"is sH se
propunH Biseri?or #e"4i?orient7e Fn"epere7 dialogului teologic oficial
$BSer#i"e 6e esse et 6NInfor;7tionD@ %*5*@ no. 2'@ fe#rier@ p. ,-.
Di7o!u teoo!i" ofi"i7 Fntre Biseri"ie orto6o:e 9i Biseri"ie #e"4i?
ent7e s?7 Ginut Fntre %&)%' 6e"e;8rie %*+' 7 C47;8es3?Gene#7@
6e s?7 Fntrunit Co;isi7 ;i:tH 7 "eor 6ouH f7;iii 6e Biseri"i. S?7
ut 6e 7"or6 "7 7 7 6ou7 sesiune 7 6i7o!uui ofi"i7 "7re #7 7#e7 o"
%*+5 sH se 6is"ute te;7 !ener7H = =pre o ?ristologie comun, stu6i7?
Fn ur;Hto7ree p7tru su8te;e = %. Pro8e;e 6e ter;inoo!ie A ,. .or?
Hri sino67e Fn 4ristoo!ie A 2. .7"tori istori"i A (. Interpret7re7 6o!?
4ristoo!i"e 7stHJi. Di7o!u ofi"i7 Fntre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i "ontinuH.
,. Dia#o6u# 'i3/ricii or.odo4/
cu 'i3/rica romano-ca.o#ic5
Se 9tie "H Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 RHsHrituui 7 for;7t F;preunH "u
ri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ pFn< 7 re!ret78i7 s"4is;H 6in %L iuie %&'(@
igur +iseric universal#
DupH s"4is;7 6in %&'( s?7u fH"ut 6iferite Fn"er"Hri 6e unire Fntre
6ouH Biseri"i@ Fn6eose8i Fn "on"iiu unionist 6e 7 L3on@ 6in %,5(@
Fn "on"iiu unionist 6e 7 .err7r7?.orenG7@ 6in %(2+)%(2*@ fHrH
%
po7tH 7Mun!e 7 re"on"iiere7 9i unire7 or. A"e7stH situ7Gie 6e Fn?
BISERICA aN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
"or67re 9i neFn"re6ere s?7 ;enGinut Fntre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i pFnH 6uY
pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-. De 7 7"e7stH 67tH@ "er"urie V7
"7nuui@ Fn frunte "u p7p7@ 9i?7u s"4i;87t Fntru"Ft#7 orient7re7 f7GH K
Biseri"7 orto6o:H@ 76optFn6 o 7titu6ine ;7i ;o6er7tH 9i uneori "4ii
8ine#oito7re.
Pro8e;7 re7Giior 6e FnGee!ere 9i "o78or7re Fntre Biseri"7 ort
6o:H 9i Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H s?7 pus@ 6upH "e 6e?7 6oie7 rHJt
;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('-@ Fn "onferinGee p7norto6o:e 6e 7 R4o6os. Prir
ConferinGH p7norto6o:H 6e 7 R4o6os@ FntrunitH Fntre ,( septe;8rie
% o"to;8rie %*L%@ uFn6 Fn "onsi6er7Gie re7Giie 7"tu7e 7e Biseri"
orto6o:e "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 4otHrFt Fn 6e"iJi7 fin7H B"ut
#7re7 6e r7porturi Fn spiritu 6r7!ostei ui /ristosD "u Biseri"7 ro;A no?
"7toi"H.
In ti;pu u"rHrior pri;ei sesiuni 7 Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n@ "7i s?
7u 6esfH9ur7t Fntre %% o"to;8rie 9i 5 6e"e;8rie %*L,@ su8 p7p7 Io7 7
00III?e7 $%*'+)%*L2-@ Fn repet7te o"7Jii epis"opii ro;7no?"7toii 9i?7u
;7nifest7t si;GH;intee 6e prietenie 9i preGuire f7GH 6e Biseri"iR
orto6o:e. S?7 sper7t "7 7t;osfer7 7"e7st7 sH "ontinue 9i 7 sesiune7
6ou7 7 Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n@ "7re 7 6ur7t 6e 7 ,* septe;8rie pFnH (
6e"e;8rie %*L2@ su8 pre9e6inGi7 p7pei P7u VI.
De 7"ee7@ 7 6ou7 ConferinGH p7norto6o:H 6e 7 R4o6os@ "7re 7 7#u
\o" Fntre ,L),* septe;8rie %*L2@ GinFn6 se7;7 6e f7ptu "H Fn pri;Y
sesiune 7 Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n s?7 ;7nifest7t "u tHrie 6orinG7 ;7MoriY
t7Gii epis"op7tuui "7toi" 6e a respinge puterea absolut a primatu?
papal, prin autoritatea colegiului episcopal, 7 4otHrFt Fn prin"ipiu iniZ
!ierea unui dialog teologic pe picior de egalitate ntre +iserica ortodo)l
"i +iserica romano$catolic#
Sper7nGee 7;eiorHrii re7Giior Biseri"ii orto6o:e "u Biseri"7 ro
;7no?"7toi"H 7u "res"ut ;7i 7es 6upH FntFnire7 6e 7 Ierus7i;@ Fn
tre ()L i7nu7rie %*L(@ 6intre p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Aten7!or7 9i p7pA
P7u VI.
InsH@ Fn ti;pu 6eJ87terior sesiunii 7 trei7 7 Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n
6intre %( septe;8rie),% noie;8rie %*L(@ 9i 7 sesiunii 7 p7tr7@ 6intr7
%( septe;8rie ) + 6e"e;8rie %*L'@ s?7 o8ser#7t "H p7p7 P7u 7 V?e7
7 subordonat colegialitatea episcopal autorit!ii primatului papal#
A"e7st7 7 fost pro"7;7tH 6e p7p7 P7u VI ;7i FntFi prin en"i"i"7 Ec$
clesiam suam, pro;u!7tH 7 L 7u!ust %*L(@ 7poi prin 4otHrFre7 Con"i
iuui II V7ti"7n 6in ,' noie;8rie %*L(@ prin "7re s$a accentuat prima
tul "i infailibilitatea papal, papa subordonndu$"i c?iar "i colegiul epis
copal, "ee7 "e nu se FntF;p7se 7 Con"iiu I V7ti"7n 6in %+5&.
I
&olegiul sau corpul episcopal2 ) se su8ini7JH Fn 4otHrFre7 7"ee7M
) 1nu are autoritate dect numai mpreun cu pontiful roman, succe$Z
sorul lui Petru, iar puterea primatului acestuia rmne ntreag asuprad
tuturor, fie pstori, fie credincio"i2#
CH "er"urie V7ti"7nuui@ Fn frunte "u p7p7 P7u VI@ nu 7u FnGees
e"u;enis;u 9i unire7 Biseri"ior dect ca o subordonare 7 7"estor7 7u?
toritHGii supre;e 7 pontifuui ro;7n@ o 7r7tH H;urit 8ecretum de (e$
cumenismo $De"retu 6espre E"u;enis;- 9i 8ecretum de Eclesiis (ri$
entalibus &at?olicis $De"retu 6espre Biseri"ie orient7e "7toi"e- ) e
#or87 6e Biseri"ie unite "u Ro;7 )@ 7;8ee pro;u!7te 7 ,% o"to;?
8rie %*L(@ Fn "7re uniatismul este 67t "7 ;o6e pentru situ7Gi7 pe "7re
7r 7#e7?o Biseri"ie orto6o:e Fn e#entu77 or Bunire e"u;eni"HD "u
C7toi"is;u.
EinFn6 se7;7 6e to7te 7"este7@ ConferinG7 7 trei7 p7norto6o:H 6e 7
O4o6os@ FntrunitH Fntre %)%( noie;8rie %*L(@ 7 re#enit 7supr7 Fn"eperii
i;e6i7te 7 6i7o!uui teoo!i" 6intre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 ro;7no?
"7toi"H@ s"oGFn6 Fn reief "H pentru un nceput rodnic al unui dialog
teologic real este necesar pregtirea trebuitoare "i crearea de condi!ii
corespun%toare#
O 7;eior7re 7 r7porturior 6intre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7
ro;7no?"7toi"H s?7 re7iJ7t Fntru"Ft#7 prin declara!ia comun de ridi $
care a anatemelor din -;)/9 iulie -95B, Fn ur;7 FnGee!erii 6intre p7?
tri7r4u At4en7!or7 I 7 Const7ntinopouui $%*(*)%*5,- 9i p7p7 P7u
VI $%*L2)%*5+-@ "7re 7 fost "ititH "on"o;itent@ 7 Fn"4i6ere7 Con"iiu?
ui II V7ti"7n@ Fn Jiu7 6e 5 6e"e;8rie %*L'@ Fn "7te6r77 BSfFntu PetruD
6in Ro;7 9i Fn "7te6r77 BSfFntu G4eor!4eD 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e
6in Const7ntinopo.
Cei 6oi Fn7Gi ier7r4i 7u su8ini7t Fn 7"e7stH 6e"7r7Gie B"H sFnt "on?
9tienGi "H 7"est 7"t 6e MustiGie 9i 6e iert7re re"ipro"H nu po7te fi 6e 7Muns
sH punH "7pHt 6iferenGeor #e"4i s7u re"ente@ "7re su8JistH Fntre Biseri"7
ro;7no?"7toi"H 9i Biseri"7 orto6o:H@ 9i "7re #or fi 6epH9ite prin u"r7 ?
re7 SfFntuui Du4@ !r7Gie "urHGiei ini;ior@ re!retuui ne6reptHGior is ?
tori"e@ pre"u; 9i printr?o #oinGH 7"ti#H 6e 7 7Mun!e 7 o FnGee!ere 9i
e:presie "o;unH 7 "re6inGei 9i "erinGeor eiD.
PoJiGi7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e f7GH 6e Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 fost
,at se po7te 6e "7r H;uritH Fn 9@e6inG7 soe;nH "o;unH 6in %* o"to;?
Drie %*L5 7 SfFntuui Sino6 ro;<n 9i 7 SfFntuui Sino6 7 P7tri7r4iei
S"u;eni"e@ Fn frunte "u p7tri7r4u Aten7!or7@ 7tun"i Fn #iJitH Fn Ro;< ?
n7@ "Fn6 s?7 67t o 6e"7r7Gie "o;unH Fn "7re se su8ini7JH "H +iserica
omano$catolic trebuie s treac la o atitudine cu adevrat ecumenic
i s ncete%e a se considera centru al n%uin!elor ecumenice contempo$
ane###
BC7 sH po7tH Fn"epe tr7t7ti#e 6e unire "u Biseri"7 orto6o:H@ Bise?
="7 ro;7no?"7toi"H tre8uie sH 7nueJe "onstituGi7 8e Ecclesia 9i en"i?
i"7 Ecclesiam =uam, Fn "7re p7p7 P7u VI 7 fi:7t "on6iGiie 6i7o!uui@
sH se retr7!H 6e"retu 8e (ecumenismo 9i 8ecretul asupra +iserici$
r orientale catolice, Fn "7re 6i7o!u "u "ee7te Biseri"i este "onsi6e?
t "7 un ;iMo" 6e H;urire 7 Bfr7Gior 6espHrGiGiD 7supr7 76e#Hrurior
A "re6inGH 7e Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e... CFn6 nou or!7n "re7t 6e Bi?
ri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H@ =inodul episcopilor, #7 tre"e din stadiul de or$
n consultativ n cel de organ deliberativ, 9i F;preunH "u p7p7 #7 6e?
ni organul conductor, 7"est7 #7 pute7 7nu7 stHrie in7""esi8ie "re7?
pFnH Fn preJent 9i #7 pute7 fi:7 noi "on6iGii 7""ept78ie pentru un 6i?
i! teoo!i"@ reriunGFn6 7 uni7tis; "7 ;iMo" 6e unire "u orto6o"9ii 9i
ntor"Fn6 orto6o"9ior@ 7"oo un6e este "7Ju@ oie rHpite. PFnH 7tun"i...
isi6erH; posi8i un dialog al slu*irii, un 6i7o! ecumenic2 $Biseri"7
=o6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000V $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@ p. +*()+*'-.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Totu9i@ 6in 6orinG7 6e 7 se "uti#7 r7porturi frHGe9ti Fn spiritu
!ostei ui /ristos@ p7tri7r4u Aten7!or7 7 6ispus Fn ConferinG7 Cor
p7norto6o:e 6e 7 C47;8es3?Gene#7@ 6in ,&),+ 7u!ust %*L+@ sH T
nu;e7s"H o "o;isie orto6o:H pentru 7 Fn"epe 6i7o!u "u Biseri"7Y
;7no?"7toi"H.
Fntru"Ft p7p7 P7u VI@ prin 6e"7r7Gi7 3'sterium Ecclesiae, 6ir
iuie %*52@ 7 re7"tu7iJ7t #e"4ie pretenGii ro;7no?"7toi"e 6upH
p7p7 6eGine 7utorit7te7 supre;H Muris6i"Gion7H Fn Fntre7!7 Biseri"i
"H unit7te7 "re6inGei se #7 re7iJ7 nu;7i prin Fnto7r"ere7 tuturor
"7toi"ior orto6o"9i 9i protest7nGi Fn sFnu Biseri"ii "7toi"e@ P7tri7i
%
e"u;eni" Di;itrios I 7 fH"ut Fn Jiu7 6e 2& noie;8rie %*52 o 6e"7rs
Fn ti;pu #iJitei unei 6ee!7Gii ro;7no?"7toi"e@ "on6usH de, "7r6inR
\. _ie8r7n6s@ pre9e6intee Se"ret7ri7tuui V7ti"7nuui pentru units
"re9tinior@ Fn "7re 7 "o;8Htut pretenGiie p7p7e@ su8iniin6 "H Y
Roviei nu este altceva dect o +iseric local, ca toate celelalte, "i
unica +iseric, +iserica prin e)celen! $BOrto6o:i7D@ 00II $%*5(-@ nr )
2@ p. %'5)%L2-. Pentru Fn"epere7 6i7o!uui teoo!i" "u Biseri"7
;7no?"7toi"<@ P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Di;itrios I 7 "re7t o Co;isie p7r
to6o:H Fn i7nu7rie %*5L.
Re7Giie frHGe9ti 6intre Biseri"ie orto6o:e 9i Biseri"7 ro;7no?
toi"H "ontinuH prin s"risorie ireni"e 9i prin 6iferite #iJite 7e ui
ier7r4i 7i "eor 6ouH Biseri"i. L7 %( 6e"e;8rie %*5' s?7 "re7t si;utM
Fn C7pe7 Si:tinH 6in Ro;7 9i Fn 8iseri"7 BSfFntu G4eor!4eD 6in
n7r@ "Fte o Co;isie teoo!i"H te4ni"H@ un7 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ii ro;7r
"7toi"e 9i 7t7 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ pentru pre!Htire7 6i7o!
ui teoo!i" 6intre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i. Re7Giie frHGe9ti 6intre "ee 6of
;7ri Biseri"i "re9tine "ontinuH sH se 6eJ#ote s7tisfH"Htor. Co;isi7 te
o!i"H te4ni"H interorto6o:H s?7 Fntrunit Fn pri;7 ei sesiune 7 C47iY
8es3?Gene#7@ Fntre ,%),' iunie %*55@ 7poi Fn 7 6ou7 sesiune@ Fntre )
%+ noie;8rie %*55. Co;isi7 "7toi"H@ nu;itH 6e p7p7 P7u 7 VI?M 7
%' ;7rtie %*5L@ 9i?7 Ginut pri;7 reuniune pen7rH Fntre %%)%( o"tor 8rie
%*5L 7 Ro;7. S?7 4otHrFt@ 6e "Htre 7;8ee "o;isii@ FnfiinG7rR unui
Grup ;i:t 6e "oor6on7re.
Intre ,5 ;7rtie)% 7priie %*5+ s?7 Fntrunit 7 Ro;7 pri;7 sesiur
7 !rupuui ;i:t 6e "oor6on7re@ 6ese;n7t 6e "ee 6ouH "o;isii te4ni6
teoo!i"e@ orto6o:H 9i ro;7no?"7toi"H@ pentru 7 6is"ut7 Fnto";ire7 u;M
p 7n "o;un pent ru Fn"epere7 6i7 o!uui teoo!i" Fntre "ee 6ouH R
ri"i $BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CVI $%*5+-@ nr. 5)+@ p. 5%&%
BEpisPepsisD@ %& $%*5*-@ no. ,&2@ % fe#r.@ p. ,)(-.
Fntre ,'),5 iunie %*5+ s?7 Fntrunit 7 C47;8es3?Gene#7 7 treiM
reuniune 7 Co;isiei te4ni"e interorto6o:e pentru pre!Htire7 6i7o!ui
teoo!i" "u Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H $BR.O.C. Ne`sD@ VIII $%*5+-@ nr
%
,. p. L5-.
L7 L 7u!ust %*5+@ p7p7 P7u 7 V?e7 7 Fn"et7t 6in #i7GH. Su""ese
ru sHu@ p7p7 Io7n P7u I $2 sept.),* sept. %*5+- 7 pHstorit fo7rte puM
Gin@ nu;7i ,5 6e Jie@ FneFt n?7 7#ut ti;pu ne"es7r sH se o"upe 6e 6i?\
7Fo!u teoo!i" "u Biseri"7 orto6o:H.
DupH ;o7rte7 ne79tept7tH 7 p7pei o7n P7u I@ "on"7#u "7r6in7?
ior@ Fn nu;Hr 6e %%%@ 7 7es P7pH@ Fn Jiu7 6e %L o"to;8rie %*5+@ pe.
Ar4iepis"opu poon 7 Or7Po#iei@ O7ro _oMt37@ "7re 7 pri;it nu;ee
6e o7n P7u II@ fiin6 FntroniJ7t soe;n 7 ,, o"to;8rie %*5+.
Ae!ere7 P7pei o7n P7u 7 II?e7 7 8u"ur7t nespus 6e ;ut pe
"re6in"io9ii pooneJi@ Fn ;7Morit7te ro;7no?"7toi"i@ fiin6 pri;u p7pH
6e ori!ine pooneJH@ "7re pHstore9te pe #e"4iu 9i #ener78iu S"7un 7
Ro;ei. Nou P7pH "uno79te fo7rte 8ine Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i pro8e;ee
ei@ 7#Fn6 Fn #e6ere "H Fn Pooni7 se 7fH un i;port7nt nu;Hr 6e "re?
6in"io9i orto6o"9i@ peste un ;iion@ i7r f7ptu "H 7 pHstorit Fn7inte 6e 7
fi 7es P7pH@ "7 Ar4iepis"op ro;7no?"7toi" 6e Or7Po#i7@ Fn Pooni7@ i?7
Fnesnit posi8iit7te7 "uno79terii Biseri"ii orto6o:e.
Intre pri;ee preo"upHri 7e P7pei o7n P7u 7 II?e7 7 fost sH f7"H
o #iJitH ofi"i7H P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e. Astfe@ 7 un 7n 6upH inst77re7
s7 pe S"7unu Ro;ei 7 fH"ut o #iJitH ofi"i7H 7 AnP7r7 9i 7 Const7n?
tinopo@ Fntre ,+)2& noie;8rie %*5*. De"7r7Giie s7e referito7re 7 6i?
7o!u teoo!i" orto6o:o?ro;7no?"7toi"@ fH"ute Fn Jiu7 6e 2& noie;8rie
%*5*@ Fn "7te6r77 BSfFntu G4eor!4eD 7 P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e@ 7 sfFr?
9itu Sfintei Litur!4ii ofi"i7te c6e un so8or Fn frunte "u P7tri7r4u e"u?
;eni" Di;itrios I@ "u prieMu sHr8Htoririi SfFntuui Aposto An6rei@ sFnt
6intre "ee ;7i interes7nte.
I7tH unee 6intre 6e"7r7Giie P7pei o7n P7u 7 II?e7 = BViJit7
7"e7st7@ 7 pri;u S"7un 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ 7r7tH "7r #oinG7
Fntre!ii Biseri"i "7toi"e 6e 7 ;er!e Fn7inte pe 6ru;u "Htre
unit7te7 tuturor 9i@ 6e 7se;ene7@ "on#in!ere7 s7 "H rest78iire7 6epinei
"o;uniuni "u Biseri"7 orto6o:H este o et7pH fun67;ent7H 7 pro!resu?
ui 6e"isi# 7 Fntre!ii ;i9"Hri e"u;eni"e. Pe p7n "on"ret@ #iJit7 6e 7Ji
ir7tH@ 6e 7se;ene7@ importan!a dialogului teologic, care ncepe a%i cu
biserica ortodo)# Cu re7is; 9i FnGeep"iune@ potri#it 6orinGei S"7unu?
ui 7postoi" 7 Ro;ei 9i@ 6e 7se;ene7@ 6orinGeor ConferinGeor p7nor?
o6o:e@ s?7 4otHrFt reFnnoire7 re7Giior 9i "ont7"teor 6intre Biseri"7
o;7no?"7toi"H 9i Biseri"7 orto6o:H@ "7re sH pro;o#eJe 7propiere7 9i
re7re7 7t;osferei ne"es7re unui ro6ni" 6i7o! teoo!i". Tre8uie sH re?
F"e; "onte:tu Fn7inte 6e 7 ref7"e F;preunH te:tee. A"e7stH perio7? H
7 fost pe 6rept "u#Fnt nu;itH dialogul dragostei# A"est 6i7o! 7 per?is
u7re7 7 "uno9tinGH 7 profun6ei "o;uniuni "7re ne une9te 6eM7 9i "e
s< ne pute; ser#i 9i tr7t7 "7 +iserici surori2#
L7 rFn6u sHu@ S7n"tit7te7 S7 P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Di;itrios I 7
<t7t@ Fntre 7tee@ Fn 6is"ursu s7u@ "H = BNoi intrH; Fntr?o f7JH nouH
"o?fr7ternitHGii no7stre@ o f7JH serio7sH 9i i;port7ntH@ 7 "Hrei reJut7t
infuenG7 Fntre!u nostru ;ers spre s"opu #iJ7t@ 76i"H unitatea2#
13oi intrm n fa%a dialogului teologic oficial ntre cele dou +ie
$ici ) romano$catolic "i ortodo) 6upH "e 7; pre!Htit terenu prin
to!u 6r7!ostei@ prin eforturi re"ipro"e@N 67r 9i prin ;7nifestHri 9i
e e"eJi7sti"eD.
P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" 7 7nunG7t 7poi "H "ee 6ouH Biseri"i au
d/3/m-= ofi"i7 6ouH "o;isii teoo!i"e@ "7re@ su8 for;7 unei
&omisii teolo$
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
gice mi)te 9i pe 87J7 unei or6ini 6e Ji pre!HtitH 9i 7pro87tH 6e
6ouH Biseri"i pentru o pri;H f7JH@ sH Fn"e7pH 6i7o!u teoo!i".
In De"7r7Gi7 "o;unH@ 67tH Fn Jiu7 6e W9 noiembrie -.C., 7 si tu
#iJiiei P7pei Io7n P7u 7 II?e7 7 P7tri7r4i7 6in Const7ntinI "u
pri#ire 7 6i7o!u teoo!i" se pre"iJe7JH ur;Hto7ree = 1Acest di
teologic are ca scop _nu numai Zprogresul pentru restabilirea deplinei
muniuni ntre +isericile$surori catolic "i ortodo), ci "i contribu!ii
dialogurile multiple care se vor desf"ura n lumea cre"tin n caut
unit!ii sale# Di7o!u 6r7!ostei $Io7n %2@ 2(-@ FnrH6H"in7t Fntr?o ere
"i o9ie 6esH#Fr9it H f7G H 6e uni "u Do;n Iisus /rist os 9i f7G H 6e #"
S7@ f7GH 6e Biseri"7 S7 $Io7n %5@ ,%-@ 7 6es"4is "7e7 unei ;7i 8une
Gee!eri 7 poJiGiior teoo!i"e re"ipro"e 9i@ 6e 7i"i@ 7 noior e7nuriY
u"rHrii teoo!i"e 9i 7 unei noi 7titu6ini f7GH 6e tre"utu "o;un 7
ri"ior no7stre... Dori; "7 pro!resee Fn unit7te sH 6es"4i6H noi pos
itHGi 6e 6i7o! 9i 6e "o78or7re "u "re6in"io9ii 7tor rei!ii 9i "u
o7;enii 6e 8unH#oinGH@ pentru "7 6r7!oste7 9i fr7ternit7te7@ sH Fn6eMf
teJe ur7 9i proti#ni"i7 6intre o7;eni. Noi sperH; sH "ontri8ui; 7s 7
st7torni"ire7 unei 76e#Hr7te pH"i Fn u;e. .. D $LN Osser#7tore RR nr.
(* $%*'(-@ 6in ( 6e"e;8rie %*5*A BOrto6o:i7D@ 000II $%*+&-@ nr p.
(&,)(&' A BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CVIII $%*+&-@ nr. %),Y L(
)LL-.
Co;isi7 ;i:tH orto6o:o?"7toi"H pentru 6i7o!u teoo!i" o0iC
este "o;pusH 6intr?un !rup 6e ;e;8ri ro;7no?"7toi"i@ Fn nu;Hr 6e 9i
un nu;Hr 6e ;e;8ri orto6o"9i@ "7re repreJintH to7te Biseri"ie or 6o:e
7uto"ef7e.
P7rte7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 6in Co;isi7 ;i:tH 7re Fn frunte7 ei pe "M
6in7u \e7n _ie8r7n6s@ Ar4iepis"op 6e Utre"4t $O7n67- 9i pre9e6
tee Se"ret7ri7tuui pentru unit7te7 "re9tinior@ 7Mut7t 6e Monse!nioM
Pierre Dupre3@ Fn "7it7te 6e "o?se"ret7r 7 "o;isiei.
P7tri7r4i7 Ro;<nH este repreJent7tH Fn Co;isi7 ;i:tH orto6oM
ro;7no?"7toi"H 6e "Htre I.P.S. Mitropoit Ni"o7e Corne7nu 7 B7r
tuui 9i Pr. prof. tef7n Ae:e.
Co;isi7 ;i:tH orto6o:o?ro;7no?"7toi"H pentru 6i7o!u teoo!
ofi"i7 s?7 Fntrunit Fntre ,* ;7i)( iunie %*+&@ Fn pri;7 ei sesiune@
insu7 R4o6os@ su8 pre9e6inGi7 Ar4iepis"opuui Austr7iei@ Stei7r
/7rPi7n7Pis@ 6in p7rte7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ 9i 7 C7r6in7uui \e7n _f
P8r7n6s@ Ar4iepis"op 6e Utre"4t $O7n67-@ 6in p7rte7 ro;7no?"7toP
6is"utFn6 7supr7 6eose8irior 6o!;7ti"e@ "uti"e 9i "7noni"e 6intre "e
6ouH Biseri"i. Pri;7 te;H tr7t7tH po7rtH titu = Taina +isericii "i a =fid tei
Eu?aristii n lumina =fintei E=cripturi#
Co;isi7 ;i:tH 7 fost 6e 7"or6 sH "ontinue 6is"uGiie teoo!i"e@ spre
7 se 7Mun!e 7 FnGee!ere7 9i unire7 7tFt 6e 6oritH 6e 7;8ee BisM ri"i
)@ Fn un7 ;7i %*+%@ 7 Re!ens8ur!@ Fn Ger;7ni7@ 7 in#it7Gi7 EpiM
"opuui ro;7no?"7toi" Dr. Ru6op4 Gr78er 6e Re!ens8ur!@ pre9e6ir
tee !rupuui 6e u"ru per;7nent 7 ConferinGei Epis"op7e !er;7r
pentru re7Giie "u Biseri"ie orto6o:e $BS.O.P.D@ %*+&@ nr. (5@ 7priieT
9i BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CVIII $%*+&-@ nr. ')L@ p. ,L'@ 9i ni 5
)+@ p. 5%%-.
Co;isi7 ;i:tH orto6o:o?ro;7no?"7toi"H s?7 Fntrunit 7poi@ Fn 7
uou7 sesiune@ 7 Miin"4en ) Ger;7ni7@ Fntre 2& iunie)L iuie %*+&@
6is"utFn6 te;7 = Taina +isericii "i Eu?aristiei n lumina misterului =fin$
tei Treimi#
A trei7 sesiune 7 Co;isiei ;i:te orto6o:o?ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 7#ut
o" Fn insu7 Cret7@ %*+(@ un6e s?7 6is"ut7t 7supr7 pri;eor trei T7ine =
+ote%ul, 3irungerea 9i =finta Eu?aristie#
Intre 2)+ iunie %*+'@ s?7 Fntrunit Fn or79u Opoe 6in Pooni7 Co?
;itetu 6e "oor6on7re 6in "76ru Co;isiei ;i:te 7 6i7o!uui teoo!i"
6intre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H.
A p7tr7 sesiune 7 Co;isiei ;i:te orto6o:o?ro;7no?"7toi"H 7 7#ut
o" Fntre ,+ ;7i)5 iunie %*+L 7 B7ri@ Fn su6u It7iei. N?7u tri;is 6e ?
e!7Gi 7 7"e7stH sesiune = P7tri7r4i7 Ierus7i;uui@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H
rusH@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H !ruJinH $!eor!i7nH- 9i Biseri"7 orto6o:H !re7"H.
Ate 6ouH@ Biseri"7 Ser8iei 9i Biseri"7 Cipruui@ s?7u retr7s Fn ti;pu
u"rHrior.
S?7u 6is"ut7t ur;Hto7ree te;e = %. &redin!a, Tainele "i unitatea
+isericii: ,. Taina Preo!iei n structura sacramental, a +isericii "i, n
special, importan!a succesiunii apostolice pentru sfin!irea "i unitatea
poporului lui 8umne%eu#
Nu s?7 putut re7iJ7 un 7"or6 Fntre "ee 6ouH pHrGi. Dis"uGiie 7u
"ontinu7t totu9i@ tot 7 B7ri@ Fntre .)%L iunie %*+5. Au p7rti"ip7t
to7te Biseri"ie orto6o:e@ Fn 7f7rH 6e Biseri"7 rusH 9i Bi seri"7 !ruJinH
$!eor!i7nH-@ 6in B;oti#e o8ie"ti#eD@ 67r 7u "o;uni"7t =H #or 7""ept7
4otHrFrie "e se #or u7.
Nu s?7 put ut se;n7 un 6o"u;ent 6e 7"or6@ "i un document de
iialog, 4otHrFn6u?se o FntFnire ur;Hto7re@ pro!r7;7tH pentru Jiee 6e
[*),5 iunie %*++@ 7 ;FnHstire7 V77;o@ 6in .in7n67@ un6e s?7 78or67t
e;7 = Preo!ia n credin!a "i via!a celor dou +iserici, 6upH "7re ur;7
7 se i7 Fn 6is"uGie te;7 primatului papal "i a infailibilit!ii, 6ouH 6in?
re pro8e;ee "ee ;7i 6ifi"ie pentru re7iJ7re7 inter"o;uniunii 6intre
8iseri"7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H. . ?
Din 7nu %*L5@ Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 9i Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 7u
F"eput@ 6e 7se;ene7@ un 6i7o! teoo!i". Astfe@ 6in iniGi7ti#7 p7pei
N7u 7 V?e7 9i 7 Ar4iepis"opuui 6e C7nter8ur3@ Mi"47e R7;se3@ o
8;isie ;i:tH "7toi"H?7n!i"7nH 7 e:7;in7t pun"tee 6e "re6inGH "7re S
p7r< "ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ Fn6eose8i "ee referito7re 7 SfFnt7 Eu47ristie@
reoGie@ 4irotonie 9i 7utorit7te. Fn ;7rtie %*+, 7 fost 67t pu8i"itHGii r7U?
Mrtu fin7 "7re pune7 Fn e#i6enGH 7spe"tee "ee ;7i 6ifi"ie "7re se?
irH "ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ "7 = pri;7tu p7p7 9i inf7ii8iit7te7 p7p7H.
Fn #e6ere7 "o78orHrii 9i 7propierii Fntre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ 7 sfFr?
iu unii ;7i %*+,@ P7p7 Io7n P7u 7 II?e7 7 fH"ut o #iJitH ofi"i7H
seri"ii 7n!i"7ne@ ) pri;7 6e 7 sep7r7re7 or 6in se"ou 7 0VI?e7
@ 9i Ar4iepis"opuui 6e C7nter8ur3@ Ro8ert Run"ie. Cei 6oi Fn7Gi
e7Gi 7u so"otit Fn"4ei7t rou Co;isiei ;i:te 6in %*L5 9i 7u 4otHrFt
F7re7 unei noi Co;isii ;i:te@ ;enitH sH "ontinue 6i7o!u teoo!i"
?eput Fn %*L5@ Fntre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ pFnH 7 FnHtur7re7 tuturor
ur!enGeor 6o!;7ti"e@ "uti"e 9i "7noni"e 9i pFnH 7 7Mun!ere7 7 o
oinH "o;uniune.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
7. Dia#o6u# Or.odo4i/i
cu 'i3/rica =/c1/-ca.o#ic5
Cu; se "uno79te@ Biseri"7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i 7 u7t n79tere Fn
"Fn6@ Fn ur;7 ConferinGei 6e 7 Mdn"4en@ 6in ,+ ;7i %+5%@ un !rup
port7nt 6e ro;7no?"7toi"i ) "eri"i@ profesori 9i "re6in"io9i )
sep7r7t 6e Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H pentru f7ptu "H p7p7 Pius 7 A
$%+(L)%+5+- 7 pro"7;7t 7 %+ iuie %+5&@ Fn 9e6inG7 7 IV?7 7 ConA
Iui I V7ti"7n@ prin 8u7 1Pastor aeternus2, 6o!;7 pri;7tuui p7p 7
inf7ii8iitHGii p7p7e.
L7 pri;u Con!res n7Gion7 7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i !er;7ni@ Ginu
Miine4en Fntre ,,),( septe;8rie %+5%@ Biseri"7 #e"4ior?"7toii"i
6e"7r7t 7uto"ef7H 9i s?7 or!7niJ7t 7p7rte "u "eru@ itur!4i7 9i Ti
e or@ orientFn6u?se Fn ;7re ;HsurH 6upH Fn#HGHtur7 9i tr76iGi7 I
ri"ii Orto6o:e 7 RHsHrituui. E7 s?7 unit "u Biseri"7 \7nsenistH 6
Utre"4t $EHrie 6e \os-@ 6espHrGitH 6e Ro;7 6in %5,(.
L7 7 II?e7 Con!res@ Ginut Fntre ,& 9i ,% septe;8rie %+5, 7 O
Fn Ger;7ni7@ Biseri"7 #etero?"7toi"H 9i?7 7es un epis"op Fn persK
ui \osep4 /u8ert ReinPens@ 4irotonit 6e epis"opu M7nsenist 6e Dec
ter $O7n67-@ pentru 7 7#e7 47ru s7"r7;ent7 pe 87J7 su""esiunii 7
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7profun67re 6in p7rte7 eor pHrGi.
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7s"ut7t noie r7po7rte 7e ;e;8rior ei 9i s?7u stu6i7t te:te
ofi"i7e preJent7te 6e Biseri"7 #e"4ior?"7toi"i 9i 7nu;e = insirea
de credin!, preJent7tH P7tri7r4iei E"u;eni"e 9i "eor7?Aeri"i
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7 ;Fntuirii A
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Z Asupr7 ru!H"iunior pentru ;orGi A
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BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA '5%
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nntuui ui Du;neJeu A $,- Unire7 ipost7ti"H.
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esioo!i7 = Gnitatea +isericii "i +isericile locale: 4otarele +isericii#
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o7;eni i sH se ;F nt ui 7s"H 9i 7 "uno9t i nG 7 76e#Hru ui sH #i nHD
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i7re sH "7ute 6i7o!u unii "u 7Gii 9i sH se ro7!e ne"ontenit pentru
78iire7 unitHGii "re6inGei 9i 7 "o;uniunii 6epine 7 Biseri"ii...D $Te:te
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)'L*@ 7i"i p. 'L5 9i 'L*-.
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BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
!Htite 6e Su8"o;isi7 ;i:tH orto6o:o?#e"4i?"7toi"H 7 Fntrunire7 6e
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P7tri7r4i7 Ae:7n6riei 7 re"unos"ut 6e 7se;ene7 #7i6it7te7 4iro?
iior 7n!i"7ne 7 ,& noie;8rie %*2&@ Fn ur;7 6is"uGiior 6intre "ee
MH Bi seri"i @ "7re 7u 7#ut o" 7 Lon6r7 F nt re %'] %+ i u i e %*2&@ F n
Fpu p7tri7r4uui Meetie 7 II?e7 $%*,L)%*2'-@ fost p7tri7r4 e"u;e? @
su8 nu;ee 6e Meetie 7 IV?e7 $%*,%)%*,2-@ 9i Fn ti;pu Pri;7tu?
An!iei Cos;o Gor6on L7n6 $%*,+)%*(,-.
De 7se;ene7 Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 re"unos"ut #7i6it7te7
otoniior 7n!i"7ne la 7 iunie -.W5, Fn ti;pu p7tri7r4uui Miron ,')
%*2*-@ i7r Ar4iepis"opi7 Gre"iei@ Fn %*2*.
Dis"uGii Fn #e6ere7 7propierii 9i "o78orHrii 7u o" 6in %*'L Fntre
eri"7 7n!i"7nH 9i Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH.
Bi seri "i e ort o6o:e@ F nt runi t e F nt re ?,2 sept e;8ri e 9i % o"t o;?
X %*L2@ 7 pri;7 "onferinGH p7norto6o:H 6e 7 R4o6os@ 7u 4otHrFt sH
iieJe posi8iit7te7 "uti#Hrii 9i 6eJ#otHrii re7Giior 9i ;o67itHGior
tre ee 9i Biseri"7 An!i"7nH.
L7 7 II?7 "onferinGH p7norto6o:H 6e 7 R4o6os@ FntrunitH Fntre
%' noie;8rie %*L(@ s?7 4otHrFt "onstituire7 i;e6i7tH 7 unei Co;isii
o!i"e interorto6o:e "7re sH stu6ieJe posi8iit7te7 unirii 6intre Bise?
orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH.
Pro8e;7 7propierii 6intre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH
pus 6e 7se;ene7 Fn &onferin!a &omisiilor teologice interortodo)e de
Welgrad, pentru pregtirea dialogului cu anglicanii "i vec?ii
catolici, A 7 7#ut o" Fntre %)%' septe;8rie %*LL. ConferinG7 7
F;pHrGit te?e Fn trei "7te!orii.
M7i i;port7nte sFnt te;ee 6in "7te!ori7 I?7@ 7supr7 "Hror7 s
5
7 re7?=
un 7"or6 Fntre 7n!i"7ni 9i Biseri"ie orto6o:e. A"este7 sFnt =
%. =fnta =criptur "i =fnta Tradi!ie $"on6iGiie "o;uniunii t7i?
- ) $%*,% A L7;8et4@ %*2% A Bu"ure9ti@N %*2'- A
,. 8espre Taine n genere $%*,% A P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo@
T A L7;8et4@ %*2% A Bu"ure9ti@ %*2'- A
2. =fnta Eu?aristie ,-./-: Lon6r7@ %*2&A Bu"ure9ti@ %*2'-A
(. 8espre Taina Preo!iei: =uccesiunea apostolic: 9i c?estiunea va$
%!ii ?irotoniilor anglicane $P7tri7r4i7 6e Const7ntinopo@ %*,, A P7?
4i7 Ierus7i;uui@ %*,2 A Biseri"7 Cipruui@ %*,2 A P7tri7r4i7 Ae?
Iriei@ %*2& A P7tri7r4i7 Ro;<nH@ %*2L-.
O serie 6e te;e 7u fost 6is"ut7te@ 67r 7supr7 or nu s?7 putut re7?
un 7"or6 6epin.
AtH serie 6e te;e 7u fost "onsi6er7te 6e 7;8ee pHrGi "7 insufi"ient
Ft7te.
Co;isiune7 interorto6o:H pentru 6i7o!u "u 7n!i"7nii s?7 Fntrunit
entru orto6o: 7 P7tri7r4iei e"u;eni"e 6e 7 C47;8es3)Gene#7@
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERN I CONTEMPORAN
'5'\
Fntre %)5 o"to;8rie %*5&@ 9i 7 4otHrFt sH "ontinue pre!Htire7 6i7o!uui
teoo!i" prin stu6iere7 tuturor su8ie"teor referito7re 7 unire.
Confor; 6e"iJiior u7te 6e "onferinG7 7 IV?7 p7norto6o:H@ "7re s?7.
Fntrunit Fntre +)%' iunie %*L+ 7 C47;8es3)Gene#7@ "o;isi7 7n!o?
orto6o:H este per;7nentH.
Ur;Hto7re7 Fntrunire 7 7"estei Co;isii 7 7#ut o" Fn pri;7 Mu;Ht7te=
7 unii iuie %*5% 7 /esinPi@ Fn .in7n67.
O su8"o;isie ;i:tH 7n!i"7no?orto6o:H s?7 Fntrunit Fntre %,)%(
septe;8rie %*5, 7 C47;8es3)Gene#7@ Fn E#eGi7@ pentru 7 6is"ut7 pe
7r! pre!Htire7 pri;uui 6i7o! Fntre repreJent7nGii Biseri"ii Orto6o:e
9i 7i Biseri"ii An!i"7ne.
Prima sesiune a dialogului anglicano$ortodo) a avut loc ntre ;)-WZ
iulie -.CW la ()ford, n Anglia#
Din p7rte7 orto6o:H s?7u preJent7t ur;Hto7ree refer7te = $%- Lu?
"r7re7 Du4u ui SfF nt "7 tF"ui tor 7 E#7n!4eiei 9i 6HtHt or 6e #i 7GH A
$,- Lu"r7re7 rHs"u;pHrHto7re 7 ui Iisus /ristos prin "ru"e 9i Fn#iere.
Co;isi7 interorto6o:H 7 "erut 7n!i"7nior sH pre"iJeJe Fn s"ris =
%- 3odul Fn "7re Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH FnGee!e unire7 ei "u Biseri"7 or ?
to6o:H A ,- Posibilitatea unirii Biseri"ii 7n!i"7ne "u "e7 orto6o:H@ 7#Fn6
Fn #e6ere inter"o;uniune7 pe "7re Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH s?7 4otHrFt sH o
pr7"ti"e "u 6iferite Biseri"i uter7ne 9i "u 7"ee7 7e Co;uniunii In6iei
6e Su6 A 2- 3odalitatea 6upH "7re #or 6e#eni o8i!7torii 4otHrFrie 6i7?
o!uui teoo!i" 7n!i"7no?orto6o: pentru to7tH "o;uniune7 Biseri"ior
7n!i"7ne A (- Po%i!ia "i autoritatea celor trei%eci "i nou de articole de
credin! Fn tr76iGi7 7n!i"7nH 9i An!i"7nis;u 6e 7Ji.
An!i"7nii 7u rHspuns "H ee tre8uie sH fie interpret7te Fn sensu
&r!ii &omune de rugciune $T4e Co;;on Pr73er BooP-@ 7 "Hrei "u?
prins e ;ut ;7i 7propi7t 6e spiritu Biseri"ii orto6o:e.
Co;isi7 7n!i"7no?orto6o:H FntrunitH 7 O:for6 Fn iuie %*52 7 4o?
tHrit "7 u"rHrie pentru pre!Htire7 dialogului doctrinal 6intre "ee 6ouH
Biseri"i sH "ontinue Fn %*5( 9i %*5' Fn trei su8"o;isii@ fie"7re su8"o;isie
7#Fn6 6e 6is"ut7t un7 6intre 7"este trei te;e = )W Inspira!ie "i Revela!ie
n =fnta =criptur: ) Autoritatea =inoadelor: ) +iserica, comunitate
eu?aristic $BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CI $%*52-@ nr. 5)+@ p. +&,
)+&2-.
Pri ;7 t e;H 7 fost 6i s"ut7t H 6e pri ;7 su8"o;i si e F nt re %)L i u?
ie %*5( Fn o"7it7te7 Goni7 6in insu7 Cret7.
A 6ou7 te;H s?7 6i s"ut 7t 6e su8"o;i si 7 7 6ou7@ Fntre *)%( iu?
ie %*5(@ 7 RF;ni"u?VF"e7 Fn Ro;<ni7.
A t rei 7 te;H s?7 6i s"ut7t 6e su8"o;i si 7 7 trei 7@ Fnt re +)%, i u ?
ie %*5(@ 7 G7r6en Cit3@ Fn Ne`?lorP ) S.U.A. S?7 s"os Fn reief "H
Fn#HGHtur7 6espre SfFnt7 Eu47ristie 7n!7Me7JH 7;8ee Biseri"i Fntr?o re ?
7Gie e"esioo!i"< "e po7te pune 7 6ispoJiGie o 87JH pentru re"on"iiere7
9i unire7 or uti;H $BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CII $%*5(-@ nr. ')L@
p. L,2)L,*-.
Cee trei su8"o;isii 9i?7u "ontinu7t u"ru Fntre 5)%% iuie %*5'@
6upH "u; ur;e7JH = pri;7@ 7 Truro?Corn`7 $An!i7-@ i7r 7 6ou7 9i
7 trei7 7 Lon6r7 $An!i7-. S?7u 6is"ut7t pe 7r! ur;Hto7ree te;e =
PERIOADA A ASEA
ievela!ia, &anonul biblic, Tradi!ia, Apofaticul "i catafaticul ) #i7
n.S?A7ti#7 et positi#7 ) n cunoa"terea lui 8umne%eu, 8istinc!ia
dintre sen!a divin 9i energiile divine $BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD
0CIII %*5'-@ nr. ')L@ p. L&,)L&5-.
In #iitor rH;Fne sH se #76H Fn "e ;HsurH Co;uniune7 An!i"7nH
o7te 7pi"7 Fn to7te Biseri"ie 7n!i"7ne 6in u;e 4otHrFrie u7te 6e Bi?
eri"7 An!iei. Fn 7n!i"7nis; fie"7re Biseri"H 7n!i"7nH o"7H e su#e?
7nH Fn sino6u ei !ener7 s7u Fn 76unHrie trip7rtite@ "o;puse 6in
pis"opi@ "eri"i 9i 7i"i@ sH 7pro8e s7u sH respin!H 6e"iJiie 6o!;7ti"e@
Mti"e 9i "7noni"e@ u7te 6e Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH?;7;H.
E:istH o uniune inter8iseri"e7s"H 7n!i"7nH@ nu;itH &onferin!a de
i Hambet?, "7re fun"Gione7JH 6in %+L5@ 67r 7"e7st7 nu po7te i;pune
otHrFrie ei tuturor Biseri"ior Co;unitHGii 7n!i"7ne 67"H sino6u fie?
Hrei Biseri"i nu e 7pro8H@ s7u i7 4otHrFri "ontr7re 4otHrFrior Biserieii?
F7;e 6e C7nter8ur3. A97 s?7 FntF;p7t Fn Biseri"7 epis"op7i7nH 6in
t7tee Unite $Minne7pois-@ "7re@ 6in septe;8rie %*5L@ 7 intro6us 76?
itere7 fe;eior 7 4irotonie 9i 7u reintro6us 767osu BfiioCueD Fn
reJu Sfintei Litur!4ii@ "7 9i Biseri"7 An!i"7nH 6in C7n767 $BEpisPep?
sD@ %*55@ nr. %L'@ % 7#ri@ p. (-.
Fn "onferinG7 6e 7 Mos"o#7@ 6intre ,L iuie ) 2 7u!ust %*5L@ 7n?
i"7nii 7u re7fir;7t 4otHrFre7 "7 767osu B.iioCueD sH nu ;7i fie in?
us Fn CreJ@ 6eo7re"e for;u7 ori!in7rH 7 Si;8ouui nieeo?
"onst7ntino?-it7n nu 7 7#ut 7"est 767os. Fn 7f7rH 6e B.iioCueD s?7
re7iJ7t un Zor6 Fntre orto6o"9i 9i 7n!i"7ni 9i 7supr7 7tor pro8e;e
fun67;en?e@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH =
7- S?7 e#i6enGi7t pun"tu 6e #e6ere orto6o: Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te
no79tere7 ui Du;neJeu@ Fn sensu "H e)ist deosebire ntre esen!a
fiin!a lui 8umne%eu, in7""esi8ie n7turii u;7ne 9i energiile =ale ne$
sate, Fn "7re E este preJent 9i prin "7re noi F pute; "uno79te.
8- S?7 re7iJ7t un "onsens "u pri#ire 7 inspira!ia 9i autoritatea
intei =cripturi, "7 9i Fn re7Gi7 =criptur)Tradi!ie#
"- AtFt 7n!i"7nii "Ft 9i orto6o"9ii 7u fost 6e 7"or6 "H infailibilitatea
este propriet7te7 #reunei instituGii s7u perso7ne Fn Biseri"H@ "i 7p7r?
ie Fntre!ii Biseri"i@ "H"i BBiseri"7 Du;neJeuui "eui #iu este stFpu
te;ei7 76e#HruuiD $I Ti;.@ 2@ %'-.
Co;isi7 teoo!i"H ;i:tH pentru 6i7o!u 6intre 7n!i"7ni 9i orto?
"9i s?7 Fntrunit 7 C7;8ri6!e@ Fn M7re7 Brit7nie@ Fntre ,' iuie )W
7u!ust %*55. Cee trei su8"o;isiuni "re7te 7u tr7t7t pro8e;ee
ur?=to7re = $%- +iserica "i +isericile: $,- &omuniunea =fin!ilor "i
cinstirea )icii 8omnului: $2- Eu?aristia "i sacerdo!iul, 7rHtFn6u?se
pun"tee Fn We s?7 7Muns 7 un 7"or6@ pre"u; 9i "ee 7 "7re nu s?7
7Muns.
S?7 u7t 7poi Fn 6is"uGie pro8e;7 ?irotoniei femeilor, pe "7re Bi?
i"ie orto6o:e o respin!. An!i"7nii 7u rHspuns "H 7"e7stH pro8e;H
fi 6is"ut7tH Fntr?o ConferinGH #iito7re@ 7 "7re #7 p7rti"ip7 tot7it7te7
s"op7tuui Co;unitHGii 7n!i"7ne@ "7re #7 u7 o 4otHrFre Fn 7"e7stH
#inGH. L7 %% noie;8rie %**, s?7 u7t 6eM7 4otHrFre7 6e 7 se 7""ept7
2toni7 fe;eior. De 7se;ene7@ se #7 6is"ut7 7 7"e7stH ConferinGH 9i
8e;7 ui FilioOue, GinFn6u?se se7;7 6e 7"or6u re7iJ7t 7 ConferinG7
7 Mos"o#7 6in ,L iuie ) 2 7u!ust %*5L@ 6intre Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA '55
9i Biseri"7 rusH@ 6upH "7re FilioOue nu 7re o" Fn Si;8ou 6e "re6inGH
$BSer#i"e Ort4o6o:e 6e Presse et 6NInfor;7tionD@ n?os %%)%L 9i ,%@ p. 2 A
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CIV $%*5L-@ nr. 5)+@ p. LL()L52-. Pro?
8e;7 4irotoniei fe;eii 9i 7 767osuui fiioCue@ e:istent Fn &artea co$
mun de rugciune a +isericii anglicane, 7 fost 6is"ut7tH 9i Fn sesiune7
GinutH 7 MFnHstire7 Pentei@ Fn!H Aten7@ Fntre %,)%* iunie %*5+@ 6e
"Htre Co;isiune7 ;i:tH 7n!i"7no?orto6o:H. Dee!7Gii Biseri"ior Orto?
6o:e s?7u pronunG7t contra ?irotoniei femeilor sub orice form, H#Fn6
Fn #e6ere "H SfinGii Apostoi 9i ur;79ii or n?7u 4irotonit ni"i o fe;eie@
Fn ti;p "e 6ee!7Gii 7n!i"7ni s?7u pronunG7t pentru 76;itere7 fe;eii i7
4irotonie.
Fn fin7@ s?7 4otHrFt "7 6is"uGiie sH "ontinue pentru 7 se st78ii rou
fe;eii Fn Biseri"H 6upH SfFnt7 S"ripturH $BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD
0CVI $%*5+-@ nr. *)%&@ p. *%L)*,&-.
Co;isi7 ;i:tH 7n!i"7no?orto6o:H s?7 Fntrunit pentru "ontinu7re7
6i7o!uui teoo!i" 7 L767ff?C7r6iff@ Fn An!i7@ Fntre %(),% iuie %*+&. S?
7u 6is"ut7t Fn trei su8"o;isii su8ie"tee ur;Hto7re = $%- Biseri"7 9i Bi ?
seri"ie A $,- Co;uniune7 sfinGior 9i rep7us7Gii no9tri A $2- Do"trin7 Sfin?
tei Trei;i.
O 7 t H sesi une 7 6i 7 o!u ui ort o6o:o?7n! i "7n 7 7#ut o" F nt re
%,)%* iuie %*+, 7 C7nter8ur3@ Fn An!i7@ Fn "76ru "Hrei7 s?7u 6is ?
"ut7t te;ee = $%- Misteru Biseri"ii A $,- P7rti"ip7re7 7 47ru Sfintei
Trei;i A $2- Cutu "re9tin 9i ;enGinere7 "re6inGei "re9tine.
Fntre %,)%* septe;8rie %*+2@ s?7 Ginut 7O6ess7@ Fn U.R.S.S.@ Fn?
trunire7 !ener7H 7 Co;isiei ;i:te 6e 6i7o! Fntre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i
Biseri"ie Co;unitHGii 7n!i"7ne. S?7u 6is"ut7t ur;Hto7ree te;e
) Pri;7tu Fn Biseri"H.A ) .iioCue A ) Ru!H"iune 9i sfinGenie
) Cinstire7 Sfinteor i"o7ne A ) As"etis;u "onte;por7n A ) Cutu
f7;ii7.
MeritH 6e reGinut f7ptu "H s?7 #or8it 6espre ntietatea onorific a
=caunelor primatiale "i s$a respins primatul papal de *urisdic!ie#
S?7 pre"iJ7t@ 6e 7se;ene7@ "H 7;8ee pHrGi 7u fost 6e 7"or6 "u 4o?
i HrF re7 u7t H F n "onferni G 7 6e 7 Mos"o#7@ 6i nt re ,L i u i e ) 2 7u?
!ust %*5L@ pentru FnHtur7re7 767osuui FilioOue 6in #ersiune7 o""i6en?
t7H 7 CreJuui ni"eo?"onst7ntinopoit7n@ 6e"iJie 7pro87tH su8 for;H 6e
re"o;7n67re 6e Conferi nG 7 Co;uni t HGi i 7n!i "7ne 6e 7 ? L7;8et 4
6in %*5+.
Fn Fntrunire7 6e 7 Beinter@ Fn!H Du8in@ Fn Ir7n67@ "7re s?7 Ginut
Fntre %2),& 7u!ust %*+(@ Co;isi7 orto6o:o?7n!i"7nH 7 reu7t te;7ti"7
sesiunior 7nterio7re@ 7n7iJFn6 7"or6urie 7 "7re s?7 7Muns Fntr?un 7r!
spirit 6e FnGee!ere.
De"7r7Gi7 fin7H pune Fn reief 7"or6u 7 "7re s?7 7Muns referitor
7 ;7rie te;e 78or67te pFnH Fn preJent = Misteru Biseri"ii@ Cre6inG7 ;
SfFnt7 Trei;e@ Ru!H"iune7@ SfinGeni7@ Cutu 9i Tr76iGi7.
S?7 se;n77t toto67tH "H ;7i rH;Fn nu;ero7se 7te pro8e;e "7re
tre8uies" stu6i7te Fn u;in7 Sfintei S"ripturi 9i 7 Tr76iGiei@ "7 6e e:e;?
pu = 4irotoni7 fe;eior A pro8e;7 inter"o;uniunii Bin s7"risD A r7portu
6intre "re6inGH 9i "o;uniune7 s7"r7;ent7H 9i 7tee. 25 ) Istori7
Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
O pie6i"H serio7sH Fn "7e7 re7iJHrii inter"o;uniunii 6intre "ee
6ouH Biseri"i este f7ptu "H Biseri"7 An!iei 7 Fn"4ei7t 7"or6uri 6e inter?
"o;uniune "u Biseri"7 uter7nH 7 Sue6iei Fn"H 6in %*,,@ "u Biseri"7
;eto6istH 9i "u Biseri"7 preJ8iteri7nH 6in St7tee Unite 7e A;eri"ii
Biseri"i "7re nu pose6H su""esiune7 7postoi"H 9i ier7r4i7 47ri"H.
Di7o!u "ontinuH totu9i@ Fn"Ft 7 Fntrunirie #iito7re se #or H;uri
;ute pun"te 6e "re6inGH 7supr7 "Hror7 nu s?7 putut re7iJ7 un 7"or6.
CH"i Do;nu /ristos #oie9te "7 BtoGi sH fie un7D $Io7n %5@ ,%-@ i7r 6upH
"u#intee Sf<ntuui Aposto P7#e@ BDu;neJeu #oie9te "7 toGi o7;enii
sH se ;Fntui7s"H 9i sH #inH 7 "u#Fntu 76e#HruuiD $I Ti;. ,@ (-.
'. Dia#o6u# 'i3/ricii or.odo4/ cu 'i3/rici#/ 2ro./3.an./
Le!Hturie Biseri"ii orto6o:e "u Protest7ntis;u 67te7JH 6in se"ou
7Y 0VI?e7@ "Fn6 .iip Me7n"4ton@ prietenu 9i "o78or7toru ui Lut4er@
7 tri;is Fn %''* p7tri7r4uui Io7s7f 7 II?e7 $%''')%'L'- ;Hrturisire7
6e "re6inGH 7 Biseri"ii uter7ne ) &onfessio Augustana, tr76usH Fn
i;87 !re7"H.
A"este re7Gii 7u "ontinu7t 7poi prin "orespon6enG7 teoo!ior ute?
r7ni 6in Tii8in!en "u p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Iere;i7 7 II?e7 $.%.'5,)%'5* A
['+&)%'+( A %'+5)%'*'-.
Fn 6e"ursu istoriei@ "o78or7re7 6intre Biseri"ie orto6o:e 9i Bise?
i"ie protest7nte s?7 ;7nfiest7t Fn repet7te ;o;ente istori"e 9i s?7 ;en?
inut pFnH 7Ji.
DupH pri;u rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*%()%*%+-@ "o78or7re7 6intre Bise?
i"ie orto6o:e 9i Biseri"ie protest7nte s?7 ;7nifest7t Fn6eose8i Fn "7 ?
ru ;i9"Hrii e"u;eni"e@ ;7Morit7te7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e p7rti"ipFn6
"ti# 7 "on!resee Ginute 6e !rup7re7 "re9tinis;uui pr7"ti" Aia! "i
c!iune $Life 7n6 _orP-@ pri;u Fntrunit Fntre %*)2& 7u!ust %*,' 7
to"P4o;@ Fn Sue6i7@ i7r 7 6oie7@ 7 O:for6@ Fntre %,),( iuie %*25@
re"u; 9i 7 "on!resee Ginute 6e !rup7re7 &redin! "i (rgani%are $.7it4
F6 Or6er-@ pri;u Ginut 7 L7us7nne@ Fn E#eGi7 Fntre 2),% 7u!ust %*,5@
r 7 6oie7 7 E6i;8ur!@ Fn S"oGi7@ Fntre 2)%+ 7u!ust %*25.
?DupH "e 6e 7 6oie7 rHJ8oi ;on6i7 $%*2*)%*('-@ re7Giie Biseri?
or orto6o:e "u Biseri"ie protest7nte s?7u Hr!it.
Biseri"ie orto6o:e 7u p7rti"ip7t 7poi 7 to7te A6unHrie !ener7e
e Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = I. ) A;?
Qr67; $O7n67-@ ,, 7u!ust ) ' septe;8rie %*(+ A II. ) E#7nston $St7?
e Unite-@ %')2% 7u!ust %*'( A III. ) Ne`?De4i $In6i7-@ %+ noie;?
ie ) L 6e"e;8rie %*L% A IV. ) Upps77 $Sue6i7-@ (),& iuie %*L+ A
) N7iro8i $Oen37-@ ,2 noie;8rie ) %& 6e"e;8rie %*5' A VI. ) V7n?
u#er $C7n767-@ ,( iuie ) %& 7u!ust %*+2 A VIL ) C7n8err7
$Austr7?-@ 6e"e;8rie %**& ) i7nu7rie %**%.
Fn 7f7r7 6e p7rti"ip7re7 Biseri"ior orto6o:e 7 76unHrie
!ener7e E Consiiuui E"u;eni" 7 Biseri"ior@ e:istH 9i unee
"on#or8iri 8i?er7e Fntre unee Biseri"i orto6o:e 9i protest7nGi. Astfe
teoo!ii Bise?ii orto6o:e ruse s?7u FntFnit "u teoo!ii uter7ni
!er;7ni Fn confe$!el e de la Arnolds?ei m, nu;i te 797 6upH
o"7it 7te7 Fn "7re s?7u runit pentru FntFi7 o7rH@ pFnH Fn preJent Fn
nu;Hr 6e p7tru.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Fn prima "onferinGH 6e 7 Arno6s4ei;@ "7re 7 7#ut o" Fn %*'*@ s?7
6is"ut7t 6e 7;8ee pHrGi refer7tee intitu7te = Tradi!ia "i ndreptare
prin credin!# S?7 s"os@ "u 7"est prieM@ Fn e#i6enGH@ "H Tr76iGi7 7re
;7re Fnse;nHt7te pentru 7;8ee Biseri"i@ 7#Fn6@ "7 9i SfFnt7 S"riptur
7"e79i iJ#or@ Fn"Ft "ontr7stu 6intre prin"ipiu orto6o: =fnta =criptin
"i =fnta Tradi!ie, iJ#o7re 7e re#e7Giei 6i#ine@ 9i "e protest7nt =od
=criptura po7te fi re6us.
A doua "onferinGH Arno6s4ei; s?7 Ginut 7 b7!orsP@ Fn!H Mos"o#.
Fn %*L2@ "u te;7 !ener7H Hucrarea =fntului 8u?, preJent7tH Fn trt
refer7te@ 6upH "u; ur;e7JH = %- Lu"r7re7 ;Fntuito7re 9i sfinGito7re
ui Du;neJeu Fn "utu 6i#in 9i s7"r7;ente A ,- Pro8e;e fun67;ent7
7e "er"etHrii teoo!i"e 6e 7 sfFr9itu se"ouui 0I0 A 2- Fnse;nHt7te
teoo!i"H 9i 8iseri"e7s"H 7 Sino76eor e"u;eni"e 9i o"7e 7e Biser=
"ii #e"4i.
A treia "onferinGH Arno6s4ei; s?7 Ginut 7 /o"4st@ Fn %*L2@ "u te;
Reconcilierea sub aspect biblio$e)egetic "i dogmatic, Fn "7re s?7 6e ;onstr7t
i;port7nG7 Mustifi"Hrii Fn /ristos@ i;port7nG7 T7inei BoteJuu re"unos"utH
6e 7;8ee Biseri"i@ 9i s?7 7""entu7t "H prin unit7te7 eu4F risti"H se po7te
7Mun!e 7 unit7te7 Biseri"ii.
A patra "onferinGH Arno6s4ei; s?7 Ginut 7 Lenin!r76@ Fn %*LT
7#Fn6 "7 te;H !ener7H +ote%ul "i slu*irea celui bote%at n lume, e:pus
Fn 97se te;e@ susGinute 6e ,)2 referenGi orto6o"9i 9i uter7ni. P<rtie
p7nGii 7 6is"uGii 7u pus Fn u;inH "H BoteJu este 7"tu n79terii 6in no
7 "re9t inuui@ pri n "7re intrH "7 fHpt urH nouH F n re7Gi7 6e F ;pH"7r
"u Du;neJeu 9i 6u"e o uptH "ontinuH "ontr7 pH"7tuui.
N L7 TurPu@ F n .i n 7n67@ 7 7#ut o"@ F nt re ,' fe8ru7ri e 9i % ;7i
tie %*5%@ "onferinG7 Eu?aristie "i ecumenism, 7 "7re 7u p7rti"ip7t Fr
tr?un "76ru Hr!it teoo!i orto6o"9i@ uter7ni@ refor;7Gi 9i ro;7no?"7t"
i"i@ or!7niJ7tH 6e Institutu e"u;eni" nor6i" uter7n 6in Si!tun7 $Sue
6i7-@ Fn "7re s?7 6is"ut7t 6o"trin7 9i pr7"ti"7 orto6o:H 9i uter7nH
eu47ristiei 9i "ontri8uGi7 ei 7 re7iJ7re7 inter"o;uniunii $BBiseri"7 Oi
to6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000I0 $%*5%-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,L,),L(-.
Pentru pre!Htire7 6i7o!uui ofi"i7 "u Biseri"ie Protest7nte@ Co;=
si7 interorto6o:H 7 Ginut ) 7 in#it7Gi7 fH"utH 6e .e6er7Gi7 Luter7n
Mon6i7H ) "onsfHtuiri 7 = Si!tun7@ Fn Sue6i7@ Fntre ( 9i * septerr
8rie %*5+ A 7 ;FnHstire7 uter7nH 6e 7 A;eun!s4orn 6in R. .. Gei
;7ni7@ Fntre %'),% septe;8rie %*5* A 9i 7 SP74ot@ Fn Is7n67@ Fntr
L)%2 septe;8rie %*+& A i7r teoo!ii uter7ni 7 C47;8es3)Gene#7 F
%*5+ 9i Fn Cret7 Fn %*+&.
Fntre ,+ 7u!ust ) ( septe;8rie %*+% 7 fost in7u!ur7t 7 /esinP
Fn .in7n67@ printr?o Fntrunire "o;unH 7 "eor 6ouH "o;isii@ orto6o:H i
uter7nH@ nceputul dialogului teologic oficial Fntre "ee 6ouH !rupuri 6
Biseri"i@ 6in se"ou 7 0VI?e7 pFnH Fn preJent. Re;7r"H; "H este pen
tru pri;7 67tH Fn istorie "Fn6 6ee!7Giie p7norto6o:e 9i p7nuter7n
s?7u Fntrunit pentru 6i7o!u teoo!i"@ 7#Fn6 "7 s"op fin7 re7iJ7re7 "e
;uniunii 6epine Fntre "ee 6ouH f7;iii 6e Biseri"i.
Lu"rHrie s?7u "on"entr7t 7supr7 te;eor =
%. E#7u7re7 6i7o!uui 6intre P7tri7r4i7 E"u;eni"H 9i teoo!ii 6in
Tu8in!en@ Fn se"ou 7 0VI?e7@ pre"u; 9i reJut7tee 6i7o!urior 8i
7ter7e 6intre Biseri"ie orto6o:e 9i Luter7nis;.
,. I;port7nG7 Sino6uui II e"u;eni" 9i 7 Si;8ouui ni"eo?"onst7n?
tinopoit7n Fn #i7G7 Biseri"ii.
2. P7rti"ip7re7 7 ;inisteru Biseri"ii.
DupH 6is"uGiie teoo!i"e 7#ute@ Fn6eose8i "u pri#ire 7 6o!;7 6e 7
C7"e6on@ ('%@ 7;8ee "o;isii 7u propus un nu;Hr 6e "in"i te;e "7re
sH fie 6is"ut7te Fntr?o nouH FntFnire.
Co;isi7 teoo!i"H ;i:tH orto6o:o?uter7nH s?7 Fntrunit Fn 7 6ou7
sesiune 7 Li;7sso@ Fn Cipru@ Fntre ,2),* ;7i %*+2. Fn 6e"7r7Gi7 fin7H
s?7 7fir;7t "H p7rti"ip7re7 "re9tini6r 7 ;isteru Biseri"ii se f7"e prin
Biu;in7re@ s7u t4eosis@ s7u Mustifi"7reD.
A trei7 sesiune pentru 6i7o!u teoo!i" 6intre Biseri"7 orto6o:H 9i
.e6er7Gi7 Luter7nH Mon6i7H 7 7#ut o" Fntre ,2)2% ;7i %*+' 7 A?
[ento`n $S.U.A.-. Me;8rii "eor 6ouH "o;isii 7u 6is"ut7t te;7 prin"i? 27H =
Revela!ia divin#
E:istH trei pun"te 6e "re6inGH 9i 6ouH 6e "ut 6in Fn#HGHtur7 9i pr7"? Ai"7
uter7nH 9i Fn#HGHtur7 9i pr7"ti"7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e@ 7supr7 "Hror7 <ele
6ouH Biseri"i 7u fost 9i sFnt 6e 7"or6@ prin "7re se 6eose8es" 6e
n#HGHtur7 Biseri"ii ro;7no?e7toi"e@ 9i 7nu;e = primatul papal, infaili$
nlitatea papal, purgatoriul, indulgen!ele, refu%ul +isericii catolice de a
mprt"i pe laici din potirul =fintei Eu?aristii# Di7o!u ;uti7ter7
"ontinuH.
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH FntreGine re7Gii frHGe9ti "u Biseri"ie
Nrotest7nte 6in G7rH 9i strHinHt7te.
Re7Giie 6e frHGiet7te 9i prietenie FntreGinute 6e Biseri"7 Orto6o:H
to;<nH "u Biseri"ie Protest7nte 6in G7r7 no7strH@ Fn"epFn6 6in %*(*@
u "re7t o 87JH te;eini"H pentru re7Giie 6e prietenie 9i "o78or7re "u
Siseri"ie protest7nte 6in GHrie Europei 9i "ee7te "ontinente.
Fn"epFn6 6in ,5),+ ;7rtie %*L(@ s?7u Ginut pFnH Fn preJent "Fte trei
DnferinGe teoo!i"e inter"onfesion7e pe. fie"7re 7n 7 Institutee teoo?
i"e uni#ersit7re 6in Bu"ure9ti@ Si8iu 9i CuM?N7po"7@ Fn "76ru e"u?
Fenis;uui o"7.
Fntre teoo!ii orto6o"9i ro;<ni 9i teoo!ii 6in .e6er7Gi7 Luter7nH
fon6i7H 7 7#ut o" 7 Si8iu@ Fn 2& septe;8rie %*5&@ o FntFnire Fn #e?
sre7 6es"4i6erii unei serii 6e "on#or8iri 9i stu6ii 8i7ter7e pentru pre?
Htire7 Fn #iitor 7 unui 6i7o! teoo!i" Fntre Orto6o:ie 9i Luter7nis;
Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000VIII $%*5&-@ nr. 5)+@ p. %L2)%L'-.
Fn ti;pu #iJitei fH"ute Fntre 5),& o"to;8rie %*5& Fn R. .. Ger? 7ni7@
fostu p7tri7r4 \ustini7n $%*(+)%*55- 7 6e"7r7t 7 %, o"to;? N ie
%*5&@ 7 Miin"4en@ Fn re9e6inG7 epis"opuui !er;7n /er;7nn
ietJfe8in!er@ pre9e6intee Biseri"ii Luter7ne 6in Ger;7ni7@ "H
Bise?=7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH@ pe 87J7 e:perienGei "F9ti!7te 6in "ont7"tee
"u Wotest7nGii 6in G7rH@ e pre!HtitH pentru un 6i7o! "u Biseri"ie pro?
st7fFte 6in "ee7te GHri 9i ;7i 7es "u uter7nii !er;7ni.
Pri;u 6i7o! teoo!i" 8i7ter7 Fntre Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 9i
seri"7 E#7n!4ei"H 6in Ger;7ni7 7 7#ut o" Fntre %*),2 noie;?
BISERICA aN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
8rie %*5* 7 Gos7r@ Fn Ger;7ni7@ 7#Fn6 "7 te;H !ener7H = =*nta =crip$
tur, Tradi!ia "i 3rturisirea#
A 6oie7 6i7o! teoo!i" 8i7ter7 Fntre Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<n7
si Biseri"7 e#7n!4ei"H 6in Ger;7ni7 7 7#ut o" 7 I79i@ Fntre ,2),L o"?
to;8rie %*+&@ 7#Fn6 "7 te;H !ener7H = =fintele Taine ale +isericii, ?
&onfessio Augustana "i n 3rturisirile de credin! ortodo)e din seco
lele PAI "i PAII# In refer7tee preJent7te s?7 re;7r"7t "H e:istH Fn"i
pro8e;e 6es"4ise Fntre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ referito7re 7 nu;Hru Sfin
teor T7ine 9i 7 interpret7re7 for;ueor 1e) opere operato2 9i Be=
opere operantisf_, pre"u; 9i Fn "ee7 "e pri#e9te interpret7re7 "7r7"te
ruui 6e MertfH 7 Sfintei Eu47ristii.
TeJee "o;une for;u7te 6e "ee 6ouH "o;isii ;7r"4e7JH un pro
!re9 Fn FnGee!ere7 Sfinteor T7ine "7 ;iMo7"e o8ie"ti#e "7re F;p7rtH
9ese Fn ;o6 re7 47ru ne#HJut 7 SfFntuui Du4 "re6in"io9ior "7re %
pri;es" Fn Biseri"H@ Fntru"Ft ee sFnt instituite 6e Iisus /ristos.
A trei7 sesiune 7 6i7o!uui 8i7ter7 6intre Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro
;<nH 9i Biseri"7 E#7n!4ei"H 6in Ger;7ni7 7 7#ut o" 7 /ii4orst
_estf7en@ Fn Ger;7ni7@ Fn %*+,@ "u te;7 = Taina Pocin!ei "i 3rturi
sirii n credin!a "i via!a +isericii "i nsemntatea ei pentru unirea !
sfin!irea credincio"ilor#
A p7tr7 sesiune 6e 6i7o! Fntre Biseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 9i Bise
ri"7 E#7n!4ei"H 6in Ger;7ni7 7 7#ut o" 7 Te"4ir!4io@ Fntre L)%
;7i %*+'@ nu;itH 9i Gos7r IV@ 7#Fn6 "7 te;H prin"ip7H = 3ntuirea v
4ristos "i vindecarea lumii# Te;7 7 fost 6eJ#ot7tH prin trei su8te;
9i 7nu;e = 7- Cre6inGH 9i iu8ire Fn 6o8Fn6ire7 ;Fntuirii A 8- MFntuire
"7 F;pH"7re A "- MFntuire7 "7 o nouH "re7Gie 7 u;ii.
L. Dia#o6u# ./o#o6ic din.r/ 'i3/rica or.odo45
>i 'i3/rici#/ r/0orma./
Cont7"tee 9i #iJitee re"ipro"e 6intre ier7r4ii 9i teoo!ii Biseri"
orto6o:e "u "Hpeteniie 9i teoo!ii Biseri"ior refor;7te $C7#iniste- 6i
u;e 7u "re7t "i;7tu 9i "on6iGiie f7#or78ie pentru iniGiere7 6iR7o!iA
ui teoo!i" 8i7ter7 orto6o:o?refor;7t.
Fn"eputu 7"estui 6i7o! s?7 fH"ut 7 pri;7 "onferinGH 6e 7 De8reGii
Fn Un!7ri7@ Fn %*5,.
Di7o!u 7 "ontinu7t Fn 7 6ou7 "onferinGH@ ) De8reGin II )@ "7r
s?7 Ginut 7 Lenin!r76@ Fn U.R.S.S.@ Fn %*5'.
L7 "onferinG7 Ai7nGei Mon6i7e Refor;7te@ FnfiinG7tH Fntre 7n
%+LL)%+L5@ "7re "uprin6e Biseri"ie refor;7te "on!re!7Gion7iste i
pres8iter7niene 6in u;e ) %'& 6e Biseri"i 7uto"ef7e@ "u 5& ;iio7n
6e "re6in"io9i )@ GinutH 7 Prin"eton@ St7tee Unite@ Fntre ,()2& P
ie %*5*@ pre9e6intee ei@ \7;es \. M"Cor6@ s?7 FntFnit "u S7n"tit7te7 S
P7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Di;itrie I $7es 7 %L iuie %*5,-@ "7re i?7 6e"7ri
"H Biseri"7 orto6o:H este 67 7"or6 sH Fn"e7pH un 6i7o! teoo!i" ofi"ii
"u Biseri"ie refor;7te 6in u;e. BE:istH Fntre noi@ i?7 6e"7r7t S7nK
tit7te7 S7@ pun"te 6e 6i#er!enGH 7supr7 unor pun"te 6e "re6inGH 9i or!F
niJ7re@ 67r e:istH totu9i enor; 6e ;ute pun"te "o;uneD $BEpisPepsis=
% septe;8rie %*5*-.
.PERIOADA A ASEA
A ur;7t 6upH 7"e7st7 7 trei7 sesiune 7 6i7o!uui orto6o:o?refor;7t
$"7#in-@ "7re s?7 Ginut 7 Bu67pest7@ Fntre %&)%' septe;8rie %*5*. Bi?
seri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nH 7 fost repreJent7tH 6e Prof. N. C4iGes"u 9i
Pr. prof. Const. G7eriu 6e 7 Institutu teoo!i" uni#ersit7r 6in Bu"u?
re9ti. Te;7 prin"ip7H 7 7"estei sesiuni 7 fost = &omplementaritatea va$
lorilor spirituale "i a responsabilit!ilor sociale, potrivit dogmei de la
&alcedon ,B5-0# S?7 su8ini7t Fn 6is"uGii "H Fntrup7re7 Do;nuui /ristos@
for;u7tH 6e 6o!;7 6e 7 C7"e6on@ nu este nu;7i i6ee s7u 6o"trinH@ "i
Fn7inte 6e to7te Bun e#eni;ent "7re 7 7#ut o" Fntr?un ti;p "on"ret@
"7re 7re totu9i #7o7re #e9ni"HD.
A p7tr7 sesiune 7 6i7o!uui orto6o:o?refor;7t 7 7#ut o" Fn %*+2@
7#Fn6 "7 te;H prin"ip7H = n!elegerea Tradi!iei n +iserica ortodo) "i
reformat "i responsabilitatea lor pentru societatea de ast%i# Fn 7"e7stH
sesiune teoo!ii orto6o"9i 7u 7fir;7t "H Bnu;7i SfFnt7 Tr76iGie 7 Bise?
ri"ii este iJ#oru 7utenti" pentru o FnGee!ere "ore"tH 7 Sfintei S"rip?
turiD@ Fn ti;p "e teoo!ii refor;7Gi 7u susGinut "H BSfFnt7 S"ripturH se
e:pi"H prin e7 FnsH9i@ i7r 7utorit7te7 ei reJi6H Fn FnsH9i ;Hrturi7 Sfintei
S"ripturiD.
A "in"e7 sesiune 7 6i7o!uui 8i7ter7 orto6o:o?refor;7t 7 7#ut o"
ntre 2% 7u!ust ) ( septe;8rie %*+5 7 Bu67pest7@ Fn Un!7ri7@ "unos"utH
iu8 6enu;ire7 6e De8reGin V. Au p7rti"ip7t@ pe Fn!H 6ee!7Giie Bise?
i"ior rusH 9i ;7!4i7rH@ 9i repreJent7nGii ur;Hto7reor Biseri"i orto?
io:e = 8u!7rH@ sFr8H@ ro;<nH@ "e4H@ pooneJH 9i fin7n6eJH@ pre"u; 9i
epreJent7nGii ur;Hto7reor Biseri"i refor;7te = 6in E#eGi7@ An!i7@
Austri7@ "ee 6ouH Ger;7nii@ Pooni7@ Ro;<ni7@ S.U.A. 9i C7n767.
Din p7rte7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e Ro;<ne 7u p7rti"ip7t 6oi 6ee!7Gi =
hr. prof. Ni". Ne"u7@ 6e 7 Institutu teoo!i" uni#ersit7r 6in
Bu"ure9ti@ i Pr. prof. Du;itru A8ru67n@ prore"toru Institutuui
teoo!i" uni#er?it7r 6in Si8iu.
Di7o!u 7 7#ut "7 te;H prin"ip7H = n!elegerea trinitar a rela!iei
intre natur "i ?ar< crea!ie "i mntuire, "7re 7 fost 6is"ut7tH Fn p7tru
i8te;e 9i 7nu;e = $%- SfFnt7 Trei;e Fn "re7Gie@ "u referire spe"i7H 7
i"r7re7 SfFntuui Du4 9i pro8e;ee "re7te 6e intro6u"ere7 ui .iioCue A
- Re7Gi7 6intre n7turH 9i 47r ) "re7Gie 9i ;Fntuire. Pro8e;ee teo?
!iei n7tur7e 7 ten6inGeor !nosti"e 9i neo?!nosti"e A $2- Cre7Gi7 9i
e7ti#it7te7 u;7nH. O teoo!ie 7 ;un"ii "u 7""ent 6eose8it pe pro8e?
ee e"oo!i"e A $(- Respons78iit7te7 Biseri"ii pentru p7"e ) 7o;
7"e7- u;ii 9i 7 "re7Giei.
Di7o!u orto6o:o?refor;7t pentru u"r7re7 6e "uno79tere 9i 7pro?
ere 7 "eor 6ouH f7;iii 6e Biseri"i "ontinuH.
'I')IOFRAGIE
'i3/rici#/ &/c1i-Ori/n.a#/
P. Ver!4ese@ Qoptisc?e &?ristentum, Stutt!7rt@ %*5(A I6e;@ 8ie ='risc?e Qir$Wn
in Indien, Stutt!7rt@ %*5(A A. C47783@ Ies &optes dEEg'ptes, Ro;7@ %*52A P.
i"7!i7@ 4istoire de lE+glise -o)te! Be3rout4@ 19!7 \ H. C. Peru;7i 7n6 E. R.
n83e@ &?ristianit' in India, Aepe3@ %*5,A B. Spuer@ >egenNartslage der (st$
c?en in i?rer nationalen und staatlic?en GmNelt, .r7nPfurt 7; M7in@ %*L+A I6e;@
Qoptisc?e Qirc?e und die Armenisc?e Qira?e, 4andbuc? dei (rientalistiL, Le3?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
6en un6 Oon@ %*L% A M. Ron"7!i7@ 4istoire de lE Eglise copte, t. IV $/istoire
NE!ise en Orient-@ Be3rout4@ %*52A A. Ar#7nitis@ OoT.:i3.?r- NE::i7F7@ Aten7@ %*Li
.C47ueur@ 4istoire des &optes dEEg'pte, P7ris@ %*L&A R. Strot4;7nn@ 8ie Qoptis
Qirc?e in cler Feu%eit, LeipJi!@ %*2,A G. MoMoi@ Ha &?iesa in Etiopia# Fote e
cordi di un nun%io, Ro;7@ %*52@ 2%+ p.A .r. /e3er@ 8ie Qirc?e Act?iopiens# l
+estandsauina?me +erlin, %*5%@ 2'+ p. A \. N7#7P7tes4 T4o;7s@ 8ie ='risc?$(rt?oa
Qirc?e der =iidindisc?en T?omas$&?risten, >esc?ic?te J) Qirc?enverlassung, He
_urJ8ur!@ %*L5A M. Or;7ni7n@ T?e &?urc? oi Armenia, Lon6on@ %*L'S Rene Gr7
set@ 4istoire de lArmenie, P7ris@ %*5(A I6e;@ HEEglise armenienne, son ?istoire,
doctrine, son regime, sa discipline, sa liturgie, sa litterature, son present, ,?e
Atei7s $Li87n-@ %*'(A /. P7ster;76M7n@ 4istoire de -EArmenie, P7ris@ %*L(A B. S
Ier@ 8ie Armenisc?e Qirc?e, Fn 4andbuc? der (rientalistiL, I. VIII@ ,. Le36en?O"
%*L%.
Fn i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = Pr. prof Du;itru R76u@ Inaugurarea dialogului tec
gic oiicial ntre +iserica (rtodo) "i +isericile Aec?i$(rientale, Fn BBiseri"7 Or
6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CIV $%*+L-@ nr. %@ p. (L)'% A Pr. 7sist. Li#iu SireJ7@ Taina 3irungt
n +iserica (rtodo) "i in +isericile Aec?i$(rientale, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00I0 $%*T
nr. ,@ p. L,)+2A Pr. 7sist. N. Ne"u7@ 8octrina "i via!a religioas a +isericii Co
reilectate n te)tele ei liturgice ,rugciuni "i imne0, teJH 6e 6o"tor7t@ Fn BOi
6o:i7D@ 00VIII $%*5L-@ nr. 2)(@ p. (52)L&*. VeJi 7te stu6ii Fn 6iferite i;8i
7"e7stH u"r7re. I. Pupe7 $I. RH;ure7nu-@ Posibilitatea ntoarcerii +isericilor mo
li%ite Ia (rtodo)ie### Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ III $%*'%-@ nr. (@ p. '+L)L2LA Prof. N. C4iGes
(rtodo)ia "i +isericile rsritene mai mici, i8i6e;@ 0III $%*L%-@ nr. (@ p. (+2)'
Teo6or M. Popes"u@ &ondi!iile istorice ale tor mr ii vec?ilor +iserici orientale,
BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VII $%*L'-@ nr. %@ p. ,+)(2A Pr. D. StHnio7e@ Posibilitatea reconci
<ii dogmatice ntre +iserica (rtodo) "i vec?ile +iserici orientale, i8i6e;@ 0
$%*L'-@ nr. %@ p. ')(2A Pr. prof. Mi7n es7n@ 8espre +isericile orientale necal
doniene, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0IV $%*L*-A nr. 5)+@ p. (+&)(*+A Pr. pi
Ae:. Ciure7@ Rela!iile (rtodo)iei cu +isericile (rientale, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o
9i Su"e#eiD@ LIII $%*L5-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ,2'),((A Pr. prof. Ene Br7ni9te@ +iserica moi
li%it copt, Fn BG7su Biseri"iiD@ 0VI $%*L5-@ nr. *)%&@ p. *(,)*LLA Pr. Mi4
Cooteo@ +iserica &opt# &aracteristicile organi%rii ei, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@
$%*L%-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2,%)2(+A Pr. Prof. Li#iu St7n@ O nou Patriar?ie< +iserica
Etiopia, ibidem, 0II $%*L&-@ nr. %@ p. 2()52A I6e;@ A IA$a &onferin! panortodc
,>eneva$&?ambes', 7)-; iunie -.;70, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000
$%*L+-@ nr. 5)+@ p. +5%)++% A CeJ7r V7siiu@ +iserica 3onofi%it Iacobit a =ir
Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VII $%*L'-@ nr. %@ p. %2,)%(+A I6e;@ +iserica cre"tinilor ton
din 3alabar, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 0Vir $%*L'-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2(')2L+A I6e;@ +i
rUca nestorian, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0VIII $%*LL-@ nr. %@ p. 5&)*+A Do"tor7n6 C. StHNi
et@ +iserica cre"tin din 3alabar ntre anii -599)-.99, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H
;<nHD@ 0C $%*5,-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %,5+)%,+LA I6e;@ +iserica =iro$Iacobit din 3a
bar, de la anul -.99 pn in pre%ent, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00V $%*52-@ nr. %@ p. '')L
Mi47i RH6ues"u@ Aspectul na!ional n evolu!ia +isericii Armene, Fn BBiseri"7 Or
6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CII $%*5(-@ nr. 2)(@ p. ((5)('% A Iero;. Epif7nie Noro"e@ +i<
rica Armean, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#eiD@ 0LI $%*L'-@ nr. 5)+@ p. 25N
2*&A Io7n V7sie Le8@ Rela!iile +isericii (rtodo)e cu +isericile necalcedoniene,
vederea pregtirii dialogului teologic, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000IV $%*+,-@ nr. '?
p. (,2)(2+A Di7". 7sist. Ion Bri7@ 8iscu!ii teologice ntre teologi ortodoc"i romi#
"i teologi necalcedonieni, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@00II $%*5&-@ nr. ,@ p. ,&(),,'A N. C
tes"u@ A treia sesiune de convorbiri neoficiale ntre ortodoc"i "i necalcedonieni,
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000VIII $%*5&-@ nr. 5)+@ p. L+2)L+5A Io7n O7r;i
Aec?ile +iserici anticalcedoniene "i ba%a reuniunii lor cu +iserica (rtodo) &a
lic, Fn i;87 !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*L' A I6e;@ Problema unirii +isericii Etiopiene cu
(rtodo), Fn i;87 neo?!re7"H@ Aten7@ %*'*A Pr. prof. D. StHnio7e@ Perspectivi
dialogului cu +isericile Aec?i$(rientale# Hucrrile &omisiei interortodo)e de
Addis$Abeba, -76/7 august -.C-, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000I0 $%*5
nr. *)%&@ p. *5+)**% A I6e;@ Ac!iuni "i po%i!ii noi n eforturile de apropiere m
+isericile (rtodo)e "i +isericile Aec?i$(rientale, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00I0 $%*5,-@
%@ p. %%2)%%*A N. Ne"u7@ Intlnirea subcomitetelor pentru dialogul teologic dint
+isericile (rtodo)e Rsritene "i +isericile (rtodo)e orientale, Fn BOrto6o:ii
00V $%*52-@ nr. (@ p. L2%)L2(.
Dia#o6u# cu 'i3/rica romano-ca.o#ic5
N. E4renstro;?G. Gr7ss;7n@ &onfessions in 8ialogue, 2?n6 e6.. Gene#7@ %*5' A
M. .ou37s@ (rtliodo)', Roman &at?olicism and Anglicanism Lon6on@ %*5,A To;os
A!7pis@ Rome$Istanbul, %*5%cA /. \. Ri"P@ Friede %Nlsc?en (st und Mest# Rom unei
Qonstantinopol in oeLNnenisc?en Auibruc?, Miinster@ %*L+A _. 6e Vries@ (rtiiodo)ie
ci &at?olicisme, P7ris@ %*L5A I6e;@ Rom und die Patriarc?ate des (siens, .rei8ur!
i; Breis!7u un6 Miin"4en@ %*L2 A^M. Vi7tin@ Aatican II et Ie 8ialogue oecumeni$
Oue, Tourn7i@ %*LLA A. St7`rosP3@ Essai de t?eologie ireniOue# HE(rt?odo)ie et le
&at?olicisme* P7ris@ %*LLA l#es Con!7r@ &?retiens en dialogue# &ontribution cat?o$
liOue lE(ecumenisme, P7ris@ %*L(A I6e;@ &?retiens desunis# Principes dEun 1(ccu$
menisme2 cat?oliOue, P7ris@ %*25A .. Biot@ 8e la polemiOuc au dialogue, , #oi. P7?
ris@ %*L2A Gio#7nni S;it@ Roma et lE(riente &?ristiano, HEA%ione dei Papi per lEunit
dclla c?iesa, Ro;7@ %*((.
Fn i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = Pr. prof. tef7n Ae:e@ nceputul dialogului teologic
olicial ntre +isericile (rtodo) "i +iserica Romano$&atolic, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000III
$i*+%-@ nr. %@ p. %&L)%%%A I6e;@ 8ialog teologic ecumenic intre ortodoc"i "i romano$
catolici, ,(pole ) Polonia, W)+ iunie -9750, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CUI
$%*+'-@ nr. 5)+@ p. '&&)'&% A Asist. Ni". V. DurH@ &onsidera!ii asupra dialogurilor
teologice ale +isericii (rtodo)e cu +isericile Romano$&atolic, Anglican, Aec?e$
&atolic, (riental "i Huteran, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VII $%*+'-@ nr. 2@ p. 2*&)((*A
Le"tor CeJ7r V7siiu@ Pregtirea, nceperea "i perspectivele dialogului teologic din$
tre +iserica (rtodo) "i +iserica Romano$&atolic, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000III
ir. ')L@ p. 25L)2**@ 9i e:tr7s@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*+% A Ion Bri7@ Rolul "i responsabilitatea
(rtodo) n dialogul ecumenic, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000II $%*+&-@ nr. ,@ p. 2LL)255-
\
r. prof. D. Popes"u@ Rela!iile dintre +iserica (rtodo) Romn "i +iserica Roma$
lo$&atolic, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000I $%*5*-@ nr. *)%&@ p. 2L5)2*&A Pr. Min7i
iNn7"4e@ Po%i!ia +isericii (rtodo)e n problema dialogului "i intercomuniunii cu
biserica Romano$&atolic n BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 00VII $%*5'-@ nr. %),@ p. L()52 A
ipis"op Antonie PH;H6e7H@ Patriar?ia Ecumenic "i dialogul cu romano$catolicii,
n BOrto6o:i7D@ 00VI $%*5(-@ nr. %@ p. %'5)%L(A I6e;@ Hucrrile celei de a IA$a se$
iuni a &omisiei interna!ionale mi)te de dialog ntre +isericile (rtodo)e "i +iserica
lomano$&atolic ,+ari, ,5 mai)5 iunie -97;0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CIV
%*+L-@ nr. ')L@ p. 5*)+2A I6e;@ 8ialogul dintre +isericile (rtodo) "i Romano$
&a$Eilic# =tadiul lui n sesiunea plenar din -.WC ,+ari ) Italia, .)-; iunie -.7C0,
?i 8iseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CV $%*+5-@ nr. ')L@ p. L+) A Pr. prof. Io7n
># No;7n@ Temeiurile +isericii (rtodo)e Romne, Iat de dialogul ecumneic cu
cele$ilte +iserici cre"tine, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00II $%*5&-@ nr. I@ p. ,&)((A Pr@ prof. I.
RH?ure7nu@ Atitudinea +isericii Romano$&atolice iat de mi"carea ecumenic, Fn
BOr?6o:i7D@ 0IV $%*L,-@ nr. %),@ p. %'2)%+&.
Dia#o6u# cu 'i3/rica =/c1i#or-ca.o#ici
C4r. S. Const7ntini6is@ &onvorbirile "i perspectivele 8ialogului dintre +iserica
r
todo) "i +iserica Aec?ilor$&citolici, Fn BT4eoo!i7D@ Aten7@ LI $%*+&-@ p. ,,)(+A
r#rrile &omisiilor teologice interortodo)e de la +elgrad pentru pregtirea dialo$
lui cu Anglicanii "i cu Aec?ii$&atolici ,-)-5 septembrie -.;;0, Fn BBiseri"7 Or?
io:H Ro;<nHD@ L000IV $%*LL-@ nr. *)%&@ p. *&*)*%( $"u 7n!i"7nii- 9i p. *%()
l $"u #e"4ii?"7toi"i-A Hucrrile &omisiei teologice interortodo)e pentru dialogul
Aec?ii$&atolici, -;)/B oct# -.C9, la &lmmbes'$>eneva, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H
;<nHD@ L000VtI $%*5&-@ nr. *)%&@ p. %&&*)%&%%A Prof. Io7n O7r;iris@ A doua
isultare 7t &omisiei teologice interortodo)e pentru dialogul cu Aec?iiE &atolici,
BT4eoo!i7D@ Aten7@ (% $%*5&-@ nr. (@ p. (L5)'*(A I6e;@ (rtodo)ia "i vec?i$cato$
smul# Prima &onferin! a &oN
<
<_E$: mi)te ortodo)o$vec?i$catolic pentru dialogul
tre +isericile (rtodo)e "i AoZ
U
v$&atolic, Fn %8. !re7"H@ Aten7@ %*52 ,ntrunirea
tre .6$-B iulie -.CW, Atena0: .= @ proT. I. G. Co;7n@ +iserica (rtodo) "i +iserica
$?e$&atolic# Privire asufE* raporturilor dintre ele pe o perioad de circa un
ol ,-7CB6-.7;0, Fn BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 0VIII $%*L5-@ nr. ()L@ p. ,25),L,A
I. Co;7n@ Pregtirea dialogului cu vec?ii$catolici, Fn BOrto6o:i7D 00V $%*52-@
(@ p. (*5)'&+A I6e;@ Participarea delega!iei +isericii (rtodo)e la &onterin!a
t ortodo)o$vetero$catolic de la Atena ,;)-B iulie -.CW0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto?
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CI $%*52-@ nr. 5)+@ p. +&+)+%2A Prima ntrunire a &omisiei
logice mi)te pentru dialogul oiicial dintre +iserica (rtodo) "i +iserica Aecii
tolic, in BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CII $%*5'-@ cnr. 5)+@ p. +5&)+5,A
An7toie LefterA +iserica Aec?iloi$&atolici "i +iserica (rtodo), Fn BMitre
Ar6e7uuiD@ 0 $%*LL-@ nr. *)%&@ p. L&()L,*A Pr. "onf. tef7n C. Ae:e@ 8i
teologic dintre ortodoc"i "i vec?ii$catolici# =tadiul actual al pregtirii "i per"i
vele acestui dialog, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00VII $%*5'-@ nr. ,@ p. ,L&),+5A I6e;@ In
$*inul dialogului teologic ortodo)o$vec?i$catolic# Te)te comune ale &omisiei teol
ortodo)o$vcc?i$catdlice, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000 $%*5+-@ nr. %@ p. ')%,A I6e;@ 8ic
teologic ortodo)o$vec?i$catolic# Foi te)te comune ale &omisiei teologice mi)t
todo)o$vec?i$catolice ,=esiunea dintre /W)2& august -.CC, de la &?ambes'$>er Fn
BOrto6o:i7D@ 000I $%*5*-@ nr. ,@ p. 25%) 25L AN I6e;@ 8ialogul teologic oiicial do)$
vec?i$catolic# Te)te adoptate de &omisia teologic mi)t ortodo)$vec?i$c c la
ntrunirea de la +onn, ntre ,&),( august -.C., Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000II $i nr.c2@ p.
'LL)'L* A I6e;@ ]ntrunirea =ubcomisiei mi)te pentru dialogul teologic % do)o$vcc?i$
catolic ,+erna ) Elve!ia, .6-W martie -.7-0, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ PI $%*+%-@ nr.
(@ p. L2(A I6e;@ 8ialogul teologic oiicial ortodo)o$vec?i$catolic# 5 adoptate de
&omisia teologic mi)t ortodo)$vec?i$catolic la cea de a IA$a nare general de
la SagorsL$3oscova, ntre ,'),, septembrie -.7-, BFn BOrto6o 000II%I $%*+%-@
nr. (@ p. L2')L2*A I6e;@ A cincea Adunare general a &on teologice mi)te
pentru dialogul ortodo)$vec?i$catolic ,W)-9 octombrie -.7W, & bes'$>eneva0, n
BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VI $%*+(-@ nr. ,@ p. ,*L)2&,A I6e;@ lntrm =ubcomisiei mi)te
de lucru pentru dialogul teologic ortodo)$vec?i$catolic ,Qa Et?assos ) >recia, /W
sept#6- oct# -.7B0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ Ci $f nr. %%)%,@ p. 5,*)52%
A I6e;@ A "asea Adunare general a &omisiei teologice pentru dialogul ortodo)o$
vec?i$catolic ,Amerstoort ) (landa, W9 septembriZ , octombrie -.750, Fn
BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VIII $%*+L-@ nr. ,@ p. L2)5LA I6e;@ Intrur =ubcomisiei mi)te
pentru dialogul ortodo)o$vec?i$catolic ,3insL, W9 iunie)-9 -.7;0, Fn BBiseri"7
Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CIV $%*+L-@ nr. ')L@ p. +()+'.
Dia#o6u# cu 'i3/rica an6#ican5
Autori orto6o"9i = Romanian (rt?odo) &?urc? and t?e &?urc? ol Engll
Bu"87rest@ %*5LA At4en7!or7s of T437teir7 $OoPPin7Pis-@ Introduction to t?e Ti
logical 8ialogue ol Anglicanism and (rt?odo)', At4ens@ %*L5A B7si T. Ist7#rM
(rt?odo)' and Angl icanism, tr7ns 7t e6 83 Coi n D7#e3@ Lon6on@ %*LLA I"
(rt?odo)' and Angl icanism i n t ?e TNent iet? &ent ur', Hondon, %*L,A G. St r
pouos@ 8ie +e%ie?ungen der (rt?odo)en Qirc?e %u den anderen !iirc?e, Fn BO 6o:i7D@
Aten7@ t. 0VII $%*2*- A O. Dio8ouniotis.IIepF rFMF <#<ss`F ?"RF <33Ai:7#i:?rMA NE::0S %Z)%e GFMF
NOpLo'LFou :7i TOU :upoos TKBV <330i:7#t:oiN# P
tl
PmYmY
l
R_
v
E e:tr7s 6in re#ist7 K Pisi7D@
Aten7@ t. 0VII $%*2*-A /7;. Ai#iJ7tos@ SL3:So?]oi e`ui:7F ?posiPt7i@ At %*25A P.
Br7tJiotNs@ NOp+o+LAoi ;i N A330i :7#oF Aten7@ %*25A M. Const7ntin S:R
\
Ni' R
<330i5.2#Ku# :otNt Lp+oSLGKo#@ Aten7@ %*2L.
A G i 7 u t o r i = Anglican$(rt?odo) 8ialog# T?e 8ublin Agreed =tatemV %*+(@
Lon6on $S.P.C.O.-@ %*+(A _. A. VissertNt /ooft@ Anglo$&at?olicism and (rtZ do)'# A
Protestant AieN, Lon6on@ %*22A G. O. A. Be@ 8ocuments ol c?ristiun Gn -./96
-./B, Lon6on@ %*,(?A M. 6N/er8i!n3@ HEAnglicanisme el lE(rt?odo)ie gr A slave,
P7ris@ %*,,A \. A. Dou!7s@ T?e Relations oi t?e Anglican &?urc?es Nit? Euslern
(rt?odo)', Lon6on@ %*,%.
In i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = Pr. prof. Io7n RH;ure7nu@ Tratative directe de ut dintre
+isericile (rtodo)e "i +iserica Anglican, de la -./9 pn a%i, Fn BOrto6o: 0
$%*'+-@ nr. ,@ p. ,%5),2'A Pr. Prof. Li#iu St7n@ Perspectiva canonic a reia!i
dintre (rtodo)ie "i Anglicanism, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0 $%*'+-@ nr. ,@ p. ,+L)2&% A P
Teo6or M. Popes"u@ Raporturile dintre ortodoc"i "i anglicani din secolul 0VI p la anul
-./9, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 0 $%*'+-@ nr. ,@ p. %55)%*(A Hucrrile &omisiilor t logice
interortodo)e de la +elgrad pentru pregtirea dialogului cu anglicanii "i vec?ii$
catolici ,-)-5 sept# -.;;, +elgrad0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ nr. i %&@ p.
*&*)*%( $"u 7n!i"7nii- 9i p. *%()*,, $"u #e"4ii "7toi"i-A Hucrrile &ornii teologice
interortodo)e pentru dialogul cu Analicanii ,-)5' oct# -.C9, &?ambe >eneva0, Fn
BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ L000VIII $%*5&@ nr. *)%&@ p. %&&5)%& Pr. io7n
Tu"7n@ 8ialogurile teologice ale +isericii (rtodo)e cu celelalte +iserici, Fn
BMitropoi7 B7n7tuuiD@ 000VIII $%*++-@ nr. %@ p. ,L)2'A N. C4ites"u@ Prima
PERIOADA A ASEA
iune a dialogului ortodo)o$anglican ,()iord, L)-W iulie -.CW0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto?o:H
Ro;<nHD@ 0CI $%*52-@ nr. 5)+@ p. +&2)+&+A I6e;@ =esiunea plenar de la 3os$ova a
dialogului ortodo)o$anglican $,L iulie)2 august -.C;0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H o;<nHD@
0CIV $%*5L-@ nr. 5)+@ p. LL()L52A I6e;@ 8ialogul ortodo)o$anglican de a
Hlandaff$&arditi ) Anglia, B6/- iulie -.79, Fn BOrto6o:i7D 000III $%*+%-@ nr. @
p. %%,)%%'A I6e;@ O nou sesiune a dialogului ortodo)o$anglican, &anterbur' ) Inglia,
-/$6-. iulie -.7/, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ C $%*+,-@ nr. *)%&@ p. +&%)+&2A rof. Ni".
C4ites"u 9i Ar4i;. Nifon Mi4HitH@ ntrunirea &omisiei de dialog ortodo$o$anglican
,(dessa, -/)-. septembrie -.7W0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ CI a*+2-@ nr. *)
%&@ p. L(,)L',A Di7". P. I. D7#i6@ Premise ale dialogului anglicano$rtodo)< Aspectul
revela!iei divine# &ontribu!ia culturii teologice romne"ti, teJH e 6o"tor7t@ Fn BSt u6ii
teoo!i"eD@ 00VIII $%*5L-@ nr. 2)L@ p. ,%2)(*2A Pr. prof. i# es7n@ 8in rela!iile
anglicano$ortodo)e, Fn BMitropoi7 Mo6o#ei 9i Su"e#ei D@ /I0 $%*52-@ nr. ')L@ p.
2%2)2,% A o7n I. I"H@ In legtur cu dialogul dintre orto$oc"i "i anglicani dup
lucrrile &omisiei interortodo)e de la +elgrad, Fn BG7su 6seri"iiD@ 00I0 $%*5&-@ nr. 2)(@
p. ,*%)2%(A Pr. prof. Isi6or To6or7n@ Rela!iile Eisericii (rtodo)e Romne cu +iserica
Anglican "i cu +iserica Aec?e$&atolic, Fn Orto6o:i7D@ 00 $%*L+-@ nr. ,@ p. ,,')
,2(A o7n N. uru87ru@ Tratativele "i acor$urile anglicano$ortodo)e romne din -.W5 n
perspectiva dialogului dintre +iseri$a (rtodo) "i +iserica Anglican, .Fn
BOrto6o:i7D@ 00 $%*L+-@ nr. %@ p. 5()+*A
r
7sie Loi"4iGH@ Anglicanism "i (rtodo)ie#
E:tr7s 6in re#. BC7n6e7D@ 0LI $%*2&-@ r. 2)LA /r. P7p76opouos@ &?estiunea
validit!ii ?irotoniilor anglicane# In ro;<?e9te 6e Ar4i;. .i7ret \o"u@ Bu"ure9ti@
%*,L.
Dia#o6u# ./o#o6ic or.odo4-2ro./3.an.
Morld &ouncil oi &?urc?es# T?e (rt?odo) &?urc? and t?e &?urc?es oi tLe
elormation, Gene#7@ %*5' A D. \. C7747n@ &at?oliOues et Protestanta, P7ris@ %*L% A
Zs"7r Cu;7nn@ &at?oliOues et Protestants# Gn pro*et de solidarite c?retienne,
eu"4<te et P7ris@ %*'+A o7n O7r;iris@ NOp&oooBT7 aaZ Egotea$#aEniau#oi t. I@ Aten7@
*25. W . N
In i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = Di7". e"tor o7n I. I"H@ &ontactele din ultima vreme intre
+isericile (rtodo)e "i +isericile Protestante "i stadiul actual al dialogului iologic dintre ele,
Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 00V $%*5&-@ nr. %@ p. %2')%(LA Prof. Ni". C4i?hs"u@ Tematica "i
re%ultatul convorbirilor ortodo)o$protestante dup -.;-# Impor$m!a acestor
convorbiri pentru ecumenismul local, Fn BMitropoi7 Ar6e7uuiD@ 0I0 .*5(-@ nr. %&
)%,@ p. ''+)'5% A Epis"op V7sie $Co;7n-@ ntrunirea &omisiei inter$rtodo)e pentru
pregtirea dialogului cu +isericile Huterane ,=igtuna ) =uedia, B $. noiembrie$
-.C.0, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CVII $%*5*-@ nr. %@ p. ,') 2A Epis"op
V7sie Co;7n 9i Pr. prof. I. I"H@ A treia ntrunire a &omisiei interor$ 0do)e pentru
pregtirea dialogului cu +isericile luterane ) ,=Lal?olt ) Islanda, ),2 septembrie -.790,
Fn BOrto6o:i7D 000III $%*+%-@ nr. ,@ p. ,L%),LLA Epis"op 7sie 7 Or76iei@ Al treilea
dialog general ecumenic dintre +iserica (rtodo) Di edera!ia Hut?eran 3ondial
,AllentoNn ) =#G#A#, /W)W- mai -.750,En BBiseri"7 irto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ Cii $%*+'-@ nr. ')
L@ p. (&2)(&LA Do"tor7n6 A6ri7n Ni"u"e7@ criptur, Tradi!ie "i 3rturisire n dialogul
teologic dintre +iserica Evang?elic iteran din R# F# >ermania "i +iserica (rtodo)
Romn ,>vslar, -.6/W noiembrie A.0, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ 000IV $%*+,-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2*+
)(&+ A Pr. prof. Du;itru 76u@ 8ialogul teologic ntre +iserica (rtodo) Romn "i
+iserica Evang?elic in ermania ,>oslar, -.6/W noiembrie -.C. : Ia"i, /W),L
octombrie -.790, Fn BBiseri"7 rto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CVIII $%*+&-@ nr. %%)%,@ p. %&*+)
%%&LA Ae:. M. IonitH@ 8ia$_gul teologic general dintre +iserica (rtodo) "i +isericile
Huterane, Fn BBiseri"7 Nrto6o:H Ro;<nHD@ 0CI0 $%*+%-@ nr. *)%&@ p. *L&)*L%A Pr. 7sist.
Viore IonitH@ patra ntrunire de dialog ntre +iserica (rtodo) Romn "i +iserica
Evang?elic in >ermania ,Tec?irg?iol, L)-- mai$ -.750, Fn BBiseri"7 Orto6o:H
Ro;<nHD@ CUI *+'-@ nr. ')L@ p. 2++)2*5A Asistent Ni". DurH@ &onsidera!ii asupra
dialogurilor E#ologice ale +isericii (rtodo)e "uN +isericile Romano$&aiolic, Anglican,
Aec?e$atolic, (riental "i Huteran, Fn BOrto6o:i7D@ 000VII $%*+'-@ nr. 2@ p. 2*&
)((*.
Dia#o6u# or.odo4o-r/0orma.
Pr. prof. Ni". Ne"u7@ 8ialogul ortodo)o$reformat 18ebre!in A2, +udapesta, W-
i gust 6B septembri e -.7C, Fn BBi seri"7 Ort o6o:H Ro;<nHD CV $%*+5-@ nr. *)%&@
. %(5)%(+.
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
Pri#ire !ener7H 7supr7 "re9tinis;uui Fn u;e7 6e 7Ji
Fntrup7re7 ui Iisus /ristos@ .iu ui Du;neJeu@ stH 7 te;ei7
riGiei "re9tinis;uui Fn u;e. DupH "u#<ntu Apostouui P7#e@ 1c
venit plinirea vremii, 8umne%eu a trimis pe Fiul =u, nscut din fei
nscut sub lege, ca s rscumpere pe cei de sub lege, primind nfu
$G7. (@ ()'- A 7 7#ut@ 6e"i@ o" "e ;7i i;port7nt e#eni;ent 6in is
"re9tinis;uui = Fntrup7re7 .iuui ui Du;neJeu@ Iisus /ristos.
.HrH Fn6o7iH Biseri"7 "re9tinH 7tin!e penitu6ine7 9i 6esH#Fr
prin Fntrup7re7@ rHsti!nire7 9i Fn#iere7 MFntuitoruui 9i prin "o8o
SfFntuui Du4 Fn Jiu7 Cin"iJe"i;ii 7supr7 SfinGior Apostoi@ 76un7
"7s7 6in Ierus7i;.
Co8orFre7 Du4uui SfFnt ;7r"4e7JH ;o;entu Fnte;eierii Bisi
"re9tine Fn u;e@ 7 intrHrii ei Fn istorie@ ;7r"4e7JH ;o;entu noii
7nte 6intre o;enire 9i 6u;neJeire@ 7i7nGH "7re #7 "ontinu7 pFnH 7
9itu #e7"urior@ "Fn6@ 6upH "u#intee SfFntuui 7posto Petru@ #i
B"eruri noi 9i un pH;Fnt nou@ Fn "7re #7 o"ui 6rept7te7D $II Peti
%2 A Apo". ,%@ %-. Fn F;pHrHGi7 ui Du;neJeu@ Bti;pu nu #7 ;7
$OTI 0Ps
VOK
N ou:e:i eot7i- Apo"@ %&@ L-@ 6e"i istori7 #7 Fn"et7@ "H"i ui
Du;neJeu s?7 sH#Fr9itD ) :7i STS0E2T> )b [#M7:?Cpio# te; &eo' $A %&@
5-. c
I#ire7 "re9tinis;uui Fn u;e 7 F;pHrGit istori7 u;ii Fn 6ouH
Fn7inte 9i 6upH /ristos. Pentru "re9tinis;@ Do;nu nostru Iisus /r
este "entru istoriei uni#ers7e@ i7r 7nii istoriei Biseri"ii "re9tine se
;HrH 6e 7 n79tere7 Lui.
Fn er7 "re9tinH@ 6eJ#ot7re7 o;enirii este infuenG7tH Fn ;o6 7
9itor 6e i6eie E#7n!4eiei Do;nuui nostru Iisus /ristos@ i6ei "7r
7#ut 9i 7u pFnH 7Ji un ro pre"u;pHnitor pe teren rei!ios?;or7@ s
9i "utur7@ "u 7te "u#inte@ Fn to7te 6o;eniie #ieGii 9i 7"ti#itHGii
ne9ti.
Pentru "re9tini@ #i7G7 pH;Fnte7s"H trHitH Fn istorie este o prefs
#ieGii "ere9ti. 1&re"tinii ) spune 7tFt 6e fru;os 7utoru Epistoei
Dio!net ) nu se deosebesc de ceilal!i oameni, nici prin patrie, nici
limb, nici prin obiceiuri, cci ei nu locuiesc n anumite cet!i, nici
limba lor proprie, nici nu duc o via! deosebit### Iau parte la toat
cet!eni### =nt n trup, dar nu triesc dup trup# "i duc via!a pe pi
dar triesc ca n ceruri# =e supun legilor n vigoare, dar via!a lor e
presus de legi### ntr$un cuvnt, ceea ce este sufletul n trup, acela"
cru snt cre"tinii n lume2 $Episto7 "Htre Dio!net@ V 9i VI-.
&re"tinismul nu$ a lsat nimic departe din cultura vec?e cari
mpiedic mntuirea sufletului#
Fn pri;ee trei se"oe "re9tinis;u 7 upt7t pentru e:istenG7 s
st7tu ro;7n 9i "utur7 !re"o?ro;7nH pH!FnH@ pFnH "Fn6 F;pHr7tu
st7ntin "e M7re $2&L)?225-@ nu;it 6e Biseri"H B"e Fnto";7i "u A
toiiD@ 7 7"or67t "re9tinior i8ert7te7 rei!io7sH prin e6i"tu 6e 7 T#
6in 2%2. Const7ntin "ei M7re este Fn istori7 o;enirii pri;u 8Hr8E
I C7pito re67"t7t 6e Pr. prof. Ion RH;ure7nu.
PERIOADA A ASEA
st7t "7re 7 pus pro8e;7 respe"tHrii "on9tiinGei rei!io7se 7 fie"Hrui o;
9i 7 FnGees ne"esit7te7 ei pentru or6ine7 so"i7H 9i poiti"H.
Biseri"7 orto6o:H 7 RHsHrituui 7re o i;port7nGH 6eose8itH pentru
for;u7re7 6o!;ei "re9tine Fn"H 6e 7 Fn"eputu rHspFn6irii "re9tinis ?
;uui Fn u;e. DouH 6intre "ee ;7i #e"4i 9i strHu"ite "uturi@ iudais$
mul 9i elenismul, 7u Fnforit pe teritoriu pe "7re s?7 6eJ#ot7t Fn ur;H
Biseri"7 orto6o:H. D7r "re9tinis;u "7 rei!ie re#e7tH 6e Du;neJeu
"e #iu 9i 76e#Hr7t@ "ue!Fn6 9i 7si;iFn6 "ee7 "e er7 ;7i #7oros 9i fru?
;os 6in "u!et7re7 fiosofiei 9i "uturii !re"o?ro;7ne@ nu s?7 Hs7t 7ntre ?
n7t 6e i6eie rei!io7se pH!Fne 7e u;ii #e"4i. Cunos"Fn6 "utur7 9i Fn?
Geep"iune7 u;ii #e"4i@ 7postou P7#e se Fntre87 = BUn6e este FnGe ?
eptu S Un6e este "Hrtur7ru S Un6e este "er"etHtoru 7"estui #e7" S...
CH"i 6e #re;e "e Fntru FnGeep"iune7 ui Du;neJeu@ u;e7 n?7 "unos ?
"ut prin FnGeep"iune pe Du;neJeu@ 7 8ine#oit Du;neJeu sH ;Fntui7s"H
pe "ei "e "re6 prin ne8uni7 propo#H6uirii... I7r noi propo#e6ui; pe
/ristos "e rHsti!nit = pentru iu6ei s;inte7H@ pentru pH!Fni ne8unie.
D7r pentru "ei "4e;7Gi@ 9i iu6ei 9i eini@ propo#e6ui; pe 4ristos, puterea
lui 8umne%eu "i n!elepciunea lui 8umne%eu2 $I Cor. %@ ,&),(-.
DupH Const7ntin "e M7re@ Biseri"7 "re9tinH 7 6us o uptH 7pri!H "u
6u9;7nu intern@ "u ereJi7@ "7re "7r7"teriJe7JH Fntre7!7 perio76H 7 Si ?
no76eor e"u;eni"e $2,')5+5-.
Fn RHsHritu orto6o: s?7u nHs"ut 9i 7u Fnforit to7te r7;urie 9tiin?
Gei 9i "uturii teoo!i"e A 7i"i 7u trHit "ei ;7i !eni7i PHrinGi 7i Biseri"ii@
"7re 7u for;u7t prin s"risu or Fn7rip7t Fn#HGHturie "re9tine s"o7se
6in re#e7Gi7 Ve"4iuui 9i Nouui Test7;ent 9i ne?7u Hs7t ;o9tenire
;onu;ent77 iter7turH p7tristi"H 6in "7re se 767pH pFnH 7Ji to7te Bi ?
seri"ie "re9tine 6in u;e.
Fn Orient s?7u Ginut "ee 97pte Sino76e e"u;eni"e "7re 7u 6efinit
hZ st78iit 6o!;ee "re9tine. Ini;7 9i !Fn6ire7 "re9tinis;uui 7u fost Fn
Drient. De 7"ee7 Biseri"7 orto6o:H@ ;o9tenito7re7 #e"4ii Biseri"i
uni?]ers7e s7u e"u;eni"e ) "7re 7 pHstr7t pFnH 7Ji@ fHrH 76Hu!ire s7u
9tir8ire@ Fntre!u teJ7ur 7 "re6inGei 6e 7 SfinGii Apostoi 9i SfinGii
PHrinGi ) refuJH sH intro6u"H Fn 6o"trin7 s7 s7u sH 7pro8e 7tor
Biseri"i ino$m!ii "ontr7re spirituui ei.
A8i7 sfFr9itH upt7 "u ereJi7@ 7supr7 Biseri"ii 6e RHsHrit 7 #enit 7
in ;o;ent 67t 7s7tu ;74o;e67nis;uui.
DupH pri;7 Mu;Ht7te 7 se"ouui VII@ "ee trei p7tri7r47te 7posto?
i"e = Ae:7n6ri7 Fn L(%@ Antio4i7 Fn L2+ 9i Ierus7i;u Fn L25@ 7u "HJut
u8 6o;in7Gi7 7r78ior@ "7re 7u 76us 7"este Biseri"i 7pro7pe 6e ni;i?
ire. A"est t78ou se "o;pete7JH Fn ,* ;7i %('2 prin "u"erire7N Con?
t7ntinopouui 6e "Htre tur"ii oto;7ni@ "7re 7u i;pus 6o;in7Gi7 ;u?
u;7nH 7supr7 "re9tinior 6in Asi7 Mi"H 9i Peninsu7 B7"7ni"H@ ) !re"i@
I87neJi@ 8u!7ri 9i sFr8i N )@ 6o;in7Gie 6e "7re 7"este popo7re s?7u puii
t ei8er7 78i7 Fn se"ou 0I0 9i Fn"eputu se"ouui 00.
.HrH Fn6oi7H@ Fn istori7 Biseri"ii uni#ers7e unu 6intre "ee ;7i
iste@ 6urero7se 9i re!ret78ie e#eni;ente F "onstituie@ prin se;nifi"7?
7@ 6ur7t7 9i "onse"inGee ei@ s"4is;7 6in %&'(@ "7re 7 inter#enit Fntre
N iseri"7 Apusuui 9i Biseri"7 RHsHrituui@ 9i "7re s?7 preun!it pFnH 7
BISERICA IN EPOCA MODERNA I CONTEMPORANA
5 6e"e;8rie %*L' "Fn6 7n7te;ee 6in %L 9i ,& iuie %&'( 7u fost
"7te 6e "Htre p7tri7r4u e"u;eni" Aten7!or7 I 7 Const7ntinoi#@
$%*(*)%*5,- 9i 6e "Htre p7p7 P7u VI $%*L2)%*5+-.
In perio767 "7re 7 ur;7t s"4is;ei 8iseri"e9ti 6in %L iuie Id'@
se"oee 0I)0VI@ "ee 6ouH ;7ri r7;uri 7e "re9tinis;uui ). BA
s
A
RHsHrituui 9i Biseri"7 Apusuui ) s?7u 6eJ#ot7t sep7r7t.
S?7u fH"ut@ 6esi!ur@ Fntre se"oee 0I)0V nu;ero7se Fn"er"7i
unire Fntre "ee 6ouH Biseri"i@ unee "4i7r Fn"4ei7te prin se;n7re7
N ;itor 7"te 6e unire@ "7 unire7 6e 7 L3on 6in %,5(@ 9i "e7 6e 7 .V
r
.iorenG7 6in %(2+)%(2*@ 67r unire7 6epinH 9i inter"o;uniune7 8
"e79"H@ 6in pH"7te@ nu s?7u putut re7iJ7. Unirie Fn"4ei7te 7u rH;7s
"7 6o"u;ente Fn 7r4i#e@ 6eo7re"e nu s?7u 7pi"7t ni"io67tH.
Ce#7 ;7i ;ut@ Fn se"ou 7 0VI?e7 Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toii
fost 76Fn" J6run"in7tH Fn sFnu ei prin 7p7riGi7 protest7ntis;uui i?
7 s;us un Fnse;n7t nu;Hr 6e "re6in"io9i. Trei ;7ri Biseri"i 7o
t
pe
ur;7 Refor;ei protest7nte@ "7re se ;enGin pFnH 7Ji = +iserica e g?elic
sau luteran, +iserica reformat sau calvinist 9i +iserica a can, "7re
se ;enGine pe o "7e 6e ;Mio" Fntre "7toi"is; 9i protest7R A"e7stH
fHrF;iG7re 7 "re9tinis;uui 7puse7n 7 "re7t Fntre!uui "re9ti noi
pro8e;e 9i noi 6ifi"utHGi Fn "7e7 ref7"erii unitHGii.
Fn Protest7ntis;@ e:"esu 6e i8ert7te 7 6us 9i 6u"e pFnH 7Jk
fHrF;iG7re e:"esi#H@ "7re se "7r7"teriJe7JH prin 7p7riGi7 neFn"et7tH $
se"te 9i 6eno;in7Giuni "re9tine "7re uptH unee F;potri#7 7tor7N
rin6 u;ii "re9tine spe"t7"ou trist 7 unui bellum omnium Y
nes, spre ;7re p7!u8H 7 Fntre!uui "re9tinis;.
In epo"7 ;o6ernH "re9tinis;u 7puse7n@ f7#oriJ7t 6e prosperR
9i 8o!HGi7 s7 ;7teri7H@ pre"u; 9i 6e e:tin6ere7 stHpFnirii unor GH`
"i6ent7e "7 = Sp7ni7@ .r7nG7@ An!i7@ O7n67 9i Be!i7@ 7supr7 pop
o
or "ooni7e 6incc A;eri"7@ Afri"7@ 9i Asi7@ re7iJe7JH ;7ri su""ese Fn
;ision7r7.
AtFt ro;7no?"7toi"ii "Ft 9i protest7nGii f7" ;isiune pinH 6e sn
"
pe to7te "ontinentee !o8uui.
In RHsHrit@ Biseri"7 orto6o:H rusH Fntreprin6e o operH ;isi
&
Y
serio7sH 7 tHt7ri@ 7 popo7ree 6in Si8eri7@ Fn Insuee Aeutine@ A
n
A
P7@ Fn C4in7@ Coree7 9i \7poni7.
Fn se"ou 7 00?e7@ popo7ree orto6o:e 6in B7"7ni s"7pH@
pe rFn6@ 6e 6o;in7Gi7 oto;7nH= Gre"i7 Fn %+,%@ Ro;<ni7@ ? Bu!7R
Ser8i7 Fntre %+55)%+5+@ A87ni7 Fn %*%,@ 7stfe Fn"Ft s?7 7;eior7t f
&
;ut 9i situ7Gi7 Biseri"ior 7"estor popo7re.
Fn Apus@ Fn se"ou 0I0 Biseri"7 ro;7no?"7toi"H 7re 6e upt7
unee infuenGe "utur7e 7e #re;ii@ "7 ;o6ernis;u 9i "u unee "u
r
so"i7e potri#ni"e Biseri"ii@ "7 6e e:e;pu QulturLampf $upt7 p
eY
"uturH- Fn Ger;7ni7. Biseri"7 7puse7nH 7Mun!e sH Fn!rH6e7s"H i8
e
te7 FnsH9i 7 Biseri"ii prin pro"7;7re7 "7 6o!;H 7 primatului 9i
7
i
n
libilit!ii papale, Fn Con"iiu I V7ti"7n 6intre %+L*)%+5&@ 7poi F
n
"
"iiu II V7ti"7n $%*L,)%*L'-@ 6o!;e strHine 6e cspiritu "re6inGei
&
6o:e@ "7re "onstituie un i;pe6i;ent 6intre "ee ;7i serio7se F
n
ref7"erii unitHGii Biseri"ii "re9tine.
r.,$/rt.UA A
Un f7pt F;8u"urHtor rH;Fne Fn istori7 Biseri"ii Orto6o:e 7 RHsHri?
uui 9i 7 Biseri"ii ro;7no?"7toi"e ri6i"7re7 7n7te;eor 6in %L 9i ,& iu?
te %&'(@ "7re s?7 fH"ut prin 8eclara!ia comun 6in 5 6e"e;8rie %*L'@
iGitH Fn 7"e79i ti;p Fn "7te6r77 BSfFntu PetruD 6in Ro;7
=
) Fn 9e?
inG7 6e Fn"4i6ere 7 Con"iiuui II V7ti"7n )@ 9i Fn "7te6r77 BSfFntu
F4eor!4eD 6in Const7ntinopo@ Fn nu;ee p7tri7r4uui e"u;eni" Aten7?
or7 I 9i 7 SfFntuui Sino6 P7tri7r47@ pre"u; 9i 7 p7pei P7u VI.
In 7"e7stH istori"H 6e"7r7Gie@ "ei 6oi Fn7Gi ier7r4i 7u su8ini7t "H nt
con"tien!i c acest act de *usti!ie "i de iertare reciproc nu poate fi e
a*uns s pun capt diferen!elor vec?i sau recente care sub%ist ntre
Gserica romano$catolic "i +iserica ortodo), "i care vor fi dep"ite prin
@icrarea =fntului 8u?, gra!ie cur!iei inimilor, regretului nedrept!ilor
itorice, precum "i printr$o voin! activ de a se a*unge la o n!elegere
i e)presie comun a credin!ei "i a cerin!elor ei#
F;pinin6 totu9i 7"est !est@ ei sperH "H e #7 fi pH"ut ui Du;neJeu@
7t7 sH ne ierte "Fn6 noi ne iertH; unii pe 7Gii@ 9i "H #7 fi 7pre"i7t 6e
itre7!7 u;e "re9tinH@ 67r ;7i 7es 6e tot7it7te7 Biseri"ii ro;7no?
7toi"e 9i 7 Biseri"ii orto6o:e@ "7 e:presie 7 unei sin"ere #oinGe re"i?
ro"e 6e re"on"iiere 9i "7 o in#it7Gie 6e 7 "ontinu7@ Fntr?un spirit 6e
T"re6ere@ 6e sti;H 9i 6e 6r7!oste frHGe7s"H@ 6i7o!u "7re #7 6u"e@ "u
Mut oru ui Du;neJeu@ sH trHi ; 6i n nou ) pentru "e ;7i ;7re 8i ne
I sufeteor 9i 7 #enirii F;pHrHGiei ui Du;neJeu ) Fn "o;uniune7 S
pinH 7 "re6inGei@ 7 unirii frHGe9ti 9i 7 #ieGii s7"r7;ent7e@ "7re 7 e:ist7t
itre ee Fn "ursu pri;uui ;ieniu 7 #ieGii Biseri"ii ,Tomos Agapis,
7ti"7n)P47n7r $%*L+)%*5&- ) Ro;7)Ist<n8u ) %*5%@ p. ,5+),+2@
?. %,5@ 9i BIreniPonD@ %*L'@ nr. (@ p. '2*)'(&-.
Biseri"ie orto6o:e@ Biseri"ie protest7nte 9i Biseri"7 7n!i"7nH 7"ti?
F7JH "u su""es 6in %*,& Fn mi"carea ecumenic, i7r 6in %*(+ Fn &on$
liul Ecumenic al +isericilor, "7re "uprin6e 7stHJi peste 2&& 6e Biseri"i
Ze9tine 6in u;e@ Fn #e6ere7 "o78orHrii frHGe9ti@ pentru souGion7re7
No8e;eor u;ii "onte;por7ne 9i 7 ref7"erii unitHGii Biseri"ii "re9tine.
Do;nu nostru Iisus /ristos spune@ Fn7inte 6e p7ti;ie S7e@ "H
vang?elia ### mpr!iei se va propovdui n toat lumea, ca mrturie
mtru toate neamurile, "i atunci va veni sfr"itul $M7tei ,(@ %(-. L7
Weste7 Apostou P7#e 767u!H "H BF;pietrire7 Fn p7rte 7 ui Isr7e s?7
"ut pFnH "e #7 intr7 tot nu;Hru p7!inior 9i 7stfe Fntre!u Isr7e se
i ;FntuiD $Ro;.@ %%@ ,'),L-.
I
Nu se po7te 67 o st7tisti"H e:7"tH 7 tuturor "re9tinior 6in u;e. Fn
Anere@ unee st7tisti"i 67u nu;7i %+& ;iio7ne 6e "re6in"io9i orto6o"9i.
u;e@ 67r ei sFnt ;ut ;7i ;ut
%
N. Desi!ur@ Fn "o;p7r7Gie "u nu;Hru
;7no?"7toi"ior 9i 7 protest7nGior@ nu;Hru "re9tinior orto6o"9i e
7i ;i". D7r nu nu;7i nu;Hru "onte7JH@ ci pstrarea integral "i cu$
t a adevrurilor de credin! ale Evang?eliei, descoperite lumii de
imnul nostru Iisus 4ristos A"oo un6e nu?i 76e#Hru re#e7t 7 Do;?
iui nostru Iisus /ristos@ propo#H6uit 6e SfinGii Apostoi 9i 6e SfinGii
irinGi 7i Biseri"ii@ "re9tere7 nu;Hruui po7te fi "4i7r pH!u8ito7re penii
76e#Hr7t7 Biseri"H 7 ui /ristos@ deoarece ea nu nseamn cre"terea
sporirea adevrului, ci mrirea erorii "i cre"terea rtcirilor n lume#
BISEO%UA %%N
Fn Orto6o:ie "uno79tere7 9i pHstr7re7 76e#Hruui re#e7t 6e .iu
Du;neJeu@ Iisus /ristos@ 6in iu8ire 6e o7;eni@ 7u fost Fn"re6inG7Gi =
8irii re"ipro"e 7 "eri"ior 9i "re6in"io9ior 6in +iserica 8umne%eului ce
viu, care este stlpul "i temelia adevrului $I Ti;. 2@ %'-.
A"est u"ru F 7fir;H H;urit Enciclica +isericii Gna, =fnt, G
versal "i Apostolic, 76res7tH 7 L ;7i %+(+ "Htre toGi "re6in"io9ii or
6o"9i 6in u;e@ s"riin6 = Apoi la noi n$au putut niciodat, viei patriar
nici =inoade, s introduc lucruri noi, pentru c aprtorul religiei e
nsu"i corpul +isericii, poporul nsu"i, care vrea ca religia s fie ve"
nesc?imbat "i la fel ca a Prin!ilor si ,1Enciclica patriar?ilor or
doc"i de la -7B72, tr76u"ere 6e Teo6or M. Popes"u@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*
"7pT %5@ p. *+ 9i %2, A \. D. M7nsi@ 0L@ P7risiis@ %*&*@ "o. (&5?C-.
Fn Biseri"7 ui /ristos@ "re6in"io9ii se 7fH 7o7tH "7 semin!ie alea
preo!ie mprteasc, neam sfnt, popor agonisit de 8umne%eu ### popo
lui 8umne%eu $I Petru ,@ * 9i %%-.
Fn tre"ere7 ei prin istorie Biseri"7 orto6o:H s?7 "onsi6er7t 9i se "e
si6erH 9i 7stHJi adevrata +iseric a lui 4ristos, Fn u;e@ pentru "H p
tre7JH fHrH s"4i;87re@ ;i"9or7re s7u 76Hu!ire@ 76e#Hr7t7 Fn#HGHtur7
Do;nuui nostru Iisus /ristos@ pHstre7JH "utu 9i 6is"ipin7 8iseri"e7s
797 "u; se pr7"ti"7u Fn #e"4e7 Biseri"H e"u;eni"H@ "Fn6 nu se fHt
6eose8ire Fntre "re9tinii 6in RHsHrit 9i "ei 6in Apus.
Pri#in6 ;HreGi7@ strHu"ire7@ sfinGeni7 9i "urHGi7 "re6inGei Biser
orto6o:e 7 RHsHrituui@ unu 6intre "ei ;7i ;7ri PHrinGi 7i Biseri
SfFntu Io7n GurH 6e Aur $f 1 sept. (&5- s"rie 6espre e7 7stfe = BBi ri"7
este ;7i Fn7tH d/c8. c/ru#? mai 8n.in35 d/c8. 25m8n.u#. Ea nu 8mi trFne9te
ni"io67tH@ "i este purure7 Fnforito7re. Pentru 7"e7st7@ S"riptu 7rHtFn6
tHri7 9i st7torni"i7 ei@ o nu;e9te Munte A 7rHtFn6 "urHGi7 ei nu;e9te
.e"io7rH A 7rHtFn6 ;HreGi7 ei@ o nu;e9te F;pHrHte7sH A 7rHt= Fnru6ire7 ei
"u Du;neJeu@ o nu;e9te fii"HD ,(milie despre arestarea Eutropiu "i
despre de"ertciunea bog!iei, P. G.@ LII@ (&,-.
De9i ;7i ;i"H Fn pri#inG7 nu;Hruui "re6in"io9ior@ Biseri"7 or
6o:H este fe"io7r7 "e7 FnGee7ptH@ este ;ire7s7 "e7 nepHt7tH "7re 7ste7
Fn ini9te pe 6u;neJeies"u ei Mire. Fn Jiu7 7"ee7@ Do;nu /ristos o
;Fn!Fi7 prin "u#intee = 1Fu te teme turm mic, c bine a voit Te
vostru s v dea vou mpr!ia $Lu"7 %,@ 2,-.
B I B L I OGRA. I E
[uelOues statistiOues, Fn BDo"u;ent7tion C7t4oiCueD@ '*?e Annee@ HP-
$%*55-@ no. '@ L ;7r9@ p. ,2'),25@ 9i no. S , o"to8re@ p. +,&A Panorama ;NssN
voire de Aannee -.C56-.C;, i8i6e;@ L00III $%*5L-@ no. %5&5@ 5 no#e;8re@ p. *,,)
Te:te pu8ie p7r NA!en"e .i6es 6e 7 S7"re Con!re!7tion pour NE#7nCeis7tion
;on6p@ e ,' septe;8re %*5LA Annuarium s]7fisti"u; Ecclesial ) ,*5(@ Citt<
V7tir7no@ %*5LA +ilnn du 3onde# Enc'clopedie cat?oliOue du 3onde c?retien, , i
,?e e6.@ Tourn7i)P7ris@ %*L(A Oonr76 ACer;issen@ QonfessionsLunde, /7nno
%*(% A Pr. prof. Mi7n es7n@ =tatistica bisericeasc, %*2+ A O. /ii8ner@ G
grap?Esc?statistisc?e Tabellen aller Hnder der Erde, e6. 5,@ _ien@ %*2L.
Fn i ; 8 7 r o ; < n H = I Pupe7 $Pr. nrof. I. RH;uro7nu-@ &onfigura!ia acti
a &re"tinismului, Fn BStu6ii teoo!i"eD@ I $%*(*-@ nr. 2)(@ p. %%*)%((A I6e;@^ B
licile ortodo)e "u snedol privire asupra +isericii ortodo)e nise, Fn BStu6ii
o!i"eD T $%*(*-@ nr. %),@ pT L*)*&A Euse8iu Popo#i"i@ =tatistica +isericeasc#
pi;ent 7 Istoria +isericeasc universal, e6. 7 ,?7@ t. IV@ Bu"ure9ti@ %*,+@ p. '5*)
LISTE CRONOLOGICE
PATRIAR/II DE CONSTANTINOPOL I
Mi47i I Ce ru76e@ ,' ;7rtie %&(2), no#.
%&'+A e:i7t 7 ,% i7n. %&'*
WConst7ntin III Li4u6is@ , fe8r. %&'*?
7u!. %&L2 o7n VI/ 0iiiin@ %
i7n. %&L(),
%&5' Cos;7 I@ 6upH , 7u!. %&5'
)+ ;7i
$retr7s- Iustr7Gie G7ri67s@ ;7i
%&+%)iuie
$retr7s- Ni"o7e III O3r"iini<tes?
Gr7rn;7tPos@ 7u!.
%&+( ) Fn7inte 6e ,( ;7i %%%% [o7n
I0 A!7petos@ ,( ;7i %%%% ) inee
ui 7pr. %%2( Leon St3pes s7u
St3piotes@ ;7i %%2()i7n.
%%(2
Mi47i II Cur"u7s O:itu@ iuie %%(2);7r?
tie %%(L cos;7 II Atti"us@ sfFr9it 7pr.
%%(&),L
fe8r. %%(5 $6epus- fi"o7e IV MuJ7on@
6e". %%(5);7rt. 7pr.
%%'% $retr7s- eo6ot II@ Fntre ;7rt.]7pr.
%%'% 9i 7pr.
%%',A o"t. %%'2)o"t. %%'( eofit I@ o"t.
%%'2 ) finee ui no#. %%'( onst7ntin IV
C4i7renos@ no#. %%'( ) finee ui ;7i
%%'5 i"7 C4r3so#er!is@ 7u!.)o"t. %%'5
)i7n.
%%5& i47i III An"4i7os@ Fn7inte 6e
2& i7n.
%%5&);7rtie %%5+
/7riton Eu!enMotis@ Fntre ;7rtie 9i 7u!.
%%5+A fe8r.)2& iuie %%5* Teo6osie@
Fntre fe8r.)2& iu. %%5*)7u!.
%%+2
V7sie II C7;7teros@ 7u!. %%+2)fe8r. %%+L
Ni"ef7 II Munt7nes@ fe8r. %%+L)fe8r. %%+*
Dositei 6e Ierus7i;@ fe8r. %%+*)$* Jie-
.LeonGin T4eoioPites@ fe8r. $;7rtie- %%+*)
sept. s7u Fn"eput o"t. %%+*)%& sept.
%%*% G4eor!4e II 0ifiFin@ %& sept. %%*%
)5 iuie
%%*+ o7n 0 C7;7teros@ ' 7u!. %%*+
)7pr.];7i
1206
Mi47i IV@ ,& ;7rt. %,C+),L 7u!. %,%(
Teo6or II@ ,+ sept. %,%()2% i7n. %,%L
M7:i; II@ 2 iunie)6e". %,%L M7nuiI I@ i7n.
%,%5);7i]iunie %,,, G4er;7n II@ ,* s7u
2& iunie %,,,)%,(& Meto6iu@ %,(& $trei?
uni- M7nui II@ %,(( ) Fn7inte 6e no#.
%,'( Arsenie $intFi7 o7rH-@ %,'')%,'*
Ni"4ifor II@ Fn7inte 6e i7n. %,L& ) sfFr9it
6e %,L&
Arsene $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ 7u!. I,TF);7i %,L'
G4er;7n III@ ,' ;7i %,L')%( sept. %,LL
Iosif I $FniFi7 o7rH-@ ,+ 6e". %,LL);7i %,5'
o7n II Ve""os@ ,L ;7i %,5'),& 6e". %,+,
IosiF I $7 6on7 o7rH-@ 2% 6e". %,+,),2 ;7rtie
%,+2
I Listee p7tri7r4ior 6eA Const7ntinopo@ Ae:7n6ri7@ Antio4i7 9i Ierus7i; 7u
=t Fnto";ite 6e Pr@ prof. o7n RH;ure7nu.
VeJi 9i = )V. Gru;e@ Trite dEetudes b'%antines# I. Ha &ronologie, P7ris@ %*'+@
p. (2L)((& A
) Petru t. NHsture@ Hista patriar?ilor ortodoc"i< &onstantinopol, Ale
)andria, Antio?ia "i Ierusalim, Bu"ure9ti@ %*(5@ p. %'%)%'5A %'*)
%L& A %L&)%L( A %L5)%L+ A @
) ?V. St7#ri6is@ Qa$aZoR!os no":pi<p?Ru# ... #."u#7T7#?t#oo?oAs"oS Fn B&pT-7?:.E?
uTV.rM a)l N/:Ti:NC EEi)a)lor#ai Set7D@ t. *@ Aten7@ %*LL@ p. +2&)+2(.
?*]%&
7u!.
1081
1084
PATRIARHII DE CO(STA(TI(OPO)
Gri!orie III@ ,+ ;7i %,+2)iunie (,+*
At7n7sie I $FntFi7 o7rH-@ %( o"t. %,+*)%L
o"t. %,*2
Io7n 0II Cos;7@ % i7n. %,*(),% iunie %2&2
At7n7sie I $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ ,2 iunie %2&2)
sept. %2&*
Nifon I@ * ;7i %2%&)%% 7priie %2%( Io7n 0III
G3P3s@ %, ;7i %2%')%% ;7i
%2%*
G4er7si; I@ ,% ;7rtie %2,&),& 7pr. %2,%
Is7i7@ %% no#. %2,,)%2 ;7i %22,. Io7n 0IV
C7e"7@ fe8r. %22(), fe8r. %2(5 Isi6or I@ %5
;7i %2(5)fe8r.];7rtie %2'& C7ist I $FntFi7
o7rH-@ %& iunie %2'&)no#.
%2'2 .iotei CoPPinos $FntFi7 o7rH-@ no#.
%2'2
),, no#. %2'(A 6epus Fn i7n. %2''
C7ist I $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ i7n. %2'')7u!.
%2L2 .iotei CoPPinos $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ +
o"t.
%2L()%25L
M7"7rie I $FntFi7 o7rH-@ %25L)%25* Ni@
sfFr9itu ui %25*)% fe8r. %2++ Antonie IV
$pri;7 o7rH-@ %, i7n. %2+*)
7u!. %2*&
M7"7rie $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ 7u!. %2*&)%2*%
Antonie IV $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ ;7rtie %2*%)
;7i %2*5
C7ist II 07ntopuos@ %5 ;7i %2*5 $2 uni-
M7tei I@ no#. %2*5)7u!. %(%& Euti;ie II@
,'],L o"t. %(%&),* ;7rtie
%(%L
Iosif II@ %(%L)%& iunie %(2* Mitrof7n II@ ( s7u
' ;7i %((&)% 7u!. %((2 Gri!orie III
M7;;7s@ %((2)%('2 $pHrHse9te
Const7ntinopou Fn %('&A
WM?%('*- G4en76ie II S"4o7rios $FntFi7
o7rH-@ % i7n.
%('()L i7n. %('L
Isi6or II@ Fn7inte 6e ;7i %('L)pri;H#7r7
%(L, G4en76ie II S"4o7rios $7 6ou7 o7rH-@
#7r7
ui %(L, ) #7r7 ui %(L2 Sofronie I@
pro878i 7u!. %(L2 ) Fn"eput
7u!. %(L( G4en76ie II S"4o7rios $7 trei7
o7rH-@ 7u!.
%(L()iuie %(L' Io7s7f I@ iuie %(L')
;iMo"@ 7n@ %(LL 2+ ) Istori7
Biseri"e7s"H Uni#ers7H Voi. II
M7r"u II 03o"7r7#is@ ;iMo" 7n. %(L%
7un!7t Fn no# .]6e". %(LL@ 6epus
%' i7n. %(L5 Si;eon I 6e Tre8iJon67
$pri;7 o7rH-@ ne
6e". %(LL)sfFr9it 7n. %(L5
Dionisie I $pri;7 o7rH-@ fine. 6e". %(L
sfFr9it %(5% Si;eon I 6e Tre8iJon67
$7 6ou7 o7rH-@ fi
7n. %(5% s7u Fn"eput %(5,)%& 7
%(5( $S-
R7f7i I@ Fn"eput. %(5')Fn"eput. %(5L
M7:i; III $pri;H#7r7 %(5L)fine. 7n. %.
s7u Fn"eput %(+, Si;eon I 6e
Tre8iJon67 $7 trei7 o7rH-@ "eput. 7n.
%(+,)to7;n7 ui %(+f Nifon II $FntFi7
o7rH-@ "Htre fine. 7n.
)%(++ Dionisie I $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ iuie
%(++)fi=
7n. %(*& M7:i; IV@ Fn"eput@ 7n.
%(*%)in"eM
7n. %(*5 Nifon II $7 6ou7 o7rH-@
#7r7 7n. %(*5
fine. #7r7 7n. %(*+ Io7"4i; I
$pri;7 o7rH-@ pro878i to7
n7 ui %(*+)pro878i pri;H#7r7 %'
Nifon II $7 trei7 o7rH-@ pri;H#7r7 7nu
%'&, P74o;ie I $pri;7 o7rH-@
Fn"eput
%'&2)Fn"eput 7n. %'&( Io7"4i; I $7
6ou7 o7rH-@ Fn"eput@ 7n. %'
)to7;n7 ui %'&( P74o;ie I $7
6ou7 o7rH-@ to7;n7 %'&(
pro878. Fn"Hput. %'%2 Teoipt I@
;iMo" 7n. %'%2)to7;n7 Iui %' Iere;i7 I@
2% 6e". %',,)finee ui %'(' Io7ni"4ie
I@ pro878i pri;H#7r7 ui %'
$p7tri7r4 ne"7noni" Fn ti;pu ui
re;i7 I-
Dionisie II@ %5 7pr. %'(L)6upH 7u!. IS
Io7s7f II@ 6upH 7u!. %''()i7n. %'L'
Mitrof7n III $pri;7 o7rH-@ i7n. %'L'?
;7i %'5, Iere;i7 II $pri;7 o7rH-@ '
;7i %'5,)
no#. %'5* Mitrof7n III $7 6ou7
o7rH-@ ,* no#. %'
)* 7u!. %'+& Iere;i7 n $7 6ou7
o7rH-@ 7u!. %'+&)fine
fe8r. s7u Fn"ep@ ;7rtie %'+(
P74o;ie II@ ,, fe8r. %'+()fe8r. %'+' $p7?
tri7r4 ne"7noni"- Teoipt II@ 7es ,5 fe8r.
FntroniJ7t %& ;7rt.
%'+')7pr.];7i %'+L Iere;i7 II $7 trei7
o7r7-@ Fn"ep@ s7u ;iMi.
7n. %'+5)fine. 7n. %'*' M7tei II
$pri;7 o7rH-@ Fn"ep. fe8r. %'*L
$,& Jie- G78rie I@ pro878. ;7rtie
%'*L)pro878.
fine. 7u!. %'*L
Teof7n I@ fine. fe8r. %'*5),L ;7rtie %'*5
Meetie I Pi!7s@ ,5 ;7rtie], 7pr. %'*5)
;7rt.]7pr. %'*+ $p7tri7r4 6e Ae:7n6ri7@
"4e;7t 7 "on6u"ere7 pro#iJorie 7
Biseri"ii 6e Const7ntinopo- M7tei II $7
6ou7 o7rH-@ 7pr. %'*+)6e".
%L&% s7u i7n.]fe8r. %L&, Neofit II
$pri;7 o7rH-@ Fn"ep. fe8r. %L&,
)Mu;. i7n. %L&2 M7tei II $7 trei7
o7rH-@ i7n.]fe8r. %L&2
$"Fte#7 Jie-
R7f7i II@ fe8r. %L&2)%]%' o"t. %L&5 Neofit
II $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ %' o"t. %L&5)
o"t. %L%,
C4irii I Lu"7ris $pri;7 o7rH-@ o"t. %L%,
$7pro7pe o unH-. $P7tri7r4 6e Ae:7n6ri7@
"4e;7t 7 "on6u"ere7 pro#iJorie 7
Biseri"ii 6e Const7ntinopo- Ti;otei II@
fine. o"t. s7u Fn"ep. no#. %L%,
)2 sept. %L,& C4irii I u"7ris $7
6ou7 o7rH-@ ( no#.
%L,&)%, 7pr. %L,2
Gri!orie IV@ %,. 7pr. %L,2)%+ iunie %L,2
(nti; II@ %+ iunie %L,2),, sept. %L,2
C4irii I Lu"7ris $7 trei7 o7rH-@ ,, sept.
%L,2)( o"t. %L22 ?4iri II $pri;7 o7rH-@
( o"t. %L22)%% o"t.
%L22 =4iri I Lu"7ris $7 p7tr7 o7rH-@
%% o"t.
%L22),' fe8r. %L2( i7n7sie III $pri;7
o7rH-@ ,' fe8r. %L2()
' 7pr. %L2( 4iri I Lu"7ris $7 "in"e7
o7rH-@ Fn"ep.
7pr. %L2()%]%& ;7rtie %L2' iiri II $7
6ou7 o7rH-@ %]%& ;7rtie %L2')
Mu;. iunie %L2L
Fofit III@ Mu;. iunie %L2L)' ;7rtie %L25
tiri I Lu"7ris $7 97se7 o7rH-@ pro878. '
;7rtie %L25),& iunie %L2+ C4irii II $7
trei7 o7rH-@ ,& iunie %L2+)
fine. iunie %L2* P7rtenie I@ % iuie %L2*
)Fn7inte 6e + sept.
%L(( P7rtenie II $pri;7 o7rH-@ + sept.
%L(()%L
no#. %L(L Io7ni"4ie II $pri;7 o7rH-@ %L
no#. %L(L),*
o"t. %L(+ P7rtenie II $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ ,*
o"t. %L(+)
%L ;7i %L'% Io7ni"4ie II $7 6ou7
o7rH-@ Fn"ep@ iunie
%L'%)Mu;. iunie %L', C4irii III
$pri;7 o7rH-@ Mu;. iunie %L',
$+ Jie- At7n7sie III@ 7 trei7 6e"76H 7
unii iunie
%L', $%' Jie- P7isie I $pri;7 o7rH-@
7es Fn iuie@ Fntron.
% 7u!. %L',)Fn"ep. 7pr. %L'2
Io7ni"4ie II $7 trei7 o7rH-@ pri;7 6e"76H
7 ui 7pr. %L'2)Fn"ep@ ;7rtie %L'(
C4irii III $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ Fn"ep@ ;7rtie
%L'( $%( Jie- P7isie I $7 6ou7 o7rH-@
Mu;. ;7rtie %L'(
);7rtie %L'' Io7ni"4ie II $7 p7tr7
o7rH-@ ;7rtie %L'')
6upH Mu;. iu. %L'L
P7rtenie III@ ,L iuie %L'L),( ;7rtie %L'5
G78rie II@ ,2 7pr. %L'5 $+ Jie- P7rtenie IV
$pri;7 o7i7-@ % ;7i %L'5)
fine. iunie %LL,
Dionisie III@ ,* iunie %LL,),% o"t. %L''
P7rtenie IV $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ ,% o"t. %LL')
* sept. %LL5 Ce;ent@ * sept. %LL5
$nere"unos"ut 8ise?
ri"e9te- Mefo6ie III@ ' i7n. %LL*)
Fn"ep@ ;7rtie
%L5% P7rtenie IV $7 trei7 o7rH-@
Fn"ep@ ;7rtie
%L5%)5 sept. %L5% Dionisie IV $pri;7
o7rH-@ %& no#. %L5%)
,' iu. %L52A Fn 6rept pFnH 7 %( 7u!.
1673
G4er7si; II@ %( 7u!. %L52)6e". %L5(
P7rtenie IV $7 p7tr7 o7rH-@ % i7n. %L5')
pro878. ,* iuie %L5L
PATRIAR/II DE CONSTANTINOPOL
Dionisie IV $7 6on7 o7rH-@ ,* iuie %L5L
),* iuie %L5* A Fn 6rept pFnH 7 ,
7u!. %L5*
At7n7sie IV@ 2& iuie)%& 7u!. %L5* $%,
Jie- I7"o8 $pri;7 o7rH-@ %& 7u!. %L5*
)2& iuie
%L+, Dionisie IV $7 trei7 o7rH-@ 2& iuie
%L+,)
%& ;7rtie %L+( P7rtenie IV $7 "in"e7
o7rH-@ %& ;7rtie
%L+(),& ;7rtie %L+' I7"o8 $7 6ou7
o7rH-@ ,& ;7rtie %L+')
sfFr9it. ;7rtie %L+L Dionisie IV $7
p7tr7 o7rH-@ "Htre sfFr9it.
;7rtie %L+L)%, o"t. %L25 I7"o8 $7 trei7
o7rH-@ %, o"t. %L+5)2 ;7rtie %L++ C7ini"
II $pri;7 o7rH-@ 2 ;7rtie %L++)
,5 no#. %L++
Neofit IV@ ,5 no#. %L++)5 ;7rtie %L+*
C7ini" II $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ 5 ;7rtie %L+*)
iu.]7u!. %L*2 Dionisie IV $7 "in"e7
o7rH-@ 7u!. %L*2)
7pr. %L*( C7ini" II $7 trei7 o7rH-@ 7pr.
%L*()7u!.
%5&,
G78rie IV@ Mu;. 7u!. %5&,)%5 o"t. %5&5
Neofit V@ "Htre ,& o"t. %5&5 A nu 7 pHstorit
efe"ti# Cipri7n I $pri;7 o7rH-@
pro878. "Htre ,'
o"t. %5&5)fine. ;7i %5&* At7n7sie V@
pro878. fine. ;7i %5&*)6e".
%5%% C4irii IV@ Fn"ep. 6e". %5%%)
Fn"ep. no#.
%5%2 Cipri7n I $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ Fn"ep.
no#. %5%2
),+ fe8r. %5%(
Cos;7 III@ ,+ fe8r. %5%(),2 ;7rtie %5%L
Iere;i7 III $pri;7 o7rH-@ ,2],' ;7rtie %5%L
),& no#. %5,L P7isie II $pri;7 o7rH-@
,& no#. %5,L)Mu;.
ui sept. %52, Iere;i7 III $7 6ou7
o7rH-@ %' sept. %52,)
6upH Mu;. ui ;7rtie %522 Ser7fi; I@
6upH Mu;. ui ;7rtie %522)
finee sept. %52( Neofit VI $pri;7
o7rH-@ ,5 sept. %52()
7u!. %5(&
P7isie II $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ 7u!. %5(&)
Mu;. ui ;7i %5(2 Neofit VI $7
6ou7 o7rH-@ 6upH Murn
;7i %5(2);7rtie %5(( P7isie II $7
trei7 o7rH-@ ;7rtie %5(R-
sept. %5(+ C4irii V $pri;7 o7rH-@ ,+
sept. %5(+?
e ui ;7i %5'% P7isie II $7 p7tr7
o7rH-@ finee ui f
s7u Fn"ep@ iunie %5'%)sept. %5',
C4irii V $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ Fn"ep. sept.
)%L i7n. %5'5
C7ini" III@ %L i7n. %5'5),,],( iuie
Ser7fi; II@ ,, iuie %5',),L ;7rtie
Io7ni"4ie II@ ,L ;7rtie %5L%),% ;7i
S7;ui I $pri;7 o7rH-@ ,( ;7i %5L2)'
%5L+ Meetie II@ ' no#. %5L+)
pro878. %%
%5L* Teo6osie II@ %% 7pr. %5L*)
pro878. %L
%552 S7;ui I $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ %5
no#. %552
6e". %55(
Sofronie II@ ,( 6e". %55()+ o"t. %5+$
G78rie IV@ + o"t. %5+&),* iunie
Pro"opie I@ ,*]2& iunie s7u % iuie %
)2& 7pr. %5+* Neofit VII $pri;7
o7rH-@ % ;7i %5+*
;7rtie %5*( G4er7si; UI@ 2 ;7rtie
%5*()%* 7pr. Y Gri!orie V $pri;7
o7rH-@ %* 7pr. %5*5?
6e". %5*+ Neofit VII $7 trei7 o7rH-@
%& 6e". %5*+?
iunie %+&% C7ini" IV $pri;7 o7rH-@
%5 iunie %+&f
,, sept. %+&L
Gri!orie V $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ ,2 sept. %+&$f
%& sept. %+&+ C7ini" IV $7 6ou7
o7rH-@ %& sept. %+&R
,2 7pr. %+&*
Iere;i7 IV@ ,2 7pr. %+&*)( ;7rtie %+%N
C4irii VI@ ( ;7rtie %+%2)2 6e". %+%+
Gri!orie V $7 trei7 o7rH-@ %( 6e". %+%E
%& 7pr. %+,%
Eu!en II@ %& 7pr. %+,%),5 iuie %+,,
Anti; III@ ,+ iuie %+,,)* iuie %+,(
/ris7nt I@ * iuie %+,(),L sept. %+,L
A!7t7n!4e I@ ,L sept. %+,L)' iuie %+
Const7ntin I@ L iuie %+2&)%+ 7u!. %+
Const7ntin II@ %+ 7u!. %+2(),L sept. %+2'
Gri!orie VI $pri;7 o7rH-@ ,5 sept. %+2')
,& fe8r. %+(& Anti; IV $pri;7 o7rH-@
,& fe8r. %+(&)L
;7i %+(%
Anti; V@ L ;7i %+(%)%, iunie %+(,
G4er;7n IV $pri;7 o7rH-@ %, iunie %+(%
)%+ 7pr. %+('
Meetie III@ %+ 7pr. %+('),+ no#. %+('
Anti; VI $pri;7 o7rH-@ ( 6e". %+(')%+
o"t. %+(+ Anti; IV $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ %*
o"t. %+(+)
2& o"t. %+', G4er;7n IV $7 6ou7
o7rH-@ % no#. %+',
)%L sept. %+'2 Anti; VI $7 6ou7 o7rH-@
,( sept. %+'2),%
sept. %+''
C4irii VII@ ,% sept. %+'')% iuie %+L&
o7"4i; II $pri;7 o7rH-@ ( o"t. %+L&)%+
7u!. %+L2
Sofronie III@ ,& sept. %+L2)( 6e". %+LL
Gri!orie VI $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ %& fe8r. %+L5)
%& iunie %+5% inti; VI $7 trei7 o7rH-@ '
sept. %+5%)2&
sept. %+52 [o7"4i; II $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ ,2
no#. %+52)'
7u!. %+5+ o7"4i; III $pri;7 o7rH-@ (
oet. %+5+)2&
;7rtie %++(
o7"4i; IV@ % o"t. %++()%( no#. %++L
hionisie V@ ,, i7n. %++5)%5 7u!. %+*%
feofit VIII@ + no#. %+*%),( o"t. %+*(
Lnti; VII@ %* i7n. %+*')2% o"t. %+*L
Const7ntin V@ , 7pr. %+*5),+ ;7rtie %*&%
7"4; III $7 6ou7 o7rH-@ ,' ;7i %*&% )
%2 no#. %*%,
4er;7n V@ ,+ i7n. %*%2)%+ o"t. %*%+
eetie IV@ ,' no#. %*,%),& sept. %*,2
ri!orie VII@ L 6e". %*,2)%5 no#. %*,(
onst7ntin VI@ %5 6e". %*,();7i %*,'
u9ie III@ %2 iuie %*,'),* sept. %*,*
itie II@ 5 o"t. %*,*),* 6e". %*2'
Fni7;in I@ %+ i7n. %*2L)%5 fer. %*(S
7:i; V@ ,& fe8r. %*(L)%5 o"t. %*(+
en7!or7 I@ ,5 no#. %*(*)5 iuie %*5,
nUtrie I $P7p76opouos-@ %L iuie %*5,)
PATRIAR/II DE ALE0ANDRIA
Leontie@ %&', $S-)%&'* $S-
Ae:7n6ru II@ %&'* $S-)%&L, $S-
Io7n IV Co6on7t@ %&L, $S-)%%&& $S-
Euo!iu II@ "Htre %%&&
C4irii@ $S-
S7#7@ %%5
Teo6osie@ $S-
Sofronie III@ %%LL)%%5%
Eeiterie s7u Eie@ %%5')%%+&
M7r"u III@ %%*')%,&*
Ni"o7e I@ Fn7inte 6e fe8r. %,%&)%,(2
Gri!orie I@ %,(2)%,L2
Ni"o7e II@ %,L2)%,5+
At7n7sie II@ %,5L)%2%L
Gri!orie II@ %2%L $S-)%2'( $S-
Gri!orie III@ %2'( $S-)%2LL
Nifon@ %2LL $S-)%2+' $S-
M7r"u IV@ %2+' $S-)%2+* $S-
Ni"o7e IU@ %2+* $S-)%2*+ $S-
Gri!orie IV@ %2*+ $S-)%(%, $S-
Ni"o7e IV@ %(%, $S-)%(%5 $S-
At7n7sie III@ %(%5 $S-)%(,' $S-
M7r"u V@ %(,' $S-)%(2' $S-
.iotei@ %(2' $S-)%('* $S-
M7r"u VI@ %('* $S-?R%(+( $S-
Gri!orie V $%(+( $S-)%(+L $S-
o7"4i;@ L 7u!. %(+5)%'L'
Si#estru@ %, 7pr. %'L*)iuie %'*&
Meetie Pi!7s@ ' 7u!. %'*&)%2 sept. %L&%
C4irii III Lu"7ris@ %L&%)%L,&
G4er7si; I@ 2& no#. %L,&)%L2L
Mitrof7n@ sept. %L2L)7pr.];7i %L2*
Ni"4ifor@ Fn7inte 6e 2& ;7i %L2*)7pr.
%L('
Io7ni"4ie@ * iunie %L(')%' sept. %L'5
P7isie@ %' o"t. %L'5)%L5+ P7rtenie I@ %L5+
)2& iunie %L++ G4er7si; II@ ,' iuie %L++
),& i7n. %5%& S7;ui@ ,, i7n. %5%&)sept.
%5,2 Cos;7 II@ %, sept. %5,2),+ no#.
%525 Cos;7 III@ ' ;7rtie %525)2 iunie
%5(L M7tei@ ,L sept. %5(L)% ;7i %5LL
Cipri7n@ %, iuie %5LL)%5+2 G4er7si; III@
%5+2)L 7u!. %5++ P7rtenie II@ %2 sept.
%5++)* sept. %+&' Teofi III@ * no#.
%+&')%( o"t. %+,' Ierotei I@ %( $S- o"t.
%+,')+ sept. %+('
PATRIARHII DE A(TIOHIA
Ar./mi/? ,5 sept. %+(')2& i7n. %+(5
Ierotei n@ 2% i7n.)%+(5)% i7n. %+'+
C7ini"@ ,L i7n. %+'+),( ;7i %+L% I7"o#@ ,'
;7i %+L%)2% 6e". %+L' Ni"7nor@ %2 i7n.
%+LL),' 6e". %+L* Soronie IV@ 2& ;7i
%+5&),, 7u!. %+** .otie@ %& i7n. %*&&)
(]' sept. %*,' Meetie II@ ,& ;7i %*,L),+
iuie %*2' Ni"o7e V@ %% fe8r. %*2L)%,
;7i %*2* /ristofor II@ ,% iunie %*2*)%+
no#. %*LLA
f ,2 iuie %*L5 Ni"o7e VI
V7reopouos@ %& ;7i %*L+ )
t %% iuie %*+L P7rtenie III@ 7es 7
,5 fe8r. %*+5)
PATRIARHII DE ANTIO/IA
Petru III@ pri;H#7r7 %&', ) 6upH 7u!.
%&'L
Di onisie@ 6upH 7u!. %&'L ) F n7i nt e 6e
%' i7n. %&'5 $nu;it Io7n IV Fn iJ?
#o7ree !eor!iene-
Teo6osie III@ Fn7inte 6e 2& 7u!. %&'5 )
6upH ( 7pr. %&'*
E;ii7n@ %&5()%&5*]%&+&
Ni"4ifor "e ne!ru@ %&5*]%&+&.
Ioan IV s7n V@ %&++]%&+* s7u fe8r. %&*%
)o"t. %%&&.
Io7n V s7u VI@ %%&L)%%2( $S-.
Ln"7@ %%25]%%2+ ) Fn7inte 6e fine. 7n.
%%'L. Soteri"4os P7nteu!enos@ 7es
finee ui
%%'L ) respins % ;7i %%'5. At7n7sie
III@ %%'5 ) ,, iunie %%5%. C4irii II@ %%52)
%%5*. Teo6or IV B7s7;on@ Fn7inte fe8r.
%%+*
)6upH %%*'.
Si;eon II@ Fn7inte 6e %,&L ) 6upH %,2'.
D7#i6@ %,(, $S- ) %,(5 $S-
Efti;ie I@ Fn7inte 6e %,'+ ) "Htre %,5(.
Teo6osie V 6e Vie47r6ouin@ iunie %,5')
%,+2]%,+(
Arsenie@ %,+2]%,+( #? "Htre %,+L.
C4irii in@ ,* iunie %,+5 ) "Htre %2&+.
Dionisie I s7u II@ FntroniJ7t 7 %,+5@ ne?
re"unos"ut 6e Const7ntinopoA titu7r
%2&*)%2%L.
C4irii IV@ $S-
Dionisie II s7n III? $S-
Sofronie@ $S-
I!n7tie II@ Fn7inte 6e no#. %2(( )
inte 6e %2'*. P74o;ie I@ $pri;7
o7rH- Fn7inte
%2'*)%2L+.
Mi47i I@ %2L+ ) %5 7u!. %25'. P74o;ie
I@ $7 6ou7 o7rH- 7u!. %25F
;iMi. 7n. %255. M7r"u I@ ;iMi. 7n.
%255 ) %& 7pr. % P74o;ie I@ $7 trei7
o7rH- 7pr. %25+
%* 6e". %2+L.
Ni@ Fn7inte 6e i7n. %2++ ) $S- Ni"on@ $S-
) %% i7n. %2*'. Mi47i II@ L fe8r. %2*' )
%+ 7pr. %(%= P74o;ie II@ % iunie %(%, $S-
)* o"t. % Io7"4i; I@ %(,()%(,'. M7r"u
II@ %(,L]%(,5 ) $S- Dorotei I@ %(2(]%(2'
) + sept. %('% Mi47i III@ %( sept. %('%
)%('L $S- M7r"u III@ %('L $S- )
%('5]%('+. Io7"4i; II@ Fn7inte 6e
%('+ ) 6upi
iunie %('*. Mi47i IV@ "Htre
%(5&]%(5( ) Fn7inte
%(+(.
Dorotei II@ Fn7inte 6e %(+( ) 6upH %
Mi47i V@ "Htre %',2]%',( ) 6upH
ie %',*.
Dorotei /I@ $S- ) %'2&]%'2%. Io7"4i;
III@ %'2&]%'2% ) Fn7inte 6e n
%'2(. Mi47i VI@ Fn7inte 6e %&
no#. %'2
%'(,]%'(2.
Io7"4i; IV@ %'(,]%'(2 ) 6upH fe8r. %T
M7"7rie II@ $7ntip7tri7r4- %'(2 $S-
%''& $S- Mi47i VII@ Fn7inte 6e %5
iun. %'5L
,' 6e". %'*,. Io7"4i; V@
$7ntip7tri7r4- Fn7inte 6e
;7i %'+% ) 5 o"t. %'*,.
Io7"4i; VI@ Fn7inte 6e fe8r. %'*2)f
Dorotei IV@ %L&()%L%, At7n7sie II@
Fn7inte 6e sfFr9it. 7u!. %L%
1620.
I!n7tie III@ %&],( ;7i %L,& ) 7pr. ie
C4irii IV@ $7ntip7tri7r4- %&],( ;7i %L,
%L,5. Efti;ie II@ Fn"ep@ ;7i %L2(
) Fn"ep@ 6
%L2(.
*+ PATRIAR/II DE IERUSALIM
[fti;ie III@ finee 6e". %L2( ) Fn"ep.
6e". %L(5. tf7"7rie III@ %, 6e". %L(5
) %, iunie
%L5,. =4iri V@ $pri;7 o7rH- , iuie
%L5, )
no#. %L5,.
\eoiit@ %L5,)%L+, $S- =4iri V@ $7 6on7
o7rH- %L+, $S- ) '
i7n. %5,&. Lt7n7sie III@ $7ntip7tri7r4-
$pri;7 o7rH-
,' i7n. %L+' ) o"t. %L*(. U7n7sie III@
$7 6ou7 o7rH- i7n. %5,&)
%2 iuie %5,(.
/#estru@ %5 sept. %5,( ) %2 ;7rtie %5LL.
ii;on@ ,+ 7pr. %5LL ) ' iuie %5L5.
7nii@ L 7u!. %5L5 ) %' 6e". %5*%.
inte;ios@ sfFr9it. 6e". %5*% ) ,& iuie
%+%2.
er7fi;@ 7u!. %+%2 ) %* fe8r. %+,2.
eto6ie@ %2 ;7i %+,2 ) ,( iunie %+'&.
Mrotei@ o"t. %+'& ) %+ ;7rtie %++'.
i4er7si;@ 2& ;7i %++' ) ,5 fe8r. %+*%.
piri6on@ , o"t. %+*( ) fe8r. s7u ;7rtie
%+*+.
@eetie II@ %' 7pr. %+** ) ,L i7n. %*&L
\ri!orie IV /76676@ ' iunie %*&L ) %,
6e". %*2&. \e:7n6ru III@ 2& i7n. %*2%
) %+ iunie
%*'+. Neo6osie VI@ ,2 no#. %*'+ ) W$W
%* sept.
%*5&. ie IV@ $Ei7s Mo7u76- ,' sept.
%*5& )
,% iunie %*5*. Gf n7Gie IV
/7Ji;@ + iuie %*5*.
PATRIAR/II DE IERUSALIM
i"4ifor I@ iuie %&,& ) 6upH %&(+.
o7ni"4ie@ $S-
ofroni e II@ F n7i nt e 6e %&'* ) 6upH
%&L(.
ift;ie I@ $S- ) 6upH %&+2.
i;eon II@ Fn7inte 6e %&*, ) iunie]iu?
ie %&** $pHrHse9te Ierus7i;u \7
finee ui %&*5-.
o7n VIII@ "Htre %&*+)%%&L]%%&5 $S-
7#7@ $S- ) %%%5]%%%+ $S-
\i"o7e@ fe8r. %%,L ) ,L i7n. %%'L $S-
o7n I0@ $S- )W %, ;7i %%'5 $S-
Ni"4i\or II@ , ;7rtie %%LL ) , iuie
%%5% $S- LeonGiu@ "Htre %%5( s7u %%5'
) %( ;7i
%%+( $%%+'-. Dositei I@ Fn7inte 6e
%%+5 ) sept.]o"t.
%%+*. M7r"u II@ finee 7n. %%+* s7u
Fn"ep.
%%*& ) ,( fe8r. %%*' $S- Efti;ie@
$S- ) ;ort 7 MFnHstire7 Sin7i@
"Htre %,,,.
At7n7sie II@ $S- ) %,2' $S-
Sofronie III@ $S-
Gri!orie I@ %,52 ) #7r7 ui %,+' $S-
T76eu@ $S- ) %,*L $S- At7n7sie III@ $pri;7
o7rH- %2&2 $S- )
Fn7inte 6e %2&+.
G78rie Vrou7s@ $S- ) Fn7inte 6e %2&*.
At7n7sie III@ $7 6ou7 o7rH- %2&+ ) $S-
Gri!orie II@ $S- ) %2,, $S- L7JHr I@
$pri;7 o7rH- $S- ) 6epus $S- G4er7si;@
$S- ) Fn7inte 6e %2(% $7un!7t-. L7JHr
I@ $7 6ou7 o7rH- Fn7inte 6e %2(,)
%2L5 $S- Dorotei I@ %255]%25+)%(&,
$po7te pFnH
Fn %(%,-.
Teofi@ Fntre %(%*)%(,( $S- Teof7nII@ $S- )
%(2& $S- Io7"4i;@ %(25)%(L( $S- A#r77;@
$S- ) %(L+. I7"o8@ $S- ) %(+,. Gri!orie III@
$S- M7r"u III@ $S- ) %'&' $S- Dorotei II@
$D- 6upH %'&')%'(2. G4er;7n@ %'(2)
%'5*. Sofronie IV@ %'5*)%L&+. Teof7n III@
%L&+ ) %' 6e". %L((. P7isie@ ,2 ;7rtie
%L(' ) , 6e". %LL&. Ne"t7rie@ ,' i7n.
%LL%)%LL*. Dositei II Not7rH@ ,2 i7n.
%LL* ) 5
fe8r. %5&5. /ris7nt Not7rH@ + fe8r.
%5&5 ) 5 fe8r.
%52%.
Meetie@ %52%)%525.
P7rtenie@ ;7rtie %525 ) %5 o"t. %5LL.
Efre; II@ 6e". %5LL ) %' 7pr. %55&.
SoFronie V@ %5 7pr. %55&)%55'. A#r7;ie
II@ iunie %55' ) , no#. %5+5.
PAPII DE LA ROMA
Pro"opie I@ 6e". %5+5 ) ,2 o"t. %5++
Anti;@ ,2 o"t. %5++ ) %& no#. %+&+.
Poi"7rp@ no#. %+&+ ) 2 i7n. %+,5.
At7n7sie V@ i7n. %+,5 ) %L 6e". %+((.
C4irii II@ %L ;7rtie %+(')%+5,. Pro"opie
II@ %+5,)%+5'. Ierotei@ %' .iunie %+5' )
%% iunie %++, Ni"o6i;@ %++2)%+*&.
G4er7si;@ %' fe8r. %+*% ) * fe8r. %+*5.
D7;i7n@ %& iunie %+*5 ) t %( 7u!. %*2%.
Ti;otei@ ,L iuie %*2' ) 2%c 6e". %*''.
Bene6i"t@ ,* i7n. %*'5 ) %& 6e". %*+&.
Dio6or@ $"7 ;ire7n D7;i7n O7ri#7is-
W7es 7 %L fe8r. %*+% 9i FntroniJ7t 7 %
;7rtie %*+%.
PAPII DE LA ROMA I
Leon I0@ %&(+ ) %* 7pr. %&'(
Vi"tor II@ %L 7pr. %&'')%&'5
tef7n I0@ %&'5)%&'+.
Bene6i"t 0@ %&'+)%&'*
Ni"o7e II@ %&'*)%&L%.
Ae:7n6ru II@ %&L%)%&52.
/onoriu II@ $7ntip7pH- %&L%)%&5,.
Sf. Gri!orie VII@ %&52)%&+'.
Ce;ent III@ $7ntip7pH- %&+()%%&&.
Vi"tor III@ %&+L)%&+5.
Ur87n II@ %&++)%&**.
P7s"7 II@ %&**)%%%+.
Teo6ori"@ $7ntip7pH- %%&&)%%&,.
A8ert@ $7ntip7pH- %%&,.
Si#estru IV@ $7ntip7pH- %%&')%%%%.
Ge7siu II@ %%%+)%%%*.
Gri!ore VIII@ $7ntip7pH- %%%+)%%,%.
C7i:t II@ %%%*)%%,(.
/onoriu /I@ %%,()%%2&.
Ceestin II@ $7ntip7pH- %%,(.
Ino"enGiu II@ %%2&)%%(2.
An7"et II@ $7ntip7pH- %%2&)%%2+.
Vi"tor IV@ $7ntip7pH- %%2+.
Ceestin II@ %%(2)%%((.
Lu"iu II@ %%(()%%('.
Eu!eniu III@ %%(')%%'2.
An7st7siu IV@ %%'2)%%'(.
/76ri7n IV@ %%'()%%'*.
Ae:7n6ru III@ %%'*)%%+%. Vi"tor IV@ $7
6ou7 o7rH- %%'*)%%L( P7s"7 III@
$7ntip7pH- %%L()%%L+. WC7ist III@
$7ntip7pH- %%L+)%%5+. Ino"enGiu III@
$7ntip7pH- %%5*)%%+&. Lu"iu IU@ %%+%)
%%+'. Z Ur87n /I@ %%+')%%+5. Gri!ore
VIII@ %%+5. Ce;ent III@ %%+5)%%*%.
Ceestin III@ %%*%)%%*+. Ino"enGiu III@
%%*+)%,%L. /onoriu III@ %,%L)%,,5.
Gri!ore I0@ %,,5)%,(%. Ceestin IV@ ,'@
0@ ) %&. 0I. %,(%. InoeenGiu IV@ %,(2)
%,'(. Ae:7n6ru IV@ %,'()%,L%. Ur87n
IV@ %,L%)%,L'. Ce;ent IV@ %,L')%,L+.
Gri!ore 0@ %,5%)%,5L. Ino"enGiu V. %,5L.
/76ri7n V@ %,5L. @ Io7n 00I@ %,5L)%,55.
Ni"o7e III@ %,55)%,+&. M7rtin IV@ %,+%)
%,+'. /onoriu IV@ %,+')%,+5. Ni"o7e IV@
%,++)%,*,. Sf. Ceestin V@ '. VII@ )
%2. 0II. i= Bonif7"iu VIII@ %,*()%2&2.
Bene6i"t 0I@ %2&2)%2&(. Ce;ent V@ $7
A#i!non- %2&')%2%( Io7n 00II@ $7
A#i!non- %2%L)%22(. Ni"o7e V@
$7ntip7pH- %2,+)%22&. Bene6i"t 0II@ $7
A#i!non- %22()%2( Ce;ent VI@ $7
A#i!non-@ %2(,)%2',. Ino"enGiu VI@ $7
A#i!nonk %2',)%2C Ur87n VI@ $7
A#i!non- %2L,)%25&. Gri!ore 0I@ $7
Ro;7 9i A#i!non- %2
%25+.
Ur87n VI@ $7 Ro;7- %25+)%2+*.
Ce;ent VII@ $7ntip7pH 7 A#i!
%25+)%2*(.
Bonif7"iu I0@ %2+*)%(&(. Bene6i"t
0III $7ntip7pH 7 A#i"
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