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II
Cuprins
CUPRINS
EDITORIAL
TERAPIA CU AGENI BIOLOGICI N BOALA INFLAMATORIE
INTESTINAL PROFILUL PACIENTULUI.............................................................................491
Cristina Cijevschi, Ctlina Mihai
Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Gr. T. Popa Iai
Centrul de Gastroenterologie i Hepatologie
Spitalul Universitar Sf. Spiridon Iai
ARTICOLE DE SINTEZ
VALOAREA LAPAROSCOPIEI DIAGNOSTICE N NEOPLASMUL
COLORECTAL..................................................................................................................................494
M. Brbulescu (1,2), L. Alecu (3)
(1) Doctorand al Universitii de Medicin i Farmacie Gr.T.Popa Iai n cotutel cu Universitatea
de Medicin i Farmacie Carol Davila Bucureti
(2) Clinica Chirurgie I, Spitalul Universitar de Urgen Militar Central Dr. Carol Davila Bucureti
(3) Spitalul Militar de Urgen "Prof.Dr. Agrippa Ionescu" Bucureti
TRATAMENTUL MULTIMODAL AL CANCERULUI RECTAL ALEGEREA
UNUI PROTOCOL TERAPEUTIC.................................................................................................511
Lili-Gabriela Lozneanu
Doctorand Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Gr.T.Popa Iai
ARTICOLE ORIGINALE
CRITERII MORFOMETRICE N EVALUAREA FROTIURILOR MAMARE.......................526
Daniela Mihalache (1,2), Simona-Eliza Giuc (3), Carmen Ionescu (4),
Irina-Draga Cruntu (4), Adriana Grigora (4)
(1) Doctorand Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Gr.T. Popa Iai
(2) Serviciul de Anatomie Patologic i Prosectur, Spitalul Judeean Brila
(3) Spitalul Clinic Judeean de Urgen Sibiu
(4) Disciplina Histologie, Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Gr.T. Popa Iai
VALOAREA PROGNOSTIC A PROTEINEI CAPSIDE L1 A VIRUSULUI
PAPILLOMA UMAN (HPV) N LEZIUNILE PRECANCEROASE CERVICALE..................534
Raluca Balan (1), Ludmila Liliac (1), Nicoleta Simion (1), V. Gheorghi (2),
Roxana Avdanei (1), Adriana Grigora (1), Cornelia Amlinei (1)
(1) Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Gr.T.Popa Iai, Disciplina de Histologie
(2) Spitalul Clinic de Obstetric i Ginecologie Elena Doamna Iai
III
Cuprins
IV
Cuprins
Cuprins
VI
Cuprins
ARTICOLE MULTIMEDIA
BOALA HEMOROIDAL - DE-A LUNGUL ISTORIEI.............................................................698
ISTORIA CHIRURGIEI
LA MULI ANI, DOMNULE PROFESOR!...................................................................................703
E. Trcoveanu
RECENZII I NOUTI
AL VI-LEA CONGRES NAIONAL AL ASOCIAIEI ROMNE DE
CHIRURGIE ENDOSCOPIC I ALTE TEHNICI INTERVENIONALE
(A.R.C.E.)............................................................................................................................................706
23-26 noiembrie 2011, Bucureti, www.arce.ro
TRANSPLANTUL HEPATIC. IRINEL POPESCU (sub red.).....................................................710
Ed. Academiei Romne, Bucureti 2011
ISBN 978-973-27-2054-7
ATLAS CHIRURGIA ONCOLOGIC A TUMORILOR CAPULUI I
GTULUI N IMAGINI. GHEORGHE BRN........................................................................712
Ed. Europress Chiinu 2011, 328 pagini,
ISBN 978-9975-51-218-3
AL XI-LEA CONGRES AL ASOCIAIEI CHIRURGILOR "N. ANESTIADI"
DIN REPUBLICA MOLDOVA........................................................................................................714
27-30 septembrie 2011, Chiinu
11th MEDITERRANEAN & MIDDLE EASTERN ENDOSCOPIC
SURGERY ASSOCIATION CONGRESS.......................................................................................717
17-19 noiembrie 2011, Catania, Italia
GIST GOALS......................................................................................................................................720
Changing the Roadmap for GIST Survival
21-23 October 2011, Athenaeum InterContinental Atena, Grecia
VII
VIII
Editorial
491
Editorial
492
Editorial
4. Peyrin-Biroulet L, Deltenre P, de Suray N, Branche J, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF. Efficacy and
safety of tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Crohn's disease: metaanalysis of placebocontrolled trials. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008; 6(6): 644-653.
5. Dignass A, Van Assche G, Lindsay JO, Lmann M, Sderholm J, Colombel JF, Danese S,
D'Hoore A, Gassull M, Gomolln F, Hommes DW, Michetti P, O'Morain C, Oresland T,
Windsor A, Stange EF, Travis SP; European Crohn's and Colitis Organisation (ECCO). The
second European evidence based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohns
disease: current management. J Crohn Colitis 2010; 4(1):28-62.
6. Lichtenstein GR, Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ; Practice Parameters Committee of American
College of Gastroenterology. Management of Crohns disease in adults. Am J Gastroenterol
2009; 104(2): 465-483.
7. D'Haens GR, Panaccione R, Higgins PD, Vermeire S, Gassull M, Chowers Y, Hanauer SB,
Herfarth H, Hommes DW, Kamm M, Lfberg R, Quary A, Sands B, Sood A, Watermeyer G,
Lashner B, Lmann M, Plevy S, Reinisch W, Schreiber S, Siegel C, Targan S, Watanabe M,
Feagan B, Sandborn WJ, Colombel JF, Travis S. The London position Statement of the World
Congress of Gastroenterology on biological therapy for IBD with the European Crohns and
Colitis organization: when to start, when to stop, which drug to choose and how to predict
response? Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106(2): 199-212.
8. Beaugerie L, Seksik P, Nion-Larmurier I, Gendre JP, Cosnes J. Predictors of Crohns disease.
Gastroenterology 2006; 130(3): 650-656.
9. Loly C, Belaiche J. Predictors of severe Crohns disease. Scand J Gastroenterol 2008; 43(8):
948-954.
10. Allez M, Lemann M, Bonnet J et al. Long term outcome of patients with active Crohns
diseaseexhibiting extensive and deep ulcerations at colonoscopy. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;
97(4): 947-953.
11. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy
for Crohns disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 362(15): 13831395.
12. Lewis JD. The utility of biomarkers in the diagnosis and therapy of inflammatory bowel disease.
Gastroenterology 2011; 140(6): 1817-1826.
13. Spivak J, Landers CJ, Vasiliauskas EA, Abreu MT, Dubinsky MC, Papadakis KA, Ippoliti A,
Targan SR, Fleshner PR. Antibodies to I2 predict clinical response to fecal diversion in Crohn's
disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12(12): 1122-1130.
14. Vermeire S. Severe Crohn's disease. 8th IBD Intensive Advanced Course 2010; 81-85.
493
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INTRODUCERE
Diversificarea i dezvoltarea din ultimii ani de zile a opiunilor terapeutice n
cancerul colorectal a impus n primul rnd existena unui diagnostic ct mai precis al
localizrii leziunii i al extensiei ei locale i mai ales a diseminrii neoplazice la
distan.
Managementul adecvat al neoplaziei rectocolonice implic stadializarea ct mai
precis a leziunii n vederea alegerii tratamentului de elecie chirurgical sau
chinioradioterapic specific fiecrui caz n parte, fie curativ ori paliativ. n pofida
progreselor tehnice realizate n ultimii ani, mijloacele de investigaie imagistice
moderne cum ar fi ecografia transparietal, tomografia computerizat sau rezonana
magnetic nuclear, i uneori chiar PET, au o sensibilitate ce nu depete de multe ori
80% n evaluarea diseminrii neoplaziilor abdominale, n special a leziunilor
infracentimetrice [1].
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Acest fapt atrage dup sine eecul privind aprecierea preoperatorie adecvat a
bilanului lezional i implicit a rezecabilitii tumorii, fapt care determin efectuarea
multor laparatomii inutile, cu toate complicaiile ce decurg de aici i/sau schimbarea
intraoperatorie a tacticii chirurgicale stabilie preoperator [1].
A fost meritul laparoscopiei diagnostice s umple golul lsat n aprecierea
corect a stadializrii neoplasmelor colorectale dar i a altor neoplazii abdominale.
Asocierea la ecografiei laparoscopice cu transductor flexibil liniar, care a cptat avnt
n ultimii ani, a reprezentat un important pas nainte i a nlturat reproul adus
laparoscopiei cu privire la feedback-ul tactil al tumorii cu care chirurgul era obinuit n
chirurgia deschis [1].
Dac la mijlocul anilor 90 mai erau nc destule voci medicale care puneau la
ndoial utilitatea i sigurana abordrii laparosopice a patologiei maligne colorectale
comparativ cu chirurgia deschis, dup publicarea n ultimii ani a rezultatelor la distan
a unor largi trialuri multicentrice randomizate prospective COST [2], COLOR [3] sau
CLASICC [4,5], nimeni nu mai poate contesta fezabilitatea oncologic i avantajele
unei astfel de abordri.
Rezultatele la distan ale acestor largi trialuri au demonstrat c ngrijorarea de
la nceputurile introducerii laparoscopiei n managementul cancerului colorectal privind
o frecven crescut a metastazelor de trocar este nejustificat, rata acestor metastaze
fiind comparabil statistic cu cea a metastazelor parietale din chirurgia deschis. Astfel,
o metaanaliz recent [6] efectuat pe 12 studii randomizate relevante n chirurgia
laparoscopic pentru cancer colorectal publicate ntre anii 1990 i 2011, avnd o
perioad medie de follow-up de cel puin 3 ani, a constatat o frecven cumulativ a
metastazelor de trocar de doar 0,92 % (20 de cazuri din 2167 pacieni) comparabil
statistic cu cea a metastazelor parietale din lotul nsumat de 1908 pacieni cu rezecii
colorectale deschise de 0,26 %.
Nu exist nici un dubiu cu privire la valoarea deosebit diagnostic a
laparoscopiei n chirurgia general, gastroenterologie i oncologie [7], ori patologia
neoplazic colorectal se afl tocmai la intersecia domeniilor de interes ale acestor
specialiti. Beneficiul maxim al procedurii ar fi dac chirurgii ar putea utiliza de rutin
aceast facilitate diagnostic n activitatea lor mai ales c, precum se afirm, chirurgia a
intrat deja ntr-o nou er, era laparoscopiei.
S-ar putea stabili cu certitudine diagnosticul ntr-un mod simplu i sigur, ceea
ce-ar influena benefic managementul pacientului. Deasemenea, prin stabilirea cu
certitudine ntr-un mod miniinvaziv a invaziei locale sau metastazrii peritoneale,
ganglionare sau hepatice a cancerului colorectal, s-ar putea evita n unele cazuri
depite chirurgical laparotomii inutile i/sau efectua manevre paliative laparoscopice
de tipul colostomiei laparoscopice [8], s-ar reduce costurile totale ale tratamentului att
prin reducerea morbiditii i recuperarea postoperatorie mai rapid a pacientului, dar i
prin faptul c s-ar putea limita folosirea ca metod de diagnostic costisitoare financiar
imagistica medical modern [7], laparoscopia diagnostic fiind creditat ca avnd o
mai mare acuratee n decelarea leziunilor neoplazice metastatice intraabdominale de
dimensiuni infracentimetrice dect generaia curent de computer tomografe [9].
Utilizarea laparoscopiei necesit echipament specific i personal medical
specializat, dar trebuie spus c stpnirea metodei laparoscopice ar trebui s fiu un
atribut al oricrui chirurg doritor s practice o chirurgie modern, minim invaziv.
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DATE ISTORICE
Actul de natere al acestei metode de investigaie a abdomenului a fost semnat
de ctre George Kelling, care a realizat prima celioscopie n anul 1901 folosind un
cistoscop i pneumoperitoneul cu aer, denumit plastic de ctre Wegner emfizem
abdominal [10]. La puin timp dup aceea, D.E. von Otto descrie un procedeu de
iluminare i inspecie a cavitii abdominale, pe care l denumete ventroscopie.
n 1944, Kurt Semm permite aplicarea mai facil n practic a metodei prin
introducerea unui dispozitiv automat de insuflare a gazului intraperitoneal [11]. Este
meritul lui Fourestier de a mbuntii laparoscopia prin introducerea n 1952 a sursei
de lumin rece, de xenon, evitnd astfel un inconvenient major de pn atunci,
arsurile viscerelor abdominale. Cel care avea s revoluioneze ns metoda i chirurgia
laparoscopic este fr ndoial chirurgul francez Dubois, care n 1988 a realizat
cuplarea laparoscopului la o camer miniaturizat, transpunnd astfel imaginea cavitii
abdominale pe monitorul video TV i deschiznd astfel drumul spre performanele de
astzi ale laparoscopiei [11]. Prima raportare a unei serii de 20 colectomii
laparoscopice a avut loc n septembrie 1991 de ctre Moises Jacobs et al. [12], care a
profeit nc de atunci c laparoscopia colorectal va deveni n timp la fel de popular
precum colecistectomia laparoscopic.
TERMINOLOGIE
n practica clinic exist mai multe aspecte ale utilizrii laparoscopiei
(celioscopiei dup terminologia francez) cu suprapunerea sau sinonimia unor termeni
cum ar fi laparoscopia exploratorie, laparoscopia diagnostic i laparoscopia de
stadializare.
Putem vorbim de o laparoscopie exploratorie atunci cnd intervenia
chirurgical este programat a se desfura laparoscopic i ca timp iniial dup insuflare
i introducerea laparoscopului se procedeaz la videoinspecia ntregii cavitii
peritoneale cu scopul de a se descoperi i alte leziuni noi sau metastaze la distan i a
se stabili conduita terapeutica de urmat. Toate laparoscopiile terapeutice ar trebui s
includ ca prim timp laparoscopia exploratorie. Chiar i atunci cnd diagnosticul
preoperator este cunoscut trebuie acordat toat atenia explorrii laparoscopice a
ntregii caviti peritoneale pentru descoperirea leziunilor asociate ale altor organe.
Astfel, s-au raportat serii ntregi de colecistectomii laparoscopice pentru litiaz biliar la
care laparoscopia exploratorie prealabil nu s-a efectuat cu atenie, rezultatul fiind
diagnosticarea postoperatorie a unor afeciuni care au fost ratate la momentul
colecistectomiei i din care unele ar fi putut fi rezolvate laparoscopic atunci. Un studiu
din 2000, arta c, dintr-un lot de 3425 de pacieni colecistectomizai laparoscopic 10 au
fost diagnosticai ntre 1 sptmn i 24 de luni postoperator cu neoplazii abdominale,
din care 3 cancere de sigmoid ce au ulterior rezecate dar i 2 cazuri de cancer pancreatic
care erau la acel moment diagnostic depite chirurgical [13]. Alte studii, efectuate tot
pe loturi de colecistectomii laparoscopice (un act chirurgical relativ facil n care se sare
pe leziune n dauna laparoscopiei exploratorii prealabile), relevau nsumat 57 de
cancere intraabdominale nediagnosticate la momentul interveniei , din care 46 % erau
localizate pe colon, 30 % neoplasme gastrice i 14 % cancere pancreatice [13-16].
Termenul de laparoscopia diagnostic se poate rezerva cel mai bine situaiei n
care pacientul nu are un diagnostic stabilit cu certitudine sau explorrile imagistice nu
sunt concludente, ceea ce ar fi apanajul, n cazul cancerului colorectal, a unor simptome
acute abdomenul acut nontraumatic, care ar impune chirurgia de urgen.
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ACKNOLEDGEMENTS
Articolul de fa face parte din teza de doctorat intitulat Valoarea
laparoscopiei n diagnosticul i tratamentul neoplasmului colorectal, conductor
tiinific Prof. Dr. Eugen Trcoveanu, Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie
Gr.T.Popa Iai n cotutel cu Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Carol Davila
Bucureti.
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CHEMOTHERAPY,
Coresponden: Dr. Lili-Gabriela Lozneanu, medic primar chirurgie general, doctorand Universitatea de
Medicin i Farmacie Gr.T.Popa Iasi, Clinica I Chirurgie, Sp. Sf. Spiridon, str. Independenei, nr. 1,
700111, e-mail: lili_lozneanu@yahoo.com*.
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INTENIA TRATAMENTULUI
Exist dou modaliti de tratament: cu intenie curativ sau paliativ.
Ocazional, intenia curativ poate fi deliberat compromis, fie datorit comorbiditilor
asociate, prea severe pentru a permite o rezecie standard n deplin siguran, fie
datorit refuzului pacientului de a accepta protocolul standard cu intenie curativ.
Intenia curativ, n tratamentul cancerului rectal, impune rezecia i/sau ablaia
esutului neoplazic n ntregime, fiind asigurat de o rezecie R0, de obicei sub forma
unei rezecii radicale standard (rezecie anterioar-AR sau rezecie abdomino-perineal
APR). n trecut, stadiul IV al cancerului rectal excludea intenia potenial curativ, dar
aceast dogm a fost pus sub semnul ntrebrii cnd s-a dovedit c metastazele(MTS)
izolate, hepatice sau pulmonare, pot fi rezecate, fie sincron cu tumora primar, fie prin
operaii secveniale, cu o rat de supravieuire la 5 ani de 25-40% din pacieni [3].
n prezent, cazurile care erau odat o indicaie clar pentru ngrijire doar
paliativ, sunt adesea abordate printr-o terapie agresiv multimodal, cu intenia de a
ameliora stadiul bolii, pn la punctul n care poate fi aplicat o chirurgie cu viz
curativ.
OPIUNI ALE TRATAMENTULUI MULTIMODAL
Chirurgia rmne principala modalitate de tratament n cancerul rectal, dei
asistm la o extindere a rolul radioterapiei, chimioterapiei i a noilor ageni biologici
I. OPIUNILE CHIRURGICALE
Decizia de a apela la o rezecie radical standard, la o excizie local sau o
operaie extins sau la o intervenie paliativ, se bazeaz n principal pe evaluarea
preterapeutic. Chirurgului i revine rolul critic de a alege, printr-o judecat matur,
abordarea optimal, i el devine, astfel, determinantul primar al rezultatului pentru
pacientul cu cancer de rect. Ca membru al echipei multidisciplinare, dup evaluarea
datelor preliminare, chirurgul cu experien poate identifica potenialele provocri
tehnice i estima, n limite rezonabile, necesitatea efecturii unei anastomoze primare,
cu sau fr diversie fecal proximal temporar, comparativ cu o colostomie
permanent. n majoritatea cazurilor se impune o rezecie radical standard (AR sau
APR), dar uneori sunt indicate proceduri locale de tratament. Informaiile obinute pot
alerta chirurgul asupra necesitii de a modifica tehnicile standard pentru a rspunde mai
bine particularitilor cancerului rectal; de exemplu, tipul histologic cu celule n inel cu
pecete va impune coborrea limitei de excizie distal, iar patologia colonic sincron
poate impune o colectomie extins.Un aspect important, care trebuie considerat cu
obiectivitate i discutat onest cu pacientul, este impactul anticipat al tratamentului
chirurgical prefigurat, asupra continenei fecale i asupra funciilor urinare i sexuale.Un
pacient cu incontinen fecal sau afectare preexistent a sfincterului poate beneficia
mai degrab de o APR i colostomie, dect de un efort bine intenionat, dar eroic in
concepie, de a salva sfincterul printr-o RA joas sau ultrajoas (LAR/uLAR). n
corelaie cu extensia locoregional, pot fi indicate rezecii multiviscerale. n raport cu
magnitudinea acestora, chirurgul poate solicita expertize suplimentare colegilor
specialiti n chirurgie hepatic, plastic, urologie, ginecologie, chirurgie toracic sau
altele.
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II.CONTROVERSE
n prezent, principalele controverse privind tratamentul multimodal al cancerului
rectal sunt:
1. Criteriile de selecie a tumorilor (cnd va crete terapia multimodal posibilitatea
de a realiza o rezecie R0 sau va mbunti rezultatele oncologice, funcionale
sau calitatea vieii pacientului?);
2. Timing-ul tratamentului (ar trebui s fie preoperator, postoperator sau ambele?);
3. Dozele i cursul radioterapiei (continu sau de scurt durat);
4. Alegerea chimioterapiei i agenilor biologici;
5. Utilizarea chimioterapiei n conjuncie cu tratamentul chirurgical local;
6. Dac marginea de siguran chirurgical distal ar trebui s aib la baz
evaluarea preterapeutic sau pe cea post-radio-chimioterapie neoadjuvant;
7. Dac un rspuns complet la radio-chimioterapie neoadjuvant, este suficient
pentru urmrirea pacientului, fr a mai aplica un tratament chirurgical radical.
III. ROLUL RADIOTERAPIEI N OPTIMIZAREA REZULTATELOR
CHIRURGIEI RADICALE
Recidiva local i/sau metastazele la distan survin la 50% din pacienii cu
cancer rectal.Invazia profund n peretele rectal, precum i prezena adenopatiilor
metastatice sunt factori de prognostic negativ.n absena adenopatiilor, rata de recidiv
pelvin este de 5-19% n stadiul I, de 15-30% n stadiul II, iar n stadiul III, incidena
crete la peste 50% [4-6]. Radioterapia (RT) este utilizat pentru a steriliza focarele
neoplazice microscopice i a reduce riscul de recidiv local.Rezecia chirurgical a
reprezentat mult timp singura modalitate terapeutic n carcinoamele rectale.Adugarea
RT a demonstrat, la pacienii cu boal avansat loco-regional, o ameliorare
semnificativ a controlului local, dar fr rsunet asupra supravieuirii globale [6].
Cercetarea rolului asocierii RT preoperatorii la chirurgia radical cu excizia
totala a mezorectului (TME) a artat reducerea ratei recurenelor locale de la 10,9% n
grupul tratat doar prin chirurgie la 5,6% n grupul cu RT asociat,dar nu s-au semnalat
diferene n ratele de supravieuire a pacienilor [7].
Rata complicaiilor acute i tardive postoperatorii a fost mai mare fa de
pacienii tratai chirurgical per-primam (48% vs. 41%, p=0,008). Majoritatea
complicaiilor nregistrate au constat n ntrzierea vindecrii plgii perineale (29
vs.18%), tulburri ale funciei sexuale la ambele sexe, precum i tulburri ale defecaiei
[8]. Ocluzia intestinal a fost una din cele mai frecvente complicaii [9].
Asocierea RT a artat beneficii mai mari la pacienii cu CR in stadiul III
comparativ cu stadiul lI (scderea ratelor de recidiv de la 20, 6% la 1,7%), i pentru
localizrile n poriunea mijlocie a rectului (intre 5 si 10 cm de marginea anal),
(scderea ratelor de recidiv de la 13,7% la 3,7%). Avantajele conferite de RT
preoperatorie sunt mai consistente n condiiile unui tratament chirurgical standard (cu
TME) [5].
Radioterapia ar putea fi omis dac examenul patologic al piesei de exerez
relev un mezorect intact, cu margini de rezecie radiale adecvate (>2mm), o penetrare
tumoral minim n grsimea perirectal, un numr adecvat de ganglioni limfatici
regionali negativi (>12), situaia unor tumori moderat i bine difereniate [6].
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timp de 4 sptmni, rata de recidiv local la 5 ani fiind redus la jumatate (6%
vs.13%) [11].
Incidena toxicitii pe termen lung, n special cea gastro-intestinal, este mai
mic n favoarea grupului tratat preoperator.
CHT- RT preoperatorie este mai bine tolerat, asigur un control local mai bun,
dar nu pare s influeneze frecvena apariiei metastazelor la distan [11]. Dei ratele de
supravieuire fr boal la 5 ani i de supravieuire global sunt echivalente cu ale CHTRT postoperatorii, este recomandat n prezent de majoritatea autorilor la toi pacienii
cu cancere rectale T3 sau T4 i tinde s devin un nou standard in cancerul rectal [2].
VII. CONSIMMNTUL INFORMAT
Odat stabilit un protocol terapeutic de urmat, acesta trebuie explicat
pacientului, in vederea obinerii consimmntului. Chirurgul conduce de obicei
discuia, trecnd n revist informaiile despre stadiul clinic, n contextul situaiilor
tactice i tehnice operatorii anticipate, a rezultatelor funcionale scontate, riscului
operator, comorbidittilor, tratamentelor anterioare i situaiei particulare a pacientului.
Uneori teama sau morbiditatea legat de tratament,precum i rezultatele funcionale
nesatisfctoare sau lipsa de nelegere a ceea ce trebuie fcut i a alternativelor
posibile, stau la baza refuzului pacientului de a accepta protocolul terapeutic
recomandat. Aceasta se ntmpl mai ales n situaiile n care tratamentul recomandat
pacientului implic, pentru a obine un control optim al cancerului rectal, o colostomie
permanent. Un plan terapeutic de compromis este totui necesar, chiar dac alegerea
are un impact negativ asupra rezultatului oncologic. Indiferent de protocolul selectat n
final, chirurgul cu experien n chirurgia colorectal, este probabil cel mai nimerit a
consilia pacientul n ceea ce privete opiunile terapeutice i ateptrile realistice privind
rezultatul funcional i prognosticul.
VIII. CATEGORII I STRATEGII TERAPEUTICE
Acestea sunt precizate n detaliu n cadrul ghidului de tratament al
carcinoamelor colorectale aflat n vigoare n ara noastr [20].
A. TUMOR RECTAL LOCALIZAT, OPERABIL - cuprinde stadiul
I TNM (T1-2NoMo) - stadializat preoperator cu ecografie endorectal i CT/RMN
abdomino-pelvin.
Chirurgia radical reprezint tratamentul de electie. Standardul este reprezentat
de rezecia transabdominal, cu tehnica adaptat limitei inferioare a tumorii:
-rezecie anterioara (AR) cu rezecie total de mezorect si anastomoz colorectal joas sau anastomoz colo-anal cu/fr rezervor;
-rezecie abdomino-perineal (APR) cu rezecie total de mezorect.
Postoperator, conduita difer, n funcie de examenul histopatologic i
stadializarea pTNM: urmrire(n cazurile pT1-2N0M0) sau chimio-radioterapie
adjuvanta(n situaia pT3 sau pN1-2).
Rezecia total de mezorect (TME) este obligatorie pentru a realiza un tratament
chirurgical optimal n cancerul rectal. Aceast tehnic impune disecie instrumental
sub viziune direct, cu mobilizarea n totalitate a rectului, ceea ce permite obinerea de
margini de rezecie negative distal i lateral, permind astfel reducerea ratei de recidiv
local la sub 10%. Se recomand excizia a minimum 4 ganglioni (ggl) pentru a afirma
statusul pN0. Noile achiziii n ceea ce privete sutura mecanic au permis coborrea
limitei inferioare a tumorii la care se practic APR la 4 cm.
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Chimioterapia linia I
FOLFOX+/-bevazucimab
FOLFIRI+/-bevazucimab
FU-FOL bolus(Mayo)+/bevazucimab
FU-FOL infuzional (De
Gramont)+/-bevazucimab
Capecitabina
UFT+Leucovorin
Tabel 1
Chimioterapia de salvare
Chimioterapia linia II
Irinotecan/FOLFIRI
FOLFOX
Irinotecan+Cetuximab
FOLFOX
Irinotecan/FOLFIRI
Cetuximab
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CONCLUZII
Tratamentul multimodal i-a demonstrat rolul n reducerea morbiditii i
mortalitii n cancerul rectal, dar i n mbuntirea supravieuirii la distan.
Abordarea multidisciplinar este de importan major, att pre ct i postoperator.
Tratamentul chirurgical a rmas principala modalitate de tratament i este standardizat,
dar sunt nc controverse n tipul i timingulcelorlalte mijloace terapeutice. Trialuri
viitoare vor rafina strategiile pentru a identifica protocoalele optime de tratament.
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15.
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INTRODUCERE
n medicin i biologie, preocuprile legate de analiza i procesarea asistat de
calculator a imaginilor dateaz de la nceputul anilor 90, fcndu-se apel la diverse
produse program ce nglobau faciliti de tip sistem-expert orientate pe problematica
bio-medical studiat [1,2]. Spre deosebire de aceste abordri de pionierat (n cea mai
mare msur bazate pe programe elaborate artizanal), a doua jumtate a deceniului zece
a nsemnat derularea i raportarea cercetrilor n conformitate cu standardele create prin
apariia unor produse ale firmelor de software internaionale de prestigiu [2].
Aplicaiile analizei i procesrii de imagine asistate de calculator [3-5] n
domeniul patologiei sunt orientate cu predilecie asupra studiului biologiei tumorale, n
scopul de a concepe, valida i implementa instrumente suplimentare i/sau
complementare pentru identificare i clasificare automat, n baza caracterizrii
leziunilor n termeni absolui (valori de msurtori) [2].
*
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DISCUII
Repere fundamentale pentru aplicaiile morfometriei n patologia mamar
O scurt trecere n revist a principalelor rezultate raportate n literatur este relevant
pentru a ncadra demersul nostru de cercetare n ansamblul preocuprilor existente, cu
accent asupra elementelor care individualizeaz prezentul studiu doctoral i care
justific, implicit, modalitatea de abordare prin morfometrie computerizat.
Un prim studiu de morfometrie computerizat, publicat n 1987 de Malberger et
al., a vizat modificrile celulare n epiteliul glandei mamare n raport de ciclul menstrual
[12]. Rezultatele au confirmat faptul c modificrile celulare n epiteliul mamar sunt
corelate cu ciclul menstrual. Consecutiv, deoarece unele modificri proliferative pot
sugera atipie, este recomandat efectuarea punciilor mamare n timpul fazei
preovulatorii a ciclului.
Un alt studiu de pionierat n investigarea automat a leziunilor citologice mamare
a fost publicat de ctre Spina et al. n 1992, fiind axat pe densitometrie realizat pe nuclei
din linii celulare epiteliale benigne i maligne [13]. Prin analiza de varian a tuturor
valorilor pentru indexul de gradient de contrast nuclear a fost obinut o diferen
semnificativ ntre populaiile de celule epiteliale benigne i maligne.
La finalul anilor 90, Herrera-Espieira et al. introduc pentru prima dat ideea unui
clasificator al leziunilor de sn, pentru a diferenia leziunile citologice de tip benign i,
respectiv, malign [14]. Metodologia de lucru a constat n tehnici de segmentare automat
care au fost aplicate pe imagini microscopice reprezentative. Regiunile de interes vizate
au fost nucleii celulelor epiteliale, pentru care au fost investigate 28 de variabile.
Rezultatele au demonstrat faptul c tehnicile de segmentare automat sunt eficiente n
discriminarea ntre benign i malign.
O alt preocupare n studiul morfometric computerizat al frotiurilor mamare a
vizat identificarea i validarea celor mai fiabili parametri morfometrici: aria nuclear
medie, deviaia standard a ariei nucleare, diametru nuclear, aria convex, perimetrul
convex i perimetrul [15-18], anizonucleoza, cromatina i iregularitatea membranei
nucleare [19].
Pornind de la ideea conform creia tehnica de realizare a frotiurilor poate afecta
rezultatele, a fost investigat potenialul morfometriei nucleare n interpretarea frotiurilor
realizate prin fixare i, respectiv, prin centrifugare, n cancer mamar, fibroadenom i
boal fibrochistic [20, 21]. Datele obinute demonstreaz c, indiferent de tehnica
utilizat n realizarea frotiurilor, parametrii morfometrici nucleari i densitometria ADN
pot contribui la diferenierea leziunilor premaligne i, respectiv, maligne.
Cercetrile realizate de Ohri et al. [22] au introdus analiza fractal asociat
tehnicilor de analiz automat a imaginilor, n scopul de a evalua potenialul
standardizrii msurrii automate a dimensiunii fractale n diferenierea celulelor
benigne i, respectiv, maligne.
O direcie de cercetare recent este orientat asupra caracterizrii morfometrice a
celulelor cilindrice prezente pe n citologia mamar [23], dimensiunea nuclear avnd
valoare de parametru cheie n evaluarea atipiei nucleare.
Dezvoltarea tehnicilor de morfometrie computerizat a permis, prin
caracterizarea nuclear i celular obiectiv, stabilirea unor corelaii directe cu impact
asupra prognosticului i terapiei. Astfel, valoarea grading-ul nuclear, ca i trstur
nuclear cantitativ, n carcinomul ductal in situ, a fost asociat cu recurena i
progresia spre carcinom invaziv [24].
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
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Tossi P, Cottier H. Whats new in quantitative pathology? Path Res Pract. 1989; 184(6):
652-655.
Cruntu ID. Morfometrie computerizat microscopic n histologie i histopatologie. Iai:
editura Gr. T. Popa, 2003.
Shapiro LG, Stockman GC. Computer Vision, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.
Pratt WK. Digital Image Processing, 3rd., New York; John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
Alvira M, Shireman PK, Minarcik JR. Digital Imaging in Pathology. ASCP National Meeting,
Workshop 9674, San Diego, California, 2000.
Rajesh L, Saha M, Radhika S, Das Radotra B, Rajwanshi A. Morphometric image analysis of
follicular lesions of the thyroid. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2004; 26(2): 117-120.
Wang SL, Wu MT, Yang SF, Chan HM, Chai CY. Computerized nuclear morphometry in
thyroid follicular neoplasms. Pathol Int. 2005; 55(11): 703-706.
Eynard HG, Soria EA, Cuestas E, Rovasio RA, Eynard AR. Assessment of colorectal cancer
prognosis through nuclear morphometry. J Surg Res. 2009; 154(2): 345-348.
Politi EN, Lazaris AC, Kavantzas N, Koutselini H. Comparison between morphometry and
immunostaining of malignant cells in non-small cell lung cancer. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2003;
25(3): 169-176.
Okudela K, Woo T, Mitsui H, Yazawa T, Shimoyamada H, Tajiri M, Ogawa N, Masuda M,
Kitamura H. Morphometric profiling of lung cancers-its association with clinicopathologic,
biologic, and molecular genetic features. Am J Surg Pathol. 2010; 34(2): 243-255.
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Malberger E, Gutterman E, Bartfeld E, Zajicek G. Cellular changes in the mammary gland
epithelium during the menstrual cycle. A computer image analysis study. Acta Cytol. 1987; 31(3):
305-308.
Spina D, Disanto A, Luzi P, Tosi P, Gallorini M, Mouthon AM, Kraft R, Cottier H. Novel,
contrast gradient-oriented, automated chromatin texture analysis. I. Feasibility study on nuclei
from benign and malignant breast epithelial cell lines in fine needle aspirates. Virchows Arch B
Cell Pathol Incl Mol Pathol. 1992; 62(2): 119-124.
Herrera-Espieira C, Marcos-Muoz C, Esquivias J. Automated segmentation of cell nuclei in
fine needle aspirates of the breast. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 1998; 20(1): 29-35.
Dey P, Ghoshal S, Pattari SK. Nuclear image morphometry and cytologic grade of breast
carcinoma. Anal Quant Cytol Histol. 2000; 22(6): 483-485.
Rajesh L, Dey P, Joshi K. Automated image morphometry of lobular breast carcinoma. Anal
Quant Cytol Histol. 2002; 24(2): 81-84.
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INTRODUCERE
Studiul rolului carcinogenic al virusului papilloma uman (HPV) continu s
reprezinte principalul domeniu de cercetare al biologiei moleculare a cancerului cervical
[1]. Aceste cercetri au o real semnificaie practic, cancerul cervical reprezentnd a
doua malignitate ca frecven la femei, la nivel mondial. n trile n curs de dezvoltare,
cancerul cervical rmne de multe ori cea mai frecvent form de cancer la femei,
constituind pn la 25% din cancerele genitale feminine [2]. Virusurile papilloma
umane (HPV) reprezint virusuri ADN dublu-catenare care infecteaz celulele epiteliale
ale pielii i mucoaselor, inducnd leziuni proliferative benigne i maligne.
Consideraiile teoretice despre posibilitatea unei asocieri ntre HPV i cancerul de col
uterin dateaz de la sfritul anilor 70 [3].
*
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DISCUII
Proteina capsid L1 este exprimat n faza activ a infeciei cu HPV i este
necesar n completarea ciclului celular viral. n consecin, detecia proteinei virale,
prin reacie imunochimic reprezint o eviden a infeciei active HPV n frotiul sau
esutul examinat [10]. Proteina capsid viral L1 reprezint o int major a rspunsului
imun celular [14]. Leziunile LSIL i displaziile moderate, fr imunodetecie a proteinei
L1 sunt corelate, n mai mult de 80% din cazuri, cu progresia displaziei. Griesser et al.
certific acest aspect, subliniind c leziunile scuamoase minore i moderate fr
expresie a proteinei capside L1 sunt semnificativ mai expuse la progresie comparative
cu cazurile L1 pozitive [15].
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19. Adurthi S, Krishna S, Mukherjee G, Bafna UD, Uma Devi, Jayshree RS. Regulatory T cells in a
spectrum of HPVinduced cervical lesions: Cervicitis, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and
squamous cell carcinoma. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2008; 60(1): 55-65.
20. Kobayashi A, Darragh T, Herndier B, Anastos K, Minkoff H, Cohen M, Young M, Levine A,
Grant LA, Hyun W, Weinberg V, Greenblatt R, Smith-McCune K. Lymphoid follicles are
generated in highgrade cervical dysplasia and have differing characteristics depending on HIV
status. Am J Pathol. 2002; 160(1): 151-164.
21. Zerfass-Thome K, Zwerschke W, Mannhardt B, Tindle R, Botz JW, Jansen-Drr P. Inactivation
of the cdk inhibitor p27KIP1 by the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncoprotein. Oncogene.
1996; 13(1): 2323-2330.
22. Steele JC, Roberts S, Rookes SM, Gallimore PH. Detection of CD4+- and CD8+-T-cell responses
to human papillomavirus type 1 antigens expressed at various stages of the virus life cycle by
using an enzyme-linked immunospot assay of gamma interferon release. J Virol. 2002; 76(12):
6027-6036.
23. Klaes R, Woerner SM, Ridder R, Wentzensen N, Duerst M, Schneider A, Lotz B, Melsheimer P,
von Knebel Doeberitz M. Detection of high-risk cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical
cancer by amplification of transcripts derived from integrated papillomavirus oncogenes. Cancer
Res. 1999; 59(24): 6132-6136.
24. Yildiz YZ, Usubutun A, Firat P, Ayhan A, Kkali T. Efficiency of immunohistochemical p16
expression and HPV typing in cervical squamous intraepithelial lesion grading and review of the
p16 literature. Pathol Res Pract. 2007; 203(6): 445449.
25. Cox JT. Evaluating the Role of HPV Testing for women with equivocal Papanicolaou test
findings. JAMA. 1999; 281(17): 1645-1647.
26. Goia CD, Iancu IV, Socolov D, Botezatu A, Lzroiu AM, Huic I, Plea A, Anton G. The
expression of cell cycle regulators in HPV - induced cervical carcinogenesis. Romanian
Biotechnological Letters. 2010; 15(4): 5376-5383.
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Up to the late twentieth century, laparotomy was considered the optimal solution
for an adequate access to the peritoneal cavity. The advent of laparoscopy and
interventional endoscopy shattered our classical view of surgical approach and changed
into that of minimal invasive surgery. Natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery
(N.O.T.E.S.) is a more recent concept consisting in a revolutionary idea of accessing
closed cavities of the body (peritoneal or thoracic) through the natural orifices thus
avoiding any skin incision.
The field of NOTES grew rapidly in just a few years, from simple
peritoneoscopy [1-4] to more complex operations like splenectomy, sigmoidectomy etc.
[5-8], mostly in experimental animal models.
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At the end of the intervention the colpotomy was closed with interrupted 3-0
monofilament polydioxanone (Marisorb violett, Catgut GmbH, Germany).
In both groups pneumoperitoneum was induced and maintained by the
insufflation mechanism of the colonoscope. At the end of each procedure gas was
endoscopically evacuated.
For hybrid NOTES procedures, the skin incision was sutured in a standard
fashion using 3-0 PDS monofil.
After 14 days of postoperative follow-up the animals were sacrificed by a single
dose of sodium pentobarbital (200mg/kg i.v.) and necropsy was performed.
RESULTS
Both transgastric and transvaginal access routes proved successful in all animals.
In case of TG-NOTES, despite thorough gastric lavage with an 18Fr/Ch oro-gastric
tube, consistent residues were observed in one animal. For the other subjects, as a result
of the strict hygiene measures taken a significantly lower quantity of food particles was
noted.
The incision site was chosen on the anterior gastric wall, at the level of the
antrum (Fig. 1). The pneumogastrum and the endoscopic transilumination proved to be
of great help in correctly identifying the exact spot for incision. During this initial step,
the pneumogastrum was also considered a potential danger during the last part of the
translumenal access due to the close contact with the abdominal wall and nearby
structures (liver, gallbladder, bowel) and the risk of damaging these structures.
Consequently, after marking the access spot with the needle-knife, the air was partially
evacuated and the procedure could continue as planned. We took this precaution
measure after having accidentally punctured the peritoneum of the anterior gastric wall
(Fig. 2).
The average time to perform the gastrotomy was 18.36 min (04.46-33.24 min).
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Inspection of the upper quadrants of the abdomen and the access site required
the endoscopic U turn, with the subsequent retroverted image of the operative field
(Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Retroverted image of the liver and gallbladder. Transgastric endoscopic view.
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The hemodynamic and respiratory parameters in the two groups showed normal
results in terms of blood pressure value, pulse and O2 saturation. In the first transgastric
animal aspiration of pneumoperitoneum was requested by the anaesthetist at the
beginning of the intervention.
We encountered two complications in the TG-NOTES, bleeding at the incision
site in one case, which was successfully managed by monopolar coagulation, and a
minor abdominal wall lesion with no influence upon the success of the intervention and
no consequence in the postoperative evolution.
In the postoperative course no particular events were noted, with a single
exception in case of the transgastric group with fever, lack of appetite and a tendency
for isolation since the 3rd p.o. day. Consequently, antibiotics (Linco-Spectin, Pfizer
Animal Health div., Pfizer Inc., NY, U.S.) 7ml/day, were administered for five
consecutive days, with favorable response. The necropsy revealed perigastric abscess
and gastric ulcer confirmed by the histopathological examination, yet no leakage was
uncovered.
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The gross examination found good cicatrisation at the translumenal entry site in
all animals, aspect confirmed in case of TG-NOTES by the gastric air bursting tests, and
mild to moderate peritoneal adhesions.
DISCUSSION
The path for the translumenal endoscopic surgery is open and the numerous
animal experiments performed to this date are the solid proof of the interest it elicited
among surgeons and gastroenterologists. Many aspects need to be investigated before
its safe and wide-spread introduction into clinical practice. The fact that this concept
involves multiple access options means that one of the directions of research must be
oriented towards the comparative analysis of different approaches. Our team focused on
this aspect in a comparative study regarding the two most frequently used routes for
peritoneal translumenal access: the transgastric and the transvaginal ones. In order to
accomplish it, we considered that it is mandatory to have an overall analysis concerning
the feasibility of each type of surgery, of the intraoperative and postoperative problems,
follow-up, total and specific access and closure time.
A major but less mentioned problem in animal transgastric NOTES is the
preoperative gastric preparation, which is more demanding, takes longer to perform and,
in many cases, it shows to be suboptimal [13]. However, this is a problem that should be
less encountered in humans view the different physiology of gastric empting, diet and
compliance.
Transgastric peritoneal exploration is easier for the submesocolic organs that are
in direct view. Still, tissue retraction and exposure was difficult due to the excessive
flexibility of the colonoscope and the inadequate endoscopic accessories. The individual
examination of each loop of the small bowel was accomplished by grasping with the
endoscopic forceps and moving them with the articulated end of the endoscope, in
certain cases proving quite difficult and time-consuming due to the small size of the
endoscopic instruments and their poor haptic capabilities. As in laparoscopy, the
visceral mass is displaceable using gravity by tilting the operating table at different
angles.
Another aspect pledging for transvaginal approach is the cost of the procedure:
the need for single-use equipment (needle-knife, endoscopic balloon, polipectomy
snare, closure devices) and preoperative preparation means higher costs in case of
transgastric surgery.
The specimen extraction was easy to perform in both groups mainly because
both translumenal orifices have excellent elastic properties, being able to expand easily
and regain its original shape. One possible drawback for TG-NOTES is the limited
calibre and fragility of the oesophagus, with direct consequences over the maximum
size of the retrievable specimen.
Closure of the posterior colpotomy is rapid and without difficulties; based on
gynaecologic experience some even argue that incisions can be left open, leaving the
secretions to spontaneously drain [14]. As for the gastric closure methods in NOTES,
they have continuously evolved. Since the first translumenal endoscopic experiments in
pigs more than seven years ago, using only endoscopic clips or no closure at all for the
gastrotomy, new devices were created, such as T-tags (Ethicon, Cook Endoscopy), LSI
Solutions prototype (LSI Solutions, N.Y., U.S.), TPD (NDO Surgical Inc., U.S.), Eagle
Claw (Olympus America, Inc.), OTSC etc.
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All those devices represent a step forward but they lack the reliability, safety and
the ergonomics of laparoscopy or open surgery [15].
The main drawback for the transvaginal approach in natural orifice surgery is
that this route, contrary to the transgastric access, is available only for half of the
population. Several exclusion criteria lessen even more the applicability of this access
route: active vaginal infection, local malignancies, pregnancy and, arguably,
endometriosis. There are also some questions regarding postoperative pain and
dispareunia [16], although most studies tend to disprove this idea [17-19]. The lower
innervation of the posterior cul de sac is probably linked to the absence of this type of
symptomatology [20].
One final aspect concerning translumenal endoscopic surgery, mandatory for all
involved in this field, is safety. Even if the total number of subjects taken into account is
too small for any statistical analysis and despite the hybrid nature of the TV-NOTES,
we believe that in our study transvaginal approach was safer, considering the intra- and
postoperative accidents and complications. Other authors describe sometimes important
complications related to TG-NOTES such as perigastric abscesses, gastrocolic fistula,
peritonitis etc sustaining this idea [21-23]. It appears that, more than everything, the
safe introduction of transgastric endoscopic surgery depends on a reliable closing
solution. Unlike transvaginal approach an inefficient gastric closure may in the end
imperil patients life.
CONCLUSION
Both transgastric and transvaginal surgical procedures proved feasible.
Considering the current stage of endoscopic development, transvaginal endoscopic
surgery may offer some advantages over the transgastric access route, especially
regarding the virtually inexistent risk of peritonitis. Regardless of the access route,
advanced multitasking endoscopic platforms are required in order to successfully
implement this method into clinical practice.
Acknowledgments:
The authors kindly thank the team of dedicated endoscopists led by Prof. A.
Saftoiu for their continuous support during the transgastric experiments.
Disclosures:
Part of this study was supported by the research grant Survival and
immunologic impact in transgastric oophorectomy compared to laparoscopic
approach (PNII 41-023 / 2007 / RONOTES). The authors have no conflicts of interest
or financial ties to disclose.
1.
2.
3.
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Kaloo AN, Singh VK, Jagannath SB, Niiyama H, Hill SL, Vaughn CA, Magee CA, Kantsevoy
SV. Flexible transgastric peritoneoscopy: a novel approach to diagnostic and therapeutic
interventions in the peritoneal cavity. Gastrointest Endosc. 2004; 60(1): 114-117.
Wagh MS, Merrifield BF, Thompson CC. Endoscopic transgastric abdominal exploration and
organ resection: initial experience in a porcine model. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005; 3(9):
892-896.
Jagannath SB, Kantsevoy SV, Vaughn CA, Chung SS, Cotton PB, Gostout CJ, et al. Peroral
transgastric endoscopic ligation of fallopian tubes with long-term survival in a porcine model.
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Wagh MS, Merrifield BF, Thompson CC. Survival studies after endoscopic transgastric
oophorectomy and tubectomy in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 63(3): 473-478.
Perretta S, Dallemagne B, Coumaros D, Marescaux J. Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic
surgery: transgastric cholecystectomy in a survival porcine model. Surg Endosc. 2008; 22(4):
11261130.
Kantsevoy SV, Hu B, Jagannath SB, Vaughn CA, Beitler DM, Chung SS, et al. Transgastric
endoscopic splenectomy: is it possible? Surg Endosc. 2006; 20(3): 522525.
Bergstrm M, Ikeda K, Swain P, Park PO. Transgastric anastomosis by using flexible endoscopy
in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2006; 63(2): 307312.
Leroy J, Cahill RA, Perretta S, Forgione A, Dallemagne B, Marescaux J. Natural orifice
translumenal endoscopic surgery applied totally to sigmoidectomy: an original technique with
survival in a porcine model. Surg Endosc. 2009; 23(1): 24-30.
Rattner D, Kalloo A. ASGE/SAGES Working Group on Natural Orifice Translumenal
Endoscopic Surgery. October 2005. Surg Endosc. 2006; 20(2): 329-333.
Gettman MT, Blute ML. Transvesical peritoneoscopy: initial clinical evaluation of the bladder as
a portal for natural orifice translumenal endoscopic surgery. Mayo Clin Proc. 2007; 82: 843-845.
Fong FG, Pai RD, Thompson CC. Transcolonic endoscopic abdominal exploration: a NOTES
survival study in a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2007; 65(2): 312-318.
Marescaux J, Dallemagne B, Perretta S, Wattiez A, Mutter D, Coumaros D. Surgery without
scars: report of transluminal colecystectomy in a human being. Arch Surg. 2007; 142(9):
823-827
Simopoulos C, Kouklakis G, Zezos P, Ypsilantis P, Botaitis S, Tsalikidis C, et al. Peroral
transgastric endoscopic procedures in pigs: feasibility, survival, questionings, and pitfalls. Surg
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Franchi M, Ghezzi F, Zanaboni F, Scarabelli C, Beretta P, Donadello N. Nonclosure of
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Surlin V, Saftoiu A, Rimbas M, Vilmann P. NOTES - "state of the art" surgical
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INTRODUCERE
Odat cu creterea adresabilitii pacienilor ctre clinicile de cardiologie i
chirurgie cardiac, a crescut i incidena patologiei valvulare mitrale. n cadrul bolilor
valvulare, incidena leziunilor degenerative, asociate naintrii n vrst, este din ce n
ce mai mare. Metoda clasic de protezare valvular este din ce n ce mai puin preferat,
n prezent, punndu-se accent pe efectuarea procedurilor reconstructive mitrale [1].
La nceputul chirurgiei cardiace, n ara noastr, chirurgia mitral a fost
preponderent bazat pe patologia reumatic i, n special, pe stenoza mitral
reumatismal. Pe parcursul ultimilor ani se constat o scdere a proporiei etiologiei
reumatismale i o cretere a incidenei etiologiei ischemice i degenerative, concomitent
cu scderea numrului de protezri i creterea numrului de plastii.
Numrul procedurilor valvulare mitrale a ajuns, n clinica noastr, la
aproximativ 100 proceduri pe an, un numr relativ mic comparativ cu by-passul aortocoronarian.
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MATERIAL I METOD
n perioada 2000-2010, au fost operai 617 pacieni pentru patologie valvular
mitral singular, asociat altor leziuni valvulare i asociat bolii coronariene.
Preoperator, 170 pacieni erau in clasa funcional NYHA II, 390 pacieni erau
n clasa funcional NYHA III i 57 erau n clasa funcional NYHA IV. Vrsta medie a
fost de 56,82,2 ani, 46,82% au fost brbai i 53,17% femei i ritmul sinusal a fost
asociat n 31,44% cazuri (n=194) (Tabel 1).
Tabel 1
Caracteristicile demografice ale pacienilor mitrali
Date preoperatorii
Numr pacieni (n=617)
Vrsta
56,82,2 ani
Femei
289
Brbai
328
Diabet zaharat
28
Insuficien renal
18
Clasa II NYHA
170
Clasa III NYHA
390
Clasa IV NYHA
57
Infarct miocardic acut
12
Operaie cardiac n antecedente
41
Fibrilaie atrial
325
FEVS peste 50%
410
FEVS 30-50%
67
Boal mitral cu insuficien
111
mitral gr. I
Boal mitral cu insuficien
69
mitral gr. II
Insuficien mitral gr. III
75
Insuficien mitral gr. IV
75
Etiologia patologiei mitrale:
Degenerativ
212
Reumatic
240
Ischemic
41
Endocardit
59
Mixt
65
%
53,17
46,82
4,53
2,91
27,55
63,20
9,23
1,94
6,64
52,67
66,45
10,85
17,90
11,18
12,15
12,15
34,35
38,89
6,64
9,56
10,53
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nlocuire
Reconstrucie
Tabel 2
Chirurgia valvular mitral i procedurile concomitente
Doar Mitral
+Aortic
+Revasc mioc.
238
108
24
49
125
17
+Tricuspidian
40
16
Varsta v<65
30
Varsta 65-72.5
Varsta v>72.5
20
10
0
1998
-10
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
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30
EF-T >=50
20
10
0
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
20
mecanice VM
15
10
5
0
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
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25
endocardita
20
reumat
15
ischemica
10
5
0
-51998
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
3.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano M. Burden of
valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Lancet 2006; 368: 10051011.
Lang RM, Bierig M, Devereux RB, et al. Recommendations for chamber quantification: a report
from the American Society of Echocardiography's Guidelines and Standards Committee and the
Chamber Quantification Writing Group, developed in conjunction with the European
Association of Echocardiography, a branch of the European Society of Cardiology. J Am Soc
Echocardiogr 2005; 18: 1440-1463.
Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Chatterjee K, de Leon AC Jr, Faxon DP, Freed MD, Gaasch WH,
Lytle BW, Nishimura RA, O'Gara PT, O'Rourke RA, Otto CM, Shah PM, Shanewise JS; 2006
Writing Committee Members; American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association
Task Force. 2008 Focused update incorporated into the ACC/AHA 2006 guidelines for the
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management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of
Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee
to Revise the 1998 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease):
endorsed by the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists, Society for Cardiovascular
Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. Circulation. 2008; 118(15):
e523-661.
Lee EM, Shapiro LM, Wells FC. Importance of subvalvular preservation and early operation in
mitral valve surgery. Circulation 1996; 94(9): 2117-2123.
Lillehei CW, Levy MJ, Bonnabeau RC. Mitral valve replacement with preservation of papillary
muscles and chordae tendinae. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1964; 47: 532-543.
Zoghbi WA, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of the
severity of native valvular regurgitation with two-dimensional and Doppler echocardiography J
Am Soc Echocardiogr 2003; 16: 777-802.
Habib G, Hoen B, Tornos P, Thuny F, Prendergast B, Vilacosta I, Moreillon P, de Jesus Antunes
M, Thilen U, Lekakis J, Lengyel M, Mller L, Naber CK, Nihoyannopoulos P, Moritz A,
Zamorano JL; ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines. Guidelines on the prevention, diagnosis,
and treatment of infective endocarditis (new version 2009): the Task Force on the Prevention,
Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology
(ESC). Endorsed by the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
(ESCMID) and the International Society of Chemotherapy (ISC) for Infection and Cancer. Eur
Heart J. 2009; 30(19): 2369-2413.
Alfieri O, Maisano F. Mitral valve surgery in the elderly: new insights and unanswered
questions. Eur Heart J. 2011; 32(5): 535-536.
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PARTICULARITI ANESTEZICO-GINECOLOGICE N
CHIRURGIA LAPAROSCOPIC A TUMORILOR OVARIENE
BENIGNE
Laura Cotrle Gavril1, A. Cotrle2, E. Tincu3, Florentina Pricop4
1. Doctorand Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Gr.T. Popa Iai
2. Secia Chirurgie Spitalul Municipal de Urgen Moineti
3. Secia Anestezie Terapie Intensiv Spitalul Municipal de Urgen Moineti
4. Clinica a III-a Obstetric-Ginecologie Elena Doamna, Iai
Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Gr.T. Popa Iai
INTRODUCERE
Formaiunile chistice ovariene sunt ncadrate n cea mai frecvent patologie
ovarian la pacientele aflate n perioada reproductiv, ce necesit tratament chirurgical.
n general, tumorile ovariene pot ridica mai multe probleme din punct de vedere
al terapiei:
- dac formaiunile ovariene lichidiene sunt benigne, maligne sau ncadrate n
grupa borderline;
- dac au nevoie de tratament chirurgical sau nu i
- dac da, acesta s se poat realiza pe cale laparoscopic.
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BIBLIOGRAFIE
Radan A. Anestezia n chirurgia laparoscopic. n: Peltecu GC ed. Chirurgia laparoscopic
ginecologic. Principii i tehnici. 2001; p. 33-40.
Nezhat C, Nezhat F, Nezhat C. Nezhats Operative Gynecologic Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy.
Cambridge University Press. 2008; p.179-198.
Munteanu I. Chirurgia endoscopic n ginecologie. Timioara, Ed. Academiei Romne. 2008; p.
303-355.
Sandesc D, David S. Anestezia n interveniile laparoscopice ginecologice. n: Munteanu I. ed.
Chirurgia endoscopic n ginecologie. 2008; p. 99-109.
Margarit S. Anestezia n chirurgia laparoscopic. n Acalovschi I ed. Anestezia clinic. 2005; p.
689-699.
Pfeifer SM, Gosman GG. Evaluation of adnexal masses in adolescents. Pediatr Clin North Am.
1999; 46(3): 573-592.
Lupacu I, David C, Rusu E, Pnzaru C. Criterii de securitate n chirurgia laparoscopic.
Obstetrica i Ginecologia. 2000; 3: 197-200.
Mettler L, Semm K, Shive K. Endoscopic management of adnexal masses. J Soc Laparoendosc
Surg, 1997; 1: 103-112.
David C. Actualiti n diagnosticul i tratamentul maselor anexiale. Tez de doctorat. UMF
Iai, 2008.
Trcoveanu E. Elemente de chirurgie laparoscopic. vol II. Iai. ed. Polirom; 1998.
Mettler L. Manual of Lapascopic and Hysteroscopic Gynecological Surgery. New Delhi, Jaypee
Brothers 2006.
Ionescu C.. Elemente de laparoscopie n patologia ginecologic benign. ed. National, 2009;
p.165-181.
Mencaglia L, Minelli L, Wattiez A. Manual of Gynecological Laparoscopic Surgery. Tuttlingen
Germany, Endo Press, 2010; p.152-172.
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INTRODUCERE
n ultimii ani, endoprotezarea oldului, a cptat o amploare din ce n ce mai
mare, ca modalitate principal de tratament n afeciunile complexe, degenerative i
traumatice ale oldului.
Datorit numeroaselor studii de cercetare i dezvoltrii majore n domeniul
biomaterialelor, a design-ului protetic, precum i a tehnicilor de implantare a
endoprotezelor, s-a ajuns n prezent, ca aceast modalitate de tratament s fie aplicat la
persoane din ce n ce mai tinere (sub 55 de ani), persoane ce se ateapt s
supravieuiasc duratei de via a implantului utilizat [1-3].
Artroplastia oldului prin resurfatare reprezint o tehnic chirurgical alternativ
artroplastiei convenionale, mai ales pentru pacienii tineri, aflat n prezent n plin
dezvoltare i al crei principal avantaj major l reprezint conservarea capitalului osos.
Spre deosebire de artroplastia convenional, artroplastia prin resurfatare
prezerv att capul ct i colul femural, lsnd astfel mult mai multe opiuni chirurgului
n viitor, att n ce privete revizia componentelor, sau chiar convertirea n endoprotez
convenional.
Artroplastia oldului prin resurfatare presupune coafarea metalic a capului
femural cu prezervarea femurului proximal (att a capului ct i a colului femural).
Suprafeele articulare metal-metal au fost folosite nc de la nceputul anilor `90.
*
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Fig. 8. Aspect postoperator, antero-posterior (A), lateral (B) a unui pacient cu diformitate
posttraumatic extraarticular a femurului proximal, tratat prin artroplastie de resurfatare
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Prin urmare, decizia asupra interveniei de artroplastie trebuie s fie una clinic
i nu una radiografic, chiar dac aspectul radiografic evolueaz defavorabil, iar eecul
terapiei conservatoare poate fi un bun indicator al deciziei n favoarea interveniei
chirurgicale.
Radiografia de old pre i postoperator a fost efectuat n toate cazurile, fiind
obligatorie n protocolul terapeutic (Fig. 11).
CONCLUZII
Tehnica de resurfatare vine n sprijinul direct al adultului tnr, ce are nevoie de
artoplastie de old, din diferite cauze, conservndu-i masa osoas att la nivelul
acetabulului ct i la nivelul femurului proximal, lsnd astfel loc, la mult mai multe
opiuni n viitor.
Resurfatarea nu vine s nlocuiasc n mod direct artroplastia standard, ci se vrea
a fi o soluie alternativ la rezecarea complet a capitalului osos, la pacienii tineri i
activi, oferindu-le astfel un rspund motor ct mai aproape de cel fiziologic.
Lipsa studiilor pe termen lung, eecul pe care aceast tehnic l-a suferit n trecut
nu datorit avantajelor pe care aceasta le aduce, ci datorit materialelor i proceselor
tehnologice de atunci, fac ca orice fel de studiu n acest domeniu s fie oportun.
n mod sigur, tehnicile chirurgicale de implantare vor evolua, iar resurfatarea
oldului va deveni din ce n ce mai rspndit.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Amstutz HC, Graff-Radford A, Gruen TA, Clarke IC. Surface replacements: A review of the
first 100 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1978; 134 (1): 87-101.
Howie DW, Campbell D, McGee M, Cornish BL. Wagner resurfacing hip arthroplasty. The
results of one hundred consecutive arthroplasties after eight to ten years. J Bone Joint Surg Am.
1990; 72 (2): 708-714.
Amstutz HC, Grigoris P, Dorey FJ. Evolution and future of surface replacement of the hip. J
Orthop Sci. 1998; 3(4): 169-186.
Watanabe Y, Shiba N, Matsuo S, et al. Biomechanical study of the resurfacing hip arthroplasty:
Finite element analysis of the femoral component. J Arthroplasty. 2000; 15(2): 505-511.
Kishida Y, Sugano N, Nishii T, Miki H, Yamaguchi K, Yoshikawa H. Preservation of the bone
mineral density of the femur after surface replacement of the hip. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004; 86
(5): 185-189.
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6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Amstutz HC, Beaule PE, Dorey FJ, Le Duff MJ, Campbell PA, Gruen T. Metal-on-metal hybrid
surface arthroplasty: Two to six-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004; 86(2): 28-39.
Mont MA, Ragland PS, Bezwada HP, Thomas CM, Etienne G. The results of metal-on-metal
resurfacing hip arthroplasty: Learning curve stratification of results. 72nd Annual Meeting
Proceedings. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 2005, p 368.
Daniel J, Pynsent PB, McMinn DJ. Metal-on-metal resurfacing of the hip in patients under the
age of 55 years with osteoarthritis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004; 86(2): 177-184.
Mont MA, Seyler TM, Ragland PS, Starr R, Erhart J, Bhave A. Gait analysis of patients with
resurfacing hip arthroplasty compared to hip osteoarthritis and standard total hip arthroplasty. J
Arthroplasty, in press.
Silva M, Lee KH, Heisel C, Dela Rosa MA, Schmalzried TP. The biomechanical results of total
hip resurfacing arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004; 86(3): 40-46.
Ragland PS, Mont MA. Total hip replacement revision after limited femoral resurfacing:
comparison to a matching group. Presented at the 72nd Annual Meeting of the American
Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Washington, DC, February 23-27, 2005.
Shimmin AJ, Back D. Femoral neck fractures following Birmingham hip resurfacing: A national
review of 50 cases. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005; 87(4): 463-464.
Kabo JM, Gebhard JS, Loren G, Amstutz HC. In vivo wear of polyethylene acetabular
components. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1993; 75(1): 254-258.
Clarke MT, Lee PT, Arora A, Villar RN. Levels of metal ions after smalland large-diameter
metal-on-metal hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2003; 85(2): 913-917.
Amstutz HC, Grigoris P, Dorey FJ. Evolution and future of surface replacement of the hip. J
Orthop Sci.1998; 3(1): 169-186.
Charnley J. Total hip replacement by low-friction arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1970; 72(1): 7-21.
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INTRODUCERE
Chirurgia este principalul tratament pentru cancerul de colon. Ca orice
procedur medical prezint avantaje, efecte secundare, precum i riscuri ce greveaz
orice intervenie chirurgical la care se adaug i cele specifice patologiei abordate.
Rezecia unei poriuni a colonului este o intervenie laborioas, agresiv cu
riscuri mari de apariie a complicaiilor, att n perioada postoperatorie imediat, ct i
la distan.
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Criterii de excludere
Metastaze viscerale documentate intraoperator sau localizarea extracolic a
tumorii primare sau localizarea fie n amonte de cec, fie distal de
jonciunea rectosigmoidian (n=6)
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REZULTATE
1. Calitatea vieii la 6 luni de la intervenie
1.1. Impactul complicaiilor postoperatorii precoce
Opt subieci (10.3%) au prezentat n perioada postoperatorie precoce infecia
plgii operatorii. Prin aplicarea testului t, am constatat problemele determinate de durere
(PA) sunt semnificativ mai mari (Fig. 1) la cei care au prezentat aceast complicaie
(p=0.040), iar status-ul fizic (PF) este semnificativ mai redus (p=0.002).
Tabel 3
Tipul de tratament, stadializarea i gradul de difereniere al neoplaziilor n lotul studiat
VARIABILE
n
26
6
26
18
2
2
10
50
16
50
16
12
2
10
30
8
16
12
18
32
26
2
Hemicolectomie dreapt
Hemicolectomie stng
Colectomie segmentar
Operaia Dixon
Colectomie subtotal
Tip intervenie
Tis
T1
T2
T3
T4
N0
N1
N2
Categoria T
Clasificare TNM*
Categoria N
0
I
IIA
IIB
IIIA
IIIB
IIIC
II
Stadializare*
III
1
2
3
4
Grad de difereniere
%
33.3
7.7
33.3
23.1
2.6
2.6
12.8
64.1
20.5
64.1
20.5
15.4
2.6
12.8
38.5
10.3
20.5
15.4
23.1
41.0
33.3
2.6
Tabel 4
Complicaiile postoperatorii i recidivele neoplazice nregistrate n lotul studiat
COMPLICAII
PRECOCE
Infecie plag
8/10.
operatorie
3
Infecie urinar
6/7.7
Infecie
4/5.1
respiratorie
Sepsis
2/2.6
Candidoz
2/2.6
Fistul
8/10.
anastomotic
3
tratat
conservator
Trombembolis
2/2.6
m pulmonar
CONTROLUL DE LA 1 AN (N=60)
Complicaii
Recidiva neoplaziei
Eventraie
10/16.7 Loco6/10.0
regional
Sindr.ade
renial
Stenoza
anast.
Sindrom
aderenial
10/12.
8
Carcinom.
peritoneal
2/2.6
577
6/10.0
112/20.0
Mts
hepatice
4/6.4
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p
(test t)
0.046
0.015
0.0001
0.009
0.005
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p
(test t)
0.001
0.0001
0.002
DISCUII
Dei pentru a preveni complicaiile postoperatorii au fost implementate multiple
msuri de prevenie ncepnd nc din perioada preoperatorie, n literatur sunt constant
dezbtute complicaiile postoperatorii. Acestea variaz funcie de vrst, starea general
a pacientului, stadiul de boal precum i tipul de tratament chirurgical i adjuvant.
Studiile de calitate a vieii ncearc s cuantifice statusul pacienilor att n
perioada imediat postoperatorie ct i la distan. Astfel sunt analizate i studiate
inclusiv efectele complicaiilor asupra bolnavului cu implicaiile psihice i emoionale,
rsunetul acestora asupra calitii vieii, evoluiei bolii i prognosticului precum i
impactul asupra supravieuirii la distan.
Studiile din literatur arat o relaie de direct proproionalitate ntre
complicaiile postoperatorii infecioase i starea general a pacientului, patologia
asociat [4], transfuzia de snge [1] i tipul tratamentului chirurgical electiv sau n
urgen. Evident starea general influenat, prezena anemiei i operaia n urgen care
nu permite o pregtire corespunztoare a pacientului, sunt factori care cresc riscul
infeciilor postoperatorii. Prezena peritonitei n momentul interveniei chirurgicale are
prognostic grav, mortalitatea la aceste cazuri fiind foarte mare. n studiul nostru
pacienii care au dezvoltat infecie de plag operatorie au nregistrat problemele
determinate de durere (PA) care sunt semnificativ mai mari.
Fistula anastomotic influeneaz semnificativ calitatea vieii pacienilor la
nivelul statusului global, fizic i cognitiv [5]. Apariia acestei complicaii implic
spitalizri prelungite precum i creterea costurilor, durere postoperatorie cu necesar de
antalgice mai mare, reintervenii, uneori crearea unei stomii de necesitate cu efecte
asupra statusului congnitiv al pacientului [6].
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INTRODUCERE
Rspunsul organismului la agresiunea indus de actul chirurgical este
reprezentat de o reacie inflamatorie, care are ca scop iniierea proceselor de aprare i
ulterior cicatrizare (vindecare) tisular.
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lot MARTOR
n=20
Date demografice
Vrsta (ani)
63.7410.02
11/9
52.4513.30
14/6
Compoziie corporal
Greutate (Kg)
74.2412.96
78.2013.62
IMC (Kg/m)
25.844.82
27.804.18
PBF (%)
26.9710.67
31.746.52
TBW (%)
53.0010.80
47.846.25
FFM (%)
20.033.97
20.422.78
Leptina (ng/ml)
8.2610.85
12.9012.83
CRP (mg/dL)
2.814.12
0.170.13
Markeri biologici
IL-6 (pg/ml)
19.0832.19
2.460.86
*IMC- indice de masa corporal, PBF procent de mas gras, TBW apa total, FFM masa de esut
nongras
Intervenie chirurgical
Pacieni
(n=20)
Colecistectomie laparoscopic
12
Hernie inghinala
Hemoroizi
Cura hemoroizilor
Eventratie
Cura eventraiei
Hidrocel
Cura hidrocelului
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Intervenie chirurgical
Pacieni
(n=20)
Neoplasm gastric
Gastrectomie totala
Neoplasm esofagian
Esofagectomie
Neoplasm cefalopancreatic
Duodenopancreatectomie cefalic
Hemicolectomie dreapta
Colectomie stnga
Neoplasm jejunal
Enterectomie
Polipi colonici
Colectomie totala
Neoplasm ovarian
Bypass aortobifemural
3.84
3.90
17.31
15.10
7.74
13.66
4.44
5.14
4.07
3.89
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.04
0.01
0.01
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0h
24h
48h
72h
96h
Greutate (Kg)
78.2
74.2
74.0
73.3
73.6
72.9
0.69
IMC (Kg/m)
27.8
25.8
25.8
25.7
25.7
25.5
0.07
BF (Kg)
24.9
20.8
19.1
18.5
19.6
18.2
0.36
PBF (%)
31.7
27.0
25.0
24.2
25.5
24.0
0.57
TBW (L)
37.4
38.5
41.8
41.5
39.9
41.1
0.49
TBW (%)
47.8
53.0
57.4
57.5
55.1
57.2
0.59
FFM (kg)
15.9
14.9
13.0
13.3
14.1
13.6
0.50
FFM (%)
20.4
20.0
17.6
18.3
19.4
18.8
0.19
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corelaia ntre leptina seric i masa de esut adipos la brbai (coeficientul de corelatie
R2=0.725) i la femei (coeficientul de corelaie R2=0.461) i am observat c se menine
o corelaie pozitiv pentru ambele sexe.
Analiza corelaiei ntre leptina seric i masa de esut gras msurat prin
bioimpedan n lotul SI a identificat rezultate diferite n funcie de raportarea la
momentul interveniei chirurgicale. n perioada preoperatorie (Fig. 4) am observat c se
pstreaza corelaia pozitiv identificat n cazul lotului martor. Acest lucru sugereaz c
la pacienii fr semne de inflamaie leptina coreleaz semnificativ cu masa esutului
gras, ceea ce a fost raportat i de alti autori n literatur.
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DISCUII
Este cunoscut n prezent c sindromul de rspuns inflamator sistemic asociat cu
eliberarea unei constelaii de mediatori pro i antiinflamatori este direct proporional cu
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deosebire de studiile anterioare, care au explorat corelaia leptin - esut gras prin
raportare la IMC, studiul nostru msoar cu ajutorul BIA masa gras n valori absolute
(kg) i n procente, ceea ce confer o mai bun baz tiinific corelaiei amintite.
Rezultatele noastre concord cu datele raportate anterior, avnd n vedere c la lotul
martor leptina coreleaz cu masa gras, att la brbai, ct i la femei. Aceast corelaie
se menine n lotul SIRS n perioada preoperatorie dar se pierde n perioada
postoperatorie, msurat la 24, 48 i 72 ore dup intervenia chirurgical. Creterea
valorilor leptinei n aceasta perioad sugereaz un comportament al leptinei similar
proteinelor de faz acut. Sinteza leptinei n perioada postoperatorie are majoritar surs
extra-adipocitar, la nivelul celulelor inflamatorii sau adipocitul poate fi stimulat i
poate crete n condiii de inflamaie sinteza de leptin.
CONCLUZII
Leptina, la pacienii aflai n perioada postoperatorie precoce dup intervenii
chirurgicale abdominale majore, cu sindrom de rspuns inflamator sistemic, este un
mediator pro-inflamator cu surs adipocitar i majoritar extraadipocitar, cu dinamic
precoce, care intervine n reglarea rspunsului imun prin aciune la nivelul sistemului
nervos central . Astfel, leptina poate fi un util biomarker pentru diagnosticul precoce al
inflamaiei.
Acknowledgments:
Studiul a fost realizat pe baza grantului intern de cercetare numrul
17079/30.09.2010 cu titlul "Dinamica precoce a nivelului plasmatic a leptinei la
pacientul critic i corelaia cu supravieuirea - studiu prospectiv comparativ", director
de grant Conf. Dr. Ioana Grigora, finanat de Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie
Gr. T. Popa Iai, Romnia.
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Coresponden: Dr. Mihaela Blaj, doctorand Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Gr. T. Popa Iai,
medic primar ATI, Clinica A.T.I., Sp. Sf. Spiridon, str. Independentei, nr. 1, 700111, e-mail:
miblaj@yahoo.com*.
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INTRODUCERE
Pancreatita acut sever (PAS) reprezint aproximativ 25% dintre cazurile de
pancreatit acut [1]. PAS este o patologie clinic grav, astfel 20% dintre pacieni
dezvolt disfuncii organice n primele 72 ore de la debut [2]. n ciuda unei terapii
intensive maximale, aplicate de la admisie, morbiditatea i mortalitatea n PAS se
nregistreaz la 30-50% din cazuri [3].
Disfunciile multiorganice precoce se datoreaz sindromului de rspuns
inflamator sistemic(SIRS); acestea evolueaz adesea nefavorabil soldndu-se cu deces
n 42-60% din cazuri[4]; disfunciile organice instalate tardiv, la 14-20 zile de la debut,
sunt consecina supraifeciei necrozei pancreatice.
Unul dintre factorii ce contribuie la evoluia nefavorabil n PAS este
hipertensiunea abdominal(HIA), raportat la 60-80% din cazurile de PAS. Constituirea
sindromului de compartiment abdominal (SCA) n PAS, asociat n 27% de cazuri,
ntunec prognosticul, genernd o mortalitate crescut de 50-75% [5].
Creterea PIA n etapa precoce de evoluie a PAS este consecina sindromului
de rspuns inflamator sistemic i resuscitrii volemice agresive [5,6] ceea ce
promoveaz edeme tisulare,n peretele abdominal, retroperitoneal, visceral i ascit;
HIA genereaz efecte sistemice precum alterarea statusului respirator, cardiovascular,
renal, cerebral dar i locale intra-abdominale, prin reducerea presiunii de perfuzie
abdominale(PPA).
HIA persistent i necorectat agraveaz evoluia n PAS deoarece induce
hipoperfuzie i la nivelul pancreasului (necroza pancreatic) [5]; HIA este incriminat
n promovarea suprainfectrii necrozei pancreasului prin favorizarea translocaiei
bacteriene consecutive disfunciei intestinale [6].
Dezvoltarea HIA n PAS constituie un element de severitate n evoluia PAS;
astfel ntr-un studiu pe 45 pacieni cu PAS, Rosas arat c PIAmaxim se coreleaz
scorurile APACHE II la internare i la 72 ore precum i cu scorurile Ranson i
Balthazar (CT); el raporteaz c PIAmax > 14 mmHg se coreleaz cu mortalitatea n
PAS (AUROC 0.837) [7].
Obiectivele studiului au fost: evaluarea incidenei HIA i a SCA la pacienii cu
PAS; stalilirea impactului HIA asupra disfunciilor de organ instalate n PAS; studiul
relaiei HIA/prognostic n PAS, prin evaluarea corelaiei HIA scoruri de severitate
SOFA i APACHE II.
MATERIAL I METOD
Am realizat un studiu retrospectiv ce a cuprins 64 pacieni cu PAS cu scor
APACHE II >12 internai in Clinica ATI in perioada 2006-2008, n Spitalul Judeean de
Urgene Sf Spiridon din Iai. Din acest studiu au fost exclui pacienii cu vrsta mai
mic de 18 ani, pacienii la care nu s-a monitorizat PIA (n=8) i cei cu evoluie
fulminant, cu deces in mai puin de 24 ore (n=1); astfel lotul de studiu a cuprins 55
pacieni.
HIA s-a considerat la valori ale PIA>12mmHg, iar SCA s-a definit la valori ale
PIA>20 mmHg la care s-a asociat o disfuncie de organ (respiratorie, renal, cardiocirculatorie), conform criteriilor elaborate de World Society of ACS (WSACS) n 20062007 [8,9]. Gradele de HIA au fost considerate, conform ghidurilor WSACS (Tabel 1)
[8,9].
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598
Articole originale
18
16
14
12
numar de 10
pacienti
8
6
4
2
0
PIAi<12
grI
grII
grIII
grIV
Disfuncia de organ
Disfuncie renal acut
Disfuncie respiratorie
acut
Disfuncie
cardiocirculatorie acut
Tabel 2
Relaia PIAi/disfuncii de organ la internare
Numr pacieni(%)
PIAi<12
PIAi>12
32 (58,18%)
8/18
24/47
p
P=0,32
19(34,55%)
4/14
15/47
P=0,42
14(25,45%)
3/18
11/47
P=0,37
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HIAi se coreleaz cu severitatea n PAS; ntreg lotul a prezentat valori mari ale
scorurilor de severitate APACHE II i SOFA de la internare dar pacienii cu HIAi
prezint scoruri de gravitate semnificativ statistic mai mari comparativ cu cei fr HIAi;
astfel, scorul APACHE II la internare a fost seminificativ statistic mai mare (18,08+/5,7) la pacienii cu HIAi, comparativ cu pacienii fr HIAi (14,11+/-2,4) (p= 0,008).
Pe parcursul internrii pacienii cu HIAi au dezvoltat scor APACHE II worst
semnificativ mai mare dect cei fr HIAi (p=0,002); de asemenea SOFA worst atinge
valori mari la cei cu HIAi (8,77+/-3,6), cu nalt semnificaie statistic (p= 0,00029)
(Tabel 3).
Tabel 3
Corelaia HIAi, scoruri de severitate,zile de terapie intensiv(TI) n PAS
Lot general
PIAi<12
PIAi>12
n=55
n =18
n=37
APACHE IIi
16,8+/-5,2
14,11+/-2,4
18,08+/-5,7
APACHE IIworst
21,5+/-14
17.11+/-5,6
23,6+/-7,4
SOFAi
5,05+/-3,1
3,8+/-2,9
5,6+/-3,1
SOFAworst
7,48+/-3,7
4,46+/-3
8,77+/-3,6
Zile de TI
10,21+/-8,4
8,7+/-8,3
10,8+/-8,6
p
0,008
0,002
0,065
0,00029
0,400
20
15
10(18,18%)
nr pacienti 10
17(30,90%)
9(16,36%)
5(9,09%)
5
0
PIA<12
grI
grII
grIII
grIV
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PIAmax<12
PIAmax>12
APACHE II i
16,8+/-5,2
13,7+/-2,04
17,4+/-5,4
0,056
APACHE II worst
21,5+/-14
16,1+/-4,8
22,5+/-7,5
0,017
SOFA i
5,05+/-3,1
3,0+/-2,5
5,5+/-3,1
0,062
SOFAworst
7,48+/-3,7
3,0+/-2,5
8,3+/-3,3
0,0001
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mortalitate
Tabel 5
Peste 80% dintre decedati au nregistrat HIAi i HIA
PIAmax<12
PIAmax>12
PIAi<12
n=55
n=10
n=45
n =18
29(52,7%)
2(6,9%)
27(93,10%)
4(13,8%)
PIAi>12
n =37
25(86,2%)
La decedai s-au constatat valori medii ale PIAi i ale PIAmax din cursul
internrii mai mari dect la supravieuitori, dar diferena nu a fost semnificativ statistic
ntre decesele la pacienii cu HIAi i HIA max (Tabel 6).
Tabel 6
Valorile medii ale PIAi, PIAmax la decedai
PIAi<12
PIAi>12
Decese
n=4; 11+/-1,41
n=25; 18,51+/-4,10
0,27
Decese
PIAmax<12
PIAmax>12
n=2; 11+/-0
n=25; 24,92+/-4,25
0,31
PIAi>12
PIAmax>12
n=25; 18,51+/4,10
n=27; 24,92+/-4,25
0,41
Decese
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De asemenea decedaii au prezentat valori mai mari ale PIA, att la internare dar
i ale PIAmax , dar diferenele la supravieuitori comparativ cu nosupravieuitori, nu a
fost semnificative statistic (Tabel 7).
Tabel 7
Valoarea PIA la supravieuitori comparativ cu decedai.
Decese
SV
PIAmax>12
24,92+/-4,25
19,88+/-5,24
0,26
PIAmax<12
11+/-0
9,26+/-2,55
0,81
PIAmax
24,03+/-5,26
16,6+/-6,65
0,61
PIAi
17,63+/-4,67
13,52+/-6,69
0,79
PIAi>12
18,51+/-4,10
19,5,4+/-5,42
0,08
PIAi<12
11+/-1,41
8,75+/-2,91
0,87
PIAmax<20
PIAmax20
n = 55
n =23
n =32
APACHE
IIi
16,8+/5,2
14,5+/-3,0
18,4+/-5,9
APACHE
IIworst
21,5+/-14
17,5+/-5,7
SOFA i
SOFAworst
Zile in TI
mortalitate
5,05+/3,1
7,48+/3,7
10,21+/8,4
29
(52.7%)
PIAi<20
PIAi>20
n =41
n =14
0,010
16,5+/-4,9
17,7+/-6,1
0,45
24,2+/-7,5
0,0014
21,2+/-7,8
22,2+/-6,5
0,68
3,8+/2,8
5,9+/-3,4
0,030
4,6+/-3,1
6,2+/-3,4
0,13
5,1+/-3,2
9,1+/-3,2
7,8
7,0+/-3,9
8,8+/-2,8
0,13
9,9+/-9,1
10,2+/-8,1
0,78
10,5+/-8,9
8,8+/-7,4
0,52
5 (21,7%)
24 (75,0%)
20
(48,7%)
9 (64,2%)
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Cu
intervenie
chirurgical
Fr
intervenie
chirurgical
PIAi<12
PIAi>12
PIAmax<12
PIAmax>12
35
(63.6%)
11 (61.1%)
24 (64.8%)
6 (60%)
29 (64,4%)
20
(36.3%)
7 (38.9%)
13 (35.1%)
4 (40%)
16 (35,6%)
DISCUII
n evoluia clinic a pacienilor cu pancreatit acut sever (PAS) se constat
frecvent creterea presiunii intraabdominale (PIA), ceea ce contribuie la creterea
morbidittii i mortalitii n PAS. nc din 2002 Pupelis G atrage atenia c exist
corelaie semnificativ ntre PIA max n primele dou sptmni de evoluie n PAS i
rata mortalitii la pacienii cu PIA>25 mmHg; el raporteaz c exist o cretere
semnificativ a mortalitii de la 0 to 36% la cei cu PIA >25 mmHg [10]. Leppaniemi,
relev n 2005 o inciden a HIA n PAS de 40%, iar a SCA de 10%, situaie clinic
grevat de o mortalitate crescuta, intre 60-80% [11]. Studiile publicate n ultimii 10 ani
atrag atenia asupra incidenei crescute a HIA la pacientul critic i a impacutului negativ
al acesteia asupra prognosticului.
Incidena HIA ntr-o TI mixt (medical i chirurgical) a fost raportat de
Malbrain de 59%, iar 8.2% au prezentat SCA [12] ;el arat c mortalitatea la pacientul
cu HIA este de 38.8% comparativ cu 22.2% la pacienii fr HIA [12]. n general
pacientul critic asociaz HIA cu o inciden mare raportat ntre 35-60%, iar HIA este
un predictor independent al mortalitii. Vidal 2008 ntr-un studiu retrospectiv pe 116
pacieni critici arat o inciden a HIA de 64%, iar a SCA de 12% [13]. Acelai studiu
atrage atentia asupra importanei HIA la internare ca predictor independent al
mortalitii la pacientul critic [13]. Referitor la frecvena monitorizrii PIA n PAS, n
studiul nostru am constatat c PIA a fost monitorizat la 55 din 63 pacieni cu PAS
(87,30%), iar Paivi Keskinen costat c PIA s-a monitorizat la doar 37 din 59 cazuri
(62,71%) de PAS, pe un lot studiat n perioada 2001-2003 [14]. Menionm c abia n
2006 au fost publicate definiiile i ghidurile de management al pacientului cu risc de
HIA i SCA; pn la acea dat elementul clinic, mrirea de volum a abdomenului i
apariia disfunciilor de organ indicau iniierea monitorizrii PIA.
Literatura semnaleaz incidena crescut a HIA i SCA la pacientul cu PAS i
subliniaz evoluia nefavorabil a pacientului cu PAS care asociaz aceste complicaii.
Atfel n 2004 Tao i colab. [3] raporteaz n PAS o inciden a SCA de 78%, dar acest
autor a utilizat ca voaloare a PIA de ncadrare pentru SCA, PIA peste 15mmHg.
Menionm c din 2006 definirea SCA presupune PIA20 mmHg la care se asociaz cel
puin o disfuncie de organ [8,9].
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Hong Chen arat ntr-un studiu publicat n 2008 c incidena HIA n prima
sptmn de evoluie ntr-un lot de 74 pacieni cu PAS de evoluie a fost de 59.46%
(44 pacieni), iar SCA s-a instalat la 20 pacieni (27.03%) [15]. n 2008, Al-Bahrani
arat o inciden a HIA n PAS de 61%, iar a SCA de 56% [16].
Rezultatele obinute n studiul nostru se suprapun pe datele din literatur, astfel
frecvena HIA la internare a fost de 70%, dar menionm c noi am urmrit evoluia PIA
la bolnavii cu PAS aflai n diverse stadii de evoluie , nu numai n faza precoce. n lotul
studiat au prezentat HIAi>20mmHg 14 din 55 pacieni (25,45%), iar SCA la 12%;
mortalitatea la aceti pacieni a fost n proporie 64,28% (9/14) comparativ cu 48,7%
(20/41) la cei HIAi<20. Referitor la HIA max > 20mmHg am constatat c au prezentat
pe parcursul internrii HIA max >20mmHg 32 din 55 pacieni (58,18%), iar disfuncii
de organ au asociat 90% dintre pacieni. Dei nu exist o corelaie semnificativ statistic
ntre disfunciile de organ i HIA la lotul studiat, remarcm totui incidena mai mare a
disfuniilor organice la pacienii cu HIA comparativ cu cei fr HIA. n PAS disfunciile
de organ au multiple cauze precum SIRS, sepsisul, dar HIA constiuie o situaie
frecvent care trebuie identifict i corectat rapid pentru ameliorarea prognosticului.
Mortalitatea la pacienii cu HIAmax20 a fost nregistrat la 24 din 32 pacieni
(75%) pe cnd la cei cu HIAmax<20 s-a nregistrat la 5 din 23 pacieni (21,7%) .
Practic n lotul studiat s-au nregistrat 29 pacieni decedai, dintre care 24
(82,75%) prezentau HIAmax 20 i doar 5/29 (15, 25% ) nu au dezvoltat HIA max20
n cursul internrii. Astfel n lotul studiat 82% din pacieni au decedat prezentnd SCA.
n 2007 Leppaniemi A arat ntr-un studiu retrospectiv pe 37 pacieni cu PAS c
mortalitatea la pacienii cu PAS i ACS este de 50% comparativ cu 15% la cei fr ASC
[11]. Mortalitatea mai mare la lotul nostru comparativ cu rezultatele din literatur relev
un management ineficient de al terapiei n PAS care nu a asigurat reducerea adecvat a
HIA.
PAS este o patologie clinic grav n ciuda progreselor terapeutice introduse n
practic. Obiectivele terapeutice urmresc stabilizarea hemodinamic precoce prin
suport volemic, vasopresor i ventilator ghidat de monitorizare complex [17], nutriie
enteral precoce [18] instituirea precoce a hemofiltrrii, terapia imuno-modulatorie.
Aplicarea acestor principii a adus progrese importante care au ameliorat rata deceselor
la 20-25% [19,20].
Pentru predicia severitii i a prognosticului pancreatitei acute se efectueaz la
internare i pe parcursul internrii diverse scale de risc .Conform rezultatelor a
numeroase studii, scorul APACHE II efectuat la admisie i pe parcursul internrii se
coreleaz semnificativ cu prognosticul n PAS [21-23] i de aceea este util n
stratificarea riscului la pacienii admii cu PAS. Scorul Ranson, introdus n 1974
prezint dezavantajul prea multor parametri i a ntrzierii cu 48 ore de la internare
pentru calculare .Un alt scor elaborat n primele 24 de ore i cu valoare bun n predicia
evoluiei n PAS,este scorul BISAP (ureea seric, alterarea statusului mental, rspunsul
inflamator sistemic, vrsta, bedside index for severity in acute pancreatitis
pleurezie) [24].
La lotul pe care l-am studiat am evaluat scorurile APACHE II i SOFA i relaia
cu PIA n PAS; pacienii cu HIAi au avut scorurile APACHE IIi precum i APACHE II
worst semnificativ statistic mai mari dect cei fr HIAi (p=0,008, respectiv p=0,002);
de asemenea la cei cu HIAi scorul SOFA worst a fost semnificativ mai mare
(p=0,00029); aadar scorul APACHE II crescut la internare trebuie s atrag atenia
asupra riscului la aceti pacieni de a dezvolta HIA i SCA.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
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De Waele JJ, Leppniemi AK. Intra-Abdominal Hypertension in Acute Pancreatitis. World J
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Byk A, Balik A, Gm M, Erdoan F, Gmtekin K, Kiziltun A, Polat KY. Effects of
Intra-Abdominal Hypertension on the Endocrine Functions of the Pancreas in Rats. J Trauma.
2011; 71(4): E94-8.
Al-Bahrani AZ, Darwish A, Hamza N, Benson J, Eddleston JM, Snider RH, Nyln ES, Becker
KL, Barclay GR, Ammori BJ. Gut barrier dysfunction in critically ill surgical patients with
abdominal compartment syndrome. Pancreas 2010; 39(7): 1064-1069.
Rosas JM, Soto SN, Aracil JS, Cladera PR, Borlan RH, Sanchez AV, Ros FB, Posa LG. Intraabdominal pressure as a marker of severity in acute pancreatitis. Surgery 2007; 141(2): 173-178.
Cheatham ML, Malbrain ML, Kirkpatrick A, Sugrue M, Parr M, De Waele J, Balogh Z,
Leppniemi A, Olvera C, Ivatury R, D'Amours S, Wendon J, Hillman K, Wilmer A. Results
from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal
Compartment Syndrome. I. Definitions. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32(11): 1722-1732.
Cheatham ML, Malbrain ML, Kirkpatrick A, Sugrue M, Parr M, De Waele J, Balogh Z,
Leppniemi A, Olvera C, Ivatury R, D'Amours S, Wendon J, Hillman K, Wilmer A. Results
from the International Conference of Experts on Intra-abdominal Hypertension and Abdominal
Compartment Syndrome. II. Recommendations. Intensive Care Med. 2007; 33(6): 951-962.
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INTRODUCTION
Echinococcosis is a near-cosmopolitan zoonosis caused by adult or larval stage
of tapeworms (cestodes) belonging to the genus Echinococcus (family Taeniide). Both
sheep and humans are intermediate hosts [1].
The two major species of medical and public health importance are Echinococus
granulosus and Echinococus multilocularis, which cause cystic echinococcosis and
alveolar echinococcosis, respectively. These are both serious life-threatening diseases,
the latter especially so, with a high fatality rate and poor prognosis without careful
clinical management.
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In humans, 50% to 75% of hydatid cysts occur in the liver, 25% are found in the
lungs, and 5% to 10% are distributed along the arterial system [2]. The clinical picture
can be severe, and complications may occur, making the already difficult treatment even
more so [3-5].
Complications are observed in one third of patients with liver hydatid cysts.
Without treatment, cysts grow and eventually may form fistulas into the peritoneal
cavity or intrabiliary rupture, requiring emergency surgery [2-5]. Operative treatments
vary from complete resection to minimal invasive procedures, but the ideal treatment is
still controversial [6,7]. The choice of therapy depends on several factors: number and
localization of the cysts, surgeon expertise, and presence of complications.
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment, although there is no consensus on the
respective advantages of conservative and radical methods. Besides, in the treatment of
peritoneal perforated cases, profuse peritoneal lavage with hypertonic solutions appears
to be more necessary; in the setting of intrabiliary rupture, T-tube drainage,
sphincteroplasty, and choledochoduodenostomy are appropriate treatment strategies to
reduce the pressure in the biliary tree. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the
predisposing factors for peritoneal perforation and intrabiliary rupture and the effects of
these complications on morbidity, length of hospital stay (LOS), mortality, and
recurrence in hydatid disease.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We retrospectively evaluated medical records of 254 patients with liver hydatid
cysts who were admitted to the Department of General Surgery of Sf. Ioan
Emergency Hospital and I Surgery Clinic of Sf. Spiridon, Medicine and Pharmacy
University Gr. T Popa, Iasi, Romania, between February 2004 and December 2010. In
this period, 12 patients with peritoneal perforation (group I), 43 patients with
spontaneous intrabiliary perforation (group II), and 199 patients with noncomplicated
hydatid cysts (group III) were treated in our clinics. The ratios of intrabiliary rupture
and peritoneal perforation cases to noncomplicated cases were 21% and 6%,
respectively. From the point of view of surgical technique adopted, there were 215
patients with laparotomy, 27 by celioscopic technique, and 12 conversions to
laparotomy. Patient age and sex, initial complaints, physical findings, cyst
characteristics, imaging results, surgical procedures, reasons for peritoneal perforation
and intrabiliary rupture, morbidity, LOS, recurrence rates, and mortality were evaluated.
The patients with extrahepatic organ involvement were excluded.
The preoperative evaluation included blood tests (complete blood count, blood
type, liver function tests), chest radiography, abdominal ultrasonography (US) or
computed tomography (CT). Chest and abdominal radiography and abdominal US were
performed in all patients at admission. The most important indications for CT were a
need for additional anatomical and cystic details, the presence of multiple hydatid cysts,
findings of a solid appearance, and findings of cyst infection.
In the cases of liver hydatid cysts operated by classical technique, the area
around the cyst was covered with packs soaked in 3% hypertonic saline solution to
prevent the further spread of the parasite during evacuation of the cyst. Cyst contents
were aspirated and the germinative membrane and daughter cysts were removed with
forceps or spoons. With the roof excision of the redundant part of the cyst, an excellent
exposure was obtained. Any orifices of bile ducts observed on the inner surface of the
cavity were sutured with nonabsorbable sutures.
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P
0.950
0.001
0.204
0.017
0.001
0.109
0.284
0.683
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The most common complaint was abdominal pain in all groups (63%). Other
common complaints were nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and allergenic
reactions in peritoneally perforated cases, jaundice (26%) in intrabiliary ruptured cases,
and abdominal swelling (37%) in noncomplicated hydatid cysts.
The most common physical examination findings were abdominal sensitivity
and guarding (100%), acute abdomen findings (42%), distension (27%) in peritoneally
perforated cases, hepatomegaly (34%) and jaundice (27%) in intrabiliary ruptured cysts,
and finally, hepatomegaly (23%) in noncomplicated patients. In 53 (20%) patients,
diagnosis was made incidentally by abdominal US or CT during a medical checkup or
after a trauma.
When the predisposing factors for complications were evaluated, younger age,
superficial position, and larger cyst dimensions increased peritoneal perforation rates. It
has been seen that older age, increased cyst dimensions, and presence of multiple and
bilobar cysts increases intrabiliary rupture rates.
Abdominal US were done for all patients and demonstrated hepatic cysts with
96.3% sensitivity CT was used as the second most frequent (n = 148, 46%) diagnostic
modality, with 96.5% sensitivity.
MRI cholangiography was performed after 1996 to assess the spread of disease
to the biliary tree but was not used routinely and was done in 37 patients (9.9%). The
indications for MRI cholangiography are the presence of jaundice seen during the
physical examination, elevation of serum bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase levels, and
other obstructive jaundice symptoms and demonstrated 98% sensitivity.
Partial pericystectomy and drainage was the most frequent surgical procedure in
all groups. In all intrabiliary rupture cases, cholecystectomy and common bile duct
exploration were performed. Cyst remnants and daughter vesicles in the bile ducts were
evacuated with Dormia forceps or a Fogarty catheter in 5 (27.6%) patients. A T-tube
drainage was performed in 31 (72%) patients, choledochoduodenostomy was performed
in 7 (16.1%) patients, and sphincteroplasty was performed in 3 (6.4%) patients.
The most frequent postoperative complications were wound infection (7.3%)
and pulmonary complications (3.6%). In the peritoneal perforation group, 10 surgical
complications occurred in 4 (25%) patients; in the intrabiliary rupture group, 18
complications occurred in 7 (16.2%) patients; and in the noncomplicated group, 16
complications occurred in 14 (5.5%) patients (Table 2).
Table 2
Morbidity, recurrence, and mortality rates of the three study groups n (%)
Group I (n =
Group II (n =
Group III (n =
P
12)
43)
199)
Medical complications
Cardiac
1 (8.3)
1 (2.3)
3 (1.5)
0.163
Respiratory
2 (16.6)
3 (6.9)
6 (3)
Other
1 (8.3)
2 (4.6)
4 (2)
Surgical complications
Wound infection
2 (16.6)
3 (6.9)
5 (3.5)
0.001
Biliary fistula
1 (8.3)
5 (11.6)
1 (0.5)
0.001
Intra-abdominal
1 (2.3)
2 (1)
0.855
abscess
Incisional hernia
2 (16.6)
2 (4.6)
3 (1.2)
0.087
Recurrence
3 (25)
5 (11.6)
8 (4)
0.132
Mortality
1 (2.3)
3 (1.2)
0.844
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DISCUSSION
Peritoneal perforation into the abdominal cavity and the spontaneous intrabiliary
rupture of liver hydatid disease are not rare complications and cause serious problems.
In our study, the ratios of peritoneal perforation and intrabiliary rupture cases to
noncomplicated cases were 6% and 21.6%, respectively. The most common
complication is rupture of the cyst, either internally or externally, followed by
anaphylactic reaction and jaundice [2,4, 5-10]. Systemic anaphylactic reactions have
been reported in 1% to 18.3% of patients with intraperitoneal perforation, and these
reactions may be life threatening [5,11,12]. Jaundice is the most important sign of
intrabiliary rupture within a range of 8% to 34% [13,14]. The presence of complications
must be considered in the surgical treatment.
One third of 254 patients who underwent an operation for liver hydatid disease
presented with complications. When compared, but the mean age in the peritoneal
perforated group was significantly different (p = 0.001, Table 1).
Trauma is the most frequent etiological cause of perforation [7,14]. In
superficial and bigger cysts, lack of normal liver tissue around the cyst to protect against
trauma may be a cause of frequent rupture.
Besides age, cyst diameter and cyst position (superficial or deep) were also
significantly different factors (p = 0.001 and 0.017, respectively). Similarly, an increase
in cyst diameter may increase perforation risk either by becoming more superficial
during growth or by increasing intracystic pressure.
Cyst dimension and age (younger age for peritoneal perforation and older age
for intrabiliary rupture) have been determined as significant predisposing factors for the
two complications.
Recently, some authors have favoured the use of pericystectomy and liver
resections because complete surgical resection is the ideal treatment for hydatid disease
[11]. In our study, liver resections were performed only if multiple cysts were localized
in one lobe, located peripherally, and were pedunculated, and pericystectomy was
performed if the cysts were away from the major vascular and biliary structures of the
liver. The need for sufficient technical infrastructure and surgical experience in the field
of hepatic surgery limit these treatments in small centers, especially in developing
countries. Relatively small-sized subcapsular cysts can be managed by nonanatomic
resection of the cysts with a rim of healthy hepatic tissue but routine application of
pericystectomy and liver resection may increase the operative complications, such as
bleeding and postoperative morbidity and mortality.
In the literature, reported complication rates are between 6% and 47%;
recurrence rates are 8% to 15% [15]. In this study, the overall postoperative
complication and recurrence rates were 18% and 3.8%, respectively. Most often,
surgical complications were wound infection (n = 8) and biliary fistulas (n = 7).
External biliary fistulas developed in 15 (5.9%) patients. Endoscopic procedures have
been used not only for diagnostic purposes, but for treatment as well. Several authors
have advocated pre-operative or post-operative ERCP [16-18]. If performed in
conjunction with a sphincterotomy, an ERCP may be used to clear the biliary tree as a
planned procedure, thereby avoiding the need for an intraoperative cholangiography and
bile duct exploration.
Recurrence occurred in 14 nonperforation cases (3.8%). Recurrence rates were
not significantly higher in peritoneal perforation and intrabiliary rupture cases when
compared with noncomplicated cases (Table 2).
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12. Clavien PA, Barkun J, de Oliveira ML, Vauthey JN, Dindo D, Schulick RD, de Santibaes E,
Pekolj J, Slankamenac K, Bassi C, Graf R, Vonlanthen R, Padbury R, Cameron JL, Makuuchi
M. The Clavien-Dindo classification of surgical complications: five-year experience. Ann Surg.
2009; 250(2): 187196.
13. Ergney S, Tortum O, Taspinar AH, Ertem M, Gaziolu E. Complicated hydatid cysts of the
liver. Ann Chir. 1991; 45(7): 584589.
14. Kksal N, Mftoglu T, Gnerhan Y, Uzun MA, Kurt R. Management of intrabiliary ruptured
hydatid disease of the liver. Hepatogastroenterology. 2001; 48(40): 10941096.
15. Little JM, Hollands MJ, Ekberg H. Recurrence of hydatid disease. World J Surg. 1988; 12(5):
700704.
16. Dumas R, Le Gall P, Hastier P, Buckley MJ, Conio M, Delmont JP. The role of endoscopic
retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the management of hepatic hydatid disease. Endoscopy.
1999; 31(3): 242247.
17. Tekant Y, Bilge O, Acarli K, Alper A, Emre A, Arioul O. Endoscopic sphincterotomy in the
treatment of postoperative biliary fistulas of hepatic hydatid disease. Surg Endosc. 1996; 10(9):
909911.
18. Vignote ML, Mio G, de la Mata M, de Dios JF, Gomez F. Endoscopic sphincterotomy in
hepatic hydatid disease open to the biliary tree. Br J Surg. 1990; 77(1): 3031.
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INTRODUCERE
Bolile arterelor periferice (BAP) constituie un capitol important n patologia
cardiovascular, datorit incidenei ridicate i problemelor complexe de diagnostic i
tratament pe care le ridic. Afectarea vaselor periferice se produce n peste 90% din
cazuri n cadrul aterosclerozei sistemice, care poate realiza un tablou de ischemie
arterial cronic sau acut. Ischemia critic a membrelor inferioare reprezint o boala a
secolului XXI, fiind n continu cretere n ntreaga lume odat cu creterea incidenei
fumatului, obezitii, diabetului si dislipidemiei, principalii factori de risc ai bolilor
arterelor periferice, iar complexitatea fiziopatologiei i terapiei acestui sindrom este de
maxim actualitate [1]. Studiile epidemiologice au estimat c prevalena BAP poate fi
de pn la 10% n populaia general i de dou ori mai mare la cei cu vrsta peste 70 de
ani.
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MATERIAL I METOD
A fost efectuat un studiu de cohort al unui lot de 1301 pacieni internai n
perioada 1 ianuarie 2005 31 decembrie 2010 n Clinica I Medical Cardiologic C.I.
Negoi a Sp. Sf. Spiridon Iai cu diagnosticul cert de ischemie critic a membrelor
inferioare, crora li s-a efectuat explorare angiografic n cursul internrii.
Au fost considerate criterii de excludere vrsta sub 18 ani, date incomplete
pentru includerea n studiu, cu referire n special la lipsa explorrii arteriale pe parcursul
internrii, dat de limite tehnice sau de gravitatea patologiei asociate, care nu a permis
efectuarea arteriografiei, refuzul pacientului sau condiii ce necesit spitalizare pentru
afeciuni amenintoare de via sau neoplasme n stadiu terminal.
Dei o mare parte din pacieni au prezentat repetate internri, fie datorate
agravrii BAP, fie patologiei asociate, fiecare pacient a fost inclus n studiu o singur
dat, i anume, cu internarea pe parcursul creia s-a efectuat explorarea angiografic,
urmrindu-se i prima internare ulterioar cu viz terapeutic, fie ea n Clinica I
Medical Cardiologic pentru angioplastie transluminal (APTL), fie n Clinica de
Chirurgie Vascular pentru tratament de revascularizaie sau n Clinica de Chirurgie
General pentru amputaie.
Au fost urmrite i corelate datele demografice, comorbiditile asociate,
prezena factorilor de risc cardiovascular, examenul clinic sugestiv pentru BAP,
simptomatologia clinic (claudicaie intermitent, durere de repaus, nsoite sau nu de
prezena tulburrilor trofice cutanate) i tratamentul recomandat n contextul
diagnosticului nou precizat.
Protocolul de urmrire a lotului de studiu a cuprins msurarea indicelui gleznbra (IGB), electrocardiogram, ecografie cardiac i explorare arterial a membrelor
inferioare efectuate ntregului lot de 1301 (100%) pacieni, arteriografie efectundu-se
la 1273 (98%) pacieni i angiografie prin rezonan magnetic nuclear la 62 (5%)
pacieni, iar ecografie Doppler vascular la 242 (19%) pacieni (Fig. 1). La acestea s-au
adugat testarea glicemiei, funciei renale (uree, creatinin, clearance de creatinin, acid
uric), profilului lipidic (colesterol total, HDL-colesterol, LDL-colesterol, trigliceride),
fibrinogenului i hematocritului.
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Din totalul de pacieni inclui n studiul de fa, 446 pacieni (34%) prezint afectare
vascular bilateral a membrelor inferioare, restul de 855 de pacieni (66%) prezentnd doar
leziuni unilaterale.
33%
Obezitate
6%
Dislipidemie
54%
HTA
48%
21,3%
Sindrom metabolic
21%
14,3%
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5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Gherasim L. Medicin Intern Bolile cardiovasculare, metabolice, vol.II, Bucureti, Ed.
Medical, 2001; p. 1013 1050.
Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA et al. Trans Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus for the
Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease. (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007; 33(1):
1-75.
Dormandy JA, Rutherford RB. Management of peripheral arterial disease. TASC Working
Group. TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Arterial
Disease (TASC I). J Vasc Surg 2000; 31(1): 1-296.
Tendera M, Aboyans V, Bartelink ML et al. The Task Force on the Diagnosis and Treatment of
Peripheral Arterial Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Document covering
atherosclerotic diseaseof extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower
extremity arteries. Eur Heart J 2011; 2(10): 1-56.
Hirsch AT, Haskal ZJ, Hertzer NR et al. ACC/AHA 2005 guidelines for the management of
patients with peripheral arterial disease: executive summary. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 47(6):
1239-1312.
Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness
and treatment in primary care. JAMA 2001; 286: 1317-1324.
Weitz JI, Byrne J, Clagett GP, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic arterial insufficiency of
the lower extremities: a critical review. Circulation 1996; 94: 30263049.
Morris-Stiff G, Moawad M, Appleton N et al. Long-term clinical outcome following lower limb
arterial angioplasty. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2011; 93(3): 250-254.
Johnston KW, Rae M, Hogg-Johnston SA et al. 5-Year results of a prospective study of
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Ann Surg 1987; 206: 403413.
Lofberg AM, Karacagil S, Ljungman C et al. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of the
femoropopliteal arteries in limbs with chronic critical lower limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg 2001;
34: 114121.
Jamsen T, Manninen H, Tulla H, Matsi P. The final outcome of primary infrainguinal
percutaneous transluminal angioplasty in 100 consecutive patients with chronic critical limb
ischemia. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002; 13: 455463.
Brown KT, Moore ED, Getrajdman GI, Saddekni S. Infrapopliteal angioplasty: long-term
follow-up. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1993; 4: 139144.
Hunink MG, Wong JB, Donaldson MC, Meyerovitz MF, Harrington DP. Patency results of
percutaneous and surgical revascularization for femoropopliteal arterial disease. Med Decis
Making 1994; 14: 7181.
Wilson SE, Wolf GL, Cross AP. Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty versus operation for
peripheral arteriosclerosis: report of a prospective randomized trial in a selected group of
patients. J Vasc Surg 1989; 9: 19.
Gallagher KA, Meltzer AJ, Ravin RA et al. Endovascular management as first therapy for
chronic total occlusion of the lower extremity arteries: comparison of balloon angioplasty,
stenting, and directional atherectomy. J Endovasc Ther 2011; 18(5): 624-637.
Mendiz OA, Fava CM, Valdivieso LR et al. Angioplasty for treatment of isolated below-theknee arterial stenosis in patients with critical limb ischemia. Angiology 2011; 62(5): 359-364.
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INTRODUCERE
Patologia tumoral reprezint o problem major de sntate public pentru care
se aloc enorme resurse materiale i umane n vederea descifrrii mecanismelor de
apariie, dezvoltare i progresie. Cancerul de colon reprezint o cauz important de
morbiditate i mortalitate n lume, cu implicaii deosebite n domeniul medical i socioeconomic. Afecteaz 1/20 persoane n rile dezvoltate, n Europa constituind a 2-a
cauz de deces prin cancer [1]. n ciuda progreselor obinute n domeniul mijloacelor de
diagnostic, n cunoaterea carcinogenezei i istoriei naturale a cancerului colonic, n
efortul depistrii precoce a acestor neoplazii, pacienii care se adreseaz la medic n
stadii avansate ale bolii, prezentnd ocluzie sau perforaie, nc reprezint un procent de
8-29% i respective 3-8% din totalul cancerelor de colon [2,3].
Cancerul a provocat decesul a 7,6 milioane de persoane la nivel mondial n
2008, mai ales n rile n curs de dezvoltare, potrivit unui studiu al Centrului
internaional de cercetri asupra cancerului (CIRC, organism al OMS), dat publicitii n
2008. 56% dintre cele 12,7 milioane de noi cazuri de cancer i 63% din totalul de 7,6
milioane de decese asociate unui cancer au survenit n ri n curs de dezvoltare. Potrivit
CIRC, mortalitatea asociat cancerului a crescut n ultimii ani n lume, cele mai
frecvente forme de cancer fiind cel pulmonar, de sn, colorectal, de stomac i de
prostat.
n Romnia, frecvena cancerului colorectal este n cretere rapid (dublarea
incidenei i mortalitii n ultimii 20 de ani) atingnd n anul 2000 o inciden de
17,74%ooo pe an, ceea ce plaseaz ara noastr n rndul rilor cu inciden medie a
bolii. n ultimii 3 ani, cancerul colorectal a devenit a doua cauz de deces (dup
cancerul bronho-pulmonar, devansnd cancerul gastric cu un numr de 4150 de decese
n 2002 (19,05%ooo locuitori) i 4860 decese n 2006. Circa 60% din pacienii cu
cancer colorectal se prezint cu boal avansat, metastazele hepatice fiind cele mai
frecvente [4].
Incidena medie a cancerului colorectal n judeul Iai n perioada (2004 - 2007)
a fost de 15,23 la 100000 de locuitori. Acest valoare aeaz judeul Iai ntr-o zon de
inciden medie n raport cu celelalte zone ale rii. Mortalitatea medie n aceast
perioad a fost de 12,5 n judeul Iai fa de 18,25 n ar [5].
MATERIAL I METOD
n perioada 2000 - 2007 am selectat si urmrit un lot de 279 cazuri operai
pentru cancer colorectal n Clinica I Chirurgie a Sp. Sf. Spiridon. Realizarea studiului a
necesitat cunoaterea principalelor date clinice (vrst, sex, domiciliu, data
diagnosticului, sediul anatomic al tumorii i a aspectelor anatomo-patologice tumorale
macroscopia, examenul anatomo-patologic al specimenelor tumorale rezecate
chirurgical, a ganglionilor regionali precum i a metastazelor la distan).
Pentru aceasta au fost studiate foile de observaie ale bolnavilor, registrul de
protocoale operatorii i registrul examenelor anatomo-patologice. Prelucrarea statistic
a fost realizat prin intermediul programului Statistica. n cadrul studiului s-au aplicat
teste specifice diverselor tipuri de date analizate dintre care putem aminti: teste de
compararea valorilor medii a unui parametru corespunztor mai multor loturi de date
dintre care testul ANOVA, Scheff, Spjotvol/Stoline, teste specifice de corelaie pentru
variabile cantitative ct i pentru variabile calitative dintre care putem meniona
Pearson, CHI ptrat (2), Mantel-Haenszel, Fisher, Spearman, Kendall tau, Gamma.
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REZULTATE
Repartiia pe sexe pe ntreaga perioad studiat, evideniaz predominena
cazurilor de sex masculin (61.29%) comparativ cu frecvena cazurilor de sex feminin
care a fost de 38.7%.
n studiul nostru carcinoamele colorectale operate prezint o inciden crescut
la pacienii peste 60 de ani, 71,67%. De asemenea un procent ridicat se regsete pentru
grupa de vrst 60-70 ani i 70-80 ani a cror pondere ajunge la 34.76% respectiv
32.97% din numrul cazurilor investigate. Se remarc o frecven foarte mic a
cazurilor cu vrst sub 50 ani (3.94%) i peste 80 ani (3.94%).
n lotul pacienilor ce prezint cancer colorectal operat compararea valorilor
medii ale vrstei pentru cele dou loturi analizate evideniaz faptul vrsta medie a
pacienilor de sex feminin nu difer semnificativ de vrsta pacienilor de sex masculin.
Vrsta medie a pacienilor de sex feminin a fost de 64,38,58 cu valori minime de 51
ani i maxime de 78 ani iar vrsta medie a pacienilor de sex masculin a fost de
67,910,5 cu minim de 44 i maxim de 86 ani. Majoritatea cazurilor de cancer
colorectal operat au prezentat vrsta peste 68 de ani, remarcndu-se o cretere
progresiv a numrului de cazuri n raport cu vrsta.
Datele de epidemiologie au relevat riscul crescut al bolii la persoanele vrstnice,
persoanele de sex masculin i persoanele din mediul urban. Rezultatul studiilor statistice
i de epidemiologie descriptiv trebuiesc corelate cu studiile de epidemiologie analitic
a factorilor de risc i factorilor genetici.
Topografic, remarcm numrul ridicat al localizrilor rectale (108 cazuri,
38,7%) urmate n ordinea frecvenei de cele sigmoidiene (96 cazuri, 34,40%),
descendent (19 cazuri, 6,81%), unghi hepatic (17 cazuri 6.09%), transvers (17 cazuri,
6.09%), ascendent (12 cazuri, 4,3%) % restul localizrilor fiind ntr-un numr mai mic.
Analiznd distribuia n funie de localizare pe sexe se observ c la sexul
masculin cancerul colorectal este ntlnit cel mai frecvent la nivelul rectului (32,74%)
fiind urmat n urma frecvenei de cel la nivelul sigmoidului (30,99%). La sexul feminin
n lotul studiat cancerul colorectal este ntlnit cel mai frecvent la nivelul sigmoidului
(41,66%) fiind urmat n urma frecvenei de cel la nivelul rectului (11,11%).
Fr ndoial, cei mai importani factori pentru prognosticul supravieuirii l
constituie gradul invaziei tumorale n perete i prezena metastazelor n ganglionii
regionali - stadiul n care a fost diagnosticat cancerul colorectal. Evident, cu ct stadiul
cancerului de colon sau de rect este mai avansat cu att sperana de via este mai mic.
n funcie de tumora primar rezultatele au fost urmtoarele: T1 (tumora este
limitat la submucoas, dar nu penetreaz prin muscularis mucosis) 12,18%; T2 (tumora
invadeaz musculara proprie fr a o depi) 18,27%; T3 (tumora penetreaz pn la
seroas sau esutul pericolic neperitoneal sau perirectal) 59,19%; T4 (tumora invadeaz
alte organe sau structuri peritoneale) 10,39 %.
Topografia limfonodulilor invadai joac i ea un rol prognostic, prinderea staiei
limfatice centrale (ganglionii apicali) nrutete prognosticul, preconiznd diseminarea
celulelor tumorale la distan. Numrul nodulior limfatici metastazai este, de asemenea,
foarte important pentru prognosticul supravieuirii i al recidivei tumorale. Repartiia
cazurilor n funcie de ganglioni limfatici regionali invadai n studiul meu a fost: Nx 16,12%; N0 - 24,37% ; N1 - 38,7%; N2 - 18,27% ; N3 - 2,5%.
n funcie de metastazele la distan rezultatele au fost urmatoarele: Mx 69,17%, M0 - 12,54%, M1 - 18,27%.
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Stadiul CCR
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
10%
20%
42.65%
30.46%
10.39%
16.48%
Stadiul I
Stadiul II
Stadiul III
Stadiul IV
16.48%
30.46%
42.65%
10.39%
Gradul histologic
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
56,98%
24.73%
18.27%
G1
G2
G3
18.27%
56,98%
24.73%
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Corelaie
parial
Intercept
Vrsta
pacientei
Sex
Tabel 1
Corelaia multipl al profilului pacientului cu CCR vs. factori de risc
P 95% interval de
Std.Err
Coeficient de corelaie
Std.Err.
t
B
confiden
.B
(Beta)
(Beta)
50.434
0.000135
204.0
4.0467
12
92
1
0.0070 2.1691
0.008661
7.02445
0.144561
1.987
8
5
0.1165 1.0328
0.000035
6.46626
0.160977
3.120
7
1
5
4
3
2
1
unghi splenic
CEC
unghi hepatic
rectosigmoidian
ascendent
transvers
descendent
rect
0
-1
sigmoid
Frequencies
Local i zare
627
ST ADIUL
1
ST ADIUL
2
ST ADIUL
3
ST ADIUL
4
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polipoida
vegetanta
Tabel 2
Repartiia cazurilor n funcie de gradding-ul tumoral
bine diferentiat
moderat diferentiat
slab diferentiat
8.33%
12.5%
2.08%
37.5%
31.25%
8.34%
628
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629
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Trcoveanu E. Cancerul de colon o problem de sntate public. Jurnalul de Chirurgie. 2007;
3(4): 313-315.
Kang BD, Shin YC, Lee KJ, Park CW. Multivariate Analysis of the Risk Factors Associated
with Complications and Mortality after and Emergency Operation for Obstructive, Perforated
Colorectal Cancer. The Korean Society of Coloproctology. 2009; 25(3): 165-171.
Okita A, Kubo Y, Tanada M, Kurita A, Takashima S. Unusual Abscesses Associated with Colon
Cancer: Report of Three Cases. Acta Med. Okayama. 2007; 61(2): 107-113.
Miron L. Chimioterapia cancerelor colo-rectale. In: Stanciu C editor. Cancerul colorectal:epidemiologie, clinic, prevenie. Iai, Ed. Gr.T. Popa. 2003; p. 262-294.
Tarai I. Diagnosticul precoce n cancerul colorectal. Tez dr. UMF Iasi. 2009.
Burco T, Popa E, Stanilescu S, Cristian D, Jitea N, Barbulescu M, Tudor C, Popa I, Angelescu
N. The sentinel lymph node technique in colorectal cancer using in vivo dye--utility and limits.
Chirurgia. 2007; 102(3): 281-288.
American Cancer Society.Colorectal cancer Facts & Figures, special edition. 2005.
Scheiden R, Pescatore P, Wagener Y, Kieffer N, Capesius C. Colon cancer in Luxembourg: a
naional population- based data report, 1988-1998. BMC Cancer 2005; 5: 52.
Yui HY, Whittemore AS, Shibata A. Increasing colorectal cancer incidence rates in Japan. Int J
Cancer 2004, 109(5): 777-781.
Lazar L, Badulescu F, Cebotaru C, Ciuleanu T. Carcinoamele Colorectale ghid de diagnostic
si tratament. 2010.
Coia LR, Joshua E, Carey C. Colorectal and anal cancer. In Pazdur R, Coia Lr, Hoskins WJ,
Wagman LD eds. Cancer management: A Multi-disciplinary Approach, 8th ed., 2004;
p. 323-355.
Meode PG. Colorectal Cancer, Hartheast Indiana Colorectal Surgeons, 2004; p.728-738.
Ashan M. Colon Cancer Raport, Oncology Program, Annual Report, 2002.
630
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INTRODUCERE
In ultimii ani s-a nregistrat creterea numrului de persoane peste 75 de ani care
se adreseaz serviciilor medicale. In Romnia anului 2010 sperana medie de via era
de 70 de ani la barbai i 77,1 ani la femei, sperana de via la 65 de ani pentru brbai
fiind de 14 ani, iar pentru femei de 17 ani.
Cauzele care explic ascensiunea fenomenului de mbtrnire privesc scderea
natalitii, progresele medicinei asociate cu un nivel de trai mai bun.
In unele cazuri, tratamentul chirurgical poate fi singura modalitate de
mbuntire a calitii i duratei vieii [1,2].
*
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MATERIAL I METODE
Studiul i propune analiza specificului patologiei chirurgicale abdominale
(benign i malign) la bolnavul cu vrsta peste 75 de ani, tipul de internare n serviciul
chirurgical, evaluarea strii de sntate la externare precum i mortalitatea
postoperatorie.
Este un studiu retrospectiv, efectuat n Clinica III-IV Chirurgie a Spitalului Sf.
Spiridon Iai, n perioada 1 ianuarie - 31 decembrie 2010. n intervalul de timp
menionat, au fost internai 411 pacieni cu vrste peste 75 de ani, ce au avut ca
diagnostic principal afeciuni abdominale.
Se disting dou categorii de pacieni pacieni internai, la care se adopt
tratament conservator (neoperai) i vrstnici internai i tratai chirurgical. Studiul este
orientat mai ales asupra acestora din urm.
Datele prelucrate au fost obinute din: foile de observaie, foile de terapie
intensiv, protocoalele operatorii, protocoalele necroptice.
n vederea evalurii patologiei chirurgicale la vrstnic s-au utilizat metode i
procedee specifice analizei statistice descriptive, urmrindu-se: vrsta, sexul, mediul
provenien al pacientului, tipul de internare (electiv, urgen n funcie de momentul
interveniei, s-au stabilit dou categorii : urgena imediat i urgena amnat - aceast
clas cuprinde cazurile internate n urgen dar la care intervenia chirurgical a fost
temporizat din diverse motive); diagnosticul principal, tipul de operaie aplicat,
numrul zilelor de spitalizare, numrul zilelor de terapie intensiv, diagnosticele
secundare, starea la externare.
Iniial s-a realizat centralizarea i gruparea statistic a datelor, ulterior s-a efectuat
o prezentare general a acestora.
REZULTATE
Din totalul de 411cazuri, vrsta predominant a fost cea de 75 (16,54%) ani,
maximul fiind de 95 ani. Analiza distribuiei pe sexe, arat predominana sexului
masculin (218 53,04%), fa de cel feminin (193 46,95%). Se remarc diferene pe
medii i sexe. Pacienii din mediul rural reprezint 55,71% din totalul internrilor, cu
predominana sexului masculin (130 56,76%). Mediul urban (44,28%), este
reprezentat de sexul feminin (94 51,64%).
Analiznd tipul de internare, se poate observa incidena crescut a cazurilor
internate n urgen (384- 93,43%), n comparaie cu internrile elective, programate
(27- 6,56%).
Din punct de vedere al strii la externare, se nregistreaz 267(64,96%) cazuri
vindecate chirurgical, 105(25,54%) ameliorate, 3 pacieni cu stare agravat (externai la
cerere) i 35(8,51%) decese.
Pacienii neoperai (127 30,9%), au fost diagnosticai cu afeciuni neoplazice
(40 39,41%) i non-neoplazice ( 87 68,5%). Motivele pentru care nu s-a indicat
intervenie chirurgical au fost: adoptarea unei atitudini terapeutice conservatoare,
medicamentoase; refuzul pacienilor i al aparintorilor, de a accepta operaia; starea
general grav a acestora (5 3,93%); risc anestezic i chirurgical, cu impact major
asupra ratei de supravieuire.
n anul 2010, 284 de pacieni cu vrsta peste 75 de ani, au fost operai n Clinica
III i IV Chirurgie, ceea ce reprezint 69,099% din total. Analiznd tipul diagnosticului
principal, se observ incidena crescut a afeciunilor non-neoplazice (185- 65%),
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locurile principale n cadrul acestor afeciuni fiind ocupate de: colecistite litiazice (6221,83%); hernie (41-14,43%), (cel mai des ntlnindu-se hernia inghinal) i eventraii
(15- 5,28 %).
Durata zilelor de spitalizare a fost cuprins n intervalul 4-31 zile, cu o medie de
10, 7, necesarul recuperrii in terapie intensiv avnd o medie de 2,06.
Doar 11(3,87%) pacieni cu afeciuni non-neoplazice, au fost internai electiv,
restul de 173(93,51%) fiind urgene (73- 42,19 urgene imediate; 100- 57,8% urgene
amnate). Analiznd starea la externare, a acestei categorii de vrstnici, se observ
faptul c, pacienii sunt externai vindecai chirurgical, ntr-un numr semnificativ (15583,78%). Mortalitatea este notat la 21(11,35%) de cazuri, cauza principal fiind
infarctul entero-mezenteric (733,33%); toate cazurile cu acest tip de diagnostic,
prezint ca patologie asociat, patologia cardiac de tipul fibrilaie artial, infarct
miocardic, insuficien cardiac, afeciuni valvulare. Rezultatele menionate anterior au
fost regsite i n literatura de specialitate [3,8]. Se recomand chirurgia electiv, care
are o rat sczut de mortalitate i morbiditate postoperatorie [3].
Gndindu-ne la vrsta naintat, tendina medicului in general este de a asocia
btrnul, cu afeciunile maligne. Analiza arat, ns, contrariul. Patologia malign este
ntlnit la 99(35%) de pacieni (47 brbai, 42 femei).
Doar dou dintre cazuri sunt internate electiv, restul de 87(87,87%) reprezint
urgene (12 13,79% urgene imediate, 75- 86,2% urgene amnate).
Durata medie de spitalizare este de 15,58 zile (mai mare n comparaie cu
necesarul de ngrijire a afeciunilor non-neoplazice). Perioada medie de recuperare in
terapie intensiv este de 3,04. Se poate concluziona faptul c, ngrijirea afeciunilor
maligne este mai lung, incidena complicaiilor postoperatorii, fiind mult mai mare (se
nregistreaz complicaii medicale i chirurgicale: cardio-vasculare, respiratorii, urinare,
infecii de plag, fistule digestive).
Primele locuri n cadrul patologiei maligne, sunt ocupate de: neoplasm colorectal
(5050,5%); neoplasm gastric (1818,18%) ; neoplasm de pancreas (99,09%), cu
repartiia pe segmente, conform Tabel 1.
Tabel 1
Patologii maligne frecvente
Neoplasm colon
Neoplasm gastric
Neoplasm pancreas
Localizare
Nr.cazuri
Colon ascendent
11
2
2
2
8
7
18
1
1
10
6
Cap pancreas
Corp pancreas
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634
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3. Malik AM, Khan A, Talpur KAH, Laghari AA. Factors influencing morbidity and mortality in
elderly population undergoing inguinal hernia surgery. J Pak Med Assoc. 2010; 60(1): 45-47.
4. Lyon C, Clark CD. Diagnosis of acute abdominal pain in older patients. Amer Fam Ph. 2006;
74(9): 1537-1544.
5. Petermans J. Is it possible to integrate frailty of old person, in surgical procedure? Rev Med
Liege. 2008; 63(12): 722-728.
6. Mirbagheri N, Dark GJ, Watters DAK. How do patients aged 85 and older fare with abdominal
surgery? JAGS. 2010; 58: 104-108.
7. Arenal J, Bengoechea-Beeby M. Mortality associated with emergency abdominal surgery in the
elderly. Can J Surg. 2003; 46(2): 111-116.
8. Gurleyik Y, Guerleyik E, Unalmiser S. Abdominal surgical emergency in the elderly. Turk J
Gastroenterol. 2002; 13(1): 47-52.
9. Ramesh HSJ, Pope D, Gennari R, Audisio RA. Optimising surgical management of elderly
cancer patients. World J Sur Onc. 2005; 3:17.
10. Damhuis RAM, Claudia Meurs, Meijer W. Postoperative mortality after cancer surgery in
octogenarians and nonagenarians: results from a series of 5390 patients. World J Sur Onc. 2005;
3: 71.
11. Coventry PA, Grande GE, Richards DA, Todd JC. Prediction of appropriate timing of palliative
care for older adults with non- malignant life- threatening disease: a systematic review. Age and
Ageing. 2005; 34: 218-227.
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INTRODUCERE
Exist puine studii comparative prospective, trialuri randomizate controlate sau
nu, n domeniul terapiei cu extracte de Viscum album a cancerului colorectal, care s
intruneasc criteriile de calitate pe care le solicita actualmente conceptul de medicin
bazat pe dovezi [1-4].
Multe dintre studii sunt vechi, realizate nainte de anul 2000, perioad n care
din punct de vedere al chimioterapiei nu existau dect regimurile bazate pe 5fluorouracil. n ultimele decade ns, arsenalul chimioterapiei cancerului colorectal s-a
mbogit cu noi ageni precum irinotecanul sau oxaliplatinul, dar efectul asocierii
acestora cu extractele de vsc nu a fost nc studiat n cadrul unor trialuri.
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637
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638
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anotherstudy
A
(n=5)
derivationor
laparotomy
(n=10)
IMMUNO
THERAPY
group
(n=119)
Asessedfor
eligibility
Enrollment
n=309
Excluded(n=71)
Notmeetinginclusioncriteria
(n=67)
Surgery
(n=119)
B
(n=37
Resection
(n=109)
R
A
N
D
O
M
I
Z
A
T
I
O
N
Chemotherapy
No Chemotherapy
losttofollowup(n=2)
discontinuedchemo(n=1)
C
(n=47
Chemotherapy(n= 38)
D
(n=20
Chemotherapy(n=16)
NoChemotherapy(n=9)
Analyzed(n=6)
losttofollowup(n=1)
discontinuedIsorel(n=2)
NoChemotherapy(n=4)
Analyzed (n=35)
Analyzed(n=15)
Analyzed(n=2)
losttofollowup(n=2)
anotherstudy
A
(n=5)
Refusedtoparticipate(n=4)
B
(n=27
Chemotherapy
NoChemotherapy
CONTROL
group
(n=119)
Surgery
(n=119)
Resection
(n=111)
losttofollowup(n=1)
discontinuedchemo(n=1)
C
(n=50
Chemotherapy(n=40)
Analyzed(n=38)
NoChemotherapy(n=10)
Analyzed(n=10)
D
(n=29
Chemotherapy(n=18)
derivationor
laparotomy
losttofollowup(n=1)
discontinuedchemo(n=1)
(n=8)
NoChemotherapy(n=11)
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Analyzed(n=16)
Analyzed(n=2)
losttofollowup(n=9)
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Stadiul Dukes D
Regim chimioterapie
Imunoterapie
n = 41
35 (85%)
Control
n = 48
38 (79%)
Imunoterapie
n = 17
15 (88%)
Control
n = 18
16 (88%)
FU FOL
19
20
FOLFIRI
sau FOLFOX
Fr chimioterapie
16
18
10
Tabel 2
Caracteristicile clinice i anatomo-patologice ale cazurilor din stadiul Dukes C
Imunoterapie
Control
STADIUL Dukes C
n = 33
n = 44
Vrst (ani)
medie
limite
54
24-71
58
50-74
Sex M:F
21 : 14
23 : 22
7
4
7
9
11
3
9
7
7
11
13
1
26
12
3
29
18
1
1
4
4
0
4
2
6
12
0
7
1
1
4
5
0
5
2
5
14
5
5
2
Localizarea tumoral *
Colon drept
Colon stng
Colon sigmoid
Jonciune rectosigmoidian
Rect
Localizare multipl
Grad de difereniere histologic
Difereniat
Mucinos
Nedifereniat
Operaia
Colectomie total
Hemicolectomie dreapt
Hemicolectomie dreapt lrgit
Rezecie segmentar colon transvers
Hemicolectomie stng
Hemicolectomie stng extins
Rezecie segmentar colon sigmoid
Rezecie rectosigmoidian (Dixon)
Rezecie rectal Babcock Bacon
Amputaie rectal Miles
Rezecie Hartmann
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* 1 pacient din grupul Control avea un adenocarcinom apendicular invadant n mezosigma, necesitnd i o
rezecie segmentar sigmoidian pe lng hemicolectomia dreapt
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grup Control
n = 66
Ileus post-op
1
Bronhopneumonie
1
Pneumonie
1
Supuraia plgii
4
Retenie de urin
3
Incontinen urinar
2
Varicoflebit
1
Tromboz distal
1
Depresie psihic
1
Fistul anastomotic
1
Pancreatita uoar
1
Infecie urinar
5
1
1
2
2
2
1
2
1
3
---------Control (n=58)
---------Imunoterapie (n=66)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Time
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80
90
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0.8
Control (n=48)
Imunoterapie (n=41)
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Time
1.0
0.9
Control (n=17)
Imunoterapie (n=18)
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time
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Stadiul Dukes D
Imunoterapie
mS = 46
S5 = 42%
Control
mS = 29
S5 = 17
Imunoterapie
mS = 16 luni
Smax = 36 luni
Control
mS = 10 luni
Smax = 24 luni
FU FOL
mS = 46 luni
S5 = 46,2%
mS = 24 luni
S5 = 17,4%
mS = 13,5 luni
Smax = 26 luni
mS = 9,5 luni
Smax = 12 luni
FOLFIRI
sau FOLFOX
mS = 57,5 luni
S5 = 64,2%
mS = 34 luni
S5 = 38,2%
mS = 24 luni
Smax = 36 luni
mS = 18 luni
Smax = 24 luni
Fr chimioterapie
mS = 27,5 luni
Smax = 46 luni
mS = 29,5 luni
Smax = 34 luni
mS = 18 luni
Smax = 24 luni
mS = 7,5 luni
Smax = 9 luni
Regim chimioterapie
1.0
FuFol (n=20)
FOLFIRI/FOLFOX (n=18)
Imunoterapie + FuFol (n=19)
Imunoterapie + FOLFIRI/FOLFOX
(n=16)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Time
Pentru stadiul D (Fig. 7): cea mai mare supravieuire o ofer de asemenea
Imunoterapia n combinatie cu chimioterapia de tip FOLFOX sau FOLFIRI (mediana
supravieuirii mS= 24 luni, supravieuirea la 2 ani 43% i supravieuire maxim de 36
luni).
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Curba de supravieuire pentru acest tratament este statistic semnificativ mai bun
fa de curbele pentru restul tratamentelor, respectiv n ordinea descresctoare a
supravieuirii: Imunoterapia+FuFol (Coxs F test p=0.017), FOLFIRI/FOLFOX (Coxs
F test p=0.025) i FuFol (Coxs F test p=0.001).
1.0
FuFol (n=8)
FOLFIRI/FOLFOX (n=8)
Imunoterapie + FuFol (n=8)
Imunoterapie + FOLFIRI/FOLFOX (n=7)
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Time
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28
26
18
24
16
Numar de cazuri
Numar cazuri
22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0
1
14
12
10
Nr. pacienti
8
6
4
d
(sa ura
pta ta
ma
n
i)
3
2
te
nsi
ta
inte
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648
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649
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Studiile existente n literatur raporteaz n anii 80 supravieuiri la 5 ani de 1137% utiliznd preparate precum Iscador sau Helixor ca unic tratament adjuvant
postoperator. Studii din anii 90 compar diferite extracte de vsc cu chimioterapia,
gsind supravieuiri mediane de 47 vs. 31 luni [9] sau 1251 vs. 950 zile [10].
Protocoalele actuale de chimioterapie FU-FOL Mayo, LV5FU2, FOLFOX, FOLFIRI,
Capecitabina, realizeaz supravieuiri la 5 ani ntre 60 i 75% [34-37], fa de care
valorile sub-grupurilor Fu-Fol i FOLFIRI/FOLFOX ale acestui studiu sunt mult
inferioare (17% i 40%). Cauza o reprezint probabil numrul relativ mare de cazuri
stadializate Dukes C dar care conform clasificrii TNM (AJCC2010) ar corespunde
stadiului IIIC. Diferenele de supravieuire la 5 ani de la momentul diagnosticului pentru
sub-categoriile stadiului III TNM (83 vs. 64 vs. 44 pentru IIIA vs. IIIB vs. IIIC) au fost
demonstrate in literatur n 2002 [38]. O analiz viitoare va putea elucida acest aspect,
ns obiectivul studiului actual, de evaluare a eficienei imunoterapiei a fost atins:
supravieuirea la 5 ani de 64% pentru Imunoterapie +FOLFIR/FOLFOX este
semnificativ crescut fa de cea a subgrupurilor de control (40%). Pe de alt parte,
supravieuirea la 5 ani nu este cel mai fidel parametru de evaluare a eficienei
tratamentelor adjuvante, fiind de preferat pentru viitoarele analize ale stadiului III
(TNM) supravieuirea liber de boal.
Reaciile adverse locale ale injectrii extractului de vsc au fost cuantificate n 4
grade dupa o scal proprie ntruct nu s-a gasit un echivalent in criteriile de toxicitate
CTC. Frecvena acestora (83%) este mai mare dect n studiile anterioare: 23,3% din
429 pacieni tratai cu Iscador (Friedel 2007), 40% din 25 de pacieni tratai cu
anobaViscum (Bar sela). Diferenele provin din modul diferit de cuantificare a
existenei/gravitii lor i nu prezint o importan deosebit ntruct reaciile locale
uoare sau moderate i autolimitate n timp sunt binecunoscute i acceptate ca fcnd
parte din modul de aciune al preparatului. Cele patru cazuri de gradul 4 au prezentat
tumefacie inflamatorie a ntregului bra extins la antebra i mn, la 2 cazuri fiind
prezent reacie de gradul 3 i la braul contralateral. Au fost tratate cu comprese reci i
s-au utilizat restul ariilor de injectare de la coapse unde reacia a fost de gradul 1-2,
evitndu-se astfel ntreruperea tratamentului. Dup 2 luni de la nceputul imunoterapiei
nu au mai aprut reacii locale, nici mcar de gradul 1.
Efectele sistemice ale administrrii sunt citate n literatura n procente de 2,38%. Cazul descris n acest studiu este atipic fa de efectele adverse descrise de ali
autori. La administrarea n perfuzii a extractului nu s-au nregistrat efecte adverse.
Efectele de reducere a toxicitii chimioterapiei nu au fost evaluate n acest studiu.
CONCLUZII
Adugarea imunoterapiei cu extractul de Viscum album Isorel la protocoalele
moderne de chimioterapie realizeaz creteri semnificative ale supravieuirii pacienilor
cu cancere colorectale avansate.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Kienle GS, Kiene H. Complementary cancer therapy: a systematic review of prospective clinical
trials on anthroposophic mistletoe extracts. Eur J Med Res. 2007; 12(3): 103-119.
2. Horneber MA, Bueschel G, Huber R, Linde K, Rostock M. Mistletoe therapy in oncology.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008; (2): CD003297.
3. Kienle GS, Glockmann A, Schink M, Kiene H. Viscum album L. extracts in breast and
gynaecological cancers: a systematic review of clinical and preclinical research. J Exp Clin
Cancer Res. 2009; 28: 79.
651
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4. Ostermann T, Raak C, Bussing A. Survival of cancer patients treated with mistletoe extract
(Iscador): a systematic literature review. BMC Cancer. 2009; 9(1): 451.
5. Salzer G. 30 Jahre Erfahrung mit der Misteltherapie an ffentlichen Krankenanstalten. In: Leroi
R. ed. Misteltherapie. Eine Antwort auf die Herausforderung Krebs. Stuttgart. Verlag Freies
Geistesleben, 1987; p. 173-215.
6. Boie D, Gutsch J. Helixor bei Kolon- und Rektumkarzinom. In: Denck H and Karrer K. ed.
Kolo-rektale Tumoren. Verlag fr Medizin, vol. 23. 1980; p. 65-76.
7. Leroi R. Klinische Erfahrungen mit dem Mistelprparat Iscador. In: Wolff O. ed. Die Mistel in
der Krebsbehandlung. Frankfurt am Main, Vittorio Klostermann GmbH, 1985; p. 71-110.
8. Hoffmann J, Hajto T. Die Iscador-Behandlung der kolorektalen tumoren. Krebsgeschehen
1984; 16: 150-153.
9. Salzer G, Hellan J, Danmayr E, Wutzlhofer F, Arbeiter K. Das operierte kolorektale Karzinom Eine retrospektive Therapieanalyse. Onkologie 1992; 24: 103-107.
10. Hellan J, Danmayr E, Hellan M. Stellenwert der Komplementrmedizin in der Behandlung
onkologischer Patienten - dargestellt anhand des kolo-rektalen Karzinoms. Dtsch Zschr Onkol
1995; 27, 85-94.
11. Douwes FR, Wolfrum DI, Migeod F. Ergebnisse einer prospektiv randomisierten Studie:
Chemotherapie versus Chemotherapie plus "Biological Response Modifier" bei
metastasierendem kolorektalen Karzinom. Krebsgeschehen 1986; 18: 155-163.
12. Douwes FR, M. Kalden M, Frank G, Holzhauer P. Behandlung des fortgeschrittenen
kolorektalen Karzinoms. Dtsch Zschr Onkol 1988; 20: 63-67.
13. Jurin M, Zarkovi N, Hrzenjak M, et al. Antitumorous and immunomodulatory effects of the
Viscum album L. preparation Isorel. Oncology 1993; 50(6): 393-398.
14. Zarkovic N, Zarkovic K, Grainca S, Kissel D, Jurin M. The Viscum album preparation Isorel
inhibits the growth of melanoma B16F10 by influencing the tumor-host relationship. AntiCancer Drugs. 1997, 8(1): S17-S22.
15. Jurin M, Zarkovic N, Borovic S, Kissel D. Viscum album L. preparation Isorel modifies the
immune response in normal and in tumour-bearing mice. Anti-Cancer Drugs.1997; 8(Suppl. 1):
S27S31.
16. Jung ML, Baudino S, Ribereau-Gayon G, Beck JP. Characterization of cytotoxic proteins from
mistletoe (Viscum album L). Cancer Lett 1990; 51: 103114.
17. Kissel D, Jurin M, Zarkovic N. Uber die zytostatischen und immunologishen effecte von Viscum
album. Erfahrungscheilkunde 1990; 39: 5963.
18. Zarkovic N, Trbojevic M, Ilic Z, Grainca S, Jurin M. Comparison of the effects of high and low
concentrations of the separated Viscum album L. lectins and of the plain mistletoe plant
preparation (Isorel) on the growth of normal and tumor cells in vitro. Periodicum Biologorium
1995; 97: 61-67.
19. Cazacu M, Oniu T, Lungoci C, Mihailov A, Cipak A, Klinger R, et al. The influence of Isorel on
the advanced colorectal cancer. Cancer Biotherapy and Radiopharmaceuticals 2003; 18(1):
27-34
20. Oniu T, Cazacu M, Rednic N, Mihailov A, Man M. Survival analysis of advanced colorectal
cancer patients treated with mistletoe extract. Radioterapie & Oncologie Medical 2006, 3:
187-198.
21. Molassiotis A, Fernandez-Ortega P, Pud D, Ozden G, Scott JA, Panteli V, Margulies A, Browall
M, Magri M, Selvekerova S, Madsen E, Milovics L, Bruyns I, Gudmundsdottir G, Hummerston
S, Ahmad AM, Platin N, Kearney N, Patiraki E. Use of complementary and alternative medicine
in cancer patients: a European survey. Ann Oncol. 2005; 16: 655663.
22. Grossarth-Maticek R, Kiene H, Baumgartner S, Ziegler R. Use of Iscador, an extract of
European mistletoe (Viscum album), in cancer treatment: prospective nonrandomized and
randomized matched-pair studies nested within a cohort study. Altern Ther Health Med 2001; 7:
57-78.
23. Schink M, Trger W, Dabidian A, Goyert A, Scheuerecker H, Meyer J, Fischer IU, Glaser F.
Mistletoe extract reduces the surgical suppression of natural killer cell activity in cancer patients.
A randomized phase III trial. Forsch Komplementrmed 2007; 14: 9-17.
24. Friedel E, Matthes H, Bock P. Treatment with standardized mistletoe extract (Viscum album L)
Iscador as a part of long-term supportive care in patients with primary non-metastatic colorectal
carcinoma. Z Gastroenterol 2007; 45.
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25. Stumpf C, Rieger S, Fischer IU, Schietzel M. Retrospektive Untersuchung zur Therapie mit
Mistelextrakten bei Patienten mit kolorektalem Karzinom. Dtsch Zschr Onkol 2007; 39: 12-22.
26. Mansky PJ, Wallerstedt DB, Monahan BP, Lee C, Sannes T, Stagl J, et al. Phase I study of
mistletoe extract/gemcitabine combination treatment in patients with advanced solid tumors.
Onkologie 2008, 31: 200.
27. Bar-Sela G, Haim N. Abnoba-viscum (mistletoe extract) in metastatic colorectal carcinoma
resistant to 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin-based chemotherapy. Med Oncol 2004; 21: 251-254.
28. Falcone A, Ricci S, Brunetti I, et al. Phase III trial of infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin,
oxaliplatin, and irinotecan (FOLFOXIRI) compared with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and
irinotecan (FOLFIRI) as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: the Gruppo
Oncologico Nord Ovest. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25: 16701676.
29. Porschen R, Arkenau HT, Kubicka S, et al. Phase III study of capecitabine plus oxaliplatin
compared with fluorouracil and leucovorin plus oxaliplatin in metastatic colorectal cancer: a
final report of the AIO Colorectal Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(27): 4217-4223.
30. Daz-Rubio E, Tabernero J, Gmez-Espaa A, et al. Phase III study of capecitabine plus
oxaliplatin compared with continuous-infusion fluorouracil plus oxaliplatin as first-line therapy
in metastatic colorectal cancer: final report of the Spanish Cooperative Group for the Treatment
of Digestive Tumors Trial. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(27): 4224-4230.
31. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al.: Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and
leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350(23): 2335-2342.
32. Saltz LB, Clarke S, Daz-Rubio E, et al.: Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based
chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study.
J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(12): 2013-2019.
33. Douillard JY, Siena S, Cassidy J, et al. Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with
infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as firstline treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME
study. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28(31): 4697-4705.
34. Andr T, Boni C, Mounedji-Boudiaf L, Navarro M, Tabernero J, Hickish T, et al. Multicenter
International Study of Oxaliplatin/5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of
Colon Cancer (MOSAIC) Investigators: Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant
treatment for colon cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2343-2351.
35. Saltz LB, Niedzwiecki D, Hollis D, Goldberg RM, Hantel A, Thomas JP, et al. Irinotecan
fluorouracil plus leucovorin is not superior to fluorouracil plus leucovorin alone as adjuvant
treatment for stage III colon cancer: results of CALGB 89803. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25:
3456-3461.
36. Van Cutsem E, Labianca R, Bodoky G, Barone C, Aranda E, Nordlinger B, et al. Randomized
phase III trial comparing biweekly infusional fluorouracil/leucovorin alone or with irinotecan in
the adjuvant treatment of stage III colon cancer: PETACC-3. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 3117-3125.
37. Ychou M, Raoul JL, Douillard JY, Gourgou-Bourgade S, Bugat R, Mineur L, et al. A phase III
randomised trial of LV5FU2 + irinotecan versus LV5FU2 alone in adjuvant high-risk colon
cancer (FNCLCC Accord02/FFCD9802). Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 674-680.
38. OConnell JB, Maggard MA, Ko CY: Colon cancer survival rates with the new American Joint
Committee on Cancer sixth edition staging. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004; 96: 1420-1425.
653
Cazuri clinice
INTRODUCERE
Sarcina extrauterin reprezint cea mai frecvent urgen medico-chirurgical
din sfera ginecologic i este responsabil de 10% din mortalitatea maternal [1,2].
Cea mai frecvent localizare a sarcinii extrauterine este reprezentat de trompa
uterin (n 93% din cazuri) [2], cea de-a doua localizare ca frecven fiind la nivelul
ovarului (0.3-3% din sarcinile ectopice) [1-6]. Conform datelor din literatura de
specialitate, incidena sarcinii ovariene este de 1:6000 pn la 1:40000 de sarcini [1].
PREZENTARE DE CAZ
Pacienta n vrst de 35 de ani, din mediul urban, nulipar, s-a prezentat la
camera de gard pentru dureri situate n etajul abdominal inferior, predominant n fosa
iliac stng, nsoite de grea i vrsturi, simptomatologia debutnd cu cca 8 h
anterior. Din antecedentele medicale personale patologice reinem hipotiroidism n
tratament cu hormoni tiroidieni (25 mcg/zi), colecistectomie (1998) i apendicectomie
(1992). Antecedentele personale fiziologice includ cicluri menstruale regulate, ultima
menstr survenind cu 29 de zile anterior, fr metroragii.
La momentul internrii, pacienta era afebril i prezenta o uoar paloare
tegumentar, TA= 110/65 mm Hg, AV=97 bpm, ritm sinusal. Examenul clinic local a
relevat durere abdominal, mai ales la nivelul fosei iliace stngi. Tueul vaginal a
evideniat un uter de dimensiuni normale, fr durere la mobilizarea colului uterin, fr
leucoree sau sngerare vaginal.
654
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655
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656
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657
Cazuri clinice
5. Panda S, Darlong LM, Singh S, Borah T. Case report of a primary ovarian pregnancy in a
primigravida. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2009; 2(2): 9092.
6. Nwanodi O, Khulpateea N. The preoperative diagnosis of primary ovarian pregnancy. J Natl
Med Assoc. 2006; 98(5): 796-798.
7. Mehmood SA, Thomas JA. Primary ectopic ovarian pregnancy (report of three cases) J Postgrad
Med. 1985; 31(4): 219-222.
8. Sergent F, Mauger-Tinlot F, Gravier A, Verspyck E, Marpeau L. Ovarian pregnancies:
revaluation of diagnostic criteria. J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2002; 31(8): 741-746.
9. Lin EP, Bhatt S, Dogra VS. Diagnostic clues to ectopic pregnancy. Radiographics. 2008; 28(6):
1661-1671.
10. Atzori E. Transvaginal ultrasonography in the diagnosis of primary ovarian pregnancy: case
report. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1993; 3(3): 217-218.
11. Tinelli A, Hudelist G, Malvasi A, Tinelli R. Laparoscopic management of ovarian pregnancy.
JSLS. 2008; 12(2): 169-172.
12. Jourdain O, Fontanges M, Schiano A, Rauch F, Gonnet JM. Management of other ectopic
pregnancies (cornual, interstitial, angular, ovarian). J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris). 2003;
32(7 Suppl): S93-100.
13. Seinera P, Di Gregorio A, Arisio R. Ovarian pregnancy and operative laparoscopy: report of
eight cases. Hum Reprod. 1997; 12(3): 608-610.
658
Cazuri clinice
INTRODUCERE
Neuropatia diabetic este complicaia primar i cea mai probabil cauz de
mortalitate i morbiditate legat de diabet. Este unul din factorii cei mai importani n
apariia ulceraiei plantare la pacienii diabetici. Prevenirea acestei complicaii este
dificil, n special din cauz c nu exist o metod fiabil pentru a testa sensibilitatea
plantei.
Polineuropatia diabetic, n forma sa cea mai comun este bilateral, simetric,
difuz, senzorial i motorie, mixt (att fibrele mari ct i cele mici), afecteaz mai
mult extremitatea inferioar, fa de cea superioar. Sindromul de canal tarsian este
destul de comun la pacienii diabetici fa de populaia normal. Nervii periferici la
pacienii diabetici au o susceptibilitate crescut la compresiune.
S-a emis ipoteza c la indivizii cu diabet zaharat nervii periferici sunt
edemaiai, tinznd s duc la creterea coninutului de ap prin creterea conversiei
aldozreductazei din glucoz la sorbitol. De asemenea, se susine teoria conform creia
nervul tibial posterior este supus riscului cronic de dezvoltare a compresiunii ca urmare
a edemului.
*
659
Cazuri clinice
660
Cazuri clinice
DISCUII
Neuropatia diabetic este unul din factorii cei mai importani n apariia
ulceraiei plantare la pacienii diabetici. Polineuropatia diabetic, n forma sa cea mai
comun este bilateral, simetric, difuz, senzorial i motorie, mixt (att fibrele mari
ct i cele mici), afecteaz mai mult extremitatea inferioar, fa de cea superioar.
661
Cazuri clinice
662
Cazuri clinice
663
Cazuri clinice
Alt studiu a artat c PSSD are o sensibilitate crescut dar o specificitate sczut
atunci cnd se efectueaz n sindroamele de compresiune periferice [6]. Rezultatele falsnegative pentru VCN a fost de 50% n sindroamele de tunel tarsal, i de 30% n
sindromul de tunel carpian [7]. Mackinnon i Dellon au susinut ideea conform creia
un studiu normal nu poate duce la a contraindica intervenia chirurgical, precum c nici
un studiu anormal nu are ntodeauna indicaie pentru intervenia chirurgical. Poate
exista pierdera sensibilitii cutanate fr pierdere motorie, precum i invers. Electrozii
dispozitivului va msura de obicei fibrele cu conducere rapid i nu va pune n eviden
una sau dou fascicule afectate cara ar duce la un rezultat fals negativ. Chiar i
temperatura ambiental sau a pacientului poate compromite un rezultat adecvat studiului
[8].
Termenul de test senzorial cantitativ este folosit pentru a defini un instrument de
diagnostic folosit pentru a msura pragul de percepie al temperaturii (o funcie a
fibreleor nervoase mici mielinizate) i pragul de percepie al presiunii i vibraiei (o
funcie a fibrelor nervoase mari mielinizate). n sindroamele de compresiune fibrele
mici mielinizate sunt afectate dup fibrele mari mielinizate.Neuropatia fibrelor nervoase
mici a fost, n mod tradiional, un diagnostic de excludere la pacienii care prezint
neuropatie distal [9].
Tradiionalul test monofilament 5.07 Semmes Weinstein arat doar o rat
estimativ a forei aplicate, nu o msurare adevrat. Filamentul se ndoaie la o presiune
de 95 g/mm ptrai. S-a demonstrat c pacienii diabetici sunt susceptibili la leziuni ale
pielii la un nivel de 30 g/mm ptrai [10,11,12]. Modul n care se ndoaie filamentul
depinde n mare msur i de modul cum este aplicat fora. Aceasta duce la erori n
folosirea sistemului.
PSSD poate msura pragul de presiune cutanat ntr-o manier mai puin
costisitoare i dureroas. Poate msura pragul percepiei unui punct static i a unui
punct dinamic de-a lungul pielii [13]. Poate, de asemenea msura percepia
discriminrii statice a 2 puncte sau n dinamic, i presiunea necesar de a percepe dou
puncte diferite. Discriminarea a 2 puncte mai lat dect indicii normali indic pierderea
receptorilor i degenerarea fibrelor nervoase.
PSSD funcioneaz prin msurarea presiunii aplicate pe o zon cutanat. Exist
un transductor de for care pot percepe o for care variaz ntre 0.1 i 100 g/mm
ptrai. Un computer va nregistra toate date.
PSSD paote fi folosit i n evaluarea regenerrii nervoase dup microchirurgie
sau decompresiune nervoasa. Corelarea clinic cu imagistica sau alte instrumente de
diagnostic ar trebui folosite n colaborare cu PSSD.
Rezultatul tuturor studiilor efectuate ar trebui s concluzioneze faptul c istoria
natural a celei mai comune forme de polineuropatie diabetica, simetric, distal,
bilateral, poate fi schimbat prin mbuntirea sensibilitii plantare, prevenirea
apariiei ulceraiilor i evitarea amputaiilor.
Diabetul zaharat produce distal, polineuropatia simetric, sezorial i motorie.
Aceasta este o neuropatie axonal datorit degenerrii distale a axonilor.
Aceast degenerare, numit degenerare Wallerian este una cronic, ca urmare a
faptului c nervul nu este ntrerupt brusc, ci treptat, datorit fenomenelor de
compresiune asupra trunchiurilor nervoase.
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665
Cazuri clinice
Aceast punte posterioar are att un rol mecanic pentru grupele fasciculare, ct
i un rol vascular, nutritiv [14].
CONCLUZII
Tratamentul este unul complex, i pe lng tratamentul chirurgical, o atenie
important trebuie ndreptat ctre controlul direct al hiperglicemiei i profilaxiei
pierderii sensibilitii esuturilor moi. n ciuda acestui efort, aproximativ 15% dintre
pacienii diabetici dezvolt ulcer perforant plantar.
Tratamentul chirurgical aplicat prin aceast metod poate duce la mbuntirea
sensibilitii plantare, prevenirea apariiei ulceraiilor i evitarea amputaiilor.
n final, decompresiunea numai a canalului tarsian se rezum la faptul c acesta
este locul compresiunii care cauzeaz simptomatologia.
666
Cazuri clinice
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. Lee D, Dauphine MD. Morphological and Functional Changes in the Diabetic Peripheral
Nerve; Using Diagnostic Ultrasound and Neurosensory Testing to Select Candidates for Nerve
Decompression. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2005; 95(5): 433-437.
2. Dellon AL. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic neuropathy by surgical decompression of
multiple peripheral nerves. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1992; 89(4): 689-697.
3. Franson J, Baravarian B. Tarsal tunnel Syndrome: A compression neuropathy involving four
distinct tunnels. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2006; 23(3): 597-609.
4. Aszmann OC, Dellon Al. Decompression of Multiple peripheral nerves in the treatment of
diabetic neuropathy : a prospective blinded study. Acta Chir. Austriaca 2001; 33(3): 117-120.
5. Persich
G,
Calhoun
HJ.
Tarsal
tunnel
syndrome.
Emedicine
2009,
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1236852-overview.
6. Tassler PL, Dellon AL. Pressure perception in the normal lower extremity and in tarsal tunnel
syndrome. Muscle Nerve. 1996; 19(3): 285-289.
7. Dellon AL. Management of peripheral nerve problems in the upper and lower extremity using
quantitative sensory testing. Hand Clin. 1999; 15(4): 697-715.
8. Soomekh D. Quantitative sensory testing. Clin Podiatr Med Surg. 2006; 23(3): 545-557.
9. Weber RA, Scuchmann JA, Albers JH, et al. Aprospective blinded evaluation of nerve
conduction velocity versus pressure-specified sensory testing in carpal tunnel syndrome. Ann
Plast Surg. 2000; 45(3): 252-257.
10. Dellon ES, Crone S, Mourey R, et al. Comparison of the Semmes Weinstein monofilaments with
the pressure-specifying sensory device. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 1993; 5(5): 323-326.
11. Dellon ES, Mourey R, Dellon AL. Human pressure perception values for constant and move one
and two-point discrimination. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1992; 90(1): 112-117.
12. Tassler PL, Dellon AL. Correlation of measurements of pressure perception using the pressurespecifying sensory device with electrodiagnostic testing. J Occup Environ Med.1995; 37(7):
862-866.
13. Barber MA, Conolley J, Spaulding CM, et al. Evaluation of pressure threshold prior to foot
ulceration. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 2001; 91(10): 508-514.
14. Stamate T. Microchirurgia reconstructiv a nervilor periferici. Iai, Ed. Tehnopress; 1998; p.
60-66, 304-311.
667
Cazuri clinice
INTRODUCTION
Thromboembolic disease may be present either as an additional clinical entity in
a patient with known lung cancer or as a novel clinical entity in a patient with occult
disease [1]. It is demonstrated that malignancies increase the risk for thromboembolic
disease [1,2]. The manifestation of thromboembolic disease may extend from simple
deep vein thrombosis (DVT) to pulmonary embolism (PE) and disseminated
intravascular coagulation (DIC) [1-3]. The presence of thromboembolic disease
augments the risk of mortality in patients with cancer and treatment is necessary [1-3].
However, the management of thromboembolic events in this setting may be challenging
for physicians. The present case reports our experience with a patient with severe
thromboembolism and lung cancer.
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Cazuri clinice
CASE REPORT
A 45-year-old man was admitted due to dyspnea, hypoxemia and hemoptysis.
His medical history was unremarkable except for smoking (30 pack years). On
admission his temperature was normal. Blood pressure was 125/70 mmHg and SpO2
was 90% on air. Clinical examination revealed abnormal alveolar sounds in the base of
the left lung, edema and pain in the inferior extremities. Cardiac examination showed
tachycardia, hepatic-jugular reflux, and left basic chest pain.
Chest X-ray showed a left base lung opacity and mediastinal enlargement. ECG
revealed no ischemic changes but sinus rhythm and an aspect S1Q3 characteristic for
pulmonary embolism were present. Chest CT revealed pulmonary embolism in the left
pulmonary arteries. Cardiac ultrasound showed FELV 50%, left ventricle (LV) and right
ventricle (RV) were not dilated. Ultrasound revealed a thrombus 3.0 x 1.5 cm situated in
the cavity of right atrium. Ultrasound of the lower extremities showed thrombus in both
left and right vena saphena internal and external with bilateral iliac extension and
thrombosis of the deep vein of the right and left tibia. Ultrasound of the upper
extremities showed thrombosis in both right and left deep brachial veins. Thus,
thromboembolism was diagnosed.
The patient was started on anticoagulants by heparin followed 7 days later by
Sintrom. An International Normalized Ratio (INR) between 2.5 and 3.5 was achieved
and was subsequently checked on a weekly basis. Diagnostic test results indicated that
the patient was negative for Leyden factor, anti-thrombin III levels were normal, anticardiolipines antibodies were negative, anti-antigen antibodies were absent, and Farrtest was negative.
Four weeks later, the patient was readmitted with symptoms of deep vein
thrombosis and dyspnea. INR was 2.7. A new chest X-ray and CT demonstrated a nonspecific opacity in the base of the left lung indicating infectious pneumopathy and
atelectasia. Ultrasound of the lower extremities and upper extremities showed increased
deep vein thrombosis with extension, especially on upper extremities deep veins. Based
on CT findings, a bronchoscopy including ultrasound (EBUS) was performed to
evaluate the possibility of lung malignancy. After switching from Sintrom to low
molecular weight heparin (LMWH), the patient underwent EBUS examination which
revealed enlarged lymph nodes in the 4L, 7, and 4R stations and TBNA revealed lung
adenocarcinoma.
A relevant diagnostic algorithm was applied to categorize the malignancy and to
reevaluate the thromboembolic disease. Lung carcinoma proved to be of IIIB grade
(T2N3M0) while there was evidence of extension of the thromboembolic disease: the
known thrombus was evident in the superior vena cava and in the right atrium (Fig. 1).
Chemotherapy (Cisplatine - Alimta) was initiated while LMWH was continued
with regular examination of AntiXa serum levels. After 3 curative chemotherapy cycles
there was evidence of partial regression of mediastinal tumor lesions and significant
regression of thromboembolic disease (Fig. 2).
However, both malignant and thrombembolic disease recurred within 6 months,
despite optimum anticoagulation and completion of 6 chemotherapy cycles (Fig. 3).
A second chemotherapy regimen with taxanes was then introduced which
resulted in stabilization of the malignancy and partial regression of the thromboembolic
disease after 3 months (upon completion of 3 chemotherapy cycles).
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Cazuri clinice
However, both malignant and thrombembolic disease recurred with new right
atrium thrombus complicated by right posterior cerebral arterial embolism. The patient
died 7 months after initial diagnosis.
DISCUSSIONS
This report illustrates that the management of thromboembolic disease, which
complicates lung malignancies, may pose additional clinical challenges. The course of
thromboembolic disease correlates with the course of malignancy, despite optimum
treatment with oral anticoagulatnts or LMWH.
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Cazuri clinice
The disease may regress during the period where lung cancer responds to
chemotherapy but can occur in the absence of a treatment response.
It is well known that malignancies may increase the risk for thromboembolic
disease which in turn may augment the risk of mortality in patients with cancer. Several
mechanisms may contribute to the development of thromboembolism in malignancies
such as neoangiogenesis, proteases activity, heparin-like glycosaminoglycane, and
genetic factors [4,5]. The disease presentation may extend from simple DVT to PE and
DIC. Thromboembolic disease may be present as a concomitant clinical entity in a
patient with known lung cancer or as a dynamic feature in a patient with occult disease.
In this case, thromboembolic disease was introduced as a result of occult disease. Thus,
this case demonstrates that occult malignancy should always be considered in patients
who present with thromboembolic disease without any other cause for thrombophilia,
especially when they are young and have risk factors for malignancy (i.e., smokers).
Previous studies reported that LMWH may be effective in the treatment of
thromboembolic disease and that it may be more advantageous than unfractionated
heparin or oral agents 6. LMWH may be easier to monitor and may be safer than
unfractionated heparin or oral agents 6. However, as this report demonstrates, the
management of thromboembolic disease in the setting of malignancy is challenging.
Thromboembolic disease may not respond well to anticoagulation treatment. On the
other hand, more invasive measures, such as vena cava filter placement, may not always
be effective and may introduce major complications when extensive thrombosis is
already evident [7-9]. In addition, the management of thromboembolic disease may be
affected by the course of the malignant disease. Stocking et al. [10] showed that
progression of malignancy may facilitate the development of thromboembolic events. In
this case, the disease appeared to respond to the treatment for cancer, such as
chemotherapy. The most plausible explanation for this anticoagulative effect of
chemotherapy may be common pathways which are involved in the pathogenesis of
both malignant and thromboembolic disease. However, the exact mechanism has yet to
be elucidated.
CONCLUSIONS
The present case demonstrates potential difficulties in the management of
thromboembolic disease in patients with lung malignancies where the usual treatment
with anticoagulants may fail. The management of the primary disease by chemotherapy
may provide a transient regression of thromboembolic symptoms if malignancy
regresses. However, definitive control of the disease is difficult to achieve under these
conditions.
REFERENCES
1. Coleman R, MacCallum P. Treatment and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism in
cancer. Br J Cancer. 2010; 102 Suppl 1: S17-23.
2. Ma SQ, Lin Y, Ying HY, Shao YJ, Li XY, Bai CM. Solid malignancies complicated with
pulmonary embolism: clinical analysis of 120 patients. Chin Med J. 2010; 123(1): 29-33.
3. Lee JE, Kim HR, Lee SM, Yim JJ, Yoo CG, Kim YW, Han SK, Shim YS, Yang SC. Clinical
characteristics of pulmonary embolism with underlying malignancy. Korean J Intern Med. 2010;
25(1): 66-70.
4. Castelli R, Porro F. Cancer and thromboembolism: from biology to clinics. Minerva Med. 2006;
97(2): 175-189.
5. Sousou T, Khorana AA. New insights into cancer-associated thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb
Vasc Biol. 2009; 29(3): 316-320.
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Cazuri clinice
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Akl EA, Rohilla S, Barba M, Sperati F, Terrenato I, Muti P, Schnemann HJ. Anticoagulation
for the initial treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. Cochrane Database
Syst Rev. 2008; (1): CD006649.
Farge D, Bosquet L, Kassab-Chahmi D, Mismetti P, Elalamy I, Meyer G, Cajfinger F, DesmursClavel H, Elias A, Grange C, Hocini H, Legal G, Mahe I, Qur I, Levesque H, Debourdeau P;
SOR. 2008 French national guidelines for the treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients
with cancer: report from the working group. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2010; 73(1): 31-46.
Farge-Bancel D, Florea L, Bosquet L, Debourdeau P. Treatment of venous thromboembolic
disease in cancer patients. Pathol Biol (Paris). 2008; 56(4): 220-228.
Mismetti P, Rivron-Guillot K, Moulin N. Vena cava filters and treatment of venous
thromboembolism in cancer patients. Pathol Biol. (Paris). 2008; 56(4): 229-232.
Stocking KL, Jones JC, Everds NE, Buetow BS, Roudier MP, Miller RE. Use of low-molecularweight heparin to decrease mortality in mice after intracardiac injection of tumor cells. Comp
Med. 2009; 59(1): 37-45.
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Tiutiuca;
Spitalul
Militar
Clinic
de
Urgen
Iai;
e-mail:
INTRODUCERE
Linia alb abdominal este un rafeu conjunctiv rezultat din intersecia pe linia
median a aponevrozelor muchilor lai, ntinzndu-se de la apendicele xifoid la simfiza
pubian. Herniile liniei albe reprezint aproximativ 2% din lotul herniilor, fiind mai
frecvente la brbai. Herniile epigastrice sunt relativ rare. Ele reprezint aproximativ
0,35 1,5% din totalitatea defectelor parietale anterolaterale ale abdomenului. ntre
herniile ntregii linii albe, ele se ntlnesc ntr-un procent de 8% [1]. Tratamentul
afeciunii este exclusiv chirurgical.
Chirurgia defectelor peretelui abdominal anterolateral a constituit de mult timp o
provocare terapeutic. Confruntat n timpul anilor, ca tactic i tehnic, cu posibilitatea
complicaiilor i a recidivei, a beneficiat n ultimul timp de perfecionri ale procedeelor
reconstructive, mai ales datorate conceptului de refacere tension free. Au fost descrise
numeroase metode de reparaie, de la refacerea primar ntr-unul sau dou straturi, apoi
procedeul Mayo, urmate de utilizarea fasciei n procedee aloplastice i utilizarea fasciei
cu plase sintetice (polipropilen, marlex, mersilene sau polytetrafluroethylene etc) [2].
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Cazuri clinice
DISCUII
O serie de autori au analizat importana unor variabile pentru a prezice recurena
dup cura defectelor abdominale parietale [4]. A fost nregistrat o rat de recuren
global de 11% . Riscul nu a fost afectat n mod semnificativ de nici una din variabile
clinice, cu excepia obezitii.
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Cazuri clinice
Chiar i atunci cnd au fost luate n consideraie influenele legate de vrst, sex,
dimensiunea herniei sau tehnica chirurgical, obezitatea a rmas un predictor
semnificativ (n strns concordan cu indicele de mas corporal). Astfel riscul de
reapariie a herniei pare a fi mai probabil la pacienii obezi.
Alte studii apreciaz importana obezitii de tip android, centroabdominal, n
recidiva herniar [5]. Efectul este probabil datorat presiunii intraabdominale crescute
(evaluat n aceste cazuri prin presiunea intravezical).
Din punct de vedere morfologic acest parametru este direct corelat cu diametrul
abdominal sagital. n aceste studii, autorii recomand asocierea la tratamentul herniei
incizionale a unui procedeu de chirurgie bariatric pentru cazurile de obezitate morbid.
Ca recomandare tehnic reinem plasarea unei proteze sintetice n efectul parietal. Dei
statistic nu este demonstrat beneficiul scderii n greutate asupra riscului de recuren a
herniei incizionale, beneficiul este susinut teoretic.
O serie de cercetri afirm c n cazurile de reparare ale herniilor ventrale,
pacienii obezi se confrunt cu o rat de recuren alarmant, de pn la 50% [6,7].
De altfel, n acest context, adaptat situaiilor clinice [3], unii chirurgi execut
procedee combinate. Obezitatea este un factor local si general important n apariia
eventraiilor postoperatorii, aproximativ 48% din pacienii operai prezint obezitate [3].
n procedeul propus, rezistena peretelui este refacut pe linia median, iar excizia
esutului cutaneohipodermic (dermolipectomie) din poriunea inferioar a abdomenului
corecteaz silueta i reduce considerabil riscul de recidiv. Eliminarea celor cteva
kilograme are efect benefic i asupra strii generale. Excedentul trebuie ndeprtat nu
numai din motive estetice, ci i pentru faptul c esutul adipos hipertrofic slbete stratul
musculoaponevrotic.
Asocierea unor procedee chirurgicale adresate obezitii n cadrul chirurgiei
defectelor parietale abdominale, dei a fost propus [3,5], nu a fost intens folosit.
Chirurgia bariatric prin tehnicile care le oferea anterior impunea costuri suplimentare
de dispozitive sau inducea tulburri metabolice, de malnutriie, neuropatii sau chiar era
grevat mortalitate crescut. O serie de intervenii practicate n trecut erau ireversibile
sau greu reversibile. Dezvoltarea tehnicii i a noiunilor de fiziologie a alimentaiei i
fiziopatologie a obezitii au determinat promovarea i a altor soluii.
Plicaturarea marii curburi este un procedeu de chirurgie bariatric prin care se
invagineaz marea curbur a stomacului n lumenul acestuia. Relund unele studii mai
vechi din [8], o serie de autori reiau procedeele de reducere a rezervorului gastric prin
plicaturare a marii curburi gastrice sau plicaturare a feei anterioare a stomacului i
reevalueaz rezultatele. Studiile lor reliefeaz o execuie necomplicat, cost minim i
timp de execuie acceptabil. Efectele asupra scderii n greutate i senzaiei de foame
sunt similare cu ale altor procedee bariatrice [9,10]. Este demonstrat o superioritate
(observaiile sunt termen scurt) asupra ritmului mai bun al pierderii ponderale pentru
procedeul tehnic ce implic plicatura marii curburi. Acest procedeu se poate face destul
de facil laparoscopic, pacientul beneficiind de avantajele abordului minim invaziv, n
special de reducerea morbiditilor postoperatorii, care uneori pot fi redutabile la aceti
bolnavi fragili. Rezultatele sunt superioare gastric bandingului, apropiat celor cu
sleeve gastrectomy, i inferioar celor cu bypass gastric [11].
Pentru cazul prezentat, asocierea obezitii morbide (BMI de 56,8kg/m2) cu o
hernie ventral a ridicat problema unei soluii chirurgicale complexe.
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10. Brethauer SA, Harris JL, Kroh M, Schauer PR. Laparoscopic gastric plication for treatment of
severe obesity. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2011; 7(1): 15-22.
11. Copescu C. Laparoscopic gastric plication at the greater curvature (for treatment of morbid
obesity). Chirurgia. 2011; 106(1): 91-97.
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Cazuri clinice
SYNCHRONOUS
PAPILLARY
THYROID
CARCINOMA
AND
SECONDARY
HYPERPARATHYROIDISM: CASE REPORT (ABSTRACT): Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is
the most frequent form of thyroid cancer, and the association with primary hyperparathyroidism have
been well described. Although, a synchronous PTC and renal hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a rare event,
with pathogenetic interest ,often detected only by surgery. We suggest that the association between
thyroid carcinomas and renal hyperparathyroidism should be always considered, highlighting several
factors that may favour malignant transformation.
KEY
WORDS:
HIPERPARATIROIDISM
PARATIROIDECTOMIE SUBTOTAL.
TERIAR,
CARCINOM
PAPILAR,
Coresponden: Dr. Sala Daniela, doctorand UMF Tg. Mures, Clinica Chirurgie II, Spitalul Clinic
Judeean de Urgen Mure, email: salatatiana@yahoo.com*.
INTRODUCERE
Carcinomul papilar tiroidian (CPT) este cea mai frecvent form de cancer
tiroidian difereniat, iar asocierea acestuia cu hiperparatiroidismul (HPT) primar este
citat frecvent n literatura de specialitate. Descoperirea unui carcinom tiroidian
difereniat dup o paratiroidectomie pentru HPT renal asociat cu o tiroidectomie pentru
o prezumtiv gu polinodular este o raritate clinic, iar implicaiile patogenice ntre
cele dou tipuri de afeciuni merit studiate.
PREZENTARE DE CAZ
Prezentm cazul unui pacient n vrst de 56 de ani, cunoscut cu boal renal
cronic stadiul V pe fondul unei boli polichistice renale, fr antecedente familiale sau
personale de cancer tiroidian sau iradiere cervical, aflat n program de dializ cronic
de 4 ani i 10 luni, care se interneaz pentru tratamentul chirurgical al unui HPT renal
fr rspuns la tratament conservator. Examinrile paraclinice evideniaz valori
crescute ale parathormonului seric (PTH =1650, repetat PTH=1961 pg/ml), fosfatazei
alcaline (FA=655 UI/l), calciului seric (Ca seric=10,65mg/dl) i fosforului seric
(P=61,15mg/dl).
*
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Nivelul PTH ului seric s-a meninut ntre 15- 30 pg/ml, iar valorile calcemiei au
fost cvasinormale sub un minim tratament substitutiv cu calciu per os.
DISCUII
Adenoamele paratiroidiene se asociaz frecvent cu diverse afeciuni maligne, un
loc important ntre acestea ocupnd carcinoamele tiroidiene difereniate i n primul
rnd carcinomul papilar.
Asocierea HPT renal (secundar sau teriar) cu aceste tipuri de carcinoame
tiroidiene este citat mai rar n literatur, dei exist studii ce sugereaz o frecven
crescut a afeciunilor maligne n rndul pacienilor cu insuficien renal cronic,
comparativ cu populaia general [1]. Prevalena carcinomului papilar ocult la bolnavii
cu hiperparatiroidism renal se situeaz n jurul valorii de 2,5%, fiind mult inferioar
prevalenei carcinomului papilar ocult citat de studiile europene autopsice (5 pn la
9%); nu se poate susine astfel o asociere etiologic a celor dou afeciuni [2,3].
Mecanismul patogenic al acestei asocieri nu este pe deplin elucidat, existnd mai
muli factori implicai direct sau indirect n carcinogenez. PTH n exces determin
proliferarea celular la nivelul celulelor medulare sau hepatice in vivo sau al
limfocitelor T in vitro, iar 1,25 dihihidroxicolecalciferolul are un efect opus, suprimnd
proliferarea i stimulnd diferenierea celular. n condiile unui pacient cu boal renal
terminal aciunea pro-tumoral a PTH nu este inhibat datorit deficienei vitaminei D
[4], excesul de parathormon constituindu-se ntr-un real factor carcinogenic.
Un alt factor carcinologic incriminat este iradierea cervical, care dei nu este
prezent n anamneza pacientului nostru, este cunoscut ca factor de risc pentru
cancerul tiroidian [4,5].
Ali factori incriminai n carcinogenez la pacienii cu boal renal terminal
sunt excesul de calciu cu binecunoscutul su efect guogen, excesul de calcitonin ca
rspuns la hipercalcemie, medicamente utilizate n tratarea HPT renal. Nu n ultimul
rnd trebuie menionat imunodeficiena acestor pacieni uremici, imunitatea fiind un
factor general acceptat, de aprare mpotriva modificrilor neoplazice.
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Cazuri clinice
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Maisonneuve P, Agodoa L, Gellert R, Stewart JH, Buccianti G, Lowenfels AB, Wolfe RA,
Jones E, Disney AP, Briggs D, McCredie M, Boyle P. Cancer in pacient on dialysis for end stage
renal disease: am international collaborative study. Lancet. 1999; 354(9173): 93-99.
Seehofer D, Rayes N, Klup J, Natasha Niissler, Ulrich F, Graef KJ, Schindler R, Steinmuller T,
Frei U, Neuhaus P. Prevalence of thyroid nodules and carcinomas in patients operated on for
renal hyperparathyroidism: experience with 339 cosecutive patiens and review of the literature.
World J Surg. 2005; 29(9): 1180-1184.
Klyachkin ML, Sloan DA. Secondary hyperparathyroidism: evidence for an association with
papillary thyroid cancer. Am Surg. 2001; 67(5): 397-399.
Vamkas S, Bahner U, Heidland A. Cancer in end stage renal disease: potential factors involved.
Am J Nephrol 1998; 18: 89-95.
Miki H, Oshimo K, InoueH, Kawano M, Morimoto T. Thyroid carcinoma in patient with
secondary hyperparathyroidism. J Surg Oncol 1992; 49(3): 168-171.
Tarrass F, Daki S, Benjelloun M, Ramdani B, Berghanem MG, Zaid D, Sqalli S. Synchronous
papillary thyroid carcinoma and secondary hyperparathyroidism: report of cases and review of
the literature. Oral Oncology Extra 2005; 41(4): 74-76.
Burmeister LA, Sandberg M, Carty SE, Watson CG. Thyroid cancer found at
parathyroidectomy: association with primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism.
Cancer 1997; 79: 1611-1616.
Trcoveanu E, Niculescu D, Moldovanu R, Cotea E, Vasilescu A, Dnil N, Lzescu D, Ferariu
D, Crumpei F, Ichim M, Zbranca E. Surgical treatment of hyperparathyroidism. Chirurgia.
2009; 104(5): 531-544.
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INTRODUCERE
Cancerul gastric rmne una din principalele cauze de mortalitate n lume. n
arile dezvoltate incidena cancerului gastric este n continu scdere de la sfaritul celui
de al doilea rzboi mondial. Din 1996 a trecut pe locul doi ca i cauz de deces
secundar cancerului, cu peste 600000 de decese pe an.Vrsta predilect de diagnostic
se situeaz ntre 65 i 74 de ani. Este mai frecvent la brbati, raportul brbai/femei fiind
ntre 1,5-4/1 [1].
Pacienii cu polipoz adenomatoas familial (sdr. Gardner) si cancer colorectal
ereditar nonpolipozic au risc crescut de dezvoltare a cancerului gastric, motiv pentru
care la acetia se impune un screening endoscopic [2]. Tratamentul chirurgical este
singura modalitate curativ i trebuie tentat la majoritatea pacienilor. [3]
Anemiile cronice constituie probleme serioase i frecvente la gastrectomizai.
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Cazuri clinice
Studiile demonstreaz c peste 50% din cei care au suferit o rezecie gastric
total sau subtotal vor dezvolta un sindrom anemic, fie datorit deficitului de absorbie
a fierului (anemii microcitare) fie ale vitaminei B12 i acidului folic (anemii
macrocitare), fie mixte [4].
Deficitul de fier apare cel mai adesea prin lipsa acidului clorhidric i dificultatea
disocierii fierului feric i dizolvrii mineralelor. Digestia crnii, principala surs de fier,
este ngreunat de lipsa acidului clorhidric. La pacienii cu gastro-jejunoanastomoz
(Billroth II), by-pasul duodenului este cauza malabsorbiei fierului, calciului i acidului
folic [5].
Deficitul de vitamina B12 apare dup 2-4 ani sau chiar mai muli post
gastrectomie datorit scderii produciei de factor intrinsec [6].
Tratamentul const in suplimentri de fier feros in anemiile feriprive si vitamina
B12 si acid folic in cele macrocitare.
PREZENTARE DE CAZ
Prezentm cazul unei paciente, M. A. n vrsta de 21 de ani, fr antecedente
heredocolaterale oncologice, care se adreseaz pe data de 30 martie 2010
Ambulatoriului Institutului de Gastroenterologie i Hepatologie Iai, pentru dureri
abdominale difuze cu maxim de intensitate n epigastru, accentuate postprandial,
inapeten, scdere ponderal, 15 kg n 8 luni i tranzit intestinal accelerat de
aproximativ o sptamn, pentru care primete tratament cu inhibitor de pomp de
protoni (IPP), rifaximina, probiotice, antispastice i recomandarea de a reveni la control
peste 2 sptmni.
Pe data de 13 aprilie 2010 revine declarnd persitena aceleai simptomatologii
dar cu normalizarea tranzitului intestinal.
Examenul obiectiv a evideniat paloare sclerotegumentar, esut conjunctivoadipos slab reprezentat (BMI=17,8 kg/m2), uoar hipotensiune arterial (TA=80/55
mmHg) i abdomen sensibil la palpare n epigastru.
Bilanul hematologic arat anemie hipocrom feripriv (Hb=7,2g/dl, Ht=27,7%,
GR=3,93mil/mm3, VEM=70,53, HEM=18,3pg/dl, Fe seric=12g/dl). Bilanul
biochimic hepatic, renal i electrolitic a fost in limite normale. Anticorpii antiHelicobacter pylori (Hp) i anticorpii anti-gliadina tip IgG (recomandai pentru
sindromul diareic si anemie) au fost n limite normale. Endoscopia digestiv superioar
pune in eviden o formaiune vegetant, dezvoltat circumferenial pe mica curbura
gastric, spre fata posterioar pn la nivelul unghiului gastric, ulcerat i friabil. Se
efectueaz biopsie de la acest nivel.
Radioscopia eso-gastro-duodenal descrie imagini lacunare la nivelul corpului
gastric si pe mica curbur, pn la nivelul unghiului gastric, cu mucoasa duodenal
ocupat de numeroase formaiuni lacunare, bine delimitate, cu dimensiuni de 1-3mm.
Ecografia abdominal nu deceleaz imagini metastatice la nivelul ficatului sau a
altor organe abdominale.
Corobornd examenele imagistice si anatomia patologic se pune diagnosticul
de: Neoplasm corp gastric. Anemie hipocrom feripriv secundar. Denutriie proteincaloric.
Pe parcursul internrii primete tratament cu fier injectabil, antalgice i hidratare
parenteral. Dup echilibrare se ndrum ctre Clinica Chirurgical pentru intervenie
chirurgical.
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DISCUII
Am prezentat cazul unei paciente de 21 ani, fr antecedente heredocolaterale
neoplazice, diagnosticat cu cancer gastric antral, la care anemia macrocitar prin
hipovitaminoz B12 a aprut precoce (4 luni) postgastrectomie total i care asociaz
pseudopolipoz intestinal.
Vrsta tnr se asociaz cu neoplasmul gastric la persoanele cu antecedente
familiale neoplazice, cu sindroame de polipoz intestinal familial sau sindrom Lynch,
aspecte nentlnite la pacienta noastr. Este de menionat totui faptul c despre familia
tatlui relaiile date au fost minime, tnra fiind crescut doar de mam.
Sindromul dispeptic este manifestarea clinic principal n cancerul gastric,
avnd ca i caracteristic lipsa de rspuns la tratamentul cu inhibitori de pomp de
protoni (IPP) i scderea ponderal. n cazul prezentat, tratamentul cu IPP nu a dus la
ameliorarea simptomelor, iar scderea ponderal a fost semnificativ. Vrsta tnr,
absena antecedentelor familiale neoplazice i sindromul diareic ne-au fcut s
suspicionm iniial o boal celiac i nu o leziune malign. Endoscopia digestiv
superioar este investigaia de elecie care se impune n faa unei dispepsii cu semne de
alarm, indiferent de vrst.
Anemia feripriv se ntlnete frecvent la pacienii cu neoplasm gastric,
explicat prin sngerarea tumoral, i reprezint o indicaie absolut pentru endoscopia
digestiv superioar la pacienii cu sindrom dispeptic, indiferent de vrst i
antecedente. Pacienta a prezentat anemie feripriv de la internare, pentru care prima
supoziie de diagnostic a fost tot boala celiac (diaree, dureri abdominale, anemie
feripriv).
Intraoperator particular a fost decelarea polipozei intestinale (zeci de polipi sesili
n duoden i jejun), care a ridicat suspiciunea unui sindrom de polipoz familial.
Aceast supoziie a fost ns infirmat de examenul anatomopatologic care a artat
natura inflamatorie a cestor formaiuni polipoide (pseudopolipi). Pentru a nu avea nici
un dubiu asupra naturii polipilor intestinali, postoperator s-a efectuat i un examen
colonoscopic care a fost n limite normale. Astfel, diagnosticul de polipoz familial nu
se poate susine. Rmne ca problem neelucidat cauza acestei pseudopolipoze
intestinale, care s-a evideniat i la investigaiile endoscopice efectuate postoperator.
Infeciile respiratorii nozocomiale postoperatorii se ntlnesc de obicei la
vrstnici i tarai. n cazul nostru ne-am aflat n faa unei paciente tinere care a prezentat
o pneumonie nozocomial cu leucopenie, care atest o stare de imunosupresie asociat
cu leziunea neoplazic. S-a suspicionat o posibil supresie medular paraneoplazic sau
chiar infiltrare neoplazic medular, totui rspunsul bun la tratamentul antibiotic a
fcut puin probabil aceast ipotez.
O problem de diagnostic a reprezentat-o anemia sever acut hemolitic
aprut la 1 lun postoperator. Ne-am gndit din nou la un sindrom paraneoplazic sau la
o hemoliz infecioas. Evoluia favorabil sub tratament cu corticoizi, recuperarea
rapid, au nclinat mai mult balana spre a doua supoziie.
Am decis tratamentul citostatic n ciuda complicaiilor infecioase i a
sindromului anemic, dup reechilibrare hematologic cu snge avnd n vedere vrsta
foarte tnr a pacientei i stadiul T4N3 postoperator. Cele dou cure de Oxaliplatin la 3
sptmni i Capecitabin per os 1 lun au fost relativ bine tolerate clinic i
hematologic, n asociere de eritropoetin.
Surprinztoare a fost apariia anemiei de tip macrocitar, cu valori normale ale
fierului seric, fr reticulocitoz, la 4 luni postoperator, pentru care pacienta a fost din
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691
INTRODUCERE
n 1982, R.J.Heald public articolul The mesorectum in rectal cancer the clue
to pelvic recurrence? n care demonstreaz prezena de celule tumorale n mezorect,
distal de tumora primar. Aceast observaie sugera c recidivele pelvine sunt datorate
neextirprii mezorectului distal de tumor care conine metastaze ganglionare. Astfel,
este introdus conceptul de rezecie anterioar joas de rect cu excizie total de mezorect
reprezentnd extirparea n bloc a rectului i a esutului celulolimfoganglionar care l
nconjoar printr-o disecie minuioas fr a produce bree n fascia mezorectului.
Scopul principal al exciziei totale a mezorectului este acela de a reduce ct mai mult
recidivele locale dup rezeciile rectale pentru cancer. Totodat, se coboar nivelul la
care se poate face rezecie pentru un neoplasm rectal n detrimentul exciziilor
abdominoperineale.
INDICAII
Rezecia anterioar joas de rect cu excizie total de mezorect (RA cu EMT)
este indicat n tumorile maligne rectale ampulare mijlocii i inferioare. n ceea ce
privete tumorile rectale ampulare superioare i ale jonciunii rectosigmoidiene, rezecia
anterioar de rect se asociaz cu o excizie parial a mezorectului prin transecia
mezorectului distal la cel puin 5 cm de leziunea tumoral [1].
*
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PREGTIREA PREOPERATORIE
Atunci cnd se intenioneaz efectuarea unei anastomoze colorectale sau a unei
anastomoze coloanale, pregtirea colonului are un rol important. Colonul va fi pregatit
mecanic, prin administrarea de soluii purgative i biologic prin administrarea de
antibiotice care nu se resorb, rmn n lumenul digestiv i scad virulena florei
microbiene. Exist autori care susin c pregatirea mecanic a colonului nu influeneaz
rata complicaiilor postoperatorii [2,3].
POZIIA PACIENTULUI
Pacientul este aezat n poziia Lloyd-Davis (Fig.1) iar masa de operaie este n
Trendelenburg exagerat pentru a facilita accesul n timpul interveniei. Pacientului i se
poziionez o sond urinar nainte de intervenia propriu-zis sau un sondaj vezical
intraoperator suprapubian prin spaiul Retzius prevenind astfel neajunsurile unui sondaj
pe cale uretral [4].
TEHNICA OPERATORIE
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694
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Se va verifica dac cele doua inele (de la cele doua segmente, rectal si colonic)
rezultate in urma efecturii anastomozei mecanice sunt integre. Etaneitatea
anastomozei se poate controla prin inundarea cu betadine a pelvisului urmat de
introducerea de aer prin anus.
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trecute prin peretele anterior rectal vor fi trecute i prin colon, prin strngerea acestora
se va finaliza i trana anterioar a anastomozei.
Avnd n vedere neajunsurile unei eventuale fistule anastomotice colorectale
joase, se recomand efectuarea unei ileostomii laterale, la aproximatix 30 de centimetri
de valvula ileocecal cu toate c aceste stome, chiar i tempoare, poart riscul unor
complicaii i au implicaii asupra calitii vieii [8].
Cavitatea pelvin se va drena cu dou tuburi iar peretele abdominal se va nchide
n planuri anatomice.
Evaluarea tratamentului chirurgical se va face de ctre anatomopatolog prin
examinarea piesei de rezecie, evaluare ce va aduce i date asupra riscului de recidiv n
funcie de calitatea actului chirurgical [9-11].
CONCLUZII
Tehnica rezeciei anterioare de rect cu excizie total de mezorect presupune
timpi laborioi efectuai cu minuiozitate. Cunoaterea acestui procedeu chirurgical este
necesar pentru toi chirurgii care sunt angrenai n secvena chirurgicala a tratamentului
cancerului rectal. Att rata recidivelor locale ct i calitatea vietii sunt influenate de
calitatea actului chirurgical ceea ce face din chirurgia oncologica a rectului o chirurgie
pretenioas ce trebuie efectuat de persoane antrenate.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
Heald RJ, Husband EM, Ryall RD. The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery-the clue to pelvic
recurrence? Br J Surg. 1982; 69(10): 613-616.
2. Nicholson GA, Finlay IG, Diament RH, Molloy RG, Horgan PG, Morrison DS. Mechanical
bowel preparation does not influence outcomes following colonic cancer resection. Br J Surg.
2011; 98(6): 866-871.
3. Van't Sant HP, Weidema WF, Hop WC, Oostvogel HJ, Contant CM. The influence of
mechanical bowel preparation in elective lower colorectal surgery. Ann Surg. 2010; 251(1):
59-63.
4. Steele RJ. Anterior resection with total mesorectal excision. J R Coll Surg Edinb. 1999; 44(1):
40-45.
5. Tiret E. Exerese totale du mesorectum et conservation de linnervation autonome a destinee
genito-urinaire dans la chirurgie du cancer du rectum. Encycl Med Chir (Elsevier, Paris),
Techniques chirurgicales Appareil digestif. 1998; 40 610.
6. Heald RJ, Moran BJ, Brown J, Daniels IR. Optimal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer is
by disssecting in front of Denonvilliers fascia. Br J Surg. 2004; 91(1): 121-123.
7. Heald RJ. The Holy Plane of rectal surgery. J R Suc Med. 1988; 81(9): 503-508.
8. Tsunoda A, Tsunoda Y, Narita K, Watanabe M, Nakao K, Kusano M. Quality of life after low
anterior resection and temporary loop ileostomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008; 51(2): 218-222.
9. Oh SY, Kim YB, Paek OJ, Suh KW. Does total mesorectal excision require a learning curve?
Analysis from the database of a single surgeon's experience. World J Surg. 2011; 35(5):
1130-1136.
10. Quirke P, Scott N. The pathologists role in the assesment of local recurrence in rectal
carcinoma. Surg Oncol Clin North Am. 1992; 1: 1-17.
11. Nagtegaal ID, van de Velde CJ, van der Worp E, Kapiteijn E, Quirke P, van Krieken JH;
Cooperative Clinical Investigators of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group. Macroscopic
evaluation of rectal cancer resection specimen: clinical significance of the pathologist in quality
control. J Clin Oncol. 2002; 20(7): 1729-1734.
1.
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BOALA HEMOROIDALA
DE-A LUNGUL ISTORIEI
IN ANTICHITATE
IN EVUL MEDIU
UN PORTRET PARTICULAR
Este impunator sau mai degraba slab, are o
tenta plumburie-galbuie, vene bine
reliefate la nivelul bratelor. Este brunet si
in privirea sa anima un foc sumbru. Este
violent, manios, pasional. Sufera de
constipatie si adesea de flatulenta.
(Montgre ,1819)
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REGULI IGIENO-DIETETICE:
Bolnavii nu trebuie sa se aseze pe o banca din
piatra sau marmura neagra; sa nu stea pe iarba
verde sau pamant umed
Sa evite vinul, dezmatul, furia si miscarile
violente (James,1748)
Sunt incurajate la o astfel de persoana starea
optimista si buna dispozitie
Sa evite consumul de branza de Roquefort
(Mollire, 1872)
TRATAMENTE TOPICE:
Egiptenii - supozitoare,pomezi (unele ingrediente
nu au fost identificate nici astazi)
CAUTERIZARILE
Inca din vremea lui Hippocrate, fierul incins a fost
folosit in tratarea hemoroizilor; metoda a fost larg
utilizata pana in sec.XIX.
LIPITORILE
Intr-o lucrare din sec.XVIII sunt recomandate,
provocand o leziune mai mica, ce se vindeca mai
usor. Se aplica o lipitoare pe fiecare hemoroid
pana ce aceasta cadea.
Insusi Napoleon a folosit aceasta metoda.
OBIECTE MAGICE
SFINTI PROTECTORI
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PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
Charles Quint
Elonore dAquitaine
A fost aproape de a
realiza un vis stravechi pacea intre statele
Evului Mediu.
Cronicarii vremii au
mentionat ca si el
suferea de crize
hemoroidale.
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
Ludovic al XI-lea
Copernic
Autorul teoriei
heliocentrice, a decedat
in 1543,
probabil datorita unei
hemoragii consecutive
exciziei hemoroizilor
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
Cardinalul Richelieu
Martin Luther
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PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
Brahms
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
Napoleon Bonaparte
Oare o criza
hemoroidala sa-l fi
privat pe imparatul
Bonaparte de
legendarul sau spirit
de lupta in
infrangerea de la
Waterloo?
Se trata cu comprese
imbibate in acetat de Pb
10% (eau blanche).
In 1815 la intoarcerea
pe Insula Elba prezenta
certe pusee
hemoroidale, deoarece
nu se putea urca pe cal
si se deplasa cu trasura.
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
Compozitori
Giacomo Meyerbeer
Gustav Mahler
Hemoroizi sangeranzi
Scriitori
Ernest Hemingway : spre sfarsitul vietii suferea
de probleme renale, depresie, infectie cu antrax
si hemoroizi (picatura ce a umplut paharul?)
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PERSONALITATI CU PROBLEME
IN LOC DE CONCLUZII
Este suficient un
singur hemoroid
inflamat pentru ca
cel mai calm sef de
stat sa se indispuna
si sa declanseze un
razboi atomic
(G.Dormann)
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Istorie
703
Istorie
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laparoscopic (R. Bergamaschi), abordul robotic pentru chirurgia cancerului rectal (I.
Popescu), controverse n chirurgia laparoscopic a cancerului rectal (E. Targarona),
colectomia stng laparoscopic (F. Lazr) i comunicri orale.
O noutate a congresului a reprezentat-o forumul ARCE de tehnici minim
invazive, care a adunat n dezbatere chirurgi, oftalmologi, urologi, ginecologi, chirurgi
toracici. O prezentare de excepie s-a referit la instruirea n laparoscopie (C.
Dragomirescu).
O alt sesiune privind abordul minim invaziv al organelor parenchimatoase a
abordat splenectomia laparoscopic (E. Targarona, C. Vasilescu, E. Trcoveanu),
chirurgia hepatic laparoscopic (Doina Hrehore, M. Nedelcu, t. Georgescu), chistul
hidatic hepatic (C. Du, D. Sabu).
O alt tem n care chirurgii romni au ctigat o mare experien este abordul
minim invaziv al defectelor parietale abdominale.
Laparoscopia n abdomenul acut (A.E. Nicolau, E. Vrcu, I. Surdeanu, M.
Oancea, R. Mehic, L. Alecu, A. M. Maghiar) s-a bucurat de un viu interes.
Chirurgia laparoscopic urologic a fost un alt subiect al congresului. Au fost
prezentate lucrri privind suprarenalectomia laparoscopic (M. Beuran), nefrectomia
laparoscopic, pieloplastia laparoscopic, sindromul de jonciune pielo-ureteral, litiaza
coraliform, nefrolitotomia percutan, prostatectomia radical i cistectomia radical
laparoscopic.
O alt particularitate a congresului a fost sesiunea de chirurgie toracic,
moderat de I. Cordo, C. Paleru i D. I. Ulmeanu, care au dezbtut timectomia
videoasistat, mediastinoscopia, esofagectomia toracoscopic, splanhnicectomia
toracoscopic i abordul minim invaziv al defectelor diafragmatice.
Un ecou deosebit l-a avut sesiunea multidisciplinar medicochirurgical privind
actualiti n refluxul gastroesofagian la copii, organizat de Societatea Romn de
Chirurgie Pediatric.
O sesiunea foarte apreciat i de asemenea o noutate, nsoit de transmisie live,
a fost cea de anestezie tehnici videoasistate pentru managementul cilor aeriene,
moderat de . Bubeneck i Ioana Grinescu.
A patra zi a congresului a fost dedicat celui de-al III-lea Simpozion Naional de
Chirurgie Bariatric i Metabolic, cu temele Noi tendine n chirurgia metabolic i
Prevenirea i tratamentul complicaiilor n chirurgia bariatric, simpozion organizat
impecabil de C. Copescu. Acesta a reunit conferine ale unor prestigioi specialiti din
ar i din strinatate: G. Silecchia, G. Dapri, R. Vilallonga, M. Dahman, M. Deitel, M.
Nedelcu, M.G. Neto, T. Rogula, C. Copescu, N. Iordache, I. C. Puia, R. F. Galea, F.
Turcu, C. Du.
O alt noutate a congresului a reprezinta-to participarea neurochirurgilor, care au
organizeazat o sesiune de neuroendoscopie i a specialitii ORL, care au prezentat
nouti n domeniu.
Temele dezbtute n cadrul acestei manifestri au avut drept subiect progresele
nregistrate de tehnicile miniminvazive de tratament videoasistat, domeniul n care
ARCE s-a afirmat deja ca un important promotor i susintor al utilizrii acestora n
Romania. i, n acest sens, trebuie subliniat faptul ca, anul acesta, mai mult ca oricnd,
ARCE a reuit s concentreze interesul tuturor specialitailor care utilizeaz tehnici
videoasistate de diagnostic i tratament invitnd la dezbateri specialiti din domeniul
endoscopiei digestive, urologiei, ginecologiei, chirurgiei toracice,pediatrice, ORL,
neurochirurgiei i radiologiei intervenionale.
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Recenzii
TRANSPLANTUL HEPATIC
IRINEL POPESCU (sub red.)
Ed. Academiei Romne, Bucureti 2011
ISBN 978-973-27-2054-7
n 2011, la Editura Academiei Romne,
a aprut tratatul "Transplantul hepatic", sub
redacia prof. Dr. Irinel Popescu, eveniment
editorial unic i n premier pentru literatura
medical romneasc.
Aa cum arta n prefa unul din cei
mai mari transplantologi, Domenico Forti
(Milano), transplantul hepatic este consicerat la
ora actual drept cea mai complex dintre
procedurile chirurgicale.
Profesorul Irinel Popescu este pionierul
transplantului hepatic n ara noastr i a creat
deja o coal i o formidabil echip integrat
"care a atins prestigiul de care se bucur cele
mai importante centre internaionale".
Toi cei 29 de autori care au contribuit la
realizarea acestui tratat reprezint expresia i
vigoarea colii de la Institutul Clinic Fundeni n
domeniul vast i dificil al transplantului.
n partea general a tratatului sunt prezentate istoricul transplantului ficatului,
anatomia modern a ficatului, conceptele de baz actuale n imunologia ficatului.
Un capitol important al monografiei l reprezint evaluarea i monitorizarea
pacienilor pretransplant. Sunt prezentate de ctre specialiti n domeniu selecia
pacienilor pentru transplantul ficatului, cu obiective, indicaii i contraindicaii, sisteme
de scorificare pentru prioritizarea pacienilor pentru transplant hepatic, evaluarea
pacienilor pediatrici pentru transplant hepatic, aspectele etice, managementul
pacienilor cu ciroz hepatic aflai pe listele de ateptare, screeningul bolilor
infecioase pretransplant, imagistica transplantului hepatic, endoscopia digestiv n
cadrul programului de transplant hepatic, evaluarea preoperatorie n terapia intensiv a
candidailor la transplant hepatic, anestezia n transplantul hepatic.
O parte important a lucrrii este dedicat tehnicii chirurgicale privind
transplantul hepatic de la donator aflat n moarte cerebral, transplantul hepatic cu ficat
redus i mprit, transplantul hepatic de la donator n via.
n cazul transplantului hepatic de la donator cadavru se prezint pregtirea
donatorului aflat n moarte cerebral, prelevarea hepatic, transplantul hepatic cu ficat
ntreg (tehnic, accidente, incidente, complicaii). n cazul transplantului de la donator
n via se discut selecia, managementul i urmrirea postoperatorie a donatorului de
fragment hepatic, transplantul hepatic de la donator n via adult la copil, transplantul
hepatic cu hemificat drept de la donator n via adult la adult i transplantul hepatic
domino.
Partea cea mai dificil a transplantului hepatic o reprezint evoluia
postoperatorie.
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GIST GOALS
Changing the Roadmap for GIST Survival
21-23 October 2011, Athenaeum InterContinental Atena, Grecia
n perioada 21-23 octombrie
2011, firma Novartis a organizat la
Atena Cursul Internaional GIST Goals
Changing the Roadmap for GIST
Survival, susinut de 23 experi n
GIST din Frana, canada, SUA, Italia,
Germania, Belgia, Japonia, China,
Coreea, Australia, la care au participat
peste 250 cursani din ntreaga lume
(oncologi, chirurgi, morfopatologi,
gastroenterologi,
specialiti
n
imagistic).
Pe parcursul a 5 sesiuni
desfurate n 2 zile, au fost prezentate
ultimele nouti privind GIST-urile din
prisma unei echipe multidisciplinare.
Au fost susinute conferine State of Art, cazuri clinice deosebite, prezentri n
panel, discuii interactive.
Prima sesiune a abordat durata tratamentului adjuvant cu imatinib (durata care a
redus semnificativ riscul de recidiv tumoral). S-au prezentat obiectivele tratamentului
n GIST-urile primare, experiena coreean n tratamentul adjuvant timp de un an,
experiena chinez privind investigaiile pe perioada tratamentului, rezultatele trialurilor
privind tratamentul adjuvant timp de 2 ani, ateptrile de la noile molecule i selecia
pacienilor pentru perioade diferite ca durat de tratament.
Sesiunea a doua, intitulat "Driving progress to improve outcomes in GIST", a
analizat noi aspecte morfopatologice i genetice din GIST, noi metode de diagnostic,
tratamentul cazurilor complexe.
Sesiunea a treia a fost dedicat bazelor moleculare ale bolii, urmrind
dezvoltarea rezistenei, noi molecule i combinaii terapeutice posibile. Se demonstreaz
ce cel puin jumtate din bolnavii cu GIST, tratai, vor dezvolta recidive sau metastaze
fie n primii doi ani, pentru cei cu risc crescut, fie dup 15 ani, pentru cei cu risc sczut,
fapt ce justific extinderea tratamentului adjuvant.
Sesiunea a patra a abordat situaii particulare: GIST asociat cu tumori desmoide,
GIST metastatic, localizri neobinuite ale GIST-urilor primare i secundare.
Ultima sesiune a surprins aspectele terapeutice n GIST-urile local avansate i n
boala metastatic: terapia neoadjuvant pentru leziuni nerezecabile, posibiliti
terapeutice n cazurile de progresie a bolii, rolul chirurgiei n GIST-urile metastatice.
S-a evideniat clar c abordarea multidisciplinar este crucial pentru
optimizarea rezultatelor tratamentului la pacienii cu GIST.
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