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6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii, cuvinte care sa accentueze surprinderea, sau rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza) I went into the house and suddenly I see a misterious map.
(Am intrat in casa si dintr-o data am vazut o harta misterioasa.) I went into the house = actiunea de baza (suddenly) I see a misterious map = actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza care accentueaza surprinderea
Comentarii
a) "-es" se adauga la persoana a 3-a singular pentru verbele care se termina in s, z, sh, ch, consoana+y b) Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular si plural, cu exceptia persoanei a III- a singular, care se adauga (e) s.
http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
(Am vazut un muzeu interesant.) ... in prezent imi amintesc bine acel muzeu. (Un accident teribil a avut loc.) ... inca sunt afectat de acel lucru.
http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
Cum se formeaza
Acest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este amintita in momentul prezent.
a) VERB+ed --> pentru verbele regulate. b) forma a 2-a a verbelor neregulate --> pentru verbele neregulate. Link catre Lista/ tabelul verbelor neregulate
Observati 1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o precede este scurta si accentuate: stop -> stopped prefer -> preferred 2) verbele terminate in y precedat de consoana il schimba in i: study -> studied 3) verbele terminate in e adauga doar d: move -> moved
3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)" Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest? (Unde ai sta daca ai merge la Bucuresti?) Tom would help me with my homework if he had time. (Tom m-ar ajuta cu temele daca ar avea timp.) 4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare fata de actiunea trecuta sunt simultane) He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea) (Mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)
http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the garden.
(Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.) (Micutul a vorbit ca si cum vazuse o farfurie zburatoare.) 2. in constructiile care folosesc Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)
Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English a little bit.
(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)
http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep cu verbe ce exprima promisiunea, actiunineplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in propozitia principala avem verbe precum: think, assume, expect, hope, doubt, belive, suppose, be sorry, wonder, be sure pentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o actiune viitoare.
(predictia)
Comentarii
1) Pentru actiunile planificate in viitor nu se foloseste viitorul simplu ci "TO BE GOING TO" sau Simple Present Continuous !
Daca actiunea e planificata in decursula a 1-7 zile sau e vorba de o activitate repetitiva in viitor de regula se foloseste viitorul format cu "to be going to":
I am going to see that movie on Friday. "am going to" are sensul de "planific sa"
(Imi planific/ Intentionez sa merg vineri la acel film.)
Daca actiunea e planificata mult mai tarziu (in viitor) de regula se foloseste prezentul simplu continuu:
Nota: viitorul format cu "to be going to" are nuanta de viitor apropiat; cel format cu prezentul simplu continuu nu are nici o nuanta de acest fel.
2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the
time, if nu vom avea viitor !
http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
Cum se formeaza
will have + past participle
Jerry will have worked for this company for 20 years when he retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va pensiona.)
Comentarii
1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the
time, if nu vom avea viitor ! 2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"
Exemple
1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea) (El mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)
Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English a little bit. (after arata anterioritatea)
(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.) http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul Simplu in acest caz nu are nuanta subiectiva) What are you doing tomorrow ? (Ce faci maine?) In acest caz frecvent se folosesc verbe de miscare precum to come, to arrive, to go, to leave: My friend is leavingtomorrow. (Prietenul meu pleaca maine.) 4. pentru o actiune care se repeta regulat, frecvent I am constantly thanking God for the opportunities that He has given me in my life. (nu exprima iritarea) (Ii multumesc lui Dumnezeu in permanenta, pentru oportunitatile pe care mi le-a dat in viata.)
De regula exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiune: He is continually making noise. (El face galagie in permanenta.) Repetarea se exprima folosind adverbe precum: always, constantly, continually, often.
http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
I have worked in this factory for two years. (inca mai lucrez, dar la
modul general; acum poate ca sunt acasa si ma uit la TV) (Lucrez in aceasta fabrica de 2 ani.)
I have been reading all afternoon. Ive just finished the novel.
(Am citit toata dupa-masa. Tocmai am terminat de citit romanul.)
http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
Cum se formeaza
was/were + present participle
What would you say if the boy were studying now ? (Discutie
intre parinti cand se pregatesc sa intre in camera copiilor. Ei nu se asteapta ca baiatul lor sa invete acum.) (Ce ai spune daca baiatul ar invata acum?)
They had been talking for over two hours before Tom arrived.
(Ei vorbeau de peste doua ore, cand Tom a ajuns.) Aceeasi situatie poate fi prezenta si in vorbirea indirecta:
http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
will be + present participle am/is/are + going to be + present participle (pentru "to be going to")
1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel moment/ timp)
Tonight at 7 o'clock, Tom will be watching TV. (Acum e1 Pm si Tom va incepe sa se uite la TV la 6:30 Pm) (Deseara la ora 7, Tom se va uita la TV. ... deja se uita de ceva vreme)
2. o actiune viitoare se va intinde pe toata durata viitoare
Comentarii
1) O varianta a cazului 1 de folosire a lui "Future Continuous Tense" este cand se vrea sa se sublinieze faptul ca in viitor doua sau mai multe actiuni vor avea loc simultan:
http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Gramatica-engleza.html
Jerry will have been working for this company for 20 years when she retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie ( si va continua sa lucreze) in momentul cand ea se va pensiona.)
Comentarii
1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the
time, if nu vom avea viitor ! 2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"
By next January, I will have been learning a lot of things related to this subject.
(Pana in ianuarie viitor, voi fi invatat o multime de lucruri legat de acest subiect. ... si voi continua sa invat. )
Lista verbelor neregulate in limba engleza - Gramatica limbii engleze Home > Gramatica limbii engleze > Verbul > Lista verbelor neregulate in limba engleza
to bid to bind to bite to bleed to bless to blow to break to breed to bring to broadcast to burn to burst to buy to can to cast to catch to choose to cleave to cling to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to dwell to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find
bade bound bit bled blest blew broke bred brought broadcast burnt (burned) burst bought could cast caught chose cleft clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt (dreamed) drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found
bidden bound bitten bled blest blown broken bred brought broadcast burnt (burned) burst bought been able to cast caught chosen cleft clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt (dreamed) drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found
a oferi, a licita a lega a musca a sangera a binecuvanta a sufla a sparge a creste a aduce a transmite prin radio a arde a izbucni a cumpara a putea a arunca a prinde a alege a despica a se lipi a veni a costa a se tara a taia a se ocupa, a trata afaceri a sapa a face a desena a visa a bea a conduce masina a locui, a ramane, a insista a manca a cadea a hrani a simti a lupta a gasi
Pronunarea i ortografierea terminaiei -ed este n funcie de terminaia infinitivului. -ed se pronun: a) [d] cnd verbele se termin n vocal sau consoan sonor [b,g,l,m,n,v,z,dz,_dj_]: play - played [pleid]; arrived [__ raivd]; b) [t] cnd verbele se termin n consoan surd [f,k,p,s,sh,ch,__,t__] like - liked [laikt], cross - crossed [kr_o_st]; c) [id] cnd verbele se termin n -t sau -d: want - wanted [ w_o_ntid]; nod nodded [n_o_did]. Particulariti ortografice ale terminaiei -ed: Consoana final a formei de infinitiv se dubleaz cnd vocala care o precede este scurt i accentuat: stop - stopped; prefer - preferred Consoana final se dubleaz la cteva verbe, dei silaba final nu este accentuat: kidnap - kidnapped; handicap - handicapped; worship - worshipped; iar la verbe terminate n ic, =c se dubleaz n ck: picnic - picnicked.
n engleza britanic, verbele terminate n -l dubleaz aceast consoan, indiferent de accent: control - controlled; travel - travelled
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...
Exemple
When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach. general valabila: e valabila in prezent) (situatie
Tom helps me with my homework when he has time. general valabila: e valabila in prezent)
(situatie
If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent) Where do you stay if you go to Bucharest? valabila in prezent) (situatie general valabila: e
Comentarii
1) "Present Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii care apar in mod normal in viata de zi cu zi; sint situatii generale si care se repeta frecvent sau sunt sigure (sunt reale si nu fictive); 2) If e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente; When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.
Exemple
Let him go !
( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )
( Incuie usa ! )
Go there !
( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know !
Lasa-ma in pace!
Take it easy !
Usor !
- Fac interogativul numai prin inversare (May I have this dance?); - Formarea lui "nu-i asa" in propozitiile care folosesc verbe modale, se face folosind verbul modal (I can play the game, can't I? -> Pot sa joc jocul, nu-i asa?) - Verbele modale nu pot forma anumite timpuri, de aceea, se inlocuiesc cu alte verbe. can se inlocuieste cu to be able to may se inlocuieste cu to be allowed to must se inlocuieste cu to have to - CAN si MAY au forme de trecut: can -> could may -> might CAN - Verbele modale in engleza 1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala 2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea 3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial 4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie
Nota: Aceasta forma de exprimare a permisiunii nu este foarte delicata si poate fi vazuta si ca o cerere politicoasa. 4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie
Exercitii
Nota: Pentru a citi teoria legata de permisiunea in vorbirea oficiala dati click aici.
Te vad. Tu ma vezi (chiar acum in timp ce vorbesc)? (accentuarea continuitatii cu verbele de perceptie)
2. exprima posibilitatea
Comentarii
1. "May" in situatia in care exprima posibilitatea poate fi inlocuit cu "it is possible" fara ca sensul sa se schimbe:
Exercitii
Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii: Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea neoficiala)
click aici.
I must go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea) Nota: Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":
I have to go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie sa ajung undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una obiectiva) 2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie
Comentarii
Daca nu suntem foarte siguri de deductia logica folosim verbul "may".
Exercitii
Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii: Trebuie sa te opresti din fumat. (obligatie: asa crede cu putere cel care
vorbeste)
Trebuie sa ma duc la scoala maine. (obligatie: asa crede cu putere cel care vorbeste)
(Sunt foarte sigur de deductia mea logica) Daca nu sunt sigur de rezaultatul logicii mele (pentru ca pot interveni factori pe care nu-i cunosc) se foloseste verbul "May".
Comentarii
1) Pentru a exprima recomandari negative dispare "to" dupa "to have":
You ought not smoke so much. We ought not be afraid of the these risks.
Totusi, sunt acceptate deasemenea si formele:
You ought not to smoke so much. We ought not to be afraid of the these risks.
2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult "should not".
Exercitii
Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii: Tu trebuie sa te duci acolo. (recomandare)
(Acest lucru se intampla si asta il irita pe cel/ pe cea care face afirmatia)
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaie sau o ameninare care provin de la cel care vorbete ( Folosit cu persoanele II i III) You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me. Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine. He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that. Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa. You shall hear from me again! Vei mai auzi tu de mine!) 3. pentru a exprima o hotarare The gates shall not open . (Usile nu se vor deschide.) 4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the examination. Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii.
Comentarii
1. Folosit cu persoana I, shall indic viitorul. 2. Folosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o obligatie sau o amenintare care provin de la cel care vorbeste.
Exercitii
8. Iti vei manca legumele, indiferent daca iti plac sau nu. (exprima o amenintare, o insistenta) 9. Sa spunem 8:30 atunci? Ramane 8:30 atunci? (exprima solicitarea unui sfat/raspuns) 10. Nu vei primi niciun cadou de Craciun daca nu te comporti frumos. (exprima o amenintare) Traducere in engleza: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I shall clean the room for you. Shall I take your dog for a walk? Go to study, I promise you shall not be disturbed. Shall we go to the cinema? If you get a good mark, you shall get a nice present. Shall I eat some fruits? Id rather eat some vegetables. What shoes shall I wear to match that dress? You shall eat your vegetables, whether you like it or not. Shall we say 8.30 then? You shall not get any Christmas presents if you dont behave well.
I will climb this mountain even if its the last thing I do. Voi urca acest munte, chiar daca va fi ultimul lucru pe care il fac. 2. pentru a exprima o promisiune I will not let you down. Nu te voi dezamagi . 3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere This boy looks very much like Tom. He will be his brother. Acest baiat seamana foarte bine cu Tom. O fi fratele lui. 4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil Polar bears will perish. Ursii polari vor disparea. 5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata I always drink coffee in the morning . (= I will drink coffee in the morning). Intotdeauna beau cafea dimineata. Voi bea cafea dimineata. 6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa Will you sit down? Vrei sa iei loc?
Comentarii
1. Will - are si intelesul de a voi. La casatorie se foloseste expresia I will. Verbele modale: Will - Exercitii -
jos): 1. Ma voi stradui mai tare sa imi ating telurile. (exprima o vointa, o hotarare) 2. Daca nu incepi sa muncesti mai mult, va trebui sa repeti cursul anul viitor. (exprima o promisiune) 3. Aceasta fata seamana foarte bine cu Victoria. O fi sora ei. (exprima o posibilitate, presupunere) 4. Cred ca ea va fi in stare sa mearga si sa vada filmul diseara. (exprima o presupunere) 5. Fac eu pentru tine asta, daca vrei. (exprima o cerere politicoasa) 6. Vrei sa ma ajuti cu temele? (exprima o cerere politicoasa) 7. Te voi suna dimineata la prima ora. (exprima o promisiune) 8. Echipa noastra de inot, va castiga campionatul. (exprima o vointa, o hotarare) 9. Imi imprumuti niste bani? ( exprima o cerere politicoasa) 10. Luna viitoare voi primi o marie de salar. (exprima o hotarare, o presupunere)
Traducere in engleza: 1. I will try harder to achieve my goals. 2. If you dont start working harder, you will have to repeat the course next year. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. This girl looks very much like Victoria . She will be her sister. I think she will be able to go and see the movie tonight . I will do that for you if you like. Will you help me with my homework? I will call you first thing in the morning. Our swim team will win the championship! Will you lend me some money? Next month, I will get a raise.
o propozitie; b) este neflexibila din punct de vedere morphologic; c) nu indeplineste nicio functie sintactica in propozitie dar marcheaza raporturile de coordonare si subordonare in cadrul propozitiei ai al frazei.
Exemple
Dorina went to mall but she forgot the money at home. Dorina a plecat la mall, dar si-a uitat banii acasa. Will you come or should I come? Vii tu sau sa vin eu? I didn't call you yesterday because I was busy. Nu te-am sunat ieri pentru ca am fost ocupata.
Comentarii
A. Conjunctiile coordonatoare (Coordinating Conjunctions) Conjunctiile coordonatoare leaga parti de propozitie cu aceeasi functie sintactica sau propozitii de acelasi fel. 1. Dupa relatiile pe care le stabilesc, conjunctiile coordonatoare pot fi: a) copulative: and (si), as well as (precum), both and (atat cat si), not only but also (nu numai dar si) b) disjunctive: or (sau); eitheror (sausau), neithernor (nicinici) c) adversative: but (dar, ci). Either or indica doua alternative din care numai una este posibila, in propozitii pozitive sau interogative: We can either have a snack now, or we can have lunch at noon. Putem lua o gustare acum sau putem lua pranzul la amiaza. eitheror + verb negativ sau neithernor + verb pozitiv se folosesc pentru a exprima o negatie: I can't travel either by air or by sea. (Nu pot calatori prin aer sau pe mare.) I can travel neither by air nor by sea. (Nu pot calatori nici prin aer nici pe
B. Conjunctiile subordonatoare (Subordinating Conjunctions) Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga propozitiile secundare din fraza de elementele lor regente. 1. Dupa felul propozitiilor pe care le introduce, conjunctiile subordonatoare pot fi: a) universale: that (ca); if, whether (daca); -> Aceste prepozitii pot introduce mai multe tipuri de propozitii subordonate. b) specializate: De loc: where (unde), wherever (oriunde); De timp: when (cand), since (de cand), till/ until (pana cand), while/as (in timp ce), before(inainte ca), after (dupa ce) De mod: exactly/just as (exact cum) De cauza: as, since, because (deoarece, fiindca) De scop: so that, in order that/ so (that) (mai formal) (pentru ca, cu scopul ca) for fear (that) (de teama sa), in case, lest (formal) (ca sa nu) Conditionale: if (daca), provided (that) /on condition (that), as long as/ so long as (cu conditia ca, atata timp cat); unless (afara daca, numai daca nu) Consecutive: so that (incat), so (familiar) (incat), so/ such (that) (asa/ astfel incat) Concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if/ though (desi, cu toate ca, chiar daca) Comparative: as as (la fel de ... ca ...); as if/ as though (ca si cum, de parca) When indica: simultaneitatea a doua actiuni: When I am tired I go for a walk. Cand sunt obosit fac o plimbare. When she rang the bell, he came to the door. Cand ea a sunat la sonerie, el a venit la usa. ---> Accentual este pe momentul actiunii sau succesiunea lor imediata in timp. As este folosit pentru actiuni paralele: She wept as she spoke. Plangea in timp ce vorbea. sau sinonim al lui while: As I was crossing the street, I heard somebody call my name.
Since presupune un argument admis de interlocutor: Since you need this book, i'll get it for you. Deoarece ai nevoie de carte, am sa ti-o iau. Cand folosim conjunctia unless, verbul din propozitia conditionala este la forma pozitiva: You can't see me unless you call me first. Nu ma poti vedea decat daca ma suni inainte.
Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza Direct and indirect (reported) speech
Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza
Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si modul indirect (vorbirea indirecta). In direct speech, we repeat the original speaker exact words: - vorbirea s directa He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: am pierdut umbrela Mi.) Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations. In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speakers exact words: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse c i-a pierdut umbrella.) vorbirea indirecta
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic effect. When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.
1.
He sais that . (El a spus c.) - vorbirea indirecta = reporting a conversation that is still going on = reading a letter and reporting what it sais = reading instructions and reporting them = reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he ll never get married.
2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: vorbirea indirecta
Simple Present - Vorbirea directa "I never eat meat" he explained. (Eu niciodat nu mnnc carne explic el). Present Continuous - Vorbirea directa m waiting for Ann" he "I said. (O atept pe Ana spuse el). Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa "I have found a flat" she said. (Am gsit un apartament spuse ea). Present Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea directa He said "I ve been waiting for ages". (El spuse: Am ateptat o groaz de timp.) Simple Past - Vorbirea directa "I took it home with me" she said. (L-am luat acas cu mine spuse ea.) Future - Vorbirea directa He said, "I shall/will be in Rome on Monday". (El spuse: Voi fi n Roma luni.) Future Continuous - Vorbirea directa "I will/shall be using the car on the 1st " she said. (Voi folosi maina pe data de 1 spuse ea) Conditional - Vorbirea directa I said, "I would/should like to see it" . (Eu am spus: A vrea s o vd.)
Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta = He explained that he never ate meat. (El explic faptul c nu mnca niciodat carne.) Past Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann. (Spuse c o atepta pe Ann). Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta = She said (that) she had found a flat. (Ea spuse c i gsise un apartament). Past Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta = He said (that)he had been waiting for ages. (El spuse c ateptase o groaz de timp). Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta = She said she had taken it home with her. (Ea spuse c l luase acas cu ea.) Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta = he said he would be in Rome on Monday. (El spuse c va fi n Roma luni.) = Conditional Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta She said shed be using the car on the 1st. (Ea spuse c va folosi maina pe data de 1). Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta I said I would/should like to see it. (Eu am spus c a vrea s o vd.)
3. Note on I/we shall/should I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech: "I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day. (Voi mplini 21 ani mine. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse c va mplini 21 ani n ziua urmtoare.) But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we should or I/we would.
1.
In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged. He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday. (El spuse: Ann a ajuns luni. = El spuse c Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.) He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis. (El spuse: "Cnd i-am vzut eu, jucau tenis. = El spuse c atunci cnd i-a vzut, jucau tenis.) 2. A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported remains unchanged: She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road. (Ea spuse: M-am hotrt s nu cumpr casa pentru c era pe strada principal. = Ea spuse c s-a hotrt s nu cumpere casa pentru c era pe strada principal).
- vorbirea indirecta
1. Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change: "It s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began planning their holidays. (Este timpul s ncepem s ne planificm concediul. Spuse el. = El spuse c era timpul s nceap s i planifice concediul.) 2. I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged. You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive. "Youd better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water. (Mai bine nu ai bea ap. Spuse ea. = Ne suger s nu bem ap.)
3.
Conditional sentences remain unchanged. "If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children were older, he would emigrate. (Dac ar fi mai mari copiii mei, a emigra. Spuse el. = el spuse c dac ar fi mai mari copiii lui, ar emigra.)
1. Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form: He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day. (El spuse: S-ar putea s sune Ann astzi. = El spuse c s-ar putea s sune Ann n acea zi.) 2. Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged: "They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road. (Ar trebui s lrgeasc strada. Spuse el. = El spuse c ar trebui s lrgeasc strada.) 3. Would in statements does not change. "Id be very grateful if youd keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him informed. (A fi foarte recunosctor dac m-ai ine la curent.Spuse el = El m rug s l in la current.) 4. Used to does not change. "I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that he knew the place well because he used to live there. (Cunosc bine locul pentru c am stat acolo. Explic el. = El explic faptul c tia locul pentru c a stat acolo.)
Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except when the speaker is reporting his own words: I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house. (Am spus: mi place casa mea nou. = El a spus c i plcea casa lui nou.) This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as
pronouns can become it, they/them. He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the matter) the next day. (El a spus: Vom discuta (problema) mine. = El a spus c vor discuta (problema) yiua urmtoare.)
1. Say and tell with direct speech Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion of say and noun subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but inversion with tell is not possible. "Im leaving at once" Tom said. (Plec odat. A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa "Im leaving at once" Tom told me. (Plec odat. Mi-a spus Tom) vorbirea directa 2. Say and tell with indirect speech Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object. Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.
Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza Direct and indirect (reported) speech
- Exercitii Home > Exercitii de gramatica > Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza (exercitii)
Exercitii
Treceti urmatoarele propozitii din vorbirea directa in vorbirea indirecta. Raspunsurile se gasesc in josul paginii. 1. He said, We must have a party to celebrate our success. 2. Mother said, You must do your work right away, Tom. 3. Youd better wear a coat. Its very cold outside. he said. 4. He said, Thank you! 5. She said , Lets shop on Friday. 6. He said to them, Give me a hand! 7. The sun moves around the Earth the father told his son. 8. I didnt meet her on the trip yesterday she told me. 9. If she had loved him, Tom saidshe wouldnt have left him. 10. He said, When I saw them they were playing tennis.
Vezi raspunsurile: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. He said that they must have a party to celebrate their success. Mother said to Tom that he had to do his work right that moment. He advised me to wear a coat. He thanked me. She invited me to go shopping on Friday. He asked them for a hand. The father told his son that the sun moves around the Earth. She told me that she hadnt met the other girl on the trip the day
before.
9.
Tom said that if she had loved him, she wouldnt have left him.
10. He said that they were playing tennis, when he saw them.
Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza - Gramatica limbii engleze Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza
Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonata cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. In limba engleza timpul verbului din subordonata trebuie sa se subordoneze timpului verbului din regenta. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaza folosirea anumitor timpuri in subordonatele lor. Exista in acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut si aplicat. Regula I: Daca in regenta verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense in subordonata se poate folosi orice timp:
... he had gone = el mersese ... he went = el a mers ... he will go= el va merge
Regula II: Daca in regenta verbul este la trecut in subordonata el trebuie sa fie la unul din cele trei timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the Past. REGENTA Verbul este la trecut
(Past Tense Simple, Past Tense Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous)
a) Past Tense actiune simultana Past Tense He said = El a spus ... he was ill = ca este bolnav b) Past Tense actiune anterioara Past Perfect He said = El a spus ... he had returned home a week before = ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamna inainte
Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat. Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses. (Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.)
c) Past Tenseactiunea posterioar Future-in-the-Past He said = El a spus ... he would leave the next day = ca va pleca a doua zi . Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala. Future-in-the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate). He said = El a spus ... he would buy a car if he had money = ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani Regula III: Daca verbul din regenta este la viitor in subordonatele conditionale si temporale, el trebuie sa fie la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar daca subordonata este completiva directa verbul va fi la viitor. REGENTA Verbul este la viitor SUBORDONATA Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb la viitor.
a) Future actiune simultana Present I will read this book = Voi citi aceasta carte timp when I have time =cnd voi avea
b)Future actiune anterioara Present Perfect I will go to England = Voi merge in Anglia after I have received a visa= dupa ce voi obtine viza c) verbul va fi la orice timp in subordonata completiva directa I shall see what = Eu voi vedea ce I shall do. = voi face. Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta timpurilor atunci cnd verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut. Se poate intlni, de exemplu, o formulare de tipul: He said he loves me". Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa ajunga regula. Pentru moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii romni de limba engleza
sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum sunt prezentate mai sus. EXCEPTII (deci cazuri cand nu se aplica regulile de concordanta a timpurilor) 1. Cand in subordonata se exprima un adevar stiintific /general. Everybody knew that gold is a metal. = Toata lumea stia ca aurul este metal. I told you that silver is gray. = Ti-am spus ca argintul este gri. 2. Cand subordonata este: a) cauzala He will not go to school because he didn't learn his lessons. = El nu va merge la scoala pentru ca nu si-a invatat lectiile. We shall go on the trip because they gave us the money. = Vom merge in excursie pentru ca ei ne-au dat banii. b) atributiva You will see the man who wrote that book. = Il vei vedea pe omul care a scris cartea aceea. I saw the girl who will play the piano. = Am vazut fata care va canta la pian. c) comparativ modala Tomorrow I shall work more than I worked yesterday. = Maine voi munci mai mult decat am muncit ieri.
1) Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund: (Verbe care folosesc fie infinitivul fie gerunziul ) advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, mean, need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret, remember, require, start, stop, try, used to
verbs taking infinitive or gerund without changing meaning: (verbe care folosesc infinitivul sa gerunziul fara sa-si modifice intelesul) o begin, start, continue, cease I began working./ I began to work. (Am nceput s lucrez.) He continued living/ to live above the shop. (A continuat s locuiasc deasupra magazinului.)
o cant bear I cant bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport s atept.) o intend I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenionez s l vnd.) o advise, allow, permit, recommend They dont allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite s parcm aici.) o it needs/requires/wants The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tuns.)
2) Verbs which take only gerund: (Verbe care folosesc numai gerunziul )
o regret, remember, forget (when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action) I regret spending so much money. (mi pare ru c am cheltuit atia bani.) I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspapers. (mi amintesc c am citit de cutremur n ziare.)
Ill never forget waiting to find out the results. (Nu o s uit niciodat ateptarea rezultatelor.) o go on, stop He went on to tell us about his new plans. (A continuat s ne spun despre planurile lui noi.) I cant stop him talking to the press. (Nu pot s l opresc s nu vorbeasc cu presa.) o admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, commence, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep, lie, loathe, mention, mind, miss, practice, report. resent, resist, risk, postpone, stand, sit, suggest.
!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are followed by an infinitive: I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (mi pare ru s te anun c ai picat examenul.) I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit s semnez cecurile.)
3) Verbs which take only infinitive: (Verbe care folosesc numai infinitivul)
o agree (to), mean, propose, refuse (to) Tom agreed to wait a week. (Tom a fost de acord s atepte o sptmn.) I mean to get to the top by sunrise. (Vreau s ajung pn s rsr soarele.) I propose to start tomorrow. (Mi-am propus s ncep mine.)
try, used to They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au ncercat s pun gard de srm n jurul grdinii.) I used to swim all the year around. (Obinuiam s not tot anul.) o
o afford, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, fight, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, pause, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, prove,
swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, wait, want, refuse, seem , wish, yearn.
Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii, folosind correct una dintre constructiile gramaticale (fie cu infinitivul, fie cu gerunziul): 1. A inceput sa ploua. 2. A recunoscut ca a mintit la politie. 3. Mary s-a oprit pe drum inspre serviciu sa cumpere un ziar. 4. Ea este prea in varsta pentru a se apuca de inot. 5. Au incercat sa localizeze compania, dar nu au gasit-o. 6. Ti-ai adus aminte sa ii multumesti matusii Ann de cadou? 7. Am pierdut timp pretios vorbind la telefon. 8. Sunt foarte fericita ca am ajuns aici, in sfarsit. 9. Paul a sugerat sa mergem la cinematograf. 10.A inceput sa cante la pian la opt ani. 11.Este gresit sa spui minciuni. 12.Desi nu il iubeste, are nevoie sa fie cu el.
Raspunsuri corecte: 1. It started to rain. 2. He admitted lying to the police. 3. Mary stopped on her way to work to buy a newspaper. 4. She is too old to take up swimming. 5. They tried to locate the company, but they didnt find it. 6. Did you remember to thank remind Aunt Ann for the present? 7. We wasted valuable time talking over the phone. 8. I am very glad to be here, at last. 9. Paul suggested going to the cinema. 10. She began playing the piano when she was eight. 11. It is bad to tell lies. 12. Although she doesnt love him, she needs to be/being with him.
Cum se identifica
Numeralul cardinal este partea de vorbire care exprima un numar de obiecte, persoane (numeralul cardinal).
Exemple
1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one hundred 350 three hundred and fifty 500 five hundred 1,000 one thousand 2,652 two thousand six hundred and fifty-two 5,000 five thousand 1,000,000 one million 2,000,000 two million
Comentarii
punctul se foloseste pentru a marca zecimalele : (Ex: 3.10); Cand sunt folosite la singular, numeralele hundred, thousand si million sunt intotdeauna precedate de articolul nehotarat sau de un numeral: 100 one/ a hundred books 141 a hundred and forty- one 1200 a thousand and two hundred 1500000 a million and five hundred-thousand Cand sunt precedate de numarul unitatilor si acesta este mai mare decat 1,
numeralele hundred si thousand nu primesc "-s" la plural: 300 three hundred 5000 five thousand Atentie! Aceste numerale primesc terminatia "-s" cand sunt folosite: a) ca substantive: Thousands have read this book. Mii au citit aceasta carte. b) cand sunt urmate de prepozitia OF: The number of young people studying in our schools amounts to hundreds OF thousands. Numarul de tineri ce studiaza in scolile noastre se ridica la sute de mii.
Numeralul cardinal
- Exercitii Exercitii Link teorie: Numeralul cardinal
Cum se identifica
Arata pentru a cata ora ceva s-a intamplat (se intampla, se va intampla).
Exemple
(for) the first time (for) the second time (for) the third time (for) the fourth time (for) the fifth time (for) the sixth time (for) the seventh time
(for) the eighth time (for) the ninth time (for) the tenth time (for) the eleventh time (for) the twelfth time (for) the thirteenth time (for) the fourteenth time (for) the sixteenth time (for) the eighteenth time (for) the nineteenth time (for) the twentieth time (for) the twenty-first time (for) the thirtieth time
Numeralul iterativ
- Exercitii -
pentru a treia oara pentru a patra oara pentru a cincea oara pentru a sasea oara pentru a saptea oara pentru a opta oara
Cum se identifica
Arata "in al catelea rand" se doreste sa se precizeze, sublinieze ceva.
Exemple
first(ly) = in primul rand
Numeralul adverbial
- Exercitii Exercitii
Traduceti numeralele adverbiale de mai jos:
Cum se identifica
Arata de cite ori se repeta o actiune, eveniment, etc.
Exemple
once = o data twice = de doua ori three times = de trei ori four times = de patru ori five times = de cinci ori ten times = de zece ori
fifty times = de cincizeci de ori sixty times = de saizeci de ori a hundred times = de o suta de ori a thousand times = de o mie de ori
Comentarii
Tot cu sensul de multiplicare se mai folosesc: double = twofold ( dublu ) triple = threefold ( triplu ) fourfold = impatrit
Numeralul multiplicativ
- Exercitii -
Numeralul nehotarat
Cum se identifica
Face referire la un numar indefinit de obiecte.
Exemple
a number of (un numar de) a lot of (o multime de) lots of, many (multi, multe) tens of (zeci de) hundreds of (sute de) many (multi) several (cativa)
Numeralul nehotarat
- Exercitii -
Exercitii
Completati cu numeralul nehotarat corespunzator.
employees
were present.
(o multime de)
really
The official website of the Ministry of Employment and the Economy offers (multe informatii despre) the current job market and open positions.
(zeci de masini)
competition.
How
(multi)
Cum se identifica
Numeralul distributiv exprima gruparea, repartizarea obiectelor (distributia).
Exemple
one at a time = cate unul o data one by one = unul cate unul two at a time = cate doi o data two by two = doi cate doi every other minute = din doua in doua minute every other hour = din doua in doua ore = la fiecare doua ore every three hours = din trei in trei ore = la trei ore o data every six hours = din sase in sase ore = la interval de sase ore
Numeralul distributiv
- Exercitii -
cate unul o data unul cate unul cate doi o data doi cate doi
Cum se identifica
Pronumele personal face referire la o persoana care face actiunea (cazul A) sau asupra careia se rasfrange actiunea (cazul B).
Exemple
I will go to the sea. (cazul A) Tom will tell me something. (cazul B) This idea belongs to him. (cazul B) We will go shopping. (cazul A) I know them. ( "I" = cazul A, "them" = cazul B )
Comentarii
Formele pronumelui personal: Pronumele arata persoana care face actiunea ( Cazul A ) I (eu) You (tu) He (el, pt. fiinte umane) She (ea, pt. fiinte umane) It (el, ea pt. lucruri, animale) We (noi) You (voi) They (ei) Pronumele arata persoana asupra carei se rasfrange actiunea ( Cazul B ) Me (mie) You (tie) Him (lui, pt. fiinte umane) Her (ei, pt. fiinte umane) It (lui, ei, pt. lucruri, animale) Us (noua) You (voua) Them (lor)
Pronumele personal
- Exercitii -
Completati cu pronumele personale potrivite in spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos:
What can
cannot do this.
Trust
to finish your
Cum se identifica
Este un pronume care nu face referire la cineva anume. Afirmatiile/ negatiile/ intrebarile sunt facute la modul general.
Exemple
You can't always do what you want. People can't always do what they want. We can't always do what we want. One can't always do what one wants.
Nota: Toate propozitiile se traduc la fel: "Nu se poate ca totdeauna sa faci ce doresti".
Comentarii
Cel mai folosit pronume impersonal este "one". Cu aceeasi semnificatie se mai foloseste: you, we, people. Pentru a avea forma impersonala verbul folosit cu "one" este la pers. a 3a singular: one says = se zice, one tells = se povesteste, one learns = se invata, one sings = se canta, etc.
Cum se identifica
Pronumele relativ se refera la un substantiv mentionat anterior, caruia ii adauga informatii suplimentare.
Referire se face la un lucru, actiune which = care which = care, pe care to which = caruia, careia whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...)
Asculta
Exemple
I'm talking about the car which is parked over there. I talked to the girl whose car is red. This is the girl who comes from Halifax. I wrote this book for people who like history. I have written a lot about this place to which we belong.
Comentarii
1) Pronumele relativ in Ac. poate fi inlocuit cu that. 2) Pronumele relative who, which, that se omit in propozitiile restrictive (in limba
vorbita) cand se gasesc in cazul acuzativ. Ex: The girl (who) you have just met is my niece. The magazine (that) you lent me is very interesting.
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Home > Gramatica limbii engleze > Pronumele > Pronumele posesiv
Cum se identifica
Aceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care se doreste identificarea unui obiect prin referirea la posesor.
Exemple
John has a red car. Mine is green.
That is your book. This is hers. That computer is his. This book is not mine. This book is yours.
Comentarii
Cand relatia de posesie e aratata impreuna cu obiectul posedat, aveam de-a face cu un adjectiv posesiv. Pentru mai multe detalii dati click aici.
Pronumele posesiv
- Exercitii Home > Exercitii de gramatica > Pronumele > Pronumele posesiv - in limba engleza (exercitii)
Exercitii
My book is big.
is small.
is big.
Folosirea corecta a lui "good" si "well" in limba engleza "good" = adjectiv; Este folosit uneori cu verbe care descriu un substantiv sau
pronume (look, sound, taste, be).
Exemple
I feel very well. (Ma simt foarte bine. "Well" este adjectiv, avand sensul de "sanatos"; vezi exceptia de mai sus) It looks good. (Arata bine. Obiectul respectiv arata bine. "good" este adjectiv) I run well. (Alerg bine. "bine" este un adverb deci se foloseste "well")
This steak tastes good. (Aceasta friptura are gust bun. "bun" are rol de adjectiv, deci se foloseste "good". ) Tom is well. (Tom se simte bine. "Well" este adjectiv, avand sensul de "sanatos"; vezi exceptia de mai sus) Tom is good. (Tom e bun. "bun" are rol de adjectiv, deci se foloseste "good". )
Adjectivul Posesiv
Home > Gramatica limbii engleze > Adjectivul > Adjectivul posesiv
Cum se identifica Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al tau, etc ...);
Exemple
my book (cartea mea) your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra) his book (cartea lui) her book (cartea ei) its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni) our book (cartea noastra) our books (cartile noastre) your books (cartile voastre) their book (cartea lor) their books (cartile lor)
Asculta Exemplele
Comentarii
Corespondenta pronumelor posesive cu adjectivele posesive:
Cum se identifica
Adjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme:
singular
plural
closer
farther
Exemple
this house (aceasta casa) that house (acea casa) these houses (aceste case) those houses (acele casa)
Play Play Play Play
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Adjectivul Demonstrativ
- Exercitii Exercitii
Completati cu adjectivele demonstrative potrivite propozitiile urmatoare: Exemplu:
(Acea)
house is very nice. house is very nice. houses are very nice.
(Acele)
You can take (acest) there. You can take (acel) there.
train to go train to go
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