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H+
HCl + H2O
Cl-
H3O+
acid1
baz1
acid 2
baz2
reacie de ionizare
CH3 COOH +
CH3 COO- + H3O+
H2O
acid 1
acid acetic
baz 1
ion acetat
baz 2
acid 2
ion hidroniu
H3O+ + HSO4
acid
baz
treapta 1 de ionizare
H3O+ + SO42
treapta 2 de ionizare
Ionizarea amoniaculu
NH4+ + OH
acid
baz
NH3 + H2O
baz
acid
OH - ion hidroxid
H3O+
c. ioni negativi:
HSO4
H2O
NH4+
H2PO4
HPO42
b. ioni negativi:
Cl-
NH3 H2O
OH HSO4 CN-
Baza conjugata
Acid
clorhidric
HCl
Cl
Ion clorura
Acid
cianhidric
HCN
CN-
Ion
cianura
Apa
H2O
HO
Ion
hidroxid
Baza
Acidul conjugat
Amonia
c
NH3
NH4
+
Ion
amoniu
Apa
H2O
H3O+
Ion
hidroniu
Al(OH)3 + HCl
baz
acid
Al(OH)3 + NaOH
acid
baz
AlCl3 + H2O
NaAl(OH)4
tetrahidroxoaluminat de sodiu
sau
[H3O+]
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
pH
mediu
[HO]
acid
pOH 0
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
10
neutru
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
11
12
13
14
bazic
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
10-7
10-8
10-9
10-10
10-11
10-12
10-13
10-14
10
11
12
13
14
mediu
bazic
neutru
acid
pH
10
11
12
13
14
[H3O+]
[HO]
pOH
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-14
10-10
10-9
10-5
10-13
10-11
10-8
10-6
10-12
10-12
10-7
10-7
10-11
10-13
10-6
10-8
10-10
10-14
10-5
10-9
10-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
14
13
12
11
10
NaOH
B.T.
NaCl H2O
H2SO4 Zn(OH)2
A.T.
B.S.
ZnSO4 2 H2O
H2S 2 NaOH
A.S.
B.T.
Na2S 2 H2O
H2S Zn(OH)2
A.S.
B.S.
ZnS 2 H2O
4