Constant de aciditate

Constanta de aciditate (Valoarea pKa) este o constant care ne ofer informaia n ce msur o
substan este ntr-o stare de echilibru reversibil cu schimb de protoni ntr-o soluie apoas:
.
Ka este o constant de echilibru, care exprim tria unui acid. Aceasta este reprezentat ca
valoare logaritmic negativ, care este notat n limba englez cu pKa, engl. acid.

Reacia acido-bazic
Reacia dintre un acid (HA) i o baz A ntr-o soluie apoas:

Dup legea aciunii maselor putem scrie valoarea constantei K :

Deoarece concentraia n ap (c(H2O)) c(H2O) Ka

Frecvent este valoarea negativ logaritmic Ka, care e dat ca aa numit valoare pKa.

Cu ct valoarea pKa este mai mic cu att va fi acidul mai tare. Ca de exemplu n cazul acidului
azotic HNO3. Gradul de disociere este 82 % , valoarea pKa = 1,32, pe cnd acidul acetic cu un
grad de disociere (a protonilor) de 0,4 % are o valoare pKs = 4,75.

Valorile unor legturi exprimate prin constantele: pKa i pKb

Tria acidului pKa
f. tare

Acid + H2O

10

HClO4

10

HI

H3O+ + Baz

pKb Tria bazei

ClO4 24
[I] 24

f. slab

tare

HCl

[[H2SO4]]

[[H2O]] 15,74

1,32 [[HNO3]]

[[NO3]] 15,32

1,92 [[HSO4]]

[[SO42]] 12,08

2,13 [[H3PO4]]

[[H2PO4]] 11,87

3,14 HF
3,75 HCOOH
4,75 [[CH3COOH]]
4,85 [Al(H2O)6]3+
6,52 [[H2CO3]]
6,92 [[H2S ]]
7,20 [[H2PO4]]
slab

[[HSO4]] 17

1,74 [[H3O+]]

2,22 [Fe(H2O)6]3+

trie medie

[[Cl]] 20

9,25 [[NH4+]]
9,40 HCN
10,40 [[HCO3]]

slab

[Fe(OH)(H2O)5]2+ 11,78
[[F]] 10,68
[[HCOO]] 10,25
[[CH3COO]] 9,25
[Al(OH)(H2O)5]2+ 9,15
[[HCO3]] 7,48

trie medie

[[HS]] 7,08
[[HPO42]] 6,80
NH3 4,75
[[CN]] 4,60
[[CO32]] 3,60

tare

12,36 [[HPO42]]

[[PO43]] 1,64

13,00 [[HS]]

[[S2]] 1,00

15,74 [[H2O ]]

[[OH]] 1,74

15,90 [[CH3CH2-OH]]
f. slab

23

[[NH3]]

34

[[CH4]]

CH3-CH2-O 1,90
[[NH2]] 9

f. tare

CH3 20
Table of Acid and Base Strength

Ka

Acid

Base

Name

Formula

Formula

Name

Large
3.2 * 109
1.0 * 109
1.3 * 106
1.0 * 103
2.4 * 101
-------5.4 * 10-2
1.3 * 10-2
1.0 * 10-2
7.1 * 10-3

Perchloric acid
Hydroiodic acid
Hydrobromic acid
Hydrochloric acid
Sulfuric acid
Nitric acid
Hydronium ion
Oxalic acid
Sulfurous acid
Hydrogen sulfate ion
Phosphoric acid

HClO4
HI
HBr
HCl
H2SO4
HNO3
H3O+
HO2C2O2H
H2SO3
HSO4 H3PO4

ClO4 IBrClHSO4 NO3 H2O

HO2C2O2HSO3 SO4 2H2PO4 -

7.2 * 10-4
6.6 * 10-4
1.8 * 10-4
6.3 * 10-5
5.4 * 10-5
1.8 * 10-5
4.4 * 10-7

Nitrous acid
Hydrofluoric acid
Methanoic acid
Benzoic acid
Hydrogen oxalate ion
Ethanoic acid
Carbonic acid

HNO2
HF
HCO2H
C6H5COOH
HO2C2O2CH3COOH
CO3 2-

NO3 FHCO2 C6H5COOO2C2O2 2CH3COO

HCO3 -

1.1 * 10-7
6.3 * 10-8

Hydrosulfuric acid
Dihydrogen phosphate
ion
Hydrogen sulfite ion
Hypochlorous acid
Hydrocyanic acid
Ammonium ion
Boric acid

H 2S
H2PO4 -

HSHPO4 2-

HSHClO
HCN
NH4 +
H3BO3

S2ClOCNNH3
H2BO3 -

Perchlorate ion
Iodide
Bromide
Chloride
Hydrogen sulfate ion
Nitrate ion
Water
Hydrogen oxalate ion
Hydrogen sulfite ion
Sulfate ion
Dihydrogen phosphate
ion
Nitrite ion
Fluoride ion
Methanoate ion
Benzoate ion
Oxalate ion
Ethanoate (acetate) ion
Hydrogen carbonate
ion
Hydrogen sulfide ion
Hydrogen phosphate
ion
Sulfite ion
Hypochlorite ion
Cyanide ion
Ammonia
Dihydrogen carbonate
ion

6.2 * 10-8
2.9 * 10-8
6.2 * 10-10
5.8 * 10-10
5.8 * 10-10

4.7 * 10-11
4.2 * 10-13
1.8 * 10-13
1.3 * 10-13
1.6 * 10-14
---------

Hydrogen carbonate ion

Hydrogen phosphate
ion
Dihydrogen borate ion
Hydrogen sulfide ion
Hydrogen borate ion
water

HCO3 HPO4 2-

CO3 2PO4 3-

Carbonate ion
Phosphate ion

H2BO3HSHBO3 2H2O

HBO3 2S 2BO3 3OH-

Hydrogen borate ion

Sulfide ion
Borate ion
Hydroxide