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7
DISTRUCIA MELANOCITAR MEDIAT
IMUNOLOGIC AUTOIMUNITATE,
AUTOINFLAMAIE, IMUNITATE ANTITUMORAL.
PARTEA II RSPUNSURI IMUNE NDREPTATE
MPOTRIVA MELANOCITELOR
Immune-mediated melanocyte destruction autoimmunity,
autoinflammation, antitumor immune response. Part II immune
mediated reactions against melanocytes
Dr. R.I. Nedelcu1, Asist. Univ. Dr. G. Turcu1, Prof. Dr. D. Forsea2
1
Clinica I Dermatologie, Spitalul Clinic Colentina,
Facultatea de Medicin i Farmacie Carol Davila, Bucureti
2
Facultatea de Medicin i Farmacie Carol Davila, Bucureti
REZUMAT
nelegerea mecanismelor imunologice implicate n patogeneza leziunilor melanocitare poate conduce la
elaborarea unor strategii terapeutice noi care s induc un status imun cutanat adecvat. n acest review, am
discutat reaciile imune ndreptate mpotriva melanocitelor benigne i maligne n: vitiligo, regresia n melanom,
depigmentrile vitiliginoase asociate cu melanomul, nevul cu halou (Sutton). Cunoaterea acestor fenomene este
considerat n prezent punctul de plecare pentru optimizarea terapiei imunologice n melanom.
ABSTRACT
Understanding of the immune mechanisms in melanocytic lesions may help the development of new therapeutic
strategies in order to achive adequate skin immunity. In this review, we discuss immune reactions against benign
and malignant melanocytes in: vitiligo, regression in melanoma, vitiliginous depigmetations related to melanoma,
halo nevus (Sutton). Insights into these phenomena represent a promise for a more efficient immunotherapy in
melanoma.
Adresa de coresponden:
Dr. Gabriela Turcu, Spitalul Clinic Colentina, Bucureti
e-mail: dr.gabriela.turcu@gmail.com
numeroase studii, in vitro, in situ pe explanturi cu- specifice pentru antigenele proprii. Limfocitele T
tanate, pe modele animale, poate constitui o stra- se pot sustrage totui eliminrii dac autoantigenele
tegie terapeutic important n lupta mpotriva me- sunt exprimate la nivelul timusului ntr-o form
lanomului (27). puin diferit comparativ cu esuturile periferice.
Limfocitele T CD4+ pot avea o funcie im- Acest fenomen se consider c poate fi ntlnit i n
portant n patogeneza vitiligo, existnd numeroase patogeneza vitiligo dup ce s-au efectuat studii
boli autoimune care se asociaz cu defecte la nivelul folosind modelul ginilor Smyth la care s-a raportat
limfocitelor T CD4+ periferice (8). A fost raportat depigmentarea penelor asociat cu infiltrarea lim-
o corelaie ntre limfocitopenia idiopatic a limfo- focitelor T (33).
citelor CD4+ i vitiligo (28). De asemenea, s-a Exist studii care au descris i implicarea altor
artat c ndeprtarea antigenului 4 asociat limfo- celule imunologice n patogeneza vitiligo, n afara
citelor T citotoxice (CTLA-4, cytotoxic T lympho- celor descrise anterior. Astfel, macrofagele, celulele
cyte-associated antigen) conduce la activarea func- Langerhans i celulele dendritice contribuie la fe-
iilor efectorii ale limfocitelor CD8+ doar n nomenele depigmentante, ns noi studii sunt nece-
prezena unui defect al limfocitelor CD4+ (29). sare pentru a clarifica rolul acestora.
CTLA-4 are funcie imunomodulatoare asupra to- Diferite citokine inflamatorii cu rol n procesul
leranei limfocitelor T, iar dup ndeprtarea sa de depigmentare din vitiligo au fost identificate i
genetic s-au raportat cazuri severe de vitiligo (8). studiate. Printre moleculele al cror nivel seric
S-au descris procese anormale privind prezentarea crescut sau a cror prezen n tegumentul afectat
antigenelor i activarea limfocitelor CD4+, cum ar se crede c se asociaz cu prezena i extensia viti-
fi expresia crescut a moleculei de adeziune inter- ligo, se numr IL-2R solubil, IL-6, IL-17, TNF
celular ICAM-1 i expresia anormal a moleculelor (8). Polimorfismul TNF-308G/A este frecvent la
complexului de histocompatibilitate de tip II (MHC pacienii cu vitiligo i este asociat cu producia de
II) la nivelul melanocitelor perilezionale (30). citokine (34). Au fost de asemenea stabilite corelaii
Dac este bine stabilit c depigmentarea din ntre activitatea bolii i niveluri sczute serice ale
vitiligo este consecina pierderii toleranei fa de TGF precum i expresia sczut a unor mediatori
structurile proprii i a distrugerii melanocitelor de ai melanogenezei la nivelul tegumentului lezional
ctre limfocitele T activate, rmn nc multe lu- i perilezional, ca factorul de stimulare a coloniilor
cruri de lmurit n privina proceselor care permit de granulocite-monocite (GM-CSF, granulocyte-
acestor limfocite T s se sustrag mecanismelor monocyte colony stimulating factor), factorul bazic
toleranei centrale i periferice (13). de cretere fibroblastic (bFGF, basic fibroblastic
Tolerana periferic a limfocitelor CD8+ fa de growth factor), factorul celulelor stem (SCF, stem
antigenele proprii melanocitare presupune o faz cell factor) i endotelina-1 (ET-1) (8).
de inducie i o faz de execuie. n faza de inducie, Un alt factor implicat n rspunsurile inflamatorii
stimularea i expansiunea limfocitelor T CD8+ ce au loc n vitiligo, precum i n alte afeciuni cu-
autoreactive sunt dependente de limfocitele CD4+ tanate inflamatorii frecvent ntlnite, este inflama-
la nivelul sistemului limfoid. n cea de a doua faz, zomul (35). Acesta reprezint un complex multi-
efectoare, distrucia autoimun a melanocitelor de- proteic intracelular exprimat la nivelul celulelor
pinde de inflamaia local (31). A fost propus un imunologice i epiteliale, care moduleaz eliberarea
numr de mecanisme care pot sta la baza pierderii mediatorilor proinflamatorii IL-1 si IL-18 (36).
toleranei periferice fa de antigenele proprii, un Inflamazomii sunt responsabili pentru activarea
model fiind reprezentat de reactivitatea ncruciat mecanismelor inflamatorii ce conduc la piroptoza
a limfocitelor T activate ntre o secven proteic celular, un proces de moarte celular programat,
patogenetic (de exemplu, infecioas) i o secven diferit de apoptoz (37). Inflamazomii reprezint
antigenic proprie organismului. S-a propus aceast de fapt un subset al receptorilor intracitoplasmatici
teorie i pentru a explica distrugerea melanocitelor Nod-like receptors (NLR), care au capacitatea de a
de ctre limfocitele T activate n urma contactului se asambla i oligomeriza ntr-o structur ce acti-
cu ageni infecioi dup ce s-a demonstrat reacti- veaz cascada caspazei 1, conducnd la producia
vitatea ncruciat important a limfocitelor T ntre citokinelor proinflamatorii menionate, ca rspuns
fragmente peptidice ale MART1 prezentate de la anumii factori patogeni (36). De-a lungul tim-
HLA-A2 i anumite fragmente bacteriene i virale pului au fost descrii mai muli inflamazomi, printre
prezentate tot prin intermediul HLA-A2 (32). care i inflamazomul criopirinei. Inflamazomul
Mecanismele toleranei centrale acioneaz prin criopirinei a fost descoperit n ncercarea de a elu-
ndeprtarea la nivelul timusului a limfocitelor T cida bazele moleculare ale sindroamelor periodice
REVISTA MEDICAL ROMN VOLUMUL LX, NR. 1, An 2013 49
Fenomenul de regresie n melanom reflect in- B, celulele Langerhans i macrofagele sunt absente
teraciunea dintre sistemul imun al gazdei i tumora sau rar observate (67). A fost descris prezena
n evoluie F n prezena mediului imunosupresiv semnificativ a limfocitelor CD8+ ce exprim
peritumoral, ce mpiedic distrucia celulelor tumo- CD69 (68). Dispariia celulelor nevice ce carac-
rale, ns nu i pe cea a melanocitelor de la nivelul terizeaz evoluia biologic a nevilor cu halou nu
tegumentului sntos (56). are ca rezultat dezvoltarea de fibroz, spre deosebire
de distrucia celulelor tumorale din cadrul fenome-
NEVUL SUTTON PARTICULARITILE nului de regresie a melanomului, unde fibroza der-
mului papilar caracterizeaz stadiul final al re-
MECANISMELOR IMUNOLOGICE DE
sorbiei (53). Lipsa fibrozei la nivelul tegumentului
DISTRUCIE MELANOCITAR
afectat n nevii Sutton poate fi explicat i prin
Fenomenul Sutton sau leukoderma aquisitum profilul diferit al citokinelor comparativ cu cel din
centrifugum a fost descris pentru prima dat n fenomenul de resorbie a melanomului. Un exemplu
1916 i este cel mai frecvent asociat cu nevii do- este expresia mai crescut a citokinei antifibrino-
bndii, dar i cu melanomul, metastazele acestuia, genice TNF la nivelul infiltratului inflamator din
nevi congenitali i alte formaiuni tumorale cutanate. nevii cu halou fa de cel din melanom (65).
Nevul Sutton sau nevul cu halou reprezint un nev Caracterizarea ultrastructural a melanocitelor
care regreseaz spontan, nconjurat iniial de un din nevii Sutton sugereaz celule slab stimulate
halou depigmentat. Evoluia sa, ce cuprinde cteva imunologic la nivelul dermului superior, ce prezint
stadii clinice, se ndreapt spre resorbia total a nc melanozomi aflai la acelai nivel de difereni-
formaiunii tumorale i posibilitatea repigmentrii ere i organite celulare slab reprezentate la nivelul
tegumentului afectat (57). Nevii Sutton au o citoplasmei. n schimb, celulele melanocitare anali-
prevalen de aproximativ 1% n populaia general, zate n cadrul regresiei n melanom sunt activate
fiind mai frecvent ntlnii la copii i adulii tineri puternic n cadrul unui mediu bogat n citokine.
de ambele sexe (58). Afeciunea cel mai frecvent Prezint melanozomi n diferite etape de difereniere
asociat cu nevii Sutton este vitiligo, descris la i numeroase organite citoplasmatice (65).
18-26% dintre pacienii diagnosticai cu nevi cu
halou. Un procent i mai ridicat, cuprins ntre 20 i CONCLUZII
50% dintre pacienii cu vitiligo asociaz nevi Sutton
(59). De asemenea, la unii pacieni, a fost descris nelegerea mecanismelor imunologice ndrep-
asocierea nevilor cu halou cu leziuni depigmentate tate mpotriva melanocitelor benigne i maligne
la distan diferite de vitiligo clasic. A fost propus reprezint un subiect extrem de relevant pentru
folosirea terminologiei de depigmentri asociate cercetare n momentul actual deoarece creeaz pre-
cu nevii cu halou, reprezentnd un fenomen similar misa dezvoltrii de noi terapii imunologice att n
depigmentrilor vitiliginoase asociate cu melano- melanom, ct i n vitiligo, cu rezultate promitoare.
mul (60). Prezena unuia sau mai multor nevi cu n practic, reaciile imunologice antimelanocitare
halou, singuri sau asociai cu alte tipuri de depig- pot fi studiate n trei situaii clinice: n vitiligo, unde
mentri vitiliginoase, a fost raportat la pacienii cu procesele imunologice sunt supraexprimate; n
melanom (61,62,63,64). nevii Sutton, unde mecanismele imune sunt adec-
Patogeneza nevului cu halou nu este complet vate; n melanom, n care imunosupresia local
elucidat, fiind considerat de-a lungul timpului un mpiedic de cele mai multe ori fenomenele anti-
fenomen imunologic, postinflamator sau neurotrop. tumorale s acioneze eficient.
Exist ns dovezi importante c mecanisme n acest review, am discutat reaciile imune n-
imunologice sunt la baza distruciei melanocitare: dreptate mpotriva melanocitelor benigne i maligne
prezena unui infiltrat inflamator limfocitar ce n: vitiligo, regresia n melanom, depigmentrile
conduce la distrucia progresiv a celulelor nevice; vitiliginoase asociate cu melanomul, nevul cu halou
prezena de anticorpi ndreptai mpotriva celulelor (Sutton).
nevice (59). Studii recente subliniaz chiar n ultimii ani s-au nregistrat progrese semni-
asemnrile i deosebirile dintre evenimentele ce ficative n dezvoltarea unor metode terapeutice de
au loc n resorbia melanomului, n vitiligo i n activare a rspunsului limfocitar antitumoral sau de
fenomenul Sutton (65,66). La nivelul nevilor Sutton producere a unor limfocite ndreptate mpotriva
a fost descris un infiltrat inflamator celular ce antigenelor tumorale. Au fost descrise ns nume-
nconjoar simetric nevul n form de band, roase mecanisme de evadare tumoral, printre care
alctuit preponderent din limfocite T. Limfocitele expresia unor markeri de imunosupresie ca CTLA-4
REVISTA MEDICAL ROMN VOLUMUL LX, NR. 1, An 2013 51
(cytotoxic T-lympocyte antigen 4), IDO (indole- de asemenea, un fenomen ce ar putea juca un rol i
amine 2,3-dioxygenase), PD-L1 (programmed cell n tratamentul imunologic al melanomului (60). n
death 1-ligand 1) (69). Dei metodele de potenare prezent, un interes deosebit l ocup ncercarea de a
a rspunsurilor imunologice sistemice sunt foarte aciona asupra imunosupresiei peritumorale, crend
atractive, supresia inflamaiei indus de tumor un mediu care s permit mecanismelor imunologice
poate limita activitatea limfocitelor antitumorale la anticanceroase s induc inflamaia i s acioneze
nivelul melanomului. Un studiu recent propune adecvat (60).
utilizarea agenilor imunomodulatori topici (imi-
quimod) ce poteneaz inflamaia la nivelul mela- Meniune
nomului crescnd eficacitatea vaccinurilor (70). Aceast lucrare a fost efectuat n cadrul Progra-
Anti-PD-L1 i anti-IDO reprezint opiuni terape- mului Operaional Sectorial pentru Dezvoltarea
utice promitoare n tratamentul melanomului, cu Resurselor Umane (POSDRU) 2007-2013, finanat
privire la care studii viitoare vor aduce noi informaii din Fondul Social European i Guvernul Romniei
utile. Stresul oxidativ, al crui rol a fost demonstrat prin contractul nr. POSDRU/107/1.5/S/82839
n distrucia melanocitar din vitiligo, reprezint,
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