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Gramatica limbii engleze
Substantivul: Genul
Genul: Genul masculin:
fiintele de gen masculin
fenomene cu caracter puernic, de regula negativ
Genul feminin:
substantive reprezentand genul feminin
Genul neutru:
obiecte fara suflet
Genul comun:
substantive care pot fi atat masculine cat si feminine
Exemple
Genul masculin:
boy, man, duke, son, Baron
Mr. Death
Genul feminin:
mother, girl, woman, Baroness (femininul e format citeodata
adaugand "ess" la forma de masculin)
Genul neutru:
pencil, book, umbrella, chair
Genul comun:
writer, student, reader
Substantivul: Pluralul
La forma de singular este adaugat:
1. "s" : regula generala;
2. "es" : daca singularul substantivelor au terminatia in ch, sh, s, ss, z, x;
3. "ies" : daca singularul are terminatia y si inaintea lui e o consoana;
4. "es" : daca singularul are terminatia o iar substantivul e intrat de mult in folosire;
5. "ves" : majoritatea substantivelor terminate in f sau fe (exceptii: roof/
roofs dwarf/dwarfs);
6. la substantivele de origine greaca, substantivele terminate in sis, la plural sis
e inlocuit de ses.
Exemple
inainte de "s" avem o consoana surda (p, t, k, f, th): cats, roofs,
1
boats, books, cups ("-s" se pronunta "s")
inainte de "s" avem altceva decat in cazul anterior: ideas, boys,
1
balls, days ("-s" se pronunta "z")
2 boxes, buses, dashes, prizes ("-es" se pronunta "iz")
babies, ladies, factories, spies (from baby, lady, factory,
3
spy) ("-ies" se pronunta "iz")
tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, volcanoes (from tomato,

4
potato, hero, volcano) ("-es" se pronunta "z")
wives, elves, loaves, lives, thieves, knives (from wife,
5
elf, loaf, life, thief, knife) ("-ves" se pronunta "vz")
analyses, hypotheses, bases (plural from analysis, hypothesis,
6 basis) (la singular "-sis" se pronunta "sis", iar la plural "-ses"
se pronunta "siz")
Comentarii
1. O serie de substantive au pluralul neregulat:

child (copil) - children, man (barbat)-men, woman
(femeie) - women, die (zar) - dice, foot (picior) - feet, goose
(gasca) - geese, mouse (soarece) - mice, ox (bou) - oxen, tooth
(dinte) teeth
Substantivul: Articolul
Articolul este partea de vorbire care constituie un mijloc de individualizare a
fiintelor, obiectelor si fenomenelor intr-un anumit context.
In limba engleza sunt 2 tipuri de articole:

1) articolul hotarat : the
2) articolul nehotarat: an (in fata substantivelor care incep cu o vocala)
a (in fata substantivelor care incep cu o consoana)
Exceptii:
An inainte de un "h" mut: - an hour (o ora), an honor (o onoare).
A inainte de "u" sau "eu" atunci cnd se pronunta ca "you": - a European, a university, a unit,
a one-way street
Exemple de cazuri in care se folosesc articole hotarate
si article nehotarate in limba engleza
-- Articole nehotarate in limba engleza

a book = o carte
a boy = un baiat
an elephant = un elefant
an apple = un mar
-- Articole hotarate in limba engleza

the book = cartea
the boy = baiatul
the elephant = elefantul
the apple = marul
Comentarii legate de articolul nehotarat/ hotarat in

limba engleza
1. Articolele hotarate fac referire la un anumit obiect (obiectul e specificat).
2. Articolul the este pronuntat diferit in limba engleza in functie de litera cu
care incepe substantivul:
- daca substantivul incepe cu o vocala, the se pronunta astfel:
the elephant, the apple, the egg
- daca substantivul incepe cu o consoana, the se pronunta astfel:

the boy, the book, the door
3. Trebuie mentionat faptul ca exista cazuri cand articolul hotarat THE

trebuie folosit in mod obligatoriu in limba engleza:
pe langa un substantiv, atunci cand acesta este folosit in sensul sau cel
mai general, ca reprezentant al unei clase. In acest caz, articolul hotarat
insoteste substantive la numarul singular:
Ex: The boy is here.
Baiatul este aici. (stim despre care baiat e vorba)
pe langa nume proprii, atunci cand in structura acestora intra si un
adjectiv: The United States of America, The Thames, The Mediterranean
Sea, The University of Bucharest
pe langa denumiri geografice (deoarece sunt unice): The Danube, The
Olt, The Sahara, The Carpathians, The Alps
pe langa nume de ziare: The Times, The Guardian. (Numele de reviste
nu au de obicei niciun articol: Life, Avantaje).
Lista situatiilor in care articolul THE se foloseste sau nu cu numele de tari, munti,
insule, etc:
se foloseste cu articolul Example

THE
Countries No France
Countries which are in a plural Yes The USA
form
Countries when limited by time Yes The Spain of today
Individual monutains No Mount Everest
Mountains in the Bernese Yes The Jungfrau
Oberland
Mountain chains Yes The Carpati
Islands No Sicily
Groups of islands Yes The West Indies
Rivers Yes The Volga
Oceans Yes The Pacific
Seas Yes The Mediterranean
Gulfs, bays ans straits Yes The gulf of Mexico
The bay of Biscay
Lakes No Lake Erie
Current Yes The Gulf Stream
4. Articolul hotarat (the) sau nehotarat (a, an) este acelasi pentru toate
genurile (in limba engleza): a man, a woman, an actor, an actress, a table, the boy,
the girl, the day
5. Articolul a/ an in limba engleza e folosit si cu:
nume predicativ:
It was an earthquake.
Shell be a dancer.
He is an actor.
in anumite expresii de cantitate:

a lot of, a couple, a great many, a great deal of
cu anumite numere:
a hundred, a thousand, a half-holiday, a half-portion
in expresii legate de pret, viteza, etc.:
5p a kilo, 10p a dozen, four times a day, sixty kilometres an hour, 1 a

metre
in exclamatii:
Such a long queue!

What a pretty girl!
a poate fi plasat inainte de Mr/Mrs/Miss + nume:
a Mr. Smith inseamna a man called Smith si se intelege ca Mr.

Smith ii este strain vorbitorului.
Mr. Smith (without a ) inseamna ca vorbitorul il stie pe Mr. Smith
sau stie de existenta lui.
6. Articolele a/an/the nu se folosesc in limba engleza
inaintea substantivelor ce nu au plural:
We cant use a/the sugar, a/the milk but a/the can of sugar, a/the bottle
of milk.
inaintea numelor de mese, cu exceptia celor precedate de un adjectiv:
We have breakfast at eight.

He gave us a good breakfast.
Atentie: A/an has no plural forms. So the plural of a dog is dogs , and of an
egg is eggs.
7. Articolul hotarat THE mai este folosit in rmatoarele situatii (in limba
engleza):
before inaintea superlativelor, a pronumelor/ adjectivelor first, second

etc. si a cuvintului only:
the first (week), the best (day), the only (way)
cu forma de plural a unui nume de familie semnificind "familia"
the Smiths = Mr. and Mrs. Smith (and children) = familia Smith
cu obiecte unice:
the moon, the sun
Substantivul: Nominativul
Intr-o propozitie substantivul in nominativ este subiectul actiunii.
Exemple
Substantivul in nominativ este in albastru:
Mark read a book.

The tree has a lot of flowers.
Water freezes at 32F (0C).
Substantivul: Acuzativul
Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un mod direct.
Acuzativul este un caz ce exprim complementele direct, indirect i
circumstaniale.
Intrebarile cu care se identifica: ce? pe cine? unde? de unde? pana unde? de

cand? pe cine? pe ce? cu ce? cu cine? de ce? de cine? de la cine? cand?
pana cand?
Exemple
Substantivele in acuzativ sunt marcate cu albastru:
Max fixed the car.

The girl sells the big box.
The girl hugs the boy.
I eat the pizza you gave me.
The boy gives the book.
Substantivul: Dativul
Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un mod indirect.
Identificarea se face cu intrebarea "Cui ?".
Exemple
Substantivele in albastru sunt in cazul Dativ.
1. I have baked Mary a cake.

(Am gatit o prajitura pentru Mary. Cui i-am gatit prajitura ?)
2. The king gave his son his kingdom.

(Regele i-a dat regatul fiului sau. Cui i-a dat regele regatul sau ?)
3. Give the ball to Mary.

(Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?)
4. Give Mary the ball.

(Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?)
Comentarii
In cazul verbelor care cer dupa ele un complement direct si unul indirect,
dativul se poate construi in 2 feluri (vezi exemplul nr. 3 si nr. 4).
Substantivul: Genitivul
Exprima o posesie (ceva/cineva apartine cuiva)
Exemple
1. Mark's shop (magazinul lui James)

2. John's car (masina lui John)
3. the sailors' boat (barca pescarilor)
4. the chemist's guide (ghidul chimistului)
5. the window of the house (fereastra casei)
6. the firms new project (noul proiect al firmei)
7. the gift of the girl who... (darul fetei care ...)
Comentarii
a) Genitivul (posesia) in limba engleza se formeaza astfel:
cand posesorul este o persoana: prin adaugarea unui 's dupa posesor
(obiectul posedat se afla dupa posesor in propozitie). Vezi exemplele nr. 1, 2,
4;
cand posesorii sunt mai multe pesoane: prin adaugarea unui '
(apostrof) dupa posesori (obiectul posedat se afla dupa posesori in
propozitie). Vezi exemplul nr.3;
cand posesorul este un lucru: se foloseste constructia cu "of":
obiect posedat + of + posesor (un lucru). Vezi exemplul nr. 5;
b) In exemplul nr. 6 ambele forme de genitiv sunt corecte deoarece posesorul este
un grup de persoane. Aceeasi regula se aplica pentru posesori precum:
government, company, committee, team, party.
c) Daca posesorul e urmat de that, who, etc se foloseste genitivul format cu "of".
Vezi exemplul nr. 7.
Substantivul: Genul
Cum se identifica
Genul masculin:
fiintele de gen masculin
fenomene cu caracter puernic, de regula negativ
Genul feminin:
substantive reprezentand genul feminin
Genul neutru:
obiecte fara suflet
Genul comun:
substantive care pot fi atat masculine cat si feminine
Genul masculin:
boy, man, duke, son, Baron
Mr. Death
Genul feminin:
mother, girl, woman, Baroness (femininul e format
citeodata adaugand "ess" la forma de masculin)
Genul neutru:
pencil, book, umbrella, chair
Genul comun:
writer, student, reader
Adjectivul Calitativ
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele din aceasta categorie sunt adjective care descriu proprietati ale obiectelor
ce pot avea grade, nivele, intensitati ale acelei proprietati.
Exemple
big (mare)
clever (destept)
profound (profund)
small (mic)
dry (uscat)
good (bun)
activ (activ)
blue (albastru)
Adjectivul Posesiv
Cum se identifica
Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al
tau, etc ...);
Exemple
my book (cartea mea)
your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra)
his book (cartea lui)
her book (cartea ei)
its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni)
our book (cartea noastra)
our books (cartile noastre)
your books (cartile voastre)
their book (cartea lor)
their books (cartile lor)
Corespondenta pronumelor posesive cu adjectivele posesive:
Pronumele Adjectivul
Persoana
posesiv posesiv
1st singular mine my
2nd yours your
3rd (female) hers her
3rd (male) his his
3rd (neuter) its its
1st plural ours our
3rd plural theirs their

Adjectivul Demonstrativ
Adjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme:
singular plural
these
this
closer (acesta/ aceasta)
(acestia/
acestea)
those
that
farther (aceia/
(acela/ aceea) acelea)
Adjectivul demonstrativ arat deprtarea sau apropierea unui obiect.
Exemple
this house (aceasta casa)

that house (acea casa)
these houses (aceste case)
those houses (acele casa)
Adjectivul Nehotarat
Adjectivul nehotarat este adjectivul care nsoeste substantivul fr s
individualizeze obiectul denumit de acesta.
Exemple
There are some Canadians here.
We need some water. How much do we need ?
There are a few doctors in town.
We need some paper. How much do we need ?
How many cigarettes do you smoke a day ?

I have enough knowledge to do it.
Comentarii
Cele mai intalnite adjective nehotarate sunt :
Some ("ceva, cativa, cateva", in propozitie afirmativa)/ Any ("ceva,

cativa, cateva", in propozitie negativa si interogativa)
Much ("mult, multa", pentru substantive care nu se pot numara)/ Many

("multe, multi", pentru substantive care se pot numara)
A lot of ("o multime de") /lots of ("multimi de")
Little ("putin, putine", pentru substantive care nu se pot numara) /Few

("putin, putine", pentru substantive care se pot numara)
Enough ("destul, destule, etc")
Plenty of ("o multime de")
No (pentru negarea existentei)
Comparatia adjectivelor calitative

Raport de inferioritate
Raportul de inferioritare in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructiile:
NOT SO/AS+ adj. + AS + subst./ pronume
LESS + adj. +THAN + subst./ pronume

( mai putin (de) ... decat .... )
THE LEAST + adj. -> se traduce prin cea/ cel mai putin ...
Exemple
It is less cold than it might look.

E mai putin rece decat pare.
She said it was colder there but less windy than Kansas.
Ea a spus ca vremea a fost mai rece acolo, dar a batut mai putin
vantul decat in Kansas.
Chinese is the least easy language.

Chineza e cea mai putin usoara limba.
Residents say this street is the least noisy in the town.

Locuitorii acestei strazi spun ca strada e cea mai putin zgomotoasa in oras.
My homework is not as easy as yours.

Tema mea nu e la fel de usoara ca a ta.
This lesson is less interesting than the previous one.

Acest curs e mai putin interesant decat cursul anterior.
It is not so cold as it might look.

Nu e chiar asa de rece cum ar parea.
She said it was colder there but not so windy as Kansas.

Ea a spus ca vremea a fost mai rece acolo, dar nu asa de vantoasa
ca in Kansas.
Learning Chinese is as difficult as you think.

Invatatul Chinezei e chiar asa de dificil cum crezi.
Residents say this street is as noisy as it was in the war time.

Locuitorii acestei strazi spun ca strada este asa de galagioasa cum a fost in timpul
razboiului.

Raport de egalitate & inegaliate
Raportul de egalitate in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructia:
... as/so ... as ...

(... asa de/ la fel de ... ca/cum ...)
Raportul de inegalitate in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructia:

... not as/so ... as ...
(... nu asa de/ nu la fel de ... ca/cum ...)
Nota: Aceste moduri de comparatie se numesc si "regulate"

deoarece o regula se foloseste in formarea comparatiei.
Exemple
It is not so cold as it might look.

Nu e chiar asa de rece cum ar parea.
She said it was colder there but not so windy as Kansas.

Ea a spus ca vremea a fost mai rece acolo, dar nu asa de vantoasa
ca in Kansas.
Learning Chinese is as difficult as you think.

Invatatul Chinezei e chiar asa de dificil cum crezi.
Residents say this street is as noisy as it was in the war time.

Locuitorii acestei strazi spun ca strada este asa de galagioasa cum a fost in timpul
razboiului.

Raport de superioritate
Pentru adjective monosilabice comparatia se face prin adaugarea de sufixe:
big -> bigger -> the biggest (Nota: consoana "g" se dubleaza deoarece are o
vocala in fata)
(mare -> mai mare -> cel mai mare)
tall -> taller -> the tallest

(inalt -> mai inalt -> cel mai inalt)
Pentru adjective ce au 3 sau mai multe silabe comparatia se face cu "more"

si "the most":
important -> more important -> the most important

(important -> mai important -> cel mai important)
Pentru adjective ce au 2 silabe terminate in ED, ING, RE, FUL, OUS
comparatia se face cu "more" si "the most":
famous -> more famous -> the most famous

(faimos -> mai faimos -> cel mai faimos)
Pentru adjective ce au 2 silabe terminate in ER, Y, LE, OW comparatia se

face prin adaugarea de sufixe:
simple -> simpler -> the simplest

(simplu -> mai simplu -> cel mai simplu)
Comentariu:
Adjective ca cheerful, common, cruel, pleasant, quiet
formeaza comparativul de superioritate cu ajutorul lui
"more" si "the most"

Comparatia neregulata
Trebuie cunoscuta forma de comparativ si superlativ a adjectivelor. Iata mai jos lista
celor mai cunoscute adjectivelor cu comparatia neregulata:
Adjectiv Comparativ Superlativ Pronuntie

(mai ) (cel mai )
good (=bun) better the best

well (=sanatos)
bad (=rau) worse the worst

ill (=bolnav)
far further the furthest

(=departe; pt. distanta
metaforica, nefizica)
far farther the farthest

(=departe; pt. distanta
fizica)
old elder the eldest
(=in virsta; in familie)
old older the oldest

(=vechi, batran; la
modul general )
many more the most

(=multi, numeric)
much
(mult, cantitativ)
little less the least

(=putin, cantitativ)
Exemple
This is the best way to fix that problem.

(Aceasta este cea mai buna modalitate de a rezolva acea problema)
This is a better way to fix this problem.

(Aceasta este o mai buna modalitate de a rezolva acea problema)
This is the worst thing that could happen.

(Acesta este cel mai rau lucru care se poate intampla)
Good si/ versus Well - in limba engleza

Folosirea corecta a lui "good" si "well" in limba engleza
"good" = adjectiv; Este folosit uneori cu verbe care descriu un substantiv sau
pronume (look, sound, taste, be).
"well" = adverb. (Exceptie cand are sensul de "healthy"(sanatos) si e folosit ca

adjectiv.)
Exemple
I feel very well.

(Ma simt foarte bine. "Well" este adjectiv, avand sensul de "sanatos"; vezi exceptia
de mai sus)
It looks good.
(Arata bine. Obiectul respectiv arata bine. "good" este adjectiv)
I run well.
(Alerg bine. "bine" este un adverb deci se foloseste "well")
This steak tastes good.

(Aceasta friptura are gust bun. "bun" are rol de adjectiv, deci se foloseste "good". )
Tom is well.
(Tom se simte bine. "Well" este adjectiv, avand sensul de "sanatos"; vezi exceptia de
mai sus)
Tom is good.
(Tom e bun. "bun" are rol de adjectiv, deci se foloseste "good". )
Bad si/ versus Badly - in limba engleza

Folosirea corecta a lui "bad" si "badly" in limba engleza
"bad" = adjectiv; Este folosit uneori cu verbe care descriu un substantiv sau
pronume (look, sound, taste, be).
"badly" = adverb.
Exemple
I feel bad.
(Ma simt rau.)
It looks bad.
(Arata rau. Obiectul respectiv arata rau. "bad" este adjectiv)
I run badly.
(Alerg rau. "badly" este un adverb)
This steak tastes bad.

(Aceasta friptura are gust rau. "rau" are rol de adjectiv, deci se foloseste
"bad". )
This team played badly last week.

(Aceasta echipa a jucat rau saptamina trecuta. "rau" e adverb, deci se
foloseste "badly")
Farther versus/ si further - in limba engleza

Folosirea corecta a lui "farther" si "further" in limba
engleza
"farther" : e folosit pentru distante fizice.

"further" : e folosit pentru a arata distanta/ avansarea in grad (metaforica) sau
in timp.
Exemple
I run farther than Tom. (on the road)
The binoculars are used to see farther. (e vorba de distanta fizica)
You must think further. ("a gandi mai departe, mai profund", nu are sens de
distanta fizica)
AMD has announced further plans to innovate the x86 architecture. ("further
plans" semnifica "planuri mai indepartate in timp fata de prezent")
References are given for those who wish to go further in their research. ("to go
further" semnifica "a merge mai departe" )
Hubble telescope encounters further problems. ("further problems" semnifica

"probleme aditionale, suplimentare")
Littlest si/ versus Least - in limba engleza

Folosirea corecta a lui "littlest" si "least" in limba engleza
Cuvintul "little" are 2 semnificatii : "mic(a) in marime" sau "cantitate mica de".
Fiecare semnificatie face comparatia diferit:
little ("mic(a) in marime") are urmatoarele forme cand face comparatia:

- comparativ : littler sau more little
- superlativ : littlest
little ("cantitate mica de") are urmatoarele forme cand face comparatia:
- comparativ : less
- superlativ : the least
Exemple
John was the littlest boy in the class. (baiatul e cel mai mic in marime)
What is the least amount of money you have spent on a car? (este vorba de o
cantitate)
John has less money than his sister. (este vorba de o cantitate de
bani)
The littlest bird sings the prettiest song. (este vorba de cea mai mica
pasare ca marime)
Pronumele in limba engleza
Pronumele personal
Cum se identifica
Pronumele personal face referire la o persoana care face actiunea (cazul A)

sau asupra careia se rasfrange actiunea (cazul B).
Exemple
I will go to the sea. (cazul A)
Tom will tell me something. (cazul B)
This idea belongs to him. (cazul B)
We will go shopping. (cazul A)
I know them. ( "I" = cazul A, "them" = cazul B )
Comentarii
Formele pronumelui personal:
Pronumele arata persoana

Pronumele arata persoana
asupra carei se rasfrange
care face actiunea
actiunea
( Cazul A )
( Cazul B )
I (eu) Me (mie)
You (tu) You (tie)
He (el, pt. fiinte umane) Him (lui, pt. fiinte umane)
She (ea, pt. fiinte umane) Her (ei, pt. fiinte umane)
It (el, ea pt. lucruri, animale) It (lui, ei, pt. lucruri, animale)
We (noi) Us (noua)
You (voi) You (voua)
They (ei) Them (lor)
Pronumele impersonal
Cum se identifica
Este un pronume care nu face referire la cineva anume. Afirmatiile/ negatiile/

intrebarile sunt facute la modul general.
Exemple
You can't always do what you want.

People can't always do what they want.
We can't always do what we want.
One can't always do what one wants.
Nota:
Toate propozitiile se traduc la fel: "Nu se poate ca totdeauna sa faci ce doresti".
Comentarii
Cel mai folosit pronume impersonal este "one". Cu aceeasi semnificatie

se mai foloseste: you, we, people.
Pentru a avea forma impersonala verbul folosit cu "one" este la pers. a 3-a
singular: one says = se zice, one tells = se povesteste, one learns = se invata,
one sings = se canta, etc.
Pronumele interogativ
Cum se identifica
Pronumele interogativ este un pronume folosit in constructiile interogative

(Atentie: pronumele este partea de vorbire flexibila care tine locul unui
substantiv).
Principalele pronume interogative din limba engleza sunt:

Referire se face Referire se face la
Cazul
la o persoana un lucru, actiune
N who ? = care, cine ? which ? = care ?
Ac whom ? = pe care ? which ? = care, pe care ?
D to whom = caruia, careia ? to which ? = caruia, careia ?
whose ? = al, a, ale, (...) careia, whose ? = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia,
G
caruia, (...) ? (...) ?
Pronumele nehotarat
Cum se identifica
Un pronume nehotarat face referire la ceva ce nu e definit, specific sau exact.

Pronumele nehotarate cele mai utilizate sunt: any, all, anybody, anyone,
everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, some, somebody,
someone.
Exemple
All are welcome to attend the course.

Do you have some ? No, I don't have any.
Somebody will take the pie.

Has anybody seen that movie ?
Some get it and some just refuse to open their eyes !
Comentarii
Pronume
Traducere Variante Traducere
nehotarat
all toti
some unii someone cineva
somebody cineva
something ceva
somewhere undeva
anyone cineva
anybody cineva
any oricare
anything ceva
anywhere undeva
everyone fiecare
everybody toata lumea
every fiecare
everything totul
everywhere peste tot
each fiecare (in parte)
Formele lui "some" se folosesc la afirmativ, iar formele lui "any" la negativ si
interogativ.
Any poate fi folosit si in propozitiile afirmative atunci cand are sensul de
oricare, orice:
Ex: Any of you could answer this question.
Mai exista un pronume nehotarat, cu forma afirmativa si una negativa:
Either (afirmativ) = fiecare
Neither (negativ) = niciunul
Se folosesc atunci cand e vorba doar de doua persoane si sunt utilizate mai ales in
propozitiile interogative si negative:
Ex: Have you seen either of them?

L-ai vazut pe vreunul dintre ei (doi)?
In propozitiile afirmative, either are sensul de oricine, oricare:
Ex: Either of you can do it.

Oricare dintre voi (doi) poate face acest lucru.
Pronumele reflexiv si de intarire

Cum se identifica
Aceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care referirea la subiect se

face de 2 ori. (A doua oara se foloseste acest pronume reflexiv si/sau de
intarire).
Formele pronumelui reflexiv (si/sau de intarire) sunt:
Pronume reflexiv/ de
Pronume personal
intarire
I myself
you (singular) yourself
you (plural) yourselves
he himself
she herself
it itself
we ourselves
they themselves
Exemple
I hurt myself. (M-am ranit singur.)

I'll do it myself. (O voi face eu.)
She did it by herself. (Ea a facut-o singura.)
He did it by himself. (El a facut-o singur.)
Comentarii
Pronumele de intarire (reflexiv) se foloseste de regula in 3 cazuri:

Cand subiectul si obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea e acelasi (I
hurt myself. );
Cand se doreste intarirea faptului ca un anume subiect a facut actiunea si
nu altul (She did it by herself.);
Se foloseste o prepozitie in fata unui pronume care face referire la subiect
(I am talking to myself.).
Pronumele relativ
Cum se identifica
Pronumele relativ se refera la un substantiv mentionat anterior, caruia ii

adauga informatii suplimentare.
Principalele pronume relative din limba engleza sunt:
Referire se face Referire se face la

Cazul
la o persoana un lucru, actiune
N who = care, cine which = care
Ac whom = pe care which = care, pe care
D to whom = caruia, careia to which = caruia, careia
whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia,
G whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...)
caruia, (...)
who, whom, to whom, whose
which, which, to which, whose
Exemple
I'm talking about the car which is parked over there.

I talked to the girl whose car is red.
This is the girl who comes from Halifax.
I wrote this book for people who like history.
I have written a lot about this place to which we belong.
Comentarii
1) Pronumele relativ in Ac. poate fi inlocuit cu that.
2) Pronumele relative who, which, that se omit in propozitiile restrictive (in limba
vorbita) cand se gasesc in cazul acuzativ.
Ex: The girl (who) you have just met is my niece.

The magazine (that) you lent me is very interesting.
Pronumele posesiv
Cum se identifica
Aceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care se doreste

identificarea unui obiect prin referirea la posesor.
Formele pronumelui posesiv sunt:
Pronume personal Pronume posesiv

I mine (al meu)
you (singular) yours (al tau)
you (plural) yours (al vostru)
he his (al lui)
she hers (a ei)
its - is, however,
it
rarely used
we ours (ale noastre)
they theirs (al lor)
Exemple
John has a red car. Mine is green.

That is your book. This is hers.
That computer is his.
This book is not mine. This book is yours.
Comentarii
Cand relatia de posesie e aratata impreuna cu obiectul posedat, aveam de-a face cu un
adjectiv posesiv.
Numeralul in limba engleza
Numeralul cardinal
Cum se identifica
Numeralul cardinal este partea de vorbire care exprima un numar de obiecte,

persoane (numeralul cardinal).
Exemple
1 one 11 eleven 21 twenty-one 100 one

2 two 12 twelve 22 twenty-two hundred
3 three 13 thirteen 23 twenty-three 350 three
4 four 14 fourteen hundred and
5 five 15 fifteen 30 thirty fifty
6 six 16 sixteen 40 forty 500 five
7 seven 17 seventeen 50 fifty hundred
8 eight 18 eighteen 60 sixty
9 nine 19 nineteen 70 seventy 1,000 one
10 ten 20 twenty 80 eighty thousand
90 ninety 2,652 two
thousand six
hundred and
fifty-two
5,000 five
thousand
1,000,000 one
million
2,000,000 two
million
Comentarii
intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilor se foloseste cratima;
punctul se foloseste pentru a marca zecimalele : (Ex: 3.10);
Cand sunt folosite la singular, numeralele hundred, thousand si million

sunt intotdeauna precedate de articolul nehotarat sau de un numeral:
100 one/ a hundred books
141 a hundred and forty- one
1200 a thousand and two hundred
1500000 a million and five hundred-thousand
Cand sunt precedate de numarul unitatilor si acesta este mai mare decat 1,
numeralele hundred si thousand nu primesc "-s" la plural:
300 three hundred
5000 five thousand
Atentie! Aceste numerale primesc terminatia "-s" cand sunt folosite:
a) ca substantive:
Thousands have read this book.
Mii au citit aceasta carte.
b) cand sunt urmate de prepozitia OF:

The number of young people studying in our schools amounts to
hundreds OF thousands.
Numarul de tineri ce studiaza in scolile noastre se ridica la sute de
mii.
inaintea zecilor este obligatorie conjunctia "and".
Numeralul ordinal
Cum se identifica
Arata ordinea; locul pe care se afla un obiect, o actiune, un eveniment, etc

dintr-o multitudine de obiecte, evenimente, etc.
Exemple
Numeral Numeral
Numeral
Ordinal Ordinal
Cardinal
( forma I ) ( forma II )
1 the1st the first
2 the 2nd the second
3 the 3rd the third
4 the 4th the fourth
5 the 5th the fifth
6 the 6th the sixth
7 the 7th the seventh
8 the 8th the eighth
9 the 9th the ninth
10 the 10th the tenth
11 the 11th the eleventh
12 the 12th the twelfth
13 the 13th the thirteenth
14 the 14th the fourteenth
15 the 15th the fifteenth
16 the 16th the sixteenth
17 the 17th the seventeenth
18 the 18th the eighteenth
19 the 19th the nineteenth
20 the 20th the twentieth
21 the 21st the twenty-first
30 the 30th the thirtieth
100 the 100th the hundredth
1000 the 1000th the thousandth
Comentarii
Numeralul ordinal se formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului "th" la numeralul

cardinal.
Exceptii:
1) one ---> first (1st)
2) two ---> second (2nd)
3) three ---> third (3rd)
4) la five si nine ---> se suprima -e final: fifth (5th) si ninth (9th)
5) in cazul zecile la care -y final se transforma in -ie: forty ---> fortieth (40th)
Observatii:
1. La numeralele compuse, numai ultimul numar primeste "th":
27: the twenty-seventh

236: the two hundred and thirty-sixth
2. In engleza, numeralul ordinal se foloseste si la exprimarea datei:
April 25th
the 25th of April
In exprimarea datei, numeralul ordinal poate fi asezat inainte sau dupa numele lunii.
Daca numeralul ordinal precede denumirea lunii, acesta este urmat de of:
I was born on the 25th of April 1986.
Daca numeralul ordinal este asezat dupa denumirea lunii, of este omis:
I was born on April (the) 25th.
Numeralul multiplicativ
Cum se identifica
Arata de cite ori se repeta o actiune, eveniment, etc.
Exemple
once = o data
twice = de doua ori
three times = de trei ori
four times = de patru ori
five times = de cinci ori
ten times = de zece ori
fifty times = de cincizeci de ori

sixty times = de saizeci de ori
a hundred times = de o suta de ori

a thousand times = de o mie de ori
Comentarii
Tot cu sensul de multiplicare se mai folosesc:
double = twofold ( dublu )

triple = threefold ( triplu )
fourfold = impatrit
Numeralul iterativ
Cum se identifica
Arata pentru a cata ora ceva s-a intamplat (se intampla, se va intampla).
Exemple
(for) the first time

(for) the second time
(for) the third time
(for) the fourth time
(for) the fifth time
(for) the sixth time
(for) the seventh time
(for) the eighth time

(for) the ninth time
(for) the tenth time
(for) the eleventh time
(for) the twelfth time
(for) the thirteenth time
(for) the fourteenth time
(for) the sixteenth time
(for) the eighteenth time
(for) the nineteenth time
(for) the twentieth time
(for) the twenty-first time
(for) the thirtieth time
Numeralul adverbial
Cum se identifica
Arata "in al catelea rand" se doreste sa se precizeze, sublinieze ceva.
Exemple
first(ly) = in primul rand
second(ly) = in al 2-lea rand
third(ly) = in al 3-lea rand
fourth(ly) = in al 4-lea rand
fifth(ly) = in al 5-lea rand
sixth(ly) = in al 6-lea rand
Numeralul distributiv
Cum se identifica
Numeralul distributiv exprima gruparea, repartizarea obiectelor (distributia).
Exemple
one at a time = cate unul o data

one by one = unul cate unul
two at a time = cate doi o data

two by two = doi cate doi
every other minute = din doua in doua minute
every other hour = din doua in doua ore

= la fiecare doua ore
every three hours = din trei in trei ore

= la trei ore o data
every six hours = din sase in sase ore
= la interval de sase ore
Numeralul nehotarat
Cum se identifica
Face referire la un numar indefinit de obiecte.
Exemple
a number of (un numar de)
a lot of (o multime de)
lots of, many (multi, multe)
tens of (zeci de)
hundreds of (sute de)
many (multi)
several (cativa)
VERBUL
Diateza activa a verbelor
Cum se identifica
Subiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata de verb.

Actiunea se rasfrange asupra altui lucru.
Exemple
I have seen a tree.

Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = eu ("I")
Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra copacului ("tree").
Yesterday, he broke his bicycle.
Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = el ("he")

Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra bicicletei sale ("his bicycle").
Diateza pasiva a verbelor

Cum se identifica
Actiune este realizata de subiectul logic ( complementul de agent ).
Exemple
I have seen a tree. (diateza activa).

The tree has been seen by me. (diateza pasiva).
Yesterday, he broke his bicycle. (diateza activa).

Yesterday, his bicycle was broken by him. (diateza pasiva).
I will buy a car. (diateza activa).

The car will be bought by me. (diateza pasiva).
Diateza reflexiva a verbelor

Cum se identifica
La diateza reflexiv aciunea este realizat i suportat de subiect.
Diateza reflexiva se foloseste cu verbe reflexive.
Exemple
Mary washes herself.

Maria s-a spalat.
Jen and Greg kiss each other.
Jen si Greg se saruta.
He shaved himself.
El s-a barbierit.
Comentarii
Verbe care au forma reflexiva: to shower, to wash, to shave, to hurry, to rest, to sit
down, kiss.
Timpurile verbelor la modul indicativ in

engleza
TRECUTUL/ PAST - in limba engleza
Trecutul Simplu
(The Simple Past Tense)
Cum se formeaza
Acest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este amintita in
momentul prezent.
a) VERB+ed --> pentru verbele regulate.
b) forma a 2-a a verbelor neregulate --> pentru verbele neregulate.

Observatii:
1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o
precede este scurta si accentuate:
stop -> stopped
prefer -> preferred
2) verbele terminate in y precedat de consoana il schimba in i:
study -> studied
3) verbele terminate in e adauga doar d:
move -> moved
Cand se foloseste & Exemple

1. actiunea e in trecut; timpul e definit cu exactitate (last week, last month,
last year, that day, that week, that year, in 1990, on Thursday, 10
years ago)
I visited London 10 years ago.

(Am vizitat Londra acum 10 ani.)
2. pentru o actiune care era o obistuinta in trecut (acum nu mai e)
We went to the Black See every year.

(acum nu mai mergem in fiecare an la Marea Neagra)
(Am mers la Marea Neagra in fiecare an. /Obisnuiam sa mergem la Marea Neagra in
fiecare an)
3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)"
Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?

(Unde ai sta daca ai merge la Bucuresti?)
Tom would help me with my homework if he had time.
(Tom m-ar ajuta cu temele daca ar avea timp.)
4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare

fata de actiunea trecuta sunt simultane)
He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time.

(when arata simultaneitatea)
(Mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)
Trecutul (Simplu) Continuu

(The Past Tense Continuous)
Cum se formeaza
was/were + present participle

1. pentru a exprima o actiune in progres la un anumit moment din trecut
I remember that yesterday at 5 Pm I was watching TV.
(Imi amintesc ca ieri la ora 5 pm, ma uitam la Tv.)
2. pentru a arata ca o actiune trecuta a fost intrerupta de o alta

I was playing a computer game when she called.
(Ma jucam pe calculator cand ea a sunat.)
While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
(In timp ce eram la picnic, a inceput sa ploua.)
3. folosind "Past Continuous Tense" pentru actiuni trecute sublinieaza ideea de

paralelism, simultaneitate (se cunoaste timpul)
Last evening at 5 Pm, I was studying while he was making
dinner.
(Seara trecuta, la ora 5 pm, eu invatam in timp ce el pregatea cina.)
4. pentru a exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiuni care se repetau in trecut

He was constantly/ always coming late to the English class.
(Intotdeauna venea tarziu la ora de engleza.)
5. pentru a exprima conditionalul prezent ireal continuu

What would you say if the boy were studying now ? (Discutie
intre parinti cand se pregatesc sa intre in camera copiilor. Ei nu se asteapta ca baiatul
lor sa invete acum.)
(Ce ai spune daca baiatul ar invata acum?)
Trecutul Perfect
(The Past Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
had + past participle
1. exprima o actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut sau anterioara unui
moment din trecut
The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the
garden.
(Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.)
The little spoke as if he had seen a flying saucer.
(Micutul a vorbit ca si cum vazuse o farfurie zburatoare.)
2. in constructiile care folosesc Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)
Tom would have helped me with my homework if he had

had time.
(situatie ipotetica in trecut)
(Tom m-ar fi ajutat cu temele daca ar fi avut timp.)
Pentru a recapitula Conditional in Trecut (Ireal) dati click aici.
3. pot exprima o dorinta nerealizata
I wish I hadn't missed the buss.

(Imi doresc sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)
I wished I hadn't missed the buss.

(Mi-as fi dorit sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)
4. exprima o actiune anterioara unei actiuni a carui timp e "Future-in-the-Past"
Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned

English a little bit.
(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)
Trecutul Perfect Continuu

(The Past Perfect Continuous Tense)
Cum se formeaza
had been + present participle

1. exprima o actiune continua inainte unei actiuni situate in trecut
They had been talking for over two hours before Tom
arrived.
(Ei vorbeau de peste doua ore, cand Tom a ajuns.)
Aceeasi situatie poate fi prezenta si in vorbirea indirecta:
John said that he had been watching TV at 9 o'clock.

(John a spus ca se uitase la TV la ora 9. )
PREZENTUL/ PRESENT - in limba engleza

Prezentul Simplu
(Simple Present Tense)
Cum se formeaza
VERB + s/es (pentru persoana a 3-a singular)

1. pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile (nu poti sa le schimbi in viitor)

The sun rises in the East and sets in West. (Soarele rasare in Est si apune
in Vest.)
The water boils at 100 degrees C. (Apa fierbe la 100 C.)
2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc
si devin general valabile)
I drink a tea every day. (Beau ceai in fiecare zi.)
I never drink tea. (Nu beau ceai niciodata.)
In acest caz repetarea actiunii se "marcheaza" prin: every day/ month/ week/ year,
occasionally, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, twice a week.
3. in vorbirea directa pentru a marca ce a spus cineva

John says: "I speak French". (John spune: Vorbesc Franceza.)
4. pentru a exprima actiuni planificate in viitor

The match starts at 2pm on Sunday. (Meciul incepe la ora 2 pm,
duminica.)
5. in modul conditional (Conditional Prezent Real)

Tom helps me with my homework when he has time.
(Tom ma ajuta cu temele cand are timp.)
6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii,

cuvinte care sa accentueze surprinderea, sau rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta
actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza)
I went into the house and suddenly I see a misterious map.
(Am intrat in casa si dintr-o data am vazut o harta misterioasa.)
I went into the house = actiunea de baza

(suddenly) I see a misterious map = actiune paralela sau imediat
urmatoare actiunii de baza care accentueaza surprinderea
Comentarii
a) "-es" se adauga la persoana a 3-a singular pentru verbele care se termina in s, z,

sh, ch, consoana+y
b) Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la
toate persoanele singular si plural, cu exceptia persoanei a III- a singular, care se

adauga (e) s.

Prezentul (Simplu) Continuu
(Present Tense Continuous)
Cum se formeaza
am/is/are + present participle
1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum)
I am just writing my exercise. (Tocmai imi scriu exercitiul.)
I am writing my exercise now. (Imi scriu exercitiul acum.)
In acest caz, de regula, in propozitie intalnim cuvinte (care sa intareasca aceasta idee)
precum: just, now.
2. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (dar care se va termina in

viitorul mai departat)
I am studying French. (Studiez franceza.)
Cand fac afirmatia poate ca nu studiez franceza (la acea ora), insa aceasta actiune/
activitate e inceputa in trecut si va continua si in viitor. In acest caz nu se folosesc
cuvinte de subliniere a prezentului precum just, now.
3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul

Simplu in acest caz nu are nuanta subiectiva)
What are you doing tomorrow ? (Ce faci maine?)
In acest caz frecvent se folosesc verbe de miscare precum to come, to arrive, to

go, to leave: My friend is leaving tomorrow. (Prietenul meu pleaca maine.)
4. pentru o actiune care se repeta regulat, frecvent

I am constantly thanking God for the opportunities that He has
given me in my life. (nu exprima iritarea)
(Ii multumesc lui Dumnezeu in permanenta, pentru oportunitatile pe care mi le-a dat
in viata.)
De regula exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiune:

He is continually making noise.
(El face galagie in permanenta.)
Repetarea se exprima folosind adverbe precum: always, constantly,

continually, often.
Comentarii
Exista verbe care nu au forma continua. Dati click aici pentru a vedea lista verbelor
care nu au forma continua.
Prezentul Perfect
(The Present Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
has/have + past participle
1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in

trecut)
I have seen that movie 10 times. (Am vazut acel film de 10 ori.)
Yes, I have seen that movie. (Da, am vazut acel film.)
Uneori se pot folosi adverbe de frecventa sau de timp care nu precizeaza timpul cu
exactitate (ever, never, often, seldom, always, sometimes):
I have never seen him. (Nu l-am vazut niciodata.)
2. actiunea din trecut are repercursiuni in prezent

I have seen an interesting museum.
(Am vazut un muzeu interesant.) ... in prezent imi amintesc bine acel muzeu.
A terrible accident has happened.
(Un accident teribil a avut loc.) ... inca sunt afectat de acel lucru.
3. actiunea e terminata in trecutul apropiat.

It has just rained. (Tocmai a plouat.)
In general, propozitiile contin adverbe precum just, recently, lately,

latterly, till now, up to now, so far, up to the present, last week.
4. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau

SINCE
I have been at home since 5Pm. (Sunt acasa de la ora 5 pm.)
I have been at home for 2 hours. (Sunt acasa de 2 ore.)
SINCE: specifica de la ce data/ ora.

FOR: specifica perioada
In cazul in care actiunea/ activitatea e facuta fara intrerupere sau se doreste

accentuarea ei se va folosi The Present Perfect Continuous
5. in propozitiile care se folosesc adverbele YET (=INCA) si ALREADY

(=DEJA)
Have you learned Polish curses already ?
(Ai invatat deja cursurile in poloneza? )
I have already learned the Polish curses.
(Am invatat dj cursurile in poloneza.)
I have not learned the Polish curses yet.
(Inca nu am invatat cursurile in poloneza.)
6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut
dar care nu s-a terminat
I have eaten a good cake this morning. (este ora 9 am si dimineata
nu s-a terminat)
(Am mancat o prajitura buna in aceasta dimineata.)
In acest caz se folosesc constructii ca: this week, this day, this year, this
month, all day, all night, today, etc.
Prezentul Perfect Continuu

(Present Perfect Continuous Tense)
Cum se formeaza
has/have + been + present participle
1. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua (FARA INTRERUPERE) in

prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE
I have been working for 2 hours. (Lucrez de 2 ore.)

dar,
I have worked in this factory for two years. (inca mai lucrez, dar la
modul general; acum poate ca sunt acasa si ma uit la TV)
(Lucrez in aceasta fabrica de 2 ani.)
2. actiunea tocmai s-a terminat (si dorim sa subliniem asta)
I have been reading all afternoon. Ive just finished the

novel.
(Am citit toata dupa-masa. Tocmai am terminat de citit romanul.)
Comentarii
Atentie la verbele care nu au forma continua !
VIITORUL/ FUTURE - in limba engleza
Viitorul Simplu
(Simple Future Tense)
Cum se formeaza
will + verb
Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep

cu verbe ce exprima promisiunea, actiuni neplanificate, predictii. In
aceste cazuri, de regula, in propozitia principala avem verbe precum: think,
assume, expect, hope, doubt, belive, suppose, be sorry,
wonder, be sure pentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o actiune
viitoare.
I suppose I will be there. (predictia)

(Presupun ca voi fi acolo.)
I will be there at 7 o'clock. (promisiunea)
(Voi fi acolo la ora 7.)
Comentarii
1) Pentru actiunile planificate in viitor nu se foloseste viitorul simplu ci "TO

BE GOING TO" sau Simple Present Continuous !
Daca actiunea e planificata in decursula a 1-7 zile sau e vorba de o activitate

repetitiva in viitor de regula se foloseste viitorul format cu "to be going to":
I am going to see that movie on Friday.

"am going to" are sensul de "planific sa"
(Imi planific/ Intentionez sa merg vineri la acel film.)
Daca actiunea e planificata mult mai tarziu (in viitor) de regula se foloseste prezentul
simplu continuu:
Mike is moving to New York next month.
(Mike se muta la New York luna viitoare.)
Nota: viitorul format cu "to be going to" are nuanta de viitor apropiat; cel format cu
prezentul simplu continuu nu are nici o nuanta de acest fel.
2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile

introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the
time, if nu vom avea viitor !
Viitorul Continuu
(Future Continuous Tense)
Cum se formeaza
will be + present participle

am/is/are + going to be + present participle (pentru "to be going to")
1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel

moment/ timp)
Tonight at 7 o'clock, Tom will be watching TV. (Acum e1 Pm si

Tom va incepe sa se uite la TV la 6:30 Pm)
(Deseara la ora 7, Tom se va uita la TV. ... deja se uita de ceva vreme)
2. o actiune viitoare se va intinde pe toata durata viitoare
Ann will be writing letters all day long.

(Ann va scrie scrisori toata ziua.)
Comentarii
1) O varianta a cazului 1 de folosire a lui "Future Continuous Tense" este cand

se vrea sa se sublinieze faptul ca in viitor doua sau mai multe actiuni vor avea loc
simultan:
Tonight, they will be watching TV, discussing their vacation

plans, and having a good time.
(Deseara, ei se vor uita la TV, isi vor discuta planurile de vacanta si vor petrece o
seara minunata.)

I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.

(Ma voi uita la TV cand ea va sosi deseara.)
Viitorul Perfect
(Future Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
will have + past participle
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui
eveniment viitor
Jerry will have worked for this company for 20 years when
he retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va
pensiona.)
Comentarii

2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/
week"
By next January, I will have received my reward.

(Pana in ianuarie viitor , imi voi fi primit premiul.)
Viitorul Perfect Continuu

(Future Perfect Continuous)
Cum se formeaza
will have been + present participle
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei

actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor
Jerry will have been working for this company for 20 years
when she retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie ( si va continua sa lucreze) in
momentul cand ea se va pensiona.)
Comentarii

2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/
week"
By next January, I will have been learning a lot of things

related to this subject.
(Pana in ianuarie viitor, voi fi invatat o multime de lucruri legat de acest subiect. ...
si voi continua sa invat. )
"Viitorul in Trecut"
(The Future-in-the-Past)
Cum se formeaza
would + VERB
or
was/ were going to + VERB (pentru actiuni planificate)
Exemple
1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute
He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time.

(when arata simultaneitatea)
(El mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)
Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned

English a little bit. (after arata anterioritatea)
(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)
Comentarii
Propozitiile (de timp) care incep cu before, when, while, after, as soon
as, by the time, if, unless nu au verbul la viitor.
Lista verbelor neregulate in limba engleza

- Gramatica limbii engleze -
Cum se identifica verbele neregulate in engleza
Sunt verbe care nu formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea lui "ed" la sfarsitul
formei de infinitiv. Practic aceste verbe neregulate trebuiesc invatate ca atare.
Lista principalelor verbe neregulate in engleza

Participiu
Infinitiv Trecut Traducere
trecut
-forma 1- -forma 2- verb
-forma 3-
to abide abode abode a astepta, a

sta, a
locui
to arise arose arisen a se ridica

awoke awoken
to awake awaked awaked a se trezi
to be was, were been a fi
to bear bore born a se naste
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a deveni
to begin began begun a icepe
to behold beheld beheld a zari, a

vedea
to bend bent bent a indoi, a

curba
to beseech besought besought a implora
to bear bore born a se naste
to bet bet bet a paria

to bid bade bidden a oferi, a
licita
to bind bound bound a lega
to bite bit bitten a musca
to bleed bled bled a sangera
to bless blest blest a

binecu
vanta
to blow blew blown a sufla
to break broke broken a sparge
to breed bred bred a creste
to bring brought brought a aduce
to broadcast broadcast a transmite

broad prin
cast radio
to burn burnt burnt a arde

(burn (burn
ed) ed)
to burst burst burst a izbucni
to buy bought bought a cumpara
to can could been able a putea

to
to cast cast cast a arunca
to catch caught caught a prinde

Pronuntia lui '-ed' la sfarsitul verbului
Pronuntia lui '-ed' la sfarsitul verbului
Pronunarea i ortografierea terminaiei -ed este n funcie de terminaia

infinitivului.
-ed se pronun:
a) [d] cnd verbele se termin n vocal sau consoan sonor
[b,g,l,m,n,v,z,dz,_dj_]: play - played [pleid]; arrived [__raivd];
b) [t] cnd verbele se termin n consoan surd [f,k,p,s,sh,ch,__,t__] like -
liked [laikt], cross - crossed [kr_o_st];
c) [id] cnd verbele se termin n -t sau -d: want - wanted [w_o_ntid]; nod -
nodded [n_o_did].
Particulariti ortografice ale terminaiei -ed:
Consoana final a formei de infinitiv se dubleaz cnd vocala care o precede este
scurt i accentuat: stop - stopped; prefer - preferred
Consoana final se dubleaz la cteva verbe, dei silaba final nu este accentuat:
kidnap - kidnapped; handicap - handicapped; worship - worshipped; iar la verbe
terminate n ic,
=c se dubleaz n ck: picnic - picnicked.
n engleza britanic, verbele terminate n -l dubleaz aceast consoan,

indiferent de accent: control - controlled; travel - travelled
Verbe care nu au forma continua in limba

engleza
1. Verbele de perceptie
to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste

ex: I see a red car.
TOTUSI, daca actiunea e una voluntara, una constienta se

poate folosi aspectul continuu:
What are you seeing ? (se presupune ca persoana care vede ceva realizeaza o
actiune voluntara; de exemplu: se uita cu binoclu, s-a urcat pe ceva sa vada mai
departe, etc)
DEASEMENEA, daca sensul verbului nu mai este cel de baza,

iar se poate folosi forma continua:
I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. (sensul nu mai e de a vedea ci de a
fi consultat, de a se duce la)
2. Verbele care exprima activitati mentale
to agree, to believe, to distrust, to imagine, to doubt, to

remember, to understand, to suppose, to recognize, to forget,
to think, to mean
NOTA: Daca se foloseste forma continua apare o modificare de sens:

I am thinking. (nu se spune si ce gandesc.)
3. Verbe care exprima dorinta
to wish, to want, to intend, to desire
ex: I wish to go there.
4. Verbe care exprima sentimente, atitudini, trairi

emotionale
to love, to like, to dislike, to detest, to prefer, to abhor, to

adore, to hate
ex.: I like it.
5. verbele modale
can, may, must, ought to

ex.: I can do it.
6. Verbe care exprima posesia
to posses, to owe, to belong to, to own, to keep, to hold
ex.: I keep it for me.
7. Alte verbe care nu pot avea forma continua
to expect, to suffice, to differ, to appear, to contain, to deserve
ex.: This movie appears to be interesting.

Conditional in Prezent (Real)
(Present Real Conditional)
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ...
Exemple
When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach. (situatie
general valabila: e valabila in prezent)
Tom helps me with my homework when he has time. (situatie

general valabila: e valabila in prezent)
If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie general valabila: e

valabila in prezent)
Where do you stay if you go to Bucharest? (situatie general valabila: e

valabila in prezent)
Comentarii
1) "Present Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii care

apar in mod normal in viata de zi cu zi; sint situatii generale si care se repeta
frecvent sau sunt sigure (sunt reale si nu fictive);
2) If e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente;

When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.
Conditional in Prezent (Ireal)

( Present Unreal Conditional )
Cum se formeaza
If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ...
Exemple
What would you do if you won the lottery?

(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul)
Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?

(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; calatoria la Bucuresti in acest caz
nu e reala)
If the weather were nice, I would walk to my office.

(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; vremea nu e frumoasa)
Tom would help me with my homework if he had time.

(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; Tom nu are timp deci nu ma ajuta,
dar daca ar avea timp m-ar ajuta)
Comentarii
1) "Present Unreal Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii

ipotetice.
Conditional in Trecut (Real)

(Past Real Conditional)
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Past ..., ... Simple Past ...
Exemple
Tom helped me with my homework when he had time. (situatie

general valabila in trecut)
If the weather were nice, I walked to my office. (situatie general

valabila in trecut)
When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach. (situatie
general valabila in trecut)
Comentarii
1) "Past Real Conditional" face referire la un obicei trecut (nu mai e valabil in
prezent).

Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)

(Past Unreal Conditional)
Cum se identifica
If ... Past Perfect ..., ... would have + past participle ...
Exemple
Tom would have helped me with my homework if he had had

time.
If the weather had been nice, I would have walked to my office.

If I had had a day off from work, I would have gone to the beach.
Comentarii
1) "Past Real Conditional" face referire la o situatie trecuta ipotetica.
2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se

considera ca actiunea/ evenimentul nu a avut loc.
Conditional in Viitor (Real)

(Future Real Conditional)
Cum se formeaza
If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Future ...
Exemple
If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (valabila pentru o
situatie particulara in viitor)
Tom will help me with my homework when he has time. (valabila

pentru o situatie particulara in viitor)
Comentarii
1) "Future Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a spune ce se va face intr-o

situatie particulara viitoare.
If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie generala) vezi

"Present Real Conditional"
If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (situatie particulara)
Diferenta dintre cele 2 mesaje e foarte mica, practic insesizabila in vorbirea curenta.

Conditional in Viitor (Ireal)

(Future Unreal Conditional)
Cum se formeaza
Forma 1
If ... were + present participle ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Cu aceeasi semnificatie se poate folosi Present Unreal Conditional (Forma 2);
aceasta forma e preferata formei de Present Unreal Conditional)
Forma 3
If ... were going to + verb ..., ... would be + present participle ...
(Se traduce cu "Daca se va intampla sa/ ca sa ..." (se pune accentul pe predictie) ...
dar stiu ca nu se va intampla)
Exemple
Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were having
time.
( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca va avea timp. (dar stiu ca nu va
avea)
Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were going

to have time.
( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca se va intampla sa aibe timp.
(dar stiu ca nu va avea)
Comentarii
1) "Future Unreal Conditional" face referinta la o situatie imaginara (nu e rela)

in viitor.
2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se

considera ca actiunea/ evenimentul nu va avea loc.
3) Forma 2 e cea mai folosita (in aceasta situatie) in manualele de gramatica.
Subjonctivul
(The Subjunctive)
Cum se identifica
Subjonctivul se foloseste cand avem :
o actiune posibila in viitor
o actiune nerealizata (ireala) in trecut sau prezent
o recomandare, un sfat
Exemple
It is necessary that the work be done. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM

subjonctiv)
He speaks as if he were not from Bucharest. (situatie ireala in prezent,

deci AVEM subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar e din Bucuresti.
He speaks as if he is not from Bucharest. (situatie reala in prezent, deci

NU AVEM subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar nici nu e din Bucuresti.
It's time you went to bed. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
Comentarii
Subjonctivul in engleza se formeaza cu :
a) infinitivul scurt al verbului
1) dupa constructii ca: It is necessary, It is advisable, It is recommendable, It is

possible, It is unsure, It is probable ( ca si formularile de genul "He recommends", "He
advices", "He requests" );
2) in propozitii de scop (so that ...); ex.: Come earlier so that you find
him at home. (forma americana)
Come earlier so that you can
find him at home. (forma britanica)
3) in propozitii concesive ( however ... ); ex.: I go there however

difficult it be.
4) in exclamatii afective: ex.: Bless you !
5) In formulas (short infinitive):

Long live the queen. (Triasc regina!)
So be it. (Aa s fie.)
Come what may. (Fie ce o fi.)
Suffice it to say. (Este suficient de zis.)
Be that as it may. (Fie ce o fi.)
Say what you will. (Spune ce vrei.)
b) forma de "Past Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima:
1) un regret prezent
I wish I knew her address. ( ... nu-i stiu adresa si regret);
If only he was faithful to me!

(Dac mi-ar fi fidel!)
If only I had known about her mischance!

(Dac a fi tiut de ghinionul ei!)
2) ceva ce e ireal in prezent (cu constructiile "as if", "as though");
3) preferinta (cind se folosesc constructiile "would rather/ sooner", "it is time",

"had better", "I'd prefer").
You had better go home.

(Mai bine ai merge acas.)
Id prefer if you didnt go.

(A prefera s nu mergi.)
c) forma de "Past Perfecte Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima un regret vis-a-vis

de o actiune anterioara timpului din propozitia principala:
ex.: I wish(ed) you had written to him. (As dori/ As fi dorit ca tu
sa-i fi scris lui.)
d) alte forme de imperativ:

Somebody bring me a glass of water!
(Cineva s mi aduc un pahar cu ap!)
Come on everybody, leave the room!

(Haidei, toat lumea s prseasc ncperea!)
e) After verbs expressing a desire that someone should do something: ask, advise, desire,
intend, order, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, want; after verbs expressing plans:
arrange, leave word, pland; after adjectives expressing feelings: anxious, willing, eager,
pleased, glad.
They demanded that the meeting be held in our new conference room.
(Au cerut ca ntlnirea s se in n sala nou de conferine.)
We planned that they should see the room beforehand.

(Am plnuit s vedem camera nainte.)
She was anxious that they should see her dancing.

(Era emoionat c o vor vedea dansnd.)
f) cu "may/might"
May you live long!

(S trieti mult!)
However tired might he be, he must come down.

(Orict de obosit ar fi, trebuie s vin jos.)
Alte comentarii:
i) Forma de "Past Tense" a lui "to be" este "were";
ii) in constructiile cu "for + subiect" se foloseste forma lunga a infinitivului:

It's time for you to go to bed.
iii) Pentru a vedea cum se formeaza subjonctivul in propozitiile conditionale studiati:

Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)
Conditional in Prezent (Ireal)
Conditional in Viitor (Ireal)
iv) In engleza americana, in propozitia subordonata introdusa de "that" cand propozitia

principala exprima o recomandare, decizie, cerere, speranta, intentie sau surprindere.
They recommended that he pay more attention to class.

(I-au recomandat s fie mai atent la lecie.)
They hoped that he be elected President.

(Au sperat s fie ales preedinte.)
They suggested that our flowers be put into a vase.

(Au sugerat ca florile noastre s fie puse n vaz.)
v) if need be inseamna if it is necessary
If need be she can always tell him the truth.

(La nevoie, i poate spune oricnd adevrul.)
Modul Imperativ in limba engleza

Cum se identifica
Verbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine,

sfaturi ce trebuiesc executate.
Exemple
Let him go !
( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )
Lock the door !

( Incuie usa ! )
Go there !
( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know !
(Da-mi voie sa stiu !)
Don't worry be happy!

Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit!
Leave me alone !
Lasa-ma in pace!
Take it easy !
Usor !
Verbele modale: Can

1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala

I can speak English.
I can swim very well.
2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea

Can Tom make such a mistake ?
3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial

Can I borrow your book ?
Nota:
Aceasta forma de exprimare a permisiunii nu este foarte delicata si poate fi vazuta si
ca o cerere politicoasa.
4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie

I can see somebody near my car.
Comentarii
1. Pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul oficial/ politicos se foloseste
"May";
2. Cererea cu "Could" este may politicoasa decat cea cu "Can"; de aceea de

regula cererile se fac cu "Could";
3. "Could" este folosit in unele cazuri drept trecutul lui "Can".
Verbele modale: May

1. cand se cere permisiunea in mod oficial, politicos
May I go home now ?
Nota: Permisiunea se poate cere si cu "Can" insa in mod neoficial, protocolar.
2. exprima posibilitatea
It may rain in the afternoon.

( Se poate sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )
Nota: Daca se foloseste "might" probabilitatea e mai mica decat "may", insa
diferenta nu e foarte mare:
It might rain in the afternoon.
( S-ar putea sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )
3. exprima o dorinta
May all your wishes come true.

( Fie ca ... )
Comentarii
1. "May" in situatia in care exprima posibilitatea poate fi inlocuit cu "it is

possible" fara ca sensul sa se schimbe:
It is possible for Tom to do that thing.

Tom may do that thing.
Verbele modale: Must

1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala)
I must go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea)
Nota:
Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":
I have to go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie
sa ajung undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una obiectiva)
2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie
John always at this hour is at home. Now must be at home as

well.
(logic John ar trebui sa fie acasa, dar poate nu e).
Comentarii
Daca nu suntem foarte siguri de deductia logica folosim verbul "may".
Verbele modale: Ought to

1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare:

Margaret ought to exercise more.
Margaret trebuie sa exerseze mai mult; este o recomandare si nu
are semnificatie imperativa.
- Shall I go to this funeral ?

- Well, you ought to.
Este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa; insa e ceva
ce trebuie facut caci asa e bine din punct de vedere moral.
Nota:
Daca s-ar raspunde "Well you have to." semnificatia ar fi: "Trebuie sa te duci, nu ai
de ales." (obligatia e exterioara in acest caz)
Comentarii
1) Pentru a exprima recomandari negative dispare "to" dupa "to have":
You ought not smoke so much.

We ought not be afraid of the these risks.
Totusi, sunt acceptate deasemenea si formele:

You ought not to smoke so much.
We ought not to be afraid of the these risks.
2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult
"should not".
Verbele modale: Shall

1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofert sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I,
interogativ)
What shall I do? (Ce sa fac?)

Shall I listen to you? (S te ascult ?)
Shall we go on a vacation? (S mergem intr-o vacanta?)
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaie sau o ameninare care provin de la cel
care vorbete ( Folosit cu persoanele II i III)
You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me.
Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine.
He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that.
Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa.
You shall hear from me again!
Vei mai auzi tu de mine!)
3. pentru a exprima o hotarare
The gates shall not open . (Usile nu se vor deschide.)
4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale
The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the
examination.
Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii.
Comentarii
1. Folosit cu persoana I, shall indic viitorul.

2. Folosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o obligatie sau o
amenintare care provin de la cel care vorbeste.
Verbele modale: Will

1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare
I will climb this mountain even if its the last thing I do.
Voi urca acest munte, chiar daca va fi ultimul lucru pe care il fac.
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune
I will not let you down.

Nu te voi dezamagi .
3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere

This boy looks very much like Tom. He will be his brother.
Acest baiat seamana foarte bine cu Tom. O fi fratele lui.
4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil
Polar bears will perish. Ursii polari vor disparea.
5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata
I always drink coffee in the morning . (= I will drink coffee in the morning).
Intotdeauna beau cafea dimineata. Voi bea cafea dimineata.
6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa
Will you sit down? Vrei sa iei loc?
Comentarii
1. Will - are si intelesul de a voi. La casatorie se foloseste expresia I

will.
Alte verbe modale: Dare, Need, Used to

Alte verbe modale: Dare, Need, Used to
NEED / NOT NEED - este folosit pentru a exprima necesitatea sau lipsa
acesteia
You needn't come early to the meeting.

Nu trebuie sa vii devreme la sedinta.
She doesn't need to come.

Nu este necesar sa vina si ea.
You don't need to go there tomorrow.

Nu e necesar sa mergi maine acolo.
USED TO - este folosit doar la Past Tense, pentru a exprima:
1) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care nu mai este precticat in prezent
I used to swim in the Olt river when I was a child, but I don't do this any longer.
Obisnuiam sa inot in Olt cand eram copil, dar acum nu mai inot.
2) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care mai este practicat si in prezent
They used to spend their holidays in the mountains.

Obisnuiau sa isi petreaca vacantele la munte; poate ca inca si le mai petrec.
DARE - se foloseste cu sensul de "a indrazni", in special in propozitii

interogative si negative
The boy dared not tell his father what he had done.
Baiatul nu a indraznit sa ii spuna tatalui sau ce a facut.
They dared not speak to him ugly.

Ei nu au indraznit sa vorbeasca urat cu el.
How dare you contradict me?

Cum indraznesti sa ma contrazici?
Comentarii
NEED poate fi folosit si ca verb principal:

He needs help.
Are nevoie de ajutor.
USED TO nu are forma de prezent. Pentru a exprima un obicei in prezent folositi

prezentul simplu:
I (usually) spend my holidays in the mountains.
De obicei imi petrec vacantele la munte.
DARE ca verb modal este urmat de:
a) infinitivul fara to dupa forma invariabila dare (persoana a III-a singular sau Past
Tense):
I wonder wheter he dare come.
Ma intreb daca va indrazni sa vina.
He felt that he daren't try.
Si-a dat seama ca n-are curajul sa incerce.
b) infinitivul cu to, dupa participial prezent sau dupa persoana a III-a singular:
Now he dares to attack me!
Acum indrazneste sa ma atace!
c) infinitivul cu sau fara to dupa forma de infinitiv a verbului, forma de Past Tense
dared si participiul trecut:
He wouldn't dare (to) tell me this.
N-ar indrazni sa imi spuna acest lucru.
He dared (to) write upon the subject.

A avut curajul sa scrie despre acea problema.
ATENTIE!
Verbul dare este urmat de infinitivul cu to cand este folosit ca verb principal:
He dared me to compete with him.
M-a provocat la intrecere.
Conjunctia in limba engleza

Cum se identifica
Conjunctia :
a) exprima raporturi de coordonare sau de subordonare intre doua propozitii,

raporturi de coordonare intre doua parti de propozitie sau intre o parte de propozitie si o
propozitie;
b) este neflexibila din punct de vedere morphologic;
c) nu indeplineste nicio functie sintactica in propozitie dar marcheaza raporturile

de coordonare si subordonare in cadrul propozitiei ai al frazei.
Exemple
Dorina went to mall but she forgot the money at home.

Dorina a plecat la mall, dar si-a uitat banii acasa.
Will you come or should I come?

Vii tu sau sa vin eu?
I didn't call you yesterday because I was busy.

Nu te-am sunat ieri pentru ca am fost ocupata.
Comentarii
A. Conjunctiile coordonatoare (Coordinating Conjunctions)
Conjunctiile coordonatoare leaga parti de propozitie cu aceeasi functie sintactica sau

propozitii de acelasi fel.
1. Dupa relatiile pe care le stabilesc, conjunctiile coordonatoare pot fi:

a) copulative: and (si), as well as (precum), both and (atat cat si), not
only but also (nu numai dar si)
b) disjunctive: or (sau); eitheror (sausau), neithernor (nicinici)
c) adversative: but (dar, ci).
Either or indica doua alternative din care numai una este posibila, in
propozitii pozitive sau interogative:
We can either have a snack now, or we can have lunch at noon.
Putem lua o gustare acum sau putem lua pranzul la amiaza.
eitheror + verb negativ sau

neithernor + verb pozitiv se folosesc pentru a exprima o negatie:
I can't travel either by air or by sea. (Nu pot calatori prin aer sau pe mare.)
I can travel neither by air nor by sea. (Nu pot calatori nici prin aer nici pe
mare.)
Atentie: Conjunctiile coordonatoare nu pot fi asezate la inceputul frazei.
B. Conjunctiile subordonatoare (Subordinating Conjunctions)
Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga propozitiile secundare din fraza de elementele lor

regente.
1. Dupa felul propozitiilor pe care le introduce, conjunctiile subordonatoare pot

fi:
a) universale: that (ca); if, whether (daca); -> Aceste prepozitii pot introduce
mai multe tipuri de propozitii subordonate.
b) specializate:
De loc: where (unde), wherever (oriunde);
De timp: when (cand), since (de cand), till/ until (pana cand), while/as (in timp ce),
before (inainte ca), after (dupa ce)
De mod: exactly/just as (exact cum)
De cauza: as, since, because (deoarece, fiindca)
De scop: so that, in order that/ so (that) (mai formal) (pentru ca, cu scopul ca)
for fear (that) (de teama sa), in case, lest (formal) (ca sa nu)
Conditionale: if (daca), provided (that) /on condition (that), as long as/ so long as
(cu conditia ca, atata timp cat); unless (afara daca, numai daca nu)
Consecutive: so that (incat), so (familiar) (incat), so/ such (that) (asa/
astfelincat)
Concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if/ though
(desi, cu toate ca, chiar daca)
Comparative: as as (la fel de ... ca ...); as if/ as though (ca si cum, de parca)
When indica: simultaneitatea a doua actiuni:

When I am tired I go for a walk.
Cand sunt obosit fac o plimbare.
When she rang the bell, he came to the door.
Cand ea a sunat la sonerie, el a venit la usa. ---> Accentual este pe momentul
actiunii sau succesiunea lor imediata in timp.
As este folosit pentru actiuni paralele:

She wept as she spoke.
Plangea in timp ce vorbea.
sau sinonim al lui while:
As I was crossing the street, I heard somebody call my name.
In timp ce/ Pe cand traversam strada, am auzit pe cineva strigandu-mi numele.
Since presupune un argument admis de interlocutor:

Since you need this book, i'll get it for you.
Deoarece ai nevoie de carte, am sa ti-o iau.
Cand folosim conjunctia unless, verbul din propozitia conditionala este la forma
pozitiva:
You can't see me unless you call me first.
Nu ma poti vedea decat daca ma suni inainte.
Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza
Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza - Modul indicativ
Trecut/ Past
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular I came I was coming I had come I had been coming
II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III singular He/She/It came He/She/It was coming He/She/It had come He/She/It has been coming
I singular We came We were coming We had come We had been coming
II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III singular They came They were coming They had come They had been coming
Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
I singular I did not come I was not coming I had not come I had not been coming
II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
III singular He/She/It did not come He/She/It was not coming He/She/It had not come He/She/It has not been coming
I singular We did not come We were not coming We had not come We had not been coming
II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
III singular They did not come They were not coming They had not come They had not been coming
Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
I singular Did I come? Was I coming? Had I come? Had I been coming?
II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III singular Did he/she/it come? Was he/she/it coming? Had he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?
I singular Did we come? Were we coming? Had we come? Had we been coming?
II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III singular Did they come? Were they coming? Had they come? Had they been coming?
Prezent/ Present
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Direct and indirect (reported) speech
Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza
Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si modul indirect
(vorbirea indirecta).
In direct speech, we repeat the original speakers exact words: - vorbirea directa
He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: Mi-am pierdut umbrela.)
Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in conversations in
books, in plays and in quotations.
In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the
speakers exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse c i-a pierdut umbrella.) - vorbirea indirecta
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell + object.
But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is
normally used when conversation is reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more
dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.
TENSE CHANGES
1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:
He sais that . (El a spus c.) - vorbirea indirecta

= reporting a conversation that is still going on
= reading a letter and reporting what it sais
= reading instructions and reporting them
= reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he ll never get married.
2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea indirecta
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

Simple Present - Vorbirea directa Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta
"I never eat meat" he explained. = He explained that he never ate meat.
(Eu niciodat nu mnnc carne explic (El explic faptul c nu mnca niciodat carne.)
el).
Present Continuous - Vorbirea directa Past Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
"I m waiting for Ann" he said. = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
(O atept pe Ana spuse el). (Spuse c o atepta pe Ann).
Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
"I have found a flat" she said. = She said (that) she had found a flat.
(Am gsit un apartament spuse ea). (Ea spuse c i gsise un apartament).
Present Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea directa Past Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
He said "I ve been waiting for ages". = He said (that)he had been waiting for ages.
(El spuse: Am ateptat o groaz de timp.) (El spuse c ateptase o groaz de timp).
Simple Past - Vorbirea directa Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
"I took it home with me" she said. = She said she had taken it home with her.
(L-am luat acas cu mine spuse ea.) (Ea spuse c l luase acas cu ea.)
Future - Vorbirea directa Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
He said, "I shall/will be in Rome on = he said he would be in Rome on Monday.
Monday". (El spuse c va fi n Roma luni.)
(El spuse: Voi fi n Roma luni.)
Future Continuous - Vorbirea directa = Conditional Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
"I will/shall be using the car on the 1st " she She said shed be using the car on the 1st.
said. (Ea spuse c va folosi maina pe data de 1).
(Voi folosi maina pe data de 1 spuse ea)
Conditional - Vorbirea directa Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
I said, "I would/should like to see it" . I said I would/should like to see it.
(Eu am spus: A vrea s o vd.) (Eu am spus c a vrea s o vd.)
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta
3. Note on I/we shall/should

I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
"I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
(Voi mplini 21 ani mine. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse c va mplini 21 ani n ziua urmtoare.)
But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we should or I/we
would.
PAST TENSES SOMETIMES REMAIN UNCHANGED
1. In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged.

He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday.
(El spuse: Ann a ajuns luni. = El spuse c Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.)
He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw them they were
playing tennis.
(El spuse: "Cnd i-am vzut eu, jucau tenis. = El spuse c atunci cnd i-a vzut, jucau tenis.)
2. A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported
remains unchanged:
She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she had
decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.
(Ea spuse: M-am hotrt s nu cumpr casa pentru c era pe strada principal. = Ea spuse c s-a
hotrt s nu cumpere casa pentru c era pe strada principal).
SUBJUNCTIVES IN INDIRECT SPEECH - vorbirea indirecta
1. Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change:
"It s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began planning
their holidays.
(Este timpul s ncepem s ne planificm concediul. Spuse el. = El spuse c era timpul s
nceap s i planifice concediul.)
2. I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged.

You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive.
"Youd better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water.
(Mai bine nu ai bea ap. Spuse ea. = Ne suger s nu bem ap.)
3. Conditional sentences remain unchanged.

"If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children were older, he would
emigrate.
(Dac ar fi mai mari copiii mei, a emigra. Spuse el. = el spuse c dac ar fi mai mari copiii lui, ar
emigra.)
MIGHT, OUGHT TO, SHOULD, WOULD, USED TO IN INDIRECT STATEMENTS
1. Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form:

He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day.
(El spuse: S-ar putea s sune Ann astzi. = El spuse c s-ar putea s sune Ann n acea zi.)
2. Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged:

"They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road.
(Ar trebui s lrgeasc strada. Spuse el. = El spuse c ar trebui s lrgeasc strada.)
3. Would in statements does not change.

"Id be very grateful if youd keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him informed.
(A fi foarte recunosctor dac m-ai ine la curent.Spuse el = El m rug s l in la current.)
4. Used to does not change.

"I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that he knew the place well
because he used to live there.
(Cunosc bine locul pentru c am stat acolo. Explic el. = El explic faptul c tia locul pentru c a
stat acolo.)
PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except when the
speaker is reporting his own words:
I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house.
(Am spus: mi place casa mea nou. = El a spus c i plcea casa lui nou.)
This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them.
He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the matter) the next day.
(El a spus: Vom discuta (problema) mine. = El a spus c vor discuta (problema) yiua urmtoare.)
EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire

indirecta
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day
The day after tomorrow In two days time
Next week/ year etc. The following week/ year etc.
Last week/ year etc. The previous week/ year etc.
A year ago A year before/ the previous year
Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire
indirecta
SAY AND TELL
1. Say and tell with direct speech

Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion of say and
noun subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but inversion with tell is not possible.
"Im leaving at once" Tom said. (Plec odat. A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
"Im leaving at once" Tom told me. (Plec odat. Mi-a spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
2. Say and tell with indirect speech

Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object.
Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.
Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza

- Gramatica limbii engleze -
Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza
Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonata cu timpul verbului

din regenta sa. In limba engleza timpul verbului din subordonata trebuie sa se
subordoneze timpului verbului din regenta. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile verbelor din
regente dicteaza folosirea anumitor timpuri in subordonatele lor.
Exista in acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut si aplicat.
Regula I: Daca in regenta verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense in
subordonata se poate folosi orice timp:
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la prezent Verbul poate fi la orice timp (cerut de
sens)
(Present Tense Simple, Present Tense
Continuous, Present Perfect Simple,
Present Perfect Continuous )
We all know that = Noi toti stim ca ... he had gone = el mersese
... he went = el a mers
... he will go= el va merge
Regula II: Daca in regenta verbul este la trecut in subordonata el trebuie sa fie la
unul din cele trei timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past
Tense, The Future in the Past.
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la trecut Orice alt timp past"
(Past Tense Simple, Past Tense
Continuous, Past Perfect Simple,
Past Perfect Continuous)
a) Past Tense actiune simultana Past Tense

He said = El a spus ... he was ill = ca este bolnav
b) Past Tense actiune anterioara Past Perfect

He said = El a spus ... he had returned home a week before
= ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamna inainte
Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara
celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat.
Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses.
(Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.)
c) Past Tenseactiunea posterioar Future-in-the-Past

He said = El a spus ... he would leave the next day = ca va pleca a doua zi
.
Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara
celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala. Future-in-
the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau
conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect
(pentru anterioritate).
He said = El a spus ... he would buy a car if he had money = ca va cumpara o

masina daca va avea bani
Regula III: Daca verbul din regenta este la viitor in subordonatele conditionale si
temporale, el trebuie sa fie la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar daca
subordonata este completiva directa verbul va fi la viitor.
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la viitor Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut
de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale
sau conditionale, care nu pot include
un verb la viitor.
Situatiile cel mai des intlnite sunt urmatoarele:
a) Future actiune simultana Present
I will read this book = Voi citi aceasta carte when I have time =cnd voi
avea timp
b)Future actiune anterioara Present Perfect

I will go to England = Voi merge in Anglia after I have received a visa=
dupa ce voi obtine viza
c) verbul va fi la orice timp in subordonata completiva directa
I shall see what = Eu voi vedea ce I shall do. = voi face.
Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta

de a nu se respecta concordanta timpurilor atunci cnd verbul din propozitia
principala este la trecut. Se poate intlni, de exemplu, o formulare de tipul: He
said he loves me". Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa
ajunga regula. Pentru moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii romni de limba engleza
sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum sunt prezentate mai sus.
EXCEPTII (deci cazuri cand nu se aplica regulile de concordanta a

timpurilor)
1. Cand in subordonata se exprima un adevar stiintific /general.

Everybody knew that gold is a metal. = Toata lumea stia ca aurul este metal.
I told you that silver is gray. = Ti-am spus ca argintul este gri.
2. Cand subordonata este:

a) cauzala
He will not go to school because he didn't learn his lessons. = El nu va merge la
scoala pentru ca nu si-a invatat lectiile.
We shall go on the trip because they gave us the money. = Vom merge in excursie
pentru ca ei ne-au dat banii.
b) atributiva
You will see the man who wrote that book. = Il vei vedea pe omul care a scris
cartea aceea.
I saw the girl who will play the piano. = Am vazut fata care va canta la pian.
c) comparativ modala
Tomorrow I shall work more than I worked yesterday. = Maine voi munci mai mult
decat am muncit ieri.
Infinitivul si gerunziul in limba engleza

Infinitive and Gerund
Home > Gramatica limbii engleze > Verbul > Infinitivul si gerunziul in limba
engleza
Folosirea infinitivului si a gerunziului & Exemple
Sunt verbe in limba engleza care cer infinitivul iar altele care cer gerunziul. Iata mai
jos modul in care verbele limbii engleze se folosesc fie cu gerunziul, fie cu
infinitivul.
1) Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund:
(Verbe care folosesc fie infinitivul fie gerunziul )
advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate,
intend, like, love, mean, need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret,
remember, require, start, stop, try, used to
- verbs taking infinitive or gerund without changing meaning:

(verbe care folosesc infinitivul sa gerunziul fara sa-si modifice intelesul)
o begin, start, continue, cease
I began working./ I began to work. (Am nceput s lucrez.)
He continued living/ to live above the shop. (A continuat s locuiasc deasupra
magazinului.)
o cant bear
I cant bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport s atept.)
o intend
I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenionez s l vnd.)
o advise, allow, permit, recommend
They dont allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite s parcm aici.)
o it needs/requires/wants
The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tuns.)
2) Verbs which take only gerund:

(Verbe care folosesc numai gerunziul )
o regret, remember, forget (when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier
action)
I regret spending so much money. (mi pare ru c am cheltuit atia bani.)
I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspapers. (mi amintesc c am
citit de cutremur n ziare.)
Ill never forget waiting to find out the results. (Nu o s uit niciodat ateptarea
rezultatelor.)
o go on, stop
He went on to tell us about his new plans. (A continuat s ne spun despre
planurile lui noi.)
I cant stop him talking to the press. (Nu pot s l opresc s nu vorbeasc cu
presa.)
o admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, commence, consider, contemplate,

delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, go, imagine,
involve, keep, lie, loathe, mention, mind, miss, practice, report. resent, resist, risk,
postpone, stand, sit, suggest.
!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are
followed by an infinitive:
I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (mi pare ru s te anun c ai
picat examenul.)
I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit s semnez cecurile.)
3) Verbs which take only infinitive:

(Verbe care folosesc numai infinitivul)
o agree (to), mean, propose, refuse (to)
Tom agreed to wait a week. (Tom a fost de acord s atepte o sptmn.)
I mean to get to the top by sunrise. (Vreau s ajung pn s rsr soarele.)
I propose to start tomorrow. (Mi-am propus s ncep mine.)
o try, used to
They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au ncercat s pun
gard de srm n jurul grdinii.)
I used to swim all the year around. (Obinuiam s not tot anul.)
o afford, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, consent, dare,
decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, fight, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope,
intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, pause, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, prove,
swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, wait, want, refuse, seem , wish,
yearn.
Timpurile verbelor in orice limba sunt folosite pentru a exprima diferite situatii
legate de succesiunea evenimentelor, a actiunilor pe scara timpului. Vei observa ca
timpurile verbelor in limba engleza nu corespunde in mod direct unui timp din limba
romana. Asta nu e o problema. Invatand si exersind intelegerea timpurilor se poate
face relativ usor. Academia de Engleza va ofera o serie de articole pentru intelegerea
timpurilor limbii engleze.
Primele 3 cele mai folosite verbe in limba engleza sunt "to be" (a fi), "to have" (a
avea) and "to do" (a face); de aceea noi va oferim aici formele celor 3 verbe la timpul
prezent (afirmativ, negativ, interogativ):
Verbul "TO BE" - a fi
Forma afirmativa:
I am (I'm) - Eu sunt
You are (You're) - Tu esti
He is (He's) - El este
She is (She's) - Ea este
It is (It's) - El/ Ea este
We are (We're) - Noi suntem
You are (You're) - Voi sunteti
They are (They're) - Ei/Ele sunt
Forma negativa:
I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu sunt
You are not (You aren't) - Tu nu esti
He is not (He isn't) - El nu este
She is not (She isn't) - Ea nu este
It is not (It isn't) - El/ Ea nu este
We are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntem
You are not (You aren't) - Voi nu sunteti
They are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt
Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea
Forma afirmativa:
I have (I've) - Eu am
You have (You've) - Tu ai
He has (He's) - El are
She has (She's) - Ea are
It has (It's) - El/ Ea are
We have (We've) - Noi avem
You have (You've) - Voi aveti
They have (They've) - Ei/Ele au
Forma interogativa:
Have I ? - Am eu ?
Have you ? - Ai tu ?
Has he ? - Are el ?
Has she ? - Are ea ?
Has it ? - Are el/ ea ?
Have we ? - Avem noi ?
Have you ? - Aveti voi ?
Have they ? - Au ei/ele ?
Forma negativa:
I have not (I haven't) - Eu nu am
You have not (You haven't) - Tu nu ai
He has not (He hasn't) - El nu are
She has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu are
It has not (It hasn't) - El/ Ea nu are
We have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avem
You have not (You haven't) - Voi nu aveti
They have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au
Verbul "TO DO" - a face
Forma afirmativa:
I do - Eu fac
You do - Tu faci
He does - El face
She does - Ea face
It does - El/Ea face
We do - Noi facem
You do - Voi faceti
They do - Ei/Ele fac
Forma interogativa:
Do I ? - Fac eu ?
Do you ? - Faci tu ?
Does he ? - Face el ?
Does she ? - Face ea ?
Does it ? - Face el/ ea ?
Do we ? - Facem noi ?
Do you ? - Faceti voi ?
Do they ? - Fac ei/ele ?
Forma negativa:
I do not (I don't) - Eu nu fac
You do not (You don't) - Tu nu faci
He does not (He doesn't) - El nu face
She does not (She doesn't) - Ea nu face
It does not (It doesn't) - El/Ea nu face
We do not (We don't) - Noi nu facem
You do not (You don't) - Voi nu faceti
They do not (They don't) - Ei/ Ele nu fac

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Gramatica limbii engleze

tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, volcanoes (from tomato,

1. O serie de substantive au pluralul neregulat:

In limba engleza sunt 2 tipuri de articole:

-- Articole nehotarate in limba engleza

-- Articole hotarate in limba engleza

Comentarii legate de articolul nehotarat/ hotarat in

- daca substantivul incepe cu o consoana, the se pronunta astfel:

3. Trebuie mentionat faptul ca exista cazuri cand articolul hotarat THE

se foloseste cu articolul Example

5. Articolul a/ an in limba engleza e folosit si cu:

in anumite expresii de cantitate:

a hundred, a thousand, a half-holiday, a half-portion

in expresii legate de pret, viteza, etc.:

5p a kilo, 10p a dozen, four times a day, sixty kilometres an hour, 1 a

Such a long queue!

a poate fi plasat inainte de Mr/Mrs/Miss + nume:

a Mr. Smith inseamna a man called Smith si se intelege ca Mr.

6. Articolele a/an/the nu se folosesc in limba engleza

inaintea substantivelor ce nu au plural:

inaintea numelor de mese, cu exceptia celor precedate de un adjectiv:

We have breakfast at eight.

before inaintea superlativelor, a pronumelor/ adjectivelor first, second

cu forma de plural a unui nume de familie semnificind "familia"

the moon, the sun

Substantivul in nominativ este in albastru:

Mark read a book.

Intrebarile cu care se identifica: ce? pe cine? unde? de unde? pana unde? de

Substantivele in acuzativ sunt marcate cu albastru:

Max fixed the car.

Identificarea se face cu intrebarea "Cui ?".

Substantivele in albastru sunt in cazul Dativ.

1. I have baked Mary a cake.

2. The king gave his son his kingdom.

3. Give the ball to Mary.

4. Give Mary the ball.

1. Mark's shop (magazinul lui James)

Corespondenta pronumelor posesive cu adjectivele posesive:

1st singular mine my

2nd yours your

3rd (female) hers her

3rd (male) his his

3rd (neuter) its its

1st plural ours our

3rd plural theirs their

Adjectivul demonstrativ arat deprtarea sau apropierea unui obiect.

this house (aceasta casa)

There are some Canadians here.

We need some water. How much do we need ?

There are a few doctors in town.

We need some paper. How much do we need ?

How many cigarettes do you smoke a day ?

Some ("ceva, cativa, cateva", in propozitie afirmativa)/ Any ("ceva,

Much ("mult, multa", pentru substantive care nu se pot numara)/ Many

A lot of ("o multime de") /lots of ("multimi de")

Little ("putin, putine", pentru substantive care nu se pot numara) /Few

Enough ("destul, destule, etc")

Plenty of ("o multime de")

No (pentru negarea existentei)

Comparatia adjectivelor calitative

Raportul de inferioritare in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructiile:

NOT SO/AS+ adj. + AS + subst./ pronume

LESS + adj. +THAN + subst./ pronume