Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Gramatica Si Reguli Engleza PDF
Gramatica Si Reguli Engleza PDF
www.limba-engleza.info 1
CUPRINS
I. Morfologia
1. Articolul ……………………………………………..........………………………..……3
2. Substantivul ………………………………………………........………………………7
3. Adjectivul ……………………………………………………........………..…………13
4. Pronumele ……………………………………………………….......……………….17
5. Numeralul …………………………………………………………........………….…21
6. Verbul ………………………………………………………………..........……...……24
Timp present …………………………………………………..………………….30
Timp trecut ……………………………………………………...…………………34
Timp viitor ………………………………………………………...……….….…..48
7. Adverbul ……………………………………………………………........…….……..49
Clasificare ………………………………………………………….....………….…49
Locul adverbelor in propozitie ………………………...……………….….55
8. Prepozitia …………………………………………………………........……..………57
9. Conjunctia …………………………………………………………….......………….61
II. Sintaxa
1. Subiectul …………………………………………………………........……...………65
2. Predicatul ………………………………………………………………..........………65
3. Atributul …………………………………………………………………...........…….67
4. Complementul …………………………………………………………......…..……67
5. Sintaxa frazei ……………………………………………………………........………69
6. Concordanta timpurilor ……………………………………………………..……77
Lista verbelor neregulate ……………………………………….….…………78
www.limba-engleza.info 2
I. MORFOLOGIA
Articolul hotarat :
Este “THE” – si este pus inaintea cuvintelor care incept cu o consoana sau semi-
consoana. (EX : the ball, the picture).
- se pronunta {di} inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu o vocala. (EX: the eye,
the apple).
- Articolul hotarat apare intr-un numar mare de expresii:
“on the one site – pe de o parte”
“at the same time- in acelasi timp”
Articolul hotarat plasat in fata unor adjective da acestora sensul unos substantive la
numarul plural :
- adj rich – bogat, bogati
- the rich – cei bogati
- adj poor – sarac
- the poor – cei saraci
Articolul hotarat apare la gradul superlative relative al adjectivelor :
- the best – cel mai bun
www.limba-engleza.info 3
- the least – cel mai putin
- the biggest – cel mai mare
- the most interesting – cel mai interesant
Articolul hotarat se intercaleaza de regula intre un substantiv precedat de o prepozitie si
prepozitia respectiva.
- a house in the forest – o casa in padure
- a boat on the lake – o barca pe lac
- across the road – peste drum
- at the end – la sfarsit
- at the door – la usa
- in the end – in final
- in the morning – dimineata
- in the shade – in umbra
Articolul hotarat poate fi intalnit si in denumirile geografice : The Black Sea, The Danube,
The Alps, The Sahara Desert, etc.
Acesta este :
a – inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu consoana sau semiconsoana
EX : a dog, a wall, a flower, a year.
an – inaintea cuvintelor care incep cu o vocala
EX : an apple, an eye, an ear, an idea.
Articolul nehotarat introduce de obicei un element nou. El poate fi intalnit in :
- in fata substantivelor insotite\precedate de un adjectiv:
- A good teacher – un professor bun
-A big house- o casa mare
-A house on fire – o casa in flacari
-A little tea – putin ceai
www.limba-engleza.info 4
- in unele structuri:
-A baker’s – o brutarie
-A blue-eyed girl – o fata cu ochi albastri
-A jeweller’s – un magazin de bijuterii
-Once upon a time – a fost odata
-Two at a time – cate doi odata
Articolul nehotarat are in unele cazuri functie numerica :
- a hundred- o suta
- a thousand- o mie
www.limba-engleza.info 5
- Nume de culori, sporturi si jocuri sportive, limbi, mese :
EX : culori – white, black, blue, yellow
Sporturi – football, basketball, volleyball
Limbi – English, Romanian, german, French.
Mese – breakfast, lunch, dinner
www.limba-engleza.info 6
2. SUBSTANTIVUL – The noun
Substantivul este partea de vorbire care denumeste finite, obiecte, stari, notiuni,
insusiri, etc.
Clasificare :
- Comune (common nouns): dog, cat, bird, house, apple, boy, girl, water.
- Proprii (proper nouns) : John, Alice, Romania, London, Europe,July,
Sunday, Great Britain.
- Abstracte (abstract nouns) : friendship, joy, wisdom, safety, theory
- Individuale (individual nouns) : man, house, stone, tree
- Colective (collective nouns) : team, army, family, crowd, group
- Nume de materie (name of matter) : water, air, fire, beer, milk, steel,
silver, gold, snow, wine, tea.
Genul substantivelor:
www.limba-engleza.info 7
Hero - erou Heroine - eroina Kangaroo - cangur Doctor
King - rege Queen - regina Land - pamant Driver
Man - barbat Woman - femeie Legend - legenda Fighter
Master - stapan Mistress - stapana Monkey- maimuta Guest
Monk - calugar Nun - calugarita Mouse - soricel Journalist
Sir - domn Madam - doamna Mushroom - ciuperc Parent
Son - fiu Daughter - fiica Pig - porc Prisoner
Uncle - unchi Aunt - matusa Shark - rechin Rival
Lion - leu Lioness - leoaica Sun - soare Writer
Horse - cal Mare - iapa Tea - ceai Worker
Pluralul substantivelor:
Pluralul regulat : se formeaza prin adaugarea literei “S” – EX: book – books
- Literea S semn al pluralului se citeste :
- S cand e precedata de consoane surde (book - books)
- Z cand e precedata de o consoana sonora (chair- chairs)
- IZ cand e precedata de s, sz, ch sau sh sau consoane suieratoare (bench
– benches, bus – buses, fox – foxes)
- Substantivele care se termina in F sau FF formeaza pluralul prin adaugarea lui S (chief –
chiefs, half- halfes, knife – knives)
www.limba-engleza.info 8
- Substantivele terminate in O formeaza pluralul astfel :
- unele adauga terminatia ES : hero – heroes, potato- potatoes,
- altele adauga doar litera S : casino – casinos, piano – pianos.
Pluralul neregulat :
Businessman – businessmen = om\oameni de afaceri
Child – children = copil, copii
Die – dice = zar, zaruri
Fireman – firemen = pompier, pompieri
Tooth – teeth = dinte, dinti
Woman- women = femeie, femei
Cazurile substantivelor :
Nominativ – the nominative case (who - cine? What - ce?)
The boy is playing in the garden. Who is playing in the garden ?
www.limba-engleza.info 9
- come here, my boy !
c. Genitivul dublu
EX: my friend’s birthday – the birthday of my friend
Her sister, alice’s blue eyes
That boy’s friend’s book
d. implicit \ anglutinant
EX: The United Nations Organisation
Student Organisation
A heat disease
www.limba-engleza.info 10
Everybody is working for him. For whom is everybody working ?
www.limba-engleza.info 11
Declinarea substantivelor cu articol hotarat :
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative The boy The boys
The girl The girls
Genitive Of the boy Of the boys
Of the girl Of the girls
Dative To the boy To the boys
To the girl To the girls
Accusative The boy The boys
The girl The girls
Vocative - -
www.limba-engleza.info 12
3. ADJECTIVUL – the adjective
Adjectivul este partea de vorbire care califica\determina un substantiv sau echivalentul
unui substantiv.
In limba engleza adjectivele stau inaintea substantivelor sau dupa verbul TO BE sin u se
acorda in gen, numar si caz cu substantivele pe care le determina.
EX : The interesting book is on the table. (cartea interesanta este pe masa.)
Calsificarea adjectivelor :
a. calitative (descriptive) – clever, interesting
b. posesive – my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their.
c. Interogativ relative – wich – care? Pe care ?, wich of - care dintre ?, what – ce?
Care ?, what kind\sort of – ce fel de ?, whose – al, a, ale, ai cui ? who – care?, to
whom – caruia ?.
d. Demonstrative – this, these, that, those, the one, the former, the latter, the first,
the last, the other, another, such, the same, one and the same, the very.
e. Cantitative – some, any, few, little, much, many, plenty, a lot of, each, every,
several, enough, certain.
www.limba-engleza.info 13
a. regulata \ sintetica (cele scurte)
b. analitica
www.limba-engleza.info 14
Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezulta ca la gradul comparativ de superioritate
adjectivele de comparative analitica se ajuta de adverbul “more”, la superlativul relativ
de adverbul “most” iar la superlativul absolut de adverbele “very”, “extremely”, “quite”,
etc.
www.limba-engleza.info 15
d. neregulata
www.limba-engleza.info 16
4. PRONUMELE – the pronoun
www.limba-engleza.info 17
Yours – al tau, a ta EX: my car is blue and yours is red.
His - al lui EX : Our daughter is a student and his is a school girl.
Hers – a ei. EX : My friend works at a farm but hers doesn’t.
Ours – al nostrum. EX : Your boys play tennis but ours doesn’t.
Yours – al vostru. EX : My friends live here, yours doesn’t.
Theirs – al lor. EX : our son is here but their doesn’t.
www.limba-engleza.info 18
De retinut ca verbelor reflexive din limba romana nu le corespund intotdeauna verbe
reflexive in limba engleza.
www.limba-engleza.info 19
any – orice (he doesn’t like any)
somebody – cineva (I can see somebody at the gate)
anybody – A. oricine – I can ask anybody
I. cineva – do you see anybody?
N. nimeni – I cannot ask anybody.
nobody – nimeni (I see nobody)
something – ceva (I see something)
anything – orice (I buy anything)
nothing – nimic (I bought nothing)
someone – cineva (you must ask someone)
www.limba-engleza.info 20
Ours – al nostru Yours – al vostru Theirs – al lor
D. To us - noua To you - voua To them - lor
A. Us -pe noi You – pe voi Them – pe ei\ele
Numeralul este partea de vorbire prin care se exprima un numar de obiecte sau ordinea
acestora.
Clasificare :
a. numerale cardinale – cardinal numerals
Exprima un numar exact de obiecte sau fiinte incepand de la zero catre plus sau minus
infinit. La telefon cifra zero se citeste O, in stiinte se foloseste cuvantul zero.
Cand ne referim la ani exprimam : 1907 – nineteen oh seven
Exprimarea temperaturii se realizeaza astfel : -10 grade = ten degrees below zero
Cand se exprima scorul la jocurile de fotbal , 0 se pronunta NIL sau NOTHING. La tennis –
Nastase leads by two sets to tennis.(2-0)
Numerele de telefon se scriu cu spatii intre grupele de cifre – 0763 324 850
Numerele se rostes separate iar cifrele duble se rostesc folosindu-se cuvantul DOUBLE :
01 223 456 = oh one two three four five six
Cifre triple – 7 555 = seven five double five
www.limba-engleza.info 21
21st/ the twenty first – al 21 lea
100th/ the one hundredth – al 100lea
101st/ the one hundred an first
www.limba-engleza.info 22
Every other minute – din doua in doua minute
Every other hour – hourly – la fiecare doua ore
www.limba-engleza.info 23
6. VERBUL – the verb
Verbul este partea de vorbire care exprima o actiune, o activitate sau un proces si are
urmatoarele actegorii gramaticale : timp, aspect, numar, persoana, diateza si mod.
Timpul verbului este categoria gramaticala prin care se precizeaza momentul
desfasurarii actiunii. Exista trei timpuri de baza : trecut, present si viitor.
Aspectul reprezinta gradul de indeplinire a actiunii. In limba engleza exista doua aspecte
:
a. aspect comun – prin care se exprima o actiune generala, terminate sau de scurta
durata.
b. Aspect continuu – care prezinta o actiune in desfasurare, deci o actiune
neterminata.
Diateza realizeaza realatia dintre subiect si complementul direct. Exista trei diateze:
a. diateza activa – actiunea subiectului se indreapta asupra complementului direct
b. diateza pasiva – actiunea savarsita de complementul de agent se rasfrange
asupra subiectului grammatical.
c. Diateza reflexiva – actiunea se rasfrange asupra autorului ei, adica asupra
subiectului.
Modul este categoria gramaticala a verbului prin care se precizeaza felul actiunii si
anume daca actiunea este reala, sigura, ireala, probabila, posibila, imposibila. In limba
engleza exista patru moduri personale si trei moduri nepersonale.
www.limba-engleza.info 24
Personale Indicative – are toate timpurile
Subjunctive – present, past si past perfect
Conditional – present si perfect
MODURI Imperative – present
Nepersonale Infinitive – present si perfect
Participle – present, past si perfect
Gerund – present si perfect
a. Clasificarea verbelor :
www.limba-engleza.info 25
To be to Was, were Been to = a urma sa
to
- Used to - =obisnuia sa
3. Principal Regulate To ask Asked Asked = a intreba
To like Liked Liked = a placea
To answer Answered Answered = a raspunde
To use Used Used a
intrebuinta
Neregulate To go Went Gone = a merge
To see Saw Seen =a vedea
4. Auxiliar- Shall Should - =a trebui
modal Will Whould - = a vrea
Can Could - = a putea
Verbele auxiliare ajuta celelalte verbe sa-si formeze aspectul continuu, diateza pasiva,
timpurile compuse, unele moduri. Ele devin instrumente gramaticale pierzandu-si sensul
lexical.
Verbele modale dau verbelor principale impreuna cu care se folosesc nuante lexicale
speciale. Verbele modale se mai numesc defective caci nu au forme proprii fie pentru
infinitive present, fie pentru trecut, fie pentru participiuyl trecut situatie in care se
inlocuiesc cu sinonimele lor. Ele nu au particula infinitiva TO si nu folosesc aceasta
particula dupa ele.
www.limba-engleza.info 26
b. Modurile personale ale verbelor
1. Modul indicativ
www.limba-engleza.info 27
- rarely
- never
- sometimes
- in the morning\evening\afternoon
- at night
- ar Mondays
Folosim acest timp pentru situatii permanente, actiuni repetate, legi ale naturii,
programe, comentarii sportive.
EX : They own a beautifull car.
I usually get up at 6 o’clock.
Water freezes at 0 C degrees.
The film finishes at 9 pm.
Tom cruise acts very well in this movie.
www.limba-engleza.info 28
Affirmative Negative Interogative
Long form Short Form Long form Short Form
I am talking I’m talking I am not talking I ‘m not talking Am I talking ?
You are talking You’re talking You are not talking You aren’t talking Are you talking ?
He is talking He’s talking He is not talking He isn’t talking Is he talking ?
She is talking She’s talking She is not talking She isn’t talking Is she talking?
It is talking It’s talking It is not talking It isn’t talking Is it talking?
We are talking We’re talking We are not talking We aren’t talking Are we talking ?
You are talking You’re talking You are not talking You aren’t talking Are you talking ?
They are talking They’re talking They are not talking They aren’t talking Are they talking?
Negative interrogative
Aren’t you talking ?
Isn’t he talking ? etc
www.limba-engleza.info 29
Timpul present perfect- have\has + past participle (the 3rd form of the verb)
Exprima o actiune trecuta terminata sau se poate termina in present.
www.limba-engleza.info 30
Verbe neregulate : eat – ate - eaten
www.limba-engleza.info 31
Folosim prezentul perfect pentru actiuni recent terminate, actiuni care s-au intamplat in
trecut si au conexiune cu prezentul, experiente personale.
EX: She has washed her blouse.
He has lost his keys.
I’ve lost 10 kilos.
He’s written three stories this month.
Timpul present perfect continuu – present perfect continuous (have\has been+ verb +
ing)
Folosim acest timp pentru actiuni care au inceput in trecut dar inca continua in present,
actiuni in derulate in trecut dar care inca mai au consecinte in present, actiuni care
exprima furie, iritare, explicatii sau critici.
EX : She’s been listening to music for three hours.
They’ve been playing football.
Who has been using my toothbrush ?
She’s been packing since this morning.
Expresii folosite cu prezentul perfect continuu :
- how long
- for
- since
www.limba-engleza.info 32
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Long form Long form
I have been working I have not been working Have I been working ?
You have been working You have not been working Have you been working ?
He has been working He has not been working Has he been working ?
She has been working She has not been working Has she been working ?
It has been working It has not been working Has it been working ?
We have been working We have not been working Have we been working ?
You have been working You have not been working Have you been working ?
They have been working They have not been working Have they been working ?
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Short form Short form
I’ve been working I haven’t been working Haven’t you been working?
Verbele statice :
Sunt verbe care descriu o stare permanenta si care nu au , in general, forme continue.
Acestea sunt :
- verbe de simturi : see, hear, speak, smell, taste.
- Verbe de opinie : agree, believe, consider
- Verbe de emotie : feel, forgive, hate, like, love,
- Alte verbe: appear, seem, be, belong, fit, have, know, look, need,
prefer, require, want, wish, etc.
www.limba-engleza.info 33
Unele verbe statice au si forme continue dar cu alt inteles.
State Action
I think she’s rich. I’m thinking about your plan.
The milk tastes awful. He’s tasting the souce.
He has a pet dog. He’s having dinner now.
The clothes feel like velvet She’s feeling her way through the dark.
I love holidays. I’m loving this holiday.
2. Timpul trecut
www.limba-engleza.info 34
Verbele neregulate au o forma speciala de trecut :
Present I go I drink I am
Past I went I drank I was
www.limba-engleza.info 35
They were walking They were not walking They weren’t walking Were they walking?
Negative – interrogative
Weren’ t you walking?
Wasn’t he walking ? etc
Mai mult ca perfectul – past perfect : had + past participle (=the 3rd form of the verb)
www.limba-engleza.info 36
Hadn’t you walked ?
Hadn’t he walked ? etc
Trecut perfect continuu – past perfect continuous: had been + verb + ing
www.limba-engleza.info 37
We had been working We had not been working Hadwe been working ?
You had been working You had not been working Had you been working ?
They had been working They had not been working Had they been working ?
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Short form Short form
I’d been working I hadn’t been working Hadn’t you been working?
3. Timpul viitor
www.limba-engleza.info 38
You will walk You’ ll walk You will not walk You wont walk Will you walk ?
They will walk They’ ll walk They will not walk They wont walk Will they walk?
Negative – interrogative
Won’t you walk ?
Won’t he walk ? etc
www.limba-engleza.info 39
You Will be working You Will not be working Will you be working ?
They Will be working They Will not be working Will they be working ?
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Short form Short form
I’ll be working I wont’t be working Wont’t you be working?
www.limba-engleza.info 40
We will have walked We Will not have walked Will we have walked?
You will have walked You Will not have walked Will you have walked?
They will have walked They Will not have walked Will they have walked?
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Short form Short form
I’ll have walked I wont’t have walked Wont’t you have walked?
Viitor perfect continuu – future perfect continuous : will have been + verb - ing
www.limba-engleza.info 41
It will have been walking It Will not have been walking Will it have been walking?
We will have been walking We Will not have been Will we have been walking?
walking
You will have been You Will not have been Will you have been
walking walking walking?
They will have been They Will not have been Will they have been
walking walking walking?
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Short form Short form
I’ll have been walking I wont’t have been walking Wont’t you have been
walking?
Expresii folosite cu acest timp :
- by
- for
Folosim future perfect continuous pentru durata unei actiuni inintr-o perioada din viitor.
EX: By the end of this yeas she will have been working here for two years.
Be going to + verb
www.limba-engleza.info 42
They are going to eat They are not going to eat Are They are going to eat?
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
Short form Short form
I’m going to eat I’m not going to eat Aren’t you going to eat?
www.limba-engleza.info 43
4 . infinitivul –ING form past participles
www.limba-engleza.info 44
- The present gerund – forma –ing se refera la present sau viitor
EX: I enjoy listening to music.
- The perfect gerund – forma –ing arata ca actiunea gerundului s-a intamplat inaintea
actiunii verbului. Putem folosi the prezent gerund in locul perfectului gerund fara a face
vreo diferenta in sens.
EX: He denied having stolen the money.
He denied stealing the money.
www.limba-engleza.info 45
ex : Did he tell you where to go ? Ex : She call me only to tell me she was
going to be married.
-After would like ,would love,would prefer
Ex : I’d like to meet her again.
www.limba-engleza.info 46
It needs \ it requires \ it wants + - ing form. It needs can also be followed by a passive
infinitive:
Ex : The house needs \ reuires \ wants painting.
The car needs repairing \ to be repaired.
www.limba-engleza.info 47
try + -ing form = do something as an experiment
ex : Why don’t you try sleeping in the afternoon.
g. want + to – infinitive = wish
ex : I want to come with you.
want + -ing form = need something done
ex : This wall needs painting.
h. stop + to – infinitive = pause temporarly
ex : She stoped to finish her lunch.
stop + -ing form = finish, end
ex : She stoped playing the piano.
i. be sorry + to – infinitive = regret
ex : I’m sorry to see you sad.
be sorry + - ing form = appologise
ex: I’m sorry for telling you that lie.
j. be afraid + to – infinitive (the subject is too frightened to do something):
ex : The cat is afraid to climb the latter.
be afraid of + ing form
ex: She wont climb that three, she is afraid of falling.
www.limba-engleza.info 48
7. ADVERBUL – the adverb
www.limba-engleza.info 49
c. adverbe de timp – adverbs of time
Adverbele de timp raspund la intrebarea “when?” (cand)
Exemple de adverbe de timp :
- afterwards
- daily
- early
- formerly
- immediately
- never
- now
- presently
- meanwhile
- yearly
- recently
- often
- late
- then
- always
- last month
- before
- after
- just
- at present
- today
- at last
- by now
- already
- still
- once
www.limba-engleza.info 50
- when
- just now
- so far
- sooner or later
www.limba-engleza.info 51
e. Adverbe de cauza – adverbs of cause
Adverbele de cauza raspund la intrebarea “ why? “ (de ce ?)
Exemple de adverbe de cauza:
- that is why
- why
- therefore
- for the reason that
www.limba-engleza.info 52
h. Alte adverbe
- especially
- exactly
- even
- only
- surely
- precisely
- at most
- at latest
- at ealiest
- however
- of course
- consequently
- also
- at least
- at any rate
- at worst
Comparatia adverbelor
Comparatia neregulata a adverbelor
www.limba-engleza.info 53
Late Later The latest
Up Upper upmost
Multe adverbe se folosesc dupa verbul TO BE si dupa verbele modale, fiind nume
predicative. Se stie ca verbul TO BE poate fi predicat in propozitie doar cand este urmat
de un adverb de loc :
Ex : - to be black
www.limba-engleza.info 54
- to be bloody
- to be carefull
- to be cold
- to be concise
- to be hard
Locul adverbelor
Adverbele cu ajutorul carora se formeaza gradul superlative absolute stau totdeauna
inaintea adjectivelor sau adverbelor.
Ex : very well, uite right
Adverbul enough este singurul adverb care sta dupa adjective si verbe.
Ex : She sings beautifully enough.
www.limba-engleza.info 55
This lesson can be easily learned.
He almost always makes mistakes.
It is almost time we started to play tennis.
Almost no one can believe such a thing.
They were fully satisfied.
Our trip look fully satisfied.
Quite- It is quite so.
Really – I want to tell you what I really think about it.
Din exemplele de mai sus se vede ca adverbele de mod fully, hardly, nearly, quite,etc isi
au locul in general inaintea cuvantului pe care il determina.
www.limba-engleza.info 56
8. PREPOZITIA – the preposition
Prepozitia este partea de vorbire care uneste diferite unitati sintactice in cadrul unei
propozitii , realizand relatii de timp, loc, etc.
Ex : The book is on the table.
Prepozitiile sunt :
- simple : about, on, under, etc
- compuse : into, within, without, etc
- complexe : beacouse of, instead of, etc
- locutiuni prepozitionale : by means of, in the middle of, etc.
Prepozitia OF este cea cu care se formeaza genitivul prepositional \ analytic, iar
prepozitia TO este aceea a dativului prepositional.
In limba engleza prepozitia sta fie inaintea substantivului sau a altui cuvant cu care este
in relatie , fie la sfarsitul unei propozitii.
Ex : What is he talking about ?
Whom is the talking to ? – about whom is he talking ?
Whom friend are you talking about ? – About whose friend are you talking ?
What are you looking at ? – At what are you looking?
Prepozitiile in limba engleza pot aparea in post – pozitie in :
- intrebari care incep cu who, what, which
- in subordonatele attributive
- in unele exclamatii – What trouble they’ve got intro!
- in unele constructii passive – He is looked for by us.
- in propozitii infinitivaleThey are impossible to talk to.
- in fraze affirmative care incep cu who, what, which
www.limba-engleza.info 57
Cele mai importante prepozitii in limba engleza sunt:
- about =despre
- above = deasupra
- across = de-a curmezisul
- along = de-a lungul
- alongside = alaturi
- among = intre
- around = imprejur
- at = la
- before = inainte
- below = dedesubt
- beneath = sub, mai jos de
- besides = in afara de
- beyond = dincolo de
- by = de, prin
- for = pentru
- in = in
- inside = inauntru
- into = in
- near = langa
- of = de
- on = pe
- opposite = peste drum de
- over = peste
- past = e langa
- round = iin jurul
- since = de, de la
- throughout = prin
www.limba-engleza.info 58
- under = sub, peste, dupa
- up = in susul
- within = inlauntrul, in
- without = fara
www.limba-engleza.info 59
At random = la inramplare
To be at school = a fi la scoala
Since before the war = inca dinaintea razboiului
Before long = curand
To hide behind a tree = a te ascunde in spatele unui copac
www.limba-engleza.info 60
To be intend to = a fi absorbit de
To be jealos of = a fi gelos pe
To be polite to = a fi politicos cu
To be proud of = a fi mandru de
To be sorry for = a-I parea rau pentru
To be seized with = a fi prins de
To be surprised at = a fi surprins de
To beg for = a implora
To boast of= a se lauda
To begin with = a incepe cu
To call at a place = a trece printr=un loc
www.limba-engleza.info 61
Not only … but also – I like not only English but also german.
www.limba-engleza.info 62
g. Conjunctii de loc – conjunctions of place
Where – You must come here where I live.
Wherever – we’ll live wherever it is possible.
As far as – I shall go as far as I need.
Whence – I am going there whence you are coming.
www.limba-engleza.info 63
So much as – I do not like tennis so much as he does.
So far as – you will buy the house so far as you can afford it.
www.limba-engleza.info 64
II. SINTAXA
www.limba-engleza.info 65
1. SUBIECTUL
Subiectul este partea propozitiei care poate fi uneori autorul actiunii alteori obiect al
actiunii savarsite de altcineva.
Subiectul poate fi cineva\ceva despre care se comunica ceva in propozitie.
Raspunde la intrebarile WHO ? si What ? (cine, ce)
Ex : The boy learns – cuvantul THE BOY este subiect iar cuvantul learns este predicat.
2. PREDICATUL
Este partea de propozitie prin care se comunica ceva despre subiect sau ce anume face
subiectul. Subiectul si predicatul sunt parti principale ale unei propozitii. Se poate vorbi
uneori despre propozitii cu mai multe subiecte sau subiect multiplu.
Predicatul unei propozitii este reprezentat printr-un verb la unul din cele patru moduri
personale ale verbului : indicative, conditional, subjunctiv si imperativ.
Predicatele sunt :
- Verbale – reprezentate printr-un verb principal.
Ex : He studies chemistry.
They will come back by coach.
He had seen the monastery.
www.limba-engleza.info 66
I must go to church.
He is clever.
Roses smell great.
www.limba-engleza.info 67
Ex : I shall buy a book for you.
He bought the boy a book.
Complementul indirect raspunde la intrebari ca : to whom ? for whom ? about whom ?
with whom ? without whom ?
www.limba-engleza.info 68
We arrived late on my account.
i. Complementul de agent
Complementul de agent sau subiectul logic este folosit numai la diateza pasiva.
Raspunde la intrebarile : by whom ?, whom by ?, by what ?
Ex : the book was ready by the student.
Se vede clar ca autorul actiunii este studentul. Cartea este subiectul grammatical.
5. Sintaxa frazei
Fraza este o comunicare alcatuita din mai multe propozitii aflate intre ele fie in raporturi
de coordonare fie de subordonare.
In cazul coordonarii , partile de propozitie in propozitie si propozitiile in fraza sunt
independente una de alta. Se pot lega intre ele prin conjunctii coordonatoare sau
juxtapunere.
Subordonare inseamna raport syntactic de dependenta a unei parti de propozitie sau de
alta parte de propozitie sau a unei propozitii de alta propozitie.
www.limba-engleza.info 69
Elemental subordonat depinde de termenul sau regent iar propozitia subordonata
depinde de regenta sa. Elemental subordonat este deci termenul dependent iar cel
regent este cel este cel care guverneaza in cadrul relatiei respective.
Propozitia regenta este aceea care depinde semantic o alta propozitie in cadrul aceleiasi
fraze.
Propozitia subordonata se poate adresa unui singur cuvant din regenta sa iar acest
cuvant , care se numeste termen regent , determina felul subordonatei respective.
www.limba-engleza.info 70
c. Propozitia atributiva – the attributive clause
Este un atribut al unui substantiv din regenta sa.
Ex : Every man , who knows him, appreciates him verry much.
Every man appreciates him verry much.– regenta
who knows him – atributiva.
Termenul regent al atributivei de mai sus este substantivul man.
www.limba-engleza.info 71
g. Subordonata de proportie
Este o varianta a subordonatei de mod.
Ex : the more we are the better it is.
As time went on, so she began to type more quiqly.
The harder you work, the more money you make.
www.limba-engleza.info 72
I did not come owing to the fact that it was too late.
www.limba-engleza.info 73
n. Propozitia subordonata conditionala – the adverbial clause of condition
Reprezinta conditia infaptuirii actiunii din regenta sa. Se leaga de regenta sa cu ajutorul
conjunctiilor conditionale: if, on condition that, providing/ provided that, suppose/
supposing that, unless, whether… or not, as soon as, as long as, in case.
Exista trei tipuri de conditionale , clasificare facuta in raport cu posibilitatea realizarii /
indeplinirii actiunii din regenta respectiva.
1. subordonata conditionala de tip I – conditie reala si posibilia , iar verbul din regenta sa
este la viitor. Locul lor in fraza se poate schimba.
Ex : If I have time I shall read this book.
I shall read this book if I have time.
I shall not read this book unless I have time.
I shall read this book on the condition that I have time.
www.limba-engleza.info 74
o. Subordonata conditional concesiva – the alternative conditional concessive clause
ex : He will pay for everything , wheter he likes it or not.
Wherever you live, you have to work hard.
Wherever you lived, you’d have to work hard.
www.limba-engleza.info 75
6. Concordanta timpurilor – the sequence of tenses
Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonata cu timpul verbului din
regenta sa. In limba engleza timpul verbului din subordonata trebuie sa se subordoneze
timpului verbului din regenta. Cu alte cuvinte, timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaza
folosirea anumitor timpuri in subordonatele lor.
www.limba-engleza.info 76
III. Verbul este la viitor A. verbul sa fie la present sau present
perfect in subordonatele conditionale sau
temporale.
I shall tell you the truth if/when You give / have given me the book
B. Verbul va fi la orice timp in subordonata
completive directa.
I shall see what I shall do.
www.limba-engleza.info 77
Lista verbelor neregulate
www.limba-engleza.info 78
To cut Cut Cut Cutting
To do Did Done Doing
To draw Drew Drawn Drawing
To dream Dreamt Dreamed Dreaming
To drink Drank Drunk Drinking
To drive Drove Driven Driving
To eat Ate Eaten Eating
To fall Fell Fallen Falling
To feed Fed Fed Feeding
To feel Felt Felt Feeling
To fight Fought Fought Fighting
To find Found Found Finding
To fly Flew Flown Flying
To forget `forgot Forgotten Forgetting
To forgive Forgave Forgiven Forgiving
To get Got Gotton Getting
To give Gave Given Giving
To go Went Gone Going
To grow Grew Grown Growing
To hang Hung Hanged Hanging
To have Had Had Having
To hear Heard Heard Hearing
To hide Hid Hidden Hiding
To hit Hit Hit Hitting
To hold Held Held Holding
To hurt Hurt Hurt Hurting
To keep Kept Kept Keeping
To know Knew Known Knowing
www.limba-engleza.info 79
To lay Laid Laid Laying
To lead Led Led Leading
To learn Learned Learned Learning
To leave Left Left Leaving
To let Let Let Letting
To lie Lay Lain Laying
To lose Lost Lost Losing
To make Made Made Making
To mean Meant Meant Meaning
To meet Met Met Meeting
To melt Melted Molten Melting
To pay Paid Paid Paying
To put Put Put Putting
To read Read Read Reading
To ride Rode Ridden Riding
To ring Rang Rung Ringing
To rise Rose Risen Rising
To run Ran Run Running
To say Said Said Saying
To see Saw Seen Seeing
To sell Sold Sold Selling
To send Sent Sent Sending
To set Set Set Setting
To show Showed Shown Showing
To shut Shut Shut Shutting
To sing Sang Sung Singing
So sit Sat Sat Sitting
To speak Spoke Spoken Speaking
www.limba-engleza.info 80
To spread Spread Spread Spreading
To steal; Stole Stolen Stealing
To swim Swam Swum Swimming
To take Took Taken Taking
To teach Taught Taught Teaching
To tell Told Told Telling
To think Thought Thought Thinking
To understand Understood Understood Understanding
To upset Upset Upset Upsetting
To wake Woke Woken Waking
To win Won Won Winning
To write Wrote Written Writing
www.limba-engleza.info 81
www.limba-engleza.info 82