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Documente Cultură
ABREVIERI 9
INTRODUCERE 11
STADIUL ACTUAL AL CUNOAŞTERII 13
1. Elemente generale privind tulburările funcționale digestive 15
1.1. Sindromul intestinului iritabil 15
1.2. Disfuncții funcționale esofagiene și dispepsia funcțională 19
1.2.1. Sindromul de regurgitare 20
1.2.2. Tulburările funcționale esofagiene nespecificate 21
1.2.3. Pirozisul funcțional 21
1.2.4. Durerea în piept funcțională de origine presupus esofagiană 22
1.2.5. Disfagia funcțională 24
1.2.6. Globusul 24
2. Elemente generale privind stresul psihic şi ocupaţional 27
2.1. Stresul psihic 27
2.2. Stresul ocupaţional 28
3. Anxietatea de performanță 29
3.1. Anxietatea de performanţă muzicală 29
3.1.1. Predictorii anxietății de performanţă muzicală 31
3.1.2 Simptomatologia în anxietatea de performanţă muzicală 32
3.2. Anxietatea de performanţă sportivă/competiţională 33
3.2.1 Simptomatologia anxietății de performanţă sportivă 34
CONTRIBUŢIA PERSONALĂ 37
1. Ipoteza de lucru. Obiective 39
2. Metodologie generală 41
3. Studiul 1. Frecvența tulburărilor funcționale gastrointestinale
la muzicieni și sportivi 45
3.1. Introducere 45
3.2. Ipoteza de lucru. Obiective 45
3.3. Material şi metode 45
3.4. Rezultate 47
3.5. Discuții 56
3.6. Concluzii 60
4. Studiul 2. Studiu privind nivelul de anxietate, stilul de viață și simptome ale
bolilor gastrointestinale la muzicienii studenți și profesioniști 61
4.1. Introducere 61
4.2. Obiective 62
4.3. Material şi metode 62
4.4. Rezultate 63
4.5. Discuții 73
4.6. Concluzii 74
5. Studiul 3. Suprapuneri ale simptomelor funcționale esofagiene, dispepsiei
funcționale și sindromului intestinului iritabil, la muzicieni și sportivi 75
5.1. Introducere 75
5.2. Ipoteza de lucru. Obiective 75
5.3. Material şi metode 76
5.4. Rezultate 77
5.5. Discuții 97
5.6. Concluzii 99
6. Discuţii generale 101
7. Concluzii generale 103
8. Originalitatea şi contribuţiile inovative ale tezei 105
REFERINŢE 107
ANEXE 117
Cuvinte cheie: tulburări gastrointestinale funcționale (FGID), sindromul de intestin
iritabil (IBS), tulburările funcționale esofagiene (FED), disfagia funcțională (FD), anxietatea
de performanţă muzicală (APM), anxietatea de performanţă sportivă (APS), suprapuneri
ale simptomelor.
INTRODUCERE
Necesitatea unei performanțe tot mai ridicate, atât în domeniul muzical, cât și sportiv,
precum și impactul organic și funcțional al acestor activități asupra sănătății performerului, au
crescut interesul știinţific și au ridicat în lumina reflectoarelor cercetării internaţionale o reală
problemă de Sănătate Publică, cu răsunet social, cultural și medical.
Teza dezvoltă printr-o abordare multidisciplinară, un subiect nou, modern, încă
neconvențional al cercetărilor medicale, insuficient exploatat, situat la întrepătrunderea
medicinei cu arta și sportul, cele două ramuri de dezvoltare personală complexă și este
centrată pe elemente care pot fi piese de construcție în studiul relației cauză-efect pentru
un anumit tip de patologie, respectiv cea funcțională digestivă.
Concluzii generale
1. Dispepsia funcțională, arsurile epigastrice şi simptomele IBS au fost mai frecvent
raportate de către instrumentişti şi cântăreţi față de sportivi și față de grupul de
control
2. În ancheta desfășurată, disfagia a fost mai frecvent raportată la sportivi.
3. Cercetarea a relevat faptul că anxietatea la performanță, nutriția și stilul de viață au
fost asociate semnificativ statistic cu principalele tipuri de FGID.
4. Dispepsia funcţională, pirozisul şi IBS au fost toate asociate cu anxietatea.
5. Timpul alocat alimentației, locul inadecvat al servirii mesei, ca și componente ale
stilului de viață, asociate cu nivelul ridicate de stres datorat activităților de
performanță pot sugera factori de risc suplimentari pentru muzicieni și sportivi.
6. Grupul de control a inclus mai multe persoane de sex feminin decât celelalte grupuri.
Cântăreții vocali au fost mai în vârstă şi au avut BMI mai mare. Sportivii au fost
majoritar mai tineri decât ceilalți participanți. Cântăreții vocali și instrumentiştii au
prezentat niveluri mai înalte de activitate artistică de înaltă performanță, în
comparație cu grupul de control şi sportivii chestionați.
7. Stresul de performanță, odată cu acumularea de experiență profesională reduc
percepția performanței ca un factor de risc. Ca urmare, tulburările de somn și
fenomenul fumatului au fost raportate cu frecvență redusă de către muzicienii
profesioniști, comparativ cu studenții muzicieni.
8. Anumite grupuri de muzicieni au declarat tulburări gastrointestinale funcționale mai
numeroase decât alte grupuri sau decât grupurile de control corespunzătoare.
9. În studiul realizat, indicele de masă corporală al cântăreților vocali a fost mai mare
decât standardele de normalitate la nivel populațional.
10. Cunoașterea rolului stilului de viață și a comportamentului în formarea și dezvoltarea
profesională a muzicienilor și sportivilor poate fi benefică pentru prevenția apariției
tulburărilor funcționale din sfera gastro-intestinală.
11. Cele mai frecvente asocieri de simptome corespunzătoare FGID, decelate în studiul
nostru, în ordine descrescătoare, au fost între simptomele de dispepsie funcțională și
cele de tulburări funcționale esofagiene, urmate de simptomele de intestin iritabil cu
cele de dispepsie funcțională și, în final, simptomele de intestin iritabil cu cele de
tulburări funcționale esofagiene.
12. Din rezultatele analizei statistice a reieșit că în suprapunerile IBS-FED au prevalat
simptomele de IBS, frecvențe mai mari avand cele de asociere ale subtipului de IBS cu
constipație cu pirozisul funcțional, simptomele de disfagie funcțională regasindu-se,
în aceste suprapuneri, cu o frecvența mai redusă.
13. Cercetarea a relevat existența unor nivele mai mari de suprapunere IBS-FED la
instrumentiști și la persoanele care fumează.
14. Subiecții cu suprapunere IBS-FD au prezentat scoruri de asociere mai mari ale FD cu
simptomele de IBS cu scaun modificat, față de cei care au avut doar IBS.
15. Senzația de plenitudine postprandială a fost mai frecvent declarată în grupul cu
suprapunere IBS-FD, față de grupul care a avut doar FD.
16. Suprapunerea IBS-FD a fost mai frecvent raportată la instrumentiști și la cei care
fumează.
17. În urma cercetării se poate contura un profil al persoanelor care desfășoară activități
de performanță și care au un risc crescut de dezvoltare al patologiei digestive
funcționale, și anume: nivelul crescut de anxietate, expunerea la activități de înaltă
performanță (soliști, sportivi activ participativi în competiții), instrumentiștii ce
studiază pian, instrumente de percuție și cordari, tineri între 18-23 de ani ce prezintă
un indice de masă corporală ridicat și obiceiuri alimentare inadecvate. Desigur pentru
fiecare patologie funcțională digestivă în parte există, în mod firesc, factori asociați în
mod specific.
Bibliografie selectivă
1. Buono JL, Carson RT, Flores NM. Health-related quality of life, work productivity, and indirect
costs among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Health Qual Life
Outcomes, 2017;15(1):35.
2. Lovell RM, Ford AC. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-
analysis. Clin Gas-troenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 712–721.
3. Canavan C, West J, Card T. Review article: the economic impact of the irritable bowel
syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2014; 40: 1023–1034.
4. Saha L. Irritable bowel syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based
medicine. World J Gastroenterol, 2014; 20(22): 6759–6773.
5. Whitehead WE, Drossman DA. Validation of symptom-based diagnostic criteria for irritable
bowel syndrome: a critical review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(4):814-820.
6. Galmiche JP, Clouse RE, Bálint A, Cook IJ, Kahrilas PJ, Paterson WG, Smout AJ.
Functional esophageal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006 Apr;130(5):1459-65.
7. Galmiche GP, Ray CE, Andras B, Ian CJ, Peter KJ, William PG, et al. Functional Esophageal
Disorders. Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol Esophagus Stomach. 2010;130:425–33.
8. Lynch KL. Esophageal Motility Disorders. Available at:
http://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-
swallowing-disorders/esophageal-motility-disorders
9. Drossman DA. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process.
Gastroenterology. 2006; 130(5):1377-1390.
10. Drossman DA, Hasler WL. Rome IV-Functional GI Disorders: Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction.
Gastroenterology, 2016; 150:1257-1261.
11. Hopko DR, Hunt MK, Armento MEA. Attentional Task Aptitude and Performance Anxiety. Int J
Stress Manag, 2005; 12(4):389–408.
12. Kenny DT. Performance anxiety in human endeavour. Int J Stress Manag, 2005; 12(4), 307–311
13. Kenny DT. A Systematic Review of Treatments for Music Performance Anxiety. Anxiety, Stress,
& Coping J, 2005; 18(3): 183-208.
14. Kenny DT. Music Performance Anxiety: Origins, phenomenology, assessment and treatment. J
Res Music Educ Context, 2006; 31:51-64.
15. Parnabas VA, Mahamood Y, Parnabas J. The Level of Motives and Anxiety of Football Players
among Different Ethnics in Malaysia. Univ J Psychol, 2013; 1(3):107-113.
16. Parnabas V, Parnabas J, Parnabas AM. The Effect of Somatic Anxiety on Sport Performances among
Football Players. Eur Acad Res, 2015; II(10): 14776- 14781.
17. Eriksson EM, Andrén KI, Kurlberg GK, Eriksson HT. Aspects of the non-pharmacological
treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol, 2015; 21(40): 11439–11449.
18. Jacukowicz A. Psychosocial work aspects, stress and musculoskeletal pain among musicians.
A systematic review in search of correlates and predictors of playing-related pain. Work.
2016;54(3):657-668.
19. Clark A, Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a
systematic review for athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016 Nov 24;13:43. eCollection 2016.
20. Orăşan O, Bogdan Mărcuş B, Miclea I, Cozma A, Pop A, Negrean V. Digestive disorders in athletes.
Palestrica of the third millennium – Civilization and Sport, 2014; 15(3):246–249
21. Williams M, Budavari A, Olden KW, Jones MP. Psychosocial assessment of functional
gastrointestinal disorders in clinical practice. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005; 39(10):847-857.
22. Douglas A, Drossman et al Functional bowel disorders, 2006; 9;487-555, citat de DL Dumitrascu
(sub redactia) Tulburari functionale intestinale, Casa Cartii de stiinta, Cluj, 2009.
23. Dumitrașcu D.L.,Tulburările funcționale intestinale, Casa cărții de știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2009.
24. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna,
Austria; 2015. Available from: http://www.r-project.org
25. Zung WWK. A Rating Instrument For Anxiety Disorders. Psychosomatics, 2015; 12(6):371–379.
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0
26. Osborne MS, Kenny DT. The role of sensitizing experiences in music performance anxiety in
adolescent musicians. Psychol Music. 2008;36:447–462.
27. Drossman DA, Dumitrascu DL. Rome III: New standard for functional gastrointestinal
disorders. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2006;15(3):237-241.
28. Waterman JJ, Kapur R. Upper gastrointestinal issues in athletes. Curr Sports Med
Rep, 2012;11(2):99-104.
29. Cammarota G, Masala G, Cianci R, Palli D, Bendinelli B, Galli J, Pandolfi F, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi
R. Reflux symptoms in wind instrument players. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther, 2010, 31(5), 593-
600
30. Cammarota G, Masala G, Cianci R, Palli D, Capaccio P, Schindler A, et al. Reflux symptoms in
professional opera choristers. Gastroenterology, 2007, 132, 890-8
ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
ABBREVIATIONS 9
INTRODUCTION 11
CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE 13
1. General Elements regarding Digestive Functional Disorders 15
1.1. Irritable Bowel Syndrome 15
1.2. Functional esophageal dysfunctions and functional dyspepsia 19
1.2.1. Rumination syndrome 20
1.2.2. Unspecified functional esophageal disorders 21
1.2.3. Functional heartburn 21
1.2.4. Functional chest pain of presumed esophageal origin 22
1.2.5. Functional dysphagia 24
1.2.6. Globus 24
2. General Elements regarding mental and occupational stress 27
2.1. Psychological stress 27
2.2. Occupational stress 28
3. Performance anxiety 29
3.1. Music performance anxiety 29
3.1.1. Predictors of music performance anxiety 31
3.1.2 Symptoms of music performance anxiety 32
3.2. Competitive/Sport-related performance anxiety 33
3.2.1 Symptoms of sport-related performance anxiety 34
PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION 37
1. Working hypothesis. Objectives 39
2. General methodology 41
3. Study No. 1. Frequency of gastrointestinal functional
disorders in musicians and sport performers 45
3.1. Introduction 45
3.2. Working hypothesis. Objectives 45
3.3. Material and methods 45
3.4. Results 47
3.5. Discussion 56
3.6. Conclusions 60
4. Study No. 2. Anxiety levels, lifestyle and symptoms of gastrointestinal
disorders in student musicians and professional musicians 61
4.1. Introduction 61
4.2. Objectives 62
4.3. Material and methods 62
4.4. Results 63
4.5. Discussion 73
4.6. Conclusions 74
5. Study No. 3. Overlap of functional esophageal symptoms,
functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome
in musicians and sport performers 75
5.1. Introduction 75
5.2. Working hypothesis. Objectives 75
5.3. Material and methods 76
5.4. Results 77
5.5. Discussion 97
5.6. Conclusions 99
6. General discussion 101
7. General conclusions 103
8. Originality and innovative contributions of the thesis 105
REFERENCES 107
APPENDICES 117
Keywords: functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS), functional esophageal disorders (FED), functional dysphagia (FD), music
performance anxiety (MPA), sport-related performance anxiety (SPA), overlap of
symptoms.
INTRODUCTION
The need for increased performance in both domains of music and sport, as well as the
organic and functional impact of these activities on the performer’s health, led to an increased
scientific interest and raised a real public health issue in the light of international research, with
social, cultural and medical echoes.
Our thesis develops through a multidisciplinary approach, a new, modern, yet
unconventional subject of medical research, insufficiently exploited, at the intersection of
medicine with art and sport, the two branches of complex personal development; at the
same time, it is centred on elements that can serve as building materials in the study of the
cause-effect relationship for a certain type of pathology, namely of the functional digestive
function.
PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION
Working hypothesis. Objectives
Musicians and music industry professionals may have three times more chances to
suffer from mental illness than the general population: some psychosocial aspects of the
profession, such as the difficulty of earning a livelihood, antisocial working hours,
exhaustion and the inability to plan their time or future may cause anxiety and panic
attacks, depression or both.18
Similarly, in performance sports, training and competitions involve a high level of
psychosocial and physical demands during intense physical training; thus, fatigue, mood
swings and digestive disorders in athletes are common, closely related to the intensity and
duration of the physical exercise.19,20
The involvement of work and psychosocial factors becomes thus important in these
special groups, of musicians and sport performers, patients with functional
gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), because it influences the motility and digestive
sensation, the disease behaviour, the severity of symptoms and the quality of life. The
identification of these factors influences the treatment of functional gastrointestinal
disorders and is a critical factor, playing a determinant role in the therapeutic results.21
Consequently, we outlined the following general objectives of the present research:
study of the self-perception of digestive functional symptoms by applying
questionnaires to young and professional adults (sport performers and musicians)
in order to identify those running the risk of gastrointestinal disorders;
assessment of the frequency of functional digestive disorders (functional
esophageal, functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel symptoms) in musicians and
sport performers;
determining the level of stress to which the persons integrated in a system of artistic
/ sporting competitiveness are subject to, in relation with the level of general
anxiety;
assessment of the overlap of functional digestive symptoms in musicians and sport
performers.
General conclusions
1. Functional dyspepsia, epigastric pain and IBS symptoms were more frequently
reported by instrumentalists and singers than by sport performers and the control
group
2. In the study, dysphagia was more frequently reported in sport performers
3. Research shows that performance anxiety, diet, and lifestyle are associated with
major types of FGID in a statistically significant manner.
4. Functional dyspepsia, heartburn and IBS are associated with anxiety.
5. The time allotted for eating, improper location for having meals, as well as lifestyle
components associated with high levels of stress due to performance activities may
bring additional risk factors in musicians and athletes.
6. The control group included more females than the other groups. The singers were
older and had higher BMI. Sport performers were younger than the other participants.
The singers and instrumentalists presented higher levels of high performance artistic
activity, compared to the control group and the sport performers questioned.
7. Performance stress, with the accumulation of professional experience, reduces the
perception of performance as a risk factor. As a result, sleep disorders and smoking
phenomena have been reported at low frequency in professional musicians,
compared to music students.
8. Certain groups of musicians reported more functional gastrointestinal disorders than
other groups or the corresponding control groups.
9. In the study, the body mass index of the singers was higher than the standard of
normality of the general population level.
10. Knowing the role of lifestyle and behaviour in training and professional development
of musicians and sport performers can be beneficial in preventing the onset of
functional disorders from the gastrointestinal sphere.
11. The most common associations of FGID-associated symptoms, in our study, in
decreasing order, were between the symptoms of functional dyspepsia and those of
functional esophageal disorder, followed by irritable bowel symptoms with functional
dyspepsia and, finally, symptoms of an irritable bowel with those of esophageal
functional disorders.
12. From the results of the statistical analysis, in the IBS-FED overlaps there prevailed the
IBS symptoms, higher frequencies having those of association between the IBS
subtype with constipation with functional heartburn, the symptoms of functional
dysphagia being found in these overlaps at a lower frequency.
13. Our research revealed higher levels of IBS-FED overlap in instrumentalists and
smokers.
14. IBS-FD overlap subjects presented higher FD association scores with IBS symptoms
with altered stools, than those who had IBS alone.
15. The sensation of postprandial fulness was more frequently reported in the IBS-FD
overlap group compared to the FD-alone group.
16. IBS-FD overlap was more frequently reported in instrumentalisits and smokers.
17. Following this research there can be outlined a profile of people engaged in
performance activities that have an increased risk of developing functional digestive
pathology, namely: increased levels of anxiety, exposure to high performance
activities (soloists, participatory active athletes in competitions), instrumentalists
studying piano, percussion instruments and strings, young people aged 18-23 with a
high body mass index and inadequate eating habits. Of course, for each functional
digestive pathology there are factors that are specifically associated.
Selective bibliography
1. Buono JL, Carson RT, Flores NM. Health-related quality of life, work productivity, and indirect
costs among patients with irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea. Health Qual Life
Outcomes, 2017;15(1):35.
2. Lovell RM, Ford AC. Global prevalence of and risk factors for irritable bowel syndrome: a meta-
analysis. Clin Gas-troenterol Hepatol 2012; 10: 712–721.
3. Canavan C, West J, Card T. Review article: the economic impact of the irritable bowel
syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther2014; 40: 1023–1034.
4. Saha L. Irritable bowel syndrome: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and evidence-based
medicine. World J Gastroenterol, 2014; 20(22): 6759–6773.
5. Whitehead WE, Drossman DA. Validation of symptom-based diagnostic criteria for irritable
bowel syndrome: a critical review. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105(4):814-820.
6. Galmiche JP, Clouse RE, Bálint A, Cook IJ, Kahrilas PJ, Paterson WG, Smout AJ.
Functional esophageal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2006 Apr;130(5):1459-65.
7. Galmiche GP, Ray CE, Andras B, Ian CJ, Peter KJ, William PG, et al. Functional Esophageal
Disorders. Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol Esophagus Stomach. 2010;130:425–33.
8. Lynch KL. Esophageal Motility Disorders. Available at:
http://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/esophageal-and-
swallowing-disorders/esophageal-motility-disorders
9. Drossman DA. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process.
Gastroenterology. 2006; 130(5):1377-1390.
10. Drossman DA, Hasler WL. Rome IV-Functional GI Disorders: Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction.
Gastroenterology, 2016; 150:1257-1261.
11. Hopko DR, Hunt MK, Armento MEA. Attentional Task Aptitude and Performance Anxiety. Int J
Stress Manag, 2005; 12(4):389–408.
12. Kenny DT. Performance anxiety in human endeavour. Int J Stress Manag, 2005; 12(4), 307–311
13. Kenny DT. A Systematic Review of Treatments for Music Performance Anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, &
Coping J, 2005; 18(3): 183-208.
14. Kenny DT. Music Performance Anxiety: Origins, phenomenology, assessment and treatment. J Res
Music Educ Context, 2006; 31:51-64.
15. Parnabas VA, Mahamood Y, Parnabas J. The Level of Motives and Anxiety of Football Players among
Different Ethnics in Malaysia. Univ J Psychol, 2013; 1(3):107-113.
16. Parnabas V, Parnabas J, Parnabas AM. The Effect of Somatic Anxiety on Sport Performances among
Football Players. Eur Acad Res, 2015; II(10): 14776- 14781.
17. Eriksson EM, Andrén KI, Kurlberg GK, Eriksson HT. Aspects of the non-pharmacological
treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol, 2015; 21(40): 11439–11449.
18. Jacukowicz A. Psychosocial work aspects, stress and musculoskeletal pain among musicians.
A systematic review in search of correlates and predictors of playing-related pain. Work.
2016;54(3):657-668.
19. Clark A, Mach N. Exercise-induced stress behavior, gut-microbiota-brain axis and diet: a systematic
review for athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2016 Nov 24;13:43. eCollection 2016.
20. Orăşan O, Bogdan Mărcuş B, Miclea I, Cozma A, Pop A, Negrean V. Digestive disorders in athletes.
Palestrica of the third millennium – Civilization and Sport, 2014; 15(3):246–249
21. Williams M, Budavari A, Olden KW, Jones MP. Psychosocial assessment of functional
gastrointestinal disorders in clinical practice. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005; 39(10):847-857.
22. Douglas A, Drossman et al Functional bowel disorders, 2006; 9;487-555, citat de DL Dumitrascu
(sub redactia) Tulburari functionale intestinale, Casa Cartii de stiinta, Cluj, 2009.
23. Dumitrașcu D.L.,Tulburările funcționale intestinale, Casa cărții de știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2009.
24. R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna,
Austria; 2015. Available from: http://www.r-project.org
25. Zung WWK. A Rating Instrument For Anxiety Disorders. Psychosomatics, 2015; 12(6):371–379.
Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0033-3182(71)71479-0
26. Osborne MS, Kenny DT. The role of sensitizing experiences in music performance anxiety in
adolescent musicians. Psychol Music. 2008;36:447–462.
27. Drossman DA, Dumitrascu DL. Rome III: New standard for functional gastrointestinal disorders.
J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2006;15(3):237-241.
28. Waterman JJ, Kapur R. Upper gastrointestinal issues in athletes. Curr Sports Med
Rep, 2012;11(2):99-104.
29. Cammarota G, Masala G, Cianci R, Palli D, Bendinelli B, Galli J, Pandolfi F, Gasbarrini A, Landolfi R.
Reflux symptoms in wind instrument players. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther, 2010, 31(5), 593-600
30. Cammarota G, Masala G, Cianci R, Palli D, Capaccio P, Schindler A, et al. Reflux symptoms in
professional opera choristers. Gastroenterology, 2007, 132, 890-8