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Documente Cultură
CLUJ-NAPOCA 2018
CUPRINS
INTRODUCERE 13
STADIUL ACTUAL AL CUNOAŞTERII
1. Imunitate și Imunosupresie 17
1.1. Imunitate 17
1.2. Imunosupresie 17
1.2.1. Medicamente imunosupresoare 18
1.2.2. Imunosupresia în transplant 18
1.2.3. Imunosupresia în oncologie 21
2. Infecții în transplantul de organ 24
2.1. Riscul apariției infecțiilor 24
2.2. Controlul infecțiilor 25
2.3. Tipuri de infecții 26
2.3.1. Bacteriene 26
2.3.2. Virale 31
2.3.3. Parazitare 32
2.3.4. Fungice 34
3. Infecții în cancere 36
3.1. Riscul apariției infecțiilor 36
3.2. Prevenirea infecțiilor 37
3.3. Manifestări clinice 38
3.3.1. Leziuni tegumentare 38
3.3.2. Afecțiuni ale tractului gastro intestinal 38
3.3.3. Afecțiuni ale SNC 39
3.3.4. Afecțiuni respiratorii 39
3.3.5. Afecțiuni musculare 39
3.3.6. Afecțiuni ale tractului urinar 39
3.3.7. Alte afecțiuni 39
CONTRIBUŢIA PERSONALĂ
1. Ipoteza de lucru/obiective 43
2. Metodologie generală 43
3. Studiul 1 – Patologia infecțioasă la pacienții cu transplant renal 45
3.1. Introducere 45
3.2. Ipoteza de lucru/obiective 45
3.3. Material şi metodă 46
3.4. Rezultate 46
3.5. Discuţii 56
3.6. Concluzii (eventual) 59
4. Studiul 2 – Infecția CMV la pacienții imunosupresați prin transplant 61
renal
4.1. Introducere 61
4.2. Ipoteza de lucru/obiective 62
4.3. Material şi metodă 62
4.4. Rezultate 63
4.5. Discuţii 63
4.6. Concluzii 66
5. Studiul 3 - Asocierea dintre HLA și boala CMV la pacienții cu transplant
renal 67
5.1. Introducere 67
5.2. Ipoteza de lucru/obiective 68
5.3. Material şi metodă 68
5.4. Rezultate 69
5.5. Discuţii 71
5.6. Concluzii 72
6. Studiul 4 – Patologia infecțioasă la pacienții cu tumori maligne
uro-genitale 75
6.1 Introducere 75
6.2 Ipoteza de lucru/obiective 76
6.3 Material și metodă 76
6.4 Rezultate 77
6.5 Discuții 90
6.6 Concluzii 93
7. Concluzii generale 95
8. Originalitatea şi contribuţiile inovative ale tezei 97
REFERINŢE 99
În partea generală a tezei sunt sintetizate, în 3 capitole distincte, cele mai importante
aspecte legate de imunosupresie, necesitatea terapiei imunosupresoare și
microorganismele responsabile de infecțiile apărute în toate aceste situații . În primul
capitol sunt prezentate noțiuni generale despre imunitate, despre cazurile în care
organismul uman devine imunosupresat, cauzele imunosupresiei precum și avantajele și
dezavantajele pacienților afectați. Cel de-al doilea capitol abordează problema infecțiilor
apărute la pacienții care au beneficiat de un transplant de organ, prin prisma etapelor
parcurse înainte și după intervenția propriu-zisă. Aplicarea unei terapii imunosupresoare
puternice, în mod special imediat posttransplant, constituie un factor decisiv în apariția
infecțiilor la acești pacienți. De aceea este foarte important controlul acestora prin metode
profilactice și curative eficiente. Al treilea capitol atinge un subiect extrem de delicat,
anume, infecțiile apărute la pacienții neoplazici, pe un teren puternic afectat atât din punct
de vedere fizic, cât și din punct de vedere psihologic. Pentru că, în majoritatea cazurilor,
îndepărtarea chirurgicală a tumorii nu este suficientă, fiind necesară instituirea radio și
chimioterapiei. Această terapie adjuvantă creează terenul propice acțiunii
microorganismelor de tip bacterian, viral, fungic, parazitar, pacienții neoplazici fiind
vulnerabili la infecții oportuniste, absente în mod normal în cazul persoanelor sănătoase,
imunocompetente.
CONTRIBUȚIA PERSONALĂ
Infectious pathology in
immunosuppressed
patients
INTRODUCTION 13
1. Immunity and immunosuppression 17
1.1. Immunity 17
1.2. Immunosuppression 17
1.2.1. Immunossuppressive drugs 18
1.2.2. Immunosuppression in transplantation 18
1.2.3. Immunosuppression in oncology 21
2. Infections in solid organ transplantation 24
2.1. Risk of infections 24
2.2. Infections control 25
2.3. Types of infetions 26
2.3.1. Bacterial infections 26
2.3.2. Viral infections 31
2.3.3. Parasitic infections 32
2.3.4. Fungal infections 34
3. Infections in cancer 36
3.1. Risk of infections 36
3.2. Prevention measures 37
3.3. Clinical signs and symptoms 38
3.3.1. Skin lesions 38
3.3.2. Digestive tract lesions 38
3.3.3. Neurological lesions 39
3.3.4. Lesions of the respiratory tract 39
3.3.5. Muscular lesions 39
3.3.6. Urinary tract infetions 39
3.3.7. Other lesions 39
PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION
1. Work hypothesis/objectives 43
2. General methodology 43
3. Study 1 – Infectious pathology in renal transplant recipients 45
3.1. Introduction 45
3.2. Work hypothesis/objectives 45
3.3. Matherial and method 46
3.4. Results 46
3.5. Discutions 56
3.6. Conclusions 59
4. Study 2 – CMV infection in immunosuppressed patients after renal 61
transplant
4.1. Introduction 61
4.2. Work hypothesis/objectives 62
4.3. Matherial and method 62
4.4. Results 63
4.5. Discutions 63
4.6. Conclusions 66
5. Study 3 - Association between HLA and CMV disease in renal
transplant recipients 67
5.1. Introduction 67
5.2. Work hypothesis/objectives 68
5.3. Matherial and method 68
5.4. Results 69
5.5. Discutions 71
5.6. Conclusions 72
6. Study 4 – Infectious pathology in patients with uro-genital
malignant tumours 75
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Work hypothesis/objectives 76
6.3 Matherial and method 76
6.4 Results 77
6.5 Discutions 90
6.6 Conclusions 93
7. General conclusions 95
8. Originality and innovative contributions of the thesis 97
REFERENCES 99
In the general part of the thesis there are synthesized, in 3 distinct chapters,
the most important aspects related to immunosuppression, the necessity of
immunosuppressive therapy and the microorganisms responsible for infections
occurring in all these situations. In the first chapter general notions about immunity
are described, about the cases in which the human body becomes immunosuppressed,
the causes of immunosuppression as well as the advantages and disadvantages of
affected patients. The second chapter addresses the problem of infections in organ
transplant patients, in terms of the stages before and after the intervention itself.
Applying strong immunosuppressive therapy, especially post-transplant, is a critical
factor in the occurrence of infections in these patients. This is why it is very important
to control them with effective prophylactic and curative methods. The third chapter
touches an extremely delicate subject, namely infections in neoplastic patients, on a
heavily affected physical and psychological ground. Because in most cases, surgical
removal of the tumour is not sufficient, requiring radiotherapy and chemotherapy. This
adjuvant therapy favours the action of bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic
microorganisms, and neoplastic patients are vulnerable to opportunistic infections,
normally absent in healthy, immunocompetent individuals.
PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION
The second part of the dissertation is structured in 8 chapters and reflects
important research work in areas less affected by the medical life of Cluj. For the
beginning, we have reserved the place for work hypothesis, the purpose of these studies
as well as the established objectives. There are 3 retrospective studies that highlight the
diagnosis of infections in immunosuppressed patients as a result of renal
transplantation and a retrospective study of infections in patients with urogenital
malignancies. Each study is clearly structured with a description of the working
hypothesis, the specification of the objectives, the presentation of the methods and
materials used, with a very large caseload and credible results, discussions on the results
obtained and conclusions about each study. In conclusion, we have retained the general
conclusions and highlighted the issues regarding the originality and innovative
contributions of this paper.
Study 1 entitled INFECTIOUS PATHOLOGY IN RENAL TRANSPLANT PATIENTS
was aimed at highlighting infections present in immunosuppressed patients following
renal transplantation. The objectives set out in this regard were: identification of types
of infections, identification of micro-organisms responsible for these types of infections
and testing of the antimicrobial resistance of the different strains involved. Biological
samples were correctly collected by ICUTR (Clinical Institute of Urology and Renal
Transplant) staff from 850 renal transplant patients and analysed in the Specialty
Laboratory of Cluj Hospital of Infectious Diseases, from January 2009 to December 2015.
The results showed that 340 patients (40 %) experienced various types of infections
(bacterial, viral, parasitic and fungal). Bacterial infections (74%) predominated, of 529
samples collected, 56% of which were isolated from different Gram-positive species
(especially Enterococcus spp and Staphylococcus spp) and for 36% of them, various
species of Gram negative bacteria (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa) were isolated. In order to test the resistance to various antibiotics, we
worked with 63 E. coli strains, with 61 strains of E. faecium, with 55 E. fecalis strains,
with 55 strains of K. pneumoniae, with 41 strains of Staphylococcus aureus and 31 strains
of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Fungal infections were ranked on the following position
(24%), after bacterial infections. Thus, 92% of fungal infections had different Candida
species as an etiological agent, the rest being Aspergillus (A.fumigatus), Sacharomyces
cerevisiae, Criptococcus neoformans and Mucorales. Candida non albicans species were
isolated from samples collected from 132 patients and Candida albicans was isolated
from 27 samples. Species of Candida non albicans isolated from the analysed samples
were: Candida krusei (41), Candida glabrata (30), Candida guilliermondii (11), Candida
norvegiensis (9), Candida parapsilosis (9), Candida kefir, Candida lusitaniae, Candida
tropicalis and Candida lipolytica. Candida albicans strains isolated from 2009-2015 from
samples collected from renal transplant patients were sensitive to fluconazole
(antifungiogram-based), while Candida non-albicans strains were Fluconazole-resistant,
but sensitive to Caspofungin, Mycafungin and Amphotericin B.
Study 2, entitled CMV INFECTION IN PATIENTS IMMUNOSUPRESSED BY RENAL
TRANSPLANT, aimed to highlight the incidence of CMV infection and CMV disease
among renal transplant patients. The objectives were to identify patients with CMV
infection, to analyse the likelihood of CMV disease in patients with CMV infection, and to
evaluate the measures necessary to prevent CMV disease from being established in
infected patients. The study included 674 renal transplant patients in ICUTR Cluj
between January 2009 and December 2014. The ICUTR Cluj-Napoca protocol, according
to which the presence or absence of CMV was evaluated in patients transplanted at each
post-transplant visit. If the test is positive for CMV, it means CMV infection, and the
patient receives treatment, even in the absence of CMV disease. The results showed that
of the total of 674 patients enrolled (416 men and 258 women aged 4 to 74 years, with
an average of 39.6 ± 11.97), 241 patients (35.7%) were identified with Positive
CMVpp65, and only 35 patients (5.2%) developed CMV disease. The risk of CMV
infection is highly dependent on the serum status of the donor (D) and the recipient (R),
at high risk for D + / R-, D +/R + combinations, but with a high risk of developing
extremely severe CMV infection of D +/R- combination. Prevention of CMV infection
can be accomplished in two ways: pre-emptive therapy and prophylaxis. Clinically and
para-clinically careful evaluation of both the donor and the recipient has considerably
decreased the risk of infection in renal transplant patients within ICUTR Cluj.
Posttransplant success has been achieved by preventing and controlling CMV infections
in the transplant centre by applying CMV prophylaxis with a very good response among
patients.
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
Through this work, we wanted to emphasize the extremely important role played
by immunity in the relationship between the human body and the microbial universe.
Immunocompetent people have a multitude of microorganisms living in peace and full
harmony in the body without causing illness. Any imbalance in the natural defence
system favours the occurrence of infections. Immunosuppressive therapy applied to
transplant patients is very strong in the first post-transplant phase, and is then tailored
to the needs of each patient. Thus, the risk of infection is much higher during this period,
with opportunistic micro-organisms prevalent. Infections in neoplastic patients are
the consequence of decreased immunity due to rapid and uncontrolled invasion of
poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cell structures, to the detriment of healthy,
morphologically and functionally healthy cells. Thus, the body does not recognize the
new ones, and the old cells dye by aging. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are designed
to limit this invasion, but it contributes considerably to the confiscation of the body's
natural defence mechanisms, favouring the emergence of infections, especially
opportunistic infections. Post-chemotherapy prophylaxis is very important in
controlling the spread of haematogenous infections. In the case of immunosuppressed
patients, it is very important to balance the scales between the established therapeutic
protocol and the risk of infection.