Timpurile Verbelor in Engleza

Pentru verbul in engleza timpurile difera fundamental fata de cele ale limbii romane.
De aceea nu trebuie cautate in permanenta echivalente exacte intre cele doua limbi.

Asa cum ne asteptam exista 3 timpuri de desfasurare a unei actiuni: prezent(present), trecut(past) si
viitor(future).
Verbul la aceste timpuri il voi numi deocamdata simplu. Mai jos se observa ca la randul lor aceste
timpuri ale verbului in engleza (tenses) pot fi: propriu-zise sau propriu-zis perfecte.
Dar si timpurile propriu-zise si propriu-zis perfecte pot fi propriu-zise sau continui.
Explicatii generale pentru timpurile verbului in engleza anume: simplu, simplu continuu, simplu
perfect, simplu perfect continuu

• Simplu - verbul reprezinta o actiune prezenta, trecuta sau viitoare nelimitata in

timp.
• Continuu - verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat prezent,
trecut sau viitor care in momentul acela se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune.
• Simplu Perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat
prezent, trecut sau viitor
• Continuu Perfect - verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat
prezent, trecut sau viitor si continuind sau nu in acel moment

In limba engleza nu exista conjugari ca in limbile latine (romana, franceza etc)

Verbul in engleza este fie regulat fie neregulat.

Pentru ilustrarea timpurilor in engleza vom folosi un verb regulat
Ca si in romana, verbul in engleza are 2 diateze: activa si pasiva
Verbul in engleza la diateza activa
Actiunea e facuta de subiect
De exemplu luam verbul to work (a munci). In engleza verbul to work e regulat: work - worked -
worked
Iar verbul to fall(a cadea) e neregulat: fall - fell - fallen
Desi doar Alice in tara minunilor poate cadea cu verbul la un timp continuu (pentru ca dureaza in
timp), chiar si acest verb are timpuri continui pentru ca apare in diferite expresii:

I am falling in love = Ma indragostesc

My life is falling apart = Mi se duce viata de rapa

Diferente intre timpurile verbelor regulate si neregulate nu exista. Ceea ce se poate observa la
verbul neregulat este modul cum se folosesc cele trei cuvinte care definesc verbul adica: fall, fell si
fallen. Pentru orice alt verb neregulat cele trei parti se inlocuiesc fiecare in parte cu cele trei parti ale
verbului considerat.

To work = A munci (verb regulat)

Present Tense
I work
You work
He works
She works
We work
You work
They work
Present Continuous
I am working
You are working
He is working
She is working
We are working
You are working
They are working
Present Perfect
I have worked
You have worked
He has worked
She has worked
We have worked
You have worked
They have worked
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been working
You have been working
He has been working
She has been working
We have been working
You have been working
They have been working
Past Tense
I worked
You worked
He worked
She worked
We worked
You worked
They worked
Past Continuous
I was working
You were working
He was working
She was working
 We were working
You were working
They were working
Past Perfect
I had worked
You had worked
He had worked
She had worked
We had worked
You had worked
They had worked
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been working
You had been working
He had been working
She had been working
We had been working
You had been working
They had been working
Future Tense
I will work
You will work
He will work
She will work
We will work
You will work
They will work
Future Continuous
I will be working
You will be working
He will be working
She will be working
We will be working
You will be working
They will be working
Future Perfect
I will have worked
You will have worked
 He will have worked
She will have worked
We will have worked
You will have worked
They will have worked
Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been working
You will have been working
He will have been working
She will have been working
We will have been working
You will have been working
They will have been working

Conjugarea pentru verbul neregulat to fall - a cadea e la lectia 'verbe neregulate'.

Oricum timpurile verbelor si cand se folosesc este aceeasi si la verbe regulate si
la cele neregulate.
Numai modul in care se conjuga difera.

1.1. I work - Present Tense - Timpul Present

Verbul exprima o actiune prezenta nelimitata in timp.

Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane este echivalent cu present tense din engleza

O actiune prezenta in derulare (mereu, cateodata sau niciodata)

What do you do? I work at a bank. Cu ce te ocupi? Lucrez la o banca

She never works so late Ea niciodata nu lucreaza atat de tarziu

Un adevar absolut, chiar daca se desfasoara si in clipa asta (vezi prezentul

continuu, timpul urmator)

The earth spins around the sun. Pamantul se invarteste in jurul soarelui.

Se poate folosi pe post de viitor

The store closes at 9:00pm Magazinul se inchide la 9:00pm.

Viitorul limbii romana se traduce cu Prezent Tense in limba engleza dupa: after, before, when, as
soon as, while etc daca exprima o actiune viitoare

Someday when I am big and strong. Candva, cand voi fi mare si puternic

Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu present tense din limba engleza

Atunci cand verbul descrie o actiunea care se desfasoara acum (in clipa
dialogului) - atunci se foloseste prezentul continuu.

I am working in the garden Lucrez in gradina

Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta.
I work in the garden - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ta. De exemplu ca esti gradinar.
Sus

1.2. I am working - Present Continuous - Prezent Continuu

Verbul arata o actiune in derulare in prezent care se petrece simultan cu o alta actiune. Este legat
de actiuni concrete.

Situatii in care timpul prezent al limbii romane este echivalent cu present continuous din engleza

Verbul reprezinta o actiune ce se petrece in clipa asta (simultana cu momentul in

care vorbesc)
I am working on my new book. Lucrez la noua mea carte.

Verbul descrie o actiune generala dar simultana cu o alta actiune

By the time the alarm goes off I am already Cand suna ceasul eu deja lucrez (am inceput
working. lucrul)

Situatii in care prezentul limbii romane NU este echivalent cu Present Continuous din engleza

Vezi cazurile timpului prezent 1.1. I work

Sus

1.3. I have worked - Present Perfect - Prezent Perfect

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat prezent

Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect
al limbii engleze

Daca actiunea a inceput inaintea momentului prezent si e inca in desfasurare sau daca
efectul ei se vede in prezent
I have worked all my adult life. Am muncit toata viata mea adulta (si inca mai lucrez).
Sau daca e insotit de un adverb (mereu, cateodata, niciodata etc) adica:
I have never worked so late before. Niciodata nu am mai lucrat atat de tarziu (pana acum).

Atentie: Fata de 1.1. exista urmatoarea diferenta: I never work so late. inseamna: Nu lucrez atat de
tarziu (ca si in romana) adica refuzi ideea pentru ca nu lucrezi niciodata atat de tarziu, pe cand I
never have worked so late before inseamna ca desi nu ai mai lucrat atat de tarziu, acum lucrezi (atat
de tarziu).

Situatii in care Perfectul Compus al limbii romana NU este echivalent cu Present Perfect din limba
engleza
1. Cand se foloseste Present Perfect Continuous 1.4 I have been working
2. Cand se foloseste Past Tense 1.5 I worked
Sus

1.4. I have been working - Present Perfect Continuous - Prezent Perfect Continuu

O actiune care s-a desfasurat pana acum, si va continua probabil si in viitor.

Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Present Perfect
Continuous din limba engleza

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa in trecut, continuata in prezent, si care poate continua si in viitor

I have been working on the railroad Am muncit la calea ferata

All live long day Cat e ziua de lunga
I've been working on the railroad Am muncit la calea ferata
Just to while my time away. Ca sa mai treaca timpul

E un binecunoscut cantec englezesc. Am muncit la calea ferata toata ziua si o voi face probabil si in
viitor.

Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Present
Perfect Continuous din engleza
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked
Vezi cazurile timpului Past Tense 1.5. I worked
Sus

1.5. I worked - Past Tense - Timpul Trecut

Past Tense reprezinta actiunea care s-a desfasurat in trecut si s-a terminat.

Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana este echivalent cu Past Tense din
engleza
verbul reprezinta actiune trecuta ce nu a fost intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu alta actiune,
nu se continua in prezent folositi Past Tense.
I worked till my hands hurt Am muncit pana ma dureau palmele.

Asta e usor de inteles, Am muncit dar acum m-am oprit.

De asemeni acest timp se foloseste foarte mult in povestiri (de exemplu vezi poeziile de
laLiteratura)
Situatii in care Perfectul Compus (am muncit) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Tense
din engleza
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.3. I have worked
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect Continuous 1.5. I have been working
Exista situatii in care Past Tense din limba engleza nu se traduce prin Perfectul Compus (am
muncit) din limba romana. Ca exemplu vedeti binecunoscutul cantec pentru copii de
mai jos.
All around the cobbler's bench In jurul mesei cizmarului
The monkey chased the weasel Maimuta fugarea nevastuica
The monkey thought it was all in fun Maimuta credea ca se joaca
Pop! goes the weasel Bum! face nevastuica

Dupa cum vedeti verbul to chase cu past tense chased (e verb regulat la fel ca to work) se traduce
prin fugarea (Imperfect) sau fugari (considerat timpul folosit in povestiri in romaneste) iar
thought(Past Tense de la to think) se traduce tot prin Imperfect.

Atentie: Daca aveti indoieli ce timp trecut al verbului sa folositi in propozitii alegeti acest timp - Past
Tense. Va fi mai putin deranjanta greseala.
Sus

1.6. I was working - Past Continuous - Trecut Continuu

Past Continuous se refera la un eveniment in derulare la un moment in trecut care se petrece

simultan cu un alt eveniment.

Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Continuous din limba
engleza

Verbul exprima o actiune in trecut care a fost intrerupta de altceva (ca si "munceam" pe
romaneste)
I was working when the meteorite fell/the phone Munceam cand meteoritul a cazut/a sunat
rang/you showed up. telefonul/ai aparut tu.

I was walking in the park one day Ma plimbam in parc intr-o zi

In the merry, merry month of May In vesela, vesela luna Mai
I was taken by surprise Am fost luat prin surprindere
By a pair of pearly eyes De niste ochi perlati
In the merry, merry month of May In vesela, vesela luna Mai
Atentie:in cantecul de mai sus "was walking" este past continuous dar "was taken" nu este past
continuous. I was taken inseamna "am fost luat". Daca vrei sa exprimi verbul la past continuous zici
'I was taking'.
Situatii in care Imperfectul (munceam) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past Continuous
din engleza

Verbul exprima o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment dat sau anterioara unei alte
actiuni tot in trecut - atunci se foloseste Past Perfect
I had worked as a goldminer for a long time Lucram de mult timp ca miner de aur cand in
when I finally struck it rich. sfarsit am dat de bogatii.
Sus

1.7. I had worked - Past Perfect - Trecut Perfect

Verbul reprezinta o actiune inceputa anterioara unui moment trecut sau anterioara unei
actiuni trecute.
Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) din limba romana este echivalent cu
Past Perfect din engleza

Verbul este o actiune ce s-a terminat in trecut fata de momentul/actiunea tot trecuta la care se
raporteaza

Emily a spus (trecut) ca lucrase in gradina (si mai vechi) in dimineata aceea
Emily said she had worked in her garden that morning.
Atentie:La fel ca in romaneste aceste timpuri nu sunt batute in cuie.
Emily a spus ca a lucrat in gradina in dimineata aceea
Emily a spus ca lucra in gradina in dimineata aceea
Emily a spus ca lucrase in gradina in dimineata aceea
Toate aceste forme sunt des folosite iar folosirea lor depinde (oarecum) de context.

Traducerea acestor propozitii:

Emily said she worked in the garden that morning
Emily said she was working in the garden that morning, respectiv
Emily said she had worked in the garden that morning, plus
Emily said she had been working in the garden that morning
se folosesc in limbajul curent depinzand si ele (oarecum) de context
Sus

1.8. I had been working - Past Perfect Continuous - Trecut Perfect Continuu

Verbul reprezinta o actiune in curs pana la un moment dat trecut cand a fost oprit de o alta actiune a
carui urmari continua si azi.

Situatii in care imperfectul (munceam, lucram) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past Perfect
Continuous din engleza

Verbul exprima o actiune trecuta, ce se afla inca in desfasurare, in momentul cand s-a produs o alta
actiune tot din trecut.

They had been working on the new house before (Ei)lucrau la casa cea noua inainte sa fie
the fire destroyed it distrusa de foc

He had been working slowly before hearing of the (El)muncea incet inainte sa afle de noul
new deadline. termen limita.
Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul (muncisem, lucrasem) limbii romane este echivalent cu Past
Perfect Continuous din engleza

They had been working on the new house for (Ei)lucrasera luni de zile la casa cea noua
many months before the fire destroyed it inainte sa fie distrusa de foc
Situatii in care mai mult ca perfectul/imperfectul din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Past
Perfect Continuous din engleza
Vezi cazurile timpului Present Perfect 1.6. I was working
Vezi cazurile timpului Past Continuous 1.7. I had worked
Sus
1.9. I will work - Future Tense (I am going to work) - Timpul Viitor

Verbul reprezinta o actiune viitoare nelimitata in timp.

Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana este echivalent cu Future Tense din
engleza
Daca verbul reprezinta o actiune in viitor si nu va fi intrerupta, nu e concomitenta cu alta
actiune folositi Future Tense.
I will work OK? Am sa muncesc, BINE?

Someday when I am big and strong Intr-o zi cand voi fi mare si puternic
I will walk that road and sing a song Voi merge pe acel drum si voi canta un cantec
I will sing of roads so green and wide Voi canta despre drumuri verzi si late
That turn and bend from side to side Care se indoaie si serpuiesc dintr-o parte in alta
I will sing of roads that turn and bend Voi canta despre drumuri serpuitoare
That go from town to rainbow's end Care merg din oras pana la capatul curcubeului
Atentie: vezi (1.1 I work) pentru primul vers din poezia de mai sus
Situatii in care verbul la viitor (voi munci) din limba romana NU este echivalent cu Future Tense
din engleza
Cand verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor - atunci se foloseste Future
Continuous 1.10. I will be working

I will be working in Paris next year Voi lucra la Paris la anul

Sus

1.10. I will be working - Future Conntinuous - Viitor Continuu

Verbul reprezinta o actiune in derulare la un moment dat in viitor

She will be coming round the mountain when she Cand vine, (ea) va veni in jurul
comes muntelui
Sus

1.11. I will have worked - Future Perfect - Viitor Perfect

I will have worked for 20 years next month. Luna viitoare eu o sa fi lucrat de 20 de ani.
(alt timp clar)
Echivalentul lui "voi fi lucrat"
Sus

1.12. I will have been working - Future Perfect Continuous - Viitor Perfect
Continuu

Acest timp nu prea se foloseste, pune mai mult accentul pe perioada lunga de timp decat 1.11
Future Continuous
Se traduce tot prin "voi fi lucrat", si ca toate formele de timpuri continue implica o actiune in derulare

By 2010 he will have been working for 40 years In 2010 el va fi lucrat de 40 de ani

Sus

Verbul in engleza la diateza pasiva

Actiunea e suportata de subiect
De exemplu verbul to wash - a spala (alt verb regulat: wash - washed - washed)
2.1 The laundry is washed weekly - Rufele sunt spalate saptamanal.
Dar: I wash the laundry weekly - Eu spal rufele saptamanal
2.2 I am washing laundry now - The laundry is being washed now.
2.3 I have washed the laundry - The laundry has been washed.
2.4 I have been washing the laundry - The laundry has been washed.
2.5 I washed the laundry yesterday - The laundry was washed yesterday.
2.6 I was washing the laundry - The laundry was being washed
2.7 I had washed the laundry- The laundry had been washed
2.8 I had been washing the laundry - The laundry had been washed
2.9 I will wash the laundry- The laundry will be washed.
2.10 I will be washing the laundry - The laundry will be washed.
2.11 I will have washed the laundry - The laundry will have been washed
2.12 I will have been washing the laundry - The laundry will have been washed

Hart
Verbe Modale in Engleza
Verbele: can, may, must, ought, shall, will si partial need si dare formeaza grupul de verbe modale.
Aceste verbe nu formeaza infinitivul cu particula 'to'.
• can - a putea, cu intelesul de a fi in stare. In vorbirea curenta mai ales in intrebari
se foloseste in locul lui 'may' (vezi mai jos) (inseamna si conserva si 'to can' = a
face conserva)
• may - a putea, cu intelesul de a avea voie. (inseamna si luna mai). In plus se
foloseste in urari, de exemplu poate fi tradus prin 'fie' .
• must - a trebui, a fi necesar (inseamna si must- suc de struguri), poate fi tradus
uneori si prin probabil (sau 'trebuie ca')
• ought to- ar trebui, ar fi cazul
• shall - este o intarire a unui ordin daca este spus apasat. Altfel formeaza viitorul
persoanei intai. In acest ultim caz deobicei se inlocuieste cu 'will' (vezi mai jos).
• will - formeaza viitorul, particula 'voi' din romaneste. I will come = Voi veni. Se
foloseste si la formarea viitorului.(deasemeni inseamna testament. Inseamna si
vointa).
• need - a trebui, cu intelesul de a avea nevoie
• dare - a indrazni, a provoca pe cineva

Mai jos cititi exemple in care se folosesc aceste verbe

• Este binecunoscuta propozitia: I know I can - Stiu ca pot dintr-o poveste pentru
copii in care o locomotiva isi tot repeta aceasta cat se straduieste sa urce un
deal.
• They eat what they can and they can what they eat - Mananca ce pot si pun
in conserva ceea ce mananca.
 • May I have this dance? (Pot sa am acest dans) - Imi acordati acest dans?
• May the force be with you! - Fie ca forta sa te insoteasca! din filmul
StarWars, adica sa ai noroc.

• If you must, you must - Daca trebuie, trebuie.

• I must be dreaming - Trebuie ca visez (probabil ca visez)

Pentru exemple cu ought to vedeti poezia de mai jos:

I got your wedding invitation Am primit invitatia la nunta
I'm surprised you thought of me Ma mir ca te-ai gandit la mine
But I don't believe your wedding Dar nu cred ca nunta ta
Is just where I ought to be E un loc unde ar trebui sa fiu

For you put your arms around her Pentru ca iti vei pune bratele in jurul ei
Kiss her lips so tenderly O vei saruta pe buze cu tandrete
As she's standing there beside you Cat ea va sta langa tine
That's just where I ought to be Acolo ar trebui sa fiu eu.

Like a fool I introduced you Ca o proasta v-am introdus

I said baby meet my friend Am zis: Draga, intalneste-o pe prietena mea
Never thought that I could lose you Niciodata n-am crezut ca o sa te pierd
But I lost you there and then Dar te-am pierdut atunci si acolo

I took the diamond ring you gave me Am luat inelul de diamant pe care mi l-ai dat
Threw it way out to sea L-am aruncat departe in mare
And I had an awful feeling Si am avut un sentiment groaznic
That's just where I ought to be Ca acolo ar trebui eu sa fiu

• Cele zece porunci date de Dumnezeu lui Moise in Biblie se spun in engleza
cu shall pentru intarire. De exemplu: You shall not kill = Nu vei omori (sa nu
omori)
• We shall overcome = Vom invinge este un cantec muncitoresc american, to
overcomeinseamna a depasi un moment greu.

• I will survive = Voi supravietui este binecunoscutul cantec al Gloriei Gaynor

• Intr-un cunoscut cantec Que sera, sera o fetita isi intreaba mama ce va fi cand va
fi mare:
I asked my mother what will I be? Am intrebat-o pe mama, ce voi fi
Will I be happy? Will I be rich? Voi fi fericita? Voi fi vesela?
My mother said to me: Mama mi-a raspuns:
Que sera, sera Que sera, sera
Whatever will be, will be Ce va fi, va fi
The future is for us to see Viitorul este pentru noi de descoperit
Que sera, sera Que sera, sera

Verbele modale need si dare in cele mai multe cazuri se comporta ca verbe obisnuite.
Sunt insa si situatii cand ele capata proprietati de verbe modale

• Need I go on? - E nevoie sa continui? In engleza moderna e mai probabil sa

se zica: Do I need to go on? caz in care need nu mai este verb modal.
 • How dare you talk like this! - Cum indraznesti sa vorbesti asa!

Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale

1. Nu accepta particula to pentru infinitiv, nu au participiu si nici forma cu ing. Din

aceasta cauza multe timpuri lipsesc acestor verbe.
2. Foarte important: Verbul care urmeaza unui verb modal nu are to in fata. Adica,
pe romaneste spui: Trebuie sa mananc sau mai arhaic Trebuie a manca In
englezeste se spune I must eat. (Daca spui: I need to eat - need aici nu e verb
modal).
Din exemplele de mai sus vedem ca aceasta regula a verbelor modale e
respectata: I know I can (fara 'to'), May I have this dance? (fara 'to') etc
3. Forma negativa nu cere do. Adica in cazul celorlalte verbe se pune un do
not sau does notpentru negatie. I eat meat - Mananc carne. I do not eat meat -
Nu mananc carne. Daca insa spui I can not eat meat - Nu pot sa mananc
carne, particula do cade.
4. Forma interogativa nu cere do. Do you eat meat? - Mananci carne? folosind
verbul modalcan devine Can you eat meat? - Poti sa mananci carne?.
Folosind must spunem: Must you eat meat? - Trebuie sa mananci carne?
.
5. Aceste verbe nu se schimba dupa persoana: I can, you can, he/she can etc.
Adica persoana a treia singular nu primeste 's'.
6. Aceste verbe se pot contracta cu particula not din propozitii negative. can't =
can not, mustn't = must not, won't = will not sunt verbele modale care
folosesc cel mai mult aceasta regula.
7. Pentru formarea celebrului 'nu-i asa' din engleza e necesar folosirea acestor
verbe. Forma 'nu-i asa' depinde de verbul modal folosit in prima parte a
intrebarii. I can go, can't I? - Pot sa ma duc, nu-i asa? sau He will go, won't
he? - Va merge, nu-i asa?

Harta Site
orbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza
Direct and indirect (reported) speech

Home > Gramatica limbii engleze > Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza

Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza

Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si modul
indirect (vorbirea indirecta).

 In direct speech, we repeat the original speaker ’s exact words: - vorbirea directa
He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: ’Mi- am pierdut umbrela ’.)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in conversation
books, in plays and in quotations.

 In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using th
speaker’s exact words:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse că şi-a pierdut umbrella.) - vorbirea indirecta

There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell + ob
But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect spe
normally used when conversation is reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a m
dramatic effect.

When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.

• TENSE CHANGES
1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:

He sais that …. (El a spus că….) - vorbirea indirecta

= reporting a conversation that is still going on
= reading a letter and reporting what it sais
= reading instructions and reporting them
= reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he’ ll never get married.

2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea indirecta

Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

Simple Present - Vorbirea directa
"I never eat meat" he explained.
(’Eu niciodată nu mănânc carne ’ explică
el).
Present Continuous - Vorbirea directa
’"I ’ m waiting for Ann" he said.
(’O aştept pe Ana’ spuse el).
Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa
’"I have found a flat" she said.
(’Am găsit un apartament’ spuse ea).
Present Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea
directa
He said "I’ ve been waiting for ages".
(El spuse: ’Am aşteptat o groază de
timp.’)
Simple Past - Vorbirea directa
’"I took it home with me" she said.
(’L-am luat acasă cu mine’ spuse ea.)
Future - Vorbirea directa
He said, ’"I shall/will be in Rome on
Monday".
(El spuse: ’Voi fi în Roma luni.’)
Future Continuous - Vorbirea directa
"I will/shall be using the car on the 1st " she
said.
Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta
= He explained that he never ate meat.
(El explică faptul că nu mânca niciodată carne
Past Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
= He said (that) he was waiting for Ann.
(Spuse că o aştepta pe Ann).
Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
= She said (that) she had found a flat.
(Ea spuse că îşi găsise un apartament).
Past Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta
= He said (that)he had been waiting for ages.
(El spuse că aşteptase o groază de timp).
Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta
= She said she had taken it home with her.
(Ea spuse că îl luase acasă cu ea.)
Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
= he said he would be in Rome on Monday.
(El spuse că va fi în Roma luni.)
= Conditional Continuous - Vorbirea indirec
She said she’d be using the car on the 1st.
(Ea spuse că va folosi maşina pe data de 1).
 (’Voi folosi maşina pe data de 1’ spuse ea)
Conditional - Vorbirea directa
I said, ’"I would/should like to see it" .
(Eu am spus: ’Aş vrea să o văd.’)
Direct speech - vorbirea directa
Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta
I said I would/should like to see it.
(Eu am spus că aş vrea să o văd.)
Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

3. Note on I/we shall/should

I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech:
"I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day.
(“Voi împlini 21 ani mâine”. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse că va împlini 21 ani în ziua următoare.)

But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we
should or I/we would.

• PAST TENSES SOMETIMES REMAIN UNCHANGED

1. In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged.

He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday.
(El spuse: ’Ann a ajuns luni.’ = El spuse că Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.)
He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw them they wer
playing tennis.
(El spuse: "Când i-am văzut eu, jucau tenis.’ = El spuse că atunci când i-a văzut, jucau tenis.)

2. A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported
remains unchanged:
She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she had
decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road.
(Ea spuse: ’M-am hotărât să nu cumpăr casa pentru că era pe strada principală.’ = Ea spuse
hotărât să nu cumpere casa pentru că era pe strada principală).

• SUBJUNCTIVES IN INDIRECT SPEECH - vorbirea indirecta

1. Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change:
"It’ s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began plann
their holidays.
(’Este timpul să începem să ne planificăm concediul’. Spuse el. = El spuse că era timpul să înc
să îşi planifice concediul.)

2. I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged.

You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive.
"You’d better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water.
(’Mai bine nu ai bea apă.’ Spuse ea. = Ne sugeră să nu bem apă.)

3. Conditional sentences remain unchanged.

"If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children were older, he
would emigrate.
(’Dacă ar fi mai mari copiii mei, aş emigra’. Spuse el. = el spuse că dacă ar fi mai mari copii
ar emigra.)

• MIGHT, OUGHT TO, SHOULD, WOULD, USED TO IN INDIRECT STATEMENTS

1. Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form:

He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day.
(El spuse: ’S-ar putea să sune Ann astăzi.’ = El spuse că s-ar putea să sune Ann în acea zi.)

2. Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged:

"They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road.
(’Ar trebui să lărgească strada.’ Spuse el. = El spuse că ar trebui să lărgească strada.)

3. Would in statements does not change.

"I’d be very grateful if you’d keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him informed.
(’Aş fi foarte recunoscător dacă m-ai ţine la curent.’Spuse el = El mă rugă să îl ţin la current.)

4. Used to does not change.

"I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that he knew the pl
well because he used to live there.
(’Cunosc bine locul pentru că am stat acolo.’ Explică el. = El explică faptul că ştia locul pentru
stat acolo.)

• PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except whe
speaker is reporting his own words:

I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house.
(Am spus: ’Îmi place casa mea nouă.’ = El a spus că îi plăcea casa lui nouă.)

This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as pronouns can become it,
they/them.
He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the matter) the next
(El a spus: ’Vom discuta (problema) mâine.’ = El a spus că vor discuta (problema) yiua următo

• EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire

indirecta
Today That day
Yesterday The day before
The day before yesterday Two days before
Tomorrow The next day/ the following day
The day after tomorrow In two days’ time
Next week/ year etc. The following week/ year etc.
Last week/ year etc. The previous week/ year etc.
A year ago A year before/ the previous year
 Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire
indirecta

• SAY AND TELL

1. Say and tell with direct speech

Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion of say
noun subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but inversion with tell is not possible.
"I’m leaving at once" Tom said. (’Plec odată.’ A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
"I’m leaving at once" Tom told me. (’Plec odată.’ Mi-a spus Tom) - vorbirea directa

2. Say and tell with indirect speech

Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object.
Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.

CONDITIONALUL

Conditional present - FORMA Conditional perfect - FORMA

would / should + INFINITIV would / should + HAVE + participiul trecut

Utilizare:

1. la fel ca viitorul simplu, cand verbul principal este la trecut:

I think he will come. – I thought he would come.

Sam says mother will get well. – Sam said mother would get well.

2. pentru a face referiri la actiuni obisnuite in trecut:

When we lived in Africa we would often spend our weekends outdoor.

When Helen was a baby she would cry all night long.

3. in propozitii subordinate dupa: advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg,

command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose,
recommend, request, suggest, be anxious, be determined.

The doctor decided (that) the patient should have his appendix out.
 Mrs. Walker is anxious (that) her son should get the job.

4. cu it is / was + adjectiv + that…should:

It is essential that the students should get to their lesson on time.

It was strange that he should say that.

5. dupa can’t think, don’t know why sau see no reason why:

I can’t think why Frank should apologise.

I don’t know why my neighbour should do that.

I see no reason why we should worry.

6. cu oferte si cereri:

Would you prefer tea or coffee?

Would you like to see my stamp collection?

NOTA: Would rather… inseamna “a prefera sa”:

I would rather have coffee than tea.

7. in propozitii conditionale (if clauses). Exista trei tipuri de propozitii

conditionale in engleza:

Tipuri Propozitie principala Propozitie subordonata

Conditional I Viitor cu will Prezent simplu

(uneori Pres. Simple) (Present Simple)

Conditional II Conditional prezent IF Trecut simplu

(Present Conditional) (Past Tense)

Conditional III Conditional perfect Mai mult ca perfect

(Perfect Conditional) (Past Perfect)

Conditional I
Utilizare:

1. cand situatia din propoztia conditionala este probabila, sau se presupune

ca se va intampla. Desi sensul poate fi de prezent sau viitor, verbul din
propozitia conditionala este intotdeauna la timpul prezent:

The vase will break if you drop it.

If it snows on Christmas day, Emma and Ben will make a snowman.

Will you get me some milk, if you go to the supermarket?

2. verbele modale (ex: can, may, must, should) il pot inlocui pe will in
propozitia principala:

You can enter the stadium, if you have a ticket.

If he isn’t in, you may leave a message.

Jim must work very hard if he wants to get elected.

If you want to wear that dress in summer you should lose some weight. (sugestie
sau sfat)

3. cu doua timpuri prezente (cate unul in amandoua propozitiile) pentru a

indica rezultate automate sau obisnuinte:

If you push that button, the machine shuts down.

If you don’t ask for help, you don’t get it.

If you mix red and blue, you get purple.

4. cu timpuri prezente continue sau perfecte in propozitia conditionala:

If the Goodmans are coming for dinner, I’ll open a special bottle of wine.
(Prezent continuu pentru a indica un aranjament in viitor)

If you are making a cup of coffee, I’ll have one too. (Prezent continuu pentru a
indica o actiune in desfasurare in prezent)

If you haven’t seen that film yet, we’ll go tonight. (Prezent perfect pentru a indica
o legatura cu prezentul)
NOTA: Unless inseamna “if... not”:

Unless it’s a sunny day tomorrow, we won’t go to that picnic. (= If it is not a

sunny day tomorrow, we won’t go to that picnic.)

Otherwise inseamna “or else”:

You must study, otherwise you will fail the exam. (= You must study, or else you
will fail the exam. = If you don’t study, you will fail the exam.)

Conditional II

Utilizare:

1. cand situatia din subordonata conditionala este improbabila sau ipotetica:

If I won the lottery, I would stop working. (but I don’t believe I’ll win)

If you stopped breathing, you would die. (but you don’t intend to stop breathing)

If the distance to the train station were shorter, I would walk there. (the distance is
unlikely to change)

If I were you, I’d buy a bigger car. (but I’m not you)

NOTA: If I were you poate fi folosit si pentru a da sfaturi:

If I were you, I’d apologise to her.

2. pentru a sugestie politicoasa sau pentru a exprima o ipoteza perfect

realizabila. Comparati:

If we go in two cars, we will be more comfortable.

If we went in two cars, we would be more comfortable. (mai politicos)

3. verbele modale la un timp trecut il pot inlocui pe would. Sensurile se

modifica in mod corespunzator. Comparati:
 If Mr. Lynch applied for the job, he would get it. (sigur)

If Mr. Lynch applied for the job, he might get it. (posibil)

If Mr. Lynch got the job, he could start next Monday. (implica abilitatea sau
permisiunea)

Conditional III

Utilizare:

1. cand situatia din subordonata conditionala este in trecut, deci imposibila:

If we had taken an umbrella with us last night, we would not have got wet. (we
didn’t take an umbrella last night and so we got wet)

If Jack had studied law at the university, he would have been a lawyer now. (but
Jack didn’t study law, he studied something else)

2. verbele modale could (abilitate sau permisiune) si might (posibilitate)

pto inlocui wouldin propozitia principala:

I could have made a cake for you if I had known it was you birthday. (abilitate)

The prisoner might have been let out on parole, if he hadn’t fought with his
cellmate. (posibilitate)

NOTA: If only se poate folosi la toate tipurile de conditional pentru a sublinia speranta, dorinta
sau regretul.

If only we had some money with us, we would take the cab.

If only we had paid the bill earlier, we would not have been evicted.