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formal, rezulta ca
lim P (x) = lim (a 0 xn)
x~±oo x~±oo
8 Pe baza celor precedente tratam acum problema limitei intr-un punct pentru
funcfiile rafionale.
Fie polinoamele P ~i Q, precum ~i functia f: D ~· IR 4 IR, f (x) = ~ ~:~ ,.
.,D = {x Ix e IR, Q (x) -:t:. O}. Fie, de ~semenea, punctul x0 e IR. Atunci, prin trecere ' •
la limita pentru x 4 x0 , pot apiirea mai multe cazuri posibile.
. ~ d
2 2
. x +2x+3 . x +2x+3 6
1im nu ex1sta ar / = 11m =- =.-oo
x~I x-1 · ' · s x~I (x-1) 3 -0 '
x<I
Id = lim x2 + 2x + 3 = ~ = oo
x~I (x-1) 3 O+
x>I
a3) Q (xo) = 0, P (xo) = 0 Se obtffie lim P(x) =~ - operatie Iara sens. 0 evitam
_ x-H0 Q(x) 0
tinfuid serum ca, in acest caz P ~i Q se pot scrie sub fonna P (x) = (x - .xo) Pi (x),
Q (x) = (x -xo) Qi (x) ~i atunci
. /( ) (x - x0 ) Pi (x) . ,fi(x)
11m x=un 1. 1u n - -
x-+xo x-no (x-x 0 )Q1(x) x-+xo Q1(x)
dupii care, calcularea limitei continua confonn celor anterioare daca Pi ~i Qi nu se
anuleaza simultan in x 0 • Daca Pi (x0) = Qi (x0 ) = 0 (valoarea x = x 0 este radacina
dubla comuna a celor doua polinoame) rationamentul se repeta.
-~ lim x3-x2-x+l = lim (x-1)2 (x+l) .= lim x+i =3.
~ x-+I x 3 -3x+2 x-+1 (x-1) 2 (x+2) x-+I x+2 3
b) Dacii x 0 = ± oo iar cele doua polinoame sunt:
P(x)=a0xm +a1xm-I + ... +am, Q(x)=b0xn +qxn-I + ... +bn
confonn 1) de tit 7.2. vom avea fonnal
ao lim xm-n daca m > n
bo x-.+±co
a xm a
lim f (x) = Jim - 0- - = _Q_ dacam =n
x-+ ±co x-+±co b xn b0
0
0 dacani <n
~
2 3
lim 3x +5x+4 =O. lim 2x +4x+9 =-2 ·
~ x-+0 2x3 +x 2 +I 'x-+-co -x3 +x+2 '
5
lim 2x + 3x + 4 =_3_ (00) 3 =00
x-+ - co - 3x 2 + x - 9 3
a) lim sm(x-~)
x--.-3 5x-3
5
sinx I
x 2 -I
1
a) lim xx; b) lim ( -)
x~O x~I x-1
x>O x>I
Rezolvare. a) Consideram f (x) = xX, deci ln/ (x) = x ln x ~i introducand
1
ln--
1 x-1
lim ln/(x) = lim (x + 1) · lim (x-1) · ln-- = 2 lim
x~I x~I x~I x-1 x~I 1
x>I x>I x>I
X-'1
1
Procedand ca la punctul a) (Y = - -) obtinem
x-1
lim ln/(x) = 0, deci lim f(x) =1.
x~I x~I ·
x>I x>I
Observape. In rezolvare am folosit, dupa cum s-a observat, urmatorul rezultat
remarcabil lim lnx =0 (p ~ IR,p > 0) (logaritmul cre~te mai incet ca puterea)
x~oo Xp
cunoscut pentru ~iruri analoage. Il mentionam impreuna cu
x
lim !!:._ =oo (a> 1,p > O)(exponentiala cre~te mai repede ca puterea)
x~oo Xp
0 ~1 1
31
. x ( (x + 1) 2 + ;/x + 1 + 1) 3
Cazul - 1) lim : x + - hm "t/ =-
0 x~ov;+l_-1 x~O x(.Jx+l+l) 2
. (a +b)x . (b-a)x
2 sm sm--- b2 _ 2 b2 _ 2
. cosax-cosbx
. 2 2 0 0
2) llm - - - 2- - = 1Im---=------=--
x (a+b)x (b-a)x
---=---
x-+0
(a.,±b)
x-+0 4 2
2 2
,,-;
. I oo l) . vx- +1 +v2x +1
3 r:-;-:
3
J ~1+
1_ x
1
x
2
2
+V2+ ~ J(~x +x+x)
C azu - 1Im = 1I. m - - - - - - - - - - -
----- 00 X-+«> X(~X2 +X-X) X-+ «> X2
. ax+ln(e-ax +1)
1I m - - - - - -
x--+00 bx+ In (e-bx + 1)
r
•
Cazul
-
oo-«/ J) Jim (.Jx' +x -.Jx -x) =Jim },-2-~
• x -+ qo
2
+
=
X-+GO X2 +X X2 -X
r 2x 1
=.~x(R+RJ=
2) lim(e2x-ex)= lim e 2x(l-e-x)=oo 3) lim(x-lnx)= lim x(l- lnx)=oo
x--+oo x--+oo x--+oo x--+oo . X
2
. ( sinx ) . ( sinx sin x) . sinx(l-sinx)
4) 11ml! - -2- t g 2 x = 11ml! - -
2
- -2- = 11mIt 2
=
x-+- COS X x-+- COS X COS X x-+- COS X
2 2 2
sinx 1
= lim =-
x-+.!l+sinx 2
2
. .1t
B
sm-
1) lim xsinl:= lim __x_.1t = 1t
· x-+co X x-+co 1t
x
. ·
. -I
. . 2 -I . 2
- I [ ex
--
I -1
I x+l 1 ]. x2
2) limx (ex-ex+l)=limx ex+l · · =lim 1
x-+co x-+co _!_ __l_ x(x+l) x-+cox(x+l)
x x+l
3) . ( - x +1 x ) 1· , '
Inn x arctg-- - arctg- = nn x arctg 2
x+2 . Folosim
x-+ co x+2 x+2 x-+ co 2x + Sx + 4
. . x+l x ~ x+2
sub st1tupa y = arctg- - arctg--, rezu1ta: tg y .=>.
, x+2 x+2 2x 2 +Sx+ ·4
x+2 d .
=> y = arctg 2
, ec1
2x +Sx+4
x+2
. arctg 2
lim x . 2x + Sx + 4 x .+ 2 x 2 +2x 1
lim .
x-+ co x+2 2x 2 + Sx + 4 x-+co2x 2 +Sx+4 2
2x 2 +Sx+4
2sinx
~) Iim(1+s~nx}.; = x-+0
~ x-40 1-smx
tim[(1+ 2s~x )';::r-..,,> =•'
1-smx
unde A = 2x ln-x-,
. x+l
~i lim 2x ln-x- = 2 lim ln.(2-.:)x =
x-+co x+l x-+co x+l
L ·fi rsa -
CaZul 0
·
lim x" x =!. Notiim f (x) =x" x
ca x-+0
x>O ·
(x > 0,
1
= lim sinx · --Iim xlnx= lim lnxX, deci lim /(x)=l.
x~O X COSX x~O x~O x~O
x>O x>O x>O x>O
lim (sinxtosx
B
1t
(sinx)cosx x~-
2
Li
lim (tgx)cosx = lim . =-=l, unde
x~~ x~~(cosxtosx lim (cosx)cosx L2
. . . ~2 2 1t
x~-
1t 1t
x<- x<- 2
2 2