BRVKENTHAL.

ACTA MVSEI

XVI. 1
 MINISTERUL CULTURII

MUZEUL NAŢIONAL BRUKENTHAL

BRVKENTHAL

ACTA MVSEI

XVI. 1

Sibiu / Hermannstadt, 2021

EDITOR IN CHIEF: prof. univ. dr. Sabin Adrian LUCA

SECRETARIAL REDACTION: Dr. Claudia URDUZIA

Dr. Daniela DÂMBOIU
Dr. Ioan TĂUŞAN
Iulia - Maria PASCU
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD:
Dr. Dana HRIB
Dr. Raluca-Maria TEODORESCU
Dr. Alexandru SONOC
Dr. Rodica CIOBANU
Dr. Dorin BARBU
ASSOCIATED MEMBERS TO THE BOARD:
Prof. Dr. Docent Theodor Anton NEAGU (Member of the Romanian Academy)
Prof. Univ. Dr. Ioan-Aurel POP (Member of the Romanian Academy)
Prof. Univ. Dr. Paul NIEDERMAIER (Member of the Romanian Academy)
Prof. Univ. Dr. Conrad GÜNDISCH (Universität Oldenburg - Germania)
Prof. Univ. Dr. Erika SCHNEIDER – BINDER (Universität Karlsruhe, Bereich
WWF Auen Institut - Germania)
Prof. Univ. Dr. Zeno - Karl PINTER („Lucian Blaga” University Sibiu)
Prof. Univ. Dr. Rudolf GRÄF („Babeş – Bolyai” University Cluj Napoca)
Prof. Univ. Dr. Nicolae SABĂU ( „Babeş – Bolyai” University Cluj Napoca)

ISSN: 2285-9470 ISSN-L: 1842-2691

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sabin Adrian LUCA, In memoriam Claudiu Iuliu Munteanu (1979-2021) ……………….…..…………... 7

*
Florentin PERIANU, Sabin Adrian LUCA, Ana-Maria PĂPUREANU, A Spondylus Gaederopus
Linnaeus, 1758 Bead Discovered at Tărtăria Gura Luncii Site (Alba County) in the 2019 Systematic
Excavation Campaign ……………….…..……………………………………………...…………………....……. 15
Oliver DIETRICH, Die Bronzezeitlichen Tüllenbeile aus dem Brukenthal-Museum Sibiu. Ein
Kommentierter Katalog ……………….…..………………………………………………………………....……. 35

*
Claudiu MUNTEANU , Sorin COCIȘ, Roman Brooches found in Sibiu County ………..……...…..…..… 121
*
Claudiu MUNTEANU , Contributions to Sibiu County Archaeological Repertoire (III) ..…….…..…..… 133
Claudiu MUNTEANU, Raluca Maria FRÎNCU, Older and Newer Coin Discoveries from Transylvania 137
Cristiana TĂTARU, The Ottoman Coin Hoard found at Veștem, Sibiu District ……………….………….. 141
*
Borbála BENDA, Kitchens in the Aristocratic Courts in Early Modern Hungary ……………….……….. 165
Tudor A. MARTIN, A Hoard of 17 -18 Centuries Coins found near Râșnov, Brașov County …….…..
th th
173
Razvan C. POP, Between Principality and Grand Principality: Landmarks of the Demographic
Evolution of Transylvania in the 17th and 18th Centuries ………………….………………………………… 193
Alexandru Gh. SONOC, Two Swedish Copper Plate Coins (Daler) from the Brukenthal National
Museum’s Collection and an Account about Martin Schmeizel’s Adventures in Sweden (1709 And
1712) ……………………………………..…………………………………………………………………..………. 199
Radu TEUCEANU, The Portfolio of Old Maps Convolut Verschiedener Karten in the Brukenthal
Cartographic Cabinet ……………..………………..………..……………………………………………………. 217
Alexandru Gh. SONOC, Dorin BARBU, Ioan BRAI, Remarks on Two Indian Sabres from a Private
Collection from Șelimbăr, Occasioned by Their Conservation ………………………………………………. 245
Alexandru NICOLAESCU, Higiena și Școala [Hygiene and School] Magazine, a Promoter of
Education among the Romanians of the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1876-1880) …………………………. 279
*
Jan DE MAERE, A Rediscovered Saif Sheds Light on the Creation of Arab Identity in the Middle East
(1909-1922) ……………………………………………..……..……………………………………………………. 287

*
Dana Roxana HRIB, Brukenthal National Museum in 2020: A Chronicle of History Exhibitions and
Events ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 311
*
Michaela Spataro, Starčevo-Criş ceramic and technology: the first potters of the middle Danube Basin,
Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, Aus dem Institut für Ur- und Frühgeschichte
der Universität Kiel, Band 341, Neolithikum and Chalkolitikum in Südosteuropa, vol. 4, In
Kommission bei dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH, Bonn, 2019 – A Review (Anamaria TUDORIE) …...………. 313
*
List of Abbreviations………........................................................................................................................ 315
 BETWEEN PRINCIPALITY AND GRAND PRINCIPALITY:
LANDMARKS OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC EVOLUTION OF TRANSYLVANIA IN THE 17TH AND
18TH CENTURIES

Răzvan C. POP*

Abstract: This paper is intended to be a small contribution to the research of Transylvania. I want to capture
the evolution of the population between the 17th and 18th centuries. This period captures the transition of
Transylvania from the status of an autonomous Principality under Ottoman suzerainty to that of a Grand
Principality, as an integral part of the Habsburg Empire. This transition from a suzerain state under the
influence of a peripheral European, Muslim empire, with all its requirements, to the province of a Christian,
Catholic, Central European empire brought to Transylvania major changes from a political, military,
economic, cultural, and obviously social perspective. This article aims to provide a small image on this
phenomenon.
Keywords: Transylvania, the Habsburg Empire, Demography, 17th Century, 18th Century.

Rezumat: Lucrarea de față se dorește a fi un aport în cercetarea Transilvaniei. Ne dorim a surprinde

evoluția populației între secolul al XVII-lea și cel de-al XVIII-lea. Această perioadă suprinde trecerea
Transilvaniei de la statutul de Principat autonom sub suzeranitate otomană în acela de Mare Principat, ca
parte integrantă a Imperiului Habsburgic. Această trecere de la un stat suzeran aflat în sfera de influență a
unui imperiu musulman periferal european, cu toate cerințele sale, la provincie a unui imperiu creștin,
catolic, central European a adus în Transilvania schimbări majore din punct de vedere politic, militar,
economic, cultural și evident social. Articolul de față dorește să ofere o mica perspectivă a acestui fenomen.
Cuvinte cheie: Transilvania, Imperiul Habsburgic, demografie, secolul XVII, secolul XVIII.

In the 18th century, Transylvania’s population was
still agricultural. An average family consisted of
at least five members. (Glodariu et al 1997, 655)
Due to the countless conscriptions documented by
the Habsburg bureaucracy, contemporary
researchers are familiar with the structure and the
number of the various social categories of
Transylvanian society. At the time, there were
serfs, free peasants, the lower nobility, the middle
nobility and the upper nobility, citizens living in
towns and cities, most of whom were craftsmen
and traders, as well as officials and military men.
Their ethnic and geographical data can be
retraced, whereas their biological line is still a
matter of debate.
The administrative structure of the Transylvanian
territory included estates, villages, towns, and
cities where citizens proper and sub-urban, all
lived. All of these were grouped into counties,
seats, districts and border territories.
Prior research emphasizes the fact that
Transylvania had about a million inhabitants in
the 17th century: the Romanians in the areas of
Făgăraș, Hațeg, Mărginimea Sibiului, Maramureș
* Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu; razvan.pop@sibiu.ro.
and other small areas; the Hungarians in the Sălaj
– Cluj – Mureș area, the Saxons from Orăștie to
Sighișoara and Brașov as well as Bistrița; the
Szeklers around Ciuc and Sfântu Gheorghe. There
were also Armenians, Jews, and a small minority
of Gypsies. The small number of inhabitants was
engendered by countless internal conflicts, foreign
military interventions, plague epidemics and
famine, which led to a significant oscillation in
population numbers. The number of Sighișoara
citizens (Niedermaier 2012, 139), for example,
and of Alba Iulia decreased to lower numbers than
those of the previous century. In 1631, Sighișoara
had 2,115 inhabitants and 40 years later the
number rose to 4,400, including the suburban
population. Professor Paul Niedermaier conducted
thorough research on the evolution of the
population in Transylvania. First, he noticed that
the population generally decreased from 1600 to
1700. Although at the beginning of the
seventeenth century there were a number of
approximately 1,200,000 inhabitants in
Transylvania, a hundred years later the number
decreased by half (Niedermaier 2012, 145).
The negative trend continued throughout the first
half of the 18th century, when the number of
families from Transylvania was almost halved as
 Brukenthal. Acta Musei, XVI. 1, 2021
Razvan C. Pop
compared to the early 16th century. There were
127,000 families in 1720/ 1721, as opposed to
205,000 families two centuries earlier. A
microanalysis shows that Alba Iulia lost a small
number of families. There were 13,500 families in
the 16th century and 10,100 in 1720/ 1721
(Niedermaier 2012, 34). The privileges granted in
1623 and 1625 allowed Gabriel Bethlen to bring a
small community of Jews to Alba Iulia (Dumitran
2015, 238). They received the right to settle and
preserve their religious beliefs, traditions and the
right to trade. By contrast, in Cluj Napoca the
situation was much worse, as the city lost two
thirds of its families. Their number dropped from
16,800 to 6,500 in 1720/ 1721 (Niedermaier 2012,
134). The sieges on the city had serious effects.
The city of Sebeș needed about ten years for its
population to return within its walls after
unremitting attacks.
The villages comprised 15 to 150 houses or one-
chimney dwellings (Deletant et al 1998, 244),
whereas the towns amounted to more than 500
houses. In the mid-18th century, the school rector's
catalogue lists from Sibiu included 1,300 – 1,400
families (Nagler 1997, 188). In 1710, the
population numbers rose to 9,984 inhabitants
(Moldovan 2009, 6). Mediaș had 2,500 – 3,000
inhabitants at the beginning of the 18th century
(Nacu 2018, 220).
There is little information regarding the estimated
population at the beginning of the 18th century in
Transylvania, from 1690 to 1720 (Andea et al
1997, 656). The numbers range from 500,000 –
600,000 to almost a million inhabitants (Nagler
1997, 188). Obviously, in the second half of the
18th century, there was an important demographic
growth by comparison to the period before
Transylvania’s integration into the Habsburg
Empire. In the history compendium of
Transylvania coordinated by Ion Glodariu (Andea
et al 1997, 658 – 659), four plague epidemics,
three periods of famine, three rebellions and other
similar episodes causing large numbers of victims
are mentioned.
However, in the 18th century, Transylvania’s
population growth was due to several elements
related to its agricultural, economic, military and
political evolution. The improvement of
agricultural techniques leading to higher
productivity and output, the growth of arable land,
the emergence of new food and agricultural
products such as potatoes and corn, the land
deforestation and grubbing-up, the drainage and
irrigation of land, the progress of medicine and
194
public hygiene, massive population migrations
from Wallachia and Moldavia (Andea et al 1997,
656) and from the hereditary provinces of the
Empire are all theoretical causes of the population
growth. Count de Clary (Dumitran 2017, 519)
remarked on a surplus population in Transylvania
in 1772, whereas in 1790, Martin Hochmeister
mentioned a population of about 1,500,000
inhabitants on the territory of the Grand
Principality (Hochmeister 2007, 35). During this
period, a series of events marked the demography
of the Grand Principality. The Counter-
Reformation, the forced migration, and the arrival
of non-native labour force in Transylvania, the
first steps towards industrialization and territorial
redevelopment, to name but a few factors, led to
population displacement, sudden population
increases and changes in the religious makeup of
the population. For example, the building of the
star-shaped fortification led to the displacement of
approximately 2,500 inhabitants from Alba-Iulia
(Anghel 1996, 74).
The massive number of workers living on the
most important Transylvanian site must be
mentioned at this point, as their number ranged
between 10,000 and 20,000 (Anghel 1986, 250).
From a social and demographic perspective, the
non-native population was almost ten times larger
than the real number of citizens living in Alba
Iulia. Similarly, in 1711, no less than 2,000
officials, alongisde workers from the former site
of the star-shaped fortification were living in
Sibiu. Nonetheless, they were outnumbered by the
citizens. Furthermore, a rapid population growth
was recorded in Brașov at the end of the century.
Thus, in 1771, Brașov had 17,563 inhabitats.
During the next fourteen years, every three years,
their number grew by a few hundred. In 1788, the
population amounted up to 18,118, more precisely
5,112 in 615 houses in the city, 6,200 in 1,400
houses in the Schei suburb, 3,195 in 600 houses in
the Bartolomeu suburb, and 2,546 in 560 houses
in the Blumana suburb (Nussbacher 2016, 291).
Regis civitatis Szaszsebes investigatio anni 1703
(Niedermaier et al 2004, IV) mentions 1,933
inhabitants living in Sebeș. 711 Saxons lived in
Sebeș proper (within the city walls), whereas
Romanian inhabitants made up most of the
suburban population and amounted up to 921
people. Hungarians, Armenians, Serbs, and Jews
also lived there. However, by 1786 the number
had almost doubled, amounting up to 3,190
residents living in 533 houses, including landlers
who had their own suburbs. In the second half of
the 17th century, the population of Sighișoara
 Brukenthal. Acta Musei, XVI. 1, 2021
Between Principality and Grand Principality:
Landmarks of the Demographic Evolution of Transylvania in the 17th and 18th Centuries
comprised more than 4,000 inhabitants
(Niedermaier 2000, IV), whereas in 1765 the
population number decreased to 3,700. Later, as
Transylvania faced a general demographic
growth, the population grew to 5,517 inhabitants.
The Catholic religion contributed significantly to
maintaining the unity of the Empire. The
Habsburgs evinced extreme austerity in their
relationship with other religions within the
Empire. In the mid-18th century, foreign traders
and officers of the imperial army were the only
ones whose non-Catholic religion was tolerated.
About 100,000 self-exiled Protestant citizens left
the Empire (Oppenheimer 1995, 18). These
included very prosperous population categories
who left by their own wish and decision, thereby
causing an economic crisis. By way of marriage
or the purchase of estates, the Austrians would
gradually settle in Hungary and Bohemia (Görlich
1988, 139). In 1763, (Sigerus 1997, 45) the first
immigrants arrived in the region of Sibiu. These
are the landlers, Protestants from Carinthia, Land
ob der Enns, Salzkammergut, Upper Austria and
Styria (Sedler 2007, 85) who settled in the Saxon
localities near Sibiu: Apoldu de Sus, Cristian or
the current district of Sibiu, in Turnișor, Cisnădie,
in the Anabaptist community of Vințu de Jos, and
in Hălchiu. 210 Landler, first of them being from
the region of Dorlach, (Niedermaier et al 2004,
III) settled in Sebeș from 1744 to 1771. In 1734,
4,000 Landler settled throughout Transylvania
(Andea et al 1997, 661). The migration of the
Landler was not a continuous phenomenon, but
rather a phenomenon organized according to the
areas they came from. Thus, there were three
migration periods: from 1734 to 1737, from 1752
to 1756, and from 1773 to 1776 (Sedler 2013,
302). The fact that the military authorities decided
that the sons of the Romanian border guards in
Transylvania should become journeymen working
alongside craftsmen should also be mentioned.
This decision entailed a new increase in urban
population.
The nations of the Empire would not remain in a
medieval order, as Empress Maria Theresa
encouraged the Swabians to colonize Banat and
the south of Hungary, a process called “The Great
Coming of the Swabians” from 1763 to 1773
(Görlich 1988, 154). In 1772, Count Leopold von
Clary Aldringen mentioned approximately 10,000
Austrian transmigrants in his report entitled
“Straightening the Country” (Dumitran 2017,
517).
195
There were 763 administrative structures around
1750, fourteen more than in 1542 (Niedermaier
2012, 191). There were 139 structures around
Cluj, 104 structures in the region of Bistrița, 83
structures around Mediaș, 80 structures around
Alba Iulia, 70 structures in Sibiu, 62 structures in
Sebeș, 50 structures in Sighișoara, 19 structures in
Brașov (Niedermaier 2012, 189). There were also
border and mining localities. Thus, 364 localities
were recorded only in southern Transylvania.
In the early 18th century, the province had 3,133
villages, 75 small towns, most of them with fewer
than 100 families and 20 larger towns.
(Niedermaier 2012, 205). The largest village was
Rășinari, near Sibiu, an administrative centre that
significantly influenced its development. The
biggest trade town was Turda (Niedermaier 2012,
206), comprising over 500 families. The largest
city was Brașov (Niedermaier 2012, 242), with
over 17,000 inhabitants, including the suburbs.
The other cities were Cluj and Sibiu, both with
over 10,000 inhabitants, Alba Iulia, Baia Mare,
Bistrița, Mediaș, Sebeș, Sighișoara, Târgu Mureș.
There were also we cities which received urban
privileges in return for an annual fee (Niedermaier
2012, 205).
In 1720, episcopal cities had approximately 3,500
inhabitants, those formed around salt mines about
6,400 inhabitants, and mining cities comprised
approximately 700 inhabitants. Cities formed
around silver mines had approximately 300
inhabitants, whereas those organized around gold
mines consisted of 5,200 inhabitants (Niedermaier
2012, 251). The big cities united within their walls
36,900 inhabitants, the craft centres had
approximately 15,500 inhabitants, while 6,000
inhabitants lived in small towns (Niedermaier
2012, 251). According to professor Paul
Niedermaier, 78,400 Transylvanians lived in
urban areas.
The hierarchical structure of the localities was, in
order of increasing size: estates – villages – small
trade towns – towns – counties or seats - border
districts and territories (Andea et al. 1997, 655).
City populations comprised citizens proper and
suburbans. These included aristocrats, noblemen,
officials, military men, guild members, traders,
ecclesiastics, agricultural workers, as well as
marginal citizens.
The most urbanized population categories were
made up of Transylvanian Saxons. Nonetheless,
Romanians and Greeks also settled in cities,
particularly in Sibiu and Brașov, the most
 Brukenthal. Acta Musei, XVI. 1, 2021
Razvan C. Pop

important commercial centres of the Great Gherla and Gheorghieni as being the cleanest and
Principality. The Count of Clary (Dumitran 2017, most beautiful of Transylvanian cities.
523) regarded the Armenian cities of Dumbrăveni,

Tab. 1. The Early 18th Century (Niedermaier 2012, 207–208)

NO. CITY NO. OF FAMILIES

1 ALBA IULIA 600 families
2 BAIA MARE 1.100 families
3 BISTRIȚA 1.000 families
4 BRAȘOV over 2.000 families
5 CLUJ over 2.000 families
6 MEDIAȘ 600 families
7 SIBIU over 2.000 families
8 SIGHIȘOARA 800 families
9 TÂRGU MUREȘ 600 families

According to Imgard Sedler, the population of the
province amounted up to approximately 1,500,000
inhabitants in 1790 (Sedler 2007, 85). Ioan
Glodariu mentions 2,010,000 inhabitants (Andea
et al 1997, 669). Transylvania had 11 free royal
cities (Alba Iulia, Bistrița, Brașov, Cluj,
Dumbrăveni, Gherla, Mediaș, Sebeș, Sibiu,
Sighișoara, Târgu Mureș). The Josephine census
highlighted the fact that Brașov, Sibiu and Cluj
comprised over 10,000 inhabitants each, whereas
only Târgu-Mureș’s population exceeded 5,000
inhabitants. In 1785, Brașov had 17,671
inhabitants, whereof 4,496 lived within the city
walls, 6,124 in the Schei suburb, 2,946 in
Bartolomeu and 2,568 in Blumana (Nussbacher
2016, 110). That same year, Sibiu had 14,270
inhabitants. 10,818 people lived within the city
walls and 3,452 in the suburbs (Moldovan 2009,
6). Their status was regulated in 1786.

Tab. 2. Population Growth in Transylvania (Niedermaier 2012, 238–245)

BEGINNING OF THE 18th END OF THE 18th

NO. CITY 1673
CENTURY CENTURY
2.700
1 ALBA IULIA 3.500 inhabitants
inhabitants
2 BRAȘOV over 10.000 inhabitants
3 BISTRIȚA cca. 4.000 inhabitants
4 CLUJ over 10.000 inhabitants
5 DEJ 3.300 inhabitants
6 MIERCUREA CIUC 180 inhabitants
7 ODORHEIU SECUIESC 1.000 inhabitants
8 SIBIU over 10.000 inhabitants
9 TÂRGU SECUIESC 600 inhabitants
10 TURDA 3.300 inhabitants

196
 Brukenthal. Acta Musei, XVI. 1, 2021
Between Principality and Grand Principality:
Landmarks of the Demographic Evolution of Transylvania in the 17th and 18th Centuries

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(2016).
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 LIST OF ABREVIATIONS

AA Acta Adriatica.
ActaAH Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Budapest.
ACS Asociaţia culturală Sarmizegetusa.
ActaMN Acta Musei Napocensis, Muzeul Național de Istorie a Transilvaniei, Cluj-Napoca.
ActaMP Acta Musei Porolissensis, Zalău.
ActaSic ActaSiculica, Sfântu-Gheorghe
ActaTS Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu
AM Arheologia Medievală
Angustia Angustia, Muzeul Carpaților Răsăriteni, Sfântu Gheorghe.
AnB(SN) Analele Banatului, Serie nouă, Timişoara.
Annales UA Annales Universitatis Apulensis.
AP Andean Past.
Apulum Apulum. Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia.
Archaeo-Mal The Archaeo-Malacology Grup Newsletter, Wallingford, U.K.
Archeologické Archeologicke Rozhledy, Praga.
Rozhledy
ArchErt Archaeologiai Értesitö, Budapest.
Arheologia Arheologia, Sofia.
AȘU Analele Științifice ale Universității „Al. I. Cuza”, Iași.
ATS Acta Terrae Septemcastrensis, Sibiu.
AIIAC Anuarul Institutului de Istorie și Arheologie Cluj
AVSL Archiv des Verains für Siebenbürburgische Landeskunde, Neue Folge,
Hermannstadt/Sibiu
BAM Brvkenthal Acta Mvsei, Sibiu.
Banatica Banatica, Muzeul Banatului Montan, Reșița
BAR Brittish Archaeological Reports. International Series, Oxford.
BEN Bibliotheca Ephemeris Napocensis, Institutul de Arheologie și Istoria Artei, Academia
Română, Cluj-Napoca
BB Bibliotheca Brukenthal, Sibiu.
BCMI Buletinul Comisiei Monumentelor Istorice, București
BCSS Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţifice Studenţeşti. Arheologie – Istorie – Muzeologie, Alba Iulia.
BMA Bibliotheca Musei Apulensis, Alba Iulia.
BMN Bibliotheca MuseiNapocensis, Cluj-Napoca
BMN.CP Biblioteca Muzeului Național. Seria Cercetări Pluridisciplinare, Muzeul Național de
Istorie a României, București
BrukAM Brukenthal. Acta Musei, Muzeul Național Brukenthal, Sibiu
BS Biblioteca Septemcastrensis, Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu
BSNR Buletinul Societății Numismatice Române
CCA Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice, București.
CCDJ Cultură și Civilizație la Dunărea de Jos, Muzeul Dunării de Jos, Călărași
Cercetări Cercetări Istorice (Serie Nouă), Iaşi.
Istorice
CetDacTrans Cetăţi dacice din Sudul Transilvaniei, Bucureşti.
CN Cercetări Numismatice
ComArchHung Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungaricae.
Corviniana Corviniana. Acta Musei Corvinensis, Hunedoara.
Crisia Crisia, Tara Crisurilor Museum, Oradea.
Dacia Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire ancienne, Nouvelle Série, Bucharest.
DocPrae Documenta Praeistorica, Ljubljana.
Dolgozatok Dolgozatok, Szeged.
EJA European Journal of Archeology, Oxford.
FolArch Folia Archaeologica, Budapest.

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ForVL Forschungen zur Volks- und Landeskunde, Institutul de Științe Socio-Umane al Academiei
Române, Sibiu
Gumowski Marian Gumowski, Handbuch der polnischen Numismatik, Graz, 1960.
HERA Human and Ecological Risk Assessment.
Huszár Lajos Huszár, Münzkatalog Ungarn: von 1000 bis heute, München, 1979.
Izvestia Izvestija na Narodnija Muzej Varna.
JAS Journal of Archeological Sciences, , Amsterdam.
JSR Journal of Sedimentary Research, Tulsa, U.S.A.
Martin Ferenc Martin, Kolonialprägungen aus Moesia Superior und Dacia, Budapesta – Bonn,
1992.
MCA Materiale şi cercetări arheologice, Bucureşti.
MBR G. Buzdugan, O. Luchian, C. C. Oprescu, Monede şi bancnote româneşti, Bucureşti,
1977.
MemAntiq Memoria Antiquitatis. Acta Musei Petrodavensis, Piatra Neamţ.
MNJ Macedonian Numismatic Journal
MonArch MonumentaArchaeologica, Los Angeles, U.S.A.
Monografii - Muzeul Național de Istorie a României, București
PA Preistoria Alpina, Trento.
PaläontZ PaläontologischeZeitschrift, Berlin.
PB Patrimonium Banaticum, Direcția pentru cultură a județului Timiș, Timișoara
PBF Prähistorische Bronzefunde, München.
PMJH Publicațiile Muzeului Județean Hunedoara-Deva, Deva
Pontica Pontica, Constanța.
RA Revista de Arheologie, București.
RB Revista Bistriței, Bistrița.
Rengjeo Ivan Rengjeo, Corpus der mittelalterichen Münzen von Kroatien, Slavonien, Dalmatien
und Bosnien, Graz, 1959.
RepAlba Repertoriul arheologic al judeţului Alba, 1995.
RepArhSB Sabin Adrian Luca, Zeno-Karl Pinter, Adrian Georgescu, Repertoriul arheologic al
judeţului Sibiu, Sibiu, 2003.
RIC Harold Mattingly, Edward A. Sydenham, The Roman Imperial Coinage, III, London,
1930.
RMMMIA Revista muzeelor şi monumentelor. Monumente istorice şi de artă, Bucureşti.
SAA Studia Antiqua et Archaeologica, Universitatea „Al.I. Cuza”, Iași
Sargetia Sargetia. Acta Musei Devensis, Muzeul Civilizației Dacice și Romane, Deva
SCIV(A) Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie), Bucureşti.
SCN Studii și Cercetări de Numismatică
ScriptaGeo ScriptaGeologica, Leiden.
SIC.SH Studia Universitatis Cibiniensis. Series Historia, Universitatea „Lucian Blaga” din Sibiu
SlovArch Slovenská Archeológia, Nitra.
SMIM Studii și Materiale de Istorie Medie
StComBruk Muzeul Brukenthal, Studii și Comunicări – Științe Naturale, Muzeul Brukenthal, Sibiu
StudArchHis Studia Archaeologica et Historica. Nicolao Gudea Dicata. Bibliotheca Musei
Porolissensis IV/2001, Zalău.
StudPre Studii de Preistorie, București
SUBB Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Universitatea „Babeș-Bolyai”, Cluj-Napoca
Symposia Thracologica Symposia Thracologica, Bucureşti.
TCIC Techniques & Culture, Itinéraires de coquillages.
Thraco-Dacica Thraco-Dacica. Institutul Roman de Tracologie, Bucureşti.
TJS Turkish Journal of Zoology.
Wcoins a C. R. Bruce II (ed.), Standard Catalog of World Coins. Seventeenth Century. 1601 - 1700,
4th ed., Iola, 2008.
WCoins b C. R. Bruce II (ed.), Standard Catalog of World Coins. Eighteenth Century. 1701 – 1800,
3rd ed., Iola, 2002.
WMSDB Worldwide Mollusc Species Data Base.
Zargidava Zargidava. Revistă de istorie, Bacău.
Ziridava Ziridava. Studia Archaeologica, Muzeul Arad.

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