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Adunarea |[rii (Zemski Sobor) din 1613
Miniatur[ din manuscrisul Alegerea \arului Mihail
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|[rani ru=i
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S.V. Ivanov, Duma boiereasc[
184
|arii Mihail Feodorovici =i Aleksei Mihailovici reprezenta\i
pe o icoan[ din m[n[stirea Novospasski
(sf`r=itul secolului al XVII-lea
185
Daniil Vuhters. Portretul Patriarhului Nikon, fragment, 1660
186
Portretul \arului Aleksei Mihailovici, 1670
187
Stepan Razin
Gravur[ din cartea german[ Scurt[ povestire despre
revolta s`ngeroas[ din Rusia, 1671
188
|arul Feodor Alekseevici
Tablou al pictorului I. Bezmin, 1682
189
Slujba =i via\a preacuvio=ilor Serghie =i Nikon din Radonej,
Moscova, 1646, fila 1
190
Semnul crucii la staroveri
Manuscris de la ]nceputul secolului al XIX-lea
191
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Simon U=akov, Icoana Sfintei Fecioare din Kikk
193
Icoana Maicii Domnului din Kazan
194
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Arderea pe rug a Protopopului Avvakum, G`ndirea
starover[, 1913, nr. 2
196
S.V. Ivanov, }n vremea raskolului
197
Icoan[ ]nf[\i=`ndu-l pe protopopul Avvakum
198
Strelit
Desen din albumul lui E. Palmqvist, 1674
199
Regenta Sofia
Gravur[ dup[ A. Blomeling, cca. 1688
200
Revolta streli\ilor. Miniatur[ din Istoria lui Petru cel Mare
a lui P. Krek=in (prima jum[tate a secolului al XVIII-lea)
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A. Izvoare
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C. Studii =i lucr[ri despre reforma
patriarhului Nikon =i raskol
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pod nazvanijem staroobrjadcestva, Sankt-Petersburg, 1889.
2. Makarij (Bulgakov), Patriarch Nikon v dele ispravlenija
knig i obrjadov, Moskva, 1882.
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5. E.E. Golubinskij, K voprosu o sucnosti russkogo raskola
staroobrjadcestva, Ctenija imperatorskogo Obcestva Istorii i
Drevnostej Rossiiskich, 1905, III.
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strigolnikach i novych staroobrjadcach, Sankt Petersburg,
1795
7. N.F. Kapterev, Patriarch Nikon i ego protivniki v dele
ispravlenija cerkovnych obrjadov, Moskva, 1913.
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II, Serghiev Posad, 1909-1912.
9. N.F. Kapterev, Charakter otnoenij Rossii k pra-
voslavnomu Vostoku v XVI-XVII vekach, Moskva, 1914.
10. V. Karlovic, Istoriceskie issledovanija sluaije k
opravdaniju staroobrjadcev, I-III, Moskva, 1881-1886.
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Moskve v XVII veke do otkrytija Akademii, n Ocerki i reci,
Moskva, 1913.
13. A. Korenevskij, Cerkovnyje voprosy v Moskovskom go-
sudarstve v polovine XVII veka i dejatelnost patriarcha
Nikona, Russkaja istorija v ocerkah i statijah, izd. M.V. Dovnar-
Zapolski, T III), Kiev, 1912.
14. B.P. Kutuzov, Cerkovnaja reforma XVII-ogo veka, ejo
istinnyije priciny i cely, I-II, Riga, 1992.
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XVII-XVIII v., Sankt Petersburg, 1909.
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voraskolnicij dejatel, Rostov na Donu, 1905.
18. V.E. Makarov, Ocerk istorii staroobrjadcestva ot Nikona
do naich dnej, Bogorodsk, 1911.
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(drevlepravoslavnoj) cerkvy, Barnaul, 1999.
20. I. Peretruhin, Znacenije patriarcha Nikona kak re-
formatora Russkoj Cerkvi, Staroobrjadceskaja mysl, 1911, nr.
11-12.
206
21. I. Popov, Sbornik dlja istorii staroobrjadcestva, Moskva,
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22. I. Popov, Sv. Dmitrij Rostovskij i ego trudy, Sankt
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gioznoje custvo, Moskva - Ierusalim, 1994.
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1908.
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Sankt-Petersburg, 1895.
28. P.S. Smirnov, Istorija russkogo raskola staro-
obrjadcestva, Sankt Petersburg, 1903.
29. N.V. Ustiugov, N.S. Caev, Russkaja Cerkov i russkoje
gosudarstvo v XVII-om veke, Moskva, 1961.
30. A.S. Varakin, Ispravlenije knig v XVII-om stoletiji,
Moskva, 1910.
31. S.G. Vurgaft, I.A. Uakov, Staroobrjadcestvo. Lica,
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Moskva, Cerkov, 1996.
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Duchovnyje dvienija XVII veka, Munchen, 1970 (Reprint:
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D. Lucr[ri str[ine =i rom`ne=ti
1. Melchisedek (+tef[nescu), Lipovenismul, adic[
schismaticii sau r[scolnicii =i ereticii rusesci, Bucure=ti,
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207
3. Al. P. Arbore, A=ez[rile lipovenilor =i ru=ilor din Romnia,
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of the Raskol, The Hague Paris, 1975.
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vor?, Zorile, nr. 1/1990, nr. 1, 2-3, 4/1991.
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Denkmal der Anschaung der russischen Altglaubigen der I
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8. D. Cievskij, History of Russian Literature from XI c. to
the end of Baroque, S-Gravenhage, 1960.
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secolele XVIII-XIX, +tiin\[ =i Progres, 1940.
10. F.C. Conybeare, Russian dissenters, Cambridge, 1921.
11. Robert O. Crummey, The Old Believers and the World of
Antichrist: The Vyg Community and the Russian State, 1694-
1855, University of Winsconsin Press, Madison, 1970.
12. Demetriu Dan, Lipovenii din Bucovina, Candela,
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18. B.P. Hasdeu, Istoria toleran\ei religioase n Romnia,
Bucure=ti, 1868.
19. Mihail Marinescu, Scurt[ privire asupra istoriei
lipovenilor n Cntecul rusesc lipovenesc, I, Bucure=ti, 1988.
208
20. William Medlin, Moscow and East Rome, Geneve, 1952.
21. T. Melnicov, Istoria bisericeasc[ a raskolului, Br[ila,
1940.
22. Ion I. Nistor, Cercet[ri asupra cultului lipovenesc din
Romnia, Analele Academiei Romne; Memoriile Sec\iunii
Istorice, seria III, tomul XXIX, mem. 9, Bucure=ti, 1947.
23. William Palmer, The Patriarch and the Tzar, I-VII,
London, 1871-1876.
24. Pierre Pascal, Avvakum et les debuts du Raskol. La crise
religieuse au XVII-siecle en Russie, Liguge (Vienne), 1938.
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1930.
26. Paul Pierling, La Rusie et le St. Sige, Paris, 1896.
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Romn[, LXXVIII (1960), nr. 9-10.
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lipovenilor, Bucure=ti, f[r[ dat[.
30. K. Waliszewski, Le berceau dune dynastie. Les premiers
Romanoff (1613-1682), Paris, 1909.
31. H. Walsh, The great schism in Russia: new artistic
reactions on historical controversies, Clio, 1991, V. XXI, No. 1.
32. S. Zenkovsky, The Old Believer Avvakum, Indiana Slavic
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34. Ivan uek, Kormcaja Kniga, Orientalia Christianis,
Roma, 1964.
209
TPAIEHR PYCCKOIO PACKOAA
Pe]opma narpnapxa Hnxona n nauano crapoopxuecrna
Pesmue
Beeeuue
Bocrouno-enponecxoe xyntrypnoe npocrpancrno,
npanocnannoe c pennrnosno rouxn spennx, uacro
nocnpnnnmaercx xax nenonnxnoe n rom, uro xacaercx
pasnnrnx ne n mtmnennx, cpannnrentno c sanantm
npocrpancrnom. Taxoro poa nocnpnxrne ne coornercrnyer
ecrnnrentnocrn. nx onponepxennx noonoro noxoa x
yxonnocrn +roro npocrpancrna ocrarount cneymmne
npnmept: Vnnx c Pnmom Hpanocnanno Hepxnn na Vxpanne
(1596 r.) n pacxon Pyccxo Hepxnn n cepenne XVII-ro nexa.
Oa cotrnx onpeennnn na necxontxo cronern nepxonnym
ncropnm +rnx xpaen, a nx nocnecrnnx coxpanxmrcx n ntne.
Tema pacxona crana npemerom nccneonannx ocoenno
nx orocnonon, a norom n nx pyrnx cnennanncron:
ncropnxon, connonoron, +rnorpa]on n ]ontxnopncron,
nnrepecymmnxcx xax yxonntmn nonpocamn
crapoopxuecrna, momnoro pennrnosno-omecrnennoro
xnnennx pyccxo ncropnn, noxnnnmerocx nmenno ncnecrnne
pasenennx Pyccxo Hepxnn nocne pe]opmt narpnapxa
Hnxona, rax n cnercxnmn ero acnexramn. Tparenm pacxona,
xoropym pyccxn napo nepexnn n XVII-om nexe, no cnonm
macmraam, no yxonno rnynne n no cnoemy macconomy
xapaxrepy, cneyer onpeennrt ne nnaue, xax omecrnennym
n xyntrypnym penonmnnm.
Bennxne pyccxne mtcnnrenn n nncarenn, xax H.A.
Fepxen, A.H. Conxennntn nnn Banenrnn Pacnyrnn
cunramr, uro xopnn penonmnnn 1917 r. nyxno ncxart n
rparenn pacxona. C pacxona nauancx nponecc oruyxennx
211
poccncxnx nepxnnx rocnocrnymmnx cnoen or napoa,
noromy uro o]nnnantnax nepxont ne onaana yxonno
cnno, cnocono copart noxpyr cex nenccxxaemte
yxonnte pecypct pyccxoro napoa. 3ro npnneno x romy, uro
omecrnennt nsptn 1917 r. oxasancx nensexntm.
Inana 1-an. Hpeue1 n nc1opnorpaqnn nonpoca
Pyccxn nepxonnt pacxon XVII-ro nexa cnntno
nonnnxn na pasnnrne menrannreron n poccncxom omecrne,
ycnnnnax ero nonxpnsannm. Pyccxne nmn nno rxnynnct x
xoncepnarnnntm, oxpannrentcxnm nauanam, nno x
ononnennm, uro crano ouennntm n +noxy Herpa Bennxoro.
Pe]opma narpnapxa Hnxona ntsnana momnym onnosnnnm co
cropont yxonencrna n nepymmnx, noponnmym +ror
cnenn]nuecxn nx pyccxo ncropnn ]enomen:
c1apoopnuec1no.
O pacxone n crapoopxuecrne nanncano orpomnoe
xonnuecrno ncropnuecxnx nccneonann, no nentsx cxasart,
uro onn nce ntxcnnnn n +rom cnoxnom n npornnopeunnom
nonpoce. Ocraercx eme nemano nonpocon, rpeymmnx
rmarentnoro nccneonannx n oexrnnnoro, nenpensxroro
noxoa.
Ocnont cncremarnuecxoro nccneonannx crapo-
opxuecxoro nonpoca tnn sanoxent no nropo nononnne
XVIII-ro nexa mnrpononnrom Hnaronom (Henmnntm),
xoropt n cnoe nonemnuecxo xnnre Veem eo ymeepxeuue
ucmuuum u uaexm eo eeaueeuocuua umeu (1765),
ntraxct oxcnnrt necocroxrentnocrt orptna
crapoopxnen or o]nnnantno Hepxnn, ntnnraer nem
mentme naxnocrn, nropocrenennocrn opxa n nepxonno
xnsnn. Ho+romy crapoopxnt ne onxnt tnn orenxrtcx
or o]nnnantno Hepxnn ns-sa opxontx npnunn.
Ha raxo neonornuecxo ocnone n, xoneuno, yunrtnax
ocroxrentcrna, nosnnxmne nocne yupexennx
212
crapoopxuecxo Fenoxpnnnnxo nepapxnn, no nropo
nononnne XIX-ro nexa rax nastnaemax mnccnonepcxax
mxona, no rnane xoropo croxn npo]eccop Mocxoncxo
yxonno Axaemnn H.H. Cyornn, nauana nayunoe
nccneonanne pacxona. Orpomnt nxna n nccneonanne
pacxona nnec, co cropont o]nnnantno Hpanocnanno
Hepxnn, mnrpononnr Maxapn (Fynraxon).
Conepmenno nonym ncropnuecxym xonnennnm pacxona
ntnnnyn A]anacn Hpoxontennu Banon, xoropt
oxcnxn pacxon omecrnenntmn npnunnamn. nx Banona
pennrnosnte mornnt tnn rontxo oonouxo nx ncrnnntx
connantntx npnunn +roro ]enomena. Ho nyrn, orxptromy
Banontm, nomnn mnorne nccneonarenn rax nastnaemo
naponnuecxo opnenrannn, raxne xax: B.B. Anpeen, H.
Rson, A.C. Hpyrannn n pyrne.
Kpnrnxonann xonnennnm Banona H.H. Mentnnxon-
Heuepcxn n H.C. Hecxon, a nosnee H. Ipomornacon,
paccmarpnnammne pacxon nmenno xax pennrnosnoe xnnenne,
c xoroptm cnxsant nexoropte omecrnenno-nonnrnuecxne
acnexrt.
O pacxone n crapoopxuecrne nncann raxne nsnecrnte
ncropnxn xax C.M. Cononten nnn B.O. Knmuencxn, utn
pasmtmnennx nnecnn nennt nxna n yxcnenne naxntx
nonpocon, xacammnxcx crapoopxuecxoro nnxennx.
Orpomnoe snauenne nx nsyuennx pacxona nmemr rpyt
ncropnxon Pyccxo Hepxnn: H.u. Kanrepena n E.E.
Ionynncxoro, xoropte nepecmorpenn ncm xonnennnm
pyccxo nepxonno ncropnorpa]nn n ntxcnnnn nexoropte
naxnemne acnexrt, xacammnecx npnunn n ocroxrentcrn,
npnnemnx Pyccxym Hepxont n XVII-om nexe x raxomy
neuantnomy xnnennm xax pacxon. Cno nxna n nsyuenne
crapoopxuecrna nnecnn n xonne XIX-ro nexa raxne menee
nsnecrnte, no ouent aponnrte nccneonarenn, xax A.K.
Foposnn, C.A. Fenoxypon, H.u. Hnxontcxn, X.H.
Xapnamnonnu, E.B. Fapcon nnn H. Inener.
C 1905-ro r. nauann nynnxonartcx n crapoopxuecxne
213
anropt, cpen xoroptx cneyer ntennrt H.A. Knpnnnona n
B.I. Cenarona.
Hocne 1917-ro r., no nsnecrntm npnunnam, n Poccnn
nourn ne ntxonno rpyon o pacxone n crapoopxuecrne
nnnort o 60-x rr. XX-ro nexa. o 60-x roon noome ne
ntxonno nnxaxnx ceptesntx nayuntx paor o
crapoopxuecrne n pacxone, ecnn ne cunrart Hcmopum
Pvccro Hepreu H.M. Hnxontcxoro, xoropym anrop saxonunn
eme o ycranonnennx n Poccnn conercxo nnacrn, no ne nmen
nosmoxnocrn nsart o 1930 r.
B 60-e rot npomnoro cronernx, nsnecrnt ]nnonor,
cnennanncr no nonpocam pennepyccxo nnreparypt,
Bnanmnp Hnanonnu Mantmen nsan necxontxo
nponsneenn nporonona Annaxyma n nanncan ouent nennte
rpyt o ponn craponepon n xyntrype pyccxoro Cenepa.
Hont +ran n pasnnrnn conercxo ncropnorpa]nn
pacxona nauancx c 70-x rr. XX-ro nexa n cnxsan c nmenamn
Anexcanpa Hntnua Knnanona n Hnxonax Hnxonaennua
Hoxponcxoro, xoropte ntnnramr na nepnt nnan
connantnte nonpoct pacxona. Bospacrammn nnrepec x
crapoopxuecrny n nayuno cpee conercxo +noxn 70-80-
x rr. oxastnamr mnorouncnennte apxeorpa]nuecxne
+xcnennnn n re xpax, re npoxnnamr craponept,
orxptnmne nayunomy nccneonannm mnoxecrno
marepnanon n ncrounnxon no ncropnn n xyntrype o
nerponcxo penne Pycn n cocrnenno crapoopxuecrna.
Hynnxannx +rnx marepnanon n paora na nnmn nauanact
n 80-e rr. Ocote sacnyrn n +rom npnnanexar raxnm cne-
nnanncram xax H.B. Hoseena, E.F. Cmnnxncxax, E.A.
Areena, H.A. Hromen, I.H. uarnn n p.
Hccneonanne crapoopxuecrna n Poccnn n nocnenem
ecxrnnernn pacmnpnnoct n oorarnnoct. C 1992-ro r.
Apxeorpa]nuecxo Haoparopne ncr]axa MIV nsaercx
copnnx Mup cmapooopo:ecmea, n xoropt nxoxr
nanonee nnrepecnte rpyt no ncropnn n xyntrype
crapoopxuecrna, npecrannennte na pasnnuntx nayuntx
214
meponpnxrnxx +roro nepnoa n Poccnn. pyroe ouent
nnrepecnoe nsanne +ro xypnan Mysex ncropnn n xyntrypt
crapoopxuecrna (r. Mocxna) Cmapooopo:ecmeo:
ucmopu, rv.imvpa, coepe+euuocmi, xoropt nynnxyer xax
nccneonannx crapoopxuecrna n ncropnuecxo,
]nnoco]cxo nnn xyntryponornuecxo nepcnexrnne, rax n
rpyt, nocnxmennte conpemenntm nonpocam +roro
omecrnenno-pennrnosnoro xnnennx poccncxoro omecrna.
Ouent nnrepecnte rpyt o pyccxom pacxone tnn
nanncant na 3anae. Onn npnnanexar nepy pyccxnx
+mnrpanron n nnocrpanntx cnennanncron. Cpen nepntx
cneyer ntennrt paort Anrona Bnanmnponnua
Kapramena n Ceprex Anexcanponnua 3entxoncxoro,
ornnuammnecx xonnennne n cncremo nccneonannx
cnoxntx nonpocon pyccxoro nepxonnoro pacxona XVII-ro
nexa, a raxxe n nenpensxro, nnonne opoconecrno
nnrepnperanne cotrn no ncrounnxam.
Hnocrpannte cnennanncrt nnecnn cno nxna n
nsyuenne +roro ]enomena pyccxo ncropnn. Cpen nnx nao
ynomxnyrt raxnx nccneonarene, xax Bnnnnam Hantmep,
Htep Hacxant, a ns conpemenntx X. Fnnnnnrron, Poepr
Kpamme nnn upeepnx Konnnp.
B Pymtnnn nonpoct ncropnn pacxona sarparnnannct
sauacrym nccneonarenxmn, nnrepecymmnmncx pyccxnm
crapoopxuecxnm nacenennem +ro crpant, nsnecrntm no
nmenem nnnonane. K coxanennm, sect nccneonanne
ncropnn crapoopxuecrna o cnx nop ocnontnanoct na
nonoxennxx pacxononeon nropo nononnnt XIX-ro nexa,
xax en. Menxnceex (Bre]+necxy) nnn emerpny an.
Hocne 1989-ro r. noxnnnnct nexoropte crartn, n xoroptx
nonpoct pacxona paccmarpnnamrcx n conepmenno nnom yxe,
c yuerom nocnennx nayuntx nccneonann n +ro onacrn.
Cma cneyer ornecrn npexe ncero rpyt npo]. ueopa
Knpnn+, nocnxmennte ncropnn, xyntrype n xstxy pyccxnx-
nnnonan, a raxxe crartn, xacammnecx pasntx acnexron
xnsnn pyccxnx-nnnonan, onynnxonannte pymtncxnmn
215
cnennanncramn (n ocnonnom, ns cpet +roro nacenennx) n
o]nnnantntx nsannxx Omnnt pyccxnx-nnnonan
Pymtnnn.
Inana 2-an. Pasnn1ne poccnncxoro omec1na
n XVII-ou nexe
Poccncxoe omecrno ncrynnno na nont nyrt pasnnrnx
nocne npeoonennx Cmyrt nauana XVII-ro nexa. Boxpyr
nono nnacrnn Pomanontx cocpeorounnact nonnrnuecxax
n +xonomnuecxax +nnra, nepe xoropo croxna naxnemax
saaua: ntneenne crpant ns ecrnennoro nonoxennx
nyrem oycrpocrna connantntx n nonnrnuecxnx
nncrnryron n pasnnrnx +xonomnxn.
uro xacaercx nonnrnuecxo cncremt, cneyer ormernrt
naxnemym pont, xoropym nrpan 3emcxn Coop n nepnte
ecxrnnernx nocne Cmyrt. Ho mepe yxpennennx
camoepxanno nnacrn napx, 3emcxn Coop costnaercx nce
pexe, a c 50-x roon XVII-ro nexa ero concem ne costnann.
3xonomnxa crpant n +ror nepno pasnnnaercx
mnorocroponne, no nepannomepno xax c rouxn spennx
orpacne, rax n c rouxn spennx onacre Mocxoncxoro
rocyapcrna. Baxnemne npeopasonannx nponcxoxr n
connantno crpyxrype n n nnamnxe ornomenn mexy
pasnnuntmn cocnonnxmn poccncxoro omecrna, uro
orpasnrcx nosxe n mnorouncnenntx noccrannxx npemen
napcrnonannx Anexcex Mnxanonnua n ero npeemnnxon,
anmnx nono ncropnxam nasnart XVII-t nex n ncropnn
Poccnn ynramntm.
Inana 3-n. Peqopua1opcxne 1euennn n Pyccxon
Hepxnn n nepnon nononnne XVII-ro nexa
Pacxon Pyccxo Hepxnn n crapoopxuecxoe nnxenne
216
nauantnoro nepnoa nentsx nonxrt, ne yunrtnax
npemecrnymmnx pennrnosntx nnxenn n Poccnn,
oxnartnanmnx cepna n ymt mnornx pyccxnx nepymmnx n
nepno nononnne XVII-ro nexa. K +rnm reuennxm cneyer
ornecrn nnxenne nnxeropocxnx cnxmennnxon,
nosrnannennoe nporononom Hoannom Heponontm (r.n.
oronmnen), panxantnoe reuenne necntx crapnen n
xpyxox pennnrene narouecrnx, xya nomnn nanonee
axrnnnte ns oronmnen.
B 20-30-x roax XVII-ro nexa monoo nporonon Hoann
Heponon cran npononeonart n Hnxeropocxo ryepnnn
neoxonmocrt npancrnennoro n yxonnoro npeopasonannx
pyccxoro npanocnannx n conepmencrnonannx nepxonno
xnsnn.
Hnamennax npononet ero orpasnnoct xax n cpee
nepymmnx, rax n cpen yxonencrna. Bnnxnne npononee
nporonona tcrpo pocno, rax uro cnxmennnxn, copanmnecx
noxpyr Heponona, ocmennnnct nocnart n 1636 r. narpnapxy
Hoaca]y I (1634-1641) r.n. uenonrnym, n xoropo
onnctnann ecrnennoe npancrnennoe nonoxenne Hepxnn n
Poccnn n rpeonann or npecroxrenx cpountx mep no
nontmennm yponnx nept n nx cnacennx pyccxoro
npanocnannx or onacnocrn. Harpnapx orosnancx na
uenonrnym nporononon, npnnxn nexoropte mept no
ynopxouennm orocnyxennx n nontmennm npancrnennocrn
nepymmnx n Hnxnem Honropoe. Becrt o ycnexax
npononee Heponona tcrpo pacnpocrpanxercx no nce
Poccnn, n ronoca, rpeymmne or nepapxnn npeopasonann n
nepxonnt xnsnn, ycnnnnamrcx. Bcxope nourn ncx Pyccxax
Hepxont yer oxnauena yxom nonnnnoro npeopasonannx
pennrnosno xnsnn. Orcma xcno, uro nnxenne Heponona
npecneonano pe]opmy ne rontxo cocrnenno xyntronym n
nnryprnuecxym, no onee macmranym, oxnartnammym -
ncxox ns yuennx Cnxrtx Ornon n pyccxo cpenenexono
nepxonno rpannnn - camn npnnnnnt pyccxo nepxonno
xnsnn, .
217
Kaprnna pyccxoro pennrnosnoro nospoxennx nepno
nononnnt XVII-ro nexa yer nenonno es yuera
panxantnoro nnxennx necntx crapnen. Ono ornnuanoct
or oronmnen Heponona cnonmn xpannmn yuennxmn n
ecrnnxmn, conepmenno orpnnarentntm n
neccnmncrnuecxnm nsrnxom na oxpyxammn mnp. Hecntm
crapnam n nx croponnnxam mnp npecrannxncx ncrounnxom
ncex essaxonn, rpexa n sna, n no+romy n mnpy cnacenne
cunranoct nenosmoxntm. Honnnno xpncrnancxax xnsnt n
nnunoe cnacenne tnn nosmoxnt, no nx mnennm, rontxo n
yanennn or mnpa, n conmennn crpoxamnx nocron nnnort
o ymepmnnennx nnorn n n nocroxnno monnrne.
K coxanennm, nn]opmannx o +rom nnrepecnom
yxonnom nnxennn ouent cxyna, rax xax ee rnannte
npecrannrenn ne ocrannnn nnxaxnx sannce o cnoem yuennn
n oprannsannn. annte o necntx crapnax omnn o nac,
naroapx o]nnnantntm oxymenram rex npemen n
nponsneennxm nosnnx croponnnxon nx yuenn (xonen
XVII-ro nexa) nnn npornnnnxon. Inanntm yunrenem ns
necntx crapnen tn nexn monax Kannron, utn yuennx
orpaxann anoxannnrnuecxne nacrpoennx snaunrentno
uacrn nepymmero napoa npenennxoro napcrna
Mocxoncxoro, yuennx omemero o orpnnannx ranncrn
nepxonntx n noome Hepxnn, xax omecrna xnnymnx no
Xpncre. V Kannrona tno ouent mnoro yuennxon. Cxnrannx
n npecneonannx, xoroptm on noneprancx, cnococrnonann
pacnpocrpanennm ero ne n ynennuennm uncna
xannronontx yuennxon. Hs nnx ornnunncx nennxn n
npemypt Bannna, nponcxoxenne xoroporo o cnx nop ne
yanoct ycranonnrt. Kannron, a sarem Bannna n pyrne
necnte crapnt naexnnct npenparnrt Poccnm n crporn
monacrtpt, xanmn Crpamnoro Cya.
Kpyxou peeuumeue uaeouecmua
Hen Heponona tcrpo pacnpocrpanxnnct no nce
218
Poccnn. B Mocxne rnanntm npononennxom nepxonnoro
nospoxennx cran yxonnnx monooro napx Anexcex
Mnxanonnua, nporonon Cre]an Bonn]arten, xoropomy
yanoct cnnornrt neontmym, no nnnxrentnym rpynny,
nrpanmym naxnym pont n nepxonno xnsnn Poccnn sa
necxontxo ner o nnxononcxoro narpnapmecrna. 3ra rpynna
crana nsnecrna no nasnannem rpvrra peeuume.e
o.aeo:ecmu. B xpyxox nxonnn raxne nnunocrn xax napt
Anexce, monoo oxpnn ueop Prnmen, nporonepe Hnan
Heponon n pyrne ero ennomtmnennnxn, xax apxnmanpnr
Hnxon, yymn narpnapx nnn nporonon Annaxym, xoropomy
npecroxno cenartcx camtm pennocrntm samnrnnxom
craponepnx.
Hepntm snaunrentntm ycnexom pennnrene naro-
uecrnx tno nneenne eouuoe.acu n orocnyxennn, ]axr
npnnemn x ceptesnomy ynopxouennm exrentnocrn
Hepxnn n c]epe pnryana n nnryprnuecxo xnsnn. 3ra noea
ocranact pennnrenxm anexo ne nerxo, rax xax mnorornacne
ro ecrt ononpemennoe nenne n urenne pasnnuntx uacre
ro xe cnyxt nmeno onontno mnoro croponnnxon xax
cpen mnpxn, rax n cpen yxonencrna. Ennornacne
xnnxnoct nepntm xonxperntm nynxrom nporpammt xpyxxa,
oponmerocx, xax n 30-te rot Heponon (xcrarn, on xnnxncx
ymom cronnuno rpynnt pennnrene narouecrnx), sa
noem npancrnennoro, ymcrnennoro n xyntrypnoro yponnx
yxonencrna n npocrtx xpncrnan, npexpamenne ecnopxxon
n nponeennn orocnyxenn n rounoe conmenne ncex ero
npannn.
Kpome nneennx ennornacnx, nnnxnne pennnrene
narouecrnx tno snaunrentntm n ene nasnauennx
enncxonon, nacroxrene ontmnx ropocxnx npnxoon nnn n
monacrtpcxo amnnncrpannn. exrentnocrt xpyxxa
orpasnnact n n nontrxax nnacre npenparnrt n xnsnt
neant nnxennx nporonona Hoanna Heponona n cosart
ycnonnx nx ynyumennx npancrnennoro nonoxennx
nacenennx, cnecrn x mnnnmymy ntxncrno, npnnneut napo x
219
Hepxnn n ynnuroxnrt ocrarxn xstuecrna n napono xnsnn.
Ho ycnexn pennnrene, xorx n snaunrentnte, tnn nce-
raxn orpannuenntmn. 3ro ocoenno orpasnnoct n Coopnom
Vnoxennn, ocnonntm mpnnuecxnm xoexce Poccnn n XVII-
XIX nn., cornacno xoropomy amnnncrpannm nepxonnoro
nmymecrna oecneunnaer rocyapcrno nocpecrnom
cnennannsnponannoro oprana, nastnanmerocx
Monacrtpcxnm Hpnxasom. Vnoxenne pacmnpnno npana
rocyapcrna n npanxmnx cocnonn sa cuer Hepxnn. Tem ne
menee, nocnenne rpn roa narpnapmecrna Hocn]a tnn
roamn nourn nonnoro rocnocrna Hepxnn na rocyapcrnom
n ropxecrna nen npanocnannoro reoxparnuecxoro
rocyapcrna. B +rn rot, n cepnax n ymax pyccxnx
npanocnanntx xpncrnan cosananoct nneuarnenne, uro
Poccnx ncxope craner ocrono ecrnnrentnoro Hapcrna
Cnxroro yxa.
Inana 4-an. Peqopua na1pnapxa Hnxona n nauano
c1apoopnuecxoro nnaennn
4.1. Hepuoeuo-opaoeaa npaumuua e Poccuu u eonpoc
ucnpaeueuua oeocuyxeumx uuue
onroe npemx n pyccxo nepxonno ncropnorpa]nn
pe]opma narpnapxa Hnxona cnonnact x nonpocy
ncnpannennx orocnyxentx xnnr n opxon. Oxcnxnn
sauacrym, uro pe]opma tna neoxonma Pyccxo Hepxnn,
rax xax ee nexoropte opxt ne coornercrnonann
npanocnannm, a n ee orocnyxentx xnnrax, na nporxxennn
npemenn, naxonnnoct mnoxecrno omnox, oneuarox nnn
nenpannntntx nepenoon c rpeuecxnx opnrnnanon.
220
A npn Hnxone nce +ro xxot tno ncnpanneno, n
Pyccxax Hepxont onxna tna nrn nnepe, orpocnnmn
raxnm opasom nenpanocnannte nnn omnounte unnt n
opxt, n rexcrt pasnnuntx orocnyxentx xnnr. Onaxo,
nonpoc ncnpannennx pyccxnx opxon n orocnyxentx
xnnr ne rax yx npocr, a ntmenpnneennoe oxcnenne,
nexora rocnocrnonanmee n nepxonno-ncropnuecxo nayxe,
conepmenno nenpnemnemo renept. Ono ncxonr ns
omnounoro nonoxennx, uro Pyccxax Hepxont xxot
yxnonnnact or rpeuecxoro opasna opxa, pasnnnax
cnoeopasnym opxonym n nnryprnuecxoro npaxrnxy, ne
connaanmym c rpeuecxo.
Ha omnounocrt +ro nen yxastnann n crapo-
opxuecxne nonemncrt. Onn oxcnxnn pasnnunx mexy
pyccxnmn n rpeuecxnmn opxamn nsmenennxmn opxono-
nnryprnuecxo npaxrnxn rpexamn n XIII-XV nexax, ocoenno
nocne sanoenannx xpecronocnamn Koncranrnnononx (1204 r.)
n unopenrncxo Vnnn (1439 r.), no nnnxnnem xaronnnnsma.
Bonpocam opxontx pasnnun mexy Pyccxo
Hepxontm n rpexamn sannmannct raxne xpynnte ncropnxn,
xax H.u. Kanrepen n E.E. Ionynncxn, xoropte nnecnn
cymecrnennt nxna n ero pasxcnenne. Oa onn oxcnxnn,
uro pasnnunx +rn noxnnnnct ne noromy, uro pyccxne sanenn
ocote opxt, a noromy, uro y rpexon cran omenpnnxrtm
Hepycannmcxn Vcran, ornnuammncx n nexoroptx nynxrax
or Cryncxoro, xoroptm nontsonanact Pyccxax Hepxont eme
co npemen Kpemennx Pycn (988 r.).
B xonne XIV-ro nexa mnrpononnrt uorn n Knnpnan
npenpnnxnn nexoropte marn no npnnxrnm Hepycannmcxoro
ycrana (nnn Vcrana Cn. Cannt Ocnxmennoro), no eno ne
tno oneeno o xonna, rax uro Pyccxax Hepxont
npoonxana necrn orocnyxennx no Cryncxomy Vcrany o
narpnapxa Hnxona (ormernm, uro Cryncxn Vcran tn
ocrannen rpexamn n XIV-XV nexax).
Konnennnm Kanrepena n Ionynncxoro pasenxmr n
pyrne nccneonarenn: C.A. 3entxoncxn, A.B. Kapramen n
221
F.H. Kyryson.
Hao cxasart, uro ona ne npornnopeunr crapoopx-
uecxomy nonnmannm nonpoca. Oa oxcnennx noxnnennx
pasnnuntx opxon y pyccxnx n rpexon nsanmno ononnxmr
pyr pyra. Hsmenennx opxono npaxrnxn y rpexon
conepmnnoct nocrenenno nyrem pacnpocrpanennx no nce
reppnropnn Bnsanrnn Hepycannmcxoro Vcrana n nnnxnnem
xaronnuecxoro 3anaa na pennrnosnym xnsnt npanocnannoro
nacenennx Bnsanrncxo nmnepnn, naunnax c XIII-ro nexa.
uro xacaercx ncnpannennx pyccxnx orocnyxentx
xnnr, neoxonmo paccmorpert nonpoc nosmoxnocrn nsart
npannntnte rexcrt onnxononcxo pe]opmt, c xstxono, no
n c orocnoncxo rouxn spennx.
Ftronana n tryer eme n ncropnorpa]nn nex, uro o
narpnapxa Hnxona pyccxne nepxonnte xnnrn coepxann
ouent mnoro omnox, nenpannntntx nepenoon nnn
norpemnocre n ]opmynnponxax, xoropte xxot ncxaxann
rexcrt pasnnuntx nepxonntx orocnyxenn, n no+romy no
npemx Hnxona crano xpane neoxonmo nx ncnpannenne no
rpeuecxnm opnrnnanam nnn no craptm cnanxncxnm
xaparentm xnnram. Ho noonoe npecrannenne en n
onacrn pyccxnx o-nnxononcxnx nepxonntx xnnr
conepmenno nenpannntno, necmorpx na ro, uro ono nce-raxn
npnnxro mnornmn ncropnxamn, ]nnonoramn n orocnonamn,
ne nccneonanmnmn cnennantno +ror nonpoc.
Onaxo re, xro sannmancx nmenno nonpocom ncnpa-
nnennx orocnyxentx xnnr n Poccnn (n cma cneyer
nxnmunrt F.H. Cone, H.. Mancnerona, H.O. Vcnencxoro n
p.) npnmnn x conepmenno nntm ntnoam: pyccxne
orocnyxente xnnrn npannnnct n o +noxn Hnxona, a
rexcrt nsann 30-40 XVII-ro cronernx npenocxoxr
nnxononcxne n nocnennxononcxne nsannx xax c rouxn
spennx xstxono axxyparnocrn, rax n c rouxn spennx
npannntnoro nepenoa. Tax uro npeynennunnart norpem-
nocrn n omnxn onnxoncxnx xnnr conepmenno neneno.
Ho uro nce-raxn noynno Hnxona n ero coparnnxon x
222
samene pyccxnx opxon rpeuecxnmn n x nepeentnannm
rexcron orocnyxentx xnnr? H no xaxnm opasnam
npannnnct pyccxne opxt n orocnyxente xnnrn?
4.2. Opaoeaa peqop+a u ucnpaeueuue oeocuyxeumx
uuue npu nampuapxe Huuoue
Pasnnunx n opxax n unnax n nexoropte ocoennocrn
orocnyxentx xnnr ne npenxrcrnonann pasnnrnm
ornomenn mexy Pyccxo Hepxontm n Bocrountmn
Harpnapxaramn, r.e. mexy pyccxnmn n rpexamn n onacrn
nepxonno xnsnn. Koneuno, +rn pasnnunx cymecrnonann n
npexe, no nm ne npnananoct ontmoro snauennx. B nepnte
rot napcrnonannx Anexcex Mnxanonnua nonoxenne
nsmennnoct. Ipeuecxne nepapxn, nocemanmne Poccnm,
ocoenno Hepycannmcxn narpnapx Hancn, crann
yxastnart na ocoennocrn pyccxoro pnryana xax na
orxnonennx or npanocnanntx unnonocneonann
orocnyxennx. Ononpemenno, onn ropxuo orcrannann nem
oennennx npanocnanntx napoon n noccranonnennx
npanocnanno nmnepnn, xoneuno, mocxoncxnm napem,
xoropt raxnm opasom nnonne saxonno sanxn t
nnsanrncxn nmneparopcxn npecron. Taxax nepcnexrnna
nennunx n cnant sannrepeconana monooro Anexcex
Mnxanonnua, n on, yneponanmn n nosmoxnocrt
ocnooxennx npanocnannx or rocnocrna nonxxon n rypox,
pemnn nponecrn nepxonnym pe]opmy n Poccnn, paccmarpn-
naemym xax nepnt mar na nyrn noccranonnennx nocrouno-
xpncrnancxo nmnepnn.
Hex neoxonmocrn ncnpannennx pyccxnx opxon n
orocnyxentx xnnr nocrenenno nnymanact napm ero
yxonnnxom, nporonepeem Cre]anom Bonn]artentm, no
napm ne xnarano nx +roro cmenocrn, rax xax n ymax n ymax
pyccxnx npanocnanntx xpncrnan xnnt tnn yexennx o
nenopounocrn pyccxo nept n neonepne x rpexam n rom, uro
xacaercx nept. Hpaxrnuecxn, pyccxne ne npnsnanann
223
anropnrera n nepnencrna rpexon n nepxonntx enax.
Anexce epxancx cnauana raxoro xe mnennx o nepe, xax
n nce pyccxne, no, xax tno yxe ormeueno ntme, ocoenno
nocne nnsnra n Mocxny Hepycannmcxoro narpnapxa Hancnx,
on cran cunrart, uro Pyccxax Hepxont yxnonnnact or
npanocnannoro yuennx n orocnyxeno npaxrnxe n no+romy
ona nyxaercx n pe]opme, xoropax ncnpannna t nce
necornacnx c Ipeuecxnmn Hepxnamn.
nx nponeennx raxo pe]opmt nyxen tn uenonex
cment, +neprnunt n npeannt nee. 3rnm uenonexom
tn nonropocxn mnrpononnr Hnxon, xoropt n 1652-om r.
cran narpnapxom Pyccxo Hepxnn. Kax unen xpyxxa
pennnrene narouecrnx, on tn croponnnxom nontmennx
npancrnennoro cocroxnnx pyccxoro yxonencrna,
pacnpocrpanennx npaxrnxn npononen n xpame n nne ero,
ennornacnx n orocnyxennn n samnrt nepxonno xyntrypt
or nnocnanntx nnnxnn.
Ho +ro ne nocnpenxrcrnonano Hnxony nponecrn
nsnecrnym pe]opmy nnn ncnpannenne pyccxnx
orocnyxentx xnnr n opxon no rpeuecxomy opasny, uro
ntsnano momnt nporecr co cropont yxonencrna n
nepymmero napoa.
onroe npemx n ncropnuecxo nayxe yrnepxann, uro
orocnyxenax n opxonax pe]opma Hnxona tna
neoxonma nx ycrpanennx omnox n yxnonenn pyccxo
nepxonno npaxrnxn or omenpanocnanntx npannn n uro
ncnpannenne npononnoct no rpeuecxnm pennnm n
cnanxncxnm xaparentm xnnram. Ho crapoopxnt
yxastnann na ro, uro pe]opma npononnact ne no pennnm
xnnram, a no conpemenntm Hnxony rpeuecxnm xnnram, uro
nccneonarenn ncropnn pacxona n oxasann eme n xonne
XIX-ro nexa.
Hacnntcrnennoe nsmenenne npnntuntx nepymmemy
napoy ]opmyn orocnyxentx rexcron, unnon, npannn n
opxon, xax xpecrnoe snamenne, xoxenne noconont,
cemnnpoc]opne, ncxnmuenne cnona ncrnnnaro ns 8-ro
224
unena Cnmnona Bept n p., no rpeuecxomy opasny npnneno
napo n nosmymenne. Mnorne crann cunrart, uro narpnapx n
cnpanmnxn nnenn epecn; no+romy onn ne npnnxnn nonte
ncnpannennte xnnrn n opxt, npoonxax
npnepxnnartcx craptx, onnxononcxnx.
Kax nnmer nsnecrnt nepxonnt ncropnx A.B.
Kapramen, neraxrnuno npononmax Hnxonom npanxa xnnr
no remny, no mnpore oxnara, no uyxocrn cnoero ncrounnxa
n no onnocrn ee nx ceptesno ycnoennoro, ne rontxo
nannonantnoro, no n nonnnno npanocnannoro camocosnannx
pyccxnx nme, ne morna ne ntsnart nporecra (O:epru no
ucmopuu Pvccro Hepreu, Mocxna, 1993, rom II, crp. 170).
Conpornnnenne snaunrentno uacrn yxonencrna n
napoa nnxononcxnm nsmenennxm ycnnnnoct ns-sa xpyrtx
mep no nnepennm cnoe pe]opmt, npnnxrtx narpnapxom n
ero coparnnxamn.
4.3. Peauuua ua uuuouoecuym peqop+y u uauauo pacuoua
Hepnte, xro orpnnarentno orosnancx na pe]opmy
Hnxona, tnn mocxoncxne nporonont ns pennnrene
narouecrnx: Hoann Heponon, Annaxym n p. Harpnapx,
cnauana oecneunn cex noepxxo napx Anexcex, npnnxn
npornn nnx mept: Heponona ntcnan n anexn Hono-
Ocrponcxn monacrtpt, Annaxyma n Cnnpt, pyrnm
pennnrenxm sanpernn cnyxnrt nnn axe xasnnn nx. Ha
coope 1654 r., enncxon Hanen Konomencxn tn nsnr no
npnxasy xecroxoro Hnxona n cocnan na Cenep, n
Honropocxym onacrt, re ncxope n norn.
Inanntm npornnnnxom pe]opmt n nepnte rot
narpnapmecrna Hnxona tn nporonon Hoann Heponon.
Axrnnnoe npornnoecrnne sarexm narpnapxa snamennroro
npononennxa, ynnexmero sa coo nourn nect pyccxn
Cenep, oxecrounno Hnxona. 18 max 1656 r. Heponon tn
useepreu us caua, a nyxnepcrnoe xpecrnoe snamenne
noneprnoct npoxnxrnm. Hponsnecenne ana]emt na pyccxoe
225
xpecrnoe snamenne n na npornnnnxon ncnpannenn n 1656
r. ocnoxnnno xanonnuecxym cnryannm. Mexy
pennnrenxmn narouecrnx n Hnxonom ne ocranoct
nosmoxnocrn nx nanora. Hporecr na Cenepe nocrenenno
ycnnnnancx, Cononenxn monacrtpt orxasancx cnyxnrt no
nontm xnnram.
Harpnapx ne mor ontme ocrpo pearnponart na
conpornnnenne ero pe]opme, yyun n xon]nnxre c napem ns-
sa npnrxsann na nounnenne rocyapx, no nornxe neonornn
nounnennx napcxo nnacrn yxonno, ro ecrt narpnapme.
Hnxon nocrenenno repxn nnrepec x cocrnenno
xnnxno-opxono pe]opme n ncxope, n 1657-om r.
npnmnpnncx c Heponontm, nosnonnn emy cnyxnrt no
craptm xnnram. Ho npnmnpenne c Heponontm ne npnneno
x npnmnpennm c ocrantntmn npornnnnxamn pe]opmt.
Harpnapx nanpannn nce cnnt na xon]nnxr c napem, no emy
ne yanoct oepxart noey. Haexct na ro, uro rocyapt
yer npocnrt ero nepnyrtcx, Hnxon, 10 nmnx 1658 r.,
orxasancx or narpnapmero npecrona n yannncx n
nocrpoennt nm Hono-Hepycannmcxn monacrtpt. Ho
yxo Hnxona ne nonen sa coo nosnpamennx Pyccxo
Hepxnn x craptm xnnram n opxam. Anexce Mnxanonnu
ne nosnonnn +roro, yyun nectma sannrepeconan n
coxpanennn pesyntraron nnxononcxo pe]opmt. Taxnm
opasom, napt npaxrnuecxn cnococrnonan npoonxennm
pacxona pyccxoro omecrna na crapoopxnen n
nnxonnan.
Inana 5-an. Oxonua1entnmn pacxon n opasonanne
c1apoopnuecxoro nnaennn
5.1. Mocuoecuu Coop 1666-1667 ee.
5.1.1. Pyccuaa Hepuoeo nocue yxoa Huuoua c
nampuapueeo npecmoua
226
Anexce Mnxanonnu ne roponnncx costnart Coop
nx ntopa npeemnnxa Hnxony. Tem onee, uro nontrxa
nnmennx Hnxona narpnapmero unna n 1660-om r. ne
ynenuanact ycnexom nx napx ns-sa onnosnnnn Enn]annx
Cnannnenxoro, xoropt oxastnan, uro enncxont Pyccxo
Hepxnn ne moryr nnmnrt Hnxona narpnapmero cana n uro
raxoe ecrnne npornnopeunr xanonnuecxo npaxrnxe
Hpanocnanno Hepxnn.
Heoxnannoe nx Anexcex ocnoxnenne nonpoca
xanonnuecxoro nonoxennx narpnapxa Poccncxoro, n
xoneuno, cytt ero opxontx pe]opm, yennn rocyapx
ncex Pycn n neoxonmocrn oparnrtcx x nocrountm
narpnapxam nx pemennx +roro nonpoca. Ftno pemeno
cosnart Coop c yuacrnem nocrountx narpnapxon. Ho n
ornnune or Hnxona, napt roronnn pemenne cnoxnoro
nonpoca nnxononcxo pe]opmt ouent ocropoxno. On
ntrancx pasntmn cpecrnamn yenrt rnanntx
npecrannrene nepxonno onnosnnnn npnnxrt nsmenennx
pyccxnx opxon n orocnyxentx xnnr, cenanntx no
npemx Hnxona. Ho+romy, npecneonannx npornnnnxon
ncnpannenn nocne yxoa Hnxona c narpnapmero
npecrona npaxrnuecxn npexparnnnct. 3ro ano
nosmoxnocrt croponnnxam onnxononcxnx xnnr n opxon
nyume oprannsonartcx n ecrnonart n camtx naxntx
ropoax Poccnn, axe n n Mocxne.
Ha samnry crapo nept nnont orxptro ntcrynamr
oxptnx ueocnx Moposona, nporonont Annaxym n Hasapt n
pyrne exrenn: naxon ueop, E]pem n Cnnpnon
Horemxnnt, nrymen ocn]e, crapen Kopnnnn, nepomonax
Cepre Canrtxon, nnox Enn]ann n p. Ha cenepe rnannym
pont nrpaer Cononenxn monacrtpt, re naexntm
samnrnnxom craptx xnnr n opxon tn apxnmanpnr
Hnxanop.
Hapo n yxonencrno oxnann, uro napt n apxnepen
nor-nor opasymxrcx n naexnnct na nx nosnpar x
227
onnxononcxo opxono n orocnyxeno npaxrnxe. Ho
+roro ne cnyunnoct. Anexcex onee nonnonano ne
npnmnpenne co crapoopxnamn, a crpemnenne noxnponart
nmym nosmoxnocrt nosnpamennx Hnxona na narpnapmym
onxnocrt. Hapm crano xcno, uro neoxonmo cosnart xax
moxno no cxopee Coop, xoropt pemnn t eno Hnxona n
nmecre c rem n nonpoc ero xnnxno-opxono pe]opmt.
5.1.2. Hoeomoeua u npoeeeuue Beuuuoeo Mocuoecuoeo
Coopa 1666-1667 ee.
Vxo Hnxona c narpnapmero npecrona xpane ocnoxnnn
nepxonnym ocranonxy n Poccnn. Hapt Anexce Mnxanonnu
nsxn na cex oprannsannm n nponeenne Coopa, or xoroporo
nce xann ouent mnororo: Anexce n nepxonnax nepapxnx
ocyxennx Hnxona n ntopa nonoro narpnapxa nx Pyccxo
Hepxnn, a raxxe nornepxennx xnnxntx n opxontx
ncnpannenn, nponeenntx npn Hnxone, a nnsmee
yxonencrno n nepymmn napo nosnpamennx x
onnxononcxo nepxonno npaxrnxe.
He onepxx pyccxnm apxnepexm, Anexce nopyunn
nororonxy Coopa nnny ouent comnnrentno penyrannn
rpeuecxomy mnrpononnry Hancnm Hnrapny. H ror
'onpanan cnom penyrannm. Hpecrannrenn rax
nastnaemo nepxonno onnosnnnn, Annaxym, Hasapt, ueop
naxon, Hnxnra optnnn n pyrne tnn apecronant n
cocnant anexo or cronnnt. Taxxe ecnepemonno nonenn
cex Hancn Hnrapn n cnercxne nnacrn n c narpnapxom
Hnxonom, xoropt npaxrnuecxn naxonncx n nonoxennn
apecronannoro n Bosnecencxom monacrtpe. Hocne neyauno
nontrxn Hnxona nosnparnrtcx na narpnapmn npecron (n
exape 1664 r.), na nnm tn yupexen crporn nasop,
urot no-npemx ocranonnrt nosmoxnte noonte
npenpnxrnx co cropont narpnapxa.
uro xacaercx cocrnenno nororonxn Coopa, ormernm,
uro +rnm sannmannct rpexn: Hnrapn n ero pystx,
228
npnexanmne sa mnnocrtne n Poccnm: naxon Menern,
naxon Ara]anren n apxnmanpnr nonncn Hnepcxn. 3rn
nnna, ocoenno nonncn, nponenn onontno cnoxnym
reopernuecxym paory no oocnonannm nnxononcxo
pe]opmt n oprannsannn Coopa. Ocoennym pont n
reopernuecxo nororonxe Coopa ctrpan enopyccxn
yuent monax Cnmeon Hononxn, nocnnrarent napcxnx
ere, ntnycxnnx Knencxo Mornnxncxo Axaemnn. C
raxnmn nmtmn, nncan H.u. Kanrepen n xnnre, ntmeme n
1912 r. n Ceprnenom nocae, Harpnapx Hnxon n napt
Anexce Mnxanonnu (crp. 368, rom II), Cooop cma.
opvrue+ e pvrax ap, a api xome., :mooi omo opvrue
paooma.o mo:uo u oqqermueuo.
o Fontmoro Coopa, na xoropt npnrnacnnn
nocrountx narpnapxon n pyrnx apxnepeen Hpanocnanntx
Hepxne, napt cosnan mecrnt pyccxn coop,
ecrnonanmn c 29 anpenx o 2 nmnx 1666 r. Vuacrnonann
na +rom Coope, xpome apxnepeen Pyccxo Hepxnn,
apxnmanpnrt rnanntx pyccxnx monacrtpe. uem
ornnuancx +ror mecrnt Coop or nocneymmero, rax
nastnaemoro Fontmoro Mocxoncxoro Coopa? onontno
ymepenntm nsrnxom xax na eno narpnapxa Hnxona, rax n na
crapt opx. uro xacaercx Hnxona, pyccxne apxnepen
pemnnn, uro on yrparnn narpnapmym nnacrt camonontntm
ocrannennem npecrona, no pemnnn ne ynnxart ero, ocrannn
sa nnm xax rnryn narpnapxa, rax n rpn nocrpoennte nm
monacrtpx. Hpana, no ycnonnem npnsnannx Hnxonom
yymero pyccxoro narpnapxa n oemannx ne npnesxart n
cronnny es cornacnx napx.
Knnxno-opxonym pe]opmy Hnxona pyccxne apxnepen
npnsnanann, no ne orneprann n ne npoxnnnann
onnxononcxnx opxon n orocnyxentx xnnra, a raxxe
rex, xro npnepxnnancx nx, ocrannxx raxnm opasom nyrt x
nanory co croponnnxamn craporo opxa nnn crapo nept.
Ho +ror Coop ocrannn nepemenntmn na nonpoca: 1).
nonpoc anropnrera Crornanoro Coopa 1551 r., ysaxonnnmero
229
nenpnxocnonennocrt craporo opxa, n 2). nonpoc
nosmoxnocrn nsmenennx opxa es nsmenennx nept. Pemnn
+rn nonpoct Fontmo Mocxoncxn Coop 1666-1667 rr., no
rax, uro pacxon cran nensexntm.
Ipeuecxn Bocrox npecrannxnn na +rom Coope
narpnapxn Anexcanpncxn Hancn n Anrnoxncxn
Maxapn n pyrne apxnepen. Hancn Hnrapn npecrannn
nm pyccxym nepxonnym onnosnnnm xax anrnrpeuecxoe
nnxenne. 12 exapx 1666 r. narpnapx Hnxon tn
useepreu us ceueuuoeo caua Coopom rpeuecxoro n
pyccxoro enncxonara, xoropt oxnnn ero npocrtm
monaxom, sanpernn nmenonartcx narpnapxom. Koneuno,
pyccxoe yxonencrno, npncyrcrnonanmee na Coope ne
pasenxno mnennx rpexon, no no annennem napcxoro
nopa, n xonne xonnon cornacnnoct na ocyxenne Hnxona.
Ftnmn narpnapx tn cocnan nourn cpasy nocne
ocyxennx n anexn uepanonron monacrtpt.
B ]enpane n mapre 1667 r. Coop sannmancx pxom
amnnncrparnnntx nonpocon, a n anpene nauanoct
ocyxenne opxon n ena npnnepxennen rax nastnaemoro
nepxonnoro mxrexa ro ecrt croponnnxon onnxononcxnx
opxon. Coop orpemnn or 17 nmnx rnanntx nnepon
nnxennx craporo opxa: nporonona Annaxyma, monaxa
Enn]annx, n cnxmennnxon Hnxn]opa n Hasapx. 13 max 1667
r. Coopom tnn npnnxrt pemennx no nonpocy craporo
pyccxoro opxa n ero croponnnxon, xoropte npaxrnuecxne
nponoxnnn nyrt x pacxony, cenan ero nensexntm. Tax,
Coop nocranonnn, uro crapte pyccxne orocnyxente
unnt xnnxmrcx epernuecxnmn n nponosrnacnn ana]emy na
nnx n na rex, xro nx ynorpenxer, nastnan nx noontmn
Hyt npearenm n xnam, pacnxnmnm Xpncra n Apnm n
ncem npoxnxrtm epernxam.
Hpespenne rpeuecxnx nepapxon x pyccxo nepxonno
rpannnn npoxnnxnoct ne rontxo n xyntrontx nonpocax, no n
no ornomennm x pyccxnm nepxonntm xnnram, x pemennxm
Crornanoro Coopa n ncem +nemenram pyccxo yxonnocrn,
230
ne orneuanmnx nx npecrannennxm o npanocnannn.
Fontmnncrno ncropnxon cunraer, uro Fontmo
Mocxoncxn Coop 1666-1667 rr. ocynn ne crontxo
croponnnxon craporo opxa, cxontxo ncm Pyccxym
onnxononcxym Hepxont, ee ncropnm n rpannnn. Ho+romy,
13 max 1667 r. cunraercx aro, xora nponsomen
oxonuarentnt pacxon mexy o]nnnantno Hepxontm
Poccnn n nepymmnmn, nounranmnmn crapym mnoronexonym
pyccxym nepxonnym rpannnm. Bnonne ynepenno moxno
yrnepxart, uro nx ornon +roro Coopa nepoyuenne n opx
tnn pannosnauntmn, n no+romy onn n ocynnn pyccxne
opxonte ocoennocrn, xorx n rexcre pemenn Coopa
ronopnnoct, uro opxt moxno nsmenxrt, ecnn onn ne
coepxar +nemenron nenpanocnannoro yuennx n uro onn
moryr trt pasnnuntmn, n sanncnmocrn or rpannnn xaxo
nomecrno Hepxnn.
5.2. Omuoueuue eocyapcmea u Pyccuo oquuuauouo
Hepueu u cmapoopaua+ nocue 1667 e.
Pemennx Coopa 1666-1667 rr. nponsnenn na pyccxn
napo omenomnxmmee nneuarnenne. Ocyxenne craporo
opxa n npoxnxrnx, nponsnecennte na nero n na rex, xro
npnepxnnancx onnxononcxo orocnyxeno rpannnn
Pyccxo Hepxnn opymnnnct, xax monnnx, na pyccxnx
nepymmnx. Momnt nporecr nauan npoxnnxrtcx nourn no
nce crpane. Coopnte npoxnxrnx na crapt opx n na
crapoopxnen, nponsnecennte 13 max 1667 r. cenann
pacxon oxonuarentntm, xorx naexa na nosnpar napx n
apxnepeen x onnxononcxo rpannnn ne ncuesann nnnort o
1682 r.
Hpornn nenoxopntx crapoopxnen nepxonnax n
rocyapcrnennax nnacrt ecrnonann saono. Ho nce ycnnnx
no npexpamennm pacxona anann oparnte pesyntrart.
Cononenxn monacrtpt ne npnnxn pemennx Coopa n c 1668
r. orxptro cran ntcrynart npornn pe]opm oopenntx
231
Coopom. Anexce ornernn na +ro cnno, nocnan noennt
orpx yexart cononenxnx monaxon npnnxrt pemennx
Coopa 1666-1667 rr. Tax, c 1668 r. naunnaercx reponuecxax
ocaa Cononxon, nponnnmaxcx 8 ner, o camo cmeprn napx
(xnnapt 1676 r.). Hopaxenne Cononenxoro ynra
conponoxanoct xecroxnmn naxasannxmn ncex
npoxnnammnx n onrenn: monaxon, mnpxn, conar, xasaxon n
r.. Hx nemann, ronnnn, uernepronann, ntptnann nm nospn,
cxnrann n cpyax, caxann na ontmne xenesnte xpmuxn,
saxantnann xnntem.
Ho +ro ne npnnecno mnpa Poccnn. Hanpornn,
conpornnnenne nnacrxm nospacrano. Emy cnococrnonann
nncannx nycrosepcxnx ornon, pacctnaemte no nce Poccnn
crapoopxnamn. Hporonon Annaxym, naxon ueop n
pyrne nncann n napm, n nepxonntm nnacrxm, ntraxct
yenrt nx ocrannrt nonmecrna n nosnparnrtcx x
crapomy. Hncann onn n ncem nepymmnm, ne xenanmnm
ocrannxrt nepy n opxt npnnxrte or cnonx npexon.
B nepnte rot nocne Coopa 1666-1667 rr. nnacrn rem
ne menee ne opamann ocooro nnnmannx na pocr
crapoopxuecxoro nnxennx, cunrax uro pemennxmn
Coopa nonpoc tn saxptr.
Hsmenenne pexnma nx nycrosepcxnx ornon n
yxecrouenne mep npornn crapoopxuecrna connano c nnxom
noccrannx Crenana Pasnna. Bonpexn yrnepxennxm
mnoxecrna ncropnxon, +ro noccranne ne nocnno
pennrnosnoro xapaxrepa, n rom uncne n crapoopxuecxoro. B
nem yuacrnonann xasaxn, xpecrtxne n pyrne cnon
nacenennx, nesanncnmo or nx pennrnosntx yexenn.
Vxecrouenne nonnrnxn nepxonntx nnacre no
ornomennm x crapoopxnam npoxnnnoct cpasy nocne
nocmecrnnx na narpnapmn npecron apxnmanpnra uyona
monacrtpx Hoaxnma. Ho cnnonte mept, npenpnnxrte
nontm narpnapxom npnnenn x oparnomy. Conpornnnenne
crapoopxuecrna yxpennxnoct n pacnpocrpanxnoct.
232
5.3. 1682 eo e peuueuosuo u nouumuuecuo ucmopuu
Poccuu
Hpecneonannx crapoopxnen npoonxannct n n
napcrnonanne ueopa Anexceennua (1676-1682). Crapo-
opxnam sanpemanoct conpartcx na monnrny n uacrntx
omax; pacmnpxnnct nonnomounx enncxonara n rom, uro
xacaercx nx npecneonannx. Vcnnenne optt c pacxonom
nauano npnnocnrt cnon nnot. Hepntmn xeprnamn crann
nycrosepcxne ysnnxn: Annaxym, ueop, Hasapt n Enn]ann
tnn coxxent na xocrpe n nauane 1682 r. Ho nx xasnt ne
osnauana xonna crapoopxuecxoro nnxennx.
1682 ro nsnecren n ncropnm Poccnn xax ro
crpenenxnx ynron n nontrxn noccranonnennx crapo nept
n Mocxne. Tax xax mnorne ns crpentnon npnepxnnannct
crapo nept, onn pemnnn nmecre c mocxoncxnmn
crapoopxnamn - noart nnacrxm uenonrnym n xoropo
npocnnn napx n narpnapxa nosnonnrt nponecrn nynnunoe
npenne o nepe, naexct raxnm opasom oxasart, nx
Poccnn uro neoxonmo nepnyrtcx x onnxononcxnm
orocnyxentm xnnram n opxam. 3ry nnnnnarnny
noepxnnan n rnana crpenenxnx nocx, xnxst Hnan
Xonancxn.
Hepnoe npenne npononnoct n Kpemne 1 nmnx 1682 r.,
mexy narpnapxom n npecrannrenxmn crapoopxnen,
cpen xoroptx ornnuancx nporonon Hnxnra optnnn, no
ono ne npnnecno nnxaxnx snaunrentntx nnoon. Bropo
ncnyr tn nasnauen na 5 nmnx. Ho nponeenne ero ne
cocroxnoct nynnuno, rax xax +roro xorenn crapoopxnt n
crpentnt. Crapoopxuecxax enerannx tna npnnxra n
Ipanonnro Hanare, re ncnyr nenn narpnapx Hoaxnm n
napenna Co]nx. H na +ror pas npenne ne npnneno x xaxomy-
nnyt cornamennm. Ho+romy Co]nx npepnana ero, nasnaunn
npoonxenne na 7 nmnx. Crapoopxnt rpaxronann +ro xax
nepnt mar x noee n yennn ronny, copannym na
Kpacno Hnoman, pasornct. B +ro npemx, napenna
233
nepemna n nanaenne, oecneunnmnct nepnocrtm
crpenenxnx uacre, xoroptm tnn ntenent nemanonaxnte
enexnte cpecrna. Hnxnra optnnn n pyrne crapo-
opxuecxne nnept tnn apecronant. 11 nmnx Hnxnry
xasnnnn, a ocrantntx cocnann. Tax nponannnact camax
ceptesnax nontrxa nosnpara Pyccxo Hepxnn x crapomy
opxy. Knxst Xonancxn tn xasnen 17 cenrxpx 1682 r., a
crpentnt, norepxn yxonntx n noenntx noxe, sarnxnn.
5.4. Heouoeuuecuaa ca+ommuocmo u paseueuue
cmapoopauecuoeo euxeuua
Hocne 1667 r., croponnnxn pyccxnx onnxononcxnx
opxon, cosnanax, uro nm nentsx ontme ecrnonart
nnyrpn pennrnosnoro yupexennx, npnsnannoro n
noepxnnaemoro rocyapcrnom, ro ecrt n o]nnnantno
Hepxnn, nauann ncxart ormarnuecxnx n xanonnuecxnx
aprymenron nx onpanannx cnoero nonoxennx. Taxnm
opasom n crapoopxuecrne nocrenenno cnaraercx cnox
cocrnennax neonornx n cnon oprannsannonnte crpyxrypt.
uro xacaercx neonornn craporo opxa, nao cxasart, uro
nenpannntno ornocnrt ee rontxo x opxono-nnryprnuecxnm
acnexram. Koneuno, pacxon nponsomen ns-sa neyauno
xnnxno-opxono pe]opmt Hnxona, no croponnnxn
onnxononcxnx npeann n npannn Pyccxo Hepxnn
naxonnnct nocne 1667 r. n conepmenno nontx ycnonnxx
Ho+romy, neoxonmo tno cncremarnsnponart npannna
Hpanocnanno Hepxnn n crponom n ncem nonxrnom yuennn,
xoropoe orneuano t na ntsont npemenn.
Tax, crapoopxuecxne yunrenn yrnepxann, uro
ncrnnnax Hepxont Xpncrona - crapoopxuecxax, noromy uro
rontxo ee nepymmne ne nsmennnn craptm pyccxnm
npeannxm n npannnam, n rontxo +ra Hepxont coxpannna
ncrnnnoe npanocnannoe yuenne. Or nee orxononact pyccxax
nepapxnx, xoropax npnnxna nnxononcxne epecn n ynnexna sa
coo snaunrentnym uacrt mnpxn.
234
B xonne XVII-ro nexa crapoopxuecxax neonornx eme
ne tna cncremarnsnponana. Ho moxno ntennrt nexoropte
omne ncem crapoopxuecxnm yunrenxm nen. Cma
cneyer ornecrn +cxaronornuecxoe yuenne o Tpertem Pnme n
o ponn pyccxoro npanocnannx, a raxxe n yuenne o
nenpnxocnonennocrn opxa n o ero enncrne c
nepoyuennem. Moxno, xoneuno - nncann crapoopxnt -
ncnpannxrt omnxn, oneuarxn nnn nenpannntnte nepenot,
no nce +ro onxno enart n cornacnn c nepoyuennem n c
xanonnuecxnm nepxonntm saxonoarentcrnom.
Crapoopxnen pasennno necornacne n pemennn
nonpoca o cnxmencrne. Tax xax x crapoopxnam ne nepemen
nn onn enncxon, xpome Hanna Konomencxoro, ymepmero eme
n 1656 r., a x xonny XVII-ro nexa cnxmennnxn
onnxononcxoro pyxononoxennx crann ormnpart, nepe
crapoopxuecxnmn omnnamn ceptesno crannncx nonpoc,
xax necrn cex nnpet. uacrt nx pemnna npnnnmart
cnxmennnxon or rocnocrnymme Hepxnn, ocnontnaxct na
nonoxennx 8-ro npannna I-ro Bcenencxoro Coopa, 69 n 99
npannn Kap]arencxoro Coopa n 1-ro npannna Cnxroro
Bacnnnx Bennxoro, xoropte npeycmarpnnann cnocot
npnnxrnx cnxmennnxon n Hpanocnannym Hepxont or
epernuecxnx omecrn. Ho pyrax uacrt cunrana, uro
rocnocrnymmax Hepxont norepxna naroart n uro ee
ranncrna, n rom uncne n xnporonnx cnxmennnxon, ne nmemr
nnxaxo cnnt, n raxnm opasom cnxmencrna Xpncrona
ontme ne cymecrnyer na 3emne, rax xax ono ynereno na
Heo, n n mnpe napnr Anrnxpncr.
Hrax, nonpoc o cnxmencrne pasennn crapoopxnen na
nononnen n esnononnen. 3ro pasenenne, no mnennm
ontmnncrna nccneonarene, nponsomno ns-sa orcyrcrnnx y
craponepon ntcme xanonnuecxo n nepapxnuecxo nnacrn n
nenpexpamaemtx npecneonann, xoroptm craponept
noneprannct co cropont o]nnnantno Hepxnn n
rocyapcrnenntx nnacre Poccnn.
235
3axnmuenne
Ha nporxxennn nce nepno nononnnt XVII-ro nexa
pyccxoe omecrno npoxonno ycnnennt nponecc yxonnoro
pasnnrnx, ntpaxennem xoroporo crann rax nastnaemte
nnxennx oronmnen n necntx crapnen.
Foronmnt, cpen xoroptx ntenxncx nporonepe Hnan
Heponon, croxnn npexe ncero sa npancrnennoe nospoxenne
pyccxoro xpncrnancrna. Onn npnopenn sa cpannnrentno
xparxoe npemx orpomnoe nnnxnne no ncex cnoxx omecrna. B
Mocxne noxnnncx xpyxox pennnrene narouecrnx, n
xoropt nxonn n cam monoo napt Anexce Mnxanonnu.
uro xacaercx necntx crapnen, rnannte npecrannrenn
+roro nnxennx npononeonann cnacenne nyrem orxasa or
mnpcxo xnsnn n yxoa n oranennte nenacenennte mecra.
B nauane 1650-x rr., napt Anexce, no nnnxnnem
rpeuecxnx nepapxon, nocemanmnx Mocxny n +rn rot, cran
yexenntm croponnnxom noccranonnennx
ncenpanocnanno nmnepnn n pemnn nponecrn xnnxno-
opxonym pe]opmy c nentm ycrpanennx pasnnun mexy
pyccxo n rpeuecxo orocnyxeno npaxrnxo. Pe]opmy
npononn narpnapx Hnxon. Ho merot ee nponeennx n, rem
onee, xpyrte nsmenennx n opxax n orocnyxentx
rexcrax Pyccxo Hepxnn nmenn neuantnte nocnecrnnx. B
Pyccxo Hepxnn nponsomen pacxon. Pyccxne npanocnannte
xpncrnane, ne xenanmne npnnnmart raxym pe]opmy,
npoxnxrte nepapxne n xecroxo ronnmte nnacrxmn,
nocrenenno orenxnnct or o]nnnantno Hepxnn, opasonan
moryuee n nnnxrentnoe nnxenne, nsnecrnoe n pyccxo
ncropnn no nmenem cmapooopo:ecmea.
3ro xpynnoe xnnenne pyccxo ncropnn uacro cpannxmr
c sanantm nporecranrnsmom, c xoroptm, xoneuno, ono
nmeer nexoropoe cxocrno, no npxmo cnxsn mexy
crapoopxuecrnom n nporecranrnsmom ne cymecrnyer. Tem
onee, uro mexy crapoopxnamn n nporecranramn ecrt
236
ocnonnoe pasnnune: ecnn nporecranrt nacrannamr na
nnnnnyantnome cnacennn, ro crapoopxnt oramr
nepnencrno omnne, omemy cnacennm nepymmnx.
Pe]opma pyccxo xnnxno-opxono cncremt n ee
nenocpecrnennoe nocnecrnne - crapoopxuecxoe
nnxenne - naxnemne xnnennx pyccxo ncropnn. Bnnxnne
crapoopxuecrna na antnemee pasnnrne pyccxoro
omecrna neocnopnmo. Pyccxax o]nnnantnax Hepxont
norepxna ncnecrnne nnxononcxo pe]opmt camtx
yexenntx, croxnx n nnamnuntx nepymmnx. Ho+romy
ona tna ne n cocroxnnn +]]exrnnno pearnponart na
ycnnnnammncx nponecc cexynxpnsannn pyccxoro omecrna,
norepxn cnom rpannnonnym pont cnxsymmero snena mexy
+nnro n napoom.
237
238
CUPRINS
CUV~NT }NAINTE ..............................................................5
INTRODUCERE ................................................................. 11
CAPITOLUL 1. PROBLEMATICA +I ISTORIOGRAFIA
PROBLEMEI ......................................................................... 13
1.1. Problematica lucr[rii ........................................... 13
1.2. Istoriografia temei ................................................ 14
1.3. Izvoare .................................................................. 29
CAPITOLUL 2. EVOLU|IA SOCIET{|II RUSE N
SECOLUL AL XVII-LEA ..................................................... 31
2.1. Economia rus[ n secolul al XVII lea ............... 33
2.2. Structura societ[\ii =i mi=c[rile sociale din Rusia n
secolul al XVII-lea ....................................................... 39
2.3. Sistemul politic =i administrativ ........................... 50
CAPITOLUL 3. CURENTE REFORMATOARE N
BISERICA RUS{ N PRIMA JUM{TATE A SECOLULUI
AL XVII-LEA ........................................................................ 59
3.1. Biserica Rus[ n primii ani ai domniei lui Mihail
Romanov ...................................................................... 59
3.2. Mi=carea reformatoare a protopopului Ivan Neronov
....................................................................................... 63
3.3 Curentul radical al stare\ilor p[durilor ............ 71
3. 4. Cercul rvnitorilor evlaviei ............................. 75
CAPITOLUL 4. REFORMA PATRIARHULUI NIKON +I
NCEPUTURILE MI+C{RII STAROVERILOR ................. 81
4.1. Practica bisericeasc[ din Rusia =i problema
corect[rii c[r\ilor de cult ............................................. 81
4.2. Reforma cultului =i ndreptarea c[r\ilor biserice=ti
n vremea patriarhului Nikon. ..................................... 89
4.3. Reac\ia la reforma nikonian[ =i nceputurile
schismei ...................................................................... 111
CAPITOLUL 5. SCHISMA DEFINITIV{ +I APARI|IA
MI+C{RII STAROVERE ................................................... 119
5.1 Sinodul din 1666 1667 ...................................... 119
5.2 Politica statului =i a Bisericii oficiale ruse fa\[ de
adep\ii ritului vechi dup[ 1667 .................................. 139
5.3 Momentul 1682 n istoria politic[ =i religioas[ a
Rusiei ......................................................................... 146
5.4 Specificul doctrinar =i divizarea mi=c[rii adep\ilor
ritului vechi ................................................................ 149
CONCLUZII ....................................................................... 157
NOTE .................................................................................. 163
ILUSTRA|II ...................................................................... 175
BIBLIOGRAFIE ................................................................ 203
REZUMAT (]n limba rus[) ................................................. 211
241
242