Capitolul 3

TEHNOLOGIA DE CULTIVARE A PORUMBULUI

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unor buruieni

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alegnd plantele mai

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3.2. Fertilizarea

Asigurarea
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elementelor nutritive necesare porumbului se face n principal prin

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n care:
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12 t/ha. Consumul specific de K2O este de 25-NJKDSHQWUXSURGXF LLGHWKDSkQ ODWKD

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nt cu

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de porumb boabe.Dozele folosite sunt de 40-120 kg P2O5KDvQIXQF LHGHFRQ LQXWXOVROXOXL n

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Tabelul 3.1.
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&RQ LQXWXOVROXOXLvQIRVIRUPRELOPJ32

O5/100 g sol

Sub 2
26
Peste 6

Doza de fosfor, P2O5 kg/ha

70 120
60 110
40 - 80

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Tabelul 3.2.
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n potasiu mobil
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O asimilabil, K2O/100 g sol

15 20
10 15
Sub 10

Doza K2O, kg/ha

40 50
50 60
60 - 100

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vPERJ

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culturii porumbului (tabelul 3.3.).

Tabelul 3.3.
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6WD LXQHD

Tipul
de sol

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3URGXF LD

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I U vQJU PLQWH

60 t/ha
7800
8500
14000

1120
6960

20 t/ha
5500
700

cu gunoi de grajd
40 t/ha
5000
8000

2670

11000

12300

DJULFRO

Fundulea
Lovrin

cernoziom levigat
cernoziom levigat
sol pseudogleic
podzolit

Albota

de porumb, kg/ha

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patogeni.
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hibridului folosit.
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ate n tabelul 3.4.-GHQVLWDWHD ODVHP

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10-15% mai mare dect densitatea la recoltare.

Tabelul 3.4.
Densitatea la recoltare la cultura de porumb pentru boabe (mii plante/ha)
Hibrizii
Fundulea 420
Fundulea 418
P 3377 (Luana)
Fundulea 378
Fundulea 320
P 3747 (Fulvia)
Fundulea 270
Turda 213
P 3901 (Eva)
P - 3978

=RQDGHFXOWXU

Irigat

Neirigat

55 70

45 55

60 80

50 60

II

60 80

50 60

II

70 - 90

55 - 70

I
I

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cu folosirea erbicidelor;
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1.

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antele au 4-5
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rotative;

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iile dintre rndurile de porumb

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-6 sau CPS-8 la interval de

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lucru scade la 5-FP]RQDGHSURWHF LHFUHWHODFPLDUYLWH]DGHOXFUXSRDWHFUHWH

la 10-NPRU 

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Tabelul 3.5.
Principalele buruieni din culturile de porumb
Dicotiledonate anuale

Dicotiledonate perene

Monocotiledonate anuale

Monocotiledonate perene

Pteridofite perene
2.

Hibiscus trionum
Galinsoga parviflora
Amaranthus retroflexus
Chenopodium album
Polygonum persicaria
Sinapis arvensis
Polygonum convolvulus
Ranunculus sardous
Xanthium italicum
Stellaria media
Polygonum lapathifolium
Polygonum aviculare
Veronica persica
Solanum nigrum
Portulaca oleracea
Stachys annua
Thlaspi arvense
Amaranthus cholorostachys
Amaranthus blitoides
Capsella bursa-pastoris
Convolvulus arvensis
Cirsium arvense
Rubus ceasius
Lathyrus tuberosus
Sonchus arvensis
Aristolochia clematitis
Echinochloa crus-galli
Setaria glauca
Digitaria sanquinalis
Setaria viridis
Avena fatua
Erafostis poaeoides
Setaria verticillata
Agrophyron repens
Cynodon dactylon
Sorghum halepense
Equisetum arvense

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erbicidului folosit cu structura speciilor de buruieni. Pentru a cuprinde n spectrul de combatere un

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dozele se folosesc spre limLWDPD[LP LDUSHVROXULOHFXXQFRQ LQXWPDLPLFGHKXPXVVDXGDF VH

vor cultiva plante mai sensibile la erbicidele remanente, dozele folosite vor fi spre limitele
inferioare (tabelul 3.6.).
Tabelul 3.6.
'R]HOHGHHUELFLGHvQIXQF LHGHFRQ LQXWXOVROXlui n humus
(UELFLGHSURGXVFRPHUFLDOLFRQ LQXWXOVROXOXL

Erbicide
recomandate
a) Pitezin 75 sau Onezin 50 PU +
+ Diizocab sau Mecloran SDMA
b) Pitezin 75 sau
Onezin 50 PU

n humus
34%
2,5 3,0
4,0 4,5
1,75 2,0
6,0 6,5
9,0 10,0

23%
2,0 2,5
3,0 4,0
1,75 2,0
4,5 6,0
7,0 9,0

peste 4 %
3,0 3,5
4,5 5,0
1,75 2,0
6,5 7,0
10,0 11,0

&kQG VH DGPLQLVWUHD]   DPHVWHF GH $WUD]LQ FX 'LL]RFDE HUELFLGHOH VH DSOLF  vQDLQWH GH
VHP QDW L VH vQFRUSRUHD]  LPHGLDW GXS  DSOLFDUH GHRDUHFH 'LL]RFDEXO HVWH YRODWLO L VH SLHUGH GLQ
VXEVWDQ DDFWLY 

De asemenea, porumbul se poate erbicida numai cu Diizocab (4-8 l/ha) sau cu Eradicane,
Alirox (6-10 l/ha), care trebuie ncorporate n sol, imediat ce s-au aplicat pe teren. Erbicidele
SDMA VDX ,FHGLQ VH DSOLF  FkQG SRUXPEXO HVWH vQ ID]D GH - IUXQ]H DOWIHO SRDWH V  SURGXF 
GLPLQXDUHD SURGXF LHL HOH FRPEDW EXUXLHQLOH GLQ JHQXULOH Cirsium, Sonchus, Rubus. Pentru
EXUXLHQLOHUH]LVWHQWHOD6'0$VDX,FHGLQvQWLPSXOYHJHWD LHLVHSRDWHIRORVL erbicidul Basagran, n
GR] GH-OKDPSRWULYDFRVWUHLXOXLGLQUL]RPLVHIRORVHWHHUELFLGXO7HOO:vQGR] GH-60
g/ha,cnd porumbul are 4-IUXQ]HLFRVWHLXODUH-3 frunze.
Q WRDWH VLWXD LLOH FkQG VH DSOLF  HUELFLGH VH IDF OXFU UL PHFDQL]DWH GH DIkQDUH D VROXOXL L
FKLDULQWHUYHQ LLPDQXDOHSHQWUXGLVWUXJHUHDEXUXLHQLORUUH]LVWHQWHODHUELFLGH

Combaterea bolilor DUH vQ YHGHUH DSOLFDUHD XQRU P

VXUL SUHYHQWLYH SHQWUX HYLWDUHD EROLORU

SURGXVH GH W FLXQHOH FRPXQ L GH IXVDULXP $FHVWHD FRQVWDX vQ IRORVLUHD KLEUL]LORU UH]LVWHQ L
WUDWDUHDVHPLQ HLFX707'vQWUHUXSHUHDURWD LHLJUkX
&RPEDWHUHD G

XQ

-porumb sau a monoculturii de porumb.

WRULORU DUH vQ YHGHUH GLPLQXDUHD SDJXEHORU SURGXVH GH U

porumbului (Tanymecus dilaticolis) sau de vierPLL VkUP

LRDUD

Agriotes sp.). Atacul se previne prin

WUDWDUHD VHPLQ HORU FX LQVHFWLFLGH VDX SULQ WUDWDUHD VROXOXL FX )XUDGDQ * Q YHJHWD LH vPSRWULYD
U

LRDUHLVHIDFWUDWDPHQWHFX/LQGDWR[vQGR]HGH

-40 kg /ha.

(YDOXDUHDSURGXF LHLPHGLLGHS

orumb

3HQWUX D VH IDFH HYDOXDUHD SURGXF LHL PHGLL GH SRUXPE vQ ILHFDUH SXQFW GH FRQWURO VH
GHWHUPLQ 

QXP UXOGHWLXOH LPDULPLMORFLLLPLFL

QXP UXOGHERDEHvQWLXOH LDOHLGXS FDWHJRULLOHDPLQWLWH
QXP UXOPHGLXGHERDEHSHXQWLXOHWH

(Nb).

$VWIHOQXP UXOPHGLXGHWLXOH LODKDVHDIO IRORVLQGIRUPXOD

Nst =

nst 10000
,
s np

n care:
QW -QXP UXOWLXOH LORUGLQWRDWHSXQFWHOHGHFRQWURO
s -VXSUDID DSXQFWXOXLGHFRQWUROPHWULS WUD L
np -QXP UXOSXQFWHORUGHFRQWURO
Cu acHVWHGDWHVHSRDWHFDOFXODLSURGXF LDPHGLHGHERDEH4NJKD
Nst Nb MMB
Q=
1.000.000

3.7. Recoltarea
3HQWUX ERDEH SRUXPEXO VH UHFROWHD]  OD PDWXULWDWHD GHSOLQ  OD   ]LOH GXS  RILOLUHD

P W VLL WLXOH LORU&D LQGLFL GH UHFXQRDWHUH HQXPHU P  WLXOH LL VXQW ULJL]L L SkUkLH FkQG VXQW
U VXFL L vQ PkLQL ERDEHOH V DX vQW ULW L D DS UXW SRWFRYL D OD ORFXO GH LQVHU LH SH FLRF O X LDU

frunzele s-DXvQJ

OEHQLW

&DPHWRGHGHUHFROWDUHVHSUDFWLF UHFROWDUHDPDQXDO VDXPHFDQL]DW 

5HFROWDUHD PDQXDO  VH SRDWH IDFH vQ GLIHULWH YDULDQWH  GHVSULQGHUHD WLXOH LORU FX S QXL L
GHS QXDUHD OD XQ ORF GH GHSR]LWDUHGHVSULQGHUHD WLXOHWXOXL GHS QXDWW LHUHD vQWUHJLL SODQWH
VFRDWHUHD OD XQ ORF GH GHSR]LWDUH L GHS QXDUHD vQ ORFXO UHVSHFWLY GHS QXDUHD SH W

eren la

JU PH]LOHGHSODQWHW LDWH

5HFROWDUHDPHFDQL]DW VHIDFHVXEIRUP GHERDEHVDXWLXOH L5HFROWDUHDvQWLXOH LVHIDFHFX

FRPELQD WUDFWDW  &

 3 VDX  DXWRSURSXOVDW  & 6 P, cnd boabele au umiditatea de 28de boabe se face cu combina C   8 HFKLSDW  FX FXOHJ WRUXO GH

5HFROWDUHD VXE IRUP

WLXOH L &6

  L HFKLSDPHQWXO GH WUHLHU (75HFROWDUHD vQFHSH FkQG ERDEHOH DX XPLGLWDWHD GH
24-25%, lundu-VHP VXULFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHGHXVFDUH
3 VWUDUHD SRUXPEXOXL VXE IRUP  GH WLXOH L VH IDFH vQ S WXOH GLQ LSFL GH OHPQ VDX SODV  GH

VkUP  XQGH WLXOH LL VXQW VXSXL SHUPDQHQW FXUHQ LORU GH DHU SHQWUX XVFDUH6XE IRUP  GH ERDEH VH
S VWUHD]  vQ PDJD]LL GH VFkQGXU  VDX vQ FHOXOH GH VLOR] GLQ EHWRQ SHQWUX S VWUDUHD VXE IRUP  GH

boabe, porumbXOWUHEXLHV

DLE XPLGLWDWHDGHFFD

3URGXF LLOHRE LQXWH

ntr-RFXOWXU

QRUPDO VXQWGH

-8000 kg boabe/ha pe teren neirigat,

7000-NJKDSHWHUHQFXDSRUWIUHDWLFL-15000 kg/ha pe teren irigat.

&XOWXUDLULJDW DSRUXPEXOXL

PorXPEXO SRDWH GD vQ FRQGL LL GH LULJDUH SURGXF LL GH - RUL PDL PDUL GHFkW vQ FRQGL LL GH
QHLULJDUHvQDQLLFXSUHFLSLWD LLQRUPDOHDMXQJkQGODSURGXF LLGH-15 t boabe/ha.
QFXOWDUDLULJDW WUHEXLHV VHIRORVHDVF KLEUL]LGHPDUHSURGXFWLYLWDWHFDSDELOLV YDORULILFH
GR]HPDULGHvQJU PLQWHLV ILHUH]LVWHQ LODIUkQJHUH/

-400, F-412, F-418, F-420, P-374, F-378,

P-3732, P- 'H DVHPHQHD vQ FRQGL LL GH LULJDUH WHUHQXO WUHEXLH V  ILH PDL ELQH SUHJ WLW L
nivelat, pentru a asigura densitatea uQLIRUP  L U V ULUHD XQLIRUP  'HQVLW LLOH IRORVLWH VXQW PDL
mari (70-85 mii plante/ha), iar dozele de erbicide sunt mai mici.

5HJLPXO GH LULJDUH WUHEXLH V  DVLJXUH PHQ LQHUHD XPLGLW

LL vQ VWUDWXO GH  FP DGkQFLPH OD

nivelul de 50-70% din umiditatea acFHVLELO  SHQWUX SODQWHQ DFHVW VFRS OD LQWHUYDOH GH
12-14 zile, n perioada 20 iunie-15 august se vor aplica 3- XG UL FX QRUPH GH XGDUH GH
700-800 metrii cubi/ha.
QFXOWXUDLULJDW DUHRPDUHHILFLHQ IHUWLOL]DUHD-70t/ha gunoi de grajd.

&XOWXUDVXFFHVLY

GHSRUXPE

&XOWXUD VXFFHVLY  GH SRUXPE vQILLQ DW  GXS  UHFROWDUHD XQRU SUHPHUJ WRDUH WLPSXULL
UHXHWH vQ VSHFLDO vQ &kPSLD GH 6XG L 'REURJHD6HP QDWXO WUHEXLH V  VH vQFKHLH FHO PDL W U]LX
SkQ  OD  LXQLH L V  VH IRORVHDVF  KLEUL]L WLPSXULL  ) ) HWF&XOWXUD VXFFHVLY  GH SRUXPE
HVWHVLJXU SHWHUHQXULOHLULJDWHXQGHVHSRDWHDVLJXUDXGDUHDGHU V ULUHPHWULLFXELDS KDL

de 3-XG

ULvQYHJHWD LHFXQRUPHGH PHWULLFXELDS KDIL

3URGXF LLOHRE LQXWHsunt de 3500-7000kg boabe/ha.

ecare.