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Electronic Form TI 1-2-2008
Electronic Form TI 1-2-2008
Din sumar
TEHNOLOGII INOVATIVE
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
TRIBOLOGIE
TRIBOLOGY
TRANSFER TEHNOLOGIC
I INOVARE
TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSFER
AND INNOVATION
MANAGEMENT.
DEZVOLTARE DE PRODUS
MANAGEMENT. PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENT
TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV
REVISTA CONSTRUCIA DE MAINI
COLEGIUL DE REDACIE
Octavian BOLOGA - Universitatea Lucian Blaga din Sibiu
Olivier BONNEAU Universitatea din Poitiers, Frana
Ion BOSTAN Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei
K.D. BOUZAKIS Aristoteles University of Thessaloniki, Grecia
Doug BRANHAM - Lubrication Systems Company, Houston, Texas, USA
Dan BRNDAU - Universitatea Lucian Blaga din Sibiu
Mircea CIOBANU - Universitatea tefan cel Mare din Suceava
Valeriu DULGHERU - Universitatea Tehnic a Moldovei
Dan FILIPOIU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Michel FILLON - Universitatea din Poitiers, Frana
Mohamed HAJJAM - Universitatea din Poitiers, Frana
Tudor ICLNZAN - Universitatea Politehnica din Timioara
Nicolae Valentin IVAN - Universitatea TRANSILVANIA din Braov
Gheorghe MOGAN Universitatea TRANSILVANIA din Braov
Ilie MUSC - Universitatea tefan cel Mare din Suceava
Nicolae OANCEA - Universitatea Dunrea de Jos din Galai
Dumitru OLARU - Universitatea Tehnic Gheorghe Asachi din Iai
Juozas PADGURSKAS - Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Lithuania
Tudor PRISCARU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Vasile PUIU - Universitatea din Bacu
Stanisaw PYTKO - University of Science and Technology, Krakw, Poland
Alexandru RADULESCU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Minodora RP - Universitatea Dunrea de Jos din Galai
Lucian TUDOSE - Universitatea din Cluj
Thami ZEGHLOUL - Universitatea din Poitiers, Frana
COMITET ONORIFIC
Gheorghe AMZA - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Niculae Napoleon ANTONESCU Universitatea Petrol i Gaze din Ploieti
Traian AURITE - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Gavril CALEFARIU - Universitatea TRANSILVANIA din Braov
Mircea COZMNC - Universitatea Tehnic Gheorghe Asachi din Iai
Emanuel DIACONESCU Universitatea tefan cel Mare din Suceava
Marian GHEORGHE - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Constantin ISPAS - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Valeriu JINESCU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Aurel JULA - Universitatea TRANSILVANIA din Braov
Constantin MINCIU - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Eugen PAY - Universitatea de Nord din Baia Mare
Iulian POPESCU - Universitatea din Craiova
Aurelian VLASE - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Ioan VOICA - Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
EDITOR
Centrul Incubator Tehnologic de Afaceri
S.C. ICTCM S.A. BUCURETI
RESPONSABIL EDITOR
Irina Rdulescu
REDACTOR
Irina Rdulescu
TEHNOREDACTOR
Adelina Trmbez
CUPRINS
TEHNOLOGII INOVATIVE / INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
1.
2.
3.
pag. 7
pag. 13
pag. 19
4.
RESEARCH REGARDING THE RUNNING MODE OF THE VALVES OF THE EXTRACTION PUMPS
I. Sarlea1, M. Tanase2, R. Negriu1, Cr.Besleaga3
1
S.C. ECONET PROD SRL, 2S.C. FONTAX-IM SRL, 3S.C. IMCF S.A. Bucharest, Romania
pag. 27
5.
pag. 33
pag. 37
pag. 41
pag. 47
pag. 51
pag. 53
pag. 59
pag. 67
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
pag. 69
TRIBOLOGIE / TRIBOLOGY
14.
15.
16.
pag. 77
TRIBOLOGICAL SOLUTION TO REDUCE THE WEAR RATE IN THE DIE AND THE CYLINDER
FOR CERAMIC MVFF
I. Sarlea1, M. Tanase2, R. Negriu1, Cr.Besleaga3
1
S.C. ECONET PROD SRL, 2S.C. FONTAX-IM SRL, 3S.C. IMCF S.A. Bucureti, Romania
pag. 79
pag. 85
INNOVATION AUDITS
CONCEPT, EXPERIENCES AND OPTIONS FOR TTI CENTERS IN ROMANIA
Michael Guth
ZENIT GmbH (Zentrum fur Innovation und Technik in NRW), Germany
pag. 93
19.
20.
pag. 97
pag. 101
pag. 105
1. INTRODUCTION
3. THE THEORETICAL
SYNTHESIS CYCLE
In figure 1 is shown an ultra high pressure and
high temperature apparatus. The apparatus is mounted
in a frame press. The displacements of the anvils are
made using the press hydraulic system. The pressure
is generated by the displacement of the anvils and
closing a synthesis capsule. The displacements of the
anvils are controlled with computer software to
maintain the synthesis pressure in optimal range.
The temperature is generated by the Joulles
effect. An electrical circuit is made using top anvil
the synthesis capsule (top steel ring graphite and
metallic disks bottom steel ring) bottom anvil.
The temperature can be modified using many
parameters, like: composition of the synthesis
capsule, current, temperature and the flow of the
cooling water. These parameters are controlled using
special software.
It is necessary to maintain the same dies
temperature at the start of every run.
Temperature
Pressure
Pressure (MPa)
Current (A)
Current
Time (s)
stress (MPa)
temperature ( K)
2
1
1,00
5
0,80
0,60
4
0,40
1
0,20
0,00
2
3
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
number of cycles
Hardness
(HV30)
9 Co-91Wc
Carbide
grain
size
(m)
1,5
14,60
1300
9 Co-91Wc
11Co-89Wc
2,7
2,7
14,64
14,40
1350
1250
Type
Composition
% by weight
PR
B
S
P-R
B
S
Young
Modulus
(GPa)
590
596
575
Compressive
strength
( MPa)
4250
4800
Transversal
Rupture
Strength ( MPa )
3300
2700
A
b
c
Type of the die /
Inner diameters
of the dies
B-R / 1,2D
20,452 -15,449 0,0179
S / 1,2D
30,552 -26,206 0,0135
P-R / 1,2D
12,584 -9,989
0,0190
P / 1,2D
34,482 -28,926 0,0175
B cu 8% Co/
54,611 -49,186 0,0099
1,2D
Tabel 3. The experimental constants used in equation (1)
The WC-Co used in dies type S have 11% Co all
the other dies have 8% Co. The dies type B and BR and respectively P and P-R used WC-Co with
8,5% and respectively 9% Co. The differences
between types B and B-R and respectively P
and P-R are the used facilities and sintering
technologies.
From these experiments resulted:
- for the same Co content the facilities and
sintering technologies are important;
- small differences in Co content have less
influence like facilities and sintering
technologies;
It is very important to predict the deformation
curve of the inner diameter of the dies. The difference
between the external diameter of the synthesis capsule
and the inner diameter of the die must be very small. If
the difference is relatively great a relative large quantity
of the displacement of the anvils is used to fill the inner
volume of the die. In this case the gasket is deformed
without a rise of synthesis pressure.
deformation of the inner diameter (mm)
Type
1 ,0 0
0 ,8 0
0 ,6 0
2
1
3
0 ,4 0
0 ,2 0
0 ,0 0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
n u m b e r o f c y c le s
10
a)
symmetrical
deformed
shape
DRt
dr
asymmetrical
deformed
shape
dr
DR
DRb
b)
c)
11
6. CONCLUSIONS
Analyses of the real behavior of the dies of the
ultra high pressure apparatus showed a very complex
effects superposition: the thermo-mechanical fatigue,
repeated creep during short period of time and local
hydrostatical tensor stress component.
The monitoring of deformation of the inner diameter
of the die is important for a correct and efficient
synthesis production.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Quick Info
12
ABSTRACT
This paper presents some machinery for the modern technologies of the road rehabilitation and
consolidation. These special machineries are included into the large family of the machinery for
construction, maintenance and rehabilitation and consolidation of the roads. In the actual stage
of the roads network, when the most of the roads are already built, but these roads have many
year of utilization and also they haven't the capacity to support the requirements of the actual
traffic, the main purpose, in comparison with the construction of a new roads or maintenance of
the actual roads, is rehabilitation and consolidation of the actual roads.
KEYWORDS: machinery, road, rehabilitation, consolidation, maintenance
1. INTRODUCTION
Modern technologies for the rehabilitation
and consolidation of road systems also imply,
besides work methods, adequate machinery. The
relationship method-machinery being biunique, the
evolution of work methods leads to the creation of
performing machinery, and reciprocally, they lead
to the improvement of work processes.
The variety of work methods makes difficult an
exhaustive classification of the used machinery,
because there is machinery specific in a particular
field, but also machinery that covers two or more
fields.
Generally, the machinery for road works can be
grouped on three activity fields:
- machinery for road systems construction;
- machinery for road systems maintenance;
- machinery for road systems rehabilitation and
consolidation.
In this paper we approached machinery specific for
road systems rehabilitation and consolidation.
2. MODERN MACHINERY
FOR THE REHABILITATION
OF WEARING LAYERS
In accordance with reconstruction methods of
the layer there can be considered the following
groups of machinery specific for these works:
2.1. MACHINERY
FOR IN SITU REHABILITATION
OF THE WEARING LAYER
In situ rehabilitation of the layers involves
specialized machinery for the execution of the
operations specific for the used methods such as:
- pre-heating of the wearing layer;
- thermal-profiling;
- thermal -regeneration;
- remixing;
- milling - blending;
- take over of dislocated material by milling.
2.1.1. PRE-HEATERS
Hot rehabilitation of wearing layers needs their
heating at a temperature of 140-1500C. The heating
operation takes place in two stages:
- the increase of the temperature of the layer to 901000C with pre-heaters;
- reach of final temperature with the means of the
machinery that insures in situ remixing.
13
2.1.3. THERMAL-REGENERATORS
The thermal-regenerators are machinery used
for the in situ hot rehabilitation, without addition of
materials, of the wearing layer allowing, at the same
time, the laying of the new layer over the rehabilitated
one.
The thermal-regenerator (fig. 3) executes the
following operations:
- the heating and the scarification of the existent
layer;
- addition of the new asphalt mixture;
- leveling, pre-compacting and profiling of the new
wearing layer.
2.1.2. THERMAL-PROFILERS
The thermal-profilers (fig. 2.) insure in situ
hot rehabilitation, without material addition, of the
wearing layer executing the following operations:
- heating of the wearing layer;
- scarification of the wearing layer;
- the blending of scarified mixture;
- leveling, pre-compaction and profiling of the new
layer.
2.1.4. REMIXERS
The remixes execute the hot reconstruction of the
wearing layer, with material addition (Fig. 4.a.).
14
1-Emulsion tank,
2-Operator platform,
3-Action group,
4-Front axle,
5-Adjustable brackets,
6-Milling drum,
7-Emulsion injection,
8-Blender,
9-Beating beam,
10-Control panel.
Fig. 6. Caterpillar
1-Variable vibrant finishing beam,
2-Action group,
3-Operator platform,
4-Control panel,
5-Water and emulsion dosing unit,
6-Water tank,
7-Caterpillar,
8-Anti-dislocation beam,
9-Water and emulsion injection,
10-Milling and cutting drum,
11-Caterpillar,
12-Distributor screw.
In figure 7 is presented a cold recycler used for the
case when it is necessary an addition of aggregates.
15
2.1.6. BLENDER-MILLERS
Blender-millers are machines that execute cold
rehabilitation of aged layers after Novacol method.
The equipment of the blender-millers (fig. 8)
insures:
- the dislocation of the worn layer by milling;
- the crumbling and blending with bitumen;
- the gathering and cord placement of the formatted
mixture
2.2. MACHINERY
FOR THE REHABILITATION
OF LAYERS WITH MOBILE PLANTS
The reconstruction in motion of the wearing
layer needs the following operations:
- the dislocation of the worn layer;
- the transfer of the dislocated material, in a mobile
plant of asphalt mixture preparation;
- hot preparation of asphalt mixture;
- unload of the mixture prepared in the bin of the
asphalt distributor. In figure 10 is presented a mobile
installation of asphalt mixture preparation.
16
REFERENCES
1. Babeu T, Faur N, Das I. D , Studiul starii de tensiune din
organele active de dislocare acoperiri asfaltice, Buletin AGIR,
Nr 4/1999
2. Faur N, Stoia M, Das I. D , Considerations regarding the
stress concentration effect at the splice pletes of the chains from
the mechanical gearings, Conference XXVI Jupiter 1999
3. Heinz H , Modern Methoden und Maschinen fr
Straenindstandsetzung , Rev. Baumeshinendienst no. 6, 1991
4. Stefanescu M, Contributii asupra optimizarii procesului de
frezare a straturilor de uzura a drumurilor, Teza de doctorat,
UTCB , 2004
5. Das I. D, Studiul durabilitatii organelor active la masini de
frezat a imbracamintilor rutiere , Teza de doctorat , UPT , 2007
Quick Info
Converting automotive noise
vibration into sound and comfort
and
17
18
ABSTRACT
This paper presents modern technologies for road rehabilitation, consolidation and reconstruction of the base
layer. These technologies are selection according with the type of defects of the road layer, and each of these
is present with the special machines which are utilization. These technologies are utilized with hot or cold
milling or scarification of the wearing layer and with or without mixture between the old material and the
material addition.
KEYWORDS: road, rehabilitation, consolidation, maintenance, reconstruction, remixing, bitumen, milling
1.
GENERALITIES
2. METHODS OF REHABILITATION
IN PLACE (MRP)
1 heating plate;
2 scarification;
3 leveling blade;
4- pre-compacting beam;
5 compacting cylinder;
6 thermo-reconditioning
The method applies only when the road does
not present any structure defects, after the
verification
of
the
physical-mechanical
characteristics of the mixture, before and after the
thermal-reconditioning, so that the characteristics
of the binder would not be affected.
The thermal-reconditioning, the machinery
that does the thermal-reconditioning, executes the
following operations:
the heating of the layer up to ~ 160C with the
aid of an infrared device;
the scarification of the layer on a depth of 1 4
cm without breaking the aggregates;
the leveling of the material by means of a
transversally oscillatory blade;
pre-compacting of the material and its
conditioning with the aid of a vibrating beam;
final compaction of the layer with compacting
cylinders.
2.2. REMIXING
The remixing allows the rehabilitation of the
layers of asphalt mixtures 5 6 cm thick.
The method consists of in situ hot
reconstruction of the layer, with addition of
material.
Fig. 2. Remixing
20
1 fracturing plate;
2 miller;
3 grille;
4 blender;
5 water tank;
6 binder tank;
7 cord elevator;
8 bin;
9 distribution screw;
10 pre-compacting beam;
11 compacting cylinder;
12 - blender miller;
13 - asphalt distributor
Fig. 6. Technological flux
1 Compacting;
2 Profiling;
3 Granulation;
4 Leveling;
5 - Admixture spreading
c)
21
are
22
1-Bituminous emulsion;
2-Water;
3-Cement ;
4-Flow meter
f)
23
3. METHODS OF REHABILITATION
IN MOTION (MRM)
The technology of reconstruction in motion
of the wearing layer uses a mobile plant of
preparation of asphalt mixtures positioned in the
technological reconstruction flow.
The plant prepares a new asphalt mixture
from the dislocated material by milling from the
old layer and material addition.
The method contains the following operations
(Fig. 19):
4. METHODS OF REHABILITATION
WITH FIXED PLANTS (MRP)
The method uses cold or hot milling of old
layers, evacuation of milled material to a fixed plant
of preparation of asphalt mixtures and the realization
of anew layer with the new mixture (Fig. 21).
24
5. MIXED METHODS
OF REHABILITATION
OF WEARING LAYERS
5.1. THERMAL-REGENERATION
REFERENCES:
1. Babeu T, Faur N, Das I. D, Studiul starii de tensiune din
organele active de dislocare acoperiri asfaltice, Buletin AGIR, Nr
4/1999
2. Faur N, Stoia M, Das I. D , Considerations regarding the stress
concentration effect at the splice pletes of the chains from the
mechanical gearings, Conference XXVI Jupiter 1999
3. Heinz H, Modern Methoden und Maschinen fr
Straenindstandsetzung, Rev. Baumeshinendienst no. 6, 1991
4. Stefanescu M, Contributii asupra optimizarii procesului de
frezare a straturilor de uzura a drumurilor, Teza de doctorat,
UTCB, 2004
5. Das I. D, Studiul durabilitatii organelor active la masini de
frezat a imbracamintilor rutiere, Teza de doctorat, UPT, 2007
25
Quick Info
Camera-based
system 'improve
road safety'
(http://www.engineerlive.com/european-designengineer/automotive-design)
26
ABSTRACT
The paper work presents the experimental researches regarding the running mode of the
valves of the extraction pumps. It spotlights the fact that the valves closing and opening
moments are preceded by a phase difference bigger during the opening and smaller
during the closing and due to the percussion phenomenon during the closing period
between the ball and the seat-ring take place one, two or three elastic collisions having
lower raising high. Corresponding to these processes there occur liquid leaking that
influence the volumetrically efficiency of the extraction pumps.
KEYWORDS: seat, ball, raising, valve, corrosion, toughness, pump
1. INTRODUCTION
In the pumping plant the extraction pumps
with piston are very important and their reliability
and behavior in the working condition of derricks
have a big influence for the total efficiency of the
extraction plant. To chose an extraction pump is
necessary to take account about more factor such as:
the fluid flow to be extracted , the physical and
chemical characteristics of the pumped mixture, the
pumping depth, the gas crude oil ratio, the solid
impurity content, the drill hole geometry, and so on.
To work with a higher capacity, the seat-ball valves
must have the following characteristics:
- the liquid section pass through the valve must
be as big as possible to have a smaller
resistance to the liquid flow ;
- the seat must have a mass as high as possible
and the ball as small as possible; this condition
can increase the working life and it can be
realize either by the diameter decreasing or by
lowering the ball density;
- it is necessary that the ball to have a permanent
rotation movement during the working time ,
to obtain an uniform wear;
- the ball hardness must be bigger than seat one
because during the valve working the ball must
keep the initial surface shape but it is not
necessary this for the seat , as long as the valve
keeps the tightness (we can admit fluid leaking
27
2. CONSTRUCTIONAL
AND FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS
FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL STAND
The laboratory stand is used for trying of the
extraction pumps with medium length in working
conditions very close by the real ones from the
derricks. It permits the materials couples testing
for piston and long cylinder, the establishment of
the radial play influence on the pressure
distribution in the cylinder-piston ring space and
the determination of the high of the ball raising
from the valve seat, depending of the piston
position. To equilibrate the load, in the stand are
two vertical medium length extraction pumps and
the ascendant motions of the piston are the active
repression motion. At the upper side of the piston is
a seat ball valve in to an inductive transducer of
movement which permits the measurement of the
high of the ball depending of the piston position
and of the fluid flow on the valve. It can not be
researched the ceramic valves because we use an
inductive transducer.
3. THE EXPERIMENTAL
DETERMINATION
OF THE HIGH OF THE BALL
FROM THE VALVE SEAT
After the experimental research it was drawn
the characteristic curve of the inductive transducer.
This curve indicates the low voltage induced in the
secondary wrapping depending of the high of the
ball from the seat.
(1)
28
29
5. CONCLUSIONS
The research regarding the high of the raising
valve ball had the following conclusions:
- for drinking water with emulsified oil , to
reduce the stand corrosion, the peak high of
30
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Quick Info
Immersed lube-oil pump with higher
power
Allweiler
AG
has
expanded the performance
range of its ALLUB RUV
vertically immersed screw
pump. Maximum capacity
has been boosted to 1300
l/min. or more than 30 per
cent higher than before.
The
pump/motor
assembly is delivered
complete with covering
plate and pipework, making it ready for installation in an
oil reservoir. Immersion depth can be adjusted to the
height of the reservoir. This pump is specifically designed
for supplying lubrication and hydraulic oil in all areas of
industry. The pump is designed to stay in service without
maintenance for an extraordinarily long time.
The ALLUB RUV is suitable for use in any segment
of industry where mineral-based and synthetic lube
oil, hydraulic oil, and other similar media must be
moved efficiently. This three-screw, self-priming
pump is designed for vertical installation in the oil
container.
Depending on the size of the pump and motor,
immersion depth in the tank is between 325 and 1600
mm. The series' capacity range now covers 30 to 1300
l/min with maximum pressure of 16 bar; maximum
viscosity of the liquid is 760 mm2/s.
The pump is designed to incur the lowest possible
operating and maintenance costs, giving the owner a
low total cost of ownership (TCO). The pump has no
shaft seal, the bearing is liquid-lubricated, and
hydraulically balanced spindles relieve the spindles,
casing, and antifriction bearings. These characteristics
make the pump/motor assembly maintenance-free and
extremely durable.
Fieldbus Standards
(http://www.tenncom.de/)
31
Edwards is launching a new range of Atexcompliant rotary vane vacuum pumps for use in
potentially explosive environments.
32
REZUMAT
Tehnologia de fabricaie a membranelor arc disc pentru ambreiaje auto prin
tratamente termomecanice controlate pe linii tehnologice automatizate de clire
cambrat i propune obinerea calitii corespunztoare a produselor finite n
condiii de eficien economic i respectnd cerinele directivelor europene de
mediu. Calitatea membranelor este determinat de structura obinut n urma
prelucrrilor termomecanice. Principalii parametri tehnologici care influeneaz
calitatea membranelor ambreiajelor auto sunt: temperatura de clire, timpul de
meninere la clire, temperatura de revenire, timpul de meninere la revenire, viteza
de rcire, gradul de deformare prin cambrare. Structura troostit de revenire este o
structur corespunztoare ambreiajelor auto, oferindu-le tenacitatea i elasticitatea
solicitat de condiiile de exploatare.
ABSTRACT
The technology of manufacture of the spring-disk diaphragms for automobiles
clutch pedals by controlled thermo-mechanical treatments on automatic
technological lines of bended quenching has as purpose to obtain the proper quality
of the finished products in conditions of economic efficiency and observing the
requirements of the European environment directives. The quality of the diaphragms
is determined by the structure obtained after the thermo-mechanical processing. The
main technological parameters which influence the quality of the diaphragms of the
automobiles clutch pedals are: quenching temperature, maintaining time at
quenching, tempering temperature, maintaining time at tempering, cooling speed,
degree of deformation by bending. The structure of tempering troostite is a structure
corresponding to the automobiles clutch pedals, offering them the tenacity and
elasticity requested by the exploitation conditions.
CUVINTE CHEIE: membrane, ambreiaje auto, structur
KEYWORDS: diaphragms, clutch pedals, structure
1. INTRODUCERE
Scopul cercetrilor este realizarea i
implementarea tehnologiei de obinere a membranelor
arc-disc pentru ambreiaje auto prin tratamente
termomecanice controlate pe linii tehnologice
automatizate de clire cambrat, conducnd la
obinerea calitii corespunztoare a produselor finite.
Complexitatea tehnologiei const n faptul c
se caut o soluie tehnic care s conduc la un
33
2. FLUXUL TEHNOLOGIC
EXPERIMENTAL
Fluxul tehnologic de fabricaie al membranelor
arc disc pentru ambreiaje auto prin tratamente
termomecanice controlate de clire cambrat este
format din urmtoarele faze tehnologice principale:
F 1 Alegerea i stabilirea semifabricatului
de pornire: band de oel slab aliat (gr.=2 mm)
F 1.1 Control compoziie chimic
F 1.2 Control structur
F 1.3 Control duritate
F 1.4 Control ncercri mecanice
F 2 tanare band
F 3 Crestare semifabricat
F 4 Raionare semifabricat
F 5 Planare la cald a semifabricatului
F 5.1 nclzire la 680C
F 5.2 Planare
F 6 Prelucrare termomecanic complex
F 6.1 Clire cambrat
F 6.2 Deformare plastic prin cambrare
grad de deformare 10%
F 7 Revenire medie cu obinerea structurii
duro-elastice troostitice
F 8 ncercri tehnologice de educare prin
gimnasticare (cicluri de deformare + revenire
elastic=min. 50 cicluri/min fr apariia
fenomenului de ncetinire de rspuns)
F 9 - Control caracteristici mecanice i
structurale-produs finit
F 9.1 Control duritate
F 9.2 Control structur
F 9.3 Control rezisten mecanic
F 10 Montaj produs finit n ansamblu
general (ambreiaj)
F 11 Control tehnic final
F 11.1 ncercri la ncovoiere
F 11.2 ncercri la oboseal, ocuri
F 11.3 ncercri la forfecare
F 12 Verificri i probe n exploatare
F 12.1 - Analiza comportrii n exploatare n
condiiile produciei de serie a ambreiajelor
F 12.1.1 Uzura curent
F 12.1.2 Uzura curent cumulat
F 12.1.3 Uzura procentual
F 12.1.4 Uzura procentual cumulat
F 12.2 Analiza durabilitii
F 13 Automatizare tehnologie
F 14 Implementare.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
[mm]
%C
2
0,40
4
0,55
[C]
650
700
[C]
850
900
[h]
0,1
0,7
[C/s]
200
300
15
[C]
250
400
[h]
Randament
instalaie de
clire
cambrat
Cicluri =
deformare +
3
revenire
elastic de
educare prin
gimnasticare
Duritate
4
medie
suprafa
membran
2
3. PRINCIPALELE CARACTERISTICI
I PARAMETRI DE LUCRU
C2
buc/h
10
25
C3
cicluri/min
50
80
C4
uniti
HRC
40
50
Rezistena
mecanic la
traciune
Reziliena rezistena la
ocuri
C5
N/mm2
1200
1600
C6
J/cm2
40
110
Durabilitate
C7
h,
funcionare 1500
n sarcin
intermitent
2000
34
4. STUDIUL ANALIZELOR
MICROSCOPICE I STRUCTURALE
Din membranele arc-disc experimentate s-au
prelevat probe care au fost supuse studiului
metalografic. n funcie de principalii parametri
tehnologici (temperatura de clire, timpul de
meninere la clire, temperatura de revenire, timpul de
meninere la revenire, viteza de rcire, gradul de
deformare prin cambrare) s-au obinut urmtoarele
tipuri de structuri:
1 Troostit de revenire preponderent peste 80% structur corespunztoare ambreiajelor auto
oferindu-le elasticitate i tenacitate.
2 Sorbit de revenire structur cu comportare
medie elasticitate modest + tenacitate.
3 Martensit cubic + Austenit rezidual
structur necorespunztoare elasticitate slab +
tenacitate.
4 Structur predominant perlitic P=80-90% structur necorespunztoare elasticitate slab.
a duritate corespunztoare, HRC > 40
elasticitate + tenacitate
b duritate necorepunztoare, HRC 40
elasticitate necorespunztoare
c - gimnasticare corespunztoare, nr. cicl.80
cicl./min. elasticitate corespunztoare a
membranei
d - gimnasticare necorespunztoare, nr. cicl.<80
cicl./min. elasticitate necorespunztoare a
membranei.
Principalele structuri obinute n urma analizei
rezultatelor experimentale sunt prezentate n tabelul 3.
Tabelul 3. Studiul analizelor microsopice
i structurale rezultate experimentale
Nr.
Crt
Parametri
tehnologici
T clire=845 C
tclire =20 min.
Duritate=28HR
C
T revenire=355 C
1 t
Gimnasticare=
revenire=45 min.
Vrcire=205C/min 50[nr.cicl./min.]
Structur
Grd. def.=10 %
predominant
Perlitic P=8090%, structur
necorespunztoare
, elasticitate slab
Nr.
Crt
Parametri
tehnologici
T clire=850 C
tclire =25 min.
T revenire=370 C
2 t
revenire=50 min.
Vrcire=205C/min
Grd. def.=11 %
Duritate=30HR
C
Gimnasticare=
55[nr.cicl./min.]
T clire=870 C
tclire =30 min.
T revenire=390 C
3 t
revenire=65 min.
Vrcire=215C/min
Grd. def.=14 %
Duritate=38HR
C
Gimnasticare=
65[nr.cicl./min.]
T clire=870 C
tclire =35 min.
T revenire=395 C
4 t
revenire=65 min.
Vrcire=220C/min
Grd. def.=14 %
Duritate=38HR
C
Gimnasticare=
65[nr.cicl./min.]
T clire=885 C
tclire =35 min.
T revenire=420 C
5 t
revenire=75 min.
Vrcire=230C/min
Grd. def.=15 %
Duritate=42HR
C
Gimnasticare=
75[nr.cicl./min.]
Structur
predominant
Perlitic P=8090%, structur
necorespunztoare
, elasticitate slab
M+ Arez 5%
Structur
necorespunztoare
, elasticitate slab
+ tenacitate
Mcubic + Arez
5%
Structur
necorespunztoare
, elasticitate slab
+ tenacitate
Sorbit de
revenire, structur
cu comportare
medie, elasticitate
modest +
tenacitate
35
Nr.
Crt
Parametri
tehnologici
T clire=890 C
tclire =35 min.
T revenire=420 C
6 t
revenire=80 min.
Vrcire=235C/min
Grd. def.=15 %
Duritate=42HR
C
Gimnasticare=
80[nr.cicl./min.]
T clire=900 C
tclire =40 min.
T revenire=440 C
7 t
revenire=85 min.
Vrcire=245C/min
Grd. def.=17 %
Duritate=45HR
C
Troostit de
Gimnasticare= revenire
85[nr.cicl./min.] preponderent
Sorbit de
revenire, structur
cu comportare
medie, elasticitate
modest +
tenacitate
peste 80%,
strcutur
corespunztoare
ambreiajelor auto,
oferindu-le
elasticitate i
tenacitate
5. CONCLUZII
structura corespunztoare ambreiajelor auto
este troostit de revenire preponderent peste
80%, structur corespunztoare care confer
membranelor
arc-disc
elasticitate
i
tenacitate;
structura troostitic s-a obinut n
urmtoarele
condiii
tehnologice
experimentale: temperatura de clire 895-910
C; timp de meninere la clire 40 minute;
temperatura de revenire 430-450 C; timp de
meninere la revenire 85-90 minute; viteza de
rcire 240-250 C/min; gradul de deformare
prin gimnasticare 16-17%;
duritatea medie la suprafaa membranelor
arc-disc n cazul celor cu structur troostitic
a fost de 45 HRC, iar numrul de cicluri la
verificarea prin gimnasticare pn la
ncetinirea reaciei de rspuns a fost de peste
85 de cilc/min valoare care confer
garania unei comportri corespunztoare n
exploatare.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1.
2.
3.
T clire=905 C
tclire =40 min.
T revenire=440 C
8 t
revenire=90 min.
Vrcire=245C/min
Grd. def.=17 %
Duritate=45HR
C
Troostit de
Gimnasticare= revenire
90[nr.cicl./min.] preponderent
peste 80%,
strcutur
corespunztoare
ambreiajelor auto,
oferindu-le
elasticitate i
tenacitate
4.
5.
36
Rezumat
Componentele auto uoare (lagre, cuzinei, axe, buce) din semifabricate bimetalice obinute din
faz lichid se realizeaz prin aplicarea procedeului de turnare centrifug orizontal. Tehnologia
poate fi realizat pe o linie automatizat, reuind urmrirea strict n timpul procesului a
principalilor parametri tehnologici i a caracteristicilor produsului finit. Obiectivul principal este
creterea fiablitii i a performanelor componentelor auto uoare printr-o optimizare a structurii
i proprietilor. Calitatea componentelor auto bimetalice este determinat de structura mbinrii
care este puternic influenat de temperatura i timpul de mbinare.
Abstract
The light component parts of the automobiles (bearings, supports, axles, bushes) of bi-metallic
half-products obtained from the liquid phase are achieved by the application of the horizontal spin
casting procedure. The technology can be applied on an automatic line, succeeding the strict
survey during the process of the main technological parameters and of the finished product. The
main objective is the increase of the reliability and of the performances of the light component
parts of the automobiles by an optimization of the structure and properties. The quality of the
bimetallic component parts of the automobiles is determined by the structure of the joint that is
strongly influenced by the temperature and the joining time.
Cuvinte cheie: componente auto bimetalice, faz lichid
Keywords: bimetallic component parts for automobiles, liquid phase
1. INTRODUCERE
O metod eficient de reducere a consumului
de aliaje pe baz de cupru este realizarea pieselor
bimetalice oel-bronz. Ca material de baz se
utilizeaz un oel cu un coninut de pn la 0,3% C,
deoarece utilizarea unor oeluri cu un coninut mai
ridicat nu asigur difuzia i aderena corespunztoare
ntre suportul de oel i aliajul antifriciune,
producndu-se clirea excesiv a suportului la rcirea
n ap. Componentele auto bimetalice oel-aliaj
neferos permit s se obin o reducere important a
consumului de aliaje neferoase, precum i o
mbuntire a caracteristicilor de exploatare.
Acoperirea suporilor de oel cu aliaje
neferoase se poate realiza prin mai multe procedee
dintre care metoda centrifugrii materialului depus
topit este foarte utilizat. Pe plan mondial cuzineii i
bucele auto bimetalice din oel-bronz se obin prin
centrifugare orizontal. Realizarea componentelor i
pieselor bimetalice prin procedeul de depunere prin
centrifugare din faz lichid impune necesitatea
2. PROCEDEUL TEHNOLOGIC
EXPERIMENTAL
n figura 1 este prezentat instalaia de
obinere a componentelor auto uoare bimetalice
prin turnare centrifug orizontal.
37
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3. FLUXUL TEHNOLOGIC
EXPERIMENTAL
n fig. 2 este prezentat fluxul tehnologic experimental
de obinere a componentelor auto bimetalice prin
turnare centrifug orizontal direct din faza lichid.
F1
F 1.1
F 1.2
F2
F 2.1
F 2.2
F3
F 3.1
F 3.2
F4
F 4.1
F 4.2
F 4.3
F 4.4
F5
F 5.1
F 5.2
F 5.3
F 5.4
F 5.5
38
4. STUDIUL I ANALIZA
STRUCTURAL A STRATURILOR
BIMETALICE EXPERIMENTATE
n cadrul experimentrilor s-au realizat
componente bimetalice OLT45- CuSn10 i OLT45CuAl9T.
Principalii parametri tehnologici au variat
ntre urmtoarele limite:
temperatura de mbinare T= 1000-1190C;
timpul de mbinare t= 58-165 s;
viteza de rotaie v= 300 750 rot/min.
Probele metalografice au fost debitate din
componentele i piesele bimetalice experimentate
fiind prelucrate i pregtite n laboratorul
metalografic.
Micrografiile probelor metalografice au pus
n eviden fazele comune de tranziie oel-bronz,
materialul de baz i stratul depus din vecintatea
zonei de mbinare precum i interfaa MB-SD (zon
de mbinare - ZI).
Probele metalografice au fost atacate cu
persulfat de amoniu (NH4)2S4O8 10 g + ap distilat
100 cm3, fiind analizate la o mrime de 200:1.
Analiza i studiul structurii mbinrilor
bimetalice n funcie de valorile parametrilor
tehnologici sunt prezentate n figurile 3-6.
39
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1.
2.
3.
(Tmb.=1110C;
tmb=125s;
aderena specific q=220 N/mm2
mbinare tare corespunztoare).
SD s.s.;
MB-structur ferito-perlitic;
ZI- poriuni ntinse cu zone de trecere
neuniformiti chimice i structurale n aproprierea
zonei de mbinare difuzia C i Fe n bronz cu
formare de legturi chimice.
4.
5.
5. CONCLUZII
Temperatura i timpul de mbinare influeneaz
structura mbinrii bimetalice sub urmtoarele aspecte:
Tmb.<1100C poriuni unde are loc
contopirea parial a aliajelor i apariia
nodurilor de mbinare; poriuni unde oxizii se
menin n locuri singulare ntre straturi i
poriuni
unde
sunt
dezagregai
transformndu-se n particule singulare
sferice; concentraii de defecte n apropierea
limitei de mbinare; poriuni alternante de
noduri de mbinare i puni de coeziune;
1100CTmb1190C zon de trecere pe
toat suprafaa; oxizii sunt compet dizolvai;
legturi chimice formate de atomii de carbon
i fier care au difuzat n bronz;
Tmb.>1190C poriuni alternante cu puni
de legtur i zone de trecere la interfa;
oxizii sferici izolai; cuprul difuzeaz n oel
iar carbonul i fierul n bronz; neuniformiti
chimice i structurale n aproprierea zonei de
mbinare.
La temperaturi de mbinare foarte ridicate, peste
limita optim, mbinarea nu mai este puternic,
rezistena mbinrii se micoreaz deoarece:
accelerarea difuziei carbonului n bronz; creterea
adncimii de ptrundere a carbonului n bronz;
decarburarea puternic a oelului de baz; carburarea
puternic a suprafeei bronzului cu apariia coroziunii
intercristaline; n cazul bronzului cu aluminiu apar
compui intermetalici duri i fragili.
TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 1 2 / 2008
40
REZUMAT
Tratamentul de borocarbovanadizare are drept scop mbogirea straturilor
superficiale ale sculelor de deformare plastic i organelor de maini cu
urmtoarele elemente: carbon, bor, vanadiu. Prin borocarbovanadizare se produc
pe lng modificrile structurale i modificri ale compoziiei chimice n structurile
superficiale tratate. ntre materialul de baz al pieselor i stratul superficial
borocarbovanadizat se creeaz o diferen net de structur i caracteristici
mecanice. Diferenierea strat superficial-miez poate fi accentuat prin aplicarea
unor tratamente fa de care cele dou zone se comport complet diferit. Structura
influeneaz caracteristicile straturilor superficiale borocarbovanadizate.
ABSTRACT
The boron-carbon-vanadium treatment has as purpose the enrichment of the
superficial layers of the tools of plastic deformation and machines parts with the
following elements: carbon, boron, vanadium. By the boron-carbon-vanadium
treatment, beside the structural modifications, also modifications of the chemical
composition take place in the superficial treated structures. Between the base
material of the parts and the superficial layer treated with boron-carbon-vanadium a
net difference of structure and mechanical characteristics is created. The difference
between the superficial layer and the core can be accentuated by the application of
certain treatments by respect to which the two zones have a different behavior. The
structure influences the characteristics of the superficial layers treated with boroncarbon-vanadium.
Cuvinte cheie: borocarbovanadizare, organe de masini, scule
Keywords: boron-carbon-vanadium treatment, machines parts, tools
1.
INTRODUCERE
41
2. FLUXUL TEHNOLOGIC
LA NIVEL INDUSTRIAL
Procedeul de borocarbovanadizare rapid
controlat electrotermic n mediu granular al
organelor de maini i al sculelor de deformare
plastic are caracter de noutate pe plan naional.
Fluxul tehnologic preliminar cuprinde urmtoarele
faze i operaii tehnologice:
F1 Alegerea variantelor tipodimensionale i
calitative ale mrcii 21MoMnCr12
F2 Analiza chimic 21MoMnCr12
F3 Prelucrare mecanic- finisarea suprafeei
sculelor i pieselor
F4 Control aspect, dimensiuni, form geometric
scule de deformare plastic
F5 Curire chimic-degresare suprafa activ
scul de deformare plastic
F6 Preparare past borocarbovanadizare tip II a
F7Tratament termic preliminar
anteborocarbovanadizare recoacere de nmuiere TP
F8 Depunerea pastei pe suprafaa sculelor din
21MoMnCr12 mod de depune re II a
F9 Uscarea pastei de borocarbovanadizare
F10 Preparare amestec carburizator granular AG1
F11 Pregtirea incintei de tratament termochimic
F11.1 Pregtire
F11.2 Curire
F11.3 Verificare volum AG1
F12 mpachetarea pieselor i sculelor n amestec
granular
F13 Borocarbovanadizare electrotermic n mediu
granular TTCH1
F14 Control parametri electrici, timp, temperatur
F14.1 Control tensiune
F14.2 Control intensitate
F14.3 Control temperatur
F14.4 Control vitez nclzire
F14.5 Control durat meninere
F15 Rcirea pieselor i sculelor
borocarbovanadizate n cuptor pn la 300C
F16 Rcirea n aer: 30020C
F17 Despachetarea i curirea organelor de maini
i sculelor borocarbovanadizate
F18 Control tehnic calitate strat borocarbovanadizat
F18.1 Control chimic
F18.2 Control macroscopic
F18.3 Control duritate
F18.4 Control adncime strat
F18.5 Control aderen
F19 Tratament termic secundar
F20 Tratament termic final TF2
F20.1 Control temperatur
F20.2 Control vitez nclzire
F20.3 Control durat meninere
F21 Control aspect, dimensiuni, caracteristici
mecanice
3. REZULTATE PRELIMINARE
Analiza rezultatelor preliminare a condus la
abordarea continurii cercetrilor n vederea
fundamentrii procedeului BOVACONTROL prin
studierea aprofundat a urmtoarelor variante:
oel slab aliat 21MoMnCr12;
o variant compoziional de amestec granular
pentru tratarea probelor din oel AG1;
o variant de past pentru borocarbovanadizare
superficial
tip II
pentru probele din
21MoMnCr12;
regim de nclzire riguros controlat din punct de
vedere al parametrilor termofizici (tensiune
electric, intensitate de curent, temperatura de
nclzire);
o variant de tratament termochimic bovacontrol
pentru marca de oel experimentat industrial:
Parametrii de
tratament
Duritatea obinut
42
ap: 5 %
Grafitul din electrozi s-a obinut prin sfrmare i
cernere, sortndu-se granulometric la dimensiuni de
0,1 0,4 mm ce asigur urmtoarele proprieti:
o rezistivitate adecvat;
4. CERCETAREA METALOGRAFIC
A PIESELOR
BOROCARBOVANADIZATE
Cercetarea metalografic a presupus analiza
microscopic a probelor prelevate din sculele i
piesele
durificate
prin
procedeul
de
borocarbovanadizare BOVACONTROL.
n micrografiile probelor au fost puse n
eviden stratul superficial aliat i durificat, zona de
tranziie strat - miez i matricea de baz din marca
21MoMnCr12.
43
44
5. CONCLUZII
n urma experimentrilor la nivel industrial s-a
constatat c la baza procesului termic stau
fenomene de transfer de mas prin difuzia
carbonului i elementelor de aliere la zona
interfazic metal past de aliere tip IIa.
Mecanismul procesului de borocarbovanadizare se
desfoar pe 3 stadii distincte :Stadiul I: disocierea
pastei de aliere i durificare tip IIa n atomi activi ;
Stadiul II: absorbia ( modificarea ) poziiei
atomilor activi pe distane foarte mari; Stadiul III:
deplasarea atomilor absorbani prin vacanele sau
interstiiile reelei cristaline.
Fenomenul fizico-matalurgic: trecerea curentului
electric prin mediul granular n straturile cruia se
gsete mpachetat scula sau piesa vopsit cu pasta
II, provoac la suprafaa de contact a particulelor cu
piesa
metalic
microdescrcri
electrice
(microarcuri) n apropierea crora se dezvolt o
temperatur ridicat, sub aciunea creia se
formeaz carbon activ atomic. Treptat are loc
absorbia elementului atomic carbon ctre
suprafeele piesei metalice i formarea zonei de
difuzie din faza gazoas n exces;
Coninutul de carbon nu influeneaz duritatea
superficial a stratului dar influeneaz adncimea
de borurare (stratul borurat posed o mare
stabilitate la temperaturi ridicate);
Transportul
de
material
n
cazul
borocarbovanadizrii cuprinde etapizat absorbie +
difuzie + saturare pn la limita solubilitii, urmat
de rcire rapid. Consecina acestui fenomen este
obinerea unei soluii suprasaturate, dure n afar de
echilibru.
Compoziia chimic a straturilor superficiale ale
probelor prelevate din piesele borocarbovanadizate
n cadrul experimentrilor la nivel industrial au
oscilat ntre urmtoarele valori: C = 0,58- 0,62; V
= 0,80- 1,00; B = 0,19- 0,25; Ni = 0,83- 1,10; Cr =
0,75- 1,10; Variaia C n stratul superficial are loc
pe o adncime de 3 mm iar variaia V, B, Ni i Cr
are loc pe o adncime de 2 mm variaie a
compoziiei chimice n conformitate cu compoziia
pastei tip II.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Quick Info
New membranes design will improve
carbon dioxide capture
Approximately one third of the total carbon
dioxide (CO2) emissions in the world come from
energy production. CO2 free gas-powered plants are
based on carbon dioxide being removed from the
waste gases and deposited in the ground.
However, before CO2 can be stored, it must
be separated from the waste gases. The current
methods used for this type of filtration are expensive
and require the use of chemicals. A new membrane
technology is going to change that.
This new type of membrane has been
internationally patented by researchers at The
Norwegian University of Science and Technology
(NTNU) in Trondheim. The membrane is made from
a plastic material that has been structured by means of
nano technology. It catches CO2 while other waste
gases pass freely.
Eco-friendly technology
According to the scientists, the technology is
effective, inexpensive and eco-friendly, and can be
used for practically all types of CO2 removal from
other gases. Its effectiveness increases proportionally
to the concentration of CO2 in the gas.
This method, known as facilitated transport,
is comparable to the way human lungs get rid of CO2
when we breathe: it is both a complex and an effective
mechanism.
45
Reversible reaction
The Memfo facilitated transport membrane
uses amine groups as fixed-site-carriers (FSC) for
CO2 transportation. A reversible reaction occurs at
these amine fixed-site-carriers forming bicarbonates
from CO2 and water molecules. The bicarbonates
move to the other side of the membrane (permeate
side) and release CO2. The amine fixed-site-carriers
together with water molecules give fast reversible
reaction and high mobility of CO2 in the form of
bicarbonate comparable to that of the mobile carrier
membranes (liquid membranes) solving the
degradation problem common to the liquid
membranes at the same time.
The cross-linking agent ammonium fluoride
makes water molecules more basic which will have an
increased affinity for CO2. This leads to both
increased concentration of bicarbonate in the
membrane and increased transport of CO2. The
transportation (diffusion) of non-polar gases such as
methane and nitrogen is hindered due to the increased
polarity of the membrane caused by fluoride ions.
This should then lead to much enhanced CO2
permeance and high selectivity in favour of CO2
when this membrane is applied for natural gas
sweetening or CO2 separation from flue gas.
The commercial view
Membranes have a major potential to become an
inexpensive and eco-friendly alternative in the future. An
international patent has been taken out for the new type.
Memfo recently joined a consortium of 26
European businesses and institutions within a project named
Nanostructured Membranes against Global Warming.
Currently,
five
different
types
of
nanomembranes are simultaneously being designed in
the framework of the project: polymer membranes;
diffusion transport membranes, block copolymers;
fixed-site carrier-type membranes, cellulose acetate or
polyamides; ionomeric high voltage membranes,
electrically modified materials; and carbon
membranes carbon molecular sieve membranes; and
ceramic membranes.
According to Hgg, the new technology ought to be
very interesting for coal-powered plants. Within a
five-year period, the plan is to test the membrane
technology in four large power plants in Europe. We
believe this will result in an international
breakthrough for energy-efficient CO2 membranes,
she says.
For more information on the Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, ,visit www.ntnu.no.
(http://engineerlive.com)
46
REZUMAT
Borocarbovanadizarea presupune introducerea sculelor i organelor de maini acoperite
cu pasta de durificare, n incinta de lucru a cuptorului n care se afl amestecul
carburizator ce servete ca surs de atomi activi. nclzirea acestui ansamblu se
realizeaz pn la temperatura optim 900-950C i meninere un timp determinat de
adncimea de penetrare a atomilor. Tratamentul de borocarbovanadizare presupune
urmtoarele etape: Etapa I: disocierea descompunerea moleculelor n atomi activi de
C, B i V; Etapa II: absorbia fenomenul de accelerare la suprafaa pieselor a atomilor
activi de C, B, V i interaciunea acestora cu atomii metalului de baz 21MoMnCr12;
Etapa III: difuzia migrarea atomilor absorbii pe suprafaa piesei tratate ctre interior.
Straturile borocarbovanadizate prezint o microduritate ridicat, corespunznd din
punct de vedere calitativ.
ABSTRACT
The boron-carbon-vanadium treatment supposes the introduction of the tools and
machines parts, covered with hardening paste, in the work precincts of the furnace in
which the carburizing mixture exits. This carburizing mixture serves as source of active
atoms. The heating of this assembly is achieved up to the optimum temperature 900950C and the maintaining during a time determined by the depth of penetration of the
atoms. The boron-carbon-vanadium treatment supposes the following steps: Step I:
dissociation decomposition of the molecules in active atoms of C, B and V; Step II:
absorption the phenomenon of acceleration at the parts surface of the active atoms of
C, B, V and the interaction of these ones with the atoms of the base metal 21MoMnCr12;
Step III: diffusion migration of the atoms absorbed by the surface of the treated part
towards the interior. The layers treated with boron-carbon-vanadium present a high
micro-hardness, suitable from the quality point of view.
Cuvinte cheie: tratament, borocarbovanadizare, microduritate
Keywords: treatment, boron-carbon-vanadium treatment, micro-hardness
1. INTRODUCERE
Tehnologia const n depunerea unei paste de
carburare pe suprafaa sculelor din oel, mpachetarea
acestora ntr-un amestec granular electroconductiv, n
incinta paralelipipedic experimental i legarea
sistemului la un circuit electric debitat de un
transformator cu tensiune secundar reglabil ntre 50150 V i intensitatea curentului cuprins ntre 2501000 A, conform figurii 1.
Figura 1. Schema instalaiei de tratament termic a
pieselor din oel n mediu granular
BOVACONTROL
TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 1 2 / 2008
47
2. FLUXUL TEHNOLOGIC
Fluxul tehnologic al procedeului de
borocarbovanadizare
rapid
controlat
electrotermic este prezentat n figura 2.
3. PARAMETRI TEHNOLOGICI
Modul de depunere al pastei de borocarbovanadizare tip II:
se aplica n dou straturi de grosime 4 4,5 mm
prin imersie; aplicare i uscare natural n aer a
stratului 1 timp de 0,5 ore; aplicare strat 2 cu uscare
prin calcinare timp de 2 ore deasupra cuptorului
prenclzit i pentru uscarea amestecului granular
AG1. depunerea pastei pe probele experimentale nu
va depi 5 mm grosime;
metoda uscrii naturale, prin calcinare la 100C
ct i uscarea deasupra cuptorului prenclzit de
regul nu conduce la apariia de defecte sub
form de exfolieri a stratului de past.
Tabelul 1 Prepararea compoziiei de past tip II
Nr.crt
OPERAIA TEHNOLOGIC
1 Se mojareaz separat, manual sau prin mcinare
n mori uscate cu bile, fiecare din substanele
granulare pn la fracii de maxim 0,15 mm.
2 ntr-un maloxor de 500-1000 turaii / minut de
capacitate adecvat se introduc n ordine:
grafitul i ferovanadiul, Fe-B(C4B).
3 Dup o mixare timp de 5 10 minute se
introduc n proporii activatorul i rina
sintetic dup care se las la omogenizare timp
de 10 15 minute.
Nr.crt
OPERAIA TEHNOLOGIC
4 Peste compoziia din malaxor se adaug
fracionat cantiti mici de alcool tehnic i se
amestec pn la epuizarea cantitii
prestabilite
5 ntreaga compoziie de past se amestec timp
de 20 25 minute pn la obinerea unei
densiti optime de 1,5 g/cm3
n cadrul experimentrilor la nivel industrial
s-a
utilizat
grosimi de 2,2
mm past
borocarbovanadizare depus pe suprafaa sculelor
ntre dou straturi de past depus se utilizeaz
uscarea pe cale natural sau cu ajutorul cuptorului
prenclzit.
Componena amestecului granular carburizator
AG1 este urmtoarea:
grafit electrozi: 87,00 %:
accelerator BaCO3: max 8,00 % (nu trebuie s
depeasc aceast valoare pentru a se evita
supracarburarea);
ap: 5 %.
48
4. ANALIZA DETERMINRILOR
DE MICRODURITATE
ALE STRATURILOR SUPERFICIALE
BOROCARBOVANADIZATE
Determinrile de duritate Vickers cu sarcini
mici i foarte mici s-au efectuat pe probele prelevate
din sculele i piesele borocarbovanadizate n cadrul
experimentrilor la nivel industrial. Media
determinrilor de duritate HV30 realizate n cadrul
experimentrilor la nivel industrial sunt prezentate n
tabelul 4.
Tabelul 4 Media determinrilor de duritate HV30
Nr Prob Materi
crt
al
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
P1 21Mo
P2 MnCr
P3 12
P4
P5
P6
P7
8 P8
9 P9
10 P10
11 P11
12 P12
P13
14 P14
15 P15
16 P16
17 P17
18 P18
19 P19
20 P20
670
675
670
660
650
645
650
470
465
460
475
480
445
455
335
320
325
325
340
340
335
280
275
265
280
265
280
280
640
640
645
670
675
670
665
655
685
700
645
650
670
475
480
475
470
465
450
465
455
465
455
480
475
475
330
320
320
325
330
340
350
345
335
340
335
320
325
275
265
275
290
290
285
280
275
270
265
260
270
275
49
5. CONCLUZII
BIBLIOGRAFIE
1. CEEX 2005/C 8/3.10.2005- Cercetri privind realizarea
noii tehnologii de obinere a sculelor de deformare
plastic la rece tip tane, matrie, poansoane, dornuri
de tragere, scule de laminare la rece-extrudare i
organelor de maini supuse la uzare tip tije, axe, arbori,
supape
de
presiune,
nuca
pivot
prin
borocarbovanadizare rapid controlat electrotermicBOVACONTROL- Etapa IV
2. Vermesan G., s.a. Intensificarea procesului de
cementare prin metoda tratamentului termociclic,
Rev.Metallovedenie nr.5, 1985, p.58.
3. Vermesan G., s.a . Borurarea cu componente multiple,
Rev. METAL PROGRES, apr.1986, p. 24 26.
4. Corbieru A., Alexandru I., Velicu S.,Corbieru P.,
Vrabie I., Butnaru S. Superficial hardening of tools
through successive alloying Buletinul Institutului
Politehnic din Iai, tomul LII (LVI), fasc.2, seciatiina i Ingineria Materialelor, 2006, pag. 203-210,
ISSN-1453-1690
5. Alexandru I., Vasilescu D., Corabieru P., - Contribution
Concerning the Influence of Heat Chemical Treatment
in
Solid
Electroconductor
Mediums
upon
Characteristics and Strusture of Superficial Layerss
Steels First International Congres in Materials Science
and Engineering, nov.1994, Iasi, Buletinul Institutului
Politehnic Iasi, Tomul XL (XLIV),Fasc.1 2 ,vol.1,
pag.519 524.
50
51
3. CONCLUSIONS
Chrysan's commitment to quality means
continuous investment in research and innovative
technologies,
process
engineering,
technical
consultation, state of the art analytical testing
services, and JIT delivery.
Chrysan Industries, Inc. is committed to the
continuous improvement of quality products and
services to fully satisfy or exceed the customer's
expectations.
REFERENCES
[1]. http://www.chrysanindustries.com
52
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
DEPOSIT THROUGH
THERMIC PULVERIZATION.
53
3.
1 c v
whither
- the what coefficient takes about
considers the capacity of relax the liquid particles
depending on speed of collision and form of the
particles; c - sound velocity about liquid ; the
liquid density.
Trend takes of displace the front of
solidification is perpendicular surface of thermic
transfer, therefore on produced in this kind particle
aboutcourse of flatted, the front of crystallization
on move for afront surface they his free.
On mouvement about depth of the particles
and supported temperature diminishes strong.
With haw the time is elder, with as haight
h( , 0) reprezent zone of particles crystalizzer is
elder this arrow to values how the elevated erect
maul of the temperature support respectively the
particles crystalizezer masured about space
adjacency the contact.
The thermic loop Tc( ) of of a spherical
deformed particles pursuant to the kinetic afferent
energy impact and solidify on supported can be
represented, as be consisted of two stages.
1 - Solidification of the particles, process
flat on a lapses( 0 ), about carry temperature of the
contact Tc last constancy, and below the
cristallisation front mixed which about h( , r)
find liquid phase ;
2 - Cooling mass of the solidification
particle arrow to support temperature. The level To
arrow whereat is done the evaluation of the
temperature corresponds the temperature whereat
arrives the support about differed surface points of
pulverization.
These laws which differential equations
cause to interferes components the speed (u,v),
fields of temperature( T) and of pressure( p).
The fluid motion is described through the
laws of preserve table, amount motional and the
energy.
For the cases axisimetrice envisaged have [1]:
1 (ru ) v
+
=0
y
r r
(1)
54
u
u
v
p 1
+u
+v = +
t
r
y
r Re
2u 2 v 1 u u
+ fr
2+ 2+
r
r r r 2
y
u
u
v
p
+u
+v = +
t
r
y
y
1 2u 2 v 1 u
+
+
+ fy
Re y 2 r 2 r r
T
T
T
+u
+v
=
t
r
y
- and Pr =
-
C p
k
, , k, Cp
h 0, =
(3)
(4)
( )
ks
, =0
Cs
(7)
0 < h < H f , = 0, = 0
( )
(6)
(8)
1
h
+ V h = k T
( )
1 T T 1 T
+
+
Re Pr y 2 r 2 r r
v0 d0
where: - Re =
his number Reynolds
2
( )
h
1
1
+ V h = h + 2
(5)
h Hf , =
H f kl
kl
, =
Cl
Cl
(9),
T = Tm +
1
(h + )
k
(10),
wC w
Tw
= k w Tw
t
(11)
4.
MATHEMATICAL MODELING
55
( ( T ) T )
where E = I + Ekin
(P P )n
= rrl nr + rzl nz +
( k1 + k2 ) nr
(P P )n
g
(16)
where
(13)
+ ( E V ) + ( P V ) =
(15)
(17)
( V )
+ ( V V ) = P +
t
( V ) + g
F
+ (V )F = 0
t
+ ( V ) = 0
t
( E)
(14)
v2
, is the specific kinetic
2
energy of the particle, is the material
conductivity, , P, T , are density,pressure,
of the particle, Ekin =
(T )
T
= T (T Tg )
n
(18)
(T )
T
= T (T Tg ) +
n
b (T T
4
4
g
(19)
T =
N u g
(D
0
fn
),
where
f n is the
56
subC sub
5.
Tsub
= (sub (Tsub )Tsub )
t
(20)
Solution Phase
Solve a set of linear or non-linear algebraic
equations simultaneously to obtain nodal
results, such as displacement values at
different nodes or temperature values at
different nodes in a heat transfer system
Postprocessor Phase
Obtain other important information including
stress values, heat fluxes and so on.
57
6.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
58
1. INTRODUCTION
The applications where the weight
diminuation is important or some electrical and
magnetical characteristics are numerously.
These products frequently works in corrosive
medium or at extreme temperatures. For these
requirements assessed for products, the neferous
metals and alloys are recommended. Aluminum,
magnesium, copper, titanium and them alloys are
more used.
Aluminum and magnesium based alloys are
light alloys. These represent a category of materials
in which the main property is the light specific
weight (2700 Kg/m3, aproximately three times less
than iron), and are indispensable, for example, in
the manufacturing of components and structures
from transportation industries.
The metal welding at low temperatures is
usually realised using the traditional arc welding
(MIG; WIG). For application of these procedures
are necessary special conditions especially on
welding of aluminum and its alloy.
2. UTILIZATION OF ALUMINUM IN
TRANSPORTATION INDUSTRY
The increases of utilization grade of light
metals represent an actuality subject, of the actual
trends concerning increases and extends of utilization
at manufacturing products which have two major
technical characteristics: light weight and high
corrosion resistance. Some industrial areas are
mentioned: naval industry, vehicle construction, cars,
defence industry, aeronautics, oil platforms, etc.
The most important market for end users of
aluminum and its alloys is trasnsportation area
59
60
61
Shoulder
Pin
62
63
a)
b)
a)
b)
Fig. 10. Microstructures of AlSi processes FSP
1 pass
The nugget morphology shows deformation
occurrence and a microstructural evolution which
has been caused by process condition or
recrystalization process.
In the nugget the temperature is aprox.400 C.
As a consequence of great forces developed
during the welding process, the plastified material is
mixing and Si plates are strongly fragmentized, so
that, in the plastic deformation zone (weld), appear
under the form of very fine particles (figure 10,b).
For processing of big surfaces the succesive
passes method was used (figure 11 and figure 12).
Processed material
Base material - BM
Fig. 13. Bending tests for processed probe
64
4. ECONOMICAL CONSIDERATIONS
Butt welding of aluminum sheet with
thickness 3-6 mm is realised usually using MIG
procedure. For 6mm thickness MIG welding is
necessary a mechanical working in V of the edge.
The welding is realised in two passes and
using 1,6mm diameter wire. For 1m welding length
is necessary 173g wire, 60 l argon shielding gas,
welding time aprox. 5,2min.
In FSW case, the mechanical working of the
edges are not necessary, no gap, no filler metal and
shielding gas, welding time is 3,33min for
300mm/min welding speed.
Changing the MIG welding with FSW assure
complete elimination of filler material consumption,
substantial diminuation of fabrication time because the
mechanical working of the edges are not necessary
and efective welding time diminuation.
A comparative study between MIG welding
and FSW for wagon structure from Bombardier
Transportation Company, England, was realised by
a researcher group and specialists [7].
The comparison element was the annual
production of 400 undercarriage with 12 long welds
(8 butt welds and 4 corner welds) realised using
both welding procedure. Total welding length was
aprox. 96000m.
The economical and environmental impact in
production process, parts machining, equipment
maintenance, furnishing, etc. were analized.
From the tests results some important aspects
about FSW have been reported:
- energy consumption was reduced with
25000KWh, mean 0,26 KWh/m of weld;
- elimination of the consumable materials
(4200 kg welding wire, 18250 m3 of Argon, 450
kg thermoplastic material from wire reels, 35 kg
Cu 4Cr) and costs of aquisition and transport from
suppliers;
- diminuation costs before and post welding
(the mechanical working of the edges are not
necessary, minimal deformations);
- diminuation of quantity of auxiliary
materials and waste (textil materials with solvents
380 kg, cleaning solvents 340 l, ~ 70 kg stainless
steel from wire brushes, etc.).
CONCLUSIONS
Al is a light metal, strong and durable. From
these 3 base properties, Al becomes the preffered
metal for applications in transportation area, light
weight conduced to the diminuation of fuel
consumption and high loading capacity. Products
such as car engines, aircrafts, ships, autotrucks and
trains are important examples in this case.
The idea of fabrication the whole cars from Al
depends by joint technics which are used in
different parts manufacturing.
Friction stir welding offer an ecological and
technological alternative for arc welding
procedures, allows easy processing and elimination
of majority of necessary precaution. FSW has many
advantages from economical efficiency point of
view. FSW is a welding procedure that has
remarcable possibilities
of development and
applications, especially for light metals welding.
Friction stir welding can be used like a new
technology that allows the new concepts development
and designing some of fabrication processes.
Using FSW, a cast structure can be
transformed in a structure with a high plastic
deformability grade.
The paper was done in the CEEX project 103
41/10.10.2005 Researches about conception
orientation and fabrication technologies of
industrial products, seeing end of lifetime, for
reutilisation, recycling and ecological destruction,
closed in May 2008. The contractual authority
being CNMP, program INFOSOC.
REFERENCES
[1].
[2].
[3].
[4].
[5].
[6]
[7]
65
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COMSOL MULTIPHYSICS
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66
1. INTRODUCTION
Studies of mechanical properties of the AlN ceramics
under high temperature are of interest from the viewpoint
of making parts with high thermal and wear resistance
[1], e.g. operating in the stream of a gas carrying the
abrasive powder at the temperature of about 800 C.
Besides, AlN is investigated as a structural material
to be used in metallurgy owing to high thermo-mechanic
stability and low solubility in the liquid steel [2, 3]. Use
of AlN ceramics as a heat-dissipating substrate and
package in microelectronics makes demand for high
strength and hardness. In this paper the effects of
temperature and porosity on mechanical properties and a
mechanism of failure in sintered AlN have been studied.
2. EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCHES
Samples of various densities were produced by
sintering AlN powder (Fig. 1) of an initial specific
surface of 15 m2/g (Neomat Company, Riga, Latvia) in
the temperature range from 1600 to 1950 C in nitrogen.
Green density of the samples was equal to 50-55 %.
The samples of 5535 mm were three-point bend
tested at temperatures from 20 to 1800 C using tungsten
supports for loading and bending tungsten rod of 18 mm
in diameter. Stress rate was 1 mm/min. Every strength
value
was
calculated
for
three
samples.
Mean relative error was 16 %.
500 nm
Fig. 1.Starting AlN powder produced by a plasma
chemical synthesis
Table 1. The density and grain size of samples vs.
sintering temperature
Sintering
temperature, oC
1600
1700
1800
1900
Density, %
Grain size, m
56.8
80
94
99
0.5-1
1-2
2-3
3-5
67
400
5
300
200
3
100
2
400
3.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
1
0
2000
68
1. INTRODUCERE
Prin tema de fa se pun n eviden principalele
aspecte i carcteristici ale biocarburanilor, comparativ cu actualii carburani majoritari, obinui din
motorin, precum i tendinele care se manifest n
69
Carbonul organic din biocarburant provine din atmosfer, fiind captat din plante n perioada de cretere,
benefic pentru mediu. La ora actual se consider c
biocombustibilii sunt carburani verzi curai.
Dioxidul de sulf (SO2) este mai nociv dect CO2
deoarece n urma reaciei lui din atmosfer se produce
acid sulfuric, principala component a ploilor acide.
Se nregistreaz costuri incalculabile ale polurii
produse de autovehicule i de nsi producia petrolier. n scopul reducerii, pn la eliminare, a noxelor
din atmosfer, n principal CO2, SO2 i a emisiilor de
azot, s-a trecut la utilizarea, pe scar larg, a energiei
regenerabile care are n vedere i biocarburanii.
Biocarburanii, ca parte a energiei regenerabile, se
utilizeaz n transporturi, ca dou produse:
(1) Bioetanol/etanol, ca alternativ la benzin sau
n amestec cu benzina, ca aditiv pentru mbuntirea caracteristicilor acesteia, utilizat la
motoarele prin combustie;
(2) Biodiesel, ca alternativ la motorin, sau ca
aditiv, utilizat la motoarele prin compresie.
Ideea de folosire a carburanilor din culturi vegetale
dateaz de peste 100 de ani.
Rudolf Diesel, a pornit motorul, care-i poart
numele, folosind ulei de arahide (1892)
Henry Ford a folosit alcool pentru deplasarea primei maini concepute (1893)
Ambii inventatori au descoperit repede c dac combustibilul obinut din iei (hidrocarburi) era rafinat
puin producea mult mai mult energie pe litru dect
combustibilul vegetal i, n plus, era mai ieftin; ca
urmare ei s-au orientat ctre combustibilul obinut din
petrol, care la acea vreme era mai ieftin.
Carburantul alcoolic, numit etanol, a reuit s revin
n for n SUA abia n anul 2000, mai ales sub form
de aditiv, formnd amestecul benzin-etanol. Aditivul-etanol adugat benzinei amelioreaz proprietile
acesteia n sensul c o face mai puin detonant, iar
amestecul este mai puin poluant.
Aditivul-etanol se afl n competiie cu aditivul
chimic, propriu industriei petroliere, MTBE (Metilter
Butil Eter) care dup unii cercettori este suspectat c
ar fi cancerigen i care a nceput s se regseasc n
straturile acvifere; n multe state folosirea aditivului
chimic MTBE a fost interzis.
Procent
de biocarburant
5,75%
10,0%
Cota anual
pentru Romnia
300.000 t
550.000 t
2. BIODIESEL ENERGIE
REGENERABIL
Biocarburanii sunt de fapt carburani alternativi
regenerabili (combustibili lichizi) produi din culturi
vegetale i utilizai de motoarele cu ardere intern.
La motorul cu explozie cu aprindere prin
scnteie MAS (combustie intern), carburantul este
benzina ce provine dintr-un produs petrolier neregenerabil care poate fi nlocuit cu bioetanol.
Etanolul fiind un alcool etilic, de origine vegetal, nu
cere neaprat folosirea prepoziiei bio.
La motorul cu autoaprindere prin compresie
MAC, numit i motor diesel, carburantul provenit din
produse petroliere neregenerabile este motorina ce
poate fi nlocuit prin biodiesel.
2.1. Biodiesel
Biodieselul se poate utiliza drept carburant:
singur i este simbolizat B 100 (o sut pri
biodiesel la zero pri motorin)
n amestec cu motorina din petrol, ca aditiv,
i este simbolizat, de ex. B 02, B 20.
Pentru ambele situaii simbolizarea are urmtoarele
semnificaii: litera B provine de la biodiesel, cifrele
alturate literei B reprezint raportul biodiesel/
motorin. De exemplu, B 02 este un amestec de dou
pri-procente (2%) ca aditiv la 98 pri motorin din
petrol (98%).
70
01.07.
2007
01.01.
2008
01.07.
2008
01.01.
2010
2. Benzina
2%
3%
4%
4%
1,04
BD
1,21
Cee
71
Tulpini-teci
Frunze
Buruieni
Arbori cu
cretere rapid
5.
Rdcinoase
mari i adnci
Stuf
Rumegu-talaj
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I. ALIMENTARE
(Plante alimentare)
CULTURI
VEGETALE
A. BIODIESEL
1. Rapi
2. Soia
3. Floarea soarelui
4. Palmier
5. Arahide
(exemplificri)
B. BIOETANOL
1. Porumb
2. Trestie de zahr
3. Sfecl de zahr
Alte materiale
secundare ale plantelor
Ierburi de preerie
Alge
3. MATERIALE ENERGETICE
DE ORIGINE VEGETAL
Din materiale vegetale energetice se produc biocarburani: biodiesel i bioetanol. Acetia pot fi extrai din
orice plante; din raiuni de eficien, cele mai folosite
sunt ns vegetalele oleaginoase i care conin
amidon.
Culturile vegetale pot fi structurate pe dou grupe
mari: alimentare i nealimentare (Schema structural
3.1).
Din ambele grupe de culturi se pot obine att
biodieselul, ct i bioetanolul cu remarca c cele din
grupa de culturi vegetale nealimentare ateapt
conceperea unor tehnologii de producie performante, avnd costuri specifice reduse aa nct
biodieselul s coste mai puin dect motorina, iar
bioetanolul mai puin dect benzina
n etapa actual se remarc o febr a biocarburanilor
deoarece beneficiile poteniale sunt mari; n acest
scop se promoveaz asiduu plantele vegetale
alimentare.
Acest
lucru
poate
conduce
la
reorientarea agriculturii prin creterea suprafeelor pentru
plantele tehnice n detrimentul celor alimentare,
ridicnd preurile la produsele alimentare.
La baza fenomenului stau criza de carburani
convenionali i subveniile de stat care ncurajeaz
nfiinarea de culturi tehnice n detrimentul celor
alimentare; n aceast situaie, industria biocarburanilor se dezvolt ntr-un ritm fr precedent.
4. PRODUCIA DE BIODIESEL
n prezent, pe circa 1,8 milioane de hectare din terenul
agricol al Romniei, cresc plante oleaginoase (din
care se poate extrage ulei) de unde rezult o producie
anual de peste 1 milion de tone de ulei de floarea
soarelui, rapi, soia. Din aceast cantitate de ulei
numai 300.000 t (30%) este folosit n scop alimentar,
excedentul de 700.000 t (70%) devine biodiesel.
Romnia produce acum de aproape apte ori mai mult
biodiesel dect se consum (tabelul 4.1).
72
Nr.
crt
Parametrii
tehnologici
1.
Producie biodiesel
400.000
2.
Cantitate cerut
n ar
Cantitate exportat
60.000
3.
4.
5.
6.
Consum anual
de motorin
Cota minim
de biodiesel impus
Romniei ca aditiv
Cantitate minim
de biodiesel utilizat
ca aditiv
340.000
3.000.000
2%
5,75%
60.000
180.000
Culturi
de plante
1. Rapi
2. Floarea
soarelui
3. Soia
800.000
1.000.000
100.000
500.000
5. CONINUT DE ENERGIE
I BALAN ENERGETIC
Analiza comparat privind energia unui biocarburant
poate fi fcut n baza a dou criterii principale:
Coninutul de energie ntr-un litru de
biocarburant comparativ cu cel al
carburantului neregenerabil pe care-l
nlocuiete;
Energia combustibilului consumat
pentru fabricare, comparativ cu energia
carburantului rezultat.
Cu privire la coninutul de energie ntr-un litru de
biocarburant comparativ cu cel al carburantului convenional se d un exemplu n care un litru
de biodiesel (BD) conine 86% energie fa de
motorin (M) de 100% (figura 5.1). Totui, se atrage
atenia c valoarea energiei coninut n biodiesel
depinde i de natura plantei din care a fost obinut.
Balana energetic realizeaz o comparaie ntre
energia combustibilului folosit-consumat pentru a
produce biocarburant comparativ cu energia
biodieselului dezvoltat-rezultat. Un exemplu,
pentru consumul unei uniti de energie a combustibilului fosil utilizat (CE) egal cu 1 unitatea, a
rezultat 2,5 uniti de energie dezvoltat (ED) de
biodiesel (figura 5.2). i aici se face remarca c
trebuie s se in seama de natura combustibilului
fosil utilizat.
Unii carburani regenerabili sunt criticai pentru c la
producerea lor se consum tot atta energie ct
rezult.
100%
86%
2,5
BD
CE
ED
73
Investiii
Supraf.
teren
mil. euro
ha
Producie
tone/zi
tone/an
340
Lehliu-Gar
30
MARTIFER
(Clrai)
Firm portughez
Pus n funciune 2005
100.000
Vaslui
18
14.000 170
Grupul RACOVA
30.000
COM AGRO-PAN
Grupul RACOVA
Vaslui
500
Fabr. nou 2008
120.000
ULTEX
ndrei
Contracte
Companie german
Petromidia
Rafo-Oneti
INTER AGRO
Zimnicea
50
12.000 85 biodiesel
9 fabrici integrate
rapi 255 bioetanol
50.000
PROFILAND
Galai
200
60.000
MAN DAFORA
Atel
100
400
Media
jud.Sibiu
120.000
ROMPETROM proiect
200
60.000
OMV proiect
180
700
200.000
6. CARACTERUL ECOLOGIC
N PRODUCEREA I FOLOSIREA
BIODIESELULUI
Aciuni nocive produse
Carburanii neregenerabili obinui din petrol folosii
de autovehicule produc:
emisii de hidrocarburi (HC)-gaze de eapament,
au un fum vizibil urt mirositor care mpreun cu
nanoparticulele materiale din praf (PM) este
ridicat n aer i formeaz un amestec duntor
organismelor vii.
amestecul nociv fum-praf din aer
constrnge omul s respire acest amestec
ce are implicaii asupra sntii;
se aaz pe plante, pe copaci, acoperind
totul de jur mprejur, distrugnd vegetaia
gazele de eapament produc un zgomot slab
(huruial)
n urma arderii combustibililor fosili n motoarele cu
ardere intern se produc emisii de CO2 i SO2.
bioxidul de carbon este principalul gaz vinovat de
efectul de ser i ridic temperatura pmntului n
fiecare moment.
Natura culturii
Rapi
Rapi
Rapi
Soia
Rapi
74
100%
60%
0%
M | BD
CO2
M | BD
SO2
8. CONCLUZII
Sfritul petrolului este aproape i din acest motiv
omenirea trebuie s se preocupe pentru:
nlocuirea carburanilor tradiionali obinui din
petrol;
identificarea altor materiale dect cele vegetale
ca surse de biocarburani, de exemplu din
deeuri, precum componentele de computere
(cercetare romno-turc);
descoperirea altor sisteme tehnice de generare
a energiei pentru propulsia autovehiculelor.
75
BIBLIOGRAFIE
[1]. Bourne, Jr., Joel K., Visuri versi. Combustibilii din culturi
vegetale ar putea fi buni pentru planet dup nc una sau
dou descoperiri senzaionale. Articol, Naional Geographic,
Romnia, Februarie 2008, ISSN 1583-6541
[2]. Drghia, Petre, Stresul Diesel, Ziarul, 12 martie 2008,
Publicaie auditat de BRAT.
[3]. Ionacu, Daniel, Energie: Petrom aprinde preul benzinei,
Jurnal Naional, 24 mai 2008.
[4]. Ionescu, Alexandru, Ei fac motorin din rapi-cum se
fabric biodieselul romnesc, Libertatea, 06 mai 2008.
[5]. Ivnescu, Maria, Biodiesel made n Romania, revista Auti
Magazin, nr. 2, ianuarie 2008.
[6]. Megre, Vladimir, Anastasia, Editura Dianua, Trgu Neam,
1997, ISBN (10) 973-87792-0-0.
[7]. Rotaru, Liviana, Noua revoluie agrar Lanurile de motorin
ne iau grul de la gur, Evenimentul Zilei, 10 mai 2008.
Quick Info
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Focus of the fair: Passive-House, Bio Energy, Solar Technology, Geothermal Energy; The partenering event: 29
January (afternoon) to 30 January 2009 (whole day). Partner Country is Switzerland!!! Additionally there will be
opportunities to have a stand or to participate at six international congresses / workshops.
More http://www.cep-expo.de/
76
1. TRIBOTECHNIC EXPERIENCE
TRIBOtechnic equipment is the culmination of 18
years of market experience and 30 years of
tribological testing. Equipped with the latest
technological
advances,
TRIOBOtehnic
instruments have, the French company says,
exclusively patented features for Research and
Development or measuring Quality Control. These
instruments conform to industry standards, are user
friendly and economical to maintain. New
technological
advances
have
allowed
TRIBOtechnic to provide its customers with the
highest quality and performance, at a reasonable
cost.
77
3. TRIBOMETER FOR
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
MEASUREMENT
An original and patented deflection arm permits the
measurement of the coefficient of friction.
At the end of the test, user measures the disc wear track
profile with specific rugosimeter and the diameter of
the worn flat surface on the ball, by microscope.
4. CONCLUSIONS
TRIBOtechnic has many innovative instruments
equipped with the latest technological advances,
they are conform to industry standards, are user
friendly and economical to maintain.
As an important experience, TRIBOtechnic is one
of the active partners in TRIBOSTAND project
labelised
EUREKA in ENIWEP umbrella. Theme of this
research project is: standardisation of tribologicals
and scratch tests for coatings.
REFERENCES
[1]. www.tribotechnic.com
78
ABSTRACT
A simple physically based model for the adhesive wear of steel material is
presented on the mechanics and mechanisms associated with Bingham flow ceramic
mixture. The model is based on the assumption that any contact point between
cylinder and ceramic mixture is sliding. This model is used to decrease the wear of
mechanical system (cylinder and metallic die) to manufacture a ceramic muff. The
solution technique to increase the durability of cylinder and die for ceramic muffs
can also be used to solve arbitrary study cases.
1.
INTRODUCTION
79
2. FLOW MODEL
OF CERAMIC MIXTURE
= r / Re , i = R / R e , a = R a / R e ,
b = Rb / Re , u = 4u 0 / Re 2 dp
dz
and
2
U 0 = 4u0 / Re dp
dz
(3)
2
2 ( a + i ) + a i + u 0 if [ i , a ]
(4)
a
i
1
u = 2 2 (1 + b ) + b + u 0
if [ b ,1]
1 b
uif [ , ]
a
b
dp d
=
dz dr
if r [Ri , Ra ] [Rb , Re ] (a )
2 0
dp
=
dz Rb Ra
if r [Ra , Rb ]
(1)
(b )
du
dr
du
d
= a
du
= 0 and
d
= b
=0
(5)
a = m T0 ; b = m + T0
u 0 = 2(1 m T0 )
(6)
(7)
= 0 +
Ra
Rb
Re
Ri
Ra
Rb
(8)
where Qi-a , Qa-b , Qb-e , ui-a , ua-b , ub-e are the ceramic
flow rate and the velocities for the field a, a-b, b-e,
respectively (Fig.3).
(2)
80
Q=
Q=
8Q
Re dp / dz
4
, is
2
2
( a + i ) ( a i )3 + (1 + b ) 1 b 3
3
3
2
2
2
2
+ u0 b + b + 1 a a i i
3
(9)
(10)
(17)
i + z a tan ( )
2
ln el
tan ( )
el i
(11)
(12)
Pa3(za) = 2( z a z a 2 ) + p a 2 ( z a 2 ) (13)
1 i
where za1 = z1/ Re3, za2 = z2/ Re3, e2 = Re2/Re3.
p
dz
HB
(18)
hw =
k HB dz
(19)
81
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
20a
el i + tan ( ) el i + z a tan ( ) 2 0 a ( el i )
+
ln
e( el i )
tan 2 ( )
tan 2 ( )
(20)
-in the cylindrical annular gap:
hwa2(za,0a) =
2
0a ( p a (z a1 )(z a z a1 )) + (z a z a1 ) + hwal(za1, 0a)
e 2 i
(21)
and
hwa3(za,0a) =
0a ( p (z )(z z )) + (z a z a 2 )
a
a2
a
a2
1 i
h (z ,
+ wa2 a2
0a)
(22)
where: 0a = k0 / HB and hwa = hw / R3.
These
equations
are
valuable
for
manufacturing every ceramic muff. But, the wear
mechanism of the cylinder or the die is
continuously and after a number of ceramic muffs,
the quality decreases. The wall thickness of
ceramic muffs will be non uniform.
Figure 6 shows the theoretically relative wear of
cylinder after manufacturing a single ceramic muff.
82
REFERENCES
1. Archard, J.F., Friction and wear of materials, John Wiley,
New York 1965.
2. Bond-Yen Ting, Winer, W.O., Friction-Induced Thermal
Influences in Elastic Contact between Spherical Asperities, Trans
.ASME J. Tribol., 111 (1989) 315-322
3. Kraghelski, I.V., Dobicin, M.H., Kombalov, B.C.,
Osnovirascetov na trenie i iznos, Moskva Masinostroenie
1977.
4. Samuels, B., Richards, M.N., The transition between mild and
severe wear for boundary-lubricated steels, Trans. ASME J.
Tribol., 113 (1991) 65-72.
5. Tudor, A., Non-Linear cumulative Model of Adhesive Wear
Proceedings
Int.Cong.
on
Tribology
''EUROTRIB'93'',
Budapest,sept.1993, vol.5, p.502-508.
6. Tudor, A., Nasui, G.V., The tribology and rheology analysis
of additivated grease against solid (part I and part II). U.P.B. Sci.
Bull., Series D, Vol. 62, No. 2, 2000, p.51-60.
Quick Info
Lubricators installed on electroplating
robots
By installing automatic lubrication systems on its
electroplating robots, a coatings company has saved
around 45,000 euros over the past three years, by
eliminating plant downtime due to insufficient
lubrication of linear bearings and guideways.
5. CONCLUSIONS
A simple framework for a physically- based
model for flow ceramic mixture in mechanical
system to manufacturing muff and the sliding wear
are presented based on the cumulative effect of the
adhesive wear.
The model relies on the straightforward
notion that any portion of ceramic mixture is
removed as stagnant nucleus.
The limitations inherent in such a model are
that it does not take into account additional thermal
mechanisms.
The calculations show that any pressure
fluctuation increases the wear of cylinder. While in
his study case the relative pressure depends only on
limit shear strength of ceramic mixture, surface
damage may have major influence on other
parameters.
The tribological solutions to minimize of the
ear of cylinder are used for the manufacturing
ceramic muff and it is possible to use it on other
similar cases.
83
Schaeffler UK
F'IS
(http://www.schaeffler.co.uk)
(http://www.engineerlive.com)
TEHNOLOGIA INOVATIV Revista Construcia de maini nr. 1 2 / 2008
84
p=
p
- la pression adimensionn;
p
8LQ
- le dbit adimensionn;
h 3 p
Q=
T0 =
2 0 L
- le paramtre adimensionn
hp
caractristique pour
lcoulement Poiseuille;
u=
8uL
- la vitesse adimensionne
h 2 p
x
- la coordonn adimensionne (Ox);
L
y
y = - la coordonn adimensionne (Oy);
h
x=
85
1. INTRODUCTION
En parallle avec la rsolution des
problmes classiques de lubrification, le processus
dcoulement des fluides dans les zones avec des
discontinuits a commenc tre tudi une fois
avec le dveloppement de la mthode dlments
finis.
Dans une premire tape, les problmes
rsolus ont t spcifiques pour les fluides
newtoniens, les rsultats thoriques tant valids,
de point de vue exprimentale, par la visualisation
de lcoulement. Aprs la mise au point de cette
mthode de recherche, on a commenc analyser le
comportement
des
fluides
non-newtoniens
visqueuses (modle rhologique loi de puissance,
[5]) ou viscolastiques (modle rhologique de
Maxwell, [8], [2]). Comme application, on a tudi
le cas dune discontinuit de type changement
brusque de section (figure 1), pour rduire la perte
de charge pendant le transport du fluide dans un
tuyau, [3], [4], [9].
Si dans le cas des fluides non-newtoniens
visqueuses ou viscolastiques la littrature est assez
riche comme tudes de cas, pour les fluides nonnewtoniens viscoplastiques la situation est
compltement diffrente. Lexistence du noyau
stagnant dans la masse de lubrifiant prsente des
difficults pour la rsolution du problme de
lcoulement dans les zones avec des
discontinuits. Il existe quelques essais pour des
cas pareil, [10], [6], [1], parmi lesquelles on trouve
le mme cas que celui prsent dans la figure 1,
mais pour un fluide viscoplastiques, modle
rhologique de Bingham (figure 2).
N o y a u stag na nt
2. LES EQUATIONS
NAVIER-STOKES POUR UN FLUIDE
NON- NEWTONIEN, MODELE DE
BINGHAM
Pour le cas des fluides non-newtoniens
viscoplastiques, lquation constitutive sera
dtermine en tenant compte de lexistence du seuil
de tension 0. Si lon dfinit en conformit avec le
critre de plasticit de Huber von Mises, [7],
lquation constitutive tridimensionnelle du modle
de Bingham deviendra:
0
T = 2 +
D
D II
TII 0
pour
D0
pour
D=0
(1)
86
y
B
z
D
pe
pi
O
p
0 u
0 u v
0 u w
=0
+ 2 + * + + * + + + * +
D x y
D y x z
D z x
x x
0 v
0 v w
0 u v
p
= 0
+ + * + + 2 + * + + * +
D y x y
D y z
D z y
y x
p + + 0 u + w + + 0 v + w + 2 + 0 w = 0
z x
D* z x y
D* z y z
D* z
(2)
D = 0
o :
(3),
2
v
u
w u v v w w u
+
D* = 2 + 2 + 2 + + + +
+
x
z y x z y x z
y
2
(4)
87
3. LA VALIDATION
DU PROGRAMME EN ELEMENTS
FINIS POUR LECOULEMENT
POISEUILLE
Dans le cas de lcoulement Poiseuille, on va
prsenter dabord la solution analytique, valable
pour le mouvement entre deux plaques parallles
larges (B L) (figure 4), avec lhypothse dun
processus laminaire et isotherme. Si on intgre
lquation de mouvement en supposant que la
variation de la pression est linaire par rapport la
coordonn longitudinale x, la distribution de vitesse
devient:
p 2
2L ( y 2 yh a )
p 2
u =
ha
2L
p
( y hb )2 (h hb )2
T0 1
u = 0; v = 0
pour
y [0, h a )
pour
y [ h a , h b ]
pour
y ( h b , h]
p=0
CD
AC
( x = l) :
O
ECHELLE MAILLAGE
(8),
la distribution de vitesse pour un fluide de Bingham
(rel. 5) devient:
DEPLACEMENTS
ECHELLE DEPL
0.5536
y
0.80
(9)
1 + T0
y
,1
2
T0 = 0
0.60
0.40
T0 = 0,25
0.20
T0 = 0,75
T0 = 0,5
et le dbit:
T
2
2
Q = (1 T0 ) 1 + 0
3
2
(12)
0.3085
p
8uL
8LQ
y
x
2 L
;Q= 3
; y = ; x = ; T0 = 0 ; p =
p
hp
h 2 p
h p
h
L
1 T0
y 0,
1 T0 1 + T0
y
,
2
2
( y = 1) :
(6)
frontire
la
- sur la frontire
2 L
2 L
1
1
ha = h + 0 ; hb = h 0
2
2
p
p
2
4 y + y(1 T0 )
2
u = (1 T0 )
4( y + 1)( y T0 )
sur
u = 0; v = 0
(5),
o ha et hb seront calculs avec les relations:
u=
(11)
T0 = 1
0.00
(10)
0.00
0.40
0.80
1.20
88
4.1.
Lcoulement
dans
une
discontinuit de type rtrcissement de
section
La gomtrie de linterstice tudi et aussi
le maillage propos sont prsents dans la figure 9.
F
E
1.00
Largeur adimensionelle
0.80
0.60
Noyau stagnant
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00 1.20 1.40 1.60 1.80 2.00
A
Figure 9. La gomtrie de linterstice
Longueur adimensionelle
u = 0
v = 0
et FG :
- sur la frontire GO : v = 0
(13)
- sur la frontire DC : v = 0 ; p = 0 .
Le champ de vitesse, le noyau stagnant et
la distribution de pression sont mises en vidence
dans les figures 10, 11.a et 11.b.
89
Noyau stagnant
3.00
Largeur adimensionelle
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
Longueur adimensionelle
b) La distribution de pression
u = 0
v = 0
- sur la frontire GO : v = 0
3.00
2.50
Noyau stagnant
2.00
1.50
le
e
n
o
sin
e
im
d
a
ru
e
rg
a
L
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
Longueur adimensionelle
90
b) La distribution de pression
Figure 14. Le cas de lenfourcher des tuyaux
en T (T0 = 0,43)
u = 0; v = 0
- sur la frontire OK: v = 0
3.00
v = 0; p = 0
2.50
(14)
2.00
1.50
Largeur adimensionelle
1.00
0.50
0.00
-0.50
-1.00
-1.50
-2.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00
Longueur adimensionelle
91
BIBLIOGRAPHIE
b) La distribution de pression
Figure 17. Le cas de lenfourcher des tuyaux, en
croix (T0 = 0,49)
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. On confirme lexistence du noyau stagnant dans
la rgion centrale du mouvement, dans les zones
sans discontinuits;
2. On constate une perte de charge pch entre
lentre et la sortie de la discontinuit (figure 18 ).
3. Les rsultats obtenues sont trs importantes pour
la projection optimale des rseaux de tuyaux, avec
des pertes de charge minimales.
1.00
Quick Info
Important events
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
0.80
Le parametre adimensionelle To
p ch =
p ch
pour des divers types de
p
discontinuits
1.00
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INNOVATION AUDITS
CONCEPT, EXPERIENCES AND OPTIONS FOR TTI
CENTERS IN ROMANIA
Michael Guth
ZENIT GmbH (Zentrum fur Innovation und Technik in NRW), Germany, e-mail: mg@zenit.de
ABSTRACT
Innovation Audits (rather than Technology Audits) present as main interest points:
Background, the IRC Innovation Audit Concept, Example from the German / Dutch /
Belgian Border, Lessons and finally - Options for Romanian TTI entities.
The innovation performance of Romanian firms still is weak. Considering as an
Innovation Gap is the Risk to become an inhibitor for transformation and growth.
The same situation was and is known in many other EU MS (also in Germany).
One (amongst many other) concepts to increase the innovation performance is the
innovation audit.
KEYWORDS: innovation, audit concept, TTI centers
1.
INTRODUCTION
What is Innovation?
Innovation is more than just the sucessful application
of research findings, it represents the result of
complex interactions between persons, organisations
and their environment.
Today we speak about Innovation Audits Rather than
of Technology Audits, what we did in the past.
What do we mean by Audit
According to Wikipedia an audit is an evaluation of
a person, organization, system, process, project or
product. Audits are performed to ascertain the validity
and reliability of information, and also provide an
assessment of a system's internal control.
For ZENIT firm the aspect of voluntariness is also key!
2.
BACKGROUND.
IMPLICATIONS OF VOLUNTARINESS
Firms must be convinced. Specialists must actually
sell the Innovation Audits offer, but it provides
room for commercial actions of publicly (or partly
publicly) financed TTI entities. They can be combined
with public support.
3.
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6. CONCLUSIONS.
OPTIONS FOR ROMANIAN
ENTITIES
5.
LESSONS
TTI
REFERENCES
[1]. http://www.zenit.de/e/
ABOUT ZENIT
Since 1984, ZENIT objectives as a consulting firm
have been to secure the future, growth and success of
their clients, the majority of which are small and
medium-sized enterprises. ZENIT is supported in
these tasks by the Federal State of North RhineWestphalia and the European Commission.
Careful tailoring of a product to customer demand as
well as the systematic marketing of products and
services are key elements of any business strategy.
ZENIT offers a wide spectrum of services in this area,
ranging from preparatory market research to operative
marketing planning. This includes, in addition to the
development of practice-oriented distribution
concepts, establishing a suitable marketing mix,
integrating new product ideas into the overall strategy
as well as examining the efficiency of the tools
deployed. The ZENIT service offer includes
comprehensive
internationalisation
strategies,
transnational co-operation mediation and assistance in
the planning of complex Internet strategies.
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1.
INTRODUCTION
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4.
5.
2.
3.
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99
4.
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
[1]. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G., Brown, L., and Adam, S. (2006)
Marketing, 7th Ed. Pearson Education Australia/Prentice Hall.
[2]. Box, J. (1983) Extending product lifetime: Prospects and
opportunities, European Journal of Marketing, vol 17, 1983, pp 3449.
[3]. Day, G. (1981) The product life cycle: Analysis and
applications issues, Journal of Marketing, vol 45, Autumn 1981, pp
60-67.
[4]. Levitt, T. (1965) Exploit the product life cycle, Harvard
Business Review, vol 43, November-December 1965, pp 81-94.
[5]. Gabriel Steinhardt (2007). "Extending Product Life Cycle
Stages" (PDF). 2.0. Blackblot. Retrieved on 2008.
[6].www.cocreate.com
[7].http://www.engineerlive.com/european-design-engineer
[8]. http://www.simulia.com
[9]. http://www.siemens.com
[10]. http://www.product-lifecycle-management.com/
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MANAGEMENT OF INNOVATION
THROUGH SOCIAL SOFTWARE
AND
COLLABORATIVE LEARNING
Elena Pallares Beamonte1, Domnica Cotet 2, Maria Dumitrache2
2
1
Institute of Technology, Aragon, Spain,
ICTCM CITAf Bucharest, Romania, e-mail: cie1@ictcm.ro
ABSTRACT
The MISS Management of Innovation through Social Software and Collaborative
Learning project was initiated by ITA (Aragon Institute of Technology-Spain) and
is financed within Lifelong Learning Programme Leonardo da Vinci.
The general aim of the project is to develop the contents of an Innovation
Management course through NTIC and the didactic resources that provides the
collaborative learning.
KEYWORDS: Innovation, Management , Training, Social Software management,
1.
INTRODUCTION
2.
PROJECT BACKGROUND
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General objectives
Target Group
3.
WORKING GROUPS
Steering and Quality Committees on: BFI
Monitoring pedagogical and didactic group:
CITAF
Technical and IT group: ITA
Dissemination and valorisation Group: BDC.
EVALUATION SYSTEM
Two modes of evaluation:
a) Evaluation Pilot Training
The action and pilot training will be assessed and
measured through:
Number of individual contributions in each
of the pilots conducted training
Indicators: students, satisfaction evaluation ,
Average evaluation of students and faculty
from each of the quality indicators proposed:
teaching materials, quality of tutoring
system, knowledge and competence of the
teaching team, adaptability of each of the
case studies.
Number of experiences in innovation
projects and proposals generated by students
Number of companies in the dissemination
of the project
Number of contacts of the project partners
with professional and business experts
Number TIT: indicator transfer
b) Evaluation Global Project:
BFI : responsible Quality and creation procedures.
Technological methodology: Social Software and
C-learning.
Whats the Social Software? Why?
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4.
Transfer
Tutor
Coach
factual
knowledge ,
know-that
procedural
knowledge ,
"know-how"
Trans fer of
propositional
knowledge
Presentation of
pre determined
problems
to do, to practice
social
practice,
"knowing-inaction"
Action in real
(complex
and social)
situations
to cope, to
master
Realisation of
adequate
actions
strategies
to know, to
remember
Production of
corre answers
Selection of
corre method and
its use
Social
Responsibilty
to teach, to
explain
to observe , to
help, to
demonstrate
to cooperate ,
to support
Teaching I
Teaching II
Teaching III
5.
Examples:
Wikis Wikipedia
Weblogs
tags and social bookmarks : Del.icio.us,
Flickr
Folcsonoma
Social Library Online
Others: Facebook, Youtube, Flickr, Google
Groups, myspace, http://plone.org/
Social Software
Skill, Ability
SOCIAL SOFTWARE
Verbal
knowledge ,
Memoris ation
CONCLUSIONS
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REFERENCES
[1]. Baumgartner P. Social Software - New Trends in Teacher
Education 1st Thematic Network Conference Wolfsberg
(Austria), October 6th 8th, 2006.
[2]. Eike Wenzel, Customising of Tommorows Media,
1st Thematic Network Conference Wolfsberg (Austria),
October 6th 8th, 2006.
[3]. Agnis Andns, ICT Fostering individual approaches and
equalizing opportunities in advanced education at schools,
1st Thematic Network Conference Wolfsberg (Austria), October
6th 8th, 2006.
[4].Gerhard Schwed, Open-Source Software in education
(examples and experiences) , 1st Thematic Network
Conference Wolfsberg (Austria), October 6th 8th, 2006.
Quick Info
Important events
th
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1. INTRODUCERE
Aderarea Romniei la Uniunea European
determin ntreprinderile industriale romneti s intre
n concuren direct cu firme puternice din punct de
vedere tehnic, tehnologic financiar , al reelelor de
distribuie, al renumelui care-l au pe pia.
Contieni
de
vulnerabilitatea
ntreprinderilor pe care le conduc, managerii romni
fac eforturi pentru creterea nivelului de
competitivitate al produselor, adaptarii acestora la
structura solicitat pe piaa unic european.
Apariia unor oportunitai ca de exemplu :
creterea cererii n cazul unor produse,
accesul la noi piee de desfacere,
posibilitatea de asociere cu firme
puternice,
sporirea anselor i a vitezei de procurare a
materiilor prime sau componentelor,
ansa contractrii unor noi clieni sau
furnizori,
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2. LOCUL ABORDRII
CORELATIVE STRATEGIECULTUR N MANAGEMENTUL
FIRMEI
Creterea flexibilitii ntreprinderii, dublat de
amplificarea devotamentului, competenei, i
atitudinii receptive fa de nou a managerilor, pot
permite firmelor romneti s concureze n condiii
de eficien pe piaa unic european.
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3. ABORDAREA CORELATIV
STRATEGIE-CULTUR
Cultura organizaional, climatul, determin
capacitatea real a firmei de a reaciona adecvat i
prompt la schimbrile mediului n vederea
asigurrii competitivitaii firmei.
Dac misiunea firmei ofer direcia de
aciune, strategia ofer planul i modul de nfptuire
al acestuia. Cultura organizaiei asigur baza de
susinere a strategiei i furnizeaz detaliile care
permit conceperea cu succes i implementarea
eficace a acesteia.
Armonizarea celor doua elemente:
strategia ntreprinderii i cultura sa organizaional
constituie cheia de bolt a reuitei unei companii.
Binomul strategie-cultur decide n final soarta
unitii.Dac cele dou componente ale binomului
se afl n conflict, compania eueaz n mod
lamentabil. Dac exist o armonizare permanent i
de nalt nivel, n timp, ntreprinderea are toate
ansele de a deveni excelent.
Elementele de legtur dintre strategia firmei
industriale i cultura organizaional vizeaz:
a.
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4. CONCLUZII
Ghidul strategic, realizat in cadrul
proiectului, vizand modul de asigurare a unei
sinergii pozitive in firmele din Romania, trateaz
modalitile n care intreprinderile industriale
romneti pot deveni execelente, deci competitive,
profitabile, lideri de pia. Se ofer viziune de
sistem i contientizare pentru a facilita coreciile
necesare. Aceste corecii i detalii despart succesul
de eec.
Numeroasele strategii recomandate ca fiind
infailibile pot fi utilizate drept ghid dar nu pot fi
copiate. Detaliiile separ media de elit.
Adaptarea unui anumit mod de gndire i
aciune are mult mai mare importan dect
urmrirea unor rutine, efectuarea unor pai acceptai
mecanic. Spiritul n care privim activitatea este
factorul care determin calitatea managementului.
Referirile la excelena durabil a
ntreprinderilor industriale doresc s arate c,
problema se afl n atenia unora dintre managerii
romni.
Problema acumulrii sinergiilor n vederea
atingerii excelenei este pentru prima dat
prezentat n acest fel n literatura de specialitate.
Excelena firmelor i dezvoltarea durabil
sunt subiecte la mod. Mult i comentate, de ctre
marele public, de specialitii din industrie, dar i n
cercurile academice, cele dou sintagme capt
coninut i neles n funcie de context i de
interpretarea subiectiv a celor ce abordeaz
problema.
Durabil, desemneaz calitatea de a ine
mult timp (durabilitatea) de a rezista- durabilitas,
n latin- indicnd trinicia.
Asociat cu termenul dezvoltare obinem
dezvoltare durabil, sintagm ce exprim
meninerea sistemului- n general mediul ambiantntr-o stare nepoluat, fr deteriorri.
Subliniem c sensul sintagmei dezvoltare
durabil a ntreprinderii poate fi mai larg, deci poate
viza ntreaga via a organizaiei considerate, nu
doar preocuprile acesteia privind prezervarea
mediului ambiant.
n mod similar, dezvoltarea durabil a
economiei naionale i a economiei mondiale
presupune multiple aspecte, nu doar celeimportante, desigur- care vizeaz mediul.
n studiile realizate a fost utilizat termenul
excelen pentru a desemna ntreprinderile, firmele,
care au obinut sau pot obine un succes remarcabil,
exemplar.
Deci aceste firme constituie un model
demn de urmat pentru alte companii din cadrul
industriei, al ntregii economii al unei ri, un ideal
ce poate fi atins prin perseveren, abilitate, bun
credin i competen.
BIBLIOGRAFIE
[1]. Drucker, F., Peter, Inovaia i Sistemul
Antreprenorial (Innvation and Entreprenenship), Editura
Enciclopedic, Bucureti, 1993.
[2]. Osborne David i Gaebler Ted, Reinventing
Government. How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is
Transforming the Public Sector, Addison Wesley
Publishing Company, Inc., S.U.A, Massachusetts, 1992.
[3]. Stoica, Marcel and collaborators, Evaluarea i
Gestionarea Riscului Financiar Bancar, ( Risk Evaluation
and Risk Management in the Finance-Banking System.)
Editura Tipart, Bucureti, 2004.
[4]. Vasilescu, Ion, and collaboratores, Eficiena i
Evaluarea Investiiilor, (Investment Efficiency and
Evaluation), Editura EfiCon Press, Bucureti, 2004.
109
i propune s prezinte
cele mai valoroase realizri din domeniul
Cercetrii - Dezvoltrii
romneti i internaionale.
Revista ofer specialitilor
posibilitatea de a publica articole i studii,
de a-i prezenta produsele realizate
i de a face cunoscut
activitatea firmei sau instituiei
n paginile Revistei.
S. C. ICTCM S. A. Bucureti
v ofer posibilitatea
unui abonament pentru 4 numere revist an
la preul de 60 lei an.
Pentru detalii i informaii suplimentare
v rugm s luai legtura cu:
Irina Rdulescu
S.C. ICTCM S.A. Bucureti
os. Olteniei nr. 103 Sect. 4 Bucureti
Tel: (021) 3321870, Fax: 3323195
E-mail: irena_sandu@yahoo.com
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