Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
i
r
C n
di
#21
Kaki
Hunter
Donald
Kiffmeyer
Construcia cu saci
de pmnt
TEHNICI, TRUCURI I UNELTE
mic [Permacultur]
10. Joseph A. Coccanouer, Buruienile,
2. Edward Faulkner, Nebunia aratului
protectoarele solului
[Agricultur sustenabil]
[Agricultur sustenabil]
[Tehnici i meteuguri]
[Postcapitalism]
[Tehnici i meteuguri]
sustenabil]
Bill Mollison
Introducere n permacultur
Kaki
Hunter
Donald
Kiffmeyer
Construcia cu saci
de pmnt
TEHNICI, TRUCURI I UNELTE
Aprecieri
"Acest ghid atrgtor i complet pentru construciile cu saci de pmnt este amuzant, foarte bine scris i
mustete de idei bune i de ilustraii senzaionale. Atunci cnd termini aceast carte, nu mai ai de fcut
dect un singur lucru: s treci la treab!"
Dan Chiras, co-autor al lucrrii The Natural Plaster Book (Cartea finisajelor naturale),
autor al lucrrilor The Natural House, The Solar House i Superbia! 31 Ways to Create
Sustainable Neighborhoods (Casa natural, Casa solar i Superbia! 31 de moduri pentru a crea
vecinti sustenabile)
"Practicienii construciilor naturale precum Kaki i Doni au perseverat de-a lungul anilor de eecuri i
erori, prednd, nvnd, inovnd i devenind lideri respectai ai comunitii construciilor naturale. Aa
cum demonstreaz cartea Construcia cu saci de pmnt. Tehnici, trucuri i unelte, Kaki i Doni sunt
inteligeni, jucui, nelepi, buni profesori i au foarte mult experien practic direct de mprtit
despre modul cum se transform sacii de pmnt i tencuielile de var/pmnt n cldiri frumoase i
senzuale. Ne nclinm adnc n faa acestor campioni ai construciilor naturale, care (acum tim!)
fac lucruri de-adevratelea, lucruri care te transform, oferindu-ne metode la ndemn pentru a ne
ndeplini nevoia noastr fundamental de adpost n moduri reconfortante i sustenabile deopotriv
pentru pmnt i pentru spirit."
Judy Knox i Matts Myhrman, Out On Bale, Tucson, Arizona, SUA.
"Cine ar fi crezut c din nite saci de cereale umplui cu pmnt poi face o cas frumoas, super-solid
i durabil ? Construcia cu saci de pmnt arat nu numai c poi face aceasta, dar i c te poi distra i
te poi simi n siguran n acest timp. Cu umor, integritate i ncntare, Kaki i Doni au concentrat prin
cuvntul scris i prin ilustraia clar anii lor de cercetare dedicat i de rafinare a procesului i uneltelor
acestei promitoare tehnici de construcie. Abordarea lor detaliat i discuiile lor obiective despre
plusuri, minusuri i aplicri potrivite fac din aceast carte una obligatoriu de citit i pentru entuziati, dar
i pentru cei sceptici cu privire la construciile naturale"
Carol Escott i Steve Kemble, coproductorii filmului How To Build Your Elegant Home
with Straw Bales (Cum s construieti o cas elegant cu baloi de paie)
n contra unui Sistem al crui mod de funcionare implic inundarea constant cu false informaii,
ne propunem s oferim publicului acele cunotine folositoare, Cine sunTem i Cui ne Adresm
Pignorate n mod sistematic de mainstream din simplul motiv c de pe urma lor au de ctigat
numai oamenii, nu i corporaiile i guvernele. n loc de reziduuri de gndire ambalate iptor,
oferim acces la cunoaterea practic. Complet gratuit, dar din dar, fr pretenii, fr trufie i
fr clauze ascunse. O bibliotec a independenei reale fa de Sistemul absurd n care am fost
aruncai n ultimile decade. O serie de cri care, ndjduim, vor fi paaportul de independen n
gndire i n fapte al fiecruia dintre noi.
Aadar, cui se adreseaz n principal crile traduse de TEI?
Oamenilor care tiu c venicia nu s-a nscut la sat ca s moar la ora. Celor care s-au sturat
de asfalt, de blocuri, de rate i de credite i care caut s ias din acest angrenaj ct mai repede,
dar nc nu au curaj, pentru c nu tiu c se poate i nc nu tiu cum se face. Celor care vor
s acumuleze cunotine solide de agricultur sustenabil, permacultur, arhitectur ecologic,
energii alternative, tehnici i tehnologii domestice i meteuguri. Celor care simt ubrezenia
sistemului i naufragiul global ctre care ne ndreptm, oamenilor care au redus sau se pregtesc
s reduc turaia motoarelor, pentru c tiu c viteza nu va face dect s grbeasc i s amplifice
impactul inevitabil cu zidul. Celor care tiu c revoluiile ncep din pragul propriei case i tot acolo
se termin. ranilor nescrbii de sat i nc nedescurajai, dar i orenilor care nc stpnesc
mai bine tastatura dect grebla. n fine, tuturor celor care tiu c orice bucat de pmnt vine la
pachet cu fia nemrginit de Cer de deasupra ei.
AJUT-NE S AJUTM
artea pe care o citeti acum pe ecran este rezultatul a sute sau poate mii de ore
de munc migloas traducere, verificare terminologic, adaptare, corectur,
editare, punere n pagin i design. Pentru ca aceast carte s se poat nate, a fost nevoie de
nenumrate e-mailuri i de mii de corecturi. Reine c nici un membru al grupului TEI fie el
traductor profesionist sau amator - nu este pltit pentru munca sa; tot ceea ce facem, facem
gratuit, fr s cerem burse, sponsorizri, fr s solicitm donaii i fr s ateptm medalii,
diplome i, eventual, statui n faa ministerului agriculturii. Unii pot numi asta sacrificiu, alii
civism, alii tmpenie cras i pierdere de timp.
TEI nu este umbrel pentru nici un partid politic sau ONG; nu este proiectul-surpriz al vreunei
corporaii dornice s-i spele imaginea cu nc o fapt bun care s i creasc vnzrile. Nici unul
dintre noi nu are de gnd s candideze la preedinie sau mcar pentru un post la consiliul local
la urmtoarele alegeri.
i tocmai de asta avem i noi, la rndul nostru, nevoie de ajutorul tu. n schimbul faptului c, prin
intermediul nostru, ai acces gratuit n limba romn la cri de importan fundamental, pe care
nici o editur din Romnia nu a avut puterea sau curajul s le traduc, te rugm s ne dai o mn
de ajutor. F un singur lucru - d mai departe aceste cri prin orice mijloace posibile. Nu o dat,
ci de cte ori poi. Menine-le n via!
1.
Cel mai important - printeaz crile TEI acas sau la un centru de copiere. Hrtia dureaz
mult mai mult dect informaia digital, nu cost o avere i, ine minte, valoarea acestor cri va fi
imens atunci cnd nu ne vom mai permite luxul de astzi al informaiei gratuite. Calculatoarele,
hard-disk-urile, DVD-urile au durata de via mult mai mic dect bibliotecile. Tiprete mai multe
exemplare. Unul pstreaz-l, pe restul druiete-le. Repet aceasta oridecteori poi.
2.
spune-le n cteva rnduri despre ce este vorba. Nu le arunca linkul pur i simplu, fr explicaii
- d-le detalii, atrage-i s citeasc, provoac-i s cunoasc. Povestete-le chiar tu despre ce ai
descoperit n crile TEI. Noi am cheltuit sute i mii de ore pentru cartea aceasta, irosete i tu
cteva zeci de minute ca s o faci cunoscut.
3.
i mai ales, pune informaiile din crile TEI n aplicare. nva pe alii, neobosit i din toat
i mulumim!
carti.din.tei@gmail.com
TEI Traduceri Ecologice Independente
scribd.com/tei_independente
CUPRINS
Mulumiri................................................................... III
CAPITOLUL 10
CAPITOLUL 1
CAPITOLUL 11
CAPITOLUL 2
CAPITOLUL 12
pmnt .................................................................... 19
CAPITOLUL 13
CAPITOLUL 3
CAPITOLUL 14
CAPITOLUL 4
Fundaii .................................................................... 79
CAPITOLUL 15
CAPITOLUL 5
CAPITOLUL 16
Podele ....................................................................283
CAPITOLUL 6
CAPITOLUL 17
ANEXA A
pereilor ..................................................................113
ANEXA B
CAPITOLUL 7
CAPITOLUL 8
ANEXA C
CAPITOLUL 9
ANEXA D
Mulumiri
Din capul locului, am vrea s i mulumim lui Chris Plant de la NSP pentru perseveren, rbdare i
constan n interesul acordat proiectului acestei cri, ca urmare a acelui apel telefonic din 2000. Da, lume,
nc de atunci am pornit n aceast misiune. ndeplinirea ei i finalizarea crii Construcia cu saci de pmnt
au fost o sarcin mult mai grea chiar dect ridicarea propriu-zis a unei case din saci de pmnt! tim ns
acum c toat agitaia, sudoarea i milioanele de ore au transformat cerneala i hrtia ntr-un manifest al
frumuseii i al utilitii sacilor de pmnt, manifest gata s inspire constructorii alternativi din ntreaga lume.
Suntem mndri de realizarea noastr colectiv. i mulumim, Chris, pentru c te-ai apucat de aceast misiune!
Meritele aparin i editorului nostru, Ingrid Witvoet, precum i designerului Greg Green, pentru disecarea
materialului voluminos cu care i-am bombardat. Mulumiri speciale i pentru Sue Custance pentru participarea
ei constant i paginarea atent. Nu este lucru uor s ncadrezi peste 480 de imagini n 280 de pagini.
Aprecieri sincere i sistemului nostru de sprijin local, Tom i Lori OKeefe de la Action Shots, Teresa King i
echipa sa de la centrul de copiere Canyonlands i Dan Norris de la Ancient Images.
Mulumim cu dragoste i recunotin familiilor noastre, lui Tom i Katherine Hunter (prinii lui Kaki) i mamei
lui Doni, Helen Kiffmeyer, pentru ncurajrile neovielnice, prietenilor notri loiali care nc ne ndrgesc,
dei le-am refuzat de attea ori invitaiile la diverse ocazii plcute, pentru c vai, ne-ar face plcere, dar... nc
lucrm la carte... da, acea carte... nc lucrm la ea...
i mulumim Boody Springer (fiul lui Kaki) tu, mpreun cu generaia ta, ai oferit o motivaie grozav a
acestei lucrri. Mulumim Christy Williams, Elenore Hedden i Cynthia Aldrige pentru minunata voastr magie
alb de vindecare, pe care ai fcut-o tii voi cnd i cu ce ocazie.
mbriri calde i tovarului nostru de suferin (al treilea ok din okokok Productions), Kay Howe. A fost
i este, mai mult dect oricine, cea mai pozitiv, atrgtoare, neastmprat i entuziast a sacilor de pmnt
pe care o tim. Pe cnd construiam Honey House, un trector comenta: Pare c avei de lucru serios acolo.
Kay i-a rspuns rznd: i, ce? (asta da atitudine de la o mam singur a patru copii).
n final, am vrea s le mulumim tuturor celor care ne-au ntins un pumn de pmnt, care au pliat vreun col
cu noi, care au compactat vreun rnd de saci, care au tasat vreo mbinare, s-au dat de-a dura n jurul srmei
ghimpate sau care, pur i simplu, au fost prin preajm i ne-au dat nite sugestii geniale, dar pe care noi nu
le-am observat, fiind prea neateni, am vrea s le spunem din adncul inimii noastre Ura! Slav Cerului c e gata!! V iubim pe toi nespus!
Kaki Hunter i Donald Kiffmeyer
III
Cuvnt nainte
Cuvnt nainte
De Lynne Elizabeth
Construitul cu saci de pmnt este ndrzne. ndrzne deoarece numai curajoii ncearc o
metod de construit att de diferit de cea convenional. ndrzne pentru c ei construiesc
case cu ajutorul acestei tehnici cnd de-abia au nvat-o. ndrzne pentru c materialele sunt
de baz, elementare, primordiale. i, nu n ultimul rnd, ndrzne pentru c sistemul acesta de a
construi seamn, ca form i asamblare, cu nsei mruntaiele noastre!
Tot ceea ce e necesar pentru a construi cu saci de pmnt este: o lopat, saci, niic srm ghimpat
i pmntul de dedesubt. Metoda confer integritate structural mai bun dect chirpiciul, mai
mult maleabilitate dect pmntul compresat i mai mult rapiditate n edificare dect cobul.
Dei construcia cu saci de pmnt este o metod nou comparativ cu celelalte metode de cnd
lumea, ea ofer mai mult economie i durabilitate n ansamble de tip cupol sau bolt. Construirea
cu saci de pmnt ofer posibilitatea unui cost ultra-sczut i a unor locuine cu impact redus, n
special n regiunile n care lemnul, ierburile, cimentul i combustibilii sunt limitate. Cupolele din
saci cu pmnt ofer, de asemenea, o siguran fr precedent n zonele mpdurite predispuse
la incendii, deoarece focul va trece mai uor peste orice structuri fr un acoperi sau streain
pe care s le aprind. Construirea cu saci de pmnt a fost aleas, de asemenea, pentru locaii
expuse la uragane i alte fenomene meteo extreme. Solid ca i pmntul n sine, ea are o mare
mas termic i nu poate putrezi sau nu poate fi mncat de insecte.
n primul rzboi mondial s-au construit buncre i tranee din saci de pmnt, iar malurile din
saci de pmnt sau nisip ridicate mpotriva inundaiilor sunt omniprezente. Specialitii germani
n tehnica construciilor Otto Frei i Gernot Minke au experimentat independent n anii 1960 i 70
pereii din saci umplui cu pmnt.
carte att un manual de instruciuni ideal pentru meteri, ct i un ghid de referin pentru oficialii
din construcii.
Metoda a fost gndit iniial pentru cei care i construiesc casele singuri i, n acest scop, tehnicile
prezentate n aceast carte sunt explicate prin fotografii, scheme i un limbaj accesibil. Cartea
aduce valoare ca manual de teren n multe ri, cu sau fr traducere, dei ar fi pcat de textul su
vivace dac ar fi lsat netradus. Pe lng mprtirea minuioas a tot ceea ce tiu despre metoda
de construire, Kaki Hunter i Donald Kiffmeyer aduc textului un umor i o candoare gritoare cu
privire la spiritul construciilor naturale.
VII
Introducere
Din pcate pentru noi, rspunsul este ascuns n ntrebare. Legile curente impun utilizarea de
materiale prefabricate, extrase ca resurse naturale de la kilometri distan, procesate ntrun alt loc, apoi transportate pe distane ntinse pn la noi. n mod clar, aceasta salt preul
construciei unei locuine peste puterile celor mai muli oameni.
n timp ce noi putem vedea plusurile folosirii materialelor indigene, nu toi ne mprtesc
punctul de vedere. Fiecare are gusturi i moduri de exprimare diferite. Aadar, provocarea a
fost s combinm materialele abundente natural din jurul nostru, cu materialele prefabricate
produse n exces i care se potrivesc mai bine gndiri convenionale. Un prieten ne-a
ndreptat atenia ctre o revist despre tehnica construciilor de pmnt, intitulat The
Adobe Journal, care nu se mai tiprete acum. n acest moment am descoperit munca lui
Nader Khalili. Nader construiete structuri monolitice n form de cupol, ale crei arcuri
sunt fcute din saci pentru cereale i tuburi umplute cu rn; rn de orice fel, fie chiar i
nisip uscat. O numete saci de nisip/superchirpici/superblocuri i a lucrat cu departamentul
local de construcii la teste extinse privind capacitatea cldirilor de a suporta sarcini, de a
nfrunta schimbrile brute ale vntului i de a rezista cutremurelor. De atunci, a obinut
avize pentru construcia de structuri rezideniale i comerciale, inclusiv pentru un muzeu al
naturii i pentru unul de tiin ntr-una dintre zonele cele mai active tectonic din SUA.
Ne-am nscris la un atelier de o zi. Nader ne-a nvat personal cum s construim un arc din
crmizi i nisip uscat, iar apoi folosind saci de nisip. Am fost invitai s petrecem o noapte
ntr-una din cupolele prototip aflate n construcie. Am fost vrjii. Ne-am ntors acas i neam apucat de construit ziduri.
Am ncercat s trntim sacii care ncotro, s i clcm n picioare, s-i lovim cu diverse unelte
de tasat. Am experimentat variind umiditatea, fcnd montani improvizai din saci, diferite
tipuri de saci, tuburi, soluri i tehnici. Proiectul a atras foarte mult atenie i ne-am trezit
2
ajutndu-i pe alii s construiasc garduri pentru intimitate, bnci, ghivece i chiar o cupol
mic. ns tot timpul atenia ne era ndreptat spre tehnic. Procesul a devenit o prioritate.
Cum se pot lucra mai ngrijit sacii, cum se pot face mai fermi, cum se strng la fund, cum se
poate simplifica treaba per total? n curnd, misiunea noastr a devenit s facem dintr-un
sac de rn un sistem precis de a zidi. De aici a evoluat tehnica pmntului compresat n
forme flexibile.
Pe parcursul lucrrii, sunt adesea folosii termeni sinonimi ce descriu acelai lucru. De
exemplu, folosim interschimbabil cuvintele pmnt, sol, noroi i umplutur. Toate folosesc
la descrierea compoziiei magice din nisip i argil, des ntlnite n natur, uneori cu adaos
de fibre vegetale i aproape ntotdeauna mpreun cu o anumit cantitate de ap. Intenia
noastr este de a informa, educa i inspira construciile din saci de pmnt n termeni joviali
i profani, utiliznd text scris i ilustraii grafice despre cum se face, pas cu pas.
3
Scopul acestei cri este mprtirea repertoriului nostru de unelte, sfaturi utile i tehnici pe
care ni le-am nsuit prin ncercri repetate, de la prieteni, participani la ateliere, trectori
curioi, spirite strvechi indiene ale naturii i ucenici trengari care ne-au ajutat totui s
facem dintr-un sac de rn un sistem precis de zidire, care aduce aminte att nceptorului,
ct i celui experimentat, de potenialul creator din fiecare i mai ales de pmntul pe care
calc.
CAPITOLUL 1
CHAPTER 1
Avantajele
construirii
cu saci deBuilding
pmnt
The
Merits
of Earthbag
ith a couple rolls of barbed wire, a bale of bags,
and a shovel one can build a magnificent shelter with nothing more than the earth beneath their
feet. This is the premise that inspired the imagination
of international visionary architect Nader Khalili
when he conceived the idea of Sandbag Architecture.
Putei
construi
adpost
magnific
doar
In
his quest
to seekun
solutions
to social
dilemmas
likecu
affordable housing and environmental degradation,
puin srm ghimpat, un balot de saci, o
Nader drew on his skills as a contemporary architect
while
exercising
the ingenuity
of tlpi.
his native
culturaleste
lopat
i pmntul
de sub
Aceasta
1.1:
Using earthbags, a
whole house, from
foundation to walls
to the roof, can be
built using one construction
medium.
1.1: Folosind saci de pmnt se poate
ridica,
dintr-un
singur material de construcie, o ntreag cas, de la3
fundaie la perei i pn la acoperi.
Naturalee
circulari,
obinui
prin
utilizarea
unui
costuri,
1.3).
rezistent
mpotriva
termitelor,
locul su pe zid.
1.5: Cutia cu matrie poate fi asamblat cu miniexcavatorul. Rafturile de oel menin matriele
ntocmai i opun rezisten presiunii de tasare.
compactat.
un
raport
specific
lut/nisip,
adugnd
pmnt exceleaz.
le place cobul.
10
cob.
La modul cel mai simplu, cobul combin argila,
nisipul, paiele i apa n grmezi consistente
de forma chiflelor de pine, ce sunt azvrlite
n zid i croetate unele ntr-altele, pentru
a forma o mas continu. Cobul, ca i sacii
de pmnt, se poate aranja dup linii curbe
datorit maleabilitii. ns spre deosebire
de sacii de pmnt, cobul necesit cantiti
nsemnate de paie. Paiele joac rolul oelului
din betoane, conferind pereilor o rezisten
la ntindere mai bun, mai ales atunci cnd
8 EARTHBAG B
U I L Dse
I N G gsesc chiar peste tot). Sistemul cu saci
vremii. La sacii de pmnt, datorit sacilor
nu
the optimum moisture content. So the main advantages of earthbag over cob are: no straw needed, no
waiting for a lift to set up, wider moisture parameters,
and a less specific soil mix necessary.
Pressed block is a relatively recent type of earthen
construction, especially when compared to the above
forms of earth building. It is essentially the marriage of
adobe and rammed earth. Using an optimum rammed
earth mix of clay and sand, the moistened soil is compressed into a brick shape by a machine that can be
either manual or automated. A common one used in
many disadvantaged locales and encouraged by Habitat
for Humanity is a manual pressed-block machine.
Many Third World communities have been lifted
out of oppressive poverty and homelessness through
the introduction of this innovative device (Fig 1.9).
The main advantage of earthbag over pressed block
is the same as that over all the above-mentioned
earth-building forms, the fact that earthbags do not
require a specific soil mixture to work properly.
Adobe, rammed earth, cob, and pressed block rely on
a prescribed ratio of clay and sand, or clay, sand, and
straw whose availability limits their use. The earthbag system can extend earthen architecture beyond
these limitations by using a wider range of soils and,
Tensile strength.
Another advantage of earthbags
is
existnd mai puine
constrngeri
asupra
the tensile strength inherent in the woven poly tubing
sort of a double-whammy
of tensile
vigor not evitipului solurilor folosite.
n caz de
necesitate,
dezastru.
in Honduras.
sacii de pmnt
Stabilizator
saci de pmnt.
ncorporat.
Forma
sacului
13
14
minimum 30 cm grosime.
ntrirea comunitii
temperatur.
Simplitatea
16
acestei
tehnici
se
preteaz
Durabilitate
Construciile de pmnt sunt trainice. Ce e
societate durabil.
17
CAPITOLUL 2
CHAPTER 2
Materiale
de baz pentru
cldiri din saci
de pmnt
Basic
Materials
for Earthbag
Building
Noroiul
The Dirt
traditional
wall Totui,
buildingsistemul
mix. Claycu
(according
de via aearthen
peretelui.
saci de
to Websters dictionary) is a word derived from the
pmnt permite
larg
palet
deItexcepii
Indo-European
base oglei-,
to stick
together.
is definedde
as,a firm, fine-grained earth, plastic when wet, comla proporiile ideale ale solului, pe care le vom
posed chiefly of hydrous aluminum silicate minerals.
Itdescoperi
is producedpe
byparcurs.
the chemical
rock
Maidecomposition
nti, haideiof s
ne
familiarizm cu proporiile optime de
13
uscate.
20
construcia zidurilor.
din pmnt.
rezistenei la compresiune.
i neted.
22
pmntului nostru.
Stabilirea
procentajelor
24
(UBC).
cantiti de ap.
Preconcepia
semnificative.
28
era
aceea
umiditatea
dect
s-l
izbim.
Descoperirile
noastre
Concluzia
noastr
este
adaptarea
sunt uscai.
32
o art pierdut.
disponibili
datorit
34
la
preuri
decente
35
2.15:
are se
cuttaie
from
continuous
onrol.
a roll.
2.15:Tubes
Tuburile
dinasacul
continuubag
de pe
SFAT
36
podea.
n SUA i Mexic.
nisipoase.
tencuial
privina tencuielilor.
Totui,
37
umplut,
mpreun
cu
toate
subsolurile
protecie temporar.
38
nostru
din
pmnt
duce
lips.
Firele de srm
se autosusin).
arcuite
folosim
golurile
cofraje
rigide
pentru
42
sau invers.
Disponibilitatea materialelor i tipul preferat de
cofraj (demontabil sau dintr-o bucat) sunt ali
45
46
47
Plcile
Suporturile
Suporturile sunt buci de plas din srm,
plastic, bambus mpletit, sau orice alt material
care poate fi folosit pentru a mbrca partea de
jos a unui rnd de saci n form de evantai care
48
CAPITOLUL 3
CHAPTER 3
Unelte, trucuri
i terminologie
Tools,
Tricks,
and Terminology
Pregtirea preliminar,
performana preferat
preferat.
33
50
Ascunderea colurilor
Ne place s atribuim un merit acolo unde este
necesar. Prima cupol experimental pe care
am fcut-o a fost un efort n colaborare o
mare petrecere ntr-un weekend. Eram toi
ocupai umplnd i ntorcnd saci, cnd Doni
3.2: Varietatea evolutiv a stativelor pentru saci. De
la stnga la dreapta: lemn pliabil; metal rigid sudat; i
preferatul nostru, cel pliabil fr sudur.
pentru saci).
colurile sacilor).
v la Capitolul 2).
36 EARTHBAG BUILDING
El a spus: Industria
sacilor
pentru
cereale
a for you
from shifting
on pallets.
It might
work better
guys, too.
experimentat cu sacii
expandabili
cu pliuri,
Of course
we save time spent
from all that diddling, but we still hand pack the corners and bottoms
pentru a mpiedica
sacii
seuptransforme
of the
bags plini
to firm s
them
for a nice tight fit. We also
like to turn the gusseted bags inside out for any
n platforme mobile.
S-ar
s funcioneze
exposed
ends,putea
like a buttress
or corner. The bottom
fabric is tight and smooth, a great surface for plaster.
i pentru voi. (For more on gusseted bags, refer to Chapter 2).
SFAT:
TIP:
3.7: O gleat
debucket
20 l
A 5-gallon
makes a handy bag
devine dispenser.
un dozator
comod pentru saci.
3.7
54
(Fig. 3.10).
55
Snii
Dup ce am ntins srma ghimpat n 4 puncte
pe post de mortar, o sanie este poziionat pe
zid i stativul pentru sac este pus deasupra
cadrului. Acesta i permite sacului s alunece
n poziia dorit deasupra srmei ghimpate,
fr a fi prins de ea. Asigurai-v s poziionai
sania acolo unde vrei ca sacul s fie umplut.
Sacul va fi n continuare greu, dar relativ uor
56
Bttoare (maiuri)
Btucirea
Btucirea este o tehnic (un artificiu) pe care o
folosim pentru a face un sac cu un fund foarte
tare. Adaug o extra compactare oricrui
sac expus de la captul unui zid, contrafort
sau col. De asemenea, mai btucim i sacii
3.14.
Burduirea sacilor
3.14).
mai trziu.
58
pendate
strategii
pentru
primitive
disponibile
40 EARTHBAG BUILDING
and mai
clipped
into pentru
a locked capetele
position at each
desired
multe
contraforturilor
i
length (Fig. 3.16).
coluri.
Astfel,
pentru
9wemetri
andpentru
clipped
into
a locked
position
at each
desired
The
initial
investment
may
be more;
paid de zid
length
(Fig.
3.16).
between
35 nevoie
and
46 cents
bricks,
than one sau
avem
de for
celnew
puin
15less
amenajri
Theeach
initial
we paid
dollar for
clip,investment
and aboutmay
$25 be
formore;
one 1,000
foot
50
de35 amenajri
ale
crmizilor
pentru
between
and
46bailing
cents for
new
bricks,
one 30
(300
meters)
roll of
twine.
We
use less
one than
susdollar
for
each
clip,
and
about
$25
for
one
1,000
foot
pended brick set-up about every two feet (60 cm) on
de metri de zid etc. Timpul i banii folosii
(300
bailing
twine.
Weofuse
one sus-and
the
wallmeters)
with aroll
fewofextra
for the
ends
buttresses
pended
brick
set-up
every of
twogreutile
feetwe(60need
cm)i
corners.
So,
forpentru
30 feetabout
(9
wall
atonobin
n plus
a meters)
pregti
the
wall
with
a
few
extra
for
the
ends
of
buttresses
least 15 setups, or 50 brick set-ups for 100 feet (30 and
rsplata
mai
puineofmoney
dureri
de
spate
i
corners.
forprin
30 The
feet
(9
meters)
wall weand
need
at
meters)
ofSo,
wall,
etc.
additional
time
least prepping
15 setups, or 50
brick set-ups
for 100
(30
spent
weights
morenlocuitori
than
paysfeet
formai
itselfieftini
mai puin the
timp
necesar.
of wall, etc.
and time
inmeters)
fewer backaches
andThe
lessadditional
down time.money
Inexpensive
3.16: Interweaving suspended brick weights holds down
spent
prepping
the
weights
more
than
pays
for itself
3.16: wire
Crmizile
suspendate
de ntreesere in srma substitutes
pentruforcrmizi
bineneles,
crmizi
bricks can pot
be, offi,course,
free salvaged
barbed
and weaves
each row together.
ghimpat
i mbin
fiecare rnd
mpreun.
in fewer
backaches
andgallon
less down
time. Inexpensive
3.16:
Interweaving
suspended
brick weights
holds down
bricks,
plastic
one-half
(or 2-liter)
milk jugs
recuperate
pe gratis,
vase
de free
plastic
de 2 litri
substitutes
for and
bricks
can be, of
course,
salvaged
barbed wire and weaves each row together.
filled
with sand
homemade
clips
made from
wire
bricks,
plastic one-half
(or 2-liter)
milk jugs
coat
hangers.
umplute
cu nisipgallon
i agrafe
fcute
acas din
filledWe
with
sand
and
homemade
clips
made
mentioned another purpose the from
sus- wire
la umeraele
coatsrmele
hangers.
pended
brick de
weight
serves. A lowde
(uphaine.
to four feet
mentioned
purpose
the sus(1.2Am
m)We
high)
serpentineanother
menionat
icurved
un wall
alt built
scopwith
al tubes
crmizii
pended
brick
weight
serves.
A
low
(up
to
four
feet
(see Tube Chutes in this chapter) would not neces(1.2suspendate.
m)
high)barbed
serpentine
curved
wall built
tubes
Un
ca
owith
serpentin
sarily
require
wire.zid
Thecurbat
solidity
of the
tubes
(seeinTube
Chutes in
thisinhibits
chapter)shifting.
would We
not feel
neceslaid
an S-shaped
curve
we
3.17: Interweaving, suspended
joas
(pn
la
1,2
m
nlime),
construit
sarily
The
solidity
therow
tubes
can
limitrequire
the usebarbed
of thewire.
barbed
wire
to theoffirst
as
brick weights between tubes
laid
in
an
S-shaped
curve
inhibits
shifting.
We
feel
we n
3.17:
Interweaving,
suspended
a "tie-on"
for the suspended
brick weights.
Tying tuburi,
all the
on a low, serpentine wall.
cu tuburi
(vezi Tobogane
pentru
can of
limit
thetogether
use of the
the first row
brick weights between tubes
rows
tubes
by barbed
weavingwire
the to
suspended
brickas
acest
capitol),
nu
ar brick
necesita
neaprat
a "tie-on"
for
theeach
suspended
weights.
Tying
all srm
the
on a low, serpentine wall.
weights
between
course
helps
to remind
the rows
rowsareof one
tubes
together
they
(Fig
3.17). by weaving the suspended brick
ghimpat. Rezistena tuburilor aezate ntr-o
weights between each course helps to remind the rows
Fan
Bags
3.18)
they
are one
(Fig
3.17).
curb
n(Fig
form
de S mpiedic fisurile. Simim
A fan bag is a specific type of earthbag. It is specific in
c Bags
putem
ghimpate
la
3.18) folosirea
itsFan
shape,
size, (Fig
andlimita
function.
It is usedsrmei
exclusively
to
3.17: Crmizi de ntreesere suspendate ntre tuburile
A fan
bagopening
is arnd,
specific
ofBecause
earthbag.itpentru
Itis isstrictly
specific
in
form
the
of ca
antype
arch.
used
unui rnd nu foarte nalt, n form de serpentin.
primul
o legtur
crmizile
shape, size,
andshape
function.
is used
toitsconform
to the
of anItarch
form,exclusively
the bag isto
suspendate.
tuturor
form
the
openingfrom
ofLegarea
anaarch.
is rndurilor
strictly
treated
differently
bag inBecause
the wallit itself.
It is used de
to
conform
to
the
shape
of
an
arch
form,
the
bag
is
always filled and tamped 12 inches (30 cm) in height.
Investiia iniial poate fi mai mare; am pltit tuburi mpreun, prin mpletirea crmizilor
from
bag in flat
the wall
is
Atreated
bag in differently
the wall will
be atamped
whileitself.
a fanItbag
filled and
12ininches
(30ofcm)
in height.
hand-shaped
andtamped
tamped
the
shape
alewedge
ntre 35 i 46 de ceni pentru crmizi noi, isalways
suspendate
printre
rnduri,
amintete
A bag
the wall
be tamped
whilethe
a fan
bag
with
theinnarrow
endwill
down,
or rather,flat
against
arch
mai puin de un dolar pentru fiecare agraf form.
acestora
c
formeaz
un
ntreg
(Fig.
3.17).
is hand-shaped
and
tamped
in
the
shape
of
a
wedge
This is done to accommodate the curve of the
with The
the narrow
end down, or rather,
against
the arch
arch.
inside circumference
of a curve
is always
i cam 25 de dolari pentru fiecare 300 m
form. This is done to accommodate the curve of the
arch. The
Thefaninside
of a curve is always
de sfoar lcrit. Am folosit o crmid 3.18:
of ancircumference
arch.
40 EARTHBAG BUILDING
61
Therefore, the
han at the
m the way
3.22: The fan bags only weigh about 40 pounds (18 kg),
3.21:
3.22: The fan bags only weigh about 40 pounds (18 kg),
62
dintre
(Pentru
63
64
rale
(Fig. 3.29).
3.32
TOOLS, TRICKS, AND TERMINOLOGY 45
T3.34
OOLS, TRICKS, AND TERMINOLOGY 45
ube
the end of
it back.
he way.
e tube
ength of
up the
he twisted
ube
the end of
it back.
he way.
he tube
ength of
3.31
of the
out fl
3.34).
Team
3.31
up the
he twisted
As th
a coll
garde
work
with d
can b
3.33
3.32
3.33
3.34
Munca n echip
Pe msur ce zidul crete, construcia din
3.33
Teamwork
As the wall gets taller, earthbag building works best as
a collaborative effort. If you are only building a low
garden wall with bags, you have both hands free to
work by yourself. With several wheelbarrows filled
Tamp
whole along
row working
theperson
middle
with dirt
andthe
arranged
the wall,from
a single
of the
tube
outThe
towards
the ends.
Theconsiderably,
tube will tamp
can
build
alone.
progress
escalates
out flush with the finished row below (Fig. 3.33 &
3.34).
Teamwork
As the wall gets taller, earthbag building works best as
a collaborative effort. If you are only building a low
garden wall with bags, you have both hands free to
work by yourself. With several wheelbarrows filled
with dirt and arranged along the wall, a single person
can build alone. The progress escalates considerably,
Teamwork
de-a
zidului,
o singur
persoan
As the
walllungul
gets taller,
earthbag
building works
best as poate
a collaborative
effort. If yousingur.
are only building
a low crete
s construiasc
Progresul
garden wall with bags, you have both hands free to
considerabil,
totui,
cndfilled
munca este
work
by yourself. With
severalatunci
wheelbarrows
with dirt and arranged along the wall, a single person
A face
cu rndul
ceea ce privete
canmprit.
build alone. The
progress
escalates n
considerably,
meninerea roabelor pline i aruncarea cutiilor
67
68
ncheierea rndului
mprim un grup de muncitori n echipe i
punem echipele s nceap din oricare parte a
unei ferestre sau a unei ui. Pentru a asigura o
bun potrivire atunci cnd dou echipe ajung
mpreun, umplei ultimii doi saci suficient de
mult nct s umple spaiul existent i punei-i
pe amndoi acolo n acelai timp (Fig. 3.37a i
b). Cnd lucrai singuri, putei ndesa (uoar
btucire pn la nlimea dorit) ultimul sac,
pentru a-l face foarte mare, dar lsai-l cu 1,25
cm mai scurt dect spaiul pe care l umplei.
Lsai-l s cad. Ar trebui s aib suficient
spaiu ct s ncap, dar aproape deloc spaiu
ntre el i ceilali saci. Cnd va fi btut de
deasupra, va cobor i va umple orice spaiu.
Asigurai-v c sacii se ntlnesc n condiii
egale. Acetia ar trebui s fie la acelai nivel
unul n faa celuilalt, nu unul peste altul. Ei
ar trebui s fac o sudur vertical unde se
ntlnesc, motivul fiind c, atunci cnd rndul
este presat de sus, sacii se vor mpinge
unul n altul, limitnd micarea. Cnd ei se
suprapun (chiar i un pic), au tendina de a
urca unul pe altul i de a se abate de la rnd
(Fig. 3.38).
69
70
Presarea
Compasuri arhitecturale de
3.40)
de pmnt.
71
varietate de construcii.
de vertical e posibil.
3.42:Piese
Common
chain de
linklegtur
fittings and
partsfolosite
used topentru
build a
3.42:
obinuite
i pri
from
upper left:
acompass
construiwith
un articulating
compas cuarm.
braClockwise
articulat.
ncepnd
de
stnga
sus: grip;
pies
pentru
strns
cadrul porii, capac
Gate-frame
rail-end
cap;
fork latch.
pentru captul balustradei, zvor n form de furc.
3.44a
3.44b
a one size s
arm, the ar
A
sliding ina
corbelling
fication
adjustedfor
up
aisone
size
also shors
arm,
the ar
Shortening
corbelling
long, overha
adjusted
up
as the dom
is also shor
Shortening
long, overh
as the dom
A Sliding
At th
attach an a
intended ra
zontal arm
pointAt
so th
th
attach
bracketanbara
intended
after tampira
zontal
armcm
inch (2.5
point
so th
accommod
bracket
tampingbar
th
after
tampi
will be dete
inch
raised(2.5
on cm
th
accommod
If corbelling
tamping
moved inthto
will
dete
row be
of bags
raisedOnto
on th
If
corbelling
bind
a leve
moved
in ta
to
where to
row
of bagsi
difference
aboveOnto
it on
bind
a
leve
high spots
where
to
reference.taI
difference
on a level fi
above
it on
bags consis
high
spotsea
the level
reference.
one-half inI
on
a level
bond
beamf
bags
consis
cal but
still
the
level
ea
and mainta
one-half
shape. in
bond beam
cal
but still
A Sliding
and
mainta
A sliding
in
shape.
fication for
3.44a
b: The
sliding horizontal
compass
arm unghiular
with
3.44a
i b:&Bra
de compas
telescopic
cu stativ
3.44b
ataat.
attached angle bracket.
73
a formei cupolei.
74
Situations may arise where parts for an articulating arm (described previously) cannot be easily
un bra de compas telescopic glisant
fi earliest compass arm
obtained orpoate
fabricated. Our
attachments were made with rigid T-pipe connectors.
the arm
could not articulate, a sliding arm came
fixat la nlimea la care ncepeSince
linia
arcului,
in handy for moving the arm past protruding door
and window forms. This sliding arm system works
adic acolo unde zidurile ncep s
sewellcurbeze
equally
for domes or vertically plumb round walls
(kiva-style).
built iseliminat)
impractical or not desired, an expandable sliding
Ataai o rotil de mobil (cu rotila
4 x 4
post
buried 2
feet deep
un ataament cu un suport de
75
52 EARTHBAG BUILDING
n sfrit!
Finally!
Bieilor
le like
place
n
Guys
usually
to brainstorm
abo
nize
dirtsbagseconstruction
general
gndeasc with elab
conveyor
belts, hoppers, pneumatic
la cum ar putea mecaniza
mated barbed wire dispensers. By th
construcia
din
saci
figured out all the gizmos and the m
prin a good
transportatoare
ment,
crew would have hand
earthbag
wall.elaborate
Besides, the
cu band
i silence is
is
scooping
tamping. No saws
rotative,
bareand
de ncrcare,
banging hammers. No fumes. Just
bttoare pneumatice i
laughing, grunting, and working to
distribuitoare
3.47: Compas prjin cu un bra orizontal de lungime
People
really areautomate
the most versatile e
3.47: Pole compass with adjustable length horizontal arm
ajustabil, ce este folosit pentru a determina lungimea
de srm
ghimpat.
Pn cnd
v-ai imaginat
razei prin
scurtarea
dimensiunii
braului.
earthbag
construction.
is used
to determine
radius
width by shortening
the length
As you become
adept
of the arm.
toate dispozitivele i investiia
bneasc,
o at earthb
through planning, patience, practice
Pentru proiecte de cupole mari, putei s v echip bun ar putea construi un ntreg zid
you too will discover new tools, tri
For large dome projects, you can imagine that
imaginai c un bra de compas telescopic din saci. Pe lng asta, linitea este bun. Tot
ogy that make your work better or
the expandable compass arm could become quite
ar deveni
destul
pe msur
ce toceexpand
auzi este
de spat And
i de ifbttorit.
enjoyable.
you feel inclined t
unwieldy,
as de
theincomod
length would
continue
to sunetul
lungimea
ar continua
pn
la Fr
drujbe. (6
Fr pistoale
cu aer comprimat.
found knowledge
with us, we would
the eventual
heightsofcreasc
the dome.
Thereby,
a 20-foot
delighted.
Wefum
are ialways
meter)nlime
wide dome
wouldDrept
needurmare,
a compassFr
arm izbituri
that de ciocane.
eventuala
a cupolei.
Fr
gaze.searching fo
make earthbag building fun, quick, s
expands to twenty feet (6 m) in length. A pole como cupol de 6 metri ar avea nevoie de un Doar oameni care vorbesc, rd, murmur
bra de compas care se extinde pn la 6
76
77
CAPITOLUL
4
Chapter 4
Fundaii
Foundations
his hasconstrucii
been the most
exasperating chapter
forde
us
cu multe
convenionale
nainte
to write. Both of us had done a lot of convenational
ne implica
n construirea
cu saci
de with
pmnt.
construction
prior to getting
involved
earthbag building. Maybe its just us, but we both
Poate c acetia suntem noi, dar pe amndoi
dread the idea of building a typical concrete foundane-a
speriatToideea
a construi
un sistem
tion system.
us theyde
are boring
and tedious
to
construct. They are expensive and use up godly
tipic de fundaii pe baz de beton. Pentru
amounts of natural resources while pumping the
atmosphere
of ungodly
amountsiof incomod
pollutants. de
noi
acesteafullsunt
plictisitoare
Plus, they dont last very long. A typical residential
construit.
Sunt costisitoare,
cantiti
concrete foundation
has an averagecernd
life span of
100
years. The
cement
dissolves from
foarte
mari
de eventually
resurse naturale,
n efflorestimp ce
cence, the steel rusts, and the whole thing sucks up
pompeaz
atmosfer
foarte mari
moisture like n
a sponge
but cantiti
they are sanctioned
by
building
codes! i, n plus, nu dureaz foarte
de
poluani.
Our personal experience with building
mult.
O fundaie
rezidenial
tipic
foundations
is strongly
influenced by
livingde
in abeton
dry
climate. We get sub-zero temperatures, but less than
are o durat medie de via de circa 100 de
eight inches (20 cm) of annual rainfall. Since the
ani.
Betonul
se dizolvis prin
nflorire,
primary
foe of foundations
frost and
moistureoelul
damage, our focus has been on providing excellent
ruginete i ntreg ansamblul suge umiditate
drainage. We are learning to adapt earthbag
architecture
to a moister
and colder
than our
ca
un burete...
dar ele
sunt climate
consacrate
de
own. This chapter is designed as an informal
codurile
deinformation
construcii!
exchange of
based on what we have
experienced and
what wepersonal
are in the process
of
Experiena
noastr
cu fundaiile
learning. What we offer are some examples of
de construcii e puternic influenat de traiul
4.1: 1,000-year-old
Anasazi dwelling
on an
este
avaria provocat
de frig
i exposed
umezeal,
53
Sistemul convenional de
fundare pe baz de beton
funcii:
O talp solid pentru o distribuire uniform
a greutii structurii pe perimetru.
umede i reci.
80
Logica
convenionale
o fundaie adnc.
groi.
construciilor
81
De
funcionalitii,
82
dragul
simplitii
4.5a i b).
gravitaia
ca
ancor
pentru
fundaie/
materialelor,
amestecurilor
pmnt,
diferite.
cu ciment puin.
"avantajul
folosirii
pmntului
Cimentul
simplu
acioneaz
lipind
ca
un
particulele
liant,
pur
mpreun.
85
86
construcii.
i se pstreze potenialul.
(Varul
agricol
este
pulbere
87
Varul
stabilizarea pmntului.
Pentru
88
reacioneaz
stabilizarea
cel
mai
zidurilor
bine
de
cu
sprijin,
Procedura de amestecare
pentru pmnt stabilizat cu
ciment sau cu var
de
pe
cuprinsul
sud-vestului
capilaritate
diferena
umezeal
ntre
barierele
de
60 EARTHBAG BUILDING
NIV ELUL T
ER EN U LU I
GRADE
Vapor Barri
4.8:
Capillarycapilaritii:
action: Without
a capillary
4.8:
Aciunea
Fr
o ruperebreak,
a capilaritii,
umezeala
de beton i
moisture indin
the pmnt
ground is este
wickedabsorbit
up by the concrete
distribuit
n prile
mai poroase
ale peretelui
and absorbed
into the more
porous earthen
wall above.de
pmnt de deasupra.
4.9: The
inhibitin
dribble
pool up
protect.
barriers
shown e
organic
An
break tha
providin
from ab
DE
Barier mpotriva
Vapor
Barrier
vaporilor
bove.
de umezeal.
O abordare alternativ este proiectarea unei
ruperi a capilaritii care s previn ridicarea
is
ponge
s
etween
den sill
to. It
d cell
r a nonade by
e of the
r barrier)
ow can
reason
ndation
ould
to J-Metal
see detail]
ized
screed
91
92
pereii curbi.
Fundaie/perei de sprijin
tradiionali i alternativi
pmnt izolai
(UV).
96
care-l folosii.
lui
Tom
Watson,
proiectantul
97
Consideraii de proiectare
asupra structurilor ngropate
i bordeielor
n interior n timp.
98
integritatea structural.
Adugarea unei
zon
cu
flux
puternic,
cmpie
4.18: Casa lui Penny Pennel - tip kiva, bordei din saci de
pmnt cu diametrul de 11 m, Arizona de Sud.
mlatini,
Evaluarea terenului
argiloase
gonflante
99
Fundaii rezistente la
cutremur
Istoria ne-a artat c fundaiile pot fi
construite la fel de bine din uniti individuale
stivuite precum crmid sau piatr, ct i din
beton turnat. O fundaie din beton turnat se
bazeaz pe rigiditate ca un mijloc de a furniza
stabilitate n caz de cutremur. Putem ncerca
s nvingem natura prin rezisten, sau putem
urma fluxul mpreun cu ea. Aceasta din urm
a fost alegerea preferat timp de mii de ani
de-a lungul Orientului Mijlociu i Asiei, n cele
mai active regiuni seismice din lume.
De cnd construcia cu saci de pmnt a
strnit interes, Nader Khalili, inovatorul
metodei, a fcut teste n structurile sale de
lucru, pentru a simula micrile cutremurului.
Testele au fost fcute conform standardelor
ICBO pentru o structur aflat n Zona 4 de
cutremur. Aceasta e recunoscut ca zona
cu cele mai mari cutremure n Statele Unite.
Rezultatele testelor au depit cu mult
4.19 a, b i c: Detalii despre instalarea drenului
franuzesc.
100
comparate
ntre
structurile
cu
pmnt
CAPITOLUL 5
CHAPTER 5
CaracteristiciDesign
structurale
de proiectare
pentru pereii
Structural
Features
for Earthbag
Walls
din saci cu pmnt
very construction medium incorporates specific
design principles to get the optimal performance
from the material being used. Timber, stud frame, and
post and beam incorporate diagonal bracing and
crossties to provide shear strength. The dimensions of
the lumber and spacing dictate load-bearing capabiliFiecare
construcie
integreaz
ties, etc. Nomediu
buildingde
material
is immune to
natures
governing principles. Even rock is affected by frost
principii de proiectare specifice, pentru a
heave.
Earthbag
building isoptime
still in itsale
infancy,
so it
obine
performane
materialului
remains open for exploration. The design principles
folosit. Lemnria, cadrele, stlpii i grinzile
explorrii.
de
principiul
DPST
(distractiv,
prompt,
de legtur
7 0 E A Rdin
T H Bciment.
AG BUILDING
Height
We sugge
more than
on our pe
cm) wide
would lik
earthbags
able, plac
to a concr
the first s
built-in la
cuprinznd
principiile
structurale
Lateral
Limitarea nlimii
5.2: Cteva
forme
carethat
confer
lateral
5.2: Various
shapes
providestabilitate
lateral stability
contrafortuire
pentru
perei
ori curburi.
buttressing
for linear
wallsliniari
or curves.
din alta.
Adugarea
unui perete
5.3: Buttresses,
corners, intersecting
earthbag care
or stud- se
frame wall, and sufficient curves are all
104
Lateral sup
wall to giv
to push o
sure exert
that inters
Ado
support) e
ing walls,
intended
teria for f
walls are b
them dur
consequen
tressing fo
dependin
type (Fig.
Inte
They can
to reduce
built-in n
perform t
and efficie
Height
In additio
curves) fo
width ratio
six inches
thickness,
suport lateral.
Codul7referitor
din chirpici
0 E A R T H Bla
A Gconstruciile
BUILDING
minimizat.
Contraforturile adaug un anumit
Height Limitations
interes
estetic
subsingle-story
form deearthbag
coluribuildings
ncorporate
We suggest
building
no
sau
elemente
de sprijin
pentru15-inch
rafturi.
Pereii
on our
personal experience
of building
(37.5
saci cu pmnt
pecurves
schelet
frame wall,sau
andpereii
sufficient
aredin
all lemn, precum
i suficiente
curbe,
toateforms
reprezint
considered
effective
of lateralforme
supporteficiente de
suport lateral
ntr-o structur.
in a structure.
105
Perei circulari
Circular nseamn solid. O structur circular
este cea mai stabil form de perete i deosebit
de potrivit pentru aplicarea la nivel subteran,
5.5: Un perete cu nlimea de 3 m va avea nevoie de
un contrafort cu adncimea total de 1,5 m, centrat,
la fiecare 3,6 m. Un perete cu nlimea de 2,4 m va
avea nevoie de un contrafort cu adncimea de 1,2 m,
iar un perete cu nlimea de 1,8 m are nevoie de un
contrafort cu adncimea de 0,9 m.
Amplasarea corect a
srmei ghimpate
Asigurai-v c ai ncorporat srma ghimpat
n toate contraforturile i nfurai-o n jurul
oricrui col, ntrerupnd-o la formele pentru
deschideri (mai degrab dect la coluri). Dac
ridicai perei din saci cu pmnt cu limea
de doi saci, aezai srma ghimpat ntr-un
model repetat sub form de opt, pentru a
ntreeserea colurilor
5.11).
Deschideri de ferestre i ui
Fixarea rndului
Dup ce am instalat sacii evantai, pentru
a finaliza un arc, ne place s aezm dou
5.12: Dou modaliti de a construi un perete cu 0,3 mp
ntre deschideri folosind saci de diferite mrimi.
109
Two continuous
rows ofrealizate
bags or tubes
5.14: Dou5.14:
rnduri
continuelocking
de fixare,
din saci
above
the
finished
window
or
door
openings.
sau din tuburi, peste deschiderile finalizate de fereastr
ori de u.
Proiectarea stlpilor i
5.16: The second row of bags lock down the Velcro
grinzilor
110
forme
ferestre i ui.
vorbim de compromisuri.
pentru
construirea
deschiderilor
considerai-le
112
oportuniti
de
rezolvare
CAPITOLUL 6
CHAPTER 6
Tehnica
pmntului
compresat n forme
flexibile, pas
Step-By-Step
Flexible-Form
Rammed
cu
pas, sau
cum s transformai
cu noroi
ntr-of
Earth
Technique,
or Howuntosac
Turn
a Bag
un
de construire
pereilor System
Dirtsistem
intoprecis
a Precision
Walla Building
saci
cu foundation
pmnt. can
Aceeai
metod
lucru
A simple
be a trench
at leastde
six inches
(15.2 cm)
thanunui
a working
bags width.
This de
poate
fi wider
aplicat
perete
de grdin,
allows at least three inches (7.5 cm) on either side of
izolare, sau unui zid de sprijin, precum i
Foundations
Fundaii
O fundaie simpl poate fi realizat printr-
lexible-Form Rammed
e, or How to Turn a Bag of
Adncimea anului depinde de nivelul
ion Wall
Building System
de nghe i de condiiile de sol din zona
workshop
e-Form
e FQSS
mmed
e to perdly
l, and
y-step guide
building
applied to
as walls of a
. This,
double
ength in
ues in this
g how to
chapter is
t six inches
This
er side of
ROW 1
The Bag Stand
Start at one end of the foundation/stem wall.
Place a bag on the stand so that the bottom
of the bag rests slightly on the foundation.
Toss in two cans of pre-moistened fill
(Fig. 6.3).
Diddling
Reach down and push the corner in
from the outside of the bag while pack6.1: Tamped gravel foundation.
ing the dirt up against it from the inside
to secure it (Fig 6.4 & 6.5).
6.1: Fundaie din pietri
bttorit.
77
The results
of diddling create a
crisp solid edge that eliminates soft
spots keeping the wall surface firm and
smooth for plastering
(Fig 6.6).
Fundaiile construite
pe pante
pot fi i ele
n funcie
de tipul de sistem de fundaie pe
6.3
care l-ai ales, ncepei realizarea lucrrii din
saci fie direct n anul cu pietri, fie peste un
soclu.
PRIMUL RND
Stativul pentru sac
6.4
6.6
(Fig. 6.3).
Diddling
6.5
ndation/stem wall.
6.3
from the outside
of the bag while packo that the bottom
ing the dirt up against it from the inside
the foundation.
to secure it (Fig 6.4 & 6.5).
oistened fill
he corner in
g while packom the inside
.
g create a
nates soft
ace firm and
6.6).
6.5
6.4
Ascunderea colurilor
6.6
Btucirea
6.6
Primul sac din orice perete frontal expus,
coluri
sau
contrafort
trebuie
btucit.
Hard-Assing
a quarter pounder.
a quarter pounder.
deE mai.
6.7:
Hard-assing
P F L E X I B L E -6.7:
F O RCompactare
M R A M M E DcuEajutorul
A R T H Tunui
E C Hsfert
N
IQ
U
7 9with
a quarter pounder.
te
6.9
6.10
6.9
6.10
116
6.10
6.11
80 EARTHBAG BUILDING
6.11
T
S
b
U
t
d
(
s
t
P
v
6.14
117
6.12
6.13
6.15
of the bag. Then fold the top of the bag snugly, like an
Start the second bag one bags length from the first
6.12).
Using your fist, compact the dirt into the corners for
pmntul
bag. Toss in two cans of dirt and diddle the corners.
envelope,din
(Fig.urmtoarele
6.11) and pin itcteva
shut withcutii
a nailturnate
(Fig.
n coluri.
Continuai s umplei sacul pn the next several can loads. Continue filling until the
Lay the bag down onto the foundation two
is sixacum
inches (15azvrlii
cm) from thepmntul
top seam of the
inches
cm) in from
desired
of thede
finished
ce au
mai(5rmas
15 cm
delocation
la partea
sus a dirtDe
nbagsaci i
wall, as the bag will expand when later tamped from
above (Fig.
(Fig. 6.13).
acestuia
6.14).
(Fig. 6.14). Remove the bag stand and firmly press the
soil.
Fold and lowerlucrul!
the folded
end into
the top endascundei
of
continuai
Doar
umplei,
the first bag. This will hold it shut without pinning.
colurile,
ndoii
i azvrlii.
Place
the bag firmly
up against
the bottomFolosii
of the pre-o sfoar
vious bag! (Fig. 6.15).
S T E P - B Y- S T E P F L E X I B L E - F O R M R A M M E D E A R T H T E C H N I Q U E 8 1
Now its throw and go! Just fill, diddle, fold, and
flop. Use a string line to guide straight runs, or mark lines
on the foundation for curved walls (Fig 6.16).
Use story poles to create square corners and help
maintain the level surface of the bag work as the wall
height increases (Fig. 6.17).
6.14
6.15
To contour the bags for sharply curved walls, slope the soil
in the top of the bag at an angle. Press firmly with your
hands and then fold and lay the bag down. Sometimes
pinning helps to create a little extra bag length (Fig. 6.19).
6.17
6.16
6.17
S T E P - B Y- S T E P F L E X I B L E - F O R M R A M M E D E A R T H T E C H N I Q U E 8 1
Pentru curbe moderate
6.19:
Contoured bag.
6.16
6.20
119
ntly
n the
ss the
Fig. 6.21).
. It
mmer to
rners.
ags
put (Fig.
he
82 EARTHBAG BUILDING
6.23
Tamping
(Fig. 6.24).
6.21
Bttorirea
6.25
6.25
is facing in the
d may stress the
the bag (Fig. 6.21).
e direction. It
need a hammer to
bottom corners.
Tamping
hard-ass bags
s that stay put (Fig.
ghimpi
6.21
6.22
ng a full
enter of the
of the bags
.
6.24
row issacilor
first tamped
downexterior.
the
tasai-l After
de the
la whole
mijlocul
ctre
6.25
TE
P-B
Y- S
T E P Fperetelui
L E X I B L E - F O(Fig.
RM RA
MMED
Continuai
bttorii
ntregul
pn
ce
6.26).
the outside.s
Continue
to tamp
the wholernd,
rowS until
the
EARTH TECHNIQUE 83
sacii
compactai
ncep
sreferred
sune.
Sunetul
This
is often
to as Velcro
hook and
thud
to a smack. Average
finished
thickness
for amortar,va
latch mortar, or that #$@^&~%! pokey wire! Have
tamped
bag is five inches
(12.5 cm) (Fig.
6.25).
trece
de la50-lb.
o bufnitur
la un
Grosimea
your barbed
wirepleznet.
on a dispenser
conveniently located
Check the surface of the row for level. Tamp
at one end of the wall (Fig. 6.26). One at a time, lay
down
the higha spots.
We
stay within
a half inch
medie final
unui
saclike
deto22,6
out two
parallel
strandskg
of este
barbed de
wire12,5
the entire
(1.25 cm) of level. length
This isofpretty
easy
to
do
when
startthe wall (Fig. 6.27).
cm ing
(Fig.
with6.25).
a level foundation.
6.26
S T E P - B Y- S T E P F L E X I B L E - F O R M R A
6.27
6.25
(as described
Chapter 3). Incorporate any butperetelui
(Fig.in6.27).
6.27
6.28
Have long
down as you lay
(as described in
tresses with the
Cut wire lo
121
6.29).
6.27
srm
pentru
legatto hold
n aceast
etap. Trecei
Have
long bricks
or rocks handy
the wire
down as you lay it or tie on suspended brick weights
o lungime
srmanypentru
legat mprejurul
(as described
in Chapter 3).de
Incorporate
buttresses with the barbed wire (Fig. 6.28).
de srm
Cutuviei
wire long enough
to over lapghimpat
the ends (Fig. pentru a o fixa
6.29).
n loc. Asigurai-v c aceasta este suficient
6.28
6.28
natural se va lipi,6.29
de obicei, direct de saci,
fr
ajutorul plasei rabi (Fig. 6.30).
84 EARTHBAG BUILDING
Tie Wires
If you intend
the completed
time. Loop a
of barbed wir
enough to ext
edges of the b
16-18 inches
earthen plaste
without the a
6.31
ROW 2
Sliders
6.30
6.26
6.29
122
6.32
6.31
AL DOILEA RND
ROW 2
6.33
Sliders
Snii
Dup ce ai aezat srma ghimpat, fixai o
6.30
sanie sub suportul pentru sac (Fig. 6.31).
6.32
HBAG BUILDING
Tie Wires
If you intend to hang chicken wire or stucco mesh on
the completed walls for stucco, add tie wires at this
6.31
time. Loop a length of tie wire once around a strand
of barbed wire to hold it in place. Make sure it is long
enough to extend a few inches beyond the outside
edges of the bags. Place one on each side about every
16-18 inches (40-45 cm). A good, clayey, natural
earthen plaster will usually stick directly to the bags
without the aid of chicken wire (Fig. 6.30).
ROW 2
6.31
acoperire
sau ntreesere. Aceasta va stabili
After the barbed wire is laid, a slider is placed
under
din orice perete frontal
expus
(Fig.
the bagsau
standcol
(Fig. 6.31).
Diddle
and hard-ass the
dispunerii n zigzag pe vertical a
first bag in any exposed end wall or cornermodelul
(Fig.
6.32). Sania v
manevrarea
uurin the bag easily
The slider aidscu
in maneuvering
6.30ajut la6.32).
custurilor pentru ntregul rnd (Fig. 6.34).
on top of the wire (Fig. 6.33).
STE
P - B Y- S T E P F L E X I B L E - F O R M R A M M E D E A R T H T E C H N I Q U E 8 5
a sacului deasupra srmei (Fig.
6.33).
Creating the Running Bond
Fill and fold the first bag shorter6.32
than the one underneath to create an overlapping or running bond. This
will set the pattern for staggering the vertical seams
for the whole row (Fig. 6.34).
Position the butt-end of the first bag about two
inches (5 cm) in from the bag underneath. When
tamped later from above, this bag will expand flush
6.34
6.33
with the one below depending on the type of fill and
how well it is tamped. Adjust according to your parPoziionai captul inferior al primului sac cu
ticular conditions (Fig. 6.35).
Remove the slider. Repeat the same procedure aproximativ 5 cm mai n interior fa de cel
as in row 1, placing the slider under each bag being
filled (Fig. 6.36).
6.35 l vei
al sacului de dedesubt. Atunci cnd
Always install each bag firmly against the previbttori mai trziu de deasupra, acest sac
ous bag to create a tight, vertical seam (Fig. 6.37 &
6.38).
123
6.34
6.35
6.37
6.36
6.38
6.34
6.35
(Fig. 6.39)
86 EARTHBAG BUILDING
124
Integrate
Buttresses
6.38
Note that b
have been h
have been l
finished wa
get a tight fit!
Their
below when
After
each succee
6.39
any high an
ier to check
Reinei c ambele margini exterioare ale directions o
to Appendi
acestor saci delimitativi expui au fost
Now is
of the vertica
that doesn't
vertical surfa
(Fig. 6.42).
6.40
86 EARTHBAG BUILDING
peretelui finalizat.
Atunci cnd le vei bttori mai trziu de
deasupra, aceste margini se vor ntinde
mbinndu-se perfect cu rndul
de dedesubt
6.39
(Fig. 6.40).
6.39
6.40
6.40
6.41
125
6.42
r block form
, square, and
ndow forms a
width of the
ping around
vent the forms
eate a form
er) is to use a
.44). (See
dow and door
ms to accomng straw
rms after the
Fig. 6.45).
Capitolul 2 walls
pentru
privind
only - detalii
not for domes.
Double multitudinea
curvature
walls require constant compression until the
de forme pentru
i ui).
dome is ferestre
completed (See
Dynamics of a Dome
and How We Built the Honey House.)
6.46
126
88 EARTHBAG BUILDING
Va fi util mbrcarea
fundului sacilor care vin
n contact cu formele
pentru
ui
i ferestre
(15 cm) wider
than the
tamped
bag width
de lut. Extinzndslider.
limea
plasei
dincolo
Now you're
ready for
filling (Fig.de
6.47).
6.47
Strip end
Anchors
of the wire about one-third of the
Installing
stripLay
anchors
during end
wallonbuilding
length.
this shorter
top of the
will provide
solidPut
wood
forof this
barbeda wire.
yourattachment
slider on top
then placecertain
the bagtypes
standofonwintop of the
boltingand
doorjambs,
slider. Nowand
you're
ready for filling
(Fig.
dows, cabinetry,
intersecting
stud-frame
6.47).
walls (Fig. 6.49). Add strip anchors as often
Hard-assing
the or
bags
as every three
to four rows
asalongside
needed. the
door
and
window
forms
make
Four evenly spaced strip anchors onthem
eachextra
strong. Remember to diddle the corners,
side of a door opening is sufficient for
although it's usually not necessary to lock
bolting most doorjambs onto them.
6.48).
Strip Anchors
Installing strip anchors during wall building
will provide a solid wood attachment for
bolting doorjambs, certain types of windows, cabinetry, and intersecting stud-frame
walls (Fig. 6.49). Add strip anchors as often
as every three to four rows or as needed.
6.49: Four evenly spaced strip anchors on each
side of a door opening is sufficient for
Doorjamb
bolting most doorjambs onto them.
6.48
bolted to
strip anchors.
127
ipci de fixare
flush against
form. Velcro
cldiriianchor
pereilor,
vei the
dispune
detheunplywood
suport
Strip
strip
partAnchors
of the anchor by hammering three-inch (7.5
Installing
stripthrough
anchors during
wall
solid de
lemn
pentru
fixarea
uruburilor
cm) long
nails
it into
the building
tamped
bag below.
will
provide
a
solid
wood
attachment
for to conform to
Make sure to pre-trim the strip anchors
bolting
types6.50).
of win- tipuri de
pentruthetocurile
a (Fig.
anumitor
shape doorjambs,
of auilor,
curvedcertain
wall
dows, cabinetry, and intersecting stud-frame
The barbed wire can now be laid on top of the
walls
(Fig. 6.49). Add
anchors as often
ferestre,
a tmplriei
i strip
a pereilor,
precum i
strip anchor and the bag work can continue as usual.
as every three to four rows or as needed.
installing a bagcuagainst
forms each
directly
on top
pentruWhen
intersectarea
pereii
cadre
deof
Four evenly spaced strip
anchors ondin
a strip
anchor,
is usually
unnecessary
side of
a dooritopening
is sufficient
for to hard-ass the
bag
as
the
strip
anchor
will
take
up
lemn (Fig.
6.49).
bolting
most doorjambs onto them. too much space.
6.48
Teamwork
Follow all the steps previously outlined. As the walls
get taller, the assistance of willing friends (or paid
help) speeds the progress by sharing the work. For less
down time, have several wheelbarrows loaded in a row
where you are working, or have a third person recycling the wheelbarrows (Fig. 6.51).
6.49:
Have enough people on hand when laying barbed
Doorjamb
wire
high up. Someone guiding the reel of wire on the
bolted to
strip ground
anchors. keeps it from tangling around the person up
on the wall. Always use caution when working with
barbed wire, doubly so when high up (Fig. 6.52).
6.50
Munca n echip
6.52
6.51
128
6.50
6.50
6.52
6.51
Forme arcuite
Ne aflm acum destul de sus pentru a
instala formele arcuite! Aezai forma arcuit
direct deasupra formei de cutie, fr pene.
Continuai cu aezarea urmtorului rnd de
6.52n loc.
saci pentru fixarea formelor arcuite
BUILDING
6.53
6.54
Arch Forms
6.55
forms!
ox form,
of bags as
. Gently
h sides of
he wedges
hem in
edges in
5 cm)
mple
Arch Forms
We are now
high penele
enough to suficient
install our arch
i drepte.
Batei
deforms!
adnc
6.55
Place the arch form directly on top of the box form,
pentru
a crea
spaiu
lat dethe
2,5next
cmrow
ntre
cutie
without
the un
wedges.
Continue
of bags
as
an aid in locking the arch forms in position. Gently
i formele
arcuite, care va crea loc pentru ca
half tamp the bags with equal force on both sides of
the arch
form (Fig.
6.53).
acestea
s poat
fi ndeprtate
ulterior.
When the arch form is secure, insert the wedges
Cndonfolosii
fr
the front numai
and back oof arcuire,
the form and
tapforma
them inde
until the forms are level and plumb. Tap wedges in
cutie rectangular, fixai forma arcuit pe o
deep enough to create a good inch-wide (2.5 cm)
space
box and
arch cm
forms,
to pe
give oample
plac
cu between
grosimea
de 2,5
sau
bucat
room for the arch form to be removed later.
de placajWhen
de aceeai
forma
using justlime
an archca
without
thearcuit
box form,i
set the arch form on a one-inch (2.5 cm) thick board
aceeai adncime ca cea a peretelui din saci.
or piece of plywood the same width as the arch form
andcteva
the samecuie
depthnasplac
the bagpentru
wall. Drive
some
nails
Batei
ao
prinde
into the board to Velcro it to the wall holding it in
de perete,
fixnd-o
place (Fig.
6.54). n loc (Fig. 6.54).
The wedges will go in between the board and arch Acetia sunt sacii care pornesc linia naterilor
form. The board will keep the wedges from digging into
arcului, aceea care creeaz curbura unui arc.
the bags. You can now finish off by tamping the bags on
6.54
both sides of the form along with the rest of the wall. Batei sacii evantai mai nti din interior, aa
This will secure the position of the arch (Fig. 6.55).
cum procedai cu sacii btucii. Principala
Saci evantai
Fan Bags
sac evantai
box form,
ick board
arch form
ome nails
ng it in
forms!
ox form,
of bags as
Gently
sides of
he wedges
hem in
dges in
5 cm)
mple
S T E P - B Y- S T E P F L E X I B L E - F O R M R A M M E D E A R T H T E C H N I Q U E 9 1
6.58).
6.58: Shaping
the fan bags.
crete
n nlime
(Fig. 6.59).
6.59
6.60
timpul
construciei,
pentru
we want is
wider and
edge shape
m) in
ation along
springline is
n. Use this
bags surw of bags is
lign with
walls onto
the wall
me more
Fig. 6.59).
of the fan
ty, and
make fan
ns on how
instrument la ndemn).
roman
6.58: Shaping the fan bags.
6.60
bolt.
92 EARTHBAG BUILDING
92 EARTHBAG BUILDING
6.61
6.63
6.62
6.64
133
6.64
EP
S T E P - B Y- S T E P F L E X I B L E - F O R M R A M M E D E A R T H T E C H N I Q U E
Egyptian or Gothic style arches make a severe wedgeshaped space to fill. They can be very narrow at the
bottom and easily require the full-tamping width of
three keystone bags at the top. Continue bag work until
de saci, pe post de rnd de fixare, pentru a
a maximum of two to three inches (5-7.5 cm) of space
remains before installing the keystone bags. Prepare
menine presiunea ce cade pe cheile de bolt.
and fill these keystone bags as described for a Roman
arch keystone on pages 91 & 92 (Fig. 6.65).
Locking Row
6.66
v rmne un spaiuKeystones
de maximum
5-7,5 cm
for a Gothic Arch
Egyptian orpentru
Gothic style arches
make
a barbed
severe wedgepn la instalarea sacilor
cheia
ntindei
pe suprafaa
Lay
thede
wire
over the top srm
of the whole ghimpat
last
bolt. Pregtii
cheia de bolt,
pentru cheile
(Fig. 6.67).
e wedgeat the
dth of
work until
of space
repare
Roman
t of
row of
essure on
the arch
whole last
3 excitement of
Before getting carried away with9the
6.65
removing the forms, we'd better add one more row of
bolt,
integrnd n acelai timp arcul n restul
bags as a locking row to maintain downward pressure
on
the keystones. This will ensure the integrity of the arch
peretelui. Sacii continui sau tuburile vor avea
after removal of the form
(Fig. 6.66).
Rnd de fixare
6.66
6.67
94 EARTHBAG BUILDING
ndeprtarea
formelor
Removal of the Forms
Forms can be removed now or they can remain in the
wall as long as necessary. The longer they remain, the
Puteimore
ndeprta
n wall
acest
stadiu,stronger.
sau
curing timeformele
to allow the
to become
( Just something
to think about,
depending
on design
le putei
lsa n perete
orict
de mult
este
and the quality of the earthen fill.) Tap out the wedges
withCu
a hammer.
The form
now free
dropidown
nevoie.
ct le lsai
maiismult,
cutoatt
vei
and be pulled out (Fig. 6.68). To remove the wedges
lsa peretelui
mai mult
timp
deantrire,
pentru
from a side wedge
box form,
insert
pipe through
the
space at either end of the blocking and knock out the
a deveni mai solid. (Trebuie s v gndii la
board at the opposite side (Fig. 6.69). The box form is
then n
freefuncie
to be removed
(Fig. 6.70).i de calitatea
aceasta
de design
Bask in your accomplishment.
umpluturii cu pmnt.) Scoatei afar penele
6.69: Toaremove
wedgecutia
blocks,de
insert
pipe through
the
6.69: Pentru
ndeprta
tip apan,
introducei
o eavspace
prinatspaiul
format
cu oricare
dintre
either end
of blocking
and knock
out theplcuele
block at
de blocare
i scoatei-o
printr-o lovitur.
the opposite
side.
6.68
main in the
remain, the
me stronger.
g on design
t the wedges
drop down
he wedges
ough the
ock out the
box form is
6.70).
6.68
hrough the
the block at
6.69).
lucrului.
135
timpul construciei.
Din
acoperire al formei.
fericire
pentru
voi,
ai
urmat
136
CAPITOLUL 7
CHAPTER 6
Instalaii
electrice, Flexible-Form
instalaii sanitare, rafturi
i perei
Step-By-Step
Rammed
intersectai:
realizarea legturilor
Earth Technique,
or How to Turn a Bag of
Introducere
Foundations
A simple foundation can be a trench at least six inches
(15.2 cm) wider than a working bags width. This
allows at least three inches (7.5 cm) on either side of
Instalaiile electrice
Facei un desen pentru un plan electric,
localiznd unde vor fi plasate toate prizele,
ntreruptoarele i firele. Construii dinainte
toate plcile ce vor fi necesare pentru priz
i ntreruptor (Fig. 7.2). Facei un semn pe
rndul de saci lng locul unde urmeaz
s fie instalate prizele i ntreruptoarele.
Poziionai i ataai plcile cnd ai ajuns la
acele puncte.
138
Cablul UF
folosirea cablului UF
ngropat n mijlocul
Instalaiile sanitare
Ca i la sistemul electric, s avei desenat un
plan pentru instalaiile sanitare nainte de a
ncepe pereii. Cel mai probabil, apa care intr
sau iese va ptrunde pe sub fundaie sau prin
Amenajrile
pentru
Prezentarea
instalaiei
sanitare
tuturor
depete
scopul
Intersectarea cu pereii cu
schelet din rame
wire over the Velcro plate and continue the run along
the rest of the wall. U-nails, used for attaching wire
to wooden fence posts, work great for attaching
barbed wire onto Velcro plates. To put a straight
shelf in a curved wall, Velcro large, 2- by-12-inch (5
cm by 30 cm) or wider, rough sawn dimensional lum-
Prinderea rafturilor,
dulapuri2 X 10 or 2 X 12
lor i scrilor
7.9
7.10: Benzile
delater
ancorare
urmresc
conturul unui perete
wall for
attachment
of cabinets.
curbat pentru ataarea ulterioar a dulapurilor.
dulapurilor ncastrate.
142
Nie
Niele
T R I C A L , P L U M B I N G , S H E LV I N G , A N D I N T E R S E C T I N G WA L L S 1 0 1
scobituri
ngropate
ntr-un
ts on a curved wall is
g shelf boards, try
willow saplings or green
xible. Leave them
e veneer to make a
1 & 7.12).
Scri
ble,
rackets. Lay barbed wire
p, check level again. shim if
Stairs
robuti
Ataai
at on exterior walls
too! and are an excellent
ing construction nlime
sunt
uring construction,
d on Velcro plates.
144
CAPITOLUL 8
CHAPTER 8
4 diameter minimum
Anasazi pole lintel, 2
maximum spans
laminated beam
Lintels
Buiandrugi
de
buiandrugi
laminai.
attached
to Velcro din limea unui perete i
puin
treisfert
plates that extend
s depeasc
another eight deschiderea, astfel nct s
inches beyond the
rmn
pe zid minimum 30 cm de fiecare
ends of the lintel.
0 3 s
parte. Modul nostru de abordare 1este
din scnduri
nstallation
Kaki Hunter, Donald Kiffmeyer
buiandrugul, n 4
timp
ce distribuie
diameter
minimum greutatea
construciei.
xample of
lintel pre-
to Velcro
at extend
ther eight
eyond the
the lintel.
103
8.2: Un exemplu de buiandrug
pre-ataat de plci de
prindere, care se prelungesc cu nc 20 cm dincolo de
capetele buiandrugului.
Verificai
146
cerinele
structurale
potrivite
fr o grind obinuit
de legtur (vezi
Capitolul 9).
Montarea ferestrelor
Ferestrele pot fi montate ntr-o ram de lemn
care este ataat de benzi de ancorare, direct
pe benzile de ancorare, sau cu pene de lemn
i fixat n tencuial. Este doar o chestiune
de alegere personal i de ct de ngrijit vor
arta deschiderile brute.
devine din
ce mai
de procurat
i mai
Wece
arenaware
of thegreu
environmental
impacts
of
using both wood and vinyl windows. More and more
scump,
chiar
productorii
de ferestre
lemn
factory
wood
windows are using
compositedin
wood
products
processed
with
a
multitude
of
synthetic
chemicals.
includ componente de vinil. Perfecionistul
The production of vinyl poses numerous environmenva trebui
construiasc
singur
sau
tal healths-i
hazards.
However, as wood
becomes
mores
scarce and more expensive, even manufacturers of wood
recondiioneze
ferestrele
lemn recuperate
windows are including
vinyl de
components.
The purist
may
have
to
build
his
or
her
own
or
rebuild
pentru a-i asigura un produs natural. salvaged
wood windows to insure a natural product.
Many bizarre
yet practical
are being
Multe soluii
bizare,
dar solutions
practice,
sunt
created and implemented to counter our toxic habits.
create
i Higa
implementate
pentru
a contracara
Teruo
s book, An Earth
Saving Revolution
II,
describes the benefits of using effective micro-organobiceiurile
noastre toxice. Cartea lui Teruo
isms (EMs) to create a new breed of safe
that will
decomposeII,
readily
when
Higa,biodegradable
An earth vinyl
Saving
Revolution
descrie
buried. We are in an accelerated state of transition
beneficiile
that we find folosirii
both scary andmicro-organismelor
exciting. Magic is afoot!
Doing what we enjoy makes the world a better place,
eficiente (ME) pentru a crea un nou tip de
rather than having to make the world a better place
order to enjoy. Conclusion:
is available.
vinilinbiodegradabil
care se use
vawhat
descompune
Ask the universe for solutions. Follow the path with
imediat
este ngropat. Suntem ntr-o stare
heart.ce
Breathe.
accelerat de tranziie pe care
o gsim att
soaker hose gasket over
1/4-round
fixed 1/2-round glass
wood stop
nfricotoare,
ct i captivant. Magia este n
1/4-round wood stop
2X4 sill slooped
plin activitate!
face
to exterior Fcnd ceea ce 2ne
X 4place
sill notched
to
fit
over
flange
of
vinyl
lumea un saw
locblade
mai bun, mai degrab
windowdect s
drip edge
148
mult lut.
Ferestre
simple,
confecionate
acas,
149
8.10
woo
8.8 (left):
Install(Fig.8.12).
the half-round pane of glass up against
fixai-l
cu cob
Door Installation
Doors are easy! Shim, plumb, and level the doorjamb.
Screw the jamb into the pre-placed strip anchors, just
as you would for a stud frame wall, and plaster up to
the jamb. Or build a framed rough opening and attach
the jamb to that (Fig. 8.13a & b).
Car windshield
with a hose de cauciuc,
8.12: Parbriz de8.12:
main
etanatsealed
cu garnitur
Note in Figure 8.14 (on the next page) the
gasket,
secured
with
adobe/cob
a
fixat cu chirpici/cob sub un buiandrug under
de lemn.
Ce poate
sculpted jamb detail above the door. Instead of using
wood
lintel.
What
could
be
better
than
fi mai bine dect s priveti viaa dintr-un Chevrolet?
wood to create a curved jamb, we cinched saplings up
to view life through a Chevy?
tight in the curved wall with tie wires through the
chicken wire cradles, and sculpted over them with
mud plaster (Fig. 8.14).
ms imbedded in
emove the
fully installed,
Montarea uii
ows can be
sider plastering
ket seal) on
(sus):
Ui nCabinet
stilul style
uilor
de doors
dulap.
or awning for 8.10a
8.10a
(above):
wood
es mortared
way to let
8.10b (below): Fixed glass with awning-style vented
her innovative
wood opening
e, pro-
8.10
Uile
sunt
simple!
mpnai,
controlai
fixed glass
arch over a
wood sill
pentru
plate u.
150
8.13a & b: Two types of doors: One with lintel, one with
fixed glass arch above.
8.10
woo
Door Installation
Doors are easy! Shim, plumb, and level the doorjamb.
Screwuii.
the jambnintoloc
the pre-placed
strip anchors,
just pentru
deasupra
s folosim
lemn
as you would for a stud frame wall, and plaster up to
the jamb.
build curbat,
a framed rough
opening
attach nuiele
a se crea
unOrtoc
noi
amandfixat
the jamb to that (Fig. 8.13a & b).
Note in Figure 8.14 (on the next page) the
strnsesculpted
bine
n peretele curbat cu legturi de
jamb detail above the door. Instead of using
wood to create a curved jamb, we cinched saplings up
srm,tight
prin
suportul
detierabi,
i am
in the
curved wall with
wires through
the sculptat
chicken wire cradles, and sculpted over them with
deasupra
cu tencuial
mud plaster
(Fig. 8.14). de lut (Fig. 8.14).
8.13a
& b: Two
types de
of doors:
one with
8.13 a i 8.13a
b: Dou
tipuri
ui: One
unawith
culintel,
buiandrug,
una cu
fixed
glass
arch
above.
arc din sticl fixat deasupra.
8.13b
CAPITOLUL 9
CHAPTER 9
Sisteme
de acoperi
Roof Systems
109
Datorit
utilizrii
istorice,
codurile
de
vestic a Pacificului.
overlap re
corners 3-4 f
9.2: Grinda de legtur trebuie s fie continu,
acoperind ntregul perimetru al peretelui.
Cea
mai
evident
consideraie
6 high by
width of
wall
este
tire wires
twisted
in center
with nail and
hammered int
bag keeps tensio
betwee
materiale
convenionale
de theconstrucie.
is particularly
the case when building
roof with
building
easiestcosturile
way to
Cel conventional
mai simplu
modproducts.
de a The
reduce
banding
de asemenea, faptul
c (strapping).
multe tehnici de
Install banding
- 4 rows down from
despre nvelirea
cu3polietilen
i dispozitivele
says, build
ladderau
in sections
on
construcieSteve
dinKemble
ntreaga
lume
supravieuit
ground early on using the foundation as a temConnect sections on top of wall with
cu succes plate.
celortruss
mai
de mediu
metal
plates,dure
or screwcondiii
diagnal plywood
plates onto corners.
Introducere la sistemul
alternativ de acoperiuri fr
grinzi (Fig. 9.9)
Arhitectura tradiional bazat pe lut a fost
construit fr beton, oel sau combustibili
fosili. Suntem de prere c, n cele mai multe
cazuri, legturile de beton i grinzile grele din
lemn sunt o utilizare inutil de bani i resurse.
fundaia
seciunile
pe coluri.
considerare.
ca
tipar.
Conectai
157
ntre deschideri.
lor.
159
160
9.13b
size of the rebar. Pour concrete glue into the hole and tap
in rebar (this will help keep the earth from fracturing). Nail
161
ag kiva is
Penny Pennell)
9.16: Stylized
In a dry,
lated from the
seeded into a
9.30 for a det
roof ). The va
interior. Shea
ble boards, la
dismantled p
Special Co
for Round
a vaulted viga
and eaves on
rganic substing, narrow
r intersecting
ty and charm
r with latillas
In a dry, moderate climate, the roof can be insulated from the outside with a topcoat of straw bales, or
seeded into a living roof in a wet climate (see Figure
9.30 for a detail of a straw-bale-insulated vaulted viga
roof ). The vaulted viga roof is left exposed on the
interior. Sheathe the top of the logs with long flexible boards, latillas (short, sturdy poles), or
dismantled pallets (Fig. 9.17)
Special Considerations
for Round Houses
Roofs for round buildings tend to be a little trickier
162
because of all the angles, but they make up for it in
beauty and aerodynamics. If you want to build a
case rotunde
y, moderate climate, the roof can be insue outside with a topcoat of straw bales, or
a living roof in a wet climate (see Figure
tail of a straw-bale-insulated vaulted viga
cldiri rotunde tind
aulted viga roofAcoperiurile
is left exposed onpentru
the
athe the top ofsthe fie
logs with
un long
pic fleximai complicate din cauza
atillas (short, sturdy poles), or
unghiurilor, dar compenseaz prin frumusee
pallets (Fig. 9.17)
163
conform normativelor.
proiectarea.
rafters attached to
Velcro plates and
Construcia cu saci de pmnt
nailed into top of
wall
(reciproc)
When pressure is applied from above, the spiral
0 EARTHBAG BUILDING
25: Inspired by
thede
reciprocal
roof, Jason
Glick designed
cale
a construi
un acoperi
pe o cldire
is fanciful gazebo lined with a sunken earthbag seating
doi
buteniroof
i nc
may also put
a square
on a unul
rounddeasupra
building.lor. Legai-i
en using dimensional
lumbercpriorii
or pre-manufactured
bine. Aezai
legai de la grinda
ducts, it may be the most efficient way to roof a
central, pn la grinzile rectilinii (Fig. 9.26).
9.26: Acoperi ptrat cu profil jos sprijinit pe o structur
nd building. Place posts in a square around the
9.26: Lowde
profile
roof
supportedopional
on exterior
postde paie
stlpisquare
i grinzi
exterioare,
cu strat
Ca alternativ,
omitei
din centrul
acoperi
rior of the round
walls. Connect
thembutenii
over the top
and beampentru
framework
withviu.
optional straw bale "living roof."
he walls withcldirii
beams.iRun
two logs
side-by-side
punei
grinzi
pe ntreaga lime.
oss the center of the circle and add one log on the
free form walls covered with a rectalinear gable roof
Umplei golurile dintre cpriori cu un ultim
of the first two.
Strap down the logs. Extend
top view
ers from on top
thesaci
center
out over
recti-ghimpat.
rndof de
culog
pmnt
i the
srm
ar beams (Fig.
9.26).
Acoperii cu ce dorii.
As an alternative, omit the center logs and run
ses across the166whole width. Infill all the gaps in
ween rafters with a final row of bags and barbed
e. Sheathe however you prefer.
Multiple round spaces and free-form walls can
nord-americani
au
construit
nvelitori de acoperi
din necesitate.
De-a
soarelui.
lungul
anotimpurilor,
gazonul
se
167
paielor
se
transforme
168
CAPITOLUL 10
CHAPTER 9
Arce:
Aducerea arcului napoi n arhitectur
Roof Systems
109
experimentai
sentimentul
nemrginirii.
172
Arcada gotic
Primul pas:
Desenarea arcadei (Fig. 10.6)
Pentru proiectarea unei arcade romane (pe
176
177
Curba catenar
is counteracted
the horizontal
ItsIteasy
lessbuttressing
buttressingis isnecnec- archarch
is counteracted
by thebyhorizontal
force offorce
the of the
s easytotosee
seehow
how much
much less
next,
and
soand
on so
andforth
son
forth
in a perpetual
essary
forAaRaca
more
steeply
pitched
arch. La
Thesame
same
next,
andgeometrice
so on
inpiatr.
a perpetual
ofwheel of teoreme i
acioneze
un perete
Eiwheel
nu studiau
1essary
2 8 Efor
Tmore
H Bun
Asteeply
G Bcontrafort.
U Ipitched
L D I N Garch. The
support.
holds
anarch
archrotated
rotated360.
360. support.
holdstrue
truefor
fora adome,
dome,which
which isis an
arch is counteracted
by the ns
horizontal
force offorme
the
to see
howwe
buttressing
isdisnecastraight
straight
wall,
wemuch
needless
to
allow
ample
disas easy
wall,
need
toun
allow
ample
rotundInItInputem
construi
ir
de
arcade
demonstraii,
gseau
naturale care
next,
and
so
on
and
so
forth
in
a
perpetual
wheel
of
essary
for
a
more
steeply
pitched
arch.
The
same
The
Catenary
The
Catenary
tancebetween
betweenany
anyopenings
openings to ensure
tance
ensureenough
enoughsolid
solid
support.
holds
true
abuttressing.
dome, which
archwall,
rotatediar
360.forele
described
byn
a by
uniform
flexibleflexible
chain hanging
walls
Inisaa an
round
could
precum
nactfor
Coloseum-ul
roman,
stteau
echilibru.
A curve
described
a uniform
chain hanging
walls
totoact
asas
buttressing.
In
round
wall,wewe
could A curve
Inbuild
a straight
wall,
we need
toafter
allow
ample as
disunder
the
influence
of
gravity
is
called
a
catenary.
In
safely
a
string
of
arches
one
another,
in
under
the
influence
of
gravity
is
called
a
catenary.
In
safely build a string of arches one after another, as in The
Catenary
tance
between
any
openings
to
ensure
enough
solid
Medieval
times,
masons
used
their
squares
and
comthe
Roman
Coliseum,
as
the
horizontal
force
of
each
laterale
ale
fiecrei
arcade
sunt
contracarate
Medieval times, masons used their squares and comthe Roman Coliseum, as the horizontal force of each
A curve described by a uniform flexible chain hanging
walls to act as buttressing. In a round wall, we could
under the influence of gravity is called a catenary. In
safely
build
a
string
of
arches
one
after
another,
as
in
de forele arcadelor alturate i tot aa, ntrMedieval times, masons used their squares and comthe Roman Coliseum, as the horizontal force of each
10.10a
10.10a
10.10a
10.10b
178 10.9: Point E (where the arrow exits the half-circle) deter10.9: Point E (where the arrow exits the half-circle) deter-
10.10a & b: After using the compass to locate the equidistant points of A, B, C, and D, create the arc between points
C and E, using point D as the pivot point.
10.12a
10.12a & b: Within the lines of force of every successful arch resides the imprint of the
catenary curve. Every shape arch, whether it is tall and slim or shallow and thick-walled,
to contain
its core the
natural equilibrium
chain. arcadei i al pereilor de suport,
dinis designed
legturi
estewithin
aceeai
pentru
fiecare of theinhanging
interiorul
179
orizontal
este
contracarat
de
Boli
de consolidare.
Acesta este tipul de bolt pe care l-am
construit la intrarea n Honey House.
Pentru
crearea
unei
boli,
am
extins
Bolile nclinate
din chirpici.
181
fost
realizat
ntr-un
weekend la Atelierul de
lucru
Colorado
Natural
precum
un
Jgheaburile de ap sculptate
direcioneaz apa de ploaie
n
josul
contraforilor,
tip
"Boveda"
ascunse
de
climate.
acestui
canton de 70 metri
ptrai,
construit
de
Biroul de Administrare
a Terenurilor n afara
Peretele
din
pmnt
i
saci
consolidat
contrafortuit
stabilitate
cu
ofer
structural
uscare
aceast
de
Youth
dreapta jos).
CAPITOLUL 11
CHAPTER 11
Dynamics
a Dome
Dinamica
uneiof
cupole
Straight is the line of duty, and curved is the path of beauty. Hassan Fathy (1900-1989)
calea frumuseii."
his is, we feel, where earthbags exhibit their
Hassan
Fathy
(1900-1989)
greatest
potential;
to us, it is the essence of
earthbag building. We are able to build an entire
house from foundation to walls to roof using one sysNoi (To
simim
c aceasta
este situaia
n care
tem.
gain greater
understanding
of the dynamics
of a dome, please read The Dynamics of an Arch, in
sacii cu pmnt i dezvluie cel mai mare
Chapter 10, to better acquaint you with some of the
potenial;
pentru
noi, aceasta
este esena
same
language
and principles
that are inherent
in
both.
construciilor din saci cu pmnt. Putem s
de
construcie
saci cu pmnt.
11.1:
The mosque al
at pereilor
Dar al-Islamdin
in Abiquiu,
New Mexico, designed by Hassan Fathy.
133
Am
ridicat
slvi
virtuile
colurilor
cupola.
Dinamica
gravitaia i tensiunea.
descendente
care
ntlnete
rezistena
cu un cilindru i cu un con.
Un cilindru (un perete rotund vertical) se
curbeaz ntr-o singur direcie, orizontal, n
timp ce laturile rmn perfect verticale. Un
con de asemenea se curbeaz ntr-o direcie
orizontal i, dei scade n circumferin la
192
ombines
trategy to
y with the
w egg, place
all your
rane will
esigned
both the
ime.
of a double
th a cylin-
rves in one
main vertiizontal
umference at
e. The
lly, producs profile can
to a paragg (Fig 11.2).
g natural
ension.
ssure meetated
oyed for milsuch as
curvature
me wall
a cone, and
an arch,
a dome este
is onlyatt
as strong
as its butCa i oLike
arcad,
o cupol
de puternic,
tressing. A dome, however, is self-supporting and does
penotct
este
sa. Oother
cupol,
totui,
need
anyconsolidarea
structural formwork
than the
window and
openings.
A de
dome
is an
searched
auto-susine
i door
nu are
nevoie
nici
unarch
alt
built in the round. The point where the springline
cofraj
dect cele
ferestrele
beginsstructural
is where buttressing
needspentru
to be present.
arcuite
i pentru
deschiderile
O cupol
Traditional
Dome
Buildinguilor.
Techniques
Corbelling
is a technique
established
thousands
of years
este
o arcad
construit
pe etape.
Punctul
n
ago. It involves laying the courses of brick horizontally
care
ncepe
linia naterilor
este
acolo
rather
than inclined.
Each coursearcului
is stepped
in slightly
from the preceding course, actually cantilevering over
unde trebuie s fie prezent consolidarea.
the underlying bricks. This creates a profile more
cone-like in shape rather than hemispherical (Fig.
11.4).
Another traditional dome building technique
using adobe bricks is called Nubian style masonry, a
Tehnici tradiionale de
construire a cupolelor
developed by builders
in Upper
Egypt
oferind technique
mas suplimentar
pentru
consolidare.
over
three developed
thousand years
ago. They
installed
adobe
technique
by builders
in Upper
Egypt
Construirea
mai
multor
cupole
care
se sprijin
bricks
at
anthousand
angle,
beginning
at the
springline,
over three
years ago.
They
installedwhich
adobe
enabled them to follow a low profile hemispherical
bricks perete
at an angle,anuleaz
beginning at the
springline, which
pe acelai
shape. As the bricks
follow thefora
profile,orizontal
the angle
Grinzi de legtur
Bond Beams
Today,
hemispherical,
low-profile brick
domeCu
usesct
a
provocat
deaBeams
forele orizontale
create.
Bond
concrete
bond beam at the
springline
as adome
tensionuses
ringa
Today, a hemispherical,
low-profile
brick
este mai
aplatizat
cupola,
cu att
mult
to
counteract
pressure
by the
horizontal
concrete
bondthe
beam
at thecaused
springline
as amai
tension
ring
forces
created.the
The
lower the
profile
of the
dome, the
to counteract
pressure
caused
by the
horizontal
presiune
este
exercitat
pe
prile
laterale.
more
pressure
is
exerted
out
to
the
sides.
Without
the
forces created. The lower the profile of the dome, the
continuous
tension
ring created
by the
bond
beam, the
the
more pressure
is exerted
outtensiune
to the
sides.
Without
Fr inelul
continuu
de
creat
de
horizontal
thrust
from
the
dome
would
push
the
walls
continuous tension ring created by the bond beam, the
out from under
and collapse
(Fig.
11.7).
thrustit,from
the dome
would
push the
grinzilehorizontal
de legtur,
fora
orizontal
dewalls
la
Mexico
has
a
traditional
style
of
building brick
out from under it, and collapse (Fig. 11.7).
roofs called
Boveda
domes
Mexico
has aBovedas.
traditional
stylesub
of
building
brick
cupol dome
ar mpinge
pereii
de
eaareisimilar
s-ar
in
construction
to
Nubian
masonry,
where
the
bricks
dome roofs called Bovedas. Boveda domes are similar
set at11.7).
a progressively
shallower
as the
the bricks
dome
prbuiare
in(Fig.
construction
to Nubian
masonry,angle
where
closes
in
at
the
top
(Fig.
11.8).
are set at a progressively shallower angle as the dome
11.4:
corbelled
stonedin
and straturi
brick domes,
built in the
11.4:These
Aceste
cupole
decalate
de
piatr i
crmid,
n secolul
alused
XV-lea
nbyZacatecas,
15th
inconstruite
Zacatecas,
aredomes,
still
today
11.4: century
These corbelled
stone Mexico,
and brick
built
in the
Mexic,
sunt nc
folosite
i forastzi
de ctre localnici
the
local
villagers
to
store
grain,
and
other
purposes.
15th century in Zacatecas, Mexico, are still used today by
pentru a stoca cereale, precum i pentru alte scopuri.
half-sphere dome
style
dome building
techniques
11.5:
compared
to Nubian
11.5:Corbelling
Aezarea
straturilor
decalate,
n comparaie cu
style
dome de
building
techniquesa stilului nubian de cupol.
tehnica
construcie
Mexiculcloses
areinun
stil
de a construi
at the
toptradiional
(Fig. 11.8).
11.6: Traditional techniques for counteracting the
cupole,horizontal
din thrust
crmid
numit
Boveda.
of
a shallow,fordome
roof; increase
11.6: Traditional
techniques
counteracting
the the
thickness of the walls, build multiple domes, incorporate
lateral
buttressing. caz n care crmizile sunt
cu zidria
nubian,
194
unei cupole.
compas
arhitectural
este
prietenul
compas
de
desen
arhitectural
extensibil)
(Fig. 11.10).
diametrului
We are going tointerior
mark thealspotcupolei.
where ourmprii
com-
pass pivot
will be positioned.
raza point
n jumtate
(7 picioareThe
[2,1compass
m] mprii
formula is one-half of the radii from the interior diamela 2 of= the
3,5dome.
picioare
[1,05
Facei
un(7semn
ter width
Divide
them]).
radius
in half
feet
[2.1 m]
by 2 = (1,05
3.5 feetm),[1.05
m]).sfritul
Make a mark
la divided
3,5 picioare
dup
liniei
three and one-half feet (1.05 m) beyond the11.13
end of
diametrului interior. Repetai acest proces pe
your interior
diameter line. Repeat this process on the
opposite
of the horizontal
line
(Fig. (Fig.
11.13).
partea
a liniei
orizontale
11.13).
Useside
the opus
architectural
compass
to create
the
out-
11.11
198
Use the architectural compass to create the outline of the dome. Adjust the spread of the compass so
it will reach from the fixed pivot point (3.5 feet [1.05
m] beyond the end of your horizontal line) to the
other end of the 14-foot (4.2 m) diameter horizontal
either side
ameter of
Repeat fo
Adjust the compass to accommodate the thicknessnc
of the15bagoli
walls(38
youcm)
will be
an
cu
pebuilding.
fiecareAsparte.
Din 11.16a).
We nowfo
example,
for athe
50-lb.
bag with
a 15-inch (38 the
cm)thickworkRepeat
Adjust
compass
to accommodate
punctul
fix
iniial
alwillcompasului,
prelungii
its interior, ext
ing width,
scale
to
the As
14-foot
11.16a).
ness
of theuse
bagthe
walls
youruler
beextend
building.
an
(4.2 m) diameter
basebag
linewith
15 inches
(38(38
cm)cm)
more
We now
example,
for a 50-lb.
a 15-inch
work- (Fig. 11.16b).
braul,
nct
acesta
s
ajung
la
marcajul
We'll ext
do
on either
From
theruler
original
fixed compass
point,
its interior,
ing
width,side.
use the
scale
to extend
the 14-foot
lighting
many
lengthen
the
arm
to
reach
to
the
exterior
wall
mark
(Fig.
11.16b).
(4.2
m)
diameter
base
line
15
inches
(38
cm)
more
peretelui exterior pe partea opus a cupolei
with the
same
the opposite
side of
domefixed
and swing
thepoint,
free
We'll
do
on either
side. From
thethe
original
compass
elevation
draw
end
of
the
compass
arm
up
to
the
top
of
the
dome
ilengthen
rotii the
captul
libertoalthebraului
compasului
lighting many
arm to reach
exterior wall
mark
like from
grad
(Fig.the11.15).
with
the same
on
opposite side of the dome and swing the free
pn
la
partea
de
sus
a
cupolei
(Fig.
11.15).
lights a sunke
elevation
draw
end of the compass arm up to the top of the dome
Another
like
from draw
grad
(Fig. 11.15).
ments,aorsunke
roof
lights
the measurem
Another
draw
construction-s
ments,
or roof
profile
we drew
the
measurem
Ideally, th
construction-s
on a large
profile
we piec
drew
scale, Ideally,
like oneth
Or awork
me
11.15
on
largeinpiec
have alike
drawing
scale,
one
Repetai
procedura pentru cealalt parte a Or
expanded
work inprof
me
11.15
a
pencil
tied
to
have
a
drawing
cupolei (Fig. 11.16a).
expanded prof
a pencil tied to
11.14b
11.16a
11.12
11.16a
The cent
represents the
Starting
the
Theatcent
along its length
represents
the
equivalent
Starting at of
thes
if usingitscentim
along
length
would be the
equivalent
of se
if using centim
would be the e
11.16b
11.16b
scale, like one inch (2.5 cm) equals one foot (30 cm).
Or work in metric, if this is easier for you. If you don't
have a drawing compass large enough to draw this
expanded profile, then you can scribe the profile with
a pencil tied to a string (Fig. 11.17).
11.15
multe
caracteristici
diferite,
11.18
Measure
this horizontal
distance
between dintre
Msurai
aceast
distan
orizontal
centerline and interior edge of wall and write this
linia
centralalong
i latura
measurement
the wallinterioar
of the dome.a peretelui i
200
Round off the number to the nearest one-halfinch or centimeter. Repeat this process, going up
the vertical compass line until each height mark has
a corresponding radius measurement (Fig.11.19).
cupolei.
11.18
Rotunjii
numrul
la
cel
mai
apropiat
11.19
realitate.
PoateYouvmayntrebai
nu calculate
calculm
be wonderingde
why ce
we don't
the compass measurements based on the height of
msurtorile
bazndu-ne
each row of bags. compasului
At first, that is what
we did (on pe
paper). We measured
height
our working
bags
nlimea
fiecruithe
rnd
deof saci.
La nceput,
at five inches (12.5 cm), and proceeded to calculate
aceasta
ce am
fcut (12.5
(pe cm)
hrtie).
all of our este
radius ceea
adjustments
at five-inch
increments. This worked fine at first while the lower
Am
nlimea
bags msurat
were only stepped
in one to sacilor
two inchesnotri
(2.5-5 de
cm). When
we started
overhanging
to
lucru
la 12,5
cm (5
oli) i them
am three
nceput
s
four inches (7.5-10 cm), the portion of the bag that
calculm toate ajustrile razei noastre la
201
De
dragul
creativitii
202
cu pmnt
Structural,
diferena
dintre
mrime.
un dispozitiv de mpmntare, ct i ca un
gndurile voastre.
204
Dezavantajele (depinznd
de punctul vostru de
vedere) cupolelor din saci
cu pmnt
lut pe perete.
205
206
CAPITOLUL 12
CHAPTER 12
Ghidul ilustratGuide
al construciei
de domuri
Illustrated
to Dome
Construction
How We Built the Honey House
t the time of writing, our personal experience
with dome building consists of the construction
of the Honey House. The Honey House is a 12-foot
(3.6 m) interior diameter earthbag dome sunk two feet
(0.6 m) into the ground. We did the bag work in 19
days (with a lot of head-scratching) over a period
of two months. We averaged a crew of three to five
La momentul la care scriu, experiena
people working modest five-hour days in between
noastr
construirea
domurilor
other
work legat
schedules.deA professional
backhoe
operator did the excavation work, and all the reject
const n construcia Honey House. Honey
dirt used in the bags was delivered. Exterior plastering
and
sculpting
up indin
a few
bigde
parties;
the fine
House
este went
un dom
saci
pmnt
cu un
detail work lasted throughout the summer. All in all,
diametru
de 3,6
metri
i adncit
we
have spentinterior
about $1,500
to date,
which
includes n
the
windows
custom-made
The
pmnt
0,6and
metri.
Lucrul lawood
saciidoor.
de pmnt
Honey House was built below permit size in our
a duratin19thezile
(cu of
o town.
groaz de nedumeriri),
backyard
middle
learned a lot
the overall
process,
pe oWeperioad
deabout
dou
luni. Am
avut n
dynamics, structural integrity, and limitations of
medie aodome
echip
ntre treiWhat
i cinci
oameni
building
with earthbags.
we offer
is a
narrated sequence of events that depict the process of
care au lucrat o durat modest de cinci ore
the construction of the Honey House. We include a
few
design
options
along the way
show Un
pe parallel
zi printre
alte
angajamente
detolucru.
how the dome can be adapted to different styles and
operatorThe
destructural
retroexcavator
s-aremain
ocupat
climates.
principles will
the de
same,
withdeourexcavare
focus on building
a modestly
partea
i astfel
a fost sized,
obinut
A
Cum am construit Honey
House
mai
P R Imari;
O R Plucrul
R E PAlaR detaliile
AT I O N de
C Hfinisaj
E C K LaI Sdurat
T
Dovara.
tests to
of earth for
dome
toat
nassure
totalquality
am cheltuit
aproximativ
building and determine proper moisture
Practice building
a smalliwallo project
ce include
ferestrele
u first
fcut la
to become acquainted with the basics of
Principiile
structurale
rmn
aceleai,
pas.
electrice,
rafturilor,
treptelor,
208
lucrrii
aceast carte.
(Fig. 12.1).
care
se
desfoar.
Din cauza
209
detaliate
despre
cum
facei
schie
210
ingline
ry sandbag
or box form
forms
compass point
grade
s profile.
12.4a i b).
i d).
211
siunea evenimentelor
(Fig 12.5).
ntreg cercul.
Excavarea
S ncepem excavarea localiznd centrul
domului. nfigei un par sau un arac n
pmnt n acel loc. Ataai o funie care nu
este elastic sau un lan uor de stlpul
din centru, astfel nct s se poat roti cu
uurin. Asigurai-v c este destul de
lung pentru a se ntinde peste suprafaa
212
I L L U S T R AT E D G U I D E
Construcia
cu saci
dethe
pmnt
We are assuming that
you have carefully
read
step-by-step earthbag wall building chapter to
ndeprtai
pmntul
rmas deRammed
la locul
acquaint yourself
with the Flexible-Form
Earth technique we've been going on so much
construciei
pnfollowed
la adncimea
Testai
about. If you have
the Prior dorit.
Preparation
Checklist,
earliereindescris
this chapter,
you should
acest
sol (cum
n Capitolul
2), have
pentru
all your drawings completed, model making done, soil
aand
determina
dac este
pentru
a fi pus
bag tests finished,
forms,potrivit
strip anchors,
Velcro
plates, and all the needed dirtbag tools built and ready.
nIf saci
folosit
ca o component
this issau
the pentru
case, you aarefi ready
to begin.
While exca
process, m
only make
vides a deg
anybody h
ous for inc
Each day's
nation of t
the necess
happy wor
on a fun, c
emergency
aExcavation
unui mortar de pmnt, totul depinznd
Letconinutul
s begin the excavation
by locating
the center
of the
de
de argil.
Separai
i adunai
dome. Drive a stake or post into the ground at that
pmntul
construit
point. Attachpentru
a non-stretchy
rope or i
lightpentru
chain to folosit
the
post so that it can rotate easily. Make sure it
lacenter
tencuial
n locaii convenabile. Udai
you the appro
is long enough to reach beyond the proposed radius.
Mark
the
rope
or
chain
at
least
two
feet
(0.6
m)
pmntul pentru construcie la umiditatea Make this circ
ably, especially
beyond the interior radius to include the width of
potrivit
i 12.5).
acoperii cu o prelat pentru a-l below grade. E
the wall (Fig.
once the bag w
That is to say, if you are building a 12-foot
proteja de ploaie, soare i resturi aduse de
powdered lime
diameter (3.6 m) interior dome, make a mark on the
material, draw
rope or chain at eight-foot radius (2.4 m). This gives
vnt.
rotate the taut
When b
soil and set it
landscaping. T
seeds, and a h
for putting ins
garden, not in
can be anywh
cm) or more t
Remove
site to the des
(described in
for use in the
earthen plaste
12.5: Legenda desenului de sus: O sfoar sau un lan
12.5:
Upper
drawing
caption:
A
rope
or
chain
attached
to
ataat de un stlp n pmnt delimiteaz centrul Separate and
convenient loc
a stake in the ground delineates the center of the diameter.
diametrului.
optimal moist
Lower drawing caption: Allow extra width for installation of
Legenda
desenului
de jos: Pstrai lime protect from r
waterproof membrane
or insulation.
plus
pentru
instalarea
membranei
Instalarea compasului
structuriiFoundation
noastre. and
Primul
Stemrnd
Wall de saci poate
We began our bag work right on the ground of this
fi umplutexcavation;
cu pietri,
pentru a inhiba aciunea
these bags became the foundation of our
n acest moment este timpul s instalai
compasul cldirii, care va fi folosit pentru a
contura forma domului i va servi drept ghid
n a menine aceeai distan pe msur ce
Whe
been place
around th
You may n
angle brac
bags came
a little so t
the bags.
will tell yo
fied to adj
arm (Fig. 1
If yo
the buildi
a level ont
you rotate
arhitecturale
de
construcii
lucru
va
permite
expansiunea
sacului,
Fundaia i soclul
Am nceput lucrul cu sacii chiar pe locul
excavrii; aceti saci au devenit fundaia
214
12.7:
el as the
ark the
compass
the pole,
w it works,
ng
ses for
nd of this
on of our
d with
ground up
bag work up
d prepared
12.9: Continue th
H20-proof membrane
under
de 12,5tucked
centimetri.
Odat ce grosimea medie
stem wall bag
interior floor
double-bagged
este determinat,
este pur i simplu vorba
gravel bag
I L L U S T R AT E D G U I D E T O D O M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 1 5 1
just below grade. This is where the stem wall of the struc-
tucked under
stem
bagonde climatul vostru
soclului
way toon
big funcie
stemwall
seated
interiorfloorde
double-bagged
gravel sill
bag mai umed i mai rece
obicei cu ctgravel
este
12.10:
foundation
H20-proof
membrane
mediul,
cuHoney
attHouse
mai
nalt detail.
trebuie s fie
12.11:
Way
too big
bagspe
onogravel
sill at
12.11:
Saci
foarte
mari
centur
degrade.
pietri la nivel.
tucked under
stem
wall bag
soclul. Circumstanele
voastre individuale
interior floor
double-bagged
gravelpentru
bag
sunt eseniale
aceste alegeri (Fig.
12.9).
12.11: Way
big bags
gravel sill atfolosind
grade.
lucrarea
cutoosaci
din on
subteran,
un sac
217
lan view,
e wanted
ted by
own the
i eventualele contraforturi.
Am folosit saci de 45 kilograme n jurul uii i
Contrafortuirea
i contrafori.
I L L U S T R AT E D G U I D E T O D O M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 1 5 3
Buttressing
dome.inei
To ensure
structural
integrity, incorporate
minte
s intercalai
tuburilebuttresscu sacii
ing alongside the door forms. Buttressing provides extra
lngneeded
forme,
mai degrab
s(The
punei
wall width
for installing
a plumb dect
doorjamb.
12.16 (stnga): Contrafortuirea uii poate fi construit
din tuburi sau saci care se extind n interior, exterior
sau n ambele pri. Deschiderea uii este cea mai
slab parte a zidului ntr-un dom. Pentru a asigura
integritatea structural, ncorporai consolidri de-a
lungul cadrului uii. ntritura va oferi lime n plus
zidului, necesar pentru instalarea unui toc de u
vertical. (Zona haurat indic conturul peretelui fcut
prin aezarea n trepte a sacilor.)
219
The Springline:
Corbelling the Bags and Tubes
poate de strns lng saci. Dup ce ai aezat
Using the drawing as a guide, adjust the compass
inward to presai-l
match the calculation
thesacii
first row
colacul,
pe el i for
toi
dinto be
jurul
corbelled. In our case, we shortened the compass arm
formelor
pn
tari (Fig.to12.18).
one-half inch
(1.25cnd
cm). devin
This corresponds
a total
step-in of one inch (2.5 cm) for the full diameter of
the dome. As is shown in the drawing, the profile of
the dome steps in very gradually at first almost
imperceptibly (Fig. 12.17).
That's OK; it's a cumulative kind of process. At
this point we began laying coils (tubes) for the walls, in
conjunction with individual bags up against the forms.
With the compass adjusted to accommodate the
first step-in, we loaded a 20-foot (6 m) tube chute,
tied off at the bottom from the inside (see Chapter 3).
Before laying this coil, it's best to go ahead and do the
bag work around the door and window forms first and
any buttressing. Get all the bags gently secured with
mild tamping. Then begin laying the coil as snugly as
possible up against the bags. After laying the coil,
12.17:
arat lungimile
tampAceast
it, and alldiagram
the bags around
the forms, aproximative
until hard
la care trebuie ajustat braul compasului la fiecare
(Fig.
12.18).
30,5 centimetri nlime. Putei desena o diagram
of height.
can drawmai
a larger
diagram i
thats
este one
maifootbine
s You
mergei
departe
includes measurements at every one inch (2 cm) or less for
terminai
lucrarea
saci din
jurul
formelor
at-a-glance
referencecu
calculations
during
construction.
220
arcuite.
compas.
elul nostru era s decalm rndurile, dar
s lsm destul spaiu ca, atunci cnd erau
I L L U S T R AT E D G U I D E T O D O M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 1 5 5
lenty of dirt
o tire out
r human bag
iders under
hem from
t easier to
he compass.
t to leave
amped we
rm around
uding bag.
he bags outore apt to
rt and loosen
d decrease
12.19).
ains the
nstall any
all barbed
bering to
hors. Lay
you to overds of coils
e of extra cans
st the end of
f. Tamp the
up to the
alled.
rm is a relahapter 6).
ds the
ngle of the
to level the
ay it was
a level
form to
ed between
or out in all
are happy
row, which
12.20: Incorporate
the srma
barbed wire
from the wall
12.20:
ncorporai
ghimpat
de inla perete ntre
toi
saciievery
evantai
jurul
arcuite,
between
fan bagdin
around
the formelor
arch forms, as
shown inaa cum
este
artat nillustrated
ghidulguide,
ilustrat
pas-cu-pas
i integrai
the step-by-step
and integrate
tubes with
tuburi
cu saci
lng forme.
bags against
the pe
forms.
fixri strnse.
12.23).
c ua poate fi nc n construcie.
Streain opional
Streinile acoperiului pot fi instalate la
orice nlime dorit deasupra ferestrelor
terminate, dar peste cel puin dou rnduri
de tuburi complete. Streinile extinse sunt
bune de asemenea ca schele exterioare i
pot fi instalate ca o extensie a etajului doi sau
independent de el, la o nlime diferit (Fig.
12.25a i b).
Dac v-ai decis s instalai streini extinse,
vei dori s le plasai n mod egal n jurul
perimetrului peretelui. O formul simpl care
v va ajuta s calculai distana exact la care s
punei corniele unele fa de celelalte poate
fi calculat aflnd circumferina exterioar a
zidului (aceasta i alte formule pentru calcule
referitoare la cercuri se gsesc n Anexa C).
Folosii braul orizontal al compasului pentru
a determina raza de la exteriorul sacilor
pn la centrul stlpului la nlimea dorit a
instalrii cornielor. Pentru a face instalarea
streinilor uoar i precis, folosii braul
compasului. Putei de asemenea s folosii
224
12.25a
and
s with
12.25b
Lucrarea la dom
progreseaz
or second
12.26: U
12.27: with
Aezarea
ghimpate
aceast nlime
the reelsrmei
safely located
on thelaground.
este cel mai uor de fcut cu bobina aflat n siguran
la sol.
Of
friend w
compuls
the top o
because
then. Be
proficien
W
second s
nice to s
compass
(0.6 m) w
will need
dramatic
fan bags
as possib
it undern
bracing (
12.28: C
wall, one
loader. A
another,
sunt
presai la o lime de 30 de centimetri, ei
or second story floor joists. (Top view.)
Acestea
suntthis
doar
ajustri
Of course,
wouldaproximri,
be a great timeiar
to have
a
friendfiwith
a backhoe
or bucket
but it folosit
isn't i
pot
fcute
n funcie
de loader,
pmntul
compulsory, just convenient. We actually finished off
de
ctofde
procedeul.
the top
theconfortabili
Honey House suntei
with onlycu
three
people
because we had become very proficient can tossers by
Sacii/tuburile pe care le-am folosit pentru
then. Believe us, by this point in the construction, your
proficiency
will have
noticeably pn
too. la 37,5
Honey
House
au increased
fost compactai
When we were about two feet (0.6 m) above the
cm
i
am putut
ndesm
doar maxim
second story
loft we s-i
started
thinking,Wouldn't
it be 10
nice to see the un
mountains
from
up here?
used thede
centimetri,
pic mai
mult
dectWeregula
compass to align two 3-foot (0.9 m) deep by 2-foot
un
dar
amestecul
nostru
de at
pmnt
era
(0.6sfert,
m) wide
arch
forms. Window
forms
this height
will need(Fig.
to be12.30).
plenty deep as the roof steps in so
primo
dramatically. We continued to use the wider 100-lb.
Dac
n Set
a the
urmri
fan bagsavei
aroundprobleme
the arch forms.
form ascurbura
much
as possible towards the inside of the dome and support
profilului din proiect, ncetinii i facei
it underneath with stacked cinder blocks or scrap wood
bracing
(Fig. 12.29).
o
decalare
gradual. Este mai sigur s va
adaptai la limitrile materialului, chiar
12.28: Cooperative
teamwork involves
two people 30
on thede
dac
asta nseamn
s adugai
wall, one to be the human bag stand and the other as the
centimetri
nlime
n plus,
dect
s riscai
s
loader. A person
on the ground
supplies
the dirt
and
12.28: Munca de colaborare n echip implic doi
oameni pe zid, unul s fie cadrul uman pentru saci
i cellalt s ncarce. O persoan la sol furnizeaz
pmntul i cealalt, pe scar, devine intermediarul
pentru aruncat cutiile cu pmnt.
226
nchiderea domului
228
I L L U S T R AT E D G U I D E T O D O M E C O N S T R U C T I O N 1 6 1
foundation
evel, you will
(Fig. 12.34).
oor forms
You will
x forms
level, or at
gs, or two
cal wall up to
rms will be
nchor them in
t begin your
-lb. bags or
grate the
door and
xtra bulk
12.34:
compas-sfoar
pentru
exterior ofFolosii
foundationun
trench.
Trench style foundation
for a a marca
interiorul
i exteriorul
grade-built dome,
include trenchanului
work for anyfundaiei.
buttressing. Fundaia
tip
traneu
unrock
dom
la sol include
Fill entire
trenchpentru
with rubble
andconstruit
gravel up tode
or just
ibelow
lucrarea
grade. n an la contraforturi. Umplei ntregul
traneu cu pietri i balast pn la nivelul solului sau
puin sub el.
naturale
componente
pentru
modulare
construi
compartimente
optional
extended eaves
uniforme.
15 wide tubes
springline
interior buttress
alongside door
forms
wedge
door
forms
de construcie se numete
Codul
Construciilor
Uniforme.
Pentru
Construciilor
12.35: Dom construit la nivelul solului.
tire stem
wall
gravel trench
foundation
urma
Codul
Uniforme
sustenabile
sustenabile.
i cheresteaua sunt
(Super Box).
de construit ptrate.
Cnd schimbm i trecem la mentalitatea de
construcie rotund, descoperim c suntem
n opoziie cu starea de fapt a lucrurilor. Este
dificil s integrm produse ptrate n structuri
rotunde fr s le modificm semnificativ sau
s facem risip. Deci privim ctre materiale
alternative cu care s construim: cob, chirpici,
piatr, paie, hrtie, butuci din lemn, buteni,
cauciucuri, pmnt tasat, lut amestecat cu
nuiele, saci, srm ghimpat i alte materiale
din afara rafturilor dreptunghiulare de la
magazinul local de materiale de construcie.
Constructorii alternativi i fac cumprturile
la depozite de materiale agricole, caut la
230
care
construiesc
societi
CAPITOLUL 13
CHAPTER 13
puin ntreinere.
233
Pmnt stabilizat
stins.
ciment,
13.5).
sculptat
de
artistul/sculptorul
pmntului
stabilizat
cu
var
(n
locul
Ferocimentul (amestec de
uor disponibil.
Principalul
236
factor
care
trebuie
luat
ntreinerea ierbii.
inches (22.5
s above the
hich directed
d two small
ure when we
we have an
(20 cm) per
ster climate,
ate wed use a
waterproofing
PDM pond
g net over
(Bentonite
oofing agent
eriments
chitectural
es, and let
id Bermuda
ong, dense,
ing into
rth while
ed.
t one can
d roof. The
er from top
ing to pull a
he structural
rammedmount of
izolat
Oamenii care triesc n zone cu precipitaii
d Eaves
project,
hingles and
surface of the
chor, and
of. They can
of one inch
d appearance.
oad. With
etime, and we
ys to recycle
d.
238
baloi de paie
Aezarea
baloilor
de
paie
deasupra
240
CAPITOLUL 14
CHAPTER 14
TencuieliPlasters
exterioare
Exterior
Earthen Plaster
arthbag walls can be likened to bare bones awaiting a fleshy coat of protective plaster. In this
Earthen and lime plasters absorb and transpire moischapter, we will look at earthen plasters, lime over an
ture out through the walls, helping to regulate internal
earthen plaster, and lastly address the use of cement.
humidity. Properly mixed and applied, earthen plasPereii
din
saci
cu
pmnt
pot
fi
asemuii
aborda
utilizarea
cimentului.
S ncepem cu
Lets approach the subject of earthen plasters by exam- ters are
mold, vermin,
and UV
resistant, long-lasting,
ining cu
the un
basics,
as we have
with nveliul
durable,
and above din
all, beautiful.
Earthen plasters
are abaz,
schelet
gol done
carepreviously
i ateapt
tencuielile
lut, examinnd
ideile de
earthen building.
joy to work with and live within. They are naturally
de tencuial protectoare. n acest capitol
aatocum
am fcut
maimild
nainte
cu construirea
soothing
the senses
and have
detoxifying
properties.
vom examina tencuielile din lut, varul
din pmnt.
JEANETTE POWERS
climatele
precipitaii
sczute,
tencuiala
repede
stabil.
14.2: Enharradoras n zilele noastre.
cu
se
i
Pereii
usuc
rmne
notri
242
14.2).
Nisipul
Fibra
rezisten la eroziune.
cu o echip mare.
Loturi de teste
244
i a comportamentului amestecului.
(vedei
reeta
la
bttorii cu tlpile.
246
AMESTECAREA I PREPARAREA
TENCUIELII
mini i picioare
lopat
roab
prelate
COM
M O N E(o
Q U strecurtoare
I P M E N T F O RdeM I X I N G A N
D P R E PA
RING
P L A S Ti
E Rprile din
ferestrele,
uile,
podelele
o sit
semi-fin
lemn(for
sautexturing
din metal)
Dimpler
surface to provide key-in for
successive plaster coats)
buctrie
plas de srm)
Feet and cu
hands
Shovel
furtun
cu pistol
Concrete
or garden hoe
toctor de paie
LUCRUL
o sit mare
srm
1 7 4(cu
E AoR Tplas
H B A GdeB U
I L D I Nde
G 0,621,25 cm pe un cadru rigid)
band
adeziv
(pentru
a fixa
Hawk
(optional
tool used
by "the pros")
Wheelbarrow
Tarpaulins
Straw bales (to make a ring for a mixing pit)
Large screen (one-quarter to half-inch [0.625-1.25
cm] hardware cloth over a rigid frame)
UNELTE
Semi-fine screen
(kitchenAPLICAREA
wire mesh colander)
PENTRU
Hose with spray gun
TENCUIELII
Chipper/shredder
or machete to chop straw
Mortar or cement mixer (optional)
minile voastre
Application Tools
glei
i bidoane
Your hands
pensule
pentru
UNELTE OPIONALE
Optional Equipment
plasticul
Air compressor
pictat
groase,
pulverizator cu pistol
Metod de aplicare cu
minile direct pe sacii cu
pmnt
nveli din ipci
ndesai cu degetele tencuiala bogat n
fibre,solid dar lipicioas, n spaiile dintre
saci ca i cum ai ciocni cu degetele ntrun perete din grinzi. Fii generoi i aplicai
nveliul de ipci destul de gros, ca tencuiala s
ias puin deasupra nivelului sacilor. Pstrai
o suprafa aspr, cu multe guri fcute cu
degetele, pentru a oferi aderen (Fig. 14.7a).
248
Legtura mecanic
Legtura mecanic se refer la fixarea fizic
a tencuielii pe suprafaa peretelui. Suprafaa
nveliului unei tencuieli precedente trebuie
s aib o textur foarte rugoas, aspr, pentru
14.7b: Aplicarea turtielor de tencuial.
din var.
nveliul de baz este cel mai gros strat de
tencuial, fiind, de asemenea, nveliul de
umplutur. Un nveli de umplutur este
folosit, n mod tradiional, pentru acoperirea
spaiilor libere i pentru a constitui baza
pentru lucrul n relief, fiind cel mai rugos strat
de tencuial. Ne place s ne folosim degetele
pentru a guri suprafaa plin de ncreituri.
O plac rzuitoare dintr-o bucat de lemn cu
NOT:
Dac aplicai nmolul pe saci din pnz
groas, umezii peretele n prealabil. n
cazul sacilor din polietilen nu este necesar
umezirea.
249
Umezirea
Dup ce tencuiala s-a uscat complet,
250
Aplicarea mecanic
Pulverizatoare
O alt metod de aplicare este pulverizarea
tencuielii din lut cu un pulverizator, avnd
grij ca pmntul i paiele s fie bine cernute,
pentru a putea iei prin duza pulverizatorului.
Pe lng paiele mrunite, i hrtia tocat
sau blegarul de cal ori cel de vac ajut la
ntregirea amestecului de fibre. Dei sun
neplcut, adugarea blegarului mrete
aderena amestecului i pare c mrete
rezistena la ap a tencuielii dup uscare.
Fibrele scurte aplicate cu pulverizatorul
251
pmnt
253
ani.
nestins).
256
b i c).
Tratarea
Aplicarea
258
ntruct
acidul
din
oet
contracareaz
Protecia
Tencuiala din var are nevoie de condiii de
Apa de var
Msuri de siguran
259
de var.
Lapte de var
Viitorul varului
Unite,
renatere,
aceasta
trece
printr-o
261
sau de umezeal.
acesteia.
(Fig. 14.20).
262
de
amestecare
aplicare
263
mediului,
frumusee i simplitate.
264
pstrndu-i
integritatea
CAPITOLUL 15
CHAPTER 14
TencuieliPlasters
interioare
Exterior
Earthen Plaster
arthbag walls can be likened to bare bones awaiting a fleshy coat of protective plaster. In this
Earthen and lime plasters absorb and transpire moischapter, we will look at earthen plasters, lime over an
ture out through the walls, helping to regulate internal
earthen plaster, and lastly address the use of cement.
humidity. Properly mixed and applied, earthen plasn
vara
anului
2002
am
fost
angajai
s
demold,
compatibilitate),
ne-au long-lasting,
oferit ansa de
Lets approach the subject of earthen plasters by exam- ters are
vermin, and UVeiresistant,
ining finalizm
the basics, asinteriorul
we have done
with cu perei
durable,
above all,
beautiful.
Earthen
plastersinterioar
are a
uneipreviously
construcii
a fiand
creativi
n ce
privete
tencuiala
earthen building.
joy to work with and live within. They are naturally
de rezisten din saci de pmnt proiectat
cu to
argil
provenit
demild
la faa
locului, de pe
soothing
the senses
and have
detoxifying
properties.
de US Interior Department, Bureau of Land
terenul public, i cu sol nisipos provenit de la
JEANETTE POWERS
o balastier local.
earthen
plaster
coat, in mid-winter.
peste
spum,
peste placaj
(n ciuda sugestiei
Tencuiala gras
Deoarece alegerea noastr
n ce privete tencuiala n
acest proiect trebuia s se
potriveasc unei faciliti de
uz public, am fost provocai
s
dezvoltm
un
nou
componente
pmnt,
ale
tencuielii
cu
266
fibrelor
La fel cum la o construcie de pmnt tencuiala
de pmnt beneficiaz de includerea nisipului
cu evaporare.
Borax
pentru tencuial.
alte
metode
sau
bine
pentru
voi.
Dup ce am experimentat
269
tencuial
Dac tencuiala este slab sau are o consisten
nregistrai
cantitile
pentru
diferitele
de cret:
270
acestui proces).
a uneia fr grsime.
273
lapte proaspt).
Ingrediente
cu suprafeele de lut.
pudr de cazein.
274
e tot!
Variaii
Liantul pe baz de cazein poate fi fcut de
asemenea i din lapte proaspt, folosind mai
puin oet dect n reeta de mai sus, dar va
Grunduri pe baz de
cazein
uor.
Vopsea de lapte
Din aceast reet vor rezulta patru litri de
vopsea de baz alb-opac. Toate ingredientele
trebuie s fie la temperatura camerei.
2 litri de liant pe baz de cazein concentrat
10-15 ceti de argil alb de caolin
10-15 ceti lapte de var (carbonat de calciu, pudr
de piatr de var)
1 ceti dioxid de titan (pigment alb)
276
Tencuial de finisare
stabilizat cu liant pe baz
de cazein
Trim n Deertul Pictat, nconjurai de
pmnturi colorate natural ntr-o palet bogat.
Aadar, este normal s profitm de avantajele
277
n Capitolul 16.
de fin
picure.
Gips
Gipsul poate fi aplicat direct pe o tencuial
de pmnt. Rareori folosim gipsul, deci orice
am spune despre el va fi ceva second hand
n cel mai bun caz. Aadar, v recomandm
s citii The Natural Plaster Book, de Cedar
Rose Guelberth i Dan Chiras, sau s cutai
Grunduri de etanare
Uleiul de in i finisajul de podele din rin
natural BioShield sunt aproape singurele
grunduri de etanare de categorie grea pe
care le-am folosit pe un blat turnat de lut cu
paie, stabilizat cu cazein, pe pervazuri sau
pe podele interioare, sau ca strat protector
lavabil peste un lambriu, aa cum am fcut
280
Fresca
281
CAPITOLUL 16
CHAPTER 16
Podele
Floors
Harrington
in Moab,
dar
noi ne
vomUtah.
concentra pe podelele de
pmnt.
197
284
ncepei astfel.
confort
285
FLOORS 199
16.5: are
Amestecarea
unui
strat
izolator
boards
moved and the
adobe
poured
into thebogat
new n paie
16.4: The loose straw soaks up any extra moisture from the
andlejer
provides
that umezeala
much more n
insulation.
16.4: Paiele adobe
aezate
absorb
exces din
chirpici i confer un grad mai mare de izolaie.
286
Final
The
Beauty
DeLayer
ndat
ce baza
deCoat
paie/lut s-a uscat,
After thorough curing of the insulative layer, a finish
trebuie s sune a gol atunci cnd ciocnii n
layer can be poured. This layer is a fine mix of
screened
earth nu
withsun
abouta25
percent
ea. Dac
gol,
esteclay-rich
posibil soil
s nu se fi
and 75 percent sandy soil passed through a oneuscat complet
raportul
pmnt
i
quarter-inch
(0.625 cm)sau
screen.
Choppeddintre
straw can
be
added to this mix if desired, but the straw should not
paie
nu (3.75cm)
fie cel bun.
Un sunet
defeels
gol indic
exceed
1s
inches
in length.
This mix
bestmulte
when it isspaii
moderately
firm, yet
still easy
spread.
de aer,
ceea
ce to
nseamn
un
Adjust the mix by experimenting with the ratios until
the test
patchndries
cracking.
Spread
thisobligatoriu
coat
succes
ce without
privete
izolaia.
Este
about three-quarters to one-inch (1.875-2.5 cm) thick.
16.7:
Sfat
pentru
podeaua
finisat
cu
mistria:
o
plac
ca applying
stratuleach
delayer
izolaie
spre-moisten
fie complet
Before
of adobe,
the uscat
16.7: Finish floor troweling tip: A padded kneeling board
va proteja i podeaua, i genunchii votri. Susinerea
sub-layer
withde
water.
it to soak
and then Uscarea
protects both the floor and your knees. Supporting your
greutii voastre pe o plac de lemn v elibereaz
nainte
a Allow
continua
cu in,
finisarea.
weight onmn
a wood-float
yourmistria
other hand
to trowelgrad de you're ready to spread the next layer. The moisture
cealalt
pentrufrees
a folosi
cu acelai
helpscomplet
reactivate the
clay to
provide
a goodorice
bond contractare
with
just
the
right
amount
of
pressure.
presiune.
ofer
timp
pentru
between the two layers.
ceAny
poate
aprea.
Potdevelop
aprea
procesul
fine cracks
that do
canfisuri
be fillednwith
This high-straw pour will take days to dry in
a finer mix of screened earth up to one-sixteenth to
hot, dry weather and longer in a more humid climate.
Aceast turnare nalt cu multe paie se va de uscare, dar urmtorul strat le va umple,
one-eighth inch (0.15-0.3 cm) thick. The size of the
It could take weeks in rainy or cold weather. In this
dictates
the thickness
of your
final finish.
You stratul
case,
to
inhibit
mold
add
a
cup
of
Borax
to
every
usca n cteva zile, pe vreme cald i uscat, sandiar
fisurile
mici ofer
aderen
pentru
can go on forever applying even finer layers (Fig. 16.7).
wheelbarrow load (see more on this natural mold
iinhibitor
n maiinmult
timp
ntr-un
climat We
maiuseumed.
final.
Dac
nucoat
se or
usuc
You can
omitstratul
the strawizolator
in this final
add a nainte
Chapter
15, under
Additives).
a
few handfuls of fine-chopped quarter-inch (0.625 cm)
cement mixer for all our earthen plasters, cob mixes,
Pe vreme ploioas sau rece poate dura cteva de aplicarea stratului final, pot aprea fisuri
and floor pours. Cement mixers are cheaper and easier long straw. This is all personal preference; as to how you
your finish
coatlato appear.
can be added
to come by thannmortar
mixers.
mixer
sptmni.
acest
caz,A cement
pentru
a can
inhiba wantcare
ajung
i apoiPigment
n stratul
final. Deci
also handle coarser material, like gravel and long straw. to this layer to create a distinctive color or pattern.
mucegaiul,
adugaibase
o iscan
de Borax
Once the straw/clay
dry, it should
sound la lsai-l s se usuce complet, pentru a nu avea
Mud-Mortared Stone or Saltillo Tile
hollow when you knock on it. If it doesn't, it may not
fiecare roab (vedei mai multe despre acest (Fig.parte
16.8) de neplceri sau de lucru suplimentar.
be dry all the way through, or the ratio of mud to
straw could have
been ade
little mucegai
off. A hollownsound
indi- If you want to have stone or tile as part of a finish
inhibitor
natural
Capitolul
cates lots of air spaces, meaning an insulative success.
level, proceed as explained for the initial two layers:
15,
la seciunea
Aditivi).
folosim o the gravel followed by the insulative layer. When that
It's imperative
that this insulative
layerNoi
is completely
dry before continuing on to a finish. Complete drying
is completely dry, mix up a batch similar to the
betonier
pentru
toate
tencuielile
cu
pmnt,
allows time for any shrinkage that might occur. Cracks described final layer. Rather than spreading and levelmay occur during de
this drying
but the next
plop ituscarea
into place complet
where you want
the stone or
amestecurile
cob process,
i materiale
turnate ing it,
Dup
a stratului
izolator,
layer will fill those cracks in, and the small cracks
tile to go. Work the stone or tile into the mud mix
pentru
Betonierele
ieftine i so that
se itpoate
strat de
finisare.
provide apodea.
key-in for
the final coat.sunt
If themai
insulative
remains turna
at least aun
quarter-inch
(0.625
cm) Acest
layer is not dry before you apply the final coat, cracks above the level of the mud mortar. Level the stone and
mai
uor that
de manevrat
amestectoarele
amestec
de stone.
pmnt
can occur
travel up intodect
and through
the finish
thenstrat
plop oneste
more un
mortar
and your next
Level cernut,
coat.mortar.
So let it dry
to save
from extrapoate this cu
stone
or tile with the25
lastprocente
one, and continue
as
de
De completely
asemenea,
o you
betonier
aproximativ
sol argilos
i 75
work and unnecessary frustration.
above. Sometimes the use of a rubber mallet helps
a stone sol
to settle
into thetrecut
mud mortar
better. sit de
procesa i un material grosier, cum este persuade
procente
nisipos
printr-o
grosimea
la
finisajului.
Putei
continua
model distincte.
288
Rostuirea
Impermeabilizarea unei
podele de pmnt
Din moment ce podelele au parte de trafic
intens, o podea de pmnt va ceda n timp
i va crea foarte mult praf dac nu este
impermeabilizat. Alegerea noastr este calea
non-toxic, natural, care va nfrumusea
pmntul, n timp ce va oferi un nivel mai nalt
de protecie. Substana de impermeabilizare
cel mai des folosit pentru o podea de pmnt
16.8: Pavajul de plci i faian antic de Malibu,
rostuit cu pmnt, nfrumuseeaz podeaua domului
Honey House.
se face aceasta.
290
umiditatea relativ.
lucrri de mentenan.
292
nesemnificativ.
Materialele
pentru
293
CAPITOLUL 17
CHAPTER 14
Proiectarea
pentru climatul propriu
Exterior
Plasters
Earthen Plaster
arthbag walls can be likened to bare bones awaiting a fleshy coat of protective plaster. In this
Earthen and lime plasters absorb and transpire moischapter,
we will look
at eartheninterior
plasters, lime
over an
ture out
throughtehnologice
the walls, helping
to regulate
Controlul
climatului
natural
al unei
mijloace
i au
un preinternal
accesibil.
earthen plaster, and lastly address the use of cement.
humidity. Properly mixed and applied, earthen plascldiri este
art i
acelai
timpby
o examtiin, ce
Noi
curs de
Lets approach
the o
subject
of n
earthen
plasters
ters are
mold,sugerm
vermin, andefectuarea
UV resistant, unui
long-lasting,
ining se
thebazeaz
basics, as we
done previously
with
durable,
and above all, pentru
beautiful.orientarea
Earthen plasters
are a
pehave
o varietate
de consideraii
de
permacultur
i amplasarea
earthen building.
joy to work with and live within. They are naturally
proiectare. Ceea ce oferim noi sunt exemple
unei
zona
soothing
to locuine
the sensesnand
havevoastr.
mild detoxifying
properties.
de baz, comune, care sunt simple, cer puine
17.1: Umbra reprezint o prioritate n zonele fierbini,
JEANETTE POWERS
Elizabeth
ofer
etc.
Cassandra
Adams,
Reglarea zilnic a
Masa pereilor
temperaturii
n deert, unde rcoarea este o prioritate,
pereii groi de pmnt reuesc n mod
Temperaturile
un
296
exterioare
penetreaz
Ventilaia
n Orientul Mijlociu, structurile nalte ca nite
couri de fum, numite captatoare sau linguri
Umbra
Culoarea exterioar
Culoarea exterioar a pereilor (sau a
acoperiului unui dom) afecteaz n mod
semnificativ temperatura de suprafa a unei
297
KEEPING DRY
Exterior insulation
Window shades
Big overhangs
Tall stem walls
A good hat and tall boots keep an earthbag home dry and healthy.
Mr. Natural
17.4: Long overhangs, porch roofs and tall stem
walls keep an earthbag home dry and healthy
marchizele
condiionat.
Acoperiuri vii
Dac
este
suficient
ap
disponibil,
Streini mari
Socluri nalte
299
pentru
ataarea
diferitelor
materiale
300
17.7).
uoare i rezistente.
tradiionale
de
pmnt
din
(Fig. 17.10).
302
303
r structure
walls.
n strategies for
or walls for
om and straw
304
ngroparea
pmnt,
9C-13C
CLDURII
verii.
Acoperi super-izolat
Jaluzele izolate
lrgime
Animale mari
17.4: Patru bordeie interconectate, cu cmri n form de dom ngropate, flancate de perei de reinere partea
dinspre sud nchis cu o camer solar ataat pentru climatele reci, sau folosit ca verand nchis sau marchiz
n climatele calde.
307
ANEX A
Construii propriile voastre unelte
rtbag Tools
e
ny
circumferina sacului.
nlimea stativului = cu 15 cm mai mic
dect nlimea sacului de 25 kg gol sau cu
23 cm mai mic dect nlimea sacului de
50 kg gol.
Pentru a afla circumferina unui sac, msurai
limea unui sac gol, ntins, i nmulii cu 2.
and
g
hes
m) or
A.2).
Aceste instruciuni sunt pentru un sac
standard de 25 kg, care are aproximativ 42,5
A.1
221
2 2 2 E A R TSuprapunei
HBAG BUILDIN
G
interiorul celuilalt.
mbinrile
This measurement
1 narrower than
flat width of bag
7 - 8 shorter
gth of bag
6 narrower
than potrivit sacilor pe care-i vei folosi. (Cnd
i lipii-le cu band adeziv. Gurii
partea
Collapsible Bag Stand
flat
width
of
bag
allow 4 - 6 overlap of
-inchsacului
(1.25 cm)asigurai-v
or -inch (1.875
cm) wide by
ends and fasten
with cm deasupra mijlocului.
pivotant
la 2,5
msuraiCut
limea
c acesta
duct tape
1/8-inch (0.3 cm) thick flat metal stock to the approStrngei bine astfel nct s existe destul este depliat
Desize
exemplu,
pentru
un(When
priatecomplet).
length for the
bags you will
be using.
measuring the lay-flat width of a gusseted bag, be sure
frecare Round
pentru
a rmne n poziie vertical, sac de 42,5
cm the
lime
75the
cmactual
lungime,
top screw
to open
folds pe
to get
width oftiai
the bag.)
with head on the
For
example:
For
a
17-inch
(42.5
cm)
wide
by
fr colaps.
dou buci de platband de aproximativ 30-inch
2
inside and lock nut
(75 cm) long 50-lb. bag (laid flat), cut two pieces of flat
on the outside. Place
m lungime
Marcai
centrul
metalului
metalfiecare.
stock about
80 inches
(200 cm)
long each. Mark
flat washer between
the
center
point
of
the
metal
(Fig.
A.3).
metal legs
(Fig. A.3).
A.2
A.3
A.4
310
A.5
gle (Fig.
ignated
up at a
from the
ree inches
that when
This measurement
1 narrower than
flat width of bag
A.2
Construcia cu saci de pmnt
A.3
Bend each end up at a strong 90 angle (Fig.
A.6).
Now place the clamps inside the designated
marks on the metal stock and bend them up at a
strong 90 angle (Fig. A.7).
Do this on both sides (Fig. A.8)
APPENDIX A 223
A.5
A.7
APPENDIX A 223
A-8
311
A-9
A-10
gle (Fig.
A-8
ignated
up at a
from the
ree inches
that when
r than the
A.11
A.6
A-9
A-10
the t
mach
the fr
Faste
bush
screw
(Fig.
A-11
224 EARTHBAG BUILDING
(Fig. A.10).
ized for a
machine
al stock
nch (1.875
A-11
ends
cm) n
A.11
narro
it wil
the t
with
mach
that a
the fr
inch
Faste
bush
mark
screw
with
(Fig.
squar
make
ends
cm) n
narro
it wil
with
that a
inch
mark
with
squar
make
A-12
A-10
A.11).
make
A-12
A-14
A.14).
313
A-16
r pot filled
make a
g). This
Cut the
own.
hardwood
eet (2.4 m)
ig. A.15).
the bottom
5 cm) holes
m) apart.
) thick steel
the steel
shape of
sides of it.
ds to give
ot over the
anner as the
barbed wire
4 liters) size
tic quart
e. Because
e up, you
s vary
wo-footer
Quarter Pounders
Maiuri
de sfert
Quarter pounders are built in the same manner as the
A-17
de oel suficient de scurte pentru a se potrivi
A-15
314
) thick steel
the steel
shape of
sides of it.
ds to give
ot over the
(1.25 cm
gap bel
P
parts co
Ladle t
out any
with a
helps re
F
weight
oozing
pretty g
screw f
repeate
cure en
Wind
This is
most w
can be
into fur
deeper
the bag
constru
accomm
installa
A-17
anner as the
barbed wire
4 liters) size
tic quart
e. Because
(1.2 m) for tamping
keystone
and a standing
e up, you
Suspendai
mnerele
cubags,
o sfoar
ntins (Fig.
s vary
height for tamping hard-ass bags works well (Fig.
A.17).
wo-footer
A.18).
226 EARTHBAG BUILDING
A-18
A-19
de
v thing
asigur
a fcut
o priz
mosttratament
wood. The good
about itcis that
the forms
can be reused, sold, leased, loaned, or reconstructed
bun
(Fig. A.20).
into furniture
or shelving. Forms need to be built
A-19
315
Plywo
Using t
any dim
wood s
5/8-inc
tribute
strengt
boards.
boxes t
against
for rem
A-20
riglelor
de
5/10
cm
pentru
diagonal
bracing
Unform
cofraj n mrime complet, stil
construct
so that all
intrare
screws are
acces- de min, poate fi realizat
sible from the
dou perechi de stlpi de
inside forfolosind
ease of
exterior plydismantling
10/10 cm, unite sus i jos cu dou
wood siding
held in place
perechi de rigle de 5/10 cmwithicompression only
legate pe laterale cu placaj. Acest
A-22
A-23
ca i la cel de mai sus (Fig. A.22). Construiile n dimensiuni egale pentru simplitate i
diferite
dimensiuni.
Plywood-End
Roman Arch Forms
Scribe a circle on a sheet of 5/8-inch (1.5 cm) or inch (1.875 cm) thick plywood.
Split it down the center (Fig. A.24 & A.25).
This provides both faces of the arch. Cut
enough two-by-four ribs to be evenly spaced at most
nine inches (22.5 cm) on center over the entire arch
form. Top and bottom ribs should be placed narrow
edge out. The rest should be installed the opposite
way. The bottom can be solid plywood or boards.
Skin the top of the arch with 1/8-inch (0.3 cm)
Masonite or any sturdy yet bendable substitute. Begin
screwing from the top of the form and work toward
the bottom ends one rib at a time. Sink screws deep
enough to prevent them from catching onto the
2 x 4 ribs 9 - o.c.
A-26
A-24
317
tire arch
d narrow
opposite
boards.
h (0.3 cm)
tute. Begin
k toward
ews deep
o the
A-24
A-26
A-25
wood face
chicken
cradles
when removingsunt
the form
from din fa
Acestewire
dou
semicercuri
prile
the wall. Cut handholds into the two faces of the arch
i din
arcadei.
Tiai(Fig.
destule
form
forspate
ease of ale
removal
and carrying
A.26). traverse
de 5/10 cm caGothic
s fie Arch
suficiente
Plywood-End
Forms pentru a acoperi
A-27
xible plywood
masonite
athing
Gothic
archesarcad,
are designed
in a variety
of styles.
They
ntreaga
lsnd
ntre
ele maximum
all share the same common shape of being more
steeply
sidedTraversele
than Roman arches.
Creating
template
22,5 cm.
de sus
i de ajos
trebuie s
on cardboard can aid in making the plywood ends,
fie aezate
cu partea
n afar.
Restul
especially
if multiple
forms of ngust
the same shape
are
desired. See Chapter 10 for directions on creating a
traverselor,
invers.
de thejos
Gothic
(or Egyptian)
shapedPartea
arch. Follow
samepoate fi
procedure
as a placaj
Roman arch
making
ribs.
fcut din
grosforsau
dinthe
scnduri.
The skin for this type of arch can be made from two
pieces
of Masonite
or a sturdy,
bendable
substitutecu placaj
Acoperii
partea
de sus
a arcelor
(Fig. A.27).
A.26).
Capitolul
10
pentru
instruciuni
319
A-29
sheath
with 1 x
boards
A-32
Confecionai-v propriul
boloboc
Sniile
capete.
321
rs, but
your
ate your
A.35: Sheet
Slider until
laid so the bags can be maneuvered
intoMetal
position
A.35:
din tabl
ready
to Sanie
be Velcroed
into place. Any rigid sheet metal
will do. These can often be obtained for free from
ventilation fabrication shops. This size is a general allpurpose size for using with a 50-lb. bag (Fig. A.35).
Round off the ends and file the perimeter for
safe handling. Using pliers, bend one edge of the slider
twice to provide a smooth finger grip for pulling them
out from under the bags during construction. Safety
first. Make a variety of sizes for a variety of uses.
APPENDIX A 231
A.37:
Capr-stativ
pentru
A.36:
Cinder
block barbed
wiresrma
holderghimpat
322
ANEX B
Cum s facei estimri de baz pentru construciile
din pmnt privind costurile, mna de lucru i timpul
rnduri de saci.
rnd.
1.000 de buci.
nostru?
Pmntul.
sacului).
dolari/ton.
dolari.
kg.
adevrat:
Srma ghimpat
ghimpat.
ndesarea
dolari
100 de dolari
Total=521,08 dolari
324
pmntului
baterea
sacilor,
De exemplu:
este emoionant.
de munc:
Ct va dura?
plas rabi.
DPST!
ANEX C
Transformri i calcule
Definiii
Diametrul (D) = limea unui cerc
Exemplu:
diametrul de 6 m
unui cerc
Pi x D
Pi = 3,1416
Exemplu:
Pentru a afla aria unui cerc cu diametrul
de 6 m:
ANEX D
Magia unui cerc