FUNCIA CARACTERISTIC A UNEI MULIMI

Definiie. Proprieti. Aplicaii

Definiie:
Fie T o mulime nevid pe care o vom numi mulime total, iar A T.
Numim funcia caracteristic a mulimii A funcia:
A : T {0, 1},
definit astfel:
o, daca x A
A (x)=.
1, daca x A
Dac A, B sunt submulimi ale lui T atunci definim
A B , A B : T {0,1}.
astfel
( A B )(x)= A (x) B (x)
i respectiv
( A B )(x)= A (x) B (x), () x T.
Vom nota prin 1= T (x) = T i 0(x)= (x)=0; avem deci
1(x)= T (x)=1, () x T, iar 0(x)= (x)=0, () x T.
Proprieti:
Dac A, B sunt submulimi ale mulimii T, atunci:
1) A = B A=B
2
2) A = A ,
3) A B = A B ,
4) cA =1- A ,
5) A B = A - A B ,
6) A B = A + B - A B
Demonstraie:
1) Presupunem A = B i demostrm A=B
Fie x A

A ( x ) = 1
B (x)=1 x B A B (1)
A ( x ) = B ( x )

B ( x ) = 1
A (x)=1 x A B A (2)
A ( x ) = B ( x )
Din (1) i (2) A=B
Reciproc dac A=B demonstram c A = B .
Fie x B

x T a) x A sau
b) x cA

A ( x ) = 1

A ( x ) = B ( x ) , ( ) x A ( 3)
A = B x B B ( x ) = 1
A ( x ) = 0

b) Dac x cA
A ( x ) = B ( x ) , ( ) x cA ( 4 )
A = B x cB B ( x ) = 0
a) Dac x A

Din (3) i (4) A (x)= B (x), () x T

2) x cA
x cA

A ( x ) = 1
2
A ( x) = A ( x)
2
A ( x ) = 1 = 1
2

A ( x ) = 0
2
A ( x) = A ( x)
2
A ( x ) = 0

3)
Cazul I
x A\B A ( x ) = 1; B ( x ) = 0 ( A B ) ( x ) = 0
A B (x)= ( A B )(x), () x A\B (1)
x A \ B x A B A B ( x ) = 0

Analog se arat c A B (x)= ( A B )(x), () x B\A (2)

Cazul II
x AB A B (x)=1 (3)
x AB x A i x B A (x)=1, B (x)=1 ( A B )(x)=1 (4)
Din (3) i (4) A B (x)= ( A B )(x), () x AB (5)
Cazul III
x c(A B) x A, x B A ( x ) = 0; B ( x ) = 0
A B (x)= ( A B )(x), () x c(AB) (6)
x A B A B ( x ) = 0

Din (1), (2), (5), (6) A B (x)= ( A B )(x), () x T

Dac x cA x A A ( x ) = 0 1 A ( x ) = 1
cA ( x ) = 1 A ( x )
Dac x cA cA ( x ) = 1

5) Demonstram c A B = A - A B
A-B=A cB
Pr op (3)
A B = AcB A cB Pr op=(4) A (1- B )= A - A B
4)

Pr op (4)

6) A B = 1 c ( A B ) (1)
c(A B)=cA cB (Formula lui de Morgan)

Pr op (3)

Pr op (4)

c ( A B ) = cAcB = cA cB = (1 A )(1 B ) = 1 B A + A B (2)

Din (1) i (2) A B = 1 (1 B A + A B ) = A + B A B
Probleme:
1) S se demonstreze:
A\(BC)=(A\B) (A\C)
A\( B C ) Pr op=(5) A - A BC Pr op=(3) A - A B C (1)

Pr op (5)

+
- + - -( - ) ( A - A C )=
= A \ B A \ C A \ B A \ C = A A B A A C A A B
Pr op (2)
2
=2 A - A B - A C - A + A C + A B - A B C = A - A B C (2)

( A \ B ) ( A \ C )

Pr op (6)

Pr op (1)

Din (1) i (2) A\(BC)=(A\B) (A\C)

2) a) S se demonstreze c:
AB = A + B 2A B
AB = (A\B) (B\A), ( AB = diferen simetric a 2 mulimi)
Pr op (6)

Pr op (5)

AB = ( A\ B )( B \ A) = A\ B + B \ A A\ B B \ A = A A B + B B A (A A B )(B B A ) =
= A -2 A B + B - A B + B

2
A

+ A

Pr op (2)

2
B

- 2 A 2 B =

A -2 A B + B - A B + A B + B A +

+ A B - A B = A + B -2 A B
b)S se arate cu ajutorul funciei caracteristice:
(A B) C=A (B C), () A,B,C mulimi
Punc ( a )

( AB ) C = C + AB 2C AB = A + B + C 2A B 2C (A + B 2A B ) =
= C + A + B 2 A B 2A C 2B C + 4A B C (1)

A ( BC )

Punct ( a )

= A + BC 2A BC = A + B + C 2B C 2A (B + C 2B C ) =

= A + B + C 2 A B 2A C 2B C + 4A B C (2)
Pr op (1)
Din (1) i (2) ( AB ) C = A ( BC ) ( AB )C = A( BC )
3) Fie A,B,X P. Dac A X=B X i A X=B X A=B
Pr op (1)
Pr op (3)
Dac A X=B X A B = B X A X = B X (1)
Pr op (1)
Pr op (6)
Dac A X=B X A X = B X A + X - A X = B + X - B X (2)
Pr op (1)

Pr op (1)

Din (1) i (2) A + X A X = B + X A X A = B A = B

Prof. Petre Monica

Liceul Pedagogic Tulcea