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Documente Cultură
Engleza 1
Engleza 1
CUPRINS
Introducere. Obiective
Partea I Ways and Means
Lecia 1. Cuvnt i sunet. Transcrierea fonetic
Lecia 2. Articolul
Lecia 3. Substantivul: gen, numr, caz
Lecia 4. Adjectivul i gradele de comparaie
Lecia 5. Adverbul
Lecia 6. Demonstrativele
Lecia 7. De la pronume la verb
Lecia 8. Retur: de la verb la pronume
Lecia 9. Pronumele i adjectivele posesive
Lecia 10. Pronumele reflexive
Lecia 11. Pronumele reciproce
Lecia 12. Pronumele relative
Lecia 13. Pronumele nehotrte
Lecia. 14. Pronumele interogative
Recapitulare
Test autoevaluare
Partea a doua Up and Down the Way
Lecia 15. Numeralul
Lecia 16. Prepoziia
Lecia 17. Prezentul simplu
Lecia 18. Prezentul simplu / prezentul continuu
Lecia 19. Trecutul simplu / trecutul continuu
Lecia 20. Prezentul perfect simplu / prezentul perfect continuu
Lecia 21. Mai mult ca perfectul
Lecia 22. Exprimarea viitorului (A. Viitorul simplu / viitorul continuu)
Lecia 23. Exprimarea viitorului (B. Viitorul n trecut, viitorul perfect-simplu i
continuu)
Lecia 24. Exprimarea viitorului (C. Be Going To / Be To / Be About To)
Lecia 25. Verbe i expresii modale (A. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MAY, MIGHT,
MUST, HAVE TO, NEED, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO)
Lecia 26. Verbe i expresii modale (B. WILL, WOULD, WOULD RATHER /
SOONER, USED TO, BE TO, DARE)
Lecia 27. Tipuri de condiionale
Lecia 28. Diateza pasiv
Recapitulare
Test autoevaluare
Cheia exerciiilor
Anexa 1 Texte
Anexa 2 Activiti comunicative
Anexa 3 - Functions Bank
Anexa 4 Spelling
Anexa 5 Verbe Neregulate
Anexa 6 Glosar Romn-Englez de termeni silvici
Bibliografie
-2-
INTRODUCERE
SCOPUL CURSULUI:
OBIECTIVELE
PRINCIPALE:
MODUL DE
EVALUARE:
-3-
OFFENCE [fens]
ofens, delict
Un alt simbol particular care poate aprea n interiorul parantezelor este [:], care
se plaseaz de obicei dup reprezentarea fonetic a unei vocale i noteaz lungirea
vocalei de care a fost ataat.
Ex. PLANT [pla:nt] - [a:] = A lung
plant, uzin
CLEAN [kli:n] - [i:] = I lung
curat
LAW [lo:] - [o:] = O lung
lege
MOON [mu:n] - [u:] = U lung
Vocala A poate avea trei reprezentri fonetice: A normal [a], pronunat
obinuit, ca n cuvntul bas din romn (englezescul BUS [bas]); A lung [a:], ca n
cuvintele: PLANT [pla:nt] sau CAR [ka:]) i A scurt [], ca n CUT [kt] sau
BUT [bt]). Celelalte vocale vor avea doar reprezentri scurte - normale ( e; o; u) i
lungi (e:;o:; u:).
-4-
trafic
n unele transcrieri poate aprea semnul fonetic [w] care desemneaz sunetul
semivocalic U, ca n cuvntul romnesc CUAR. Acest sunet corespunde de regul
literei W, care se pronun doar cnd este urmat de o vocal sau cnd nu este urmat de
nici un alt sunet.
Ex. RAILWAY [reilwei]
cale ferat
pasre
podea; etaj
main
arboret; recolt
magazin
scaun
brbie
camer
bidon, recipient
caban
cor
holer
msur
ienupr
bucurie
a lua; a obine
chitar
Semnul [j] este, de obicei, corespondentul lui Y. Ex. YES [jes]. Pronunia este
ca al unui [i] mai slab (ex. romnescul IES).
Ex. NEW YORK [nju jo:k]
H iniial nu se pronun dect n cuvinte precum:
Ex: HOUR [au]
HONOUR [on]
or
onoare
Grupul ING se pronun ca n limba romn, dar G se aude mai slab: [].
Ex. SHOPPING [opi]
cumprturi
Z pronunat cu limba ntre dini este un sunet care nu are echivalent n limba
romn i care se noteaz []. El apare n articolul hotrt THE i n
pronumele/adjectivele demonstrative:
THIS [is]
THAT [t] sau [t]
THESE [i:z]
THOSE [us]
acesta, aceasta
acela, aceea
acetia, acestea
aceia, acelea
trei
scai, ciulin
an
lun ( a anului)
ianuarie
februarie
martie
-7-
APRIL [eiprl]
MAY [mei]
JUNE [d3u:n]
JULY [d3ulai]
AUGUST [o:gst]
SEPTEMBER [septemb]
OCTOBER [oktoub]
NOVEMBER [novemb]
DECEMBER [disemb]
WEEK [wi:k]
MONDAY [mndei]
TUESDAY [tju:zdei]
WEDNESDAY [wenzdei]
THURSDAY [:zdei]
FRIDAY [fraidei]
SATURDAY [stdei]
SUNDAY [sndei]
aprilie
mai
iunie
iulie
august
septembrie
octombrie
noiembrie
decembrie
sptmn
luni
mari
miercuri
joi
vineri
smbt
duminic
NOTE:
a) n limba englez, zilele sptmnii se scriu ntotdeauna cu majuscul;
b) naintea zilelor sptmnii (folosite adverbial) se folosete prepoziia ON
Ex. On Sunday I go to church. (Duminica merg la biseric.)
c) dac naintea zilelor sptmnii se afl cuvntul EVERY, nu folosim
prepoziia ON Ex. Every Sunday I go to church. (n fiecare duminic merg
la biseric.)
-8-
Articolul hotrt are forma THE att pentru singular ct i pentru plural:
Ex: THE BOOK cartea
THE BOOKS crile
Pronunia sa va fi ns definit n funcie de sunetul care urmeaz. Astfel, THE
se va pronuna []:
naintea sunetelor consonantice
Ex: THE STUDENT studentul
THE CONSEQUENCES consecinele
naintea sunetelor semiconsonantice (reprezentate de obicei prin
literele E, U, Y, W).
Ex: THE EUCALYPTUS eucaliptul
THE USE folosirea
THE YEW tisa
THE WIND vntul
THE se va pronuna [i(:)] pentru sublinere, dup cum i naintea sunetelor
vocalice:
Ex: THE ENGINEER inginerul
THE ARTIST artistul
naintea lui H mut:
Ex: THE HONOUR onoarea
THE HONESTY cinstea, sinceritatea
NOT: Vom folosi AN i THE i naintea abrevierilor de genul : MP (Member of
Parliament) an MP; the [i:] MP.
-9-
APLICAII
2. Citii urmtoarele cuvinte cu articol hotrt [] sau [i(:)], apoi cu articolul nehotrt
[] sau [n]:
ANKLE, ARM, BELLY, BODY, HAIR, HAND, HEAD, HEEL, HIP,
KNEE, LEG, LIP, MOUTH, NECK, NOSE, NOSTRIL, PALM, SHOULDER,
THUMB, TOE, WAIST.
lion lioness
prince princess
god Goddess
hero heroine
Mai rar, terminaia se adaug substantivelor feminine, astfel nct formeaz
masculinul de la feminin i invers.
Ex: widow (vduv) widower (vduv)
bride (mireas) bridegroom (mire)
PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
n limba englez, pluralul se realizeaz cel mai adesea prin adugarea terminaiei
S formei de singular substantivului:
Ex: girl girls
tree trees
school schools
Excepie de la aceast regul fac urmtoarele categorii:
1. substantivele terminate n F sau FE; n acest caz terminaia la
plural devine invariabil VES,
ex: DWARF DWARVES
LEAF LEAVES
WOLF WOLVES
WIFE WIVES
KNIFE KNIVES
HALF HALVES
LIFE LIVES
2. substantive ce au terminaia O precedat de o consoan; acestea vor
primi la plural ES.
Ex: HERO HEROES
NEGRO NEGROES
POTATO POTATOES
TOMATO TOMATOES
ECHO ECHOES
NOT: Substantivele ce au terminaia O precedat de o vocal au plural regulat:
Ex: EMBRYO EMBRYOS
RADIO RADIOS
KANGAROO KANGAROOS
De asemenea, cuvintele mai puin frecvente sau provenite relativ recent din
limbile strine (n special din limba italian) vor primi S la plural, chiar dac sunt
substantive n O precedate de consoan:
Ex: CASINO CASINOS
PHOTO PHOTOS
PIANO PIANOS
KILO KILOS
3. substantivelor ce se termin n S, -CH, -Z, -X sau SH li se adaug
vocala E de legtur, naintea lui S:
Ex: BUS BUSES
CLASS CLASSES
WATCH WATCHES
BOX BOXES
- 11 -
BRUSH BRUSHES
4. substantivele care se termin n Y: dac naintea sunetului Y se afl la
singular o consoan, atunci la plural terminaia Y se schimb n I i va
fi urmat de terminaia ES; dac terminaia Y a unui substantiv la
singular este precedat de o vocal, atunci cuvntul primete la plural
doar terminaia S:
Ex: BABY BABIES
COUNTRY COUNTRIES
FACTORY FACTORIES
Dar: BOY BOYS
DAY DAYS
WAY WAYS
5. substantivelor terminate n TH li se adaug direct S:
Ex: BATH BATHS
MOUTH MOUTHS
PATH PATHS
6. formele neregulate la plural pstrate din anglo-saxon:
Ex: MAN MEN
WOMAN WOMEN
CHILD CHILDREN
OX - OXEN
TOOTH TEETH
FOOT FEET
MOUSE MICE
7. substantivele de origine strin (greac, latin)
Ex: DATUM DATA
PHENOMENON PHENOMENA
ANALYSIS ANALYSES
BASIS BASES
CAZURI SPECIALE:
1) Unele substantive au aceeai form la singular i plural
Ex: SHEEP SHEEP
TROUT TROUT
DEER DEER
SALMON - SALMON
SPECIES SPECIES
2) Unele substantive (de obicei, colective) se acord cu verbul fie la singular,
fie la plural
Ex: My family is large. (Familia mea este numeroas)
My family are in danger. (Membri familiei mele sunt n pericol.)
3) Unele substantive au form numai de plural dar se acord cu verbul numai la
singular.
Ex: NEWS (tire, tiri). The news is good. (tirea/tirile/vetile sunt
bune).
4) Unele substantive au form numai de plural i se acord numai la plural:
Ex: TROUSERS
JEANS
SCISSORS
5) Unele substantive au form numai la singular i se acord cu verbul numai la
singular
- 12 -
a) nume de materii
b) substantive abstracte
MONEY
FRIENDSHIP
IRON
KINDNESS
BREAD
LOVE
SUGAR
MEAT
6) Exist o categorie de substantive care, dei nu au dect form de singular n
limba englez, pot fi individualizate cu ajutorul unor cuantificatori.
Ex: AN ITEM OF - INFORMATION (o informaie)
- KNOWLEDGE (o cunotin/informaie)
A PIECE OF
CAZ
a) Genitivul sintetic
Posesor(sg.)+apostrof+S+obiect
d t
Posesor(pl.)+apostrof+obiect posedat
(The
Alt categorie de adjective se compune din 2 elemente care pot fi: adjective,
adverbe, substantive, participii.
Ex: GOOD-LOOKING (frumos, chipe)
SHORT-SIGHTED (miop)
WELL-BRED (bine-crescut)
READY-MADE (de gata)
- 16 -
Comparaia a trei sau mai multe persoane sau lucruri se exprim la superlativ
prin urmtoarele construcii:
SUPERLATIV + OF (pentru persoane)
Ex: the finest of the three girls
SUPERLATIV + IN (pentru substantive ce indic locul)
Ex: the finest in the class
Creterea paralel este exprimat prin urmtoarea structur:
THE + COMPARATIV + THE + COMPARATIV (cu ct cu att)
Ex: the cleverer, the better
Creterea sau descreterea gradat este exprimat prin: COMPARATIV +
AND + COMPARATIV
Ex: (fatter and fatter, more and more expensive)
Comparativul de inferioritate se formeaz (indiferent de felul adjectivului)
prin LESS + forma pozitiv a adjectivului
Ex: less tall
less good
less important
Superlativul de inferioritate se formeaz dup urmtoarea structur:
THE LEAST + ADJECTIVE + OF/IN/etc.
Ex: the least expensive of all cameras
RECAPITULARE ADJECTIV
FORM substantiv + sufix: CHILDISH
participiu n ING/ED : boring, bored
- 18 -
APLICAII
9. Cele mai frecvente sufixe adjectivale sunt: -AL, -OUS, -ABLE, -FUL, -Y, -ISH.
Formai adjectivele corespunztoare urmtoarelor substantive i verbe.
BLOOD, CHILD, COLOUR, COURAGE, DANGER, DELIGHT, ENJOY,
HUMOUR, MILK, MONUMENT, NATION, PAIN, PARDON, PEACE, PREDICT,
RED, TRADITION, TREND, VARY, WEALTH.
10. Formai adjectivele de la urmtoarele substantive:
ACCIDENT, AFFECTION, BOY, CHARITY, CUSTOM, DANGER,
ECONOMY, EXPRESSION, FAITH, FIRE, HERO, INFLUENCE, MAN, MELODY,
PASSION, SKILL, WINTER.
11. Sufixele adjectivelor negative din limba englez sunt:
UN (UNFORGETTABLE) de neiertat
DIS (DISCOURAGED) descurajat
IM (IMPOSSIBLE) imposibil
IN (INEXPLICABLE) inexplicabil.
I (ILLEGAL) ilegal.
Cu ajutorul sufixelor formai antonimele adjectivelor de mai jos:
COMMON, CREDIBLE, GRATEFUL, HONOURABLE,
PARTIAL, POLITE, OBEDIENT, VALUABLE.
12. Traducei n limba romn:
AGELESS FACE
FLAWLESS TECHNIQUE
FRIENDLESS MAN
- 19 -
PAINFUL,
HOMELESS MEN
HOPELESS SITUATION
HEARTLESS WOMAN
MOTHERLESS CHILD
ODOURLESS SUBSTANCE
STAINLESS STEEL
TIMELESS VALUE
TUNELESS SONG
13. Citii urmtoarele adjective compuse. Pe care le-ai folosi pentru a v descrie pe voi
niv?
EASY-GOING comod, indolent
GOOD-LOOKING frumos, artos, chipe
GREY-HAIRED grizonat
HARD-WORKING harnic, muncitor
LEFTHANDED stngaci
MIDDLE-AGED ntre dou vrste
OLD-FASHIONED demodat, depit
SHORT-SIGHTED miop, mrginit
SHORT-TEMPERED iute la mnie irascibil, argos
STRONG-MINDED hotrt, care tie ce vrea.
WARM-HEARTED binevoitor, sritor, prietenos, inimos
WELL-BEHAVED bine-crescut, manierat.
WELL-KNOWN bine cunoscut, vestit, renumit
WELL-OFF nstrit, bogat, cu dare de mn.
WORLD-FAMOUS cunoscut n ntreaga lume.
14. Punei adjectivele n ordinea corect:
1. a brand-new/plastic/shopping/green bag
2. an English/young/interesting teacher
3. a brown/50-years-old/leather/beautiful wallet
4. a 25-year-old/Opera/tall singer
5. a Greek/beautiful/gold/ancient bracelet
15. Completai tabelul:
ADJECTIV
1. hard
2. lazy
3. happy
4. interesting
5. good
6. small
7. beautiful
8. old
9. captivating
10. cold
11. tall
12. clever
13. clumsy
14. bad
COMPARATIV
harder
- 20 -
SUPERLATIV
the hardest
Loc
Timp
- 21 -
Frecven
Opinie
Intensitate
THAT
THOSE
this tree
that curtain
this flower
that hat
this carpet
Afirmativ
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
They are
Interogativ
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are they?
Negativ
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not
We are not
They are not
Interogativ Negativ
Am I not ?
Are you not ?
Is he not ?
Is she not ?
Is it not ?
Are we not ?
Are they not ?
Afirmativ
Im
Youre
Hes
Shes
Its
Were
Theyre
Interogativ
Interogativ Negativ
Im not
Youre not/ you arent
Hes not/ he isnt
Shes not/ she isnt
Its not/ it isnt
Were not/ we arent
Theyre not/ they arent
Arent you ?
Isnt he ?
Isnt she ?
Isnt it ?
Arent we ?
Arent they ?
Afirmativ
Interogativ
Negativ
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I play
You play
He plays
She plays
It plays
We play
They play
Do I play?
Do you play?
Does he play?
Does she play?
Does it play?
Do we play?
Do they play?
I do not play
You do not play
He does not play
She does not play
It does not play
We do not play
They do not play
Observaii:
1. Verbele din limba englez (cu excepia verbului TO BE) au la
prezentul simplu aceeai form (infinitivul) pentru toate persoanele, n
afar de persoana a treia singular (he, she, it) unde se adaug un S sau ES
(SAY SAYS, GO GOES, DO DOES etc.)
2. Interogaia i negaia se formeaz cu ajutorul auxiliarului DO care la
persoana a III-a preia S-ul de la verbul de conjugat.
Forme contrase:
I dont play Eu nu (m) joc / cnt.
He doesnt play.
Verbul DO (ca verb propriu-zis, cu neles deplin - a face) are urmtoarele
forme la prezentul simplu:
Afirmativ
I do
You do
He does
She does
It does
We do
They do
Interogativ
Negativ
Do I do?
Do you do?
Does he do?
Does she do
Does it do?
Do we do?
Do they do?
I do not do
You do not do
He does not do
She does not do
It does not do
We do not do
They do not do
Afirmativ
I have
You have
He has
She has
It has
We have
They have
Interogativ
Negativ
I do not have
You do not have
He does not have
She does not have
It does not have
We do not have
They do not have
Do I have?
Do you have?
Does he have?
Does she have?
Does it have?
Do we have?
Do they have?
- Yes, I have.
- No, I havent.
- Yes, I am.
- No, Im not.
De reinut:
Expresii uzuale cu BE:
To be afraid Im afraid of the dark. (M tem de ntuneric.)
To be ashamed of Im ashamed of my behaviour. (Mi-e ruine de felul
cum m-am comportat.)
To be against Im against the death penalty. (Sunt mpotriva pedepsei cu
moartea.)
To be cold Im cold. (Mi-e frig.)
To be home Janet is home. (Janet e acas.)
To be late Hes late again. (Iar a ntrziat.)
To be asleep The baby is asleep. (Copilul a adormit.)
To be over The war is over. (Rzboiul s-a terminat.)
To be hungry He is hungry. (i e foame.)
To be thirsty The children are thirsty. (Copiilor le e sete.)
To be right The President is always right.
To be wrong He is never wrong.
To be busy I like being busy.
To be tired Are you tired?
To be good of He is good at Mathematics.
To be in a hurry This student is always in a hurry.
To be sick The young woman is sick.
To be ill Grandpa is ill.
Expresii uzuale cu HAVE:
To have guests a avea musafiri
To have a headache She has a headache.
To have a cigarette a fuma, a lua o igar
To have a cold a fi rcit/
To have a flu a avea grip
- 25 -
NEGATIV
I am not right
You are not right
He is not right
She is not right
It is not right
- 26 -
INTEROGATIV
Am I right?
Are you right?
Is he right?
Is she right?
Is it right?
We are right
They are right
Are we right?
Are they right?
AFIRMATIV
I have a cold.
You have a cold.
He has a cold
She has a cold
It has a cold
We have a cold
They have a cold
NEGATIV
I do not have a cold.
You do not have a cold.
He does not have a cold
She does not have a cold
It does not have a cold
We do not have a cold
They do not have a cold
INTEROGATIV
Do I have a cold?
Do you have a cold?
Does he have a cold?
Does she have a cold?
Does it have a cold?
Do we have a cold?
Do they have a cold?
AFIRMATIV
I/you/we/they have got it.
NEGATIV
INTEROGATIV
I/you/we/they have not got it. Have I/you/we/they
got it?
He/she/it has not got it.
Has he/she/it got it?
AFIRMATIV
I/you/we/they do the gardening.
He/she does the gardening.
NEGATIV
I/you/we/they do not do the gardening.
He/she does not do the gardening.
INTEROGATIV
Do I/you/we/they do the gardening?
Does he/she do the gardening?
AFIRMATIV
I/you/we/they make the beds.
He/she makes the beds.
NEGATIV
I/you/we/they do not make the beds.
He/she does not make the beds.
INTEROGATIV
Do I/you/we/they make the beds?
Does he/she make the beds?
APLICAII
21. Completai spaiile libere cu formele corespunztoare ale verbului TO BE, respectiv
TO HAVE:
a) He a hard-working type of person.
b) They in the seminar room now.
c) He ten.
d) That man a doctors degree.
e) These girls Law students.
f) The colour of my pen blue.
22. Scriei formele verbale contrase corespunztoare exemplelor de mai jos:
Ex: He is not my colleague.
Hes not/He isnt my colleague.
- 27 -
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
She is my friend.
They are not interpreters, they are translators.
The teacher is not nervous at all.
They are the new neighbours.
Their grandparents are not at home.
- 28 -
PRONUMELE POSESIV
- MINE = al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele
- YOURS = al tu, a ta, ai ti, ale tale, al
vostru, a voastr, ai votri, ale voastre
- HIS = al (a, ai, ale) lui, su, sa, si, sale
- HERS = al (a, ai, ale) ei, su, sa, si, sale
- ITS OWN = al (a, ai ale) lui, ei, su, sa,
si, sale (exc. persoane)
- OURS = al nostru, a noastr, ai notri,
ale noastre
- THEIRS = al (a, ai, ale) lor
MY PARENTS
a one-storeyed house
a drawing room
three bedrooms
a gym-room
a nursery
a garage
a cortyard
a penthouse
a barn
a cellar
a garden
MY SISTER
boat home
study
sitting room
- 29 -
Ex. the people whose names appear on the list (oamenii/persoanele/cei ale cror
nume apar pe list)
the tree whose bark/the bark of which is diseased (arborele a crui scoar e
afectat de boal)
NOT: CEEA CE are ca echivalent n limba englez WHAT (atunci cnd
anun ceea ce urmeaz) i WHICH (atunci cnd CEEA CE reia ceva
ce l-a precedat).
Ex. what I want to say is that (ceea ce vreau s spun este c )
He denied it, which doesnt surprise me. (A negat, ceea ce nu m
surprinde.)
APLICAII
28. Completai urmtoarele propoziii cu WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH sau THAT:
1. He makes no mistakes makes nothing.
2. The man to I speak is my brother.
3. The girl mother is ill has got a day off.
4. I like to help those I love and I know love me.
5. The aspen is a poplar tree has especially tremulous leaves.
6. Any plant produces some sort of flower is a flowering plant.
7. Do you know Catherine works for?
8. The forest probationer, seems very young, has a very good reputation.
We meet every other day. (Ne ntlnim o dat la dou zile/la ficare dou
zile.)
BOTH mai poate fi, n afar de pronume, adjectiv i conjuncie. El se folosete
nototdeauna fr articolul THE.
Ex. Both books are worth reading. (Ambele cri merit s fie citite.)
It is both harmful and illegal. (E i duntor, i ilegal.)
EITHER ca adjectiv are sensul oricare din cei doi/din cele dou; ca adverb
nseamn aproximativ nici, iar n construcia conjunctival EITHER OR , se
traduce prin fie , fie , sau , sau , ori , ori .
Ex. Either choice is fine. (Oricare alegere e bun.)
I dont believe you either. (Nici eu nu te/v cred.)
You can either leave or stay. (Poi pleca sau rmne.)
NEITHER (nici unul, nici cellalt) este forma negativ a lui EITHER, pe care l
poate nlocui n oricare dintre funcii, cu excepia adverbului, atunci cnd este vorba de
o negaie.
Ex. Neither dress is suitable for the party. (Nici una dintre rochii nu e potrivit
pentru petrecere.)
Neither children nor animals are admitted. (Nici copiii, nici animalele nu sunt
admise.)
Adjectivul ONE nseamn unul, una, un singur, o singur, un/o oarecare.
Ex. a one-way ticket (un bilet dus)
I know one Mr. Thompson. (Cunosc un oarecare domn Thompson.)
WHOLE poate fi folosit ca adjectiv (ntregul, ntreaga, tot, toat), la fel ca
ENTIRE, sau ca substantiv (ansamblu, tot, ntreg).
Ex. the whole/entire country (ntreaga ar)
How much for the whole? (Ct face totul?)
REZUMAT PRONUME I ADJECTIVE NEHOTRTE
SOME - adjectiv: Some people are in favour of this decision.
- pronume: Give me some!
ANY adjectiv: Do you have any news?
- pronume: Any of us can do it.
NO adjectiv: He has no money on him.
NONE pronume: None of us know about it.
ALL adjectiv: All the people are present.
- pronume: Alls well that ends well.
- adverb: She is all upset.
BOTH adjectiv: Both possibilities are worth considering.
- pronume: I want both of them.
- conjuncie: It is both useless and dangerous.
- 35 -
APLICAII
29. Alegei rspunsul corect:
1. There are two plays to choose from. Which would you like to see?
a) ones
b) some
c) one
2. Is there any news for me? Yes, there is .
a) one
b) some
c) ones
3. Do one of these tasks. Which is the easiest ?
a) one
b) ones
c) some
4. They have a few houses for sale. I choose the smallest .
a) one
- 36 -
b) some
c) ones
5. Do you have enough strength to bring it here? Well, I have , but not too much.
a) some
b) one
c) ones
30. Completai cu SOME sau ANY:
1. Theyve got trees in the garden.
2. Are there armchairs in the living-room?
3. Have I got e-mails this morning?
4. Do you have brothers in this school?
5. Have apples, please.
31. Completai cu MUCH sau MANY:
1. He doesnt have money.
2. Does she take interest in it?
3. I havent time.
4. Are there students absent today?
5. He doesnt know English.
6. How does this book cost?
32. Folosii FEW sau A FEW, LITTLE sau A LITTLE pentru a completa urmtoarele
propoziii:
1. He is very ill, there is hope for him.
2. There are apples in the bowl, help yourself to some.
3. He cant afford it as he has money left.
4. people admit they are wrong.
5. He has friends willing to help him.
33. Subliniai cuvntul corect:
1. There are none/no messages on the answering machine.
2. Sorry, I cant hear either/neither of you properly.
3. I cant come at the weekend. Im busy both days/every day.
4. I cant see no/any solution to the problem, Im afraid.
5. If you have any/some problems, let me help you.
6. Now I want each/every of you to fill in these forms.
7. She doesnt have much/many money.
34. Folosii expresiile urmtoare pentru a aproxima valorile de mai jos:
NONE OF THEM, MOST OF THEM, A FEW OF THEM, MANY OF THEM, SOME
OF THEM, ALL OF THEM.
1. 0% 2. 5-25% 3. 25-50% 4. 50-75% 5. 75-95% 6. 100% 35. Rescriei a doua propoziie n aa fel nct s aib un sens similar cu prima. Folosii
cuvintele din parantez.
1. The hotels are both unsuitable. (neither)
- 37 -
is suitable.
2. The two proposals are interesting. (both)
are interesting.
3. These items of furniture arent expensive. (none)
is expensive.
4. Not everybody listens to him. (all)
listen to him.
5. We only want our wages. (all)
is our wages.
persoane
WHO
WHICH
WHOM, WHO
WHICH
WHOSE
lucruri
WHAT
WHICH
WHAT
WHICH
Ex. What kind of books do you like? (Ce fel de cri i plac?)
Which book do you like? (Care carte i place?)
O categorie aparte o constituie adverbele interogative.i acestea se
folosesc in intrebri, drept pentru care poziia lor este la nceput, naintea
auxiliarului, subiectului i verbului principal.
Ex. When do you think this might be over?
Where does he teach?
Why do you cry so much?
How do you spell your name?
How old is he?
How much is this?
How often do you go dancing?
3. WHAT + BE ? i WHAT + BE LIKE ? sunt ntrebri diferite:
Ex. What is Mr. Parker? Hes a lawyer.
What is Mr. Parker like? Hes short and arrogant.
RECAPITULARE I APLICAII:
36. Completai cu pronume interogative:
1. do you find easier to learn, English or French?
2. of the two players do you like better?
3. is he, do you suppose?
4. is the number of the your house?
5. is the result?
37. Alctuii dou ntrebri pentru fiecare propoziie:
1. We see our daughter twice a week.
Whom ?
Who ?
2. Their son hates piano lessons.
Who ?
What ?
3. Helen says she disagrees.
Who ?
What ?
4. They always argue with him.
Who ?
Whom ?
38. Alctuii ntrebri din cuvintele de mai jos:
1. Who/love/they?
2. Which/she/prefer?
3. What/your son/for a living?
4. What/mother/usually/make for breakfast?
5. Who/order/pizza?
39. Citii cu atenie textul urmtor i formulai ntrebri referitoare la cuvintele scrise cu
italice.
If you want to buy a new car, you have to think about many things. Money is, of
course, one of them. But now you dont have to pay in cash. You can get a car on
instalments, which is much better for you. You go to a car dealer and choose the car
- 39 -
you want to have. You pay a deposit, and drive the car. Then you must pay monthly
instalments for four or five years. If you pay all the money, the car is yours, and you can
sell it to buy another one. On instalments, of course.
1. What ?
2. How ?
3. Where ?
4. What ?
5. What ?
6. What ?
7. When ?
40. Completai dup model :
1. Johns mother is Barbara. (possessives)
2. Her sisters married. (contractions)
3. Barbaras husband is Philip.
4. Peters family is quite big.
5. Alices her brothers wife.
41. Punei apostroful la locul corect.
My parents names are Michael and Georgiana. My fathers a journalist and my
mothers unemployed. Ive got two brothers and a sister. My brothers names are Ethan
and Shane. My sisters names Beverly. Shes married to Sean. Shes a teacher and hes a
banker.
42. Parafrazai urmtoarele cuvinte:
Ex: aunt = my mothers sister or my fathers sister
Uncle
Cousin
Grandfather
Grandmother
43. Alegei cuvntul corect:
1.Theyre/there from London.
2.Their/there children are at school.
3.Theyre/their not at home.
4.There/theyre arent any mirrors in this room.
5.Theyre/their house is quite large.
6.There/their are two doors.
44. Dintre toi membrii familiei tale, care este:
a. the oldest
b. the smartest
c. the tallest
d. the most talented
e. the most ambitious
f. the richest
45. Dintre mijloacele de transport, care este:
a. the cheapest
b. the most comfortable
c. the least comfortable
d. the most expensive
e. the least dangerous
- 40 -
f. the fastest
g. the most enjoyable
h. the most modern
46. Transformai urmtoarele expresii n adjective compuse i derivate:
ex: a girl with fair hair a fair-haired girl
a pullover made by hand a handmade pullover
a film having meaning a meaningful film
1. a student who works hard
2. a man with blue eyes
3. a driver who does not take care
4. a blouse with short sleeves
5. a woman who looks good
6. a tree which is a hundred years old
7. a woman with a kind heart
8. a story which breaks the heart
9. a man who has courage
10. a man with a red face
47. Traducei in limba romn:
FIGURES OF SPEECH
a. As pretty as a picture as ugly as a sin
As sour as lemon - as happy as a grin
As brave as a lion - as shy as a fox
As weak as a kitten - as strong as an ox
As thin as a shadow - as solid as a brick
As hungry as a bear - as full as a tick
As heavy as lead - as light as a feather
As steady as a rock - as uncertain as the weather
As hot as an oven - as cold as ice
As rich as Croesus - as poor as churchmice
As blind as a bat - as deaf as a post
As cool as a cucumber - as warm as a toast
As brittle as glass - as tough as gristle
As neat as a pin - as clean as a whistle
As dull as a dishwasher - as bright as a button
As generous as the day is long as greedy as a glutton.
(FUN WITH ENGLISH, USIS ,1989)
b. 1. John is as busy as a bee.
2. I think he is as firm as a rock.
3. He is as brave as a lion.
4. My cousin is as happy as a king.
.
5. Sometimes he is as mute as a fish.
6. Her face is as red as a rose.
7. Waiting for the verdict he is as silent as a grave.
8. This boy is as gentle as a lamb.
48. Family Tree
Cele 14 persoane de mai jos formeaz 7 cupluri. Din informaiile care v sunt date,
aflai care sunt acestea. Observai c sunt trei generaii ale aceleiai familii.
Alec is Carols nephew and Leonards cousin.
Betty is Leonards mother and Margarets sister-in-law.
- 41 -
B
1. kid
2. duckling
3. cub
4. lamb
5. puppy
6. caterpillar
7. calf
8. colt
9. kitten
10.piglet
11.chick(en)
12.larva
Animal Sound
Animal Coat
- 42 -
Animal Body
B
hostel
store
office
shop
assistant
money
food
Ex: pocket-money
56. Completai cu MAKE sau HAVE:
1. I intend to German lessons.
2. Do you mind if I a quick phone call?
3. I always a shower in the morning.
4. He always mistakes in writing.
57. Folosii MAKE sau DO n propoziiile de mai jos :
1. Mother .a cake every Saturday.
2. Please, dont a mess!
3. Please sit down andyourself at home!
4. Their aunt likes to .a crossword puzzle in her spare time.
5. He his best to enough money for his family.
6. Its easy to .. mistakes in this exercise.
7. She prefers the beds to .. the dishes.
8. In their family, it is the grandfather who .. the rules.
9. Never . plans before talking to me first.
10. He is too shy to .. a speech in front of so many people.
- 43 -
58. Completai a doua propoziie n aa fel nct s aib un sens similar cu prima.
1. John is a better game-keeper than George.
Georges notJohn.
2. I usually eat less than Michael.
I dont Michael.
3. No one in the team has better communication skills than him.
He has in the team.
4. The baby looks fatter this week than last.
The baby looks .. every week
59. Traducei in limba englez:
1. Bagajele lui sunt mult mai grele dect ale mele.
2. i este foarte greu s aleag singur articole de mobil.
3. Vetile pe care mi le aduci nu sunt tocmai plcute.
4. Bugetul pentru amenajarea pdurilor de anul acesta este mai mare dect cel de anul
trecut.
5. D-mi un exemplu de animal duntor pdurii!
6. Informaiile cu privire la delictele silvice sunt inexacte.
7. Cele mai simple plante din regnul vegetal sunt bacteriile unicelulare i algele.
8. A dori nite trandafiri cu tulpini lungi, v rog.
9. Pe scurt, ecologia este o tiin care ne ajut s inelegem relaiile dintre mediu i
vieuitoarele acestuia.
10. Spune-le s nu mai ipe!
11. Care este grupa cu cel mai mic numr de studeni?
12. Cine are cel mai mic numr de ani din familia ta?
13. Cine cheltuie cel mai puin din familia ta?
14. Cum ajung pe Strada Florilor?
15. Mergei vara pe litoral?
16. Nici unul dintre ei nu tie adevrul.
17. tii cumva numrul ei de telefon?
18. Nu sta n picioare, ia loc, te rog!
19. Ce culoare are maina vecinei tale?
20. Care cas e a ta?
21. Cine tie lecia?
22. Ce faci tu la serviciu?
23. Care este numele ei de domnioar? Dar prenumele?
24. Care este numele lui de familie? Dar de botez?
25. Cine l ajut?
26. Ce bei tu dimineaa?
27. Care carte este a ta?
28. Care dintre cele dou cri este a ei?
29. Care dintre cele dou portofele este al meu?
30. Ce zi este astzi?
31. tii cine sunt ei?
32. Ai vreun prieten cu care s vorbeti?
33. Vezi vreun om pe strad?
34. O albin moart nu face miere.
- 44 -
DECIDUOUS
X
Ash
Birch
Elm
Fir
Larch
Maple
Oak
Pine
Spruce
Willow
EVERGREEN
[elm, fir] One of them/the former is deciduous and the other/the latter is
evergreen.
[fir , larch]
[maple, oak]
[pine, willow]
[larch, spruce]
61. Formulai ntrebri la care s rspund cuvintele n bold:
1. Last year grew fewer species of oak in these areas.
2. They dont understand what you want to say.
3. She doesnt even consider coming to the meeting because she is not well.
4. They usually travel by train.
5. Nobody leaves the room until the meeting ends.
TEST AUTOEVALUARE
1. (1p.) Traducei n limba englez:
a. ziarul de ieri
b. prerea profesorilor
c. blana ursului
d. copacii din padure
2. (3p.) Traducei in limba englez:
a)
bun
mai bun
mai puin bun
cel mai bun
la fel de bun ca
din ce n ce mai bun
b)
sntos
mai sntos
mai important
cel mai important
cel mai ru
din ce n ce mai ru
- 47 -
- 49 -
Forma contras
the 1st
the 2nd
the 3rd
the 4th
the 21st
the 22nd
the 23rd
the 24th
the 30th
the 31st
the 40th
the 50th
the 60th
the 70th
the 80th
the 90th
the 100th
- 50 -
the 1,000th
the 1,000,000th
Observaii
1. Numeralul ordinal este precedat de articolul THE i se formeaz prin
adugarea terminaiei TH numeralului cardinal, excepie fcnd primele trei numerale
i cele compuse cu ele (Ex: the first - primul; the second - al doilea/a doua; the third - al
treilea/a treia; the twenty-first - al douzeciiunulea/a douzeciiuna).
2. n cazul numeralelor ordinale compuse numai ultimul termen primete
terminaia TH (the one hundred and eighty-seventh).
3. n exprimarea datei, se folosete numeralul ordinal, iar pentru exprimarea
anilor, cel cardinal (Ex. 27.09.1978 - the twenty-seventh of September nineteen seventyeight).
Numeralul fracional (The Fractional Numeral)
Numeralul fracional se prezint sub dou variante: fracional comun
(common/vulgar fractions): 1/2 a (one) half; 3/4 - three fourths/quarters; 3/5- three
fifths i fraciile decimale (decimal fraction): 12.05 - twelve point oh five/twelve point
nought five). De remarcat faptul c n sistemul anglo-american se folosete punctul n
loc de virgul.
Numeralul Multiplicativ (The Multiplicative Numeral)
Numeralul multiplicativ are urmtoarele forme:
1 x single,once
2 x double/twofold, twice
3 x triple/treble/threefold, three times
4 x fourfold, four times
10 x tenfold, tentimes
100 x - a hundredfold, a hundred times
Aceste forme se folosesc pentru a arta proporia n care crete o cantitate sau se
intensific o aciune.
Ex: Its better to present an accurate fourfold classification of the materials.
They have twice as many books. (Ei au de dou ori mai multe cri.)
Numeralul Distributiv ( The Distributive Numeral)
Acest numeral arat distribuia sau gruparea:
Ex: They walk one by one/two by two/by twos/in twos. (cte unul/cte doi)
Uniti de msur (Measurements)
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres
12 inches = 1 foot (pl. feet) = 0.3048 metre
3 feet = 1 yard = 0.9144 metre
3 miles = 4.83 kilometres
6 feet = 1 fathom (1 stnjen) = 185 centimetres
16 ouces = 1 pound (1 livr) = 453.59 grams
2,000 pounds = 1 ton (1 ton) = 907,18 kilograms
60 seconds() = 1 minute ()
60 minutes = 1 degree ( ) (1 grad)
90 degrees = 1 right angle (1 unghi drept)
180 degrees = 1 straight angle (1 unghi de 180)
360 degrees = 1 circle (1 cerc)
Ex: three pounds of flour
- 51 -
RECAPITULARE NUMERALE
Numr
1
Numeral
cardinal
One
Numeral ordinal
the first
- 52 -
Numeral
multiplicativ
once
Numeral
distributiv
one by one
Two
the second
twice
3
4
5
two by
two/twos/in
twos
APLICAII
62. Citii i scriei cu litere urmtoarele numerale:
a) numbers (numere): 12; 15; 21; 36; 50; 75; 99; 101; 248; 735; 1,850; 3,500;
9,999; 78,352; 515,966; 777,777; 9,542,386; 430,779,828;
b) hours (ore): 5.30; 7.45; 6.05; 11:12; 4:59; 12:55; 8:15; 10:00; 3:32; 2:01;
c) years (ani): 1848; 1216; 1989; 2005; 1821; 1978; 1700; 2000;
d) dates (date): 01.01.1950; 28.03.1969; 01.04.1975; 8.05.1981; 30.06.1987;
31.07.1992; 18.08.1999; 3.09.2000; 10.10.20002; 13.11.2004; 25.12.2007;
e) telephone numbers (numere de telefon): 53.11.24; 25.34.86; 132.11.28;
166.74.36; 233.44.88.
63. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri:
1. What time do you get up?
2. What time do you have breakfast?
3. What time do you go to work?
4. What time do you take a break?
5. What time do you get back home?
6. What time do you have dinner?
7. What time do you turn on your TV set?
8. What time do you go to bed?
9. How many students are there in your group?
10. How many times a semester do you come to courses?
11. How much do you pay for the courses?
12. How many courses a day do you have to attend?
13. When is your birthday?
14. When is your mothers birthday?
15. When is our national holiday?
16. When is the last school-day?
17. Whats the date tomorrow?
64. Completai urmtorul tabel:
12
12th
32nd
2/3
780
9.5
250,000
27.09.1978
75%
5 x 6 = 30
Twelve
- 53 -
25+75 = 100
20-6 = 14
65. Traducei n limba englez:
12 linguri
24 furculie
6 farfurioare 4 pahare de ou
64 farfurii
13 solnie
120 serveele
16 cuite
66. a. Citii urmtoarea list de responsabiliti:
Secretary 8.00: Arrive at work.
8.15: Open the letters and read them.
8.30-10.00: Answer the letters.
10.00: Make coffee for the boss.
10.05-12.00: Speak on the phone.
12.00-12.00: Have lunch.
12.30-3.30: Read reports and type summaries.
3.30: Make coffee for the boss.
3.35-4.00: Prepare daily accounts.
4.00: Go home.
Boss
10.00: Arrive at work.
10.05: Have coffee.
10.10-12.00: Make phone calls.
12.00-1.00: Have lunch with a client.
1.00-1.45: Meeting.
1.45-4.00: Check reports.
4.00-4.30: Check daily accounts.
4.30: Go home.
b. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri:
1. What time does the secretary/the boss arrive at work?
2. What time/ how many times does the boss have coffee?
3. What time does the boss go for lunch?
4. What time does the secretary/the boss go home?
67. Rspundei la urmtoarea ntrebare matematic:
Four add two, divided by three, subtract one, multiply by eight, take away four, times
three, plus two, minus four, halved, equals what?
68. Folosindu-v de un calendar pentru unul din anii 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, rspundei
la urmtoarele ntrebri:
1. What day is the 2nd March?
2. What day is the 20th June?
3. What day is the 29th August?
4. What day is the 17th November?
5. What day is the 31st December?
6. What day is your birthday?
7. What day is the first Sunday in May?
- 54 -
WITH
TO
Satisfied
Married
Interested
Surrounded
IN
BY
ON
TO
Rely
Listen
- 56 -
Approve Deal
APLICAII
71. Completai cu AT, IN sau ON:
1. There is nobody home.
2. His flat is the 3rd floor.
3. There are a lot of printing mistakes this page.
4. She has less than two dollars her pocket.
5. There are no badgers this wood.
6. We meet noon.
7. Her brother is still hospital.
8. The table is the middle of the room.
9. People never stay a queue here.
10. There is somebody the phone.
72. Completai cu prepoziiile potrivite:
1. I am not at all pleased her behaviour.
2. She is different her sister.
3. I am not accustomed life in a hotel.
4. Women are usually afraid spiders.
5. My brother is very good English.
6. What shes interested is fitopathology.
7. When does your train leave England?
8. The success of this campaign depends heavily the volunteers.
9. He likes listening talk-shows every evenung.
10. The river flows the sea.
11. He considers hiding the trees.
12. There is a fight two gangs.
73. a) Citii urmtoarele exemple de prepoziii i adverbe de loc:
The first floor is, naturally, above the ground floor.
The ground floor is, therefore, below the first floor.
Theres a painting over the fireplace.
Theres a cupboard under the stairs.
Theres another cupboard in the kitchen.
Theres a balcony above and a terrace underneath.
The sitting room is downstairs.
The bedrooms are upstairs.
Its warm inside.
Its cold outside.
The book is on the table.
The TV aerial is on top of the roof.
b) Construii cinci enunuri similare.
- 57 -
74. Gsii prepoziia potrivit (OF, TO, ABOUT, IN, WITH) pentru fiecare dintre
adjectivele care urmeaz:
accustomed
afraid
angry
bored
capable
committed
different
excited
infected
interested
prepared
proud
scared
similar
sorry
tired
worried
wrong
75. Completai:
1. Turn right and walk the crossroads.
2. Turn left the Forest Road.
3. My house is Palmerston Road.
4. Its the third house the left.
5. Take the third turning the left.
6. At the roundabout, turn right.
76. IN, ON sau AT?
1. + parts of day (Ex. evening)
2. + longer religious holidays (Ex. Easter)
3. + meal times (Ex. dinner)
4. + special days (Ex. your birthday)
5. + long periods (Ex. the eighteenth century)
6. + clock times (Ex. five thirty)
7. + day + part of day (Ex. Sunday morning)
8. + seasons (Ex. the winter)
9. + years (Ex. 1997)
10. + days (Ex. Thursday)
11. + dates (Ex. 1 June)
12. + months (Ex. September)
13. + the weekend
14. + the moment.
- 58 -
NEGATIV
I do not work
You do not work
He does not work
She does not work
It does not work
We do not work
They do not work
INTEROGATIV
Do I work?
Do you work?
Does he work?
Does she work?
Does it work?
Do we work?
Do they work?
NEGATIV
I am not working
You are not working
He is not working
She is not working
It is not working
We are not working
They are not working
INTEROGATIV
Am I working?
Are you working?
Is he working?
Is she working?
Is it working?
Are we working?
Are they working?
Were eating in the kitchen for the time being as they are
redecorating the living-room.
This week he is working in the nigh shift.
3. pentru aciuni n schimbare sau n evoluie n preajma momentului
vorbirii
Ex. My English is improving every day.
The traffic is getting worse and worse these days.
4. cu unul din adverbele: ALWAYS, FOREVER, CONSTANTLY, pentru a
exprima iritarea vorbitorului n legtur cu o aciune repetat
Ex. I cant stand it anymore; he is constantly interrupting me!
He is always losing his keys.
5. cu verbul TO BE, dar numai cu referire la comportamentul cuiva pe
moment (caracter provizoriu sau excepional; pentru o trstur permanent, specific,
se va folosi prezentul simplu)
Ex. I usually get up at 6 a.m. but this week Im getting up at 9.
He isnt being too friendly tonight.
You are being aggressive.
6. n locul viitorului, pentru planuri personale, imediate
Ex.: Hes going to the movies tonight.
Im paying a visit to my parents this weekend.
RECAPITULARE PTS / PTC (Contrastiv)
Present tense simple
Present tense continuous
Inf.+S pers. a III-a sg.
TO BE (present) + vb.ing
1. activiti dintr-un prezent general, care 1. aciuni dintr-un prezent care include
include momentul vorbirii
momentele vorbirii
Ex. He works in a car factory.
Ex. Shes studying to get her driving
licence.
2. activiti obinuite repetate
2.
aciuni
temporare;
comportament
Ex. I travel by train when I go to nespecific
Ex. This time, Im travelling by plane.
Bucharest.
3. adevruri general valabile.
3. aciuni n schimbare n momentul vorbirii.
Ex.These children of yours are growing
Ex. Water freezes at 0 C.
fast.
4. explicaii, demonstraii, indicaii
4. activiti care au loc n momentul vorbirii
Ex. I add water and stir.
Ex. Its snowing heavily outside.
5. activiti specifice repetate, care provoac
5. exclamaii introduse prin HERE, THERE
Ex. There it is!
iritare
Ex. You are always losing your keys.
6. n subordonate, n locul viitorului
6. aciuni viitoare cu caracter personal
Ex. If/when he comes, Ill let you know.
Ex. Theyre going camping next weekend.
Sau pentru orare, programe fixe:
Ex. The train leaves at 8 a. m.
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Observaie
Unele verbe nu pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu, de aceea se va prefera
prezentul simplu sau alt timp verbal. n cazul n care sunt folosite totui la forma
progresiv, sensul lor difer de cel al verbului la infinitiv / perfectul simplu. Astfel de
verbe sunt de obicei grupate n urmtoarele categorii:
1. Verbe de percepie - verbs of perception (FEEL, HEAR, NOTICE, SEE,
SMELL, TASTE).
2. Verbe de activitate mental - Mental Activity verbs / verbs of thinking
(BELIEVE, FORGET, GUESS, IMAGINE, MEAN, MIND, REALIZE, RECOGNIZE,
RECOLLECT, REGARD, REMEMBER, SUPPOSE, THINK, UNDERSTAND).
3. Verbe care exprim preferina Verbs of liking of disliking (ADMIRE,
DISLIKE, ENJOY, HATE, LIKE, LOATHE, LOVE, PREFER).
4. Verbe de posesie Verbs of possession (BELONG, CONTAIN, HAVE,
HOLD, INCLUDE, KEEP, OWN, POSSESS).
5. Verbe existeniale Verbs of being and existence (BE, CONSIST OF,
EXIST).
6. Verbe care exprim aparena (APPEAR, LOOK LIKE, RESEMBLE,
SEEM).
Comparai:
1. SEE It is difficult to see through this mist. (a discerne).
It is difficult for me to see your point. (a nelege).
Im seeing my new manager next Monday. (a ntlni).
Shes seeing him for some time now. (a se ntlni cu; a avea o relaie).
2. HEAR I hear her playing the piano downstairs.(a auzi).
Hear me out. (a asculta pn la sfrit).
Im hearing only good things about you! (a auzi, a afla).
They are hearing the witness now. (a audia).
3. TASTE Hes tasting the soup. (a gusta).
The soup tastes good. (a avea gust).
4. SMELL Shes smelling the flowers. (a mirosi).
The flowers smell good. (a avea miros).
5. THINK I think hes perfectly right. (a crede, a fi de prere).
Im thinking of buying a new house. (a se gndi, a inteniona).
6. HAVE He has a nice estate somewhere in the south. (a avea, a poseda).
Hes having a shower / problems / a party etc. (a face, a avea, a da).
7. BE He is arrogant! ( caracteristic permanent).
He is being arrogant today! (caracteristic temporar).
APLICAII
77. Completai tabelul folosind a, b, c, d, e sau f :
a) permanent facts
b) habits and repeated actions
c) actions in progress at the moment of speaking
- 62 -
NEGATIV
I was not / wasnt
You were not / werent
He was not / wasnt
She was not / wasnt
It was not / wasnt
We were not / werent
They were not / werent
INTEROGATIV
Was I?
Were you?
Was he?
Was she?
Was it?
Were we?
Were they?
NEGATIV
I did not / didnt work
You did not / didnt work
He did not / didnt work
She did not / didnt work
It did not / didnt work
We did not / didnt work
They did not / didnt work
INTEROGATIV
Did I work?
Did you work?
Did he work?
Did she work?
Did it work?
Did we work?
Did they work?
2. vocal + consoan
Ex. STOP STOPPED
3. consoan + Y
- se schimb Y n I i se adaug -ED.
Ex. TRY - TRIED
Formarea afirmativului verbelor neregulate nu urmeaz nici o regul, n ciuda
unor similitudini mai mult sau mai puin aparente. n schimb, negativul i interogativul
se construiesc cu ajutorul aceluiai DID.
Ex.: TO GO WENT GONE (forma a doua este past tense ).
NOT: Orice verb neregulat are trei forme: infinitivul scurt, past tense i participiul
trecut; uneori, forma a doua i a treia se confund.
AFIRMATIV
I went
You went
He went
She went
It went
We went
They went
NEGATIV
I did not / didnt go
You did not / didnt go
He did not / didnt go
She did not / didnt go
It did not / didnt go
We did not /didnt go
They did not / didnt go
INTEROGATIV
Did I go?
Did you go?
Did he go?
Did she go?
Did it go?
Did we go?
Did they go?
NEGATIV
I was not working
You were not working
He was not working
She was not working
It was not working
- 65 -
INTEROGATIV
Was I working?
Were you working?
Was he working?
Was she working?
Was it working?
We were working-lucram
They were working-lucrau
Were we working?
Were they working?
drove
driven
a conduce, a ofa
bought
spent
a lua
forgotten
cut
learn
drew
a avea
wrote
study
been
gave
come
a aduce
drunk
forgive
taught
a gndi
made
done
tell
spoke
seen
- 66 -
84. Completai cu forma corect a timpului trecut simplu sau trecut continuu:
1. I (have not) any difficulties in English. My problem (be) French.
2. His grandchildren (watch) him while he (prune) the apple-trees.
3. As I (walk) through the park, I (see) one of my former colleagues.
4. Tom (wake up) because the children (make) noise.
5. What (happen) after he (leave)?
85. Traducei n limba englez:
1. Mereu m suna noaptea trziu.
2. Ca student era timid dar foarte srguincios.
3. Tocmai m mbrcam cnd am auzit pe cineva la u.
4. Bunicul ne povestea iar noi l ascultam cumini.
5. i lu plria, mnuile i bastonul, i salut colegii i iei din cldire fr zgomot.
NEGATIV
I have not / havent worked
You have not / havent worked
He has not / hasnt worked
She has not / hasnt worked
It has not / hasnt worked
We have not / havent worked
They have not / havent worked
INTEROGATIV
Have I worked?
Have you worked?
Has he worked?
Has she worked?
Has it worked?
Have we worked?
Have they worked?
- 67 -
INTEROGATIV
Have I been working?
Have you been working?
Has he been working?
Has she been working?
Has it been working?
Have we been working?
Have they been working?
Acest timp verbal se utilizeaz pentru aciuni care au nceput ntr-un moment
anterior celui n care se face comunicarea, i care are o evoluie susinut, continund
pn n momentul comunicrii.
Elementele temporale cel mai des utilizate cu aceast structur gramatical sunt
FOR i SINCE.
Ex. Ive been waiting for you for over an hour!
Ive been waiting for you since one oclock!
APLICAII
86. Completai cu Present Perfect Simple sau cu Present Perfect Continuous:
1. I (WAIT) for you since eight oclock. Where you (BE)?
2. I (WORK) so hard that I (NOT SEE) my friends for weeks.
3. I (LOOK) around for a new flat, but I (NOT FIND) one yet.
4. He just (GET) a new job and its on the other side of town.
5. Im sorry it took me so long to write you back, but I (BE) really busy.
87. Traducei n limba englez:
1. E cel mai interesant lucru pe care l-am auzit vreodat.
2. Nu l-am vzut de cnd a plecat din ar.
3. De cnd e cstorit?
4. Mnnc de o or; m tem c asta nu e bine.
5. De cnd speli?
- 68 -
Lecia 21. MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL (Past Perfect Simple vs. Past
Perfect Continuous)
Timpul mai mult ca perfect se formeaz cu auxiliarul HAVE la timpul trecut
(HAD) + verbul de conjugat la forma a treia.
AFIRMATIV
I had worked (muncisem)
You had worked
He had worked
She had worked
It had worked
We had worked
They had worked
NEGATIV
I had not / hadnt worked
You had not / hadnt worked
He had not / hadnt worked
She had not / hadnt worked
It had not / hadnt worked
He had not / hadnt worked
They had not / hadnt worked
INTEROGATIV
Had I worked?
Had you worked?
Had he worked?
Had she worked?
Had it worked?
Had we worked?
Had they worked?
Mai mult ca perfectul exprim o aciune care a avut loc n trecut, naintea altui
moment sau a altei aciuni din trecut.
Ex. She showed me the hat she had bought.
(Mi-a artat plria pe care i-a cumprat-o/i-o cumprase).
PAST
/
PAST
PERFECT
/
PAST
TENSE
o
PRESENT
FUTURE
NEGATIV
I had not been working
You had not been working
He had not been working
She had not been working
It had not been working
We had not been working
They had not been working
INTEROGATIV
Had I been working?
Had you been working?
Had he been working?
Had she been working?
Had it been working?
Had we been working?
Had they been working?
APLICAII
- 69 -
NEGATIV
I shall not work
You will not work
He will not work
She will not work
It will not work
We will not work
They will not work
INTEROGATIV
Will I work?
Will you work?
Will he work?
Will she work?
Will it work?
Will we work?
Will they work?
Dup cum se poate observa din exemplu de conjugare, SHALL este rezervat,
teoretic, persoanei ntia (singular i plural). Practic, ns, SHALL tinde din ce n ce mai
mult s fie nlocuit cu WILL.
Dintre timpurile verbale, viitorul simplu este poate cel mai neutru, deoarece el
nu trdeaz n nici un fel atitudinea vorbitorului, iar uneori nici nu sugereaz ct de
apropiat sau ndeprtat este momentul din viitor cnd va avea loc aciunea. El nu face
dect s expun o prognoz referitoare la un eveniment sau aciune viitoare.
Ex. His daughter will move to another school.
I shall be twenty-seven next month.
It will rain.
Viitorul Continuu (Future Continuous)
Viitorul continuu se formeaz cu ajutorul lui BE (la viitorul simplu) urmat de
verbul de conjugat cu terminaia ING.
AFIRMATIV
NEGATIV
INTEROGATIV
I will be working
I will not be working
Will I be working?
You will be working
You will not be working Will you be working?
He will be working
He will not be working Will he be working?
She will be working
She will not be working Will she be working?
It will be working
It will not be working
Will it be working?
We will be working
We will not be working Will we be working?
They will be working
They will not be working Will they be working?
Exprim o aciune care va fi n curs de desfurare ntr-un moment sau o
perioad din viitor.
Ex. Where will you be working in six months time?
- 70 -
NEGATIV
I will not have worked
You will not have worked
He will not have worked
She will not have worked
It will not have worked
We will not have worked
They will not have worked
INTEROGATIV
Will I have worked?
Will you have worked?
Will he have worked?
Will she have worked?
Will it have worked?
Will we have worked?
Will they have worked?
NEGATIV
I will not have been working
INTEROGATIV
Will I have been working?
Ex. When you come back, I shall have been working for several hours.
By the end of 2007, I shall have been working in this field for 20 years.
BE GOING TO Future
- 71 -
NEGATIV
I am not going to work
You are not going to work
He is not going to work
She is not going to work
It is not going to work
We are not going to work
They are not going to work
INTEROGATIV
Am I going to work?
Are you going to work?
Is he going to work?
Is she going to work?
Is it going to work?
Are we going to work?
Are they going to work?
NEGATIV
I am not to work
You are not to work
He is not to work
She is not to work
It is not to work
We are not to work
They are not to work
INTEROGATIV
Am I to work?
Are you to work?
Is he to work?
Is she to work?
Is it to work?
Are we to work?
Are they to work?
NEGATIV
I am not about to work
You are not about to work
He is not about to work
She is not about to work
It is not about to work
We are not about to work
They are about to work
- 72 -
INTEROGATIV
Am I about to work?
Are you about to work?
Is he about to work?
Is she about to work?
Is it about to work?
Are we about to work?
Are they about to work?
FORMA
SHALL WILL+inf
2. Viitor continuu
SHALL
WILL+BE+vb.ING
3. Viitorul n trecut
SHOULD/WOULD
+inf.
4. Viitorul perfect
simplu
SHALL + WILL +
HAVE + BEEN +
3rd. form
5. Viitorul perfect
continuu
SHALL/WILL
+HAVE BEEN +vb.
ING
6. Viitorul cu GOING
TO
BE+GOING TO+inf.
7. Viitorul cu BE TO
BE (present)+TO +
inf.
BE (present)+ BOUT
+ TO + inf.
8. Viitorul cu ABOUT
TO
9. Prezentul simplu
- 73 -
CIRCUMSTANE
- aciuni viitoare
- prognoze.
- aciuni desfurate
ntr-un moment din
viitor
- viitorul propoziiilor
subordonate a crei
principal conine un
verb la timp trecut.
- aciune viitoare
anterioar altui moment
specificat din viitor.
- aciune viitoare n
plin desfurare
anterioar, unui
moment / unei aciuni
din viitor.
- intenie
- aciune viitoare,
iminent
- planuri (oficiale),
ordine
- aciune iminent, n
viitorul apropiat.
- planuri oficiale
- propoziii temporale
EXEMPLU
They say it will
snow.
Ill be studying
for my final exam
this time next
month.
They said it
would rain.
By the end of the
semester we shall
have studied all
the English
tenses.
Until lunch time
we shall have
been working for
this project.
Im going to buy
myself a new car.
The Prime
Minister is to visit
our town soon.
He is about to
leave the country.
The meeting
starts at 10
sau condiionale.
10. Prezentul continuu
- aciuni viitoare
planificate de vorbitor.
tomorrow
morning.
Im visiting my
grandparents this
weekend.
APLICAII
89. Rspundei la urmtoarele ntrebri, folosind, pe ct posibil, Future Tense i Future
Continuous:
1. What will your life be like in 20 years time?
2. Will you be living in the same town / village?
3. Will you still need to speak English?
4. Will you be doing the same job?
5. Will you be wearing the same kind of clothes?
6. Will you be as fit as you are today?
90. a) Alctuii-v un program pentru mine i spunei ce vei face la anumite ore ale
zilei.
b) Transformai enunurile de mai sus n aa fel nct ele s exprime ceea ce vei fi fcut
pn la sfritul zilei de mine.
91. Traducei n limba englez:
1. l voi vedea sptmna viitoare.
2. Voi ti rspunsul pn mine.
3. Aceti puiei urmeaz s fie transplantai.
4. i voi da de veste imediat ce sosete.
5. Ce vei face mine pe vremea asta?
6. Pn ce te vei trezi tu, eu i voi fi pregtit deja micul dejun.
7. De azi ntr-o sptmn sunt 3 ani de cnd lucreaz la ocolul silvic.
8. Cine o s conduc pn la Bucureti?
9. Ce va spune tatl tu cnd va auzi?
- 74 -
Modalele constituie o categorie aparte de verbe, att n privina formei (ele fiind
defective i folosite mpreun cu alte verbe), ct i a sensului (modalele exprimnd
atitudinea vorbitorului fa de enun, astfel nct aciunea la care face referire verbul
noional este vzut ca fiind posibil, probabil, necesar, obligatorie, de dorit etc.)
Verbele modale nu pot fi conjugate la toate timpurile din cauz c le lipsesc
anumite forme verbale (de aceea sunt numite "verbe defective"). Cu excepia lui BE
TO i HAVE TO, nici un verb modal nu primete -S la persoana a treia plural, iar
predicatul l alctuiesc mpreun cu un verb la infinitiv (infinitivul scurt).
Modalele formeaz interogativul i negativul fr ajutorul auxiliarului, dup
modelul lui BE.
Dintre verbele modale, probabil cea mai mare acoperire o are CAN, urmat n
deaproape de "ruda" sa, COULD. Verbul CAN are aceeai form pentru toate
persoanele la indicativ prezent.
AFIRMATIV
I can work
You can work
He can work
She can work
It can work
We can work
They can work
NEGATIV
I cannot/can't work
You can't work
He cant work
She can work
It cant work
We cant work
They can't work
INTEROGATIV
Can I work?
Can you work?
Can he work?
Can she work?
Can it work?
Can we work?
Can they work?
VIITOR
I will be able to speak English in a few
weeks time.
PREZENT
VIITOR
Must
Will have to
- 76 -
question;
Comparai:
I must go. (Trebuie s plec - este decizia mea, eu singur mi impun
aceast obligaie.)
You have to go. (Trebuie s pleci ndemnul/sugestia/ordinul, obligaie
impus din exterior ;"you have to go, you'll be late", la fel de bine prima poate fi
inlocuit prin Have got to - I've got to go)
Dar: One must obey the law.
Pedestrians must not cross de street when the traffic light is red.
(obligaii impuse din exterior, dar oficiale, valabile pentru toat lumea)
MUST se mai folosete pentru a exprima reproul fa de o aciune din prezent
(neaprat la forma interogativ), sau sfaturi, recomandri, invitaii, precum i o deducie
logic.
Ex. Must you always get on my nerves?
You must try these boots on! They are so cool!
You must use my PC whenever you need it. (Insist s-l foloseti, chiar
te rog...)
She must be at home. (Sigur e acas.)
n propoziiile interogative, NEED n locul lui MUST arat c vorbitorul se
ateapt la un rspuns negativ.
Ex. Need I wash the dishes? (Chiar trebuie s spl vasele?)
No, you needn't.
La negativ trecut, NEED exprim o aciune care a fost efectuat, dei nu era
necesar.
Ex. You needn't have washed the dishes.
Verbul modal SHALL este folosit pentru a exprima obligaia (obligation) n
stilul oficial (acte, regulamente), la prezent, afirmativ sau negativ, numai la persoana a
doua i a treia.
Ex. All shall perish.
The accused shall pay a certain amount of money to the injured part.
La interogativ, SHALL se folosete numai la persoana I singular sau plural, de
obicei pentru a cere un sfat, o sugestie, un ordin, sau pentru a face o ofert.
Ex. What shall I do?
Shall we go to the opera?
Shall I help you?
Verbul modal SHOULD exprim obligaia moral (moral obligation),
necesitatea logic (logical necessity), sau sfatul (advice), la prezent, viitor i trecut.
Ex. This book is very interesting. You should read it.
You should be/should have been more attentive during the lessons.
SHOULD mai poate exprima o presupunere (supposition) sau o deducie
(deduction).
Ex. He should be there by now.
De asemenea, mai exprim reproul (reproach) la prezent, viitor sau trecut,
acceptnd ambele aspecte, simplu i continuu, precum i uimirea, iritarea sau
nedumerirea vorbitorului.
Ex. How should I know that?
OUGHT TO indic obligaia sau datoria, de obicei sub form de sfat de ctre
vorbitor, la fel ca SHOULD. De altfel, OUGHT TO reprezint o alternativ a lui
SHOULD.
Ex. You ought to finish this research project by the end of the semester.
- 77 -
PROPOZIIA PRINCIPAL
Result
we make profit
we will have a good crop
I would go around the world
you would have gotten ill.
NOT: n general, subjonctivul prezent are aceeai form cu Past Tense, verbul TO BE
ns constituie o excepie. n subordonate conditionale de tipul 2,
BE va avea o singura form pentru toate persoanele: WERE.
Ex. If she were at home, I would pay her a visit. (Dac ar fi acas, a vizita-o.)
De asemenea, subjonctivul perfect, care se folosete n condiionale de tipul
3, coincide cu forma de Past Perfect, dar aici nu exist excepii n cazul verbului
BE.
Ex. If you/he/she had been at home, I would have paid you/him/her/them a visit.
APLICAII
102. Gsii corespondent n coloana B:
A
If you prune those apple-trees
If you had planted the bulbs in the autumn
If you hack the bark off trees
B
you would have had tulips by now.
they wouldnt have died.
you would now be able to boast of a bed
of roses.
If you sowed some flower seeds in that you will have a good crop of apples next
- 81 -
patch of ground
If you had watered these roses
summer.
they might die.
- 82 -
Diateza activ
He steals cars.
He is stealing a car.
Past Simple
Past Continuous
He stole a car.
When I approached the
institution, he was stealing
a car.
He has stolen a car.
Going To Future
Modal Present
Modal Perfect
Present Infinitive
Perfect Infinitive
Diateza pasiv
Cars are stolen (by him).
A car is being stolen (by
him).
A car was stolen (by him).
When I approached the
institution, a car was being
stolen (by him).
A car has been stolen (by
him).
I found out a car had been
stolen (by him).
A car will be stolen (by
him).
A car is going to be stolen
(by him).
A car might be stolen (by
him).
A car would have been
stolen (by him).
to be stolen
to have been stolen
NOTE: 1) Pasivul se folosete pentru a sublinia aciunea i nu agentul, sau atunci cnd
agentul este necunoscut, lipsit de importan sau evident.
Ex. The cellar was entirely flooded.
He was elected President.
- 83 -
Active
He was opening the gate.
Passive
The letter has been sent.
She is thought to have been
arrested.
will
These dogs must be kept on a leash
all the time.
- 85 -
November 17th
November 18th
November 19th
November 20th
1558 - English Queen Mary died and Elisabeth I took the throne. She
ruled for 45 years.
1928 Walt Disneys Mickey Mouse made his first appearance in
the film Steamboat Willie.
1976 Spain established democracy after Francos 37-year
dictatorship.
1493 Cristopher Columbus discovered Carribean Island Puerto
Rico.
1795 The pencil as we know it today was invented by Frenchman
N. J. Conte.
1925 Robert Kennedy (brother of J. F. K) was born in
Massachussetts. He became a senator for the Democrat Party but was
assassinated in 1968.
1947 Princess Elisabeth (later Queen Elisabeth II) married Duke
Philip Mountbatten in Londons Webminster Abbey.
- 86 -
TEST AUTOEVALUATIV
1. (1,5p.) Scriei urmtoarele numerale cu litere sau cifre dup caz:
a) (numbers) 0; 48; 83; 129; 2;475; 75; 840; 150; 770; 220; 2,5; 18,15; 2/3;
3/4; primul; al treilea; al nuoazeciinoulea; de trei ori; doi cte doi.
b) (time) 10:30; 11:05; 12:15; 7:45; 8:00.
c) (years) 1821; 1900; 1907.
d) (dates) 1.06.1944; 27.09.2010.
e) (operations) 5+2=7; 5-2=3; 5x2=10; 5:2=2 rest 1.
2. (1p.) Completai cu prepoziia potrivit:
a) Why go foot when you can get there car or, at any rate, horseback?
b) We were supposed to meet the morning, but we met noon.
c) He is particularly interested the study of evergreens.
d) You cannot let him down; he depends you.
e) I'm telling you; there's nobody home.
3. (1p.) Transformai urmtoarele propoziii la negativ i interogativ:
a) He studies English literature at Oxford.
b) He has been studying for a few hours now.
c) Both brothers studied Low abroad.
d) They could come on Monday.
4. (1,5p.) Trecei urmtoarele propoziii la diateza pasiv:
a) He sent me a telegram.
b) Everybody sould buy this dictionary.
c) She was lying the table this time next week.
5. (5p.) Translate into English:
a) Plou de la ora trei.
b) Mine pe vremea asta voi zbura ctre Londra.
c) Cnd eram n liceu obinuiam s mergem n excursii mpreun.
d) Tocmai ieeam din cas cnd a nceput s sune telefonul.
e) Nu suport oamenii care m ntreab de familia mea.
f) Se face trziu i ar trebui s te duci acas.
g) Trebuie s lum o hotrre ct mai curnd posibil.
h) V deranjeaz dac aprind o igar?
i) Dac s-ar tunde ar arta mult mai bine.
f) Dac mi-ai fi spus la timp, a fi fcut ceva.
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CHEIA EXERCIIILOR
3. spinster, barmaid, sister, lady, grandmother, heroine, wife, neighbour, aunt, waitress.
4. cow, bitch, drake, vixen, gander, cock/rooster, lioness, ewe, hind, mare.
5. benches, bushes, cliffs, foxes, handkerchieves, matches, months, potatoes, thieves.
6. afternoons, children, flowers, glasses, peaches, phenomena, sanatoria, sisters-in-law,
teeth, women.
7. a brood of chickens, a colony of ants/bees/birds, a flight of birds/geese, a flock of
birds/geese/sheep, a litter of puppies, a pack of dogs/wolves, a shoal of fish/whales, a
swarm of bees, a troop of ants/monkeys.
9. bloody, childish, colourful, courageous, dangerous, delightful, enjoyable, humorous,
milky, monumental, national, painful, pardonable, peaceful, predictable, reddish,
traditional, trendy, variable, wealthy.
10. accidental, affectionate, boyish, charitable, customary, dangerous, economic/al,
expressive, faithful, fiery, heroic, influential, manly, melodious, passionate, skilful,
wintry.
11. uncommon, incredible, ungrateful, dishonourable, unpainful, impartial, impolite,
disobedient, invaluable.
15. hard harder the hardest
lazy lazier the laziest
happy happier the happiest
interesting more interesting the most interesting
good better the best
small smaller the smallest
beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful
old older/elder the oldest/eldest
captivating more captivating the most captivating
cold colder the coldest
tall taller the tallest
clever cleverer the cleverest
clumsy clumsier the clumsiest
bad worse the worst
16. anxiously, early, comfortably, fast, fearlessly, well, hard/ly, immediately, kindly,
late/ly, luckily, near/ly, suddenly, terribly.
19. a) these trees, b) those curtains, c) these flowers, d) those hats, e) these carpets.
20. a) that old man, b) this map, c) that big boy, d) this blue ball, e) this nice picture.
21. a) is, b) are, c) is, d) has, e) are, f) is.
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114. 1. It is raining.
2. In this region it seldom rains.
3. It has been raining since I got home.
4. It rained yesterday too.
5. The last time I looked out of the window, it was raining.
6. We will go for a walk if the rain stops.
7. He cant see the wood for the trees.
8. Give him something to eat if he is hungry.
9. I would translate it if I had a dictionary.
10. You would be pleased if you had to stay there.
11. You neednt have waited for us.
12. Id rather die than give in.
13. I used to smoke a lot.
14. I really must be going.
15. Had she been a boy, I would have named him after my father.
16. We form/one forms the passive voice by means of/with the auxiliary BE.
17. The teacher writes/is writing on the blackboard with coloured chalk.
18. Can you see her/it?
19. What are you looking at?
20. I feel/Im feeling much better.
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APPENDIX 1 TEXTE
STEMS
The stem is a plants -ground support structure, bearing its leaves, and
flowers. It also forms part of a plants transport system. Xylem tissue carries minerals
and water from the roots to the rest of the plant, phloem tissue conveys nutrients
produced in the leaves.
There are two types of stem: herbaceous (non-woody) stems, which die at the
end of each growing season; and woody stems, which develop continuously, adding a
ring consisting of secondary xylem and secondary phloem every growing season. There
are three kinds of woody plants: vines, trees and shrubs. Vines are rarely . They
climb, wind or over some support. Trees, on the other hand, have a single stem
(trunk), with a branching head, and are usually quite tall. As for shrubs, their stem is not
very tall as they branch close to the .
1. a) over b) above c) off
2. a) buds b) terminal buds c) catkins
3. a) whereas b) while c) meanwhile
4. a) upright b) straight c) erect
5. a) scatter b) spread c) develop
6. a) ground b) land c) earth
LEAVES
A typical leaf consists of a thin flat lamina () supported by a network of veins,
a petiole (leaf-stalk), and a leaf base, where the petiole joins the stem. Leaves be
classified as simple, in which the lamina is a single unit, or , in which the lamina is
divided into separate leaflets. Compound leaves may be pinnate, with pinnae (leaflets)
on both sides of a rachis (main axis), or palmate, with leaflets arising from a single point
at the tip of the petiole. leaves are usually simple and slender, and have a tough waxy
surface. more delicate leaves, they often last for several .
1. a) blade b) plate c) scale
2. a) might b) should c) can
3. a) compound b) composite c) combined
4. a) resinous b) conifer c) deciduous
5. a) alike b) like c) unlike
6. a) seasons b) years c) seed year
FLOWERS
Flowers are the sites of sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms).
The male reproductive organ is the stamen; the female structure consists of the ovary,
style and stigma.
Flowering plants fall into two categories: dicotyledons and monocotyledons
(known as dicots and monocots). In dicot flowers, there is a distinction between the
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outer sepals, which are usually larger and colourful. In monocot flowers, the petals and
sepals are similar, and are known collectively as tepals.
Flowers also vary in their shape (cruciform, stellate, saucer-shaped, cup-shaped,
bell-shaped, tubular, funnel-shaped, trumpet-shaped, pea-like, rosette etc.), growth habit
(erect, nodding, pendent), coloration (self-coloured, bicoloured, picotee, striped), and
petal arrangements (recurved, reflexed, single, semi-double, double, fully-double).
Describe the following flowers, using the above-mentioned criteria: carnation,
chrysanthemum, daffodil, daisy, dandelion, hyacinth, lily of the valley, Madonna lily,
magnolia, petunia, poppy, rose, snowdrop, tulip, violet, water lily.
MOSS
Read the following text and put the verbs in the Past Tense Simple.
Mosses are simple evergreen plants that are rootless but with a stem carrying
leaves and spore capsules which are seen in spring. They form a soft cushion and the
deep springy layers represent as many years of growing. The fronds of some species are
loose while others form tight cushions. They like shade and moisture and though they
can withstand severe winter frosts, their main danger is from the people who give little
thought to the destruction of habitat, by ripping it off the tree stump or boulders.
FUNGI
Choose the right form:
The autumn woods in Bukowina are a profusion of fungi. A good number is/are
edible but some are highly poisonous. The nut-brown cap and the golden yellow
chanterelle are the most/most favoured but the death-cap lives/leaves up to its name, is
responsible for many of the deaths from fungus-poisoning. It is yellowish-green above
and white below/underneath.
Most fungi are saporphytic they obtain their nutrients from decay but a
few are parasitic extracting nutrients from the trees. The victim is as usual/usually old or
already damaged. Before going under the bridge formed by the fractured silver birch
observe the razor strop fungus. Once used for sharpening razors, as pin-cushions or
sliced as cork, it is not edible. The host tree will die.
Not all partnerships are one-sided or parasitic. In the case of the lichens
the alga and the fungus have a symbiotic relationship that is, one cannot live without
the other. Though the species are very different, their relationship benefits each other
(for example in tropical areas birds find food by entering in/entering the open mouth of
crocodiles to clean worms from their teeth; in return, the birds raise the alarm when
there is any/some danger).
FINLAND
Finlands to the rest of the continent are old, close and still developing
strongly. Geographically, the country has a very location. It is really one vast forest,
in which lakes, rivers, cropland and pastures are interspersed with towns and villages.
All in all, forests cover nearly 80 per cent of the total land area.
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A nation of five million people inhabits this country. People and forest lived
together in a unique relationship centuries, if not millennia.
Finland lies in the boreal coniferous zone. Although dozens of tree species are
, pine and spruce have a share of nearly 80 per cent between them. Boreal coniferous
forests have their distinct ecology, of which resilience and a remarkable capacity for
self-renewal are the characteristic features.
1. a) relations b) connections c) ties
2. a) north-western b) northern c) southern
3. a) has b) had c) have
4. a) for b) along c) over
5. a) find b) found c) founded
6. a) private b) proper c) own
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go to the dentist
watch TV
wear trousers
do the shoppings
study
5. Complete the following table, after youve discussed with your partner.
Do you like ?
travelling
meeting people
making decisions
making things
working in a team
working with machines
working with figures
studying Botany
YOU
YOUR PARTNER
YOU
YOUR PARTNER
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- 101 -
- 103 -
APPENDIX 4 SPELLING
PREZENTUL SIMPLU
La persoana a treia singular, verbul la prezentul simplu se termin n S. n cazul
verbelor care se termin n O, SA, CH, SH, X se adaug ES.
Ex. He goes/misses/watches/wishes/relaxes.
PREZENTUL CONTINUU (sau adugarea terminaiei ING n general)
Se elimin E final atunci cnd se adaug terminaia ING unui verb (dar se pstreaz
dublu E).
Ex. decide deciding, write writing DAR see seeing, agree agreeing
Cnd verbul se termin n grupul IE, prin adugarea lui -ING acesta devine
-YING.
Ex. die dying, lie lying DAR hurry hurrying
Uneori consoana final se dubleaz. Acest lucru se ntmpl atunci cnd verbul se
termin n consoan-vocal-consoan.
Ex. plan planning, stop stopping DAR meet meeting, work working
TRECUTUL SIMPLU (sau adugarea treminaiei ED n general)
Cnd un verb se termin n CONSOAN + Y, Y-ul se transform n IE.
Ex. try tried, deny denied, hurry hurried, copy copied
Uneori se dubleaz consoana final. Aceasta se ntmpl cnd verbul se termin n
consoan-vocal-consoan.
Ex. plan planned, regret regretted, stop stopped DAR meet meeting
PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
Pentru forma de plural a substantivelor se adaug de obicei S. Dup grupurile finale
CH, -SH, -SS, -X se adaug ES.
Ex. match matches, wish wishes, glass glasses, box boxes
Majoritatea substantivelor care se termin n O formeaz pluralul cu ajutorul lui S,
unele ns au ES.
Ex. kilos, photos, pianos, studios DAR heroes, potatoes, tomatoes
Cnd un substantiv se termin n CONSOAN + Y, Y-ul se transform n IES.
Ex. party parties, story stories DAR day days, journey journeys
ADVERBE
Majoritatea adverbelor se formeaz prin adugarea terminaiei -LY unui adjectiv.
Uneori se omite E final.
Ex. safe safely, strange strangely DAR true truly, whole wholly
Cnd un adjectiv se termin n CONSOAN + Y, Y-ul se transform n ILY.
Ex. easy easily, angry angrily
Cnd un adjectiv se termin n CONSOAN + LE, E se transform n Y.
Ex. probable probably, sensible sensibly
Cnd un adjectiv se termin n IC, se adaug ALLY, cu o singur excepie.
Ex. automatic automatically, romantic romantically DAR public publicly
Sufixul FUL are un singur L. Cnd se adaug LY pentru formarea adverbelor, vom
avea dublu L.
Ex. successful successfully
IE SAU EI?
Regula este urmtoarea: I nainte de E, cu excepia cazului n care dup C urmeaz
sunetul /i:/.
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- 105 -
was/were
bore
beat
became
began
bet
bit
bled
blew
broke
bred
brought
built
burnt/burned
bought
caught
chose
came
cost
cut
dug
did
drew
dreamt/dreamed
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
flew
forgot
forgave
froze
got
gave
went
grew
hung
had
heard
hid
hit
held
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been
born
beaten
become
begun
bet/betted
bitten/bit
bled
blown
broken
bred
brought
built
burnt/burned
bought
caught
chosen
come
cost
cut
dug
done
drawn
dreamt/dreamed
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
flown
forgotten
forgiven
frozen
got
given
gone
grown
hung
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
keep
kneel
know
lay
lead
lean
learn
leave
lend
let
lie
light
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
put
read
ride
ring
rise
run
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
shake
shoot
show
shut
sing
sit
sleep
smell
speak
spend
spread
stand
steal
swear
swim
take
teach
tear
tell
think
hurt
kept
knelt
knew
laid
led
leant/leaned
learnt/learned
left
lent
let
lay
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
shook
shot
showed
shut
sang
sat
slept
smelt/smelled
spoke
spent
spread
stood
stole
swore
swam
took
taught
tore
told
thought
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hurt
kept
knelt
known
laid
led
leant/leaned
learnt/learned
left
lent
let
lain
lit/lighted
lost
made
meant
met
paid
put
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
shaken
shot
shown
shut
sung
sat
slept
smelt/smelled
spoken
spent
spread
stood
stolen
sworn
swum
taken
taught
tore
told
thought
throw
understand
wake
wear
weep
win
threw
understood
woke
wore
wept
won
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thrown
understood
woken
worn
wept
won
APPENDIX 6
SILVICI
A -
B -
bac berry
baraj barrage; dam
blan de vnat fur
a bracona to poach
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braconaj poaching
braconier poacher
brad alb white fir
brad argintiu silver fir
brdet silver fir wood
brigad silvic forest district
brigadier silvic chief guard; forester
buletin meteo weather report
burni drizzle
buruian weed
butean bolt; log
butuc block
buturug dead stump
C -
defriare deforestation
delict de pescuit offence/delinquency against fishing regulations
delict de vntoare offence/delinquency against fishing regulations
delict silvic offence/delinquency against forest laws
dendrometrie forest measurement
desi thicket
despdurire deforestation
a despica to split the wood; to cleave the wood
dezghe thaw
a dezrdcina to uproot; to root up
dihor polecat; fitchet
director silvic conservator of woods and forests
direcia silvic commissionership of forests
dud - mulberry
E -
F -
fag beech
fazan pheasant
fget beech-forest; beech-crop; beech-grove
ferig male fern; shield fern; lady fern
fierstru saw
fierstru cu lan chain-saw
frasin ash
frunz leaf
fum smoke
G -
N -
nevstuic weasel
nisip sand
nod knot
nuc walnut tree
nuia rod
nurc mink
O -
P -
ramur twig
ramur antler
ran (coaj, lemn) wound
ras race
rdcin root
rin resin
regn kingdom
regn animal animal kingdom
regn vegetal vegetable kingdom
regulament de vntoare hunting-regulation
rempdurire reforestation; reafforesting
a renfrunzi to put forth again
repopularea pdurii restocking
rezervaie cinegetic game-reserve
rezervaie faunistic game and bird sanctuary
rezervaie floristic plant and tree sanctuary
rezervaie piscicol fishery-reserve
rm earth-worm
rs lynx
rou dew
S - salcie willow
smn seed
scoar coarse bark
ser greenhouse
sev sap
silvicultor forester; silviculturist (sens restrns)
smbure pip; stone
soc elder berry
sol soil
sol argilos clay soil
sol brun brown earth
sol brun de pdure
sol mltinos marshy soil
sol nisipos sandy soil
sol pietros stony soil
sol profund deep soil
sol salin saline soil
specie species
spin thorny
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U -
V -
vale valley
venit income; revenue
viespi wasps
viezure badger
viscol snowstorm
a vna to chase
vntoare hunting
vntor hunter; huntsman
vrst age
vrst medie average age; mean age
vsc mistletoe
vulpe fox
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Z - zpad snow
ziua arborelui tree-planting
zmbru Swiss stone pine; alpine stone pine; cembran pine
zmeur - raspberry
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BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV
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