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.:riilrri,.:rl,l;:i.in itiitut polttehulc Cluj*:lqpsctc SltE&foa actstol diec{plflnE ln
'' ,trriji:i.e;iirentul obligstoqiu dtl etrs.oogtsno.q]. f,iaeurui dnginor e*tr Juietl+
i$,,;,.,r'.,ffilt! da oultltldiaou, eplicaliilEr setqelo alo ftaoacaalon oloetroi.
negneticr gI - aei alcg - dr lcportenla dtvcreelor forno dc qonve::,in uii"t"or"gtutic{ a anergiel' tn adoptaru* eric6r*i deeicii toh.:
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:i .. q atenl,ir.aporit6 echipanontulul *lactrie1 eql.a iafl,uentg*z6 hdtgrt,., tor performanleIo unai magini inctuetriale 5i coheuEurilo n*i.86tic6

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gra ctnpuri claetric 5{ uagnetico lntonsol 6te. Caleulul elrcuitelor
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tpaf,a'uf, de si{suratr aualogier gi aumerieol c*rc achipeaz8 p6'hourils
. de cociirrrdl alc aaginil"or industrief* eri dotsszs leboratsaralo usineutltiaata la Flaqrsrea
.l',;,t!,,"fU,i .aigt,inet,r.,etnt' preqeatetc traductoslelc
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bersrii &a66t!at aeseal elLle pantrs srudceli"L *'eeeniet gi metalrargi
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Fis. 1.4' #l}plurt (e)

Ht for&c (bi sxarbiteto ta ef,5p
siieilie lssu$ra es$pul.ul poras-1ect,
i,:
Sarc{na tro*ta*icl q 6i rrmaatu] olsctrie F eerscterixeaa5
r:**p1*1 Btarab {s *}ectrfzaro a *erpurilor.
?a *&Ep tlaetric neonogen asr:pra eorpulul polariaat ao
eres'iit& a f,brgE {f1g,1"41b} carattirfio a6-t tteplaseas 8p':e 16,tivnt* *u e:Ep aleetrie eBi iEt64si

s *{s era{}*;,ta*

$ *, * *. *rt"'

{r"4}

*gcs aieql- eor:p pa'tertzet ee efls $rt-etnp electric naoffogi t*i3ie1 er. Eats orfeqtat 3n eenoul. c8apulu!., esuple s&
oclk:aeass eiautrtan euplul Sr:S"{u g5. tror$u $"4p 6nadlEr.
x-*"1.
le

g,6a

lifsltt cg*3gljs-rtq:-ry!s1e**3

e*sffi

, fxp*rf*cmta} eC cqvlatadd e& irr Jalrrrt ffisrp'-rf,ilor s-egneti*un'o

*rlsi6 f.]*ep eesr+Ell$ edr. lrcraitu forls teqr cup].uEi aupae slton
*orporoiGuer.*tliEG. eup"l naignet*c poate fl prsaus, de aa6m6s36e,
rrd tarxdrrstoeEEa p&sci8se de ci:rtat alqetrr.e a*u 'fra btapr:} ele*t'rf,e
vartebll tn tiep.
'
Gner*ftatna rEeltetalo 6xpaa'I,-esnt,fito Bc 4oElsteLE eE tE
*{d. cl,xpu! eae:eegls exgr{lf,-t,E o fr:r!E,F; d*EueitE fsr}E l,orBntzr
sauprslunul xte eonp ds paobE Lne***et eu sEreis* q'gi eure sc
drplaaoazf, !a clap cu vdtcsa ? (t^ig.1"5):

f*q(F"fio)"

l"i(l

"S"),

{}"6}

{1.5}

tn lleb*dnl *sbale ta *s dt lo*so8lt,a*se ssr3ms$l-B* rlos*

spu! ts*r* *Br*fig olos&rtro lru aErai *ts$atn

trle dr eoaour$lo $t

lstsng9'**tra eur6nt$E
[rd. s]setr{* dc eoedue}rlr
s$ P#at0 *m*erpi",}fle tss ff*
t66& da tranmiTare

eln[i

paa'

pr*atr-@ ra$*un*
trenev*rcolH s 6@cldt 6*sfi4&E{{
du
I s *"

{?-8,

(1.7!

4t
${a f,tgure 3,"8 gr obaa:ruS c6 pr$.n legeroe le
pHnt&t a eorpuln* 3no&Fcei

ft6. l"?, Poeta Lapleeo (defl.sirea

1 ntcoattillil
nurentulul alcetr{e
de couducglei

E*'6x'6u

"

eu as$ein. oq, eco*ta aa deee*ecE* {ar pn{m aae}*wrea teana?srea}& a sondusteyul$* da logBtilrE trqe6 surentul !*dql$t.

Pr{n eonve;r${o, oenaul

F-*[-"**
.da'\
t"ffi

.
i

t6hn*a el eux'6n$t1ui elaetrleesi,6 mneel de uig*ara *L

stt*E$.

Intanel*etss eurantr'in li.mite foante

,
L**g5.r G6er, dE kllsaEparl fn
flg. I"&. eues$tutr 61stris {!e
*xptcarele il6 t6p*e*, ts$t*
*ondufl,lo lntcnpret*t, ea vitssE
d* lraneo{t.*ce e earclrr*l *}ae*
da aaperi Sn txtetalali*Ia
t rl.co.
s sudare eu ere alPetFler
ampert a*rr **eS +te aaperS 9n ao{,cere3E da ee$iaerare a meq{n5.}or
unel?.ar s$1.6 4a eltt*mporl tn lEap*le eqr .lrr*aRdonaesn&Ur E6el a

Lul, varlaa&

3.,q}

aiero*paril tn tolafonio, 'ete"

6. e s-ggM*
Ssperl*n$a

ig exlat$ emrpurl *eia, f,il*E a fd. pax.errco

Xe forle gi eupl.,rri. tn elaS; mug*etie *xle-

aret$

do eurontp Bl:1l, aupuso

e"tror, l*r ln jurul. Iep produs !&. etmp ma6met[r propria* &cse*tt6 :
ota.rc fr,f,eg s6uI 6e Elmagto g*rc3}ffi, fleX ma$" *inplm A& eu*
&oaclrt eorB m*&aat$,8et ests ae$l aqgnBtie"
Bc8n.tfa8f,.e oorpurilor peet fi eggggucsgp {rfBd 6st ind*penddnt$
de elapul artsrtoe.(eaou& aegna$S.:.otr natimeti eeu artlf*e*ell) gi

sb"lE'

(1

"e*:

..*

EE'
:!-t -.

f:,lr,r:1., :
ii,t:,.'.;'il.r,'
!r!.. ,, r. ' ..
Ir ; l'
-i!

'''
,. .
i.;;';r..;"'.

1.:,1,. i r, '. .ri

:'

":Ji1;

' :-';-'!r._,:!l'li:j

ii:,.". :

10

usde: i este versoruL aoruolol lE cuprefala btrel.at, evtnfl sensul

Bsociat curantului I prln re6ula burehiulul.drapt.

Lh frlc eorp abgntlzet avtnd soesntul Eagnotic fi gi. o buc}B
cs cur.ent slnt echlrelente (f,19,1.10) aitt sut espaetul fonlalor
gi cuplu:'iloli c6 se erereitE &6upm lor la cfup aagnetie sxtsri6r,

tlt gl fn prlviale eiepulul nagnel.Ic p car6-l produe ta vldeetuneL

+ln{ esto tBdsplinlt6 eonitilia E " t5.

i{ . , :.,,:. :,..,',. i,. r. 1,".i: . . . ' ' '1,

. '
:
t,P'';.},I,-; cu stluuttto cu:'bor eupr"fet? Bau voltm6)'
.

"

::l|:1.,

apo!.t
i.r.. iaPo'

i'lt

1i;
:-,1.,.'*<

iir,

frnofi*Sy

fr..p"E*

o-aB

..

Echlvalsnla dintf8 un alc corp latnetizat.

o burclE de cursntJ'

gi

u[rint prisltiYe

b7.

"

q{v"&r}

mBr{m{iop

DII'JVATE SE CT6RE EI,ECTEICA J

l{AS!M'ITC5

COR?UHTLOJ?

,..,.,Prlncipblole muriml'de:'lvate d6 Btasrs electromo5pr*t!.cB

ifi!,1dqiU, .c.orelals cu nhrimlle prira{tive slobe1e QrF,irfr slnt de"**
:tirlt,tat*fe.dg sarcin.U'olectrlcgprde vol1,lE $yr nuFnofa*H 9u Bt tlnta
densitatE& curs!;tului olaet"l(! ds
... n , porahiza!ia olectricS
, eonttualia iI- 91 ma$netlas&ie il.

'111;11::;.' ::

':

1.2.1.w

..

'Sarcixa r pb-ete

grailela.

{v'

"cee:ti:f;a

fi rapsrtirntE tn v*Lrroul eorp**ilor, .P* suftra foarto oub!ir'l { conductcar"e' fi"tlforcre} I

gl. po

Fr.el

11
9.=
*
dA

[c7rr1

ft'

t3 [cr*].

8L

1"1}}

at

lntroduc erperlnental cu ajutorul'

forls1or gi cuplwilor' {flg.}.12),

3, lf,&riatrlo primitlva q,Frlrfr
;BE
tn
deecriu globa). siarea electrieE gi
aragnstlcH a ccrpurilor, iar aErlmilo
?ig. 1.11; HErlul priattlya" E"
Qt E, eeractsrlzoasE Lscal (tn
fieeanc pr:nct) eteroe iineetxlc$ gi
magnatlcE a etepulu{., ia cadrul tesrisl aeeroseoplcs ee rsslLaeas&
o deacriere dualE: l9qBLE (tn flecara pLmct) {l glqbffl (integra}E
o-E

,:l

&

1J2. UiffTItT

aagnotlzero.
2" Cels 6

f,,m

].12. foT!? 9t cup1url p6&iru doffnir*a

Fig.
Prlrritive
'"

'* c:Ltrr4,*.**t_p:l I$1g!19I_q*i3i!!X.

1. ttrErimtle priaitive (fi8.1.11) cEractorizeaBH ctsrst
e1+etr'lcfi a corpurilor (saretna olsctrlc6 q, EoEentu:, alectric
F)r atarea ac6netl6A a eorpurilor (lntonsitatga curntului al"ectri.c ds conduclta l, r*onantul eonstic 6)1 ctapul slactric fn
zl.d (iatensitateE clEpulul aloctric lu,"id Ey) gl ctupul begnstie tn yid.{lnduclta e3gnoticE rtn vld Bu). Corpurile oe pot ef,3.a
ln patru stEri slqctrooagnetieo; IrlcHrcsrs aloctpicB, polariaare
electrieX, Btsr.o olectrbelnsttcg Bi.
CORPUHI
CIKP

De accah,

vo! ifltroducc e{rihi derl,re*e L*col"e FSE1TU e B8gt.r"*

corpurllQn gi m6rtul derlvnt'e.g3ob sls S6ni8it e
*rire
;''r' qr-*li
c'laetrsmsgnottee
cfapulul
etitea
o
rj.tl
aoo-cr:

.
r*,1%

' Fi$r l.LO"

4!

*.+

tu
i.:*jit,,trisari ,:.i'o*ut"*

,iil' I

2.e

,,.

":i::L-lr

ct

ll

dV+

It

91 de

.5, nut

"

\'LrQv. .

{r"1s}

k=:

SSpr6feta :0ndEe toarelor t aorelna alectried flB l'epsrtlot

orh*llsl{*te rrerjabilE g*, flind rsi mare In praneteic cu

:refr$ i-ls sarhnr&

rei:sl

sie$ {f,i.A,3"}"3}" Ls vfrfur{

d,e eurbrs&

+"ta&""

.*f*t

6& te *:ue?r{L u,:da

gp*o6p9 uulou rlarre*.tEt,&# de emrelelg e*ts

. 'T'r.

J i$
.i"rr*'c,aT.,.-u i.'i i rs i

ifqi
\**dt -*u'rt"H
'*'

*-*".,*"***

*J

iley,es-1f .r,'*o densiLE"

i "I"iT.
dr eercirr6 alact.i.ieh ,?q Fe
$B$Fsfa$& earl.}ixilo* msdslise,

t ie
iJ

?,e*r^ l9e lr."f,i,nt*H, i*r pr"ee t*.*

f<;*'rtr msr*" l)&sl{ ser.L}.3 4.{.la
,jurul rlrfurJ.l+n gi a3 r'"acb{*
{).or', *rd* epsr dens$.t$g5.
sari de sa:'e{nE, sst6 s.tr:!irr:He3

,3s F!"*dqc deeaEr*&r* **r*rlil,i

***st"6e se *tiXln*sa$ 3.a t*k* .
ni*S 1e :ectrsfit?r.e, x{,qi:ij.i.*
x.e* pi eepterse sIel.i.6!s,Lat{.*
cEu +i.aetr.:gBflep&rpE nntsr id.-.

lfif

o.* gJ"rnLl.j"s,r.a rtc

bL}& d* G'ars&E f,:i mrglxsX* x!,e**

?rits reiellre ru SnfI:1'.:s.!yl EE*
eupr* Es sd{:pt$ i}, "ii} A,/.*;af u:m
f,u?Ie&i,e ..:e f6LE l. sBfl?i3.*&i*j. {?e_
l.*:'1"3e aetf eoraxpund *uur aa6*.xl

'}i.i::l

pBte.e'ii*e vs$f,l^ tete ? *

3*eea $teres .** :rclleriaqre

6 Ertlxne8t4 q.i}.l$:gt&it

*fF
p
e*

tse

lfl,*"i.

ilnit*rgae Se ts$s\:pH $I e pof,ss.l.zali.*i ela+te,**e eet*

Hslte! !$ J:*{r_#!i_q1 [*r"'j.
Pulariaa$iu el.e*tr!.e& F are o *ampenerrt8. parmenenlH
B! iisq ises,cr*rrH Fa 4la f ai es aomeritrrl eleet,rie fr=&r+Ea1 .

iF"Fn+F*
?.r

. kxt:3s.*-*_:m::xhlslc::{}g*ry*!

"
:biarea

Sri*

}.

r.3

:!

F_

q3g!-tlge

@l*{:C,r*c:i,*etieE e eerpuri.lerr eata d6scrleE

Sensit.atee erlg:eetulrnj. +Leetrj,r de eendu*$ia:

3.oe

r1"353
txr#J,
rmdel li. *
*rl*nt&rj.{ v*et*rui1cji F,
"ex,B{:rr.u}
T*t.e$sj.ler.ee e**"+ntu].u_t sieot.rt* *e conductj.e 1 p:.intr_o
e:.:p,**fe$& *&rse are Ag. op.r{ jinl.,i.E pu eurba .
.}" es!6 f.l,uxul vr**
t*rului de?:*itet,* ** f*rsrf p::Ln e*ee *ug.r'sf*!H (fig,1-,14)r
-1,

'

L,3.

al

f *6"rS

. "j.da--r. ,
-r ", ,tu.,

ffi*E*+ffi*.

{3"}4}

*u

$EAliit fiLfiCfji1#";i a

fiL,Et?FCelAGtvETrfi

*6;,r-,
, loesl{
" uarrmrrfEffilfrffiffiffi
a ctrtpului

i1,i6,

er:raclrriJui slBctrie rj* ear:duetie ara ac*lag{

vslesr* g:l *eetiunsa tn*.ir*ver*s1& e unul er:rrduetox". f.j.ilf,:rra:

{1.}?}

gturmuE

*3S}

:,ii,:i.li:i,i,:r' :
T-*"w
St,qraa e1.?ctriei{ a clnp!luL clae?r+me6narj* fn r,:rpr,ii,
_.
s,cta deerrieE Ioca1 pi.i n vorltorii irrienai i"ai.e+.: cltrapuiui qlcer:.ir
lrdo"tia elr,ctlie& $ g* paten!l"akl al.ertrf e Vu ,x*r,&.-Lrltltx-1,
.,-,.,-Ef
i*i:XE.i*
tgnsi rno. filEcirri13*
*'1Fn6 $'i,, H,i,i
4i,,6r ."-;- *.lscars*{:tse"?.e
bli* ti191xr1a
r:, t*ne1.uRe*
- i - - - ---- - 6 Sr. ifli.rK*}..
,. e.'.*ctric rI
.

IJ&zi.ettB4-srl

J*1"/g*

i.{;EI.1iX }SittVArH

{?

*lCc

r11i.;,i1.'i.i,.,

trlc .

.,,,;,,{O.ftqtes

eogl

,l

eL,Bex;,o*1mgl1*tic

ll-e

-bj
t9s nSsue.H

sra,rea cleerrte#

in cor$E"ri. cere ee

polerflaeers_

pentru inouetie sl.ectrlri{ sj$ts

netr:r pE-txsc yct*?1"

lli.li

in Isgila elaetroB*gtiatiwu}ul intarvltra' lnteneltetea

etnr;rrilui cleetric E, ontntl ln rogia cvesiateiioner o co*poDontE
S!-1!33!1S*S F" (produaB ntnaaS. dt aarclnile elsetrieo ed*v$ru'e
3si de calc ds polarirstlo) gi uaa epLguq!-eq* Su (pr'trilu.sg ps16
inducala e16ctr$Eagaetie{ d. fluxul.sa&natie veriebil. tn tiiup)t
(1.20)
C:ep GIctf,ie Be poate prnduce, d6 ssoaenar

Be eele

rig. |
1lr,I
fi,*ii*i1tfrltrF.,! :

erpreal a t enai,unil, cls etrf ee ileriae

2
-li'.];;l:fi

:.L

;.

.,'.j

our.{

iilr,',

ii'i:;.lliit::

r:l:r

Bdt

"r( l.o.

1.?,

trnsiurtca 9lctrlcI, nu'itu Fo Bcue.t tcneiunel 6. dcfiacgts,

,r,...fait ll regio stalionar cft 6i in rcgia lrsEtalionar, qf cao;_

naale*tric$ Sn eetsrialo cu neoaogonltEll ftaieo-chiudee tpil.e,

ar tilrularo a.!'8, istEocupluni, etc ) I f iinit itenwrl.t glqp .g-l-gqltf_g
imprlisaet. L6rl]1, acest elap oeto deecris de lntonsits'tea eimpur
]ui eie*trie imprinat 81,
"il intr-un madlu ouogoi Oin punct d
clectrl,c ete
"edere
: v a i ab i l E{-i.t$"} F-Lq}__g!i!p6rp9 u.i.! iei c iep url lor qIF-c tr ic 6, c Sapul
I'ror,,uitsnt E fiina auna efmpurilor Eg produaa de Esreinl cealec&iltr'.rte &au Sistrlbult,o tu eorpuri su diferit densitdllr
,l
i;

l'

ti
Ii

"X

mo"

l"

?1)

ksl

,l

r " ),

a. TsriS,i'ieeg_gltglglc4

1oto6:rala do }$"nio a !.nteneit8til etapu3"u{ sfctrla f,ntrc

doug lJun*te t gi 2 *le eurbei C 86 nluEeBts tglglqqq*-qlggSgisq

(fi;,. I.15ro)r

.2

'l

E6.i

.l'

".1o2 E&

aau

ula '-ual

i;11irt!atlt-,.W,.loaa <t9 integrane alce po cr:rbr c, t.naLunii sl,eetrle*

sau negativE.
w4lu qe
..'po.ts fi poziti'vr eqe
de rFIOrlnlE
reforinlg pentfu
pentru tnn*
+ss,qLrvE, sonsui
:.:,i.t..lly-1,
tcn*
. eigul (aonaul de carcur) so nercheaa{ po curta e i*iot*-n
, .: trnsiunta tatro douE puncte oerecare din cfnp ss pcate"nu".r*"
i; ..,1

cnergetic prin lu*u1 recgnic efectu.t dr efnpur srec-,

pentru e deplaae unitatca dc rarcing tntre eceetc plracte.,
lt+a

' ., lrrpretl

:l.

i*;iiivg*;

!r?'f'"*-q(
-lt
rr(
c)

eai * G'\2
c)

'

,2
a*Ia . t --8-alt .{' r.et. coea Iely
Juc,)

( 1.?A )

"1 (c)

lrnse dt

,s1,6

eleesntul ds ar* orientet eL curbel

'12 'Lt?/g

},a4

S"

Fi6. 1.I9, Curhe pantr:u do*

f inisee taneiuai{'sf eetriael
6-eoz geserallb*linie do

{+
i.:,::,.fu1g1&,+r'6{:rFstoBtlol Pu oa?e

4.3 "$ 3gt%T$kly-g-_s3es:1r]is

^

*seg,ar:.

ffiti*ffiffi.ffiffi.

{re* ff**}

&*te3 p*'Smts'*.it *r{*e e}a.etr$.e$ semilas6 S

sr#* [B trsteeB&.3 a3.e*tsg_s*

&? f'.}&t6 desert**

ae'aer r,*{

ree{art*3uf.

$r*gr**S"

t;1rd)

H'o

uex

iseBet crb*trea"

e} ai_rerctg&r3.s,

ijililt:*ifuall}tlss.,e*r.lstlteltE sin $ eLe.aan?e de # irc ocri*3 eehiebf*d

1]..'il
66 +b;lB p*teEgte3e au ve]e.t'l gl aeane, dtfcrltp
1:#eu*tiVn]1!1Jp65[

,1

**.e*c d{m r*[ag.{a {3.**5} e*, t6 eS Ea:?.ar;atr.er.ae a**r*

ci6s}tss'E ep:xS gredseutuLusu e**cE 4e ?.$ le;,:r.i3.e: rS"

$esmlrB

!.::!.i,rrt

err

.ji.:ae aFrts pcEeRitieT

EeB! efl,6s:,rt-,

&q

a p*t*trgls}-E}}i$. e*tq ro}.au3 f ?}-

'*ffir*g3$}n"ffs.Hskis:
s p*ten&*a3r!3a* r*a*}tfr

$u$,t,etFa es ej6du{,S SH
E*,,r;ag{,s }fgry.q$,{,g:}P^

d$"a ;.e3.ag$.e

{;"P}}ir dse6 e* .te}*e#*6t* gx:e E * 6/ffi *

rJY**Edg f
{3.?S}
rmd* di sst* eeetc;r**. p*alfrlei ralet.$,Ee e &ell{ pun*tc fear"La
.apeE!:iaeEs fsxtrs ce',e eKgetH dff,er*lle 4e BsterlE[e1 dt',
S'nitr im{-BffrF.pe* ecr}.r}f,*I dlfe:.e.n$iolo {X..i6} p*'-n <Lrrm
iiatr*e&re ete ta $xreXu,r3 *e refarlilgB Fu !j: care psten$.islxi: sr"s
rei,*pi::ea S{P*r} *}.te.*& a*b$trer, n& p*ir*t.u} &!rr-ei.'At F ss pfist *e'i*:.Ei.n.? p+t*r$*.*1x.3 ?{F};
l

9F
[6
E ffi**Bdp B#1,
+&
**
-e
-i

s{r?'s6P5-q

Bsi

{1-2?}

sg'

'f\

H*r:*1,f.s

ffi*gS-}$ a pat*ng*,e3ue#

cE pet{r*Sll"Br:l$-A V{}? a;3 t*mui Bun*t F

nti*et fv, r&ps.rt

$,

ie

*c, f;Sigf!fuIyJ-So

rgEls:i ro,ret Er:t

e-nJi

*i*

{.!""3T} *nide.rgg;rx6 fspt-lxi

#s,4$*t4r flst.er*B5"ae
tr{}:,.}, rl,;:i" 4u {.rr'{,ri*

*3xr.p

L*-rj:1l,it

ffiffi;r;*6;;;;

c"
tensirraea eF,giferent4
p*tcntial
ce diferent6 de
de. pota:rli"a1.,
5:
de gnreg;,sro
{fig.l.}?ra}u
ei
r& *ffirs&
n*mil ua
da-pstsn*
.;
'atrer?
r . :
,1urUq
ilgtg$+
1ialeIc acestcr pwcte6 iatr-ecevEi'r d*n defla!lia teasir*lirein
': "
ceraetorul
cefset"er.ui eouleabien
* .. _:rl *f,a*
afn.
eo*neabielr el
-Frrlul (frn"0 dsoarse* xn +fap

,;l;114.auA*.xr,....A,
1,.:iri:.:!rrlr.,:: :,r itrli:.,.,,,de

eta${onar ftu apBr f6Bme^n6

de induelie eleet*oaagretiefi
gl aeuefia (1"26) reualtUr

FB

on*=\

"a(

"

c)

E*.fi

"

"a(#!

,E

b.

Alessry g*ospgi*ii*fs*sgt.n +L1.*l

Pec.ern*ia}l31 o re$erin$&! dle okfiu]*ge *+e.:l{,r:si*ej** Lo"*3.
r{Fn)=9u iar .F* devisra *{!&{!*e-jlg3glg*Ugj, F+fi.i,j,! r,'.!.nr:ri:.t?:.1.
Fo ia rSes* cdvc&ebi,t -pffi&l-;ffiF-16-ffi1 " $-* prohlen*J,r: t:e

"B
uu"1

dR
"-t116,
el
-r1w,
5at:

Urgc:yn

: y*"

t:."881

elsttrosi6t{.*&t eged ea*'e**a $eEtp6 !*ra d$re*ni.*.r }.{uttst (f$.g,1.:i[,Sre ]

*l*pul esta m:rl 1* d{"ster1&a f;oerte a*r$ gS p+:t*:1.$ta1u} ris Ea8$3e&s}i
[n pqltletxa 6a Er s.3if,lal$.t* tntr;* i3t6 sF]$.esg$* geMi*&i g{ *n-ume
?r'ae&iriai4e'elo.ecrlq& {fig"3"36r,b}, F6t*&g{e1"i31 *&15. d6 r,r:!.srb f.m
ccBtss.g el, S&.SEt*3'se eex}e$.dsrh na:.}.;

I)
I

l6

'

d. *plq:gt!-!9}l?!13e&l!:! e. obltllo rtil{rd xoett $ueclars

in c6ra Potnnllslul arc actlrgl valorr*:. -, " ,'..1
(1,2e1
Y(rryrr) r oonrtr

u$ui, iiolc&lu

clrctl'le i El llals dc clrp

l.rr p.'auprcfale rchipotea!.1*1$

efup

lu]ui

sorEptntutoare oSnt per:Bead1ew

co cQnllnc pwtctul,

Acr8t lucrr reaultB din ceualla dlfegenlialE o potcntis-.

dy'-E d 1 apllcet! pintru d6uE pwctq, sopcrate prln f;i r

aperliatnt! auprbfolri rchlpotantlelt' Cra dT.O inplicE E fi'

*8 ill.cotc =Or

nrlit{r:

ll!

E + O!{ll

E"6t

O,

trrbul. o" * *9oo"

(1.rf))

o,',:,1

r aupr:urfe$cl eehlpotcnllala.
"cctorlalu
fn practltH, llnl1lr ill,ctrp.alr
vgetqru).u$ $ ea.trftsq&zH, .cqaforo
rs1, ( f .l0) ; p6rps&d-icu1u pc auprafalc1c rahlpet6aglalc.
1.5,{. 3elrgiunoa, Elaetiouotosr. fl{ffiirl dlqetalci,
r TEnqigngg_gleqtroaotoan.
"
s;rm
Jurpnt srcetrre tatr*un Jircult lrlthlr cr faea oub- ag!"itmce lanelunlt gloctr.ogotoarg (t.c.pJr
nsriac cc carcctericc-aJ! aursele do rncrgie alcctrlcH.
lcacirlraa blGctroootodrr .rt. tntegrala de llnie pe outtbr'
ll
ll tiacUfal I a stacl dlntru lntcncltstct cinpulul clectrlc gi lntenr
ll etteter. clapulrf elactrle lapr{roti
.

r-

(r.rr)
cr '
$ rE*ErlEi ivl.
Dcttntrlta t.r.o"lil:r) rlti voldbill attt ln ragla Bta!{,onar ctt gl tn rcgil nr.ta!1oD.Br.
Lr tlcpterarca ondoa-ati. r putrtEtorilor I dle sarclaE !n lungql
'inchisb
rmal curbr
f . aub aellrsoa fortelor iloctri6e.Fc1*cE gI
nocltctrlcc frr*1-eilir ar efeotueaats. r,ru ludru neciralc L!-- '
ff

il

= rQ t?*1+Fo"or)Ei =c$p(E+EilA-t =e6r

ScEultU:

o'f

tsr = Ir/q r

fffiiiim+ur

;, c:.cesniul vedtariar do er:ltp

fi- varssr'{.

ufl

norrnalt{

.?lurrul alectric este o nEriue alSobried aealarE, drflnltg

(fie.l"fg).
.pcniru o iuprafalE deechleE Ar sau tnchle5 tj
Unttatoa $E 4e.fltfi'
rileetrie - eei6 lg$lgg!ts& [{I'

: .

.Bfir,. *aidil! {lforearStraltr

ll

,t

flurut se eonei{er$.
Foritis dreH sts d{rljei
f,n oensul.'do raiorinS& al
ela$eirtului vsctori&X' de
arts AI=fidln.
trB CAgUi

ual

AUPrA+

felo daeclrlos 3It , aenouL

lui 6T se aaociaz& eB e6a;
li'lt'lr::kJ
.
sul dt' de parcuegere c
''. t_.
'.:r,,.,:IIIlll].
- -^
-;p1g.1.18.
-;
olectrie-penl:%u"- curbel "f, aupU
.muTol
t,r**
qilnclise L).
.,",prf,fe3e diechise An
"ug.rlaqupre'*
ghlului dropi. 0lad
:ltl i:?:tli;i:.r:',:i;.,r,, ' ,
i1iiffi,"l;ti ; rnchr.ey, ortentqnca 1u{ fi -comspunrie noruslei exteri*
i,,.r;$ril41p;l,g';ei,,; rluxul. cc p5rEse gte suprefala ars 6ep!r pozitiv.
":,liIl

1r4.

MiArMx DE&IVArE DA SrAHts rlAo]r8tre.[

..
:

r.52 )

c,r.u"riltonra" lnterpretarc
electroaotoaro at6 contut
corcspundb lucrului recanie"teaslunes
sfoctuat d! suls6f6 di.n cipcuit la

'l''

dpplaser.s u$ttE!trt Aa larotnil tn XunguX coat'urutui. tni:hie?

:.:'Pasnelizalc

1,4.I. Intensitetea ctapuiui Dagnetie gi inducfia

GBta cqqplot detormlnatE cle

vectorit fr gf E.

DBinEticE

ffi ff l1'1ir,1:-:11"'1",','

?o
Gn

trulo *"f c$

stabit-it& dr Sexse!,} ta eadrtel t*o*{e* ele*trsassr{s*{es a

}.54 }
?.rm!-n11"

b, fsnc*lrnas E*gB}.atm{rtsEr6 r{^- r*dt. p**al defln{t{aclrfrrreltoffiilfl$;T;ffiurroi",*,rrue" ieehi*+ T :'-'

f-rh*"qffi6q

Ha relella {1.34} r eunoectnd E&.1/('8 $ ,9"1S9}[S"/&3 S5.

vlte*a lrminLi tn sflE eo=3*30s [ala] e* peato $sduea *ale**-se

d"[,

1"4

paraaabil{tH$St rSeuXuS;

ll

,_ * *Ls " 4B "ts-? flfi/Bj.

re
-^?
BOoi
,
t
in *edit }.Snlar.*5 fle*trep* gt rea4eria **m pr,met

{}"3s)

E*ffiHx s 6-ff&.

ll

ii

k*l

ri.?6)

k*]"

* "$$*

exgr*,e*a:
op
v"{F}
.E'-q.
mae "
a--' rE*{Pdr}*{
J,

{}"}e}

**

udgstes $3 pcmter gretea$ielu} aag*et3* aeto espegu: [,q]"

..i:,,rl,..:

fluxul'ut ue4asr,ie eeta eeesul vers,BruSu5 fi.

r:r tBdtataa 59 de fl,ax:*ag::atie *6t ga*{l*l [F]1.
b. *Iq6 ps-ali.rylglg,
manatfe&.6ste ?seffie]& tx fj-e*ara pam*tr i*
S[np=tp$pe[fa
(B

'aupr*fc!{
eH

flfr}
.{r f}".:xuL mngngtie dovr"ns!
S =}} e ao Dtforcnglind eeEeflLE':i"el"a1ia as obtln@ fi6 * BdA. setfcl

laduclir Bsrrstle$ a6 FeetG int,o:.preta-ea e ier:oitnia da f,lr:x

'9.#'g;

dg

tsx*i*o
{,3 -4A.V
'l:r...i : ,
dA
1r.:.; . '," .:: ,:
?lmul aagnatle prtr?r-o suFrsfel4 de arl*
"t" Bs ecre
iadLre{ls nognetleE aste $$rmBl& Srl ftee&ro pur}ct qi"cirnettcnts
ea rsloora ao rJe*,ermtnf; eu r*Ie$la eimplfil

t.rt:ri
1

::,

;,., c ; HLnlg
:

$!,,,e..g{Ea
.p-eue$i

*E

sd[ "q Edt eoso("

%ra*1
olttn",
,ili*)

B"a"a.

rycr{*etes $$ da re$ei.une &*gE!6age& este qg*{S}- [S],

&B?s a BB:"$"ea eealar& m].gabriedu cs
csrsetsrlzosaH 61obe1, ta ).u6gu} tm*l err:rban mteraa efotgru?uS.
.aa,::r*t$.e" $*tleu1 da *se?"e$rsaa {4* rafer$.n}S} es peec{seeeE gro
Sg 6st *leasaltr elen*retulq{.

"{,e

*elgg_cl3uu_

6* srs m .

{1,6*} ''

4p* glg4_gegl-e-3qq .

66

f}*i;

t6&66nt$ ftr fieeerq pun*t

a dif,qiar:!iel&

{1.}si

?ereltxe* B8$eetgss

pslotr-e *fu*at$

{1"41}

, FtrrExr:} *aguet{a e*{ @ *l6rtme eiel.ar6 e16@b}*6 pr{m cara

l, 4;E,,iaraet+ri.e*aa$ g1+ha3 pnopri,c?,&g3.3a sfppu:"rre saeg?retis ia psq
o sitBrefag6 6&ree4sei deeehiag Ap ssri Ser*h{eeiffi"
,,*Af,.1r,tu

,r r,:$*in,t$i" *;3*e (1i"**

asrb&

&ose"

i:i,,,,.:,,.,

,11.

-t

* "$$s.de

S+neul 6s referirlgE el"

e, Sjeg&leEl_gg*r3=-*:eieg
O.tuBu3. ma$r:olil: *str-rm Smaaxiu Se eex.* &*t*ra*l5.tdtes *g*i*
ptllsli eahst{e eete *ret*{*.o*qtp {ret fr*O} -&! poct6 deaor$"e toeel
printr** asriae eea]"ar6 eaeef,*"sg ve*tox,a.aiui Hu nu-a[t& Bot*eg$,*r].
nesaeii* ee*ler Yrl
H . *gre& Y* .
(Xu3?3
, F*t*a$i.xlrr3 ae6a*t$* eeal*r Sat"r*r*r pEmri{..p eE doaeairsl-ii$.
x, c.

esie deflilge da

F1'dE';1 Begfiatie

nagne t,5efl;

Eeisa6*

nn

ll

{e.4s}

PrSa.flux e.*g**t$* $ a* *$a1*g $"**

taSrela de eugrafxg$ e e*c*ea"ra3.utr {*d**}lc

d@ Ee6*rta

valeb*l pn[ncip3.u] *uperpou!!*el elupu,riloe

fftf"". :"t""oitetaa fi g
et'tfa pria eusr*punerae *saFsreamt:eXor Hg et fu;
llu*
lfaagnotte ceto

"4"

[A].

SsdF

*O

la

**

Aag*Le*

"s-r"-rului.
E, dao*ri*H
"esbsrul

*an **-**&a***n
dE dS dr

6a.

q\.443

-S*pryfqta d*terg*nat6 ds ista:.i.gtea 3.ini*"1or Sa.ftarpr, e,s** *.pse

tpi{g. pxrnetels-rBiFt mia* elsbe Sarh,,se 3) ** num*gte t.gqg"-f_+pg
n sEB e t g seu
!
t-gb__fu-_11l39_qe. -4m.p_-e3g -ys !*t!{}1s*_8 { fi c " } . ea} "
,,-l:;t .,;,Sorlform defi"n$.$lei, fluxu.l tsaen+tte pr{a sufrf*fe$* 3Eq*-

nt!,E;

r,mui t.reU ds

flrrs *st,e

mul. (6 ^u d3)"

l-I
i

,',.,

i.

_.::iri:i.i,iiitirr'l::,i;ir,,i:rr.,::.,

{rr Conr}ir.rll asupna aErinllor {lorlpute.

1.gariEiio8erive!cd!gtarr't16ctrleuEiua.6aet*cEa
care se obltu
carpr:ri1or (fis.X"2}) Etnt gspl**gg}E,
: ':
. q{a idriE{la pri&itiv'6 4:obnl*
-. erFrlrH cE .iutorul derivetelor
. itr voIun, ar.lprefell gi llnic.
Relallilo dq caleul pr"1n cerc lci
dleflnsre dnsit8.&il. dt eencinx
dc voluD gV, supr&fatE_9lt

Fig,l,*S. l\rb

do.

flur ae8n+tic.

csnfl,nt
9n

3r.,

&

g6
e

f',

{,r,v,e
-F'
lh, Vt,15t

t{

&,

dq

{lq

fn' ;f',

,fr,8

eixp

Linfu 9, , poleriza[ia P, 0enoitatEa ureBtulrei electrie .dg

conitercSlc rlr 4qgnetirslie :f,,
slrt tsf,Edtoarelo:

l.

dr

Pa-,
dr

fa=

t- r

dq

f,

: .iti ._
'lrfr-*.^fleudA"

"

;
ds

itv

dtua${a clEettricg 6u

iar

glehal

prin tenair:rrca rlectricH u5

pol.*nll*lul y, taasirm{t .}octrseotoira c 6! flu!eu3, lsctnic {r.r

-!],i.o

" rt(c)

fr , * .$!, *.
r ai , ". $j
, v(p)'v(por- Jpo
$"
dr

,, Siirss' ragr.rttlc! a cfapuluil. clactrcfi*gne'tJ,c !t :dcscpic

1{g! p"to l"ntonaitetcal olrnpulut nagaetlc ii, J-ndr:egta dap.eticd
E, iar f].!IgI p'rfn tcnsiuacr EAgaticE .\,r Foton!ia1u1 aEgnetic
,ial*r T.r tcnniun* a&laFto6otoerc. ur* gl f1tmul aepet,ic Qt

,q$ r m'
+

* . Eilliagl9tr!

peatrq gapirord 1s [s],[ry]i[reJ,ffi,[54,

Frl;Ddffi,[oa],[*+J.

:'

'fl; LtGltE EtEcrRoMAGluETlsMU1ul

.,

',,,o:i;::,r,,,.,,r,,Otaatr1lrarer qnu{ qnre

rurtlr do lttultrto oxprrl{ntalr I

uno4' tslatLi tdtro r&rtgdlc'rle*.triea gl

, pt-rbltrlira
.;;.o...gpC*..ff
. l.li"*.rf..,
,,
r--.ir^
-r r^ c"ro
-i;-+*l-*-.r--*t."t
^-:- oooatitule.
-^;-r,r*..*lceifo
cioctr*egnetl,aeulul. 6-^-t
feortl. sl31oocopicl are lr'bazl un slEtel ltr hgi gonofel*1 la car'r le
g,tlq
,liliii{l!}8it.lfBl"Sr eoal.fa aonst8trto do sctaEiel ttaualpl,
l

,i

t,,
iliffi
l:,.',

i,i:,:r

?. .Staror olectrieg r
elnpului ele'itroaagnetie sq
.tlagcrfa
l3gg! Poi* inteneita-,
tea e.iapd"ui elsctr.lc So ln-

t'ig.l.?1. SErlel derlrate.

iiffi

,'lr :

.hct,&. loHt

,if.d.rdr91i.i

,ilP.

i;
lf

E.E;" 9f

pol{ritali.i lrnporor*

,r

hclhi

ECtrsii

tt

4 .4IcE-'
frq.trafr

t*Y*
6lctric

mogrtic

lcclril

lprooe aq"

mcgnetie

9DBdA.0

almp

;il:i

i::
iai

LE9IEAr

ii
ii;
i

nUl

qk
"E

H+pll

r - 5SBr

e1

nirig-ifulut magn*tk
:'. r:rl l. r
:

uran

@tr.gd$

'rixlserc&ii sElhi .behi6{

is'-rlf

tfutiailon-r - _et*rgtfrr codtduckorc pgrclf3!

p "E'S

IJoULE-LE}iZ)

UE

"s.E"F
a po

induslLi, GLdremo$atk*

d. o,rtnt

14<

ir,
&l

z,
UJ
t5

u, 1u*o" lut 0h! .atq o legr de aeterialr iar lagea

in(tuclici .loctr{laagnetice o lege generalu.
i.1;ii.,,iliiirr'aiiiit tlectronagnBtiex8$lld oc introduc arloaatlc, it6cl lrB
l. {eiaenstreazI, valabitltetaa 1or. ftinlt confirsatE.dc rxpericn -.

:lijiryirnifareu. p

:m-?{
,

B;rlstlrltoto!

x.1.

LSSI EE tsrrEftXSt

,,Y.*'+l***

Idg:er soe$H*&6.81 *letsiee, Ie4rc ryr3-*mlaog*,e$ q.rs]i}#rers.B*.

to*Fore$F 6!at Eri*sipsl,eie lqg! or natari-ci
cI* .eacr.ial'lecrcaeopiea.. ia siee trmngDrtie ** *ur**. gl ni;"
!ae$, de eeter$.al Brg B fi tee,*a otee{tetraio .ergse
"*i-g*ii"r.ricririt&ift eu rapero,,*n] in*ii;--***ui*. Ir"***""uJ*r_

hgil ra6o*airelioi.

satt, 8te.
U"!."i. @@"
f,"agea eeaduegiot rJ.eetr{ea (Obs}
r. F*sar iosaifi a Legi.i_ E#*i;ai;tt-15.
aotr-wi esBduetor Sinisr gI .iuoero.p, to fieearg puact g* i,a
.
i'il or}'+o
E6cat, E6a?oril iuteneitsto c efqpului aleeer{c .E-, iaten_
etxpri'ul slac-&rre iapriaet E1 gI aeaaftbtea ourcat,uiul.
;, "1.a.1."
alacsric
6s
eosdu+pia $ eati.dae ec:,*ii,a;
Il
E; Er * gS ,
t 2.1i

8'ei*5.f*ry4'.,$e+s:q.-la.iq:'&
}s.@8: eeesre,?ra de a*rarial g *e
erEes[. ffs}$n:s" g.[e"mJ,
EecE fs piuo, *oadaetaaul- nlu era naoaOgeaitEfi fi.eico*che_a.ieo,
daet Ert&o Lagea.eoadue .is*. eJ.ectriec {e"}i {a foies.
Sartteu}sr&: l

ia lc*ut r*aietirftHfiii, ar nti.li1iaaue

eieeltleB E e eB ur,iLaroa do tseeurE sr

eCtG66* eonE-qL1g-t13!g&

"jgqql Plj-.fy

SI:i:_r reliuc

iri'g

-gr+Eie{g

[m&orvs1 s

f$.a& oxpr,**ta

':+"$isr*J.

]a

eoadueiinr{tetea euprulu* eaia xprcape *qb:.g

ai.ra{-ain}u;l gi dc *iree 6 e.** aai,ner.".*-o
ryu**f*t,
FuacSh e yaloerau *.l-ui"i*gll*,
*L"**r"le ctaetnete$&tr*.
eosCueioef.r sGtzic6uGucto"*" ."* eiaet#oi*a1eo**" g*"i*ri_"
1.: :a coBductoarelor qetaltee
aete
aat diferitg de cea e tsate*
-rm-*.n*l*
"itst6.

rielorcr clcetroi*olaaae. aetrai,

l. tempera?uri
JcBaG era rctietlsit*tea leii?S.s, ier ra ieelator bua
aozonE,

f,osae*.

&

6* 3 da pa *xe fsru3al

ter {0}r sara cslneide

qoiadue*

eu

* {A-

a.i*. de egapr

Fis.2.1. Couduetsr ft}trf,oru ner*

cLfe da es.rExr? {c},semsurl fua
,q!fer: &6 f,n }*gee lui stxffi {b}"

td

g -t ** c _*
I Edl +q E,dl"BBJirl
J"r^t
S * .J''1(e}

r{#,

itel

l,tc,a/2el

Erlour tar*ee d{n perutrru} *tirq *upne*in+*E tensl.unaa ets*tri.sE

ta lungu: fi"ru.l.ui q, {praul.asnca c,:rbe$. de tntagrare fn hurgutr
axei firuful sogduetst Bt &Besarg 66a$see& fn regia narlebtJ.
Itf.ed3uaes trr{re eeira puaets al.p edreu{*ului *epinrSe de dl.m}r
(a.6)

ttr dniLee tBsEBae oeta tBsj,r&ss eleets.o&oLoore iisp"niae?H otrr.

l&r:i{i semh-rul d.ir.apt ape.*a ,"esr.stsri;e *iee?*i.e& & e e*ed&cr}r*;ixr*!

.%*"so"ryt*la},*.**54"a06ls/eJ,8uue[s'3,sfue.r*],ta"*t
Br $Ee&Fe,&r
Yn-"*
f,aSB dc eos a

{9,}}

pr*e Ei 6l Ba sf,s*?Bae6&. tlitegpero* faie6 d*;:S pme{*.

&oerele

lT

nr&Leol- d GA.riaas apecifie$& esndurtiei.t{i[ae

F&Etfir pri:rclpelatr"e qet*siale co.ndueto*r# :

fpcs?e *s*.*"ae

go."/ $o*"'IGlcroaro Eie G&te at.ltse ds "erle$*s

m,iei m slt pcrsrrEeu
ftsi;t'al cerplraBr, ec&* [es, p"3ga]"
b. q?Pe:-E *3gqtel. -c }eslfu-&g ts:e*$s-e*eg3gg
t*'-E&cn gd.
::rlf ,ir..earr6!dsr&E &a ssesirg ter s*I{f *skb Fare**a.
de
coadueglo t (ft8.a":.), caf,, Gt repar&ieoeaH imld.&sts ea! drls*te.,to-c,,!ritll f,n fiaeara ree$6u** tr*esv8raal6 d6 ,er{e &"
@ra e ebg*cB6 feraa {}Etegral# s le63{ 1#. fuu ** mpAi*

^2

-*-

( ?o?)

\Brdt'01,
.,2

tfF

1 c)9udt'\
"r"(

^2

g;a[ ri] &9L e {n

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ir ct

{*"e,

r gonduetof,rif, filifotr cetB uxx *oadluetor auxfic*aDt dc eubtirc

ca rntonsitEtoe eur'nt{riui Ff, fi. Fepes,rleat& qaaifdx,m pc
, rylify
Eccgtunoa-ta gl dsei
deealtato de iursni J aI fic eo.L.raEt pc latraegt aeegluee
"sctoj.ul
lB ist doEaBiul f,re?alclor 6o }uerti,

tiii''' .
:l
t:

i
:

:!

a,, I

i,
il
ti

?6

?'l

r+rirtl cot?.blldr-dec8 la s6aru&g le i.l*{la{ t*AU.C;ffi

,,rji31a;'frerl lut Otu te cur@et eestr.&uur

,:.:.*til

:r
:L.
{

U+gx6trn

9,9}

.nkl:ld:.ftrtr*o porliurro celae6ro ueraaifieatf, ce e{rsuit

ii":::,:" arae dinrra rrnsiuna
slocrricE !a r.unsul firutut q. S$";
il ::::::
6i e,sts agslI cuj !ro6r*ss1] :
iJ :rTr*:r'.utosroEotosp.,:i&prisar6
Intro s&rietangs n g{ ialsnsitates c.;roatu}ui e1eatric
Jl
i?
resii lui orra (rol.Z"9) sensut Cu,uiu"intU purr._.- 1;el.iarec
a.trsul do intagr*ro pe eurb. (ct;-s*;
:::-Y"_1t":t"_'k,3,i-s6tq
s*naul do r6f!:irllu eoincidc cu s&,laul eo*ent"Iuf,
ilII.":.U:"r
.l".ot 0. o1 au orieatorse eurontului (ftg.Z.I1b), ealo trei pg.
'r{sl eiut
' ' --- ."-- *poairiv trn,iglaiie {i.9}.
,
.. Is.p&r"ticuler pe&tru re porg{una
,ie eirr:*it fiXifo* f,6r5
r*oao6rr:iragt fieico-ehiaica, deei f,6r6 r.e.m. ;;il;;;a-;;*,

e.33,

ii;:
t:',

i'i,:'
t

: .' s-*1+*q{tr,Lqleqq rr e1_r r.i t_s t

. ,EnsitGnid otestrieu a unrl por5iual de coudtrctor f,iliforo,

eouforg
mlugi{lor.(?.S) qi (2.10}rere ezpragia 6"r"r*th. t:.-'

n.yrf-I#jr"
I(

lol
ro:rt

l ot".

rar.

r1)

(,2.tzi

undo, Osl1l alt contretqhir olctrLqE,

dc:rusirnE
:- ,-:-:r-: c{ uqltatce
--*r-,
tied,egq, 1r1.
Conduitoigrah oetelica uausLc au rezigtanga
Elsctrlc mici.

z.:4

,*:a.:r
f"::?** eoBducrorui. f&r& cimp el.octrtro lqxrrioer, t8f,
$ia relalio (p.t4) reaultE csilglslg *a echi:.ibr.u ur**uroo.*iiu,
E=o.
{ p,:t)
:'1 l .*ondilla 6=t) oxpnio, anular:Ea eiaptalui
elscir-is
*"
r-*-r"i"
.itliirlnteriorul eorputui eonductor. {f;c"e" yrut
**_r.id .1"__r.r*
l!. ctletritufu auaai po euprefege ,=t**tn*& ; "--"n;i;;-;;;;;;;:'

c'

.-L r -jtrA
O

( 2.

:.

q-tg qe r. o-sF

'd+g'u.p.

al*"I crnlt g -couot gI lEconat. tn J.ungul coaducto_\

E..r",r
rulul.d.,_ .lungilr I , reliaienia ,lactric{lo*rro",
. ..

olr.
R s -r- r

f-i:r:*n.fr::uetor. arlat t$ ragii-;G;mffe, ewerrrul *lee:.!rtcr or' fupiicit dEnei.t,atea de eue,B$t s alnt ;;;; ;;;;";;:
;6.t Cenducllel ef*etriec (rsl.?"1). le forna:

$pr'r .rcnplur dse{ o e:itiung

.u" .i"9uri-r;'";;";;;-;.;';.;;;.
eec!iunos l=t eon?r 6runei conforo rolalioi (2.I.2)".raziatenta
:l:
:r !,c cor.ej:rrnda
tt=r IJ
unui fir conducton de :56

dia

a1tb.iai..rr su do

l0 n Oio bleL..

o ain cupru, a* :+ i

In curnt eontinuu, unda tenB:iun6a-lntpo douE punctG

1
au depiq{le it6 aFrbe dE intagrere, tengiuneq
tn luuuf
+

gi ?aeeeEsi cu tenaiu.ee 1" b";;.-;"il;;;;;,- "ir;rii

:::::::.:_":to
t"..r11, nruiro aErihi inatantariac, .einoi."ze in slectro_
:::tl.:
ts:lnlcg Srin litoro aici (or.rela!,ia
Z.gi, iar aErimil.e conat,anta
tn tirrp, cuq.ernt
a"
curc;;";;;.il;,
iu rita"c reri.
l
"ere

PlS" a"5, Potentislrrl gi_clnpul u$ui

coadu.t
o cdssselilSg di.rect& e eondiltei de eehlllbru
alectiosteqle ifu{!
sate scGa cE potanlisLul I cro veloare
-ffX-fffiff}'

.,,r..,rr,1..
1

,,1,1.,

e"rp,r16

; lar auprarege

ecc'ture *rtn

cr

o*niffi;l-ffl.

eln abusti! di-f,orengiatu n potenlierut*

an

. -S-a-i; ;;:."""*",

-re

lli
I

ii'

iri
i*a

roEr.elt* S?wSo r&ietr n}eB@lrglel ee&BisI}gG &*m{*.lo ds .efrsy

#t lreatr_
rul E s!,nr 5s fiaerre puaets pgf,;:*rdleulers p* ailprsre'!e";*;;;_

-- ."----

oar* tacblpotosglsl&l e e+rputul.

qun d{rs ap}ieagXfte eem*i]!e$

do eejrtrl'brw G&a*eB_sstFtte 6st&

79

,liijlii.l S$f"toru3 fio 6Et# *s I,BsffisiFB ;** se1ariel ed*Besei*fx$3, e{ei{

.ffi*e*ee5,tadeux*g*mara1,deA*t.e*alt,mtge
RAm*t t a.
Es6zattc.
-i-nrriur
. ctrpulue
. ' : ia f,i8wrc ?:t *e pe*airetE eoepereLly esXo
t.t"6t l+61 de seq,a_
rirl ln aedii 3isler.e, Farasoirii dc esterlei fr Fr 6i p* *Aot
.

!rslltl4"gq tc{.ee" Fs'asupEeeB 6 !tseiarE din asrer{e} *o"fr;;;;--w5leaatf tu c!*p*j, *1e*te,*etqti* ertertor gansaet U- ;;;;;;
psgit.ie-s g (f1,6,*"Srb). BrA& Arafe$En&&
a,Lae3.c.aasstiuC po p*us;,
-st?Edi$ 6 FErtB;i\i es sspesg a*s.ei&E
BsgatiEB, $,ar pe n""*n*
dx'oe$t-f *sa** **r*iaE pcaltnr& c6als, S8pei.n{3.
Be distrlbud* ,b1}*
aai l* e**efa,&e f,m dslerior*I **,.d!**ter*1,$A e$spuf
;;il;;-

petr:rgiaiis& eee*te*.g o
laecLifral fneuet&r pef;:f,eet $n*.haap eare eeper4
eFeSi.ll3 $.a
$+rB reg:i+'ais estfel gxr*lt etEFul electreetatiq
Grtsries" au I&*
{ruad6 ie rs*;uas& isrerioerE ;.
i.oe.

;glets 6t6er-rar,er.te

$t-"s* "[r*e-ggg]" Efler{.rx} &r c'e!e";;;r;

u*tu *tiffiifli-ffiilfrilup*"
6 Frl)t*js
6p&re!"ela slqetries ssesi.bti.a {do *r.epsr*r*lu
ut*;;;;aedie*le) dc e*&aElsoa *Sepurd.tror. eloctri*e pweatt*
gi *n teetaS.**

:eelti iesicrn..
rqst**9iF.4ryr_:9ge9{jtrg
sslar[m+nL&] ee renetht& etr, *B ctBpuri
al,ect,riee cee EegEe*
gie*, uaale matca,!a.!,s ae
Sleria@as& eeB Bo e*getiaeaa$, ier
aoi}a et&f,i e* En&iE tEpsFse Bta& 16 rtleper.j.sia
efmBrx"ilor*
a. &a$*e Fs:"eriB.slii taeFo!"cre.

ri8. 2.4" LegiJe eonducliei elee+.rieo {a}, po},s6is6;1.1

.empar"ere {b
,
*.E"6rtEB&i6{ r empers!.e {a }
'
In me,.lii ti;i *f: "

SiiJ^6 d
a.

I"

z'

cvv& + Es
eu @BredtrBtree
d*Bsitetee ts
-er3 a. ,report
dts &Fgat
&reat d,
J, j.tst6ftsit6t6e:
liLil*"rlul5.;,in
*.nteneitat6*,tsfe*
pulur rlcctrie I 6i e *fupului megnetie *n .u"* **
it::.ir::*Lifiaan.;f.
iel"T\:
B /E!r:.-i
"nrrdoJu."iu
*i}' }rt (tF!&i si'.
^{ Hu
{ E} } i',i 5re
"
;rle"r1.li.1i3ti "E{
i,,:::r;:i+Ff @

-%

F*

:ry?$ilvfl?ee:.rlq
tee
ef.apailui ele*trie E.

{2".16}
"
persseec,fi de lse*er,ieg adisee*j.cne3
em,it
eere. depre*en *a sea*ra}, dG irate&eir,B*

la eezu] dial"LLr,gei:.or liaiariu pol"eriea$ig

";;sereeFa eete
Siarle:"H e* lsr,esbir,eree erepu:"ui .;-;";;
&

Fg.opor*

F6 sB* i.r!*

d*peridant ds E" S&e6 e?.re*epti"Ltst*e

a:uut"ri*A eete s fraeegte
.8"

*e*e *im**ctxiei $*3$.isj,{eri.

eia

tsB?es"ia1

qiqggqeriea

4u

xi*a' Ea ltfr (spre exoaplr:. eurBn*r

eu X***16,1g.6 I "
- magaxd,ele pereecglxegi**

s, e er.F;E
F*::o:'"l /6 Gst tr

magat.ivu e***--**Gffiffi7**
s5 gB sen6 opu* e*apu.Iui esto *

*r1

Fe pesdri.vu

eIi*-ii-ffi'

*iaaes$ fcl seneu.l efepe:lul

eXtar.{Or (tpre *XOUpJ.u .ehmini*

;,r.:":::i-:-'-:---a...'__*
' ?iAr
2"r. ClaeifieErc
Jeror .rlrDx ai'Heen+.i=r'P-Y:i*:'ly ot Foo ?2"1o*e)'
11I?,.1..{.qp6' erleeept,r"i{etee'ae*

l.'i,i:s-at.lr e4r

"F;'

Set

erj.*l.e.}q farosefiae t j.ea

e* {5{*teryjjl3g pna*{ata-eum-

n axet i e&. pssit len roarie .*"ffi*;;;";;

..fiiilli}1:-e
;|
to mplte *irr**tr;d.i6 p*"*"" **-O*;rO-"#*r*
-U:*t "1"1."el:i.aiarra. eeseersrieti,ee
x*(B) e6 p6ar6 aproxiaa
::.::r:li* " ll.1y,
ixr m*ta$*.el,ul
ltr:,"i;f,,rlhss.o dr*apr& {figrfr .g}"s iar

sa *oa*ftt*r$ Il.miar.

Wfrr"eali'.'

ll":'

iil r

iil

l'l

logea }*g$ttrrti fa etEF Eagrxoti+ {2.e0} gi. Iegoc i6*

. rrtlseliei tosporslo (4.1?i, cesutt! o rctcllo Ulrrt*ita tJ"o
E gi E, pcntru nate*iela fI"rB aagnrttzallo poreantntd
"rctorii

,,,.i:'1r,,,..tDia

a"?, &&ixr,s effiiTuRil SI LffiILS

rS,rfiUR3l.OE

'I

, G*1o d*ul logt ils 1eg68ur6 6tr cc19 dcuE &egi do flw aist
lc5i grnerela erFe pernlt, fi6 stahlfilrea qaor relegii. imp'orirntr
tatr. vrctoas& ctapufud *I$ct!,te (ErAoFl eeri aegnetie {BrErHl,
fio eelculul ftrtrtrlu.i sl.ctaie $ aru aagnetie !p
3.t"1' Leesa }es*4t,trrtri tn
6l.Betri"e {
3ea&tlrri{

fr" Irofr. po& p"fItau

,I

il
1t

1l

il
a

" pffi ,'

' g . *# F "
"
tao

,l'].,...,1'riiterial"ere raagnetico naliniero (fion, cobaltn rd*hr}"f,sritq)

i::triu pptosau'ilit&te Esgnetrica retatleg ridieet$ .LO?"..tO9 gi rltc

gr:qr veetoall

te *ir*G-ffiTlffie
Fueer at unu* eerp, lnrro veeI torli ln'Sueiie sloerE,lcd fip iei6ttEitEg.e etEpu.Lud ulu"*ri" E
il
Preriet
etiet$ r*lalier
i,S* p'oiarix*!io eiaetrieE F,

E.r"E*F.

(?.18)l

!l
f,i

'

Sie I*gee lagEtur$.tr ta elnp olectrie (4"18) gi Loges pclarlssilel t*gpsr&re (?.L6) rsBulte o jrstrauis lDport8at$ intrc qcctarii S gi E, pentru Bctssi6}6 f&rE polnriae[ir prseuen&E

li

li
,'i

+:;)fr

+ Fr) o poE. p#*f' ,

t*"Prl
.
parrtrsepilttnr.on
B&g&et{"d[ relativti f-J, ts*:
.,,qr4rr,, $**ds
p = p.: pr - poraeebititst.s ?,egntleu abeotutil . E6tsntsluhei,
Perseabilitatoo esgnetics relstiyE ere velori subu$itsra Le
actarlak die&a6natiee (eprc axenplu ;5=Or99999 pentru eupru)
,.,,.$r gunrry{tt'are la c.}6 psBaeegaeticr {-pr"lrOSOO?? pGntrrr alu- ,'
lloiu). Iet.rialale cu ;1. apropiat de uniiotG !!u ac pot utiliae
cr 6urn da flur.eau cEi d flur eagntle gi ta eceet ecns sa
' coEsidsre neqa8ngtice. &s fel .ca Ir, perueabill,tatea oegneticl
Fa nu depindc de ctopul H lri natorlalelc liaiBfer actfsl c{ B r
,:..','

:.

'E

fJ%

.e.$'

+tFr+Fa)

er$'

+ {lcxaE,

$ * Eo,{}'* P-e)E . ao'erE * eE e

.{a.}9}
ee{ls! sr*l+X,& - BeraltivltatAa reLetlv5 t-}s ier ds eu"E* -perEi*
:
girftotae rbealutE r a*tryisLtrlEi die]'s*qrie [f,/s],
Psreitieitstse rlst{"S o6$e + EX6!$:,& a proFr:tE&id. 6e potrariter* E *rnui, die]"seteic al era ralcr! euprirrae tetre I {vie} 6i
eilet6 n:"1 (tltenat do beriu). CorpuriS,o s&eu llu s,* po}*,rizeeui
ene*tr16 8a diatlEg BriB a"'! Barl f**0* SstsrisX.el,e eleetroisp*
lanto:aolide uzueLr lu er sub lO" S* w*$ fr *e*E* ier f,a dlelee*
iEieli li&iert 5 catc proporlionetr eu E.
.
:

?.ao}

i'po.(,r

Po 1*E

plopristlli epecif ica "

OUag:flli-i. Peramatril ! c e gi p derrratnl coudllll1a dc
propsgara a undelor Glectroseguatice tu diferitc ocdi!" l,ucru.
foarte lnpor"tent pentru teieconunicalii. A8tfsl,
$Ird6]or
"Itaa
ilectroEsgnetice lntr-un aedl,u noconductor cu g =-rete.detersinatllrql.pdraugtfl{. e gl pr
:,.i:r:::..::.

-,

L ..

.I
ad.dZ,

doi,:fip t;/6 ast6 vlt*aa 1rminii f,n vi.d. '

.
Racordoree enten** Ia ' lntiaree ts}viao:iultit sa rak
-. .prrntr-.J
r,r?P!zE
1ini6 d6 irarreEliaia a geunalul.ui de lneltE frecYe&I8r-care poate fi ua cablu coaxiaL.
Vitsze do croreeEra oria
lsoielia do poliat.ilinf ( ar=/e?5, p"=l);:sri
s*p'arf-c["duet[;;t
cranr-Gste g_? 1,5 ori mai:redueu f,alg ito vi.tsaa tto
:::1r11-do
Prop&gilna e eennelul"ui TV 1n aer a
..
co
3;108
y - .-.
?.l.o8 o,/e.
= E -rrc:
**
F, Y 2z;i5?L =
Y

t"e.3" Idera ftruxrrlu* sl6tr*e

Ff*a$a! *Lae?sie

E e*t"

*l

veeeorml*& E Sr*ets,*a erprefagt *sehtpl

a6ef fa sele* sment bu ecreflsq CrE

S*mf

A*.shSE& $*a

iatesf-

iEe'

{a.p3 }
Flu:ratr *atr po*$.tlt eirnd laea e*a aqprefalE, d*el B*a*.$.Is de *tap
eu ban*'.rl qaraaic* Et6FIner6 le suFrcf*la S" t*e8eg {fi.*}i pe*-

rito

.lact!'3.e {3.46} i.lretx e6 tn op*ee

6gp atvcieiulr 4niluet!*i ala+tl'{ee telt esel6 e$ d6&'i,iJ[i,*,i, ii*cfur{l .1$et*1c6,
iti*tai.,nstl'Cppartieet6 *u i!6dar.tetct Sg pt aryrdele
&: r'rtord nedil dt*fcclrlcorc,l 6pll+E 3,agoc flwului
.tri-donenitrr f alo figurc ?a6" $upr*fala 3J eata qra
w 1i!e'at6t:iar 6{ tue1$tE'aa ah' masl*J*bi:'Et

Iif r rcAff flrsului

.. ggss*g$@g

*s-BE,

,.

detrrsimarea Iatsaett5&ii cLa;,ul.ui rfeeirj.o *r*oup*"Suu"

uBda

u*rer ear**sei sees&Btaate seu dLateibtr&ge p6 osrpu.r{ *u f,,oraa Eeonetriec airplt (p*ntru c&ra 60 cuneEtr :f,orse ltarii}nn ae *G)"
SFr? eseaplu, cLspu}, u$ui eorp pu*ctif.oro. f,eobr*st eu aeru
.
ci.,'rr +q gi cit?at^ia vi6 Breaial& alaeas"ia sf,*ricE {reeic*rlA E-Lg,
er.I@.us,elr aid!&! i. l*tnei,t*tes etepuluS, eloetrle ga eeleufeaag'-1
E;;t*ff *:-:3"5iffi.*;rufufiEu$;:rr$?tr* e eup*ef,e$H rrmlee E-Jrr

$,g$*s
*

*" % $!f
-""jrn, #uu
E(,,, G

6?* e*E"61es'

--3--.4gr

$eoarees

e6tE cu 6c.rsir6 auparftref-

s** 8p *+Q '

{?.44} r,"l
Potas&ls1u1,_?(r). trrt"e-rm.pu.net
efmp p{r} aQ deteruin* prir lu_
tegrsrs $.n lu:uru.?. r:rnal trimil do6im
bsaiieeriaCi-*rfgiG&'&;*p;*teeliel Ie lnfiolt V{8o}*E(s } *efspo
Ol'

e* r*

, .Conr.rYsr.! coPPogantelor
ili eactorilor 5" r.I gl E.

]',

;ig,irirji,;li.i.
..

Erpraaiiie {2.441 gn {e"p5} ac pot epli*er.6i pGsrtru sarelai 6 a!{o-.

tribulta o*air*sd efr oeaer[ct'a hs" iF*-*ilpfi-rE[--*6rp-r,,irrE*ii-:r:r1
d6 rrs'E.,&q6* *u Gsaa$?er.ee gfl$nii,ortm-*.-*e66uiu{IT;;n;"*-*
q

.4nez 9,

aa,r

*:*

${

u. &se--is*.slg;
DacE serelry eetr repertr.sat& eu d**,sj.tetse 6e vs&ue
gyrdi.n.l:)
fa eers s- rrB:.{ear resrsra di;;',li '
1:3:,*,ot*Pg]
1rc1g*o,{?,s5}
gaal,el
E6Ebrului gttrg (eacra

l,),

res,.J:".*#s

$$,y dv ,l
",
:
dl.v D . gy,

$$$"*";

gA:

Eg(Sr-Sr)..96 aeu nu"-01rrd

iti,i:,;;,,'' 1',
{

4rU

:. ..

D,-+D^
Dlo=Dao.

4ri

ar,,f

e"t?}

'iprafald
.l ta
:

(p.?a)
( s.aB)

l uxuaul' &6si1stie

, .Fluxul leetoruluj". tnducllr aagnatLaH.. F

I eota nul, crleer* er fl f,+r&a aqpreo

toJtrfsU

brice
Eoantr. I
.
lt--

,. lz ,ag,
6r iI - o.
,,I .'.
4|*
r$#o
a. cc-seet! r:rs&l?r
rals&lor
6pxpo doos?blr
aeoseUtro Aa
da f,onis
f,slae
iutog*el;
iutoral{
r 1*&ll
rr
,.,fj:.ri:
.alrctrlc (2.29), ErebruL dr6pt GEt nu1, ccor cc erpnleE
[!a'earcinli oegnetice. Dcoaroca ftruxu] totel pr*e E aate
r,: .
..,

aI- cH dac,[
lntrE flur aagnetic prj.Dtr-o perto o cupr*fr, utr flur ogal ve legl ta aeolEgi aoment prin altH pirta

roqult[r (lla re1.a]ir {2,p9) pri:r

(2"?6 )

g6.

fac&rcex5 eu aore{*B au*

.:19a-cf, conpsnon".sle Roraala ele yocto;',*Lml E tr c'on *

.,..:

t.

rv.

a1E

li dtlrprparaltc nu rste

.,

6;!i e.q" af fa.

6*+fir'0, rorultB'

S?6*

rerBg_loqels p*ntru o su!p:'ef*$5 do e*Barolio tueEr'*

*p' Qs ,

rerrdat

6E*sr6e ea +

ititE*o.

ipll**ee.,
ia.:ot

54
A---

fiecerc aoaDt Ei !a or.l.ec

illoa6neticr
1"
rste aulI (fig. 2.8).;

puacte divgrgoa&a i_eduei,io,

55

AE

s
dA

&&r0

Fis.a.?. Sensrtt o"

":i?IloW
l;l'l"ifiIili&;*iiF*i.;
:'

,'

lie.ara. gnlgrr
ililn;

iffi;ii:t

r;#;f#I**_

qo crap easn*_
t'

.,,

. tle, 2.9. lensiyri.ofctroEoto8ro induee.prlu trenalilie (a)1

,:

..

Dia onalc6li riErlrilor l-+$ lla*F,

g6+0 (f*g.?,6)rrc_
po ruprefabri itr cbparalio 81, r aluX"ioal
-::11^:. # Fe, .conpoaontele asrasli"f" tnA*giri ae6notico
difenita!h
lagoctice

l) Gtnd Dagnetul GstE ioobil, Acul

"olrlLtrului-nir devlaaE,
degi.epi.ra eatc'atrEbEtutu de flur. B6zu1t6. c& Ea f,1ur trgaetic
.n,.conataot prln epirSlau prbduec efsct,e do inducgie , orictt de p*i."-

ae

(2.rr)

hr.'lLo'''
e.r,.

fceiotl }ogto .66s663critE iE,Far6dgl qi Lsrsr:Gtidonnll*! i ,

'
ato r tpo.ruc. etnp a1"nr"ro prio
cfapul,ui a9gD3ti6.
"eufitf.,, to.ifoo-.,,
:
..
*t'
.
2"r.1. Bqrg orporilantali
r,.ao"i,iiliilffiffiffii.rt.
fonoE.uul (tc pr:oducero a uaeli.
tonsiudl ctrectr6rotoaro ia furgur *J-"i*"ia
Fru curba tachdbrr. .

1.,, .

I.tl

n1$bilitat.r

i::,
i.i
i,,r'
| )i

ll i

LEOEI IsDtcTIEr g.gfiaorrcxBrreB

i. .:
irir :l

:*, I'rltuului-n*uii" *io

]:

i"r*;;;'

at. ::::nl:-t".
".,p'.r"t"
acst eircult s6u cuFbtr. lcost fenonoa !a poit.
liustra-- ',prfa-.' :;. - . . ., ., ':.,.,-'.. ,.-r,,-:
- cltovs sspg3icalc aiopia
,.'
,
ccvraider'trn us Eatat. pe'"anonr.rcer constr.tEic
u*". dai fr*

Eegactlc ( i?ducltqrq!. ) gi_o apirE con.ucro,rc (inaire,rr

i
bc rzrele uaui vsrtoetru. rnductorur
"rrr"i-ii-a"
posti
u"-rr"*l*!,ir (ris.2.e,a) aau a" *."ii"ir;;.;;%;;
"r" "tGErgo*"

firl-

't ''

.;";;-;'";;;*
,]

a.n fi regnstut por0ancnt.

. Zl La 6propierea ua6natului. de apin& voltnetrul i.nrlleEs po
;,;.....1g*i3 {usSta iloptes5ri.il o tensi$ae. ou ettt"ssi rossreu c*t. vit*aq
,r.,.:r,;t{.!:rtla4elatl6 t edts uai mare. ExperisngE s*:raate ae erBtE cU t.o.o,
lnduaI eate proporlionrils eu viteas de veriallo fa tiop a flr.p:ulu-i
i,.,:iipf+rr E\rpeafala apir:al e ,- do,/dt.
,'t DacE daforrss eplra cu cuprafala lr.lnctt *& seod& Bupr.rfe.::f,.iiFi,d!,a8e-uenea:ea conatatg eparl!ia usei.t.c.n.tnduee ; prin defor*
qore s-a oicAorat flu:rul'prin opirl 0 . B4r pe ae$!a redueoril a13,,'.rt',pf.afetgi 11 ln conitiiille lnducllet .B*conet.
{) lpropian gi spoi lndpErtEn eu acaeagl pitez& !r Eegnstu}dt eptr!. coagtatdu cE se oodificE p'r,Britetsr t..8. rndu'sr.drslE'
:.::.:1l+,.crpetesauecadof].rrru1lnductor,prinepir&.
5) Dac6 aagnetul ao rotosto 3n raport eu aplro, eo'aforn fi*
6urii ?.9,b, spsro alo ase&enaa o t,.8. ind,r.U cL
ploporlioualE cu turalis gL cu oehinbaro AuUiE de -ptlruuioo.
ason la fiegare
rotal,tr coEplotE.
Fenonenul producerli t.e.o.indusc prin sigggr.e (trerelegie,
rdafornare eau rot,elro)
atE la.basa ruu"glffilffii-"ar.oareroi ei
,:8e !oareior electtlco.,'r
6) Iortajul dln flgura Z.9re prezint[ o neug 6aporient&r6e
qcnerat.c pe ccle stqllq4 . t.e.e. luduae. Inductoau] .rta o bsbisg
firt aliueatetE ta su.ront sl.t.rnatlvp iar induaul o rItI. boblnA
lrobiltr }a boruelo clroir r-a coneetat uE ycltEotau. Cinpul Eiagnrtlc laductotr esreetot'lzet prln tnduciir E(t) .u verlallo

nic

..:.,.',

.ir.

,6
Binut6ld6ll ta tgep,

&qB*tr6s#5 s {s*des rleet#s*6ts6as .es etrt

asi aart cu ctt qwsrul ds sp{ra sl *o&*tr dquE b*b*s rete ssl
asl gi ff;rctcela aei !"id$.setB" Fememqne.t d* A*duag*o etroeireEs,g-

Bstle& au epem d*c$ ee *t&aegt*as& b*bfls*

grsdr*.#g*a.ss .f,a enean*

. *fluqu3, LEt*w* * "**c$ f3n*el

coBtlltulrB decf, cleprur.l BBgstie j,ctemaar eu rsrlasE 8n tiup"

fn4#taa Sg, eeeda {d{$*od S},

. Tu*u_r$ experien 6 ry i dsn&iEa{ leneruFsfl*p+qeggg3.0};f.le, _ful:

SW,?g*gjg34*{f4g {eter*e} 6e e*x-ii aeee r,*-g&--$",*il-ffi*
g

.faraetses'e3sr ela*ts,[*a+

eurentuf,, 6rdus g*neraqah'

ef1uc

*.=,r"
al*etr*eexmeE iee

@;

a, eggr*lss1$"

Surha f ee
Fr!& d163"eis.tei

dS**

.pset.ts r

duee etSA

$)set6 eyae 6rgee.fors6"

J* *

m.

=* .s-

{"2.55t
6{ s -..#,!.{leneul de setar{figu *ot*r-*.*.'fiT e*, {eoneu} 6]emcet{r.r.ui dei
e$*

er

are frl ) e& asser.aad r{giep6 sule bua,g}itu}rii dr6pt *!e se66ul. d&.,tre*
f*rlrlg$ pe&t*$ f}twu3, $*r. {se&su} *Isaantu}-ui de eeiE E,A),
Efla
ei,ua aa *beas.ss d$"n fis*i& a"&,s. gemaal !at&u{i dia rera
s.ira (i]ia}
6i {a"35} pq$r t& seordl agaa
auL raal, .el t.e"o lnduserJ,a
t4 *
*tregtrso f, lilxul.ui mag*etie
r"4l a
3"nrlraetos." cu eeueuL d* refe rialE a} t"e.m,
&,b" ggEu}Ll91 lery"
lt
rl
'f.e"a1 iqdue$ gntr-u&
l/ **
e
eentuc laehi8 de oHtro f1us,:f.
lLaductor veriabll fE tiep
t{s}d6 sil produeE u$ aur"Bt
Fig. ?.1O. tsoc{or"ae senour,*lor da iiaduee lar ecaeta un flur
s.nte6rere- ia lagaa lnrlueiiei alceeeaelie)reara se spuas
lroaElletrca" &nsuf de. ieferin$B
aI iidc
a.t.B. rn6u6o
i

AI" .

$.ndua8

(a,gA;

ibla sedil e&riductoaa* ett Sl

eolelie {e"p?} aite
srpresia eea a*tr 6a$er.atrE a leg*i i*d.ue!*el ie*trsra*E$e$.ea* .
Forse i::te;+relE aedearoltet$ {?.5?} ao raat poate aex,ia:
qi

EB

d* e*eisgS H*&*,
{?fnil f,a*eu} $o* ereste
4e$a* o $,1 , ciler,rd; iadue A
psoduq6 Bct *fll,B Arj$lasq ds
s6$s. qast*6? f3wulmi ladx**

laoilj-f i.c&ri!. f Luxulul aegantie

iiaductor.

@r"

s0adt

t*,,.''".,"st*;.

d@

atr

"

{e"n{}

ea i$due fn conductoara optrraleta

,, ii.t fanciunlie
eezul uaai bobipa cu Nl=S epi** re:arbm I, Ee tra
iliqltc bobins. .fa'l'ctcsrmoteetre

tsF.

-'

!i'lll..

t;li?':'.'

:,;

'.:1.
):,

,8

,::

.',

P.f$qqlj$gAsJptsg Sg rcp.ruatnt$

l.i

fluxul negmtie

.esr.@

ca.wrs.&t&

rai

{a.16)

ort. d6 l| orr rar .e8a atectt t.o.e. rnducr ratr-o aptr&.o----4{761

(epirck bebir-:.L eint ia orrlr ttocl tcusirurilo laduse e" !f,t*"-:;

{?"5S)

arraearE ) .

1) F&nrul nagaelic feecicular latertlno tn celcu,.., ErrqBrtsrea

-&gry.g$tre,aeattcor.uhde
+u
inductlo pria uiczul feroaagni{iJ
eatr Bc0y'A. Flurut aegnelie total
Bp;r; i; eipreeit toneiiliti-=clactregsc*re iaduee !i e lla.,eli"ilEliilir-,i]i]
iii[iflii mra
var,ie!{e
In.
ttrip-e
ui"""inuiri-iiiiriiiiJlEi"";i;_
!i$
n.lr. Frodu6,E de bobilig Le flurul.,t
curent clcctrii d.st-iltnt n*..iitfi-Ii--'
;

inlsffi $;ui5i}:fi fuiH!ilitf #:trii,};""rix#,:':"islffiif

rilc

(3"60)

t"

l''

rerrcaonul do.induc&fu clectroaegneticE eparo tn ioate c"r"clad so.sodifics fluxul aagne.tic.co strEbat. usr contur I,"p""

flurul

DrcI

bogBctie iEtductor 0^,

=-

d. cureatul
dla.eir,cuttu: ta earc eparr. t.n.iu&ol"ioarrur, foig"gii ;i";;;;*_,
sqtie6 s. trEEBte indusllq prcp.Ilo ,",,
i"
boblaei eu s* opi.rm;i;?i"";;;;mffi;:
"!rro+-rqg"_*"_]
".r*-;i"irir-*,
0 oto praAua

lr.,ffa*6
ri

dc.fluru1 frseicule.B

Qgc crest dc curntul 11. Reriult! flurul total prin. epireir bebirxL $ -l{r0r gf
,t_.,q.". jillqggH-"
ryLr$,
I

a0

c 6 F;c

itia

dt*dt

d0,

J-.

=,-

rr*"-ra:,

(a;41)

j^Ea,

t rioa !

fi"

(2.31)

clEd fturu! EeEDtra rnduetor aet6 produE da eurentul

altui
r fdaoaenul !. .nuaegte f glqgllq autgqlt!- jrlrl-e clp"r"g. jn

i^reuit

rigure a.l?rb satc rspr6aent"tffi-"i"_

tul feroaagnerlc, tdulrrreroa prirard (eonectetl-i;
il;_t-;J;
u".,raa""g
l*, ,airr, il;;;--;;;;;'t
:p1:. ti tDflg'drar.i
"o
ricurdam cgtr deaehirl"prfn nlerul r**rueoiJo.o"
:afEgwErfi
trccc
fluru} fcgclculei 0; produa ae eurent*I i, dia lnfuaurarea
prirartr. !.o.u. do litdue6io nutuatx.dl,4
j;;;;;,IJ
6piro

ort

babina

d{
a.--r-l{^
, ltt

dr$,

.dr

;;'

(2.ra'

1r1,1.!.1$trq4gfOrtsre (,srattc.) seto EtfesntE de aero:

lrrlial atwel

ctad ipa,regia B-_ variszE local in tirp, lndifc**o,

i1..j*il,,iiii:. co"tdir'F r ., t ; e.u. inauet- pnrn,ri-.;.

tt""cr
Nlj:ii1;l,lbaoi
riiacU:,

'.,l1uiqii-iouf

trtlDp.

..-

il;;"#X
r "r';*ri.r";;" *-:iil ;
4qgngt { cE rar.
aeu sariotil1
-.. eonsrsrktE
-.
-

cirt

!aAue$*e

*"O * *r**

contwur

";

:a'ri-i:
fi ?l:ii',: .:
l,

;ar-"'

i!l

!.

rs

b. Feraa l*eai&.
Inte6retele ds eimta"lr E*a **tr*!la {8"41} ea Lrsnsforkg
*n
iategralc do suprBfai&'pa bnsa teorsq*{ s,oisrujl.ur.r

r<'t
$$oF

E'dr "

-$-e

6au

$
il

rotf,t"**f

tE

ar.$

'ottr,srffi,

+eot(toBi.

r r,.

t r grlH-S*- g"lx:gqs*k &e",4f

g,s$1se,

-* rsS

*:

4;
$

ki***xee*

r" Celeulul t"s"E. tndr:64 tn ePlrA

tir f,igars* 2.14re e*ta gr*eentela * esis& dpaE,tlx,gtutulec'B *itn*
,.ri*t*,:;o ct*pu3 aagr:ati* veg'iebl",l f,x ti"ep E{t)e%e*s Es xt,- ap\r& ewq
gt{.} ssts &saclstag F*r"pats@.
il:ii',,ioa"S* tu t*f,erla es&stsrlt& n, *3apx*
l,i;:.*-tO,uf** pe exa de rols$ie * epi.rat trpt1**htu1eff&1 4$ 1a?er5.3a I
:-::lt:,i:.t.

{e.44)

a segi! tnducirat ara*rouasn*-,

li.. -_ i:rylA.i+S-Ld4&:q.tei,-{Ej
t2.44, srahile*t 6 leCi6trsI iat*s ffepal elecger8 gt
llrlcc
*fgr**
r.u
srtc6 variegie re tfep a-ur;", _*u-".*1;r;T;_
":r.*ue.e&
fitter
*n
elrep alactrie.
llduca
:
Soc& S.'S (sadi{ laobi}e}, esu}t#
aiu (e.,eg) c ecu.*}io a e{a.pulul
--__-_ etree..roee8maiie
-_:y*rys%i.s!4s*****iU aub.nr.aela ,Io q
-Sgqs_gqpgllt a },gi
r.

rotl8,

*E
* *I-.
,Bt

a.49)

. *tl}d tneu*g** ee6net!.*[ e.Bta eorlstantE la tiap,

ita* E*O" dln
r.eE,

" *+t(Fr Sl eeu

Bo

h"

2.46 )

3* bar* comdu*toara da Lwrgina I

5*aeo ee deplaeearH eu vitcss f 3a cf*pui eagsstie **6*r,
** *o+*,E*Uti. .frx iiep E ea imdu_
!a o t"sE" prln nigesr.a o.-al;-;;;,
Aeeasttr teaetrunc
t":Jitere ?1 in&uc lra
i"*
-_-""
"*".* (fie"i.t3tr- ffiffi;,ff:";Hii}-uroclproc p,Espe**li*ofarE

,.$,r*ara

"E

Ja

v BBl, E

?Sll .

t2"47]

Curantr:]" indug &i

i'
Fie. z.tr. T...E.lndueE 16
:lgc"r?r
'rlrei bam cond.uc_
aor. tb eisF
saer*etle .

cirsultuf,ifnchis defortrebilF (eonetitrr{t din

bor.a aobil5 6l ca{fur,rt eonductcll
fi.x) a1a aorsul aeteruinlt'ds j.n_
talx6ltatce clupului E, i r En

rFluaul iuotantaneu r$r" pria euprafela

apirel A-Zsl s vari.re[.3m

induefi*l 8": r..

ti.np proporllonal cr: aonponenta aor&sl& a

.

rlt

, *4r r I fotf.a*a?* fi"cor2* tst+,sqosEx ft,sfues rt,,

-{A"4S}

,,P,lli!.r

I trsset. tn iungul ,pi."i

tulfffi
{t. aiste,aul de rererial5 oofider"o.,
cu induproaul,
l"-tj!".nt:,.,"-fsl:U
rn epirr sa catculeaz& cu ioros ,ri"rr".il.r""iil
.':

?., C*rba

I;r;i:.ill""r

or .Gt*a'o
!.crr. laduel, rri! transfor&arr {aiettci
ostr:

(2

.r"":$ -X3=, -Ilff.tr"ssa *?rr .{$o"te,

iJ.'',,,1i1.* nn

:.'
.'
It"f-

"191

ot,

aeu

+_ coocuctoar'cre
.Qto4trlErfsinarft.coezrat.
.La
*tivr I gi (cere

2
a. inC-ucc . o t.t_.E, prl,o nigcere

(a.ro)

.taie linilte.de clnp aagnetie .)

.r- {"tr.E16 ,{reriot,-nlor *frerincer

coa<t 1
.cina a

!cu

.i * lnr

undc! v - 2ian

air 2rf,.{.,eos 2sat .

iar c*Qt E ?f,nt.

I BEf

B6lne a

Errt.gy'?

orae

{?,

r{)

r r[Vl2t ! ]B;erlr4a 4.Bn'1144 g.b r

1?"r7}
,', rj,iotltf fu e&pul r?gnqtle oa6goa 1l eonetaot !E tt,p
;$; rrlla11flu:,gene*rtoi dc toneiuno alaueoi{sllo,Valesfac
,l.lii,ttrl,.l.-.11du!. estc ptoporllonsl3 clrr ada aptnrl. l.?rl ;
ftr:il.ggnctiel B produ6[ do i$dufitoa gl eu turalle rI r Bots]s-r lttr3rure.^

.};rli:ii:,:iiu$iri, !s:l!!'s:'"
ffirilrf$if;:fiii:
ile sp:irel snsut -dlaooeiEr cu itI prio ,r*fii: f;H;rffi$i"r

e2I rBsia4,,

r.n

(e.rr)

?.r.o. rczulteatl rp oblinutl pc

bszr relellilor (?.50) gi
(?.fl) conecrdl cu crprasi!
(2.{B)"
ID figura ?.Iit,br Inf[gurare!
da curent alternativ dispusl pr
y :i:, felooqsnetie, produco ctqpul
E1t)=%co6!' ri.
e6r,e rir. i" ""Ur"ii
ffir-ffJ'":":]i::;rr.
:rl indu.t6ruh.ri. {6=6;
"ur""i-.i nagnetic
Ei-or.togonal! ,"'"i;
( c EO).
T.r.r. indusl Ftin trensfor,Eara (relalls
e.+g c"u Z.5O) are erpr:sia:
. '.. - ,tnrl Bef ain 2:rft E
Elf y"rr;-r;;.;
;;;;"='

*'=

*ir.

ucdc

rtl

'..

r"r= *|??r [ )qr=ar4{ ilEnf .

4r{t

ggnaulul tensiunii_olsctrotrotoero induee cu

l. ,ttr
I Qorelgf,6g
tiup a fruiutui inducror (resuia :ui-iiiuiiilSiiir(
b*crE b61s0( t
I., olrerltc
}{.-cryf cong'eint
rn
pou1ltii aI6 apir6i. ) rs i } ; e-eoneul t. e.h.'

Onf .
(2"13)
care 66 inducc o t.6.8. sinusaidsl5
6ste cel oai aiaplu
1T:,r: se tr*nsforoator.
ecueder
valpar".
.tcnai.unii indu.ss
.
l. rrt. proporlionaul cu aria
""";;;;

;:.f;fi .T'" 1"iI*i,';.

"r;;J;=;;;"r-;;;;;;;"T]il"rr_
*

;;.[:#;
reprei$tg o
Ti *

epir$'cers
----,"t:ya i.1c,"
canrlaqt{:n
tn c*pur'qEo66D,,
cu Et{.n61 penrsr.eat.

".,

ii . ii

an.ror&atorur ur )

ii;;;.ii; ;: I#t::;:ffijii*
,I^,,";'::.':'],' ''

sr

r...i.
r'*i:"::';":; ;;:;,'::f :r,;ll,:I:fl:.:.,"rtc di; i; ;;

clepFl-?I6ctroua6;neilc,pgsre tr{
i: nedil
:l$laze
t,dia uai Eultg
ooogeni, ri""r"e-cilligi-p'"iil"rii

Lu:irl"i:-fuxii:?H i:Tiii:Fffi ;r;f ffi ldr:in$li#

,. er 6wry
L.'-qr eeqlG +nrr_Batutt rlnrlla

ite
gr ochtobtr dirgetia (a6 refractE).

vscto"rilof

l,& trese:"s&r6a unei supi.sfe&e $s :reBBfng** a 8srr.d e66gi,

orl:den& eu p+x'*itirtt&ii diferits etr} C{q #* eoil6&rF6 *oaB0x}&e*
iei le$d*n;ia1e ale v*c'.oru.l{rl S" T**ire*a de
reri;.it s prirr :spl tee*s s t *sr.li ixu! *e;i+tr.

ict *nui eic

-r--*-J:;ffIl;l-##6:,

cnr.$r rj,pesrunghju;e*

ah << o[ i

*rjJr . $f

E{lii}aiphte,
t

fri

Er(-

fr**E**fr
A ++ 6'$+

en.

{f*g,*.}g}r,ru L*turi}e di ;ie}

.tii i1r.:1:;:;: .:

i"l:.:il-!:;+:p
I tl lr:l :i'i :

qf

Ei

.,:i::iil..t :j ,r:;,Irq

i{l*&$'i {I"*Bei}}t }"

inirEr.d"uf,*re&. iiJlsi q':*uet*.r sos!? fl} *nap
Strsea&i

t,ren't

;sagra.e.i,ic

rss-ie*

!t:.6jli, prirl fenpu*n".rL de .ir,luclio *trectroae1l*eiis& {rst E E

i! il -fif ), esa"e rlupa.l elsetr.i,* iusuo S {f,ig,p"I?ra},

)oBa( &l' E )= E'tHe-Erlst ;

."'""""'&*A
et

dt
6&'A

T {i32**}"&n**$1ue* 1 d*c*"

srt 'EBt

{ *n96 }

f6sp@a refra*g$"*!

li.ni*

iXEr de esdp Bi.6ctrj.c p6 sup:,a*

fals de sep&ragflB fo2rnefn*fireetH fiu aerelnE ( fA=O]r 6s qbgina

din ccnsi<lereErte gso&eEn j.ec

(f,igr ?,6) gi din retoliila(p,pE)2

" ?otb. CoEB6rcBrea {:oei,oner.lslor_t&n6enlinJe

al$ vec*
tortlor E gi il,

Fi5:

(?.16)s care expriuH eongervar$&

coarFons:rteIo* DIA"D?.ro El&=EA* i

rE er o 3ft- -l,tl*']a 'l*

tg,

ts {*1* lap = 1e3+= ia3* .

Dzt, DEo Dlo '

rs1ltg s'= = Er/

*,

"

?. BT}

'toru] eEun&i*La treqere* prin euprefege Ce s*Fer,sre a doi diaiee.:]*i dif,*rtgiu c*r'rt: *{.nrr t*i*6*a*I:e r-;;;;;;;-;A--r;-r*ii.ri
o*2r*i ep*Fe *ere ne f*rri*eaH. Lir*iile da +ap eXe rre{-tqpiXs*
i, 1i1or
* cu $b ree?se. 3e *e$*&f'e*s de dtcecsti"a*it*tereste egel_ cql
Peu
l,s
ii repc::!!r:. pereaif"vit#,li.g*r qe3.*:. **r:* p*dli
ag* &p&.
. La ttrec+rea f,ni1-uo s')diu ei.e g.ermtt5.r!tei,* *ii *"nu aa > o.rvsloprs&-in{.6x.6i.1,&lii
ci.cp.,i.u:'.
A-{8.. volaoft*^ "
insueii+t siscr.Fife +r.e}ie.r., r.t*l{rle'so"Cu
sr r tsr-ii"{*i6
ei}[s,ii-H.[;ra""i.r6i"
ts&:s-dp rrc:.u_efs o." , d; ir{'6"a.d"'qf
prl*,i] seclu Fsr ft"r&nge*ta e*.*j;e?etr ---' ftrnrJrB d crep d:{.h
? o EIE;
{}"$e}
%.a*E**6etsEsa , "e3/ e}*py' ea s
se& $e{.eal pe Bi}trif,Rf,F}* de **pareg{g
{*f**}.
(A = * i &3qa.*AsBgq*!]a ; 6&EXB ek?,
{eqsB}

, Fig. 2.f?. Curonli tu-rblon$rii a*eonductor noeis in etr$t m*sn**

.. tie variabil ; b-cor"p^conductar 5rreElzit prin induc!iu;"-t!f,.fr?'tio
---.:',rt::.,rq'lirldU0lie;ri.*tr*nofo;'rx&tor cu aiea ferir:aagnetie din"ter:i,
i**ipt cfmp,rE d& ns$tre LB curn$i elect:.j.ci indugi {t,urbia*r*rj.}
cu densitgtea J=EIC .

Curen$ii turbionori produc tncHlzirea conductorului mssiv"

$pre gxemplur dec6 ln bobine porcures d6 cux6nt, altorn*!iv aa
intfoduie un cilindru de ellginiu {fidt.2"}?rb) acoreta ss lncBtrzeSte
putornic. Efoctutr se utill**sz6 tn cuptoa:,ele +loet"rlce cu indu4ris
.11 topirea nste.lelor gi obginerea eliejetor"
turbioneri", !u intsreegiurre cu etepul. nagn*tic lfid$r*
,:,1.,,,, ...',,..lt,,,eGenlii
rt ' qazvoltd for*6 l,spleee" Sfaetul aate oplicat f* cup)-6jate *u
ri,ir.r
lnduc!ie gi tn elp*retelg ol.eet,riee de mEsuf*tt contoE,,6 eleci,rice.
,,.',t,,iginti'uc5ie, tehoeeire cu i.nduclle (fig"?"i-?, e)relcn
.t ll:.,...1,-,' Oursr$ii Foucault *&pe so indu* tn e ir*uitele eisgnsti.** a}
,,.t :.1,:ilaneiornatoarelsr gi megini.lor rotetr"e, S.ne6:?eoc inutit aiae u1

,'..

. fersuaenetic.
racssrrtr dj.ainui4rii. efe*tului t,erq{e al eeator cirren&i
rr,,1.,:'.ialezul I3u se e]r*cut& meaivge i. se di.viseea5 Eix tols {teb1.* eu}:!ir*,}3

'.-':t-,itrl. In

lzolat6 eloctr,i-c tr:tfe el* (fig-2.1!d)"

i,::r,iri.. ir

r'

irirrn:li:

de.csndueii. totrl calo 6tr{b.rr

lf""$1f1ur,*t"st.ic
o !uFr.lt.E_
osrecar.
adrglni,tl
i-rf
d eurb{
l.i
ar qaost'
a..
- n st
s?legsil:

n6

ff".,.srrrerutr (fig:?,lg,b);
e.a. LslEa sl8qtrlflJtyl InGrffiIe
8E,UI?TIIE tT'T

S A&ft Lmx o8il8nrtB.,

XAX$ELI,

:i1.!:'i):.1'.r

": :

,y.ctorii.L:r-:J
allr ( ?. 61 ) n lr fnl g! ;.".r.";;- ;;;;;;;;";rr_
r,, rratia:;;;;-;: Iurur rn*iar
*
fl;ffi1ff-fi:
ir
.;ii.;;.
;;;;
;i{,.
;;'
;;:: I ":T;"|I*,:H;'0,"r X,".
i::4.;;;;
itii.it'.,,$:ref

la rcrst .Scrpr,tol: ro Fr.sl&tl lc6t e{rcultulul aagnetle,

hgre,cour*rrrll rerctalt" eraetrlcoLlogor t*enaforu[rit cnsrgici
tn.condr*ts.!., aeueglih Lui lerrrrtl. !f Edoi6 rlcctroragaetleo
Plaua.
' !r4.1. q"gii .i*"ol-trnfof rieo;tfo
.
lca.stl logs ittr b bsrr diseaai.onEril cireultalor aagaeticr
'rlc ra.l;i,nilor 0i apEnetelor
ctreetrlco gi poraito celcul,ul *t pufof

,,,rtt" ;:o::.:1"::::,,:::^:"o::":""
f1ffieFalEri

ian. ]egea

ftwului eloctric prin ccoiagi

tr

euprafelEt

u*u"*t{d'

2.50)

_f1.!. into6rall {2"6O} ac poato tr6nee.*ie ia funegie dc vEctsrii EsSrSrAecE al cxpltcitcazl teneiuo.s Dagnetonotosro, golenatia
gt f.Iurul. rl,rctris (figrA,tB,.rlr

6Jpn ai
Ii-

MY

([ E ai.
. -'lr
ff t;-n - -*ilt ".tr

(2.5].)

pruct (t. ?ecere

ri8n,&r

rc.

*. $,'4{ * ,

'ir,*r,

*oo jt:-lTr_ut roto errgita tea _q$pe4tuih

_qe aqpresqr.c.
' . Flurul vectorului rrD 6s nueegt. o*"rrrT

oo

p$rt eu tibFill

din_

circuirului aa6nciic r r.utr u"ri"J,

$,n,* " JI;

ea3n*trc.

fomr lqtpenet8 q tggi-i. tscrla lui &p$r

tursiturao legn*toEoto.re dc-e lungul r.lnoi. etg.be facbiso oarecerr f .st. cgell eu Er.a dint'r. aoieneiic rn, cam atrgbeto
sr..si tupref,als drachlatr llgiteta ae cu.rUcf Ji acrtvuta 3u ra -..

ig

arnt isoeiagr d$d rcsura burshrulur

r}2r!r.-_d,'

,jiitiiirj:,,i-r

-tt

r .. . 'r
*t*f ffi'',,': t,.cera
uBr-r.crtEpuL
clapul
{n
. _.fl"s.-.+...r

Ft '

:-&e!s-ggff frl

,'-11

6.teetric reri,
cleetric
suficLent rte lent pentru
j:,":r:::l-':, rarlezI

:i:1::1.'" i;;;; ;;;;;,J; :*cu erceplis dierectricurrri^"oro*"".;;;;;;r"

, ,' i.li"'ll:;"T:ll
i:j::.*ff9.tot,o"gli*l
ti*'" ( rig. P.tB, c ) . in reoria errcuitiror
,.,,,,;j@.tfl
]? ISIg
' tndaplinirea
,__-_-{-".
_ condiEiei

d"-;;oi, cvaBrBtelronar_ poreitr

es.re8,:e

^--.r-.^..^utillaaree
tqorgEelor lui Klrchhoff" &enuntarce
fa
d deolocorr ^^",r".rrtu:,

nm.,

ffi"

!lE: ?lU; h4cg"i d. rBferirgl tn teeee

*JF*6
eirhEitu:.ui

:#ffill:.[;''fiTuil.-I::i.*tlH#r"oircuit

cu

j
i

4s

,* dctergleg a$li*fr**
r )+, ,;

P*.So

r*Xeg*e {3"S$} uau* $#$eer

Q Featru eer*
roiXaJe
a,*s,
' +8,
4e
gii
e*gna
rlaFlqailr.
tl*
a&16
gi}*r
6rat
lntcasitE
dana{ t&
1]r"iiir
ntului lta eondu<trle Si a cetrui d6 dapiceessr?m o*dtr.{ isoblfa,
,.,;,i..&taiir \2..b9) | cunelfcut& gi eub ntatla ee pf*qg-q?Ig*{g-S-Jg*.
*"-"ar!arotE cE tn g*rorel eimpui aagnatie e6t6 p*oeui:*ttg-.Au

2.19o A**mela8tse 'cSapulu* nesnetie

Dene"u esed&etsrBr,l

reqtll*nir": {a} g{ t*ru} unii'ers babinot {h}.

$**"*s$a.a*a

*s

6aU

E-aG_.

a.66 }

ider& ar:pr"ef,a!* de a*p*rolta $U* dint*"p c$oq6 ao*

pa * up if,*.6"?.3"s), pria aFltearea xeell
'i., .::.,tiqitl.,eacii*'tica
. clrcuitcrlul eeg$stic 8n J,ur4qul unui aie eontrs d.repturghlul*r ,

diferite

::li.r',rlf9

" 3gr
lecE eo eplicE teaaenc }ui 5p$p3 eurbei f1 de raa& a<e reaultE
efnpui, aaenetlc lutarior Ei;

*Li. ar?" &sal g,*

,*r* ri*-arr*
* -t&="4g"d,y1
rno
?*e'
Ciepu*'erEte ,liniar fn lnteriorul. coeductoru.l.rd. este II*i/(pn e)

$ro*'
fir.**
toA,
Jti

po supr*fo16 gi ecade hiparbotie ln cat6rior (fj.;.2"19.. i"

- Clmpul raegnetie pi'udu$ dB a l,nf6Burere toro{da},A 'Darcr.rf&H ds
ursnt.* I, avfnd r"ana asdie r el ll sFire uniforu reneriizate uo
circuefcrinlE (f,ie.2.1,9-b)1so c6lculeezll pn*"ru curb-elo ii, n. n
cGfui'E-;;{.';;i;;u;;;;;'""i}&r6E& T'
. ln e*ieriorfir-roii,r,li
clreularl
Ax', eu aate str6bHtuiE dB cureat. :[aE prgn A.:-;ur;;
tu1 dc conriuEgio l,ol,al" este nulr

agt r -*
6rai.r.
Jri
'El

$=-=&ar3'sr@lireils

Ctpul fu intariorul t,onululs eetreuf,et cu georaaa lui &sp8r*

lialc 6e elap f, ecta:
f* * s
ffi 6ara cau llil"asr = Hrs sesi *.
(2"68)
f-X
* "
b. tlqne rlge_elB.
Dlll lagca c{reuitu}ul Eegatie pe*trr'ra *orpurl la repau* (a.O5i,
dac5 ec. apllcE tearcla rotsrutrui is Deebrul atfng i t r.sri*E
terrenil, tr droapta:
r ae '$f r"; *
ar ,

Fosrrul.a

.
peni*u

["""'

{$i

Lui Biot*$eser$*

Laplscs (?r?2) partita celculu.A

iui H aau B 3n ragim eraaigta-

,ioner, fu aedli aagrreildo cE

penaeabilitat6ts p Bau ta vid.

Ctnpul naghotic_.produ6 6c

eircnit dl. tEts,-u!r

P! eituat le depEy't&re B.
pe o di-recti.a ee face rughtuLqi
crr dl oat6 u$ vaetor dH {fie,
?.2Ore) cere ara tsodululc
por$j.ul1ee de

purct

lie.z.eo. i{Ey'iili lE, fcraule Biot..:srErt-I-ap iae e i a ) . .l"ert i euieri saro

:

ie o pc,rliunc reetiliai.a de eircuj.t (b):

dr{"

gi

H. .i,s 6r

eena',rl

a|g-#{e,(p.?E)
e*

det ds p*ofuaul

r..srial[ fl x E-

see*

ir:6fatilun:rydlu anaagnottrrt I cu,p1.,Fs m ircea.ta nsdieS,

(
**
F.lul't{ plra
E.rstl8at eI eu ]rp!.a'trl$r?c?leDtrp
iiit-ii,'.aia*ttrrrt
Fae@ f, lg "2.?},bI r F.tuJ't{
Py'rra*#
[g-tfo

tSOr l,/e ; alac.rla(*-.clrcor g;

'*.

3li]S"fi[S;rft"fiqiffi1"S;'11f:?

ErB-

a."f ."as it.Or rdlcl llsrllle Gr ehp regrttla rlat 9o^r9and1Ji",li',liontlrrl cor9slul faroaagactlur lad{frreat do tqg}lul
eoeged./S,

u" coaductor, err.

f :fu".#*{. "#" ryF.9.

ao

trec.rea lntr-un.gadiu cu parrrabiLltato aal rerel rsletlnduc${el 16g:rnaitgtll afnpulul Begnsttc oc*do, teloerao noroalu.,
.cr.eate.ier iinlile de clop oc dsDBatcosl dc
trlrn&io
dc
fI
assponet}{clo
co
cxprlaate
ritfrirt{prry,e2 Pot

p.?4)

i':aiins-arsg:

-iilaprui poatru pr'Fo, p?'!Fo, 61*tr4!o,9', 81o0,315 ll

ca;45orB2Gor42 T, tiI*Bl/Fo > Hz-B{(} pn)'
(produa 6c aagnali parre*
iliilPAafrtott:un c!&p aqgn*tlc eontant
ua ttrb ella aetsria'1.
intiodus
s6
Siiin.,jou dc ua crtrsnt *ontinuu)
n[41ot1crse conatat! cH lini{}e lle efnp sa eo$*e}ntrsea$ tn
pcraeabilitate rai nere (flg"2.?1;e). Ia eavitat*a
lur,fi.
"u
Iii..{i;,i'Ii t"6r deacltats* 11n11}or da ctflp ss tredueo' dec{ cinpul

Iifii,l

i3;i}ii..it.tl;x"fil:'rl,ffisri.*"*ffi.

s16tB lso"L&x (rarB 8cn1&D oe auo$t8nla

cH.l.ntr--un
.1: i*t"riorurl araia slgebries a esrcinilor poaitive gi negetive ala
..:;l corouriio"-rite.-conEtantg" indiforent de-procesele ca'rc au loc f,m
,llaiea. DacE eieteaul de 6orpuri concluctoara nu 66to luoletrpur'., ':.:
i'..'::'.,trtqrii dE s8letag rtr$bBt auprafala {nchiag prin porllunlla con*
: rct ;il;ri"l;.i-;;;;itr;;
in suprefalErclegte earciaa sisteou-rui
I .i '.dr corpuri, iar pentru eeneul optls, aPcinGi Eeado'
,.-il.?:l'rd* .corrslat[.

{":u

ffi{i,':i
::;t:l

t:iri

tj.',1,
-l.il,

,.,1t
,:l

sir

ii

,:tit:
[] :ij

'i':il
,l r:. i

i;

ii'
i,

i1

i,,i:
:rirl,

jii

a. Forna lntaa:rel*E
%

Cur*Etul pl.,rcrni

:::Hry,,$::iaiT.:;,ff#Ii**iT.,ffi.:f;;-:dffif:"
serciuii
6l6carlsa loea&i*at* rm tgur,ergoru*
6u*;reflegi

dE*
,
lga-*i&io

"
|J

{a.y?}

te q""llirnrca f,es-aa*I, iete6sal*

a leg{t eesasrqArli ear&inil {,}"??},
!e ra ?iso aeeea *E,is. c*ta auas
*fgufriai-o euaenlilor eRr,B ;e.;!:&*
hst
*u ,orrufi ce rerar:nf*";_;;';
'wr&fe&"
i.* daeeareai."
u****e ra*" ii*
rdq<o! 61 dat*raf,nE * _.*;;;; T:ff:;, TX_fff"I*}J_
pueit$'r {d:4'riiat *lap&
l:t::"*. ear.a*g6es&
nssaa!.s
* ,*

*;;;g

ru#

"****e.ffil"-"

q* * Er -qr+qp*A

!'ie"e";:" eo&aervaras t
;o i**
r;f *f.rfffi
ti*iii,Itffi ;*SS_ff [f

16" i1-

[s e [g e0

*ril*sg-:i$.;f*ryry;ffi
ii:Tiii:].{i"?::"ff**ffi"H.Ti:l6};;ffi

*fmd euFrefe&e ffietr$g,

ato

;ffif

rectrleu]' co$duettrrqlut.
alxel i*onaa&ir*ureetul
-ffi#;:iJ-:.:':;.tgtl de

elj.* mi- *i6eG*,_r.,

**tu *"r*

':'xT:l:.
:F_"
*
dr'o

sn[*S ii:-fl
faabla a cpn6re&,

J;-;#ffi

aeu qE s eonst'
{?.?8}
regrlole ds errmeena*Lssra,
asr*ilie
araEturiLoe eonactBtB lB
n$*l:3"i eata &u*Iff
'
.an

{fi"*.?A,.b}c

laaa eanoervgri.t au.t**;

,_
aae*{ai'i F-r-^r-r
el'e*te'!ce {?'??)
are uem$toarea
a:pr6ts*.6 F&r*r.cur&r.&. ,

;;;;;; ffi

ffi

T*.ffX ff-:r:i;n3:x,ffi';Tffl;;-;;-;"_

S,
ld' m- * ff;#
ufl,

"

s&u

iF * - ioE "

(p"?e)

'tr+r*ffi

#x+*##*#-.#*H*ufffidffi

!9iiiir" rt.
:.1

1l

9'
!) v.rctorii E af S au srloe,tsrs ten6ar!i*1i f,t! Puaret6i* di6 eosH6nEl6r.Er cS Ln rogia
o".roe aituato Io rectaBtelcc Buprsfili@I.
irrctroatatic. deecntlrl $:g\ri eeaductor ( lneluctv euprafata ae) Bft
acclarl roecagial. itnlile de elcp olftt sertele Pe suFf*fe$Etier
rcetoitl- E' qI -J ctrut nuld tB f,etrlsrul cocd'.rctGf,ului.
i.

e.{.

,i,:, 'r

}.

&isl tter,e8qseg[tq*gutg{gtg.4- &s qst*q-tqqry#ffiggg

{.f -g*re.qt

td.

{ rq,6qe :{{}q}a-:!,rqs,l

P.fi18&.o.
i::

:t:'t I

:tl',1r;:::li'l

'l.
..

, 6s[ul

?"86}

gansra] eoreepundle Goaditetottra],gf cli &soaoEeB{teti

,ficlco-cht&lc6r ctlrd oi"O" Saef ln relo${e ta.Ag) ce &{ao oosac
it. lcg.a lut Oh.n q,+o1'ftir fcaultu u!'lEdtoarca ggqF&.fg_!q blls4g
.1..

.rDutdri:.or:
-+,
-.,: :

.i:i;:,r:iii:il-l,.

$tercs eicatroctr.ttlss s eoaductoeretor asto tassiitd d@ o

desvoltars ds egldurxr eil etft eal {atenaE cu elt eurentutl (dea;
eitatte 0e eurenti gl roaletivitagos EtBt aai sari.

t; tgee-lgcg}$

DeB8igalol de volra r But&rll asdste;de--e*apu1 el64tro8sga8tie

csnauetor tB atera slsetrseiaaties eetd egalSrfa fieeare "eoll!iunui
iiceut 1! fa oriaa locre* prsd.tlsul aes],er distro &lrtansitate efnptl-.
llrut *recarie 6t doasitator eurontulut ststri do eo;tduello; ,

tl

,"#'E'J'ivv"'7"

ii
ii

(2'6I)
f* t'ruo.fam&ri cnergetice .

?a
J*c, tn eotadrrcten'au
fUs'S Esoteogenit$gt .fieieo-eblnlee
al eomduetBarelsr ",i
{.Et*o)r rsla[ie ( ?"8]] i.e fo,r&e DertteuleaE !
(?;84)
r
p "* qJa,,* ogd tO .
D6svolt{}r6e ei eXleqr-g ts conductoerele percume ds eur*rit G nuDeeE

csr,

i*" ganarel

6est6 6geql-9lgq1i@plqqlg 8st! 9,rggS*ggg*9:&gm

gi

.$Ar

P" .&rse-tl1tgpig-eqqwp caeqgg'"qefq

?*f,t

!s lungul, comturului trchls Fr,

er (r)-- *** =o*f,xhfo.

eete esrscte-

f-li""ite:fie. *

Intr*ru! c$nd&*tos ft[lfom (fig"?"?5] eu veetorii dl ,Er,]

xreralell g{ .Iell&1 iategrelo dtenait6lf.t do volua a puterti (re}*

(?z.h)%coa

E"e.m. {ndusd

rietie&. ot.&ril e*c*tr*cinetiec.

'

(r)BEft),ar *

.;;,,,.fl,q;,

?t?r$. rolE f,ononagnetieB

4.87) exttnEb le vo.Itsul, S a1 eonduetorr:lul er.e arpreeie:

fT
I
"

;iF
dIE

j$un'u"'$$ e'r'ev''
T
J'

taul

Fig. ?.25" Doaoniul da integrar* in logee doulg*tens pat$re

ufi coBductor filifom.
putro. F
ll

dRt

*
r.ff$x',.4v
$*'o'u'u,
t(fir)
Z
. t{a.et * rr.l.
(?'85)
Jr,

*ro )

oleetrceagn*ti* uncri eogdr*etor .fi:"i.liforeruffit is Er.arc oloetroeinstlc&reste produstul 4in",'e t6&si*

ll

eo<tet6 da clnprrl

tn lurrgd, f,irului conduei*r u; Ei i,ntenei?*&ea c!}irsetr}tru* i"

in conituetoaFe oaogenc, eonrolk lag{l rui ohx u3=Rl, resuJ.tr
cE lst"eags putrrc primitE Clr la ctEpul, oloitreagaetic ao trtessforaU lr6vers1bil tn cEIdurU.Brin etr6ct Joulo-IBpB
unoa

f r "2r2#r l5-". -$ d,,**"

[u]

2.88)

t.

,7
u$i Y t A hl *"e'll.ar]}. tslsi"
iiar4crllc *pocifiec ps 1.nlt6taa d" vo}rE

*r{

' +"

:tiniiii.ffiii,,

t ,.

.'

Fy
S.1{1
[uzo5J
c;.crc r.ltrGti.e cu Ereeia6B t ol6IJ_fr6e"enga etupuiui,

(?.sgj
rtilstl.er

e"

iiia;lg

l1li:::

_r t,itti,FifiTx;l*:f
ff,*#
(urr...ur))Es lii;1,*l!'r!tr$i;,;;;if
$r rue,rarivirtsras aare. (cu procent
-o* niai"*i-e"-iiii*
eiu o, tx" " "44i, Sorei6E urirrs,st;ruioi"euiu
-iu"friii
f .recyeE!r-.r fl i inouc &r a nagnet ic E" "r*ui*i*-JeI-i*f
fo r"cc
eirc
ui t uj.ut
-i'i_ -"
De6rsr i-!e r S.ae t t- pi ard *r i. ft !r i n
""e
i t[oii""i*
iU
ii*,i1t
.rcr. !t+E-{i{s'iia anecifre*-pe un}rat6i
",*ofr
rie ire.x, orii iu-"iii*iE'
"

r * '*" " fr * .#"-$

---5

[-/E-1.

*.9ci

+lo8ul
sdoarso aexi_eE a sestor_pieritari apecifies
.le LaduclicF.r"eeiaerr*
nazild ce tt. [1.-fre."*Ir-l6"il
Cs't

r"".;iJ-di-#iiGl.-io*r,
f "..{. &}.!iif

f,

sr,

esrirsr..c

rrr*"lXillii .P i,o/i't,

e*}tti

r*"ffif'IEilffiSa4qel}.. Uu6o eleetFoeagnatice

t'axr&t s 6*aeris f,er:eee&s16 electroaagaetiee prinu,_u* "(w?1),

nuBgr I-6*
*&s Se er:r.,*&i** .r*iliaiad .taoria etnpului,

Lui l{axrei} s f,o.*t ssdireat& fE.

16SE de

"l*t*f*"

fierte pria ";;;;;"""descoparirea

i.iEasiilp ai6etrda&Eeatice. Aeate unda

6teu }a baaa tl-eeeDunieagi_
ilor gi. oe uti5gaaee g$ r&diglgsgtlq {deterataarea pcai;iei
urror

sb.i.cto dc pc *ct, ciu u"i-ETfFiil),

:.edionevlsef,ie (diri.ipreo
-xoek*tn!*r, es*guer*G nvisenorer t*
"uo!ffiTrfiffitt-r*1.*
{m&surarea preeie[ e atstacleror pe sup,"sf&la p&s!r*
iagi$$et6Y:g
*uI*I^)s

Mlg,

E. qEi5"rF'l

,,;.',,,:...T.:.,..

h.1

E'jufi,''

tfl,gfrl

ll peraia probtreeolo da esap aleciroatgnatfc gg*8rtl-4l3Ea[r

de rrtrrial, (rr er F i 3) airrecla etapelut (deaeltatcs d+

l. ...etrtl
.].rar.,e,Ytiden1toteadocrrrntJ};}i-coeaiidi:tnt$iatci
*ssrpa'r*tsre vpe*sr{}s'
ilt*t: ?l *:":t:.:, t*,
il,iiliffiill'oi
jrart"-teoporsli
E(x,yrart) rE{x,vrart)"
-,:
: i ' il'''.j
I x- produecroE undelor 6leetrqfi0a6'flettc6.
c3oetrls gl elaputr
,
,,,1,, 1o frffiserlabil f,n tiup3 lntrs efrrpul
:6ers eosd*Sioaoaa& axlg,.,i :,;,,,nrs+ctlc oxlsiE e $-q!16 -lg84lliqE 4r'rg$,q,
' l;,,
clopului efdctromagnitic -deaprina do_corpurl": ::b l""ry'-.', ''1.' "r.i!,
*. ""ae elsctroee,gaetleelea ec propag* cu vftase lumluti...0arredde*
(
** ,u:ilnl'1-:::.-"1
.;,,,.,.,,,.f.1o:F&iufnnaecRductoo.
1,*o],,
?Y:Y.
euranfil
*f et
nicl
sere{&l t gr"$} Si. *
nrl
care
exisi!
p
t, ,:.1' bfUttca
pro*
puna
fn
etrectromagnatlc
avlilon$& el&pul
:'..,1.1'(f*0), psntru a putea
i..ius
in
elaetrto
vtrtrabil
dtntra
e*spu,l
prin
itrtsrecg*ulr*e
rrteoi
;.,.,i
, , ;;, qi cinpui eagneti"c vartrebil tn timp.

p*t#q

*^

06
v&
*irT,

{B, ?}
.'. 1,. aretE pooibitrltatta de e produco ctap aegnetlc. prtn ra'r'l*!la !n
6eue&*:
iiii,*1lgp.;.'el.ep$el exactric', cu: *-do::
.*
il)j:,,,*l'ria',cg,ipului *l'*etric la varia&ia tn tiap a elmptrtrul &eFetl*l
r6tgc

i":i}": I:iff

::

ere"

5:*::lS.3t,sg4Yg11 rspreeinsa fo.rmere Iseale ale tesilo:r

-. _-.-iElrcurr.xtlus
Ee8r2eeie i?.63)* i:?eudbi.d eleety,s8&glrstics
{e"4}}, f,}.ir_
xrf:qit eX*etrie {?"p6) gi f,}ueului mag*et:ic. (?"}Orr3
ln
eeeui
nEdi*
i;,'r laabiLe (?"0i Et fErE diecontiuuitAri:

" tE.3*i3
t*sg
I

1 oor. E' " * ieat

1
*'fr
oiv
s
{
t

1;i,!r";taol;111,ineirrlt oxtins (fis"2"25) ae produee

1.iii.l11,1g1.pri*e1p1:,'f,, deobr@e&
j111;.rl1-11 ,;1mpul1 aceato va
n:iF.; ii |I

[1

,r

h,1

flsfelte

1<c;rE-*.

Eeueliila {2,9t.) ae eoep}eteoaE cu re}agiita

iA"p}.(Z.lg) ai
ex-pri"u& te66r.rB terre peerc** tur=A,:#rl.d,-'l{i
1t.rrl.:"T
tn aEsli ].ieisr"s, ea kr*6;

'
Diid'

.\ac,+r
fi1

6?

pft

E,

etsp etreetrie

E1

$u xiet& aar*inl *Istrie{, es{'s s& tntra*

dispare". Stslpux dBserae&tsl'81 F*oduee,

riL?

frt?

!z-2r. Xodul do Generars

tsior electaotsagnsi,ic@ .

eonform rele!**L 2.95tW

*Xap megnetlo #1 cu }{ni"a
de fifep frm oang eree'"H*ditr:
:ru e*n$ine *a;'en${ Ae e6lrduelia cere sE fxahr*$in&
eXug:r*l F.1 fl* eeaeta se *iLe15,era; ea*.f41, ecaf,o*q rele&$.ai
{?"94)rae gsnareaa* *3xPu2
sleetrlc E, eu llnie de esap.

fn

eone

antlorar. Vaetonrl

Ba

-8'8,

raul.erl elepul ohstdc tnlStel E1 dla puoetul $r 6st .o rr t$ri.*

frstt tn $,uactul vecln ?.
Ctepul rkctric Ea arr crtt fntruliiiut 6a r.rclni o1eetrlct g{.
trr scldtrr Fro0uca Ia jueul sSu el.epBl regsqtlo Hl2 cu oonr oraf '
(rs}.2.9]). ebpul F, eaihileeaB etopul fr1 gi so ienifeatd Is$r-uu
rtt pu.rct vccin. Fr!nlr-un rDllon&'ent a;c*IogrfrA producr fui cal'e
auuloral pr E, tn pucstut ? gl sr sanifcctll !n iunetuf vgcin )r.6te.
Ctopul ,ntaetrie ln{.&iql fr1r rariabll tn tiap . gsnerat
*IiB
&l.ecifoEgd+*llgqr xdicl un elop oloeiric eomlat eu lulul eegnslj.e*
ctaguri car. Eo propcgE d{n 6proepc ln aproqpol euprinafnd n** por*
iluni dln apa&tu, Itetgrii E 1i fi atnt perpendlcul6sl tntro ai,
perpeadieulari p{ di.recttrr dc propogBr. I undoi gl ee genereaaH
r6ciproc pe 'oear ocusliilor lui Xa:nerll.
e I Pl{1. gleEt.Eggagnettcd
gr esr*etorircez& prin uErimi
-g}ang
de Etera co depixld de tiap gi da o elrr6*r& cosrdonet$ spaltalEr
E"E(:rt);E,F(xrt).
Vectoril eLnprrlr:i Enfr ru eeeiegi raloarc gt oena te punctl. oituste tn gleac porp*ndicularr pe rlirecfie ds propegara Si 6!nt ortogoneli (fig,?"?6)" Orleo undd elsctrooa[nati.e[ aa poat6 sproxins ou.
o u*d8 p1an6, 6acX ar propag$
lu spallul llber gi eete sufie{ant de indep$rtat& dc Loc,:I

I re/l

,.

,',,',
.la'

*: rg,ll Y--:h
re ll.EtEit ln vid'
g.g!-O-Is.-l-

v.*._fu,

{e,e*}

lup Y".}b
rstc v{toaa de propasaro tn. vldr osalu *ar vlta-

,,iatpn valorile iastenteno. B(eltlull(.t rt)r*n

kl*l-.^*{--.r
,-6 I
^ rala&ie
-^1 ,.:bina
deta&elaat'
o
Ja?lr
illt.1.fa1t
ii:]-::i1
,"....
..

-,."

i,,.jiffiI,'",, " 4'"f*'

ori.ea puaet d{ti

r:i& :*,,-,,:.rrl

E*'YF/*o i?7?&' {aps,

!ll1ili'.,,$,.:, fetalia (t.97) arat& eE S 6i fi tree sl&uLte.n prin eeri*c gl
rN snuleazE eimultan, ao'icH csle dou$ ctr?ptlei Etnt In faztrn De
. 'iplinut cI valorilc e Si p d!'n oxpreeilla rrltezei d8 propagars'
i|,.i.,':.,..

ir,ua,'t.Itsplqnl: d: ydu a aediul*i,ier

vidulut.
*ar a. rridulul.
1llg;n*'a" uaafi
ii:,,il,,ii*;'n".

ilji.lli#il

*iiil:,

i
-y::--i,f
E(x ? vt)r

'"li:i:,,'.1i,:,.:,ij::iiol.nsif,,.lutcgiilor
i:

t*il;fiigLn ,a,.pspnalutui tn

gi

: .r,r.. li
t, t-{no gi. epaliu
aDatiu
it:ii'tl
itiap

u;".,

:":"::Tr:_yi:::+ rt) eoroapundo "1]-::.i:u::*l...

H(c
ctr f,ocma ds lr&*
. sntena emiloare,

(fic.2.26}. eu
(f,ig.2.261,
ru o pulseli.E
oulretLa

,J
,.,

82nf" regalt6
82nf,,
r6E?:"1t8

',4 undc !-a eDis.

:
.

Fi.g. ?.26"

'

Unda

eleetroaagnetlcE

Ple,irs

'

Intrr-un aedtu perfect laoLent (f =0);n6rieile de stero

8(rrt), H(xrt) aetiafac o ecuetle cu derivete parliele de oritinul dol de fofina ecuelioi
goneralo a undlor
-33 ,

#;+

4B="n&'*,=.n&.
ira- ' dtily' ' At"

Scilulia ecu*liitor, (t,95) eet* ae forme [26l

(2.95)
I

s=s(t+4);aali(t*+).

, r i'

"" "

rT::,*H,;:il.:r::,r::"::":xf Ti":"#:lT:"::.::.*

iltiti;ir!$ngia6e''ds u$dg 6sts corlstE cu perlseda 3 St frGessela felltc.

rr:-.J;i.i,1j,;.'f.:
I r:,ai:,;i:

:;,:.

r,:.' '::

1.i*=v,/f

[m.1.

..

{?"Sg}

propqEBre e-a eonsids!"st rrn les}.Ent peri_.i.-ir.fi,:,..:,..*"ursce tsdiu1 da

'.'#,.,..t'.{!{i:r{.q..:o}r qtapurila E gi
uede*
iii''..1il*f';,,'..|lea"qo atenuerea

i{ su a*plltudins cot!6tentB, daci

a*satste

_ :lsetrowasnetlc*. -Fielc, .
'cor}atuclig fn acdiul
iililti:Afp.,.fl*f ,pr.ln aboen!* eursrlllots de
gi
inpllcit
afectu:ui
tarraic.
a
t.', Sgfo

'

il

a)4guslg
L__-

d.

&u
ae

prolrd*

iti,:'r;.i .,i'iirraliJilTeetrt$nag/rotl.e6 prens, f,unagie de

A {.fi" 2"26}, pst ri

1;,e,.1ui
r r:l'. r.
Itiri+ I v*rtical,
plan

:]:r::li:rr:;:ai:.ll:':.

, 11*
i,",.,I I*.ti**I).
',:i

,.MgU.

,,,;-r..".t, l,
,r1,,r.1,1-i::li'.:::'t

r.i{:tt!:-l:r':i::l
r.i:r;:trr)::|....r.rr
-.;

, .. :'

'

.,

poallla fn *ps6iu
go:e{Laq!? r-e{rl-itsl (E t*

E tn
orirontal) sau 9l:.1r.gl.1gl (E or*contaLe
Felul polsriesrli. este daterainst de tipuX pltlEngi
lstret, iate*erc eobstituia itin conduc\ot"" "i;t*il-

6ri

J"t$i.Etr ua{ta psl.aflstc r*riicslo lar tatrt,forert& dau reeduatacrr $f1.&entale radlaaa r!e*s Folergsa!,e arlcengs}.
**riotruclh gg:9e6rl_-gg-fjsg#Xk rrrbul r rX f sr*sp&r:d& patr*rt

!&rii uenrlsr olactroe*gretiea, ,SprE axroplu, rrcepli6 undelee po_

.Laalstta rrrLissl sa g,saLa roalils eu ua dlpol. di.*;,us r6rti(#Ir ior
jr*riFi,io EridBLox Foisr.lsets onisoatal eu i:m dipol erisoj"ltpLo Balacerunicel,i.ill radio (tabrtlrl i"?)rle jorat frcevenl5 (uodo }uael)c
Badli.{ f,rGe?ea!! {usdc aadi{) gl tna}t6 frccranl! (undc aerpteilei
f,*e ,au *jutorul uedelBtr Foleri:s.to rrtt,icBl, iar trenmiatffc aa
tsl*tiErs&ns gi r&di6 pa mde u.ltrBaaurto (fosrtr lnaLtg f,r"eevee$&),
ee fee eu a$uterul Moler,S*Iericatc sripsatel" $* aceaal dip*tii
tebalu3 l"P
SrariLc do fraevcn!5 alc opoct*uiui radio, uptr llni.,rnrea
Lntertrr tr i onslg

EesCr !e

lrs6{!hrl

Jm& fie8,6*d
JF

*&b

tEecrm{6

!*F

Sln&s!

lsrtkfil

rMa kxilffi

,ncselt# fiF
{rqmfn#H

tft{rrr*6

t$F

&s{Ard
$6!QE

f.r

irad.

MF

lS*"-ffill,,6rz

kb,il'hdc*

tlrda ncdii

@orl+trif*

tind Ecurte
u 5 { Botot

i 3-..30lHHu

YHF

Im"..ffilMHr

ustF

r$.*66trs1's,
i3...ffi' Slte

.,liigilrtfr I
:.iinart$ri,

I
Anknfi

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urTT

eu ttrlti
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An&e mecrdi*

ffi

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hrf

Unda lmgt

kilscefrka

Hf

;l

l:iitisSri

l$S...ffilkt{P

6fiF

sit

0eDreisl
c r**tt !er

ira

Ln:bgbiaa s$tesai.

leeoauni cB! i I loi-

LT

&+*d

imcraord
IF

o- Sc

f0 rrCiorecdBt.osr*, ccra !c
prls EaLaritill
insanalbiiitet*a 1a- p6rtu,rrrh!19ig.iflS
[]e.
Eri iI*, C iepu"]
ieri*tti ea 6trE3ste t,er8 *6 farit&trndus
lmduee un seal"al

nstrioe

UL{r@dro}

Uh!iradbi

[h& r.dire.aktAJs
{T.V. canale 1"",r2}

Ceelm"kice

T.V.

6onsk

cs$im#

T.V.

prin

21._.40

si*iif

1.

*rtl*i a! aEt i3slo.s. ea tel.evtEi$ae (do *xempira de tip tegi) e*:

Jtsprcr aria*nlaI.
s*teaelo ssti sfee !,rin*ipiul r.scisl.ocitS_Li+. Oe eceeau ur:e+:.1
f c lcei ttr;rtfFeil{Fu tnrsr e ca L
5f :tlp
s: pe}Lru r. Bcap*
:-:t13o-&-s
!
ay*Epru .r.B rad: otelefoEnprz"adsra).Ia
Eie FrrB
"
funcgie rSa aai.,r.L
c are *xe i t.* anr ene :.e { f tE : i . ;ii; I* "
: Pe"i*
a.iui I " _"t J"_'"ri*:."1
"e
HqF*.! ?f"i*, riipoi aiur ru, dip@l^ Toaoii )' !i *"."*"u"**grrufi**?EG,j-"u
iJu exempr* tipie de aut,@r# elecr.ries
.
Bsts
ee&
teleseocicfi ,
-;;;"rliil
eonp ua& din 1
il'lffifrH%f;f,
" " ,s i:enesene ;ei$.il;;
1n5 a 6i .fci.osirE
ocntru-reJJp{;iiir.-riiE- gr sccgpr,oir.e}e
portebita"

&ie.r.ae Enr.6.Er:

;d;;[;;;LIi[i.IN* iiiili*il ii rqir.e,

r{i

$i --.
eni*ft8{. EXam$nt'ul r{tf}aetDr", eentrt. t$*
ar.&sns t6IE so aean*iei* iJr'turbr
e*
Ii"i'"rl'ileii'ui"i,
eal!Sturulul
ccnsul opua"onoste
-! !lrrsA!.. dl3llficar.e

Se&d'er*r expon*n fi ial&

tl'ar"o din
S,tlt.or prrcbolie{ e'rs

E ffip:ltt u{ti&L{ vsqto,ritor

EFlteatll tn ree*plie fY }e 8Etro distengI gl .!n eBoei*I pri& Bat6ii!1. Le aniaicrin f,oearul e&tou6i

Ede

oirp*a :ar,*aa 6e redieitoe *atrs produeo dupts reflax{e p6:prre"o o unCI plestr. Lo rrciplle, unda pl*o& cc reflsetE Se 6'dpr6tra*s1l!
direetiia pei*Uot*i gi sa co&eentr,ra$r& ln-focor. trrplificsrte.gi
p$a5e&tetd
rgt'
e"?9
ts'figurr
bune.
tqerta
*f,st
vitslto aatrati
aslexr blee s inet*lalici d+ recapiir a progr@oler ffi tranc*ise''
arie *ete).i,i geo*tidtiaaarl"
&essti 8st8tri$1 ac. ratspc aincrq& eu P&nfntu]-rk slBr8 ln&:Siat (56,OS k)1 r*rfntnc
I r ! w-.anea
tat ti0pui pe vorticalE unui

,tt"f?

ti'o,

*ap?e&s6-

coe

i:qt-*ri.sarE. Iteceptsrlr:' ts sa*,eLit 4 ccnli*e t'Iscuri 1ctronic6,

pa::gru prelucr:area 8e$r:61ultli de t!.""?)S314 6i eeteelie *an*}elor*
fr:enielad'}e i-e$ire s*ans:f Tg stsnd&rd" Saievisor!:l F este eelar
o** *ib :regrrl. Seient,*rta aat'gnel Ee reeliE+ea& prin eilPcEitul" dt
"-elecomsn6& 6.
*

"

of.

+113!pe-"- dq -Eeg:3ger!*L*t**P

grrpqgp3p.

sendue

tesia*agl .pri& adl$eirra.

pltrunatero

tis. z.ro. Propsgarea undsl plaae

la aeuiapegiul- eondgcton ( a)"
Pozilia vctorilor SrHrJ fasd dc
exe (b)

da

f59l:

$"{F-@.
(aJ"

(r.ros}

psraeotl,ul t eate puternic

imfluen!at.-do.freevenJ,o undci plex:' ;3"#:':li*l;3,'uEt,fi$m*Fifl:;^ 1'" *siioi,lIE iJi; u",sa
i?=i6.iod-SEi'ei o,T1 em 1a oietr re lrBlioff'"?fi"tl"-fHHf,y

^-^,

d uc1

lc

i;;:Tffi
ilift:,Ti,":dilllfi*Xri;#[:p*$i:i*,
utilizete
lice
tu reaioigqdC.-

ictsnefe:e eqioe {lo eetelit X.n

Sf gi. duhU refiErie Is eoncelltraeBE ts focsr'. Converi,o-iul ? reduca frecrerta undel6!'
centiaetrice 16 {1...2}OrBr
i$aifqrtli d sdqE ln care se
eebhtS 6$ canecthr 5 eetc dc:

{.r*$Eniit Eearr*lela de pr pete}it.

tip er;eriel ti. esigur& IegEture tntre partee ertetiosrE gi

s $,

fn ,m*.*
ior ao Bi8$sfita.,
olgg-!_Bgtlc_lget gl ar cerac-

Gfii&lflm

frees'onlE SIF (uode centiae triee) In benda (5.".}OlGHa"

roceplie' r
$.iA.i.19.Io6teIa!l]a
F,roFf#e]t,r fi. trB$GE.isG l-rin ast E1! i : I - an1 s$I ; ?-eonvsr'tor; }-e ahlu ecaxiali 4-re{:sptoF '5II aetoliti
i-Lsierisor ; t-teI&corsndu puti i1Inera sntae&.

,S,

undet plere eraopiet

spatid.

anr.mit punct t,ereetru.Trenl6iElr 6e fecc tra eupratnt1tE

latdnc FersbolicE I

Erfr

ste
.,
er"ctoroilalffi:.e,r xn aemlbpagiul e&nd*ler,op
irlt ilrlt,l ...'$intlefinilia
cE:19 o diol.anlE x * E de f,rontlera dlorectrlc,y'eonduct,o.n,
!rir;:i;$1ur16
* "upl.i.tudiaea nErinilos BtrI{;J*S
Erso redue de c*ir?? ori"&ungixca,E*
. und!
IrndI
ln
.--t
l,r1 conduetor
rl=?*6
ln oar'{
oeurlepallul
^^d6r!.^.
-^ -*.
q? ps-ralts eE ctabllls cE ee_

;iii,;rr'tpliillOinea eceloragi ndrini ecadE de ne/d*."r*. fao

o
"i*rurryi osei{.;:.if,.1ati,o,cir.grleta'i uniloi pl6ne (x= X).

*rr:-li"

(2.1O0)5, orobllitH panrru eEolapallut

conductor, so
.r9,111.e:uli+?s tn cazur conductosrelos ees!:ya,q oglar rse& ds cr*-b**

. .

lir.:,;i

le::-lt-:*g!:*! ::*

pland
Evind puleallE l,n *f fi'fr aB proFqgis inxr*u&
-*?**Eperfoet artQaieS,
:0}

far& etenu--ai"*. Le p&x'flanfierse fu eeuri*

B*diE
iaol*rlt {
aperiu].; conducl,or, e*.roeterix*t prizl cnrid'detiYitetea e14*triea s gt
perueobilltats& &egflBtica p, unda plenH oa se*Iluaax!{ tfig" 2"5Q}r
daoere+s pe a&suteipropegEsii ln co*dlucto!'r$ psrte dta energle undal
:
ts$.. diiipu aub formil ae cura,rtx.
:

,
,
'ri:li

, .
tr{j,
1:)j;

i:'t;'.).:ttt :

-r':

r.

-* tiblioslgfia
-peglj!

[55.] ,

[lt]

[az] , [oaJ.

Sepi i.g"!.gl

j, [l:] , [ao], faa] , p:J , [:*j,

f,
:,;,

MATffifrIALfi ELEOTHOTEHNIfrE.
: BEEI$TSAfifi" COIUOEruSATOAffiE, ffiOBIruH

Ssrldi&lili ls *e*r Xragroass Bat*riall elsotrotehnlca eIEt'

api sotsro tn lehn[es aetuela d6s6r6ee se u@Er6$t@ reoliaeq*a.de
aagtnl gi ep*.rata oiact*{eo eu prnterl specifico rerir rlrlEturisaros ln dcneniul olecLroBieils fuscJ,loneroc IE totsperaturi foartc
joaoe cru fssf,ta ri(tcata, f.n eondllll da radlalil nucLeqro. ta u*a*
pul obglncrii *eu a1 elogaril nuor aetoriaLe adoevaLo uhel oar.wl,ts
upllce!i.'i rat6 Dacosar6 o esop6r6ro e Bpeeisliqtilor diu diferitE
n.Jseoi l.
Stsists,stalei eo&d&*rseto*r1e gi babinole slnt coeponent,* de
bess al* eireuitolor *I*ctrieo, unde tsdepiinsac diferite funeliuni.
}"}"

[terld]16 oreloossuetsaru gl sL*c&r*l*alanta 6fnt

t*temel de an*rgla &Bs$e-qr d*nupit "lalie*
terr lce'
bande do
i dln -beril6
d v6IoR
valon![ EV. eatsrielelor a]qetroiao_
g*li oc.
gl au
dle ntcut
atoul gt
iru tau. Fsrta la pro.lucorffifr^6frfilpro.lucsr6'ffi.TiE6filrf.sctie,nl pcr dbroai ri*ri a*ix'6"j;;;;
:
lg:sll
ox.1 c, energi* Esra ear.
cam" ).a.
lo- esigtrr$
trecoraa In- bqrrde a*
oslg*rx i.i*ars"'I"-i;Iii"
BC. Da^aceea,"ln eondirii, oblgnuit
ob{gnuite,
onndueii"i-tiiaa*"
e, conrjuerivl
tcias
6, a-egtel'lore lotr els.ctrci aolants-_osta ne6I i jabi Ig, XE t a*
gI-,{Y mtrc (0,6? aV perirru'se-gl t;it ;y
iuj-gf ."3t!e-- s$ficient u$ npart 6no.r6errc
Eitail6r
-*ifip-uiei{.ii,iio.+
:.r:aiircaea *
11l!!*lllg, trfi
_fe!iegig
qln
rlrr
*4EULIVIi
rreiefi
[r"eaea
a&
din bands'd*
Dand8 dG vA-[eEiE f* eea d
fi-electroni
aa-crsar6 o]Bctroni te cJntiuclla-ai**Xrcr
"tGntii"in-i*i-ii
t:tfetr,
aut1.n9r3 ra$gurH -ct* j.nton'ai.tetae fectoiii.of ei*rg;tiei
iaterlalele coBcu,etqe$g
cohductoere gu
nu au
hu ionE,t;-;;;6;;-iiiiiliue
e.dnx ,ro ...i.=ir s+ aie{
{iaterlale}e
alerrlr Ei ceE-?6-EEfrffiZtie ;; ;;;;r;;-;;;ti"u', ii-un numEr mara de elo+tron! etnt..tibbri !i iei6urU con_
xatslel.a 66
tr,onj,cd.
tronlc6. $ctaleIe
6e di6ting
di6tin prln conduitivltita
conduitivitlii*ri atacbt{, indapendntH d i.ntonsltlten
intorrsltltaa elopuiul
etapulul i1*ctrie
ifaciri*
.

9aiaetg

q:l_st

ci

e19 o.aler i a }e

{qrJ

g4d

c ! o e Ig

UNTANIALB OOIIDUSTOARE" REZISTOARE

Studirrl f*slrrn*Rslod clec tr.6$e6Insli,ce f* estsrisla co::duet+efo,

aesicunrluctoero.6i eloetrojpolante ee reill*eeaE ps bsza teoriei
sonala n eorpului soll* (ftg"]"}). Zonele eeu banr,lle.de anerrgie

{};1}
iiiiiiii
iillirii
iiiiiiiiii ililiili

n$du 0lsr

fi ls*t,

:ixaionl tdisl.lii4 I

Fig")"t. ,st.ructirsa banail-or gnerg*tie d eie *J.eet;:enilqr k 0 H r

Bt. *eaergie elnimd a e.leetnonileF dq eorrducLle; ry* -amerai.*
mexiEE s sleegronilar de va}xrlH; AE -fgi=ra;a 6enEii int6nz;ee:
-'
Bc*band6 e'lectroniLor ae conouEf"IeJ Bv*rrinaa-e]
-. erirft air;;- d;
valan!&; B}-bende intersiax"
.

au conductivitate electrctricl,
pru,tEt.orii de aarcjnS
,.' .Uet61ele
rt:nd
electroni Ijberi eu .serciilffifi
'a*gfri--f; ;i";;;;:
t1I1 concul'tisitetea este
ior' i c6 r iir,.l repreai"istt**-uu"- "*"i
&tlto "e"*a,te ds eercina; *=ffii.i6=a"cl b**i"o'Ju"t6"il .uiiir"u. 65 conduclia pria eleerroni Eizu"*-ioi*i -;-;;r;il;";=;. '""---

Fi!:i::l::

:al

:11

'iti'

i'i
i,i.

iii:
I'
1"

:',i
1,,{

il

,li,
!ii

it

r,l'
4:
ra

:i

r,.!t! col .s{

r.'A6plndlt ostbl tn r.tur! (?r,' itla

tera6tra). D6orrrsc. cuprul tst. dtcf,lditrr, utlll: al4lBlglui
ln alcctrotchnlcl !. 68tintt. Ea!tr Oc eupra rstr
..eri t.el rigor gi ar. eonductivltatot rlcctrlcE lal rlel

b" Grr*tfrrfrltltrc_ElgrgglgEiooriprrrto:_lulg.rrfr
cqPltdr alclalsL. rrytntulr fi.Drltr rltrpjelo aor*
3 *'
tiE r lfrftrtclr'.t!. rlnt:tat.rlrb ctrdutc*t. rn dffcr{tr fuo. ..
rlrotrctrhulcE tr.bohfl S;I]. .
lff, $ rtau.Ill,tn
. ,.. r,.
,-..
' . .,i ;, , ,, I. f&*trel !.1
,'
, , Fwrt{lr g rltlXi$tr{fa ljtrst bfs.oductorqrr' ,

iP,'t$.r, cuPrulql

'

r@slativi

ii

El' aa Coa8tat{. od:trc teqpsrrtllIt foartc sclaut.

rl

hblrut.

+ibnin,ru.proeonductoarr 61. hipmcondr.u* tdafl r !s docehlul

$
9C rtzlstlvitatEr crgBte linien cu teopcreturar
lar ?E
t,Jl!,,!op'iSo iiper. ealt ur.i ite reulariritetr (f,ig -5. ?),

coaiuc?seiFa'

ih boDtirJrar*6tw[
da condDsstoF-

bslstelas

pontge

atFeulto ohetrseleacl+euitr 6c- rBoueero l

o
I

tfoml

optietr e f'Xrla.

goaalmtlyiiatr eleeirB
tB rere al stab.llttatc
Ar- rreul-olactrlc

!'*'
-'- ?

0,.i

0,3
4,2

0,r

esatact*: I.ctriea,

gorll, pantru EaEiBi

0'ds

slsetrf,ce.

-:E

S [oCI

$ ag!3c reomffi
".+TlE:

.Etltlta_toe 'eletricg a rs*telelor. arE l"a baa&l eiosrlt"ll"e

lbi. ile eonducgic cu defet.616 r*|elei erlstalinE, (etoe*,

tate eau di.oloeagi* ppoduEo !*ria greluerdri.

.g&ItatH terale (f,ononi).

9"5)

{ifli,
ro
.::pfln: reletia:
:

gFpS 6at. oa1 ral, i-nportaat ast.l' da Eara GrrEduetj.sitato

4J "USnj r[s,/e - ta at6g.3 purE)1 f'arl .att dioficitcr tor,ge4?s 6ia
rlrr rcoartei tera.tr.).TsFrritEnltr tdluenttaal nefrvorabll .ean-

ffi r& ffi

IsrHri*,ffi ;ili't;: i:tr8y "dflfl:ffiffii 3-,3$3rSfr;fil?J

alure do topira s unor metel6flZi,p.SpA:;c-iinduetosre
a [roZIl:"fze ].

i.tlottr"lt.toe t t6l"il6r "pi r a1laJclos 16 ttrpsr.trr

(ffEf }) mtr or:peirrl .tntr-m ltrt,rryal'
t'elatlv iugust ? .(d.Ol..
.-;l0i p.&. ar Actcnin t rn epoclal ha: robilttltito p atiertti
"ft

L;.
.apD

0.6

o't

aa+canieo) Ej.

*& se.dof,a*

*e"

*'S
YEri+at neLinlar'

'r*+;"

t3"{}

*Lr tsnpcretu.rae

&at6rafnsaea lul, {6^

;face Laf o anr:mit& tarperqtur! g,
s,)r6
:i,-i'irt,r,ii.i ::'1:
Gaeaplu rs
s.sBy{u
la fqv.lff
ZOoC telf$XA*f).
-.2.o
iii!.,r-d ieieatul *g$!g ale reeporaturE al regist{rtt&!{i ore
il!l.t.,*..,.

e;

o,cttvtt.i.a tt d. .co.. tr faaiea..

;;;*-rr,
"o"d;;;"t;;-.Lctr$Iittc. eu prrlretr 99r9t. Dtntm
ctisjsls ."*JJ:;;
:f1|
lrqtr. G*, s* eii.r 1. 4r* s6., oiut"otl;;;;;;;d;;;.;;

cro -3*. te:

fr

+:,::ii.r'l!'ir

i.,r

9r
sa-91

[ne-l],

(5.r!

J:

: t,.:ii.:.

E6d.r fl o.t. r\.!lrtl?rtrt..

ltr.ta.prr.twr:.lni!irI!
e1, iar. y2
r:-.::rrl]urf
ee.
rcrirtir[tr.::
,
:
Eln rchli. (t,1) ac obliDr rrri8r.lqiretor ..f2r
;
t].6)
f2"g1[rneter-eri].
,
rvsrigzE
&rlatiritatca rat*ltior gl aliijelor
prsctic }iniar
+u i.rsp.retufa tn intcrtblul {C..,I5C)sO. Xatalelo au un coefieicnt
dr tarp*rrtur! tl rer'igtitit6iii dr orclnul Oro0ioC-i. .Unele nlla'
J*r. cum ar f,i *an66ntnc (116;1 1).r'eu',e?o d.-ordinul 1o*5 F*ttt
dae{ loeis.tlritarca lar sr eenliac p"r"t!a oo$6t*nt$.. Eofft*Atanu1,
gralltul 1i estarl.sleic aoaicriductoqre (fie"3.arrt tgf
," "-U".
aiatlvitotar prin tractlair.o, deel e'ecte ho6atir.
rn alsctrots:.rrll, rasiollrilataa *atarisl,alor ibnducdoaro tra_
butr eun*seut5 rnr::-u.ri ratemar lar do tenparaturl {fie.}.2rb}.
H*rietlrititoa sufds-& uer aalt ln puacrd. ito topira, la o caLcdrr
.

;rle rEcir*a Ia toap6rstufn e"utul*iji"friO tffrl K) anu a hidro_

eoluilti lleMd {f$r{ X.}, igl rtdoc f,c*rie estt,rer,lari;ir,*r;;}eon,
3 traee fn sr.ara lupfacoaijucl,6cgc. 4cabie oitale ao nua*sc eriocon=,
gggillggg' r6u
Bi f.a_fll.o4Lnq .Lq-gE ! . &q r i at lv ir I a Ei cE l. t"rp *llffil
cl'i.t,genic* ea orplicE pjrin rducero, alnFlitu.:inii vlbraliiloi
re_
!6la* q'.r{*telln* la ye}srl neglijabila. DEoarece alectrinii u"l"*"_
duei*a sa *is*ae** de atos{l,dq:i*prErl.tsla gi iefelt*lc necanicg:
de a!FJl Jlele*eililer, hiparconduetibllitaice , u"
""ru"*U-;;r;;_
,:lrd e*t.s:,a ** raar'o pu*itaten *u rliolearlll d4lEtrrstc:g"iu
t""iu-

.,r.5. geziatoare f lre o.i_variebite : rprincipsl,il

.peram*tri careri st i c i ; b-po te niiaaitru; . c-po rsaliiiiui-ii.iu-.
er. prsr, *
i I ) ; d-cerai torieri cl -i,iiiiloi"rs eJuEt
rG poranlio,_

l:i"j:*t"rrrab
,

t_G

*4$1 S '!'*e+se*r&"
i:u.;

*ii

il,3teh c*irt;rrprullti cric2.enic ce atrr,eciszE Cu;.6

rzis..en-,

ilr:

ll.

t',Jri
a!.)

t'j!

:*;:l
rii::llil

llr;,,1

ffi*F

**itr *

:i
x lr; U; :
,,.i.olii,
Hf ,i I,;rirtiu
i 1, fi rlsu:l
uE,*t,a1J
* tu';
t""ifJ.iu,i""oapt6:alraainitr
ru
lt I$1,"'Ti,#lil iffi 'n,frit;xJI"l,ii:;fuili
51r:'a;;i;il;;; xX,,,1.;1;,.:

f:c"r . " . ,^-8 -,/\i,

o
- .rn *;:^d^t.rs
]t*-{*g*-{g** -'*:"brcu'*yro.oK.
. h
ie-E-*2g6
"e! florqx 4"rc*11

.
l*il ll, l#tlI-*sf
*u,i;'-iiliiiiir
,f :fl":Ir.*:
*uoiii"i

i"-

:ft

i, ir*x*
ot *i-"ud*.iiu

*'
*,
l$- Ir,qr rsr.d
{r:&
s&a&t'"i

it:ffi l5*li:;.

*?

.
I

t'i

..Qprc cxerplu,f,.Elaraa tlobruful,. la tshuic{. audio ar efectuear!-prln potoniiooetrc nebobinate csr" tn porllunsi ccntril!
dc rotalir r 6ru}dl'tpi. oodifieE rszistenla li;riEF. tn-portiunei
iailiall invera logerit'oico iar ln zone finall-lorr6rita-l.c (curb*

In S itin figura ,.rrAi. LsEee {le yariatie liniar5-se a}i$c& 1.

pot.atiolctrutr de prracrierc e tnratiei la siEteEelc di,
=ctionam.'
elcctricS. Ceraitcrieticr funelionsll 1oearitnics .stc utiliaitl
le rcglar.ca luteaolid[li .cuatfes .ta auplificatoarel. de rudlo -

frccroatE.

Rctlalriarsh esq,i{eelabllc ttLg,.!.1p) tru eu buton 'at roglei;

rjUstaict Id! .a'dcctuorztr ln scopul opilml'ztrrll f,unctioaale r
c ircuitului.
o. Elostatelr po4tqq aeldlorlltr!-6reqtr:le! sc ui,llircazE penrru
rieitrmr eurtDtuiul de poraire, regrari! tGeglet aau frtuaree notoarlor talacroal cu rotsr boblaat tl d cureDt contiauu. Aao6tetsl-o de porabc cfrt.Cr,.Ecelsie*ete tn rcgira dB scurtE duratEs iar
cel. lta r"egtaj sL turalis+lnanwu o dulati do iunetrioaera IOOS!

!'[ "a.

{ng, 4{ *ee_pogluq loraleloi

,
r.
:r ,.
^ caaulYeL{uttqeg_ist3g8sl+rr_.tegpet4qrg.
In
es&duetsorelor' fildBorae 6i o$loggne, dl6 relag,ia (5.5) Ci
exprseia F= flrS, f,su.ItE uradtosrse l.e4!e de variallo e roziarengJ{

!!u

1,3!U)8r6tUrai

8z o Rl. [t+c

(ft - eri].

(r"8 )

Bslet{B t5 "E) psratt. detsralftBraa te&pereturil iuf$gurgrllor

ci,aretcl'or gi. aagi,nilor alactrics tntr-urx enr.mii negin d f,.",cgionerFu
4pl:S*l!e. firfEgureree EtatorieE e uaul mor,or lelncroo tB aterc

Fr'dtic racr pFa raaLetonta pe fazE Rl=g f,J 16 tempsreture aubiantE

61"?!oC. pupE o funclionare {ie efteva ore ts aaretns o-a mUeuret
rezista[]i pe faaH np=l0r?4 0 .teaperatuae tnfh8urErii.de eupru
(e,
"oroo4oclr) sa aairiclu cs&tiuurl aa f,uncgiouir, r:ear1l,E ii, **
Ie&i.o (9.8)r

ffi

&z-E
'':d, * _s1'+'{p
"ar ,* ##*$ *
ffi "ar,*

1."

e36c.

(r,9

, hu trgeqraa.burantul.ui qlectrLe prin-*o*rrlu*toar.6p .eqe$i,e &g

IncIl3ae*; *jutrgtnit la o tonpsnatur& ds echilibru e, aupe*for*B tenanbiante o1. Dlferenle #
"62,:61 u* ,r*us[* -rg-cfl{gl_ry sau
l::..:rt
?up_r*teaperetjurq e cotrductorului.

toeEiolioo {rxagratX u iurre.,.*to",o

fui. deteroin{ detcriorersa lzo}e,liei ssu poats proooca iacendiio.

*- r-r1-ilcazu rnculzireair"l"i
I1I ""-".""
{6. at*bilittr d.c noraatlvr:i
rl"ar < Sx, .

ir*lr;-. ;;;";;-**",nr{r.lo}

|*[.ggrrt93.lr,{Ellbil. rf;ptrJ..tt otledl.lo

lr

rugrrs&lller,

rgrclrl 1t rcsrtclrouilal ota6 nltltofli Frrilfdr

rrloer DClDddD GrnDrtlrl ad.,ual atr, rccldrr,j eunrtrgll Elda tcpls. g1 crprcltetc. at
l: i1 tbftffdull.c*ncttriatiso
r:1 crract*iatt-ct fr raptTr lfl6.r.al grp:frf a.D.Iort.
, tbpuhd a. tcnll. t fat,rnrl*F
ffi
rcrt

i' t!! sure&Bulul prle fsrlD$lrr

.rFrEltrttt ao irt9lr! rt Df,.rbttr
Guf.EtlS ..ab Da cr!.e-l ,cata

lnirrryr rl3rcrnte. la frultr

to,ptn .a Co.rb.oc
rlgwaato }!4]!g (cs tatlailolr)r
rapldr (aorelr) 1l u4larrptrir;
ata tt^Epul 0e

, . -sta,ryrargrrL.i";ffi.r1
rnrcralllla
ilactrlca eu vlrfurl.
ilc asrelatr dc ocurt[ llruttl. mlpr_ln
gonatrucllo nn itlp dc
+uriad
t?plry rclrtlr lung Ir oryrrcuionil
arct leLrr.ailt alc Dornlta
ol sotol
1610r otrestrieo) gi m ttrap ltc teplFi rcdur la Ccuf,tclrcuit. 6iculrntq&J&pr_q! protc Jmr! i.natfit$Ifi
6.1er,r1ee ftrrd vtrf,uri de aarclal
pl.oale$sta, suq, a3,nL instatetii,r.r
trsc4rlcsaongfrrata..,.ihCsrectec'i,eticade
ir r ri.suranielor fuei- .PlF cGrsatorlstlca 6l toPfulo
i lcatr $i rqfiao.
!-tHrll*:+Y1-cTrlro-c1{'.ul aola-al
aupreaarcirl, da nnr clrmrata
ro topost. b r5O o1 iar eoa-rapidE !a ,oEa.-fori[iI65Erfi
gDlr-Oo seurtclrcult 7.in oete eocparabllg: 0rI I lC fuiltt-

Ii*:ltl;i f,3f"i;t,iifilu;"S$*#ti*t#im#3rt ;kh$i:'

,.t.ixstff$Bl: ff F:l*ti.;il
"if rErli."mBli".fft*oi: itftg
.curenlr-oa_a&ut'tc1acut"t
de 7 In olte OrL t pertru petroane lli -

*y
5 5r-urr? 6 pcat,rE pa+"roqn6 ds 15-20;25 !: auBra-sarclallc *
I),ID:slat.6eeeE*c.lsta
pu$in dc
tat Geesn*c'usts fn
tn E&i
u*i pulin
de.l,O
fO s.-Siear&efsfs
s.-sierraatsls irr{aiia
autA*io
e
l1t, e o a t, i t ut t s { lnr. r- un r ale u bla et atffi'jj-46-6ETTffiffi ECIIE
lna
un releu electrouggnetle eu sciiuag
repidE
$1
le
cetrt-re*-ar "a.
:ui.t'r . Beeef
GesELc
c E:'glllghre
Eigur a.nre au
urenll roaineri
eu ccufeni;L
roaineli -fi$ln6
ina le ?5 a.-i*i6f
tsnoluil
.se zlu y gr pct ri repua iuediat fa fun*!,trune
dug{ e deihrgero.
f,

trorLutoanele prltr.u eupto&aa cleetriee ladtuetrtalo gl . epereic'

cr sc codee&loaazB d3.r sl,i"aJe tt6 aera raafo{lvitate,
plensf,
saqa eau atnlalu.i pot fureslGn! ta reaDor&*
;i!.!$!i$,,
.riiticrtr (tebshrl g.E). SacI a. crmoae: putcr.. raricfcru,,ni
.

'P

[r] * foraa conotrustirs

f{"e, 9.5 } EtEnatsaira

aie

iia' f a lntarrsl'trl p* { 5' . . f 5 ).1.04 [gr'e?J.

i.X*;1r1f flrulrr1 ;'esi.stlr d 61 l.r:o8ioec {
1l

Tebolul 3.?.

*rtsrialul
Slcrga
^rof snieroa
ieeral

X*r:t

s&Effif i

ii.

!81.. ?9)!,ii. { t!..41}cr

?!

. 1B )Fc

I
'
tri."20lCr'

6C. .6?)

t{i

1?Crr 2lJ.,B6Fo

*1"

i*l{il'u*"'u*'

. .Iltrntan U[f] gi t.eprp&r.sra

, .rnelerrcm. *r af*ct,usasI
durpl

dtc

UcSGys

{E

fdg"ll

1r1..lr?
1..,.1,i
L.2".1,4
I, 55

$tri:rt

&rna*

e :{*,..I}uter6r iadllat& da Saea}aitorr

ro8!

ao dateraln& pe
*fe*t elee*,eo*

cano 'exp"nimd ,}utere dcevoltai&

Frr$,s

1}o,10-0 i1,50
13e,tN I09o rlso
l4?O
180.rd 8:o 14Fo
80.10.6 rp50

15.10

ragia e inc6]qiterului e[EcJ,si_

"lgo"itoo:.

Wr*reforma r?i#qds

&SMa, Peffis,

9a

r O.r'!

;1{nfq.tfifor

de

e*ffit.&ih!

Oa

c"ter.l dic Laballri 5"]c

im&lzir*
rECR.4t

Tssahrta.I

pEeB.*{}rlsr

r
U

:g

h'f*tt.e
68

!,

,-.e, *trsntar$ Elsct&ols0r,*hrxg.

aet

cos11B$BC?S*A8 BXtec?RtC3

:6-ffi"

AtE$grH

hfipl,t
tiruh,

86fi*S
?

fi

f rFr"*,aa
gl6gtE4

s.?zo2(o,5s.r8-3]?

t.ffi.1,49.91-r

*ce&i6
p,
i

r14.-fi!!d

v*;*r;
a

r.?

0 "$.0,5s"p-I *{,9t.$0-e

ss ?"0,$$'St
Ta r,r--+r-

tereenilor "ry4g{lo}g--glqcrqgJ-qgia4telal,asrast-1"1t""':"r: oets ecc*pta'i.#

:'., , -, 339.19S!:i!9-In practice 1n6fneraae"g. fi;;

" t.t.t;-s ;

rcap.6raiEro B ac atroge

aliajut dc aarn rer.isrivi*

prie,
trer, I *i i roeeleu:ee*[ rarle*
l".I-1u,
?0h* a ie"ffi) j.
g>ci" p*rira ecest Eqteriail!lnlnd
ool-

tEl't--.::::::.-:"^
eersc!*riaet
tiyi."ri.rr fs. f

aa_6* ."cEp+ratutr* On.rr daetingli6

l$*
eetertoruXui gi for.ma ae conetru*t
l.v.&,
c* alego' putsfl6s epecifi.cti edai_.ibllX

?ig"]"l.DiaenaiuniIe

"|f*xt:s,ffi
eon*

9r,ructiv6 s1a rezistorului.

e'f:5] [fr,p.lojl'!* fe .u."J**arf ,'pririad elogorre ragioaqtl , pBt6rii

,+43

utilizeaz{ freevent cfud sa urmErtta oviaen;,iarca pro.

a ee porer*ae
__ ___ rer
vv I Eoulu
- d':utrr df,zlla
iiritij::::f*'*r:::i:1-1$ {opre
... clepurut el*ctrostatic fe
exeop}u, dil6ctriiul e6*d6n*etoe}BJor.}"

,.:

,;l

:.lT::,ee

-;;il;;;;;

Tr

;,:r* tfectoaaE cubltanllal lga1g1!:Ue!ra 4e auEefrl!

lr.!i6ro). Dirlnuaro.. !s favorizcazB anarillr wor curenli

lrbdul l.(
fumttth Ii utl:,tsbtlr rrtrrlrlsl*r thctroltEl..nl.
F iaclplul tillc
rEorDfca IarElh.-

rlrllo! dc railnL.,
!pll?l. olcctiiceir

ifririt r

,ofl
108

Dicl.ctrlc D.ntru

Prnitlvitrt!
_ aF tr!r.r
rltldrtrt. dt.lGetfic!

"0t

to* rtitiortrrt3 6:iiIU

hdiu do rting.rf
.rculul aLetiic

'

uctotra 3l ckae
ntart d. ciacuit

Crlrtlll

"?0 00{{}G0tr}m

Orlrqttrcr !a olno tli

trlo r lobcul,olei. ou

llbbi0.

,
,,dtr#iiliil;Ii**
r*ri.inr"-iiil3iltill:;il*lryiiifiil:f
pTooua
do d.r.ctc r

---+ ur lr.l

i!i,iii

iill*ilffi tilF$*t#flr

Conductirit8tir totslf a uaui ratcrlal Ltolant rgta:

-trr.r,
6',. E aor
j"f ,-11 rrat rtrrior'."i.irorr".tloorrtloF Furtstori {t.
Tll=
gerein! ( *lbalsgai, golr,rri
r. ionl proprii *r. o"'f"r""i;;; ;:'il"
t5.u') reautrr db{rr coaoturii !" Le;;;;;i'-practrcf,:
L) roztottrtvoltr$elaoJ(valoa*r
,::t"::"
g ) vs:riezI LavcrE proporlienal cu l;.i*r;i;;&ducti"itstit
teober"t*" gf
cu csogtsrae corr,tinutuiui de iapuritEt,ir cgre tuiervin t'p"o""",rr
"""da dc
couducgio
(fig' l'q6 1' a) prtrunocrca uiaitiS,ii
il
r"p,oir"
.lectroiEoraar.
drianalur.o (ti'lnuaro
.

;;i-;7it ,i

0 t0 &: fiIl

ialt,(,-crr:en!l de fqglr) p. auprafilr iuolotorilorl le, lntcnui*

,tcrPpdnitrorr inferioere calor le cars natlrlalalo,respectiic tgi
:CqlitElile lectroizoLante (fig.1.?rE).

ir
tric! : lonic! al cr""ii"iiil p.s{ntr
.lrc .il.ffi.t**t*t*cr,o1rDt.
I"riI-I'i li*+l*Ia_l,':_::o9ucIl.

r,ffi #Hij$$$ffi

$l$cl

Conbuclia-electrleE ! laterialIor 1ctrofzilantr aoli{ter

vitEt,ii electrice cu inten.qitet-ro
;il. conductivitutil
intensitatca ofanrrlrri.
ctrpului eroia1*crezi8tillitElii do volul {i tEporeluril p*ntru pSE
(iapuritdil
leotifianli
H tituri de pleotifianti-(iapuritdit
diferils):
diferiis);
c-y;ialln
c-i"i.i"ii,
re
""*
it5lii d guprafalE eu uoiditatea ieletivl a r6alutui aEbiaate",.

traiuctoara Dtczc.'

aleetrlcarat-ectrcli, etir

' 4

reizistivitet*

ae

'

r";;;;;;;;;:';ffi".

.,

Fie. l.?" Definirea rezistivitElii electrice 6a sunrefetl

:,
(-e) gi a rigiditEtil riielectrica,(b);
:,1..
::r;ri:.:rilr...'-.
:'
Conduciie electr:icE in 1ichidt ssta rcalisat!
pria
,i.lon
coayoetla
-e"-ii-ripiiiiEii
pozitlvi cau/si -negariv i cari-riio;i;-;i;
cEror E-o1_ecu1e eo_disociszE
la pEt_runderba ln ficfia). fi;-Eolcu.Lel proprii, dacE lichidul arE raolecule polari. lleterinepolare, Furer g! bure proprietE&i izolante. gaiit;t.e uieiuB-trsnsforEei,or. (lEoIstor nepolar) sa eaigr]ftr piln.if'eCtuaree
pntru rndspsrrsra.a iucaslii gi r parJflluiliio"l.purrrlcaror
8sz9r purtEtorii de carclnl &pBr cE urnera r actluhii iohl, ca.ee .g r.rcitI aeupre uoleculelor neutre raeia[ij.].a 61eetrcca rau cloe|rirllb cu plto perticule. lcestor puriHtarl da
.

'

,1

i,i+i:i,,

?6

sqrcind 1i se pot. sd5rg8 etree*{onil. ei5i:i. dero}edtroriii metslici"

iii; {enLua}r ionii nagetivi ra*'Jtel,i:din esocierea respecLivilor
slectruni cu r0oloeu-lele lreutre ele gszuful.

':1

'

.,.
b; Sigiditatqe di*lEctrie5.'
. : '
ar*6?* **ffiitfffi#oiaa1{ir}te,
lu specia.} tn esall utilizgrii la teflsiuEi tnaltel lmpune cu.noEtterea rigiditUlii dialec-.
t"i*s Estr.. Aceasl,e 6:dsf,;nite - ln condj.liile deilncercgre iltan,, rraiesie- (fi6.f ,7, b )-es raport .lntre tensiunes de strEpungpre
Uar,
gi .tisi.anla d. intre elactrssii pe eare ee aF}rc& tensj.unes. teursil*
qn'>& i!.r slrdpurlgere est* saloarea efectis5 e i*nslunli
e}tarnatiTo
sinusrid$}s, Ir eero 6s produee diuinueres netH a reaisi,ivitEi,ij:'
psterialr:lui {$ttrHpultEercs eloctric{ ).
.
,
..
:.
jti5i,'!itst.Bs
dieiaetrie6 nu se poate deterprins cs osrljne dp mo_
.
t erl rl- riltri$secE, deoe:rcce slpEpungarcs e Lect,ric6 este influeniai.U.
tr) Inoo esar;ltel, de-nmerogI fectorit grosiuea gi ofi,ogenit6tee
fiatej
rleiuru); conllnurul. de.i&{,u{'LtU!i;
frecven!eo iodul Ce vqria!i0 in
0.1tqtes
gi
duatq
de aplicar-e-aie c;'[.puIui eleclric
c]lfIi,1.""+fnl
xt nrr or'; . ten,f.erBtura, presiunee 6i r.midite tes in ra iirlui anbiant:
l.lr,^turof dreen3t
urri 1e gi conriuc*-i viLetea te,:nir.d a el.ec tr.ozilor '
Iuire Lar8 eote situeLl pr,,be. BuJ-etinul de fncercaro sI unui mate_
cu

:i:t_i::l:ll,rtar,,
ro9
"nuiira,rir""ri*iiilt"-orl'J-.x'ir*Jir;;'*I;;:coRdr[)r]e tn c&re
$-a deterRin8t Ustr.

ebclmnle

:i :::ii:':i!ili

dndt

a. !q{:'ri!!vi 1g!qa r4,e-t *l

$nteriqlele electroi"olonts s6 distiqg tntre e1e gi prin cape*
citqtee difexitS de a se polarizo eleetric, reflectatE In qaloarea

pomitivirs!ii

relatiye o" (tauel.uI ).r).

Tabelul 3.5

Canqcteristicile electriee a1e unor uaterisle electroizolsnte

aQoc [101r, p.292...515J
l'iateriElul
Ubi de lronsrcmtor

Folireiilmiasilut

grfS'ml
ror1..

?i fQl

rdl

er

la 90 Hz

2.1

... 2,1

tg6

la 50 Hz

[*]

0,001..; 0,003

15...20

o,02 .,. 0,06

?0 ..- 40
12 ... 26

(plexiqbr, rtiplexl

,0r.:" lon

Fertiner

loi...ldo

ro'0.,,

ro"

6..- I

0,04.., 0,0$

fexiolii

1oB.-. tom

104.."

toB

6...8

0,05 .., 0,06

Sleclolertolit

t011.-.

toa

ts6...

rd

7...

FolicbMd dc vinil

tg1o...

tolz

fulielilend

toB .. tos

Ferlef61 leclfo{*tni;

rd...rd

3.5.,. 3,9

E"'.

1a

6...

1S

0,002 .," 0,003

25 .". 28

6:..0

0,05 .,. 0,0s

6...15

2,2 -..2.1,

0,0002...0,m06

35.,_ 60

0,02?..r 0,025

30

5,..,

...

32

Dielectricii :repolari (ulei de tiansfor"mstorrpolietilenE) ea

qu naierislele pold*e {PVe, ca1u1oz5,
iiiilr.lc,l.-ecte"lzeauE, in r&po:.t
iil,,',i'j{irp"ligi*llacetetlr prin'Yiriori'mai nici a1e permitivit6!ii relatire
',,,', gi printr-o &si aere atabilitate * sseeiui pararceil'u la serieliiLe
i.'; r. tenperaturii (fig.5.8rd).
,.;,:;1.:a:.,..:.
n
d. t.rngenta ungliului <ic pierdgri tgd.
: .. .
i,:.;l
roieolanta ln clmpuci
i"
.'::,
i.l,li;.i-.i:.,ate"rrice elternatir$rprs'6int5 trn interee practic coosebit iaagen*
a" urlBhiului de piordeJ'i tgd' 'MstcriaLeLe dielecir"ice pentru'

,.ilt',
-...;-

conrlenqutoEre gi eabluri de :nattu frocvenlg a ce"selsrlreszH prin

ft1, :,,-,vqforl reduae a1e f,gd .

'.

e.'q',abilit8!ea lerr-tjcfi 3-sllel!819ior elecr-t!i!!hlfg.

lIeteiialele electxoiuolante folosite tn ma;ini e1+etrice,
;i,,...',.i| .i;-""'!;;;;;;;;;
u; eearaie electrice s 1mpa"t in ? clsaa a" i"ode
i.,1. ..;.1g*i"'zu& t*apereturile li'rniig care esi5urA o anueix6 duxaig
;iii:#:,r:?tatc [tabslul 5"S ).
,:r: ,..

?8

, O *reltaa! | tauperrturlt aatrrl,alului electroizoLent cu cirea

lOoC pccta tsopcrstur. ed&teibllu a el0ari ds lzolelic, reauco du_'
:

rrlr dc viell l1 juaEtatr.

Olace .dr

Sinbolul gleeal

faeprr.tuli adnieibild

lsbe-rui, 1.6.

trolalla

[oCJ

90

r05

trn

lro ltt

.ao

c
>180

,.?.?. Capaci!qr!s Gl.ctrjicI c condenaatosrelor

:'

tla

sistu

ir6 qori$ conductoam

act*ficcrnmite arlEturir. sapara_

ta prriatr*ur (tieloctric trErtr polerlzafle oleetricll peraengntU gi
tncarest, tu rsrcial ol$ctrica e.aar6raia .ite soono c""i*1r""-frt.
,
). 9 ) sr nraqagtr g9-!4anbesr)rl crqi!{&. ;;r;n
aiapoai g{i- n"rni;J."*
poere fi orrocaril drr est. o."eirr aU a|' 9i
reapect.
q1+q2=O
(Ll^uil}.-de-cXrp carc

pe caalaltX)

..i

l- aralturllr condlsnAstorulu.l rr
'oltrec' qlhgaiq .!
*iet-i' ii

prcar4rm lnc6rcatr cu

rerclnl

p1eae6 ite

"orrai1i"
pc o sJ[trtu"E trgbuig
a& so teruiao

'

aeu . D(2s

{gpqci!4!eq q1qltqio! c

oatc r{poatul dintre gr-rclae

slectriel qdEvErutE r unei orr
tsEturi de conatenrstor gi tene{uner electricl fslE ds ccalaLtE

r.l )=+qr daci E(a)- Z;ful ,

arpEturd I

qAu=-

Ft8.r.9. Cond&nsatcr electrle:

sst* p.airi"s gi irrreperdsntu de sercinr

u vl-yz '{''r1,
yafosr*a iespacitBlii unui

l; .,.
,.',- da

4 - caFacitetos condtonsotorului cillndric rceultd dir rL;!i*

def

initie

;;";il.";;;;_*ffi
de pot6n&i.11, Oapecltatoa eato o E6{iEo ".;";;
orsctsJietic[ a contleaeatofriluj,, care llopirdo de geonetrLr gi pozilia
dr dilcn*iunilo lor gl da netua* aioketriiufui"relal.ivd a ara$turilor,

u =

Zxel

u r-13

-E

{5,15 }

-:a

b".ftl:g!!-"-o_"o"{g"u"
aqic. tcest eonceueeror
cro douE arGtr:rl ciliarlricr coaxieie, de rer*
r1 El
s2>rl, cu luDgits. [, intre caFe eriatu
un diolectrlcfiniai
it
oEoeo.dr peraltivitato e . CaIcu.IuL
cap*citd!il se feetueazX irin
Eetgl! llr.ett (t ergpe):
,_.L.g.).Lvrel
-

a_1

riO

'

8(r) ' :'ir- . ^-o

.
, 2eek' r,ln JL '
f,l

(r.1.6)

so

dcci scsdo hiperbolie eu r (f,i4.).1Orb)c

?ielectricutr. Du (rcto unifora eoiicitat".S.scH
ee foloaoec nel
-"ieee -*oi6-;
Eu:. ta
p

st Fat uri conc entri cs de eielae iii*,

osto rJrlifofuiaa c tmput dinrro arwEruri 6i
oxter*,or Ei volrmui e qrlJului.

trul

Olorf-rntlg. Priacipala fuaeX$o 9s caf;s r tndle$}iastta di*!*e*

;;;*i;; H'
-s;;iei";;"iffffi;-;i#"*
"

clipfir

Ear:t itiston!,o I lutre e*gturire ae arre I a]e eondensetcrul.ul

plaa if,ig.5.li) cstc aufieirnt de inlcll lar diefeetricutr are per:Bitivitste.e6n6t*'flrI e , ciapul tntre iragturf aete q*sggn,ls*r"r."
rlsctrlc6 s aragturj,lon oe tiietr.ibui* uulforn p" f*1frfffier{oer

e^ e^ala
$a
96,
I "
- ue= --5--I-*
Pre/l
..cooa".,offioetrcu1toI6el,aiceonBtru{ta
.

rq.

?fs/A. Din legaa flurului

electria;
D.l .g aauD*
i"rn,

r4q..

AA

al dickotniculut i
eu ff.

!'tct

siiie

ostc

,tq'

!* es->s,
+, .3-,
-EEa!oT'

"..:

c,

*1

&L

ii]:i: ;::

;^"&,;rT"r*"*"r*i rn esrie ,li;l]jiiiil*ri".ffi:irli#:iii;;;;:";'r'i*.ti$i*iis._ iii.ia,

De erBr o #a'
+ *"*=# ; Ha*#.

e1 ra ri eat putar:aic
""**-flltTl":t}&rffi*31"?it'{',rltat.rai,alcs
5{'f;;iu*ll;".,'*;}";t
ii;*:iti;i;rffi:ili1!*r!ft
t*no f$tro 8fBilq'u',fi ai oplictac iifi[ir-f,i"i*rlru.Ex.
',"u (r"14),,

;r;;;;,-

nl

'

g.

n oErrr*Eaia ..ur+uz, -(+.

T;

ifl!-.

&p"6.inrr6 e*,*ru.r*

-)"1

rl

' ?Le,1,L2. Tipr:rrt de condensatoare: o-si@bolurl^;b-condcns*tor n*p*d-condeneator i.rifeuat Benl.ru

. lciiget; c-coRdenaator 6l6ctrolitlci
tabunht,Ulirea factorului d putere (ln ulai).

gd;iii;?;
i Ir

ta,,naraleXl'

:--P

:-

u,{tefr . ll " l-!

iar. e*pe*Itai6e esed*nratorui,ul. nleal.

--,-

i;.,

!E dielctlie gi teneiuaeo
dintrs cru&turi au *xpra-

o enuBtt{ caPaeitato.

eu ejustare presteblsitI (f,[g.].]@], , SeE*

variabile ge roaLlaeazE.pr"{n aodifica:.*g- guprafe}al
#:isgpfef utlere'a dou{ erm&turi (aau aai aultti r for6lud eesrd6}1s6to8ra

Intaasitatca etmpulul

*roEt urI

aYQo

t6araX

agal.E

FiaC"l.ti. Concienoutoruf p1an. Dletrihullo cfupr.utul fn dialeeiit*ii-al,ii"et"

().19)

lirtr',?a{iabila gi

rgault,f, ci[ iaduolts } rste

foirta&t* Ln tntf,egul. y6lLa.
:?

imtroduear'oa aa IAtr araEturil,c eoed6naetqrululo ceao

dr cs. srire eapeeltElil 1a tlieenEiuet gs@6tr*.r6

;irt1'liisjsrarta

#)

#-"#-lL/6G4"

i,,l.1lt .l.';.,,.., .

Qupd

j.f_]iiii:i
0 l'6.
_:.io.t .rs.o..,
_:r:,
;tir:.-::r. iiii

ni

deetinalta ee dietirig esndensetosrs d putare gi pent;.*

r.

eu gabarite gl anorgl"l {rr*agsaimete

utiliz&ri I
.. .,- txtunEt&lirBe fpcterulul de.putora;
iii*itr.:,r.,: .- reglajul tEnsiunii fn rsrele de eursltt *ltermotiv 50:rqi
: porn{rat Botoarelsr aeillerono Eoeofeiete ;
I .' t::,:rl Con.les
,ij.jr:li:ar:r,:,.,;:',,,SQBdq8e*loarel.e--,{q-.Ag!g{9,

;,t
:

i.1$Fl-ir,,*" .r*Atoarelo
.',.r.

$3"1g)
iiiiilil,:l$,r: {nc6rcare*ds eeErear } "
rr

,,

.'

i;if,:-r.

l-r
rrj,r:: 11.,:.r:.i! : ir:i i"

:"
ix boturd*e

?'?1ffie?He**Ttrffi*

qElbiatt*&es er g*up*re' [ee!,+.pm.sei+i.-H-,f.]ri,,riri"

oren0*,e3ra:*u"6*oru1m*a
irer'-air.-eI"}--iiy,ci*
efpfil lsl dl t a- &*F-i, rs ae,"efi *ei6;r Ert sryi,o$I3r,
r*. nl *f "e&"
srl
*
-:$rgd6-$epe?ceerq
t;:id,i.l,
seee ulei *a uneeiii[eiG ;;i,"ff*xi"-.,".tii"Iill-:""
t E,slert $5.tr*&ttes Eo{rr1L}_"s S+ &fi,edsii}ae{Batg ;:$g;,,,r. fetl_"mi:iti-:I * *
qrs.*{s - g$u8$ e me{ x.,rl ss d e.rdsnab io"# l&.ir,;, *i "- ;fi
iftFe;-Eee.?rrr
fei gTTl]* $?
us
e&

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to
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t,&tii etBpuluL a*saqe*e II ett gl da-etali.ia
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s eure*tu:.u1. sasn*tlsantl)..
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rn*rt J
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o ct{rtr!; ra rcrdue-cr. cl b*ao.d.6tat, tarro0,effcritr:avtad
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r sondai Ho13 {ln rliree}is E}; I -diatiolt fntro ateetrtirlI !igi},.,
. ., Ef*e+.ul He1L esio o coneeci.ntE e faptui,ui eg a6upr, q*oi.pctv
fnsgf,et,s eu sercias q {6}ectren.sael goi.}, eara 6c'*Bl*acas&
yltoae .? 1n 'ctapul B*geetis dB. tndu*f1.6 E ec!**aoarE foell
3t-*g($'x E). Suu ir:f,lueaga &esst*l rorXJ
fft ? Br ts&{.F*r4s eai'ed.aE or v*r drplasa Fsipe$dieular pr direegia. eur+rq
:9{, i ctupu}u1'usg*otlos **tfo} eX s fa!& r
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a.p!&a. & rrsn.rl purtltoriior
i: r:suF. l-,, i ;i;;;;.-",:;
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prtlterl}er 6r
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purtlterii or* *rrr**] io.
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ao-;i ,oUirUi *""*-i"*rd atlt g e1t 6i ?,rr

rE
errurli 6tcl lr$lalb lagrtive .ar,
acrnul. spr.r
t: Soanr gt1t cclltitlritl
"or.cEiceDductoerrbsrnri
iliDtr-e
pucsfiI
.
au
iE ltftr .Brtitlltrt6i cu r}rctro:l pro.*o curiarsl o" ououoi"r--i gi,
*"u,-l ( frer r. al, u, e )' prni"ilir*"o.r
iatiucii*l assijj
;:::lrt

8,.
I r].
( ).56)
., ,, Srl;r."otrEr d.cl r roadl {:*
S" groliirr h.Or} F, codocj
tialrtt {tt t n alg cu E,-rrg.Io-t t"rrc7,.
,I, D!rur.;
urtttr""rl
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ri
ru*rrirrut
EEiri
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:::_=::t:.1^
t.D.lT.t
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eurentui A. coraBdl IEZF llr'*n"Lra,

!'&, - 2'10-{'0,'
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d. Pibr* cptlco.
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E{tceatr, l-aatri, f ot.diealsr f*tstraru ior-u"*.,"i*, -kspeg*r*e sdqtoi rlectroasigristilir: pin fibre
aptic& .{fig.
,*?6i rG b&roslt ps fsaoaceul
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Cptipg
i!,L+fi,q re prop*gd prlr reflexf*, :rultlFlc ta a!6*r6g gi ioac
tgl'epus. Seflrrla t"otal.X tatc o eo*di&i. ae*rgtralg, drni"ds6
rqf ]a riilor par !i a1e, rpe tetee errsrs*a *oncsatrct! l.nl !i eI
iUl,finrei, sG lepi'$Stia pria iavellg ta sxterj,er, fgnd w6l

ii9;2,6,

6c len_

ir

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t rikl,. rtgtanttr coacor{rcu tl.

rtr.ptlaa.

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la?

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'*lf (% > a1), Lrniae lgtr.l !a flbrr *pt,lcl tr rnr 6ta
',dr

resrqtiex csta Eodul"et{r prin f,tbfe *pt{cI Sot fl troesaifi

rEtslel ds eslctrlit,aars! coayorbir! telefgnice, iragi,ai
':t$i,iriqo", ete, Iodularoa aaelogle$
{.ta appl,j.tudj.ne aru trroe*
;[;,cst* nei pusln uti]tretE deetr aaduLrtr*a digitalt {f* trpe1.
ili.$]Irsa {o lu,liaE poatc fi o dio6& e}aetrc}rainl.acentE {exr
I.n,i'

:arseniup$ da 6a1iu, c*r* *adiaq& tn infrarogu) sen u trr

aeitc impuleuri optiee d* a5r6 p&tsrs. SenoElu} scdulet.
lurrt d c fctodi.ads e&u uB fetetaaaai.6tsr sil 6f,e6t d. sltaf*
!d reesrcat cE. Ia frEcva$lE foefto aari, pre,pagaroe uadalsr ir
izc'Bzhl tn-E6C obignuir_r prin ceblu coarial cau"prin hid dc
uctelie. linie bifiler5 nlt eets ad6c?*t& deoarote eaiguctei*rele
oidpert"t ca sni.aai cere in 3o.c s5. trenarait& uqaeir."l; r;diiie-pe;iu..chiduL
,e.t j.u..urrqur q+_uaB
d+_undE Ears
w auD
tub laoI,altc
o6t ul3
poregif llitgftgrl
notblic Cu
cu pre!3f,
l:rtsrLerl
ltir S1 acoFarilr. cu ufl stret ds conducti$ltsto BlEetric& ridigxeraplu
Undale
Ergint.
eLectroma:raiico
auf,or#
rofl,tnii,
,.Spro
-plc, oer nr:aaei o energie jafjxE. pgtrundo tn perutii tutrulu{
gupr$:e}&
E $rslFa
dioip& 6uD
cub rstr,*E
fsr*s uB
tlile
de catcura.
c&ldur&" ssc&
il*e& euprofego alltIila&ra
ifiteniearE &ei.rer aves 6+e s*ar. cornpor&& ca c *glind{
.E[qiiql ierfe*tE.
Fi,br*J,e
!br1e optlce,
gFtiee, auolt
nlpiie d& acenBilea
asen*nea .ghiduFi
diolaetrif6R.
es
Eiqfaettrtcea; ir
r Si rolua nai nic declt shldurlle ffidE-E6tdtIEEl?tuir,
bij.e la pBrturbolii eleetiomagnctice gi. su atenudri'eiei.
ul rei_cls:Lor da ieleutatoarer-;,.:la ocEaagi fibrI eBtiel 6c
t gi,muftse dsta difGrit+, cu vjl-f,6 foards ridientir"

t&

--'*".::"*T"**:
!.{"1. saprq*eddr6t{b.t}itsts
e foor drcaoF$rt* S,s l*}i
IrI*:*-t.ili&drtsspre{seili,srib.LHt6re
dr flatci*as}
A.Effi&L*fl4.gg*ffi, *ere a clE*r,ve* eS tn

frrsmixit {Sn*6;, ptrre fsmqlrsra& {o tredss}tt

t* ts*e 1sr eurant poruldtaBt lu*ar* tia*i *iE
sorxt.n-aq fJurul aenti{* SFin ouprafele r r?l

"tndspers;***

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:;:*i_.:^lll...-_::ylror.:.o..:1::$ruiu{
3?^l . ia cos*t*uura, supra**nauer r;ir;;;;;

1.

4O

tra- ,:

rril.,
;ffiiir;'ff-_lliili
' '='-'',,ijij

cc murosan u*un*

alco*st* p*re 6t p*et6 :.egs a}{*J* gl +onpu6i

eUr**ct,

&rpr*esadustlbll^lt,*t ea os ps&du*!
.la ee$dtrtr tssFiretlrr{t arab o ra}*ers,e.-

e.rdetorlrtietr fidc&rs.i antsrl*I*rr*aitE

liDPqrafgq q!!l-cs ?e ( lenpsretur. dp
tra&!iiir tn ctero #uFrBcs$ductsaf,e,tn
abs*nir etepului ragectie s.EteriorJ. a
f.aporet.dritrl eriLiss ale sleuenre.lcr.
IH:?: ?:: $ap*adauge ,'sslE- euFs'acooduetoar. clut cupriua* tnrr. C" r1,l;
6i lc x" D* rorarcet * *u*"r"il";;;;-:
l#;:l:ll:ieurutui dt
re t,alela .f,trsxegnat Ic* { F*, *e,![$. 6d
] nr:
Blratr guFrqeBErductoe.Fr .
"
Pcmrrnul d, ruprDeosductibilltatr c fcct
erplicrt Cs fiaii_
rni*.if,eftereiErlRsEEHli4soFSS
seHsfF'pER
cieuir aEDEcEZ gi firu,Sn obEia!ipraniul $obcltn 1g5?. aui ttoi fisi*
,;-;;;r;;;;'#;;"_
rinrr aapraaendmetfbti4tIlii la tc6poratuxi critie*
aoat' lir.rasi esre*t.tori riia nar'rc laborstoefs "oui-_i_":ir-lr__
,*rt-"rrJrl*n
aEpGBtal' gttiaglf,iea fll tobaiea a]e
"a"
supraeof:duetiblfj.tg!il
tre t,*nPol'*turi ridjeata.
' Bstarial,ola tn star{ eupr*eendiietegrs
S!,6&i&t{ pr6pristgti _.,_^"il
!r.:isg $1 .aoejl6 trE! spgglrie* a*ts?6 prloprisrrli
F*:ryqTig3,
aiapreeeaductorlt
de alp r, earr lnelud BajorrtGtas""ucteleror
"ffi*-ffi"
_;n;;_
co*Cust6s16 p61"".
n. }Iery!! lgEc Ae eu_Erscqqd,r6tibj-:.itsre.
&\rb *repsrer*r*
t"x ffitffi-#"i*o
ecndBc ter,perf,et,
"*it
dlst'"B*gfrd*?m p*in' eongurtrEitJls
lsctrie& i"$f i'it6 ssu rG uietirltete nulgi
f,,=*
; g,{=p.
( 3.5?i
elnrqeonauetibilrsr*",oi.:
ce evidealiazE
-fi augemtiv
I::::.:::".d1
.

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Xa iaalului'
*tnl po rsist*arl, { ri**su,rt{sat r s*g}r*as&ducgar} **3n 6aro*
e*u.
i;;,i|,
i'j,*i1,,.,s" ftue Ee6e*ti+ de r***|l* p:'i* aup*af,rle lnahltul3 o*r,r *
gn tiEF gi eat'c ;tunes"l* agai *u f,:tsrut {dde*tsr {*f,qq*
l-}j.,]'* *ti*ss*&

:;B "t@'s,q- e f-i.ll4Hlq{.Bsfl:Be.tlgl

4up&9@I

"

6qpr**s$du*trer

as ,r*&dsst

6i nic* Biardarl"prin
f*et *lestrocalar{e tdoula*l,aan}" *o f*
{art+rul isalulpi 6!es,s.a*&e*$f lsr {,rlap$}.
s]ctaie ects Drrlr
At
Rso; BI?cRI?i"tt ft rg; p*s{?*g1 gs6 "
o&d*r'! dc iosaiune

'tL

u.

15"591

QEeesi_ees4e_l3q qrl_!i9__*+_-8'1sg,4!qa-

KTHEFJ,,[$Sfi-0]E]fES . eseatratat cI
a6EiBtlsitatee rEcine 3a raloarla norssl#

g*jL!lS",

:::;:&ijiant,ulut pereietrnx
.pr.in infruetie
ctr'6:;.'i*iit
in<luct
alactfo*

m nrimsi priu l,nc5l*irc* *uSrracrdlletsrE*

a *{ peete
s ef,
x ^ -6a. -^-^,{6.{. efap
-r 61
-, Ia
-ra.
lnf *- -. - Tur
*pSlearea er**l
lrsbnetic*.
eagaotle E* aufirlax? dc t*t*a*".eesei3t6
ri{,iiii'.!"1*t*nis e Blfirii supraesnduetoira }a 6 tsnpore+.u}I t<Ec est*'
i;il,:.tl in*uc1ir s*grrtstie& B* < ts*,
Be o E*e
I:iii,.]!|}enr Be

[. - {&}-j,

3,**)

1*d{:*5ia crf*.{c*.tr6 t*riBer*ture 81 B*"*ia*uc}ia eriifi*S

iill,al& t**p*nuture ale Eei"$ e"DFolqt* T*-iqitperotuI'e cf,ittcil 3n liB*a

i.--i$Lqpuf"i m*gnetie epl.icae. Indr:clia c*iti*f; tfi.6,"$,29u4) eeto saalaE

do foo cau:-ao Bu{f,} arprars

@s*sr s 6v,
wf is3
ssnot*:t :rE
wn $t
gt Euatd
aproFibril
sseds suiluld;r
r,lts aassrs
li,,,ii.,or
i];.l.ii{t*re* euprseondr,ret*ane e de c*s aornalE n. In f:6trra }.49'b s5!xt,
ctu:'l-rclt etEri! *ritica pslrtru pBt,ru eet616 purc. qtirre,?r6rsnteta
r.
rAliil i,
*u induclii rritica da s6rB sb$lue f,iterta
1L*t*gg*:-9:-1t"p*"J
:'1a,...t:
.'f6du6c: E*^. }oo a? 4i i"ap}ielt *p}dcagti ?,stuni6 f,iettata {a*pra*
i'.':'
,'-,'.11"6{u66:
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_
196o s-a
do peste &,1 r). trr
rionoucti.uilitetee.siipero* Ia
':*t
-' elapurl
::_i,,;rr';,r:::':- '" '**
fenrwit
10
erittea
d*
ar-df*ul
;i$*ttn* prlaul m*terial eu indec6it
ttlii1ji1&-,.

':.' - -.:".

110

"lXI

.jqf{,qlqdrguq _g!:iE=Il o*u n* iFrurygi;ili_1c!9 E!,

&perl!35ts} s*a eaaat6tEr e! euBra*ssductiblii-tEtrG disFf,r-er
6t c.{eaEaB.r, Gftd eEr.#&Bul cc estcr pria eupreeeEdB8t&r d6p}tdStc
u!qg!q! j{ilig ie. Gri 8. itr ori ctnpul re4,nert*. crept de eilrcst
eii.a6t rri$efar Bor ouprr,:aaEtseterial rtlial 14 ,i.gpao r,".r*alE.
tlri fir *i"ilnrirrc de raaS *'i sE, di.e
_. Ia
re
^+F:4cg!!e.
dtrf G- s$greeoEdue teerc i,e t.?Ii.. Cu.rts'tu.i' criticeqsniu.
&fltr
.
:dla ce$crlr.-.a
l,! cuprafalg Ftgd',ecterutrui insueEit et*pului
"ir"it"e
prepriu
se eti*SI rcleercc critieS"S(t)!
tru{r}"Ec
sI388:

"

ry

*!s

ffiq* *a *,

.xo*5

j, *:'. ; ,r.Friet.t.. dr rypqf4lqe&Xti[+ sonst8 la lorcoptivltetre r-tceril1

:,,.,
.rt::,d. ."T,- .ltrr--}-r.uput auprrcoEatuetsr
lo swll'raltt
u
eesDarollo GE
cE 3cl
Gc. t
'%!LeEs5$.r.'
,l,'- r:..-j t.
. iri-.
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p* (
rr, [i- ( sip)'J,r, . ro- rr.
"
=t;)'j"*,,
Br rrerfl ao prcclr.a*E da.itet6r eriiic! 66 cuftnt .Jr(T) gl
au l*o .&ru*btrui.p*rec*triter eriltci frBerJe dirareieq
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s* m ) =a*
*

e&no a&paJ:E

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(l =Oj eo tnduca.uS curent BB@ortiEstr""6g_ggEgggEg* i, eairc grner:sarl

:. grapur legngr,rc ds r8sctrc.Br. ConforB r*gulil liii lapr*-+tgpu!. pre,grle
8, aro^eeae.epuc eoiui epllc&t, tar cf.apul resultarit E Ei+SlfO il meI6a&e !n rntsrlorul aup-r&caductoeului aaais. .Liailta iailueiiol rq: aaticc.
par..a ri.
din- corpuL guniaciicuiiir.. ioG-iilii-ol"r
. lxa.e ru1 rEEtort$pgiq**g
t3.'r0, reEuJtl 5 51 deEaltates dr,bwat j[ ostr
...pcet6 tst nuf'E ln iDtorioru1
eupracoBduffi
6
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ri. r
r.l- * 6ooo J.o.
lotHErctf
&lella (5.51) brtc ocblvalent{ eu *becalr e!u!4gE}s{ ts rclrnul
,,

l{J

fl$"9.p9. Cur.b* ta&&tsi$tai de fael pntru supreei*nducto!.i

ei.a rin I
i e i . &*p*xdaor,* rnsue r lai xas"a iiee' ;rii i";-6; -;;*i;;;;;;r#[
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c. p*oprig!s!ee-4* eupqtal4erylllqg,*Eiei
tiarx. ffee1u} ff*iseeey*

S*ha*af*ld.

(5"67)

,;

.-.
{?.ZO)} ln cr*ul purticular s}
. Logr.lygEturii tn etnp ungnetle
pa di$ec!I. etugelni epiicat Bo
;:.." yi::^9:Tp
91rll:l:1:.r*Tg'_oristltat
\oEa8cn, afE
xpr.ca1a etElFLE:

In 195? fi*iej.*eil ger**n{ S+i*era*r gi {}*he*nfald aij 6be*rv*t

iatr-@ l&ree*$dr*1"6tr #e t{g 3, i,ndue}*e e*gB*rrcH euee lnr_il!
{fi6,3,99r.1!
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ea exeapgta wul ctaet 3**fr{.r-u aarr*E sid eu}ti*eacletde Ess er&t& c& sepreeos6aeterul u*o*]fo
ae*}eg{ tinp,
aq$gtq,Pq*g!
S{ dleEpgggt}q*&eff,ee} {Ft*s oaxe pa**t}:
6* prp*E*.e+F*sf"+ pa*s*tre o *1,
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ts fgAe, p" U*L :-

ct. pc.r..tchlla do chclt6s.l' ou5lrocoqduci**f p.ui.."t

t!'r31an1. r,ubSlrc carj Biparl dorfr ratrrt$tq ,rirgi;ofrill

f..$nl!c,c,,

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ifel .Joppp*$*. ie'*ra1tl n*ffi'

3i1 oo obssrrl cfeetr rcaareabik

G.u tlrearc3 pcreehilar
de oldlrtrs*i auprrdn4uet*rl grls
esccietc

dcrrill diret.6 , gru.j

siltc Cuetatifi.e*rcr
uantif tearce rlirrrr
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O

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pcreehi Ssqpor
ta pe3tlebl
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ag eleser(
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ltllor lui f,sscll si a prineiprurqr aI ;.";;;;;;'"';";;;;_;:* ;.",_
'
?l.tras dr rcEdom a cncrgiel. *r*puf,oi
e}ectrosiebnotlc ttin
it'aool"t tE .31.'
"o"r:. ":_::;
tlfub+fuss lu ool.pur.l,gr
put$.t rlaetraua4nctte{ treesris& ta

il";;;*""ffi;ffi;T:ii'J::-

prln coaduatoercla llal'etrrbiflre bara! Pt "#"i"'a la*u'l'F'

t"".',,.u,.n;
i:;:'";":H;i' o"*lr-r
sgtc priultx' d' corPut'lr'
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vtE6@"v
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ptltsrse
EU
olcgtroBe8netlc5
r_Ev
'
.
clnd
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. ,"a"oia gi ee 'a'euourearE cnorgie (14 ctnpuL 'olectrie 6t cal negno:
isjt*c)riocuqliilc 4o bi)"au! au exproeills oehlvaltntei
tltntrc. sn goneratei S! dn raeeptor

'

:1..

& * pu * Pou"* -$*

tau

dwE

edSJ+ EL

+d(irr+'dts). (4"1o)

:,:' : i.4-1-g":

f*ge{a f eptuj_91#:ryrytio
ftt Fgin
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q,vrir0i,
rie
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elJtrr"
:,,aari.mi ;;;il;;ii**
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s
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En-*rgia

a3e

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o: F

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*.
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cSadc&t&Aae oU
teae

eeo

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Eo

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nrr.o

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tmea

Energia cordensalcrului. Flsn cu ctnp oecgen llu=qurr'Z ee

r exprinb ln funcgia ie rbri,&ils de slsro toeqla i rt*pulti olec*
EpDl ceosissc qEDt Ei u.B[ (fi6.,t.?ra):
.1,1.

(+.tlr
rt"*41
llill

u"= *,r q*. ?(Ia)(Et1=$f,lt).

'.1!i

*eer* . tlYr:Iej " .gl .

eapacirs&rt

::":-::i-f-*{**"r
scrir?rlarEt! ale er:crg{ea

ceq"r'u bo

a}eetrrce

pot aer{s 8{ e}to

ar$raxti

w*=|il",r'(

){

ttici

utul

I -'

dE **oau*gt"

e *3rcBlis,}Breur:s.

;ffiffiffi ""k#:,

.Lrpurt {3

do-;;;[ffffi#-

fora repertizste ln ]ungul terului de 1uru31mc I gi oacliune t

(fig.4,?rb) are expresiai

&6*r".

_otl* tu,

-';

H,=

nl (4.r2) ,. por etabi'i urartEcreto

;;;

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r*&1 i:, sr*rrr;u
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a,e e.'c*trrolor
Hoau;

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.

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'eete unifora distrihuitE fn volurul V=Al cu densitetee

pr=Wnl(lt ) =tits./z,
t, Energia etupului slectjric teg Si fragnetic Wo se
;;!ijli:
Fot d6te!...
ii.,.,,1.i
':;Bt$e fnrfunctie da mbrigrile do stare a1o c1upului, cu ur,!* !0arei*
jliit,rllssnlf csrB rezultH din ,sI&!ia ( 4.ri I

;:ffisx,;ffi:r#=**ffi*il;;;
2 p- -:zL
.-il*"-]lf^.1r1urte cqptete

1-1
*$i=
+nirr).+
t

ri eu.cat.j"T:lY.i;. J,u*"f'*iX"fle

+ cagu!
LE
t deuE .{--"-r^

* uftai

beline toroidaJ-a1 p-ercu.$E de

curontul i, avlnt! [ rplre uri-

;#;"-L-;#;r:_:"T :: ::T1." _;.; {;;j:_

ratro nrle!til'e^{i:rl,

et)=EDl2.

Errergla megectic*

4;}e }

{*4it-r -".av5$sro {lr

ee na
f,truruei1s tr
ua tts&:tc6m*t{c
*rap
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l,&
uo

.*

4.le

ri,:3:::

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&a

irj[.electric eets concentrqt ln prlleip'al t* diele+trieu]. Clntrr

3i*i, itn lnteric.r'u1 *rr,Eturilor c*rrductoere ,=ol, ,-" -r*"*i-"
titic6 esta dietribuitE unifsrm Sn seest ctup cu rlan.lit6t6*:

i:

Ys

* $Jou."=$l!.,.,.
.E

VE

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t0ftF a.&tnqeftm$s

tb rn .lrift dr I codrrctos| tlol!3rt fLi0, cr trtL

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; -.' I

trnrarfr t t$ll .tBt a.'lI!.U Co Drtrrr utxcrtl l;

f.rtr t=xatrtrr
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r:
taildoao Lr nrel raosaaceplo{r n rppa eorgrlrllof aa
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lt .Lcrac"srttc. ta t*t*f.J,r;;;;
td, ('rrouhlrrrl) rr'.rtd lntrrecatu{.. O. rfp-;in*.;;H
rio G.r.-{.trnlar fuorrolo or _trlitrrnol porrrirar.
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r rublt 31, l.rfr$tlr shlrlcr. ut*mguou..
;;;.i
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':.

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rallrrto,I. D. b... psfol{pl-.

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ratd,tl OorI tr.!-a octlrtl.ata DaDtFlr d.taElD.saa

fda3rt x, la r!ou! tpoitr :rari,.
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r'

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oon;..

rGla rlla". eocolactetc da l. r-draila o8tale.8a (qg-eeart)p

nl aclisil onrr5ic cu ulr*iorul..,Crdr:l oburlte{-rtr btlrnl,,:;
,

:..i:,,'({.a5) i,.
f1.d.(!t lq*"oo.*ior- :
rcccatc ta'rtctcu,r dl corpur{ ro o.cutr ro llrrr rrdraartti
alee trleo.: .!cglt{,a' ac lchtu.bt ltrbtl; c.rtapuadk monsl,r*i
." , .

a aigtcuulul"' ' "

B&t tpltagrf a t r!G16r fmma!,{rtto ta !&r,
tI dis nlattr (4"e))r
r'

'ol..tr.rtrtilt

cr.1

i ', f"rXo gcnorellsetl I Gat. dlorivrte par3lefl oa ,a.ro'rn*1"*n

.racr6icd rl.e gtf ostctlaa te ralroat ctr gtoedoerto toaa:r,aXl:at6i:r, *
.cerainl coaaiantc elo condtuc toorclorr bcrg|'r .i."tfr.t.tf afll
1.. at cxprlel tn f,uuolb dlr tarclaltr oorduatoercliarg*
.

*g*' sr r, u*L;;[i*g.-* n*"rrl.oo*r" ,, iliSiirr*

x lri ntat paoibslc

y:":
r

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-

tqghil{6 rate}la'{*6u9lxj otror

,- .i,

generar.iaatr.s. {cteraj.au pe baca

onesr

l:::::yleaesratteil
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glebell er?r$ r,i.-,
I ,'d *"1"*t; il;fi1;;.IJffijffi
|6i-co.ad?ast g.!.seli;;I;,

geaarellaatE.

3'.

Iu lpotcze Yxrooaat, corduetoaroh atst doncctett 1r ru;,

,lrr *ua!{a {te bil'ea} cctt:
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O!e=t o EL + ldlnlroeeaat l
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h t
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,
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t n2
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r..

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a saarsiei

r Al
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cc+ratonatc generaLi-

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ri

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eondue

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?/l8-

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ti,'

(1.2e)

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,,*,,ffi.i':flff

.liTj*'ffiffi**;;.';"";ffi '
f
f,
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o'

_ Cu a doEa toar.cd {4.?S)jEa

tr eccratl rxpnclo a.
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lu_e9,pZe!_i::

f:i;.f'*T#:Ii*dpt

Qn . Gt' glus
ro'-E'?*
7q:*f,{ulr};

co.ductoarel""tolll:o:t";JJoiil;"lar&i8ld
r ]a pcten$i*r" a1es1s6
cl-act;;;;;t
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t.orsw (4,a{},

f .sta E.s&tirf,1 doe* acatcaeei!

fu eeae*l *eduecri!
d6aa..ri s+neret*oero r*{ (forg6 ,;
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Foria

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aaraCu{f $1.*6ti!"ieo (ef*etrJaet*u p}iorasa}t

,:,,r

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For!.l. genEsaliet.

0r .?.r&*li6 a *L+*ilrenxg*st!i1u*,,

;ji
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\ot /$3o*nn*g
jEu
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6*l

fa* ** - -l *
tfs "* [rfoa]

(1.12 )

.-t.,

do etrac$ia 6
UnUr 6leetroeaAnat,
I.forle

![abafui 4rL
f 6f !,.toa S.ncrelladrs
gl ttar.! de echilibru otabll.
:::D.rGi.,

frrrrrt

lrtil,

t4.,rit

aeifoesas* trcr oenau* ra6uelr{6

*oardenaiol grnrr6!.reate r. d
(valoaro Beg.tiy[).
Danitat. dE lupaefslE

ot*blli .!reir-+p !- ^-t: ;r ";ff

;;LilT4;lir
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ffi;i;iT F'ifflil ?t
".ri""npau evqrletagf
r1glo,,
iffI'l:,iil*::;'.tyi,;;;i$;;
raiionor
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epopdEirio

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i:

il;;rutu"Hiil iffi
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'

{4,34}

cate auaeris agqlH ee denes,t*-

.faora&r a dorlr

cimp

?tetre3f{tre

.. ltllh1
t.
\

./I".,rrc

ragaGxlca ar.ef,*ctrrcqag
----6-e' rasrlcrlcc
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3n prpr&a
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i l

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e;i ilisz$r r1nur*"u*_ ,
dia fisura rt'9r corcap*qusto*rl
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lxcJic"=
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r#*]s-"lt*u

,' ,,lt ac*laqi rdauLtat ea a.iungo eu a d6ua taorrEE, fe.dpcteae

t- ''-"'**
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t (+)r,rr."",,or=i1', *'

14.16)

L30

$pr*

a l&nt e[a*tr.*S*sd* .6q a$cus$. {9g$*4,6}* tu

wter
i

f* oes.l lBdtos*eBt
a 3[Ea O!r**
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b!.IE sc mtaatcraE fu peetgS,e d .Ss Etturttc-fu earc sats utrsb6tut& ds lar'' f,Eua
exl.a i[,g,Ig*iX {*qd':@gtyEtatea me$.pr.s+
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55
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6.?"3. For*o BB6rsltet@ asB$m ssrau,r;:!.aF

&'&'r

Blg*4o6.cBF1sX Se d,ateIsttame fatre daqfl bo*

ELEe

cloetronu:n{ 6*a rtspel coDdoaoltqrs!.qil {e}&}1

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o' {fis;{,?re}r
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t4"413

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stry

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(4.3s)i
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t"

Hlsceryq_g"4ep*E@$;S*h*Sse_Elegu*s-jaq4sLq

(4"39)
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&c*&s*suaa-:

tfu olac*ram p6treude eu vi*eee J-aitteL6 ?o'Sa esnpul eloog14"e @@e c} cos$e$6a*srs'1tcg,
FL*w {f,lg,4u?re}"3r*-a Lntesxeres
asuatleL &a si$$qra 14.391 ? in oars E ril'I + v*E, q--er.E** jB,t.ar
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-

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r?,
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.-

ttsE a}GetrGsi; ,dEa@d de poetaeeel*r#o.

, -poutru s E [o,E].

( 4"40)

:,:.$6viarea s].getronului ln elap oleetr$e ec nttl$ses** ,a t*e

Intro. aapse de- olsetrexr* r
),a er^$6s
el
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i A6-FTHEITf6-6-} gi-Y. ?eneiuaee ap1ieat,E plsei"J.er do deflox produco dep.Lboaroa uniforo6 e 6p&tului pB 6er6p ta dire6li6
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bFlea&Ju1 apsturril

visualiaat e eplieE pl$eilor de deflczie yr ess@ diipl6aesal

pe Te*'{.16e-L&"
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electronilor fn eiapuxi oa*gone; **'t,re$sst.6p&a

clsp sloetriei b*xub cstedis peHif$ 6eilsse@I! tB
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gbolie&

., 2. 4{eqe4q c ;e1eg!geqqlq{-!4, q lgpjqe4egaq,eg4E& "

.,, t'&"t ui"sseep, p!"!,aE.g,1gg1ry_g3_je19r3.t!g4e.
:UE'sloetrsn, sore p&truadc eu vitcra la{tlal! ?- ia chp*l
ii *og"o c. l$ducll. 6, dcs.crir 88 ggg*SplgIgp dacl io r E
:

TB

't
I
1
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I
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n
1

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ill

,l

o*rcrt*.soa in lnrytrl e pemeleaar" prhltc eo

.q:*f.n-o*

pn.aB"!ro fl r
T.oYlror.:
tebrlel
*{a*rop

iulP
itroiieg!

a"u

ue.n*eiia,

*i.F|i;
oq {ir}*rs lacBaricr (;k;;,;;"il*ff:S,,'i
p*brs*6 nrc\l 6o {crcbj"dom
..* f**J
-**ii ti;;;.";;s*i,i
tr.la!,trrers pata

dlerarn!.ntr *
il;r;;-;:;
::3_".ssBFrBi3
ro.3iara alb-eqg*a rc cb1tEo
n;;.;_;;;"?_iI.;
oplBonr.i.x
(d.
*
I xr T&.
ui.Js") er p. *rili.*il u= ,:
1*
{dr n*,,o Jsrr Lirtc ryt tbto)r
"p"o
oer:axre'rasal;# ;-;;frL**rl

*,.::::l-:,
t*l roraasl*,l"

xlalr
ffi;!fi;:oal1*tt
f3bEt ciarorag pEtr,a

rtcr {eirr;larl
Satro

ol erairltr

F.e+.rtr

suf,

p**nr

:gt

nill*u*;;;;;&*

tror*. rc cloef,fioE
tia

tl,

teto8eri{t

t*r$* a#r sr oxcr6gXl lrtta'E atreelt

e arr e*6*otlsat"

Pr?ctsa

6e Da.iI lad;actel prr'eansae atg{t*ltX o&ppe.cod .

ea poeta ut{l{lr drru*rlc & {gdt&;gg!*

[i,rrtrie reb*l

trrti"Dt eole8 ara trgL tursEr{ c}rGtro*rf.Jp.11 ,r;;;;-;;;:;

f,rlro'r .rf..-

lg.r eird i-ntra*e${ra1}l ro tr*raltl lat*r o*1.

, j. ': .: , ,.r :''..
{rtoras}lrric grl' r.tnri

,;,ir$;uroo do sur.Eii clcctrleil

iil:laeaaetaat etf ei$- t.ro Acf,iac.r

.arpl*llr fllU1etef fi rercid olcctrfuI c.l pe1f,lcatc

trorttr

..El..bisr, .ar .. ,r.* i"."o**"..1-"iii-,;,

mupm elrp"rrior rr'ccuirer,g. gr
:]'::::trtir
' :.:,::T:1
frrge .r
{rrrr*3rrro
,rtr. dorr .*rJ-r*ii.i. il.ir.iai l
'r'r$r.'
.,T:fj:-11,!r:-i1.ilr rrtruui
,,
,ir.
i
E, l. dtorrnlr r {fi*.4.sra} rq rrl,6t...i-pJ.
;;.;;;;'iili},
ll:ili1}i33;;-**o' 3*rinr n2-..*i."", r{ryur ., .d.ot,i.r:;

,'.f;l. cB eB sft rrSBtt pottrlcBlr ftr -cr 14

;il;;:lIiir'l'""'

ili.rt.

Ctrprl taftr) oirp.ittl rrop"r

""d:i
'.,lii]
."rr-'

GtaP

f*rlil*g-

r; torla -tloetroraeiottcl (Ltprad.

,:,:rl*I* rr:p.*
;""auctrr 3*&lgg!r reotill.rnirl lr l,mclm I r,'I
iliri" .*.ntur I ra exae*t[1 t "t*.r rgnotir lltesttr ila
tiif.f 6r frti &rPlr.r (f,is"/t.9re)t
,

&.Pleeo {4.46} cttt rarid ctrd restdr{l T d'6 drtl.iiirl"tr

I
ibbndioirlan{ (rptrB aroeplr ia aag{.wi1o ctra*trllc rotat[va)6,

pulad cu rtoriaa
e1 for11

'

Fal'tB,

i{*d6;a}:

?cr}. .la.itctr8astlcli
elarcltattr atEpra mul ccPdrer

I,erb{.6n1*

tcr sloEentsr dl-i I reru facc

patr*e,E*atr-sn *As'cult P.a* -'"
euro s 0,srortul i1 &8r odP#e*'

$l-;*;?; *1gid.r*,:ora+{ !a)

ailet

.4.9. FortG tenlace {a) ai deual'

ra de volEl e beoate4 f,rt (bi:
ot.l tpit; ?*e16treuli geaPei

, ff '[l{6i r,E}r,.:

StraEecnetl.ae.

rciirtririiir-*i,.

iT!,:'
i),
i::i

-'i
!-il

:i
ii.
,::.
);

fslr lrPfto. 8t pesr.

. Do bd;sqrygees*sjt
_
--"
I r.q(: s B) . r@r!c& r*!.rtr*rdE
tc.rsr-;-r6i;il.i**r
o*i*-"y;-dd;lJllj lJ s@set a"
- .. l, cl tubi.roreo
.s&t.
ff1 m tiiil.-rr-c*eri,aror ds vsr;
;"iil
f@!ol l,llmor

.F,E/cv"ssE[rrtsJ,

,:

t:

*#

s*- r J-.t
{-i. tr l8e c 1rl !{.:L
..

{e.ag}

,:,i,

(4.48];

}*str Lepg..r siI !a blce fua*g&o|eFl.{, lat.rBte* ilc

+Emat ,";il
o 6$rrlreld, rtoetrccqsesu" ir*"i.i";;"i;
senet*arss
eu

,oul

nrerumaila:;&;* *a crr? aaeaetic,ii

:-|.er1::-y]33
3*1a*r
tcrr
tftE.{g6es} gi
?,reeopsrtul, eita!6!* top{t.
;ri;"ffiil;
rt6mti.s (f[g"4.9.53.

l. lcrtrc ctr66tredia@1co: s-etrae&!,t tetre {toBE SeBdBetQdle

a de cl,u6nt. ta *eeisgt BaB*i b-sAr;aatle dintre *pi;'elo cnoi
e-dlafrEr*ree epirel Xlere"dr8o da atsaset.
.

iaeic els cels*terEl$i 51 crte

a6evrtit& 9a reergle ,ro*foi,..

{twfef

ffiffi

I cIe fenre,
de eEreEt Eeu:?rylgeja:?etcr
trEFEi E edifgsor

olectrone6aati..

{I

,'ferla tr s6to de atreelii ein{l

o*reag{.t iB aoel.6l oanr gl &e

dacl :!.rcip as scaeuri eaate&rn &ae$ ce&ordo*.5 66rdiae.
i'if&t'rpffisgr6 Ce oeolegl tssast {iGl4oio
fsr}a otsstpedLa*
LE

..(a.49)i cre oxpreels

fer,*i,

il

a!

.ele-qtq3"clqq&,
.
"4-rui:rqr
trJ.{f r4clrB}
reeliuOer& eenyor-,
ric reeaslelan el*eteieee gtsp1i-

5::*ii"ifr#ffiliffi,;#r,
ffiitriffiffi3t.:i#fffi.,

-...

:r

Itrjp.{*{

t(1,g0)
.

'

do eureat {atslls as eoapri"u* {fl6*1.tr!rb}r

n&regte eupraf*ge {f,ig.d"11se}J ealo douE efsete de

t6i

cbler"& &a $rrf&gurerea en+o$. trasderaeter ln wal we*

.ti{,i.q8tta: Pes&ieeile e1Hte}ets ils le 6a!re opiro iveeiao 6 s*r6g,
6int pBrerirso 6 eure$t igl aselasd 1686. Per&r,B*}a {i*mo*
'"rga.

usc rXe fiaeHret;sbiro st:lt 6tr&bgt,Bete ,& og'get ts adg;

'af1.ldeci.*a e'eap{ng (apira eireu}a*H tgt asr*gte d*E*rotrel}.

tcraeSieftGa dlatra efrupt*} B

e1
E&gaotiil,ts.i pss6sts6ht 3 gt ouraao

tq:" rer-iahi.l L, apere forga

li

ilit,9],,.Uetfng SeFerdpru

5re-.e "f U" Sp).iecii

elo*trcaec-

,ll:::r

alnpl$: lr 'n2'

Itrectic dintre epire ae evidentfsel ardradr-e cxner{.amtil alq"

(fig.4.Il!b).
Le pertea tu}ferieerE a uu6{ bebiee eir ef,l5-r bilE
al geufu&dat,& fa mercuro Cfnd bebisa 8at6 osreersE de.earent).o es atrsg {b$bins ae eaurt,eend)o ier eoaiaeiu! electric d*"gtr
gi uercur @ gatrarupa" S;steauL i-epreslntU es *p6sd*L elaetie"*
Eilefit i* tr@li.nute Br.ie r"or!e]e elbetrodi.qeu g.eo' ds eoup;,iragre "

..i.

[ap]eee sas&' pe6$uBa eep1gss.6r,,.'i,

cri&15 e beblna* nebllg 6 ia

Eijbr,F*rrc{';

:,,

k!*t,.,*"' *".tare!{i&e eaergetiee

S,S,,,ie,rdins:.

8&tr6e&i"{ do

scsrt**reeii.

eu vE-

xecilerr d kitrsefrpss:i. 6S rtretenated fse.8o BBssqrsel-

Se Qrd{Erll

ki}eestsniles-

A6@sta

fsr*q

66r".*

p*t

p.rsdr*ss:Ae{i

* r,{qf&g&r&ri.ler i}e tran*f*reatelr, t*&alroa baraler da d*ats*

]i;rdq*chideroa aeeiilestalE a Gepselssy*Ler ret6n Ib ece**s salsia!
!lii9-E$.anie

al

echdpumeat,strut

Blctsie $e

3ie

o*agidararo fstrSe3*

'lf!'1f-$ipSrl.ut Interaelieeor *ireulielor pasrcraroe de 6nr6at cri

l{.ol lrt{t lE Gasret epareta}er E}oo{ro{liaasieo de a&aur'& "(yetts-

i)1 r lorit6liel
')
:il''l

nagnet{ee

prin repulalclete.

i-;ridr.
-

:t::r::l
t

'

gi 6 nttcelalsxar f'ttmttbl]"- , -",,

Ilil-i"*tu*rcteare
de 8&t' pa16 loe*ll llo ctp'ohrtrlc
fluxutxi
i.Ltill*-utroolia
.a --rr{-s
.d **it.I
o-tr ,q+
cl ad^rABte}C.
ts
gsgglp
3f1.tqR1F1t
,,fioi**ritr"lc r eleairio#
,

ret din lamalq feroaenetica

alastiee tfi6,.6.t?,b)" is abBEn!6 e3lopul.ui negnetic srterior, contaetul, ssle descais
{Isceie dietanlate). La epro-

Intora*gluni BegnorosraTiS,*.fa.
tlc0!t-euplU dS f.rr! lntic ea*ns_
[l ptrqanrnIi; b*f er it da atraciic
Itrtre
}aeeLelt feraaegnetics aii'
UDul, Oetir.oct
pri&

rcoaar.iat.
p.m6no$t. (r'6i6E
lrs{s).

Ba8net

i;r$;eiu)"

Pieraa uxui aa6net parraaneni,

IoosLeLe feroaaEnetice se
Ea6notizggai te@par,sr, iar
ceatsctul rcleului ee inchido
Fri[ efectul de atrac]le s
polilor de Euee cantrer,

. 4"?, f,EUHSX,@II Basar3 p3 sonrBi$ clffLri,ur

, .SI,AOTRTC Lry?&ES

Pertirulel* ieedrqat n"eu cfapul

lntcaa 6i ca doplesse8{"**.io$;fficlienoars
eauEit truiectorli* uti}iaste
- eur&lirec p,&sE*tr,r
dB prsf, **p"ir*u
lu-aaonuri.lehcetogi.cat
lelorr
coplarec uaui teat oau dssgp, sap6f*pe &steriglelor r.o,J,rgpenul*rt;cte. Ctrplet sleetrlc lat,ssr ae eUtrina cE
ajut.oru: i}I}u* $i$tee
Oc elnct*ai, allaentrt cu te&sirlaa
centi.aud de Ia c sur.aE de ,hial_
tI t6e6isao {IO...3.$O)ky.
tltetrlt

1'-.

;;
:,..itGG[-om1ra,ifrrc,:i; prt6..tl! EtobLo's'

Iatar*Siuails ,.utr. r*gnali p+rnon*nli ros tntra 4n aadE.t

-.-* ''.
Drr:ralat fl c*rp*ri, f***6:roti*r tr .utl]^i{*.ri prec tlc*.
fEec&isnonrG q@!Cslgi gl$ryg .. exlilc& ,Eruiri" pri.a
,l
l'er}r dr rBreclio a poliloa aagnetici da nuae cqntfsa (fig_f.12r";.
cfuprrr rrguotin ta"rrtrLer ri prsducrurrn not:,r.ss unul eagn*.t .i
pat'Bcoe:rt tE fcral da Fotco.rl! c-d r, turslie B, Un
es tse+:lretie
rc rr.rotlrtl
Alapu]r*i ttr"l,rtlrae fii cu ecsissi luragie ar'::
f**I d6 fsf$..Src.u,
Artofltt ouplului
,rir atreclia tatro po;tii eali ,,
dai redfra&i p'rr.aeali.
trcrIs ae6setoBi&1ie&
.
poEte seErl la ac!iensrcs
ynui
q!4!!r r6ati-aontge1 _ele

i.&Elte 8l'es*to

lqQ

iar, rrb acltruerr forlrt F.qff * dpptaaiarE,up***tl*E

l"$*lir:
d*r' do drp{e6r. ?c pori'odr.e, 6.trerP6dag
g

arcsnicr astf!,

E ps.trBl

f,ir*t

tnbular,

catq aeetestiE

prC.n f,ai"&i6 {6Aiis*

F{ ** ;;#

SlsAtrsfietsei. sn f.l!ffi de gazr'orr.s@Etsl t{{e"+,*Srb;

dou{ {eea re* nul*e} ai.st.a'c gu**peede*tff a* ***trosg g" ;j
--*.:ii1
ferraiEat de.str "gegp-qg alq:g:igg,. SIElte ;_-;il:
luTr"f.-_cars
aor-tarr
di;ri$t& a triae&rui
faaelinac e rlactnef{ltru.l$i la 6ef3.traaa e&eL ourqa au g**:l.tilr,]

-;-;ii#*"il',;

;-ffi*,

tessl*re Ei u* 6rd dc eur6lirc ridiead pnis eptietcu*.

a*"*"tf

parwotru fweliena$ (tebalnl +le2) sste

, 5&fnalel
e**U*:,ii
" ,e:ry4.ffi}!-g_g3g33i
93
q s&r osBr*a{ pe@+Btraatr eestttatoeffi?*;
Lieu'l.s .rae{-*+la
t3.egL
a83imut6 adr sl,eetrsf*J,tsu
^t --.3r3i.a tata}tstr,ile
BerBre;a

Bst t.

,; *;;I

fi,-Z^

! " -*y-d.fm ts)rr

t4.Eli

aaaso.\e?,2 - G6e,gi8BtuFiio de
Bertlautr lg g,**n fil*9f3'r

Ptleael:lirsi;i

Frort{ 6o,oehet'il* P}aBi tfi*"{'l}rd,

intrr

pPsdEG

$s

tESr

:lai Cnt*rgitatt lr&i roduas dsdxt cai efiIfudr{el'icu:r

gl'Estrt*
); den ec .eztcutE eitrp'}u *i- tr Jut6rtr ugvr.
p:nt'r'n
ili,,tir, valtleel ea uttli*+nx&, 3a *paeiol*
'sin*
ip;arrte$:eirr I Ij.ahid*.

ii;a''

.-' r*"*o* *o*

g6 1FUITI
faseadl de vap*i:re':eb{goult eenetX
IvUpnofef tlaereneitr')' gi 66l)1ss&re& pie&t*iilor flme apra'
rtrar din piBtolul paeuxotier Pdefdq-' ::'
:,iju*ersi. Jei.utrrl. de
i,'Xi.;. r" itcirg 'r. fo&r iar toei*p"r"., a.edslts'"e$e{}*rl
,lfladepErta teeglo* da psrtiet*e fLnre ddrlrr$teere l8egt$ti4';
:proui"$" tn6,ltai tensiun:t, propt*u& dt' lropsi*t or:tnbrll*:.
,.,l ctangiat..Ixrduetrie!' rc aplio& deu{ pr6c66s'd? :'"epad'sr
rrcleblrie i"atsnr;.' asre d{ferfi pr{4 ealu}ir dc Fulvsri*err'
(fis"4'14r1)',P$1:6rtlotoa *e frcr
i;f
,,!lrp3iir f,3sc6rea tntrs alr 8t i,p**q. eu 1'ft t-.i.i*1: aafi'lYi
qiii-,i, iuei""a di"a aiutei sate riai. rreraDi SlBeesi*r'[ee pe{!itntre p{ato}tt de rops*! :.6i ploal
itar,oop"iu elnt nai sici.icoggno:carg:
aet$tl,X inc[r1t'art,a,
descfrrcart
cu
tup
e
[,:un.
sple
gi'6aplaoer'*a'Ier
elor ds vopar& cu aancinl':nesativd
otup:6lEctrle'
d*
o
Ll'x5c
srnEP?gtq
e trsie,toria et
:

fabelul".+,e

efaenre{i.3iru taduatriel ito

!4G',

tip

eriasnts}

,
1

F
I

i'

f?

F,qE

4:13sel 6r sl'{esee6a[ eB.rir$ili"t*te reaartvu. rur

u-q

priol.-"'-l*--

.!s elqe.al& *e+biae t.eeai.nasair..,eenliaa ae

l.:
lulery
prbgElul,
$c s.t.r$pEqg.r. Oemende pri.:a uieropru"ou""
qtuei pqsalto sbgillor.e

!$?r,ri.

.-**r;;;';;;

ef,sei qax{,a da fue&rexxa, ** ou*a*i: ii,

a ::artia*1.elor gB.. *irtteeae deee&sc&s&pdr

{5O*".&S0} se*eseg pb r&oee,

f*

6le,tretr*.*tsr

]"e

in ctap Glectric: s-pul"teriunre- 'ru-iuiy"iiE'art electricu;-l-arr aosFrisa$

ceronai
6'i tffil ; 5;;opu" * i 4-"i"t aie coa:ci alc ; - 4*el eet'rod
iuslari
eu-!.[ rie rbpseai
ir eureni"r*l"
iiiix-i"'ii"i[i'e"-ptuuf;*iE"ic'pe:ii-?;ir6ctrod

14. Pri.ncipiul vepeirii

e$.ps:,ar,j

i;i ?;;;;-;;;oi,i
-

I
-

r4

,
,.

Ita
a.":n" tn piei*lu1. de,opsit *
* _, -*:tr",
"i dar a**tur.l" ,
f,isd e vopaolei,
.i
:i:-":::::'":
::jl::.:::'l:::.,T
ric
Fsnrru cr trEiectorir particulai , sprt pisss ; ;"";;;;_:
l:
riaat&, r.n priacipa.tr; de forla clrpdri cicciric F"nE.
c.r_**illl.
cu redrrcorce pisrdslilor ar voFso. la c.ircr ,r*,
o"'roil;;;;;;:.
li. sdero,Et. le pirc}l dstofitl for!6i iaegiao *r, o.". f,iraes* t:l
parlicule.lo cu resistiritstr aer. pr orp"iru1.
i",_r"ii.-""'

il';l;o;ia" tntrino.Bbs, rori*ti"itatra

relenjului g. oaattao riei-

.r:.igr aarcitrile gl potrenl,ialeb gu rslori aexiue, S*reiailo

b. Frocodaul pur

tj

o'od#i;5lfi;l;illl":;::ff iiri;:'J'::::.:: ::,';n,

"u
ofociuarrr.
da esraenea;
lp,ctnp, .t ccrric. lrril"f j"arr
r

i;-_r;""_,

1..'i1

:._I;"T:_::,:T:i::
i"i":l"n in crnpur ;";;;" eac.t ds *ru*t*ouii.,i
I ei r. rorlcro st.etrs*toricc acgienlaar *r_-."i"Jiu;:ilSf.,

d. rop.G. tnclrcat cu aarcinll deei la sanr @pua

*a""r.","ir"rrril"-*.,,
fieierr gi protluc ,"r"."ir*"u;-r;;;;
,ron,
"
nicronice. ia costiauare,
". dinansiuni.
partic*r.ii";;;;-;
;.,,r r io;, ;.
il ;;;; ; *
T :""i"ii"i Tllilill:
"
-.",,rr
e6t.

;;-;;'

corFaet gi dl aeeiagi groaina.

;;

t',,

Fie.4.15. Principiul xerocopierii : a-lncErcaroa cu Barciin6 a ol{cil- grul inanii,ii

p. hirti6;l-elactrod corolra do lnc6rcarc;2-atrat fotoeor.duEter
( eeleail) ; 5-6uport conductor ( elreiniu ); 4-eriSinal; 5-suriu opileU:
lrrslnoa;

fo tocoadue toere ; t-expunerea ; c-dvtsL opBrGa ; d- trancf

Qepieres a*eetrqst?tic.Jx?rdeopicnoa)
1.5ll.
rrc ar. a c orona m ut i r i r" uI-lliffia,ffi
iplic orro a rapida r tsxtelor, dcaonaler, proieetelor
t,"noia, clnd nu a6ta Deea_
sar un ntl&&r ?feo &ere de eopii. La baaa
6ce.stui procedsu
Frict8tae tsstcrial.Blor reaiconduetoar., diepuse Intr_u[ ,tl pro*
strst aub_
tirc 2 p. ua supcrt eonducton l, u. *U, ,"Urrr-""1"ri.;;;;;#*
.sb 6!iune. Iuninii (fi8.4,1r).Selaniul; epro
exerplul are reaia_
tiritato aera. le tot,roe.io gi devim-;;;;;;.
la prozsnl6 lu&inii.
Froeesul dc rtsLizam a unei copii
ln clep
eu;rinda u:*srosrero ctapr princip"rr,
ro"g"*""o""i.oarr"-rr[""*..
tu-rui forocoDduetor t""""iririr."iJ;'";;;;_",
""-"*"r*']..1a"*
d."eropsree
- :
fli
tregaforal ino4inii pa hirtia.
}a prlaa fez& (fig.+.I,1r) *tratul *la eeleniu p
ao fnesrc&
cu ssr,cintr
T1"-: euportul pocitivl ln cf-up corona. fria induclie 6lectre6tEti.5
do aluainiu g ob$ino o
Aotfel, piaes fotecenduetoere p_) devirreEareiDtr nsgativ{ egalI.

6-flux

Ile sc

* * u_,.,*
"
"i_' ;;;;;;"

;;i; ;";;i, ;;; l"

*un

es=iei,

*,r.g!_rr!rs_sgi
Faes r dou6 (fig.4"1516,p este
aseasaltooru cu. expglrgrsa
tesisir.lrui fseosrsric, rri*rr-ua
eister,aptieo ;";;;;";"irTln=,
ieet*sa{ }d }aFeaf&la s}ectrirats anj.ferr

Ea-

u Oi{"ri f@t,$eeqitucteB.r.
de f,oroeoeduciio in $rrstul gs
e*toaiu riotarsi*fl redsg6yE6
:-:.:::
dsnsiislii
d. sarcin& la csnale cr;,uea gi Ui*iuu*".,
,";";;;;;;;"

7-l,onsr;E-purtator dc ton,rr;9-electrod *orena- dc,'

tranefe r; 1o-htrt io .

.auper{icia}o, car alats pc plaee fotoconduetoert la uru. cxFuaorii

Constituic inegiaea lotent& (eleetrostatieU).
.;,ii. '' Davctoparea (fig"4.lgrc) m rcaLitaael prln partleuk eololljt:irtc, (l,oner) ?1 lncdreato eu sarciafi clectrieE dc 6enn opua ran-

einii reziduali de pa euprafala plEcii, particuJ'efe Z

""';;";;
: tB locurila cu cGe aei nerc densitaUs de aarcj,aE suparf,ieialEris!
..
a^+^^^6^,-^.a
:---i---+i-{r'lrri
:pa
eulr8f8ga
feteonductor
str8tului
""^-^"-lapera iaagi}oa vizibilg a
".
lt,:ir::,99,AirnontElui originsL:
n..,

cu sarcinH poziiiv5 Bcqa felE a

hlrtiei LO, eara nu.*atr*

il;'.rl:::.|!,eutt""t eu plaea. rneginea ee fixaazu p* htrtie (apnc axaroplu
i.,'"I-Fre!e dacB pulberee ? are propriet6Ei teruoptastice)"
,,11,:!,nn!forn

tetorisluL psntru developaea (tlavoloperul eau rccelaterul)

uzusl din dond conpcnonter pulbeie colorat! (toner) ?, cu
.-. dinengiurd raduee (5...20) ,iE gi 8ranute-ouport I eu di.aeneluni
,.: (100...4m) iro. Prin contsctul- repet6t cu greaululc-suport {*tic}!
I rau aaterial plaotic), tonerul as electrteeaaE negatir. Electrozil
':
coro!.a slnt rira cia nolPrea eu di6eetrc tOrOZ..Olits*:
eadrul prirreiplului p!'6E6BtBtr naginite dc
;.ai:,i. ''t't
"opiar.
,.,icxeetroatptict" sa reeliresa& :rrtrr-e nera ya*intetl {f,tg.d"}6},
'r,i.reonstE

:lg
it
i

.1
i

34?
1-i<-

tul* f,i1earc.ccpie, *:apnefale elehAr,":fui r"t_ti" *

lrin ae[traliearel egrci:rii rea{dEaLe Xa oiap e6ranr} GGs"*ii;
U"****oO-Bcqea*r6r

scsrailrc

I?3

89p

te, pe #Epaef,e&a ol.eetredulx{ ei}"j,e$p** I*geB Ia pxmaaa-s.r!,ro otrEp*l*i +Lcc'"rir iutoua, gesrs{ Gs sJuts.?,,,*l ll,a.tf,sduF
eoro[a.tB aG-?, psrtte.;J"*i* ra .lrre.raI s*gsi.i" prie ]eEheg_
{a*trtaLcatronien ffseteg {a ,sgeraft ffi"a I8.'po cupasfeg6, ctro*_
|1@rri *tliud"ia 5. la iisirt& d*,n roaa ir ctapn p*rtfs;ioboa dpocereE'lx eeetae* *a *i},i.:adxEl esteli* Xc,gs* A*
dasprtmd Ae &sts sBb &**:iHxrsa tre*Aslejr roatrlfqge g$
,q.++,!.r, !e
,{t*lrgiexafou {ar aped. intr& ta eetsFs giaGietr!. dle droepta sX

lFiS

"4.I-6, _P*s+iB $ur.*e 6pi,erii

1la_ $tx.st f,6t,ga@nduct&a iifinosld : l-etret de. selesiu; ?-eu_

por". diB s,lw*iniu;5-+leilro

copon& tlc lncE:'eaiel a-erieirle:.,

La-*--*^pg"r""rv._ yE$e'u
^^*.--":
di;e
uqvsrgpgf
.-:-::r:T"oI
,"
P..{:
;
i-rift'trai
7-eleitr6d csroire
:pcnt ,ie
*ncErait
i
*i
rs.
f!59n1{9X
ixarc; fu

l;iEi

orn!.ui 4.

9-c1ec trea coi.oiJ' rio

llcul.ra]-izerc
: Io-nin{a
a^
zerc;Io-pbrie
d6 -r
EtEr-

s
rs

Parti.eulmEe -&qc

8er6.

Sl
&.
Sivetop ofr

Frof1sft

eliabaetiv'gi tndapartemi ton8ru:.ul prin gte?gerc. XoSlnj.Ic

Claet3e"' "at6i! ec ar copi.et Eode!.a, poruit oug;i,n.ruu"ur,oi
i^"cf;-;;;;*;;;"
ceu-+e516,ti.v6, 61b*ft*gr' aau eolotrr
i" *"ui"Ur u"rr;;;
fer-itrr ec l,rogr6rdoae& prin nicropr,oeqe-9e, iu expuncr;" ;;;;;-;;
, .,a..
;;;;;
fee11 *i flbra epticc. gi.tose a* io.r*
srdinui aseiloir da .
"uie.ae
,

EleetreaEFsrsrse ."tu,

*trlale:. rrirri

,p*l :cleatai*

.poo"ru*tr-iiIffi,*"el.riot*"5 s rsrtt-

sasar.,tc granulor, pa baza ru"1"iuo

rBu.pr6 :particuLolor ino,HrEgt6 ell _r";i;l

_"_""ii"r"-r;:;-

;;";;".;;einur*;;-;r;r;-;;a.
rto a f.i, sp.pnaaa uo*i. p'efs. a*t.alurgiar-rr"_;;;;-;#;'il":'"
sc

Etilirrezl Ia:

eeaaon"urero. c*bBt&ngelor

a:ueirxiul,Eir dia e@ndustbarafe Eieeiotnqr.

r*pererca o*o*
{te iepiurit&r71 .e!6*

'

qls.

iro-

e*letrod esron*; 5-o,.ir.i{

rna.l.I,g !"*nslene!

de

iptut ctec
3"+'I"_Frtrr
spBreri.!
: :.**Lipeet* t,er;
4*e*lBetext.

?-Pfr",ig- d* terger ; 5*etaei

EaBc,6t lt.uld.rle retitcr }e6at
rA PABt:Etc

Eiii*i &&i;*ul

**;+i'r",;,'*-*---:.-,.--:-

i.,'lmi*efr

*l"setsosss*r&!,aer8 rca&eaEt{ Fq*trn .oneeatr&,a*

ler ds titaa gi ri$eaiu t-er prolastet lE feat{tEtyl Ats
_fre1t$a g$' Proiaet6rd peatr:r Eaduar.rie E&Gsiretshsre& E$asr*gi*.
t6, ]. to L*bor*t.nf,I {r ceractaac SteFEr*, &lstrj.G Istcrar d,: ia
:P.pitt +haia 6tuJ-}Iape ea s-as e'es}t sat . Icc t
Eseopsrar&er*
i{Bpt$t etBf
-fis
di*tia6 p:,ix pee{bt3$t&li aElr,ipJ,o dr regtsJ
{iiila}criater, sars
,,;,! t Ae'aaassages fs eslaberer* *u fut**pui.Ederss EIEf,tfioeyURBS "
'diyser& ts s?!Bdee&i3cr, e** *iu*
i.'f-14,*lreu;laure6 El *e per!*eiperer
peenpaper'e priB Blactf,eooparmno c erapra}r*i dt_a
terraologi,i
da
ilp,rrat
r,1
eebluri eloctrica. S3u5 &SEGir6pspar8t,eaB SBsls&le.g@ts3. H.SIlL..tro
..BLSH-2 afat 3a fu.aetriuBo te n"&Xaetronurog ?fugu gmeg f,?#J"

""*riX.-

FrinalplEl 6! furelitlnaro a rlgair{ e}.setre-&spsset6r

es elErp
cirin{rrie oo.iro" ."i.-o"_*.*at fa figirra 4.L?.
:::::"::_:r:u:.:u

w}6t0fi

oBdErtst6&3g__ oe tto$eees{. l"pnt iq csB.*se $*

rdrsl 5 gl r6xh flxqto Fs suprrfe.be iaca&tlLda prle f,srse itno*
Fi. fasp*inderan pertiealsSes ea f,ee*r.flc eab e6*iurra& fa*
eee'trifug 6$" 6ravitalieaale, dae6 *.age{raa roe{daa},S *a+s
fi&iea* ;{e ai'o&, *i.a &seasLq prin p*r{a F*,

S,i$" CO$ysiiSrA BLSfltRoHScelslSA A ${$R6IE[

iii ,',: Epergia alBotriio* aBta scrs*ert*tE iB e*en6lo **ce*ie!!e *er
pan+naic^r*
i.t.'iiav*r:g.
tq: Bstsar
s*teqpe g{
e^l g*:reretearo
a!a*+**^its
!Rl
!*v,,fq:x.:ta;
e}e?rioa {*^.}Eag,&t+
{e.ap,l_5"-,15}r
(eep*grla),
saexaffic*
diepeeitira
d
leeirelt"*
B6{y}**6S#g{
11,Elti,p$eergt
1i;tl l!.ae(3Si.'de peq3.*exnese e tsst&f,:-or fa stmp nagxietle i*$aaea Srexpe
r.:::rldetr6*egs6
4, {

"

t*" sB

e g eEeFBt aep@ Begeet *p1*aae*$"asm$ e* y ate

i43 q rq

i_S

3 su,et

{4q!e}4 ql_

F e$Eq

lgs_E

orit6 prseBd&wf, 6* curprnderc r x*u,i.ce,rp

q$e&ir pe bess f,*r*@{ r}oetr"oecg:net{.eo do etpas}re *aie.e.'f,*nloi

&tvd.ta[iir

ne$Ese&e$

14{

rl..T:.frr- .*;oer*

4;18rb .rt. pria.Etel$ *chera de pri**ipiu r

ureui

cn prepulrlo:prin este.f, linier gl cuat.Etalit

iI pria atrrc$i;'

{ij;tul de levitallo

!o cbliao pria lntarocltlt$c! cortrsletu

dr rxdlt*tir. g* Eur.Rl.ttl tnduc pel"r
lafIgurEri
eael
l**rntuf
rau prin rigeano fatr-uq eerp cenductor.

rfetrr a. larit.li. r ru3@

::::":^:
:::'
uaui

riatri-

:.:.1i,::.."* .u.!s orrcar.rrr (ro...5*,*

;;;:.:

i.19. Levitetis prin fer}6 Glesirooioamice de raepingero:

iuranli indugi; b-rehie*l-eu pern&i;ii;iul leviialiLi prin (inr!us)i
?-aiaz din tolai )-bcbind do
;Iicia f-insr. e6adueter
prepulure;
i"iir' (inauetor);,l-eabiatri 5-xrotox linier.do
ifii noprr.*.tducisara
lrlano, r'Eeito Gu hcliBi ?-p16cE ceadue(inoue).
a d? rc8pingcra

:N
il!5tu$j

j$trtl;'itui#Trqr:mildqE5ff

el atpbi}l-'
t.L.. ca rsl 6a iatenoifleare e otepului ae8aet{e po
Erczl.raF
]* rc*B
acta introCua Pv q{v_r._
m l4a&
in]. aenduetsr
ssauuE&sd
JBCq
Itec[ @
tSfAlltc
lct6ral&.
da.eurent
alternstit
o
reglabll&
1*
sura5
3 si conactcer&

xeTr;iiflid:i,"

j
il caz:t trlc}iBadi eloctrier,etebillrareo
*irt.s aBtaat e" *JCfoJ {1 .!ffeEtE&B{ tR fBseltr r aUgtr* prlrrtn*ut
de *atraf{dr* 0 i
gi rltcrr roblcutulul, .r p@rr! re#rtif{.
i
ieirorforul.
trebeio scngiBst 1r
ralerli tmiaaic 6; {oi*." tro nr} ap:ra
iapscqnl .j*ul
v*bieelarai e* osha do giilere r gi coa*crul " ";-;";;;
acetcrgt d*
*aergle . &aritalia o oaigur&
*hicr ln ooul*u; 6. ae6os, ,*h,i.oej.*1a I
6a pErag .G*!ati.E iria at"aetie
,! prrvgd ce patiar ,"; ,;;-;;;;
peBtlt{ rtr!*&BXr{ tnirlegat,l gf,
it e6* lr p{ord*o a.oidleeta}E e ,,r,,
lortta3ioi.
,,,i

It8llfitIiiltt{E ir&6&;;.+---..:*

- -,,*,---

--

'. tn figura 4.l9rb 3et.e pr836ntat sa vehioul propuleut d6 6at'ce

!i{:bi}ate*e}r 6E eu6t3lrta}ie xss"aeties p*$.le reEFinier** #6apu}
ia i*duci*r a1 *ieteeului do levilaiisr lired$s de babinel*
srrdsct.ogre plaae 6; ss?6 464*t,e&t tE tiftp* etad r*b$'eulurl' ae
rrf ea tttsa* F, ae iaou* priLe xigeer* eurseli i* ia pSdeitrc
Ceere ?, egeaats la sel tx lr*agql ebii do gliaxre" 8+r!o

--1
.l

i{6
d. l.rlt.llo r&B ru.[l
{uEio {r.rBtrlan r"$}si'o-;p"*;;ffi
aer ers6t aosel&a sx vAtgae A* dodl*aeriri:
. rrhicglBltsl. sisieml olcstrsdin!*Io (aFre 6e.robi"s ao eef -,
cI.!tregaotic)
rcatr{saaa5 efectEJ^ tc ouaycscle r veh!*ulnlul
tr
lsri l* sttbet S6 port LoS &f-&j Jr fill rh penrAma ne reesrte
l* rtSt ru pnrurii
. Barelo s"trt+., ai I.rEeB!,!oA prlr rorplngorc fail.
dc alstcrBl inir 6tsa6gls es& lEtrreflarEl EBrer ae ardiael IOO m,; dc
loooe, prltaaltil* lo oxseelk 36i{ ar gliaart rl*t radar, Eiesr.;:
v*hieslsl c* aprap*e taslttssio! ls lclarforlo dlo rocping*m *retr,
;iuatoetlii. , rrFEsttiE r.tr .ol allcalioaetr i !r* e6s6Erul .ln
eaorgta tei rsdsa {l eeapar*!*a ar aa&t*$trg$io ps.Ertletr (pr{6 ,r
parsl 6* eer3 reolArat& au ventitrtrteEr6).

il1;"r.--irrJrritusllEetrl'l6r@E8ttlg6o'Yitcre6e
pg
llt.-."arru*lcatalrr getta etis8' -cttsro sqte.6t cota!

a d^he*o ,la h*6XH&Pnro o sgtaleion 3n elsrp saggettc lntsfto;

direet' fn elreuitu} de s*aas!'cerra;Bte *

q:e.F, Ifpl'gexgf?q ag*lel9r--13_-e!sp_tes,aql3e_P!glg,,,

s. fillc

elqtrdrnsaiee de ircpuls.

t" "rui"-affiratg
$lsetredtBsEica
f,ecril t$i,

ao per

sbli*c f6rg,
eara a* utJlitcaaE l.c iiofsrBelae
i!:astica e 3tslol,s l a atriaJoner. D.e&raea aeifabrieatu] cctr
aa ,csd&Itsr raalr, te l*cu} f,erga{ l}oetrodialilisr eo stilieearl,.;;i
ra*itat,.ea {c v*lu,e r f*r}ei S*p}eao:
'a

ii-ffi;;fi "6"""ntat
;ffii;i:;'6":;l5:*'rst 1"*;tg.tEfi:{*3}' nl:ff 3;a:."
ffi :*i;;ffi

eoEEteti6 "

f .irf,

[:*r"5J,

o:;"tf

rsnc'ls {s
J:'"fr #i"i'ii 8ii*itit'- ae "*eopt'tsetg ) 1 3a
o
ri;;;A;i,{,-&-*""if iu'ilui' ui p*ate FuTc o natrl&ts'eau,

reaga *iapatBt k&#E6t,ie *,nt946"

Draeit&$l}o sarl lo rura&t +I 6{ iaduogii}.o negaotiee B r{dl,

..**, B6ts5,$. sE 6r..eb&l*.H f6r&s elaeteodiaeedeo nari, oero d4pagoil

iEddu;ii;xi;;r.;;r;t-;*.,,..-.**._,r,'.r

I r_". :.

aei oesaeriabil
>erotiilo dE daforsare plaetic5 es reetrilsasH
un"r deneit]lii ae-r!
,ru1-indu6te6retur, "ar[''i#iii
"utl;Jnia
lli'r trrgl4:;"o;P;"i;:*:if;":'if$:f:=*.
rn eeslfebrioat
et"t"'*;i;;#i
i:.*"
% !iu:r!!i! ai ;:iii:j'iXi:t:":,:#X:f
'c tlc ePirel fnPreunfl ot
trceo 8r cleront
scbcrt{.or 6a tcnsrtsno r'piii--"liir*6iinit-*o

1.8

i'35Ti;5il#:

#u*"4"

inille $tr'. (rrsra, ?x1;,! !i

utui aslselca,ll*nAerj t"t6'6ou'' r*rau*rr+i., ra..:.,i.

ffi;ffi86ffi;1'poapst

cu,

.i"i: J not,or
ji.-it"nturrl
""
al ctroc ondilctorn

Poqps'gic eoadtitultt'tin
-;o uiogf,*" droptuflghfularl 5 {ttln carl }'lprcgc aiectroril}
:'orl
=;

creatEtusi e5'rb
i iiu... ao""" f,orolaagneticc 6 I -provEauto
r!r carg ss dispuno lnfBsu.rerr trlf*eattl 7' as?149?r:e 1,1*
'

r.:pl,'qftlpl
,.
;:: ". ':, ,'..- -'
.,
1
lcr:att iorpg 61, o, *iL
n .-i- -:^ poapcrar
*-__ _ tiahidul
,,. ,11"*11dtr dintr-se:canal taraoirsleatl't.,l
,,
::::-:: :r
"r"ct*uonoanut;;r;;;_*11
ia,l;L;
? pBt,rr alaui!:ire*
curcot uru,i
I :::::i, "i:or::"rl
ui" r,rt,'Fj
.

;1i:il;ij:"f,li"HTlllfl.k I n# ;J ;

;il";il;il;lllii;;

:cens111'.7 :ae, trace :ps baaa

4 :34

fon!*l'
qfupirl
gtr'
indur
intnc
s'urentul
rnaeaetice de intora+$iunc
qqso rs
s*diuiran!5
preBiDt{
induclie
cu
Potspole
ic iiiductor.
lC
ri'ru3
dla
,r,"re (nu neoesitE bleetrozi) f aa alluentaazl
:''
:1.::
r"r
',..'.",":.';.
':
iiatI lzldustrlelle
. t, r...r: i
:p-rlncipalerg apliqalti ala poopelo; afcetq,qsa8actlco efat
E;i"f , oetnlrlof . .tichif e tn turrl*i*r{l : aau {nduet'rle aatalgrT
;i',er,t rootl r' *br** ) sl r''an*"e* *atale lor'
;lifr"il;;Ioi'
ilcUlOo felosits ca B8eai de rsciro fo rogotoergle ' cn
egoetX ce di ar ea$11:t*1.:
rief zf , Pompe 1a a lec tr oa .fn
"::::if
funegloaaro ; ahlpr' l!' teupsrs*
uars
o
,,i#erd' eigurenl*
agantd'ul ,itE r&c$ro {l{a3E}1 Eu;91'4
6aii;t,f ar circa x.0o0oc a'gJ.,aei*uiEiviteqe
qst* da, tranaSobt'
(sutr'Ae
kB)
iilit*r",rart
ilii;iu"t"oco"auetoi'

'

:;i:f

iiix&fi

i*irts".:*?r
l.rif : Xily.e ? or ; :-e inui t ",i Ji,ii,i }it i"f :i;no". *, " r_ inrx
i

er sre

. Aa*pra Li.chidr*ui se*dketor ea exareltt c ferS*:o*,guo*rtur;r:ii1

ry x caro I aat oror*6- ae;- o"i' ;, o"*;_;: -r;; ;;-;';#Ji
I.
:: ce f1i.
leite
obliae di.n *p,.'ssia tEnrruari-ri;#;;iltJ_,
.:i
rs* ceniilirr;il ;;';;,,;ffi;; ruree*.:ec ;ri;T.Ji,frl
13 1,
rr.etaosii
2. Dscs .r prcerepra.m * arr, ,.i"._;ri;rl_;1.. 6r"i*zrita{ia,
I;iil
troli, reruli.xr
:'---l'
a=

.t{'r?pl

it

i-'.'

l;q O

i-.!!t etq, aersatsl srysr"ss c*rrr{itrf"ffi

.tla plurr eub ooBtuacr ftriat larEatr
,*r";;. g"q(S
;-:;"_;;x 61"u;_:':"*':"'
B*tro ci*too..:t,,j
rtt sli,st- .raAEE.-ar rr
,:._If!t
utltaarn I n up,,, ;

eloe&st 3&rbtre&, petr@trr tea @?&si,

aE. o$etepnS
nuelear *5slt es gssi
Sllrul coabuatia{l t8 ctr ataG eu oartlt cdc gx{det *e ageCrlr
, 1:r-1,, g!, sr taoalss6to 1r sirsa 5moee. gqixtl 6o ger ro ei*e*
ng' la eceartg toBporetliru gi aro lcs e iseigefc IlBt{$si.*S"

;";;;:;;Jffi;il.

;*Jlft'ffffiff|
fl

" " ]oI fi

rrl

e Eldt
= $"ttr

eer .

{4,54i

. !f, s oaduetrvlinto bl*etrdcl rldtcd&r

olaetrie gl negnatla ec eospirrt! oc or{cr co*r aetsllc. tn acelcAl tiop, plrala cr dectlndol {tlc{ oc ooqca un gaa. Frla adsoa ds Batrlt lleqlia*1 dlo erleplu p*tr+lu,
I co*raldsrabll *oadr.mtlcitetet olcetsictr e piaeal goue*
In c8ora ds Erdsrs"
t.:O;suf putaraic lontrat, p$tru$dor pria cJutOJr{ 8; ia arrerr
rxi$3src 3; unde sa.dssleaaeaB etl v{ta&} snporssele& ya{}H}""
o0) Var tn praaanga exupului eagnotie Er produs ds Sstrtrgurg*

i.:gfircratl terpis

ilr,c-[,,:lu elap

I 6.E"&

i{i,o,. rleetros*gntu}at ds uroat cont,irruu, tFare !!s eia$ *1$**

. F x E* &*fsra&g* ds Fotar:&tel d! t6 brnsle 3l,setr+s
fp.a-ua. E
rpfani 5 Sntr*line eurnntul ontimris S prin r.slst&st. ds

6*6I

i,4;* i]i*3*rlBl_I.- f ;.f ffi Eitif " i ; k ;:*:*:rx* I r,, r bj rt s;;fr

::d}il-$:#5tTgg*$-tr' tuffii$.i;xEtu*r
Bfi

iffi #

gPS sssetucszs conv*r*la diresg6 o caor6lo{, tanpuoai pantru iatarrral"ul da taupo$a&erl eeit eetgwl efcet:re
iisfiisarc Xcreie$ {stareo dc p}.aca})" *6au} dost$oe 6 pHrHeeg*
gaaeraterul &FS ta o iaeperotur& d* *j.r*s POS00O 61 uro & B116r*
,. tor(lc5 raaidu*L& ieF*r.tsfttrg" Aeee6tf oa*egte aatr
$relustg Sc
ipten *laoi* {fi6,4.82!*} couetitult die aaseg du *burq *shi*
lirgineretor si"ns.x**u Lrifeaalr Lb inr*rter ale put&E's gf,ssdsrd$
unaa eontlnuH producl de goncratnrut gPS lrtr-o tenei*ns ei-

i,lr,.l,L,gtncratorul

leryrltoruf HSD, dobttoas. *n *rff*bt I pr.!.n roaietoala de exreiri*

6xt,*ri.eers,
eq.t&d dEnslc at6a tI
ornrn"i*lo*i* eir ccmd**tlviterca

. $8 e 0y E{to
(4"55)
*
o
fergE
de
frfirerc uo au**t*ut**
ds.eol,uq 3*.i I 6n osieatatX
:*::oltu
{a ee*p oio* *itu**A f_
*easrBtstrul WI! pFoduee o t,easi;e
er__**"r.*o *pattnu&,
lleoareeo Ftras&e Ee dsplgeegEu
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!&6gnsiie @st@ reel{abt
"ja*a iil**uorrf,**u iu. ctmpu!,
cr

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unec eoa*au6

eraeplu,

v.e.LOOO-&/ss

,U"rlU* **Ur"IriO, ,,
Irrdugul Ea*er*torului Hps
e6t plaeu, *ii***r*o**tearss
e&Fe &s,s
o aifl*cro de trrenste&*u rn
eurrar, _"1i*_"_"u. f" il;;;;;_"rr"J:"

$.arstoruJ.

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*u

rstar-gagcstsh{drogipeeip

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b'-%4_s.Ilqtocfls_sEQr

er*"iff

tp"*ffior6,

t.lsoastuPu
T"::"ffHil,, S-Dr _sa obriae

t-*-*---*

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fle prl$

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erderat
;;_--

ira.stlYl tri.f6z&t&,

,i', :esstf lek Su*Xearoole*triaa ctr gf,rBr6toaf,a HFE f,olsseee sa

do c&]'durg !:B rssetor de tsap6eetur.& lneltfr r&ei.t eu e Sa,
t (h*liu acu &rgoa, eu adeoe ds feBilx paEtf,g *r{*tarsa eeafue*

ivl.t&iii slectrics r

pJ.esm.o;i)"

Su*t*tnurel.s WD Brett :axrirge rnailsgntulul esntrslols*

3x ir*derr* e&
rtrica de la {9s"".}S}S le i{:i"."5o}S.
'ditr enar8Aa slecxri.eg aE pssdq4 tB ee:Et.rs}a"vf,ad
tsre*slsstrl*e
r*ltd afsetp ecsnoal*s de*6*bite" Astfel! crgter6e r$${&ae:rtlgo
ds Ia 11rsr5 ie 'qta0r45* *ehlvalEea$ cu * F odur& 3* aca*t*'
te;irels eu 4{,9 sai ealt& **ergie *}soi!:ri"eg Soet qp- q3}q}*Or{

,,i,

:..l

t!t. sgEl**a eq*titat* da eosrbu,stibil.,

i
1,' ', ' * Ei!]1q-{,Cqiq Eq4trq eqp49.l.ql- 1: [?]r[9J, [1o ,vor 5"/2]e
,l ! 116l , [?2], [24], [26J * [3oJ, [33], [*?J ]{6?l *[65J , [64]r[66Jrrs?J,

1'+i'i'at1:4:t:11ry.

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i

snIrul latrlrllsr uarl re;rlo cl I gl totndrul !du,.

u,a1,fllrs{r lul fular ltab{!e3t* nua{sstr"oa&strtter ta.

..t-LOUld

elncuTfi E[fr*T&tcE $f

|I6AGTETTCE
f

5. nnz*,r TEofrtE$ clr,eutr*.on ErEcTftrcE

5.1,

TCFC;oorE

,**orrr*r"fr

sr $irustr

circuitul'-erectric eare uE sia.i i;;;rffil$$*l='"

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d

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Til;,i.,ffrTl

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;;;;;.;iel,rerlicut
sr*gturx']fl unui esndens*tcr)
dintra . rl
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deplreslo.Coqr
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ui iJLr".,e . r:i anse'bl u
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;::ilri,

topoloeic, (rie.
l:.1:.r.conli_aer*rulirnodurl,
ochiuri. gi cuplaje

*1 !

i.ndricti-va.

Letura est o porfiune

l
al.eclrice (e}
- -,

::tj-1"r.,{*iee
rc;re&a
EE iapoic6ic& (b)

$ffi;-ilffu*lr;Tli.
dar, d*

i1

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1"*tur

i**_n-;;;;;.-*h&

{e,

*reop;5:.*T:":Lff

-f:-ffi

aiet:ila6-

Itog ggllg*.eqg. clreui.tuL eleetrlc l{niar aro peraoctr!tr conr

.11, independeuli da curBt cau de tsnaiwre.

.PareEetrii de cireuit (r.ritBnle, tndrrtirttatr proprie. rau

eoaepnS{q}9 ta a&ralro .tca nrc 6I.
lit*iti cspaeitata) pot f;i ebniinus
in epqiiu, (dl iircaplu f*,r36*
f,$'.ir1.t'ilul'aau IgE$ftgll

ii:l tl,pWC reglaul:

de fr.melionurs

al'clreult*/lorr eb distlngo.

eLactroeintic gJ,_elgIEq, ctndt adrioil,e dc si,src ou v*.riacrUi'.nt coatlnuu), dan eaergla elac?r{cE aa trenaforus& tr[,rc&[-

:,.i,,.iOgf mur perajrnant'

conaapundla

;.-

i0;,o?,rr3), rage u*,o-JrJru*

*imc.eanline cel o.ir"-._
:;::J:__o*,$sat

oehi*x.;:-;'#:":_::u.-1

:.t**s o**,;; ; ;:;i

*-- .i-i,iiff ;;Jil:jt-

,*,1"

eE,

i;it,,al OupX aatura elementelor cotsponnto, elseultelo

jiiri'conducto*oe. to ragluul euss&tqtriqgqf *Hrlaitc d,ctaro

,
ilinlppu}uf leetroeagnst.ie varlazE ar*ieiini de l6nt poetfu et.
{snoaeae eE ae :ro6lijsze (da sxonpl,u, ttl cwent-eItlr:aatlt. .
iieal6g1, eurentuf" de daplEEss eate nstllJ*bi} fald do ..aur6atu.1
.,oltdueule peste tot r' la Bfera tlielect*i.eului *ondsnBatoBr{Iof; } ;"
|1.q6!n ng_4gjiggAle va),oril.o oAriuitoe f6 stsre illfefs geaalbll
i"ivalorilo:pe eare La-ef avea la stBf,lla ooraspunugtoarc reglau*

. ;-T-_-_------------

Fa^

t ralatll]alo, lul 8u]or; acplco pqstlr4r eu]ncf*leEo

obllni
il:
6cqerallra$e rglallqt paoor{ts}tol
,
&:l-B+a.
11 i21
p6egnox! *a flg"$rlp an 1.q61 a.3rertil
rolenu!
ii]j:,r,}p;.cxpaflu,
r.-1 ' i. .: ',::
;,',ir,-*-!*ae: oehtur! iBd6p6r!66tr1o, ' l. :: i'r, . .
; !. 1. 2. Ele-slf i.e eroa' clfg ult*sl Glectrleg. Clrcraltcla tlce*
il.ee claaif,le{ dupE raL.nulte cniterill iatf*f; ', .,.'... ,
[4,gatc

e&u

eo'qexs ds:&

oricere

esr:e 'trees

dou&

nodL*j als

nlesi p*ia

eore

trr,":ri;-;;--

..iI*.; #n;;xff ":"ffT:r;}; ff::,:xffi

_r:",:-.*

r*io' f"ooruoa ct ebiSLeste 5 .ungo

tie eld,re nu variesE 1a ttop (cazul re6{mu1$! .stsr:!oeer:r}
i[ia:gr16g6 perlodic (da oxenplurr:ecigul .unel regeS"a dto curoBt , -.
tiv, etgbi}it duFe un tiep sr:f,ielent'do luqg dle le pu$ereu
Itti-trierisiuae ). Re6imul lgeggilgglg *eracter$grasB trscrsa. d . iE
L,!.$ia pera*neat Le'altu] gi ae'fntf,,lnegtc LB Gongcta,rca,.4irda-.

f$!le,

eircultalar, la poralrea, frtaaraa16l rellarca tursli[

Bis6jE1rd}*-r

l
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:

e) $tpl l.etEtqr

Eu

rrtoa{ort:!.'

rt

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dcoeebeio

caaolilertr psE{ttvlt,

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efa eu
&u .q
ag boraa
bOfne flie
db ofoear
ecaas- gl
al elncultr
el rcrr{ tr aeleolatoe
nal rnl -r r laro pea *;
&plgr {eu {oul bomr dr recrail gp"q{.lpo_1ryq.{eu 3rerru uorne)f i
muprctlr Pq$.lfgle!!" Sornctr ae tecas r.EC erupr ue.ge*t. ta
porceitl de borar *?ias uraagl tgali gtl Eo gdniuri oe*ur*"o[1qj.

'd) &sdiisianrcle uaul eireu[t

ce eoDsldof,E,f*1ltgryg.
crtrleleat dr *ubg{r{ psntru er.dgnertate" do **ffiGG*ta

ae+U

ffi.:".:'.'-'i

;rfir

jia$trlnl

ar oblln prln,{nduclitoi Pontrlr-l' #c}llr eorttBif,

aaElni rotrttror''lBr taraliml}"* al.Gtrcnot6*r

io atat

il

'.,

ss-'

eoaaideratg Ex!{fsr.6 {h aee!,lunr, ccca 'cr Srsupueelnaef*.jar6a ,,.:i

e&et,ul'u, pel{r*rarn & postr coastdera fr^uf,otr{..un *ondue?** J.6il

$*fa

SLrrBrsr,uncr tr*al$fE a aecllunl!, treaeverspla e r6ult tnfe.rteiil

edlnateli 6e p&""!:urrders { 6 3.4 }:

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trtlhl
; latrc rcctorll I gl.f rste f"{flg.$;r};'
ftrnul sagaetlo faoeloutrr cri.e strBbr
,,:.:, ',. :
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, X&rlellc pcrtoitlac

.,,

1,?iilaatta
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de#.alteezii letura, dut6r6e achtmUat#

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!i1#euf,psriaadlbi ![cJ eatir frae-roalar
r.
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elaeroa.

flC. 5;2" Cleslflcsr.a latunilor tn aetive (r

ar*paiiio (e);-;;;;;;ioere (e] sr roceptoer-'if;3lul.
6,.alE rqport cu aure*Ia, ^l.sturi"le rmul etr.clrit se numaae
crnd ccnlin aura* (f,ig.!.?rarbre) aau peq+le (rig.5.2r61-tn c*ffi

negativf;: .

rd

, -'..

bar$6 re *oxisid*fH

,.r. Produceroa
. sltuaoldrtro.
. La ecol.el ros.ultet rd rjtrqgc deoE
rot.Et.
et*pul, aagnctlcl otr ai Streaodearl
sr
fkE
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61

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ta e*aul e lrer.uir,uiut rlueorJlTlneiuaae aE rs eercuta

c fu?tErsll do llnla r.*.ntaneltEgll Bf*p$lui ol.ertrrie,de-a fu**nii
yu,t"::"._ otrer.rr^t elor nefrr.iformo, ar:mits
i;
::.:::::l:y:
ao ahfdaasq ca o p*oblcie& dr etxp, gi'aaceaitH roqolsar.*a *usg,
ae
lut Hueell.

..:,...

cU rneqgt; slottror{nrtSrl a alCg*xil*r rm6c*

,eu :8encr*ioct. tl*sron?r.,,la adru tear{m4lr

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,
eau pablvE (f,t8.5"Zrd). Tensiunea i" Uor* gf e,rreo_
tal au seolsgl sena .la nodml ( sabele lntr& fntr_un aoa
!t fea
.14 al. doilsa aed), n*tf,o3. d& putarae ,*hisbata rr a*"*t;*-**rr.i;

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va:Loora. !.dtl eolc \,ea*o:

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biunlvoc{ cu Elribea s.lnusoidalE rrprozentsi5;

pafie$ e nUrinilor elnusoldela ps 36qllzaa*5

prin ssgBnte :orlnt,ate numits fazori.'faaorul

i:h-opreoentarea:

couploa

ii,ii$"r*t1 siiuaoiders, {fxe.'9.5 I e}' 6:tri iuo sagaqnt griontailcu

.*lE
orlgiirea fn ortgi!.t ptanulut
, :E;f

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Fertcr lridflerl e rlltjolulul
eoaploxr
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tor telo;nrg drer8vr
l,:,':r

qt f,eet" l*t gto1tr Pestsrl s^lrllrr'

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a6

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oarlrr'trrl fneulf;{t
tnsnlttt *u
eu or:'
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l

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5o1.4. eqrer-tefragts.q 41p?1S.1$ Fqe{v-'

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ie

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?is's" ?-

oolplo:&,.m tE planqil coplr* s br[t4e EB plrtt

gl gartc laeglaerl r..ctr[!. {flE:,.8rb}"

8td,sd da.caleutee. deird

eut.. aoele (I gt I,1) ,"u

*.li
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a-n r?'{ailY,"l
f

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ttr*I .1'oJQ" ,

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to ft elreetsrlgat! pria douB

rlrb ler e DUrlD. eonplexs:
al &u-ptdanic E al der
atnt, pr{a defisf*i;

ds md* eeemtutr org oxpraElai

t '??-

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t')
ac

Rfi;latoate

mori

pler. al tesa*.unlt B! . tBtcB8lt;tlt

L.e. 5 "A. PIpnuI eoa.(b)
gt ar odniteolcl.{c}.
inpedanlel

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or + f,, - q1.
ffoan*tr'
:r* .-";;";;;Ga@aa't

{,.ar);

d) eatnitanlc X-gi ae{eqaiuf g cul lala llcflatllc, erprcetrito:

e*ud e o0
11

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.-"---.:
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t I "_ra-:ps_} o,r0l ;
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1r"27,

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(5"?8).

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ctaalli*a

{A.feosf>0r[s];
Ia"tainf?cr[SJr
l.iit,c& cxprosis curgntulul doYlao:

r.nqr axpres*i rn

r *{T

u {o?ua? ain( ot+ ti-arcte

i,;!i..,ra'eaoursl., s*.$
i.,r:,r.{..
=iL e = Z coag +Jzeing *R*JX,
r
t5,2il.
'astfel.tuaftr eGaogctnc
lrpeden&e coeptoxt
J.aiporuru:
tur
r"uirr*,*"r-,
1b*orbir er? areborur
ffiffi:.,

i;il#

r--

rL.

i *_.&
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de n5eurH e adnltantei nrstndu-cs *{6oansr

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,,,,:l

ei a*$.

$ )'

4aqlreq&a_ggry}Igg:

(-B) gi permlto etablllree elabolulul

IeUTr

cotoptox a1

cuieatululi
tr.Yo)

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s.-;;*.lo*"a;ffi]

W.

.1:t;?;
-.- dlu
ete
frg.5.?, sllaenttt cu o tenolrano ds fom6 slsu6e{CatI"
fg ebaelBtd iia eurtat otrnuaside!*
i,
-":
8*.$!! tQg}3gte.rpf-g. Briaita la bo!"ne de cELre'cipol e!i!
'P t u.tlA S.i eie{
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.
.r.,,,

- I .. ,." r ![ao*{'S6 61!-eae{a,r* 6* yl4.

in sref,icut erJ ruu":.g uJ *uo**a
lJ;ur"*iuoLr,r
erie
"n,
putars&

F*e{a,

borar).Fllei*

"

I -V

.)--.-i

toarelcc,

rleadlE:

ris.'5.}"Putsroa instentancs.
o

puters6

- priait& de d*pol iratr*o . n._

cadie

I2coaq"R

n ntt*f
Ft,frl
p.dt = U.r eosg=

,ra

I2"I

..

PEta&& fulstrn;
o

,[r-*aoa a;tdfi]3r

al3oraatlv: , ie3 prits66 oeefl}eot8p

i*teri
! filade& oecileae6 istro almeB 65' d{Belt oetet
, I pt ,']hlou I alap ern e{ *:t {$g}. ' .1
;
oael*
a
iea reeat{vu ee defirogta ee ep!!$Biaa sutortrS"
$n euran{

e,I, Ialag*V-s2:i??.oBBe?ori-:'-

i,',
r., , ,

,-,o zrar{og'-xgu*x#eiclf
prlteri{ reest*se

i+raa

*'n ne$e3o ssedlrca g* fuas}iee&r@

U?cocq =OU2

> O,

[E]" (r.;ij

Butorsa Snetaatesoo *b*saa ef,auso*6a1{3

cs*slsx" toiu5i' ee saf[negtei s pntrt*
sxrrf,aareq iiaurrt*na E suterslse &e{rve Bl

l^'^"*., u*,'s.

;::.ffiiabol
I;;;;,;;;te

! u.I. o 2,a2. r..ua, [vr].

(5,5a),
feetoeul de putere tndinE grEdul de utiLiaare puterii
vl r*"'*-- avs:
6pg_
reute gi *b reglu sinusoidal o. ,"ro"""r, -,* -- a
.s

cosp F O, t-J:
Fp =
-.!g!gIqe-pe_Bc!+rtjg. :6*
Vsf,otsrs
teneiunil bpllcate Ia bornele
,
dtpsLului
pceiv ae deseoopuno fn conp.onenta
ectivE U- tn fori or.
eurontut Et Boaponenra reecti.vE ,; ;

;;"i*r'irig

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u=tla+qrig'U"*gyi.
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u oca{ o{n(

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ry!Iea. gPifqr.tlq q" Lc aporate eloctricar tre4sfor'atos,,.

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puru*treUl eoog

iqetserarrs poara f,i *n**o1';;;;tr-u-i*}-*i'lu,

fenoaenril ee exptie, p*ro rrutlioir""-;;;;;
_;l;i
a unei 'frectlurii.d{a en+r$ie
lat6 *a ctnBul s@netle- e!
aau in clapul ol.eetr:lc el e

tiEg$-e9!tyF-8 e

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g"rto, *ontus'EtrFf,tt* *,neuto, tsrlMs clnctr+cu rrpo o{d*llor dr t'raelnndt

i di ..-u1r + rrgt o rt. ' I ;

dord esprcsllr-ao

t , I?.rrt*6 .ir(a@.*,- 01666), ;., ,

&rtrrtlr satrtr g{ rorotlvr *J;:
dr ba}td :ta?r

obllnl

p.

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r,r.
Ul
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.
r
tfa
e
EI6&rf 11615 ?53. l
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rb rlrislkr:
[. u e'r., a6 yi
I :, JE *,,,**r-irrd4e
g . 3.h . &iJE., 6+Ji.?qa
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iitl:': i:::,:

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rclcrrr,, oam enftrsi rlr$ti gf+Jel

il.l.ri

ir

loursx&t

:i

eraeul88t oR E ECr&IcE

9oldal[ oglr rozlstoru]" eu reaistonl. Rkr-bobiEa d. laduetiylia_

tr praprio Lyg crplatH Eaep6tlc
1o "ft. laruri de ei.reuit prln
f:ltsuL
ngaatle tctal 0*
ort gl

::i:{:*"

ra boraa uk e-c u"n*ru."il3lliil$T.

eur6ntu}t'1 11?:::::3::1,",:r:
praeupu:rfuiit Bat;ra

rceptoara.

.li *.".r.i"f"*ler
ouruelg): :

:=
,.epoeri"

$r

laeala

8t*9t'3#t'

: '

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16

&
ii

''
',t.*Ekxr3
J=l
,JtL

ln rsport' eu bobla. latwll J.dio'eolc

"*tEta
{ar I3 eursntul prln leturr $, cu nota$trar
a1a..ro!elai,
&utBal5
3s3

' $o{5r

lul .Ioubsrt lo o ali# foradl

dr.79,

raa coa-'
ei t.6.8. *,5"1*.iachic
0ueEf {iaductla-p;o;il1

* : rp*;*,35* +"+

iroubsri eub forsrl

t
r,

i"tG
a"G#r"
cesuJ, genarel.

.t obllno taor't . 1ui

(5;5?)

;i ,..l,.,.
':l,i{lilrrpotrivlt
rr1allcl lut &E o1I pantru ladretfultE!$

cczul ganeralr l& genoratsr-idcali,ti

do tonsiuno Electrototosrye darx. ,,,

Eie.r,n.

1r,fr,

,'

'

da induelfe. arEtlrtll'e

ta ' 5gr - l o$r r*r

coaplerl r loturli. !a notartls

--59,9+ J a6r6,

5.*"I.

r.";yni

t'trn.

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5.?,

t:.

il,rti'a.a. . gcnorstoaui.ul crr

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I .

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l'ii
Seon*l t.e.a.Brg e glloretorul$l ee echlabg itac6 8e@ul sS$
a opunc seneului AE-referinlu sl, curentului I1r nrmindu-er fn

iI
16'

--.-.,&.-_--

acart ccl t|n6lBn,'GoEtFaelgctsoeotboro. ' . , '.

.' ,. :.
: Sr Fr$q{to.rd og ts:r6!,a&ll14 do lll cuid r-a l}resupur., cI
t.o;r., laiittra epas auart Ff,3s *rln6fofiare' au gl, Fln cigcerao
- {aet tad-reil?tfB$Ip.&y4
':, ,::,,,rlil
Er' ie-eu'aonelderai Benstsnte r
t

;liiic,,,t,c..e. *tr c&roF raris a.ta acalaBl cu consl!1 df g*cu"

C.,+bhfuluf r {*c' eBder"{}e, do' tori&lufte p. ln*roduo fn:rge
rillLlt, dFcS eenEul *wontulu* rospoctl.s ciolnclCla en aaa-

:,iq1ir

r
l"t

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e. ?r9rEqls.Jpl-BEqEilEf f
k!*a:teec*E
ce
EEe;&@
-- ref,'$5 la x*Surl de :ei.rcuit aleetr{c.Aotter.;'
- ..a...
fl
legca sou*elv$r{t aarc lnll'olile?rleo, erpnefelal lnchlao &i e*ra eu,!i
pri-adr e aedi aI reloloA aLoctslce (f{g"$"Uea}raa conetat$ e& ia:
i . rcglr otalio{urr aau evaaiet,aj.l
t "e.

yl,t. feru$lBr{I:tssrqaeA &,rl dotrbort dats SnAn mlellu

t.qg{?t. u.ilous o lui;E*rehboff }e fordar,r.:,:": ' :.,,.:,"r ,.

r'r"',,",*l.et),

:
fi+-fn"evidanlB,
H H ErS&3,
'cere puie
g"e"s. eJ.e gancratoer*ter igl llrs

1 ,' .
.

.s'\

lh{iietl"o ale tratur{letr oshflutd. *e

ir$ventuelelo cqpleje

lloarr ersa eXsebaieg a err. j:i

r"engtlir! ssns spcr&in u[ui
ftod n ecta aulEe

ar" cxreutttr.lul.

{1..Wf'
abeeB$e ,

,-

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.r, r:.:,:.1. ..,:..

.. :

.:

eupl8i}or iadluctlYa B1s tetrltefr 6tn rsl*$t.'

IElSdu.G4 cu sennul plua eo-l'i

pre.5.n?:

aenlll care les din no{r.

**r$rffirfli-*i3dfr3s:

".lr-sa..:.+r*1,.";-{o*0.
1' : '1 .', .
I

'

initE prin tEneluaca intra nodurii.e I gt Be'notettr $46.

Aplietld poniru oehiul O t66r6ee r
doua a lui..f,lrehhoff dstB ds re!a!l*,
(r,41,, ao'obllner ": ', .' "l

::,:

1,.

',''l
in e*aplexl roleli* 6e?{ft6!
m
* o,
(5'40)
keE .,i,,,
. .&[*
..
s--r ..
dar ea nu e* *p1!-eE *aupre.valoriLoF ef**tLve6 c6ei **tf*_ t O.
ken
A*qqgq 3qpryEg ts6 F6f&r8 ).a oehturl de eircui.t. SbEeiunite La
bprriels leturilor unrd o*h* tf,tg65"tg;b, 'elirt egale'cu difof,ntsls

potanSi,slsLor nodurilor

a6urgininil

tsoraeal

. i..

'.

'!.utadu-st",cu plue tendlunlls al e{ror aene calnoiila cu aeaetn]' de

paFeurg6r6 el oehl.ulu:t, slgc srb*trar;,
,r i
Rotralla la.3n couplgx f,oroBt -

tlia eere;ilnln0

e6qes dq, teors4e

(5.E9)

tll:Etrrr : Ionsiureo lBtro lri esre snsu3.. Bozitlv ponir&r Ig ef Sil

+i. i:: t: douB ooduri.
Gt,s d6 }a nodul A spr6 B. t,e"a. rs-

{istf3

$ia

f:;.,'c"t" cgalE, tn 1lpea euplaJelor iniluctlvo, cu t;o"a,Sgg -a'8o+

ir,r"il,':,'

"

5.2.1'. Ie-otrye eqr-reqry5{ii pllt"AxJgg. Sa conaidlerE o ratets

il.[-r.r61o stsre letufa eupriued fntre"ndalurlle t gi k+l ao pra*
cE tn fig"!.:4. Priee teoreml5 a lui Kirchhriff eplicst& nodulal.
iiru gi fn urna echimbdrii seunufui pHrlii iaeginaro, prlg

lul rloubert 0a{,f prln rolegi*

cu poten$ialul

S-r5a*5-*
o,

. fttti-un.dchr. dc yofeep-arrna algebrleE (!n coiip:.ot) 'e 't.o"m.

aeaultento .Xe loturitrbr cat .agslu ou arruo'algobrl.c8 (tn gooplx)
r t6dorllor lta tealtlmc p. tup(iq$tIs lEtraiilorl G.u icnaul plurr
,

l-B

cU ormc e}gebrieE.a teaeiuailor La bornelo lstrs.iLo:r *ers

cpar$iu unul ochl d est6.. nulEr

forqe (3"38) a '

Ula*uBt=E(9glr&),

!rl-3i:V?iup-Vp*i5i...ifqo*Yrr-y1r

aasac.,dt6

lui .Ioiibsrtr

'

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!g aI noduh"ei eoaduee 1ar

#"tt 7 ?, esf ri-o'

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frie
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rub

lnr.rtr tatr..ua sE
t- Et

forurr

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tn.o.r"-Tih
-':-r **t*r,,
I

iii.:.]ii:l:.-.....:'...:.....,,.....,.:'

s*+gs'S!i Pb+Psqat %*q"q.

15uf.;El

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ai rrproo4x f"g frtgbr.xrl
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circult (2*0rt6o6;, flind:d6el atr s8t@ptat
s{ eib! {u' anunilte eorldt}ii col+er. aaxlnHp
rpuaa eE..aarclna eetc a6aptel[
clnd ea

5. Circuit,

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elauentar.

"a

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prl"n nate!.ia (5,58i ss ohline a doua
for-i

auJ.em a teorogoi G@BsBfeErii

Pig "5 .14 r&*trrrE

.cti"f,

d0 r6loa.

puterifor:

i$i.eauf e,rca dlonlvetalor parliala :

:;it.'''f,.''^,-,' ta;n)2i(x-+i)z-an(n-+n)

ilil''.ffffio'

{6oarec.r

',:aiir

-....-.":

"

'--:--....,..,..-*.,"*.

[trtlaoarlillc, de adspteno'e letcia{l

T
, 8 B Fgi x4;xg l'?Bu.

1a SanrrEtort
{

9.95)

tn<lepliulra caator condllti5'"eadtrFcntsl t*anderulel dl

at lv$ aote:

''

9eI*""J%I'&F*#I, . '
c,rop ,'i
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il::';l#:ii:"::,1iff"ff
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s" - *fid&=#r

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.-

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(n-*fr)x"
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6

(,.rg)
l

nult pree seEeutx Ea oleetpoe$e*ged1et, utde ta Sl:ersag&

Rltdaparte da eomiltll* do edaptertr dsr,eu raaAsaenta

.Ofa.Sffrs..,

iii'oiiet3i- de edeptare {1,1X1 ce utll'izaeex tu &lectroemurlle*

F,*i.S S+,r,ri ,

S<

tl *

(5.er)

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-

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ag ra b*me e*&se&ntg, 6&A;;deI;B a*
u*o*.ouu

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, r*"

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de ue,
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:s*:T:l-i.: f:ull;, -t3 s**ti* h{drar:*learal&{1yr
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fii.,.]l.',, ,Es

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ga
lAi*""* Be 6h3gne fle eu degim* da e1*" 88siw T:
gelvao'ieor*tt".
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reac gil 4s
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ss{ufwCogt:la*r.-rpt
;

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** &uta xEaqrlxm r:6i*nat'a bate*{{Ie *oE*-

ii,'*;;l-autrr.**n

ftg.r^016. Gsnorator
g" t6DBirE16 (a)ldo er:rent {b}
1*u1genereliiifri
El *odcte ero
rcar (o),

.:
do:leoobustle gi. tormoel+ct*ie*' ' ;
pl$e$ ds
&tcrul &cld 4xr. pl.rsE' &rsl' i& sters t'Ee6r*et65 do"diesldea rml-esret
plieh
eeepor*'*
t-*frfu?-.pGfrt
e*te s solo6{e.aBeaes ds .*l't:

eetf6t do sonorator oo
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"rfutar-"nor'.**."*"
l_1.ff-*fi1*I.,.
:"'*r:? aa coaeldorl
cner.tsttea
"
r@tugi rn rmelo
allrt gsD*6tsare ld*ele da tenalr.me. 6ptlcqlii "i ;*i"i."-.iiii ,rii
o aur66 ipotetic{ *"
o"uit"u"u,lliii
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e *aaapaiaiiilff eslelnc r u*, i. ii ii.
da SeeoPetsf ""nu e !ai6
pr*et{'clr

iila;ili"'#i.-eruot"or*tul

tn

Ee@r u4El++, ae dobita putans

tEfiBitu"

eouvcn$lanal rt! l&teslsru'-:fY*:::;

*" *"*r *;.*n
;;;;;;;;
Ui:ffi;ffi"_;-i",,ul
roi ra d@e**rce*e& &ereutst"osss**
reecEi dc sulfstere le eato*l
?b + SA-"-?d+Fb $O4r

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t-ii_-*r*

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a*o*r"i" rn 6o1 {aere{ns ,l,il

&eirrtelsoul,t, er*r*atr:L l6e. .d6elta,6oEa

ioerie (f,lg.F*l6eelr ua
gnaregor Ldaal dr tenJine
!n seola o" o .""t".*;;;;&;aEu rm ganeratar ido61 de curent
tn paralal no ..rruo"a"o;;;-:'Cerecterieqice.r$ui genertstor
o
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ffirf
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14

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f.5.2. Eealqrelrc
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are *euBlie
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1(fi_q,5.1?se),
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ai6a coropt*xE i rspiator"nLui iltr*t{arr

uB

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ii,ilIri 1a catodr nu
fi,THH; mIT,,,..*,,i"-ii*;;,;
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(psieitfi) lad*Eemdeat 6c oangul ewcatul.ul 11, coiiiifrgauf uf elactxoeal*rlq da tr*nafaraan trgrcrgib{f E

ta c&ldlurll'
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".-;ril=,"ilr;;ff;rT;"X"ff:1, liii

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;*rffH*5?r

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st6 conBiantE, ci deplndo ile l"BtnsitEte, Sr*ctlc,

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!'$uije.foraa eur *i eaneeteriati.ee, efnt eluetrice (falX,'d* *ri*

l:iffi if,i6. F Is, a, b, e p avind crldportsrs **dependiant$ ds s*ns"n*
"
1 eeu aasioetrice (fig.5.l8nclrorf ).
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4:1,

tub cu fir ineandeecflnt su f,il,ament petallei

talnlLctose srr{ad ie beaH ce sqteriele e*ai*oaductrero axiz{
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e8 rgi:

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q.i.tgr:l.t Ia f*aefitonacs6 1$ Lntervsl aare de t,ry)retxrr$,

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llnlas'il rsrlabilE 1n tinp {persetrio*} gi aoesFll*td
tj. die inauctl"yitataa rvarlabi]& ln t'{np; de oxaaplq $!ri* d8*
g rieoului farouegnetic(era gl procedabnE la unab tradee*
i{Ff-l6tfa ( 5.6I ) dsetns I

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cetsulats 8o elapul .6Is PasYtfel : .., ;l
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tslrsimll.'dC eXr*

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g* prepei*r6g*}e eg.raetele $la !1n@f, 6sterietre
eua er f,t.
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ta cceeeierietlte

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ft- t - _
-0
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es.alufe cu*bei S*f{l) 6et6 eirixar!.e.u sarfa}ie B-fiE}s
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jilltlgeft
ae eitaecltero .sinuaoidsl# c bqblaet,i f,luxtt[ -me$r
",
r F*tri"sg salaglgl (r,6I)4 to! .6lrluaoidqt' suq*attl abprrcriat5 trets ahatori d' 1r 8isu9o!fl6
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aln fivBnp f detortt hicterett*t*nl*
gt
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ta csrc f. Eta *aorglr o*wql#

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riili
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ercrdGBreof,pon*nt'grlcct!rd,cldetIIrbmno(negatIv5).
C+odenartorul 1lniar vartablt tn tfup (persoetrle)
are o csps_
citsts
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"er:llnd
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perslol eu c icsistont* P"p:F Rs'

tlna garaE&trli untai dondessatcor' re
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I gi a Putcrii eetiver
f.:
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?&Iff ogo.E'-:g- grnf *#arc te6
0

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rfrr.l da o6paaltetra Ctgl ,eondslr!|atoru} eo rlage.ln prsc_

tleil {i dupr altt eEf,lat ceractarletle$1 tena{uaoo naxia&
te cere ,.
reziet5 dioloctrieul, UsaEIVJ.
cqP*LfqtgEul fcar faq p-iq,raqr-i). tn cceul coudensqtorului
- itin eau*a laperf,ec!1un{i.
reel,
AGf""trt"rrful gi e poseriz5rll aelo
ciclicel !o contatE o taeglaj.ne ta furcllonare, fept
ce denronetrea_
![ cU sre loe gi m conquc! dc
-Butors eetiy6, DafezeJuJ. l-atrodlue
- ----- {to:ua sorrdnEetos raal,trE ectq -.
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f eate fssriq niel rttolt[ :tpT
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eu s *oilatee&6 & fser*r
rta
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elte Ps?'sIeI"r EB Pfro&,- e* Sv {f,!g.$.sd5b}a

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iri

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-::.
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(i.73)

& eeto rapsntuJ. d

a c;eniilor
u; ;.;il";:T.lJ,i,n-:-:,TT:T"

*p srpri.ditisaH die eieresor

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raeii:rqqitatg, do eltfal velabil$ la,orise

|
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t,"t6,

un.cuadr1pe!.

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c[ lrpedango la mers fn go3. pent"p bornele db lntrare este:

a.

"ft "*,

15.79'

'ino"**"*u tr gol cu elimentare

invera& rct-=**l
est6
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priu i*Os aistamul {5"?8) devarrin6;

q6tE

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S1'I r

.
31

i.

i, , ,,

t t'7 E '
E'-!
::
s. aot6as[ ru .r" "\'--l-l
opgiltcrul do rota[lc eu 4f- la
crirplrrt
'

"

. (6.r?)

rotl

.defeart faa*.nteu

fezorului $, eu s/6,
6.2.?. 9gslq4unilc qialqc leq
irif,aqqlq. Slex'4t3l qC._{sq?..jiggg*"

.n"1/J r aln( ot+t- +)'VIsEia( 61n 6+ 3f );

ur.YZ B ria( 6r l- f - 4f )=y'?!cra( ot+ tr+ + ), (6.rzt

cu areborlrtlo. cgnplcrr dln

"YT n

io*ir.tric.m""

.l.ccsptoruiul foEErt di,r trl lDpBGEnEc

6.l8.Iliforenl6 lntro nq,itr f,6;a, di Ia irn slotcl oirctr.Le
ndfioni atre siateaudo t.e .r,; prirr gaar conrlnctoers..
iiiliiit-Iit6fii;;i:,idcrDtorr* ic iiulegto cchllibrat dactr c.Ii tnl frsc iu ine@plsld egalGt
jE
( 6.38)
'41=Zrea"2'oas
'

Ij,i
r,r

planul
-

,i

-:)

:arr:

26
tfle"6.t9,b) reducc ;,*u-;
. - tlpxlryf,.:t..
le {.!o f. Fetru! rra{ conductoer. d6 l*nte,
l:i:qr:Y.a!

!,,}) o""rrtur l,rifasat

'i.lt)."r*eptqr trif,rsat

.-:r

per:cur!. de euringll

:.:it

I1,I2,f1 Et ua coaeuctor dtc nuf ,"o tautou.

. ia uto",

uiualEr

..'

do tcisiunila

a; i

urualE,

curonlii dr }inie {f1,

lltDat do

tatrc

dsug l,{n[d

{L

.folea

doere

E).
I

f1*i;tur eupru) f,e!6 d sitten l. aonofaratc tau fal* lnltcpoMeapsin roduearos aueHrn luiida conductoam dlc la 3aor lt patru eauo
llpoi corduetsrul noutru, ti'clr
i:,,,-,!),pscltilltatc.' obtlncell clupulul nagnetic rotltoar
ti,a',, glc

e.tta,

ta

&"il1,

"r"ri
brat (frg.6.2Ira)r

38O

}{nic at nul (l,.

oarer

trifotetti

atl

j:.',.iri ofer6, 6iltuLi6n'8o.ix .ddnclunl ,dlf,crdte ul{llE'rtopiflut'(ueual

lrrrSl AAO y)"
6,2.5. Rsnatsaroe eircuitelar tr:ifaa6t! eu racsPd,oarG consctats

:,;i

dE Isg{tirrI sprc faaelo

$cc.pto.ruf,ui. Teaeiuaea
dl Liaia aste' egs16 .ii 'r.;.1
tonsiunrt da faaE, dsr -,.

r
ltaliLa LI.L2N, .. di6tinr umdto*oro
:r,::
:rl * t":iy
a
eoaeuratorllor
(flg.6.?0):
"ro*i-i.-""*;;lr.

Y);

i6itilitune lionBrl.l. BotoerLor

gnghl (fig,6.19,e) uUt

eosdluctoers'

?eO

i;:];licl roaucerte loaauaulug alt Eeterlrla. eoaduetoaa a!6fle*tera.

_ Coplr:iqrii i tlli_
tret

'

, Prinetpalat. oyantaJo alo rclelelor triferetr ctntr

(9iigi'9i).',:,;r:,

s+*ss5,

atccl cu reu fErI lotaso le nul;

trlurghl; :' "

r,i,:d),,,r.ccptor eonofazet.Ell[antet

.l

curarltul do,, fria{, g{t :,rrr1

teaeiunllo de lintr
(U12iU21,951) atnt difo-

rit.

8a

i#1c:)iitcc6ptor roaofiztst.'coB6otat:3Btra 6

"**lir1
dt llnlo ratc agsl,i6rtr;1]

ra+e

9.a

c:"a-oGruitur ratr naairatric gr ail,cl

tul*ga+'!7*01

::

.6ir21. Sbcuit trlfazet lD rtca cu nul (a)'fErE loul (b).

DiagraaE

ferorielE (c).

Iiid-ic elrn" taraiunilor de l1nlc cEt.

rnu1lt

912+i125+951=9.rt! 2+U 2-Ur+95-91' o.

,"t . taoreu& a lui Kirehhoff aplleetf,

;!itr:la ralaliile:

tlllll:'r,

Ite.6.?CI,

xoaariiffi*autx
U!E1+!!Ia+9!Ee
io:..

"

6.59)

nodulul. O'eontluec. tuecs-

9oE6 ;

(Ut-go)Jr+(Us*Uu)!r+lqr-qlIr' 9eI"

6r {O}

,,

-.4{:::a],E&

'

l:

II
i:,i

,: ,i
'.1 i

.l

2*1,1

tn crro teneiunilr de ferl tlilgl,Ui) dtfrrl dc t$BlL?811. rlqcrt. IstF. ltaio 6t ar.t {!1r!2r[r).-pc UagI dtltar.gel. faaelor
eonaf,il*rat, tu coa6l gcn*al, li aitelts6le go e ,,,i ,ji
E1'IgrI5r
-a-t

lle ulti.r rolelio

:.

rox$.lt&. t*Eral'uEga

{r

so.H{**P.,
Cu

tccsata, ouroagli dr

fall

I1"($1po)!1; I2i(gp-So)!,
ra crgur

cu

ralorib

tlaplaaaro s

nstrtlr{ti
(6.{r)

,:.
I Ig*(gr-grlgr; , ' ,,10,+al l,.fi-i
r

B*lut g.a.rltoFulul nu o6ta reerribll (fig.6.?l.b)'

o orislnr-dr poten!,isl, d; *."rr" L"-;;-il;,
::^*:T_*:itrer
glrarb6etEdo;sa f,'cnsiuaih da ltalc
OE?"
epllcatc, rczultHr

irr rrlc[L

6E

:,1

r. . Eutr9a:!:...

S.Brludtlo dr f,arE 6tat,

utllirtad relaile '(6,rg), ,

rr':
.
;z -r;
-:o. {ad-::9rplr
ll"latli' ,

!,

.;.,:, .r
:i' '..,
il.i,Cppqctlr..l,,,1, , ,
eehilibrato ln Etca" Ceadi&l{fu dc '+lsa**
tc sieE

(6;rti )
(5.c1,) drvlaer

f1+I2+!5

i'

!Uif., ou ua slgiea aisatri.s dr trnairsri t$lr$a,$:j, trr rBLtili1aa"1" mcrpt,orulul. a unul sleto acsisstric igi,gi;gil,
fi;g eiturlir pot &E aperd supratenai**ri, parieuxoass.- ,'' '
iircuitclc trifazat. tn stee, carc alat llezeehilihnatr rau
t d.E.cbilibra (iaotalelii dr ihminctr cuptcbr. cu rstlctoara,
,;lieficr"z{. obligatoriu c!r, Eonauctor'do aul (ZrrS, tf:ea)
i.!,.gu"O., Po sulu]" rrlQl.lor- trlfazatc nu ar paro olgtiian;rr,1
c1lta1lt dqplaa{ril acutf,ulrli ta c.rul ,toPfrif furn11!$ud,1

il

1"

'1.''1

9ra!E&:El. Yr,afa:9:rro ,< ,qr

rrf u -'ur-u-rrr,^\u""
I
-e -rd
I1+!2+Ig
B1+Y2*I,
s'ussrtndu-Er ctr .r obilu prla Dafirut#rt eirculare i.attrpoadcnt.dc
,
1lrrir aIeae6 eo o116ine ati pstongi.l!

I nGdcpl6lrr.. Drutrului, (6.54)r(6.{l)

U,t. ( I+ez+a)
go c IEA-.r
Q'
-rr*5Il
tr0.urcatu1," prln eonduetord da aul octe:

Is*!s!r"o'
agiiatuctorul dc nul poeta f* aai cub1irll, p.ntru

5;46

6i{?}

otonoefc''dle,,nr-

,conquetorr eau chlar rE llperaaes" Cincultul siaetrlc'.$l:aehi;

ur'surit6
. h situalia ldceldr p.!:raD.nt'ulrnlil

6iroi

uJl

1n practicE.

d. f,.rtr coastitui*
1

clrtca lilrtriel;

9r -i9
'.
)!t"9r!t"
* u"' t
:

I1=UiI1"(P1-uo
't

-'

f1nf2*3'
.5r pot celeuLt curoalil er feri:
( 6.44)
Ir.EiEr ; Ia*!i!a : Ir.giEr.
Przori.l traaiunll"or care lutcrvla tn circul,t.q-!u F!...6snt.ier,,
tn aragriri dtn fi6,5.?:.,;; ;;;.;;
ffi;;;;;fi#['"
c-u tanaiunaa Uo coaducrr cbler tn cazul _:t

I2"!if 2=r'!.; Ir-UiI:='Ir, ( 6;'te)

eu rsprazrntsrca Ersticl rfn,fig"*"*f*
Curcntll dc ltni. afat
' rgal!. eu *u$rn1il do farli I[aai,un*e
tto liair, cu rIr!ir (6.1?)rrrtsr
912-U1-92; ula'l' ilt ;
.5.22. Dieg?sa fesorielfi a
(6.49)
u1 -1ti ugl 11 : rg.
cuitului ciaetric cl eehillt, ln 6t6a"

Fir: .-. !'::ii;! '

ji:iJ,'., ..
it1'j,.
, :

...,.4..::1..s

:'

,,:i.:
:!:

ii,:],:
r,: I

i'1,
i:l

i.1.1 rl

iir

:1.

,.

1'

t,,'

?6

2W

ttr 11n. ."." n;.

ti.l,,,t.lPit'tmer
(6.!?)r strtr
cu.nolllla
llab,
r'
i' ll
,: ii

y*r.r."1offi

ta rp1$*ur
uarrutllirgtr lr onargetlcl, Jo5jl'trastL
traci&ac o"
de ,rJ.
l1nLr e.*"I
1!Il3:dl*I',:tr,t8
'y!g'tloi,' joo1rtnfiiarfi
rai
rteptad{tl:ln *or{ala-ara.vo}oaqct
Ol ii-ilil;

o.g!l:f:,41-:r r roaaf,u*f ,pe rfafl'i-A-JLuontl .tom*,iuaci,b-.:-]li:-L Tdr* yclnrearotror 16r" ui .iui-ii-il#iil;.,

:i::,
da
forli.soft.rtrDrlto.ra
trrultlad

6.2.1.,

t.t._Iq

Blr.Fesb{. Sircuttql"

Uf.2p0,

r1,.1

;1

11

I1s-J91

I lr.t'f

r12 i

,,

y.

rti"

Ir"f1*Is+Isi fi=ri"1i*gi,
lc|.,.9! <lia,lutorc. pri"a{.tl e p"rtc ar
t:oaUtsu!

;i;urll;urii*uyri-u;rj-r

.otl,tuh prfa

q-uo l:inr ur-u. rr!*r

srp.u;.

'giii*vP;t*; '
trtiari per:tor,rsatl a cq>rcala{
proc.dGarc
!1,,"{,1,,1,otfrf

"t'

Digr6.2l" circutt !a
ft),rr, iraerar* ai
faaorieL!
$#Ii:rf.&f1*q4
trlfte.t do tanslual U12rU21rg51, avlad lapoitaatol.
d. farl
s?to*r,., .otolrbt
,

currnlll

rrz'
lcr curralil

ft
l"

*.*f:

da

ftrlt

; rrr=.bti,,.:;..$*,;'
tlO, .c coteulcrrl

1::o,ri1u

eu

(6

', :*"
$
,

.6.areb

In

u;rroo rt

fi , t.

(fig"6.?4.e)"

'r'Sl.stcqul to&-

-b)

r: ', '1,

(6'5a'

cehiletorat

,,

cX

.canaE o aiaotrl,e:

fllnd

!n

r. 11196rl cu trol ,attlott

P,"ETI coadgctgl:. aoutlu,

,
t!iu4gbi.!

;'? ; Ihr'.arrpi r511rr1i ,,'.

lrl'aghlal illn flgur

2c o a r f5,,

-A

'50)

Urai U25-rlU12; Url.rUIa',

dl

![

r 11 ) +U!r

o.

a:
"

&12;'&21'331"619

:irte

Z_^'t4'

ier r.aGptsrul fl,iEd rcblllbrat:

,;,

,4.

oa (

prba roo,!.rl r lnl f,hchhoff

;

rtlra, rcpeirJnratu,io riJ,s.

qip!'rad,au''o*"e1l,msultu

P1

coedr*to_

{6'53}

I1+I2+Iy.ti

,ccpiorul pr*fud,?l ta etrr

I ,;ifi*Ji"o

Dut.r.. cnplorl prLlitI octr:

ii$1i-r grsr)Ii"(I:-ga)Ii

. ltrgi',

gruIi.

rau

I Plit.f.. actlvl rtrorbltut

iactlslr:rcclaul partrg lEaurafta aEriail,or ds feBA asta

ilt';ictt h drlrirc lte llaia" ia ptuar' tntr-o reclir
ib'II ce o p.r.t. I eoffdusotoillsr a[ flc ln etee gt eltE
,,,,..,trlp.lgFf . S. fEeur8a le oxpriqarce putrilor prla o&nl.
tlnla. Ou rclaliilo (6.a9) gi (6.r4), rxprcoia (6.5?) deviua:
:

F"utzJlco.(UlB,11)+U32tr5cor(grrrir)"r1+fa :

se a&soer! pria rctoda ct+or doul ratteetrolseaactata ea

6.2+,b.

,,.i,

'

911,"usi 9Es.aeul; :V5frur.

Sle.ptoaul fiinlt aehilibr.t

Zrngu'zrn7

rirbolurila

,i*

'

qrptror.coaJugato

"

I ' l'

rsactlv! cgta datd dc exprtoiel

e .dT u r eiag , [var].

ah curcl!,tlor dr fazl .tonrlO.liji

i:":1

il
:i

'

..

(6.t9)

b) f.ErE-cqqqqc!iiq-4q!!{g. i{uaurarea se poets face eu un ningur

thouryird .iatlicas{a cu t'ret, tntr-o aehem* utilietnd nc(fig.6.25rb). o cto. eu tnei iupedanto iosntics ars

fa!6 dc 'aulul releL8ir'deci 11, reconatituio, potri.

lel (6.46).
inpedanto ac utllizcaaE rcaietoarc de nieE putere aau con*
aro, cara pnoaiutE avrntarJul *nbunHt$lirii factorului dc

,,lapABplasdt

,i;,,(*T-(r +r'
t::;

(*-*.14. :--.^)

ir.trlfar.atu elnt nurlsl dr llnic. p$teraa. actlsEl

p . {T u'r eoag, [uJ ,
(6.r8)

4,-(#):(., sr'u
i!

:,, :

estfel cI put.rat caplarl rrc crproailt

!1+gur4igrrg,ir"ur&i$ *"\"rr"Js *rrrr"Zrr"is =5ur:rcis.

Put.r.i actly{ rEtc trl.plir}. ptrtarii rqtivr pc o .fezH:
P . 9Ulfeoqg
16.r71
'!pI,
eilBy:rrr f5.ctndrl-lt eu un tsttlitrd gi 'iir&ul&ioa r.auttatuf
cU
trei (fig.g.25;e).
E=!yI

i:

Un nua&r n=6 X$nFi identicc slnt eonciate tn

rclca trlf,eaat6 eirotricH L2'I /23O V' cu f ir' neutr,.' :E'tioE.negliJebitE, p. cElo trei feze clte n1sr, r'r=1 5i.nr*2
ia pernlel (fi6;6.26ra). Carc vor fi toneiuntle apticitc lsml. tatreexrpErca e'otductorul'ui noutru?

i.te..

o:t

li

7is.6-21.Igsra,rr.. nutErii ln rci.l.

cchitibraio eu-i ai*ei-fiiE "ir*il1il
iii',Jlia""t6r n utru

(e) gi diagre&r
trlgi6.26r Circuit trifezEt
(b).
oe facorialX

tr{rl
(:.. : . :il

i::lrl' ' i.
l+l -. '
.
t;.{I i
r

:a;,.r:rr' I l

::

.,J I

ii.

;:jii
j.l
ii,:.,

Sistcnul:
'

r:i
lir,, ,l
ilr:].

t:l
il

,:

talftrit., aiootfie .I tcacirrai,lor r. ;m[i

.. ;-

iar rdrirrhlotrr, csloi: trcl far., oo.aoi

coaduotaalr
cuo!retr
:
r', ir.,
. , ',,

ianlelo co*plera al+ falrtror au orproelllrt

$ ; I5"Joc*J
{,il,',,gr*r"
* r t,
rl..-i::
:. ..
,'
:i tenslu$Ik apllcatt bocurller dovlar

*i ..;,.r,r:.:j,.
*ril

ffi;,,,*il,,iffiu.n

iinsipurr d. al6pl.r.ro r ooulufof,

cu rrlalh lul
U"o( n.,+arlz+a.a)
.,
JrOo
-r-'
U- r -i-a-_<*
:)2v
=oY'
''6'|7 'i
o{;;;f'
iar tenelul'lo rplicrtr-lu"iffoo ta oour
altuetrl' otntr

*i*s1-uo"e7

:"",

v;

gi.yrc"lr,.:,;;;t

oureallX.or p6 :fcrle

crrc

cgl!13'. bocirrll,.,

-'-.'

,,,iir'

1l'oo

:1;,,

9i-I5-!o"t52,2
, y.
"''
Dlegrrr frlorirll . telator toi"i*f
.rt. c.. din ft*;:
I:i!:I. Eqrorilii pria,cck.trai tarl .;-;";

4otcrnina dac6 ac
oo.{t. cosatuc!.ql.,o r, uocl llapi,
cu-i.crlii*", :.
I1'a1c!ii trp.arog; i'!9.ar6gr',
'.rttl: ::"". :er ur tatalon fi chau_ar iu 1r*!r*3r*o.
lq r iso I ia nr. a. Cc initicato" p"nt"o-r,Jo"lror,."
-.. - . .
fszslor gc

rli:i.-i

tE:auccgaiunc. dlrectg abte:'f,aze eu l.llpt cert ardo pElae-

:l::,::::.J..::":1.::

(f,1a.6.a?.rl(tte.6.?tt
ttl .

'

ra
atce

o*i

'oBdaos'lort

arc cErur rrse

",";.-"-i"u,
tott' eu' a.crcrgt. r"p.a";ii

Ir'Oi591
il::

t;

f2E0r10r5

. 12280

2ol

:
,
N Lr-orr9z

Jl5ro?gil

'

Ir die8Fso faaorialtr rtia ftg.6.2?rb lc conrtatl 6r.flc:

L+I^+IrEOo-)
sBzoH^Frr 816q!E{cI

Cp4!t1q-{3-gry9gptttg. Isnomoltul raconau}al epar. irtr;

de
gurcnt al.ternatic eu elencntc actica (raciatoale)rgi
1,,c.rrc11-!t
gr!1". ( babiEc El . condgnstoar. ) r. atunel.. clnd' clrcui.tul absorrbr
I-a aureH doer putar. ectiTS, putorua rieettr?E "clfouuad. oulal '
i::'. I I r f . f

Fig.6.??. Indicator po. %

qrasr&.
r DacI

". f:#ri:ff"fii:".
trifesrt

diroetEr -"lr:..p
teaalualla do

fozelor

(r) tl

dc.toacl,d. ri."a"io dr luceo8iun6

llnlt slntr ,
r ..,
i

Glenetrtoh lnductivc tl capacitivc rb clrcultutrutr"

Coaditlr ce putemr raactivl a olenetrl.lloi lnductlrtr'corc!I!!&
i.F!!ou varlagici rrprBili lruagazinate, Xn clrp reenoltot aI..{r
tielt au putr.r $sctltu e:alqacntelor cCpaeitlrcr' oot.bPd&Ut18r!
r,|il,,i.l

l-1

yrfisgiol

rglet eewulrt* ln elqp olestrlo*.r.

en

?t,

eo&e*o

f1S'6'?' 8a e!'aoqe:
tlaqtrfcl
o toac{un{l d
gl'pula*lte o 'ttt
'llaontac'
poete-f,i rfur:i*t*
1,i'igUt"o ce valorl bic resietenlci',n
oondqnsalorulul'
0
a
,r'an[[1J6. n"in tarialla cepaettdtil

fi *'.e, t"
fffilruuir,.l

'q

.e.xI'.Bir?ro;
I t * &ela*; , E.

6;6*I

tarng'*o r
naciaole echivotcail I blrcuj,tutui dctonlnd iaut$:pria ra"iijit
par*e trilor RrLrG-ri cireuitulul, le o frocyonl.S ietdn ;";il,
varielia trecvtagcl ctad parootrlt alnt alail.
L.D r.taoonla, defcraJol cuaratului obaor$$.t'fagE dr !;.ifi
n.. *pliarl,I la.rboF a,, arta Eul!

*.tflt.o.

lBlirpli*

'',

iclae+t

:,

te.ertl;
_m*rl, Strouturl rirt dln ligura 6.Z8ra e"e lrpc.,t

d*cta e{Eplerg echlr*loal^tr1

r J q,il,

Eo*.iffi.ffir"n..r[ffi-#]

urcnt alternatl? (a) tt

3il;Hl.u?"l9rlclr ta reaone'tu ruj.
psraloll
r :. Iipcaqnlol. coaplcra ele leturilor ta

fis'6129'

?ig.E.t8. Ciretrlt da curcn-! eltornatle (L)

c- aiagrale
-----:
. ,:: ) fesoriaLli l: rozorxnsl (,b), -- gi
ior dl.a eoadd.gir eo f,.aet&air.el fir nuld:

iaagiuerI, neactentei c nu}tr la reronan!&; ,{6;:51}:

r" . r, [3. ] *c I

. xo=pffi-*o
-?-

rerultE capacitstrar eedorfartorului

-*Tl*:

.. gs

,#;

B(

"r- $)"0'

oulino ecualie do gradul II eu rpeunosculr

..ZoZnZ - u2LC + I a Or
6rv'

c.

nccqa.ap

rr

,; foc.diiia da'aa!dF.in$I hclilitlr.,!u ganlrol, gl, nztatenlcle

di{ clretdta,,ia.lcarul,.B--, circultu} *irt* t,rg a6.rlc, 1ar e*rrtlli*
lir dr r.roesaiE,derinir .:,r,. ,.r

couducc

ti

aoug

aolulli rcak pcntru

capar

'ltct'tltacu!

.,c.t,: . . Y.lC,. . ,, .'. _,,1

, , ,:c.-+-i..-L.
frlorlal! ern re&4...0.26ru, a""lo.tu pacctnit di
' ,!{rgtal.
loaai,nara
U2rooouid colpoo.ntalon afletr ln parabtr, coaduce !e
fozorlt U ff- ! coll;larl.
'

il
l

l:

'::
,

grc
:!,' l:"

oc{rsSlc

dr 6ratlul lI is

Sr

frji
1$
itil:l
iii:i:
:i;,.ti
ai,l,lr

,t::ril

llir,r
lli
'l'
i!rl,

!i'iil
illj

ri:

ir;;t:

llii
i:ll
i.,::

il,

r rlr-r .at. arsflc. gf o*frfr"*i4ffffiffi

r, r*.i,fi; ;r;i;,* o" rr
rcru!
:ff"::*:l:,,Ii:.:::il1f.
corpon.atrlor t.6!ri.t..,lo r..oo*ie potrivlt euornrrill
;.il;;i*,i
r,
{5.6a}, feiorit'! ;t !'atnt,'coltaiarir, i." i.rir".in..
,;li;il*
r' sotuiir

I
l

*x -(ft.),. ioo i *Crftrr Dtn dligr*r frrorirlt ,. aoartatlr

r!.alql,
_.,r,

]a._ i,
r,

It lrprdahla cmpIex5, itia ralatiilc (5.25) at (r.?{)!

,U

z*+'B+J(oL-*cr,

(6.6r)

r'r,:-rii

-roi.

L care

it;:

si pot atabill

J--

,iita,'lnttspliaixea co.n<!l!irl da rrzonaagl (f16.6.26re)I

"r,.reF.

16;64,

ln circui.t:

{re

.stf,rl efragellait erh itcu! rrpmrll ob3luutrlpcntru

sin
obglr. .c..rgl rcuallo dr
sr*au! m cu-iicuaiceut. go lVrfr,".:,
6. ).2. Ci leufi,rlul g,L, C rcrlo. .hgonente
toaeiunllor.

Circuit,.rl,

::

iiiil.:,ieae*uni raL

.lt;,,';,

Sfsal
u,rh+t+uc.

^:

611o111 ratc,

ca;actltret pris

r$f .$- {"iat,

eeua&la;

"lo
rgtlltotr cqra, ta grEr.l, au asta faitrplinit!
lat$ vrlorllc
rf.c.tir.!,
'
d:r rr. rrrabru ;9;;1,1L:,r*r;:
g' ga+*,+gc ., qI +
JbL.I-l

'

,,

ll".r*,

*,+

I.

4"

Tffi*rHF
:, ro. *. .

16159',

5.66).

poaibllt aparlllcr Pa clcrantola rcaetlro;, r

aarl daclt tcnoira.a a. ellaantEro t
ULO . UO.>U s Up r

ii.iri,rt,e resonantE c
,:

$Si;i53'lsl.i:"" (r) rr ataerroolc aarc

''

i!;,".*o"."'""11*:
eolt -

reprcrcutct O

farorlall dta figige

c.Iot tnol-rle-

ilii oireuit.
sj[.

pis'6'''

91 dta tiia4rarr

cenc ara ca origino dc fazE curantulr eolua

,'oL' 6'n

:: q

1!El!?11
{, rsrbuaxle Uirta {aqt9T.}14
Bra sxprstr6:
trifeccls
rJteIe
--."not*t6-fi
I.,
-{Z u !1eor {1 *{; u r.coo 9p r
u vu'*'-;3';;i
curBBt' 32 oll o*n{l es8.QA -:i:-1}:::-Tn:tr: rcaul
cu lm
u1*t[ crr

:ir,,i 6.

Fla.6.51. Circult

prenekl
81L-rC
( -D rc J
'

f *zarie16

(o) Oi iliagraralc ealr

lgl p$atrcn** talabilitetor ln rrpr+sa$tarG

der

riblcuratl

eau'

eontluce_ra_r de uat'sriai aonduetsr

st a ploraeriis rdueera *lu"tt':t 1:.:;;;;;;;
ll."t"u, reiers' t*u*"io"t'
fattr-o trat6s trlf**
d6
S'disri
Pie'ritorss
!6f.,.de plltsrs to
,i;int""*" era reaistenle unci }inll F* tetet
curcntutur

coBplaa&B

eoaplexl ost" cti neleliilc {5'?8)r(5'?9}:

Expnealr l*t*gg*

r.

r, ,
! "+*}. -i ( ft-a,c);
fr

l* 'f
B<

so
=*r

roc)2i

I'orctc +;

(6

Tutltrietnd itiagrnoa faaoristrd dia

"6?)

flgwa

arpresll care rssulil gl

f,ezI ieneiunae; coouriE eelor irei
e ,lrrt, eat. sFe n. ntLio"
'ta
circuit.
elal.ot da
La fnilaplirirta candllrlsi iil resoaaat! {fi8"6'??'c)t
(6'68)
? . 0 ; Bc.Oh-a,aoio l ".:#'
cunentul tn eircuit't
(6.69)
IaU[sII
_* *, $1- oc)?
ia v.alqer.e rirl. lt

ro' *'

rretivf t
r a gacoa$ ,
i'i:*',i'
putaril aparenlo eBt6 oBxi$ tst l0
i|i;ut o"u", tle utilisaro a
lnduct'ivl. (fs pr:iilrr,r:i:.}[ajoriter""

6.?o)

rozsnan!&,I poslblll aparllria prla eLeoontah roactive

Borso di catr
a unor cur.ali nei lari d6clt cursn?ul eboorblt Is
llecl

'

pul

IL". Ieu>

tr

I 1g r

ili,ac ouau::Eo t,,rocuirea

', tt"^"ll-.;rrrr."""
giongte.

l-'

:lll:

i,:,

L,e

f&tr6eul *ireuit:

"n""*'To}1i1"'i"i'"*"t"'1-ri{nt
notorul aeincron)' Psntru :. ": ::^::"::i
cond*ri*eto#*
po"t' oblin.'r'oc al drq 1a"'::::H:::*;
c-ar asdlfl'*
rsrig
".fa
ito61ule tn paralel t "a;t-''"t"iJi""i*::,1tr
i t, ----r
:titi$i:..teng1unee
i a t e n s i un". Evlrluvq
aiocr$tlt,
lli l'lT"ffi
' illl-""lllll.fr
:n-r i, putars:
*:' :*
:
conpe,*""anarslor
fol65irea
.'liit."-i".n"rurul <!o -,:
traneforeatoare
9i
;;;;-;" Eotosrt ae!'ncrone
t,r.:t lai.tars. mersului
g! tt"'urottato*rralor suprad{ra*'s*
,.d*t', rrrra
i,,lfrtl'll
::;;::--";;;;""

;;;-;;-;;"

tr"lrl*"lffi"lil

-^lar.

,.,:rlplraer"r
coadsna&ioru
ir'ssE'eq ]"i--r- ,^-, 11 lc
1^:.:
- valoarea
. da Ig relea ae Eodifj ica de 1e

t1:

-*-ronC>f.
($lt

eta*
Suprecrs.antrli m erBficltprla rcbirabrx'l enar6oti"po {nirs_
csadaasatqrul$l',
aL
ra8&.tls o1 babfaei gl etapul llsctitls
.

Ia'It+Ic'

nnnofacete. Prie

,!fi'1:l
.{ii
ili'i: ,

,.

:r,:i:

irii
iilll

i::, ..

3*0

:,il
t:'la

iril
rlrj

:ill
a:
'l

'i::

ti
,:i

! r U.Ilcor g1 d lJilgeor fa .,,'

3t?r poriblli arrlnulrtr clraat{rlrd rbsorbltr
cor O.
r? . rr. Tai < rr.

elPraltatrr rehlreloatl a eexldanratorr.lor a*ceaora ta poata

drttaefurr pa rea.ld.rnat. gsoaftrico dle figurl 5.12rb:

,itl
'i1

lt:
,il

da'esndraretor& ia
6.!1.
Cea.cter.a b*tcrill'or(b).
--"-'rt..
(a) 11 triunghl

rl

Prs.6

capacltetoat

",a.

*"

l::m:iirn"nr";i;;;A;;ffi;;i;

rc*

(r1rlo

gl diograro

,I

r1-r3etr"4ir)'*(rtrrr,

*
*
d;r'o *J" J=ttc 91-tr f2),
.rsu plcled de

c'

' t# ' !1'. {1-te er)'

irlgtorla trluaeh* (ftg "6'r,r
- j# -ffi 'fr.'. e1-q er)'5 "
fr

$.12t

e1-Ftg rpr)r

so

:.1;:

j;a{te s1-tc ar).

Datrb io crlcul tracar.ra rint puttme rlcrptoruluirpulcalie
ti trn6iu.. ualqat!. Defrrajul" fuflfcr
g, * o"r"*i"X'"L
""aro
eeclagl intcrval d! tiipr"lacrglik
.ctlr! gi mactlrE.
lyttdr,ta
conarrutri
u[krh]

t5'7o,t

in triuaghl, capecltatra batar'lel aocctcra r nal ulcl'!l ao*

cara'rctlaa. prforebiltro dlel al dlcpun. tt. con{t'atato*r
liaia.
ite
.ll tenstunla

rr[pirrJ
..tgS1 .

(6*74)

-I

b) I

el

1. putB.r ,nraottrv! mcrc*I:

#lful't'p,0.-or,' jprr..

'*rL

6.?,

ler drfgaaJu!. .*ser.rqiqa

flaal ldeel ," ta,
i;;-;' r.a ur.la. uacl enalirc.a rf{cirafai
reoallcrr le cor g2e0s9! i?aO.gi.
. Dcp5giroe ceprcltllii ca]'eulet. coniluea Il.eupreegrpD8sr.
( fi.s.5.l?,c):
la t"rcoira ro
dr ragarblu cr.st., .rcptrliod "up""rrii i;;: ;;,-;;;l.i-ii;"rrr.

"io*.. .ii3t ;;i"* ;;r;fiil:'

6,4.

CInCUXTE D8 CtREHt

coHrlruu

a,l.r. sgii$r*fu"a,j9i"lu1? Pt"t.y

t':coatlouir. fiueiunca eontintrl dr alinoatars aeta un'ct5 P?{t"".iuaii altorrrgtlt ltauaoldatro, cf,adt
l"f
"I
eurcat
'cu ircsplla regia,rlul trartitoriu bl ciieuitllor
eoatiauir'ct
?'1), bobina ittoell lc conportl la Gurant 'l'
:rCuricircuit, cdci are iaprdanla eosplc:61

lnuu (S

f, = jeoll c Os
Sluturilc aagnotica f,tiBd coDttantcr tlu slat poeibllr ctrplaJc

de icnei'ome cehS"volant'

ffiffi;;

U.-J*L*0,
.re

Istfelr

curiut

!Iri

le

tobrsaalo S[ et6dsli
de rlco]rarl
a).ttrn*&ir t61 pE6tr!6e& rrlnbilttstra

Iagro

(6"85)

n psrtllul8ni-

rin"*
Uanc e:'

lrf
,i

ii"o3io, pgstrind aaanlfiealiil'

preaolxtst panlr&

6;86 )

rel+lele

l
U*U ; tr-..I i l**I i &*E i 3*V"
lui {Nrr (9.?d} d."lnt tsr cuaet eoatlnuu peni,ru cireultcl

Beolvti

r',#"&'&,

ier put*r..

urB"
";;;_ ,

.- ^...
(6"28];
genaretoruiui oe ctl efii ochiveienl''

pr*eeatato IR

&*fiiX'+fi1$.0i
:
*p"
D*farrJul fso Diersindu-$i lroialficellar I'cpraBeotalsa
slriptrIor la eoaplox au ra* rrtl ns*asetl 8!: Gurcnt c$tlnuul

rsg

(6'?6)' ia

ahesrb{t'E

teor*ncls

{6.?6}

dr dlpoler} paaiv, (5.}5}l

,* *:-H:tr(9.itO),(5;43)
kTo. o '
t6!

'rri

.etnt;

;,nr=o,es-i q=Ira

gi

ry*o,4

fl;

R4*!5'{52

ti

85"2 S''

oc cauagH 6srf,6l!
(6.T9)

'

'
rbaoiunea *;.* ,.#*u*&lf;,,",r",
t.-r

u.e

ior

t6'?e)

f:{:-E*B.

' E (akrh-sk),
A*B

6.80)

cele douu fortlc alp oouiervf,nli puteriir(5.46),(r.4S)l

$\*

, Fig" 6.1t. cincuit ds eurent

(5.81)

#r*.*f,,rlLtrr"o;

ill'iill-il

ec'ntlnuu

fig.6"14rb, Ib'* stda

(5"8a1

Trandlgwsraa
t l&lurilor actirr tn eerir, (5.9), se realjzsesE

prln:

e"

*)r

"ftL i

r
5["o&RE

(6.7]

icr lrr cezul. eonact5r.ii.ta paia1cl, (6.IA), eu expreaiile:

*kux,', "
'

ft-

t'"to"' t=E

d'

(5'c!;

fliad taeEri*to

tenle echivclentt

eu R1rE2',*t:
dupa

"l"tllliuiesc
rel'Etta to'E)/'

g'

ln fig;6';14;e:prrn

=24'
do!"lE
' "'rchhoff,' Circuitul din f,ig.6")4,c,srercon5ine
ntasat
1a-o:rerylei**arififfili
eisienul
;,,
i;;;, --rdeci
apri*oatrf {a*2) Ei t'rsl '
e^,.x pcuatii
ecualii cnre apl
^{ doud
i"-r=: r\ si

I
il.,
lr,:,

Blu.stnauatrfl

*::*ri:-i:"i'":T;:";il;

825=2

n?e

arr.glbnr da pot$$Ii*l VBtgr

ii$,r, h,4"fo on-*'"-*

afirr::

t,ill
t.
,i't
rll

,'

1-1^lr*-^.Erl
l1-^r
.
j-.i*tf
for',, U* " h 6[tvo'oq

4trrv-!s'
Yb!"re!o,4
?.trl1*Yl

Yn

:i';.:

;l:,.

lii'
ji,

ii
:,

it:.,
ili

.
Celiclll currnll alln-cirg;uttul Latlial
tilg.O.94r5;, utiltslnd fig.6.rlrb:
.
,U

'."'k "
yrrificarcr

ii.

i,.

'
cu

jdqP

'r r; rr-21; 16o0"

conarsErll outorilor p.ntru cj,ncuitut

inlfl.al,
rolafie (6.82)r

f,+"'tlll*'zre'19r'l

u.

. a.{;n r$*arr},n.rf+ryrf,&.ti a re un
oi*.1 p.nt*u eircuttur rrta fls.
ffi#E
H

ort;

rq,ffi#fi;i
xatoae

$r(v"-vb)-2li :*1fotq-vnl o'

Iransfigurarta laturllor aeiivc. Cclo dou[ laturl actlvl
itflli]c, eonectat{t Iu paralo}", so lnlocuicsc tn fig.5.95ea

liffirrr-r"l-te; tr.

d*n

1atur6 activu eehivelentH cv,ne, (6.84):

::l

' 81

s2

R.
?;Re*ffi.fn:
'.'%#.'&
Rr' ' %t
ft^.

c[51

(8tt8 +R{)rcr-\r"r+a.r*s *

(
-R:icr*lna+g+ft,)fs2+%r65
, 84rcr+\irce*.(R1*ar*nu)r",
('

il"I, f-ll"il.f,llLiii;

I,
i n.
r 0 ;4rg,,n
:

curoatil.riali. pr{a latu*t stAii.,l,..

fr=Iol'!1r I2'I"2=2t, Ir.fo1-I.2yl4r
,

Ir=rc1rr;r;rtr lEr*f*p;i1; iu"iirlr;rl, o,

uffi"i*,1;rX:;

_ -ir?, d-s.u
',o
l -E et!a.*tat x::ls
l*
Aieticeri fa
actdd. .?"T9?"tpf t"rw.11,ir1+o.e.4i:1r
n"odtoiri'r".i;i;r-

la'ritlr! i, lotrlvit
L+i{*{. relallilor(6.6)",
_-r -J.j

dciuA ourse itin fig"6"54rs I& rEo1v631g 6 dou6

..,$:!!reulB aureE,' prGzatetc ta fig.S.,, eb' ( 6'17) r

.oircldte eu.sfto

7.
8pil13*f13rlr8} & IEprO.?t.ft S8?rorat $t Iet*OoB A}
trlo8ll+leltg gs lerig+Ir2ra lt X5aI1r-Ia?' t l.

ro"

crBculTE NELINIARE. nEGlMUFlr

NESlNuso!0ALE $l TRAZIT0HII
ALE GIRCUITELOB ETECTBICE
?.1.

CINCUITE NELIHIARA

tr+lo
xffi'*
^,

u,aao*&rru*8r'*

?'lra) relementale nslinlt$F a$

csrscteriet{.es o fust}U oerac6*
rs (fig.?.1rb).

vr

Se dsfin96to rcai6tea&6

nra.ffi. + nr',
, eial

curaBtul cofut
eu

relella

rr.
coartdcrsr eurar rowtaGo;trrtr

f{ p.lrltr ealeulul

:,.

jt-,

::l

n-=4'b
'-6 dr .r

Ei

ruB?o'[fe],

?.4)

li; i].-"ti--i;;;-;" d*tEr*ins modiriearoa rssi,tsn!l s&ra'

intsodus-isien!lo1et la lllcultr
r"l *tt,,i"rt-t"itnf""t'n!i
, r ---: ^!^- +-ejor6F
dl.dtr eeoiionductoarei'
Belolco$ductoeroi.

mkgll (6.86)l
:r

Uu*itu eleiant'* ( tlsEistor rorist'or ;'ilodllt rost

li#;i; ;;;l; ele erior e&r'ectqrlatici eu
t

i-'.'-@rqr-gi

o,[ftJn(?.I]

4tr6 careqtet
i'#t.r,rn talori negetive, pe por5{unl degcreseEtsaso
;iiil'' i=r( r )'"
i,Ii;oit-rl" otistE elonenta do ci!'cuit absolut ll'niara' ['n me'
ill{";; i; cregtarea curentului sb orrgt toeperstu}g.lofras!-

.. ,

fr
- 'lDer
UIB':-'2V.

'
:.

,l

fr Ei

tsc,'

care nu ostg o constantd, ci

d$pind. ds Pouilia Punbtulul
aotst xu[s/al q{ k1[A/s!'ec&*
s-e'a
Iire Pa cBrsctgrlstic$'
curs$t.
reepectiv
tenaiune
culul Pentru
est i
diueaieu
i'i.1ier;t*"gu

.I. Ceractenistici liniere

r nellniarg.

oi.*I *

tensluar.t U6 eu
:

flst o $ =.H

:1',':r'r
..
gcacratorulul.

rehlrersqi lloreumat

.
rrs..rrrtframi tr - .Er
{, f,f,'

9*u'*;*"+uo,

tt

(5"8513

boffi:;;I-EmlE,.:6,

'

rIlr

.
t.or...

Ite ;6"!6. lconaolt 8tn*etoorolor

oehl.rel.at. 6r tonglirn. tit if Ui.
curcnt (,b).
:
1: .'

. etatit! a eleP*nt*Lul itt e*r*

cuit

tst; tlsl, [ee] I tefl

ptezantete'"Io

,rt

1r'1r1

;ga51,,

&{ir
,{.1s:li

#ir
r::riu:

+fl
;ii!,:
l,

jat r,i

iill

Circuiiul-nrllniir.rt. wl oircuit cnrf coallnr _"t;|i_:

t rolvar!. uor.ri circurr n.uaiGr 6rte tf{8.
:""-"1:li..::lirt:'.
?.d,rl er nallrceaX Frlnir-o latodl grafo-eaellticli
tt *tiffir"Ii
16Ieiiilr:

\I
cat. l,fril
l

Irfl.Ipi

U'UlrUpl

%'*'curorff,[rJ,

r?,5l

p[,.valoaroa Eoira$tsn6

t"3'g,33.
d? *dn

n.81
17,9'

r durortului SrlB ordanrato, actcr

(?.rc)

}f .grof c lreul.t e 1or e }e s trlo o ao I lai arc pr. supuae crmo.E ta rrr
eristicilor alcEentolcr nelinlsrc coEponantG, sub foma usos.
BntEri grafiee' obllauto ite cbieal cxlcrlrental. lproxiearoa
eticllor nelinlare, ee poetr rra]iro prin ,r6tanto Or Alrappolinoanr aau funclii tiaa$centteats.

il,.{;

SiX.?"e. Srrolvana! oircoltglor aa1laiare.

a*tf,cl In*tt carict*rloticr ueui rlraBnt cehi,vslsnt
ro gEsegta tn*
euroin! Fy:t cu punet'o!'do$atol! cafactsri"tiorror
s10&rnt6,o, ro4-

(fig.?.2rt).
*ffni".* dcrlvelio dlr flg.f .!rc . crrsctorizet prin
re la;,lile I
xBIl+Ili U"b1=d2,
( ?"1)
F$&satG

-ffi;

Cfrcul,iuf

dsei se procadoasl la laeunarc puact cu punct

! coLon
air eltucntetor coopoDeBte (ftg.?,Zrd).

'

douE absciss

,.

?.1.2. Cireutto n?llnlef! Jn rg_lg-le4e!l!. penoneae

cc aeru_
:'a1,ia gi Li"iliiEi.r-r-f";;ffim
er bobinsror sd nu fie
riguros sropariiosar cu intens{t*toa curonturur
prio
lneuctiyltetca bcblsel sd nu fie csEatentg. pentru u"uroi, 6*iaatfel do bobino,
nuuit aa]'laiera, se dofiB*se r.guctivitster
s..etictr r

Lot*T4 ,[u3

(7.r)
gi intluctir{teteE disaoicB:
d0 d(Ll)
*
o
*Lr.+l '8& .
( ?.6)
'" ;; -&apr*elr ieqEiunii tEontrtans la borue]a
bobiuei egtel
t La
U =
,G
* b n
lt"tjq\
-dt
' I! ocd analc,, la cordoaeetoruldt
aelirier ca deflaeec capacit.Itlle atatlcE gl dtaanie&l

l,
ii

?ltttS

L-J rF+t\---rt
lr

Pis.?.5. AnFllficatoara maatica.

eeto alisentatE cu cu]eatul continuu I". SiabotuJ, gra-

i..il4Iiaot$nschaueestspr*uEntettaf1gura?l}'b.
Principlur de fuaclionare eonat8 rn EatuJraraa;crrcuiturur
Enet{c. In lipaa curentului contiRrru do coneodE, flurul nagnetic
,LdlqeaaE mieaul. f,e!'6negnstic, astfaa c[ prln iopedangi Ce
tfece un euront altornetJ,v 11 f,oartE eicr aopllfl,eatorulr
nd o iapedanlt foarte oare {fig.?.,1},
IJ-l51o{Sutgrea de couandx ers uu num&r selstiy ear' de epire,
f!,:fl-.tt..fluxul. naB*tic proaus 0" aaturoazu uiegul. iar;il*"
*..;,,.1,q"f$ prazint5 o iepedenlx uic6, ier conarmatorur {ia.ia?-pre13 cureutul elte;ras11* !., aaro.
'.,

:i

wt
H;11,1

ljii

a1l:i

i:;ir;

it;:::lu

llt,.;:
,r.1:rl
'i:':'::'.
i::r,!r

Ir:!,

f,ratru I nu rG irxl*co tansluse rltorneilrfi Sn tr*\etitll dr,

ccBan.!il, rc util.*e*er.E cehFqo eu douB tnf66urdri dr luene (flg.
?.)"c).

gt euroo3lt nrtmlcldoll ru ll nsllta'aAtelllt

. hgolelc f,u.cltsalrd ll 13lr D.trsof&il
i 63 pBt.r6 !.1 t.duo, pgt q"t. fo ,.rooop alrtt l!
.trlDrryor.. lae1allcl e' &gooftla- Gr oufrrt rffart|r
,ia-rela mstaucotitrl 6upl$L gt frotorrd il pgtrn *4

,:ir,iitl

l:i

l:l:

i.:rlil

,slreultotror cXaotrloc,lt$trr lr rratr Dcrtodlc

Elrot reClagrt rlmroldrle

l:i'i.i

o.r{pcr lo.maolrerl.

i:i,'l

fir rclr
4l:irgll A. cutrat contlatltr rr',Drrl ilorvoltltr{l
gt SC-)gE
1r boraob,ae
g{ Il tesrtualt
DBBrry..,
wfw.!.
oll*
.aa. l.
eunnterq G!.
dr sa9
-l
!i',t'r_.fr.r.
. Cuf,.trIll gl cldcrllo d. t.arl!8. statr Dotsl"tt taca.!iel1 erio c+. cursr&iloa $trpeoit? olahrller eo
$Cr{oatr ?t
ftg;T ,d. fulcllona,r.a aapS.if,icetorul.ui aagnetic.'
Fs$tsrui d3 aapliflearo ta butar. s*ts Ae oritinul tO4-1O5,
rfieptndlreri erpllf,L*ai,oartlor oeghotice sEte }initatE din eaurg
g*boritplor nar.l gi a progreeglor taecgietrato f? coaet*uclla
trcntcl,sr aloctronica de putero.
,'r:
?.*. ffimurr8 ErEcfRlcs .LrNrAea t$ necrx NEsrNUSorDAt i
8*glaul neeinuso{daL (dtfcrr.aut) aX releleLor de curont qlterr
naliv oata rogiaul tri caf,. csl.pulin une din rarialiilo"i$ tiep al.eJ
J,_*-i

F_..--_

_--..

-..-ffi

tcaatunll aeu curentu:lul nu csts einugotdeX.E.

:,,.i,
ftogiqurile i!. funciionarc a cirauitel,or eleetrice tn csro crleaa$il ql teneiBiltle 5Snt funetrli priodica nrslnuE6ldsle de tiap
eper tEcE do le grnoratosreL eertralalof:sl.ectric&.r varialla induei!
!iatr negnetice tu tntraf,ier. nefiind perfect sinuBold6}E. Distorai
ual laportanlt spBt' di,B ceura 6le&6nts16r deformaata neU.ntere : d6::llij
oxerplus Xa clrcuitel8 it6 f,orl6 csre eoBlln eleEsent'o rdr*Boera
(diode, tirietoere), ehiar dacu teneiunile ds allnentar'b etnt rrtnu-'
I il
soidall, euroalil cu rariaiir naElnueoidal6 tn t,i.mp.
f.d'oua cate6orig da elsnentr d6foreentE d:ConatituitE ds *lo-l,al'l
rEantele lir.iare reectivl. Le apliearea unei tcneiuni aeslfruaolitele
Pa un con{easatof lialgr, cutrantul.ye ovsa 6:r*dul tlo defortare ual :-:l
prouuletet, l.ar xa trooerca wiui eureat nesinusoldal prln UoUtE fi;,i:
niarl rs anpllficI irri"f dc drforqare.e teusluslr, lalborn..
ri

*,,,,., , f{t +ar)

d.raorpura ta
,..1 r

er'

,(

..

o
$

-. l.

t)! r* + k
,

LcI

. f(t)r'loet '
rck tourtrr. pots{v{t c:prootcll

?.11}

...

t*ao5r o t+BtsrlD.k o q);

r.latillgrl
i,DrJl utf rfr.r.r r!!f,5]rr9ri
f;IF-r..l:ulerlraltl

(?.14)

'.

(o, r*J i
r
'' ''
[o, t*Jr
lrrot chjot dt-{- . k'J; I^tcortot o6!Jot dt'{* r'Jl
Jo
',. i
{f r
[?r
:.lr'r::1:,il i t.

itrt ot cocJ o i dt,or 'k E ,

lJ

{?.rr) i

ot obtlar coaflclinlll itrevolt&rll tourlerr

liilP'+$l

r{r)dr

i +, S$f,t(t}oo.ro. dt

lllr{qce arainupolatal&l .c Eeric auh for66 g-rrodcl lletl dr

amoni.eilerr

ftt)

Fo

lrr *
"'f:i1a

t*aln(ts cat+ T*).

?.1$)

ils
'rfon.h t?.le) jt {?"lt} ftlad idrntig

.6srlor

ii]Truott.i" slo

eo

se*61$l'

ad.riel, pctrtr{l relegdllor

,*.fir""u I,

Bx.fir*poe fL,
( ?116
d. un.l. r.rulttr rcloeroa cfrctivl e crsonlcll dc o16l+.*1, tgLl
',

?.191

actlv* gi raactlv[ tronEelca fs ,os6ts eoadl[Xi cu

u*" ro pot,atabili uti:ir*od rolt$tile t9'51) 6t {?'15}r
F*

# $!u* , %r".$o*r*eoo(

gsr
o*f
t'r,i+r:*:s** [ui ,

e n.}u, u$xaiq $sr

k*l

, $=*rf*'.0t,[sa]a

,/*.ai3 rr.r.r

f,i I tnctt se dgfiosgto IIY"jl1t'rsilrL5:.

o=/s2
-P2 - q?, [vad],
I

Fid.?.9

" BoscoeFunorie tn ernonl.ol cingn tallol ne siailso{dpkrlj

lbetoror unEi a&rtmi p*riodiec acslnusoldele de la,o*" u1.,,i{
Frra eoef ic_ir&tuI, r" ui
:ff:::i-.:::^::,:::::rrata
dofi"nlt ce roport tntrc raroeror of.ctiv6 a tuiuroa "ia;;i""" ;;,f,ii
ouptrloarr (deci fBrd ece f,undauental{) gi vs}o6rca sfectiyg
"*ooi"iiooot:,|
a-ale,
rinii araihuaoi{slcl tal pulla'eorpoorati eontdaul
taoeE foruar
""o.-oo "rira

iu

ol'octrbtchnteE; o

arrrnr:sl eoaEidaf,g ainueoidarr

Id < 0rOi.

eocficier.t,ul itc dlctorsiuEa osti

s.-

easu}" snra1, errr

aesinusoidlale ti sa pot
l

Bilr:fd

e.tn6

{Lrss:lq qe9ggn99!q!l'. in

.?'2.2"-tgt?ll
lnaluueea
ctt gi cuxentul gtnt alriul
d.8c6npuqa. ln"'i*a*illo Fourig_rr

[ter].

{1"?q}

icoete sondiriir puiars. aperant$ eatel

i1

f* -flss)*

7,81}
.

l't.22',

csro G'BudessE s *ropus unitstea YoLtEEpBr d6forsaBt"

peelnueoldal esie:
iL.ii""to",rr ds putere tn regim

llAocg puteree reactic6 dar sE erosscg putsrea deformgntB'i*r

t6r.uf Ae putere s{ fie astfel dininuat'
(
in6iner'l'eetrieisB ro&&a' a
tl.,:'.$i$itea!i!-El4gBgg 1886-1959 ),
soabru al Acedeaisl rtoust3er
Bueuregti,
te
*.i.r-"eitsr
lit.tilqf"ri.r
propunlndt r5ofinilie pttdeforpant,
teorstie regluul
ilefinttli
putera
fn
aceet.reglu'
ds
fociorului
litr.{"*"tirura
iijirt. a" Ganisia Slsctrotahnic6 Intetnelioual6 in aaul 195Q"
putcra reactlr& Yoltaperul rsscti's -(rar);
,iO,i uu ca unitate de
!n eletesul lnteraalioaal dt unit6}i
gi
fo1.osit6
saoetat6
ii.l{at,e

?.2.I" El+*.entl idrol"c dt eir.cult ln reaaia nsei

Se ?i iildla forse curenluLui ebeorbit do cEtro sl
ldealo dE circuit lr apllcsrce tcnoiunll nc$inuloid6t6i
u

{i:

'

krl
iorrtl BB aodif!:{

s-

' #al

e) fie?istqrul idoe]. rbsoarbr eurintul!

sin(Eot* fut),

dsei cumntul cre scocegi forn! cu tenaiuner. nezistorui

o,,uxlo rc*oa0[ lapedar$ la i.rccaraa tutu.r.or araonieitrori

-*

U-rH.
b, ryFiu_ggglu_: Pria rc ya circula eurenrulr

trt

i"+j

unr"

9F5"66*"r,+

fur

i.c ft=firaGlcursin(kGrt+

deld u(t) cu varialia lo tiap sub f,.srB8 do lmpulourr.i.

firrioir*. (f1g.7.61, avlnd perioeda B* ff'*"0"

$ r,rz.

f*+ $ t,

condausetoruL accontulnd dteformor;a curentului

fai5 da s
ntl. lraooicilo auparioa$ tnttepinu inpadanll asi ulcur

c*"_jfu.

(I.?el

U
U^

?. rs).lri

D6acGapuner6* tn arsonLci a inpulaurilor.

-f-igrf"6. drcptunghiular.
;1ll1,.

,,i,

i,*fu"i

nuuericer U*12 Vr

Depconpunerea

,,,

\i

f -or5.

la eruonlel e ilstl de relegia (?.15)r

u(t)-uo+

sl
kfi

uk6in(kart+ T1)r

velorilo efective ele eraonlcilor cc afll plcctad {lc.ls

tiv coadsneatorul ideeil

@

qr_
flY e ar*uia(kot+ f,rn);
u " t *+ "f d; kiartr"oin(hot* f,r**
$ );
Ir*I

,A

llliii I 'r

as oblin cxilerila il6 tGnoiunc p6 reuiatorul. idoel1 bobin&,

re

Ri =

\J

-/r\-

6'.

t.l.

r\,*? rk(ioto fir),

, = g"Y

z;\
, u't

+.enslu-

Prlriod problqoa lnveral daci cuaoectnd forae eursntului

nseiau*oldrl cera treco.prin elemantsle idealg d circuj.t;

(?"S?l

:i,eiitie. S5 as dsocorpunX tn arngniei tanelunoa porlod*b$

actfsf c6 bobin* ssto ua llenont da rrteairc, culentul p"ur"rt

daforoUri aai ricl itrctt tsnsiunea.{rtironicile sugerloare iatiii
Bg o iepedaalE a61 eersl
( ?. ?0I1
31 ' jk oL.
;i:i
e) Cel4snsaqrql idsal ebaoarbc cu.rentul:
:i

- 3 l.

f,or:ae c$derl-{, da toneluno fag& de fema

bobina idsaL& a*ecniuuer[ dafomcrsr csdarlt dr tanaf.;
dl' b eurantuJ.ui, iar eondnratorul atenuesa! daf,oresreE
fensiuae tu raport cp doformaroa eurantului.
iilc preEentatc sc splicx ls raeliaarsa f,iltro3,or ebaoralr la bornal.s de ecdlc trneiuae af,s ooneunstsrilsr elt
liiiputerntc dofonnaata (euptoare s$ arc,*onyrtoai. Gtr. ttr*
ir,cu acopul dc.a cr$a eircu{ta de f6zonanlE crrlo pr,snu-.
Cvenlr gi dle e aboonbi fn aeeet fsl arsonlc*le eunntulut,
rJ:le eelei do baag.

? usaia(L ot+ ?uk),

f'r u u.i ' 3u*.?rY

- -fr

sln(te)*+ f*
o'}for**
tr {r::r:
xOU
cJo

$o
t1.: ,.

"'+f;,,,u.: + I"udt: fu;

{ .ev;

.",,iq

W:','
ffi+Jil::'r

i lr,l

lt :;

nI

ri,t,

,v{.:,il

ilil'i;,

:-..,

"

i..
:;,.,[

:l
i:ril

clnlut

ii

lir'l

.t*

lriai

$,

{lii,
i.l:t:

r.sultst$so eJur4e plee$nd dc 1* deflsef$lo valbrll

ralo!1a t9"fOi:

t111f3i
-T.

l, " #

66x

.3.5-e-

te(t)rlnt or dr

" g{ aiats.

fr, .t*or

dt

;"1l *f-'u

"?ttrot

'trm'uff:ft'

r' [
iltircotur dr dlstoralrmo o1 tanslualtr utt)'

:tj

eu

rolelio

1T,ft.,4.;-[TW]ffi4;".;
ij.'
,,1;

,
a
,1onrol,,*.oaicilor

iil,,
]iili.

.i

"

-r" #
datc clc relalil

oblis$

ti ii
ii,il

-t

-^

vt...

,.rrriU;r*";;;-;;f;U;.;;

,.rl

ttalorilB nrraricat

r-=---:
S.i-S = Ei, Y::

{T

,ril
ri
tLt

'rii

i:'i
liii
rll

.tr

dEosraco k*

t=r'

vi u5'l!8oa y; Urrlr@I yi llyorllz yr.,.

5a obartl o{ vatorlti efcctl.ro rcad.cu er:fltar.a
oraUufui,il

ilii

> 01o5, tsaaiunao u(t) au poata fI eoasio

6oida*tr. o aErinr oinugoidalil"

|.ril'p'6l

?.5. cIneu:rB ELlcmrsE Lrilrtm 3r reers

Ult5r4o5

;.riil

i:,ti

;,.irl,

ao

{?,1?}, olntl
Uo' I/

Cu

i.spar?.t lnlBcuind k,gp-l(p E{),

y e*rf,ol .u

tl

,lii
:iil
rlllr,
t."i

U4'0iU6"0r"...

t:i:

:irii
,!'

FErotr inillaie ale arnonlai].sr ca.na epar {iupareI

u" onr""iiji
6in6 cu r6l!!la (?.l?)l
l
Ty = aretg gf o"*"t8 O . O"
laloerga cfsetlvtr a a{r.lell aiainusoJ{ale u(t)
cc acternlnx

irlrcontinuu cau

ii

ll,
1.,
:

::l

pria utilise*ea
,@

eumsf eurroseuto:

5-l
(d-xa=L (?a_l)d

FRa$zr?oRrur

reginurik Paraal:6trt6 ah clmultelor do arp

alicrt ativ, regiaul tfan6ltoriE corespu$4s I tf*ca'
,liircuftefor olectrlce de le un re5lo ptraanent 1.4 un flt regtal
gi apare 1a csnoctarca aou daeoaaetarta cfueultblore iea
a ea\r scostar:ga unot elomante dlin elrcult, ccurtcirfuitae
te
hcii pgafnt.
tf,enEitoriur teort{e lnfinitf, 1916 psae*ie
ii.;;;tr-ttti*"rrt
iJ:"6bro dgoeebiro de

I
*c

ualii iataro-aliifcrongiale .

r ,{
,il

,l

|i:ir,
t...l,

ii'i,

.\

?.r.1. lq:Ilgqlgrggglqlgl. Pe durota rogtaulul traaei

nodifit.Erilo enrrigati*e f.n clrpul,, olectrio el c$trdsnsrqtoareldr
tn rlepul Eagnetir eI berlrinelor nu pereit aodifi.c*roe inet
. eurantului aqu t tetrsiu.nii. f.rlue teof*86.6 co*utallsi dstSrei
nodu.l de vsriaik * curentuiili pr.in bobtna in ac&entul trrrtiti;.I
: ,:i1j
leneiuaaa 1, bof,n].o babinei svind expreatal

F u. fcma 11 '
.yr!-X'.

iliila

eeuagiel sste

ort' tolocuialtl

*rell

lrln+tr
dt

r,i&pul

& doua torssg a comritalioi dtoreing nodlul de van{a.trie a teriJ

etu-nii 1e bornal,ti condona&toerelor tn s'o*ntu1 conutali*i; curentui

ratultE

dulc"cat
'
cg tanaiunsa
poata

t-$,

ta3,
cu ers polulia do rogin

.,',,ii

fi.lr,

vania prla asLt, cEctr intcneitatea gi-i

Futoroa rrl tin{0 spr6 lnfinit. Tcneiunse la bornelc condengai,orului
c.Bto doei o func!,io eontinudr

..

Ii.n u.(t) * u^(O) ' Iie u-(t).

t'lh56t
.t/0
t\0
sfiroa5lc velsbll! gl peutru garc|ng condcneatorului:
lin q(t) r q(0) o }io q(t).
t7,r?b
t/0
r\0
.r.2.
1
9ircLijE]ptr. tn reCii.q trer:eitorlu. L'o' epltcarea uneL
teasluni
bil& oeueliei
"tt
.

lT;78,

Sotufia ?cuelioi diferenlialc d msl, 6rus cst. Bi1ae diatrc solutia tsrerall -n ccuellal. ouogere (fErE saubrut drept), nuait&
coEPoD.atX liberg.(i1) , gl o solullc partieularl e
ocualiei nsooo_
5cno,nua1tIcoepcinentEderogitprBanea.!saufor!atx{in)r
ttlt
*ip
{ ?.}9 }

a6irli"
',,,
,i ' lp + (in '- iro)e, '
6

nu

+'ni r u(t),
I 3!
dt

rc ioocsta valearoa eoaponantai 1, 1a t"0'

consisnta da tltp I circuitului et'3

flxtad soec&tul eoeutaliei.

prla condonootor filnd!.-,

-8.

la
Ail$rt""t" 6q intsgrsta k se dotoml$l dlu con{lilillt
praciacasil e6 l& t60rer:ro6t$l
eooutallai
t
t6orae&
$i4;i'f"f",
ffio'gtq. l=inr eare o avss lnqinir d coeuteliti
.li,i,.,,'
io = ip. + k ; k * ln- - 1p6,

r.Eulttr c{ l$to&sitEte8 ru poatc t'aria prin selt, e&el. etunci

alqosa gt puteree er dEvenl infiaite. Curentul prin bobintr eoi,o
{loci o fu&clle contlnuE:

rb tl(t! " il(o) *

i1{tl)
|,ir
s

reauxtr r'r*frss'

?i4s )

tfencitoriu oc poatr acrh::

{?r41J

to cazrrl psrticular aI consctErii la o eursd dr tonaiulr eI'oe*

itoere
contintrd S (fig.?.?ra), curaatu] ptln eircuit l*aistr de

It
Ia tensiuna cont{nu$ a clreuitu}ui
Fis,
- ?.?. Consctarea
R-L serio.
i..t.,. ;"" ora io=o, iar :rsloares curcntului do rs&in permsnafltlf&re

aoto'':tr0o1**'
f.l!qr's1s6i1ggt dupd uB t,inp fnd$run86t dG 1 bomutagi*'

6euS!'1s OAogaa.E:

'

dir

LJ
dt

+R;sO

ln origina la curbBi r*r:'st'i*l.r(#)t.o* fu , evolutnd dupd tsngenia

q
?41

Lo *plie*lo i
1.:1. clreglgJ-t,qrELrest|,,l3cBstt'sJlg'
ielcbll[
rcua$lal
rcrk
sqtc
8re
etrcuitul'ul
;i""i otti

aati.t.inr la laf,iuits pre+ttc 1n*5 dupX glnpu1 t.)f ee a{

cu$rntul 0s95 lpr duf.,S trat voloqraa 0r9g? io, ior dlup$ tt51r
eur\eritul 0r9r5 lp, d*cl pracile reElieul tranlttorlu o tnchcir

r Int.er$rgt*ro3 flxtc$ a fsnoeenului conetE tn faptul sg

tetleite[oe sursotutlJl es crsstf inslantsnaU,dln c+u*A ,1,*,*UfAIn
dr an*g{o ln ctrpul n*gne!ie a} boblnsi"
taneiuaoa la b$rnel6 bobinel poeto l$B& ?Eri* bi,usc {?if,
?. ?r c ) . fliod dard d relaLlst
.'-.-c
gt

l,t

"r"t#"&&"-8"e"-f;

$Bxlocteraa

tr[ {fig.?"8re)

eircuitulul

&-&

(?.45)

scrir la

t.anaiunea

r
{

?.44 }

f
p1+-:L-\idt"uit)r
-

i fr
'4"
e J
qr {i$tr dovlnot
fn
csFelBs
vsrlabitra
Eehinbtnd
dolJ
ccualle! difcrenfiale aat*

i.7.1'1,

sum&

rlintfa

qoeFs&4ats

tlireo}[FsB6nta Ae rSt6 i;r$en64t!

t?.d9)

nts l{berg eato soiulie 8e1]s&!e{ GE6'8Basi

I
dq,
g--I. 4-q,.aO
dte
foaa. q[ o k crt. inloculnd!, aesu]t6 R"* +'o, da

urie

)iiconatants de i.rte6;rere k es datarsl&& di& c*ndl$'i*le la

. t aloua t*oro&E e comutatta{ preeiaeea6 *& le *e0r aeseiYAlosrea q=qo ess o a vea tnaiato ils ecaflut'a&ls!

k ; k I {e - 9po f_,
qliic:oro :oeto vclqaroE :o*p:l*lt:r qp la i*o'
it,r.,,"'Conaiante d? tiuF r eireultuf.ul .ata;
,
T = RCr [a]r
i.,,.,

Qe.sQpo +

(7.$fit

ta re6h pedBsng$t cs vs ctabili culsntul;

rr=trra r.aia( r,l.t+ T* q)i iro=fi r eio{ I - ,I);
u

g'

srcte

W.

Curstul Inalntr de eupSero filnd ine0,

cc la cxpreelar

I "y'? r

r*lalfa

{?"41)

pin( art+ y- g)**noe ? r

' raria[ie c elu$axslui rprsentot$ in f,igux.e ?"Brb-

{'?.46}
ne#f,carae condetsgstor

prla reaistor"

I
4

t-

21'

}i..

l,:'

f,;rrt-uiru
oiut, f'c dlreltt

.L'i!:

t'\:

i,taoponacnts tenaiunrr uu
gi *ou*tta {levlnot

le bs4lrlt

L'-:t'

iil

"%';tr[r-r');
s r -*r

';,:1",

iii:t

lil
l::ii

itr

. d?o-.

Lc

dqtt

l:ai'

rcprcrcetato

l,t;t

liit',

*'Jdtt, ,s&.-f , J..-F

gafie In flguna ?.g b,c.

Lr ilr*clrcarce mul onds&a8tof, prlutr-un rociator (fig.7,

lnlgt*l.I t,! condelr.rtor f,lLnd u, a6rcln6 falff"iin.*
qo*Oil, lar ta neglu
I

ii;i:
;i;i
ill:il

iit:

ii,i
iili

iiril

il

fig. ?. 10.Da!eErcsraa co$dea..to.

rulul grfa:riegiator.
pr.dlrrate desclrc&ril oatcl i

Lr

,:lt
ii:tt

"IS..-

I'ji
l:l

li:

#f.-#ro=
y"

'"-i =uer.

(,7i

Clldura dioipatl ln

#(-+;*)lJ

S',

+nc

dlr'-,

6f

-/F:*'

{1 "571

&ilPU

"ff

t.

**-,,itlrli'a:i:$':t.i*:
r

Eetura r6dEclrlf*

Lor ccue|{et eaneeterietiee

eB d!6td46.

trei rogieurl

.s({{

loaflfre {f,is"?.u,b)
iiccls litcr oscilatorlu @ortlsatt cridrm
ffi"I"E
I

l.{ra

i,i;i,"r"u*

liber oprriooie;f lt re,

n.21ff

(?"gg)
(

?.t9

earo fur.6o aeunulatl ta clnput oloct"ic ,t.ri:-,,

:::I
""..yrlr Durete
eoadcnostorului.
neceeanl cllbarErii acastei anereii cxpldii
&! lncr!{o
a-a-+l
'-.j
cI
- eietrnuluio.
-: ------r
.pari*ii raginului trenzitorlu. -

il
;ill
!l1i

.lrpllcstil frccvoatl elc regioul.ul tranzitoriu tn circultg R_C;,

-;;.i
letorv{o tn conbtr$c&le releolor e}octrouiee ee teaportai;;,
cfseuitr E,c cu cogral;nra dtc txuP datl dc *l"ii_ ii.iil-;;;#;
:- 'spra cxcaplu baia lurui tranrletor"
?.1.4. ftoeieu} traaaitr rr19 El*grycu:!-tul94 n.L,_Lser:Lt
L6
*ersc unsi t*aalunj. sonatant. g oi"ffis.r.rr,
tcue!i6 c6r dE sariclia eurntului asts

it
llri

itii

iii
1,ri

i';
,:i

Lti **r" flidt-8,

i{

ii

r /'

(7"61)

lil
rit

Jf*ttl|'"rt'l;

lr.
ll
,ii

l'l

11
::.

+Ec! o0r

eu ceueg{a eef,ectorlst{dE !

*ra'-

{{iu6$ lneheloroe or
da Ccac&rcar) rgp=eoo=O.

tspracia (?.5I) ioniuce ia

:,.r:I
- 3.
e * cu c 1;
ro-E

.i,l:

it,,l

::#

Lgr?+RCr+1.'OI

trnsluraor

:lrli

?,s6}

"rt**.$+uoeB.
ragla libcr eats eotu$ta goneralE e deuratlti'

,j"l;',

l
,

:i : .:'
'11',. ',..:..

J{f1(t)+f,z(t)}'at(!}+tr2(61;

Iultr*t

ltrf,

deilnr c*r* - lsteryi.a. &0s1$1. etoctr.ta.

:pdns Gl$tg atantaJl"

es e.rt*$lu lc Essal.dcrl
slatrl raernic (fle.?.1?rr)
fsruat dlntr'ua e+fp ltrr aail n
u,a

eam cullsaat$ sub a*6txrca

unel forgr rarlabilc tB tlap

So

".

7,5,p

8{t}.

rrrapliflce Etsd. pontrs strxllul ,ru6iaulul t**rrri,;

roariaue

::..::il:.::-::'!ly*r
.

eireurrurur

dr r""i"-ii :;:;:i

tEt nH*oB
,

il

I rr api{c{ trdaafor!{tatnglacae

eunorcted i.{o)*Ot

t&r{e}+Rrte)'*3 r(o}.;f-*Tf , ,,'

;,:;:ffi " *(+-,fu),,

tf.o:i
. ".-""'

o}aatlcl r

Coaatanta

)r:':.r"il

( ?i{?}
Ff * 1l e.
e,f,orfel apl{eata1 . r forgol rcaortrr-l$l.gd e f+*!c*
i.t oeu*a occ*I8rar'. eorpulul dupd .ralalier

,.,.,,,$

1,,:..i'i

dt

'lii i*turc" variebllai iadependenta ln vltr*a r" #,

,l
rt
. r 8f + lr + r )n vat c !.(t).
(?.6s)
(

itul A,L,e aorio ai-n figura ?.f2rb sst da6sri6 ia

o ecue$ld eaoDEnBtoaral

?.54 )

apllcatr I art traasforueta Laptace

,,,.r
:"tr"yiatroatuea
,t3r_"-='-8":Y:
gi lnpcitanll oparall.onalI r eir.cutj
; ,putindu-si
L*glaea {.nvarad, potrivit prppriatelllor (?.5?) ,,
.fransforaatr
s$unlataf
,
eet6 ,idenrieE eu rGlalir (?"1a) otiinuta
anisrisri :,,ii
I
B . '
-r

,funepi.tr-

igiro oantaa aaalogl il6c& r. r*sp6etI plpoporlldnelltetca

*nv
kn= t*
Iti.,t-l,lCrEe

cunosc &, T

T=[fu.

(?.70)

r k gl oc alege ,n soB eoaaonabil rap{ir:,,

cu psrakrtrili

cilctritul fi.,r,,c 66ri

{i}t4.1ilraa
r::..:

,";

l:.:.:,

"*U*,

*,*;c"l$,

t^

(?"?1).

'i'.e e er aliaentaazA cu c lsrrgiuao saricbll! ,ta timp,

g$

forlr *plieot& rorpulu{;

nr=ffi; *(t):Y.

?"?? }

etrtnd veriagte i(t) e *u-rantnLrd fn tiap, sitari

l.Sodifl*! dup# fqneli,e v(t)r

*i'f f[t] ; ko a ks.b1 i

y(1;* *4 i( r ),
,*R

SE"r!;;{.rEu

17

"711

6&;ri)u-

8F.,,.',l''

*.|
i,li:.1:'

'

?46

deei eurba 8nr*6iete*t& a'epreeint&o &a acere proc{aat&, v6nl*!i.6..

vitoroi eorpulre!..
tn aod eialler,
t. pottc *tillal

decH so diopuna dq o eurtsS d. rursnt varl*bt1.,

eireuitul Rr[rC p&ralal, carec*rrtt*t, d6 qeus&ii;!]t;
GL

c.ds * &.* * At**

dB A
&Jo

. t{B}"

f!. crRcurr MAGITJETIcE

...

$a facs praaltarca teportemtE eE aodolarca pFosbBtqtE uu eatr,:i

pur foraallr au .ate e elop1X epoeul6glo naleuatrieE3 ei e rod el
onelogiai f,eaoaan*Ipr soeantrco 91 elactnlco! sl ualt6&ll Xrmit aa-.

teriale. Astfotr3 ln s{etoselc eeeaaie 61, electric, eleoontelc n :,

(eaaa) 61 1, {luductlvitsteo} esprla6 tnex,gia oisteuolsr. raepec+ive;}i
11 (frecareo) gl. R(nerl6teng6) stnt 616eont6 dialpat,ivc de celOurUlr,.
iar
k (masrtul) fut.Cicapecttetcei alnt coeponantelo care ecuauleqrI etat.io enorglo..
AIte sBalogil, oridat* g! oult uti).iaete, efni eeLe l8ctro-

" Ellllgglglq ry*r}*qgt1E]ur-? hl, [e], [re], 1ve;,6rur,

[]?l, [4rI ! []]l, [5a]; F9l,t6al.

li.ii;....]:-.::

.PdRTI CCUFOHSH?8. DBSfIICTfIA

r.

,.r.ore aagn8ttrea
Eagn8t,ie. slat p*rg1
p*r!l eoaponr&tc lepof,teete elE
Circuitote
6i aporatolor bleetrlco" Ia prlneJ.plu m etrcqlt ren&ital.lc ua anscnblu, da atruetrtre datEl dtr eedli ftrouagnctico, en
anf.ualo tntrsrupcri tre[sversalt srsite .fntreflerurt, pr{n caro
l-4lia f,IrrEuf,l segnot{.co paodui. de sursr Ao rreitalic. .Datur,ltB

ltit,,.:

i1ti.

'

B.I.

li

r,r'1..

tabilttEt{i nagnctiee ri.dicatsrfald ile cdlal tneoqitb#tor ajlaturila qirc ultului nmgrotic coadue pr*ctic iarigr*1
clmputrui ragnotle, produetjrd lnduelii gl fluxur{ lagmetlco

gg.gn@tie,

lari cu euree ile arcita!,ie radus.. Intsrotlgtlle (tahnotrog{eo arn

dcatinalle preeis!) @pluta ctr er ssu uatcrlala Eofcaouagnet,ics,
i:!@*tuf e lnt refierurLla circuitului ma6aetie. $uprafelok dts. eo*iiie1;,.0i"t"" tntrefisr 6i neterialul faroeegnatJ.e ae rwear potri
i. Lialila ctropulul ,legaetic loc dtln seoliuaoa polului,nord
r,iplru ta occ&lunri po).ul"ui oud (fig.B.l)"CrEpuI negn.t{c.p*&ie
fL prof,u. {l! uo Btottse dtc aag_aoli. pormenonll tnscrieSi.: erl &B*
terielo fanooagnetica lau, dr
bobino d cxcitalic dicpuso ge,
niezurl fs"rohancticc gl parcw"
6e de eulaali elaci,rici da coaducf io, Daetinalia eircuitelsr
nogn6tico poeta f l: prodrle'orflsa
alg {rldue}{i gt f,}-uxuri Bs6pst.i*
.8.I. PErtila eomponsnto sle
cs tn anrmite aeeliuni uti.le.
duitului msenetie.
sau lnduceroe dc tauslunl.
trouat6sre In bobias' pJeeeta pe mi,cauri feronsgcot$.co.
For$luaaa de circuit roagnatlc p cex6 Gat6 eeozstE bobina ddj
iiiile.lt.atj. ee aumegts niaa aeu coloea5 (a), lar pongluuoe f,HrU i$*
r. esra eontipibui rrEaai La taehf*sra* liniilor fluxur{lor
if,,$a!t1eer 60 num6g1* Jug e*rr culmaE {e}. porgiitae ferenagn*tl*S
i,lLtbilE sa ntmgto srpdrurE (ej,
lcq

DecS p*rnr*b{lltx}lla BE*riatlas ale mediiX,{)r e*rc,,:f

tffi
**3:n*tic &!st. rsn$t.nto t {*}d6F.ndeat,* d* induct{* -;;;;;;;
cuitul ragart*e eet.o lin{sr; In fa! eeoiraeretr*uitu}
d;;;:i
ests nellnlac. Slmcntoh {te topotogtr: l*tw6, no*n enUf
o.
f,lnrsc i,dcatic er 1g clreu{Ls}e olo*trico.
IicrurXlo $s6art{co ss pot cJ,sBlfiqa dupE:

i':,lplorllt Eore6pirr:t[tocr clltt{ltl recpactltr r

orli; detorltil berurllor pr contorul drcupErllrpgfneaanfer ultorlosr. tapachat&rll" in uftlsul tlap
iieSBg,ti,cr Bc ablia pria Sreaaroo gl aiatarlcem. Fulbl: Avsnt&Jql *aenllal pe *are*I pr.a{Btl
preoeto
$la pulberil falE ae crl6 fep6eh6t3i:
i.Ip.gl!tf""
;

ij

* nattsa flwulul Eegastj.s ln r alczrerl e8gsaticc pEntru

tar{abil ta fiap gi uieareri. e6g$stic6 pastru f,lusr:*l
e$a*tarJ
ti6p i
* for*r aoterlalir.lul dln *.g{-e 8c conf,Sci{enaazE
a*
dln tla (pcntru flw rarlsbtl,8su constent)i6t alo*uri *";;;;,,I
(nrxai punt.ru fl.ux eoEatant)i
- f,orroa alagutrul te: clozr:rl eagrrot{eo conpeet Sr. di
(I! p6chcto cg ecnsls dc rdelrc fntrJ
ate).

constg *n eiapl"ital.. tohnologlal, Utili*aroa rnas.

din pulberi astallct aau oxlzi motaticl gi ollieiu. perpiordartrlor prla curaall, tl*biqn&l.*,,
jr1i, gtgsurilg ragnetriee ale tranaformet+af,*1ar, 6t6tqoat*
elor uaginL].ol' sletrlca astetlvq ri folossse artbtic6 eoi (pulhare d1a fior e*rbilnil a*u aXoifer ta
rEUipui.b6ro dq sluclu)" Pantru $ieaurile seEs.t{es 8le
Lor ile uic$ putqra ql fr*evenlE rid{cat& el ulil**
ta Dagnetlco moi,l"sr pontfu ae6n*$t prEsnonii qr,,Ut,llt*
uaenetise dure aau atrioJo wil.s}.e$ gl ale*nl,
11i{ie

8.?.
?r

rx0frEr{El8 CIm.UI$EL0n UAS}tsrtrCA

Beruc 1 an!{, . perqeanlg_?

LoonqiaarE o porlluue

- &r. arlatals oflaat&6, aatfel inclt nee$eita pentru

aara *olsnofii, redua.i

- poalbllltatea Laolfiril toleLor tntr6 te cu palicula iub

gi uaifomo slc sxiai ssu lee eerenic;

g:99 }qti,

g.1

ltg

qeetq!

qar

dintr-un tubt d6 etap xagnctle:{figa

ohogen gi lzotrop rla peruaobS.Xitata eagaetie&:
.F.
E6]ti!tsjjg &eu rBziatnla regn*tic[ : por!ir
unii do tub da etnp nagneti.c estc prin daflni.*
!ia reportuJ. dlntro tauelunes nsgneticd
f *Urx), H'dl gl f,tuxuJ. nagnotle faoileular
sr"l$*n"ae

*
U- f4*
t H.dI

fue
- ---9*'*x,=*:)O.

9s

{s"t}

}}ua'ar

*S,{n difer{ta obcgia.mi ala t,ubul.ul d* *fmB eegm.@tte

uagnet$e Qg' eete const*ntr iar rectoril. E,fr'rdi 6i d?ratax

{_{!.rg.*a.e

,gi lufnd aecliunea tianevers*lE arxf,isteat tls &i,e$,,psdi.{,ru

ionsidera laduelid rnagnotic& eonstantE {* oriee .p$rist, a}

bul de flux sq{r tubul de ctup Eete deflnlt c6 toAEl*tataa,

Ior da clmp cs tree Drintr-o ouDrafstH o rrnei cur.ba .taehfos,
ieo aecliuiro e tre-ouiiri rie elnp ilwu{ r$mtre eonatsnt.

?rf
*scgtruail

25\"

l,

.e.2.2. Priac teoremB a l.ui. S{rehheff

lcar6t6 t8oreaE osto o c.6ErEBcisl!6 6 Le6{1 fllrxcJlu{ a*g*etdc I
f{- - c {)
I
'
gfB'dr
{E-B}
r
seg _
inehiaoffi*et*
fucLttde
fn
isteri*rul
el un aod
ilite auprsfelot
(u) do circutt oagnettc (i'ig,8.5,e).

p*ntru ss1uetra!.5 rs Bt,g{B* exprrel.er

, aixrili auui#X, toBd*Buns po*l.tivd,g1 .,

Cs etBrcrrs.tructe&&.

c*r**l"arileea* g[*ba]"ri*
porg$rmoc's*n*idoretE do'tub do eimpn 6gp
*e depl&dt d* geamor"rir g1 fcmoEbtlltato: eedlu3,ul. $ntlotee dt

.:

etsfl,lrl e r*}u*t*nle{ cate hearJr la putenge &inu6 usu (#f"n".11.h}. ,l

S*ri*** ro*iprerfi .o nrEogto, gtgSsltlgr Ar"V&. patrrsu p p.*elf;1li

unu de tub i!* sfBp Oe l,unglEc l, sectrtuEo eonet;*tl t, !r ueer,u l
d* po*a**b{litete BegEotAeE e6aBtanta
roluedanla eotol
lltll

Pe*tru rtfi tl:h dr siep ta

r*IueleagoI dsvlncr

,l"i
:.,:l

&"
rl:riii
li:

IiI
,,ii,
i

iii
l,i,iil
:li:l i
:jl+i

:l;t

unul E$rii[rl{' Lnetula ( fl }, rxpreaia

,,'ga,
Yg

uegneti.ce.

%"k'";fr#.

(s.5

t,

rlil::
1r::,
.lrl

:'

l;:.

*ltt rlogj.r:rxe itsp6st,eet6 fn studiul elreuttel.or: eagnatt*a sater

Rsferiter lu s !.arur& de eircult qesuctte
itl-ff:!|ljlkljggtalSgg"
prin

e6rac&erlsiJe6 oeenetteA se fnletrege doponderrie dintre f,Iuxu]

u*gnei"ia f,ss+lculEr 6$" tepsiu.nea nagraotie6 eorsp$$aatoarer sslicu:

$*'Sgt$*) serr u*'U*tSg)

gl oetr ltnlariq dec& reiuetanla reepeet,!-sei laturi egt eorxstsntu"
Pntru urr, eircni.t eagyrottc eerefter,lstiee megneticE x+ dqfinaglo
ca:

tB"7)

!e.q*qai_t*. eurba da Baspsr,lrsro B*S{$) cgraeterl,aeez& uq rsg-.

toa{ *1 e sgnet le, lor eareetsriet ica uag"noti c& ae, refers 1s
rlrx eir*':

cu{t raasrtie

hrl Kiaehhoff pentnr *freuite

'Jnduclls oagneticB fiind nenul&

(8.d)

r,l{r}lsssa ils r6lugt*E}lt d6ftultE psntru uB tub ds cIEp ," pnotn i

extlnd* Ia o ]Equrf; de clrcuit noguatic, pontru care flusul.Esgn_
tiu fe3il[rr]]*r r8atna cdrlrtant tn lungu] ol. Ca atarorpentru un ci
cirit &et*rLis ners[lf,leat eehctltuit, dJ.n u porltuni., flecaro de scco:
,{uer foastsnt& gl nodlu oaogenn rol1rct6n!6 ao poato oerie cub

:,lli,
t1::i

}"umgutr

6s ilnd$t

rllii

f,

n-*,

t::

nu"oai

prin iflteree!iiI6 lk

auprafegei lnchieeEcu leturllo cireuitului magnetie (oece

cE ee neglijeazE

flururile de diepeisie)rreaultAr

o.

(8.e)
,, 6r" =$;.a;
=Sr$$^*u
*
ed u
-:,rir:t
8e(u)
k(u)
H,,*r,
fllia ,#" 0fr*0 eata anetrog& prime{ teorems a Lui Ktrchhoff
rtA ufriii'eircuit electriq gl erprlnE faptu] cE, una algebri,f1i*ttrllor nqgneticb f,ascicu].sre din lsturlle trnui eircuit
ilc,care .eoneur6 lalun nod.eote nul&. 3a rseesst5 ecuslio
bolitivo flr:xurile nagnetiee care iee din nod gtr negaLin*
cale intrE Ln Dod.
S.2:r. I-q9lg-tejl9&q-g }ul Klr.cjlh-o]ig
il],r ilcoa8tH taorenu Bts o conaei$SE a Xogil cireultutrui t[&&netui nnpire)r
[c
: in re6in Bta&ionarr--(a tqorenei
tf -- ear
(B.ro)
n=
1
$,o
55-,
(v
iaat6 uvrut ieh{
} tle clrcuit &Egnetlc {f[g.8.5,b). Prin intepe,porliunlls pentru ce!6 f1usnl tsagnetie ruefne coEatqnt t
,

.:i:

(8l,Ll )

I'
iii
rli
.:,,
l;
t.

pratru.

elreult. ro6n trc. onrr"io""-ffi

triniarr .a obiila rxprrale:

25'
ti l' agudlul clrsuitrlor nagnetlca ! pot ldontlfico urul_

:rocu{tc lrsGootlct

f,,jilru .-(teqaf

uno

elaetrlsd) q:q UE( tensluno aagnctie5l

.1 i,t"6.tr.)
,
(cEf,ort
elcctrlc)
li*li
iiii.&,..(r6zictn!&)
(colrduc

O;rroleoalla)

1i-f l}f(ffur eegnetla fauel*ul*r)

-* 1
a:+ {(roluetrnSd) ' I ''

tar!6 ),
6t rl*(farueanlE) .
tqla nanetlce Linlars naftrind la 8cnpral eoapli*etcroalclrf6co spJ.lelad ?eoramelo lut Klrehhaff, neioai trraPlrf,r,*
il,,?,l eu
[.:iErrtru,circuitul aagnetic dia flgtrrr B.4rEr

iliiil:G

i.

0.r,

cl"$ueuL

cl$culr,,'a ,uuorer#

..i:i1

::"::i:i:il,::il f :ilff ,ff'il:li:".i-iiii;ffiili:."::i:.

olferlre

aa6natt* ra fsaraideagr*e{6rssI
dt Glrc!,rlt aagaeilcrnagliJ$&du-sctq

f TI, L};tu,rrt,

i';l*f.'

ru*ti*i."iJ;;r"ilffii

,,. .,.,,ii,
af up"o*i" *ugnetieE;
-uniforn rGpartiast tn oricr
l!
trans.
rnduc f, ;; ;;-;;;;;"iiini',"""u0r """1i*"
ia toar.

r*.rij

Etoar&unlad curioeeut3 forua

tto pmctm sr propnlatErito d6 gl djaensiunllo elrcuitulul IlaSne_
;";;"il"i;;ere
dre aesnottesre),
caleulul cincultulul oaflnetle rldlcd
OouU aepocte:
-ritr.erae
!ie'i ncesara r""i',
unal

inu...* I'".'lll3::-:::':'eae
on*r
;
lffi :;*:-ff1::i_l;.",or."-J
b..dotes-dainaroa induclii.Ior
.*roa' gl fluaurilon aegnatice priu letu_
aaen*tic,

ff;ffiffi l.llr,
"J-0,.1fi li; #;;;;;lilffi;;:
ii-;;!;;;'

;* f''ff ;lui

S,3r1.
r,r;'9qxr6 Eqterlc? i{eiara_gu
'::,_:': Sircuito

u.rcuirru aagnetie ltni*

:l.I.:ffiI*.":':::::.

"ffitu_
;*;u;;;;

_gobinq

de exctregi

;ffi;effi

h=400rm ir=?a
Ql mm Nf200

d=

8.4. lir:*i_Easnetic,tinter. cu bobine de cxcitalto ia)

Al achemB eJ.ectrlcE echlvaiant5(b).
ii Pontru Blnpliftcarea
ca}cul,ul.ui as {ntocnogta echena Hlectffs&
{fi6"8.4,b).
Seneul
eolena1liJ.or S1 ei &2 ae.aopol*s6
!|r.a1on?X
resula brirghirrlui df,ept, ler aensuriia ffkurlfor oagnqt,l*s.
if,.-.
,i!gi.,yi;1" *rr, $ra cl $rr ee ales fn nod eruitrer. So;;;;;*

{8-15}

pgtanlelo eircultului nagnet,{c

Srr.&g"
-

fi;il
tll;

i:i

t;l:.,

B--;.-----,

Q" fir it
lz

S2! N?

J."Jll_ff }i-,,
t:

i;;.il;;,liTl;ffi

N?=t00

fr'3980

::,::i::,::f:?-':^Y:l:",,** L"i*-iil;;-;*;;;ffi,T;:;ffi
r;il-;;;";il";ilffii"Trffi,
,-':--- --. lsssaE qrrBaBgla,ro,r&&l
::':::::::::lt1.l:-'y""*zoro.
cu circu{tals clbctdc,. arcaleulul circuitetor eagustieg
Liniara
o. ero.rr!--,x ^^ rr:::
, schsuor.or
.rlT:;,
;;r:r::-:::::::
otlr
"r"e.ii;;-_._ri"i"iir]'t#::,ff"rEi nolt,"rrle rolaaite r. _r".i*"
^i1i*

{= ?50mm A'3.tti3m2 iz.3A

zl.tE
PrFor

linlar

au'

*S+Bqi*gpq=

)9Bo.4rB

'1O-'.5.10-'

valorller
o 6.104 :r-r i

&a. i-

*
-.--{:f'0+la*.--_-_
.tO-i.9,16-l frs6.rs4 ffil1
FrPoA" 798o"Ar

_
d
t*'
ffi " i*:fr;;;;;Y
o.2"1o*3

fi

'::::l:';.ijll',.3.lll*":ff;j.ffii:

" 5')'1o4 H*l'

il;Tj,ftu*lsip',oc.

f -frto612-{s5'o
*o +*, + 26$ {re o,7
"
i
(. rrc $rt

&uu]'.63 *g1-f,ffi?&Bg
lftdue!,ti.tsr fra&nerie3

'r'

ll{3ndre-uo Sl*B*.rxiep fli$ruS. aagnetle f,apci*ri.l.sr $x eoia a*o_

a6,6 Sfa o

5=564a

:,Fire.

{8.14)

o,,.

*, qrr"o,oos46
y,
varorilE
aln lri"*:*i:
rii*ir* *i._ririi*i aasnot{cwb.
afnt.l

fttgfrE$ta,-

ta

0ro 6ro6.tol4
,.i::-.; sb
I _rlj
A " 1.l9"t {m.

1yri,,'

8k* $g*u"a6 ,Bg/&y

{3"t6)

,'j.*Ftru latrefler {ntan6{tetsa *lnpul.ul e6gaetl* oo d*ternlas

# " ffi# $ * a,or r; rr. *.u,gdglr]rr r,

By*86

I prln taeto scgiunlls irsr&|roraels, adleAr

( s"13)
4r' As .Bs " &*r&e
l:,-01lnprcfndu*se flus$l aagaatd,* fae#{eular ipg ee doiarainX {ndrle}l{3*
lce tn dlferlts.sealiuri* tren&sersalo dB.irll lkr

,o,??

f.

logdtu.rH.oo

*i"**itura rfrooa6netlco et6 importaht cE ec r6re"&

retatir
"alosroa
ettoars unui tn&r6fir.. lctf,slru& ,;;i;";;'" reluctan&ei eoroepunf.atrofier
Fa r ur t an !tr
;;; ; ;;";ffi;rl"
;;;;";;";JX:,"ff.;.;"
",,
cr{ oei tsero. conslderatrti}n
o..Jrn""r"*r.lr;;
;; ;;J:
1e asr*cisra rtnlot orJrocit ".0"""
;r;r-;;;;;r",

;;;;;

t6!1a

e*

,l-.iiit,pontru ilif,eritalo porttuni ferm*gnotiec, flg r*uuI*E dlB

oqpbele ds.;txgnoti*sre. fldet& cuno6ut, atrsat$ a$rla*., so *al*tr*
zE tniunilo magnctice IJ*golIg. l1r gd fn. csSo dj,n uss6 se dr-.

,i,i I '{pllejlg" S& as detar&ino lBt$$sit,etos qurentului 6}6et*trr

ripflt bobina de exeftelte pentru csra tn tntroflorul, eJ.r*'*1tu:ul

. aagnetlt eu nios to:'oidel din figuro B.5,sr lnduella ncgnetle& sS

tulo*ee 86 *Or75 t. &atarielsl forooegn*tie *no6on &rs;nurhfr
1iji,.qi.._:.b.1
i.lli;"lds asgngtiaere rap.rzontotB ft,1 fi6trre E-5,b"

6u1 g,oriiuntlor feroaagneticc alo

uaul eircuit ""i"_i"";r;;.Tr.;I,i_
uegnetic.

xciresie
li:l;ua reui tul uegnet ! e
- -:neti.ifi-I]-Ti
&re 1n couponenla
r*to*tlffi"rliunt dB
de lsr$rf
lor*pr *ro
.tnlatr
din asreriaro
--r--r
--*.**:-*:
ferouasn;r,;;';;""_*ur"u_,i"llX"il;r."

]lilll'lI:,i ;::::,;:i*'ani'
Eeaolrqrte
probreuol

st' d,;;;";;;.

de

rluxu,,"*,,"ii",

ueo' +") au mal

t".-"il"i*r.

ui.1l::^':u:tt.t:n.
nu"*iri""t-;;";;;-;;"H:,;.:ilt;;'::,T.il,
"ffHi.:T:",lll*n
difaiitEr

Bril alo eecliunilor trsnsuena*la aiferite,

!nsl-iz6
eircult ssti siDplE ,n .*rri-Orri!
s c.(}noaBto ind{ue*
lie esgnotdcE trtr-o carnltE cocliuae
iou-"**rpru n6 fur Intnef,le._
lur c. lunsiac E sr lecltun..af ;-;-";";;ostc
dsterDinsree co_
l.$116i o n*ceacrs produceriiys"*riui
.ail]iu.
eu

unui a6tfel do

rf-i8,; 8,$, fj{rsuit. magneti* nel.tnler eu bobln& do ereitngla,

:,:.1:,.r' CulroseIBd cala l,( spiro u:ri.form rspartlE8ta ps t$ful e cgtru:
:qtgEtsno sre aria re$uiHelrr rBport, eu }uyrdilmee srodle e tar,u:Iul.
'l ;,ri &=2r" 1oO*6tS E!&, Be po6te coraidcre ctapul nagrstle mnl;
rufs$e X$ ori^+:e *ecgiune. Lu-tnd fn *onsldarare *botnbaleas ],.iulller
$* efmp gfi Satrsf,is;:! arta t,ubul.ili cle fI*s fu+ t*tyefior" wo,ts

.,,':,:Ttr:i

a?r.

i!4
ii,rr,.

iri
i:r:
l:lll

'

l3 *IqRt. flumrl re&Etle fll,a, ssnst;;;;G

;*; : or";;-i,,
il, ::5- il, i:'lili"ft;-;*ff ;il ;" j:,

;*;

*f

lI
|:l

"ff-ff**r.ro, yr,

eplletDd Icgar etrculrului

aesnatu_-;r;;;. ( f )

B"!'I'H"l+txf .6
'lo5"6aB.i.o-9+6.1*5"}"S-5*

Ic

S$cf2?S,rFoS

4rtr

XBpBi

A.

probr.eer

lis,, i;

{s"3s}
-,'

,'l
. :,.

t,

uBk"f($fts);k o ltPi5,
rrsaul.tEr

Dln eirabs do aagnetizqre B*f(H)e eplifiefndt

ioa

5.spfu6, U" *i"l

,

**;""3r.11,"i;

l*l*S*g*Igldla
&''
*fn
t1

r.c*._{*

-rieore 8.9, b.

-g._

L&

t3

L---l*_

fr.35m

A?:15cm?

t2,rScm

=ffi

lr

qE

qo
J

41r303q? I .24

2$

A"=tgani

ri.rOc,

1,8

't,?

q6

:,:T:ff ;ffi ';fli:-

{8.19)
ordoaata.iq*ar:

Sglnorr:118. i:anacterLattea megn*t{ed $36"f{[f[p]i

eolenelle (k*2;?)"Pentrq latura *sr aoleno!{er*a-

"

il

'
i"iro"* p*inei eeualll a etrstenulul {S"18) p**retrir. do f,we&*B*
,fe'*+e;e.* la lntorseelia curbslor *g1 el $ra*$rf. &e*u1txl
r
0*r=o' r, to-5 su; $f eorr r, tu-5 , b Bt' 0r9*I, 6, ts- mo'
u1
a'tL B1
[.X1:u*2*l?oP-Urr

11,,1;]'jf,'

i{diifa usgneti'eo au iralorllet

,'

ur'S';i*,,ru,

i;:9:,? n1,t

tit*ttls

t; Bat W *,,,, si Bsok*,,* *.

*s"uttq?*9q gqqgll pl'gglqq&&

pemenenli ee eonfeelioneazH di.n sateriala negnetice

;,4agn6!,ii
'tt. '-

I lnduc3le rcnanentB gl un elap 'eo6re ltfv de v*jlsrl

!st6 (Br=0,2-o'?, I, tlc=3ro*z6go e/a)"Sa coneiders , do.cremplu,
llpeit d fntrofiar reaLigst dint!.-un natedal EegrretiCr dila
gtlei.i*at la agturslio eu ejutorul unai lnf&6urBrt parcra*sc,rde

!ip''piS,e"

Itl*

;:t_ :";;ff

tice aa8naticfr e-a ireoat !n ftgur6 E.6rbrpo bara ealailair

iRreres,er*a,o eu.i

:":.if:li:':f ::l:-::::l:sree
ilI;;ffir';J;
ffili:.ffiffij-i- YlJi:::"!yl'u u""-'"i""-;fi
re*ipactf'v 6 l*u*iiu]i"-li
eoslma*aa.
Ees!&rrra&. g*erie6,
i*eri:n- *4
*.Y],tlT*rllor
essr _* , i"""i";il;; :".ffi;ji}";_:'l'ii
r, aeoar ens,df,nd,,,:!:
;trHi:-j:i:":Tn:::^f-:'i:,,'-;;";;;;;i.
J-;;
'"ffi:;'jix:
;**;J:
:Hfl il'#:;;}.rffi:--i''"e"";o

r:*jr*iffi

cu

1or f$r&

i,..:

iffi traBe
r--r?r'eevs!E'.-},ulrnou-Be
eotEnou-"u ';;;#'t*
pr{n
puner* ccr6ctgrl6
&rrf Er punei'o
'
'
e**o ro.r .Y]1**"-::i:'ugn*&t.si6,

- un, " or,

iicbrrtirruu" Iatrrup*nd .ursfl?ulrladuelia 8n Blee eapHtd valndue[lcl re&enenle Br" Anularea inducglei p6mansnt6 este
bI16:'prin eliaentav"sa bobinsi eu un curent. r*nt,iruu erosefrtor

gtares da regnetisare e miosuluL oe eoelfle&.

lodtr:se cr:rbe BrHc aunltB earactsristlcd de dornagnstizri'r'e
?ra).o acliune deoegnetlzant&'enalog6 poeta fi obllnutr
&liQlnd'un tilt*ef,ier fn oircultul aagnetie.

il.?!.pa,,,iontrar.

tn prazenge scestui fntref,iox', tnaucSle nagiretieH. egaile la ,:

h"o B, datoritd ctmpulul deragnatizant Hf6. VaLoareo
(q,.-l,gf maeuetic fn lntreflerul d (fig,s.%bl a6 x,6at6 dedEreatr
!.eE-a'leg-li fluxul,ul magnetie, d{a caloaraa f}uxulul to nagnoitg
Bd'. l.A ' &.'3 ,

rr

tslI

u$ilA

l.*

llne t ait. i. dlrporclr eegnctf;

2r9
dlo rqls&llla (S.tO)

iili

!1

(8.??) rc*ult6r

* + ltipe. d.* F qry.Y,o,

(B-25)

propriu-a*o. Din lalrurirrl',

(8

Ilftf;I;"ff$-m
ir -iitX:iliEffi[t;g;"ti"I{:
lrstr
tntra n

&1n

3lreui,t.u:.ui rasnotle

rc obllno:

'*&di'+,"

-"t

Bi -

Rc16lig (8.?lj
rotfrl
(raca
;

:'

,*.iri

r
pr-i* orlcin* ., l::11*a roproztnr! ecualie urer a.a^e^

; :,, :

i: I ; : T ff

J*,: T*T*:

*
uu Avlutoru] eqrretaria
";;';:::l:

dunoscrhd

jj

-mrk

u*,"rii.,ff

ii*:, ; ;;'.

Ii,fr il:"

-i;jj_

*tfu",,fffi

dr ttrmasnotieere

:Tff:,-ili, f:.ff ::

;x:r::., ::::"*.u,1, csrsrsrte,,,":::1,, J$

(aecssltatca

esnetica
aalor p.olare
t-r""tii'0.",;";;;i:8(
";;ilo}-induc!14
Frnrru un
il'l

. s piEr's-

,,,0*.illl,"T,,fffilj,i*iffi;T.,:;1"fi;n,,
^,"".,
o eEturd e eficaci-

nargis
orn tntr@florur
acretu.:-

t-' *i".-,i'ffiil';:"
'*r""Jr"i,
ffil:-T,

t$dr: rd

't--l':''o " 45 r.r,

tntrcfierulul.

8r
rrprEzlita
..fr.A
,or**

u"s'etrc

(8.a4)

",:,

),r

tar, gi o lnduclle BX' fn tntraflarr eolimuX Gqgrr6'

iu,lattt nbl sic eu c1t ( lbrl'h") e*te ral Dqrui
,Til l+fliii
acsat tapt , produe ur ( r| itp6
eg.q--iite
rg lrc":
a63u. l'&'a
tparanetrul
f,olositoi fh
aatsrial"olor.
inpoiient
sl
iaie
1'[i*"iilrr prnane;ll' Pe greftcul reprezentaf tn'fiiii.er-;tuf 3' caracteriaoszH acsaatd aitualia;eof,oapunrlr1d
ipe a funclioi BF.'|IIF.l*f(H), Si ss S&sfftsr ctr &qnfl
Ofi* gl 0B;''
, pg diegonala drePtunghiului dc }*turd
,

nF

"?6

r..--::@

8.4.

EIJE0t&OMAON$TI

:1. Claelficars. nelallljnggl::

tio6iliEtur uute'ua magnet terporsr a cErul 'acfiuns':ilo
jl'.;.uoet

'ar:e6turi feronagnetieo 6ste dtorainatd dq PruoIt-

,rdii* steetrie prin boblna de Cxcltalle. Se cotptmc'di'n &o*

plagatE pe niaz feronaEtretlc gi oreutur{ 'faro*
*
"ibit"lfr,
iA'ii,aouflU, fiinii utilizet tn construclia alrtsraiolgr cla*
de ridicare gl tranepont; 1a
dispozitivllor
o
ilii.";r"ault",
qeginf uaolte a piaoolor supuso px'Lucr6rilor, ta rcalfq
ii
lor I Bte' :
.duiif, j"f oo slectroEagn6t i co r e1gct-rovBlTo
,Ciriiil""""u albctrooegnelilor 8s poat fecs duPtri
o,ucidtil de lucrur elctromagncll' de atragere,}a care slg6tufe
arcU bobina este'oxcitstE 91 electrooegnoli dle
.g *'t"
"t"""u
ireepingare)rla care arnEtura uobilE, gste allboratl'Ie' exe''*
:.
bgbinol;
de ' l
- tipul arraBturiil rotBtiYE (deplaeare Prin rotira) esu
rtalie (oepraeare liniarE) ; extarioarB ( depleaerl fEr! ra&: t"*i
lnterlorul bobinei) eeu [ntorloaru {iatrl p&r}l6i'eau'total
lor:ul bobinel') r
:;,,!il,uf
curentqXut ae e+gitsliql de e'e' 6i.ds coar!'
:.ffi
intor8itent3 dc :aoartu
lt@stgr

ffii'" r ',
llii
iti i:,

ri

),i:a::

r::ii
iirr

,,

?d0

ili' :

&etr*rne*r forger
""r
cner6ialelopululra&notlcr.

:!,r:
'1,

"r"oirffil

j.fgqs prtn eet.sdr ft+taro [l9J pentru ao$q psin!lste c$

si.gooaettLes_rsgul,st& (cilinfru, ef,erE, paroleliffil,ac)
toita l,stllqa.na h7] ueratg po tvaluaree ?uburilor de flui nag-

,,.:!:

{s"2itil
CEnf,ora tcoroaalof fsrlolor goncrellaatc
ln cfl"mo
-*t D.cnai{-usrHtlcr '.
f,orla rrcreltatl ln lntreflen dup&
a,r.s dlroet,le
,i--^*.---^.-.
{r
0
dept^s";; ;-''l
*m&turi.i aobt.lc .na",t*uttu*
;

a0
66

.r ,!
#norgia aognoticl {ragaginsttr
lrr solrmul tn
de 1u5u{.,
n* o-sl^ir*i;';;';;;r"sa unur c!.ap
sssnarr:"::t"1"'9

. forlo arc vslosrci;

lDr

(8.e9)

. i'f
'--"aFoa
d6\a """1'
?po.

liaarrul mtnua Bret& cU

(s.ro)

forla gi tntreflorul au verlelj.i d6

6B{ colltrar, ce seetor fcrga

ee ecrial

Foeea-n-. -91
,?ps ,rrnf

*'
=

(e:rr)

pB ouprsrala porar!,

"

u, si remeanla.{r

lrTTlii*;"rtn

'=-[aS(+ o:u*,]$*r"-

+* **

d. +F

(8"32)

"4"2"
flgitrgo$rrrgsl a,e_ yl_"nr_ eontiluu_
i,a Ieel.rossgnegli-oe
e.c. ffiEgffi[lft
exeir.slie Bts ps,crrrs6 ds e.r.riar mtorul. feromagneti.i
_e

u"lJ*"rUrrru6 ln &anora1 meaiv, dia slsL carbor:, Raeliserse [isaului

srse eurrenlilof, tur.bioylsr"i gi ea'egte*"" Aiu tofa duee ],s,dieinu_
**Oiuirnsil tn ecllonsrs"i
ga&f,*f,e 16 l. (
*"Ba ], p6a&ru-

H,r-

o*1u-inr*f tat6 de e1*ctrome6ourr**iiui""rr,

*cst eeteul
"uo"

eelcir]'& f

n6t 6stq aeaeatr e& ao oorculer"

aau

e!

{8'55}
l

ultin cez fiindt neessarg .cuno8gtaraa induetiBitAlii

ie.{ronagnatului pentru vel"ori diserete ale. intrefleru.tui. o ooiati de a irnterreri esupra ctsrectorleticii ststlce eat6 (te I
C..rzone'eaturate ,astfel f,nctt forla aE nu creescE pre* nult 1*

lioCriet

e lntrefiarului.
'' fErinea eore carsctetizeazA eecliunoe oiezului ln zona fntreca gi lunginee bsbinet gi deci doteruin5 eoneuoul de m6lal sotlv neceBar i'aelia5rii ]actronagnetului se !lr:&,*t.e eontiit.a :elec tromagaetulul

f';"":::::ll
:"::-:*::::l::'
I*n:"dreurar
of i ar t ia
r,*,,-r",; _';,r*ilIiffi
j -, : -:::::
ilffi h"_ilifr
:f r." r:*".-*i
ln.t
"
erulur,
;- ;;;s;
-;;";;"ff;-;'fi::;"*
;;ifr .
3;:" ::-.: -*--:-l:.u
l::,*
"ui
*fn rer u,; 0,
\;
:::fl::l*:' ru$crda a*' tu,'oii',oai*I"*i-e
::

pniru coafigura!il plen-paral*lo

igtlc6 s6 poata celcula oau determina cxperlmontal cu

ili.ui unld aliDaaootfu. lstoft$ingrea prin.cplcul e caracterigiblatlce gc facr cu ri16!1a Eenerali dc tlrul {8"}?) s*B cu

li lrr.l

'do"#f.r,

eomod

trla axtslE"
.
Celrnoa forlei d.zvo1tst6. d. elsctrooa6not la f,uretie de
, }e volori diecretd aliq ecestui* gt p*ntru porilil fi.xa
iirtiiiutucri mobisa ae nuna{i. lE{qate{lqtlggj1*tqq. Aces ttE
:

':,,:il

r,-f$l
I.
roi
,{.ct Jdr,
I
lt-"t.
rti ,$.gg

i!,,aplicauilS

:,S

o"
{8.54 )
gi
particularit&ti
tn
functionar"e,
esracterietici'
i.14gipglele
i4t+l:dlferits tipur{ constructiye de electro4aneli ale c'crstnt.
,liiAiratfzete tn tabelul 8"1. Aceete cerecteristlci gi eonsideralii.,'conitructi?@ steu La baze slegerii lnducliei nagnetiee le
fntrefier naxiu.
;ijiii'ir,,lPIiJqag" F*ntru elec{-}oesgnetu} td form6 de u din fisure
,ll8t8raro! se *alculeze eolbaalia neceaar& pentfu realiaerea unei
fo.43e reportat"& ]s unitatea de arl.e !'r dat& gi sA ee ,deter-eine
ij,qnelitte csr*ctsrintiee eteticE.
priro6 aproxina!ie, dispereia negneticErlncft
. Se neglijeetE, tntr-o
}$luctanlale sruHturil Rr1, $ntrefi.erultr-i 8*6 gi miezului &z pot
lf,i considersts grupege la serie (fig"8"Br'o), Cunosctndu*ee dimano
i!ii' unile g*oetxica 9i curbe ds irasnetiz*rE E"' i{)-a eeteri&lulri
ff1lftotrg""tte, eo ablln eerac lerieticile magrretice $r.'r{ Ur}' ore'
ireilUturii gl aiezului enpllficfnd ordonat.* cu sri.a sec&itleii,,
i{ir: aboclae eu lungimea porliunii ferome6netice (flg.8-8rc}"
,

, .,,

". ,ft:f?i%g

'

,, ,,

:E

l:l!
,il

:.{

,*

i
I
I

i:

.)
L

$a

.fr

o
o
q

o
,lJ
E

.;o
o

ttc

8.8"8rplieativ& lc celculul soionollei {1 csrretrrirtieii

statica r slectroa6gn8tului In fora& ilc U.

.9
o

.e

o
I

j-.-

5 8.;
u E.s

*E

E"&EE
gEBS!

d
I

8tr89e
9*iuf(,

] g;5EE

.-E 8l
gu
!
E33d
: Er E

o.

E&

t5.
e"tr

.-

H*a
Esg
'E ge

.s*.

ooP

E
5'6
sLo

o E:{ Ec-

)6k
o
tag
tt

rt

E
B

,t

E8E

:E

,/

o
g

5
o

g
.E

881

oo
o
o
d

, .{
,p

f
A

l,,.Dia rolesla(8.?O)res,uLi,E saloersa forlai sapertBt'&;.:,la .:.unit*ite arie a polului 61 anrmal rtF/&S . Bfi /?Yot
{s,}6.},

Ft or celcuksa6 fluxul

o
o

ui

Ef;-E
d;E
:

o
E

oo

nngnutie fasctcglart;.;

f
ro

f,!.q carsetertotica ipg( 0 }, ordonatal $r5 tl coreopunds e61aila.tr{e

iif....qtf +. lpllc3nd taorsms 1ul ,&mp&re po eonturul ,.:lnah*a { f,.) et
lXine

=N
a
c
a

g
B

|fr..qoqaee

parmoabilitatoa tsegneticH o flerului sBts

r.foarf,d .,aare.r fb$6

cse e gntreflerului, se pot nogliie I{l El Il^l aetf,e}. tneft

.9

,g

'6

e,l

lrd

.E

" tf

haza relaliei(8.29)onergla na8natie5

efier sats:
n6

Pol6

(s.s7)

z o{ oo6
o
a
9
e

:--

olc flind 6*upat.s lil 6nrlB atilt parw66 d6rscsl**.t.'fl$si

iiietlo faacicular gi priIr urmaneroriee putrct R el,,cava*tsrintL.
lrt e I a circuitului poata fi ob!{nut prla ln*iumareei:tenu{.u*
!.er:ta'agnetice Ix snunito valorf^ data flunulul nagnette faeal(HH.Mfl+![p+Ne).

o
o

-p

r.i:

els

{t

ts

:.

*Egg
ts oci

;si

B e.U

r tntrsf taruhrt rot o, qri.{bntr,

r*fuct.enl. fltndt carratcntil ti da rc}sari}-lr''

iiiliiir,Cr.racioriEtica nagnoticu
fi.,{ip.iUi

.a >? c

EE8
EIg
d14.g
+.-0

-._D

fi
a

.:i

s efspulu* salfflscis',d'ih

tprr.ro _ p *rir,

{8;59}

"r

ffi1r
di:i

a.,

ili';

t..,'.'t: t;.:-.:i-t/4,

=,H

*:r:.

i;'

ti;".

*:ti

,6{

'

i:l

'.
fii.ll
liri!l

'

iii,
i

l,:'

lr,:il'

irll
l:,ri

ll;i

'

rlii, t,'

ii:i'
:iil

?or!r dt,itrsell.'. araEturti. 6.I"' tiloarogt

,I

'

:r
t: '
i:li
,,,
,:

t.

ii

iLttc funelia dtr titspn Ectlalilld foaosooelor 6lectro,,ii eecontcr ae pet rezolti ps islculsl.orr dctermlntsdrrsa

Prlt:Sg)
.-P"*?rl
\ dS lL.ct

{8.*6
a. d? t
eeractorts*lc[ stetic& dB fofils lrasl hiporbol,o (fle.a.g;Ot.i
8.4"r. Blgeiroe*enell dc eilrent qlternstir
Li
itarce unui ot"" t"oregoet Toffint-rltornativ alausl
,
_arc
ur,ra,o: folca i"\*ginltr
ai poat,e edatrrc gt:pentn i"al"fi;X*
notlc$ tot s .xpaoalal.srnqsoidal! da forae g,B*"rrio, t ta*.oorfil
p.n"r:f " u Yr. gorSe tnoiontuun* a*rruii"rn r"."-*
dec!.

.I

iiij

irl
'rji'

?69

ffi ''ffi,1tn"ot" ffifir-aru

llt]u."'",i

?ror);

'

(8.4r)

e::eenenlc eorttnua uodubttr

*& gt o componentu,rte
fa!6 rie pulealie cirenturui de exeltsgts,

:r"0,|:rg:"a!io
3*#: coa 2r,rt. Foria.iparentenee oet6 reprezentotu
Fen rij.g.l
rvlui srcplitu,:1lnaa F."r..-ffi, . Ooe.ilXud tn Jurut va].orii
:

A.ry?--- l',.nrii
Fnrd*o' -#fy, r$rla dsri;i

1l

atreclio prs trecerl prin

eoment

zerdi

ctnd 6rnfit6fa ale"tro:,!1i

nagnatului ,are" t*ndinSa

a. r"lti',i

dep$rtrQ , eub Uc$iuneS forbg1

',,:.rt!

alrlsgoniBt.a. AtrDBra era{_

turlt au d fo:'r& pul-aalorio

",f ". ilrii

rli.

:"fi

:ri;

prod$ce o vibralle a, oeeste,i.s,

pentr"u aLiuinaree c6n*ie ao ,,i
reeurge La una dir uraBtosaal,o

til:;

r!
I

1t

it
::rq

:],

.il

'{

i
:iI

;i

I
'r'1

i'j

li;,

tr'lnductlvitataa proprio a eplrel eate rsduaU {S"1)rr*eet*a;

1" fru"o*nlE induetrialE (f,a50 Hg) este nesliiabtUt tq
"l
ea, aotfel fnclt t'6.[. eA d; nagtoro, pf,th
reaiotaala
cu
.0d rsaist8Blh &, curBntulul ef,qctrie 1fialu6,
.
e- o0^
( 8.45 ):
eln(r.rt - $1.

,,

t -#- ry

.,

produeo ftysul de reaelia !}!"

"e reprsrentrat n[rimilo einusoide]e 02r e2 8I ip
tgura S"1O,a s-au
1..;

soluiii i
,j,dou$
_ r.ltiliaarea: aleetro**gr,u- li
,.)
!-i,lor trifaaagl exci{all pB trei o.f*r,*-*l'L
siste& r,rifezet
,,
siesLrle de eurenli electrictr.;
de-c'a' monofazat aa plFseaail rn piess
-^, ..: ':-"l:ctroDegnatul
tn zoaa tntrof,iarulrri, o epir.I fnecurteircuit pi!,q g
Folar5,
r:j,,ei
reaclle induc!16 nagnetic5 gl deei forfia de arroe]io
rrr ;;i urr,*
valo*rga aaro.
.$re riaosobira. de alctrooagnotul de c.c,
cel de c.a.nu aai
post6 fi caroctrizat prin coractoristica
u*uii.U U""r""""ri.r!"

ilft ii*: tIttr

;iflerlel1 cureail titc4glrtn f,unc[dt dc tlap.

ptlorotol
$i.irotag"etfl de cra.aoaof,aaot o. construliao ta
[ti,,fo*e do U cu aplr8 1n scurtclrcult pe o coloarl gl atqiaitc a iroEtuft'li f,ortsU'llt U cu oplrq lra scurtefu'er*l't.
iaptoeao gl nlgcare d* .trenal*lla a *e{tiiriii fom! {lr X
r tr gcurtcircuit Po cele oouE soloanc rltorila'tG' lantau
t, rolului epiroi la seurtclrsrllt a6 srcateasE fenoeenale'
,iir:ia'tntroflerul. unui po} astlipet eB o sdesag.a eplrfi.
jL1oiri 0n, tn eee;,luni sle uloauLul.n*Snatlc tndapdrtets dc
!;jiltnsiasrat ce mArino slnueoldoU, result6 prin tnauaarea a
'Iuxuri 0t=01rn*sina,t gi 0Z*Ozu"rain'.rt, reapct*t prin erta*
'gi interlortifl] spiret ecrane ubele ndrlul sinueoldala;
a fluxului aagnetic 02 nrtrn auprafala ecranet$ gonereaaa ln
rtn scurteireuit o t..D. lnduedl
dQ"
(8.4? )
- #, -o*anaxcos ort* ar0rrr*eiu(ot- ff l.

il
il
'it

urent trndus

:'

ts

i'.8.Io" Rolul eplrei ta seurtcircuit, la enuxarea vibreiiilor

[turi! electron*gnetu]ui da c,e. aonof,azat.
rafeiiife de fsa6 eorespunuEtosre. Eete pooiblt ets sc atabilca*c$
ii de f,aad gi aupJ.ltudlne dacHrse sonsiaiss& dou5 roueinl'a-fn
2Bnt&!'ea srafletr di'n figura 8'10,4. &8 tsoesatul l fSuxtrtr $A

-r

E1 e $qaxs{fterti

8u&f,efet. pelu}.u{ *cbiput eu eptrg

ts

eeurgeiseurlt a-aI.

For&r

daesoltste d6 rm asa&aaes a}sci,romagnst

ry!' uruq
ur*g,".l,;
,r:l
f*rteirr doreeltrsqe ta eolE trs5" tnteqf,j.emrrre*altB ou
bi,,e ideftri,tss praeero ps r,rai e*Isese
u, -*-:"::;:.;r*-ii-1"-i;X
triuaehl s$nt erraen'et' eu ue si*te i"*r***-Jr*-;*r--;"*-ff;;i
unl eleet*leo1 fi{nii atrab&tuto Oe ua si*tsn0-irir__r_-ri;;r;;;";;
ci*.sn&I e:orriei. Iudu*gtile neg$etie.
ta fnrrette::*i;;";;;Jii{
e*1o trel eoloess 6i ermllt".ra eobiru
ver evea
";;;;;-;";;;;r;

{s.44 }

3{-)nsi*?( *n*

eoe

rtn{' $ au ort- S""u

"iuZ

;;iii
i"-riiirA;liiii

__"";;;ti
c+ndi gl * lo iehniee EigndssdiaEto . (atregerae
6reBturil
furcllon6r.! tt6F nslr.elt6t la.Ualf O, Urr alibarar;; ;;- il&i
;r;;ii
c'r5 un,s u or? n-,
eondrgifiu uu
l::-: srnaxlir-for&a
for&. de Brrgc[[c ri Intrafier
"*oilo;;";;i
portaat6
aeu forla
si.aied }e amEtur& etriosg, ***u ,**6t*J.i,
frecver:g"
o" _*"""n
. Elaetronegnelii de e.e, trifeaat ae utiltse"r6';"-;_;;i;;
r{: eero rorsare ui *.*ail',.,"ffi:;
;:#ilTff;-,iX-liX4ilu;r

S1.

+(sin urt.Eos "?rL

g:*"

t;li*irt,,'*t+st!z( ,t *

nrecrcn*tl tfig.B.lo,it *rX*

cu *l prtli orir HeeranatB dtad nsst*ae fXu:rului
gir"C"f*
uyhiui.* f*$! do $r. Acaot dafasa5 f,aee Eq *nconliir"=i.:,ffi
,rra *lr noeeraoatr El cor ocro'atr s&, nu ar gRurxrc siiril
----,
e& gerorf,erta dr strsc&,ie nu aal etfurga v61o6r6a
ou*o.
&rpreala f*Erlet oedll Sn lntreff *rtrl tsIsetroue6nar*ril,;
aonofe.sg era eptr5 Sh aur,l,fueuit ,jepfndo
As
carr lt rfrerlul s6r,! *ets itap*ndontE ds rsport,ir1rs*iai*r.ta-tii
oiatri,;"r;-ii
Si a.ecfanrtE. lrtfilr*r pro,krtarcrao pl,eeel Ae fa o;;;;_;:

iedue;dei. $ri partod Ee&cran&t6

6i ee adoptf, .;;;i!ft;]
erti
k*esa& 6elesere didt;rd
;:f""1::"*:1Y
sbgincrss
umai forlr oEcits&ra ninimi a*;
",
el
[e radii der gi e uesi for&o olnlaerenbclo dlt mei uarl. xarEeit
"orsitste s tipur.ltor. c's*truetiv f,eca inpoaibtr,
Eetodo untea tle prole*tarc. pontru proiecta!ltrebuie
"r*oiroi"'i

82rE^*uino*t*$)a

F, & %uxsln(ut+
diif'tqntg sa al'aa valoaree:

r.ruxul 6ndug seri de *.*sr" -{,

jllf5l_-:li:i:
ly.i:l
nurl p.r.is tuprofa&r
polar&

odeie&

({

a:t"ein

+rJ

Br'1, '
ila

+t

tat )fi+(* 3&uLn art+ Jg,{coe irt )" JB

r t* $ sln2 ,o t* $n1o r,

"

*uu

' t* f

coeZ

er

t+

* *|"in2*t- $uioot.co*rr* f .or3*o)=

lii,!'itfi*

{Lr,6
,, :::

i.

1H.4),r

'

l,ilOte crnaisntg 3n ttnp 6i de trei ori unl eara dscgd veloaro.a

a;i."i-rir-rut " "rro*,,r]orosetnd aetfetr afieienla gl anulfnd'u*

cruEturii mobtle''?enttru aalortizarea goeurlXor' tntro
il$tulfia*
'diuia-motilei gi
se lntareeleaa6 un di*poBit'iv 6u 68r
eorcinEr

. ealculul de di*enolo*arae *'1 eleetrom*gnetul'ul trlfsaat,

'iio,*oruntrf abosr"bit gi pierderl-l"* fn eupru gi fierreote ide**
trlfazet tn go[*
.i,..[t: c*f+ofof efeetuat pontru un t*aatsformaior
:ili,

2L9,

,1r oatl *esultatul q6aurdrll ratr lndlcat

'lcontinuu:. dc ralerl, prln deplaaarta nnul'ag
bpot lualnor pr o ceal,! 6r.datU (flg.9,lralf
-at unrrt
.

.:.

t,:i:. . tt

PABTEA A TREIA

nnAsunAnr

ucrnrcr

tegorli ds aprrato.de sadsurat rlectrlca;e-cu dieportv lnlllcstor anelo6ic; b-cu dlspoaitir indicstor nu&6u;c-cu diapoeltiv
':-/. tnnegiatretor.
!n cezul c&rora valoaece aErluil nAaurato o;tc
ii1 (itr lloba engtrazE idlglt" * cifrH), ca efect al
diroctr e n5riull flzlcc, pe bara unor operalil spaciitultrittf,lcare gt eodif,lcare (fig.9.1rb).
tlefarr apqlatelor indlcatosrel cere furnlzeazH, analogie
Ci.,valoerr la un uooant dat a aHrinll do n&surat, ae
tnr.esiatfatocrg. (figura 9"lec),care
lrcjjpAg
F';,hiftle sp6cisl[, priD punato sau continuu, valori.le
!Ic:,r EEriui[ ndeurate , gi gfar.ale 4e_s6eru" .! -J- Ea
:'iuoa valorllof pa care rErinea de e5surst :"s-$ avut
real de tiup.
eeffac88nls[rcl

9.

npannrr DE nnAsunnr ruernrcr til

f,Ieurtrol unot aErlot fisr.ec X rebrlalntE

aceeta'o eu o a1t6 m,rlnc X*iitr *on"ugf'ou;;r,

tst 6.

EEEruE.

UnitEli.

conparar.ee

*f*
";#;;;;;i
fara aoaatrE ! scloptat dietauul ,or"""rgi"iri-i"
:

f,or[s ta asrc ae lntticE fosultatul

n&au:nf;ri{., adies
yaloama alelEal rlsufatoj
epa!.telo
r[to&r6l6 eatcgor{l1
";r;;;;" ac tnpart f,r urDapg

ns
'iiiifi:::::r", I

08t{8HALs aI/E tPaRtTSLOn

Al[ALoorcE

xisuxrt

aza unor prinzicc dtrntra celo acl diforitc (tabalul. 9.1), ln fuaetls
(eentinuu sau slternatlv) gi de natllrg-E{*ll( euroat, tensiune, putero, re z i aten!6, lnduc! le DBgilr:gtc"). .Deetlneti{Ic variata al eceotor apar:ata detereibtpate unei msrL illvsreitEli eonstructivo. istfEl, ap&rar'
ousurat pot fi flxo sau portebll, dBtilrrt fi.rnclioagi
llposille orl"coat*l&, agrtieal{ eeu lnclLnatil. CoroapunrEttsr'
itll.ot "ooerat dt6 Enillaaro, careaaa aparatului trebuie,
.rE asiBura protcegia oootre spair a pnafululr * exploa.ir
rE lrchidE crn6t*o dlsp_oslL1?ul" dla u&e!r!at.

il
1lr:1_.ij{.4,ffi

: i'"tr
-1,;

tl

.,
J lu
ti::i l::ii

robotui

V.tl;.1i1ii;

#;:.::,i:

IEser{ptr,ttro epEroqeter de af,Er*at

"

1.

qqg-t&q&gl$Lf--!gD

l;:ii'!i':ri

l::

,..

i:il

'li.ll

ilr}I*A?I3

ij

liiiliri,rr

f ets

pr{ndars

'!_,.n .."::;.i

:|!l.l.a.:.1

:i:4. .:it':,

iti:

tsRe

l:t.,ii ,$*staamle

trEets*ire

$artr g* aaul fabrl"callel

I{& {?tutseer*},
serte 43ggi Antr}

[Eflrji {

A-auPoFi

i,:ii,fi;l
Eil:!,iil

orr-tAXLeE 6st6

!;:t,t:t: t:j

il::::

:r: I

&edrr}, Se

rnrlagie tn gtep

s BEFiBil6F

ii;':;:.:l:.1

i;'::gbpots!l}q

altonaativ

!i.i,l:i),i

- Bu ,a prgtin(lo

iiir,t'ittil
iii::iri:i1
l]i

::lr:'r1,i

teaalwec da f.nsrcera
a laolagioi

l.i'.!ir;ll

rl. , tl
iii

- tGn8{usoa
-

:i!ill:rrr

(ii

ri, I

.:( i

,lr.:
r,l

l:.rlll

'iiiiil

kP).

iJii:ii:,

ffi
m
_rF

I.:,:iiii
'1i'.?"t1\t

:iii'i;,
ir': ,:i

ii1

i:r,:,|;'t

..rl

Frirreipiul d* f*negtolaro

lr:rl'rrrl

E88*et'ss:.e$trl8

& F,get*crqctnic eu
pedlp6a6F

06

f,a..

tE

e1uel
' '
dou*}"
-apgfglglg.* I .Gta dniu {te roPsr3Xi
8rsd6*s

r,:

iilsl re*trst!61oa, *saateBta ss dof{reEtt 34 {k*Stc & relo*

,iqif&. ala {saalue{fl 6{ erran8uS.cl* },a oers }ucr*ec! lpsEtsl
illl er[A] ):
Eg

ijltn

{eg.nr}/

&r^, tw/0{rtetwcl.

oaaul EB6{ rettua?ru su etrt3ns dlv*.stmco

g.S}

t acalei

6:na-'

Jn"r=120, aeLsotaraa ilmcnlitse qfA4O ?, Sg=, &, eorodu*o

::cjj:ratent & Kg* ( e40. 5 ) y'130*3.0 B/Sirlsim,s .
,5. &iqg9p9E$g19e 6, eo dof{usgt@ sa aeposseil }"atsa dP}a'
r';::gdi6 alata&u}u{ *aii*ea?ar 6l varlag{a 8X* e n6{r!*i{ {tt

s * &fe

- .ls tndueil0

,1,;,i:;

rttffi'g

U 8A"{OE8O V,

dle incer-

teaE*.unse de lucor;
eer6 p6ete ,s0 v{tl,r,:i
t'r
o:eaaplui aonaidargt
A

60

(1.$l
* bl q6u g@ltgltl$tv{s$Emsl.
.0is6sqte 4eet6Bte X 6t ce olto6ta ara8re} 6q &*'v[s{ual d
rpar*tt*ntu re pssto dstsrr$hr valca''c n{rl*{t gr or
l'li
to*['d.
, {9"9}
;..
gr6dstl
to
soalfi
@
e8l,tsqaE
s
e{rst
ario
d *'
$rrnrau,
,rl@r dee6 a6io etftrJ.cet pe dtoaea*ut Sa5O0 ?r osg! clxtsc$
.Driat r-o oonotantf, Egto0/lg0c?v,/{lvirtur. lG.ertr thrrol
$tnma mal lndteagl* d.40 dlrlalml, aparatlse r$ooar8 e

Xo

Ba cuPent eonttnau su

!iL:,::)t:,:i

aealoX

i,;f;i,,,,.r'

* 88U 6 6&ren* eoat{,truu

* eureEt a}tefirettrv

lii:,1;rr:::

11r:iili!;

0rr* rtla I)

U-taxlesr coto 0*Fs din

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{ px, der *si:6?.$qs *u ul} l}agh* ss,rc*6r {606 anu 9Ss}, par*
IlrIe gl eapl*eate 3*gr*rm efmp **gm*tt* es l$,o"an

S a,-*In 1"5i""
,*sf

fe3,

i ga"t"! ollj

*n, +'=,rl*ttp C {rtsi.o p,'iIJd.tgisr?r?,.; r. ,:l.lrsy16,

1*Bt"e*t&$aB -+ ?:x3-i:s!gtE3.uj. i'ie #ia*r"?9,. .,itri,,?#*{i free i.i; ,.-ulie *i*ret,ln:id Befrqt*}s*trge $.g fgcf isey*et& $!.* diri.,;ii.u,l. +oBa<ll,sr'at?q-

"nr**tfi
eons t I tute un I ogggg$u- sggls tg}:g$I!S tu*Y"
I
1:' :r'"'
in nsarrl tn cera e61e dsu{ i}6bins eu eeslssi eufi[f, 6* spival'
16}1*r
e
scsaQf Sunglas a leturil*r { i } q{ aeooagl
^ca!),
Ifor (a), asupit lor vot aellona douB eupltrsll *ete 6r ral&-

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*sejo*rxeata i t3*btube]-tti gsmoJ:*i ;

e_ s.!.rui:o1 rlf
lar ae6r:ar l,oeh rtri *:g: cii re d r* eqlp i d*oiuUo;Dei;_
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funclJenel e} dieporitivului eB cBeur-ni m*anatc_
. si.s *rl s ; f*Lcgome trul Eeg5x tr:6 le{tr{e
"
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t agnna6 1 p$i*, n*gna ao

gls q#6t& l*.ng$,*e* eu, fo caeul aHris:ilor tapi8 varirbil-e fn tlmpi

daterfta inong*eA *r:hripaJutui mrb{}, *par.:tul Ee indteE vsloen"*e
ffid i I a5r lur$ I d@ FEsurar, f iel* )
s "
Ut1.].{r*ree Sl*poalt {ve lflr lli.gx! t.*e.!6i:tr$,rs J.e mEpu::seea m&*
s'{n{}or *inue*lqrlaiia este prei!:ir,E numai fl*c*g #fa.il *ehi.pete a,,! q3ifrp*s{tre* F&er*eoar"e {.f{.gr::*a'g,!re}, ia:,:ie s&:}$oree maei.i* a a}{ri.r:rdi
*6dv*E&16 {I**c}, mEaurat& ils psretF q$ v*}e$*ee fB*tj.!ig e eoei}teia {I}o sslstE re}.e!1ar
$T

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sias,lt,"st,

3 a*a I..3r3L 3**6

Ap*rratsls eqgngtolectrl*c eu f,6drsa6r ara ee*Xa Sr&i:?,rij

t& ueit6!,1 da v*i.oero efectlv& p mHnim!-i cie, sl*sqffst.
s.peaetel,6 ea&EBqssSeetrie*

4"Y.! 7t
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*t

efnt s*ne[b{le la e*rer:gi nic{,

daoarare Srdee&le oogrr**-te& B ln trrtrsfier fiimd wnr*. {0r}*S6F}te

ns sint talf1tlen?e1e da e$.epw"t

megnbt,i.ee ex,L&ris@!-.6.

NrtBtd'eo6{ d +9$o) '

Al*gfns ooneurt d*fsrit psnt?u irr.on,l{ Xg Si 3pr cEI*.i"
HP

eupLur,{ 3ror 6v6& ds aa*6snea egmeu$l

:**a "

{9"19
{s"fisi '

XI o i{lxBld'*so dr

dlfa''ttal

$BBA 60 re*SPl

activs cvlB1sl{ rststent' l'a eahltibrur

sloli*o,

peailte e sshipsju:'trs Bobtl,resultts:

WIz r* tg d sau d "a'rst(l/:f)'

?,?x}

8,f E},

eceaetE

derialie d depindardacild$ r&ps'!'tu} inttnsSxB*

tt 12} :' o""u*u,:-:i: i:Y lll}}];-T3"li;
},iil.,'
*r"iilr" nu au pozilia*'aeroi, 1":**::. *:::
+eupc orlee pesi!!s';
fi..l:ililn;;; au eoier.gl,er:hrpajul nob{1 p.atei ::::_-::1::':.T:;*:is $*re*+,elt*futillset.
iti,,iln'-..r,oguretrela nignotoelectrlee inr
mdrtei:
ffirar mdrtai
unor
gi
gi
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le
x'sziotonlslor
iiiii',-l*
lE m$u*u*ua
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de bl te, prao{uni-f, i"uitte I nlve 1-1 lchide r
tempereturl,
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la
tn eurent, eoatinuuratnt
gi
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9. z. a. lEg4elg-glectfcE88nq!trc?
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a"u"*taEGe;;e G ap*natar trustt gs f*ggg34liellqqi 'p*et{
atft psntru udsur$ri tn sursnt coatrlnuut rft 9l'pen*.
rrrrri"ot&
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f,ruro!'loaer*a:bu-'
f,*rtu evaluar*a direetB a uErlml1or altsrnati1t,
dou& pfeae feroaesqqtts e
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p6
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inai"eeiF' s* eegnetleeeau'd' **t$s

lli..t,;;irr;u rl* exur disporitivu)'ui
ta eesel ee6stld ep&rst e:-e{}**{t''

'qls aprtnc *cr ellp]'u alc rsept$66r+'

i...''';|,gn*-i1. cu repulelervatrc*r*e euple"lui ne{tra eeta dotfi ds;'tssaoee
g*nerali aate, pni:r derir*ree cnorg{ei leeteoea!acsl'eo
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r i a le ;';;;ffi; ;"&i.[Ti-:
ffm;_;";TIH,f : ]{";"f;j*f:i *
pr&psrli6nsl6 eu p&tretu}
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Da

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Pa..ur eperotului

+x r-^-.: -r

t "35,

!ll.funcAionarsa Epsrstslor din aceaotfi eetegorlc se bareaaH.,ps

!,e.l.Sctiunae Xntre dou* babine pereur*o {le er:rangl , dinirc:care
g fix5.gl alta moblLd (f,ieura 9.?). ForleLo 6I6ctrodinaal.eer,rlo
Aap,6,ria , vor da nagtere unul. cuplu activ:

e,'

a e6rai f,rccranl$ pnoprie it s@ellegic aota ? f* rr,

avtndl 5mplitudlno6 do vlbragie aarlegn dlf.{|Br^
,ntn.eozonanS&e
.|:)
ilndu-ac dlo eolax'*lta lanale; septa16 reinol.eror vibrairta(Efo
l:..!in nUaXr do 21, lc froe?antaoirela Lndra*trl.a16 po$tru doEB?
A1"5) Ila) atnt eopsite Xn rlb, estf,sl" *nctt pe partoe froE*
g,"eparatului yor pute& fi ob6errEt6 eu argu*inl$ e*plLtrdd.a{;
lixlue, care indied raloafoa frdeven*sl dlc rirHswat (fl6.g"6r+,),
Lamef,.a

$ur'Etu'ui, a,rr*e
-;-;;il
Xf *::":, ":::. :rr#rlen6rs eu p{tr&t!,}

&

zAL

fla dltraet, ft" l;;-prln lntorncdiul piHe$ feroaognetlcl (Z) gl el baral tr.a6_
iiff t1) - elopul negnetie *lternst1".produc da ua aloc*rerrg_,
ii!.), Uuour".o for,!* portsntd e oloetromegnetirlul c6t, proporll.
pl!. cu. pElfatul eurentulu* *, avlRd fraersngt seednoasstg
liiir;oa,c!1a!fi1* plHct*, (a) sor f,l 4c frogven$$r
eErora lelionaars

ff;irl? '

(9,e6f

iprln eoaat?uclle oo aotgurH o varlegie liniar& a inductlv4t

tiiuutuale fa!{ do d , deci Kr=cot, i.ar cuplu} ro6lsteR'r.6C.&
pr.1n . lroaosrto eplrale, 1a echlllbru;
Kld=K,iti?;
oC*Kttte.
{9.??',t
;aI{oentarea f,n curent aLternatlv alepozltivui ol6ctrodlles,r.eilaUlloneaag auaai 1e valoaroa redia e cuplulul actlv, devla!16
.,Ufiina datE de reta!ia:
d' rlrlrcoo * ,
(r;a8)
11 St I, sfnt valorila efect.lro ale Lntensj.t6!{tos eetrsr
,i,,'., epr""tufe slectrodinamlce ee eonstruiace ea arnpernctrei c&r
n cars cel.e douE booine slnt legate tn oe:,ie gi pancuree dg eu$ai3] de mAsurat, ?olt&etro (bebinele tnser{ate fntr* ele gi eu
!.,..{ealeten3U adi}ione}E sSnt
a,rE edaurEtoareo) sau

conectete 1e bornels Sxrt!.o car; se

wettestrs (vezi pabagrafu!

lO;3"1).:"

lps:.eteLc fercdinemicr se

O*oeebesltl,l

dt esl eiectrodinsmir+ grrin *sirtul.i:i,!

o5, .In soopul nirlruil oierpulu$. oag_
nst{d pifiprlu, bsbj.na f,*rH est6 qser:..]f
aaix pc ur lelea fol.o<rra6netle *nuf"" .,
Ia feirel acosta, cuplurllo aostve
&tat ile oec. .80 ds orl" &sl" Essd
doclt la epcratole fArE ftr$ ,$s r.{r;1.
a1i.ua*sa ta aoost f,e.I o reduoer.e
stalltoero a {nf,l$sEtL osmpurt}o1. r,,,i
Ea&aatlo Bxt6r{.oe!r6, !ae{ ta de;
Fl g. P+?,Aparat* cleetroitXne* tr{eentul prelstl
spfttrlul" (cXe"d.,ij
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le dtseu!. (3) dla si,m{utu, de-o lunguL unor

r..lr! tRehles 11 et F*, tansr-uElle sl.aotrorlotoerer

*,sEtss tsdu6

u,

aFr
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Stueos(Glt-'}).(e.iz)

dlsau:at dLa dreptu1 polilore

Eu

6ste dltstaxlts dE I-a o dreaptd oe uflogte puaotela d* aplLcags.a

r.tqftalor Ft f*. FA']& centlul O al ill6oulEt.
.Admt{lad cX fluxuril Eint proporulonsl.
Ei i.n fezx cu eet
.;curenfi cere Ie-au Frodus (ftg"9.9,31 rizultH!

1a-drrerlur*ifrr-T:::*:r*ffXiffiil1;tr-

q?t " - -ft +recoe{,rr,

fr " - il

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= $ jo(rra-rtdldr

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(e.lo)

eleoerlce ale diseulul ds s:urrrinl-rr,

csx se tnchid cr

sr. d*rs ae aesri"gaaas

coRtu_

*, g! r- otnt reutrte}tqaLa
3olL'in6oX,
In
esntqfirrlloy pr.ln
el te?

acttv ,usdiu pe o pertoadH" dsta:slnat d6 aceg**. fe*$e: ia

ou eeatrul O al dlsoulul este.

(9,29)'r

t- { L

ltla rim*

tlco stnt dlfertte ile Eeror acgloneezx fo:.trele l*placer

sl- xI sr(t)rru , F2 o r{2 +2(t)11s .
(e.33 )

ptoaa aonduoBoar moblle Bub foru.U ae atgo.

toqr-Etq! 4-q lg{qgllq.o-u ? f.:tq*g}l (ftrs.9"8,a) se eompune
d1a slol ctostl.claagusfit (X.] gt {2) a1a eEror bobX.no etn* str{b5iute.
de 6er6n?!. stnusotile1!-t1r 12r defazdtt-'cu uaghLul gL care p"oAroiii
$
flLtxrrrtla *f(t) ef S2(t), uirru*oldaler

"n

Sltt:

Ki

g.9.8. Princtpiul aparatolui de luductte cu doui fiururi- (e).

Dreg_raaelt fau_oTlale ala flururllor gi cureniilor'pentru
I

,1,,

t.::

&,fir

::r.

tlltri*a dtntt^a fX.usurile magtrstto.eItfimtly., ersatle do unu u"n

tBei Bult6 bohlaer Al or*rentlt. turbdonarl J,ndugt dq
acegta tiuiJri:

ii,'

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{9"36}

&n,*, - @rrsln(ut-t},)star.a' k2V?rgera( ut-t!),(9"J?)

Strtkx y'FI1, S**t, {-Tzp-, ir euFl-ul td va aveg fo:mat

fd
H . zK#ikerrlratn$. Erlr:*,ara$.

"al

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iri,:,i irt:

Dla cgall*ataa cclor ilou! oup!,urt

Xtlrlreta$. Ei*,

ce rbgLnal

f gf \r .,

=r"ra

{9.41'

r"plltFlatt'aualmrtr $o rora}tt .fstllto dr dlFo tn :18.

t{rp (O,ti,.G lar K- est. ciEE$q!q-998!@u3, etllol
jrf,,toaurl, sb tlleoulrel cr oorttplmdo tmul caar!il alt orsa,

dc

(9*39):t,

tr.

u'
{ Ill2etar}o

de tairglatrarg cX oontonutrul, eoll,qntt Dria

c{tra axul dlaenlul tlr atusluln, eal6rlrl *fltcrar
I -'I r
ir..tll tfbr a encigiei consurnetr..

{9.+o),

1c,

da

-9.r. InrilgrPlr

eoilsrftucflvl gI tlrtrcTror$a

, IPTE^'EIOR DT TISURIE Ifl'N8RICI,

rl.l

9,,

.llitarde aprritcloi rui*lcr d. d.ura! prqiatf c!tdrr,,,,

':ial"!rir"ttr rrport cu .olt!$tri: rlslogr;r c'ie1t*r. ia,r':,f,
liltl eccetr rpsriti au plcclsll owri{oer (.at ble. aa: '
tttrcctl a rgrorll llriatl 6c :IturT t
l5Ci,..e*r }iln'aftEaimr
-"{r$t,rqon!.}r.rubi'rctlir itr wr191911 rl
$1i1111 itr ilturl,

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li

.,,iiig!uf . lndlcatoc aeu l:e apotulul "lr4taor, ta' r.poEt. cu,rGal.

irl:inatrurcrtrlor rrigloglor. lccBtof aclttlll 11 .t.idtrugl

r..tttl tE
ia; a; ,ururir lraiief:" uil.ll.rxilftltj-at.
Iiafomrgh
puttnc
iicioareunao l;st' ruil;ica. ar iitiltsarr,
prcluol
pa
ta
dt.t.8!I-r
regnrtio,
trrnrl.I
rupoat
tI

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h urooagr$Pr 1ejlr)

i,,aCr
i,!i

itrs

I.Ir

t f,OPrEra,
(9!42)
P ' (r/\)a
(9.13 )
' ooqato:r .
Iategrltad xroLatr"a (9.41) po u! tntelyal ila tlnp
de Ia saro Ia t.
s.. obll:rr eueryLa actlvtr F*:

da uado rr*uttXr

1[ sglsrrleto! nucoilsrata.
:

a:

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r.

Cqroc

r'li:'.

cl lg.-apaii t! 1or nuqs Slcr

dc'auaurore a. b.t.cr8 F doul cPor.tll

cr: diacrctiiqrol gl cod![icrrea.. U!u!lr rUrhih..rlruijfgj cpntlnug rn,tldpr ptititrd.'!'u. ollcl velotr lntrr amnlte
;.,'ila.,rrialtc ( fle, 9. 9 ra ). Bicctuarca iHeurutorllcr l! rolc+dr tiDp (discrotll.rea ratlt.3i.l tmporail I ![trjtlt
), ir auraegtc cgantJqnpri {flgure ,"9rb). Dla rutlimr,
a -valorllor aErltli Daourttc !t ftlln un lror$r,fislt
losao (vqlorllc pc carc 1r te nEiilo. r.aPoetlr{ ie ilrtar.i
,igrlcrqe ttnp,16);cu'6lt rXat oal alcl'.c.ot. irtervaldv ou
t.,fl. ErEUrlt! nei prceia eurba dG varlallc ia tluip, c'llrrl-

.8t:.,ausutret;

irLr,:-r

iorlati

Ir nurcrici

4At

AEoelllgtrgg tfl6trr. S,9r*) conet$. 3n dlvtaese{s lntam6lulrri af. reriogia i Egtslail d* &Eo*ret] l,$ta-a$ amsait sraEr de
eubintorrelc, ntr*lte eue$to rBa rxritBgi dr cuaflt,r.fifere Xc,

bifl.rr-iesleel preatntfr arante.Jul cg e6ie deuff clfro $ El It

carc oparbezB, pot fl puer user lr! GorsBpondsn!, ou strrco 6l
liciio a,su bloca:s E uilor cislxotltl dt e*relrli (apro ezcn-BXo:
iittcontaqt dabchia, tae&Elstss -b'loe.ati 1-eont88t 1me";ir, iroaqln'
iif.'ta e*nduclte.), in apest cod, eifroiq coro r*prcEla1g dre*dsX*
li*.;i.nuaEr se*imal sfnt eFsnserlar prlr Eirupt do ettn Fat'rs el*m;
nistssul 66 n$eBPatla'eu bEaa.3.'Aatfol, G6la trel tifrc cle'
549 tss s{:rlu In eodt btnar-sesiae} e$tfs}r Offit
-oinot
mlrului rcifunnt
i.i'.u.2tr+o,?a'4), si rcapaet*r 1o$r{3,??+
:;i;;:;-;;;;
6i'iino:. ex*r" aq*g ) .

t''c**.

t"s'{aerso : parf,orm*n$elor :p&rst&}6: tsuosrle.'l Efi:w"e}

ii'.raaltaa*sX tn rcd epecific" Aatfetr', FqqeltlE :o arprlm'E'ctl rsi
eou d*a Xl*lte martug'a
iii"io.ot t* prccenta d.in veloerEa eE'uSetU
iiattrruf"fof .de mBaurart, 1e cai'o sc stXairg6 lgetrtlttxillns'leljt"sl
391
;,iitiq"i"i rd*6..gpre 6xa,op1u, $n "oltetf.'ntrnsr{c ctl donat{ul
lir,.nooa preciait eoto dc 3 d 30,lS dlil valo&rsi Gft{t& gs,@Y{rr
1giarti" aaxtm.B)raoigur6 mEEr:raraa e IF eu a orostt dcr+{0tL:1+

i,i.

I
'I

',oS.,ritroo=

prwcleia
1'ori:6a v" sxtetE gt aperatr le crro
:' o,rex;uceautr' 1ar'1u! ft'esvenlaetru):
f5'(ln
cuo,an
i,
fonouf
artJ
l;:;; ;;;;

FtB" 9.9. Igtode dr dlgcrtlgare: a) acurel contlauut

b) ocnnal diocrotizit-ta=irerlisa;ii;;ili
c) oeaqrrsl dtges*.ttr&t fe ntvit'iEGniiiiiiil:
d) o*aaa1 egenr,tone{ -gi-eiiai{iri*et;--:--- -',
Idrin* nEeuretl ac erprioE velorlc prin nuaEnul fntreg <ir euanto
pe earq ti .con1,lne; dc aoeaa, cu cft ueitatoE ao cuantlficu*
"uio
art uioE, cu ettt prccl,sla cst. uai bunE" Drpt eonsecielu op""
rrlirl dr cuentlficerc, lcsulLetul adcurdtoril va fl o t""*ii"diacmtu, euacoptlbirE dc a lua un nuoEr flnit do ,urori ii"iro"a".
E6r1tllo itiacrotlsrto ac rcpnoslntE apol n.,:arrl", p"i.o opo-ralia d6 codifiearc. ia functrir ac ecoput r:raEr!.t, razuftetaf rUsurHril aatc lodot tn cg.{ ep;gaaf {ce}-iat ueor'lntarprxt*ti-: ,,la
cEt.r* opcrator) cau l& el4 bllrgr-gcciusI, BCD {..einery-coilad ,r.-.el_
asl"r utliitat tllrsct ta gtgteoele o*"oia" de p,r,*1ucrBr,o a lnfor_

spro' cxes*
l,1lj1igaree reaultatului gt al6 {:6eenXul da mdgurar"e ales"
de
o
rsEaliilia
asi'gt*H
Ptfrs,
de
rm
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4
eu
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voltamtru
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ia,t*v (oratnut de orE*iaa eL eolti ee{ pulip eoun*fleat'dre 6*fr*

Eell.ei-Bic,rocelculatoaro epeclali"aste, ca].culat6&re de pnoeea,otc.).

de ES,qpar6t *umerie d6 e$Eurst, e*reetsri6st de e anurm{tg vltaaB
lkrsep$ta
, ea f&e* trn fune!tre de'Soetiasteeul {.nforea5gef"

i r :r!r i rlr:1..::.tr1,)!:*r:sfriint:

iR3

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tlrurlr r rtlultntul.ui B{surEtorll

d6 cutra uo gperotoF unaa nssl-r

|8i t{!} da (0r6,.,?}an O
dr hdgErqrc ltb or{laul 100o
"ttarH
rrlori,locrhdt podto f,l nscoaar!
6nrnu lnno6lotrarea, tcletr*.aDll
t.!aa aau prctrucia*a lntr*m ealeulstotr d proea, c unei. ngrlul i

.ltl

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I lrfirt tifiab*ta ta tirf.
in alr6rru aprrttulul nuacrte da EsauratrFrntru o apl1ca!h detlrtrobuk .?ut. h reater. 0l urngtoGrele.erlterfi; *tAoif;lr,
tst*r finilo g[ coutl.crrta 6in ur.otr flind dotcrulnat de eoupleri.
trtor tl perf,oaBanl,alo gontrald alo instrusontuful"
9.1.?. @
apsratIor 6" p6sux.51.r.r
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,1

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teftalra geaartlB a funatr'e{ eirrrtiitulut:Logto

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F-{

gle&6nt sAU (oR)

Ele,neat

Element 5Sg EXSi$SIV

(fficr,usrT's

com

0R)

BIJ U

Anpllfleator
frtgger Sshrtltt'

r.ot.!ul dlscoiltlnuu {dlaeratr. Eub foreg d6 lnpulEnrl} .t roroa-],,.,i.i

ro pretucroeru.-to oorpor,*r"" .;;r;;; ;;;;.;-;;;
,ij
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1*1tranrfof,oaro
ol..G&rt.
a sounalelor analoglcr t{t lupuls*i,
6Elta fa intrarc f,orortoaro da lapuleuri, eonvertoafo aaa1og-tlwnc*
"i"-tii,i
rlco, elneulte laglcc, diopoziiivc dc aflgare, convorrtoere lrr"oic_,.
enologlcq, cto. O pnrta dlntFc accetg bleuentc ea un eerecter
op"- I
arfle gqupat do dloposltlrc d6 bqsu ln eonatnucliq cdrora arat-'
,li
tnglobatr { fnocaonlbotno rr*apaetiv voltnstr,a n,Jer{co,
B*r"ot*t.,l
ta P*rlSiafolc ura$toaro).
Coauba tutlrror oetogorlllo! dc.apa!,ote auoerLso de nueurat,
loatee exeeuts oi Danc ,";i;;;;; dc funcltl (rab.9.z).
:triurjole
ugrm exenpl.urpoerta logl"oE"Sl. (flgurc
9.1Ore ) roellzoeaU produnu:, r.rlrbllalon lo5lce I gl B:
:

JL

Convert+r da' ood (s$dtfr'

iataro docodlfioator)f X
Y pot fi tnlooutts prln
inritcagit saLrpm codurl-

g66Eiltotr

BultLpltaa*sr
Comparator

Bn{tat: *rt*dretf.oE
etr loatefi (.aRls;IHB*

*:c

arsp &ooBrc lrf,xE)

Heaoatehll

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AEtablL (geaerator
de lmpulsur{.)

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Regl8tru de ilopla-

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l-or

sErs {SHIPf fmGISs $# ntunil? de

*lfr:s br.narg

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Mult!.ploxor
DesrEltiplexor

CTI}Illn

HitadrBtor nodulo

n0M

biemrirll*

aLxn2

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l rcb"rorig"a
.

,ie', ( q0lr$f En D.IIXIIBk)

i ml.n!:nlE?
binare /cuviat

de cuvlBtotE2iotfr6

9.4?)

6onfola tabblulul,do edevgr:ala Ctgr:ra 9.1orb. AcoEste tnecann&

c6r-tn caaul achoqel dr.n figure 9"l0rc, aprinderea.becuJ'ui y
sc
prolluoo doar daeB sint fnchlsc
eontaetela A qI" B. psntru *" fotasrtclut punctulul y drn fi6ure 9.rord au fia r.e ni.vel rptdl.est
(+5?) cotc a'ccsar es.sEb6I.
dliodc:sE rf" af"o-t", ;;;r;-;;;llo aato tnd6pltnlt6 daeE A n$I" B ESnt la potonXieL nfdl"u* --(dlaeneiuai cee ?o r ro x'l-no5)
nei &u1tc eireulte iust+p
lent&r .( flg, t.11ru, b ) aau qt cr.la llicacu, fu$etii
":e.rs,
J.oglce compli.
t eEror luplooentara er neceaita Lnterconeeterea unul nunobb
mars
dc porll ).oglco, euE ostc eazul eonvertoruLul de
co6 l{jOtl aaa-t

A
B

: prr"q.fO. ctrcuit roglc erementar (poartd logi.eE) {i'

cu eoatacte; d-,rehenE.qu dlode.
I
snh fornX nqmerles - e rofrultetutuf' rt$euq{l

c-^qchomE

I . vfruardzarea cffin'tlr ae efectueazB cu ajutorrrl unor dl"poslllve'

'l-q!&g:gi
cGI
apaatf,tce
d
eotl
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u-aor
de-loetrlle
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erlfiiJ redx ctfrele pe beza a ? eagrerte x'unl'Bo&Ge' 6xeoroapunzEtor nwl{r'ulul ce trebutE. radat (f*g'9'12re}, pea*
,.ll, f* : spra Br6nplu, oo comanil5 apr'{der5a s683[*atelor &1hi8t
.6lmp1u

t90

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?91

.'iric {dctoritE eiern{rilar cu tontr *fra}! fn

"r**u*rironi"-"-,..
, ea co lunina lnclde:..t& D&. f,ia XmpFH$ttotU'fu t6ete
altrsf lilh.
oBtie
fegEi
rte uoflels eflsto ,n "*"*"-i"igt_
i fl:rl:d.y,oont,raer
t*&nspu*ui5*t $pr*ee s re*lrn*aui ;;-;;;;;ff;
$i:,fa|1is*roa
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prin
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+rplleoeer lrxtul ot&p afoetrta eJi

aodlfieE orlentaroE eniotslelor tlehlda"

'
*t.,; , cepecltstea de a metsopa infor"ma${* eenstl.tui.a e ea:*tata
l.,ilportant& e diepoait{.valbr ou erie*e}e }teh{<xa, ea gi c eeter *rr
t:, pgJlligqtg qggq'sJlqq, nat recaqt lnlroduae tn praegiea iedusgr*&l&"
]1 Sietemela de n5st.r.oro do ner6 eaEFldsitst$, eurc ur?-lliueeas etero,._
iis:GElstcfirer rleeErg }a connal* ds yi*uftId.frerw {r:+rusit,e x*usl
,.i,:'dieF1ery-url) pentru efigere6 mErimilor *+teirrulm*ts, AIt* pergfe*
iiig! af" respe*ti"elor utcroal.atese { disauirt **r**Ofoo"l*-"1.--r-:
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te. Beu celeuletG.

I ", " 3, 4p.girgtwgglte pggt{r,*S#j1rg#L

l;l,tr'.:"
illl,,

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fr.-eJeQl4"
.6soa6t,H ceteg*:rie d6 &per{rts nu.rnqiric* furdsmsfttEI6 ee*perE

esner&ul

elt

ntnlr de i putero.(lo-5 g7**z;

ae fnrogietreaad
ivrle dr cflssro on e"{uJrf*
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3a dtapa*

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t:

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tion - fig,r'r'q 9.15?b). Tjmoul ds deschlders e port{i p,raio fi
,;d9
i|r,,!.!iat brla {ut**nedf,rrl un*t cou}utdtor ,BJ"octor S"iae*fe}. el*s
*slgur& *treratului c6s &sl burr& ssfretqtie,

Fraf,F{st6teo ustoe sube

@ @r6&ritrcs!
or6&n$.co, dispusa
dlspuaa Sn
tusr,! subflr*
tUrnl
rn s*r.
subtj.rl de
et*,ee.. ,.^
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aau re sprr*J*s-*il-Jilffiffi;i_:T;.il;^ff

flT,:::iil
'lectrie

destiflst* u$r:urx*ii rimpuldi gl fiec,/ongel

fmptrl.surile, pr"elucsr]+,e ds cireui.tul- $* tnts.sr@, trrc priuii,.

;l;i,i$"circui.t 1*gi* (po*nte p:.in+ipot6"*figur_:a g,-:-?na) *'*XruL i*n**
uuto cj-rnil"e:.5 unr:i. trrtr*:'upHtb*, *+merid*i d.e * bs"ud {lu L:[r,F
i$i8.

orieniBlp

(E*0)

Fi8" 9,1?. BiBoEitiv .16 aer--_nra epsg's1s1tI'

ds ;acsur;i'-";;*:i:!Y-""
-d:?f:^-::

u""*l de tj.mp dEt, de tm serrarat*rr* r:6:r'et f,rs*yen&d 6BLB *!rt:{}s*

,il,:i.$!t.*.*" preeirio' Saoffrer:e BgrifiB* **cx:rioacutH e*t* c*anbiruitll
lirfii4lqr-o &ir*eeeilrne de impul.aur"i, unltst,es fu-iegioneS^&- do bss& s
ai'.,,,.i,

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ii.htr eperatuLul. Blemen*u} prinelpal 8I" I edostsle *1 r'slPrce{n$*
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paBte fB

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aetsBLelcr eu ees,y6at@srn* e.a'le,e. s&t} *!e Cred$stesr6e6egete

pot ts&&ups lel:e*tlrrg. aS.terxtet{ve, ee*i**$*e ss**edsrx*6s
turl; praelnurg $. e],te eErteg eaelae*r{aoe1

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myrla

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Edsuaer'e taa*Iuailar eseti*u* 66 po6ts rsal*cc eu mal
tG t6pxnf,[ ee so]gaatra almar&ee; FpAs*r*a peghss*ro e{leeg6*&

,,

-.&^l t

( 9.

48)

,tntr6 lia'st616 -Up 61 +Uur ee sneadreas df,Ectsiu: ds aEsisas ex

,uit"*t**1*1. apaiotut a&eserq g!6put da verlaSda a ten**ua{l
gx (f{6ar 9.C$rb}i
':iianp5 ds la seloers& cers'pSnH }e sq3'oeroa

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t 9.ds!
pr'loegta
flafCIrss]{{
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la un eoaiparetos dB tror *&rq urmgro6te- traaeroa rrf 1yb
ffir,au
.: a ter*Eiun{.i raap6 (u^*O}. Le prian} esmel prI'a{t de le @d dia

;;1rr

colaparaato&rq,

eouendH deaoh[dioroa msl

rm numsrEter aclenlcelX B lapu3snetr, f8-

bloeul-ila eoatrol tog{o

tiii*."tt gI, eatf,sl lnefa

l:.19.il1lut. 6s tm ogeLxato! cll frocronla for o{n{ eiad, la ule$torEl'

),eonal psialt dlr !.a eoaparatoars, se sqqaargdB lneh*dor@e eenlt{: S'

ts-rr4-

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ti

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Eiii-proeeB tBhnorosi*r utl.lrsoasg epsreturE ae{ pulta saaalatls,
il.'fobust$,eepebil,6 s{ funegieneee $n eondilll
de verieg{a e
!.Felatu"ff'gi umidttHlti, o6 ouparta goeue.! q* rtbrafiii, e* f,ae5
!i,ru.or. festqrl pefturb'torl eleetrlpi ssu eagnstLci. HHeur&ritra
l8bor6tap aist ceractgriaata !n p:,inu-!, rlrrd prlntr-o preeiaio
r iuplic8 eet i.$erea crori.S.or 6l efotueraa Eoroe}i1k,F.
i_.{-lfeatU
lupr6 saioril"or EH6ulat6f foLoeinea un6{ apqreturf an ta* ,*
l1ltat$r *cnlj-norca rlguroaaH fatrs llmj.te asu le va}orl preete*
1 a colrditiilor do nertLu.
l,l$1.1:

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r!.eatalee Boatr

-. ;;;-il;;;;;r;"

n6atr:"t& fH BEm6flrtr do i.npul*ur^{ $, Snre6*.atret gi

Bft6t d6 epsaat,
6et pr"rpsr*{orm1 eu tenelunoe ,ec*oo*JntU ttn
Si dea{na* de pe*t&, i
rampei X gt fr*arange se*l"latsru1ui. iutwrrl f*:
s " (fslK)\r:r ,
(9"51)
$pr* *xaBpkl, }e nHsrrx.arss ilnci te*aiu*t
V,
un
voitm&tru
%*?
$rmer*.c *ehlpet 6B rJe Esasretor de remp& K;L
V/7 aa gi *u un
oattl,st*r tat*eh de fr6e"atH fo,*p0(r kfis, fs.rsstretreizg ran ,,um&r
del

fr e (?GO.1O3.O,0o?)"5 a

)OOO impuleul.fl,
tg.52)
po 'eere le'aflgees$ eu pcsitloa6r&& c6r*LS
* vtreufot nU U***_

Acost tlF tis ?oltnetru numorle.prezintu.. g trrpdeot$ de

{r;tt'*xe rsl*tir *6sr:+*B {g*cir da trmlf } gi es1s eayg*t@rl*at
prtntr-e durat* rel6tJv eara u *onn"**i*i- *"*r"g*r.**"i;;;;;

)qa , de*i.;peiatr*G Tites& de &u}ilenre rednrsi:"r,

,
'
enqnte.Jul, e{mp}it&!ii procodsu:.x}i. utitLaet!tr:rei
.tli
r.aiug eoet al.trtu, eeoa e* il) reeomandq ps&tru
utitiaara i,- ,O_,l*
--''" ":
*-t

{:.""9
e!'s : tettr*t

d{.*u3,

y'Ti"^1:lltmiern"rrameeisratru,et,co

r.-t,

r-ri,ffi

sau

mut

rtru*lry.I

i? J,

[s], (lrJ, ;r73,

;251

10.1.

uEroDE

ffi

H&aurarca unei n6nlul

U;SITRARn

oloet*iee, trr aon6{}ilX* gl cu

cerutH dlo fieeera aplleallou impuac ep$iunoe Ba?rtFu

li-trirdinea d6 Broeedcr poeibil-e.

l"O.l"l-, Q:llerii do sls&ers e metodei d.

tro**a

nr,!trfr"u;;;;i"6

ru

Sr@ei*

aau.x,.dj,rr

b&surer

st

16rrrl*

uEerasE*ortri dseide asupre cetogoriel, p6r6t@lo.s d n$s!:r&t

isbt6.

RogC.eul da ve*d"alie fn t{sp e &&rfail de &Bsuriet deterslaB

tc.eul stetie, dlnantc eeu BtBtlatic eI El&ieueEr{i. Aetf6l:.

- -q4ggqu41g_.s!gligs,

to6r6 urroa rogtmurL eta 6lod* iltsrEtnet, pat f{ reaca ep8rsts indicataetra &e$ fnrsslstreioer6 de praei*dc ri*
u fSrH a 1l ee Smprm* s.v{tsfifr sars d6 !Bgsur&r6:
corBcpunas

ea4 cvasiatailon*re el,e nurlmLLon

f9s

r - ggggf,A$le--g!-Lryisg, cf.etu.io r*uFE6 nssp !&.rlml e.ffiS

dicc ceu op*riodlee, varlabtrIe rapid tn tr,Ep, aoe*slts *ti;l;;l,l!i
!'!r uri*r sp.rstt cu llup alc dc r{opuna, cero dlepua eg eteoco.,,i
tc ds Enaortro sutr for&H eo6ttnug ;au Uiaeoott,-r*a'o louin*ii-"=l_
;
turate El do di*pozlttyo da rsdero a aceator talErd t-",l1r_*ni'fri
raprda eu btetr.s

li]lll3:..11::::: lyfl::'":,.u*
nicrosaleu}atoorlapec{allrat*}1:

roroe*riiii:,,i;
i .-til,,r

- ulaqIlrtlg_qtat-tpt:Lca, Inplic!,nd sErial verlabilc tn

tlap
sar"6ura eareerar"iuarna la asna p*oa*urri.i{i
':;.-.ri
:.":::::::-':::*:::
a Pro..ril,ot bbrlmit..
a&rdal oare sc darersin& pontru

.. ohg{Do
::,r""urur-<!r
6e
-".k-.:::l:
trrultf,t&}
unsl arsursr{, ea

dr rEsurea.r .- .vslueros *llract; a

Itg. 10.1. Iatotla
toiglLEail pr rosiatnle RZ eu voltmtrul E[r
r.
b-nUaurerca- lnrll$c?E -a-lnpodargc! I eg sra-.p6roctf,u1 Pl, rol,taitrot fe gn ,iaitactral ff"

dlotlng prooeaaa ;t;_;;;:.i

tl indiFocts di l[6uJor6 . Ietodcl. dlrecte r
r*cu"e,}ii
'_rll-i.,l*
o stn*uir,
slnauir, nHr.rar,
nHr.l.ae" r*",rrrt*ffi
**'*l ".r#
*oastruig& spasiel pentru 6ce6teg3. vortetrur pentfu
;;";;;"
e ra c ti i cs ; Bsrt*srr,ir.:. perlsr*
putJre, ;;;;;il;;;il*r;;i;_Til"l'li
da a&s*rsro a3. eparatulii
]]lti:
-?l-:ecut
tet, f,arg{
-Y.:"*:*
", fi' ;;;;;, ;;;;".-,
isr&t*at*r ed oeupo poel&ta ga a uJu"-;li,o;;;;_l;;;*i
ehier {.n $ltlhe trr.ho} a aealol. ep*uaut
*;; -;";";'ff;*;;;
de egaurat gu61,u16 46..;:l{
sg ,.,lrl
eu pq * t urbs rune g ronueo 6 erre tur*i
1e$l
.";-

:::::13
Eiatrltc

e*n

ri6La

ro.116,

H?r

"r

. ?, V

Bi a tanal{rail Ia

bonnr DLs

ti " q*Blr
S.areg{.atrtndr,l-go

sp .f(ui -

].1

rj,,.
1i

i.

t' r:,

reslstsn[sf

50 v,

6rqo6re relatlvEt de nEaursrsr

ua),/uzl .roo

. - ,w

E.prrai

*a oaleulul Beefuff,

flaice,

Br be*e aartal"ior

x.{m,Gryr

a?$fi;
{10,51
{tctaaEiEe sErlalh dircct a&enrat}ilbi,,
ddl'oateul ce eumdleradr !.tod61r lsdirsotr ctnt aall.pulla
iloett cale di.r60ta, (ier. util.i.rarcq Lor asta.lndiapaaa6*,
,,ero*{l,a erl e&riB

r.

.lrirr:nlto ad.tuafif, euB erF fL aEaurErlla Gfsct,usta Fria.

[!tle*no, pa aode].e cle obtcetcloa 6eu fsasceaslor rea}a,.
'Intrc dau$ eeu eet Eult Eot,oda de aEBuraF. slallars Eub

*.r.,ji

;;"] "' .ri

aonelbllltHt{.{, praetalotr, domonlulul 6{a; fracr*nia.

Sn tiap gt Ia inf).ar:n!a fsctarlnsr dc aedtu, a3agg>
f,Ecutg pe baze erltsrlilor dc oi.nplltat,e,flabi!{tete
tsto (nmEr do coDpolrsnta gi pre$ d6 eo8? tetal).

tElii

S:

lio, t0s.to?.t.t"o*9 -

"

tarytn tlr feraulE, Astfal, gehenl Ct-a f,lgurr f,O.}eb portornlaer.ce roristanral R I a r*aetanget I gt r Ispedran..
, ndourEnh cum&tul I, t.nriunaa U 6t prterci s*tieE p;

Lo.1 )

so raali.gaas& eu uil qoltaetrlr avta&

reatrsgenia 1n1arag E..e3oR

:::::.:::l_y, elre$t " upuru*orn{. * *-""i*1,";;;il;_f

i"E{&a+pv}l(A*aU+n*nu+*rql f *
"

ednatau

cu ajutorul nnor rel'a$li

lii

"u-;;;";;;;;;i-;";;-*-"

Uea&zBliHl+Rr)"IOs"lBO/(tOO+toO)

,:

' 10.1"4" Priqelpllla ds b,astr e:.c aotodlefor dtF6et6

de af,se-

fr*e"nt ut,ilirate 8a prac*tcc laduefiflal& dingre

dlrects d6 n6srlr@fr ef,nt eelo esfo perei,t elt{rca EaE*.Jr
f*;iE,ial v*rorit a&niati f,lz{.cs neeunoacuto, pe eadreau. ustrl
i st6:.onat eor.slruasEtof, ,,sa8t6 E,elggo gq_-EEgurarq pe,lq
peratt obliDr.s proaptE e rosuittE&u1er,, der
Froclzlc nel roifusfl; ll.mLtet& ds ororl1o .paratulul utllleat,
Cal nal

8;'1:
ijj.

14

4
a1

ji.
il
{
:i
.1

'.t

SFrc dcoaoblrG c ac6sr.t, gqtqaq." e"

pgrrhtg aoeoetrl

urlllgarol *ou

?qg

q$ery;f;il;;;

ti ects qstH {t6 etelohul I. f*loadt gl tte earet&l}ltctcr

rr.ll da atablllrs c eoadi$le!, (1O.8)r.galv*noectra !.r
ioi elaetronic. PBecodtlX dae*r{e et& .h bara fw*tisa$df

i*rur"frffi

F:,a:rr, ct"ra ee,lgr*rf dtt*rai.asrcr roeultatulul. eu preo{ef,l

rld*aat*, ehler dtsetr eal pu3in rapid" &.*aclp$el, ee.sEe d"f!

dtg ,a ba*era$ pi fclsslfo* usssa *le1ssno fBr.o f,l*Ei*"r*g**"o*,;
*g-el**e da eouprra6lc) g! r m+r ap.Fets de rseircto -;;;-;;-;;;*
*.S ogalStetee dletre Bffrieec dtc aEstxset g! rErleen
A* ,**p*rniliii
gtale q"qtef?*S!*efgr Iq ees epanatul do assursr a*,*;;;'.'
sr05as&rat dlfereager

4Xpg,*8c,"
fa s*rc E oGt. rEr*aGr dn rtrcwat, L*

t0.{i

X.r o agrr.E6 de aeeoaql

*IB,+aE

3,c.7i

ss d6t&r*{rrtr cu o prco{slc eon{igj.oiiet$i &n

Xai r
tate ou atlt rel bunB eu ett itlfer+:r!$ 6X Btc0lnai aLeg.
"u*l$-orgi,

cxanplu,dacE AI rata OrOl dlis i", airmet lnpmeiuir ner*i"ii

rqlorltr o f so F*fleetE alupr. pioeizlot dg dstsririuera *Xrfeil x 1 *ess rn proporlre ae rs" ieeai
"
*;"";;*;';";;";"astr proBriu prjmlt1oE 6i coaponeetoarelor. ctectriee ,*"fi"irrd
In re5lr deaochiltbret. lEtf6l, prmtr dln flg*ra fO.ala
uUeoarU
cap6eitat6a.Cr,pris Bdep&relio eB ogpseiietce e"r {natror*ot*f ,,
ds Egrur3st lnd{eladl dj.fsronte AS, ebr' AepiaOJde
dl.ferenlal

(er-co);

pehll{brat a pun$Il.o* qd ssepsesstsqrs}sr.de eursnt

ss&F

i!'gt .tt"rn*ttt. tn txsapl'ul dtrn flguro le"feh, d$fora&le 60

fllt"l au, epBf,utE pc dlasoaele ena[ pm$f eleilert eelad Si*

lo.21a, oetc anpllf,icat& g* det*ra{nB .pulirot 3n feeAie"

prte eeBtl,,.UAui eervouot6!. s{'Aeesia rs&l.Xsgas& eeuS.erea *fl,
euraoruXu$ r6si6tsn$6i fil gi oerS$.fleeree p*ti&{at sce?El
:etor al, instn'rnentului d* sEeurat, *oe6E$1fi1s$0eilqrelsr'{l aSde n&surat C* I

,Esturtr eu f , dar cueoseut& ou

ra:..cere St-pseci*lc ds s6smeia,
Xurlsoc d EEsurst:

i:,.; o*-tgB,gqEelitulLqil s&ra Go$et$ tP Sasloem{f,o* a$r*sll

,,dtluret X I existeatB fntr*o *n6isle&1s Ss e$*tffierar H e
0, etelorx X6 { eapaclt&tlla C" 6i. 0" sn *ehoaa ein f,x8:trra
valeare se modi'flefi ' ptns e*n eo *blluti
igir . . a esret
(
Ir*t*
} " fr saul""etul ssaur&r*S e#to represtlt*t
indiee${o
rea n&r[m$.{ d4 s*apFegle 3}6n*ru $sFE E*& 6bBga$g e.ge}*-

i.n{icaiiiloar eperstr*r:{ de sg6$ratr

5 *x*'

!',aal

r.o.9)

]"abcr$"see6, aetode preatniH B?er*tsjul woei tmalto pra*

i,(depe$denta nr:aet da pree*aie u &re

csto *eneseut6

a&e

dc cooperagie)n etiaolntnd infliren$a feetas3.lea psrtnf,ba(care eelfone*Ea idsatio 6si2Br& ep8get&lui de eS6$rE &t'gg

li.Siaa etepH,afnd ee aplleH nErlruea de n6sw*t, **t gi 9n

,urm&toere, eted 80 aplieg s$.rimqq ds eoepsragioln &eee*

deu psrmit,6 afiEuranoe eu aer6

RrLre,

preeial* s peraeBtrJ,isr

dg

uit
Ix

Fig. 10.?.

UetcGo de aEsurarE ptln eomparagtei a_metodq

talA u-uo t6ea- a;-;fiil ;:;; rod a s ubmr s*

_d.if,er* n!

tqrri1,

e$"q.9q9

ggjq$- {de caro, d6 somp6&e&*{e}r*ere

orel.erea &X di.a eqpecals .{}0.6), Bstfe:. t*itt

ret

p{}eqe

fi &etqffilsat& sai

E \s.Ne .

preeupune
aAr*.aee d &i{d$*

t10.ts)

Is"P"

M"EsueqEs4

gsssNrsrBiqrl, tuusronx

dtn*rlr
Int+naitetea er:r*nt'uhii electrie fntr-s
DE

fI

P"eeaffitnrfie'e

lstu.*& &a eire*St,

iii*i,i*nse xe bor:rele acestg{e eetr ve1'orll* parara{trg}&8" RrfirI}rS
zlnt$ *ategoril]"E eelc mel impe:'tante 8e a6r{al c}eqtei'ce
i5rbr determi.nara *atc aseesst& fa preetica iEldustrleld;:86

ita, pentru fisesrs e*eu desvoltet apereta gl ae**{o

apeclfice

de',E&*tvr

"

oteetgis
10"2,L, u4eSqqfea 44tBq*1t6!tf ou
,ii, *su*;;;;;l;eG;Auf , intea.eitatae sutltales' al&si'
ei r*eterflln4 tEgual eu eelreTPqtss ,aaesbtoglqgtrigg {e.cr};
t[y sX*etr-oqgga9.ti6. (o.a.]" Apermtelt tsfet essatsaitr

eu*iflJi:ffioGrts-!*

ooporro"

ro.*

r*( ro -6. .; lo3'16,

ffii.
i$:l
154

ilifi

,*1

!'.,1

li1[
lY,l

!i'li
|jli

i,ri
!$.il

iii'rt

pet fl ce!*ctrtt ln lorlo q$ cb*uitul atrUbEtut 6o c

lrracar{ I f,f, rxesrot {fla.}0,gle} fUrS r rodlflcr senrlbll
rlr eolatuicr {l.oaraoa. nalatanga latarloar! F4 r aaporqsljpl

cata ot6ltJabll,I fu laport eu rarlstsnle R I eonauga1oralulltl

rmetr*, tn asri6 eu e reslatan$& d* taloarl f,s&rle rdre:

volt o1 s+alai }a aparatglc eu pre+ii
{1.-"SO}kAflf le selc.fra lcbora*
tablouf
rnegFgc'l"iv
, 0o
,if.oltuctrelc eo ieagE *n FsrEl*l eu eir*uittrl a eHrul ?anelso
iil"''.Uo*t. urneazH sd ee ndsoar* .{f*gura 1O*6ra)r D*o*re*aif,,e*'
auLt usl Bafie il6ett'i
enfi interloeru \ *eto, tn ganarale-o*te

i:[',

jitjfoOt'} pntru f1car6

i{j
Hi
ii il

tli
,in

i.il

rii
l;li

tli
tili
Irii
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lr:ll

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:,li
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irt
;,,J!

li
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tjjr

{it
jili

lt

tiil

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:iii

iii

lli

ll
ili

lri
:li
rli

ill
li

.l
rii

iii
ti,
ril

Jabil !

:t

5:tindoros doqe-niulul g-e nuqgrsrc. at

"uiut gehanoro8tru aan
lctru da c.e. 6au c,al. Br r:aallaoasl
au ejutoruL gunturtlor
( f i6ura lo.3
rb) . aoBtc. etnt nazlgtoero (oonfccgirrriilJG*ii#
nin6 Bub foi.o& d. boblae, balu rotundE aau uaaai)ao"r"o, to i*ti
niorul cercaaal aperatulul, p.ntru eureatl c ordlnut
u]
aopari, ras ln artonlorutr sce$tuiaf La tntaneltdgl nai"""iio"
uart., i-il
,,,i
sErla.r ra*letonfol guntulrd R6 6. Cletatalat dln-eondlllal
, 1:'l
foHt o leRel * (f - I*)Ra r
(:"0.10),1

RAl{EI-I),'

10.l.l),

K1*I/I*I 4a - duront*} eoelaat al iastrrucntutrtri. yalorilc care

rssultA pntfu 88, Etrii ea etXt nei. niel eu eit fectorul K, esto ,i
y1_"T8. De exchprut paatru Rt"Ioofa, rosl ar{, r*5a rczuitdEt=5.ro} si Rriao Bf;;.puserc cieipatg r. e*i
l'
o o l.:
"-i* ,'=1"13=
= B*r< = os| s'.,
,

44811

i::ii
.
I$aurarcr oumnflLor dr lntcnslt.tc fosrt ric& (lo-1?. f
noelsltl utllitame lraor &pareto ii, eaar aasaibLlitatr: Setrrd
rctra da ciircat cootlnqu, 6u ae iadieator cau lpot luataog.,.,,,,,.i

RE,o

iii

trului

Aet6f do'eurent.

de uadol

iiii

lil

f;Cranatorurr*", eoae*nul vslt*o

Pfg"l0.?. Icto8r.dr edsurari . l&tencttU3ll eurantului ,..i,r.ri

elee?rtal a-dlreat;b-cs etrn*te:trtn trarefdi_
-- --:

Le mtEurera Lh.tensi?grlt eurantutrui 6l.tqrnetlt, de raloabri

e6rB, apsrstu: {de. tl.p Elsetrom6gx!6t*6. a6u 6loctrpodinanlc} er
coEoetesBE ta cireuit prtntr-uE tran8
(figura 1o.3ra). REportul.a" to"@
stf*L a1ss faaft ta reermdaru]' k-li vslosrca efeetle& naxiuE a,
cnrsntulrri e6 fic ii (tn lxrelo eaaurl 1A).

10,4" Estod de xnseurare' a tensiBnll eloellieo;a"d*sfi

tenEiun.

r:Pgntru ax-lindei'eq donenlutul -da que}lrero a tttreiunilar:Gdl*

ldo foloBesa re6i6ten!. adi-lionalo. Iogate la Eeri"6 res,'{.flst*&"iii',,(flg,rra 1o.4rb), s *Erer .rralQaro n6 ,:sarrltg dllrr eondi'!l*:
( rs.3^c )
UJW * unlau*tu; uo)/E t ry r
ga
Btal'si
i.fi,,iaa tengiunea nomlnelE s ?olteatrulul.
*
{ r0"x3}
1),
Re = ft?.(iqu
'IT'F:['
mAt
Er;Ul{I-. }a exemplu, utiltraaaea unul dlepozltiv eu
{
foplrrela*
{!*2O
teaslual"
,o-Q ,U;=rgg aY le nusuf,aroa unei
ure,. rasi"steas6 6di$ioB6*3 Bu' 20 k'l.
ia cezul B6sul:Srli teasluniler slterffstiva &oasd aeu tfi*'
delvnlorir*dieate, trs reeurge la !{g&g@
& 1o..1tc). ArsBtes reduc tansiunee lnaltE ls estrorga'sts$u_=loo v, car6 6e nxsosfE eu ajutorul Voltmotretror:eblgnuite"
.flo.U$atqg-l* erebffonic@ ao earaeteniaaar6 ortn don'a3if ]e
oxtinae (tensiu$i" dE Ia 0s1 p{ la 30 tsv) qi re*lstnta
rne foartg rarl {p1n6 },a }00 sJ2}. sctrena dlc pnlnclpfu..a iiaql
tdetru alB curent continuu (figws 10"9r8) eoast! dinttrer:a?aa
(dlvlsor ds tenslil4o)1 ua aapllf,ieetpl de c'e; 6i:e[:ta;
,

ffi'r:
i:l'i li
Itj,i
t.
il,tt

,'ii',
!r

10s

litil

laatrrasrtr BsCi&atolgotrls ( ei.ereegperaetru) aontat

.Le isgir*a
arplif,lcetor{*uJ. e}to fsrrsgrrur}il , *dee"stq a&aur$q.erj.laf,
fn
6daa ai*ro-gl aillrel|$.loFr r*eur6 3e tranafsrwsrsa
t6nai*ril.t
ontinur' 3n tcneiuns eltern6ri?U (eodutare) _rriirr____"il'"
o
etlrisnt eIt.rsetiv gl 6pert redras*rBregr.fues
jssiltinu{ fi:ind ag.i
claret{ tst

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ilii,l

e:tr',

i'!t:
t. I

':, t
:ii 'Al
,:1,r 1

.,

:-l

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Gu un iugtrr:meat. aegnetoeloetrie.

lrll

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'ti:,1

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ii
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Fj-. 1,0.5+ V6lt*6tr alee-tr.onieo. ( scheao

&-pntF$

;;;ffi;

"f *NIl,f "Ijlf li u"*"r"n t eireiuai

*i[iEutraree o].eetrr:*ic& e (enei!rnl,]*r
sltrnatlrs se realfzaezE, ir. narea a+jcr.i.tata e
aplic"tiiior, uttlisfmil vsltbst,r
de eurrxt csR?-Inut: echLDate
",",.^,,-;-.^--:
rtqe{r-sqn-rinu.u u
tesr de eu::*rit 6lt6rnatir 6tnt e"*ilfo*l*o*xfme
eelcr' eeCli' qi. de p*lor:{ 6fetr"e. ye}tm6tre}e (*e ntrfl, au-ee v*lori Le*tg
lo.Irh)
J

rii

i*

tot

Ii"i

u*,.}lll*i,ff-ffiffiH/__*

e*ntta *tnplifi+etoe"" g*-i*ri*rrc alternetis&

j"t1*:
fsarte lessH (1-o.".105)Hu si efsris foarte eu
eraI::u-^::^]:-*sr
vaJ.& uo&szttt.tr"t slnLB a:, epBrBtel"sr

dtn ecaaet& eetegorie est6 1 s.f .

do obgi*er.e * rearaf ;atriru*,
acdrll eu?.oBeq de +Ilesar6 gi pre6ramabili1etaa
*[mt, e*llt&!S, el"o
r!.3,tqetr81-gr qtieer,troe.ee:re }e-eu.
lupua eu pree&daI.e fn ei*temela
e$toasta de u6eurarar. e6ntsol6te
eu a.iotor":.t*hnieli de eal*qa:!."
Sparat,u:, 6tn flgur.e 10.6 6Bt
reslluat *a: doqr$ aierop*oe*eosre
t $,16"4.4)" 3logerea eutoe&A$ eo***t,rf,rt
a
de rnffsirrar* gC" ofec_
tu&rs c6F&c{f.liar elnt,replisetei
ds ts{*r"aprlleaesr**1,*;;r;;-"
{eelev}, e6rs s& asbetitniie geceratcnu}_ui
i* t**t., ElrteErgtor,t:3&i
i resletruXui. de neae*{a dln figure g.};.-de al doj"l"aa al*ropr.oceaer {*naster*ei,HFtn)
_CeL
s.B{duftl
-j
Gsn*etsr&a
apretu1ug 1s te$tature dei cem*nil6,
preLa selesree
e!1ur1f.6,e Le nicEopro&o&6nu:. ,slevc4refatl}e&s&
6 sss"g6 de
cslculo { qetes.l abdilo erori,ere.
}, ;d;;;;;;;;;_;;il"*"*
dlsplay, 16 tlpErEta pl o inprio*at&,
ie tiaasfcrE fntr-o
Preeiala ridi**ttrr.tiepuX

..,

i"

r.;'

ftg.

10,6" foltuotrs noaeria eE dloug rtoroproosaosrc.

10.

r.

2.

Nl5uJ:srea"-reBi

btntrl

c.lgg

tjFic.

$sterninarta dirac*6 a rezistenlel electricc se fece

cu

djltorlll oheqe:Eelgr, aparste c&re * ta principiu- s6 eempns

tiintn-o eureH.de toneirrra continuA (bpteril useeta do tr5 pSnB'
19 30 V) gi dintr-uu dispoai?iv aagnetoel.cctric. CeL esi frec"e&tr
ulli- sau uicroenparmetr.ul Eagnetoclectric 6atG corlBetet fn gorie
l,CE routrstgrxla Becurtoacutd..(figtr*a 10.?1a)" Curantul I prin lnetru*
::,scht:'Ia 60r$ct&ree rsziBioil!i Racunoaeuta R- la boraela &E!asst!:x
t11ii,i, , cste

f*E/(nA+RF+R=)"0rd,

!.silxne

lijl-;eo.ei

dov*stle a, aro veloatreei

d,*

t:..$lde

(ro;rp)

T./OT

E/IOI{fla+RF+&)i "K/(Kp+R!),

10"e*)

K1rK2 ef,nt tarpeni constangt.

$eale eperatulrat, errfrad divislunes 0 qs gxtrsaite?ee

{fi8rffs 10"7?b}, 6sts aeuyrifor'e$ tiltpc,rbotrie&}, era S*la.
i.i;tit*tu &ai ua,e^s e gradxli{.}on eprs velo&r"ea &* * . OherEetrqrl
5
ere eless r3* pra*lzie mieS {?r5*g} gi se *til!.aeaa$ p@Ergra
i1lorie
',aEe$rarea rssistentXsa
(10?-Io4)
de otrfrlnlr;.
5'i, ScEd*roe .tensl."l,.
taii eu::sai de.*liment*ro S 1e ohaeeirels eu bat*c"il usc&t6'aa
ir:..:dEaapta

prtn reglejul" da Ee::o etr i&Stj'!re6&tu141 d$ elutoral

r.sist6n!6{ R { tntrerup$topi:I K Prle}ri"e} "

;rcoppeaseaeB

ffiI
;il:r
fi.i;-1;

ii:j,iiI.

frrll
::[],

?l:!
it l:
1\ Li

ii ;l

;c{

'

re".Err prcblear ou eai apsrc r" i"r,rr glEg;"Gb*il;;;;;:

tr.r1r, dcr ia o",. ai npu" rrilur-ffri
:11
i*ti fnleruit
":i::::: cx1iwr1c q*ltlctru aloetrsr3ls{fi6,}C"F,e}. r""r*ioio

iilr

f,ll
;i. t,i

:i

nuqerlc So6te f{ etaloa*trdaelrdlract t;.;;m

istenlE. La o peloore ds'"E p,ntn, tensrunea gareaJ, rir roferla.:,J&af r ,tn funcllo da ,stars. cortt&ct*1or gL gi fiAr.$r"frRl
,
ftlonrloau \,ur=lot).81r doci se reallaoagx traf airienfi o* otrrr.esneratiEAta priJr euti9abs rlrgulai B6 FeBsul it, eftgep e

tretrul

t,r

lli Ul

Xasurarta rezistontal,or se af,sctugaaa in.nuearoacc ceeurl,

ia aetodo do coapara!ior deaeriso principial in peragr6f43
.1.2r 1au prin netode iadirecra. oinrra ***rtur, *ioi"-"it*pui si gmlrannetlulujl este cu prcHa!re f,closlt6 tre d*tcrmfne;
q:io.aI,act6"ristiel],orfe4i8tent6]'oras}tnlare',:.,
ir'r'; Dgp& aodul de legert tn ei.rcuit e
gt" aupexae*.
.::,r.j,

ir''1;

ii:i,

iii
iilj

i'ii
ii trl

Fig. LO,?" rhnnetrul

i.ii,
ir,ii

!i;

i itri

ilr

iill
.i'l
tt,

i:'li
rrtii

,irieului _;.HLll-,ffilu.urlo'

,ili1

iillr'
ii

BEFIa:: t.cchoile dc pninelpiu;b-aeele

na ar e{ea

fu

[i- ai ;I"il;il-q--, ii iiEii,ru

le rero s
::"fIf.ffii:i.i?*rGriarnga do adueors
rniornfr i-ii"io-

qradret&

l'll.i.

S.:!Y4tgi-ESggEi_q_"( ri g. 10. B, b

);,

avtnd pm c i cia do aE.gurare

{o}0}","efg}s? pntru rozietcnfc rut*".

un vorraarru au*erto

cehrp*r iu

r:n

is:-li

a*

aaptiflinr";

,sa;-*iil*ouru

;#ri"il-ilffi*,

cu o *qre6 ds tonsluns de rafori.ng!

gi reafet,enSo 66
r-vyi4'Bt
-- presiEie.
FeetEB o g*nere iln e$uqs&t, de veloarc
congtsntg.

"olq&strf,"ulu*
1U1, G:(XstU dOuU montsj (f,i5ur.a XO.9)r
r-monteliuL apoltt 66 fslosSta !.a mdsursrEa rasistanteXor
fegE <le reuleten}B smprflat!.ulul ll^. DaeH gx > XOIBA; aturrel

n8 * q/IA,
fi,.o,eroare oub or1$o tn gen*rel,

*.

,r - lgggljj3l_jjgl

(o"/In) -

&a t
ee utitiaeaag

er,rulilll'liiilGIila volttsst'ului.

iir;'

lae,,Fgaia aprorina

ii
iii

R8

iii
l'i

ts-*--ry:_,

LL#"251

rrtn

\/ru

' L/[(It,/uy] -

(10,?4)

la

agsurarbo rezietantelor

DacE

cu o'orosr
{t.r's?}1

"

fir.

iut

Io-5 e, ;;;;i6,1e, iu"a**

"g,

10,?5)

il
iil

lr

Rsststcnia 6e egsulpat

oe eonoetase

tr} cireuj.tr*l!. de reaclie

{
a] aar].ff*eatorului, opeiattonsl,,
*"ii"n-*"*i*
vc.Ltes tr,rL numerie
r,f,eoerE
tonsi,upeo;

su

" %rn $ &(un6f,/&r6r,),

&

= no*tu*ru"er).

de $&do reault$!

1$"el}

{,1A,22}

Fig" :.O"9" ts&eursreE razictenlolor pr{n nBtoda roLtanrerEctrieE: a-montsj atsonta; b-unontaj eral.
OFJlunEa pentru un aontej seq a}tu& poets ft fEautErtn pr*ctie5r
lir ln teaa arsItu&rii *xnreeiaiffi. DTL-& *#Cv er,, q-re,eo
p.lg1u*a montajul eval, ler lantru--\,
fffi$lir" qfr'cse *a #"raantejul emorrt.

ri
i9r
1'4"nr+$*'z;r"^
.I l,p!r{ta d. coaBtfuell. aptcloll. (lap*danlaotre-flg,lo.lO,g
- faredaotrc ,. hdarroi}tr. ) .. aai6ur! avbluaar di"!"ectI c -:"
(2, ? )rclt. Sprc rrooplu,
!!rg@lfgl*&_!lp jogatrct_ru olscrro!qg4.!i$ {fi&rsr to"Iorb} id""j*ri.iii
"-*;ff*""A;i"r"*
c rchipejului lobll proporgionelB
cu raportul ptrtPatolor culGnlilor It gl Ig, care pmcurg colo itoul bobin!, tnserletc raapoctly aB o capocltott otrS.oa 0" {l,au aapacltatte DecuRoceut8 ffi! : l
e" vJi/tl, x$r/znt ? ' rtci),
. 'arn,*l '.i,
lpsraiul ar.r gcsll grsdatl t6 u8ttfltt cte 6aps1p{1gga {faragi}.
.

; k"I;i.

Puntra

paraltr d.tcilinur.. !

i'.,Ecriu*Gtq-{Fa,xk) rau (Egr f g), rentin rcrsat.,cetalaltr:

.iEriai carc latersia tn eeua$Il1c (10.t8). r*u. (1O.?9) tr.giitig, fte eusroscutc, dou6 asu nat aulte ilint'' eI. fliBit rc8laSrrultd astfe:, o fpeqtr rer. ilivcrait6tr dla tipurl d* ppa!{

al c.a:i tns.E rultr Eu pot,fl cahillbr8tr 61te1c pnnit

i atlngerea cchillbrulut aau etnt rnccsnvenabila ca resll.za.
tatc, .accealtfnd-dr exioplu-lnductl"it8il d* practala ls loa

CalpCgi.tett. Egulne,drapt uraaro,un au:nHtr

rclatly uic

(6-S)

l. al. punti ou splicabltrttetg praetie!.

lii:j;16 lnterco dsoorbit Sl,prsztntH pulttlb qlijgsssls tRi!,S1.
l,lJ-u!.oruf lrnoF Cotrutatoara Proverqta. 1$ scfroDa constTuc t j.r6. gi
06, F6Boul fro.ntalr pol fi realiasts trel f,unelii dc eEFu.6.iotinote, elonentale varlabile folo6it 1R &od eurclit fiifid
.

eiente Si cepeeitgti tn decadlo (4 plnH Ia 6 ilecade). M6au.r6reEl8tenlclor a6 xscutu fn curent esErtinuur cu Eontsj de
S}6at6toao (figura 10.11rb)., la cere se veriasE rczisJtan$&
reportul R</R4s cu esrg so schiEbu EaBB da mEeunere, cuprinsH
O,1 gl loo-oh;I. Conditia da cehiLibru beter
( 10.,0)
& = RrnS/!4 ,

!ig, lO.J.O, Nlsurar.! pria tvaluare directE a fqbcdanteLl.oy- ::i..

Persdlstrelc, ca gl h.af,yt.tr.1e, pot f,l rsellzate gl cu

logone_

i lEpodau&Elo pot
Z
fi, nuauretc cu lgtoilc i.ndireete, cr ice
prezontatl ln f1gurB lo.t,b,sau -uei precis r- au
sdutor;t p*itfo;
d cur.nt altornDtiv (flgura lO.llra). ConAitle ao ecfriffUiu j

I'.ig. 1o.13.. glsuserca fopedanlelor prin natode de punts:

s-achena de prlnciplu I purtii ds curent a1test,': '
natiy; b'erd-eEaurares R*r(L*rR-) Si re.epectiv
(CE'nx) cu puntse univer$a1E^(Rlt'CJ.

Z1?.7

"

&29a

Io.2?)

lecsetE roltlo ee poat. traneerio ia aErLulrrealerfie ce:

\R -xf!:RaRl-xzxl;
fle

cs:

a1x3+Rlxf=eaxn+H4x2

10,e8)

:,..
(

10.29 )

bob{nelor {lnduetlvltHll euprinsa llrtr'6 IO p$,

.E) ga reallaesH cu pqlteq xaawelf-wial; ob&inut6 prin

XEotxl&ra

rmeL capacit8gi ctalon varlabile Cn fn Parslol eu RU.

'Lo-l3rc), fiehlllbrul aceatei punli ae. ab'Iice clndr

t,r*AIR,C*; d-arnr/R4

tlo.5l)

tr$
E;'l
l-4lrr

*;1i;r
i,1

i,

$tr
JJi:

ffiil
iii'ri.i
ill,
i i"
il:tl

Frln omctama grupulutr C lte !trtlrtura ,r.

; SourJ-Hlrg{f
pu*t.
". oblio.ll
,(flgure lO.ttrd}, rl cBml doaoalu-dr
rr *rtc eupriac lntr. l,O PF fli X000 FF.,f,a ecbllibru, stntri.,,,

pllsirc condltrlllo:

CtrC.RalRl; \.naRt/Fa; tg f, .I,/(a;Cou ).

fitr
iirl

tlo.121 '

ri

i,,,';, t,:

i1I

lili

fs*"Brlrr*(R
.il'.1Ral.Ix*&)rr*%{r*"rr-rl)

iiiii
'\tti

ii.
lilri
l

,iii,i

i::
ri:j

UmaT Urrrer?

Urroor

ri;t tnetrueentiul elaetronagnatlc do bez6 gc carsctori:oozE pria

.Ili le;,EAoloOR , iar'ilouonliLo de af,sEraro Elrt Innr1"orl xr
IA',, IEarS =5 lr Urura*150 rr"ueasxa")oo v, unsxrr6o0 v,
i{ts{ncf: Bl=Orlr? r EA'OTOBQ } $=OrOaQ; RO"19O tfl r pr*ll0 k6t

lii
ii,ri

liii
rlil,

.*)00 kQ.

ii,t
uii
'i,ti

ii'i
:1,

li
I

ili'.
:i,i

,ll
,lll
llrl

.li

t,

rczlataalala adtglonalt n4,$,rF6 Ec d6t6talat i!fu pls${ll.c:

. . {10.56}
i' , *a * (urarl/Ia)- -, 8t,1, ,: ,,
: ' {1.0.r?}
R, " {Uis/r{} - B.-Rl ;
( 10"18)
% *l<unuYr^) - %-Rr-Er '

Ii:,i

Irot-I^l:y r
4%){rrax*'rr},1 r l

Rnla"t nt+8r+Rr)(

:ij,.

:ii:lj

ifl

pt porlllo 6s tonbime El,teffiet.*al tcxln6. i

Sabcnlilc ilo e#dtraFs rulttrplc il'.ae?rtor ap,rat6 .a tp6r.
e* a,Jutorul gqatu tlor wrirarsalo 6l r lantirrS.lor alt' rsadllioaatra. Ecustlt:.i de ealcul a guatului mlverral
i82,4, atn fl8ure, Lo.'l?rb alntr
rduco

Fls

"

*-u*urlrul"IiIIilJ]

tnul, enal0gle : |
tionere a e a-amfi iai t.i-i"*io"t turine rasl :
e-funerioneraa ea isitueiru-ci-ri"f'as
i.iii;;;;_
ga adilionare.

10. 12. - Hut t 1ee

b-f

une

DacE xu a cunoeste ordinui itc

Ddriea al currntului BEu
tenaiuni.t dB eHguf,at, aa plc*eH.dto Le Liutta paxi.nE
;i-;; ;;"
eseutet6.i'u1 suc*sgly ps LiBr.to msl alolr.plag
e*ad aeulraa p1*sssae tlr.ulticolo p/! din aealE. tr.
i*foi" reapoctstH pola-

".oiia
r,.tstea. pat*u Brevoniree poricolulul
distrr.rger,;-;
trulut, Ia eftrsttu] fl.oc,rer a[asatort *."ut"tioor ;;;;:*
;-;;;;

:.,
UU&{E t8el6 nuaeEiqg stnt tot Eel frtc"rBt ut,ilipat6, dato*
tltH prccipiilor euperloare de adsurara a toneiuRllor eontinuo
i,lloirr.), gr alteraatlvo {or5s}f a euron3i}or continu! (o,5$) gi alrnatirt (OrrS), .precrm g[ a rerlatea]61or' (or2S...:.$), *psratt]6
g,onbt"u dlntr-un-reltnatra numerie oc razolulic neilla gt.o eeria
accaeorl,i {f{eura 1o.1r)i guntur!., atauuetoarer eon"Grtoare
]l,ig-;d/c.c, rezleten}q,/tonsiruleretc., Ia cars ao atloug5{}a Gelr}paile*teta aoderne) eistesd autoBatB de alegerre e itouaniului d* a$cnr*ro,
.i,:,i, .'Testa :aultiDetretre eoa"eatioilalo aEeoerE eBloerea aedle 91
i!,eu vuloere6 efectirl prln au1t,iplf,carc'cu faetorul ds foru5 aX

.lalnueofdel,k-.1.11.
AcoaBtU BtodH ln{,trcdluce
tt

crori

coae*darshi}6

(flgura Lo.14)"
*lci ilorlv6 unu} dln ai*utaJolo 86an!ls1e atre ut{liadrti Eultt*
ii$ttqfur xruasrles, BchipBte eu eircuitc lrtdgr"ato EFseisltesttt
iitqra reelizaeaH conre!'sia e.a/c.e, pnia velooreh afoa*ltd a eHriaii
sa sEaoar6 asrimi aeainuaoidetro

nlsurat

"

,10

10,5, trisunnnBa $iItEFrr;

BrrEfiGrBx

$r pAcronur,ul DE:p{rr8B

L!99!{*-

5t -cchctor linriie

e.----I-s

,81

5? -s;lrt6r

'!

limitc

ri.rrent
te

53.rcls<tor gL.A,V

fsa

$4 55

nsiunr

$6-comutotcorc domcnii

Bat,ionalizaroe congunurilor rnargctlc. la toato cttcgodi.b

""liri lnduetrlalc cau lnatelalil tohaotoglcc facc loc*i.rl o
;t-:ilguroseU urn{rirc:i functionEril rcaotirra, ccoa cr lrpllcl utl;
ifili, i11r6rre unor apenatt Eau Etod. dr ossuiora sprelficc,

:t'.

i,:,j,,

a.

10.

r.t.

l6Ieilrerca

psteiil !q ciret-itc

deflnille, dE prOdusut dintfc

tat esu abBorbit: .. .
:

dc..ggrg|_SgSlirrgg

tsneiunoa tra bodnt El cux"ontul itrbi:-

,r.,

"

rOsUOI0,PRTUAIfi
F{9" l0"X5pBult[etr"u] auaerle

(icahos& de

principiu].i

:.

U6surarsa puterii poatt fi raalizatd diract, cu &jutoful rattro-tru1ul aau inQireetr cu rtl 6mparn6tru Bl un voltEotru.
Ueto'ds adpsrqetrutui S! v,oltastrqtul, prsfo$tu lrt pr8atieE,
iL,lrec
dupE eehena eaonte (f,lgura 10" 9, *), dacil .r6rlsten&g

"rauo*n

FOR!,rA &A U!&a

L!rI1.stnt :indfca${llc ce:or dou{ ap6ra1. d, EEauratr put.ri}o

prin urradto6r1i rr,16!lt
rEpectiv
sc
t,,,lr*iY*:1u,R-rscbptbrr labitato - expriuE
;:r'r':.( lndicll
0-Ben6rstor) i
i.l,DacI

EFECTIVA

,={rs{

5V

5V

VALOAP

ifrt,l1t4nea

/1y

5,55,r

YAI,OAREA

crllTA

qv

4,75

5V
3,? V

*p |[!ct
Fig. l0,14.eonpera!1a prtrlait preci*i-a da e*tlra e
raloril fcctlva le eBErste]G de eE$urat
.'
aniXo6ico.rec corlserafi e.ay'c.o,pria yaloaria nodLo, gl la instruncntole Bu-eerice, ou
colvereil e.e/c.c. pria valoeraa tfsctlyE.

-nonta-1 anonte:

, .. rn : uGIG=uV(IA+Iy)=ur:^*td7ry1,

ro.40}

10.11)

- aoated ava*
PR

unxx =

PO

IIUI*'(Uy+nAIA)If"qrfa+Ralf

k(rr-rv).ukrr-f

dZnof ;
t:

{}0.ar}

i;,0onsiruu:ri1e aparatelor dc nEsnratr

r.*nrfiFs"{/fif

10"d4

stnt nlei, tle ordiau]..e (0r5...1)Y, ega tnctt sG pot [.glije,

aI lndicaliilor celor dou! apar.tc.

. put6rr calcul"fndu-ea c6 produs

f rffI:coaf
il1i-+a"t""'!.ocgle&! Q ! or eitlf
;,iutlror rtlrIl

'

rn oludr feprutr*r ca inetcagtffi

^ro!!lg-!Isi.lrqqs94,i4s&!s,
aah tn
Guront c*ntrnuu 6tnt oretetc d* cr,p*r aagn*trc t*iorri,,r

rrr o 1ar6C utll.lcar*, dstoFit[ sitplltglll

conatFuctlec,
Iil gt pract*loi ralstlv ridiesti, gabina firsr'reeliaat&

i.,,Iutorol .p.r"isat6! S r lr['

{re.{?},'

{}e.@}

r'

i].irilEatuctralo eloelrodinqutee pot ft utlllzato, eaufora

rlor dln flgum 10"19 gl pcntrn detomrlnsre. puttrll aatlye
to fuonofaaat* d6 e.s.!e a6sura$t6.ffisr e$regti, a.ar{
i:; gi. toneiuai rldtceta (UF6r0 ?), Eet!&otrcla 66 o6se,'.ia' cireutt prtn .iatarrcdiu:. transform*io&rdler da errreat,

eg,prrji.,!

(fl6urr Is.lSre). Eobtna cobi.l&, exaeutel& eu ulr lru.ua o*"

ffin:-;-:i,::i:'Jil:1.;.illl'::::::^:'-:*:":1-*"-'i*ioi
uiliil
E{rre, sc raaef,r*as *o o io"ii
::-:,:::::il'"*l.o
:::::.11:!.!
trpnaunl
fI rdtltooaLl fi"

llr

t1e.t6),

tr

cu ecesetar 5r.eoaaetoesU fa te.r-l

tanEiunc.

llBlu{gegq-Egt?f&i rpeetlre- 66 post6 reallao

dirtet

(f{6r:ro }0,}.63a}i

eu

ajw

Oafazartee eu-

3" i;t; tenolunirl s eo urnore s esrmetu,it

tn eI*cu{?un ds ter}eluna, detesalnE o deviagie

iWi;.tr,'t
g
itAtil

*ndioetor pt,oportionel$ eu putelo& rosetiyg t

t*rrizrortlilgpl'rroe*uoe(

+ Sg

).-ra*ru*inf

*..He, {},0,*9}

Ft5. 10.15. [stttatrul,cl6etrodingeie

t:*;i"Hit::i:t

:l E-6flpsnlarea bobiecnorardi ffi;;I;5;i-dffii;;

furentul 11 eo Fareurgo bobina do t.oaal,.tnls oetc direct

.l
Un ler eurontril
I,
rlln boblna d! curcnt
-----*
-.t
^^-.'- eu roc.prsrilr asto'r1?rr sstf.r
tn
"- sc'lo
ii
snirt aeur
dsvlesl clr un6hlur.r
,: ,. .,,,,;1
""ia""nr"rJI
d.tsljl o HP"
{1o'a51
.
rettBtrul a6aoap& pe xtrng& putGr$a p abaorb{t5 da reeaptor
si
proi:eriional cu tenelunoa

il

?;;J:Tffi ,l"ii' *Hl}#fffiti" Iyi;iTi',

su
- tn rontal "r"r {rfu;;lilttE;T- ";:IJ:;T_,-.T""-

Ru',/(aHs+Be)

ett6

i!n&

dla lrornelc tnfEgutrgrilor ii ou.rent g{

tena5.unc

stnt, aqrggto(au o stol.utEf cu un rstarieo ssu

eu o iue"rtgigi,""
lcegI Ia acolcgtr colrduetor aI etreuitLrlui, pe.ntru
Eott*atrului s* fia Sa sonaul aomal eI *ealei. CeL*La1t,e
", i"ai*rir"-eopete
aIe babine],or do curent gi tensiuno alnt earcatB, A" ,Ui*"tr-**.
*c

r.

a, I"segIeIEe
_

_pslgr:llln .s]Jssll9_-qe_! lrger

u"r, nj,i"'i];:J1:'"tr"'or

ru

Eo*ofa"ait@i-

I 1 re rna r 3 -

ia.l0.l6.U6Bursrea puterit fn elrcuite a6 eurent altsrnaf,iv:.

a*vatmetrul alaetrodinenic; b-satodc celor' troi

ltattEetrt e-etetods eal"or don$ wEttI6Bt!'6,

..
aetivE tot61A. Sntr-ua eireui& trif,saat (echlLLbret
1_1.,'.,,fute.rea
,ielgerrirtu"at)reoneetat ln sa,sa eau tn tr{uaghl, eeti dat$
..

,,'

( ro,59;
r.
pool.bllllates eAsrlrsrii puterii eciite ca

P=IhfXlf eoa 9 r+tir*IOe oa * 2+V59f

(ls.90) isldle&

Stco

tm6trs, cltg uhul pe ftecar* fezH (flgu*a 10.t6rblt

F*PI+PI:+PIII.

LO.51}

oeLor tp6t wattmotrB po6te fi uril.izat& g{ arse& .c{,x'clrfltQ}

pstrqr conduetoqr. In aeeet eEs es roa}tzeag$ ud aul, eftipr{n Le6aroe iaprounb a iegirilor eireuitalsr de t$laiuee

eie

rre'"tEir

trAAoFr $r$t$ssa g$t6l& Sele$A*edlBPsu t*{

gg.?"qdp q

sE} r-+}.e}{a

lqr-gogq _g!!qEE rq"p- t f tguru t0; X 6, s 3 r

a gr1 g

euirt3.ts

$r*re1 elr*Ialtelsr eq" tesi, *oa6u*t$er& {ste tr&:-s 4syH$uec.6a" lrut.trl3

s6ta ?a"i,t!ngh*I, rep.r*alntll @ aelgjiie sai. eeononle& U* *U**"*r.*-*--

putrlt latr-rsn 8ltrt58, tr!f8rst. putersa tetelH din ria"cuii,*]

s}Etr*.e trsfe**t aa{o egarE 8u s'uas plrtsad"r'r sr*dieatel,de s,,}J$
doB& rss?,tEetf,6:

P ' FX *.FxI
i 10,:tfi )
"
tn praetlas sa etlB{Eeee& fa.eever:t Betteatre dutuLc {e t,.{g:

aleetradi.ese{c, $utr*o ecnstruetl unies.i}a efngur Ratt{tstf,lr.

a*r$ofaaat * psiet{t f,6}e}6i. nrma* fr,m ceaul roeo,pt0a:.*lor e*h&Llbr*t,eu
el*a**{,aee eql at{itetse d* **ae{u** stsstr,te$.
1S.5.3- ....'..@;@
EHsueeraa eneraie{
Da6*rae6 coeeglc ropreed_nt,H *.ntegruls pute.e.i!. { ae tive eeeqr
ree*tire)ria repe.il"g eu tJ,epa}, rgsr,x1t6 eg os{.ee ofinter tr,Ebr}ls
EE eoa&{.nS:

'* wnul.aau

puterl!. aetie6l

rea

ura

ssef auli,e dlaBoai-f,C.ve wetteatrj.eG de mHsurtsrs e

-- ",*- -

dispeeS.giv lnt,6g?ater,

uBsu,retE E
- rsf, di-epos!.ti-E

iu'*o1 do a

tn_eum.a

lrr .tj&p put*l

(aeecnies) jnd{cat,sr_

gupH pni*leip$.u3 eosateuettrv,

qoqtoarelo de ea-e_lgle pot,

eloe trodinast66, uttliaeta fo *"eu*t

folos{ta !n elraecrt alternat{v, lar

Iiffiffi-nr*

uil

fj.t

f,rrd*o3I"o,

fn funelle ds n&riaea

as deo*sb*ee e*ntasf,* ea onergie eetiru

$i";. *"-;;;-;r;;,"-

mgsuretE

eedeter"6e.tn ef,rourlt & ao@EtGs.eperet se| f,s66 dBpE se&6Ee

sfua*,*
]"eas eelep ppsan*e?,* peatrra segtBgtrs {g{erre }.0"1?i,

r,'r, ferlfarse dtrf6reflg$.sl& *q$,r{{.iule e p$r6}s{s **$eatsnl"S

prfv{rrd eotntarcs6raB eoBEuE&t$,!'11+r tn srttllseraa rallonol,f a
onarglel slsetrlc*" ecatosrtlS,* eu dutil$ *e* tris1ca ec'tf e$r dsis{
neeqnieae de Saregia?r&ror eQ 6e pu!", 3rl f1,lne[5lure, aentee!" seu

aut6rr6t (cu

eomand&

6e le im to.te *}*etr*e]r Ea funanie da

ae'u:ad-

sr6, tl*r cadrem 1 testsff#HL

gnreglctr*aaB eor:ntsuL da er:er6l* s6 gertf mal rl8lcea" Sr*rrtFu
porloeda de vf:rfl da mer*irr6, .d.er ee3*3.eL9e s6xqeap!$rd t*s*8*I.uf
sorsal - tn t.lmPul *ilein ra*paa&lY t*riful.ui redus - fm ttm1;rrn
aup!{.i, Oontcnu} de rfrf cc utilf,ssmsil str::lei etnd onergiler eeto
fa*tr*ra*S SSshsl p,tn& la s enu&i{E F$t*-r.e &&rls$&6t$} {es @$trw
o frutene eupertoarH flnil,*i. atabillt*, en*rg1$, oste tarifstS
distj'net" s*b6riaq'u3 Eroet'E eotlsusra s' pxl*sr aeri a;eee 6*q$t eae
fi.rets; pIEtiBfi tne6 ra: Psre* eusllftnter, . I
pal:e1't
4par*e"t. fo? ".$r:,r,tgri e s-g-* gfrg"oi-E-Iy-Eftl*d- Eryfql*
prae*.$0$
e&a}
.ale}er
pr*clai$.
anelogiees
eu;:*rtrce*e
ob!{nereo u*or
bitgtst 3rr tiap & per:rastr{.sr{ Pfri*'t*iip,B i}* 3+*r.re$, seu &up#fi1
E$r*i$s {es,r'*dt#slBti.eg eirqultelor ds e*m':io5{e *a: s}*se&t' ste*
tie*) gi d*iu poeitrildtetea peetu*lr'&r*{ eutseats e ss$atatql&
tn elstasra msdevne *e eal.eul. El"e&srstti] eee*$?el el' sE:i.tn*t*l*1r:i
gi coa'"crului numer'$.* fl. repr*aln(S uir Siepeait'iv esrs rseliuoesB
ir*aueuf salorilop iastarrtalrts *Is tet:e!!i{cl* gl *urantu}uirnrlalt
nulttBli celox'. f n eezul E rlt;!pl'f.S-q.-Wt':gel iu-gubl L Sqdrtlsro t te
eiirplitudine Ei duratH (f,igure 10.18ee) 5s $lor!!a*te d$ 18 ulx'ttre!]'
d* 3^mpuloust dre;)*rmghii:Iere etme tr"ie de fFsev**in$ e*rlet"errts
,(f,igure 10"x8,b) '
te pgrtoeilo de-s lur*3

eaXer' *,* d8

i I -,/"f,j-'Jl. i f*J

,rt'"d--P-J
t

;*puituiri

amPlitudiroi

Fi;. .l-0"18,

L3
t{

Fi6, l0r3.?"

t/ )llrll
Modululor

0l durotci

tt
t)

" Flod*lotor

,s^l

B{u}.t11Licalu'rutl" eti 4rrb}U Bodul,*ra

iJr)":"$1e $.mpu3.*r:lrxl

$ehsaa de eon@etafs.tn
t a"if,ec6t.

cl"rcuit

e. eonterul_ui

{q

amp}"li't:-

di...(' ti. du:"a'*6 ) . e-$ :i?6me*bI+ei'o-prluripisr)'

d6 IFL'r}cIi.c,n&rq.
.ee Bo1tifi"s* pwopargle}te:!' cu

f*"#f*Eus:

kUU

{ro.s}l

'"'ri:"+.n

ffi'''

rit

,}

i{i:r

*,il

11.:

.,i

'

srJ

4a

$'i
lr:'

lil
i;r
::l

il

,16
r

lar rrpt"ttudlnra retc peoponllonatA

rdir doptrnd. ilo produoutr 0.f "Fr

ii
lr,
i1

ia:"

"ftSru*krp

'i,

ii
!ii
i'i
i,l
ili
i:r:

;i

ds putarc, oc .obltao dfln erp*qsia.

ir'

i.l
,1,'

:li
,1,'

puterli

. 'soEf " pl{UI}:*

i:l

t::

t{. nnAsuffiABEA'rieeinrcA

10"94)

A MAntllflt[0R

10.r.6, ABBurarot fectoruSilt ds Butor&

in regtoul, *lnreaoidol al. elreuttelor &osofaasto, faeto*u!

1,.':

;i'.

S*uol,, rattaotabl. arecriee .,EI euplird e&BvGatoaf,o u**oi,

fnacvangE; dtapoaltivo do aflgarc gl ella*ntera, lar eontoaupelo',
nocoaitg lo pfuo aletaGc lato8Bstoere,

il:

'iil
t:l

, aotfal;t- ?ffiIi

,,. S{G . uuu!- [--(*"y)J],

:ir'

1.:,

eu t1f

ij

,utoaattruarea

i;',.fabrica${e,

Bettee:
{

')ti
:il,

r.0"55}

De eelo nal au:.tg orl. aEaursf,ca {cdustrial! e factorulut

de putra ca r.aalizaael dineet, cu eparate iacls*ts*;-6;;-;
regiatreto{{ro lrueito f-cgqetrc seu
.
-esfins$,m. .

trot

tagiEGE}ira ga}:;-ffiBou? tgg ere parame t*f

tnfusururilor alegt aerfsi sncrt ii,r;;;
i;E!u c" t*;i;;;-;;

{n r*e

tor

it

te

r,

roa

dcfaaas cu 9Oo f,a u.rne toDsiunll U.

Dcvlag{a ochtpejulul aobj.l a1 }o6omtfl:}u!. a6to dat! da

tEG.. tg9

foaat.

.""*_

do

Ei ffl
iafsr-

:,:r,ii

r::iii

.:,

trl

1.1;

ili:..Etatrere; prel.ucrara opereglonal&

(10.56)

doe{ doetegiE aeuJ.ul lndieator al easflattrul.ul 6gta eesl8

cu
ilefaaaJul dlarra rsnslunea p g{ curantul uf" nirc,riiri-u

eorputeriraraa taharaSog$.1lor aodErno

Xn indraetrLe eon,tfueto*ro:de aagial, rlt

inpl.icH exlstenga unor tluxurl psruenento ilo

conditiilo $nor

fiorult6:,

gi

rurf;{"reTntsE

oetai.rgic,
la m5riuil.c earadteristice proeoeelor respeetiva cHtr'

;..1ue1tl. dE

*$do rasult8 poa{b*1{tatea.dstefi&rn&rr.{ pr*nt**o @todB

indi*
rcctE, ue-ilSrind'un @attnotrFu (y), *, voltaetru (v) gi, ua **"ara

6tlt

gi otocarc a infermalioi, !n

congu&urj. onorgetiea .redue.

11..1"

SnADUCT0IRE

'.. . Eleaent1o eelB reslizeszE convertirsa unei tgriui de in_

trlo f;i (ngelaetric5) fntr-o m5riae do ieglre X6 d naturH.LefltricH ( teBsiune, curnt, rosistenl&, lcrpaden[Iraic.] :Ea, nuee6e,
,treductogre e1eetrico (fieuf,a 11."L).

r r r Blblioarerie Don-lrglggilelgl loe

[e],[rfJ,[fa),[fa]rJ1O1,

lrol,tailffiffiJfur.

Fi9,11.1.

Schene de

pniacl.plu pentau EBduraree.elcetric&

unei aErimi neeleetrice.

.;"*.

l1.l"t,

?rsductcarelB #tmt, Sn gener*i* *ntsg.n&t8 unex, +S*'"ame c6plexe d* E$*tarers

tse slst*qe gi

6i r*glat (flgura.1l"f," {lar*etexrt*{lefie

aax-*e

iir,i

e.

er:ae*

Siverslt*ge a el{ri$1f,*r

md/eloetr'*,f:p de w&eurs1
detercirr,g v&p*6tBt6B tflpns,ltop Ss tres$f t{rars'e}qetx.Le+. tro .eenp*-

eeltsr{*.

#tc

$Plel9-r--

treduet,oerels

fs

,aueee*ivs

s*amel

?iilrain*urg eonvereie) #{ Qg&!}qxg (ecapuae- ssps gagSobsaH r*1

i$Uita trarluetods* dir.sctse resultt$d: tred*c?,osrc d{"feroregtelen

*. tsia pu*etul de vedsro al Muggnfreiiii,ductoerele ee 3&psrr $n douffi &*upst *3!q9:F15*gg {g$93ffi0 *sar*cr
tiiibsccslt$ o cui's& ouxil.iar& de energle $lectrisH)r *lE eilron o$r*al
iegisa e:1fl.t. pei,*ee.tri de oireuit e}ctrls {r**gsqesitlai expael.

frsS{.*trr6rc

,,[IIEJ

p.sfls, c*r* eBr{so.r

ele*trls Si tsg4ql gE.{ge-geatner fug*e- tasapls*G*rs realise*rB

SupS m$SS&*SgeyggCj&_{J.S,g

ilneele*tricg siet& tas?tsf$rm*tH

,:

ein&g$ *}@8df,{eerpe tpseiiete&rG}mn aloetr{ea a* peeie feee dupB mal i:l

tt

Eulcs

) r . gt qne-re1,o_g*L {g*$ggl 3* eera'somr}elc}e

iegtrc sfnt tenairm{ eL*etremcteere {ts:rsse}eetn*,*e,
fieuoelactrico, fotoolectrfce, i*1q.61rosh*uieo 1. rlo lnda*5i.e) "

ct,

Jr,19to,1

I{

inducti"Ei.?eto

blOetrtca de

Studtul I treduetoor'lor 3:l funcg{e da ut:!"l*aef*ft L#f Le s&eu*

pr{nci.paJ"el*r a&riml neele*trlee eare is*ers{* 3n Bra'et{e*

{c

ia:',1'i.r,Igln6rului mecenie Bstr eetalu-r61,* ee

tr
J
E

sn'e ds e?9.;i4i+

va neaX.laa sfi subosplto:.e1"6

pr*alnbtls preacntere rgoneffisgr in

i:*nforr,"ttata cu ulttunul crl"teriu do clesifleare.
}}.1.?" freduetoarB Feraaetries
3n funette d6 p&rsmstrul.ds eiseuig 16etr{s eera eonet*tEie
de iegire a tredlxct+Er"elen, ecaeteg ee *laetflo$ fer
iatlve, inductivo gt capecitive.
aii.,, a) qf34qgt-pqqqlq--aeqiB {vq euprindl nal multe tgpur'r' r$ntrt:st-{ve, rea}fuate 1n r:ror:forsltete *ar prlnci.pltr de fimc&ionsr'* dife *
'-rite.
IgglffSl-9e1"j1*-CeegtrtiEq {flgura 11.},arb ), atnt }n gan*rel.
,lfialirate prln trrf&gurarea & pf*E 1* '}OOS*40OO eplre di* fj"r. *e
nanganinH, eonstsntJn eau aiiaja speciale (arglnt c,: peludla eau
i:td,g, aw), de diemeteu mts (9o-Loo.Fe)rpe s osreaes lselsnts {eqc'e,:b{.iHreau e*tsrisle empilete)" Aeepte trsdEletq&re se f,6L6tsetso eB
rqc&dere psnt.ru fiU$u.rfrras dopJ.a*Sr5-Xor Xtni*re {S""?O0$lmn}u
io:rofoSf* srl e&rs&u ungtrtuS"are {o1".nx}6oo}, reeolutle su?se mE*
'ql-l esflo p&t. f{ 9n ]ggtura eu poztSla eontsctului elunecEt6r p6
:;,'1ilia de rularo e raoetetulul. Peremotr-u}, E oe *xprlms pe*,a:
ii,;$rlEtoerE ale eurEulul, dupB o

+terer*rt

.:729-:

i:Sb i.*Si.re ex pe*:rSmt$ es e eue(s*,ari?e tg* {mp**1au*{ &*}s & .csab[n{l,:tr*a da nlqela fi+ **nr:lu*e, eoro {ndie$, d{r&& ffi axawtrt so{l* raisea*e e&*{aj.{ d* {*t,r*rp"

StamLf[e*]r.ee qr*iuqt**re1*r

LOnVCftsr

d.-e**

Ftg. 1!..?" .Ststsn d6 sEBlrers gi regl,ej,

e' supE esl3ee*g*agcg-e^egg$e13*#_eksil}qq qp*g'*recg,,,tii

tgedue?sErBls tot f,i dssiin**@ miieursrtL*r dsi egr.irHi m*eeui- I

.1

e* (dapJ.eeEri, p*a{.$ll, ni.vela, 6rcelat, vitere, secs}sr6}j"ir,},ibrSil, deforeet*.r., fcrle, i"mpu}.surin ote,)n t*{eparet$r,&, *,iii;. * ,,,
tetr presluir*, d&b!.t,, *.to.' .
,:.,i
b. In fu:ael$a de ferqe e${1n&l*q}ge!rlqg_FS_ke{qqr rr.esue-,..r;i!
tosr:.6 B pot grupa ia:qqqJ,-q&]lqs, le eere ceffinslul prodse rsts
eont{Euu v*rtabitr eu a&rin*e adsuratgi :gl nqgegtEisJ X& eare eeanal.ul
,

iiiil,i;|,.,

}i1'r

::r
^/
n**%
' R'ff*o,

{?'}"1)

;2S

to corul traduetu&rslor }{otere, rmde &g..6ts Fssiete;B$s gst&tgp

c$'talorL tal,ro lO I gt lOO &51 , aau prdmr

R"f1({. i

R*ft(d),

i}}.?)

tn calul celor nsllnlare"

'

trqd$$-q,!ess,1t

'9esffi"sstgg (rie"
1r.5r*l uttlfsoesH

' rolellar

4E,so*$L,
(

r fi'tnr
t{snlhol

\ etrel
&*

a"l

11.5)

3n earc $u eete'aon-

Riatl

si.billtntae,

SOmicqndwiror

tlepen-

een!etriei

donl"g do meterlel.ul.

frtt'xl

foloeit;

ee aa{gurH
a$etrrarea doforee -

e*

tltlar. gi. doptrooB rt}or mici. tIS"..

I'ig.-u"9" Traduetoere regtetlvers-reogta- ."roo p). ReLeliile
trc ir.nxarib-r'A48tst{e
Elr+"&{r,ds,

fi

R"eeb'r

eircular;e-tsnag&Btr ic ; d-t sraoroa I et iv ; o-cn rei,ii i ior i i;-ro[u* de varie$le A s-.Ale_

tivtt,B$ll cu tEepe rezistivl * flux fuminoe,.
.
retura st&u la baaa
f 'uac !i onErl i trgsci:t3l"lcr-ggEe-oqa
{rgt-lJE tse raric* { f igure 11. } ;d ) r
& a Ro []+ d{t-ro)+f t'r-ro}P+..".1 r
sau soe,teo$ductoera {t(
11"3'e):
R

( 1r.

"4,

eu i*ioa fflabil

Cu vcrietie

?r/l?
:T-:*,fr::--isura

tta,sl

FiA" 11"4. ffereuor,oere *,aduetiEa (ar&re) gf eepeeltive

{drerf,rgrh}.

qr.9Eq,q!gse9-&q.#?ug$ye

L"g./%,

(11"6)
ae basesss pe

iale ctrie

eoe-

etrucilo a dispoaltlvulut.
LiBouesreo i!.umrngriror (o,005".'oJ",rei eete reartraabirE
Frin
tqadue,Lglra 8orloryru&riq! (f,ieurs 1I. ],f) ;

B=a{s}

EeJ.ts0f is

{ 1}.5)
d1fi p epb ff,Lnd. r.ustent*, deplnat*l do tipul aatari*rului do

b)

qcoril8!rioi

relolta:

rrlrp*atru tseidlrf tEFetra l'saepe

forge f*fl.o. . "F0o0) kt{,

*&eBa&.eB*A!7:89ryS ;!tr+#r&|?T- dq*[S 8,ea*" j"a

**i" **rru**,rtx
&" f{F) r

o*e*io**g*-

tH re:"{a}ta{ peeeaaebilit&}i$. me6xettra6 F * !Ere!, eorpur"j.

tt*e {p*rrao3lny) e$h ec*iunss daforeeg*!.}or (Snti-ffIsrt..

(u..?)

_
uals L - tnttuct,{rltataa, $-nrrfrUru1 de epI"ra, flm - r:e}uetantx ei:,,,
eui.tului uegnet1e. Deoarsea fu$elioriBsaH f,Ul,g eontaet eluriesgtor,

accst treduetoerG slnt e{.guna fn eondi}il gre}6 d oxFloeeere*

14

pd, e

gg E 3rrr rs61ie6ta j 1- .Fe px,irl+&piul

unut eaadenee?or plse sau eltjilsfe {fsgura

f.qeqqq!+el-3-@_esLacl{l!

rf,);

tee
:l

t"+rr.ss86tr'

r.-St,
ls

{11.10}

T1

fia *croi 6'- ponrltgrttates Eedlulufr A * uprefslq aot{sg s,

*Errttuallori d- dietanle fetre .rrs&tuar.; E- ;,EngiflEa eetiq&;
s3 oDp ; di&eatirol eii!.adrul,ul^ irit6tri6r, reepaetiv outeprori
p-.r pe basa scbtebdril eapaig*fl&[t le y-SE}sS,tg,!&Iqgqf.geg1B4

T--

{f{gwclX,4egrte}: ,

,.
S e ftro t*).

i;:,:

ceu"

eei

eci.fsers'aiau*""nu unoe praettmt BgeA

i:;:-,

luni*ne S ceu a

T*nsiufie.

"*rHs)

II. 1., " Tgget{CI 3gBr!_gp:gsqtqqqq

fulaeipici, aeecto eroduetoero raeliacgzd eonrereia unul
oBr.lait fBl ite sae-rgLo {nascanleE, ealoFieu, ehiaicH, luainoaoH,
at*,) tr snorgle el^6ctrtc5. ,Actfbi, traductorul conetitui.*
iata

gnrrE

electriflB dis*
trlnltet6 ts {t0*5...1o-lo)g, pntru e raduee

!.s csafa csnsii&&l de onergio raecan!,eH, eslor"LeE,

craul eaupr.e cErute !e ar6cut$ sEsu}atoarea

'?raductoerele

eu

:neiuac elctricH indue5

tln
I

6tc. ilin. proctnt fis

esrtel f,stomets$es,
* &&',$ r

Sn. besm

slqctromotogr'e

B.\,,

E"l

E{Q}

roto{ie

ds

Ionsiunc
rmaa

laclric6

de

'fqnsiune
niozaoloctricl!

.
' drbit
ria lrmnElclie
Ier-rsi$ne
. Ten$rdrbs.
leln0f{rtriefi
dloetradhini;rS

w
e*gt@
i6

tt,;,bi;

EskqQr

Tf
(

ctisio

11.19 )

utllre4to f.u deteralaarae v{bra}{l}os, (pi..104}Hz r SL dsbii.alos

{ o,1" . ,ro) t,/s l.
tn eezul t*rqee!rg_l.ur"i:"eq_ { ftgurs Il. g rc }, fo};site psntru
t*ape*eturl fntr* (* p00*+i.500) ositeneiunoe te!:eoslectricE
{f,ee& Ssbeck} B6te arg**mebil$ priar
( :"1"" 14 )
% " da'? +fl { aE}?+".",
eeds &tr eT * Be: Fe&tru erlsL*IeIe pieaaetortrteo (f,tg"t}_$pd)

iridq*&

( t:..12)
E ! k&trlr
doetlaet esomrdril tureg{glor tn gaac{Ao,; J$o0o) ys1/sin,,f{o

de !telgle.&1g (f,lsuie

re]e]te*t

m8t
wstx

sEraa.de aacr6ie a achcqor, dc sHsuaerB. puterea

panlbi,!&

al.cos"

{ltSllgar{rt erailrJstoers:"or .epaeltive lopuaa J.uhr6e um6r preqeEepi,l&aBtslro psnt-ru cerenero, cuE Er f*. fotoslroa unor

- I,]

let. &leexA;l

u&il

'f,r@cvrnt tlo luerE eidtrEate (lO?XXs

*,s4

:.:,qitai"ea seu ae{dltstes so1u&trntror odts det@reignab{[& *;i f,*oe3{,p

<to tqae-lturae e"qqlqgghltajgq - i f iguro lt "5 ee ) ;

tll.u)

to

il,i,a

r rn o

,
?l

il siax+elaclric
rig, 11"9" Traductoere.

eunl u

11 . 1 . 4

"

mt$)

o[ulfi
istave{tcie&
.

generetoene

9*"::*1-t3-99,-g-&grFre-ff-ei'rE--lg5gEfj|e{l{e
6lsetflce 3r: ca::s lau foe*"'eollverttt's]
i,t;r.r,r:nArlaile .:!eel-s{:tri.ce 6a estrc tr*due.!*ers ea. *ae}tx'aa*6 ell adss
lli::1.'ltoit: neta,rej.or gs'*e1s 6* &Ealud!'e u per*aoctetl*r de atr*raix ele**
gl * eemn*t*ls{' dG tu&sj"ffils esu *ui'ent, Fressnt'ais tn eepij,.:".,-toful 10, ura&r'indn-sa Sndep)'inis"*s'un*r, ccrln$* epseifle, eee'e*

S$eur*ree pr[rimi]or

Ilrtt"*i
t-'
!;:j':::.
:iri:'.:.r

'iii

clllcei{i:

e[rlollsr do 9o6lr* els tse{roo,lerrelor. Aarrrtn f,Ef, nrccarr*

t:atll{caroa mor c{r"sud.?o do rteuralt (pwEl ,es @oBr.Elatoarai
tlegci&t!*3ra1g lrn qs_aeh$lgbr$s! auesdlt tflanre aA.?),

ffu" [.?.
dtlr/lSd{exr&xr,

.5. clrcuitc

aa

axaffi

6* eu logol.tru; b- eu

eo&BEBaala$,

rD c.Eul trd4pqtpareiqE'rqnarigoerq, ao rsco&endtE

uttlfuarcr i
6. re$srs'c s*n e,,*rri .;oattn*u or ,"eriii". ;-.t$

eorDc4ee::os!ryr'68

{aanalaq
al-^r-^-,
el.etronle.
teerqrgr
dr tcsatrma altanmati.vE, e"

*oepenaaEh

.fr

r.ae ogalrronae t*as{us5.r

"
;";frfrlr=;i;

:...i

.ti

dc !aE6ur8t {nu-,ril
rlml fs legim a trsducto'r;rur aetiv) *uc1{6trlec
'.rii
o
taorrma cunoseutu
proclrh g! rcglabtil Goatlnuu, cala c. t'D
"o .:
,chalr dia ftgura ll.6rb
dopteaorce eupaoruru{ potengrone m*;;-ri*-'
:_:":::::::u
ttn{l dstoe.iorul3nln
{!o nul (65}.Tssaraqi,pul}

hai

o6cErrOBGU!6.

Ur asga;

",,,,.i

{a;ie6 3ao,.Atuno*rtenEiu-

:.,!:

s: ''uo -$;* " *, ,

t:"1.1.8)
$a4c E? &t'sf,et, *ulroaeintr { ( realste&te
da preeltle doeodiee,
,l!
cam e.leEtulaae d!islgon.ul.), ca gt U, {o euroE-cto}on}
(glaurat.en ru tqatnrmoat aa preelaie).
";* L'
,
,
b" Daoaeeea aErtai.ra aoctrsetrles do ataurat Foprer{etH, t,g
gae*rrr1 p&re*strid *m,r Ftresear tehnologteo
eare trauu{.au" ,nera- li

PUrr&{-dc ourent coat!,naa ncoclstllbrato

ceh$Libraas
!:l el eueontlnuEDuaurgf,l

eur66ti {b}pcmilu

r, ta eaaul pmgi{ Ao csoat eont*neu aceebtlsbrrto (fi6ura

i'',
tl.?rr), toneluaca de duoehiLibaaao + AIrr. detorliEat6 ao sartE!f. : A& r uurluil Go loglra a trcdrc?oiulul, eat, alruatl,
'.dupE o praal.bllI
eopltflcare, u @ aparat r.gr.toe:.etsiB.
purtoa rat. eu cchlllbrar. .utoeatd (ftgora ll.?1b)retuael
Xi,Deq!
i:.lrt'aadiln r iis deloeblllblaro AU pu'. tn freegfumos prlp {ntlr"a*;.1,,:,: uf, nnut cnB],lf,leator aleetrontrc, rcrvoaotcral.. rcroruibi,{ &,
qlprsreasa GuaBaru"L
potan$lcactslrlug Bsa' doplsrcesu
.a,al!,
ii:Ir
curBarutr pston&tsoctaufu.E
pfa{ la !strb{l*n, pta_{
raetcb{l*ebtltbs.ulu{
gt,
elaulteor:algcE
m ce tedldatop fa fat1,
li,f..

rce}. gradate .
e. HEaurep.. esarrellzatE_ ei &_g&len!t-r lEriellor eeelee:ilploo afcrontr uuul proec! tohnolo8lc coEpl.r, tapuDr rdaptarca
:iri,:ngf,l!0ll.or do $.aglru elc tradlirctoalclor Ic aper.atqlo dc elsrrrat,
i!:i$adieatoeFr seE lffi6glatr&ta*na)' gl xa rcgulatoerelc a{.etiaulst
.ilitoEat. AdaptoarelE util*sato eon6tau, p*&ielp{al, diatr-m
cir.cuti dc kEsurars a066ret tr.eituetorulu.l Et. uo rnplfffs.toa eu
'.;:' : FsteralcE reee}fo Bagsti?6, esrs'ssLgarg (ia aaumlta
$lid?*)
ffi aeciral ilc isglra {da exeapLu cuaant e.."Io a4} dlopeadeat
',
,.rluBat d* aBriaoa E&6aretE gi ind,apeaden? do ep8ratel0 ilc etreeret
;' ald de regla.! eeBetetc ca aaroiuE,
ii:riunat

,,:

r1,,

"iG*;;;;;,d't

.ltrr, I

,il

r
;.1 ;

-: :r..t/,i,!:|).r1n
1

j
)

5?1

tt"?,

Hogimutr Cle fulic g*onene.

HNssRAkt{ sx&rBxl,oB'#BesBgss

sI

iadlre*seymsi.

$ ill:lar

oetc i. d*tnfEEurEr{Ior Sr3dsetoers {ds

iuinat de exodul da alimbntar a

i6.curas.r). fa reglnut 6e Wd!!-lelle dg-fez6, net fr6c?oot ut{.l"i*etr
'..-...!*ela aouu trrfggurgr.l ela e'u!*;nuLul
oc ,e1lue:rtsa$H:6ri teaalundli
t!2r
1a
frecvenla
de
10
hl{r,
da
asalg eaplitudtBs? ddr dofoCl
iilrr
r..,

&eJss$goiqe.a&rlal}or"'tte#sBlee 6e e&6o&r$:prta afectel''i

latr66tar; neol*etrle, prodt3B &eEpra uno;' cerpur!.' aater{e1so

cErore te inprle5 deFloagalr s*tasas eeeeler"ef,i{rea$ pa eeis

i.::?atc tn+"r "616 du 9S gra6o

16 d6forseerE" 6'eoetco s*pt\s&lsd6 ss$vertGsrBla nocanieE {pri,nere}

edna, fn eeeeiere Er treduei6se'63& 6!eogriso grropriu*uiBat eonst'ttste oehipeo{nlo de sE6sr& 6a&pgeEe Pcn*rl, a$r*u{ neelectrlco.

f*seeff}s c**, g*"uuB-eresfntU dirxr eftEee diir cale'ual saxltfid[ttys tipurl {tc tFeduetoero, dia narea divsrsitete a e}or

' ..

elactriaa. ,

:.: .''. ' ., :,

'

dcattirstG esaueHr!* .prinetp'oioiur mHr[al aeeani.cor deplceEri,

atrqlq, greefet, vlteao, eeeal'ore!*ln cr.Frattt, defel'm*$i{rfor$6

11,e"1"@
Uapleasrile, Lfaiaie enu unghlulerer a eHrcr E$&urere
*e+"u

cg

sre*r;te?S Sn.t!,ieeree aplicalil"induatr{e}e, di'fer$ 81f,1t e5,'

6eecn{[ d* vmXo*"!, 9616r&lr*&r rogla de,l*eru, mediu' , '

Sotrelnaroa deplaeHrtlcr ex{stre e19 rotoere}or gl ststoe
reXsr u$s* *agln!. cleetq*ee tsoealt&r sprs $aBFluu afa*.tnrer-oa '
u&e,r s8surEtce,t Sn Coee;i{ ds ta 3 0r$'or ta,!.4 mE":In.ebsui.
treduetsrului dln flgura tri.8rs, axul oag{ni.l eonstituie erosgirrs
e deu{ bobln@6 plsE&ta ln b8"e}19 r4&oi pwrgt ds qursn! eltarnstl'v"
lleregtrlortta$lle asu).il*' deqorryinu sodif ieeree ?'sltre tan&eLor S:
tar{.t$la la*uetivit6$i1or, dea*cht}lbrtrrd pun1ee' lndieafQrut de
nul ast* &llmerstet prln int,aroediul u;nui re,irasor.
gprG da*esblta dlo cs*riI pfE&entet entstistr pazi-!,ionaraq
erganulul de 3ucru eX urrel negtml-unelt* implled:clsplee&rl nan{o

fig" ]L,8, Tradluetoela ils. depla8ere;a-tfeduetor

induetin pent!'u mdeurarsa d6plaESrilof

exielc; b-induetoayn

pinH1aEutad6em,aocoeitfndurreo1ipree1qfirtnalbunqca
0,O1. m. in acceatB cetegonle tte apliceii"l a-su lffpus, ps lfnCE
trBduetoar*ia aneloglei, dc tipul lnduetoryl1-u:ui, gi eele nusreriec.
}IllgSlggEgt {ftgura :.1.8rb) eonstE dintr-o rig}E f.lx6,eero
s,re G -l lrifEEllrer"a rmifort d{stribuirHr l.lalaeB ("-ip Aril"}}rplonH,
errfttp*i*ru, u****i"rU prin tehnoSogil opecif*ea eebtra.jelor IL'r'
prlaate, ryi r4 eureer eobl-],, eu eouE fnfEgursrt' deeBlBte lntr'.}
alc la grio elactz'lee, sxe cBf,Ht6 Sn eeeeegi tehr.+lcg{e ee.5l t'i 1.1.e.

uhoa u3 ln lnf,E*urf,*a rtglni 1o por{lia E *ota srma elgei.,:htlc6 e teneiunilor electr.otusioere induso de ccla dous fnfHsurEri

;jple,*ureorului
i':ii..

':

's.

":*

",

:,ii

(,J

=2fif);

urstn-*coa(2Ir*)- 6|- ur"oo*t sin(afl{).

:.ii,.).:::: :.

c61c60Bu*]'e&ent*dcger1sssaguasa*stnfune$5'oaareodi,opuse
fa!&. Ia fa!E, lrl"o8-puralole, [* uw fntref,ie! don8teat *fr(ot]....0]?)ae'

+*t

u sin( i. t-efl**)

1}. f0)

. und63 U1=U2=U - amplltudinlle tensiunilor Be cursor, kt-rsPertu:.

,]...r.!e tranefornare , s-Aublul pes polar. Fela!ia { lI
";0} reprsei$tE
unei
teaeiu:r*
progrealva
!I/k*r t:&ra s
{
Ensplltudlae
:irq,Supt{s
:.;
1,1i!pleeeaa{ fn seneul n*gativ E}. ltl[ x..cu o v{.tarB fs, PeB6 terl*
' siunii rie iegire rlr, rapoptatH Is, fase ter.elml1 uX 6a: pe *i.tr$sr,
poalgi.e xp da*a 3.uagu]. unu{ &ub!.u pas pslas.
.1 ,1er{azE }.Lni*r ru
q{*g:Uggel.glgjSgel ! {} q_ 6e* q9.p }d.s6 r.q_ f urn j.ae s eH 1 * ie gl ra
1i.|'lt*ulsu*i el .qEror eod cora*pt$rde pe*ildct saeu]ists. P*ntru acear:*
i.$$;1 ele diopun de o r{-I41S ds rBHsur*re i{t$ramentDXH, (cu divl*iuni

I rsparti6ai6 - flgur* 3.1.,91a,b), *ae *odlfieat,E {f,tgurq.ll".!,

ifrtd.), Curor da +itiet, eoltder *u mi6i:aeea corpului ebrula I ae

q9e
f,48

Eftr 6 row*sB
rla+qrlo teaqe flaesre mpartd* p* rt6f$) baleiato

rtieGcr{ aopl,.aaroa, ppeduao }a la0f,ro

:!tI*. tsednelosrrel$ nsilor{rs.:{sc$$Eeeta},o,. f{ gl se}a arle*orle!t lta prcels 6xacut&t, .U";*a-;t--;;;-;;cr'tn s@neul e5 an pua fm ev{dengH aigeAr6 stnb,isfeare;'-i '
,:r

{A,epu}*}

abaoluto,

dc d*Flaoera A L.
ffigl riamatisrsrs

ffi

11.?,2. uga-ursrai ni"afaieq g[ qAqetslj.qr

a" ueeu{e!sAJirLEeXrrl.}4 eocssitui dq eoXq:eal mu}ta ord,Eracoarp).axe, cu eonssral"l. eueedels{i. *1o a$xlaS}or. 6etft,

F-84&aq
N

rst,snsibi
de cil;re

\{-Etornamt

Y .--.F'.-!-Esp

-t_
t"l

EV E

(fieura ll.l6ss6bl aes&teu

gl un.tr*du***r risctrte d*
iti.neetett* eau lnduetiv, Plutitsr$I, l*bsr ure6r0ge* erirsJ.uB
atcerGLa de

Aclpt;t;eolsr

k6guCdga

ts-T*"r
lCml

;!-dhidului, 1n ori.e
0eeodifieator
Nwm$rdtor

_"*-[*
l* :,* * 3l f --*__f
lr I ri 3"3ir.m, t-*ffi-* J
lrm

eu

E6e6!1?

f,3iad aati"af6eut$ ooeali.*l

G o FA

* Ydf, :,

{31"el}

earsi 0 - 8"6Utetae
; ralrmul do ll,rhid dlsloeult ds F:^,3tlt+ri fl q graui&tea rp**
fic$ a llchidulutr"

Fdt'ry

A{is6ra

nital

uu !,r6duetBr primez'. (aeeanie)

pri rnaro

r*ruilcte
a} rRTnnmfF

Ftg. 11"9" traduetoere nrse*ies d 6episasF6:

a-rlelu
slareasarat
f,

E tr lnl

arE

U-nS.Eiu

{ne;i,emei{Eie

elreulerff ;e-BtBlu eo6ifteaig l.lni&rilra*niara

qrt
Lseeremesti3_s efre

arB; o_e,;er][ ffi ?. d6

rggil;i*e .

tn aa*iar*.tetsa se*ur{}sr pentru aE*ur&rl d* p::eciu{arei,tj.s*s Bg

res:"{**agE fstes:setpleope baea eee.te!ta$. ra.rerntu}ui tu ,,na e*u
x*i e*lts goted*eder L* no4if{eerea et&rt{ de {}ue$nere
{f{gura

1L.9"e). Tapralnu**'&l eLeetrtee ce eep}*fte&, ee deeedif,**& (daeE

.eete eeeull, E* Frrxa&r'6 gl co af{geea&. Hssrrrerea llre:eren?e}&
so?.s r'drletteE {rcparul de referlngH po8t,e ii orteam e.L*ri, tn
eimp ce *lgle ceGttr{eetB fursr{aeaa& va}oerea &hso}u*ffi a ulrs$. depleeEr$, ge repest u BB Beper f,*x {pemlgia xer* p+r.rigl}il}.
SreSu+taar*3,e ,.*tetf!"e* esmstF$ite pe Frine*p*ur_ er&aurjtnf,$ r*,u*i;_
rie ebseXuto, p$utreax$ aesad, 6a,:aete* Coer psBt.f,u rlopL. r:1
wr6lriulere as* mAei eeta ogq&e au 56*0. FsEt6 *.e6mat& [imj.t3e r,*l*
atff&r&e &E .uxr esreet&F eietf.e.sba*Iitt, aeeaEitf&$ Basererea

i':l1r:,1

Fi6. 11..10. Trqdilctoare do niveli H-eu plrliiter SJ +"reductor reostatie (eeeLp{en[s daeehlea):6* eu o]utlror ti. treduetsr. indtietir {reelpl;nte sui>
preaiune)
I c-caparilivcg
3;:rt,e p+eibil$ gl uniliz*rs& t:nor
M
q.ireglor 1n gener:a} de tip eapacitlv, aI,lieate la suprave$ivelu-lui Jn regersosro do apH, LacurL de acrm:uleru, ea-

+t

f -I-

+{

= g + hs(

t.-1]$

{13.8?}

t-

f:;:.porllunre 0r ratorlal. faroraognetle euprl,nr8 6r.t:rsdcc.toF t t, .tEgiaca cehiveloatB, d - g:oelaca sttctirtul, b -.lEtiroe t:fsducta-

}]s
r4ld.:, C -. GrPSedtator s,l6etirsd-pGrolo !.!Aaapf cpr0@pwlrgai! .laai=

3i*il !p I r t/a - greJul 6r rapbrr r nqlorcof,utrul. Vertagtr eoa

h rodiftcrrcr , i d*?aralnE, dlachtrttiar*o punEtl eri*enlat! --l
Itn tar1ttr fuecr@El!. treneliuaet 6o de*sehlltbru & U sr e&ptlfteE:
gl ee convettGgte iEr,!.r*urt culsat I a3. ar.pl*flc*to:"utre{; careatul.
r.dror.t I. S'rodueo o dcviaglo d e epaietulu.l rlsctrou&gnotdc,
.eurr pbatr fl utelonst dirret la.ucttEll ele alrolufu! g Eas.e1e
gredultl dd rraplm l .

.'

. rulul).

b. sFegreEqa eroelnjltoj ar neallzsagl, ee} eel ctnplrrr.eu

tjg4uElgglr .pEre8.tr:br (aieroletm tnlluctlvo oax eapaelti'ral,
adecyat. auprercg!:irll unor. produelii !.a 'flur centl[uu (bsnsi
'aolide da *+rlcr neturE.- ct{c}!r.hfrtte, raterla}o plastiee eccoalbitrr pr

rlblir ruprafr]i]o

groalail un'or be:rrl eau. ecoporfu.L etBliee

depuac pa ilifarlr-a .aaterlaie), aa f,alcsose freeuoDt ttaduEioero eg !?481-l4q
-lglitugg" ia ceaul rrpergelerulul acPantru daureroi

riraturl subtlrt

.ttp-t-tinBfg,ryrtqf. (firsr;l 11.t1r{}r taagip}ea U . ln6uirs ln fr'g'ilQr:tarer eoermdcrE rra o

nai oieE dectt in eblante natenialu-t
"ai.oam
lui sit,unt furtrs ccle AohE
boblar ,( U6 )f datoritB afaciufuf
deaegnctlrant Dl curentilor turbioneri inclugi in n6tsL, conforu.

:.

Fie":1X.11. rreauctoara eu *snstruna indun[r pentru '

alsurcree groeinitr on; a-tip. transfsroetosi
b-eu

rslegici

u(r!)" 0o;S: r;

dl- giopileil E-. eondluctlvitatae rst.rletrq.brrl,6 cE fte dr valorl al.cl,r. concpunrui,or

i:aor ggoainl aI. atreturiLor 6c Cu, lg, Znr-Cdlrfiqe 0tO5 pta{.tre
tr0o F" Ii?{E!ro+rl bu_,vqriatii d. ftlB (ftgsrl 11"}1rb} sc beeeeah Pr:apar{tia, }r aplieame':6s p6 uat.arialul crauinet, c.:unul

iapule de cuf,ntr coreapuniltor rodif{c5rtrls

lff'u-

1t,l . ta

Vitezs de deplaeere a rehieol*loe EC detsrffilns;.eel mal

atili z f sr{ tebegelr! cU--lEle&ig !u,iq&!eg! { f{gura
iyfll.12na), ox. c6rsr doaantu de tur'Etii este (30'..Iso0$lrg-t/ain.r

.tt:Broe*sis (trr5, . *ills.Un, eaauirca .tshoe6,tru c6nst& dintr-iln Esrret.

. permsnent multipo}er puc ln migeare ile exirl' oupue mHsurEaii Ei
iele, c&rul }{*li do fluc $a6n*tie, taten"aaetSnd ira sl[ee'.Ea!r qsl

din cupr* eau a).w'riniur-iadue *o ?1*1t*_]qr*eunf

::.ie1eetr*aotrare p:.opor!{one1E etl tus'a$la. C&rB&ii' t'us'*Sonsrt .reitzu}tsnt*. lnd.erae$ioneqaE eu *fnpul uegnotlc, produelnd un eu$14
i,rpaxar ae?Fll@

11.?4)

:n car. 0 cstc flurul' pr.ln boblni ia poritia final! {eireuit

.agaetli lrchtr:.,pilb adtcrlat\ ler $; c O ratt fluxul ln citu6lle
ini}iglu (cir:eui! rsgnotl'd decchlr); yarla!{a fllfrlrlut arpfu{Oe tiaiar.dc grdeinea aaterielutuli
'
'a0:= Si=

verietie do ffux.
':

;fxoevent o

1r.29)

csra l(:- ,conrtant!;

fn
lului. ProduEul gd

- iS,Q-0or

,,

11.25 }

,
tercluta Eegn.tonotoetc proil.Jsg da regnetul pss-

ta carg: Ura arnent, &- rl"ustedta .xterioEr& r,

lraduetoruluioeoasttii$ {!i.a

*fr.turatts dleeulu*, I - eeisti?itatea dlseE1ul (pmharulut).

illa otabils +i acuiuf ladl.cator atr aperatului 86 sb&ie Ea
clnd eupLul ectlt aete ichlllEret de Gel rslet&ti
{11.3?)
s.*& - kant- tsn d,".o' d 4F t*nr

'*""3

.'l

':

,{

,13.3--- ;,- ,.-*-..**--* -- ------- .:J,***1,, -_

Ccdraoul aparetutsf poate f! gra{rit Se uol:t6** do uiterl i,ia{ar6(b,/h), ealcrricttr,pe baaa relellel (Bore*a no6i.i vahi*atuauglr I -,,
? . ,;6 Ror !e6 S Afmf*O o *rffi"-{ a.
{11.?8i
Dlntrt tdeee;l|gir gg IEESS&$S&, ceSo eE {,rc&&r,Erqpg toq&.
rlee-trlee-(figu*e ll,I?rbl F:"erini?E aier:taJui eaeatie3, ult Bn
tnearq8 crur. geu ebiretu"r Birl.st ta eigearo; al*nr.*u'*Jlpg:**'"*du
oFticE Gstc prelbetatB *slrFa mul fo?osleecnt. G.smoaefEEds*eo
riaEruL il al oriflcti.lor sa faatslor graotleate fe dfeccal tsl-s,
duetorulul 61 sEeur*luit f,reeranle f e lmpuloustXss ds taael_ffis
furBlrot. do foto.Lrsrt, tErutl! !. dlotrlirl eu rclatla!
a
a r 50 *m*[ eot/a{n I,
( 11.e9i

,i
':,

r1

,'r' : ;*;*;;+;;-***d;;*ry

:i:
r..............!,.-,

prtrr &r-o reriatbalE rlee*obt,ri rea3,iaatil, p* ca[e arjeanle6

(p*s*tss Sm u3.a3! 66u elsetfiell {eur6ra}i tndull), Xeaei-e"i ao
E*uagi,a cara'deaerie

tli!i

j ;:i{ii
,r,rir,

rl

l.#
n:iiii

,iiriii
,','.i*

: ; 9lg. Lt,19; ?ehegeneretaero: a- do e,e.;b ^de e.a.

deplasarce y(ti a corpulu! mob[3. f,e$E rle careoalio aeaaste
tfad o m*geere x(ti, ssta:

lf.1?. fahorllr?1_?:gu curonfii

d2v qv

A --A +.r @
.dt
6t-

1*61o**E,j-t b-e

purEuFx Frodu8o d6 taadEeto8aa

foto6]odttrI;e"

sfnt &seroea6tnl ol*etr cs i! sureal

attarsa?$.v (f,$uaea lS.qlilr tre esra tane,,unoa ls

teheg$r8eStgsrplg.
't,*mene{!a
"ee*tiY*

esci-

$e4 aat* pqsger&{ri$e1g. ew tura}tat

U=kno

s&naiwrtle da Legtrei,efnt o:*ual,ll*e

p*t/sin
1

83.

sa

r e.4
"

EHS6&aS
q_He

ord$,Nu;'

it qq g!

{:1.}})

gl poats f,t pert,{eula*iaatH dup$ *un rrrua.&u$r .;

.
:,... . 1.' Hao*om"aercr*tr"qi,k"$gliJabtla (cnertlaarc E{ rceoa"t
,,-,enaber f6pt p6rr?,ra eero aeea,mfeu $ra&regta eipeeroa ea.tcaee{,
i.: el rHa$ne f{x& Sn Ep}ixx, ercs6& d&p}cptndu-se felX de ee};
..li,

(l1.5c)

*gro-e+s1v
su eol.tsstPtr aaglnetsdleetf{e.

r$.aqg a_ e.qee eer qg

dzx

+ Ey
- e - s --z
dt4

axoeu-

i;'ffi(

v-4b-retr

de ei t qe-d,ue'Lq{q!_ q etq es4s :ib!} ta_

4gpl eeqtee gi
'':,:i: 3. ftasistenle rfoeoesE,r*fosryte
naner,aa9L*ktnegl,*.jabtrla

ilSE
F*16sirs*. $nsr esn?ertomra pnia**e a"_ee"#;l
e_tq frat$t_

daeu&e nbeeaerE Ie e&euraree eeeeJ.era${i}or.$r.

s el-terr,eHs{x.$.
l,Esx,e de ritrragii" !.in t,tp de trasuetJr"'frecceat
ucil.*aat. 3n

eeesatx cs{es6s.* de aplie*.gi$. s,sre ee} a;i-Crd[it ;-i-*i;_***L_

11 "14ne); Il"laci,pioI, r.reeuet.oru.'
eonetU Oi$i;**. uo*, ;;-;;';meeE sr auepandqt pa'{ntr-l*m reeort
avtsed eon6teng,6 ei*"t,:.*X
tn intarlo::uL unei caree*e rlgliteo urlgeer*e gfgoa eaortgsetUX,'

33,521

;r:

dv
r -; *

d?x
_;^

_ts_ sE_-

E
( 11"35)
8&r1 .T.
- E dtt "
'
dt
do"'
eete aans{bi} i.a riteaa dxldt a earc*ssi.;
',deq$, lee*uet6r$A

.::tr

tl

,,j

l!!a

!. lba*t rntc e lrttieB .k "a6r$,

dst

*s" f l

.,' ., ,Er.r-*;F,, r.-T:;Fr

aac

tf

e{Es lgqqr-;eeig

negl

"r'
s d<s

*
.

"iehla,8

(11'51)

eenl!!i}. }r-q4e3!Is!1,6'g&43e e eereaa*i

fim rau.foli,l oetati".-tunn"t.rrt"n gOE Co. l

Uii-cnaatchsl ?{t Xi, 20! Cr, ,*?o. r} r1; plattn-tri;i"
aau, eai recant,
rcu 0d, ,.:
?e ull-t% Ir)
"""i.uo;ao*to*..tSl
iapurlficatc
cu clso*ntc pcnt6-asspG.tlr
trlcelantc), eu 6laootra
sr rrmgi.ur"d" ro,i,."isoi;,'oi**i-ir""
::.::":]f stiins,
:r:...rrl
ondrulaErr
gr 11
trrprte, eu erolurr pe b6a' itc Ertfeeilul.sr'
ss, hltufl fcaotlce, pE rin,suport *aoraat i;iJ;-;;-i;;;;:
uatarlalo ristetleq -,p!nE la eboofl, aabsst ; pfal ir aooog)
.;;:
prin
.lpp*i&rrtc.
11.I11 coneteu dln
{Os

"

ngallaqt
uetndr clreultelor
ydoaraa noafrroUl.:
rozistentrel ohrico a treduct'oereror tncolotrle,
i" i-"*ri.r
---"'-*
(ro;,,1060) oruul; eorla lrau*ls evind {ro0,,.;@; "nL
*"i.--

. F{g. U"}4. 3ra{uct6are pcntiu eecelaralil gi vibrelllr

. e*principiul de ft:nelionarg a tieduetorulul
d* ttp lnerlial;b-vi6rosetrul. cB tensiuao
in f,igsura lldt4rb eerc prebontBt ffi tgegBqj.,CIr,_{S$gqt-!i,gg
t!,bratti as4el l la-depLeaelq" Corpu:. do aaa!,,i!.'BstE rm BBgnet
peraansht, eus.pendat elssti.e prln doraB raoarte ln int*.niorul.
trnei bobino. ts freerenE uai qari doett frocasnla propris 1! ret+neniE ,nacenir4 6 6l6te$u:"utr sa6lr6tet pralt{a etu ps loe elnrl ea
deplas*aeE earcbaa, {er th bobinH ce lnduce o toneitur dte ordinu}
s 5vila.al, prln e eErel dorlrere aeu integrare Be pot sbgiflo
eccaltrelia gl reopect{v deplaaarea linief,6 e obi6ctului. .sxaminet.
Seaaniul 6? ffocyentE tn eele po*t6 f*. ut.l}.lrat tre*l:at,orriX est,*
10 Ia ?O0O frc.
11 2 . 5 . EE eurErl'-d {e fEi+ s! I i.,
*tgE&! n"t -g .qpgur!_+*;nnlgS
?r+Cqq!oargle tegsoqqlrlqg {esi@t&e ,-!gJt-brl,jt! gt Eqq$e.
!.gg,3eg!-i9-g-Btntr ln acoaetE oiaine , eel ael frscveEt utiLlgst6
-lnaEarryarea dteforasliilor e:aeticd,
fj,irrd eensl.bile la deplerssiie aici produsa dB forsele mseeniee cere aelionaasf, asupre ,:iverBslor or8ano dlo uagini. For&sLs gl cuplu.nlle dG trsrie s's lnHB6rLts6
Indirect cu ajutorul t8aductoarelor db doforaatll aau 6ir-eet r.r,r
tradu-c-tes!"e ple&lqlEcteicb seu qll t6asiuli ln{uae.

't

Fig. 11"15.

,',,'

tdEsureree itefornellllor! e-D.rGI tcnsoaotrie!

f ir; b-nsrcE. tene5ue tri cE -re.iii"ti-'dii;-;; ;; cu
{lli-}:Tftas.teniiuii*tis}ilillatepr*n-diidie"*
rl-"Illl9r?I tnprinte ; c_roEtg
trns6retri eE ;
aa uai,uraie-6r.pii"i "ilsrii-iiiiii]idntrn
g

e**!9gu
conpenaeree erorll dg tcepsretur5. -. i?'PrLnc{pfaX, treductsarelc taasolaetrlco ragietlvc bc balealE
iiiii, j
i,:$ rartagta fesldtRlel flrulul seu follel ae telicer..au;iuor tra
i.itrn'iml necanics. aatfcli rerl'tents ,nui {oniluctor ftltf,o*. i}l
sccttrE!. !B lurlu L gi reulsti"itete g euferur'ca UrEarG !
verlatiel diraener.Enilor pf,oaluao dc alungiraa d{, , o varlaliel

ti

ul"",

S,"#cr,-fSarr$a9,

sarcr raporntrtd la S;. cc cxprint ca:

E-+-*.'*.

}n.55)
:

(1r.55)

s*.-apS;

{3}.5?)
oste oaflcteatul ls!,Foireoa(reportul fatro e6ntr6f
1: "*
915 treaa"crerlr gi sisagir*i, r6&unel etsd reer,atlqltat#r uartss,

dg _ d?

trradtuctqorllc ionrpmttfloc ;rsaiellve , re4*iqto *u tmd&eP

dla else*n{o 6}aBt!.ear ' !*tr..,
t{:.lrate ln ctrueluaa rrrqr '.tralluetsero eopploxo. pa*?au auesrtr'aa
, oqu gurlurn:oq {!ggtqqqilee}r'
ls*,,({1r-r4*
aceenfcr. prtraara, eonatttr{!

a 'd{ar;rmoaqtri*B riprozentets aehmat{a ln flgra 1I.1Sea

iiterfiinX ip1icl*arss 1e lntlxrdore {Esfaa I' este ds u*artr#t' t6e

.tt.&+ tdA

c getl s eeurtantE, ier F - roluau} eamdueio*ului,

roeElt&
ts fiorl orpaual"a:
.i;rnda

gfi

rr.eF * *(r

'$

' ap)I.

(tr.re)

ld.art{ lad.lcE a T4r"lo!1. !.latare a reeleteagel R ,6

f,uncgle do
daf,omagl* { a dl ,/t:
E* . *o aF,
t1t.{0}
fll r*rt
.ar4(1*A F) G6to ,besBlbi&ttateardeFndeDtH
de B*re_
^$g"l]A { rablue If .t
rlxlul- f6lo6{t
}.
&*i.erl&It3.[
Hon$tnir,,

$e&firest&R

Elllrrar

e:oee5:trf;itryffi
Cnhs

tu:r

_--3_u

-'lao

il{.e

S6beLu1
s0

[*J
.2

1"1

17

"

erorii

da"ttaperr*unB)"

tiele (figara L1i16rb) etnt aap*b{}'e' sE a$soeib, eepl.rlrl

ind tntra l gt 1o5 ltui eu praelali ael 9$'}a aa or5$: Xa trx*i
. .
p*n6 la 6000 rot/9!4. '|
"'

'

c,, flrzacJ

rc-

vr/

2..

ta*uX ? e'callpse&4 Be*Pengsraa

SoXuttllc constructi". dlferH-in funcilo do Ssnsl fcr$olor EEGTrra'

tcl atct (0...:"o';r, marl (1o)...1o')$ eau foarts qsr'3 (1$f".lglls"

+3.10:l

r05e ff{}O C*6 ruorn,

{Hne

6*,

Cr}305

p.lo-4
,,:.r'."r

*te*3 lllroo$la ieasfuatl.ar eeeanlaa

&,u Bt6 {itxflascut&r sg
felo6es* **r6to ta*eoaotri.ee {$gure
}}.}5re}, fqa&eta die }_4
B&s*l aituste .la 4$s eau 6O0, +aro pera{.t
eeiu}u} ulterfcy

al
,3ir**g{{}or Sl yeler{lor ceforaagti}oo, q**p**u**u,
*r**il;; ;;
ta*pratm, e6ra pot fl imp*rtqnta {Sate,rete
coefietentut*r-L"
de e6ri6grc a raslstan}ol ca teeperat*r"
--t*t*i*L 11,lr xrreeu.m

fortelor al eupXurilor eu tEnsopctre

. HEaurarea
rJztsitve; g-fi6peu1H dltnhmoaetrlqH; b-toralo*:

Fitr" 3.:."15.

gl 4il*'{riiar 6*f*nlte sto rfruiuf

ret), eo po&tr rsa:.tra pnla.dor,a l_"rror"-gr"*r;;;;J';;;_
'la *cacoEi
"*o o.*"u-i*;;_;;;;;5;J;:"taes*r&crlr, dan ealfcltea"
s*ata {figere *,"}gedr}" sarer*Ls do ase*'aro
"r"*"tu *tra'gt, s&ot.ate f,*
olnt nlrb.0*l*, eu o tr!.nfanJteta ," **fn_-*_si, ae,ata tr6d*Et6er6
l$r *a doxee{ig <}e
*reforeatif F*]at{*de la Io-6 3a
!.G-?" i; ;*i;:_;;;-;;;-d;*
p{eueu f}eeeeate
ds def@raetle psag fi fo,tX*.

ru
-.---

-.-*

ffi@@@e*b@tu*#w'a#a'4*'is#d

i:lt$l

t-

.ri.'

: :':.::: i:

':::;:;*::r.

,r9'

ia eerlc faylor tE JuEul vefortf, nr tcsil dr dcp.ndontl cu trlpffatEr. . rarta.tentrel n I errauctal

rulut. Yaloerre accctdl i"calrtbala oitc, f* goueral1 nonatl lo
.fio"lOO Q p.ntr"rlt OeC lar ceofic{cnllt (
,F ,.". afut:conataagi
.., pentlu m anuait arteFlEl (pletinurnleheircuprurflcr'aau olrisl.'
.ao flcrl gl pratru ru int6r"rl da to&pGnstnrEldct. lstfel, .pentru
.' : tara-oeoqi-ejp4ii}.lrEtp *tdi{tr4; ct error dpuenfu aestr dr iu;urese,
, cata (-4e0...+?go)ee, ecsgti eoef*eienll au cIorl:
d.lr9tl,10-9{oe}-xi'fl .-or$sg":.o-6 1o61-?r:,', :lttsi-*at .,.
, i:
Gqrc

tl.r.
'

r:_

iisunrRBl tBrFERlrtRrl,

,,

urBrfl?rr ,''

,
Frlmeusrriruurffior$
_j__:__
;,L-+:ii,.,,,,

-*;-*;_,

'.',

-1,,,:

,prrivlnl.cltn:{osvottarer

.:

Elaltat.r .ll tatraaltetor-. lrrlooart ropreisla- ..

tE psr.Datrt rscallrll:latr-iO frrr';rrfi if pco.... tahsalo.Eao, - l
colpL*re, lo!. allo tD .atiluptll, lattueCrlr cblrlo!, :rtroetact+balcl, cptlc!. ?r!ituc!qtE?!r al. tlap'rillirl rtat rerltrlt. E,
prtnctpll ficlar dLferlto, la fmel,tq gl dc iloogelgl do uttlleme.
Arifll; rleunrrrl t rp.rottrtlor trtnr -e$6oC gi, +.?!OBG oc,rcellrctll cui !Emqpt,li.;csE.!!Lii! :ptrru te spq;&ctfi:tJoolc aa
ut ill:cell tqrpqiypirrf i. ter pcrtru ielorl euportsero-p:Urcifi
do r*d{r!lo. gtr_dqlqala,L.al*c-.ltiFqi. be!.to po ittletalta rmqr l
corpirrl Eelldo, llehldc aes t..oao., !n roocloro eu s;E@lggrl
elcetrlcr ,tlc dtpbietc. ..ht f!.cvaat..fbitoglio cr'ckrento ala
slBtolelor dr r96IeJ gi oe:ualireir. : ${.as:telslcr cclc aal gEapindit. tr.dubtorrc ltln acraatl clarE, pot ft utllltqtc tn gaur .. :,
!1C...+5io)eC, cu prcriatt (1rt...5)f gt lntrltt tcrntel (!i.to)g,
' , . . , & 'cultc,or! ,cor.lctl ori drterrlnapt tcripcrat6{.t; r}euia-,
r*e.rrtditilt4 (oonflnutui !a apl rau repori iilc rpE 11. uirtrt.taica-l
tee gr:oa geu el rner uatcrlalc aolld.-gora, e{ibuho, itrtlcr.tcrtt-.
hrrtc.) tapltcl uttllzarari uajr btafa.U;t+.o baratt; cr1 rai,
adomo, pr tdr,la1ia.,, gsmttlrtt3gll cru::e: aorairct-1qi.tl}1{ :cLoctrt; ,
ee r cerprnllor g6iirir. aeu aol,lal. Sltue&ti.lc oarc inpua t5snt.irse Lqt-e4gltElll lradnoqqer- clLar decu ,."i mrtrtoc.
,urUrroi
"i
r!Et.E.1pu!ladlvoro'c.o.o'eIepr:a.lct"o1tar..uaclgrtrt{tl eonrl0arabtlt.dc.fqlastea (eu tuburl fotoclcetrleel cu fato-'.
it I ode aeu frt *tr..rtotGf]ii-Gtrnr-oot"
I.
EpoFctlrm,

'

Lq I qre

gtorae toapixatmpl*:, raetet,{"vltatia mor eet6r{.e1e

in confozmltata cu o retetri* de forna
pgtrtvnl unel *cuegll Ae itrpu:" (lt.r)o.

poEte 6E ar nErea*cE,
{11.4); asu.qU req{lr

.e)'Ter:eoro.eiatentets (atqllee) poi

ff crneetertaaic,
'
...'&anon,+d{.1-E6}*Ft?-8o}+'...J,]{1}.4x}

goilrl generEl, prin salagia:

--

.,:

Ia

-',,

la .teupErstur*,:tntri, 0 91, 60000. ie{Eg*gfeteo!!&-qi" rilshg}; l

uti"tiz&uile tn riqtervelnt ( -5o;"+?*0}Ets; gt ;"er-q{*.IE- eol"
ii,,,:,coefie*sagl. de'temreratur$oeiridieag&i , ,' , : .r.,
r

ii',',
r,i r.r

'

;r..,tntr!o O

gl

2OOoC,

eer lrrqrint& desa"lllrt&jul

wei aclinter{tHgi

'' ,
,.l
ir!.1,aei proarurlate (flgure 11.1?re).
Eobiaelq' teresr.ealaten!,c1or au diabmelual aeduae ( 50. . .60irm
gt t l. ..6 )oo i lgttma'sBu dlaeetrii" {@ductGFu} fllifor*,
,,.: !,ga8tuc
.

r',dc (crtr...Or2)nn illaqotru, eota l*fEgurat bifllsg (nelndiuctir) pa

.'raa euport.i.zalsnt dln nlcE, EticlE seu cerenieH (ln fmcg,ie. de
' tenperair:ra di trucau )gl acoperit cu stpat pfotector! lapotrlva
,.:rlecgiunilor eoroalvg cricrar . Frntnu la6talere ea eanouetp eut,
'pFaaiuhe
6Eu roraryo&Fe, tcrnorcsLetenlatrr slEt *,ntrsdusr fntr-o
ii..'enu&turg dio protec&{6 ( din a}aaX. 6au oral eliat cu nichsl sau
..'croalr.prevHrut$ ou'O fl'anq5 no.bilE ite flxarc Al.rm cap da lluuinlu,eu bornele <ta conexiune (ftgura ].1-"l7.b).
P-r.ebtllE n&pubgrii terper.aturl1 cu e jutorul" ta:ruonEtl.elon
ii,eu rczta enSS poete ff,, ta eond.trg3,l iaduatgiax.e, nal bmH ttc ls,
i,,,6ac& ec lsu,tsat lq6suriSe de reducero a eror{lor. fn pqinul rfnd,
. drte iEport8ntd eoEtere_, cosectE a traducioaului, cera trebuic
il:,ptssst astfaL tnUft c& fle eeigurst un .bua Eeiriab de eElatua6 cu
,:.t,:ltutea*F:, f,al care:trabulc utrsurat$. tengeretrre gl rsdu66 :!a" minfuo
, l.Erderila,dr egl(ueg s$r df,trto?. Astfe}', fuA rgqrvsala as !q&*
i,'::.eo-oandE o BillnciDo nluin$ dc {noreie ds {10;,;.20} ori dise6t,rtxi.,
,' ixtorior El torooeot!,ulul, 6vitaree zonelor eoart,6 te6l,luri,nige)
gL, t* ee*u.l tubtrrllor Sngr.tete, eontsraa tn eotuai, 3n direegie'
.contraru curgsrii fluidiului (figura 11..1?ro). Conetputa ds t,ieg
i.eraeestor:tenaoaeqre isrleaE ldtre o,o, ru gi. m;;;lr*till

!ilrr

i:
'.4:
,,:i

::)

g ) togai atoqre f, g a
d lapoal.ir;;t*ro*;..",
;G;
'dia drottacuii aie oxlst'at
.l t.trl+loF grelo, Ficpatc ar&, .f,otr6
unor sict iifere aru di,seur'!.o cs dl,c*aeLuai {to ardiae} (tr.,,SJe.

tarBseg"trs" *g-.t-grele!&}s

, . 11,r.2.
f"*5r*oprnr

.
no *o"*iierli., ain *sr:[ o']dr]*lobr $14 aoterlale
(audur8
e*u ltpltr*X]aanillf,*r$tas s6ro ar: e suprefalt ds tanlset
3r t@pcra}lbaq*
gS
capotelo
f
A"
uUfu**t
tg,astE le toeBratsru

refarin&l t* (eranlual I aediui'ul sgbirat)' ts1}"ottr:ts::'

,oar priaul
&BEEetoel6etrie agsiEfl (fiplrrra ll.Mtial gdacS railr,ex
(u'14)t
tarsse},aelt"on
?easliees
eela$*a
dln
;;;;" o1 ilaaqelt5rti
iur",

Oo

{aiit

l -eoreel

rsetoes6 t

&'*s(* 60

FE

,?rgregit

8c)

"

1}.49 }

gr.j d{Y-rc}

{+,

aeopsr{t6 ea a,!e}il sau r$glnl gl prevEaute cu doug tarui*ala,

slaanotun$.la redu'a peralt"atreur*;;
o;;;;"-i*;*G ;';;r*;;;*
rilosr !.n Seaa (-?0";;*ts80)oe, cu eorr_e;aotc
O" ti*1,

four,tru;;tipurilor 8e tgiuietort *u oo
ds t,otsporarldrtr naga.rlv d *(-4..._B)fgZ"c]1*ga ** ,orr*fue
"""ti-i-"i-'
- .*
- eio
dlforealierea r:elefil.ei (1:."5):
&*, * -&
'b
#,**" g*#t *m'*
{.11.
"44)
t?'
(10 rssl" Hejoritetoa

:..a-cu tEraost*ti
-;;I;";UJtr;eli*-eareetcristiei'Gr{
Fig" 11.L8. TetBo@tr6 cu tsreocuplisi.
b-eolap@naete-;"

-lu
Aeuret$e tsAsuf,Utorif,or poot iaprmo

,:

T) ;

utilisBrs tloor eoEdue:

pre}ln6oec tqruo euplr*_

oer"o-ie *otB*o*ir*e { flgura li. }E, * ) n "te
66p]lnuls ]e *
tsmFeratute
n**n
ti
;;;-r;;.";;;.-"-rr*
[6 aet6
(Sooelr
eu
aiutoru} llsu{
K
axelgptrLr
525
de
refezri:r!6r
d*
;;;;.;poate
ae
dry6d 4irset aeetra
t-rtsoatat (fi8r:ra l}'lBrele *az cfnd
t

?atsrtlc'Fgri.st*trt6:!. I efntr uzue1, 3n gaaa gOf.{.r.60

kSl
{?!oC),c*ea ce face :na6ltJsbi1U rlaaiste$la *o*A*t**ref*o
* llog&tur&, si.epare{i}e aea.i ala reaistengolcr gi
;**inioogf}ar_ds 16Ep@r$|tur!f, i.4$?s 6ol}t"&rea riguroeqtr e gre{Stastrel,sr,
"r*

}aaB *aSaaparateloi: as s&srl*et a teltPeraturil,sn,grada 0etre{us"

' *a?cls llbars ele tat!s941,p3*1ul r$lsfl} 1a teaperatwa aed{ulul 11't&tb}
{fie$ra
elect:'sic,
*ele
bient, **te poeibtl& ;;;;";;'ne
1a eq*e a:e et{'* u**u4t** intsodus* d* uedifleebsa teapertaril

pAtru I fi pos!.bilE teLoouime ior ta aehotse1a

de reseurare.
-;;;;" -;
$etsrti& febsrrrtasril r*'*rt;
;;#";;;.;;#;;;raggursrilar sete &ee* {0s5...})S. p.e&tpu uEeur$r&
eai,p*A*e
proelsa aa pai, utl:lae diod6 ts&u trsssLetoarer.
Ia *ata +urartul.
t":"*: ,:, tBnBlERs corx*t*Btg preaiu?H o eepeaiu[a";;r;;-;;*
relagis {1}"8}.

lovret eperstDl"

:!:li,

iiil

a.'l

ltz

l1,r.r. 9lqqotre;!ggg!!916!! ,: ' : -, , :' '. .', , .-. ': .

.deterx{xrg
'
?ouFtr*tufilo,
f asrtr aarl, p.eto :f5m9e;'a-i
,,,:,,.,
o*I
I

a5i ?raerrn! .f.q,rl'eo6t*ct cu

i crl.tl,dr
e)

trrrdotrulrr

ccrgfur,ll. j 3rseEl*tte.,,,."
Flroectrylc qe_lhgiEJfS_getelg

irtcu.rtnd

aE.eoaEtr

radlegtr

tstrsrse

puteao

(I1i{61

crllft de eilip-*-I.. csld , Gq,attq{d pr&n9ip{u}rd:' .risbgtr"Ugtlr .i!.Uetnot

ta flgqrl jllrtr9r'Rattiettq ooieE ds eprpul gneardsssont 'ilu,ttrb
laehta, p.laort ln pgritrl.r eqpl,6rulul),;sta oojrcGatr*t* da estce
,i

l-snttlo oplset.l? {leu hc d ogttaatd.eoneovB) pq,,d:pgreg! net+}it}A,

la apaieli c6rril'ctret ftrats gtir&a-tole d. sr.Edus[. a{b nng{ roarto
61,:l3,"ecqpl*lreqnaeretc tra acrlo fI fe ;
**ei""iUi*ii**"n
alcctrlcrj, a eErut soall r6tc ctrleneiX ta grqdc
Cale{us. Dlatarile
Aluti0 plrmotr.* gt eupre!"ala redlEatl au trfluenteezE.ettlroar
.tlt tiEp clt obl.octl"ul cstc coapl8t aooparrit dc raClallo.

tLl,{?}

uaec

iad{crloorrf aonafftnt u1g'3a ilo'rqtunr}tr.. Ibqtm eol{dr;

t' il3fio.gt. u[fsfElll rcfu*fye

('II ra8)i

wrFt'[{o ;*tg;o**tzio"o.Proo e*:;

. .cu traanbtor rqrllellg (flgura:'

rato,rcilltet:p*nq d.punercr rrttd.t ftli strblltl dt abte-',
rtel. hlgrosEopto,pr "'r. ;t 6s1ag1: 6c rnltrltilXr:Drrvlq'qt Gu 3loetrstl
aa aurr-gii c;i;lnritlJat fell llr acllucl rgcnlilor'.ttrrt{ !ulT{!
pr*f, ) pflitf:Pri str;t'porba, poifurcrie. Rlclstont. I futr eol
6oi o*actro*t,vart*e5 eu ::trel o5itiarr, dtc atrrluc pentmr no{Iftetn{

' ,' ,.'6;

11"403.1)

o#s

FtA; }l.tr9.:,Pfrcoofru et! r.dletiq

tot,ctrE.

Dmcnlllc de DEarralc .1. piroaetrlor .Je'rediaiie cr oxtlnd"

ta rnod:cur.inre ar ta 6so trr e0siou,
;;aH;il ;;i*";;-'
.

ondlaut

(r;""z,tls.

A0aftr

""*irn

tidtur.4

qS rdl&fc petr!i;}! fe}osse nieel o bendE

_b)-t!{saa!Fef.
sp.etra]5
&ustl. Ocl aal rEsptndit, tlp dts pireootr*ll tiu *la_

->5-*
rBn,B

psrltl. d. fil'eD.ntr Ger. eonatr dLnta-o.lurrarB prie cera Ee sr.tecsl obictu1 6f o talp! cu !"ncmdcacaa!6"pieaettr tn foeerui
Ientllet obieetLv. ila fi1tr' oeulaa lasx e! irr.eacE xraat radialil
oxe+9LB.rQ!q, eu t"rgtmea aa rgraa } 1o"6f''g"a)
Ttroq::9sti:c.{41
e1r gllss1ul"ul vlzat gt filsocatuluil Clliestlrl. f,llemeatarlr*i aa
rogaeazil pl.nE ctnd filena*tul !r, 68 El iladEle.S&e,O* eueg6tr,u* '
corpulul radleEt gi Bc EgsoerE'cu tur eparlt, inlentorn atll.eaet tn
gra{lc Gclolua. Dmenlu} rlc rlsurerc. ureB ptnE Xs
SOCOoe, cu o
" . . ,
,- i:,::
lrrcclzlcdc(Orp.""OrF)g..

.ff

ll
e I stlr
5::
ffifd lntru pcirtru;;;;;-a-cu treaucto? ropgntrF
1-',' b-carecteri;,ticiIs-rezietantH./taiilitatc
c-EE8grEraa..teoptr6tEril"'
toEpcretu?i;.
diferlt.
:
da cehil.ibsrr e ctrornrit dlc }itilr"

'

'

"

'

'

llpie

:"'

l,

:lt

';i ; ,
cal qe SgX!4-{g+Sry""'
11'?o1a)r. atbatanlB hdgroeeoplcE cE absoa'rbe rsatditble*
6[s aediul togauJuiEtor; i*u*Irro' "al ecng,,cteere', ]o f,tlu] neestar
&n eurant,L"aaL uarc trccc tntnc firale 6c argint, prin atretul
6. f{s!.r tacslrisr0u-l gl producfnd .rapors?ta unu{ pErll {ln e4o '
abeonbitE, pin& 1i ateblllrsa unei tanperat'ur'i da cchllibrt.
pir!!ru-'c&e* praalmae perllal8 e vaparilor itr spa 6ee6upna cslcrlLdl gaturatc q.:LiCa .8tc 4881& eu prcsiu-rca ppr$ta1B a ?epobilor

. .
'(fig*,

us-Bl.tl,jmtrdiae-tru

Bst6

'

il
I
.

"'

t4r,'.

dr,iiFlii{lD rotllul ub'laenr dlFawllntl da ndiu*$sor ,{a

B$nrtrel,

Is*.lu
'
Tcoprratur. do achlllbfi! 0-lo rIco.Ftr qE rs .trlductpa
tltlorallrtlrr. a elrul.rlarlrfentl Ho oitaatltuit c rlaurtr r rnl4i1n1iir ia dotcnlul (t5-l0fl$, p."iro trrpsrcturi tetre B 6l
t.
ie{oi..,.o, conal.nt..a3 tlap * (?":.,4)atn, . '':,, , : . .,
^,.
ps$,t_ru*_Eougg
b) [.qtdlrcrrr_Is
ttetr'tu prtaclpal., do douE
.
- gu aesireior eOl*getirltgl!$ a-lqqt;!:cc, car la caro
trBductsrul ersttoa*i varlalla reaiatonlefl alGetf,i.c, R e aatrrf-'.
rlului .rB6iast (pleaat lEtrr 60l elogtl$g1.-u gaoeqtfl.sr:rirnat6&i6)
lo:firnolla dr.re*ditete5irotatf,rS; , ,, .,'. :,, ., ... , . .. r ,r,
1,,

e'*;

i,.L11i;1;
'.i,:1'.,.';

undc

!lg.

.i.jr
,:il

(1r"49)

t .rt. o conrtandu poEtru rg tatortel dat lae a un.orpoDsat

introg cuprtar tarre I l! l?r:G..r oG f""c oilr"ind;
#;;;;
uE.
so p*ilotr-ro daro,,aairelbluLeto, 1r o,rcftalie b
:1.:g::"tarlse
wid$dIitl, qu ,!$r, re1i-etpsla
ou .6!go pe*tru j*16. . ,.
"&rlas[
c6d trqduqtorul
' i.
este e6p6citly, dlcilctrfeul coEdenBtorulqrt fltd idlusnlet
considarabll. aa priiaoaSe
." :c8rcl.pemltlv.ltatc. 6_"si cetc
"fotr
eurt_iai_am doctt e uaterleistsn
tgolants
i g.Iu-ioirtsensibilltatra gl prrelcle atnt aerl (OTCSI$,"r*r.
rrapdetii
0rlS),
:1,11fr1u-ar
trartuer,e}re
cu
aarr.
tntro
1t{,ltae
lirt&lrga
"ri"tqnof

l.jf,::: r.jri:

.: .
&fu:,i

iiitdron iig4 (d6ure;11r, ;f ) ;nu'oeee*1 6 - -";,,,,.,,

;rilrlXiarE do,tcnetuiarr .itioare{!, aub qc}lrurro ltaintlr lbtlt' rllo*
iriioal ap?t. o:tcne{3ae,cbetroaotoari gt tni ctrcu{t. aa.otrbllogtar
eurnt dat d.'mleStr (11.16); aa recooqndl I f!., q3ttllaela la
a$eurcrsa fluaurllor'luanlnoEss uedil gl morl"
I

nr

'

'.
tl,r.t: Mu*t,oafrjot_oootrteo :: : : ,,:, I
ot"ro*rtifrr.i r l6Iffiiffir{:eaas, cer ruai rirevent,

prRAsErRrLos
"4, uIs{ratREA

FLUxsEli0B rEffi{orocrgB

tn etetemalc eonplc*o da autqnEtizerc'a proese{Ior tndusoupravog:hercr gl regl*rca, pelaeetri.lor {!uida}or, tehnoli}(sor; oxi6on, g6t ,Eetsn, ap&i uletratc., nocpsltB eEso!.,Ernn.,

trlale
'

ont etl ?otleleelrleA,, 6noleuul do fotoeondtueg*a

ax *ri*uoape_li
'toarelor aau tfoctrifrfotqvgttdr.e..,: , ., : . . ..:.' ,
r. ,r : i
','' I , a,F*odioge;pr rgrgtr.anzis-lqrEti eiat dtagoct{tr"r oaalenaductoar. a gHior stnuctur! dc prlnciplu ortc:rcdatl ta fle,tri
11.21ra gl r?spactlr b: Frralttgnar.ao,.lor are Ie tazk,faptilr
cd
lh.ainarca unul netcrial acateouductor (scleilnr
rrucnr'ui""ri,
eafta:.ur conpugl el scl.cnlului eu co{rinlu},
aeimitretE unet sssorh-

tii !e iotgirir,conaueq te troc.sc. uool nr*xrn a",ai;;.uJof.;i;::"

(ctab[I), rn'bandig ribarE {nc eoa{ruc}to); t,-,,rsr,,i
":"0"18coaduclla prln
l:"1:
rn Eceat.Dod
roepectleul btrcEt. Feaoner"."r1 oe E,i_
terlallzcaztr priatr-o yarlallc e reaiaten!*f t":f**ii"';
. -. il;:
nare, ln echena dc Edsuaera 6i.a figurr ff,alr".

11.?1.' Diopor,.Ltlvr fotoal.ctrlci bust. p. feaoslaali

dtr ?otobontluc!fu ! e-fotcdioita; b-iototraalfu
, :tgrntl G-scherf da dau:rerg,GE fot66l.o{t9., :t,

cale oloetrlcE e unor cleai, lnportsnte ds oIrlutr naolaetrles:

Brectunl, dabltc, do&porlllo ehl.uteE, eoneeatrallL.

i.,po

1r.1.l :

lg

g4e$qer-a__Preslrmi-r

4lgliqg

qg4qn3!{q]q Bfnt traduetoare csro ESEoafE pnealunl 3r ito-.

CEIg sai rueplndito stnt rnpaoaetre]a eu
elsetrieo d* dcplseerc. cara foloeose ca, tre.altl8totii*r,
&Bno&etrs aecaslee eu lesgels Bleatjlig 691;Lga {aeabraaa';
1, tuburi eu::bata) s,8a gligElgg (tub tn, foflng."dc,,,Ufr.tEb

otur G6T{]lIf,)at.
uctoa.ee

lluelar,

el.6pot, p3.ut,its.r)..

trsductor: 6X.oe?rte.de depXaeEri aict: (ir.aoetatlcr, indueeo 6stu tBaBoDtFicE) poate fi aeoelat acstoF Eanoatrr;, .'

,.

ta redo#a uryErtrtl rlner proccae foart. repida;

le
{

.*o]

r" -'

eefrppqtxe pleaoE1qg!:r-&g{; traductoera p-l..Eo*l6ot*1o6:. {l&

f,igtra l"}.5r } r eu auprafslE

uali

A. condtantE' aupua6, :actirmil :

dc a&surst tr3p6. Pnt!'u acoperlrca unor trattrraternir{'

praaiwal, lntrc o gt 5e9oo bt, 86 utdllsasrH t!'aalucto-sBt picto+

irrc d{.n reaistanlc (aotaltcc eau acmdeonduetoara},r,6 ; csrbr
.

rr,'i+?li!{

yr6

!. rodlflc[ sub .c!lr$.. Fscelwll.eErsfis6fiE.

XUuFaDoa prrsireiloF fosrta t!el, I0 torr-t$-8 gsrrr aa
ra e I i ror!tr eu r*444r*grtrs..loJ
e trreoeas{lrE thatr! eE { Coa*r{ u de
..,-.,...-@
" preciuac.: 1S+10-/ torr,
.!3OS{.O,1} H/e<} onet6 dlatr-e iaeiatf,
eflrtl }l prraiunbr dc lEaurrt p gl" care eongias lar flr fseBlet'ter {i.c p}.rtkE gl ea alrtil de EEsuFcra e tcaperat.-rll {t*ra*rus1lr - figurr li.??rt - Esu elrEetr verlalla cu teap!st!:r! e r' Bletrisl firulul
- flgure 11.4?rb. Ler draearer Btul c!#BBf.
'Ic{}O"".l6$}qlrtr8poraturl
&1 e flrulul dto Fo8istontE g es sta*
btlogtc 3a s telsera auperioarE'tcaporaturli n r radlu)"ui amb{en&,
d+oga*ce !a pqoefrail, sc&suti eonductivftat,ae tirolct a geaulu.t
oe ttisinubar8. supratraporctuF. ast! dletaregnetE dc putlrt* alee*
' t*lc! ,St de ttobi.trl* apaclfle 66 eELdurE c&dBt;
rrsicrlyitot.

i:i."r"""r

crB.rs&Brr:iitE3

g! dc.nartra

**?*I;rtiffi*

,11

cu b$utore! ranei trtdrsee&a r{'818'

cata aglloardt tn. tosaun dtferealoi fortslsr lre'rn{ss Pc?t-f*o ltt
. f*in8 d6tEr.&&n8t6 d6 6lfrr6ngs 6a Frte*'tmo &pt lf.,8 d9 e fs:
,"ri -rg""r, lPeaalsnra eul.e& ds po seet *r'dse*sa eote- me!'l'
dG
fi+*ta. AL epot ir[aefletE, g&618@6etBe ftgee srqdst tB @tt&$i

rralleratl

eleb:i"t.

8f * 60 r nf2/{ ii!}

}tp},

11.50,

I ratr auFrafatt 60 r6eir. r f"truXul :gi I -coofietentu} da

traeislalr a c&Xduri{, gepetit.nt dr'cmp6alsic g! preadrwc
lqda

goeulul.

IlsbitEutre: a-!r Strar\Sirlw*e aer:$*'mf 1;

Fiia"
* 13"?3, b-sl6etrssegntlc'

flswa

}l'.?5eb} I w{'S}"tepB*[
s 1eas{u*e olacstaitrt'*" -*"1 11-hi**J**
vleeEe
{ea
trBAsee}{6
es
m*'gearee
*r{e& tedu*s,e"ps$n
?t-. l}d; S
dBlBir *eqs esg6 s$p158 *e$tmt{ me{ etsp nagne'({s Sa'*'pdqe${*
it&.
{+e&stant} es}tfsiv' rala$*elr
{ t&.*f}
4 a B'6*f,r
pssssrn{*r.a[
6[}*di
?d$*e d ssee di&?ia{*:N}}' sec?d$*t*!" &sbEt'ls3 @6cs
ps-b3$&etPtll qlEpttqqq&qe

eoedtrete&r, pe-*d**6

\L_y

iE-:

6"6- ua :
p-R*li*As-1
[
+6

xBm-?

Flg. 11"?3. Yacurma.tre: e- jojc ternocouCiuctLaitrlcE cu

.
trtsseulplu; b-jojt tcrooegnduet!.rctrlcE cu
temorezletrn!E
, :.
11.4.?..BEsur.arta
dteb!.t"clor
%
.
Centltet.ar 8c flui0 (*pSrulalrabm;aei conpriuatrgqs) cc
treee pr*a. conductr, til.writatol de tlep ae cxprim& ga f,t'leJi
ta1lrrl, rks/61 , rrlhl r
:

31"2?ra ee bagcead pe diferenla ae prcui,mc csra $par6 tntre

sfi.ne_

' ," 9'kQ2r

I rJ.)r,
qrldc Q aetc drbLtu!..lar t - rrl cosflct*ut AQpB{leat de raportui
lcbtriuraiitr, tipul. dlBpoxtttrulul dt gtrangularo, fctrrrl eurearti

* gs'.?
6'd4Bd

*:[*g', -L

[s.

{tE'r})

m**&u f,e3*e3'TY tYF*

&r;s,*eree* tesr*f.tr,nea txadxrs& ssq'fi d{t xa:!'*as
e'tr*!*eetg fi9nd &*
r*e*araqremetrgl8t
e#te
e**s'i.ante
*llou
*1'sfi&rsshgiaies
e*tus"E
parsrli* da
Sg Ee$q+*
,

**r*tic*
ere:i **ts d* t,&eel!$id.
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' , '.
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TJUOTfNTe.

.(1988);

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