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STIMAŢI CITITORI,
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REVISTA DE PEDAGOGIE
REDACŢIA
COLEGIUL DE REDACŢIE:
acad. Alexandru BOBOC, acad. Alexandru SURDU,
prof. univ. dr. Gabriel ALBU, prof. univ. dr. Carmen CREŢU,
prof. univ. dr. Jagdish GUNDARA, prof. univ. dr. Ioan NEACŞU,
prof. univ. dr. Rodica NICULESCU, prof. univ. dr. Dan POTOLEA,
prof. univ. dr. Emil STAN, prof. univ. dr. Pavel ZGAGA,
cercet. şt. dr. Otilia APOSTU, cercet. şt. dr. Laura CĂPIŢĂ,
cercet. şt. dr. Speranţa FARCA, cercet. şt. Atwell GRAHAM
cercet. şt. dr. Irina HORGA, cercet. şt. dr. Simona VELEA
RESPONSABIL DE NUMĂR:
cercet. şt. dr. Sorin MITULESCU
TEHNOREDACTARE COMPUTERIZATĂ:
Vlad PASCU
MULTIPLICARE ŞI BROŞARE:
Constantin CHIŢU
ISSN 0034-8678
Responsabilitatea asupra conţinutului acestor articole revine autorilor lor. Această publicaţie
reflectă numai opiniile autorilor.
ADRESA REDACŢIEI:
Str. Ştirbei Vodă Nr. 37,
sector 1, Bucureşti 010102
Anul LX
Tel.: 021-314.27.83/133 Fax: 021-312.14.47 Nr. 4 • 2012
e-mail: revped@ise.ro
REVISTA DE PEDAGOGIE
ANUL LX • 2012 • NR. 4
CUPRINS
ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
Viorel Nicolescu – Nevoia de ideal în pedagogie: C. Dimitrescu-Iaşi,
G. G. Antonescu, C. Narly ................................................................................. 7
Valentina Milenkova – Pluralism în educaţia din Bulgaria ............................. 19
Sorin Mitulescu – Primi paşi în educaţia non-formală şi munca de tineret .... 31
CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
Eva Gonçalves – Şcoala şi familia – posibilităţi de interacţiune în
ţările europene ................................................................................................ 43
Tatiana Shopova – Alfabetizarea digitală, un important factor de
eficientizare pentru învăţământul superior ...................................................... 67
Loreta Mamani, Arben Gaba, Ilir Bozgo – Formarea cadrelor didactice,
un element esenţial pentru creşterea calităţii educaţiei din Albania ................ 79
Vasile Ţampău – Începuturile metodei Montessori în România – o analiză
diacronică ........................................................................................................ 91
AGENDA EDUCAŢIEI
Eugen Noveanu – In memoriam Profesor Vasile Popeangă. (1920-2012) .. 101
Petre Bodnariuc, Andreea Scoda – Revista de pedagogie - 60 de ani
de existenţă ................................................................................................... 107
Paul Grigoriu – Comemorare Spiru Haret: 1912-2012 ................................. 111
Sanda Bordei – Sistemul de educaţie finlandez (I) ....................................... 119
RECENZII
Ioana Ştefănescu – Citizenship Education in Europe, Isabelle
De Coster (coord.) ......................................................................................... 125
CONTENTS
THEORETICAL APPROACHES
Viorel Nicolescu – The Need for Ideal in Educational Science:
C. Dimitrescu-Iaşi, G. G. Antonescu, C. Narly ................................................... 7
Valentina Milenkova – Pluralism in Bulgarian Education .............................. 19
Sorin Mitulescu – First Steps in Nonformal Education and Youth Work ........ 31
STUDIES, INTERVENTION MODELS, GOOD PRACTICES
Eva Gonçalves – School and Family: the Possible Interaction in
European Countries ........................................................................................ 43
Tatiana Shopova – Digital Literacy and Effectiveness in Higher Education ... 67
Loreta Mamani, Arben Gaba, Ilir Bozgo – Training Teachers, a Cornerstone for
Improving Quality of Education in Albania ....................................................... 79
Vasile Ţampău – The Beginings of Montessori Method in
România – a Diachronic Analysis .................................................................... 91
THE AGENDA OF EDUCATION
Eugen Noveanu – In memoriam Professor Vasile Popeangă. (1920-2012) .. 101
Petre Bodnariuc, Andreea Scoda – The Romanian Review of
Pedagogy - 60 Years of Existence ................................................................. 107
Paul Grigoriu – Spiru Haret Commemoration:1912-2012 ............................. 111
Sanda Bordei – The Finish Educational System (I) ...................................... 119
BOOK REVIEWS
Ioana Ştefănescu – Citizenship Education in Europe, Isabelle
De Coster (coord.) ......................................................................................... 125
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 7
ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
NEVOIA DE IDEAL ÎN PEDAGOGIE:
C. DIMITRESCU- IAŞI, G. G. ANTONESCU, C. NARLY
prof. univ. emerit Viorel Nicolescu*
Rezumat
Articolul prezintă concepţia despre idealul educaţional a trei mari pedagogi,
profesori ai Universităţii din Bucureşti.
Pentru C. Dimitrescu-Iaşi, idealul educaţiei este reprezentat de omul puternic,
ce dispune de o plenitudine de forţe fizice, este însufleţit de ideea progresului
şi entuziasmat de ştiinţă, tinde cu pasiune spre progresul, binele societăţii.
G.G. Antonescu, din perspectiva concepţiei sale formativ-organiciste,
conform căreia educaţia trebuie să ţină cont de condiţiile intime ale
organismului elevului, desăvârşind ce sufletul său aduce de la natură,
propune un ideal integralist, care constă în „a cultiva toate forţele, care
constituie organismul psiho-fizic al individului, precum şi valorile ideale menite
să inspire pe cele dintâi şi să le dea direcţia; cu alte cuvinte, educaţia va
tinde continuu la realizarea valorilor ideale şi la idealizarea forţelor reale,
deci la idealismul activ“.
Pentru C. Narly, idealul educaţiei îl reprezintă personalitatea, definită de el
ca fiind „maximum de desăvârşire, într-o fiinţă umană, a originalităţii sale
specifice, în cadrul principiului social, principiu prin care înţelegem armonia
productivă cu mediul“. Acest principiu, ca expresie a imperativului social se
realizează prin profesia-vocaţie. Astfel, armonia individului cu socialul este
deplină, se depăşeşte vechiul conflict dintre abordarea individualistă şi
pedagogia socială.
Cei trei, în moduri proprii, subliniază nevoia de ideal, ca o „încoronare a
oricărei străduinţe social-educative“ şi principiul că a trăi fără ideal echivalează
cu a nu trăi deloc.
Cuvinte cheie: ideal educaţional, personalitate, pedagogie individualistă,
pedagogie socială.
Abstract
The paper presents the educational ideal of three great educationalists, all
of them professors at the University of Bucharest.
For C. Dimitrescu-Iaşi, the ideal of education is embodied by the strong
person who is endowed with a plenitude of natural forces, is inspired by the
idea of progress and excited about science, who also passionately tends
towards progress and the good of the society.
G. G. Antonescu reveals a formative organicist view according to which
education should take into account the inner conditions of the student’s body,
by perfecting what his/her soul brings from nature. Thus he proposes an
integralist ideal, which is “to cultivate all forces that shape the individual
psycho-physical body as well as the ideal values meant to inspire such forces
and give them direction; in other words, education continually tends to achieve
ideal values and idealize real forces, so that it focuses active idealism”.
For C. Narly, the ideal of education is the personality, defined as “the maximum
perfection of the individual’s originality within the social principle, a principle
by which we mean the productive harmony with the environment”. This
principle, as an expression of the social imperative is achieved by the
profession - vocation. Accordingly, the harmony of a person with the social
realm is at its full and the old conflict between the individualistic approach
and the social pedagogy is overcome.
The three educationalists underline in their own ways the need of an ideal
as a “coronation of every social and educational endeavors” and the principle
that living without an ideal is no life at all.
Key words: educational ideal, personality, individualistic pedagogy, social
pedagogy.
Heinrich Heine ne vorbea undeva despre un brad din nord care visează
tainic la teritoriul însorit din ţările sudului. E firesc atunci să credem că există
un palmier carepoate tânjeşte după brizele răcoroase din fiorduri. Iată, dacă
e să-l credem pe poet, că natura, sufletul vegetal, cum ar spune Aristotel,
este capabilă de a avea idealuri. Iar dacă ne aducem aminte de marele
Comenius, pentru care omul şi pomul au o aceeaşi natură, e în firescul
lucrurilor ca oamenii să fie „înlănţuiţi “ de idealurile lor, care le ghidează ca o
forţă viaţa. Nu întâmplător, regina Isabela îi spunea lui Columb, marele
căutător de pământuri noi, că dacă pământul la care visează nu există,
Dumnezeu îl va crea pentru a-i răsplăti idealul şi consecvenţa.
Ştim, desigur, că partea este mai mică decât întregul, dar nu ne propunem
aici o istorie, fie şi cvasiexhaustivă, ci doar o ilustrare simbolică prin câteva
răspunsuri specifice la întrebarea lui Kierkegaard, cât de minunat este să fii
om?
Iaşi, 1969, p. 82). Deci omul puternic este fidel unui ideal naţional, biografia
lui fiind aceea a cetăţeanului patriot. Pentru Constantin Dimitrescu-Iaşi, idealul
„e măsura puterilor fiecăriua dintre noi, măsura epocii în care trăim, măsura
împrejurărilor în care se desfăşoară viaţa noastră“ (C. Dimitrescu-Iaşi, 1969,
p. 148).
Paul Valery sintetiza într-o formulă superbă: „ceea ce mă face eu, este
necunoscutul pe care-l port cu mine“. Constantin Dimitrescu-Iaşi definea
metaforic omul puternic ca „un vulcan de pasiuni animat de un ideal“. A trăi
fără ideal?, se întreabă Constantin Dimitrescu-Iaşi. Dar asta înseamnă a nu
trăi deloc, răspunde el (vezi C. Dimitrescu-Iaşi, 1927, p.106; C. Dimitrescu-
Iaşi, 1964, p.148; ***, 1934, p. 126).
În miezul pedagogiei sale stă, aşa cum singur a precizat, principiul şcolii
formativ-organiciste. O şcoală formativ-organicistă, scrie G. G. Antonescu,
este şcoala care „ar tinde să desăvârşească ceea ce sufletul elevului aduce
de la natură, ţinînd seama de condiţiile interne ale organismului acestuia“
(G. G. Antonescu, 1930, p. XVIII). Deci formarea omului, pentru G. G.
Antonescu nu este asemenea operei unui sculptor, care dă materialului
prelucrat, fie acesta o simplă piatră sau cea mai nobilă marmură, forma pe
care o doreşte el, o formă exterioară acestuia, ci este asemenea operei
grădinarului, care ia măsuri pentru dezvoltarea plantei, dar ştie că acestea
trebuie subordonate specificului plantei respective. Deci o consonanţă cu
condiţiile interne, cu substanţa vie a sufletului elevului este necesară. Răsună
în acest mod de a gândi ecouri mai vechi, din Comenius, din Rousseau.
Au fost şi alţi bărbaţi care au dus personalitatea spre înălţimi, prin aventuri
dintre cele mai diverse. Fr. Paulsen celebra personalitatea raţională sau
spiritual-morală, R. Eucken vedea în personalitate fiinţa al cărei triumf spiritual
ridică întreaga existenţă la un nivel superior, Fr. W. Foerster gândea
personalitatea eroică, G. Kerschensteiner, pe cea morală, liberă şi autonomă,
H. Gaudig o înţelegea ca autoîmplinire integrală şi armonică a omului, K.
Kesseler o considera fiinţa ridicată la „universalitatea culturii“ ş.a.m.d..
Deoarece textul credem că are încă partea lui de actualitate, reluăm aici un
fragment din ceea ce scriam în 1996 în introducerea la reeditarea Pedagogiei
generalea lui C. Narly „...într-un timp când contactul superficial cu cultura
face aproape ravagii - deşi uneori permite chiar consacrări - întâlnirea cu
opera lui Narly (fapt valabil şi în cazul lui C. Dimitrescu-Iaşi şi G. G. Antonescu)
nu poate fi decât fructuoasă, permiţând spiritului să se regăsească numai
după ce a refuzat futilul. Cunoscută, ea poate oferi pedagogiei noastre de
azi acel şoc necesar pentru a se salva, a renaşte, a se sustrage din somnul
vicios sau din oroarea mimesis-ului. Ambiţiile prometeice ale multor pitici
care, lepădându-se de amintirea propriilor compromisuri, deşi în fapt nu se
rup de ele, ne apar, prin comparaţie, nu doar un simplu eşec, ci o mare
impertinenţă. Pentru că viaţa şi dezvoltarea, ne învaţă viaţa şi opera lui
Narly, trebuie să meargă întotdeauna pe calea virtuţii, în folosul ştiinţei, cu
un devotamentdeopotrivă lăuntric şi manifest“ (V. Nicolescu, 1996, p. 19).
Credem că onestitatea mai are încă de luptat cu interesele fraterne, cu
coteriile universitare, cu inspecţiile politice. E nevoie de o solidaritate autentică
sub acest ţel. Cu atât mai mult cu cât tipul ce-l încriminăm aici e ceva infinit
(G. Flaubert), un neant fluid (Th. Gautier).
REFERINŢE BIBLIOGRAFICE
Antonescu, G. G. Pedagogia generală. Bucureşti: Institutul Pedagogic Român,
1930.
Antonescu, G. G. Pedagogia generală, ediţia a II-a. Editura „Cultura
Românească“, S. A. R., 1936.
Dimitrescu-Iaşi, C. Studii de psihologie socială, prezentate de P. Muşoiu.
Bucureşti: Biblioteca Revistei Ideei, 1927.
Dimitrescu-Iaşi, C. Texte despre educaţie şi învăţământ, studiu introductiv,
texte alese, note şi comentarii de Ioan N. Vlad. Bucureşti: Editura Didactică
şi Pedagogică, 1969.
Narly, C. Educaţie şi ideal. Bucureşti: Editura Casei Şcoalelor, 1927.
Narly, C. Pedagogia socială şi personalitatea. Bucureşti: Editura Casei Şcoalelor,
1928.
Narly, C. Texte pedagogice (Antologie), antologie, studiu introductiv, note şi
comentarii, bibligrafie critică de Viorel Nicolescu, col. „Pedagogia secolului
XX“, Bucureşti, Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1980.
Narly, C. Pedagogie generală,ediţia a II-a, revizuită şi adăugită, text stabilit şi
studiu introductiv de Viorel Nicolescu, col. „Paideia“. Bucureşti: Editura
Didactică şi Pedagogică, R. A., 1996.
Nicolescu, V. Constantin Narly şi reconstrucţia pedagogiei. În: C. Narly,
Pedagogie generală ediţia a II-a, revizuită şi adăugită, text stabilit şi studiu
introductiv de Viorel Nicolescu, col. „Paideia“. Bucureşti: Editura Didactică
şi Pedagogică, R. A., 1996, pp. 13- 52.
*** C. Dimitrescu-Iaşi. Omul şi opera, volum omagial. Bucureşti: Atelierele
grafice Socec & Co., S. A., 1934.
18 ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 19
Abstract
The present paper is focused on a research of school pluralism under
Bulgarian conditions that becomes possible through:
1) Understanding, that pluralism is used to denote a diversity of views, and
stands across the school practices and specific education affiliation.
2) Revealing the diversity in the upper secondary level defined as profile-
oriented schools lasts for either 4 or 5 years, and standing as: language,
mathematics, art, humanitarian kind of high schools. The basic thesis is that
these schools are oriented to personal interests and gifts.
3) Demonstration of students’ and parents’ expectations for a good start of
children and the belief that the chosen school will secure personal prosperity
and social wellbeing.
All these aspects and determinants of pluralism are presented as influenced
by real policy providing decisions and measures in nowadays under Bulgarian
educational context.
The paper analysis is based on some researches of the author carried out in
the period 2005 - 2009 concerning profile-oriented schools, and especially
language ones and its social actors: students, teachers, parents. The main
accent is put on the students: as social background, achievements,
dispositions to future education and values.
One of the basic conclusions is that profile-oriented schools are important in
order to support individual gifts and personal dispositions. Some of these
schools are oriented to formation of elite; these schools support continuity
between parents and children, expressing themselves as an institutional
condition for socialization, which is nearest to family aspirations representing
an investment transmitted within generations. Profile-oriented schools are
basic mechanism for guaranteering educational pluralism.
Key-words: educational pluralism, elite, social actors, socialization.
Rezumat
Prezentul articol este orientat spre investigarea pluralismului educaţional
devenit posibil în condiţiile actuale din Bulgaria. Se urmăreşte:
1. înţelegerea faptului că pluralismul e folosit pentru a exprima o diversitate
Pluralism denotes a diversity of views, and stands across the school practices
and specific education affiliation. Educational pluralism most clearly
manifested in the diversity of schools shown in the education market. The
“education market”(Ball et al. 1997) might be understood uniquely in social
terms, i.e. it works perfectly due to the nature of the social structure and
competition that supports. Educational values, embodied into mechanisms
of educational system urge parents and students to compete for places at
high quality schools – they choose to take part in that competition when they
value one type of education and not another; when they tolerate particular
skills and qualification. And so it turns out that school choice is one of the
significant biographical acts, and as Giddens stated the choice connects
“power” and “stratification” (Giddens,1995). It is important to put an accent
on different institutional networks in which children interact, and parents
strive to encourage children inclusion in various fields. Through the following
analysis I am trying to reveal the diversity in the upper secondary level
defined as profile-oriented schools lasts for either 4 or 5 years, and standing
as: language, mathematics, art, humanitarian kind of high schools. The basic
thesis is that these schools are focused on personal interests and gifts.
Some of these schools are oriented to formation of elite; these schools
support continuity between parents and children, expressing themselves as
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 21
Basic features
The definition of foreign language schools is developed on two levels:
- Family section, connected with the origin of their disciples: educational,
professional and economic profile of the surroundings.
- Institutional section, connected with selection, spirit of competition,
professionalism of teachers; and what is consequently reflected in
general–competitive power of graduates.
I am going to explore them one by one.
22 ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
Family section
As a result of a quantitative survey in 2005 of 360 students chosen randomly
from German, English, Spanish and French language high schools in Sofia
(90 persons from each school) it was established that for 61,1% persons
(220) their parents were also graduates of a foreign language schools. In
addition to those data are some results from a survey (conducted following
“experimental design” schedule) and carried out in 2006 at three foreign
language: English, French and German schools and at two comprehensive
schools – No. 79 and No. 33 (comprising the control group) in Sofia1. The
subject of analysis was the surroundings – family and school, as well as its
features: education and profession of parents, specific characteristics of
educational process and environment, teachers and children achievements.
Profession
Respondents from foreign language schools parents were mainly intellectuals
(over 85%) – doctors (25%), teachers (4%), engineers (7%), diplomats (3%),
lawyers (21%), economists (9%), scientists (5%), journalists (11%), 12%
ran their own business; compared to less than 30% of the representatives
of the intellectuals from the control group (Sofia).
It is clear from those data that individuals coming from the group of
intellectuals were not only eventual candidates but also the most frequent
users of foreign language training. And that is so, because intellectuals in
any case guarantee a greater proximity to those linguistivc and social
practices supporting them, while generation traditions and life styles available
to those families gave significant advantage to their representatives.
1
The survey was carried out by the team from Institute of Sociology; team leader is the author
of the paper.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 23
Institutional section
Selection
That aspect of the analysis concerns the selection of students. Looking back
to the admission of student candidates after 7th grade in the last years one
could witness the tendency foreign language schools to admit children with
highest or near to the highest entry examination grades. Let us follow the
picture of:
Thus “openly” and “covertly” attitudes towards new more serious battles has
been constructed. The resilience to exams, testes and check-ups, the
flexibility to all kinds of teachers’ control tempers students from the elite
schools to a much greater extent than their mates from other schools. As a
result, high language schools are an example of combining the “reproduction”
and “meritocratic” model as far as tolerating “achievement” they organize
the training in accordance with “competitive mobility”, although school
successes are influenced by social origins as far as “contest” functions as
reproductive mechanism, its ultimate effect means mobility.
Year marks
64% from the English language school, 69% from the German language
school and 71,8% from the French language school noted excellent marks
for the preceding year, corresponding to 29% from School No. 79 and 35,8%
from School No. 33. The obstacle “examination” can be overcome only in
case of systematic and thorough preparation, of hard work, of serious
attitude2.
2
It is a fact confirming hard preparation that 63% from foreign language schools take private
lessons; for the control group this percentage is 20.
24 ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
“The level is very high here. Our pupils do study, because in principle they
are among the best children and competition is quite hard. However, the
level went down a little in the recent years. In my times, I have also graduated
this school3, things were much harder and stricter then” (a teacher, 37 years).
“I am satisfied to work at that school. Earlier I taught at a local one, the
difference is tremendous. We could not make them enter the class at ordinary
schools, not to speak of studying” (a teacher, 48 years).
The analysis of variance with a factor – “school type” and dependent variables
– the scales of estimated statements established that mean value for general
education schools was 14.21 while for foreign language schools it was 17,
31, which gave F = 31,32, p < 0,0000. That meant that there exited statistically
significant relation between school type and declared opinions.
using a five degree scale: “social (family) origins”, steady work and diligence”,”
high education”, “good relations and connections”, “good chance”,
“professional qualities and initiative”. The suggested conditions in fact inspire
two polar models of social development:
- “Traditional” with a social code “family origins”;
- “Modern” with a key word “individual ambitions”
In the last years the inclusion in tertiary education of foreign language schools
graduates is almost 100%; besides after year 2000 the rate of those
continuing their education at universities of Western Europe and the United
States considerably increased and most of them was mainly from foreign
language schools. The reason for that might be that these schools socialize
a deeply impregnating meritocratic standard to their disciples, stimulating
them to new achievements.
26 ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
Professionalism of teachers
I am going to quote some opinion of experts in different subjects from Sofia
Inspectorate:
“One can mention good teachers’ names both from language or mainstream
education schools. But the authors of textbooks are from language schools”
(expert in Bulgarian language).
Teachers from language schools were categorically more satisfied with their
work compared to other teachers. For that reason respondents from elite
schools said that if they had an opportunity of choice, they would choose to
become teachers again; here we are quoting some opinions:
“I like my work. I think that children are good, ambitious. I teach at this
school for years an according to me it is reasonable to put it in the elite
group.” (teacher at English language school).
“Although my teaching career is quite long, I am here for a short time and
might compare. The difference is formidable. Here there are no absences,
everybody is motivated; they study, and they are ambitious. You cannot
imagine what a local school looks like (even with entry exams); there they
come to school with difficulty, not to speak of studies or ambitions. I think
that a teacher can appreciate the results of his/her work when he/she is
working with clever children “ (teacher, German language school).
In summary:
- Foreign language secondary schools to a greater extent than mainstream
education schools are identified as places for confirming meritocratic
standards, supported by teachers’ demands as well. In general, on the
basis of the decreasing quality of education and that was shared by all
the Inspectorate experts, as well as by the interviewed teachers, foreign
language schools are to a lesser extent influenced by devaluation of
educational grades and marks.
- The label “Elite schools”, designing for these kinds of educational
institutions expresses itself in all the elements of school environment –
teachers, education quality, and students’ abilities.
Institutional life
A decisive role for the incorporation to school world and of the adoption of its
model of organization play the different forms of collective life, leading to
establishing of generally shared standards and socializing a feeling of entity.
As a result a true general culture is created – an ensemble of legitimate
knowledge and opinions, manners, typical school slang phrases, forms of
jokes, ways of movement (Bourdieu, 1989: 111). In practice the establishment
of solidarity between schoolmates and imposing general harmony aiming at
socializing of definite habits is a continuous process taking several years.
Institutional life is directed towards leveling of characters, towards adaptation
of individuals to collective activities and tolerance. In constructing of
conscience for the entity, the individual seeks to necessarily submit to it and
to take account of it. That socialization is connected with a whole system of
durable schemes of thinking, of perceiving, and of spirit of life, which are to
motivate students for their activities. Selection aims at combining a
homogeneous group and the main concern of parents is, ensuring their
children the necessary economic capital to guarantee conditions for its
preservation and reproduction, to create those prerequisites for their inheritors
to meet their mates. School is aimed at production of such social actors,
recognizing and conforming to limits, putting them in or out of community.
Selection aims at demonstrating the superiority of the chosen, at legitimizing
their distinction. Thus individuals are distributed in classes homogeneous
as possible and at the same time diverse. And notwithstanding competition,
opposing students, a definite solidarity and bringing together “similar to
similar” (Bourdieu, 1989) is developed.
28 ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
Conclusion
Profile-oriented schools (as: language, mathematics, art, humanitarian) are
important because they support individual gifts and personal dispositions.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 29
Some of these schools are focused to socialization of elite and they support
continuity between parents and children, expressing it as an institutional
mechanism of transmission of family resources, nearest to parents’
aspirations.
REFERENCES
Ball, S.J., Bowe, R. & Gewirtz, S. “Circuits of schooling: A sociological exploration
of parental choice of school in social-class Ccntexts. In: Education, Culture,
30 ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
Abstract
The paper work is reviewing several meaningful moments from the history
of the last two hundred years (except the last 15-20) when different actors
have performed some actions in order to help or to teach in non formal
manners youngsters from their time. In youth work, like in many other sectors,
Romania took over sometimes, models from other areas, other times rejected
the models, proposing its own original solutions. Not all that moments have
fitted to the standard definition of youth work and seldom, the actions have
been subordinated to some values as nationalism, authoritarianism or
formalism which are now rejected by youth work and youth worker in
contemporary world. But they have to be mentioned for a better understanding
of difficulties that youth work have still to confront in contemporary Romanian
society.
Key words: rural youth, village teacher as youth worker, youth movements,
Social Service, youth work camp
Rezumat
Lucrarea prezintă o trecere în revistă a unor momente semnificative din
istoria ultimelor două secole (exceptând însă ultimii 15-20 de ani ) în care
diferiţi actori au realizat acţiuni menite să sprijine sau să îi instruiască în
maniere non-formale pe tinerii din vremea lor. In activitatea de tineret ca şi
în alte domenii, România a preluat uneori modele străine, alteori a respins
modelele, căutând propriile sale rezolvări originale. Nu toate momentele pe
care le trecem în revistă se potrivesc definiţiei standard (europene) asupra
muncii de tineret şi adesea, anumite activităţi de tineret au fost subordonate
unor valori ca naţionalismul, autoritarismul sau formalizarea străine principiilor
muncii de tineret din zilele noastre. Dar ele trebuie menţionate pentru a
avea o înţelegere mai bună a dificultăţilor pe care încă le întâmpină activitatea
de tineret într-o societate ca cea românească actuală.
Cuvinte cheie: tineret rural, învăţător de ţară ca lucrător de tineret, mişcări
de tineret, serviciul social, tabere de tineret.
Introduction
Romania have some own tradition in what is called today “youth work”, id
est, the technique of creating a favorable environment for young people by
involving them (voluntarily) in non-formal learning (Smith, 1988) despite the
fact that the actual term “youth work” was not used. Still today, the term
“youth work” has no equivalent in Romanian language and most people in
our country doesn’t understand what this could means. A recent Romanian
work focused on the topic of relationship among formal and non formal
education (Costea, 2009, p. 65) use the term “youth activities” describing
them (starting from an European Youth Forum document) as actions,
activities, projects developed by the youngsters themselves or for the
youngsters, in order to increase their status or to assure a better level of
representation or participation. The text is talking about youth ngo’s and
their relationship with some formal institutions as libraries or schools and
stresses only that youth associations represent a favorable environment for
non-formal and informal education. Otherways, there is only youth work
recognised, but without – for the moment - youthworkers.
But Romania still has its own history of moments in which the society tried
to pay some special attention to youngsters and provide them an adequate
living environment, waiting for some good effects of such an approach. Could
we name these moments as “youth work” avant la lettre? Or they show a
society that was never able to manage youth real problems? The attitude
towards young people should be a test of the openness and modernity for a
society always marked by gaps? In youth work, like in many other sectors,
Romania took over sometimes, models from other areas, other times rejected
the models, proposing original solutions. Regarding non-formal and informal
education, Romania has valuable traditions expressed through an early
conception (XIX century) on education as focused on the needs of society
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 33
and especially of the local environment in which people live. (Costea, p. 35)
Discovering such moments has its own importance for the successful
introduction of new methods of youth work in the current requirements. On
one hand it is important for Romanian youth policy makers and youth leaders
to understand that their effort is not broken by the culture and national
traditions, and on the other hand, it is important for any youth-worker to
avoid excesses and mistakes that were committed in the more or less distant
past of our society. On the other hand, it could be important for youth workers
and youth researchers from all the Europe to know more and more about
Romanian youth work history that is part of European history. And I m very
grateful to the organizers of the Seminary for their invitation and challenge to
prepare a presentation on this subject and to contribute to such an enrichment.
Haret introduces the extra education concept (but it was not a completely
out-of-school education) and creates a series of institutions parallel to school
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 35
– like courses for adults, cultural clubs, public libraries, publications with
popularization character. He promotes the idea of moving the emphasis
from the accumulation of knowledge to the formation of civic consciousness:
“It is perhaps acceptable for a good citizen and father of family to exist without
knowing the history of Alexander’s the Great helmet, but someone who would
not love the family and country , have not honesty, civic and military courage,
diligence, sense of justice, energy in activity, is impossible to be a useful
citizen ... “ (as cited in Schifirneţ, 1997, p. 29)
YMCA movement has started in 1919 at the initiative of Queen Mary who, at
the end of World War I, invited YMCA volunteers from the United States of
America who were escorting the expeditionary forces of U.S. to Europe to
establish a similar organization in Romania.
In 1925, the association began working with the Ministry of Labor which was
sending disciples to summer camps organized by the YMCA. Between 1935
and 1940 ACT-YMCA Romania was concerned with socio-educational
problems of young people across the country. During the World War II ACT-
YMCA Romania was very active behind the front, working both in the cultural
and the social filed. A special part in this period was the support of hundreds
of Polish refugees who were housed in the camp of the association in Timişu
de Sus. As gratitude for the support, the Plish refugees built in the camp an
altar dedicated to the Virgin Mary.
Once the communist regime began the first stage of the life of Young Christian
Association YMCA Romania ends. The Association is dissolved in 1948,
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 37
many members being accused of espionage for the United States and
imprisoned. Many of them did not survive the detention imposed by the
communist regime.
If for the two organizations mentioned here, the approach was top-down
(but particularly attracted educated and urban youth), the example that follows
relates to a movement whose growth was bottom-up. In a much more
spontaneous way and despite of some restrictions of the officials, it was
developing the legionary movement which attracted a good part of educated
youth, encouraged to assert as a moral force of the new society. Legionnaires
were trying to attract youngsters with work camps, marches, nationalist,
Christian and anti-Semitism rhetoric, protests against the democratic
authorities. Between 1924 and 1937, the Legionnaires have organized many
voluntary work camps in order to restore churches, hermitages or
monasteries , to build shelters for poor, mountain roads, dams and bridges.
During the full offensive of ideas coming from the Third Reich, some
democratic intellectuals as professor C. Radulescu Motru – philosopher and
politician (1936) expressed against the adoption of laws by which the German
National Socialist Party organized its youth to make education through work.
For example, Motru was arguing that such an organization would not fit the
psychological specificity of the Romanian people (according to Schifirneţ,
2003, p. 145).
Inspired by the Danish education model, he requires that the school “ teach
country students what is hygiene, health, culture, cooperation…; then to
teach them to read, sing and dance Romanian style, to live in a climate of
religiosity, to take them on trips (study visits)…. to teach them new skills and
send them back to the village to practice everything they saw and learned “.
Gusti also expected the functioning around schools of some “work
communities” as a way of social education and training and at the same
time of selection of political leaders. In this work community the student was
to come as a volunteer.
38 ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
From Gusti’s initiative in 1933 are established the first ‘peasant schools “(for
three months). Gradually their number increased so that in 1945-46 were
operating a total of 43 schools with nearly 1,000 students. Also Gusti is the
one to promote the performance of a social service in Romanian villages.
Young professionals (fresh graduates) were asked to voluntarily deal with
the cultural homes (foyers) in the villages. Afterwards the social Service is
legalized and became mandatory for graduates who were interested in social
promotion. Gusti considers that the University does not exhaust the creative
possibilities of youngsters, does not satisfy their aspiration for social action
and proposes to the youth a complementary preparation and participation.
The social Service trained in 1938 more than 3200 youngsters who were to
actually work in 128 villages already selected - an ambitious program that
included the establishment and organization of the cultural home, the
improvement of the roads, removing the causes of endemic diseases,
improving agricultural techniques and organization, illiteracy removal,
organization of peasant classes, establishment of the cultural home, the
dispensary and baths. Due to the unfavorable international events in 1939,
only a few months after setting the teams of young people, the activity of the
social Service was suspended. (according to Badina & Neamtu, 1970)
Age of Communism
Usually, for the Communists, the age differences were not considered very
relevant. Relative to education it was promoted a conception of some “flat
evolutionism” and therefore it was not considered relevant the refining the
methods of education or social assistance specific to age stages. However,
the communist propaganda enforced the attraction of young people to certain
activities and looked to apply the training methods of the “new type man”.
Adults education
A defining concern of the regime was directed to spreading the “science
and culture” among social groups lacking of formal education. In the spirit of
a “popular education” strongly controled ideologicaly there was established
a network of houses of culture (in urban areas) and community centers (in
rural areas). They could, at certain times of relative “cultural thaw” to contribute
to adult education out of which most youngsters. The data provided by the
Popular University II Dalles in Bucharest shows that in Romania, in 1989
there were more than 200 houses of culture (out of which several dozens
with youth profile) and over 200 cultural centers toghether with a network of
popular universities, libraries and local museums, popular art schools and
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 39
folk guidance centers under the authority of the Ministry of Culture. (http://
www.updalles.ro)
Romania was copying the USSR invented model with two or three decades
before, when, after World War I and the Civil War , during the first Soviet
Five-Years Plan it had started the construction of the Baltic – White Sea
Channel.
It was not a completely new experience for Romania. The method had been
already used during the”old regime”, not by state authorities, but by the right-
wing opposition - Iron Guard / the legionnaires. The objectives chosen by
the Legionnaires were smaller size and had greater symbolic load adapted
to the party ideology.
communist youth organization, pupils and students. Three months after the
opening, the effort of young people was once again rewarded: a day in August
was dedicated to honoring the so called Brigadieri, that young people who
were building, literally, the structure of the socialist homeland.
During the summer, in the last years of the regime, groups of pupils and
students from all counties were going on the work yards. Organizing the
departure was handled by the local organizations of the Communist Youth
Union, together with medium and higher education institutions.
A letter from the management of the yard sent to the high schools from
where the young workers came, assessed the students’ work with “very
good”, “for the contribution to the achievement of the plan tasks of the site,
to the communist, revolutionary education, through labor and for labor, of
the young workers”.
It should be noted - in the same context –the opinion of an official from that
period, who, referring to the sites, claims that “fighting the drawbacks,
shortcomings and difficulties (youngsters) become stronger, providing for
themselves at the same time a better life, dignified, civilized ... “(Popa, 1978,
p 126). In other words, he was justifying the poor organization and poor
living conditions offered to the young people through some positive role
model of material shortcomings for youngsters’ education.
activities. The author of such an analysis made during those years on leisure
behavior of young people tries to explain the extremely low rate of youth
participation in youth clubs by the lack of tradition. He argues that young
people in the 80’s remained attached to classical sources of information
and learning: school, family, books, theater, cinema, while stronger
ideologized channels (ideologically controlled) as were clubs, were avoided
(Schifirnet, 1987, pp. 76-77).
At the beginning of the 90’s it was noticed the lack of trained staff for youth
work. Some youth organizations have benefited from the experience of
Western youth workers. That was the case of the training programs for holiday
and neighborhood animators initiated by some number of French associations
based on the methods practiced in their country. The results were not as
expected, despite the passion and talent of many Romanian trainees because
the authorities have failed to create a favorable setting for the implementation
of new skills in summer camps or in local communities. It took some time for
the public recognition of the need for youth work in the Romanian society, all
the time focused on other priorities.
Some conclusions
The most of the moments that I have presented as “youth work / youth
policy aspects” are not fitting 100% to the youth work definition in terms of
voluntary participation, equal treatment of participants, professional youth
workers. But I think we are obliged to take into consideration all that
experience when we try to implement an “youth work” reform. And I think it
is more important to be realistic and to know from where are we starting.
The main feature of the “youth work” on Romanian ground of the last hundred
years was its proximity to the area of formal education and extracurricular
education as a form of expression. Elements of Social Assitance, focus on
the disadvantaged groups of young people were less present.
42 ABORDĂRI TEORETICE
The main division line that “Romanian youth work” has focused during the
analised period was referring to rural youth, but this tradition has been lost
after the Second World War. Ethnic minorities - like Jews – has been not
encouraged to develop their own initiatives.
REFERENCES
Bădina, O. & Neamţu, O. (ed) Pedagogia socială. Concepţii, preocupări şi
experienţe în Romania dintre cele două războaie mondiale. Bucureşti:
Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1970.
Cincă, E. Şantierele nationale ale tineretului. In: Tineretul – Puternica Forţă
Socială no.4, pp.31- 55. Bucureşti: Centrul de Cercetări pentru Problemele
Tineretului, 1982.
Costea, O. Educaţia nonformală şi informală. Realităţi şi perspective în şcoala
românească. Bucureşti: Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 2009.
Itu, M. Forme institutionalizate de educaţie populară 1859-1918. Bucureşti:
Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, 1981.
Ofir, E. Mişcările de tineret sioniste în Romania în timpul holocaustului. 2011.
http://efriord.eforie.ro/web-holocaust/miscari.htm
Popa, I. Şantierul-Şcoala Vieţii şi Responsabilităţii Comuniste. In: Tineretul –
Puternica Forţă Socială no 3. Bucureşti: Centrul de Cercetări pentru
Problemele Tineretului, 1978.
Schifirneţ, C. Cultura, Institutii Culturale şi Socializarea Tineretului. Bucureşti:
Centrul de Cercetări pentru Problemele Tineretului, 1987.
Schifirneţ, C. Educaţia adulţilor în schimbare. Bucureşti: Editura Fiat Lux &
ANUP, 1997.
Schifirneţ, C. C. Rădulescu-Motru. Viaţa şi faptele sale. Bucureşti: Editura
Albatros, 2003.
Smith, M. Developing Youth Work. Informal Education, mutual and popular
practice. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1988.
Verschlden, G. & Coussee, F. (ed.) The history of youth work in Europe.
Council of Europe Publishing, 2009.
*** Istoria învăţământului din România. Bucureşti: Editura Didactică şi
Pedagogică, 1993.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 43
Abstract
Using the term “interaction” and not relation or collaboration was a
conscientious choice. It came from the need of including several different
ways for families to interact with their children’s education and with school
and teachers. School-Family interaction has two main concepts: parental
involvement and parental participation.
A division made after studying Epstein’s six parental involvement levels which
I chose to separate in: a) families investment in children’s scholar paths
through conversations, help, family habits, expectations towards school and
education, to which I called parental involvement; and b) families’ participation
within school through voluntary activities (with or without the community like
enterprises, ONG’s, general population and others), parents representation
in formal structures like governing boards and parents associations, which
give “voice” to families inside schools.
This text is the first stage of my PhD investigation. My aim is to compare
tendencies for School-Family interaction of several European countries
through the analysis of formal structures in schools in which parents may
have a role, educational policies that may incentive parental involvement
(as defined above) and civic culture levels. Other stages of my research will
be dedicated to analyze the way local actors (school directors, class directors,
parents, parent association representatives and students) appropriate or
reinterpret those formal structures and educational policies in their daily life.
Key words: School, Family, parental involvement, parental participation,
European.
Rezumat
Folosirea termenului „interacţiune“ şi nu a altor termeni ca relaţie sau
colaborare a reprezentat o alegere motivată de nevoia de a include mai
multe modalităţi diferite în care familiile interferează cu educaţia copiilor lor
* Reasearcher, FCT – Foundation for Science and Technology and CIES – ISCTE/IUL
evapdgoncalves@gmail.com
44 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
Since then several changes took place in families, schools and within the
interaction itself. Education massification and later higher education
massification became a leverage to increase social position and that made
families to invest more in education of, and to expect personal and
professional success, from their children (Bourdieu, 1978). Schools also
changed in western world. Nowadays, schools have to promote all students’
success instead of selecting the best. A new education paradigm that brought
news challenges to schools and teachers: more students in schools and
classes, different students from different socioeconomic levels and different
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 45
cultures within the same classes during more years (Rodrigues, 2010).
Therefore, families demand more from school and schools needs to work
closer to families to overcome those new challenges (Idem). Also, school-
family interaction became a good in itself due to, on one side, several
investigations that show that a higher proximity between teachers and parents
can promote students’ scholar success (Coleman and Schneider, 1993;
Epstein, 2009), or increases trust between those two actors increasing
teachers’ social value, parents’ ability to help their children at home and
students satisfaction with similar guidance from both parents and teachers
(Davies et al, 1997; Zenhas, 2004). And, on the other side, because parental
representation in school was a demand of the democratic regime after
Second World War in western countries (in every country, no matter how
centralized like France and Italy or communitarian like Denmark and England)
as part of a general demand for participation imposed by public authorities
(Barroso, 2005) and not so much created by population’s need; and that
also aims to create a new form of state regulation on public institutions made
by local actors (students’ families, enterprises, ONG’s) in a “multi-regulation”
process (Idem).
So, schools and families have to work together as partners. And that raises
two important questions: are professionals ready to receive those “new
publics” inside schools in a space that was closed to the outside? And are
families capable and/or willing to accept that new role that is being asked of
them?
However, throughout the analysis, it became clear that countries with formal
structures that allow parents to have more influence and/or power to change
schools and with more educational policies that can promote parental
involvement, are not always the countries with higher levels of school
autonomy like in the case of Poland and Sweden (Eurydice, 2007; Eurydice,
2012).
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 47
In the first axis were included indicators to analyze “voice” parents in schools
(OECD, 2010) through governing boards and parents association and also
parental school choice, to analyze the possibility for all families to be involved
in students’ scholar paths, and sharing information - about education systems,
schools and how their country is positioned amongst others (through the
Programme for International Student Assessment) - about education with
students’ families to help them make informed and sustained decisions and
have a responsible involvement and participation.
48 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
For this study it means that parents are now expected to participate in several
school activities and that means teachers have to be ready to let those actors
get inside school (Shaeffer, 1994; Epstein, 2009). Autonomy and scholar
communities responsibility has been more difficult to achieve than expected.
Several studies show that there is a culture of mistrust between teachers
and parents created by a communication process that tends to take place
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 49
Data collected from OECD and Eurydice was carefully treated because they
represent opinions and statements collected from education experts and
school managers. And, even if working teams from those organizations
(OECD and Eurydice) guarantee scientific value of collected information, it
still represents those actors’ points of view and opinions on educational
systems and schools of their countries (Guerra, 2006).
It was very difficult to find information on all European countries for all
indicators that had to be used. Therefore, only fourteen European countries
were compared in this article.
Other difficulty was working with different measurement scales. Before the
analysis of each indicator, a conversion was made to a new three level scale
compatible to all used indicators: 1- Weak; 2- Average; 3- Strong. It was the
way to reach a final table of school-family interaction tendency for all fourteen
countries.
Notes:
A. (1) Weak Participation when there are no governing boards in school or they
are optional; (2) Average Participation when governing boards exists and
parental representation is optional; (3) Strong Participation when governing
boards exist and parental representation is mandatory.
B. (1) Weak Participation when there is no possibility for parents to associate; (2)
Average Participation when parents association only has to inform parents
about education developments; (3) Strong Participation when parents
association has to be heard formally and/or informally by the government during
political decisions on education.
C. (1) Weak Participation when parents cannot complaint; Average Participation
when parents can present a complaint through a specific representative or
agency; Strong Participation when parents may complaint directly to school
and/or public authorities.
Source: OECD, Education at a Glance, 2010
Parental Involvement:
- Parent school choice
Notes:
A. (1) Weak involvement, when parents cannot chose a school within one or more
of three systems, with the possibility to chose education at home choice* or
without it**; (2) Average involvement when parents may chose a chose in all
systems, without education at home possibility; (3) Strong involvement, when
parents may chose a school in all systems with education at home possibility.
Source: OCDE, Education at a Glance, 2011
B. (1) Weak involvement when students allocation is made through geographical
criteria; (2) Average involvement, when students are allocated to a school by
public authorities but parents may request alternatives; (3) Strong involvement
when parents may chose freely a public school with public authorities
intervention* or without public authorities intervention**.
Source: Eurydice, Key data on education, 2012
C. (1) Weak involvement when there are no financial incentive; (2) Average
involvement when financial incentives exist by vouchers/scholarships/social
benefits or through financing studies no matter changing school or school system;
(3) Strong involvement when all financial incentives exist, whether vouchers/
scholarships/social benefits and through financing studies no matter changing
school or school system.
Legend: n.d. – no data; d.a. – doesn’t apply; sp – no private system.
Source: OCDE, Education at a Glance, 2011
Parents’ choice raises some questions because it may not be as free as the
concept intends. Freedom of choice doesn’t exist within communities that
only have one public school available or that don’t have public-private or
private schools; especially for families with low socioeconomic level that
have no possibility to enroll children in a public school far from where they
live or to pay tuitions in a private school (Justino, 2012). So it was decided to
include indicators relative to financial aids to education that may work as an
incentive to choose a school.
We can see in table 2, that Sweden doesn’t have financial incentives for
families to choose a school freely, allowing weak involvement in low
socioeconomic level families that have fewer possibilities to enroll children
in a school far from where they live. However, in this country parents don’t
have to choose between public and private schools because state finances
all education (there is no private system). On the opposite side, Germany,
Belgium (NL), Denmark, Estonia, France, Poland and Czech Republic allow
families to have strong parental involvement because they have procedures
to give financial aid to families by vouchers/scholarships and/or fiscal benefits
and also through financing education even if student changes school or
school system both in public and in public-private systems. Possibility for
parental involvement is average in Spain, The Netherlands, Portugal and
England because their educational systems only have some of those
incentives.
Summing up, in only five countries families may have a strong involvement
in choosing a school and a school system – Belgium (NL), Denmark, Estonia,
England and Czech Republic.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 55
Sharing
A. B.
Sharing self-
Institution Information
national evaluating
responsible diversity
exams and schools
Countries for sharing shared by
results inspections
information public school
results
Germany 3 3 No Yes
Belgium
3 2 d.a. No
(NL)
Denmark 2 3 Yes Yes
Slovenia 3 1 No No
Spain 2 3 n.d. n.d.
Estonia 3 3 Yes No
France 2 2 No d.a.
Hungary 3 3 d.a. d.a.
The
2 3 n.d. n.d.
Netherlands
Poland 3 3 No No
Portugal 2 2 Yes Yes
England 3 3 Yes Yes
Czech
3 1 d.a. Yes
Republic
Sweden 2 1 Yes Yes
Notes:
A. (1) Weak involvement, when no public authorities has to share information
with students’ families; (2) Average involvement, when public authorities have
to share information with students’ families; (3) Strong involvement, when
schools have to share information with students’ families.
B. (1) Weak involvement, when public school doesn’t share information other
than relative to each student; (2) Average involvement, when public school
has to share information about administrative, financial and logistic issues
(security, facilities and fields) or about pedagogical issues (curriculums and
teachers qualifications) with students’ families; (3) Strong involvement when
public school has to share information about all previous issues.
Legend: n.d. – no data; d.a. – doesn’t apply.
Source: OCDE, Education at a Glance, 2011
56 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
Slovenia and France share less information with students’ families so they
allow weak parental involvement; in the opposite direction Germany, Denmark,
Spain, Estonia, Hungary, The Netherlands and England share more information
thus allowing sustained and informed parental involvement and decisions.
In table 4 begins second axis indicators analysis.
Notes:
A. Indicator built from the weighted mean of total responses of each country to two
sentences “Most people can be trusted or you can’t be too careful” and “Most of
the time people helpful or mostly looking out for themselves” measured in a
scale from “0” (“You can’t be too careful”, “People mostly look out for themselves”,
respectively) to “10” (“Most people can be trusted”, “People mostly try to be
helpful”, respectively) then converted to a new three level scale: “1” Weak, “2”
Average, “3” Strong.
B. Indicator built from the weighted mean of total responses of each country to the
sentence “Trust in politicians” measured in a scale from “0” for “No trust at all” to
“10” for “Complete trust”, converted to a new three level scale: “1” Weak, “2”
Average, “3” Strong.
C. Indicator built from the weighted mean of total responses of each country to the
sentence “Trust in political parties” measured in a scale from “0” for “No trust at
all” to “10” for “Complete trust”, converted to a new three level scale: “1” Weak,
“2” Average, “3” Strong.
D. Indicator built from the weighted mean of total responses of each country to the
sentence “Modern science can be relied on to solve environmental problems”
measured in a scale from “1” for “Agree strongly” to “5” for “Disagree strongly”,
converted to a new three level scale: “1” Weak, “2” Average, “3” Strong.
Source: European Social Survey, 2010
We can see that trust levels are relatively low for all indicators in these
fourteen countries. Germany and Sweden show stronger levels of trust in
others, in politicians and in political parties. Trust levels in politicians and
political parties are Weak in Belgium (NL), Spain, France and Portugal. Trust
in modern science to solve environmental problems is average in most
countries.
58 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
Notes:
A, B, C, D, E, E
indicators built from positive responses of each country to the questions if they
had participated at least once, since 12 months until that moment, in activities
exposed in table. Percentages of responses were converted in a new three
level scale: “1” Weak (between 0 to 10% of positive responses), “2” Average
(between 11 to 20% of positive responses), “3” Strong (more than 21% of positive
responses because the higher percentage was 34% for Sweden in indicator E.)
F indicator built from the weighted mean of total responses of each country to the
question “How often socially meet with friends, relatives or colleague” measured
in a scale from “1” for “Never” to “7” for “Every day”, converted to a new three
level scale: “1” Weak (answers from 1 to 2), “2” Average (answers from 3 to
5), “3” Strong (answers from 6 to 7).
G indicator built from the weighted mean of total responses of each country to the
question “Take part in social activities compared to others of same age” measured
in a scale from “1” for “Much less than most” to “5” for “Much more than most”,
converted to a new three level scale: “1” Weak (answers from 1 to 2), “2”
Average (answers on 3), “3” Strong (answers from 4 to 5).
H indicator built by calculating the higher percentage of answers “yes” or “no”
given for each country in question about “Belonging to particular religion or
denomination”.
I. Indicator built from the weighted mean of total responses of each country to the
question “How often attend religious services apart from special occasions”
measured in a scale from “1” for “Every day” to “7” for “Never”, converted to a
new three level scale: “1” Weak (answers from 6 to 7), “2” Average (answers
from 3 to 5), “3” Strong (answers from 1 to 2).
Source: European Social Survey, 2010
Comparing those final results for each axis (in orange in table 6) there are
three different results visible according to the possibility for parents to
participate in schools and educational systems and to be involved in their
children scholar paths and the ability shown by populations to accept that
responsibility of being participating and involved parents.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 61
Germany, Poland and Slovenia are part of the group with balanced education
systems openness to families and civic culture. But only Germany has an
ideal position for school-family interaction with both axis with strong levels
which means that formal structures in German schools and Germans
educational policies allow strong parental participation and involvement and
German population appears to be more able to accept that responsibility to
participate in schools and be more involved in education.
It was also possible to find different teachers and school directors views of
what school-family interaction is. For example, in Portugal parents have to
be represented in governing boards, the main management council in school
where strategic decisions are made about different issues. But in some
schools, directors believe that parents must leave the governing board when
it’s time to decide about pedagogical issues like curriculum, teachers
qualifications, evaluations or teaching methodologies. While others claim
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 63
that parents have a very important role to play in all decisions, pedagogical
including. This is a clear example of how actors reinterpret the same public
policies (Latour, 2005), and also how local differences and specific actors
may have different views and practices (Ball, 1994; Shaeffer, 1994). So local,
regional or central governments must be aware that communities and schools
might be implementing their policies and orientations differently in the field
(Shaeffer, 1994). And that normalization is needed but it must be flexible to
overcome obstacles that may occur during policies or orientations
implementation in schools and that implementation must always be
monitorized and evaluated (Carino and Valisno, 1991; Schwille, 1986).
Each teacher, parent, family member must adopt flexible behaviors in order
to build an efficient partnership (Shaeffer, 1994); it’s essential to have an
open mind towards changes in schools and in educational systems and in
local communities. Some class directors have shown that they are capable
to adapt to different classes and different families within their classes,
choosing to apply innovative ways to communicate with students’ families.
On example of this behavior is the individual strategy of one class director to
conduct two parents’ meetings: one inside the school as a normal part of
school’s life. And other in a poor neighborhood where many of her students’
families live because these families never went to school. With help from a
local ONG that has been working closely with people from that neighborhood
for many years, this teacher found a way to communicate with those absent
parents. In interview, this teacher said that now he speaks with all parents;
and those families told researchers that they don’t feel comfortable inside
school and near other parents that can read, and have social valuated jobs
and qualifications. Some parents even said that before they didn’t understand
what teachers told them but now they do and are very satisfied to receive
news from their children in a regular way and not just when they have
behavioral or learning problems and because students’ behavior has
improved. This seems to corroborate some studies that have show that an
open communication process between teachers and families may have an
impact on students’ behavior and scholar results (Coleman & Schneider,
1993; Davies, 1996; Shaeffer, 1994; Epstein, 2009).
Working closely with schools is possible to find different ways to use formal
structures like governing boards, parents associations or parents meetings
and to use educational policies (parents school choice, information sharing
and appropriation) by teachers and families. To have a closer view of how
school-family interaction happens in Portuguese schools we must go to
64 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
schools, interview all actors in the field and observe their interactions trying
to apprehend how different socioeconomic parents interact with teachers,
how teachers act around parents in different communities and also how
students feel about having their families and teachers as partners and school-
family if it has a real effect on students’ scholar paths and in their development
as a citizens.
REFERENCES
Archer, M. Social Origin and Educational Systems. London: Sage
Publications,1979.
Ball, Education Reform: A critical and Post-Structural Approach. Buckingham:
Open University Press, 1994.
Barroso, J. Regulação e desregulação nas políticas educativas: tendências
emergentes em estudos de educação comparada. In J. Barroso, A Escola
Pública: Regulação, Desregulação, Privatização. Porto: Asa, 2003.
Barroso, J. O Estado, a Educação e a Regulação das Políticas Públicas,
Educ. Soc., Campinas, vol. 26, n. 92, p. 725-751, Especial – Out, 2005.
Batista, S. O papel da avaliação na redistribuição de competências entre
atores educativos - Contributos de reflexão a partir do caso português, III
Colóquio Luso-Brasileiro de Sociologia de Educação “Problemas
contemporâneos da Educação no Brasil e em Portugal: desafios à pesquisa,
2012.
Bourdieu, P. A reprodução: elementos para uma teoria do sistema de ensino,
Lisboa: Editorial Vega, 1978.
Carino and Valisno. The parent learning support system: a school and home/
community collaboration for raising pupil achievement. In S. Shaeffer,
Collaborating for educational change: The role of teachers, parents, and
the community in school improvement. Paris: International Institute for
Educational Planning, 1991.
Carmo, R. M. A dificuldade em gerar capital social - a falta de confiança numa
aldeia portuguesa. Ruris, pp. 159-18, 2008.
Carnoy, M. National voucher plans in Chile and Sweden: Did privatization
reforms make for better education? In Comparative Education Review, Vol.
42, n.º 3, pp. 309-337, 1998.
Coleman and Schneider Parents and their children, and schools. Colorado:
Westview Press, 1993.
Davies. Crossing boundaries with school action research: a Multinational
study of School-Family-Community Collaboration. Journal of Educational
Research, pp. 75-105, 1996.
Davies, D., Marques, R. & Silva, P. (Eds.) Os professores e as famílias. A
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 65
Tatyana Shopova*
Abstract
This present paper aims to discuss the role of digital literacy as an important
prerequisite of modern higher education and its crucial significance for the
adaptation of young people to the changing labour market.
The author focuses on the issues of the ICT integration in university education
system aimed at creating student-centred learning and educational practices
offering new more flexible and effective learning methods. Digital technology
allows the students to have the advantage to be actively engaged in the
learning environment thanks to the wide range of possibilities for expressing
their innovative and responsible behaviour.
The conducted analysis is supported by empirical data obtained through a
survey among students from different majors in the South-West University
“Neofit. Rilski”. The study is based on developed standards and guidelines
for information and digital competences assessment in higher education. It
aims to highlight the degree of students` utilization of new technologies in
education and learning; their level of perception of the digital skills as well as
the ways of supporting their digital literacy in the university.
Key words: ICT, digital literacy, higher education, student-centred learning.
Rezumat
Acest articol vrea să pună în discuţie rolul competenţelor digitale ca o condiţie
a învăţământului superior modern şi semnificaţia sa crucială în adaptarea
tinerilor la piaţa muncii aflată în schimbare.
Autorii se concentrează asupra modalităţilor de integrare a pregătirii în
domeniul ITC (tehnologii informatice şi de comunicare) în sistemul
educaţional de predare centrată pe student şi metode de învăţare tot mai
flexibile şi eficiente. Tehnologia digitală permite studenţilor să se angajeze
activ în mediul de învăţare încurajând exprimarea creativităţii şi a unui
comportament responsabil.
Analiza empirică se bazează pe un sondaj în rândul studenţilor de la diferite
specializări ale Universităţii de Sud Vest „Neofit. Rilski“. Studiul se bazează
pe standarde avansate privind evaluarea competenţelor digitale şi
Introduction
The development of information and digital technologies and their integration
in all spheres of people’s life and work gave for the first time a possibility for
a fast and unlimited access to vast information which is constantly enriched,
transformed and actualized. The new model of society development in the
21 st century needs citizens who possess the necessary skills and
competences to take advantage of the potential of new technologies and to
take active part in the economic, social and cultural life of society.
The increased digital and media literacy for work purposes and not only for
employability but also for “learning, creating, participating and being confident
and discerning in the use of digital media” (European Commission, 2010, p.
25) is acknowledged as an important priority in implementing the Europe
2020 Strategy so the European education and training system could respond
to the challenge of global competitiveness.
literacy and students’ skills to use digital technologies which will play more
and more important role in the development of university education and
training.
The author presents the results of the project “Digital Literacy – A Key Factor
in Higher Education” which is implemented by the Centre for New Media
and Digital Culture in the SWU. The empirical component, included in the
paper, concerns a study of the use of information and digital technologies by
the students, the level of their digital literacy and the possibilities for
improvement of their digital competences. This is of great importance for
improving effectiveness and efficiency of the educational process, as well
as for the adaptation of the students to the constantly increasing requirements
of the global and dynamically developing labour market according to the
initiative called “Digital Agenda for Europe” (2010), as a part of “Europe
2020” Strategy.
Internet Literacy
This literacy refers to the “competence of managing and benefiting from the
overwhelming amount of information and resources available in internet”
(Ala-Mutka, 2011, p. 24). It includes the skills of using the World Wide Web,
knowing the role and use of online resources, using search tools, finding
and extracting information from the Web and critically evaluating web sites.
Information Literacy
This one of the main skills of the learners in order to work and learn in a
digital environment which includes managing the information, ability to find,
understand, evaluate and use the information efficiently and ethically
addressing their personal and academic needs. Among the main principles
defining the new information literacy is the possession of a full range of
knowledge and skills “to identify, locate, evaluate, organize and effectively
create, use and communicate information to address issues or problems at
hand” (UNESCO, 2003).
Digital competence
Anusca Ferrari (2012) offers an encompassing definition of the digital
competence involving the “set of knowledge, skills, attitudes (thus including
abilities, strategies, and awareness) that are required when using ICT and
digital media to perform tasks; solve problems; communicate; manage
information; collaborate; create and share content; and build knowledge
effectively, efficiently, appropriately, critically, creatively, autonomously,
flexibly, ethically, reflectively for work, leisure, participation, learning,
socialising, consuming, and empowerment” (p. 9).
Students’ level of digital literacy is assessed with the help of the five modules:
defining the nature and extent of the necessary information; getting access
to the necessary information efficiently and effectively; critically evaluating
information and all sources of information and including the selected
information in a database of knowledge and system of values; using
information effectively to achieve certain goals; understanding many of the
economic, legal and social issues related to use and access to information
and how to use information ethically and legally.
Results
A. The first set of questions concerns the computer abilities of students.
The study showed that the majority of the participating students (92%) use a
computer to access information but fewer are those that possess excellent
(15%) and very good (40%) computer skills.
Most of the participants have the necessary skills in
- Word processing (88%),
- Document creation and formatting, spreadsheets, photo and image
generation (85%),
- Microsoft Excel (67%),
- Presentation (87%) and
- Slideshow creation (85%).
B. The second set of questions concerns the possibility students to use
WWW:
The study showed that respondents:
- Possess the necessary skills (70 %),
- Access the Web every day (75 %),
- Have Internet access from home (32%),
- Have Internet access at the university (45%),
- Understand the main concepts of the Internet including the security
issues (60%), but a considerable part (37%) understand this issue
only partly.
A majority of the students are able to:
- Use tools for searching, finding and getting information (80%),
- Use emails,
- Create and send emails (98%),
- Work with attachments (93%).
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 73
The majority of respondents (75%) admit that they don’t use resources from
the online catalogue of the University Library. And half of them can’t identify
what they find in the Web library.
Although vast majority of the students (70%) share that they have effective
access to information. Those who use appropriate strategies for searching
in diverse information systems using different interfaces and search engines
are fewer (57%). 55 per cent of the respondents prefer only Google, while
40 per cent use also Yahoo besides Google.
When asked what resources they prefer to use, 85% of the respondents
answered “print media” while 73% rely mostly on the electronic media –
newspapers, magazines, books, and encyclopaedias. Photo galleries are
the most preferred information source for 47% of the respondents, video –
for 35%, digital libraries – for 30%, audio records – for 27%, virtual museums
– for 22% and online catalogues – for 27% (Table 1).
A large majority of students (83%) consider the costs and benefits of acquiring
the needed information. They have no difficulties to:
- Analyze and synthesize material, compare the information from various
sources (75%),
- Interpret and present the information (74%).
The study found out that just over half of the participating students possess
skills to critically evaluate information and information sources; 67% think
that they can summarize the main ideas that should be extracted from the
information gathered. A large majority of students (83%) consider the costs
and benefits of acquiring the needed information; they have no difficulties to
analyze and synthesize material, compare the information from various
sources (75%), to interpret and present the information (74%).
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 75
72% admit that they can combine the existing information with their original
ideas or analysis thus creating new information. Ditto are those students
who assess the quantity, quality, and relevance of the search results.
Our study shows that the improvement of digital literacy of students can
lead to more successful results because they are no longer passive
consumers of the educational programs and services, but active participants
in the educational process. The computers and Internet access, the ability
to work with some of the basic computer programmes and Internet tools is
not a guarantee for gaining digital literacy skills. The students face urgent
tasks related not only to acquisition of basic concepts and knowledge in
different scientific disciplines. When they get into the wide world of information
they should be able to use digital technologies confidently and critically.
only improve their learning outcomes, but also to achieve success in society
and not fall behind the constantly changing requirements of work and life.
REFERENCES
Ala-Mutka, K. Mapping Digital Competence: Towards a Conceptual
Understanding, European Commission–JRC–IPTS. Luxembourg:
Publications Office of the European Union, 2011.
American Library Association [ALA] (2000, January 18). Information Literacy
Competency Standards for Higher Education. Approved by the Board of
Directors of the Association of College and Research Libraries on January
18, 2000, Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved May 11, 2012, from
http://www.ala.org/acrl/sites/
Bawden, D. (2008, December 29). Digital Literacy. SciTopics. Retrieved May
6, 2012 from
http://www.scitopics.com/Digital_Literacy.html
Cartelli, A. Digital Competence Assessment: frameworks for instruments
and processes to be used by students and teachers. In: Pursuing digital
literacy in the 21st century. London: Brunel University, 2008.
European Commission (2010). A Digital Agenda for Europe, Brussels,
19.05.2010 COM (2010) 245. Retrieved from
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/digital-agenda/ documents/
European Commission (2009, April 28-29). The Bologna Process 2020 – The
European Higher Education Area in the new decade. Communiqué of the
Conference of European Ministers Responsible for Higher Education,
Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve.
European Parliament and the Council (2006). Recommendation of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 18 December 2006 on key competences
for lifelong learning. Official Journal of the European Union, L394/310.
European Parliament and the Council (2008). Recommendation of the European
Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2008 on the establishment of the
European Qualifications Framework for lifelong learning, Official Journal of
the European Union, 6.5.2008.
Ferrari, A. (2012). Developing a framework for digital competence, Information
Society Policy Research, European Commission - JRC-IPTS, Seville,
Issue 6: January 2012. Retrieved from
http://is.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ pages/documents/ ISNewsletter6.pdf
Gilster, P. Digital Literacy. New York: Wiley, 1997.
Horton, F. W. Jr. Understanding Information Literacy: A Primer, Paris: UNESCO,
2008.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization [UNESCO],
2006.
78 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
Introduction
All the levels of the education have been involved in the current reform in
education. Great professional developments have taken place in all the areas
of education. To improve the quality of teaching\learning process the reform
has included also the area of qualification and training of the teachers.
Teachers’ qualification is a very important factor which is an inseparable
part of all the reforms of the professional development of the teachers, it is
one of the factors which improves the learning process. The reforms in this
area constitute one of the great challenges, because it has improved the
quality of the achievements in all the pre-university education system. Many
various agencies have put a lot of efforts into the training of the teachers. To
this end was established The Center for the Training and Qualification for
Education (CTQE). Because of these challenges every society must build
new educational reforms in the area of professional development. Every
reform in education, one of them being the qualification of the teachers, is
based on an analysis of the program used previously, from which we conclude
the efficiency of the results, of the methods and of the forms used, and
based on these data we think of other forms and methods to improve them.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 81
The methodology. To realize this study we drew upon the case study carried
out from the RED (Regional Educational Directorate) Gjirokaster. This case
study was taken as a sample in the comparison of the 2010-2011.
Questionnaires and surveys for the completion of which were polled 80
teachers on the topic of finding out better ways of training and cooperation
were also used.
The subjects have been taken from different schools of the city.
During the period 1991-2007 following forms of qualification have been used:
1. The institutional qualification, central and local which:
- It is based on a predetermined system, not on supply and demand.
- At its center was not put the teacher and his needs because the
standards were missing.
2. The qualification supported by the NGOs, different foundations and
organizations both foreign and domestic, and which was characterized by:
- The lack of a clear strategy
- Discrepancies between the qualifications and the interests of the
teachers
- The qualification was not based on the needs of the teachers
3. The individual qualification
- This form has been for the most part ineffective, the teachers did not
feel motivated and appreciated, so it was pretty much formal.
In this period this kind of qualification had these effects: it did not offer new
techniques in the teaching and learning process, teachers were very
traditional, Educational Directorates and ISP (Institute of Pedagogical Studies)
82 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
In this period, the qualification suffered from a lack of vision and education
policies.
a) It was sporadic, addressing several topics which often were unrelated to
the current needs.
b) The training sessions were conducted on the new programs giving
precedence to the reconstruction of the primary education.
c) The programs which were built by the ISP (Institute of Pedagogical
Studies) were not functional and had very little effect on the professional
growth of the teachers.
d) The scheme which was used according to the 5-10-20 years criteria, had
a tangible effect on the pay rise.
This period had also its positive effects, but some of the negative effects
were: The lack of standards of the teachers, of the qualifications for the
teachers who were employed, of the modules of qualification and the lack of
assessment of the achievements. The period 2007-2011, was accompanied
by obvious developments in the area of the qualification of the teachers who
were employed, which were both structurally and essentially transformed,
as they are illustrated in the following figure.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 83
Based on Figure 1. We say that three are the levels of qualifications of the
teachers: a teacher holding a degree, a mentor, and a trainer. Each of these
levels, has its own standards for the achievement of the stages of the
qualification. The programs for the achievement of the standards should be
built by the IZHA (Institute of the Development of Educatio) and approved by
the MES (Ministry of Education and Sciences).
Several agencies which offer services for the qualification of the teachers,
constitute a positive development in this direction during this period, also to
these services and to the professional development of the teachers are
added services form the universities, individuals holding a license to offer
such services, as well as organizations and NGOs interested in this field.
The positive effects : - Teachers were trained in the planning of the subjects,
the interactive methodologies in the teaching process, the assessment of
the achievements of the students, in the importance of the involvement of
parents in education, to stimulate the different intelligences of the students,
by working and including them on the comprehensive plane as well as on
the individual etc.
84 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
Taking into account the success of these methodologies, the RED spread
these methodologies, through the regional policies, and different schools
and kindergartens, in which they have improved the quality of the
teaching\learning process.
By now the formation of the teachers of all the levels of Albanian education
is done at the university level according to the following categories:
- The training of the teachers of Elementary Education ( PE ) and the
Preschool Education (PE )
- The training of the teachers of Junior High School level
- The training of High School level.
The training of the teachers of the Primary and Secondary education, has
undergone some changes. The restructuring of the system of preparation of
the teachers following the guidelines of the Bologna Process led to the
development of programs of study which enable the transition from the
integrated 4 year long system undivided into cycles (academic scientific
formation + professional formation) into the system divided into levels : 3+1.5
or 2 years. The structure is such: Three years Scientific Academic training in
one or two scientific disciplines (Bachelor Degree) and 1.5 or 2 years
Professional Masters in Teaching.
The curricula
In the teaching departments of all the universities the standard curricula is
generally being implemented, developed by specialized groups under the
direction of MES. The curricula have been developed by keeping in mind
the necessary professional competences of the teacher.
The curricula have always aimed at further improving the necessary aspects
in the teacher training in universities, such as :
- The ratio between the subject groups
- The determination of the ECTS-Credits
- A greater appreciation for the applied subjects
- The pedagogical practice occupies a more important place in the teaching
plan
- Cooperation with other schools etc.
These factors play a great role in the training of the teachers who are
employed: the quality of the training, the programs and their kinds, the
location, the methodology of training, the trainers, the needs of the teachers,
the duration.
In Table 1 we show the results from the poll conducted by “Eqrem Cabej”
university, for which 80 teachers of the pre-university level were polled, on
the issue “The willingness to work with the university”
I would work with the university because this thing urges the
22.3%
cooperation
I would work with the university because this thing stimulates
48.7%
my personal development
To see more precisely the efficiency of all the actors who participate in the
qualification-training of the teachers, it is worth mentioning a case study in
the region of Gjirokaster, in their testing, for the level of qualification of the
teachers who complete 5-10-20 years in the teaching profession.
Years
2009 2010
Gjir 32 Gjir 54
Nr of
Për 32 Për 24
teachers
Tep 18 Tep 14
Total 82 92
88 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
Years
Sufficient 2% 13%
In the year 2010 all the candidates were accepted into the testing, despite
the position that they had and the titles that they had obtained.
In the year 2009, were excluded from the testing the specialists of RED\EO
(Educational Office) and those who had academic titles.
RED should coordinate their work with the universities and organizations
that are interested in education.
Universities and teaching departments, should have a bigger impact on
the scientific, psychological and pedagogical preparation of the students
who are the to-be teachers and keep pace with the needs that we face
today with the education of the future public employees.
University curricula should match the pressing needs of our educational
system and the contemporary demands in the preparation of the teachers.
Universities should review the standards for the preparation of the to-be
teachers.
Continuous monitoring and evaluation by the MES and other subordinate
institutions should be done.
REFERENCES
Annual analysis, RED, Gjirokastër, 2010.
International Handbook of Lifelong Learning, Maj 2001, Kluwer Academic
Publishers, Dordrecht, Holland.
Study what changes caused the qualification of the teachers 2009, IKT, Tiranë,
2009.
The National Strategy for Pre-university Education 2004-2015, MES, Tiranë
2004, p 21.
The national conference “Education and the Training of the teachers toward a
long-term professional development” QTKA, Tiranë, 2006.
The qualification and its challenges and innovations, IKT, Tiranë, 2008.
The teaching process centering on the student, Volume I, QTKA, Tiranë,
December 2005.
90 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 91
Vasile Ţampău*
Rezumat
Acest articol încearcă să evidenţieze pe de o parte o serie de idei privind
educaţia în viziunea unor mari oameni de cultură ai poporului român ca:
Simion Bărnuţiu, Garabet Aslan sau Barbu Constantinescu, care au semnalat,
de-a lungul timpului, importanţa dar mai ales nevoia de îmbunătăţire a
metodelor folosite în procesul instructiv-educativ. Pe de altă parte, subliniază
convingerea personală conform căreia astfel de oameni de şcoală au favorizat
prin ideile lor educative „importarea“ ulterioară a unor modele educative nou
apărute în Europa şi integrarea acestora în sistemul de învăţământ din
România.
Unul dintre aceste noi modele de educaţie asupra căruia ne vom concentra
atenţia este metoda Montessori, care a reuşit să capteze atenţia mai multor
educatori români încă de la apariţie şi care ulterior a ajuns să se consolideze
într-o adevărată mişcare Montessori în România, având apogeul în perioada
interbelică.
Cuvinte cheie: metoda Montessori, idei/doctrine pedagogice, istoria
pedagogiei, mişcare social-educativă, şcoală nouă/activă, educaţie nouă,
pedagogii alternative.
Abstract
This article attempts to highlight, on the one hand, a number of ideas about
education in the view of several great scholars of the Romanian people
such as: Simion Bărnuţiu, Garabet Aslan or Barbu Constantinescu, who
drew a signal through time on the importance and mostly on the need to
improve the methods used in the educational process. On the other hand, it
underlines our personal conviction that such scholars have favoured through
their educational ideas the subsequent “importing” of several educational
models that had lately emerged in Europe and their integration into the
Romanian educational system.
One of these new models of education on which our attention is focused is
the Montessori Method which has managed to draw the attention of many
educators since its appearance and which later became a true Montessori
movement in Romania that had its peak during the inter-war period.
Educaţia tinerei generaţii la nivelul unei comunităţi sau al unei societăţi care
se doreşte a avea o dezvoltare îndreptată spre prosperitate şi democraţie
pe toate palierele din care aceasta este compusă a reprezentat un domeniu
de preocupare care a continuat să atragă numeroşi oameni de cultură ce au
încercat să contribuie la evoluţia comunităţii din care făceau parte.
După succesul avut de acest curs au fost iniţiate şi altele în Europa la care
au participat şi pedagogi români, iar rezultatele au constat într-o înmulţire
rapidă a edificiilor Montessori până în cele mai îndepărtate ţări din Europa,
S.U.A., Africa, Asia, Australia, etc.
Dintre lucrările sale mai menţionăm: „Educaţia nouă. Îndrumări pentru părinţi
şi educatori“ apărută în Bucureşti la editura Cultura Românescă în anul
1930, care cuprinde o descriere laborioasă a metodei Montessori conform
conţinuturilor „Manualului de Pedagogie Ştiinţifică“ publicat de către Maria
Montessori.
O parte dintre profesorii despre care am scris mai sus că au aplicat metoda
Montessori în grădiniţele din Bucureşti au ajuns să predea la această şcoală
de puericultură nou înfiinţată, alături de I. Sadoveanu, şi notăm aici din lipsă
de spaţiu doar activitatea deosebită a profesoarei Alexandra Demetrescu,
pe lângă profesorii externi, invitaţi de către iniţiatoare, îndeosebi din Franţa
şi Elveţia, aceasta din urmă fiind ţara în care metoda pătrunsese adânc în
sistemul de învăţământ.
Trebuie subliniat faptul că între anii 1930-1940 au avut loc cele mai intense
manifestări ale mişcării Montessori în România care nu au mai fost înregistrate
de istorie în nici o altă perioadă până astăzi, prin participarea la congresele,
conferinţele şi sesiunile de pregătire în această metodă a unui mare număr de
profesori şi educatori români din toată ţara, dar cu preponderenţă din Bucureşti,
98 CERCETĂRI, MODELE DE INTERVENŢIE, BUNE PRACTICI
Concluzii
Influenţa procesulului de evoluţie a pedagogiei în general şi în particular a
metodelor alternative de educaţie, a fost şi este resimţită ca o prezenţă
constantă până astăzi prin încercările persoanelor şi instituţiilor care au avut
de-a lungul timpului şi care au în continuare atribuţii mai mult sau mai puţin
directe în promovarea şi implementarea unor măsuri care să reflecte
actualităţile necesitate de sistemul de învăţământ prin adaptarea metodei la
condiţiile socio-economice şi culturale ale populaţiilor ţintă, respectiv la
individualitatea persoanelor supuse procesului educativ de orice vârstă,
deoarece toate aceste aspecte au avut şi încă au o influenţă în răspândirea
acestei metode.
Chiar dacă domeniul educaţiei este într-o continuă mişcare şi evoluţie (cel
puţin aşa sperăm), recursul la studiul istoriei pedagogiei nu este deloc de
neglijat deoarece aşa cum spunea Constantin Cucoş: „Ca să devii educator
sau pedagog, nu este suficientă simpla ta experienţă personală (dacă pre-
există!) în materie de educaţie. Trebuie să ştii ce au gândit şi făcut şi alţii“
(2001, p. 7); avem neapărată nevoie de experienţa trecutului atât pentru a
evita unele idei care au dovedit în timp că nu au dat roadele cele mai
aşteptate, cât şi pentru a susţine, adapta şi implementa unele metode de
educaţie care s-au remarcat de-a lungul vremii şi care au produs rezultate
consemnate de istorie. Plecând de la aceste premise, se pot propune noi
metode de educaţie, sau, mai bine zis, alte pedagogii alternative.
REFERINŢE BIBLIOGRAFICE
Antonescu, G. G. Istoria Pedagogiei. Bucureşti: Editura Cultura Românească,
1939.
Aslan, G. Pedagogia. Bucureşti: Editura „Librariei Şcoalelor” C. Sfetea, 1914.
Bărnuţiu, S. Pedagogia. Iaşi: Editura Tiparul Tribunei Române, 1870.
Comenius, J.A. Didactica Magna. Bucureşti: Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică,
1970.
Cucoş, C. Istoria Pedagogiei. Iaşi: Editura Polirom, 2001.
Key, E. Secolul copilului. Bucureşti: Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1978.
Revista Copilul, nr. 1-2. Bucureşti: Editura „Speranţa”, 1935-36.
Revista Educatorul, nr. 1. Bucureşti, 1883.
Rousseau, J.J. Emil sau despre educaţie. Bucureşti: Editura Didactică şi
Pedagogică, 1973.
Stanciu, I. Gh. Istoria pedagogiei, manual pentru clasa a-XII-a, şcoli normale.
Bucureşti: Editura Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1998.
Sulea-Firu, I. Dr. Maria Montessori şi pedagogia contemporană, extras din
Revista de Pedagogie, vol. X. Bucureşti: Editura „Bucovina” I. E. Torouţiu,
1940.
Dicţionarul pedagogilor români, apărut în Revista de Pedagogie, nr. 1-12.
Bucureşti: Institutul de Ştiinţe ale Educaţiei, 2000.
http://www.acum.tv/articol/6574/ Şcoala românească – Prolog şi Capitolul I
de Venera E. Dumitrescu-Staia (cu foto), accesat la 14.12.2012.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 101
AGENDA EDUCAŢIEI
IN MEMORIAM
PROF. UNIV. VASILE POPEANGĂ
(1920-2012)
Tânărul profesor Vasile Popeangă – erudit, cald, corect, exigent, ferm – s-a
integrat în atmosfera instituţiei şi pe lângă activitatea de la catedră s-a dedicat
cercetărilor de istorie a gândirii şi practicii educaţionale româneşti din Banat
şi Transilvania.
preparandială gr. neunită a naţiunei române Arad; 1822 – Institutul Preparandial Pedagogic;
1869 – Institutul Pedagogic Ortodox Român; 1876 – Institutul Pedagogic – Teologic
Orthodox Roman; 1919 - Şcoala Normală cu 8 clase; 1920 - Şcoala Normală Greco –
Ortodoxă Română Arad; 1920 – Şcoala Normală De Stat Pentru Învăţătoare Arad; 1923 –
Şcoala Normală de Stat «Titu Maiorescu» pentru Învăţători Arad; 1927, apr. 14 – Şcoala
Normală Ortodoxă Română De Stat «Dimitrie Ţichindeal» Arad; 1932 – Şcoala Normală de
Învăţători «Dimitrie Ţichindeal» Arad; 1948 – Şcoala Pedagogică de Băieţi; 1949 – Şcoala
Pedagogică de Educatoare Arad; 1954 – Şcoala Pedagogică Mixtă Arad; 1957 – Şcoala
Pedagogică de Învăţători (6 ani) – cu secţie de educatoare – Institutul pedagogic de 2 ani;
1959, oct. 1 – Institutul Pedagogic de Învăţători Arad; 1966 – Liceul Pedagogic Arad; 1981 –
Liceul industrial nr. 13 Arad; 1990 – Şcoala Normală «Dimitrie Ţichindeal» Arad; 2002 –
Liceul Pedagogic «Dimitrie Ţichindeal» Arad.“
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 103
„Ca elev, apoi coleg şi colaborator, acum înţeleg, din orizontul de aşteptare
al timpului că cel puţin patru principii i-au coordonat activitatea profesională:
1. Continuarea tradiţiilor didactice ale instituţiei preparandiale şi integrarea
activităţii liceului în această lungă Istorie la o dimensiune valorificatoare.
A insistat cu încăpăţânare ca imaginea trecutului să fie stimulativă pentru
profesori şi elevi, aceştia fiind îndemnaţi (s-ar putea spune chiar obligaţi
– o obligaţie pozitivă)să intre în arhive, să scrie şi să publice studii despre
Preparandie şi profesorii sau faptele lor generoase. El însuşi a fost un
model, desfăşurând o activitate de cercetare, valorificată în mai multe
volume, esenţial fiind Preparandia din Arad (1964).
2. Conturarea unei autorităţi instituţionale de referinţă, caracterizată prin
valoarea pedagogică, culturală şi opţională a actorilor (profesori, învăţători
şi elevi), angajaţi într-o activitate didactică eficientă şi performativă. Cine
nu rezista ritmului într-o competiţie cu sine si cu alţii, precum şi calităţii
exerciţiului professional trebuia să părăsească instituţia. Cei care au
2
Anton Ilica. Op. cit., p.228.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 105
… iar anii trec. În prima lună a anului 2012, după o scurtă internare în spital
(edem pulmonar, asociat cu posedarea unui stimulator cardiac), Vasile
Popeangă decedează în noaptea lui 18 ianuarie.
106 AGENDA EDUCAŢIEI
prezenta articole care erau dedicate cercetărilor pedagogice din acea vreme,
erau descrise experienţele didactice pozitive ale cadrelor didactice, avându-se
în vedere cele mai valoroase metode şi practici pedagogice, idei pedagogice
din ţară şi din alte ţări, dezbateri pe probleme majore ale educaţiei,
învăţământului şi pedagogiei, precum şi pe cele legate de perfecţionarea
cadrelor didactice din ţară. O atenţie deosebită s-a acordat unor probleme
de politică educaţională: reforma învăţământului, predarea cu profesori la
clasele I-IV, orientarea şcolară şi profesională, integrarea învăţământului cu
producţia şi cercetarea pedagogică; totodată, unor teme la cei doi poli:
abordarea cibernetică a procesului educativ (instruirea programată) şi istoria
gândirii şi practicii educaţionale româneşti, ultima oscilând în dependenţă
de zâmbetul politic... „Dacă în primii ani studiile de istorie a gândirii şi practicii
educaţionale româneşti erau cuprinse în rubrica «Teoria şi istoria
pedagogiei», odată cu nr. 11 din 1956, rubrica începe să apară mai rar, iar
din 1957 (nr. 7) rubrica îşi restrânge specificul, devenind «Studii şi cercetări».
Ca urmare a «disgraţiei» ministeriale, tematica este restrânsă ca număr al
studiilor (de istorie a învăţământului românesc) în anii următori: 4 în 1957, 6
în 1958, 6 în 1959, 5 în 1961“ (Noveanu, E., 2012).
„Mai cenuşie sau mai inovativă în conţinut, mai consistentă sau mai şubredă
în ideatica propusă într-un număr sau altul, revista a depus mărturie despre
nivelul de dezvoltare a învăţământului şi a pedagogiei de la noi şi din alte
părţi; ea reflectă, în acelaşi timp, o istorie instituţională (a ISE) şi una a
destinelor profesionale ale celor care au colaborat la revistă“ (Badea, D.,
2012).
REFERINŢE BIBLIOGRAFICE
Badea, C. D. 50 de ani în căutarea unei teorii (Statutul reflecţiei pedagogice în
„Revista de pedagogie“). Revista de pedagogie, nr. 7-12/2002. Bucureşti:
Institutul de Ştiinţe ale Educaţiei.
110 AGENDA EDUCAŢIEI
Paul Grigoriu*
Spre sfârşitul secolului XIX şi începutul celui următor, s-a impus în cultura
românească Spiru C. Haret, personalitate ce îndeamnă continuu la reflecţii şi
interpretări. Plasarea activităţilor lui teoretice şi practice în contextul acelor ani,
cât şi semnificaţiile lor peste timp consider că fiecare generaţie trebuie să o
întreprindă. Aşa cum era normal, S. Haret a parcurs etape ale unei evoluţii
intelectuale, centre de interferenţe ale cunoştinţelor cu aspiraţii spre tradiţii şi
înnoiri deschise culturii naţionale, în fazele ei premoderna şi modernă.
8
Ion Albulescu, Doctrine pedagogice, Bucureşti, Ed. Didactică şi Pedagogică, 2007.
9
Acad. Dan Berindei, Istoria Academiei Române (1866-2006). 140 de ani de existenţă, Ed.
Academiei Române, 2006. În timplul lui Haret, în vechiul Regat activau: Simion Bărnuţiu,
Aron Florian, Bogdan Petriceicu-Haşdeu, August Treboniu Laurian, Dimitrie Onciul, Ioan
Slavici, George Coşbuc, Octavian Goga, Ştefan Velovan, Vasile Borgovan şi alţi bănăţeni,
transilvăneni, bucovineni şi bararabeni.
10
Stelian Neagoe, Oameni politici români. Enciclopedie, Bucureşti, Ed. Machiavelli, 2007.
11
Dintre susţinătorii liberalului Spiru Haret, menţionez, selectiv, pe: Dimitrie A. Sturdza, Petru
Poni, I. I. C. Brătianu, C. Dumitrescu-Iaşi, P. Gârboviceanu, Gh. Adamescu, P. Dulfu, Gh. N.
Costescu, G. Coşbuc, Al. Vlahuţă, M. Sadoveanu, Şt. O. Iosif, O. Goga, D. G. Kiriac, Gr.
Tocilescu. O succintă rememorare scoate în evidenţă şi sprijinul politic pe care l-a primit Haret
în întreaga lui activitate socială.
114 AGENDA EDUCAŢIEI
13
Titu Maiorescu, Opere, 11, Bucureşti, Ed. Minerva, 1984, p. 535-537, ediţie de Georgeta
Rădulescu-Dulgheru şi Domnica Filimon.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 115
Numele lui Spiru Haret a rămas în istoria culturii româneşti prin împliniri în
sfera educaţiei celor mulţi. Aşa bunăoară, numeroşi reprezentanţi ai literelor
şi artelor au fost cointeresaţi să elaboreze manuale, cărţi literare, istorice,
geografice, religioase, folclorice, muzicale şi pentru teatrul sătesc. Inspectorii
culturali au înviorat activităţile cercurilor culturale, bibliotecilor, caselor
memoriale şi ale colecţiilor „Biblioteca pentru toţi“. „Biblioteca pentru
popularizarea ştiinţei“ şi „Biblioteca Societăţii Steaua“.
15
Editată de Bibiloteca Centrală Universitară din Bucureşti (azi, ea se numeşte, din nou, Carol
I), reface competent etapele formaţiei şi manifestărilor spiritului uman. Studiu introductiv de
acad. Nicolae Teodorescu.
118 AGENDA EDUCAŢIEI
16
N. Iorga, Oameni cari au fost, p. 376. Prima ediţie critică integrală de Valeriu şi Sanda
Râpeanu, Craiova, Tipografia de Sud (fără editură), 2009.
17
Căsătorit, în 1883, cu Ana Popescu, din Buzău, Spiru Haret a avut o înţelegere deplină şi un
ataşament deosebit în căsnicie, umbrit însă de decesul unicului copil, Ioan, în vârstă de un
an (1885). Posibilităţile practice de identificare a ţelurilor de modernizare erau reduse în
perioadele când Spiru Haret nu era ministru; impasul se diminua considerabil în anii
executivelor formate din liberali (1897-1910), ministrul cultelor şi instrucţiunii publice fiind
numai Spiru Haret: 1897-1899, 1901-1904 şi 1907-1910. În demersurile delimitările
sociologice, pedagogice şi politice din viaţa şi opera pragmaticului Haret se mai pot
consulta: Ion Gh. Stanciu, Şcoala şi doctrinele pedagogice în secolul 20, Bucureşti, Ed.
Didactică şi Pedagogică, 1995; Gheorghe Adamescu, Viaţa şi activitatea lui Spiru C. Haret,
Bucureşti, Ed. Cartea Românească,1936 şi Clasici ai pedagogiei universale şi gândirea
pedagogică românească, sub redacţia prof. doc. Stanciu Stoian, Bucureşti, Ed. Didactică şi
Pedagogică, 1966.
18
Eugen Lovinescu, Istoria civilizaţiei române moderne, 3 vol., Bucureşti, Ed. Ancora, 1924-
1925.
Revista de Pedagogie • LX • 2012 (4) 119
Sanda Bordei*
În cele ce urmează voi prezenta mai multe date şi detalii legate de resurse
şi dotări, care sunt oricum incomparabil mai consistente decât în şcolile
noastre, însă totuşi nu ieşite din comun (de exemplu, la liceul din Myanmaki
* Student Anul II Master Consiliere şcolară şi dezvoltarea carierei, Universitatea Bucureşti
sanda.bordei@yahoo.com
120 AGENDA EDUCAŢIEI
Ceea ce m-a impresionat poate cel mai mult este modul extraordinar în
care acest popor cultivă şi promovează valorile; deşi o asemenea formulare
sună de foarte multe ori ca simplă formă fără conţinut, preluată pentru a
arăta bine în documentele oficiale şi atât, în cazul de faţă ea se poate susţine.
Pentru că în Finlanda totul, absolut totul, are substrat, are rădăcini puternice
şi adânci în valorile asimilate şi împărtăşite: începând cu respectul (de sine
şi de ceilalţi) şi continuând cu grija faţă de celălalt, politeţe, calitate, lucrul
bine făcut, modestie, libertate de opinie, încredere, responsabilitate,
curăţenie, sănătate.
Relaţia dintre profesori şi elevi este una foarte apropiată, bazată pe încredere
şi pe valorizarea elevului. Acesta este ascultat, are o mare libertate de alegere
şi este învăţat de mic să pună întrebări, să fie curios, să îşi exprime ideile,
să le susţină cu argumente. Tot ceea ce se învaţă are un sens, un scop, e
folositor elevului şi obligatoriu teoria este îmbinată cu multe lucruri practice.
Elevii sunt încurajaţi să se dezvolte fiecare în ritmul său şi fiecare elev este
susţinut şi se află în atenţia profesorului. Nu există diferenţe între elevii de la
oraş şi cei de la sat în ce priveşte nivelul de pregătire. Peste tot pe unde am
fost am observat că toţi elevii, indiferent de vârstă, erau foarte atenţi, interesaţi
de oră, punctuali, negălăgioşi (nici măcar în pauză!), fără telefon mobil în
timpul cursurilor şi absolut toţi cu o ţinută decentă, mai mult sport şi foarte
confortabilă, fără nimic strident sau vulgar în îmbrăcăminte sau machiaj. De
fapt, aceasta cred că e o trăsătură a tuturor celor de aici: discreţie, bun simţ
şi faptul că nu vor nicicum să iasă ostentativ în evidenţă.
Ministerul Educaţiei. Consiliul Educaţiei din Turku era alcătuit din 13 membri,
reprezentând 5 partide politice. Au întâlniri lunare, în cadrul cărora au loc
dezbateri şi polemici, însă viziunea generală este una strategică şi care
întruneşte consensul tuturor membrilor.
Toţi elevii primesc masa de prânz gratuit, la cantina şcolii. Aceasta face
parte din educaţia pentru sănătate şi obligatoriu se serveşte mâncare
sănătoasă şi gătită, pentru a le forma copiilor deprinderi alimentare şi obiceiuri
de viaţă sănătoase pe termen lung. Acest prânz echilibrat este alcătuit din:
salată proaspătă, legume, pâine de secară şi unt, plus felul principal cald,
care constă in cartofi fierţi sau orez sau paste (cu sau fără carne). Se adaugă
lapte, iaurt, apă sau suc de fructe neîndulcit. La sfârşit, fiecare copil îşi
strânge masa, iar prin rotaţie ajută la bucătărie la spălat vasele.
122 AGENDA EDUCAŢIEI
Copiii intră în clasa întâi în anul în care împlinesc şapte ani şi sunt înscrişi la
şcoala cea mai apropiată de domiciliu. Dacă un copil nu este înscris la şcoală
sau nu studiază (cazuri extrem de rare), reprezentanţii legali ai copilului pot
fi amendaţi.
În clasele I-VI elevii au toţi acelaşi curriculum, însă la gimnaziu apar mai
multe materii opţionale, care sunt alese împreună cu părinţii şi consilierul
şcolar. Materiile comune sunt: cele două limbi oficiale (finlandeza şi suedeza),
o limbă străină, studii de mediu, educaţia pentru sănătate, religie sau etică,
istorie, studii sociale, matematică, fizică, chimie, biologie, geografie, educaţie
fizică, muzică, artă şi lucru manual, economie domestică. Notele sunt de la
4 la 10, nota minimă de trecere fiind nota 5.
După absolvirea celor nouă clase obligatorii, elevii îşi continuă studiile urmând
în medie încă 3 ani, la liceu sau la şcoala profesională, la absolvirea cărora
primesc un certificat de absolvire a liceului, a şcolii profesionale sau a ambelor
forme de învăţământ. În ultimii ani se constată o tendinţă tot mai puternică a
elevilor de a se îndrepta spre cursurile şcolii profesionale, peste 60% dintre
ei făcând această opţiune.
124 AGENDA EDUCAŢIEI
RECENZII
1
De ce onorabila instituţie (reţea) de expertiză asupra educaţiei a ales să poarte numele unui
personaj mitologic despre care M. Eliade spunea în a sa Istorie a Credinţelor şi Ideilor
Religioase că a zămislit „mistere şi o nouă eshatologie” este posibil de explicat prin
dimensiunea universală a mitului lui Orfeu şi al Euridycei care trimite la transcederea
finitudinii şi renaşterea lumii sub o nouă constelaţie – probabil cea a educaţiei. Dar trebuie să
recunoaştem că fiind printre primele reţele dedicate unui program european, cele patru
litere de la începutul cuvântului, comune cu numele continentului nostru, au contat şi ele în
alegere.
Cele cinci capitole ale studiului cuprind date comparative asupra mai multor
aspecte legate de învăţarea cetăţeniei în statele europene
Acest ultim capitol pune problema educaţiei celui care educă la rândul său,
respectiv formarea de bază şi calificările profesorilor, continuumul dezvoltării
profesionale şi măsurile de sprijin acordate profesorilor, responsabilităţile
legate de cetăţenie, ale directorilor de şcoli, măsurile care vin în sprijinul
acestora, cursurile de formare pentru directorii şcolii. La fel ca şi în Concluziile
acestui raport, viziunea profesorului, formatorului, în predarea educaţiei
cetăţeneşti şi în celelalte activităţi legate de participare, geniul acestuia este
chemat asemeni lui Orfeu să aducă din întuneric la lumină, demiurgic, în
mintea şi sufletul elevului, cunoaşterea şi trăirea necesare maturizării şi
responsabilizării generaţiilor care sunt şi care vor veni, cu tradiţiile, credinţele,
speranţele, bucuriile, împlinirile sau ne-împlinirile lor, sub un cer în care
lumina neînserată a cunoaşterii luminează veşnic.
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