Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Johnston
SpiritulVienei
0 istorie
intelectual[
;i social[
1848-1938
Volubui de fala fsce parl€ din prosramuj
editoDat al Fudaliei Trpis
EuropA"si r fosr reatizat de Bnpul de srudii "A
culrurate.
Ae6€[a,c.rt+ a a_parur
cu sprijinxltDr!.isr
William M. rlohnston
st Fundatici peurru o Soc,etar€
D$chi6A (Ope! S@ieryFourdaiionl
CooldoDaio.iicolecljei llejo EuoDa,:
"A
Adtutro Babeij qi Colnet UnAurouu
SPIRITUL VIENEI
R€dactor: Daciara Branea
Copertacole4iei: ADsetaRota$-Se.benco
Editua POLIROM
I€qi,B-dul CopouDI 4, pO. BOX 266,6600
tJucureFbi,
B-dul LC. Brdtjalu ni 6, eL.?
l"l h rq l | , lt { ) r v lA Nt A l{,l,ll((,M
Eucuretti
B,C.U.
il11ilIilillil]|illlilililtrililti
c200115O3
Masi€tds,
D;Bcjpulisque
Jedn Gebser
Cuprins
PARTEA I
BrnocRATrA HABSBUBGTCA _
INERTIA uerszsnEFoRMA
l. De la Baroc la Biederh€ier ...............-................._....................._..
23
De la oiiei le biperiului Habsburgic
la crezui baructn provid€nld...............................
..............................
zs
Iozefinismulca eu6n a libelaltuEului
gi con€eryatorismului ... ..............................2j
Cultura Bi6dermeierca €urs! a stituditrilor utterioarc................ 30
Dominatiaintelectualda e!.r€ilor: rldlcidle ei
in tladitia tdbal{ ti respinaereacrcStinilor......_..............._............95
f. impiratr|l pi curtea lui ................................
..............................,....42
l,ongevirateafragilitnlii : lum6a sisuranlei
g ca88andrele ei............ ..............................42
imp6ratul Fraff Josef: un moDarhBiedermercr
intr-o lurEepe cale de industializale ..............................................
46
Artutocralia ti nobilim€a mArulrti :
pdvrlegiul - o barierd i. fala hovatiei ................. El
-_---._........:......
3. Un imperiu al functiorarilor .......................................................07
Uniformitate gi venalitatelntr-o birocralie tnvechitd...............__..52
Armata pe tirnp de pace- o binecuventareincertd....................... 62
Bh€rica de stat iqi veneazdadversari ...._.._.............._.....................
68
Kari Lueser qi socialisnul municipal...................
............................
7E
$coli fj universiteg: lntoarcereala trsdilre -
o qcoaldpentrugenii.... ..............................
?8
Crepuscul la Viena inovatii inteiectuale
9i ruini economice Bruckner,Wolf, Mahler, Schonbers-
patru inovatod persecutati--'.-.---.--.-.-.....:i...................146
4. DconomiFti9i birocrati...................................................................
89
Terninologia lui Karl Pdbram penfu traDzft,ia 9. impttimitii artelor vizuale ............................,....1j..................
rsz
de la feudalismla capitalisD......................_................................._....
89 Hans Ma}art - cultura lntr-o epocddecorativ6...-.....................152
Carl Meryer ti teo.ia psiholosicna nevoilo! economice _..............
91 Estetismul fard in fatA cu modemitatea-
Friedrich von Wiese.- avocatal economieimixte........._ Klimt, Schieleti Kokoschka.............:......-...............t...................
154
..............94
JosephSchumpeter- mofteDitoruldezmogtedt Arhitectu.a din Ringstrasse ti criticii ei -
al Impeiului Habsbusi Srtte, WagnerFi l,oos... 158
....-........-............
..........._.................95
$coala uenezA ile islona r62
ariei......................................................
Afinitdtile diritre tcoala ausrriacdde econoDie
ti birocralia iozefiDistd ..............................97 10. Criticii €€tetidmului........................................:.......................--..1
5. .Iurigtii imperiului ............................._........................................... RosaMalreder - o mfinatd cDoscdtoa.ea rolului femen......168
100
Autoritatea statului incurqjati ti sp.ijinitd de jurigti................100 Otto Wein;nger- onestitateacazutdln Elisoginie
EusenEhrlich- pariizanal obic€iuluilo.t'tui............................. 9i in urn de sineereia8ce.....-...-...-.......,........-...-....................-.....77
t0t
Alton Menger critic utopjcaJ dJeptuidprivat...............{......... 104
HaM Gross- ur pionier at sistemutuid€ derecrare PARTEA A TRTII.
ltiintificd a crinei ....... .............................106 POZTTIVISMUL gI IMPRESIONISMIJL -
Hans Kel6enti teoria purd a dreprutui - O SIMBIOZA NEVEROSIMILi
impotenla politicd a igodi teoretice................_.........._..................
108
11. Fascinalia in fata mo4ii ,................................,...,.....................179
6. AustrodaEittii.... ..._.............._...............
112 Moarlea- un bastjoDlrDpotrivsschibbnrii................................ r79
Viktor Adter - organizatorulsocialismuluiaustriac......_............_ r12 Moartea ca simbol al efemerului..................................................182
Otto Baue. - gafeletactice ale @ui teoretician................ .........115 Moarteaca refugiu. lntele.tuali austriecisinucisati ................ 188
Austromarxistulconciliant- Karl Renner.................................... 118
Max Adler - Eitrtezalntr€ Marx qi Kant ..............:........................I2I 12. Filosolii {tiirtai.. .................................
195
Enst Mach Fi reducerealitosofiei iiTsiloiogiei ]a frzicd........195
LudwigBoltzmann desprecomplemeDtaritatea
PARTEA A DOUA ipotezelorcontradictorn .........................
200
ESTETISMUL VIENEZ Moritz Schlick- primud moueruF; critic
al Cercului din Viena... --------..........2O2
treaci ti foiletodtti.. ............._...............
tz7 Eclipsa unui om universal Otto NeuratL...-............................206
Sex;i sociabititateln imperiul eEtetisDutui.... ._._........................
I27
r3. Ftlosofii linb4urui ......................................................................
210
Triunfui conversa'lieide cafeneaFi foiletonul................-............. 131
Fritz Mauthner - de la critica superstitiei cuvantului
D.agosteaSi ura ditrhe arti$ti qi public_.......................................
186 ta un misticismfxrd Du .........................210
8. Muzici€di Fi critici nuzicali..............................................
........140 Adolf Stdhr ii critica frlosofrei-modelate"dupnlimbaj .....-..........
213
Valsul !i opereta frivolitatea ca iGrrument potftic_............._.140 Richard Wahle- nihiliEmul terapeuticlmpotriva
Edued Hamlick un arbitru frezeolosieiherba iene .........................215
al sustului muzicaldevenit formaljst............,....
......................:.....
744 Rarl Kraus qi idolarrizareaIimbajului -
blestemulunei memodi fotocrafice...................
...........................217
tl
il
CIJLTUL ILUZIEI LA MAGIIIARI
1 8 . Marcio ptii praghezi " "287
Bdtnlia dramaticl dintle c€hii ti germanii dir Boemia " 28? 24. I'rstitutii
ti intolectuali din Utrsaria.....................................
3s5
Viziunile apocalipticeale sermanilo! praghezi ""291 structula politicd 9i sociale.....................-....................._..,......._..
ab5
Budspesla capiEataiD cus de modetuzare
l e , Viziurea l€ibniziani a armoriei "" " 296 1
, une' natiunjsemifeudate ..................__.
Bernard Bolzano desple obiectivitatea inexpusnabild
un darinnrscutpentru;;;il;;;;;; i;;;;;;;.. ..... .... .....
a propoziliilor.... .. ... .. " "" "296 ;::
Nariudle preindustrislesub jugd naglu.....
neforma catolict dia Boenia _--.....................
872
ii-r"-r"""i*" t"ibniziene . '- .' " ' 2e9 25, htolectuatii utopici din Ungaria............................................
"i,r""il ln Aultria ' 302 s76
Succesullui JohsnDFriedrich H€rbad " " TheodorHeftzi sau Aeniut inprcvizajiei
...........
-_..-..................876
TleodorHerrzka. un socialisrulopic
at anilort890...............880
Max Nordau_,nrelefluatuluropic
deziluzionar
stacddegeDerarea
.......................-..........
.....................................381
26. Sociologia curoa?te.ii. Un
truism maghiaF............... ........g84
ceory Luk6cs sau dialeciicatornei
fsla cu vrata.,....................
Prefa!5
Emerg€nla panrelativismului tui s84
Ksrl MaDnleim
sub steauatui Luldcs.
......_....................
394
27. P€ibanaliFtiFi cririci de fit_Dr
hagtiari ................................
398
randor lerenczi ii Ljpot Szondi
ffim*$ffi*ff
sau devotalii ddrj6.tD-ului................._.
.-.- .......3e8
cinemaios.,na_o for,od.",;;
s sindirji masiccSi a imp,esionisnu)ui
......................................400
PARTEA A $ASEA
profe,rii hoderhitdlii
ffi##*Hffi
- " -"-- -
Criticii tehnologiei..................................--- 409
Dupricitateain;tr ra c;;;;;;;........."-*-" ---- " . 40e
RearizArireinrerectuare;;;;;;....:"------.--.-............ 414
.......,.....-..........
...............
417
$*#ffi**ff
""" ' .---.----.-----.......4zz
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de'lmir'.
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14 PRtrATi
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]6 INTRODUCERE
?rima-disciplindde neintocuitir,isi6detinterectuateexpuneideile ca
atare. izol{ndu-le de indivizi sau de societare.Marematicagi I,j)osotra
senda.lizeazAnecesitareade a €xpuneceea teoo,aiJ
rauunrie extlinseci.roareacelemotive carel_ar "" "tIor.nrlla,
fi putur dere;ina se
sustind uD anumit lucru. ln raDdul filosofitor au;t eci. Botzano
si
Husseri sunr exemplcleunei dson tosice(are a"pa"t" rirn;raiir"'"I_
oare.Anumr!i istorici ausrrieciai jdeitorprecM "Kart pribraE g Rudolf
E'srer gr-auconcepurcategorjileca pe nirle enrirEli aLemporaleajcA_
iumd o relea contjnuA,care se tntilde deasuprsrutuo; eoocilo,
si
cortexleror isLorice.Oricer ar fi contribuit societaleahabsburercA
la
jntema a ideiiorrrebuiesa precead-6
:^:T."1:"1_1t-",:11:l:"" oricearia
I naiD red e a i n rre p ri n d e a n a l i z a s oci ol ogi cd,
este absol uresen!,sls6
^ doar opin'ile stl8finur.ede un teoreric;ar sau altul, ci si
pu,r de arsumeltte avT8ar! in scopul susrirerji lor.
In acesr sens,
l pentruapro€penecsrenr*or et ;ai, ;; ;;;,ti;;;:;;,;;;:
"odJiog
a pnncrpatelor sale reze. irbpreuse cu o analizd care ij puocGaza areu_
menlaFa. penlru a scoate in relief nuanlele, as) fotosit coEDaraiij.
crtandu-r alat pe adversari, cA!.g pe aliali. in scopul
,nuj
puncr de r ed-erecontra' celui suslinur. De cdte ori "omlaredi posibil, am
pxpus rd,rte Iiecdlui a tos!
aendircr in Lermedi ln cde et jnsugi arfi outut sa
o laca. rentru a recoDstirui opera unui gdnditor trebuie ca isrorin,l
respectiv sn fi fostiniriat la ftindul 66u t! d,ssiptinete de care acesra
s€
ocrp€. Nu exrste elte modatitsre de a tnvd{a ea facj exesezarermenilor
retuucri sa dezte8r probleme .ruciale, sA_i interpretezi pe maesrrii
de
axddatd ai domenilllui. In aceasrd carr€, fitosofia, reolo;0, koria poli-
Eca. EocrolograSr istori8 litersr.urii reprezjnta p onii pe
car. nri_..
lDiem eisr fo rD u l a ri l e .
Pil'*:"1 principateate unui senditor nu consriruje
._ "ls":"rtelor
m srne_or.sl.one
intelcctuala.O a do!a disciptine,cuDoscutasub nuDele
€pro*.ima1iv de sociotosia cmoafrerii. arc;a ;";J;;;.
Dror rD socrat.peorru a eyira anbigujrblile inerenre "-p "it**"
aceslui l€lncn. yoi
dou:. d:numiri Doi, capabire sE diferFntieze doneniut priD_
llfiJgluje
crpal de una djnhe subdiviziuni. Oricat de srans5ce ar fi aesr;
ooj
deDumilj, nu exisrl' o cale mai 6ihpla de a califica oodatil6rile
contra-
orctonr ir care €And orii reactioncazA fala de socier€re Ceea
ce cJ
nut 0es cs o c ' o to g ras 6 n d j L o ri l o ,e x a mrneszAmodul i n care
spi ri rui unei
per6oane, felul ei de a gendi este modificar de contextul
in.carg aceaqtq
t.niette. O subdiviziune a acestui doneniq, pe care o nunesc
sociolqgia
INTRODUC!RE
I}.ITRODUCER!
,lilnH:;if,l:.I",ffi
ig,::ffi j"i:ii;;
i'i,lii,;,h.'t"ilT', nisierul creativitdtii. Oricand€ benefic sau de ostil arli contexiul, ulr
titan ca Husserl se nalupta ln deplind libertate 66 initieze noi diroctii
ii;iil?::uT:fliiti':il:;t",'.""",?:;;":*rur::l;;:;; a.e 96ndi ni . A pl i cati i n cazul f ilosof ilor cu o vjar A. ; pr r ir ust d supe-
;!i.*: '""JT*:"":si::i,?:"ilr**li:'"
ir:",,i?ii":1ff :,:rx:
* u^'"r"
rioart. microsocrolosisdezvaiuie msi mulre lucruri despie epigori oecer
desprecrcatori. In particular, ea poate impiedica produce.ea erorilo! de
exegez6prin clsyifrcar€a terDiDologiei t€hnice, a semu lor termenilor
::i:",:Hti:ll:'Jj-'#1,:: :ffi",,T";.i"";l'niarr".
"'ei htr-o penoadi.datd, lntr-o anume univelsitate sau bisericdr. Mai pe
,,d;i'j?:;l,';:ff
'::ifi."lfffl;'H;"j,,-i',
",X1"#TX"i"|i"1; ldrg, ma.rosociologia.elucid€azd cdile prin sare o irMilje regionald,
cuId ar fi r€forma catolicismului in Boemia, a suBtinut aderenla ta
Leibniz. La polul opus, avocatii schimbdrii sociale cheamd la o analiz;
rg#*iir**$,tr+ j',:ls#
*irliY*ri**;;
panoplie de iNtrumeDte ale cercetdii. Datoritl faptului ce ImDeriul
Habsburgrc a presupus o asemenea djverF;rare de conrexre. soc;otogia
gdrditorilor poate culese aici o recoltd bosatd d€ sensuri profunda.
i , speci al .po r f i lnl€lesi m ai bine pnn abor dar eacor -
E D ci cl opedi qtitn
1;l*[fu
i,il$j!,ii'|,F"#.;"r"ry;,*iill{
ln urnd. ln Aust?o-Unsa a, condiliile sociale au lncumjat inflorirea
gAfld.irii intesatoare rni ire pare un domers pe'tinent.
' Odrine s-a confruntat vreodatd cu s6ndirea au6triacd s-a intrebat
jg#1i;
igf*q* _l*1*ru il::,,li
ru;i:"ff r:
probabil de ce atetea, dintre celebrite{ib acesteia au sfArFit prin a fi
isnotate Eau chiar au cdzut ln.dizeraiie. Nurneroqi isrorici $i specialitri
tr,liter'aturn Ecriu despre subiectele sermane ferA sd fac! dife.enta
ii!::*r#;
il*1?h+';";f#;;i,1iffi'r!#i'i;"1",jffi
lntic Austro-Unga a qi impe ul lui Bismarck. Cauza fundam€ntal, a
acesteiignordri este disparilia Imperiului tabEburgic ca Dnftate geog"a-
flfrg'':"1''fi{.*""i"H3*{tt",;;,TJf;a
fice.,In timp ce Ansiia, Franla, ceridania, Iialid,, Rusia !i chiar Polonia
i:i+ii*1,":f#*3;+"t:Tjlfj:sf
+*dti"**d:*#
aceasrd rerdrnla prin- djfe"enlrerea direcriei socrale
di nX omdnta. l usosl ayi a. Tt alje t i Polonia a! apar liDur r onar hje:
habsbusi cei n l 9t8: 1} D chi sr ele Ausr r ia qi Unsar ja nu f lai por aspjr a
nici mecar le statutul de€pigoni ai aceltui imperiu dilpnrut. r,ond]nrile
r*',:'#:r:*.i{:";#,";I$*mtrd","""t",";;ltn:ii s idejlor de accen_ piecum: isto s Europei Estrcentrale sau Dr;ubiene nu fac decet sn
naBchezedezmenbrarciipe cill€ aceasteentitate 6 suferit-o acu; cinci-
zeci de ani. De$i un etalod din ce lD ad mai mare dd isroriit, ater din
;","1""'#fi
iffi ru;;::ji:ri;*rix".:iiT:i.trili*Tm
rezultate cu ponded inesale.Sociolosia
bog6iijlor intelectutle pe care Austia ni le-.i lesdt drept DoFtenirel
Pleto.a de limbi vorbite candva tn Ihperir iabsbu€ic acc€ntu€aza
obstscolulgeograficpe care trebuie snl d€pd$eascEstudiile sp€cializate.
sarditortt., p"!1"-a"r"itr;
". lltoricii csre nu cunosc linbi ca poloneza, ceha sau nashiara !e dau
2A INIRODUCERE
Ln.c maides.a.ordapreapurrnagienrie
ereir;ror
L]f,i:,":l',...0i".."
r u. ) n 6 l a r9 rl . d \p rs j l l (a re a ro r m d i maro a speci aJ,?srj tur; dus ta
:5r
: "E
: ,t1- : 1 .:, -n c i d o p n d \mu l u j d re p l o arnudrne rovechi ra,mar ai es ri
et eu n ,te . Ae ta z ;l u i F re u d .N e u a r h chi d tri Mngensl ci n L €_ar
" .u
p rl v rrc " s u e e -i o a ree i a , n rcnsrdLruLi
:am
li: :ei: os re tp .s ,u .l v e rs a rj l j r.rp a . neprofesron.;riai. ar de
c o ns.rani i dp prossri rea de cri rr.
r iilp epr o i u n d a ri r.s p F " :a trS ric: a re ,: srudi azsru su cuD ri
sa nu-,i nrer_
pr er er cd ro tru , p u .c t d e v e d e rep ro vj ncj sl .Fi tosofi r
consrderaInJosi ror
r s lor i. ii p s i h Bn a l rz eu; i rs c . p c o l " s n rrt Nicht tiidlich, aber rnheilbar,
l avori r al tui Freud, psi hotoeut da8 Bind die scblimmsten Krankheiten.
n u .a tb " r m a i p u \i n v Frsal rtdc(ar Frcud 5ns;si .
." o e e ri o a n c n i n" n" pars un bsgarde cuno$ri nl F CeIe mai nefast€ maladii nu sunt
p. erj"
- . ^l' our
_llcy.tn
l In :::.'
.e*ra re a d " A L mp t" ts o l ut.i .ersl " d carrc va pune rD l pga- oortale, ci in@rabile.
I ur a e) ip u n e rras ,r,, D a l i c a s ,o p rl d ,.u anal i zs condj l j i tor
socrR l ep;n Ma I ie ron Dbner,E schenb
ach
situarea ganditorilor i. contexrele .nrora le aparrD,
sper sa elucidez
acea ,r'ApocalipsaVesetd,,fern atc cnrej hovatii;aF ;oastrd intelec,
tua16 ar fi cu adevdrat stcarpn.
1
De la Baroc la Biedermeibr
De la originile Imperiului Habsburgic
la crezul baroc in Providenle
dc af i
i ntre 186?$j l 91a l npP ri ur Habsbur sica pr czeDr atanom alia
f inal; let e i$igdseau
u sl at.di nastj . arec6rui harba ielidat o'sle I ipseror
JJ a"* r".t*"ia inainte de 1800, dinastia do Habsburs
i ' i l " ri i J* * .t,a ""-elui
al " ti nqre cel put in t r "i r nisiuniin Eur opace't r ald
, * -" * rrts' pe ser r r ar ir dir Sud la r om sDo- cat olicisD'
t " i aJna* " t' s; l "' i * " ;" 1,^e l utcrlor or om aniqi discm r naqccivilizat iaocc: -
I"
.l eD " * ai n tefl rori i l e semi -orienr ale Esccul de a r pinnoi r t car una
" r";al
a'"tt"1"""t" misiur.i duPe 1800 a ameninlat inst€t capacitatea de
suDravieluire a dirlastiei, $i asta lntr-o pelioadd in
iD opu-
ocejilentalrzArii popoarelor supuse le tfansformase pe aceBtea
in unntrroa r ele $as' 'apit olc voi exam ina m odul ib
i " a* " U rl .
" " r.i bi rocraLi is-5u si rbdui t sJ sus! 'n6 iar Lcor 't icienii s au lupt at sa
care
reformeze
-- un edificiu imperial slibit.
O;t-;"t*t pe Bcur; a in.ertitudii care plana asupra
-numelui
La I 800
e" " tti " i oo.rni ," anel i za evo lur ier t er it or r ilor habsbur gice
;;;;;;i " dtl ul de cssa de }Lebsbur s @ndr cat or ul Pi f t ind dc
u" " -un" " i ^pttrr aL S tantu lur lm pPr iu I nper id llabsbdr 8r cr epr e-
a* . csrP a! a4ineau f anihe' im Per ialF De la I 806
""i* rA6?" .1' r" ' *
aceste i ' "tedtorii
;i 6-au numit destul de ;mprecis lmperiul
,l"e i"
i""i;.", r" ti.p i.t e 186? Fi 1918 au fost cunoscute Fub numelc de
,C;"t o'U"gariu. N"tnae de ,AuEtria" era consident potivit ori de €ate
""
una
ori un teri;riu sau un popo! era divizat intr-o parie rns'riteand ti
aDuseane. Denumi c; Osirosotia $i Austmsia au ptecedat accaBta
u;anta La fel . i n t 156 marca r a; sr ileann dc pe Dunbr e a f ost r idicat b
la rons dF Ducal al Ai-lfiei tHPtzoBtun Osrctrei'h\' LE
i .p,i i ' ' r r* a" ;" B arbaro ssas em is Pt LUileEiunM r a! s "onr er ind
i ri ;i J;;' " " marsrarutui dc Bsb"nbcr s. Hesnc al ll- ] Fa De la 86?
f".;fi" ra.i;* Carolingiana, te{eeutn de lmPn-
"einc€tstMarca
ol"*"tti" in 1162 nobilii Babe bers su anexat stvria si, ntr mult
'"1.i
dur" ' r' ,,na,9i "i. au cresl bl aro nur f olosDd r oqu alb r o$u pecsr e
pent t u sleaS! 'ulor
l ei ile
in 1918
k.n,rl ,l r.a A uFtri e l e a al e"
24 BTROCRATTA
ITABSBURCICI_ NERTIE yEx.sus
RrFoRMi
i DE LA BAROCLA B19DERMEIER
i
,,'.tt,
i:*.1l,li,,tj
slx',{".irir!llliti;T-.:t#Hi titjl: rr.otestantismul, la 1650 aceastdreligie a fost viitual elisiiilsfi. Reculut
;e datoreazaunor misioDari precum olaDdeall PeLerCanisius rI521-1597).
:Ti:
h'ryr',|iffi
f,flflt-i.'.""'r'#*xr +:fl"ttr
csre au in-ninlat o se e de scoli pnnare 9i seruDdarecatolicez Orditele
car€rse ocupau de educatiet cum em oe1 piarist, h6illat
coiabor'au cu betedictinii ti auguslinienii la conducerca
in 1597,
najolitalii
I
#i1*r:dil4;ll::;r,u.:."rr;;:;hr";;;:l;,"".:# scolilor, penajnju! de 1860. DupI c€'impe.r'atulmtutic Budolf al Illea
i1576-1612)avea sA-i domoleascape protestanti, in 1612€uccesolul ltli
iil:T"]F",liiT$t1::::",u';,;::*i,*,,#""."?#*## r D rutat capi ral a de l8 Pr ass la Vjena. unde s dom ni\ din 1619 pAna
,a 1637un carol i cf anat ic,Fer dr nandal I I - les. Nu num ai. 6 Fer dinand
Imr*l*;*.**Uflt;"m*#
.1'il',1*,"r*:"f
f*.Tfi li+jiiij{
i;aralungat pe proteFtanlii din Sty{ia ti Austlia, dar, dupd ce condu'
catorii lor au fosl infrenlj ls Murele Alb la vesr de Ptasa. in 1620
i fl pa,Isrul a )D l ocu: !nobilibea pr ot est ant adiD BoeDt iacu dF! ot alj cat o_
Ii.i. Adersrea fanatjca s lui Eerditand )a priDcipiul .ui,s .Pg,o €rts
rcl i E i o a d,$ l a d eclanqar eaRazboiului de lr eizec; de anr . I n t im pul
,:rfl",ili:r:'*r*t:rir*"1,,1#{1,j,",,,i*i"l'ii,i
;i+1{:ifr
ctrrui a i D paratul si- s d"Donst r at f at a de condor ; et ul Albr echr von
W sl l ensre; (1583- j634j pr over bialat nsr sr ir udinea Hsbsbugilor ' Pr o
tlstantismrd a supravielEit doai in Unsaria Fi l'ransilvada, ocroti{ de
il'*H':t,",tr;{
,:r;*h#i,#":"T;it lTH
x"""t:";
rur{ i Fr de pr;nci pelede'l'r ans; lvania.Dsr or jLaim puner ii calolicjqlbului
de cA tr€ Fal di nan d al I l. lea, devoljunear elisioasar indea sa subst it uie
l.i A{Etria pompa cu zelul.
fft#llr4f::.':nr
tr'.,,i#{pl""i"# :m :'ll;:i;l
"*";:**r:"*r+i;t;;lr"t#
ri.$upn aceste eveniment€, imle ul s-a extinE in detrimentul:turcilor
otoE rsDcare. r i n 1683,la asediul \ lcne] . su cr ezut o clipA ca dclor ia
Ie€pdFi ne. pentr u r f i in cele djn ur Da iDf r dnli' APdr 8r eaer oicS3
capi l al eij mperrsle s sdeugat un elebenl de dr am at isn uisiunij hBbs-
i:iljii:.-:,lllir.:'ff bw 8i i l or ca ovrnp oEr elt. r em - or ienr al al . r est inat 6lir , duPa ce. pe 13
*:*ii::,.i'*ran:;:*,,_-^lrx**Tllk#
,,:'*t,lr#"ul*+!l'ft;*;
1520. D usdi manii. ucer i6er a Unsar ia Cenlr ald. Spr e conslem ar eslui
Lii{!:vit sl xlv-lea al Fmntei, nmpexatul.I-s-opold I (1658-fi05) a orsa'
**#ll{*rff jii;*r:tff{
**:ri+rllr,,:*."'x
qashi & rd, descbi26Ddun t er it or j! vasr peDt r u colonislii gcr m ani
Pd4tul Eugelriurde:Savoia (1663'1?36),4 reo.ganizat tlup€le militare
d;.ii?xgr!ir6, a.instruittrupele:crdat de,,Grenze/, t'an€forr:renduJe in
ft|lil:iir4{:l,"".1xi
ryru::*:r"*#ltt#.:Ti,ft arEcla de elita a imp€dului, capaltila sal aperc impotriva luluror
qiqcuritor. O data c€ aneninlaree din pan€a tucilor a scazut,Imperrul
m;,lr ",":#
:t;:rJ*r,l*rs"**l=r-lhtit;.,;my HahBburgic no sj-s msi pulut gaEi un slr scop la fel de imporLanr 9i
presarr penrru s linlocui pc cel n.SEtiv al sPirerii
.lcultura barocd a.Aust!,iei s-a nd€out din eufoiia r€tragerii turcilor*
dt+{tt${;"-e$$r;;*r**n+f-:ffi
sepleteape$ orilor o indcmni?stie. a$a-zisafonanrd. s.hjrndd uli sPasdel
se i .i i l e ca regist r at o si naEt er ; lor c6seLor
' iilor$i Aceast a
pl dt;ta de slsl pr eolilor a deinuil pAna t n l83S "orScandalizal
t ilor . de
sumb
irec'enta sarbaLorilor reljsioase qi a pelerinsjelor, Joseln a pus capai
maj ori tal i i acest or a.consider andulepiedici iD caleapr oducr it ir at iieco'
ni rmi ce.Modul tn er c. t oseph e spr ijinit biser icooF. iale Pe de o par t e
*fi*r*r*$l'nr+*;*1;';,n
just if i. B def inir ea
9i i ' o persecutatpe cdugar i 5i iezuili Pe de slt a
obr6cnn uD ;l at er alBs ier m enului de iozef ioism dr eAi com pr obisul
au.rri bc tntre re ligia de st ar 5i supr em alia pspalE Tblusi. ssem enea
rrnsenj€hului fiancez Si f+ronianisr.u sernan iozefinjsmul a pre
;uD us mul i mai m ull dec6t o polir ice eclezlasr ic: i
*r*t*rn$****ffi
lunele dinlre cele mai b"nFficF r.forme au fost cele din dor'"Diul sdra-
ra i publ i oe.l m per slul a r nf iinlst LsndcEpolizeiale Ausr r i^ilnf er t oar p.
desemnal es6 supr aveshezehunesr ar eapublic, $i sd apljcendsur il' de
i ci ena,cm a fo st , ln 1783,inchider eacr opilor com unesjlsle sub caie_
jn 178a. im pdr at ul e jif iint ar Spilalul Cener al
ai " ta S ranr,rt$t ef an.
d' n V i ene,umat la un at de Joscphinum .inFiirulr e dest inaiapr PgAt ir i'
[:nt*su[++*r..p*ftr,',W
i-i' m*'g'.*
tL:ru{nil,tru;*,
;n csrea.ceaj 9i zahar din pr oduclia s"r clor pr opr : j ldFalur ; le ar hiLec-
w ral e al e i bparaiului t j- su sesjr m odalir alPade eipr im ar e in clasi
ci sE ul l uj Johs u F. r djnand Het zeDdor flon HohcDb"r g r 1732- 18161.
ctre a proiecrat parcul de ls Achbnbrunn ir s$s tpl
'ncat
sa spDene c!
o scenauri asa, jDcor onat ade co! sr r uc\ is uDuj pavilion G lor ; eile La
Dijlocul anilor r780, HetzeDdori avea sa ducB Insi departe p-ogramul
iltiiiid;t ltl'lui Joseph prin ,purificdreei' irtbioruhd unui num;r de
:*';:*'
f-ft::ru;,;,!iffi ::;l"""ff
I:*: b#ririci eotice; adnugendule dltard 9i ornamentalii baroce.
J .UDe dirtre cele mai pulin reutite mesuri adopute oe Jos"ph a fosl
i n l ?84. procl e m ar ealim bii ger m sDeca I ; nbA a inper iului. M odulu;
insistenr de a !r€t;nde ca limbile regionale sa'dispard i s-a rSsPunEpri!
supEvieluirea tor lnver$unara, iar celii, maghiatii sj sdrbii au fo^sj
m****$-#ffi
stimdati s6 reinvie limba 1,ortlite'transfolniend-b in noirne literarn ln
Boemia $i Moravia, €earta dintre sermann qi cehd a durat pan! Ia 1918,
tn \Teme ce, dupd 186?, maehiarii au respitrs iozeliDismul obfigendu-i pe
fratcl. sdu, idealu le iluministe ale lui Joseph i-au inspirat pe mulli
i:n:"';r:":":''
r1l;; ;;i;"1:;'s,lH#
j,*;at;mt*.;j::rn.T._ri:j:"::"..",f
dintre intelectualii Boenieil Catolieismul lui a$ticledcal.a dat naqtere
fr::
lff .l.l"xH:f
r,*-*Til""FI:"ltr::,u:::?ii:d#T,L:'J;tfixl
:'""it
refolmei catolice din Boetniaj'miqcare.ce ari4,pulsionat dela luqiul
catorvasenera t ii cele, m aioiisinale. idei: ; , 1. - , ', i- ; .
ff:''=:"r
:;ln::i"":
1*: i:'"* y;;;1;; ;}'.i,"#l Dupd 1?92, iozehnismulE"a scindar intl.o coIopdrenta tu drcapta,
:,:.-r;:i{ir',?i,x:'"
asuvcrnentilor, Ei una de stAnsa,. oaupend sentrul filotofico:religiosl
l,T:J:;';,Hjfii:,:."j,:::il
pa.a"t"ar""
'a","."" _e"i"ti;;;# #:,::"il*l:
T;
i"i ililifi Aripr ()nservstoare €e spdjinea pe,inpiratul tr'ral}oisdl (1792.1€35),
care s Dorfcctat tehnicile de ceniralizare ale unchiului snu pOnhu a-i
":Tf":pH"j:.""i
BTRocRATIA[ABsBUtcrcA _ rN!!Tt! 31
";':;;
,28,9u,9 RuloRMA
::""":
DE r,A BiRoc LA BIDDERMETEF
*:rr j
rr;":;:'i';
"r'; .csimurui vonM:l(o;'-Jq',#:-l:',1
irstiiuit dupar80edecremens
irint de ongine germanet a car'rr Poz4te
ro
i*aihi.#-"'""".:ff*nil",;i-"*:d$:*:*t*f
* "iti'ii;i,*i"H,l
:i'"""11ff::i'"1ifiili
il[tr* gll'::;';$iffi f';lii$1""."',
,T"tr
l'^i"1ff
*u",
;j';:';;;",";u
"""*0.
*rry;*g**ff*qx's*r*'r*ffi
r "{""?,,xif
i;:rufl"::x
;$,,j;ii:;
i"1)il'3;i:i;J:
i#.";l'1"1
*,ffi"ii:lil*i"-'"'rTli'.,r^",#ij i"i
"-
i" a*"*r" in irchisoa-reaSPielbergdin Briinn- O€tiliutea
it"*rHll*:,;['.fii'gui:r"":J"rJ;i::$;"ii,ii?"i:
n:ll;##:x!"i Nume'o$i sizilaton ai vjeqei au denunlat
prezenta
ri:;'*lt"':"rviri'"',""h**t'#**i+:iiflfl*f,"t'ff
; 'T:'i,:j:l"lJiT:il:l*iil,l"T'i';****"'" .?alru,ui.
i"ii t;
"lgt;;i
si
'"uzicii
i"lrg** cuhuri cunoscursubnumelede Biedermeier'
"r.trl'"r ;" r.p**1"i'i1"i111i
ipi'-"Jp*"-" "'ei
lilffi Ti;if 1fi;lii,,1l'i;
i'rc
tdtor Bvabirventat de umoristul
*l"g"l sau de 'rr'Ittwg
?coal6 EichrodrI-a creatpeBi€dermeier
)ii"iiii"""-""r,
;e1r"t*:irji*; f;[xdxtxi'"'':',**i:*i::iil,'"*{,"':ffi
i"ir*
-m*it*t*rn**rltt*s*i'ffi
i'.li:*il:iid',T'i,['#ir"t*
riberarism
arecaruj
*ru
r:
l"ltxlm"f.:**,"iriiT#'dt.#id;':r'?tlil'fi
"'".;;;il;;il;il"*
v'rccept6nd
deronodun
unor cent€cepopulareti al unor versun de'
ffi ;i;;:
:iJ;;;;li8i;iila;
"ii",ii"-""'"ru
""'" ""
lncelcain nici un crip legea a ajuns 3a
i,rn",i *it*"""'i.,burchezaapoliticea pe oadei
pref,e'sltoa'e-
aietrn cer;ania' cdrsj in rmperiul
ArtNouveau
p*'1818":
tn 1s06cdndsusti'
i"l'''1.'lii" irr"a--"ier a foetrepu€tn.circulariP
d:""Iiir";;li?Jl""ff"ii""Jillgl
tl
peruo-
revoIulr4
Austriac
din
interioare perioada ,lll -l-'g.,,
conceDiul de la artele vjzual€ la bterarura
i"""-""
'::1":$'[tl!"i:ni$
""*:T'i:::'*'l;*"**::xi:';i;'.?
perioada de dinaintea revoluliej an€r'iece din
martje
x".t****s"tt*"#!T.iAT.:1bi#,,,;,ti;ijm
"a,
iffi iH"'"'#;:,K"y,",'ff
i*dl:"ru:*1,'l1;"f Jf,lil'i;
f;:ills#J,'f
i,TX'#"rI:r
*:lillr:1,ii
asediar.
"#"#;'::'"Tff;l
:::,:,_i:li
!":fi::
li?:i: ';,:1,::::l"llli:l
"J"tiilff
:lTy#"":i1*'T"*:1:;:':*,:ll#::"t";i:Tl :J:l'H";
"11?':r.:l*:;114;"1
supu,ii
rmpnrahtut
s_;;;il; ;;;vlil::ffJ"?iiTJii#li 4,,'L rrit.
patriolinostalsi€i'
st"aenneier; fascinato sedede
""'r"a"
BIEOCRAUAITABSBUECICA
, TNERTTE
vrtRso.s TiEFoRMA DE LA BAROC I,A IIDDERMEIER 33
i3'#$frtrfrtr*:Hd###*lj*3Hi-f
"."""t'i ""i p*feritrla pentru mu'ica de canete in locul calej
;",i."r"
li-i.ni*. " ""r'"n""r
c"r***" l"asiv6 de documenk in 6copuri s&$anLe a dus.ra
monumente carturereqti precum isrdia- rurciror
;;;;;;;, rt7?{-1856)
"""' von HamDer-P!rsstau
i.tli;,"ii'""i"J,lxlii.'l',1;l,J*:nniliii
::i:,"Fiiil"m;
ij
"-^i*^*
*l'rn"
"
tui Joseph
il'u--li a" igoo*'1a p"lidca d;care pumasirdcadovadaun
a"."""','* a" vienezAusust Pfizn{er r1808-r887)
compilator
*:,:i,".Jili{
r?rtrr{;':1:1T,,i;l!1i".ri.H'$nr"ilTfi "'6"" afla de rdzboiul"il"ntalisiul
care
;;;;;";"" pentru
franco-prusaccitird un aar chDez
r.recuts incurajat str6ngereaarhjvelor Er iofiin'
rareamuzeelor,locunund€se puleaucolec{iona'uriozjtnli
locale A-rlli- I
i'J.l"i"'" il zsz-rassr'un;l dintrefiii iui Leopold al I1-lea arnfirn- ,l
ffi$m*ffi*ffi
i'i"r ,"tr"r a" sl"*" t" Graz tn lSll msbinnnd isloria ej erno8rafis'
l''I8;s, ;-" fE*t si iubit de populaliadin srvria casaloriDdusP
iJ* "l a;gi"ti a" -aiposd. un adevarallriurnt al drasosr";fatd de
"' ain""ti"a, sentimentsplaudarde cla6amijlociePldFreadF
""'i
-a"a;"
;-r;;r,';; al unui muzeu si-t sasit expresis poelica la boeroisn-ul
ialrlJ stin"", *'", i" Der Narhsonner @tusostufieie) l?eela ra57)'
intr"un
ridica io eldvi o locuinld aristocratd davotatd con6erverii' ca
nuzeu,.legilor et€rneale naiurii qi aftei'
iTfi:'*k{:$*,{i,i'*"":;'i",x**gj:,",#,:xxn:T: .jC"iitu
"ii"ut" "" "uftectnt
dorinta de d irilortaliza Drezentulin toate
Hdunle de moDumenteAu inflorjt peisagjsucati arta porttelulur'
de a 11
pre-
pasrrar
*itq "l':n*rri"*td"s,
;"":r:'" ir.iili"xl"if,li;,.,,""
cumei schi\,ele
ii.ariri"*J
ii'lJ.t"'"i
cu flori de ceEp Dorintei fiecerui bu'ghez
Oecltre urmapii sei i 6.a raspuns prin Lrtogra{ie' pe care
ui, p"'gt'""uI ilois senerelder { 1??1-1834),a innodus-o la
*iy,:n:,j:n,ilil?
iji}:.*:+'iiff,n"",:"+J"$:1ffi Vi.." r' rAO:. r,l*it"
I$iehuber
;;"*'" *
(1800_1876),
fDete de
-aestru
care
gravo'
a
al liLografieiavea sa fie vienezulJoeef
lsal
in
mai mult de trei mii d€ xrograrrr
tiuograrri precun Motinee bei Ltszt
r*ngtri**m**#*al$rffi
pnnd'
\Motineu cu Lisrlt tl846l el a lucrai direct lD piatr6 pen1rua
eseniauui DioDent,Ia f€l cum va face 5n cureDd fotografia
-
' lb litereturA, sxstul Biedermeiera fswrizad ceeae s-anum)1 omur
tder hleineMonnt rcprczenta|de personajul lui Grilpar-zer
;,,[#{:il;i"*ffi
*lruntl-***llf De, omg Spielndnn\Sdrmanulnr/zi.ont\ t | 848)9i cel al l!u str,ter
',atuttt'
d\n
din.Kdllstpi/? \ l,eiptg. 1853 CeLdtenul
tntrc douav6rsLe.apa4in6Dd
"upusunorsuferi!le in
' deresulepaturii dejos' oEd (arc accepra
soafla umila si crede tD Providenlddevine un erou popurar'cereorsr
delunsat€,'
'$
E' de
maj t6rziu de FerdiDandvoD Saar' Marie von Ebn€FEs-chenbach
zecide foileLoniPti. Reprezeni6rd in eseDF resennarea f3t6 de brrooa-
lie si anarocratiepe care o simteau cetdlenii auaEriecioEul msrunt
drmonslrs felul in care pena qi cei uili 3e bucua de creaua ru'
Dtrnnezeu.€uDunAndu-Ee lesilor Lui In ecea8Gcarte sinl'grna om
mrrunt" esledlosrte pentru a-i desemnspe intelectualiide onginejoasa
careufiiau o unilinta excesivapentru a-si mascaaspiraliile creat$re
Drn o)csrp.soartaomului mirunt eta mult pres reals fcrroada
Biedenieier a produs un numer de inventatoli ale cnrorinrealii.emu
descurajar,c de aparatul biroc.atic,pentru a fi' mai tauiu, ftcute celebre
-l
BIROCRATIAIIAASBUEOICi INERTIEIryASOAREIORMA 36
- DE BAROCLA BIEDENMEER
',A
g dlu J-*:l*:""I (17e3_1857), nascuttn Boemia,a conccputun ascripiia mai presuE*cat valoarea
plopulsortr 1826ta Trisst,cu zec€ani tnaiDrea iui rri"sso", rnin i vrene c€ supelioiii 10! consid€rau
j ,tF r z is s d- l ex p e ri me n re z e .
"," .""ii'aritor inaiud"ale
i D c A d i n r8 1 5 . croi rorul ausrna, Josct 'iiii''"1"i''i r;*t- edler a csriflcatpvernur AusL:'iei'ein durch
o D a ti n d d e c u s u r a v e nd un s. cu o
s^rrd dc ."ii'-""*r cemilderte'Absolutismus" (ab6olutisln'tmblenzit de
ala ln,vafl. r,etr in pftsjna tuj 18a0 a acestui
hi perfeclasediEpoz jvut, a mu.it ::;;;;;;;.";l;;iliui erasa raudeinnuenlaumanizanta.
sa r ec I ' p' l penlr u c a n i m e D i rl u d o re a s Al s c os!6pe pi al e.
R czrstenra il;;;.;;";;;."""" lD Prusoci0i dusttieci- o sch'lapublicatnde
,: **"11"
,"lT:ll:":
ne_norocirsi pe atlr jnventaron ri rco,eu.ietrj,
',a r1822_r884), iii,'""]." H"r-""nsthul ln 1917,aceslaj"a 16udatpe austriecipentru
peuJ:.corMe,9er peca.eumiLnsa r-armpiedrcat 9it'sditier' Schileptstulxia reluat'
l:cl:s.l
sa-Srracapubt'ce€xperimeDteie dtn &rii I8d0. iilir-""1"1tu'"""Lr,.. umanitate
Bi:delEeier a marcar epocade aur s rearrurui.pe r6nsa r" si si exnari c,di hotom ia lui Tdr inies dint r e G em ein8chali ii
-.A oi u"""tua" pu*rnjcepe
auiesatura
urrrparzet
^_,|:l::d: a cerur popularitarea apusdupa 189a,Zouberyasse il:;ffi;"'-;";;;;,;iu "-oi*
rit prin psna tuj FerdinardRajD;nd (1i90,18s6.,
a ftr{l;- .*. ,a.usr.ria o avea cu valorile prei'dusrriale Feptul ca dup6 1850
r"*-", ii"'".'"r""fi a" i, *'i't';' eu incepur se se 6im!a divizari
conttauat traditia rep.ezentsr& de FtaLtut "r" frzgD.
"i_i ";* ^i*t pnn
mankra muh.nraj modernn,vienezutJohann femecat intr-o iiinl'i"*il t"ra de stat Fi cea rala de concer!1enis'a reflectat
Nesuoy,180r-18;tr; a rigorii ceserrschaft asupra sp;ntaneildlii din socie"
perrecl:onatrehnrc8satjrei apetdndjajocudle de cuvirre. ;;ii";;;-i;4;;
rea cenzorului. Dramaturgii Biedermeier au ,€tnviat afitudhile
sprefrusrra_ iii"" *r"ra. o"si rniversale enenirtau obicejurilelocale
baroce. "t-aardele
penn ra 1e38'simbolizend aceasu€pendere
:n spF.ial iD ce.privealc reprezeDlsr* rr*l * t""t*. i" il;-;-;;;;;""t
rj", n r. irir" qi n;u cara.reri€tila tDPeriului Hsbsbugrc'
uiald) /l83tr criJtparzera impruDurat rema de la "ectri
a evo.e iDL,epafundereabarocdde cer palleDr,
:"1".:::^rllLi
realitareti ituzie, anintjndule;pecbtoritor ca ir;";";;;.i,i;d;; ti
r€gvrr rerarhre' Un€onrenuntarease rransformain fasci.narje
a oorrii: .Ddrninalia iriteleituall a e1'teil6r: rdd6cin.ileei
rn rrugedrlt€.tur Gnll parzermoarreasparecamtueloreconcitiati R€fuzul ' in traditia tribal6 si respilgerea crettrn o!
rnuerecrualrtor atrBtriecide a propuDe,eDedii.arirudinecsre va l:
nuDrr,arunrlrsmterapeutic.a accentuatresemnarea de tip BiederDeier. sl
cermanistul berlin€z watter Brecht (1876-1950),. ca;e . pr"d.tl; Orice srudiu privitor ]a viala inrelectualtrd'D Austfia l'rebuie
-,.
V,enaiDrr*9t3 si l9?s. a compararvatorite *"rd" io*i"te evreilor'l;i': ur alt srup elnicnu a.dat€tetis
!€rioadejBiedermeierdi.n rreuc
[t Buslirea carAusrds a pdsrrar b seco]ul)g cAnditori de o mare or;ginslitatelranEcendenl'[- leoretrcrenrca
" "i".ii"
pe
sr'ludrnr are.caracteriza8eracermaDia cu doun Eecote 9i ir""""rf. ra"*, viittienst€io' Mahler, ferb sa li mai amintim
iD urDa. gcnii crestoa'e
ramcuansmul coeziuneafaloiUeiti tipsa rrlreic,nqriinle de
star erau i-"r'"li"r"r. xr""", e'."h EauRo$ in plus fate de ace8te
atributeie socjeralij ceDeinschafl :-i"julll uD numdr dispropodionatde gAnditori tD oricc domemu- rD arem oe
-unae dosenij cum sunr psihansrizasi
galsjn Imperiul Habsburgic,x0ulrmai ";*,,,p*,iqii,'""." ;;#; --;i-a;J:;;ei. ?n
muh d-eceL rri C"".",;". O,.."r"
de ubi.uirarea birocral ici. adeuga Brecb!, exisra o drsponjbilitar€ r""-t au dobinat itrrr-ur nunar copleliror'Desisur
DeDiru macDQr
)D.arcarea lesu pnD rrecerea cu vederea a inflactiuajlor.
IDeficie;ta cu n'r toti senditorii orisinali au foEt e\Tei Catolicij Br€nl'aro
"i"r..i"Irl't, "*"il
6""iii"?,".i"" r*a'i Fcolinu putin disinale decet celeilitiate
edict€res tuxcpur.sane cunoeura ;; 'nai a olent un roruJl
l:l:^"j::-:pt,-"-T
Schlamperei, termen folo€it cu se;sul de tejeriLat€ ssu""b ",_"; de sindi;rij ewei fttu$i. clasa de mijloc €vreias(!
ataceri incur.
schratuperei sirnboriza i" ii""rii" disemiDarepentru ideile noi ln tinpul lui Mofitz
lill":_i"l.Il-:ril
pr.u€tre, oferind!-le i*trieci.
opusur
encieDl€i '"ri "i careiaii apa4meawr€ne'rdatratt' condus
d.eopotrivao s]lrsa de puere ii-*iti,v",'"];"tp-sre.
pv€ru eraroan^eLor 9; a" de Moriz Szelts.DroEovaideile ]jbera]eln articole
rrj€noare. leje raL€a ap6rea ca rezutrat "raUi";,""-i"
ir priveau cu mjln pe ,.oamenn loArunti" asernen;a lor.
at faprului
;;;;;;;;,;;i;*tiu evrei De agerrenea.abotraliiraiumare de
malo-
c ate 8 s p l e mi l e s e u p o v e s ti i n dui oratoare. pri rtre nai mica imoonanta precus ,i? Fa ci'eral iui Ksrl K-rauBer8u rn
runc|onar supenofl, u anudr Schlan perei proveDea rr** aceat publ:c avjd de spirit qi de DoutSli' UFratura
itin Dersisienra sa re
va ronr orI eudaleI eti c h e rad e c re l ac A fi e c a n l n a l r funcl i onai suBtriact ar fi devenit probabil sdracA dupe 1850' ata oum avea
"--"iT"ta
rreburesa
implineascd do.int€le unui arhiduce sau conte. in t€rnin"i"g,,
ilip;;; -"ii"ra-" duDA1938.
tntAmDle
funciionaii de rans iDlerior imbrElirau ltandarde. p*ii."r*i"i". li* a" ipoteze car€ itrcearcn sa explice domio4ia inte-
i,i
r""i"riJr" i u exe(iiat-o h interiond aristro-Ursari€i 9i nu
' a" **t fel lrebuie sa inceap! cu tDlrebar"aprivitoare
""r! ""eri
"Dezordire","reglijerfd" in tinba gemale (D.!.). gensuladancsl coeziuniicomuitalilor eweie?ii l'sle vorba despre
""-J.l"ll"r"*t"
lo
BIROCMTIA IiABSBUACJC,i,
yrnsus hEFORMA
TNERTTE
DE LA BAROCI,A SIEDERMEIER 37
,-*ff*11.Ai,,rur,","r.","Ttr,.#?ti;":*iTi
r::;:lj;;u,#*[ i.","3iri
:uu: { J:X|.T:H;.
"']:::
dsla est€ drept 9i ceea ce ii reduceimportanla, nedrept. Cazuistica
tal@udicnii lnvati pe eleviE! centnr€ascd !trodulin careaqiudl€ ajut5
saurpotarneninlao fiintA. Itr ciudaset€ipentru dreptateapimanteascn,
evieii se autafl.seleazd, concepeldul pe Dunnezeu ca pe o fiinte €xtrerh
de distantd,carepoateIi interpek$, dar niciodateatinsd. Evrcui este
it*ftti*$*fi**lr**uffi
obii.gatastfel.spuneBroch,sel caute fere incetarep€ Dumnezeu,degi
{ari nici o spe.anldde a-L snsi vreodate,cici nici o faptd plrnanteascd
nii poate influenra divinul. Cu toat€ cd aceastd austeritate a fost
inhucAtva imbteuita itr cazul unor .sanditorierecudr Mariin Buber,
l*;l*1i6r"n:ltl"":"x"ilt'T;il'""1:":liffi
;.it:i: in oruptibilitat€aDumnezeuluievi€ilor ne ajutd se n€ explicdh enersia
deinonicea umr oueni ca Broch,Husserl,H€rzl9i Kraus. Ca pa$izani
aijustitiei, ei au fmt invdrali cd ci o faptn snvarlitd de om au poate
L'*1,3;;trdqji:ffi
iil"flT:""tifl":1it";.'*r;#;ru1trl{r;i
.:
sal iEbunezepe Dutrrnezeu.
' Abilitatea linevisticli-a ajutat pe €vrei s6-FiindutceascnumiliDtel€
la care erau Eupuqide cdtre creqtini. R*pectul de sine o date Iezat
:"',",:,"til__::;.';ls"*:#{iiiirff puteaft contensat prin baDcui cu dublu inteles,de o scfftime remar'
cdbild,carc ii ridiculizeaznpe agresorfi pe agesat deopotiva:
1,ftIi,tifl
flti,,Tlt,,'*$*ll[ii,'jii#:idi:t
dll#$d*r;li$ffii1ntffi l4glte bancudfac haz pe seamaevreuluile!eq sauSehnorrer
traittle ce$ind de la corel;gionsr::ueori el nuncegie ma; muli decat
allii, sncqjali cu acte ln regula%.Capaciraresevreilor de r sublrng
catc
*ff*#$sg**n*teffi
petcepeinteksn le duble, a devenit o rtarte a aimuiitpBihice a fiecerui
eweu.SeDsreca aceastA imersiunein DrofuDzimile limbii i s srimulat
pe f osofiiirecui MautlDer g Witteensiein in suslint aut nomia iimbii
in.apod cu experienla.Fascina.tie
**qffi;s$ft*";;iffi
tui Freudfari de sc;i5ri]e deliErlaj
poate fi de asemenearcnexu] rinei atitudini e!.rbiasti adanciDridecinate.
Mulli dintre sdnditorn evrei an fost notivaq de sentimentul nesjsu-
rantci. Faptul cd evreii e*celauin univdrsit6ti deveni6edeja o banali'
tate. Acest lucru se datora familiiloi care ii imp lgeau de la spate sn
invete mai mult decat ceilalti pent.u a lupta impotliva prejudecniloi.
Eseistfl mashiar Emil Reich descriadrodulin careo Dand, incapabila
38 amocnaTlA HABSBURGTCi
_ rNEEl,rE1,rssus DE !A BAEOC LA BIEDERMEBR 39
Rl]f(ItMi
sd se jdeDtifice cu specificut paLe'dinMo'avjaa
;Ulj,,,
!,rrji tn care ira ,.o1!re. bulricur
veaernrdu'ri
l1_.1:,:":"lD.,"*
I;jjl"ltld,,:,#:i";'#i""."1rt:","",,nfi
:#h::-:d"fi i "Tfr*ir
sim,rsra
.""'"'"it r' *at1"i"-
ororestantismul in
Altii. printre care \
parrlcular.elTeiidin Boemiasu avul te'din1s8'-qr
anuqi-Laviziune a €ternitdrii ln\ent6nd o
ririrffi,* **kpt ;,ll::t li*l*itm*"j "J#xl
:f#"",,"if ";";ffi
l"i:#f ;i;""; ":',Hl;
ii"uii."," i""t"t;".-o
ll
aveaumri.purindepje-a,ii*i"rL."ii
::n:*,lh:;*{:F;;i;';r;.tit::l:.;i::!i
i"J """"i,*i"i "
:il##::i; ii*i*::'; ::n:;''t fisn':"""F"l? f;'s:"T::"i?:'"1ilfr i:ri:
r t"""t",-a""u evteilor din 1848 pe cend in Anglia ai in
de.onpet4ia econornicd "-"""oarea
r" Franqabnorirea economrca prcc€dsM€firmtrea
*":*::ll:,..r:y:=.sel€meau din parea in aceea$penoaoa
"iJ --i"*r, ev'eii au intraL rn compehtie
ll -"r
acestra. Acolo unde
::Tt[:;HT#:3 "1:;3';:".:
:1''n"i'T:i
"1*:,i'ilX""T]""i:;,"i
1l ;"".,"# r"'5i.""""
friiE"+r#i"Ti#:ii" pe
"sucsrc
vsai
i"rl-i"r*.*, a"ou
""'i'
sublinis Sl,anislaw Andreski tre$rDii patur"
sarrce oi erdeauvazbndcu ochii acesler at iuni ale r e6pect ulur
A"""".i*a*, o disperati de a sasi un lap ispaqitor'
0e s'ne'
. .
i*
$l:{:f$ll[1*#ffi;t,;"'';
""*i" ev'eim ii r ur ale a exacer bat anr r sem r r r sm ur '
1 *
l ,a V i ;na al rrmarea
o","t" rgOO.
"tt"i;
oi t*cii etau singurii care isi purlau costumel'
r" ' n^te oe sr.razi re\ti ene i
i,i".i'i 5.'li a,.';"";
Veder eauDui caf r an er s un ad'var
aejoE.cufu'dat in nostalsiaAu€t'ierpreindus'
at
tradi-
ar r on'
canif renou-veniri,
danai.a" uli.""""j-r;ii"-";;;;;;:,i"fi,:: !N
I
{_ rNcFTrrLT,Rsu,s
, -"'oot"ot'o'rABs'udr'' REFosMa
-:.-.
ffi"iffi;:::rT:",*iT":n:
;:tfr;#{"iri*"i1*#i":: DE LA BAEOCLA BIEDERMEIER
fi'jq$*|"til',+.r;tril:-r:rriii""m
excelente o patrie a strdinitor, Iocul in care nationalitdtite difedte se
;'.Hiil'#trijiff
*,:ijr,i{;"',.la;;;;;;,"r*
**ffiffi
;i:r;riff
:xT"x";':l
;:i:"{:
il1"*ri
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x
iMPARAIUT ql cuRTEAlUt ,
*#;",'l{ii:,i:+:1ti1,,..,,ffi
;f,r::"";ifl hl#fl;
:;'i'"'*#i*{Ti:{1tr$5h:qT'iiT::"T""'1"""i::i
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L:lt"r#r;::lttliTi:iir*rH,*TI'x*i*:lf
:'-"lt*
i."',1,T,1i,,1!'lli."J;"il,!"lTif.ili*ru#,Jtr';*T;
did. atetde fruoos 9i ile elegantiF Dunl
l:f$i:ri#irii"t;#
*#*im";#-*l'l,"j:ri_"uffi
J.i'-ri-rl*i"r" """ "'roaieasmurcutui'?
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il';if",*i,if
ltooreDr '
ieqiti din comuo Du pur'eaufi puse dub scbnJr
intcrectualiror.q;.cera!:''1";x?i:;il"H:li;il
Mqjoritatea l:
lTfi *'x*iii'*i,F# "'
i:
cultur; Ei distracl,iile aflste la lndenA'a
cereble7eila'rea
!'iabi
'{'**i'#*?:'r:{rllfi
i'T.ffi
4$i::ffi
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:m**;'"";lnmff
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ilffi":ll**:li:TkT'-"TrTn:ii1fl
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dmeaza
,".;;:Li'fi?"{}
inkuntat primxl tlzboi mondial cu hotari
arled6de
cubravsda
d€roc
us*::t",,""""u*tltl'll"'u*;::::xl""'il'tJH:ixl""";
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44 BIRocRATTAEABsBgRcIci _
INERTTE,?nsrs. aEFoRMl lMPARAfl ! CITRTEA LUI
ri
**$fi***#*tm*ffi Franz Josetl . t m per at aj Aust iej. r eee sl Ungar iei m osr enilorsl
$i
i ncaareodo' i szecide at t e iit lur j. a f ost m ai cu16ndun per sonaj- sim bot
dacutomulunorrcalizdricertes.Eonninddin d"";-r,i" ls4a ia"a ;
1916,maimdt deceto cealt monarh.""""p""",
noi€mbrib F;;;;;i;
devchnj ntruchi p ar $ vie s loint ei dF 6upr cvr eluir e.Nepoi at im p6_
. r ecI si neporat coDf uzulujFedjnand I , Fr aM
rf Jospra perperuai€LaEsm eniutar esr or af sla de jr adjt je. Desi se bucur a
tl
-$**m**,ffi
de dreptutde vet o ssupr a inr r e8ij leg. islat ; i. et a apr obatcFr er it ppenir u
ll i tra' tarhracon6ti tulioiat Ain t 860 $i 1867qi a per nr s suf r agiul univer sal
I j n A ustfl a i n 190 7. Conside16ndu_seper sonif icar e
o a di; asr iei, f r anz
1l ,i oselpul ea. i r i ulje 1914.6A- siinceapAdedsr r lja de r dzboj cu f or m ula
rl
fi:;{+fl
['#{,"f
Hn-*'1d,'il'"$ffi
li:,"'*t# -Uar.e PopoarelFMele"
' A @ sf
" corsj l cr
(An neinc Vajlhcrt.punnnd sccenrut pe
adjpcriv.
lo cir r t ea inper iald- . car c r r oa. a r nr r e opr sr zece
orc?e zj semD i nd dcum enr e Sj scor d6ndaudienle. a im pus un oa. e
respefl . rn spec,atdupn t 890. Cand a lm bit r anil, Fr sr z Josef Dar ea.
tuemencrl egi D e iVict or ia.o r elicvd a cer ei \ er er abjlit ar einqDjr asdm : -
rati a. Fsvo.i ti i i rnpar ar ului er au im nalr ae nul! ; Aint r e iem n; r g, i
N anuoE rali ccti tat r i aveauponr Flul , m par aruluj in . aspt clor . dp
Dar ca
+**ffmm*ffi
dore8u sa-qi atr'inteasc6 lor inFile faprr,t .e fi vszusera fieura prezjaand
rlecare sale de clasi qi ficca1e 1g2rm5,
Ih vi al a,pnvat a, inplr sr ut se supbea unui r esim t oar t e
sobr u,
rrez,nd* E ede reExlat a 5 diDinear a 9j r er 16gendu_sF nu m ai r ar z; u de
:,,83;;11f.,";nrxr",."",","x
il*"ii{trii1+Htift j:jf*i
mB rr' serra. A ver sr uDealui au pnvir e t s inovsr ii sc r ef lecr a
nerea j a curfe a . e"er Donialut uispaniot . Dupa . e r qi pr incs
cD p€:l c.
t D m eDt i_
f t , r a s!
:'::n*ljlilrnl?jlsi
*::'"*r,x1d,,,",,i;Im* Iec5re u zt l3t or . incheis audicnla pr ir r r _o scur r b lncunsr e a
capurf v'rraroni se rerrdgcsu cu sparete la itsa, cs
nu cumva se_si
l D toarcdposl .eri o r ulG pr e M aje6r at eaSa loper ialn. Nu im par at ul.
*+**r*l'*ntirxil#:li*xffi
;i
maesftul de cei {eDonijer a et car e dFcidcscui se ise scor d;
sudienr d.
uand r$r ererci ta lunct jile pubt ice,Fr snz Josephr nsjsr s. a
r or i sb j sF
adr$eze cx
"Majesrarea Voa€lra Apostolice. mutr j ubilxl nosrrr.j imparar
tr;gTu*mir$ffimffi
€Lnhe_teispaniole, cu iacamuije in dresprs rarfuri"i
La di;euile de Ia
D chonbrunn,to(i musaf ir ii se opr eau din m e6r ecarst unci r dnd
r m Dd_
rattil termrna un fel de nencare. pentru c6 c) *an*
for"t" ,"o"a". .u.
, invir sr ilor nu pr es aves r ansa de s savur s bucdr sr , a
:i i :* "
r_rad'tron€j5 r" {"rFraM
Jffief nes piepr oricdrci renrajive de schimhre
renD ol ogi cdr. La Holbur g au f osj insl, 3t sr elost ele sbia . b anii t 850. la
ls
BIROCMTIA I'ABSBURGIC{
- INERTIE Y.8S.S T,}.ONM,{ IMPiRATUL Sr oURTEALUI
rnsisienlele imparetesei Elisabeta.
imDar
deralii.Neslijat de parirt€leseu Rudof o tresq t in timpul
fr*#"i,',:'^,Hft
*h**r*-ili"fr
*rtimn.;;
",nuu
l,inreteriatulu:liberaluluiAuerspersdin an;i 1470 D€qr
srd,a, cucehii.
pnerenos rcsiirT*c'iijili.''liij:l
sdde,esle
a aiuns
m:r'rarE-a
ii,"llil
j,l,tri',:,s*
al€
ro fel cum coDdamnamasurile represite
i+:d-*i"""i:'".';4fdt+*r,*H
fi ;;;;;;;";;;;.""
ilr" ,rar..;, *.i""
ia.-rr''":
samer €ar; penr.ruun$r si. dupa sPuEere
unslregte ca un laran6 Spirir entidericsl
r"; Descaites9i Volr,aire.Rudolf se I!ai deosebea
lui
msre
de rardl
gffil1l$il.iffi
$5$il;'t'iiihr";tlfdl,ii,] ii"
"i ";"
;lia;t; "a-i'rlr"
cu Prusia
r"fa de Franra Rr-rdolfaaprobar'lnteledinu'me'
doarde teamaca RuEiava bloc8pitrundarer Austrrer
tn Balcani Pdn! la Salonic
*:;m',"",'*li.**,*nli,rt*"',r$fi;lTiliillTl#; - i;;;;i8;t ut i8?8. economistulcarl Mens€r a calatorit cu
tutore ln drnpu) vizitei lor b Anglia apirea o
Rudor
brosura
ii{"jffi;"m
tn calitate de
*i*Tirqi-[:T;*r"fr
Hiif nesemnatA,avend litlul D?r dsiert?tcftischeAdel und setn.
tionelter Beruf Aristocrdlia antria'd €i tocafio
a fosr diluleat
et
abia
ronsta,u,'.
'o1srttultona
ln 1s06
I d)
lrl"-re-
[ii:{t"**+$",}ffi
,iitii"i'*, isist; autorilor
#**T-i_'-**',{i#+:f'ff t# menlorullui au
'"-"Ie
sionat de rcsponsabilitateacivicAs Etistocraliei bntsnrce'
condamnat nepisar€a uDerilot djn nobihmea
.-" i"iii i"ar"" doar ca sa vanezeti 6a danseze ln 1882 Menger ]-a
nuoort !r
au8lfraca:
frn*$,tr$:lurg*}l#nqrffi
(1834'1s02'
nJ"rr r."ncofilului llioriz sz€ps .rsdactorul
"i"""iriJ
ii:arllui Neues"" Wener Tagblotl Ruaoffi sz€p! au cor$pon!at llmp o€
selle oe
dse ani Bi,din 1883penAtD 1885.printul Dxo*enitora rcn8 0
mar ales rn
articole care au &pirut nesemnatett pag1nilaziarului'
:**le*irt;f**r#rt**rW;
inefrateas; r"iG"I
:triTitate """n; "liili""!'Jil,1i"ffi:;Hli"1l
SroDs.frica lui Modz, s IABato relatare inteltionend sa tac6 lumIDE
arupra mor.ivelorgestirlui Iui Rudolf: ed Poves!€glecum, tAnar
Dr;rd mostenitors€tndragosiiseia Prsga de o €weica !
ie felra dupa ce fugise diD ]ocul sau de exil de Ia larA' La 6 norem-
brie 1888 liudolf o rntelnea p€ baroanaMaria Vetsera Pe
€mera a
nrnd'
$unr
jurnatate
fr*';,,,,,","*fli:f
:'"*Tryiir_,*n,:ruiili1t#ilx?11
j;:iiltrf
j:*Tr*,"",#li**:i*r*# r.u"o"iJ, o"tu.f *"asra i'; reamintit de iubits lui evleite' Afaceres
cu
ffi#*li:
cinst€aceruide-arcinciz""ilib:ffiff;J: lrrnaua Dorsantzate
cea:i:l s:'nb'6o"n-ooar" r"'"""ei
rn
runelaraveasaetalez€
""
iu Maria a inr'ervenitlntr-o perioadain care mnflictul--pnntulut^
lmDAratuliuasepropo4ii. Rudofj'a EcrisPapei Leon
an;larea Def€riciruluisdu mari4 cu p nlesa Slephatie 3-a sdnPt
al xltl-lea cerano
rn
rimpinarnre "iieirur tupararur
a;;ii.?" r.riiiliili. Drofundiimi! cend Pspa j'a re rnat ceier€adirect lui ltanz !'mel
^^.cu,murt a6ura
deja luuru o;rnitli docuDenluiui,Franz Josef asjsm is o recePtie data de
*11rj :"1:l,u:l*xx*llff
*filj";iT;TJ **t
,.:ffi
"fi:+rd:
pune* a roEtdearunspentlucapoporul
""'f ".t"""a"t
i"il.'a."i"i
O.t-aDiei I atunci cdDdRudolf s'a inclinat tn fata
tr-" lDtors spat€le.sala B-a cut!€mu'at ln momentul
"t
l"r}"JrX;o;' '" '"st sar virelioasea lui Rudolt in aceeaqiseara,cevsmai tArziu p'ifltul
"l.carii
moeteiil.oii-a apusluj Szeps:-lmpararul m-a i:rsultar in fate D€ acum
tnainle. toare lesarurile dinlle noi se vor rupe De scM rnarntesunt
lrfi:ktr;,"il;+?i:,*';#r,?"ff
ff:N'u"
[:,i,:r "dti::,:i'i,:.:r;
j'.."?t'fl
i;t"'l; s** s;"p", suslinur'sptedeosebire
Jn act politrc
de altii cr sinuciderea
declanlat de urcareape
1*]it"irlit ii fii::#jl*j :i
lur Ruoulfa fosti; prjmd rend
t,on, ln ,unie1888.a tEptuaruluigetmanwilhelm al Il-lea a ce''rl
li trezise printului amintirca suferinlei resinttite iD urma
'rosantl
fltii,
:l BIRoCMTIA IIABSBI'EGICI
- INERTT! vrriaus RET,oRMA TMPARATW$I CURTDA
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fran. Jo""t nu luas'r d in seem e aver t ism di't er e5' nu_$
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avea un termen de com par sl; edoar r n in8r ar it udi$ea
miniFrri.
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:eilraraministrii
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Arisrocralia9i nobilioea mhrunta
pfiir"gt"i- ; t"tiera in fsla inov4iei
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' Balon {n t).
- Csvqte! (n.t.).
ru*t***ffi$
plart€ de sdja. ta.bnhan€9e.
.. .Din iunie pand tn octombrie sau noiemb e, inatta a.istocrati€ Dnri_
sea V i ens pen1r u par t idele de vanbt oar e dp pe dom enjit ede t s
! ar a.
I qati pe an toate,rud€le se sdunau rn jurul capurui de famitie se
sAr,bttoreascdziua faniliei; blrbatii vanau, iar fedeile pi6nuiau festi-
vi raul e peD Lrusezonul r , r m aLor .Vanar oar eacapt iva nobiljm ea si, in
esal .5mE surl . p € im par ar $r pe f r ul acesLuis.ln iunic 1898.I a cel oe- sl
ginclzailesjubil€u al lui Franz Jo!e! cinci nii d€ vaDnbrj din cete mai
l ndepS rtal ecol rur i ale im per iulur s- au sLr dnst a S. honbr un Denr iu al
orors cu o part; da de vendr os'e.iD r im pul , er nii. pasr onat iie; su ar r aqi
.re 9coai ade c.lene a cur t ii: ausr . iecir si, chiar m ai m ulr , m aghiar ii
Uudau supe oritatea cailor arabi $i plop.iut ra)enr de cdldreti_ Franz
Josefse m6ndJe acu cr ajdur ile Regale,csr e adepost eauDat r u sur e de
bi di n;, aproaper or i r ecr i cs r bciunct csau albi i; acut a( i. pe t 6nsa caii
ldursi lnhrmali ta €chipajul impdraiului.
D e$i u i D objli dr spr er ur eu_
--.*fi#fi*e*-'i;rffi$
f r ; vot ir bt ile.excepliit es su r ar il o der a
:*:i'lT'il,
:r#ll
#,{*",":*
r,rl,l'ji
cu ascensi uneaclsseim ijlo. ji. lDr r . o br osur apubt icsr s anonir in 1878.
pe.carepri D tul mo$t enit or Rudolt . a scr is- ojm pr euna r u Car t M enger .
,.ffi ' $ noD xrmea era ss pr u cnt r cat dpeDlr um odutin car c se r isr DcsDaniciD6nd
l a parti de de vanar oar et i j) . 6nd viz't e, daa pe de at r e p; r t e. disDr ; r uia
vi al s pol ni L6E i chjar ser viciutm iljr ar , r ocm aicana
a.easld vocatie traditionald sn devinn din ce in oe "*.rnai
r u"". " *
. ", "i"prctentioase.
MirJokai rcprosa n_obilimi;tapLul (d refuza sd-si ajure pr;priii nembn
arran re anaghre. daca cine! a it i chet t u. a er er es, pr icr er ii r i lineaLr
toverdsi pfara 6a- i r epr oqezenim ic. t nse it p: r r aseauar uncj clt nd er e
rui nal " . D aca no bil; r se bucuau de pr jvjt esr i nai m a- i. se cxpuneausr
uor nscurr rcdr m an io com par aljecu I ct 6t enii obi$nuir ior i de car eor i
nu reugeau sd n€ntine aparentete.
:r Nu eruu pulini nobilii..are preferau o exist€nte excent c6 uneia
banal e.U n exempluin €cesrseDsil of e16cazul pr inlesci vjener epsuline
mel terni cb r1836- 19211, ua dinr r c nep@r ele^et ebr uluidipt om ar ,er e
s-acasel odrru Dchiul ei. f iut I uj M er r e, nich.jn per joadst n car eacegr a
a l o8l smbal ador la Par is. djD 1859 p6na I n 1821.pr r n{esaui! |la socie-
ratca pari zi ani . cult ivand cer cur it eanr ipr usac. .Dupa ce s_at napor sr
ia
v' " na, a domni l ca am f illioana inconr esr abilAm ai bhe de
Dar r uzecide
an:. orqal i zj rn! nenuoeJale balui. expozir ij de picr ur e. ( oncer r e g
antrers6fl ra to sl cea car e a r nsliluir . r n m ai 1886.codper ilia sDuala
a l rortttr IE tump nhur bar .henir a s6 consr r r uie punct uj culm inaDL
al
paradei dc 1 Msi din Prater
51 BtEocp.ATIA
IrABsBURcrcI_ INaRTIEyrX,s.us 56
- Rlt oRMi IMPAMTu! $I cuRfEA LUr
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sdmnrsrB t,erpra ae4 de a pxrj ndeun: ior m iLar - sim per iulu: ocodenLa ,
l .zai d pupo-srelne.gemanj
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supuD eraar ara de pdr.1el e.o,odD. i.Em blpoet eunif or m ir r lii acoo- . eau
i ni regul .mperj u: fi ecdF rri bunst post a f r gar E ar ea 6cur ut
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gravar cu D razon(trmpenal vutl ur ul n"r u b, cef al.in BJco\ ins,
h r "l
ca rE vr.na, tuncti onari i gdr;torpun au acncst i un, t or m dalhasr r uI nchis
si l oi ospsu.trpl E grcl opotel .C afen alel. si holclur ilc din Lcm bp. g pAn-
tr**$$gggEna.*#+{*,m'
***#ffid
rn LarD acnre rmrtsJ pp cel edj r \' i Fna. com er ciant ii br r js"; : b. jr b- -
Aj
cau s gesl rcutB Ui n acetafi mod. s slf ct incar . st ar or u se sm lea am sa
6j st l a gmrri a ro R si a. car qi i n AJpij ir at ieni. Bincf acer it e. om ur e. i
ob(ei u.i l a amdei ci vj l i zari i i sr ir r l8u. ile r ar F gu. e. n- u
rnr-egurrmp, ru. generando uni l ar F apr r er r a ca. ( a chjnr ir m em ona
romatrtLc oi nortaLgici de dupri 191S.
l r ci uda prerent;ei,6 asi gu-a secur jlaLescer at enit or b; . r o. . d( ia <r a
mai rusnd l emuri r decar adrnrars. Tir t ul oe Hof r at , car e t use_e
ir r _o-
dc' n,17-65 penrr! i nal l i j ol r.i st;. a aJunbss sim bolzpzecapa. r t slea
de
a u?s de P rorekti ol . D upe l 8j 0 su sp6r ul a;
Si l, r ot if er arr , t t ! r i nor Dr e-
cum xLtusleria'.el qi Sekdons,sl-- ppmru s conler demilate funi;na
nmr. i n spsnsi une Franz Jo6cf,si pser cir sdr cpLut di \ er o
in calJ-
nLmrrrror.o datd anA E j ari .demni r ar ii jnat r ; r f uncUonsr ip6r r undr au
9i
rnrr-o uD e a Fj g!renl pi unde promor r r . t F dFven. audoar o. besr iur
e dc
omp $r ruti oE - de obj ccr dupa rrcir r ci de aDi. oaDecand r pspe. vul
ra psqi F. urmA nd probabi tsa sp m Jlp t a . pens; unopot i. -;,a
'I,rui
e$ea. Cr a?.
t,dD l rc i na\i . ofi ci ati 1sudau cu spjr it r l t or t abor j; s
or inoat r ial.
dupa cum srecl a E emori i l e" etui A l exoder Spjr zDijller , I 862_195ir
ut r l
D Jr mrn.11rude u' ,sn1. at i mperi uluir . Uo at r sr et !
at cor pcr , t udiniia
tosl uj rrmul pnm-mi ni stru au.ui ac. Het r : ch Lam m asch. l853. t 920. .
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m**l**N-'f
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fli
BIEOCRATIAIrnBSrlrRGrcI _ rNERrrE
,?asas kuFoRxf,\
UN IMPERIU A' FUNCTIONA lOE
ff**Nffi
sl lntr-o lune a fost dat afad din almate pentr" "upo'
"o-pbrt"-""t
;ri\it. La Der Sehiundant(1932), Schnitzl€r a descris daducl tn care un
sot lezat moare d€ mAna unui trngntor de elitn, evident mult superior
l . DeFi Sclnitzler recunogtea ct duelul a dispArut ir lirile avansate,
unul dintre personajele lui tl lreluie$te ca rnijloc'de testare a tdriei de
c$acter a ofit€rului, ?regntindu-l pe acesta sA lnfrunte moartea nea9-
reptatd. Duelul, credea Schnitzler, .i infirit etosul miliiars.
'Nici chiar codul onoarei ru putea contrabalarsa ceaLai lsmentabild
sidbiciune a a natei.aust.o-unsare. Datodtn stedi de negtijenla 9i dez'
:,#if
oilr'e (SchldmperciJ,a.genlii dufnanilor aveau accesliber la secretele
f1*r*##*s,*,
fi _Ut, :Ulli:ff
nilitare. In 1864 ofile i prusaci deghizalj in civili lmpanzisern Boemia,
luendu.?i diverse servicii la tard pentru a supraveghea activitatea mili'
",',;,,il*i1i1t",,ft",t#illi+E?fl
l:r":ii+flfli
jir"i}T."rfu
,"""";:
ll?'1"j.i:i::{i:r_r'_T"'#
;,.rf;
.
tar6 a austriecilor. Asenlii prusaci cumperau planuri militaie de la
angqiajiipmst plntiti din Ministerut Apnrerii, astfel incat ofilerii lui
von Moltke cuno€teaumai bine seosrafia Bocmiei decat austdecli,
. aflard dinainte.dispozitivd trupelor austriecela Konissratz'?s.
rj;;
i*r',:r:#x.:".,r:i*?ril1fiiq"Ari..{iil:tidif rSi mai dezastruoasd a fosttrndareacoloneluluiAlfred Redlln- 1864),
cbr;iJn mai 1913,s.a sirucis dupn ce anide.a randrn fusesegefulservi'
",:,:',il**
r #[.f?*,,#
i:i+i*nmpl6ix:ir':;iti'#** '
cidlui alespiomj al Austro-Unsrieiro. Supe o i lui tocmai aflaserdce
]e vaniluse rutilor llanu le de detaliu ale fortdtelelor aGtd€c€ din
;*1,""r***: * tf ,,L1.l]
rx;fr J,L#l.i; ; Oa'litia qi, tnainte de ac€asta, ilesconspirasenumele ager1lilor austrieci
g*:rii:fi ::T:.ri
ligt*,,::ru ihi
il;;i",::.:f ffn,l"".:,ff
,
.
d;n Rusia. Aceaetitrddare a avut consecinteinestimabile: circisprezece
luni mai taziu, iDainte de lnceperea rizboiutui, Austda a trebuit s6-9i
refact.planuriie de apnFre din Galitia, precum 9i planul de invadare a
;:'":;i: "*"^;ili'"'i
;l;:,ili:, i::fi:i"'i:T::: Serbiei.Sidtut-najor al armatei a t.eiat inciederea nemtilor ii, iD esald
[*;;ilfr
l*"i":j":#
til!i+Uttii*i*i*;*":,",*,*fr
i,:!fi,".,un#,#nu*Ii *tui
$il*",,"*r
gi subiciuneaAustro-UDeariei.Nu e gteu de irnas:inatce,farl tredarea
lT,rrr::!.*i::ilj:r:::::l;lt';""ru;ji*:i.,#"""j[ffili
sprjoaFe.
A@srea
dj,rurDr"r".i,a"il,
qp ra mot,verbarrc
ffi 'jditlffi
rf'.:,f $jr Gunther BuIdtyD (18?9-1945).Ce ar fi putut lealiza acest dispozitiv ln
qesurile Galili€i ? De aB€menee,Moritz .l'uff€nberg-Koglartw( 1852-1928),
linsurul care a caqtigat,b betdte ln Galiiia.itr septembri€ 1914, a fost
fl{f;t'lf:$:i"}ql*i#yi=*"""r.''"""**[";
judecat de Curtea Ma4ial6ln 1915 peDtru presupuEetncdlceri ale reel]-
|\ l amentul ui l D peri oadani ni st er iat ului din 191231.
Desi a r ost acbit at .
i:;t;,il:'"t;;:::tJi.i,,"1
; :"?i.,;
:',;:,
:;fii:,;lilait#:ti:li
pi erdut asrfel unu l dr nLr e cei m ai buni com andan\ i Ei, in
acela{i timp, unul dinhd.prtinii.inovatod.
Cu toEte etecunle ei ca ma$ine de-rtzboi, armata austrD-ugard a
' Dneiul intle siuderF (D.t.). r.prozeniat !u!' stalp de n6dejde al impe ului. Itra i'20, nu putini
trauiocdia care duceau dorul uniformelor €trelucitoare care, odatn,
arRocRATrA TA3SSURCICA_
TNERTTD
r@nsus RsFoRM](
UN IMPERTU AI, FI'NCTIONARIIOR
mmffiffiffitflfiffiffi$ffil
c"risr"tc
(sl al d rrra r uaiin unoa acesior sm elseau
inat lj, pr et al|'i diaconr
ffiffi
6, l ' :sphqr.:neear dAot at1n
i pupur : r 9i her bi06, episcoDii . u car ia
.
-r":a*r;;:1;l;;,il;
ep:tropatd:tn f iDA-caldinalutar hicpiscop cu m jr r r , pur r r oa , r """i.
"iq"r';;;il"* ",
n'FiDd. Apoi vene_a
;X;1;i:i:il''il?:
ibpamrul. cu capul descoperil flancar,de Garda
rpatuol a cu nalebr r dei ib sDsi, et e
lli m er geaucur t ea im per iat d.
Dobitimeati seneratii qi, la urma d. r,or,ru;ete rnp.,"r" i,',"ii"il
6a de tuple Aceadthordije ade!8, u su!p]6 de ru_eie pro@siulii
qr rcI€crs. ttrrrucelva. puLerDjcalegdlula dioLre BrsericE
sr Srar34.
BIROCRATIA 8-ABSBU?GiCi _
INERTIE ,l,,BSUS R{FORMA UN IMPEBIU AI] FINCTIONARILOR
H
n'i{t*T:*'u.:":HTr"ils,,::%:i"J"iilT
i"r'#f
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chisrdaca
;: ;il'q"*"tu' r""r;""ri"
-edievara
l.l' de pPr;coLelelndividualiqDului
d$j*;igi.#;i:;if "'"il"r"ri"-",cqroiic,
n:]:l#,r.:*:;r
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;::^;.'ii{li$lli"},,.'Pim
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l5tl,llii*ifrifix""',ffi
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'd;i';";)i,*";" ;H"raerbers.
r866r,
T'"
,i**1"1
resemnarea )uj seamana cu cele ale ProLago
^*;#ruim**;l::':l':r::;h$;'T,3fii:j'";?:11
j"l,j*r"#*J,':?rtr,x Declaradei Infailibilarii Papale
li;#,-;r8':i:*;
.- -,^.^
;t"ff .
j1.",1..:Hi'4l:i:!{l:".'ff
*?*:1 i*# "'
"n"*ri',"
anucrenrl]:,:::ii'":1::':11
o''^"i" *;a"', arecuenr'uru
rr Ilu'Iliu"ini-rl a"'""1"t "u'"
tise'icail deline&
in
L"s"a'"p""
ii'.il'"'"''iii-t"\,"'"'i..iiooo I t99'9^t:"ti^'"q:::
a rost oori.raY::]
ffim$*#*;l#ffi
unot
i *i*i
^
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di"i;;;;i;-";"""""r',i
ig,::",.,*ff
Los-wn'Ron
'i*a'r
"*;"-":"".*r
carolicd Un oarecare preot protesta
' {i n l i , i n c l e (n,t.l
*".,s
F,FoR,,j.{
***lffii#:., ":,:#::. IIN IMPDRIU Al, FUNCTIONMILOA
**fi*ffiNgffi
;il;;
pq3lulalsbuciders lui. Luther ";';;;;,"",;;;"
,. O al ra sursa de aDr icler icaljsrer
n a ost iiir ar caf aid de pr ot esr snt ism ,
pe car clericii o mo$teDisernde ta nas6ile Conrrtrefor;"i. jn4ial.e de
I ':,!€.qr4aro
t, -!'!rdi4qad aral !-rea:(rbre-rbr/).
ll-1ea11619-1637). Edicrul
-ljdrcruldetoleranle
de t lersnle al lui
lui Jolephst
Joleph; +a
lea
i . Tii_".1::t-".ii seataaliilulemnidin ;;;;;;;
l:Ausrrieiabia
sub6teJAnires .Z,-r:.tur,
iD 1816.in r83?,"t ""gi""" a" Sut"U,.g
i"pi""oput
". d ateageinlrc a rrc.e ta .aiolicisDfj a eDigra.
ffiffi
!, Iqtem+ut,Iionrad D€ubler (1814-1884),coDdarnnatiin1a5a 1aBriinn
pentrucE scriae8crextd spararii jD cazul 1uiDavid FrjedJicbSrrsuss.
a.f9sl de fapl, victirtraunui prores-Dascaradea3. ftrcand uz de celenai
:' .. rtgojtodore nijloace pentru ; combate proresrantismut, preotut iezuil
,,-i: 166!ut-inPassau,I{einrich Abei (184A-j.926)
a ltqjii ca prcoiin Viena
din 189I pbnA iD 1926. Sustinaror neobosjt at tuj LJeecr. et a calificat
mi$c,rea l-os-von-Romdrepr Los-von,colr' si a reinviar rrddi!ja pete.
ta Klosrcrneubs;ai Msriarell.Ls predicile*r",,o",ii" i"
'insjetor
oalecr\'rencz. atraclive peDtrumuncitori prin limbaJu)frust, nu erau
adEisefemeile.o a"ra orsericao temeiecuriogsb.
lteiuzbndei8iemar;c sa "asculre
"*".i*""qi-din
spovedaniite'feDeilor.
Abel comDensa
preori, cunoscuripen,ru oerespecrares )egandnrulu;
::'.".1,"1;::"1-'
Dupe 1866.prot€s(snrisloula seMl penrru s aFcundesenlrDenteie
naporalesermanerJ. Inil;sr d de vienezulantiseDit0eore vonSchonerer
r1842-l92Ir. niScarcatas-\oD.Rom proresraiDporrivatiseri.ii de slat,
.onllituind ln acelatj rimp un fct de repprjlie peDerate Denlru even_
;ffimfff*ffm'iil1riffi
tual a unj re a C ist eiLhanieicu I m per iut c*- ", jc i, Sr vr ia. nt scar ea
Los-von-Rom ti arrdsea i! rdndurile ei pe nemrii carom te d*oiaceau
pr€otii croati. in ti-IYlpce jn Boemia ers o nanifesrare a
osriLjr;rij fara
dd heseooDja habsburgicA si o exprcsie a re€u8entei cehe. Mut!i dinr;e
cehrp.ri seau pur Fi sim plu biser jca,socor ind- o un insr r um cDrsi or dinii
rt texr, Katholihentdg nabsburgr.e.aEs lncAr Republr csCehoslovacA s gbsit calot jci€nut dejs
(D.t.).
a"l*"^ui tn.r.t.
-o"pe'tui.
76
llROCItATrd HABSBURGTCI
_ rNEB'r! va,isra RE!.(rsMn UN 1M?EBru AT FUNCTIONAEIIOB
m**q,-rr$**$i;,i,
"
din respecrul fatd de suvp'anut ponril retuzend s6 tnloa;ca yjzira
tu ru r sda- r eg" er eI t ali e i , i D rj rn p c e p o D ri tu t.ta ra ndut sdu.
l -a qj
triDitandx,i tmpdmtutuicereteade anirtare. a a.lt",i"ii""iilci
de,p:inlul mo$renftorRldolf. FILZ Josep.h
a Iu j L e o n a t )U U _ te ;.rn"r"
p o l i ri cE . r nr ir DaghiarA
cdoinarut.yuzyna a j6cut cnnoscut fapiul c6 Majes€r€a
c 6 r"tat
.a"
"*""p"i"i
ra corcl a+ uldi D iiir#{#**+**t'l"s'*'"-:'""l;|.!*tt*
ffi#*ifu
#"rli*l"tii:::lill"Jlil"llJj;lili5i'"':J;:l.;.;;;il;;
ar socoti olegerea cardinatutui R&Dpolta, seclersrnl de flat
Sa ApoE
ji:1""h,,*
rlffi ,ll'rt','tl"Tri,1ill",;:"l^"ff
,;ll'trt-H*;i#idtfi*f
al iuj Leor
ca r,ap6 u gesi nepnelFnesca.Cardbslii au luar tn seaba
Leolt aIXIII-lea qi-a atlqs ostlitatea sociati9tilor.prin enciclica
acestvpro.
rxiii:"jj
t*ffi
apostoli.is numeris.d;JL 28 d€cembde 1878, c€re €Daremiza
€ocislisDului. De.enti ta raDd. chiar dupd ce De rerun nouarun -r(
a
n u a se er pc r utc ondaE n 6 n i . c ,rv i n re l ctu i a u c o n ri n uarse
innlfimea arnvoanelordin Ausiria: -- *.';,rl E une
*- de
l".i: ;l *i:-:".nll:1";l!::illx'
il";i'i;-'
S uan! uDip , ! 1r.ofri ti e c ,i o rD 6 ,a ...c ,p ri n q id e o l 6cobj esetbari ;
!ent r u, b! ga( iiir p AD 6 rru l u i ...e i ,j o c ra ti s ti rti comub,€Li ij .ti prp_ ;i'Tixlll' 1,;*X*
:l':iliT
lkL**::u;lll
pagb idcile bulsiruoose Lb muttjoe4r.
tl;.'s,'zu;ir'::i:h.;*.",t,Ti;;ilxf,'il:1iJli#:ir"
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a" fost impodobiie c'r ghrvece
pT:ll;
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itif :Til':n*.i6nT#*.{i:ll.rj "ff ruesPrj1lmpiedica
un"oriss PEnrcipe
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l liii:''i'l"'lii, iril"::'.{ii
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i.i'il'i"-ai- . b;;;aioni
p"ir"ii'""';"*tr;r" sn fie inhoduse
au racuttot cere-ast.t in
conservatori
extrem de lent in 1894apa de
?8 BIROCRATIA IIABSBUECTCi . INERTIE YS,tSUS
REFORMA UN.IMPEAIU AL IIINCTIONARILOR
baur,era,lncarransporrstdcuburoaielein suburbri.
l-s 1900retefoar
&eptur orice-yJ"11",}i':"-i":;,f,$il":ili*'l#19ffi
deaintrar{
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UN IMPERIU AL FUNCTIONATII,OR 81
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ri ori l or. conslir uind un f el de r eper ilie sener sla a un"i r ehnicrde c; r e
fi ecarcprol csjonisl avea iDdeob$r enevoie penr r u a r r sr s cu Dem br ii
bi rocrati ei6i cu colcsii saj. Cu t oar e c6 dc pe ur m a sjm naziuluj bene-
nu mai cor€spundea
i' rrancez,
pe deplin cerinteloriDp"it"t";. nri"a"i"r, .toar'""
!.I9nse::d lici u-ouldintre studenlii tui de ra universitateDu,tia sd
citeasca
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eau*a*" ii a.pa s*;;;l;;;#,
"a. cunoscaton
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doard; sermanh
ei l stj na. avenjza et , nu er au bine pr esat ; lrpenr r u a edm inist r ; Boem ia
:1. 9i CarDiola.; refuzAnd €n predea limba c€hd, tnvdltment!] in timba
serrl and di r sjm nsziiie cehet t i incur aJa spir ir ut siupsr njc r ale de
::r:::1.-11i"-ldJ"l:liiro
ca
t." b" t' ." ,.,-
Drerumane.
in.unsaria.
u jur
Jurul
s,;nazi,rec;eau
elerii ]or.sir flic bine limba lDashiara. exctu26;d prii acest expedienr
prosernJfl re . popoar ct orsu- puse.rI D u aDlr
anului
ur tr918.
vr 6, rinn st
Slovacis
ovacr asr
l tansrl vani a lipsea o clas6 de Dijt oc de alr a ongir e dFc6lceaDasbr ar9ia
sau 8ermar6 .
ffi-F-#"'r,*#*lffi
O dara intrar Is facutrate.
sr;denruldeven"sun p"rson4pnvilec;aL,
avend,dupe 1870.dreprut)s reduccrea perioaoei
de senrciumit;r*. q;
i era i ncuoj at sdLa8pir e la posr ur j r nalt e r n st ujba st sr ului. pr of esor ii
I u r€ru,tari erau ei SDfisi nj$re birocroti. scrvjrori personal ai impb-a_
tului. csre rai purea exercita dreptu) je rero rn cazut fiecereinumiri.
****#fiffi
't DatoritAfaptului c6 Minrsterutinvalamentuluiexercirgun .onrrot
I sl ri cr i D prj y in! s num jr ilor diD f acut lhli. pr oiekr : on_ul alingea cot e
tD al l e.H ousr on Slewaf l Cham ber t ainpovesFa despr eur ch; m , sl
. de la
Udv€l6itatea din VieDa care l-a sfetuit se ia de nevasta frica vreunui
profeso!.de prefe.intn a uDui Eofrat, dacE dorea sd ob.tinn pr.omovarea.
Dupd ani de a5teptare, chimistul a fost ficut profesoria trei luni
dupd
ce €e cdEEiorisecu fiica uDui prof"sor6l. Cazul cet mai cunoscur pste
cet
3i rur rreud ti al m anevr et orG cule penlr u a obFDcposr utde pr of essor
rxtraordDanus, D posl mult naiputin presrigio^sdec6t et de OrdiDanus.
pe care psi hsnaUsr ulr u l- a det inur njcjodaia in r im p
ce un O r djDa us
sF D ucure de pr 'r 'r leei' conr par abilecu at e unuj
Fef de depar t am pnl
BTROCEATTA
SABSBURCICA
_ TNERTTE
Vrtisus Rr!.oft^4^ UN ITiTPDRIUAL FUNCTIONARILOR
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i"iiii, cledirilor
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uN rMPE4rUA! FUNCTToNARTLoR
i 85
.i ror.dotati.
An menriona.$
deiacazDrir"
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ffffiff*ffi$ r?i;;
Crepuscul la. Viela _ inovatii
gi ruini economici
intelectuale
m$$$#ff
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- lNERTtrlydl?srs ilirroRM^
- UN IMIERIU AL IUNCTIONARIION
;il;ji;:t
:;'.;r:i;:l
:;:L'r",',i1l::i:?,1;i%'i
"Td;+:r:",",iil Ln lncep!iulanilor'20 ata numjturSchanpereidom#a ncslineheril
ilvi""i. cr"ie"A"punt- biielede tren eraudtschise-doar t'ei o'e Be
ore rn
incat uneo trebuia sE slai I€ coadA csm tfei-patru
flrrytr*fr,', *toqt*ru*
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ilri:-i"i"*r de fiDanle
qi
,'"?."-""i" oi" 192r' L; aceasGlipsa de eficienlese mai adausape
i'i.,'i*Itrn*'a, *"uriei de crvema'e carelD 1919 'eansqjase n
,.ll r"r"tio'.ri; postei?i c6jlor ferste concediatide sEtele succesoare
;"fr :*ir,fnnir";ll;iii!*;,**',:,:m
#llif:'ir:"1'_f Uis"r. ie"pectiuaa
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a* t. a","norarcs
stalul de platE in timpte sIp'aaslomerarea
s€rviei;lor'Pentru a iirlocui iniriativa'
rt#jr".",.*}Lii*qr.,f,r
hji{ij?ir,,f"1!l;ft g'41i
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lJ"'"*, o"j:a""ii
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aou6partideln sedintasnchjsePentrua ajunse
ilttlff ;t
$fi**i ]r',i,"$*:# fii1,,:r,l,' la ur compron;s
l"^"*
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scaeptabii ambelorpArti'' Acest gest a anrlcrParIn
ui*" coalitie care avea sa domine dupd 1945'
#''"""ff iilf#
ti*Ti*,,}"';'d:f
f:ifr",q',*"j.fl5lifi cuv€rnul social-dernocrat
a; ;.it" i,aifit*e".
iis:#'i6a'aj, t *id'*t
r"xa pe
al Vienei a administrai un programunas
propietate, conceputdde Huso Breitner
rrnaniarea
ro*;nt" int'" l9ltii 1934.{hta distrugeres
constrriirii a iaptezdci de nii de
Pefifenilor' I€sea pentru
orotectis chitiaailordin 1917 a remas lD vigoare tnc!1m:jnd cn'rutera
a" scdzut{i iDcar nu tbcuraja deloc fime1e parrrcularc de
i
""ii'.iai C"-pt"*t" ae iocuiDi,e,ai celor chiriati trebuisu sd apar-
""*i"""tii.
ii"-a erau respanditeln zonelecarefusesera
'h" 'r*a"r"; fapt care saranta o majoritate socialistain anii
"ia"t-a"mocrat,
;du wohru'€'ea (Miinchen' 1969),agloDerat cu
'}*ro#rurfffN****
"'"."""trt"'1t".,
ui;at"a. i"
i"iri;i r""u1", --";"i
;**'t w"rsans G€;rs Fischer (1e33-)a prt faF in faia
noua factualitate (Nere s dchlichkeit) Iocdnle cu exlravagan'a
apatamente de ^ ^cestor
pe Ringetrasse Municipalitateaa
i"**"a t""nt"t
" a" *""'.""1, tn spititul prosamului oraqutui-elndinn' locuint'e
ffffi*ffi
"*rt",'it. i*"ti""".;i pensionali9i veteranii de razboi;mai mult' ea a
""",*
;D6nsoizat; lerie de cluburi unde social-democratii puteausa practrc€
il""-r* *""t"ti, l"tate limbi streine sau sa beneficiezede coNiliere
"e Pentru mulli' Partidul social-democrat a linut
I" p"Jr"i'"r" aJ r.*iti"
locul bisericii.
--rj""i
vjenezideveneau pe ?i ce uece toi ra; burshezi
"".,"rit'ii
o"iJl ai. ol"i*i" rl pe qa'anic; RoqiPpuneala
"onv'ngeau "viena o nord de sdevlr
a;**,iru pro)er"ariarului Acest zvoD conlDes
"'i" mnsura iD core taxele impovlt5toare $i demoDstralure oe
numarin
toLus' sa o
strsd6reuseausA ;ntimidezebu?ghezialdra s6 ajuEgd
.i"."*"". f.."i""it" dupa evenimenLe)e drn 15 iulie
lsii ;id *liti', l" f""ntea careiase afla Joha'ncsSchoberI I874-1932)
;:lt;::":;j;:
*x"ii
;l-
**]#l'ri**f*f*sl'*l:u';-':",'l",+
u -*o"""* op,r"":si suptededcoonstranl;cateinvsdasera
r."-ii"rii"i"i a" "r'i"rr-i. \oi discuradebandada
a.ie 1934 atunci caDdil voi prezenta pe Otio
care
Bauer'
a
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BIBoCRATTAHABSBUIGICi
- INERTIE yrESa/S REFORMA
Ot t o .Ba u e a M olt z S c ht i c k
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Economisti gi. birocr:{i
4
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fl'J"*":',T;,#i,',"j""#*l*tt
:"""".,::l fj'#.i;
x;:"r"r"tr, Problema care a pr€ocupat eAndirea austriacn de la 1848 mat mult
decet oricar€ alta a fost tranzitia de ]a Bocietatea feudah rurale le
societateaindustriali urbane. Este exact ceea ce inlelegea Ierdinand
Tonnies atunci cAnd a operat distinclia dintre Gemeinschaft $i Gesell,
schaft. Freud lnsu€i s-a frcut ecoul dihotomiei dintrc socieratearura]i,
a apropiedi intime, Si societatea urband, a indivizilor atomizati. Intr,o
scrisoate din 1883 cntre losodnica 1ui. el desclie modd in care difera
rai anri de bur8hezi i aserneneal ui :
'-Nehebnicii isi irdies! viala diD plin, in iibp.e noi ne lipsim de
mutte-..Astfel. noi ne strdduim mai.rAnd sa eviten durerea dccat
' eAcdutam preaplinui... Acegti oamenisunt mai legali de comunilate
decAt noi numai ei tr6iesc cu adeverai. in sensul in caie fiecare
. viat6 6e continua cu urmatoarea, pe cAndpentru noi lumea dislare
o datA cu moa.tes noas|rnt.
fli*jiffqq,i:-'';$"4lqi*t1il.,H,ifHi,in{ffi
ii,:rrl i c"'bn. PribraEr
-r"* credeacd opoziljilepolarenu sunt E*tlrciente
i"?"" a" sandireso;sl6 Ext'apolsd Methodmstrcir
",""-"r" iui carr.Mpnse' $r.isror':T-1l111
iiii:'i"" ""'p;':"-"r 9:^1'^11
tr'l*dlffir*nr$*ffi
lhooller, Pribmm a apxcat opoz'Irre porare la istotia reoriei sociale
""ii"'oii .i"i detariji ceeam Pnhrumnrmea"1':ii:tl",T^:::::;
;i rJi"-.,r-Ji"J*ti""uor care,,crcdcdratiuneapoatedescoped
sr "" p*te in'rla legiler€alecalese afle dincolo
'ti
.ril ;lm**,1:t::".,r.'ll-;,,.T'::,;:i:"i;."#"t":tilitl "i"-i""i"r
cauzele e
d e cauzere eveni ""
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., Carl Menger.Ei teoria psihologice
a nevo or economlce
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pu* cdrre'mele.aniior
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;";'"' al srud'nriior' Mcnser era pr.rurr penrlu tlaritstea
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sale.sle carorexemplare
cursurilor
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i ;;;;;;;;" pescuir ul. car uia i sp oe\ or a cu m axim B pr icepe'e in
i * .i ' " a" .' ^;.i , i m pr euna cu r 'ar Fle ssu Anr on' a sr r ans o bibliot ecE
I.i" r*t"-a-""i"""r ;" mii de volume' aflate in prezent la colesiul
i"J""";"r il" rtr.y". ca p'ofesoreI prinlului moitenitor, MeDserfi-a
j":r";ii:T5riill$f
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.. jumalistului Modz SzePB.
ilevul in ao*nna liberale,lnainte de &-l prezenta
i,.',ffi
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n" ra IA S Ol \rl ensornu s m Er 6r m liLlm boldul de s q; dez\ olr a t eor ia
ecoD omi ci r.
il"ir'ia*"t*itt
Las6nd acegsLasar cinarpa saam a sLudenlilor 'a pur iat o
r*p"t'iva istorizantului Gustav SchDoller
i tttns puactul culminant in 1889'
(1838-191?)'
Menger a fost cel
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i; ::"il:':'""ll"xi:"
;;.." -" ;i#i.i;i,,;;;;
ce fi ecar e consudat o! lii sr abile6r epr jor iiat i dlhr jie'
"'"T:i";:1""1'l':i:;i:;l" mar-
ireruriterez,Jradin sumaloraraa celerjicreat5de cqnsumaLonr
furiior de prio ddi! si dm m\oire care-,,!I..': ll::\:,:l::: .,"",".
,""*x;':::;;1i"ru'ti,L'""s::''iilr:1.:ui
**Htr1:i{fi;;",^*,,.*1,;,1{tr;:{""'"j:t"j
";#,*:",r,:ff ;?:i
:l*ll'ii:'':tr':",,
llii":,;"1;: trlfi";!;'"'"'.i::
:,":Tilxl
*ffi
*r#Nr#*su*n**ffi
,icare.apaniDand de liml: rran-cezd
ervelianurui
'tii*""itr-a'i"ii";^t
iai,,qu".p"u,Et"^"i': t,"i
T"-1*Y.jili,;,ll
!: :'",i::.,1:t:
maienstica.a
susrrjec linetea ldi
i-i, iltl.i n;""t";e crsnilPl€
cubnd':"1flill",Lc-:l :.t'l:,T :ngiT
e sucrasar.
r a-tras
"?i:,:
.' J" ,?" i " r," .;i " ri l "r D) nt r e cei Lr ei econom r sl:'sr e su desioPer it
r eous
ci nuhsn acesi u teon e, f or m uleJealui M enser est e in cer m 01
qj tn cel mai inalt psihologica Ljl 5 Iosl mar pulrn
erad marenatice Srad
dp mecani sroelP de f luct uslie a pr elur ilor Fi m €i m ! r r de m oaur
i nteresor
r Dsr 3_
h cai e dori nl el e oa$e niior jnf luenleaza r apor t ur ile dc sch- 'Db
ut iijlnlile nu pot Ji m 'Bur at e el a r espr n6
rand asupra taptul ui ca
i" *r.itil'" lui $alras considerandule o fictiunc Tolj cei
""'",Jr"
iercerarori ru pomir "ie de ralremisa.un:l
:::lT1 "L:li::".1:,""""
''ei n"i"u*; individmerseiD paralelcu al iDrree!lui
PandiD prezent.nimeni nu alurul ilepisraru certil yli'-'1tl:::]l:':
""or""n"."ii"i
r"',i'""ii";ij'ii'" lJ r,,r"'e.i.o"t* It."s a p'qtinscit a stabit o
pemrela inLraMeDger qi loPra lui 11"''4.
i"i";",,ii
"0'.",',- 1if-i"jliii
i" C'Jt"'o, fara sa poaradernonstreca Men€ertr fi cjtit
Diuerccmdiui - anbeie lucrari? in demersullui de s gasi qi formula iegrle econon'e"
rr, ,T ,Y :.l' O" pr€supus cn M;Dser a fosi irfluentat de herbarti9{'l.pre:
Y vj vfl \.rrr Ix x
r:n
C.odut d. sotistdcerei
pe masurd crertarii
""t"
i".'f"" ir'i,-"-I'i""-'i. o"ii;g *e"ru'iraritefor$sredin vjala
olertet
9
I : l; ; i i i i, "-,i'" a aparut doar cu lrer ani inarnlea rucrarn
iodal6. P.i,cipiile lui I'tenser
osrc,.T l- oi | :1"!",!:.'?.:!:: :: :::Y":::':
ru, Blentano,P"rchot
7 654 al csJu conceprde valoare ca matrtestatc
din Dunct ateued"re enpific'.
a inientiaDalijddi coresputde concepl;ej deBPrenecesit'ate.aru Menget'
rni'r, sezicem
;:l#}*:f,
fiiliiiil; H:ix. :ly""L;;i ;;;:t;:."T;Jl;,:lt;
::ff1X"'ff,'.unitatede-ma
::l, t.ansporul ch''srian lon EbJenlels $a .stradujl
^s! "il.!tj.l"f" ::t: 1".",:_T^1':::
lui Menserpre-
*jlJ; jI: ::i:,:::;;iil,;'":i":T*:'::ifi:".
j::ilx,_Ti#ii,xfJ:::":.1 ;;j;fu
f;,,"1.?i,,."::i:,:.9: ;;""- ;;-w"itheorie ')Bsl'rBsBt reona
zinrb afnitsri cu princjpiurercnomical tY M":h '.1i1-1T^Tl:1-1:
nff:Tf';fffl
unira,p di!marra r:1]j:";1i5".JtIT Hl
r'o a;;;;ff""?;:rfff un 6€tE'nirn deipoteze'14enser
ii".""r i#,."ii"" r"""-",i;re seberaDd
;_-.- :T:'",",""""."", sveaun respenDai accentuat penfu teoriaca^3ti'"'1,1"-"jl-'--1i'-:
aprox. iite *-*il'e""ar"l socialenu a atras atat d€ rnulli aderenliai
".attatea Dd.nf (n.t.).
ralio.anent"ruiip.tetic cum a lecut-o economiamarginalului
94 BIROCRATIA IIABSBURGIC.{
- INDRTIE I.EFS.S KTFO]IMA
ECONOMI$TISI BIROCRATT
un
Friedrich von Wieser _ corsti i nl a fi ecarei f iinle act jve din pJr cl de ved- eieFonom ; (
avocai al economieimilLe experi enl e.om ut e t ulur or 'u Accsr post ulii- r dg'a nana, 'n
rx de
i""p;"t6 d€.Al doileae;ilos"{186e)al rcrdanului
"" ""i"iig"i"", suntgen"rare dernrrelnasele dcoamei
ii,i,ii' p*". ;.--.ente)'
j1+;[l;rii
f,.';ffi*itjili:""5i*l{r*"#,,,*
',i'"
i ;i ""1'lp.'
t"g't".
"arumh
opunndu+e,ul"-li"-1"1:i :il-::*::1
Thcodo' H efl zka, in r im pul anului 1890wieser a linut un sem 'nor
M dcht lLeeco
fr.i;fr
ntru al conbar.. i! ult iba lui Q t r e Das G "set ' d't
ffftrt+i:+*rr]:iil::',rffi
$Fuii
jllr.,i, ,vi""" 1926,.el a exsnrnatmlul elitelor'tuslinand
'u.tot
?eapectul volunlard3 legl' ar treDu'
faqade Gunplowicz ca lespFctarcB
i"to"ui"".t,,penala urme.impunereaforlatba acesteia
"" Desi.asemenea wieT'*"p::l:
*#t't',iffi
sduSchumpeter,
srudenrului
tr*tr*l:,*'*tfili',*,"i*"
T::".^
permrs oosralgiei sa-j ascundd gre?elile Caflea
"t',:'d
rt:r-r'"-t"i"rg:"u, A
" " A61.iej'.'vien3:.'Jl:^ !.':i11 i:-li::
ia dsteteiehsEnde'stdbn&/ una
* intrc l9l?-l8 estesocot;ta
al come^ului
;t',""."":;E:,ff:.",,",*:tii;ru:*i::ll*ili[:::
j:ffrfr
"" "-"tl*r"
i.i"! *rc.* -i';*i.u aoaljzeale stdrii de conJuzie
senoase senemlt fiind
i"j;'{*j lf#
:i'T::xt'ii;iqmm,'i,Tft .onceputa intr-o
*, w!"*
perioada atrL.de a
apropiar everu''-*t''':1::']-""^-:::
la marunzarca a doudseneraliide econo-
i.f{f+t*l+:*;tr*l"'Tilbffi
i#:}I
'"""iirrr" " "lutar
;ieri ausl'ieci i.p'"una c" Boh'n-Bawerk.::.*":ld
"*^:1 i !l.
Alemenee
r, *n",*i t: drseminaraa descopcrrr;i Irt Menser'
"'"i-jSchu:nper,er?j austrornanieLilor' Wiese! 3 cotibinat aDplitud'nea
lui
*ll"".n
r"*4* J:**""*'",TH:|
#l:;r:,H,:i#'"++it vi zi uni i cu n" l i cul ozhalea car r ur ar casc6 int r et esend ecoDor t r 13
soci ol ogi a qi teons polit ica Schum oet consider
er ca.
a ilint r e t
mi sri i aust eci , W i escr se apr opie cel m ai m ull de pr opf lr r e33r e
a jucat
oli,
un
cu
ecoio-
col_
rcr de
viaceri. Nefiind nici precssor, nici cpigon, Wieser
B#"',:,'ff nirr""TrTl:il*lri:l:iitil
lr*il,tli.{,,f medisror. asemenattor cu cel al lui Jul'us von Schlo-sser
9i R udollEislc- in f ilosof r e Ca un br n
In domenlur
f unqionoJ ce er a
,",u'"':#
;r.;" ;
" ' r" i
i":",:t'l;ft :;lifi
et a ererci tat. i r mar e pane. o inluPnt s sr onim n
,H|'fl11i-i":,:,:{*itr[lkfr
ilt'{i:-::t,fl;
,,,'#flffi;:Til;rftlff ;l:fl
itr
j*,l},
i***,*i*;il*U_litt*,tiir*:l*jj,,
til"!'u'il;;1;fi:J:::'':*Tiii''.i:Hii
ffilryiiiiilxl3; , Duoa moarlea lui Euqen
in
von Boh-cr-Bgwerk.jn 1914. cel Elai cunoscul
- st at ele
Lnir e a devenit Joseph Schum pcr er
"(1883'
.onot].i " t " * tttu.
I950rrr. D esi ca pr olesor dF ecot om lPla Univer siiat eaHat var d
ff
fi il:H,:JH,I'
i.:::iT::+:i
l1"fr Ir*T,*:::t
r""::::l,lr
:; (i trLre1932 si rg5O r , . l a exer cr Lato jnf luoDld pr of uDdS
:;i?f,:,:#;'ir'f,#:tiii?t'lfr::*#f
ili*'ft
*"#
decsLa col esi l or l u i r ef usiali Ludwr g von M ises sau Fr iedr ich von
il""l -, .""i;." a rosr.iesrul de n;f.rrcjta schJmperer Fa Das'ur
l g i ' ri esch. rn Mo' avia. Tst dl lui. ibt r epr inzat or bos&rin indu- st ia de
",
;,*ii",'n:,
:*ll*i*;;i31ii1::,::: ::f::tt?,,1; ili* texti l e. a mui t cand f iul avea pat r u an: M ar na s_am ulat la vr ena' r n
1893.unde s-a rec6s lt ot ir cu Sigism undvo! Kcler ' coDandar t ul m r r ""
ffi i1$uilrf{{l?i*lt"*til#Jfii*ii;
"6uindiyiduar",
w,eser
a
",;;;
;;;#;:;:E::"i,*T:;Tjii:lJl
sl orasulur. Drn I 893 pdna - r 190I, Josepha tacut $coalala Theres'anl
unde ari ri srul dn ei a depr ins sust ul lalor ilor ar ist o'r at ice DuPa ce
qi a l uar dcrora' ul la vjena n 1906 cu Wieser ii Biilm Bawe- k-
ichunpeter s'a insurat cu o enslezoaicn, de care s-a despdri'it ilupe
96 BIROCRATIA IIABSBURCICA .
INERT1E Y,TSUS, RDFONMA ECONOMI$TI$I BIROCRATI 91
M a r e l e ! ! \ o j d a i d ei .a r e i i d l i m e D L a Sa n d r i e i r Fr
'o D i r 'r n l a
'o D sL "r r
ntq1ffill-'".,"l*":i"?l{,."i".i',,r{li#Hii:rr:
ji'i,!{q;ii:{:,"".""':*tT::,*inti#fJi
a c u t a a r D D o a a . l e i l u r u l o r fa \e te l o r L r 'i p r o b l e n e s;a L i d r l 6 r r l o r
f i c c a r u i p J h c t d € !e d e r e q i a fr e csr e r r ccto d e r i l n cr e u n a 'a p 3 _
ai *qr *prima opi;ii]e ordonat qi sistemati', olicare ar fi
;;tiltriq
r:n*? ",.",
di"t""
foBr 6ubiectull?.
#r f .li,tr"i
'l
["*r"",
* ::riiil$i1ilffi I
Istoric fare egal, Schumpeter a previzut comptexitelile ii
obstacolele
mir j*I
te cese::ca un^rernediu-
imxl":,;,"";;q[
p*" ."itl"t*";tat" penti" a putea
:+ilil,'#[
,;ln"ii "e
a rui.wies* er o inorarimporriva
ffi
frgfjijl{['Jj,r^rj{gi1}:#r*ru:,jni,r#l;
i,Lil!",1"'iiia
i'irui"irrlt"r
1'"''-' '
"-;;*
*""'
a; ia"or'oee
,-"''*'.":i,i.r'ambele,rdzboaie'_opune:-1::":-":"1'::
""1f,"cina!ia
lumii rrnereltr
1i::11::':
lr"'a;"t $i cauze;Ameii'ii in (el d(-al JHll
doiles A rsma"
sale F\ocandcu sc'enre
i"i"" .-q;-"t" anji de ia Theresjsnum craz li '"r pFlcculr ca
[t*h[i:ii::*'!"*';*""#
il,$}.',:',"t"',*"+'i,iffi ri";"'- a"n".a" S.t
a
umpe1errncsrca
Cernaulrului. pP carF de
senrimenlel
Japl il
panasi trlmnsferg
d"lpsta'e !r srrmspe
fr jfi
oflenrald e: d"
i",r"trr","*'. a,.1" acclasinmP celebracapsctratea arisro'ral
lH *i'"#[*gr";ri:,rliirJ#fl
[ ,.riirv, * .pi'i, dezinleresst d; csre burehczis nu dadea
dovadainr-o,schitad,:t",11:1,11,'i-P""Ii-l"."e'ksc|s6I' Ivz'
nicrodsr€
:;+u:$i.t**ff+h:i[[]fi'ln'!Htrt
ri di ca tn sla\ r i I m Per iul Habqbu'gic'
S chump" ret
N i meni nu D o.r" n eeocorce€€ i ce a r edlizatAu+r r a io acpapcr inada
i rS go-l gtqj i n ro", " ao. pniile viar ii publr cFia uda d: f r cult dr ilor '
'
i " ." 0" .:rc* ai ti r" p"'t r u ! b obseNar oroe 'a dr 'r an! d Pr "Eisele
I:itl*f*,{#{l'',,",."";xIj"*il:'"i,'-,*l',:iffi .eal zari i unui stat p, r er n'c qi ef ic'enrsL f obl osieJr aipcu suce''n
fe.are rahur6 a 6 om ! ni*r a! 'er Pdoli( e.m ai cu sear n ib dodenr r l
inanlelor !trblice'3.
ii sihumDeternu $i_aexploatatDicicandlntregul potent'ialtuernenea
*ill,;**;ffr{rr*#,{'1; ,,}l*,
i"#Ix.r**'iitjIi1ilHd;i{st:tff '
i
:': .urui ali stua""t ul toi Sohn-gawerl<,Otto Bauer, cu care av€a se
;6"."r"
."i"o"'i
iD cabinetul de coalitie din 1919, Schumpetera resimlit
ai" lgrs ca pe o ampura'p Nici unul oinrrPe; nu s s pulur
f" drspariliaimpend;i Dacaa'esraa" fi €uprarjeruir'ar fi
"a"ir"luoa irnpreune,iernperandu-fiunul altuia jocurile fanteziste'
.: r"t,]t
:f,";
iil]'{:,?ir*rl+r**rri#j'-r""'*l#lii{i':,''f
,:l pe"*" . pu"" L c.ie reformedurabile Dupe 1920sentim€ntulinuti-
:: iiieiiij"'j .;"ipit *lor doi incred€reape care altrdatn Austria r€uqise
6a o;nsufle Plrl.lo. salF
rftil+ji*";ii&+i;,xlp{:ni#:r::;*Hir$
*if jffi Jr
xitjlljiiilllfijil*.*rT"Tj;illrT
"';H Afrniti{ile dintle Ecoalaaustiiace de dconomie
h***:L_'* ::*r*jlllil.ril"fl
5l:r""ilx,:: I $coala auEtriaca de ec^nomie era formstd din Carl Menser, studentii
sbi 'Ea*( / s. nljlPr ' lnt r F s'er t i6 se r cal; zasc
r*#tjj"-f".xh:::r;.*s;]:*t",2 "8.ti#,i
sai ;i stJdent' i 6ruden l
o comuni une-mul lmai dr e dec6l jnler r or ul Scolii de lsr or ia Ar t clor
'n
6su i D rre B renrano S: sludcn! ii sai Econom ist ji au€r - ip'i opt r au la
un ri vel l ra)r de absir "c\ ie. pr ef er eno ex"m ple'F lJat e din Fconnm lF
BIROCRAT1A IIABSBURGIC,{
- INXETIE VTSSi/S KEFORMA
ECONOMI9TI$I BIROCMTI 99
lllll3.,".":"r".. ":. .erauceaarribuirarui Robinson
crusoe
il:"::::::1,:::::Y:*lr Menser
conrorm
caluia
p*.r""r" ;i""ii . jEpr4iadtarea rozefinista care se manjfests fara de toaf,Fdas€le sociaje
ia prosperitatea capitalistd post.1860.
Berlinezul Emil Kauder r1901, a propus o teza dferil,e pentru a
gltl::Tilt'll_"L"lu:l:::' 1:-u-":3,
ir.,iryl'r':t l:'Yl"^{:i-Ii:ljl
;-^rln"i:"ir":{+i:ili+H*k;i"m#*u.*r
Lt.;";;"*l,"xtr*ilirt",t'ru:i"{:"j,:'***'*t
;:"""Jf fr:,i,t:::"".
,,":r..**l,,ii:i:'#;,l.#uiffi
a"H"",";'Ti
f;j:TiH#:T,T::"T:
r"*1T."""*"il"ti'!!,"*4iF,.f
'
T#tit#iliL:*;:,::#:Iffi
i::'#
::-"Lll',li;l;;:::x,"lt*#,*'t#"Six"f
;"?fi "|ii#X
./oss I I erel ,n"" v";r, igiil i"'"i'"e' "'"'anrc t neoryorthelai!
j"lltT.H:
:';il:r::ii:,",I#i#?,:,i""::1;",*T*::i:
*n ji,i;":,i;"i,lf
r,**"J",","#
i,""1ll*9"1,l.:*nar. ::
.:
.
b,pldiare eltetict spacialaatunci c6nd dealalanlesea nsturau dreit
a diiz! ln eioDornie,dupc cum Stifte! qi Brilzdnoprivoau cu bucurie
oprsprezecerea.
reprezenLa o c,aEa .r
H"1:::::T^1:":::-:ly ltrirsrealui Dumne! in economie ti societate.lnlo,ul meinn invizibile
i;:trl;:,iilitdi,!il,"i".*T''r;1J:'"x#1i*::?i :
,
a iui Adara Snith, e oniltii au pud plemisa l€ibrizian! privitoare la
ifttrsnia dintre nat--a creatA ii Ieg€a nocialnrNimeni au a impins
ItrT:i1#i1",:'T1tilsir;;iniiill*i,ii""l1*#
j:l"s:"..i11T,r:",r,';"T,i+1::#
grediritalntr"o ordineinvizibild, aflata la bazaeconomieide piale, Dai
l.: deparJedecetLudwig von Mises,carea sudtinutinsistent ci amestecul
'11gfT,"",#:
:#;:s::::iilJ'nr.i;afrT"""*,,ff
,-:r ln arecenism€le pietei Du po6tegeneradecatdezordine.Xxceplia a fost
;:r 6chuldpeter,.care a anixnat aceastn viziue ltaticn insuflandu-i entu-
i;;,fi
ki"j;j#:ffi
',$jfl
O r ic ar de i n g F n i o a s e .a c e a s re
. ziasmulbdtanic pentru schimbareapro$esivn. Dacetutr€prinzetorii
; . nu sunt capabitisAreatizezesalturi cantitativein tehnolosie5i coDert,
. d'pifb stagnarea.
,
ji:iffi 11ff
.,,$""::Lx,;i:",*,+;r
t'p''" i:::Lf "x":lnrjil
analizd r ' Dincolo de ahactivitatea anumitor aspecte, teza lui Kauder este
. difrcil de probat. Dace MeDger,Wieser qi Bijhm-Rawerkau absorbit
;;;;";;;
i,11"'i""."1i1.1,.."P":l
l" ;;;;l.i:i':T"'I' . yiduea leibniziant, de unde 4i-auilnsugit-o oare ? Poate din maflualele
::n':il:*tTr;lxfi
*LT;:1ii.,,,"""",!i-i=-:i"-.*,1;f
; herbartine folosiie ie silnrsziu ir deceniile 1860 qi 1860? Oare econo-
bi E l i i su adopral i n.unoslinle de cauza o f ilosof ie car e ] e- a insuf lal
.';$lg1i:j;ilTqi.;;Hi'di,""***ifi;js",nlil,rfr
fi I €r6-di!teintFo odine inviolabild, capabil{ €! uneasd natura cu societa-
tes? Oricine doregte sE acuze o penetrare bruscd a gdnd'rij berbaniene
' . 14.€.ca4!mie.seconfJuntd cu lipps dovezilor. De;i Be pare cn o paraleE
irui"F_:""::lx.hi"J
t"T_"J;i::l1j"i"i'"!j::::;:,ff !.4trBprediDtaeconomiFtilorin legea natumld ti dootdna rcaliiio. la
, Herbad e pe deplin posibiH,bluenta directeDu poaaefl dovedit6..Cu
r;:i*::r,Jr*:?*,i1;41,;"*t;::*1il]',:*'ttx#
j.*?ji toste acestea.pare _obalil ca eco. onivt ii o! pr eluEt nonint er ! enLio-
lii'"1fi *rftir;."
!i":qi:'i"*t*11u ".r D j smuldi r i mpsfl i s{"a r r adi\ ionales bir ocr ar , j€iiozef ine.Der j r ult i
di'r'e lndri; funcri. ali rnodel nu s-au s6ndit nicjoderEseriosla Herbart.
mi j .ei -au consol i darpo aLeid"alul pnn st udier eauei r r iosof iide eBenle
*xii::1i1iri:#l{itii,",".,'#i',:,#,"nT:Ii}'.H
vederedincolode determi"ilr"
"r;;;:
#;."'',tdi':"\:;X,# :;"
hlrbanisr!. o drr s cc,vi-ha leibniziut s-: I.r:6t:,:""tii:tt ol,l:
.i pi ' l e e;.r" i a. .hi ar d acd sub o f or m ir diluar a. i- au innuen! sL pe loli
JUR]$TII IMPERIUIUI
a)
Jurigtii imperiului siatere unite, l€ revine in dare larte l€israt'rilor' in
nieteblrolratrigzelnl:af:
p'ezidau.a
i'p"';i"r H"u"l*4".:'aecsr.orii
Autoritatea statului in€urajatd qi erercjtau funclia regsl6 de adminislrsre a drplalD
Atestr JuoFcaror'
sprijinite de juri$ti albitii destinelor umane,aflandu-sepe o pozitie
', i"'niti a" l.pa"rt,
: sieurt, deasupra "iuu
partizanatului vietii iivile'
. "'"F"'i"t"r e;en!i;l al ieoriei in doneDitn dreptului' in csdrul.utrui
.1" 9"T""',t rForiproreorutuj, djhorom
ir,1:::1i:l"T ;;;';;";i:";';,
:-:lu:'""1;"; lii'Til"IJi::Xill: si sremsupqcentral i zat . 'odif icsl de t ef or D€le M ar iei
Ter ezo5r aie lui
j:r".,,r1#
l:,:i::*T"ii1iil:;'""""t""r*ti*i*
Josephal Il -l ea era def idr ea lim ir elot auhr iidlii-
;"ii, a.e*.t.il l" domeniir,precurnRudouvon Jhertne,sustineau
€t alulur ' Pe. de o
: :';f rui;ftiT*Jil"kl::
l: loar"t r.i*t cn srarulsjnslr !e poatebucura
( r or g
de a+i
de rcmpFr'n(a
;"ff
x,.,:#
11".,"rl"ll
num r a JHllr 'ek 1l
ael i ni ta propri a autori l sle. pr i\ ile8iu pr car F
i " l l ro" ," " .-X " -p" t.-t Pr int r P cej car e ausnneau supr et naliast alului
*n::*:nffiul*
::tr,#:,#:lTFtii,""; :r'". "ielni"
"
nu-atru i n" a 5' ' i jur iFr i
i d" inve;ii-
-e 9i
pr p'um
urmnri'e a
Hans Cr o66
delictetor'
cel
Fi
'at e
rnai
a, per leclal
ofensiv era
l},,""'"T,:1i*ilTf
ilii{"1"!::,rl"tH:tlTff "r:tr[:
i,a;,itivismdjuddic al lui Kelsen,din prim5 lui fazn,carepuneaPu! 9r
i;';Jr" n-"i.t "c"i r.t'e.atstFilege.Luandly::il..:ilii:I;*.*.it
;r:1'
:nf" fm6:r*:"1;:r*"fti
irliri;i;r,*;l; jl
i * i l ti a' el at..' r te" ' i i r n scopulslabir ii sau o'scenlr aljzbr ii slar uiuj
I_d:r*:m.;:"1;,i.:l-ilu
i n l !)pmi ul H sbsbursi c.connict ul dDr r e n€lioDai; 1d\ i,abuzur iie sene
il",i:;#* "_,*" r""" a" e-t"tri"r 9i S"r'lampere; dsr si djferenlaca arar' i.o incurajat
susLin6solulii alterDarivePnntre citici * afl3u €i
",ruirlux+j:il:::r#
p" .irtitti
iritr*;+l"rn: ll;i.{r
rrr ilff ;"";;;;,"";;;;".i i " i " " i t' ri " l "u care ap r ecia f elul de a r r al sociFr al, ilG er Deiaechaf t '
jur idic'
itjilf{T.,"r'*f#f
' cor-si derand-oo sursa super ioar a pent r u r eor ia r n doncniul
Ju' nu.rn"nn"''
detessri
*i:,-:i"':"H**i:,i+;Lf,:+]l]:{i
aisr6rului.
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;Jal:
a" i * * * , o" * .i ; a"
p" " t"!
J
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cel care, c;i D struD eD t e m sr xjsle. a dem ascatlesea pr ivar a dr ept
cbLr cpr opf let ar i f u voi ln
discuLa pr im
ui " l " tui l dsAndu- lpe ReM er pent r ucaPiloluldespr esust r o
d r
o
end
sa,nlre in conrrovers.
: sarcrnarnr e a.eea " .i tl A i apoi pe Gross Kel6€nca aparetoriai suprematieistatului
::':1 :T:i:^"-1.1 "b'ina rnarxisii
i:;#lT!rlilI f nJi;ilui?r"l;ir:
-, Ei
r;""".T
xTff T
l"Jiif &:iilffi"'J:::"i::iT'#;*:;lll,:i;lilr":::
"r,
EueenEhrlicb - parlizan al obiceiuluilocului
i:i:::iii:,r_mi fi;rilt;:*h:j::*:;y"rmn$
::i Ti#[3#H.-*j-:rj"grii*:l+*,li
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rO2.. BIROCITATIA IIAASBURGICA
- NER|IE YTASY,S REFORM,I.
- JUN$TII IMP'RIU],UI
*}i"l;:..t;,1*T,{"*;il{*:;lHruX***l
l':,ifl
:r?'*iT:"ff
i"-{ffilrx#1i.""; ii,'.t.t}l
i
fr*$*E***+*l'*'ffi
I rl.r'
,tl
l!:r
lT:il,Tslpj:#ii,fi
**;li,,1ffi
nn#*:ltti#'+,:,..'.,,.
':ffi ;ir3::qiHi
:firi":,.riif
gariintji lD ce prjvette proteclia pe care pre6upusa lege im,pdtiald o
:b;satitor ti, respectiv,seralilor. Lesil€ carecondamnnnelesiti-
a s;n;tioneazeinfidelitntit€ celoravuti, fortandule pe metresela
,din clasele inlerioare sn poart€ povara lngrijirii copiiloi Pentru a acce-
tera iranzitia la ceea ce ei numea un stat-al-muncii, Menger a susrinut
i
ffit{'ffi+m#fr,ffi
ierea venitului rentiedlor. Se risipeau, spurea eI, sume uriafe pc
tatea centrelor culturale din Ringstrasse, ln timp ce setacilor le
o.e" r drepr ul ] s viala. m unca pr oc'ear e
" ral l " og" ' ' nsus'
u u' ' r I ri tcipijlF ind; v alism ului cu \ alor ile r m br dr i6ale
- pPr sonalm olivesze cof lpot la-
' orsanrcr$tl P osrul e nd cb inr er .
a to.l ' our m ulr m ai ener si decarf r sr cle sau C, r l ciroasenii
5n-g;,4:ffifr*il*iix'"":,xit"*
" m' i ]. " l de a.fa@ calcule lalioDale'Actul
i.i,:bendidta mnsu.drii satisfact or, pe
Cirl Menser l-a atribuit deciziilor economic€, a'fost detectat de
i€lit Reu Aaion ln ansanbltd comportanentului De;i Anton a sprijinit
n socialistilor ca societatea.se-i apere p€ cei sdraci qi neputincioli,
$jffi.',,i,ffi iihffifr
ifi;iitljldfJl"":il,:ffi lui intr-un stat'supercertralizat inceta blusc in fata eventua-
aDarhiei. Anton'Menger dezaproba utopiile lui God$'in, Proadhon
X-ropolkin pentru faptul ci, he d"batasa! d' exer'iliu) purerii
H{*Tdg6itg6,#ffi*ffi
r.",r,,;',^'i"'i.
:;".r;:j:Li ?iiXiil';i'H"H:l,iii,"H:
;Ji:
i ncal i tal ,edeconsu lr antpenr r uCodui Ciel G er m sn din l896. Ant on
' nser s i nsi stal ca sa r acilorsA li se acor deSar anlar eapr oiecr / ei El a
ricalssprudrcp1ur
at" rt i l ott" a
parro*,,'l
pe cel dr ":.1-:l
lt ai ln T-*l-"1-
silualia
snsajalii €r sr Dcnt ar d
de a- si apar s pr opr iul
;:nff,;"",;#*+"i+";J,il,!fr
," -"a"t uod to" r. p' oroear ivelede a ii liPSiadver sar ulde m ijloecele- de
n*;#fti;f{lr;r
hT."r#ti:1"::*'{
__ ::*:ij
i tdl e ar nec ts acestlucr u, f ar b sd lr nd sesm s de Elalule M enger
.ricipat de t.r r direclia de libertr lesi-ferare a lui Ehrii'h Acesra din
*ffi*fiffiffi
.]li iarziu d;r"'e"1lar" in fenomcnolosia crinei 9i Ftiinla poliliej
mor:valia,racticiJe9i tehnologiac minalilor'
-x**ffi,r*'i*t,tr'ffi
lil.r t'atat iouesr.iel'"azA
ilditand datele dobendite ptin expelienla proPrid, Gross a explicat
m#fftt*ffi
Heimat-Literatu a Styriei- Dand dovadd de o meticulozitate de facturd
:,- Biedermeief, el a esaiat
9i chiar a depegit riventurile legendarului
i. Sheilock Ho1me6, citind uIme, d€sciftend semdficatia petelor d€ sAnse
S i epbtend i poLezeir cplsuzibjle Cu Pulin r ^ainr e ca c t ir u) de cinem a
na.ri sr B el a B al d zs sd af ir be cd der ecllvul esle ct oul r om ent ic al
busheziei, Auslria a produd o figurb rcala cate inrruchips acestideal'
C arul l uj Gross esie unul adpic Penr r u lr per iul Habsbur sic: G r oss a
n" n"'*' u:,1i,?;i'""#.r1 c,-,r rB qul ape care ces d'ot r i se pr esupunecd o r epPzint s Nor nele
""
f;i#::' - impotenra
^ " -ti pttl i a..t.
' ^' .ro;tui car or s leg: ier eale li s" coDf or m eaza
"ebct iene
i L,' ,' ., ;, cxi 6ra nici un st andsr d de jJsr ir ie din'colode nor lnele
d€ rD Btat anume. statul coincide cu lege.:{rice norme ar
ii"l', rt"e"*" lui nu poaiefr conLeslare Pelemciulfslsirali:
". "^,sociolosie,
l'.i a".atr" Cu ioaie cd in
nic, de filosoltesau psrholoeie
ntifrffi*gi#*tt$*:t,'ffi
rn jufispru-
$'ti,ffi
il.enl,t epi"remot"g'"' era arhidualjst Kebe' a rnpus
monism catse poate de rtrict Pentru a elu{ida conceptulde
direrenla
ii"r^," 'z,,",n"rre' a responsabilralilK'lsen a-fEcu'.
juridi.B a Persoanei qi voinlapsiholoFca rn codur de regr'
rnie \oinls
ca frecsre pcrsoend Fsre pentru ori'a'e
reqponsabile
fr*[11fl":##,,,F'*l5t+lrt-t,',,,.$
*i"i"
;irhe -""10*u
ecrelesdvAreire. ;mpuldnovointerJurio0ea individulujjnrent;'
r'oe..ate, altminte , acesta le-ar dezavua'
: '.' i--.-,, a rr.",-,ri+" i-;anrr.tan+, drp.r
eDrului nar ur al KelseDa explicai
l enrru - di scredi tejwispr r denla dr
ar*si{rt*-rya1s*i:utiffi
Dodu,in caredh rafdJr cFd carefa*:l :l-"!qi1:li:1::l:.11::::
; , ,ii r" indatori le, au rdsarit o seriede revoluliohari
"tavi
rhlnas PaiD:
""*"iai"."
:,i ir4qu4 1l,1l"l-tl.t"-1il*"
Iera.car rml"t. *oti - ":"tTiTfl
perLru faptulca luaserasParsrea*::,I:""":: dP
ideolosilor
fi'rulu*xffirffi
4"* l:1"^,r:"
i::t" :,!::l'lt"tll-'l
:li':l:,i::"g:i*:':::::":
D rD a 1800 l i beral i i b ur ghezi au im br d! i$at sliint a
jut idica em pr r ica
o' rtru a l i ne pasu, cJ pozir r dsnul dD sr ; iD\ ele nar uni'' I n m anier g
K
i L l ,,l ,nnhei m. cl sen a sublinr at dislinqia dinr r e r deolor r le or iFr t at e
E""a t**t si utopiiie o'ientate spre viitor' Anatzandu-i pe Marx fi
;teiin, el depleneeadiBparitia lui Ferdhand Lassalie(1825-1864)in
ffi:l1;,:li:i:in::;":;:.i:;::,,.",".",:":"',:"""":,:,",' raduel. inaint; de ;-qi fi putut formula teo'ia privitoare la socialismul
,nfr+*t$*,1*****t*fr',ffi
(Berlin, 1925), scris dupd
:,'- demooaticr3.in al ieu NLgeneine Staalfleh.e
ftrffiHffi
. fiDdelul tratatului lui Jellinek cu acelasi,titlu, K€]sen fi-a expximat
exasD erares i al d de socialism $i lala de Ehr lich alun96nd dellniiiv
eoci ol oei adrn j uri spru oenls !r r er r acr and accepr sr anr er ioa'b f scur ;
ca
j cn jDntate de gur6.
, ','o.t,'na parG a modutui iD care Kelsen explic: iesulil€ de drept
deri w poare di x conluziile car e ole. Laudr epr ul naDsbur gr cP"nt r u a
:' rria rrisdicliile care se suprapJnesu &eprul susro-ungar aireSpa
postJai ul u neiUr nor m ExisLsuat at eanivelur i dcjuasdict ie'
" .p, " i ne ministerele,austri€ce de
, oorninade Ia ninlsterele i. &nd i ?enn la fi
, ia tele.ale domeniilor coroaneipani la,municipahteli, lncet apnreau
' collflict€ nesf,irsite-' Penhu ,a cla;ifica toate acest€.plobleine, es€nliab
ullor tipui,ideale Jurisprudenla lui'Kelsen, ruptd de
' jtnnJ€Ie Bociate d€ ideologie, mai em datoare Aushiei prin faptul cd
ii
,,","oiir"t un;oi de sistem colectiv ln sanul unei, naliuni ai cnrei
I'l proiesoii "ud€ drept i5i puteau..punein praciicn teoriile. Dodnta dc a
F: elimina infiuente]e din afara avea Fanser€tiuse de manlfestare ?rintre
.ffii
::';r,',:"";H*l**l'1,,*i,m"l"*+X",tf i:: anglo-anericani,unde jude.ntolii, ti nu profesoriielau 'aceiacare sta-
bileau lesite,
Dupdlg3o Keisena fost din ce in ce mai fascinatde Platon' al cnrui
ii aua*'- i.t." ,este' !i trebui sd he' il concurape ai snu.intr-o sede
"ar
,i':'
BTR.CMTIAEABsauRcrcA t:
i." - INERTIEy,asrs EEFoRt\r,[ JUBJ$TII IMPERIULUI
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ALTSTROMATI1T$flr
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6
Austromarristii
r,^luJ ..roter_ organizalorul
socialismuluj austriac
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lrABsBURGrci TNERTTE
- vr*sus REronn4r 115
]'j AUSTROMARXI$TII
lq'ifr*i.*ii*;:T'",,+,"frr*"ry+d$:'*:"':**:
cu perne !'
, doar se-ei itrclDrreze un psl li s6 tririasce nuFai
d;tubdcul@a Aici a i:6"*tt
i"-""";-*t"r'u'i'a'-* !:]:':-::
care
g""",1*r irt l8?3. LocuioleledarapdnalediD Vi€ns acelea
,irli i."r*r" ta"u'ului Hitler' nu au avut dEetPulini critici
iii"rii""i Mabslalele orEkrins 8i Brisittenau.'
,r.elese """Ji-+-**tllor'
vindcau primului veo't, nu au fost salubtzate
pena clupa
uI rdzboi mondial
au6lrieciau
.-clr,aanee:ija"il reformelortundamenraleEocialistij
ra+ trebursus
rzt u:r sentrmenraproaperelisios al m:siunii l:
'*m*$m*mtffi
:'t"r**rtli rnait;eri credesu'a ideile pol facesocie-
'I"i t"""
'"ri'""""1. poale.fi r"construil di' rt:1"llll-11
ri r-p"':"r
;il;"' "" pe
;'intre so.iali$rio soridanrate csre
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qi 5Dacerasi
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Otto Bauer - gafele tactice
ale unui teoretician
ffiffi
t'1.:
ort Dint€s
Ceeaca me uiDeaod de c6reori ii esclltsm diBcursurile datele
iJ*i*-i**i. r" * ra@es denotite li Duse5trireruPea-
rira"ii" flux continuu bine ordonat bine cantarit
problenei
llp"r*" **urul ti chiar oulte din detaliile
L"ti"i J",-fi;r;..-""
di;utate lD Eiemoriaaudnorilor'
aIROCRATIAtrAsSBURGrC,{
- NERTTEvIaSaA Eul.oBlrA
AUSTROMARXI$III
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or"gut;.iispecialitrilor
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I21 RIROCRATTAHAISBUEGICi
, INEBTE VE?S"S
REFOEMi
PARTEAA DOUA
ESTETISMUL VIENEZ
Nachbar'
Ein Mann mit grosset Ideen ist ein unbequemer
Un on cu idei mereie este un vecin inconforisbil-
M drie \on Ebh er'Dscl&abdch
I
Feaci si foiletonisti
Sex Ei sociabilitale in imperiul estetiEmului
Dulerea in A-.
in jurul beu tr6iefte, cu ochi s.anieietorj, PoPord feacilo. i
Aici toate zilele sunt dumitrici $ 1n fiece zi frigEtuile se rAsucesc
, !e vatrn.
Poetul eemlan a pus in circdalie ideea ce austiccii sunt feacii epocii
noderne, rivaLzand cu poporul dcscris in Cattu.ile 5 qi 6 din Od;seeo
prin drasostca lor de festivitaf, nencare qi dist.aclii Terrnetrut ,,feacism"
t?hiiakentum) va fr folosil pentru a deseEna acea preferinld pent.u
letreceri ti iluzoliu a epocii Biedermeier. Intr-un scns mai restrans'
feacismul est€ caracteristic tuturor comumsto lor de artn, in timp ce
esietismul ii anim6 pe pDducdtorii ei. f'oacismul a promovat oeativi-
tatea, datorand condiliilor economiceceeace C A Macatnev a explicai
dupd cm umeazt I
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publ i cese sFler m r ne pu! in dupb or a noub sear s Ast f cl m em
nai bune fam ilii sienezese nlF. au in lsla r i- sniei pr opr iilor
m""",*-:n*i:::r:.Jif
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rei el e pdn6 l a ot ice or a"
puteau bantdi in voie itrdzile
iJjr"a"i'-y
ai" Hand" se
'nentiDe
qi astdzi A trecut vremea cand
;ilcintelui sans Witcz€k era scandatizatnsn-l vadd pe feldmare-
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fi*1*[*fr***i,tt*iffi
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;i ;era ca unF; fele nr i srd bine s6 luoeze I isdr j r nout ot sgchr o':
i{ib5. ele firmau trabuc in Pub}ic.
t't:roaeva..vren.._ae':"']. ':"}Tid t*!.: .r:11il: *"1i:::1'i
cuB apar el e l D desct ier ilPlui Fr eud ?1 Schnir zler nevr oii'e
.udi ni l el aLa de €e : r ef lecr su o dupt icilalc f r r casc6t nl'o soc'Flat i
p se i ncl i na ,n fal a t r ad\ hi lD I iDr p cr f iicele bajbe'1
ll, : ". 'j] i
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iceipe.care,Nrotroyia sa:11,,-.ll""D_",:
Yl11:i: :.".,
riolar rviena.l'845r'FcLelede laoilie bue crauarar dr pror"jate
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;n" S.ht t p"'1*ti,.t acestefete timide care se ldsau in voia
)asiuni pentru profeEorulde muzicn,coplesitede.curi@itaterefg-
r;toria ocercevarmit jubire xle i9i g-es:erclu libido-ulin sinsurul
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:,.,,,,*""#ip',;;,"${*:
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iv in alb. Penhu ce o femeie de treizeci de ad nemaritatd
rea sub povua acelora;i regrlli ca o fate de cincisprez€ce ani, o fate
dl ' dna d" i ami l i c bu na se pur ea r et usa r nt r - o m anaslir e 6au pJiea
intla iFtr-un ordiD secular aa,gtjtts/iaL' ea purta aumele de Fraq tn
;-;1- ioc a" r'a"lein, avaDd Ibertstea si s€ casatoreasce.
r.a8ur,c! un catrn.l,.r,
130
ESTE?ISMU! VIENEZ 131
FEACI $I F'OIIETOMqTI
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ES?'TISMUL \,IENDZ
133
IEACI $I FOILETONISTI
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MUZICIENI S1 CRITICI MUZICAL1 141
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MUZICIENI $I CE1TICI MUZICA!!
sa lifliteze
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ESTETISMU, VIENDZ
MUZICIENI $I CRITICI MUZICAII 145
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ESTTTISIIUL VIENEZ
JMPAIIMlTll alrDL,nR vlzuAL! 155
rp trn succesmai mare s- a bJcur st Cusr a! Klim t {: u62- r gl8r ' 'ar e
.iJ p;n p;a, r'e*" in srilul ruillaksrrr' Nas:.'lli B.1i1-t-1:t:":
" rataluipentru a
li'v'""", r"i unuj aurar.Klimr a folosirmeseri!
ipJ* r'"u*,l" a" ,,". i-'e1al9l moli!e d:cursl*".":l?lllflg:
i*"r"". r-" mijloculsnilor1880.a lucraljmP'eurdcu frarelesiu
rosfi*e***ffi
ii, pi"r.an1".jt" din K:']::"9:l:3""
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ii"llli' "],'lj ."'"i';;;;, p""i"" s""stl'*i".-"t vienezin 18e2'
ii"ri"r-itrrt.t"i, Klimt a abandonat pictu'a '"$onurnentala Fi a
p'lri""tui r.;rbpde cjlci anr' h'Enindu-se cu uhisLler'
Ji'aJ"y ",r'ii t' t se?.era revenirpent'D 6 1"19*: !:i:"-"'-".1:l
"'.?.rilirqiIM'".i'.
gi'rp*" a" *t'lti care trata cu dispret asocialiaofrcialda picto-
i"#* subnumelede
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tl
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asemanaroare
I Estetismd fafi iEle din DerioRdsrArzie o lui KIimr desf6$oar6 tntrnderr
iti in fala cu modernirarea
rvrmr. schjele _ i'".'iii"i.-i" ei ap5,lipsjtedepruenta uma'a Ponretele
de
gi Xokoschka "*a""t" lol r*1:-l:11'-"11t **
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ESTE]JSMUL ITENEZ
iMPATIMITII ARTELOR VIZUAIE t57
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"""""i'"e"
rg $i Berg, 'r""",
care s-a sinucisdupn ce a pictat o.serie panz€
i*""lir"-"i"t Gersit a qiuns sa combinestiluriie lui -d"e
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,rur.imbii picroriau facurd:n fiecaretsblouuDauroponrer' In vreme
u ro'"t tot"t schieie a inceprt sn-qivAndd tablourile
eil"tr
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u preocupali de sexualitate reflecta falsa monlitate
carc intuneca
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faptel
a i n' rei i nut rel al i r cu 1'losolr rpom enr Tr '
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ru' i" sei'g Nascur rn Auslria lnfe oara
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r anar ul ee n j a j a r osr
m u fi r d e c n n q ]a V i €na D ana j n 1910 ln 1909 ponr et ele sale int r ospedlve au
expusearltrri dc pdnzelerui scli"re tj van G:Fl Il, ?'-n'1"1:.:.'-::
a frlrit in 1980(n.i.).
l ,rl{okoschka
Kor'oschkaI modirrcat
6buKIrnr petiru a-j da in vrreas
:
ESTE?ISMUI \.IENEZ
IMPATIMTT'ARTILoRvlzuAl,ll
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August
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-
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t'
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Saxoniei la
in 1840.
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(tr.t )
eat r unuset e luncllunilor Lear r ului qi
I
160 DSTETISMUL l1!NEZ
161
IM?ITTMITII ArrELoR vlzuALE
unLv e16' t d ti i .tn e rs i u n e a a rh i te c tj i o r
:::ffit":*,;; ;";l;".';::";;
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sitle scsj4,1T
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162
DSTETISMI-ri VJENEZ
163
IMPA?IMITII anrELoR vlzul]-E
Dudecorarorur,
rrebuie
snsendeascd
;i"jili:1""$ilffi:ji:i p,an, Iq V ,€na rehni caaur ent if icar ii Per lecr alade oet st or ul
ilalisn
bushezidePrcrtra aursui
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fli:til| iihiirliir...:**
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a aJtentjciL6tii
. r-.,tle medicald a due'o
sarcua
rabtoirilor'
lltndeplinire
pe
pnn
f
:"'"'",.'ii ""* ;chilor pi plcioarelo^la
il1l $,?,,ffiilf
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j:;,
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;;"i;.c,"'r'";r"eiei
cerei
unxi connotse-lrr
..1"*, Wi"tr,"fr " resn sa mmbine mf$amantula acinse
ilti ,i."'"il"r ri frlosoliei.p"nrru o p'pcizre
q"-"91lil-!::'l:i':T:-li
dicind. Sickel a foet Pritnul mernbru
'': Vi"nezecar eaalt m aL
ar icorr
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**Nr*g#xnffi
166
ESTETISMUI !1DNEZ
ARTELoR \'IZUA'E
'MPATIMITi
jol ce er a hsi bsin f or f f alism ul
l .E ul ui Gui do A o.er, c€r e e unif ical
H s..l ' cl ., sti i nl a jst or ; ei. D\ o'lk a d' venil. cu ciper ipn! a sa
i;
le irtoric, pilonut de sustinere at formaliAmului lui'Ri€s], ridicand
,loblene de metodolosie care incn dau de sandit34. Deqi Dvoifk ti-a
. ale er pt esiot isie. spi'ilul pr o-
;proprarconl eD l poraniilt in viziunile
pl
dri c I-a di scl edi teri n ochii dr r ssilor car p i$i dor nscca sa- Fil: f olusit
mai judicios.
tijirta
-H*ms****ffi
,
ffiffi
: 1, " CRITICN EST'TISMULUI
rru;::"1'i::
nr;l;l,i" *t
$:i''jjjffi
f:Ijffi p"i', r" ***ihdrvid soposre
rdnd'"a'"
persoana a'"tr"i
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ra'"?;,:;,i:;";';'i.:"",7
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Criticii estetismului i." i.*-t, ssenenea lui Don Juan {ie
cPnltilugalacest
.?"." rnl**ri'"i; R Mavredere calificardrePr
Rosa Mayreder _ o rafinate ':':';;i;; ; ;"*""''i" ataoit.al*:,'"*3 lll'""*1'."",1
cunoscetoare ,r"ri" *0""'" PnDirreroediul 6scerismlrlur'
'onser-
a .olului femeii i"i l"**. ".;'"4
*","rr 1" msniera c-el't.ul,o'-1:"-'l:l:
.dlusdrlor
percoana
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* i;';;Js"xuarirar;a cu arteacti'llrariaceaslase
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imperiur
nesrijarea
1t0 ESTETISMUT VIENEZ
CRITICII ESTETISMULUI
illi;J,,"fi1,",#Jfftrll" ne'ooei
;r:i;',""-"JI"" a,ade(
:::^,':j:i"tl:
::-"" ";il;
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;'ff.,;T;:::::',]ilffXT::l i Weininger - onestitatea cizuta inldsoginie
3,:l:-r,:1'
_"1", qi in urd de sine eEeiasce "
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ceruie.poarra-careoe's'crsexuare,
il:li:,lf,:""'::l:-i::"re
lji+:i"":?:H11",1"_:!d:ry*".'","",."r*;:,t,iTe.*iI a mei i nnadanta acuzslie ls a&ess est eiism uLui
Utlo w€'Drnger
vienez. - ?r . 5a
L.rodu-r,vudl
Fjx+li1?ff"r1,",,;"iq;*'
Ieconsrr"ff6car.
I'i'lili"1a"
R 1\a:y.d; r"*-ril
oe carre be$aF sexujui opuEj "
"-a
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w"in;g"' sitrucib
iii!,;::,,[riif, di-un an dupa" ""i'ii;i;G
Uu a"
",p"*itiu;
ce doberdise
ao.,o'u,
o glone subi&gralie va'ia!tei ertinse
GPschlecht vdd CharohtPr:Eiaeprin2^t'
"i"..i"i
i^*n *iso ui c" dzPnrtiPiu i c''ie! a' 1903)
o cercetdre
^""r vr€odataataleaeditii
ca-ni"l i'arta a;*nari
l:3,']J""1":" *,*.1"d,rcbe e ursscaDsriza-si
deaceea !u pdl B a 1940- - ?i su a, st er Dil adr ea cont r over seca
df,"es e esk fals 1ar6.i pe L;; i " " p" t* ;* " t
:hH"*"if; j:{:!iT:1
:j::11'"::"j-"j. i::^ld,:1"."j ei 'n femeilor Ai eweilor scrise de$nerul Weinilger
,,,1"*:l;*;;';ili,,
,"suaiariba upor-'iua
;;;'iliii;"i";""" ext;m de ialentai' dar rigid, aurarul
!uDiDd_o ibqsrar.Hs_ver""r
ri,; ;0,," fri;nge" (rasa-rgzz),
ir're.r'J of"ryi: i.:ttlJ':
caresee6sntolise.cu
""-"',",i,iiJll" l,,li frale'
tT^::" l:_ .* ,,,"ii cdnde vorba
i,,1.::::l:1""; despre dL O,i" a crescui alsr'uri de doue surori fi-un
I".:fr;iliil!;1:" trjj.j"jilTtjfi.lifi
$:!:.:ff"il? "J
tai"ntrr ae arroa'aact.ucaremtal slapdnea
;;";6 r"",', drasostea pentru wasner
IimbileslldiDe'
9i antisenitisElul
a namei,otio a perrnie.senti-
Bachhofen
,-,i":il"rultffi
[lti"'i=1t'"";i:;x','i,T"ffi
ce,fe*eia se ;;;; ;;;;:i:
".
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a
li"r."tta
""ii ""a;p;*"
rlp"i ai
"du;tie inrl-un arLireminism
sb deseDereze
fl, S"i'*,""gvmnasum lenarul a 5!!atal sa
vjolent'
chees'!
".d
ffi "'i",'1" ; ;;;;;i"sca r'an*'a e'gre" irarianaspaniora
:i::*""nr,"":T.HrT",i:i;i:,::i::
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a " " .1 ,;" i .--' " ' " vdroarrroraes!
;;;;
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.'
l.c,:'".:"t O"pneieniidc cafenea'
r1r"iO.C.il iucka-;i HeroannSwoboda'
pnntrccaresenutrar€u
Ono se mdodreacu
&ra sa tin'6searnade
rr..ri e
.na"pil'i"a'-9i .arci. rcolare
69':ariialli:
:s"i:""::T_^*,",,lrf
: R.Mayreder
i_acomurar "j.l a studrat ls Uajverslrake dil:':"::l
xon. lntre:8989i1902
fril,1"1,*r;6;1,4i;#d*l:?jffiff[i
",,ff
rrq{,":."imrt*":i{
a':"i'' j"Ji raa's-1ru'. pentru
Psy.ie. Pentrucb lui Jodl 5i repupa
car€a scns disenatis
caracterur
intlulat!
ll^Yi:g::
Eros
,i
};lfli+HI
i?!";i!i[u
3'" :;
ytir**"",,xxlr"{j
;;;;i'".;il; ;;'tia disci;or;luj sdu esr€prina de cxlra'
.nte si le cruzjmi, e] a fosi gocat sa vad6 cd 8ub lorma
de cane
t
#;*tri";a,iii":*1ii,"Tf;**t**'l*i*,lls;
Maredera
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, r.iri""*
"j',r"e".
."." "leJ
f-""t"rt",
;'; tdul?ber die teztcnDnce tDespz lucroite
trie) (Vien;, 1904, Le Drcercereain Vietra in sepiemb e l9!3'
"""i". ulro
preda celei Dai adaDcidisperari :t1'" d" "pl'll
s s6 inchiriez€o camerA5n tasa unde
e.;;";"i "" Acolo el 6's'unpulcat ln piept' dup6 c€ le scdBeee
"crombrie
a
talaluisi tratelui €riu,arunlaDdule ;rten[a 6inucjdenr'bu]c'aur
^""""
eIU aoDx-
rrovocai nai multe polemiejin care Klaus sirindberg Q'
rato; al lui weinl;rge" i-au splret ac€sr'uiareputalia impotn!a Preser
t72 ESTE1ISMUI VIENEZ CRITICII ESTEIISMUIUI
j;xilhlr#"."i*T,';: ;'#fl.xTiiL,t
T:uril:l
: e;tesunl Ii bFr€ sA al cago inr r {
dol,...si intru(6t.ad:"" !i::Tu-
pr osr ir ul; e : m ar Pr t il- ar e l€r lim
i:;;:iiliiji';ii,;ir;*;i'i"$t?:;;;:"';i:r;::
in up* t,rffht ;;'J "i o,'
ii ) *'ilil
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sclul cu :"ilr nult:'::::
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r$r.,".y1,;{ .*r.},ru#iI ;i; Ol s" .," a pus sr apan r e pe Schiele.car e a p, cr at
fu:f
[i*$r'**r+*+*l*w
.omovat o tehnice de reintine re F n implantu] de hornoni sexuali
I ;eud lnsu$i a fost operat de Steinach in noiembrie 1923, in spera'la
ud de a oDri evolutia cancerului care il mdcrna
. ln vadanta extinse a disertatiei sale, Wei'inger a gsociat evreul cu
ri*:.*
lh:****ig,,l["x6;u,*r#* rmeia. Preluand ideea tui Chamberlain cum c! eweii nu reprezintn o
ise. ci o atitudine mentald. Weininger & adus ca argument antrse-
;i*rif i?r$!,_:',:f
hi;:Tf,,,'+iltHi";i"r:'ffi *Til itismul evreilor penbu a deduce inferioritatea hndscuti a atestoia
!rcme ce evreilor, asemenea femeilor, ]e lipseite eeo-ui li Bimtul
ff$..ffiirll"*{;;1;
f;li::1il",1,ffiT:i:::
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til,jf;i:::fi
:j":ilir:
ecierii de sine conferit de acests, ei sunt in mod necesar amorali ii
vi::iitr un cuvani, nigte codoqi13.Materialigti incapdbili de senti-
tli{",,j;i,i;.1
.:*" ,*f' ."J lin,-""
tu1 pieialii, lipsili pann Si de cfedinta in bErbali care le susiine-pe
ei,t;reii;*celba;e in primul rend in domeniulchimiei,iar sohliile
;,ionti rDjsosini.
pun6Dd. acide corodeaznidealismul Dezvnluind ostentatir ura de sine a
",,.T::::ll ""i
sjre"'eia i un gesrde sulo'
;;,il,.illill,;,lll"j,1l:^E:ylraka -u; a; . evrei l or W ei ni npera ' es pins sionr 't or ' co_sr de16ndu
"n,.1""u.#,," i nf:rngere doei ca;ndivid. ev'cul poat e incer a sa nsi f ieevr eu Dr s-
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]Ei
j- s
' " i ;;t1. D rorri a l ui per sodn! 1r ; sar ur : le hm r nine ppnr r u 'ar e
cu
fu" i ni nger seam ans "r 0ul dia r cm anul lu Fer dinand
as1.,, ;.1', "S;;"""..
c,* {p" " ti l i .
S"i- , 1905),un evreu care devin€membrual irnei
o..jru\rnr
.,*,rr". *ri";,",i"r,,:",1i:,liil;,ii,]ll";"#llrjj Oiena,
fteui antis6miiepentru s-Sipotoliura de sine Pa4ial datorite unui ten
::
ES?E?ISMUT VIENEZ
CNITICII DSTETISMUIUI
*:};T,i*l:tjl""l;r.$r,,tr,l
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carei .a drsore!J,! W Fidnser a Lr dir S; 3 Dr ur it pe culf lile scniului
i j renar carc a' umuts " at at o avidi'at c. incarnu s r eusn
ic,oasrasa p';naa rbdacini.Disprelujndsalilc dc hal si bordclur;le
oc ptrceri,el E inlruc\iparohsesis
V;ereiiuf,rroare rlncriloreqei ca'n
tr**r"**rimt,{ffi
i"r'"' "a ",_-i.p-l prin eroism irte:ectual ir vrcme,ce^F*ud
' ;ahnitrterti Herzi qi-au canalizatambiriile,transfornandule in ope'e
durabile,Weininger a ars prea repede 9i cu prea mare intensttate.
Weinlngera intr"pat, evident decat oricine altciDeva, promisiunile
-ai ale intelectualitntii viena,e.
distructiv
ii lotentialul
li j
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w"l;f : :::"
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11
Fascina{ia in fafa morlii
Moartea - un bastion impotriva schimberii
:;*ilffi[.*:["J;: :',ii'ii'."'i11**:
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"r"!ji 178?'adresaG
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latalui 6nu:
l*fi*'*[+itiitr'*']""'r"l.
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poati bucuta de acest luc!u''
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nu Dute; cunoaste aici :
.UO
POZITIT'ISMU!
$I IMPRESIOIIISMU!
.
it fi"T:T,T:,il;.:il"it1,i: FASCINATIA IN FATA MORTII 131
:i:1":,:i: :i **"
:i.::,,:":
r"",',,r'*mr*il n;tF'l
{i[ii""".":",*E
r;.n a naturii in doctrina creitinA, suslin6d ct nenurirea
rla impactulncrnheruptPecareo persoanaril exercite€sulra
ifr
+'r;,:";1;:1#l[*:,,'ffi
ffi
l0r
'!.a"
care
celor ii
p";"gi a"
suprat;etdiesc.
"u;
uii,
Richard Coudenhove-Kalersi
A$a cum
"iintADdu'le
a
in
Isus-r
aufletd
e:prinat
rlieF{e
ca p€
aceasta
in B'senca'
strun€le
credinfd
atunci cand a descns modnl in care l-a albctat moart€a tatdlui
unei
inai
::;i:i]ff
#s;i nrrl;m
rlipl*li1 ;,""T,:.::::
1*"
ul de doisprezece ani carc fusese:
j: .P€aiunci nu
jff*:i*,#F::"T":qi:;.#
tjii.#illll iitet"i
stiam ce adeseali pierdeb pe cei ;ii. Dar norlii'dDan
r" .u noi leniru totdeauna. Caci, lucru ciudai, profunda influenle a
us"p""
"uot"!,iei
- timluii.-""in str6fund!"11"
mele utterioale -'e datorea2aDortii lui
:"fl:1"1i
@Dtinuiviala
pe cat la-!YT,-sa-i
lutem d€ bine6'
#lljt" ,"T"::li:,T:,,::i*::r,iff
j"":"ii.,,T"t';:qff l..N" r.-,;
|l .
o;'i,e*a et sn o ilesdvarsesc
T; *t .*,tar^u."j::"Y"111X'":-"n"oudenhove-Karersi
dora pul ercs data t oar e de viala a m or ! : lot
:::O e;pficalie pentru atra4ia faie de
"f.unosd
cadauu' apare rntr-o
i"-"lgl;irli i rrl ,c"E""tAcomt{ ,I7s8-185?'rcleritoaJe1a leti$ismi
ffi,ffi**'*ffiffi
pe"l"ia. tarti.. Comje 6ustinFsca maiestaleadiviod ljbdp sa-l
* ul i uee pe credi nciosaa. d aceqlanu gat qcsle un eibbol car e 6a Pr eia 5i
re,i ' " i ;." t" a" uoor srie Com t e specif icef uncr : ileind€plinile de
" r* "dnd,
primrr u fuctj; de a"i aninti crcdinciosuluivointa divinA
iG:in
#,p***fu
;ii&e"ti t" neca"" obiect; tn a] doilearand, de &j '6sari spontsnin
;i E re;5n al t.ei l ea rEnd. dc a la. a lPsat Jr aint r e m ot ur it ale 5i. coPil6r i":
J patrul ea rand . dc a da coPr enls5i P, auzibr lilat eaclulJj de 6uPu-
E ;i . i n al ci rci l e a r 6nd, de a deDonst r s ce esr es'nr ezadezir abila a
jn Aust r r a inr r eg'lr lcer em onialm or t usr se
l D tresi i acti vi rdu um aoe.
cdnomrm i n j urut t r upului ne- n. uf lplr ral cclui iubir . ca'e senea dr epi
{e1isin sensurrcrnrean'Ifupurnernsdfl pJcc'E'-'l,lT1:"^ii:::T.::
"rir
*: pozrTrvrsMur ..
FrrMpREsroNrsMui FASCINATIA IN FATA MORTII 183
ffi j1T:n
f*$,W:**.""xti,;1#ii:&ixjjr,',$ bate tentativele de a d€fini aceastnatitudine,tteanai reu$tn
iine istoricului de arl6 maghiar Amold HausE
(1892'),{are-a
frfr*ri*hli**tffffi
Drocesde evolutie ti;mai ales, de decndere.Nu e de mirare ca
bahr il considela pe vienezul F€rdiraDd von Saa! (1833-1s06)
Trrerei Viene. Acei /.o6tfzls d€ Ia Caf6 GneNteidl recu-
ir.oamennrnnrunli ai lui Saar $iln rotls semn€]eprevestitoare
D roori ejl or dezi i ui onar ; 9i plasLici! 5li
fs['nl+,#*ry****rn;*:ffi
ffiffi
iaecimti de decndere, acesti lii. ai burgheziei' ftrn nici o ocupalie,
veneratiarbarocdfate de moarte Ia extrem€ nemaiintalnite
ei moarteaera promisiureaeliberarii de plictisea]!; intr-o lune
, ea sinsttd rdm6neao necunoscutdomnipotenti Sinuqisandu-se'
,t *"ti*t ** * aliii visau sa faa1 I\Der Tor
" """umdrati
poftretulrlnui tAnA! estet plictisit
iraeffoa, Hofnannsttral a fdcut
dup6 ce o gustase pe toate felele Contemplarea no4ri.ers
ieacismului vienez. Reflectia asupra mo4ii a.ins^emnaip-entN
vienezi ceeace marciorismul a insemn&t pentN Praga qi
!a politicd pentru BudaPe€ta.
ri l}u s invocat onniprezen a noIFi iD viatn cu atata fo4d ca
' DtscutIa
B inn, RichardSchaukali 1874-1942),carea locuit
incepard cu anul 1903.Gustanddin plin ubicuitateamortii'
il
S.haulai a preamnrit virtutile ceremoniei fun€lare pdn car€ iil
6e aclimatizeaze .cu Mar€a Ordine:
' Oare nu boarl ea oar e ! u m ; ezLl eL.ce. 'car e se sn' r r
'iar a aBupr anooEt r a.oar eDu er est cp'r el, enur
' nsuf
,,1
l oi ,l b j urul oosrru. l6nd
l . l roli @neniidr ' t:1l:::,11
toE rE Ful .roetru
ei-trinraEur
l' di ?:t-.1
1
. D 0s1ru I olt oaor
1.,"^'i-Yl:a-,:
norrii,.are viDe de ls DlDrnezeu 9i care ar trebui sii le fi^ Lot at6t
a"-i-ii"ra r".rm1l norilor ie ra re'eesrrs seu 'a 'asLflalea
din oieD!13. "r
h;r Alturd€va el deirie nimicniciatare tl copLetettepe un tannr estet
'sliat ae veehe Ia catafalcul unui pdeten, care a murit ftr! se-Si PH-
,jj
Moartea ca simbol
al efemerului asce parj-ul fecut p€ o cutie de trabucutil{. I
O perspecti vasi mai sinist r a Esupr s inm or m ant d lor a f osr cea
sustinulu he evreui vierer Alben EhreDsteiD | 1886-l950, Admiraror al
I
,;"j*,t"l:*#"l'*r*:il*$;-#f,**ffi
.
":**.ui,
:ff1j,*iii,.+,:f,,r::u:;i#!i;J',:"jith
tj::::j::. l ui K srl l Gaus. el a smpdnasir ut ieem it r 6m ul li
al acestuja, aprop ndu-se de tDarcionism atat c6t ela
hjlism ul ler aPeut ic
cu pul;nla in cazul
. nrui vienez.Prima si cea mai tunoscuid operd a lui OhrensteineEte
desen€de
..roharul ?],6rhci1 (Viena, 1911),itustiat cu douesprczese
1
;
:
Kokolchka, ln care se povestesteviala unui vienez bosat carc, cu toatd
?oztTr\,'lSMU! qI TMPRESjONTSMUT,
185
iAScTNATIAiN !'ATA MoRTII
q;ffi r;r,s,:i1iln
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dintle pneteniisdi sn primea'3dniqtedocu$ente
ffiN*ffi
13 6 POZlTrvrsMUIgr rMPRlsloNrsMUl,
FAscINATiAhi FATAMoRTII lR?
jD f ala
a sdmi s cA \i er eck r esim r c o sndbr La f r usl'ar e
eluziv al vietii:
nici
Nusandim
*ffi
:y,"'l'":-T- l-:iol::jl :l'".-*"":,:,""t:"::
;""J"r". Ou"l .- '" p"t"" lercepe acel lucru, am area o lidb6 mon-
aiale-. Muzi.ianul vorbeqteintr'o linbn univerEala Catdjrce este
inilividuald $ intraductibiln'z5.
i$,*;i,"fl
?'i*+;+5Tfi{*it*lliffi ""1"r".
r"1; *
"on"r'u"
perech:de
n"nunlo'nt" opoz'rij
i,ii'r"r""a"i pasaLerule; perraner!4. prczenrulqi 1'ccutul
osnii€stul si larentul.Creslurisrnr de djfFrili precD Freudei Baht
Mayreder;i weininger.Musjl .6iKassDer'Buber si Broch au d"dus
l';.;i."i" capabile
liaie ei au iedvat lanluri d€ neotosisne
i"*"t"
ilfitgiffitrdiliffi
3ale exprime.
se exprime.
' incuraiAnd deschidereasfre noi perspectiveFi atrnsend atenlia
. qilupia fa;tero' trccute .N velerea, ilnelesionismul . f": 1"-Iil:,'l:
i*itl'itui"u. Mintile cdle mai asculite,precum cele ale lui lrcud Fi
;; 1;13."1t
lijijirrn+" ry;"1' y1?':t:::l"l'":l"l:""::"-"1:ll:':11
:1,':,:1i:l#,i;
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i:;l'itliT1p.ai:i:''':,tfiJ
sau eseurilelui Bahr,a. i
. lotrsiderate irefutabile. Acest anestec de impiesionism9i po'?itivism
"f""dlr"" " -i"t*"ii"i
ii inse'n." in cazul lui Freud faptul cn el consideranoile intuilji bine
i: 'veiiie atata weme cat ele nu *stumau, ata curn!e iniampln la Alfred
POZITIVISMUI,
FI IMPRESIONISMUL 139
FASCINAT1A iN FATA MORTII
*1lT
i;[iHf,i3tri'i;t!1,1?:"::;i:ri.;:
:,:re*ocD,ai .acutd de carc suf€r€a,
i;a.acutd ci iqi pierduse'tapacitatea de
sufer€a, s-a temut cn
hgl1tff:.*i,';:il"::i;;l"x;fli,
tuiriireartisl
urui'
iffi "Jili:tffi.:,fl . Atacurile din ce in ce mai
e"" *
grave de anshind pqctorala au pro-
Plansd' toli ca ptrpul frz;c'8nsau
ea'''unn
;l ;l;;;:'
"';j; "';";;;;;;;i" ;:#;"1 j',''i,i,"i
""""i 'orrt ""$repiar.
careii-a*'mar
"irele.
-o-."1,1u;
ipotea cd ar n
ilii"f iii-p" "-r"*'
*r"er de brea.rdJcareau tansat
;Jt aeun sindromnenoBtemporar' lncercand sd lunrea
lirigteascd
i"-r"u unul dintre nocrologil'a citat pe Boltzmann
Moartea ""*p*"u,
.r;*" aniin-urme:'l'Iui?: L,rysoandcare
cucetjv-a
intelectuali "*" r-"" r";",1ta"; siznen)i9i poatelua zilele""
"iiiii i".ta
"""t"i""ilii*igrqi l,udwisGumploNicz,"
)!'eul saiilial !i sociolosul :":* ' i:"ffi:"
.^J-' ;., ,," ' .i ot r dvit ls 20 august 1909
60lr alu' 6- su
ur,' " ;.a
ot.,' " " i il r r gr r cs alm lf licr er o'd" Er up pr of esor ul
;u"
ar" p'
:A;;rJ""
" " u' om exuberant care de.zeci de ani 4i insrijea sotia
:.j"aa. n"pa * qi" din intemplare limba in 1907' in 19Og
i.ili"i",'J"';"" -"Scat
ca sn evitenomentulstinserii faraochilor
ai soti"i, au .tes impreun
'ndeosebire de
euthanasia Spre
uti"ti"qi
*i*rl.",t i'l"i'll'ii
* ;:H'i,i;::i;:T"i;,il',1i""''lill
rarnrein c'nL'""
;:'"4#;;;;";', ;;; rigi. f' a."p***
"'i
a" e" l ' zmenn li G um plowicT.l'r a': r "r ea lui Fr eJd'
' ' .-" 4f" ' ta;,.
p'", r':gss au*reaagon:arta.prcvo%ra
rdzi 9i
" "poner a tugt de ourcre 'i'
;";;i;;'''*. "sre remarrabrraEr nu qi trei
i'iii"a.,'"1";" q;* $i a atin! asifelvarsta de optzeci
prd31,1-H1t1ift$jlr]f
,x,1'*i*#,ffi
anl . l nca Inal
;"i,-i*a'-"r srmpronr "54i
dLlr
"i':,pt"-uii""
.uci deri l e !rovo.atc
ir-"i."i"i" *t".r"*"
pentru situalia din
_'_ Austda
- ': - _. au fost
de co1ll'ct ul dr nr r e convinge_il' lr lcr r oar e $'
rupe cumammenlionat d:j":: ildl" i1u-'
;#i[#r g*,*itiit[l,, Operei din Viera, Eduard Van dei Nii[' s-a spAn'
*,,.,*+
..lri"-rli"it"'r.hit*tii
iiii, ;.t-Ji;
"'","
,o' ia,
urei fraze deprasate-ca*n :"upi:: ll-:l:::.*:::
edificiu pentru care 9i.a dat intr€aga
''ll,l;;l;[tffiffi*##rffi :i.'*aq"r
"rtni"teri, -ag:'ir'cul lui de nedesPe4it,.AuP"t
El
ii,.i"i,r"l.'o.;;;i "ntut-utoNl
t" aouarun:duPa e'eeade
'lnrarr'
pe?1":1dt."-"1
fondur uner
i"tr*]
apr oaPc
ru" ut" nej usi i fi er i ri f sla ! nui adjulanl r n'sr r jnp dc
nicjodat '
fr
' " f" - m a: eipr r m ar
t'i*#d
d" i a scesi inc: dPnt nu si- a
" -" :rJ-a" " ^i kaza qjursa orc\ erbralb I ed'
.iii""tr" ," , *erand masjas' -EF.
'ut', ""ir, ' seh'ePfteut" -A roslfoartefrumosmiaplEcut
iii*,""n..i"n
foanemulr-'.
pa rnvcnBro-rur
Bi"d.rmeictI a a{ul ca proraconist
' ,Oalta rrasedre
::;:;m',1;'*;
:l;ff *:lti":i:3"..":Ti,"'{""::,H#"ilil::
::.:LUr" ji i'"""
"." rl"r.''i"" I8tI-188L, 'sre
a lucral dc
doJbzec: ani sa penec_
I *',:Ji"3";t#""il;Ii";.iii::c1iJ::i
s""pi".r,.ii;;bd';;
";'"":",r" te,*uu*r", "":;lt:::;
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a"""iopu,"t j:;;?i:,ffi iilj,jiti;1":,::
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.i ff ;Ftr;d:;:1",:tj",iilh:,JiTi"fi il*li
190 POZITI''ISMUL
rt IMPEESIONTSMUI,
FASCINA'I'IA TN FATA MORTII
p'nIu,u,
i#:'"li}".i,i "iilii"'li";"i",iT.:.T" moqleni,or
Rudo,
lfrh"r;ii,*:r.yTj:l;;rL:,:;m:*H:?it"i::t:
r,"".fi.i!:,ry*t*
ill"":"triff mr;"* t+;
;;flirr;':.#;;it*'r-fi-i:i,;ffi
l,",,ifjjii;*l;1imlffi
r#iji t"r*"*",r.*-r:T
iTr:il"".,"*ii:ylii,",-fi
111r'4,q;:,:ltr""jf iFit:
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31;t;:;1]t,'*,c,"" r'""-r'-c'"n"
E'rre!esprepericorere
njr
it[1,i:r"t.,ffif:'fftil"":,+:
*s;r*ir;""",
ii':i#*,ifr fi;*i]iil":ffi
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*;l*:+",ji{*d};ii{,"it
*i,lmil1,*-ti
uneiiubide?uate.
inocd;i; i#;, "#Sil'iir:TJ"";HH":#;
: ' . Buculia lnudcioasd (n t )
POZlTtt'IsMuL5t tMpiEstoNlSMUI
FASCINATIA IN !'ATA'MORTII 193 I
l3 Gttttingen. ?ar6l nu
,m *y;:;liitl1
*iF,r Ir#;';:i::,"1x,x:
!i a mai revFnft ni"n
.l:;:1i,::i ri (urent. P enl ru cd biocr af i;I ui Her 7l pnve$ cu{dispr ef
lui posibjlit st ea acest er r
a
or jce
am anP
il*:jTiil+'::
:, ;
ilfi;0;;i;;,i'";.";:'C::J;J1;ii:.,11
*il."1r
t""t",L',l;r$i*::
-j u cu pr:vrre
ii-"'"'i.i,.
l s si nu. ido. ea
o*a "x'sra dovezi.acesreaar srdn'a o luminb
iie isupla atitudinii austriecilorfate de sionism ' '
f19111""1,"1-**,r1 ir jrie :sdsr,.r iii i"oi a",r"r a" sinuciden enum'erate.aici
sunt foarte sr€ri- dc
;;i:I::f.111:" f,l":,ssre$ a"al",.i";el, . iJ.a"a iu patte tentatil'ele de sinucidere, zvonudl€ sau
:;;;1,'";;;il';:.i"":::r:lh:,..f y2. s.al eu$ca,,n
casa p6 '" .p-*** "di nazitti cei opt tineri dotari *'." d::
**.ql*trl*1**+'*:1ffi
'Y ca'e".1
o so(ietat" ri
," jurul lui 1890lasaurn urma
ii"" p" .'' ri inrr-adeva
""i''i"1" r.r,:l
i,-cllllrili:1"
'J'r".i" J.r ii" scut-o, e muli mai lunss:*.:":"11i.;:il"i
GustavMahler'
"" Albert
n:":"jrlii:";,,"1ffi t""-ir"ri'""""t1,"1, oskar Kokoschka, Eson Schiele'
xx;::t"r":; :ffi
;;i; ";;";T;'f"Jlil-J:x"i '.u1",. l " d* ' g
w i l rgen"t "i' q; ono Rsn( aJ
'ellir f cl sa!
int r un
farb sa alesgasoluri' m!rl1r'lnlr-o
-i*#ilTllri
iiil,""T:
ff"::iiXT,
a"ouuuu-""a nefericires
aaar;incarcatade Proleltlon$i dupliflla'e ini"leclualrrdr!pera(r
u sinuciderea unei existente incheiate intr-o caBe de snnatate
j"Tfi
1?JilF,t,#xT"..",::''"".',:,N-"m:rur;i:::,T
.,i.i, -i;r ungu" or Janos Bolvai,
epiia lstvdn Sz6e'h-envi.qi Nikolaus
detentieips;l'srrice lmperrul Hab"burg:cnu a
Hh;;lj,:;;'ll$ili{iliJi+T#"il,'f,r,H#
cu
L c"),:'i de'"b"nie p'elungilb daca€ sa fa'em o ronparalie
""o;u'
Roberr Schunann NiFrzhchesau osksr
J.lr" g"r."J". nota"rlin.
l;"*li'1.::,, :":::.:i;:l:"'li:l.ll"",X:J
r:-*:r;-';;;;
a". "
". , , " .i
"""J,i-"i;"a,
.ni"r naturala penrru
r"'" pornirii unor inteleciuali
anumitr
prccum
ausrrreti ? Nepu-
SLjflcr',scrupulde
ill{ijril
i, l:dii.rjf
"l"rl.i"i :r*::",;"lx ";*"i.
;r*".i"t"i""i"i"i
i""e
ul ".""
.el or ""r"1*
care
ar fi putut introduce ideea sinucide i intr o
-oartea
contempl au
ca pe o psrt€ nedezvnluitna vieln In
sceast aposibjlit at e convinger Fac5 m oaF
''*":"};:r
ll,'#i+iiruif$g iffffiri*lHtr p" i'J?11.i-dllll:.,1
' *i"", ""i"u-":i ::::::'i::l::T:llt"^1i ii,i,i" i"r"i'l p";i* Relariva absenra a sinuc:derilorrnrandul
ilxiilifft':T[Tjj*:;# #r:::tr ft"H"r:t'""il:l ' i""et'ii"l i""i're ders20suseresza fapiu' 'd rmer€iuD,aa
"i,,iii* ."a"titate de a luPr; inpotriva bimcidprii Mai
"."'" refom€iPolrticeintelertualjiDeshiEJinu 3u
^-""iiiiJ $idedicori
j1:-"3.;ri"i;;,'":'."iff
:ffi;i;,;11"::r, i"l,Tiii":i"3,1JH::: ;;liens!i
i r" i dci j mp r eciot u; olul.Dici m oanea pr em aLur a
l-'"li;il.'! ;,ilr:#j'
J'i;";"?;::
Tfl:":l'::':j-1::'-"];;1'''i :i,T -" " r,idemonstreazecazul lt r i Weinr nBPtlnclina! r a p"nr r u sinu-
" "cub
:?."#:,;i;r,""".T#rlii,.,*
ff#ilfJjT,"i"'".":.'ifi
'
,;; r"-""t* at nihilisnul ierap;utic Unsurul vienez Ka'l
"."r""r a facut aceastnobservalieinir-ur articol despre
r;
;'*"..""".:3'iilli;.
1;1
a;* }:r
#,".ff
"f#i{
a"":liaCe-rbonl
i"'jii r'' tgs.-.i"";t"!' u'"r'*r Polanvr' povestea in timpul
'd
paf le. s uf i\ pr de ca\ alpr r e a c) nr
jr#H*':*:$,",:l,*"lit*lfiilf#
ia:":x"'.ff#'
D noul ui rA zboimondi all a car p iuase
o st r t uor ne
;i e6a de douazeci deori . i n pet sobsjult {sDlel d des"oPer ea
pnn'
:teistice Dentru multi dintie contemporaniisni; asemenea
ttnia6cd:
j*riJ:i..*r
*HlTijirri:ii!T4r,.".,l;{:':,"*[r.*
darcz. ni;i acestianu s€ puteau decidasA
Dacd ar fi provocat s! aleasEinhe viaF 9i noarte, el tHamletl
ar li
;;,:r'#:jii
ajuns
racdpntaiul i:ilr;lii{:[lT
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ruicri;;;;;#;ii,,:; "
::XlTi jffiI:H;"X""""T::
terninat, de vrene ce nu poate alege viata40
*:*ilr**;;*i,fr*:#"1;*"i.iffi
ft,,Ig;{{*ffi
;fl[n**l**]:tlt,*,':
';,t*t,'',j*:,*i
t2
j"#i{ttr'T'i}nrr,"*l;t*i:+
fflTiirti;
'
'
Drnst Mach qi reducerealilosofiei
Ei psihologiei la frzici
;l*li*,:{Ltfi
*'fr1ttti}*,#igffi
rscur Ia ]\ms, l eng d Br Unn. M ach , si dsr or caza indepeDdenla
uruipa4jal fap,urui.ca". r::i' "".y1: l:1:-! ]]1._"1
:^-1"-
i:jl
e ani, acasn,de cntre taidl sau. Propietar $i profesor csre,
, sinpaiizase iu iebelii, tatel i'a lndemnatpe Maab sE urmez-e
Gi"i rit."at"rii g"ec;qtt$i lstiDetti. DeEifoa'te $ndt MacL
1 lu;t ".oior
bac&laureatulla xrems in 1855,dete la care apucasedeja pe
dul eandi .i i l i bere. A st udiat m alem ilica f i f izica ] a VieDacu ger -
.i l i i * " " E rLing! ! suseD I ?96 I 8?8r . hdr du- si Coct or at ul
"""
1860 E i abi l j arca i D 18 61. La puf ina vr em e dupa "cces l_a int glnit
Josepi l P opper-Lynk.u s.car e r r vs der enr Pr iet en. pe*viar eAni de
Itail a aaite*ii particulare,predandpEihofizicalui Fechner'dupn
.,ir der.enft proferorde matematici 1?1c'az, postur: T :i::.jy-,i_:
re 1864 si 1d6?. La Graz, el a fost unul dintrc aFopiatii economistului
)rriirinetHerlmann (1339-1902),csre a invent&i in 1869 cat'ieatogtalt
li 'ai
fructuogi ani l{ach i-a petrecut€a p l€sor de-Iili:i-e-x9:lr^!0ir
l E Ia Ia P rasa - dj D 186? pr iDdin 1895 inr inpul anuJui 1879- 1880ela
rostrecror ai mversjtali' pragheze.opun ndu * viqurm seararl aje8Frl
iq univer;itatea ceha gi cea germana DuI6 ce rcforma respectivd a fost
'ijuir in bractica. Mach a refuzat realeserea 5a ca iecior as€muind
iup[ere cehe impotriva eermanilor cu rnzboaiele relisioase din secolul
19 6 POZITIVISMUL IMPRESIONISMUL
$I r 97
FILOSOFII $TNNTEI
na,u'"l'.:il:l .lT.:";:i,"-',T::1:i';ll:
deDunnczeu.
eror brrourur.
economic.ar tul^Il,^
,vocapnncipiul
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'11:1."il'J:"'',;:#ii ","'""," "*."",-i
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lii"l#1i:1i:'"'",'."ti'J*'"ff
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l'$rs
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ilittfl*
"pnrrlcaipnaruru
.Jit s,i}bu
euar .rr ca abstracir,:ne5.
respingcreriimpu'uraD'll"-;;;,i,,' i,i* r,
**ffi
ri"" Frank"se
rtSSa-t906t. NreD pEsheT
: :::J'.;"ff;; i;i'; ;"rioaa"atgt-c^d..
z-rcrg,tu'
^ ern=1"-
-
p.'g, a ca'acreriza lur MachtD
puzi!:a
ili"n r, .tt" o"'i-u
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ll li aILOSOTI S'IIiNTE]
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. unde s fost succesor urlui M ach la caiedr d Bolt zm anna coDr e-
It f.r" , Oooa" .tuden!rInsiDtede a I invitape Fried'jch
Iil,*r'*:,'"t"iliili;:lil-*::f,'I"*iil{'i:ri; "
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implinit
208 POZITI\,'ISMIIL
9I IMPRE6IONISMUI, 209
r\losotll 9a[N"TDI
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obi'nuirisa Enr.lopedla o/ U'rfied S'ienryst 3u(esoarea
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Filosofii limliajului ii"".a *" Hsrtrnsnnii Euse.nD*'tngt !-a,11:*l-b^::;
"", .*ir";"rrtr1t' linbajului a apirrul ln penoadatinererii
'i"
;;;";;;;', buarar o eins'ra timha c; trei pe necare
Fritz Mauthner _ '"i" "' " germana cehasi eb*ica lmersjunea
de.ja.crjdca superstJljei "'i"
ta un misdcisD thrd cuv6n ii" ""ii-ti dilerite l--afdcut sa puna sub semnul int'Fb-5rii
-"t*'",
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2t2 lozJTr\{sMUL
5r iMPRESTONISMUL
213
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FIIOSOFII LIMEAJT'LUI
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in lonr'licr'
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irei ani nai terziu La inceputrt anilor-80' a
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IMPRESIONISMW FILOSOFIT LTMBA.TULUI
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"
zla poziTMSMOl
$I IMpRlJsIoNrsMUr,
- T.ILOSOIT LIMBAJULUI 219
i,,'il"ffi : 1';;';;';1:::ri, erarupecareodau a l
o bArurli
jT,,"J;,?."#J.:;i,;i3ll;"ii:iti
;.#"JIxi jX:Jl#jr
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li ffi*fl:flT*#sffi K l | us Lanresl edupa o exper ienli, auLcnir cnor , d. independenr ade
dPl- . u. el s jonslal
nori e. C opl cFi Lde scnLj ment ulunui Per m aneDL
o galr1dn;ftr5irn de modele plalonjcc, folosindu-le pmrru a.clasifie
ii€;lua tot ce !€ intanplE. Plins in inchisoarealucrurilor dejs exis'
riite,.a intors pe toate felele soleeismei€!i dizarmoniile vorbirii csnten-
i
f#*#ffi+-**ffi
,.u* . p" nu a putut euLs sa I e asiAlileze.Um or ist ul suf er es
""ie
ni; muzicianului binecuvaDtat co o u'eche perfectn, 9i totuFi con-
J uat s6-9i petreaca vi a(s ascull6ndui pe af oni
rE a excelai!n pastiEe.are demascauwlgaritatea mai necru-
p{",1".;",1,;
;i,.f;ffi ril:qtfri'*"j,: ecotaje
re, surf ln fapt niFte miniaje briliante..Tehnica.lui
aiep':zenti,o toin:.larl'al6-!:_?:1lll:T^119
du.cirate
riuneavi€tezd spre decorehvi€mpdn rearanjareaeleDent€lor.
l&aus de
ft*r{ix$*tfr*r*fi'*ffi
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lui,Lr:d*ig Witlgenskin _
phmtd_Franz Jcef 6 6 r q 6 l u i n d l o !fo a Fsi u r "i i d e C o r p JB C h n s'i d e a
, in 1909.Acest eveniment aDual celebla aliari. ilintre tron 6i altar.
K a rl Lu cg s a d! l- , in lolk s p rs ,e r i n 1 9 0 5 .
A.e a s rs
uou3, rru sr,e J z ! m odutt n c a rep n D 6 , u t i n re tp s e a a . ,a rc ta; Jui W i . Aielierul lui Hrns Makait, piclat de Rudolf-{ll in 1884.Cs arbitr! al nodej
s s e x p to a,,ze(sre;
v rcnezrl o r anii 1870, Makarr a fdclt di! atelierul siru Mecce socie6iii vieneze.
$:*ii";i::T*,*"?#iT:_1:,i::,iHi:'J';:,ii,""?,rJi3:,xi e a u a G . i e n 6 l e i d ', d F s e n s ra o F R L do .r \ o l ke l cu p u ti n l n a i n .e d a a l :
'h1r.
in 1.89?.Prinire soijtorii care o lrecventau, in dreapl! fotosrafiei
ti Peter Altenberg.
FILOSOFIVIENEZI
PERSONALITATIVIZIONARE]]IN BOEM'A $I MOMVIA
j;,{tri;:,,;,ff
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[.!;?ilTi:-;;t#,iilir* jilr
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:..+: ;:*k*lli:k",,,.;
fuii:1;,!l!"[*"*:,, ji
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fu:{*l?1.i[fi Tj:;:l;T.",rrrdJr.rr l xni sm' idF substsnta al ur Dagului sau evr pul vienez Fr iedr ich
rmanD (1896 1959),csre, dupe cum af m a St uar ( Ham pshir e lej
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uzua,eNeuraihdiL '
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n ivar ca
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234 pozITMSMUL gt
IMPRESIONTSMLTL
ITLOSOIN LIMS,AJULU]
*llNn'*t*,msfiN****
i mare iinele decat Stdhr, el a sustinut ce,\de$i filoeorla
d se autodemiseBe,coE€ntatorilorle-au rAai rAmar tnca
de clarificat Prin exexaplc ti aforisne demn€ de Ksrl IGsus
a descelcito multim€ de probtemeale filocofieioccidental€
cetamai lnalte ltandalde sle deodi, el a obFervaturme de
iier"i t" coe"entaalior ganditori.ralel cu'! ]caus derecta€e
;rj*rmi;**: ii#fl
f .*iiiil!"Hrff;[*]fl
jrjl#{iltj
tuiinea acolounde altil vedeaudosr unjoc frivol E'ersis morald'
araNpuneadinamismul tatnlui lAu in lumea ideilor, l-a.ftcut pe
*?Hnidii:r
l"x#il1#ilffttr eEFteinFe deyind una dintre ftgurile tlustre ale gendnii Eeco-
',",{ffi
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a cultivat acetperfedionismcarein cazulaltor gAnditorisustriecis-a
nult prea curendfie in nihiliAn terapeutic,fie tn utopism'
]F
8neforrnat
, lui Weidnser Broch 9i Kraus, Witlsen€tein a combinat 'ele
ulsuri. Atet de lndrigostit em de ideea perfecliunii' tncet a
un sisiem frlosoficpentta a-ii distruse ploPriul ideai.
#*tt[t{*fl*[]r,'ffiffi
#,i]iti;,HiiTil
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+*li"'i,il{'
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r,ti,()soJill DIAI,oGULUI 237
$*s**ixii+ti****,m:t'll,"*-rul;t
rmandu-ti astfel p etenii marcioniqti din Praga, care il
er6:pe om d€.Dumnezeu.Pentru ei, la fet ca.pentru tAndrul
t.Dumaio elitd poateaveaacceslaDumnezeu,atitgeDdpe pnmant
ffiffiffi
conqniune misticd elosiatd de Mauthner si Lardauer. in stilul
.e'triiogdil Daniel : Gespratcheeon d.erUetuirkLichuns (Daniel.
ii d.espretnfdptuirc) (Leipzig, 1913), Buber q subliriat itua o
)olaiittrile eterne, de gend om.Dumnezeu,suflet-simluri,poet-
L pentru a propovnduio noud leDasterespirituau. in naniera lui
€l a indemnat arti$tii sn coboa.€ ln sbisut (Abgrand) incer-
ii penhu a se colftunta culosmosul. lleptat,ln timpui prinului
moDdial, Buber a transforDat mistica panteisti intr-o filoso{ie a
il expu8aiD Ln und Du (Letpzis, 1923).Buber a 6chimlat
qlpl cu evanshelismul pa4ial sub inAueDla lui Franz Rosenz{eig
9?9), unul dintre si'rden ii ewei sermani ai lui Fri€drich Meinecke.
cspedndu-].pe Dumnezeu ,prin intermediul unui pieter enleu
Eug€n Rosenstock-Huessy (1888.), Rosenzweig Galutd iudais-
'etiinismul deopotdva,€a .pa niSte manifesteriautentice.ale
ui relisiosr.
t lah un4 Du, Buber iedtstribuie poladtdlile, .discutateinitial tn
el, lmprumute.nd cuvintel€ p mar€ (G.zndDo.re) ale lui Ludwie
lbach, el a impnrlit expedenla in .elaliile Eu-T\r Si Eu.EI€a'.
tqa relalie presupuneexisienla a doua eui conttient€ fi€care de
ile celuilalt Si aflate ir intera;tiu€, tar a doua .elqtie de8redeazi
Intrun obiect..DeFiintiElitatea.Iu-1\r poate insoti sentin€ntul d.
ti p etenie, Buber a poFtulat-o pentru a expdma.raportul
d!1tre oD Si Durnnezeu. Departe de a fi un obiect,sau u'l sat de resDti,
l";'.q'"#
D umrezcutransm ilp Fem naleom ului dor nic sn t e vsdi. Dsca : n r ; "i, ,
**",,",,u..mfl;H1"
j##:T,H*'r,i,i,ffi
;"","#;":x?i:#i""?,i#H'frTit*
.ge.pelebraascensiunea O"-"*"", f.l, rand ,u a.intDcuit culrul
"p* Dupn 1916€xtazul a
eulli cu venerar€aceluilalt. ftcut toc intatnir'i.
experienla(trle6Dts) a devenit €vedment, iar ectuatizarca lui Dumne,,,,,
,lve.u)irhlichu'r9 Gattes) s-a transformat in presntirea hmii in v€do{.i,
$****ffi
Derceptiejsents;bililaij iDler-raliale Buber a lnljribionvjngerea
unde ideologiile s" infrunti, indiqzji se po1 inleleg€ inlr€ ei I
$n, dialogul Eu-I\r le-a r€dat €copticilor speranld
r,
rflt*it#$'[:,',.-'#ft
""fi,,*,i.41:[ft l'* ma; Dutilr cunoscutdecAtBube! estecolegulacestuia,catolicul
nil E-bner(1882"1941){.
cu-iotul indepeddent
adt, €l au a per{sit
de
Ebner a descop€ritln 1916:relatia
Bube!
niciodati
tt F€ur€bachNdscut tn Wiener
Austria, fiind un ,,ommdrunt' a
povest€ !au Ebner-Escheribach. Dupd
#*$$-ffi
iibrt seamlna cu o de Sasr
teaiatdlui, tr 1904,Ebner!-a simrit copletitde povaraamiotililor
e.de acosta; un ins care asista zilnic la liturghie, dar ale.clrui
re liiEite de tact au ndscutln idma fiului un Bentimentde iubire
,cat& cu utA fatt de biseticd Dupi torminarea tcoiii nolmale'
r regretul seu etern nri lnvilase ereceFte,Ebn€r a fost, din
|l! r;1912, tnvaFtor Ia Waldisg, iance'wiener Neusiisdt.ln
;-d iransferat la G;blitz, miri aproap€de viem, ti putea m6rge
ls..biblioteciteFi prietenii din ldetmpold.O tuberculozdcmnica1"4
{de serviciultrilitan fo4endu-l s! se rettagtrde ls catedr{ tn 1929.
'1900gi 1924,ceamai dragEprietenl's 6a s foEtLuise Karpishek,
iLu z;ce ani mdiln versfi;cu carea corespo4dat inleD6,ln special
po 1919.Ebner nu a lndraznit niciodataF6 o cearade Eojiede teamA
d€veDindu-inevaBld,ea va lnceLasA ti nsi fie muzE In octonbtie
r,a cAlltodt cu o cot€giide ia gcoaladir Gabiitz. Msria Mizera,
tngrijoade cdliva ani.ln afarl deAdolftoos giHermennSwoboda,
din;e prielenii sai aptopiatia folt comporirorulJosefMariagauet
i-1959r.nascul de aseElenee ln WienetNeusi9dl.Ebner era un
i nfocat, pl dcA ndu.isa c6nt e m ai sle! Bach 9j M or ar t
,lre 1902 Fi 1907. admiralia talA de Shakespea'e ei Dostoie-!EkiI-a
rminar sA lcrie vFrsuri, inrluriv un poem despre Colgora ln 1907
*lrx":l"r
+l;:l
$$#;*fr*ni"i'{tl#mi
240 poztTrvrsMu!
st TMpRESIONTSMU! TILOSOII] DIAIOCULUI 24L
Das^W-ortt d.ie
AcistiCp,Rpotrrdlpn,pe csre uD cditor vienez a r€t
!ad o_.!", uddporuncal ui D urnneze u.oar sb o si - nf epr ulascaDacaiu se culr iva
jil, i"^":, :". stohr o ridicuttase.Lioer_cuseta
Iorul slo evereotatati t de -ru-. l i m ba de'ine. ass cum a spus M aut hncr '
aut o-
"i,"""
5.*",1i["",,,',.#:tr]illJ
!#iili::itr.i*?ljil":."."J"fi nolaloare. Dogma comprom;re conracLul cu Dumnezeu p-an inghe$re8
i+:ti lri'i;rnl,ilruii"*;:*
:,frt.,fi ri{: j;1 ui viu. AsemtnAnd dogma cu 8or noftis, E6ner deplang€
ci birccratia bisericeascnii lnwejbeFt€pe cr€9tini, despdrtind
e de credinF. Obligat fiind ca tnvdtnbr sa m;rteluiasct ln pro-
d€ Coryuschdsti caresanctificauatianta dintre tron si altar'
ilij:fi;i[+:,"i."":"j!i1::"t",tirr*]1n:rlfrjilf
rezorve
problernele
anticr".*ri"-J,i,,".i*al'i;"il;
;;:"T:
u-rasn vad, cum ii respleteacruceade lier pe aviaton sau cum
bea crucea cu pietre prelioase Pe cavalerii unui ordin laic
,:o . Asenenea lui Haeker, acest antinomic condamna folosirea
lr reisitieenRearitiiten,
,,,-1,:lf !:: ri""1" cuuaatutii reahtatcosp. Dentru binecuvantarea aruelor, c ticend biserica pentru faptul
rl.hctnsamkeitI
iL11.':-'-i1,"".:. :ompsrarieintle ceeaceernumeaizorarea e" deveD eaal i ai s unej soc iet eliesocenLr ice
Fi*r.rr" d,.n . ii,e",i;";;,il;ffiIil;::
ooar pnn erperjenls dinrre La.fel caln cazullui Kierkegaard, pefectionisnul nevtotic l-a lmpins
_eu"qi ju" prir i**ar"ai,t *.li"ii Ebner sh-i prctind6 bisericii o pudtate desdvartitd. Asemenea lut
Cuv 6nr ul ,e E re in8er. lnv;r.atorul aves deseori acceaedepresive a caror insrala'e
l u l .re ts ti c i d i n L ree u $i l u. careseanAte b
r er a! ' pi drD tre-voemh i " u D
$ i u m n e /e u .i " * r" 1i " ltpt aEticipa pe baza teoriei periodicitdlii a Iui Swoboda. Ebner a
, nr r eas ev i o (A s D i rj r!o l a j ,E i i
" * ".ta " .rl rcat EI se sinucidi ln martie $, din Dou, in mai 1923, dispelst fiind
D ri ci ns sar e de a se alat ur a biser jcii ln . CuvdnLul
E bner a, s , , s g ;n ul1r.i s te n t c A ' D capscrtal i i eea Een Reolilt ; t Pn.el qi adezvaluirdubijle
.^ a .e a s l e c o n cepti ea rnai l nrdl ni r-od( tre' l a D osfrort unddi
dupa rosn Fi in exesezarecura de Hamar turn cu propvia cdte, r€producand h ltrtlegim€ diatdba lui Sttthr'
f l:"",Xf ",:: nI* l:;;pentru
; ;; ;;;;; il;;H::I":T*;"T,
T":"":'^:'.']-t-.dli:*:*hctia
se lamenta ce delectul cel mai mare aI ce4ii sale consta lD faPtul
:J;::"-" l:jj.::b*16 Ebner.izorarea se pr;, tatit lui, .druia it dedicase cartea, nu ar fi putut s, o tn eleasd. Mai
::l:'l:i'ld" un..eu.
adora
r,,;";;l "eurui"
i;;;i;;;##J:;i: tin 6osmopolit ca Buber, Ebner ajunsese ]a intuitia relatiei eu-tu lD
nroson". cu ea
rul rend scnindu-i LuieeilGryischek Dupd ce a corespoDdat
spun€-
sotlocur,asemenea rui.,e.lt?e
iiL""l"ll'",il,i"i:l*::lrl ::: -de "' -*;"i""'.i
oft wd;;dl;p"biiia";i.i imp de cinci aDi, ,tu' se incdrcase de sens - faptul de a'i scrie ,,tu"-ului
:::u::cfle_::rltabiid:.Iiiosona specurativ,esrer.n \.rs,peryeiu u i""u-"a act de comuniune Neacceptendcesntona cu Luise,
E!*l a n"mir
lI-" j." --e,sLj;; i;;;;;;i;i;;;:.,";.
p" tu;.,'sche ne' il urme "n
pracric pe celibatarul Grillparzer. .are practicase acela$i
lli"i,'ll_ll1! $j I'atonurstpexr,"". pu nd€ lnstrninare de,mireasa lui et€rnd' Refuzand-o pe Lutue' Ebner
iil.*Ti:l
il1l";:t,T'",i:""9:,TTtL,"1::"1:*iJjf
:q;hH'fi ";" Liculizade fapi birocralia bisericeasc;
Cu toate cI luj Ebner i-a lipsit erandoareaprofetice a lui Buber,
j:_":-o ::t":-",".';;;;;i;:;;l;;;;:'Jl;;li::'"::i:?.:."{i:iX,i:
' ;; ;:;'ii:l,li,'ii,:li; ermatologia invntntorului a ajuns sd se insinu€ze lD apolosetica
1::"1:t:"* ."0,'"";;;;;i;;;penrru X,,",ll ,rnano-catolice.Salutat ca un Kierkesasd al catolicisnului' Ebner a
'"i
i"l-",:i",:"^T;lr i",{"minis''ri a conviose
*i::i:ri:iiry"i;;::irul;."l",,:"l"iiii:'.Lr;"fi
prac,ica
izorerca
_arui-,p*r*
sarlsr dt ta reabilitarea teolosiei anticlericale Asemenea altor argu"
"eu_-J i ale existetrlei lui Dumnezeu, Fi cea pneumatologici, suslinute
Ebn€r. este circulard. Nici el nul putea deduce pe Dumnezeu din
i n lo. s a o I nc ura j e z e il;;;;'rilil;""j;#. ir€a oamedlor. la fel cum nici Mauthner nu il putuse deduce din
"""i,i" ire. Ebnera afirmat cn tirnbasc stesteinfe oardvorbirii Sesizand
,fga;-m1;:**,x,i,J;nii""*ri":i:r,;i$rl:T":il:,""Tr
ffii:r::'"""",#ii{n":j*$:"'#}i,'"":*'i,s:xli*m la oE la orn, Ebner lua apErarea societniii 'il€ luraie, deplensand in
*;:;l:",":1":,:
l";*;;;;-.;;1";i:
e1crn.
rnrordesuna
:."il,i:,,i"1T1?Llli#
a.eiaqi tinp tzotarea €ului ln metropole Plin de nostatgi€' Ebner s-a
Earosa numdrat Drinbe conseNatorii care in jurul anului 1900 au luptai penhu
j:,,:1i11.10 pncumarolo8.iarui Hamaon,rbner
"t_g" a":.g,;,bl"i""
rdmuhr o "" ed renaqtereavalorilor preindustriale.
*:fiii,tT""""ff","Jsirx*lbil*.:;,l"lr#*tr;:"Ji:i Ceeace propuneEbner nu esteun .alionament convinsntor,ci mai
crrand un ind€mD.CaracterizAndtr'se prin u'Ililinta sp€ciftcn
'onului
I
242 POZI'I'IVISMUL
I $I IMPRESTOMSMUL
-ffi Pentruomulcontemporan,
rld6cini1e ideilor lui
15
Freud gi medicina
O schili a evolulieilui Freud
l;,,9"#i:",:?j".:,;,
hF;t.:;,fi:ti,i,;,,"'i,"il
jni :"::il ," p de pneumonrecu rrej ar u inar nI eL Dup6 m ar ne Lgiis
' .;;i ; vr ena nozisr a, li sn
pr ier enii
p- r c{e- ia
*,j":,:, "n:dlli
;: ":TlT.'
;q._:l rnTlfl##
l; r.i"j"c,"i,"ilffi""Ji
r"r"u"*,"iJial
:,"Tr:,T
p; * ," s" .^" se
. Fi rca' l ui , A mc, qr Em
per
est
a€easca
Jones il Pr ecsr
care barranul o adm r r asedint ot deauna Dupn
ise'5o lo-
ce- 5r
cuinr
v't
_a
binr r - o
nd. uto
as_ziqur@rcptaror ""J" r'il,;t"";i Mui comerciant carea translerar-ola New
l r:,,o,og']"
,:i;I.T,.::
i:tj""q: ;' g:":.: d"#';;;;
l.:":::+e
;"?il1lH'i".:tr,U: " " "
d*J;r,"" i'*i,,," -.lreud a pbresrt.ls
4 junrPrgss pe
oraqul
recrorra raredrade neuroparoroci iiii""il*a,"; si cdruiai-a datoratprobabilnai
;;;;::;;
":::," j::;:,
."1-1.1:-"-"nr
j/""Jxf
::;fy_":r;liii:1Ti:li,:,;i*:,;l;r
"c"ia -dsurn
lliifii$,fi -;drtH*:-;f#
!]:l#i:r:':in,
*+*+l*'il#;n
aceastd ca.ie nihilismul terapeutic a fost menlioaat
tot timp-ul
#i'
w€hle'
;,',
Richad
:#
a vielii viene;e. Otto Weininger,
[r$*,* j;fi
:i'+::ta*::1*rl::"n:ti#il",Ji
;r'":+j..,":",,.1i
rser
ramiria
i';; ; ;i;;,:l"jli:iT:,fl,J:l.i;
" "?*"ru"i.a
"r
i " o" ;g w ;" s""". '
" " i .r" r' i ' t" ;rLi
""r
;;: ;;;t,;;i;,
au int
;" a propunesorurii
-au
r Lr co-
chipat Dvinser ca
ea
DumaratB€rthavon
n""" ft4"y*a* ;*"1 Poppor-LvnreusTbeodorHtrzl ii Otto
teraPeuiica fost aplicat lilosofrlor
bolile
st desza viDdecar ec Pr inlr e adver 8ar ii
r":::,t;ri:i:i:;iii,:.,:l;"lfit**",,*".i,""i::t;
j;:
llir".I#?H{ iji,:ir nr#h$:i::,
;ryi:;;xn oe (are va .ul tj ve com pas; uneaf ala de pacien! r '
$"*:,:i:lT:ii,F;:;ii'.,"",,:;:lnrift
::;:j:"":"" -r;;,i ,ri*il
"*d:. iii'"#ii,i;';::il.il':#;:X:
":rr,,,
i i de Medic;najt l, n:'i
f scurtBr
FoDdarorur
i;'il:i-L"j'"J
;l.* ; il*,;lin:J:J::llHH,;l;n:: '
:,1i"1-:i i.1'"^l:
il.,;:::: :,:.i11
** se aqezasb scriepane,a .'e, d,min irismur proiesoruluiseucarc.pnn acum-uratlenie de^observatii'
Adeplii
p"u"ticilegarlataDetti- lui van Swiete! au
i"'"1t1i!igl*a*#."1,*+;**lu*h+,
tr+*i*r n:n;I""*;,j#*.[*
i :iliil:q.;::'i lin"nng::;:1,','lu:]""il:i:i;lffi
""ila;""."ait"r"
Lllsn rpnascd doctiina hipocratice
'?':iJ;i:")il"i'1ii"i1
.i"*i"rir""*"
a puterii vind:e"ll"
i Ylll'l
;rnf,*r# j:r""r,#;;f:4{*1:
iii."i', ii"l:iJ ""'ill"llpruruj-'a
jiilir.ltn:;{m: '*;*"r " ,*li"'"p","'
ilil;;
a rmjla sDilalelp-nfiinlaLern Franla de sora lui Mana Antoeneta
i"i".,*J'c."" Mare a ssracilortCrcsormmhaus"'a'e addPosrise
::i:it:liff
ffi,ft
*::?,:m'nl,t*i,,:f {*:il,,}:l;,il;*:. .i"J-ii*"'""ri"ii
'r
;pv0iasi.nou.qpiralcuprindestrei incinremari
s. r.ei mici.,ntiDzandu'se.semenesunei unas: *'"i'lt l1,"l1rjrl:i
in anur urmaror
;"F;;rl';r;;';ir.-;;;i.i" ** i.", i' fLnqiuDe
246 POZI?II/1SMUL IMPI]ESIONISMUI,
$I IRETTD$I MEDICINA
,il::liif
i*i;;;T:;iix?*'#ffi "":tr:#"x,Lxi#:i, capde neam!nurcttor ,o,iin::
iriffi a"i*te .*"*", *"
;;::::fi":$#,i'i';l:
**i:irflil"]illl
[TJt|".::xtr
"" "dev'rat
j1:
i,31[l;:;:#4,;,,;;tri#rf
lrr*i{#r ,diferenF lui Rokiunskv fs\a de-t:r1er.: :rs
un rFflex al teoriei
,*" nrt"rr ,-.ne "xpu"l de el in DiP Solidodidt
'i?:#i
ott.e:.rhkrleb'::
protonrasmei ii esrefoame
i" n"*'" ;r""t al exisrentei
ii*rj;j!rrl,*l*:r,.";,;*":.In{iLlT:l;;ifnl
:.il
I iiii"""tt,-"r'"r"t,e
rl::Tl":T:;
declanseaza.asresivira::X
agres''i;il:f
*s:* ::r,l ii {r:flIT":
;tyji:rf"",jrr*l';;;;i;i"'fi;;;ii;t'at;tor
-raro'ra
i'.1;;;il,i1;,11 I;1111
::':l';",'i:;
l rTj;ili?ffi ilq:l
ii,tt#l'ml"lffi -"Ji"?"""i""""":;:"""$i'""1,11'T"X'"f !
iri"i ar"a'"i"p,a ar"*iniana pentru libelrarp 'ompetiLj"
c're
ra.:*'l:.:,"t:l:::;
L'i,t p'i"ei*ir'ti;',r .tendn;.ttre torodaljL-
" a"io'ner"'mei
caroti"eainBo'miaarunci
* ;f,;nd#,s"rh
:;;:i;:;"#iil;;i; p^oire
,,,""",,ru**:f*ili$
*., *;*; 'li
;l!teu. i'natoust'r invita
dinrrcoemeni
. ui'rn" .0,ao* ;nr"r"e"rea
ji.e u"rii. i*ar"a'a *"dinla B'ederneierrn
p' sn
oarneni
l{ITq:-:y^':':1
armonia
islite
di:tircon t)
nodelul distic
:rx ;:t*:l;lru;ru;#
r*iji,t+i"s:i1i
::" a,;i::,; ;;;;ili;;;"t;i"
"" care;aa nu ftce njni' e rcl mai b"" l',:l:::":;
, doctrinapotrr"it
;"r';;lii;;i;i;'" punanici.un
';pscriseserd
abuzivtratsmenrecu ripjror $i
diasnosric' R"ull:,'"Ilili3:,
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;;;or; t a
:"J"i!"",
;;;i .;;;;" ;;;;;.
r:l,:lF"*llllim;l"llTi[,:,1'#:lii;;::;."?:i:.i'i"
';enezi
e';u sati zali p€ntru modul in care
\r "
nl::il11
"ri*iitil*.;i:i:'mt:.i"":,:l*
oc Ar i nc
:'..!!r
a* ::liii( nr u:
i ndom
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;:;;;;.i;;il;;riie aeaesi ret,rheodo BiurothqiHanE
POZTTI\,1SMU!sI tMPnlSIONtsMuL
FRB1JDSI MEDICINA 261
::iffi;iriId:+"T,:it:li::.""if
"ijl:::,,:,,,:.1,;l
' a succeselorlui Billroth, Freud a ajuns se priveasceierapia
ritt drept un f€L de €hirurgie care inbturd corPurile psihi'e
;i{:tit"{:
i:":rt".','.:";T:Tt. r::,"-
}F'i{i[: , perrnirAndulertnilor 6a 3e viDdecefdra sd tlezeascam@a s-
soararerb. Merita sa exsm;nem m detaUu atitudinile pe care
I
r*i***r*t-{*[l#l*". +*
*'*",,;;;,;j":";;:i?tiixq;r*iiJ;liix*rkr*r
fesori qi co)e8ii le-au Iransrnis lur Freud tn perioada 1876-r900.
-i iNt;uDentele ftcesste pentru ca, apoi, el sA
rde roate acFsrcpuncr e de veder e.
poatd sintetiza
***:m$+tnrru+nffifl*;
;*.mljli",,::*,ry,;"9;g"axt",*m#jiX"".#
;;;;i...,;::::l
. .
, - _ _-
:,"tnra
- r q. qt r
sala adresa
a6! J s De, los o f i q i p €
gandjror
animari,a6iri.""ii,
il""i,i
|is.Berlin.cu€rob oloe:rlJohanrcs Muller (1801-1858)'lare i1
e,.onviagereB ce psihotosia empirice hebuie se tiumfe asuprE
ei.roErantice. AIli studenli ai tui Mullet, prinhe care Rudor
-Itrermsnn Ilehdroltz !i Enil du Bois-Revinond, au rtupendit
LBmaestrului, cu care BcestaveniEela Viena in 1849rca
(I''nrr#), dir 18?6pAnaln 1882,in laboEtorul de fiziologi€
^,." . Freud s-a ,ntrenat ia arta obs€rva$ieiamialBlit€.
;;;i:;; "1:';""1::"":,i:?
;:,T:lH :i;iffi;
"J"T,.'i"""""::-1fl tl,l! toralul urei foste fabiici de arme, Ireud a iDv!'tst.sa
rJ"",.""T:,"X,si:*:1":*i:iiliH#ftT:,i",,"Tfl
;##;xe"#Fi: ,'ffii E Fi.str€vit€ dalseleefectep€ c^are1.lnobsery.atotle poate ptoduce
i,Tu"*i:ll*;*,:.ii*i$*,.*uh
i
' iecinenelor microscopiaein toc ad se piardn ln maBevra!€a
n;lor $ndrul frziolog a invtrlet o[,emb ologia:are n€voi€ de
! Ei nu d€ experim€nt,la fd cum diaeinosticulapar€ 14.ulma
rii post-mort€m, 4i ru din terspie. iobert R HdIt, carea greluat
,e.de vedere ate profesorului s6u budapestar Dlvid Rapaport
-".,..*,,, _,j:1".i-o_devenitj ri valj _ BrLicke, 960I subiiniaznfaFtul cd hcredetea lui Freud ln conceptuide
r\rat rl_tjbjng. Breuer gi efectul.anilor petrecuti cu Briicke.' P€nt r Brucke' la fel ca
FUess
llrolnholtz. cauzelereale erau puse ln,aYidentd de conceptul
. Cath€xele,impriEurile, tensiurile, rcprimdrile $i principiul
nfi,mrrr*t:;"#St'*':,j,;il.,i{{il:i
:r:#
tbi freudienepresupuntoate o desajsrede energe Asemer€4
i BiBriicke, In conc€plialui Freud sistemulnervosestepastv
se disipez€enersiilepeirunseln fo4e dinspre€xt€rior.Deja
252 POZII]IVISMUI,
. FI IMPRES]ONISMUL
IREIID FI MEDICINA
,g*##-dpffi
fi;r"i;: \,il";;,4
J"tit o gsmn de intereseasema$6toare' '"
"a ""ttiu"
iat l pe care F eud il admira cel mai muli ca student eta
.Meynet (1833-1892),ndscutla Dresdaiprof€sor la Iacultatea
ai"i.a a;" Vi""u din 1858 Pand in 1892r'gTheodorMevnert a
t la Vienacu Rokitanskyti cu anatomistulherbartian,specializat
.iomiacrcierului, Maximilian Leidesdorf(1816-1889)'evreu con-
L pe care trreud ii va intalni in 188510Poet de ocazie, dar om de
lgtstl"'g"'ut,l'tffi
ll extrem de activ, Mevnert a .evolulionat studiut anatomiei totale
ei erul ui , l uffend i ntr-m labor af or 6uPr aaslom er atin cat e aveau
sa sej oacc cop;i i . i n volum ul Psvciio/ . iP'Viena I 884l M e) m e't a
silocaliz;ze functiunil€ creieruluimare pentru a putea stabili
lare mai -naturald' a tulburnrilor leNoese El a testat aceasta
omib timp de ze{e ani la Spitalul de Stat de Boli Neryoase, care
biD€deo m'""Pll.*::d:
ia caija-mai
rfr**Xfi:''n*fir*,r,t"i,';*"-li#
!:"1:lL'-1:l1,"l i:"1:
rii.'ltevnert lDcerca sd discute logic cu nebunii incurabili, in
el eia ;n doctor tece 9i distant'?l, care dispteFia ,itratamentul
Ettlui" De notivul,ce acesta lpresupune mai mult d€cat putem rea-
linitale unei inve6tiealiigtiinti.*: n""::tT l1-,._,-
!i depaeegte pen,la I octomb e
rerand ir clinica lui Melaert de ]a 1 aprilie
****fi***ffiEffi
',Fieud a rutrit un mare.lespeci e::jIu, ergfe.soaconsidelendu-l
;;i strelucit seniu intehii vieodatd"s in Eztuurf eine' Psvcho'
i lgchitd pentru o psihologre)(1895),I'reud a reafilmat ?ostulatul
ein€it cu pdvirc ra e:{istenta eutui primar fi secundar.Bul primar
aiea oarte a vietii rnentale, timpurie din punct de vedete genetic
;6tr$tientE i el ap;r€ in momentul ln care copilul €ste coDgtient'de
area di ntre corpul ssu $i m ed'u Eul se. uno&r eslc agen- ul car e
**.''*#***f$nffi
mtlru**ffi
,Drie poziriviFtilor. Acessrd oPini" a fost coroborata cu enruziasmul
iare ianarul nedic tl svea penLru hiproze 9i Peihiatria fiancpzS iD
.cea.harcotian5r M€ynert a resphs total r€cursereala hrpno-
i, coDsidelend-o purE qarlaianie in caltea Ba despre afazie (189D,
ud a!.riticat anatomia corticald a lui Mevnertr. dUpn ce'Mevneri
tE udiase Eostulatul lui F eud despre iste a masculind: lmpllrnutat
In la86 de la Charcot. Amintindu-i lui Frcud cA termeDul de istede
d€rivi din cuvantul crecesc,,uter", 9efii clinicilo|i"au inchis uqa 1n nas
areBtui rou-venit care lndreznea sn aplice diaerosticul de istene
Pozn[,rsMUL rMPREaroMsMU'_
:l: SI
FREUD 9I MEDICINA
ffiff$mfi#i:fiffi
| ln isto e patru ani mai tarziu. In 1873,cand Ktafft-Ebing a
iraz, tn oraqnai circulauincd poveitile lesated,; legdturs lui
nocl ru o oarecarc anna von Kollowi'7. ale care'i'caplici; l-au
a i nc.putul ani l or 1 860.sPr e o f i'Jlr e in- f ant ila.Sub innuenla
reni ev,S achcr-Ma socha dcscr is in pr im ul sau r om aD Er ne
Ges.hichte1816(O istoriegaLilianddin 1846)lschafftausen,
.€vol l a rere i l i ngtozi6e. Povest ir ir c I uj ! ller ioar e au avr L ca
. aproape i n excl usr vir at e.lupr ele sexuale r n car e iem eit e i'
*l*,l#i'lif
,;*a-t,l'difl
i^t*l'""'il,1:fi
e o" U"Uuti. in nuvele din volumul Das uerndchtnis Xdins
,aiiq1;;C;i")(*"ns^rt,18?0)
qi Darwin, in cire
i,3d'ii;p"r'""i'
LeDea
.-autorur
l:":l1il :,illi",?
proiasonist
lui Csin,sa isi domDefratel" -freore
lncearcd,
in unadinrrepovesiinvealc
e:le\Vcnusin blondt.Sacher-Masoch !i-s de6cris propriarelariede
H*ffiHffi
len bei Wien, cu baroneasa Faniy Pistor, cu care semnasein
brie 1a69 uD contract prin care se angaja se-i fie lclav timp de
iini. Du!6 cnsntoJia dtn 18?3.cu Angetika Riimelin din Graz,
["*"ri pi"ra* qi mult in ianiezn senale insolite,qjun-
"'.
si pdrasea;ce -ripenrrua lucr5ca redacror
ne!a;ts la Budopesta
ra; duDs.1895la Paris.unde nuvelelessle i-au captivarpe
i de l a R euuedes dcw m ndcs
:eci at de S oar oonrtu sli; ul sBu nar r t iv ale'r ' Sachet r M asoch er a
ac a(eleasi c€ruri care ll iubeau si Pe Ma\'ar. Die M.ssolincn
G" schi .t P n ousdct g ut en G P"ell\ hdf t 'M 'ssalinelPuenei lst or ii
ffff-**#ffi
pa bund) \Lpi ozi l , 1 874' celebr eszalicent ioziLat eadezldnt ujr o
A;oartea aihiducelei Sophie qi din perioada de depresiune din
1873. \r, P s\choD dth io Kr aif r - Ebr ng a sslur aL r n sclr r '
"cr r dlis, nu faptul ca fu$6P o vicliD. a
pionier'
nevrotic taienrul si
'.le
,ochi smul ui . deqi psi h; sr r ul glia ca si sceosla er a o r ealit at e
dau csl e cel car" l -a deler m iDatpe K'af f t - Ebins sb aleasdnum ele
,ch;a inrocuitorai n1aivechiuluitermenfolositpentru a denumi
,tea-durere:aleolaenia.Mai mulli scriitori precumRousseau{in
*t'd*#in;Ir*i**ffi
ln{
t*F#eiirff
sjoru) sauBatzac(itr P@rcnrs
,apuneaNordau, cazuri
;1,i,ri"'i,le"i"a
AflAnd despre
ietski'30.
de
u
PduD.esI.Ld cousineB€tte)descrise'
barbati se fre domin4i
slali care--doresc
lbsen'zoiasi
lui wagner,
panesJorpiile
" devialiasexiralr-alui
lFclel"Masoch
:enii coinuni,. Klafft-Ebing a profitat fdrd !d'Fi
de
dea seama de
]1
,rr*Em*mffiffiffi
iletet;a bietului sc ito., cate a ajuns 6n ri eclipsez€ aceBtuia
,."*'1"*":::T':;f
:Tij":i:,"x'"?, ilxjSilii;
d;:;;tibx
)mele de isterie. Dupe lDi de povestire a fiecnrui simptom, pan6
tr882,Miss Pappenheima putut pl€cadin Viena aproapestnn-
,I31889.s-a stabilit Ia Frankfuft, unde din 1890 pann ln 1936a
:r",r?[di":r,,,",#iili]]':""[:i'#i$"*
#i*}ift rlorfelinat 6i o casnpentru mamelenecdsdtorite;a lradus ditr
tti a publicatjunale de cildtorie3d. Refuzand dupa ace€a samai
)arcd ceva despre expe.ienta ei cu Breuer, ferdeia.s-a opus cu
l,t-,"".#r?'i"":"",1j"".',,*r*l?|*-;:|*l|"i*t:l*
ji;"4j1, if:*
f,#; ii,ji:,"iji
ill:9:;il];;ti": !xr:,: r.d**]"il, a.perpetuat pozitivismul ld Bdcke qi Mach,.el9i-a manifesiat
i,"""ffi::lil
l"*l;
canalelor semicircutareut" t"t"r""
;#il:ir;ivi: 'tiI
compasiunea fatl de pacienti, care te ]ipsea cu deBdversire
.doi,dar de care nici Freud nu qi-a p vat pacientii.
)restirile lui Miss PaDDenheiml,au tulburat in asemerea misurd
i" .".riru.". j ncal dupe 1882 cl a r ef uzs, sa nsie r epct ar ea cslva- ulu'.
""."t;i
POZIT'IVISMUL
$T IMPNES,ONISMUL
FREUD $I MIDTCINA
$*$i:ili'filFl'jii-'T'Ji#tu',':',?htr# ,i nand pri n toate nj j l oBcele posibileipot ez€ca r ulbur ; r ile pFihic.
i curaDd o o.igine nentald decat una fiaica, Ftes€ l-a ajutat pe
,.fecandloc marii descoperii a autoanalizei. Frusttdt in eforturile
Fffii#fi;51:f
lji,,',#;6gii{j1f ''i
ti{}i}ik''iilili,+,tilf
"i"",';'""ri,l**#i}ff
a depeqi pozitia de lector, Freud ti-a sdsit consolare'ainprezenla
departede opacitateaunor in9i ca Meynert Fi Kraft-Ebbins
a-qi vindeca propria ftrozl anxioasa pdn rezolvarea dilemelor
gi*.i
;x*,,,ffi+nt'ffi:
rre pentru profesodi Eei de la Viena, el nu putea sd reuteascn ferd
O date ce s-a afirmst, Freud a putut sA se la€etn voia estetis-
'vienezla fel de nonsalantca rictorul Briicke 6aupoetulMeynert
p6i hanal i zeiri esEepr of und ir dat or at m odest uluiBr euer .car e
,,jr",
,,gg;*91111r*";-;,i,.#tlrff
in anii de derutd.
;idr{i'",ffi {!li":i"",".*
*ii+*:r,:r-fi
i-j""f".:5;;';lrffii':ij;rii,iil,fl{il::
f,fr
f
grtr*nt$filfil*t{fiil',$ffi
mt**ru*f**fi*ffi
l+;*:tg**ll":,,1:l'""H"s:ri;i"ff#**'":l-x
.".i#*xi.ffi;fi:i;i
;ilJiliti:i:'J:Hiiii";;"
I *+#****e**t*#*frffi
l " " r ^, ^ , - -,.
,,,.* 1 ,r,e s d rc l re u d j e n e
tucruri lea$reliat€,
v;eno.
(n.t.).
261
,^ " ,,m a def,nrL_o I Ioud in l895 r nur naPar r L r sr c"ou 't uc'a dir
i i l - ,^," ,i ' ;r" " l r scca sr ac: r sJ lb Fr ' ud s
( r le r air'I pr
ci oz(
r r Jar
r-
.' i l .- 4" ,-" " " -, r.i Br euer r ( f er r r us- e I d r 'p: ul
l a conb, r ( r Pa; im p om el"r ' Pr in t ''l'3li/ ar pa s
I.i " " ar"
" t.-A * " sD i nt' r,lo! iep'inr Fr '. an! 'ai! ' d'r '* inr - ul 'ui d'
1i .1i .i " " ;' :' ,.."
I6 ffi:'-J r;,' n.vrori.,,rqepoir" crrb'raoe rrecrr DL''uu"rind
"
* ' -,i - apar . , nisr c m ec'nr sm ' d" innor r iv'
Freud si Viena l ,-" .r" r"
i-i"..i;r"'
'pb'Ar e
'tdss,. 1"",a a manurisir'cam'u iumsrar'd'
""a,.rt" (il:re tr nrst' s'urt"
o'""ojl,i,",tJ'; 1jl''." i".r:;r" dc caz31" pac:pnlilu'sai l;
r"'
ii.,"". p""'* d n(rr'ric a se ln'e r. v"ia "nrntrr:' '
sl
r'resrcnr
l,fl,i",i,
I;"1,. "
;1y',.,,, U""1"."*a-p*''"i. "*mcnm modului in ru' " ne cn
i"r*i. 'r.git" rssrrrs impovaraliri '\anlaj:rli dp o
inr;mde cr"'rori
boun'i1rno:ic
t'iililiXl'i;'rt a po it dela rotu
*t-"ea d€3ubcotr$ticnt,Irrcud
,"::"J"H
lHf";il;,..,r;*
:::tt::r L.rr"
"r.
t'-.*Lici au"rflcce"Jmpararul'n ru hips r'sDlrlr
ir' rcn'rri Iirou'i
ii;.""'"i, ,"' p"".'rt *,u pureafi \azur resrp or *\"d :n mrnt' p'
'rr"
*hj*mi:::i;r;iil1.:"+":{j
i]i".;. a" i"t-*"t secretornaniastdpanea
'ia!al" ficcJ'uiI vcrrm ui
j x'r;#xti
* i;*:
i".i."*" a, u dcscoperi
i*
""-oir",
;;ii"-.;;;il
sersuri s"'unscin -cpar(
ir*pr'..'Uit pra ArriDuir'un'Fir' ^'rlo: fi' ci Fq
proteqrrnj I saupur': srmpruzrcris'i R'pu' rrorerrrnF
'"hi
***isrne de aparare,echipendsrbconltjertul cu
*"i"1,::
i:lirffIi:,'tiil ;f:[:::,'::."fi **"u,
:"fiti,i.iil?,
,rii"ft"
". "rq*
*i".i, a" a explica
'-o
tor cccr ce raliunParru i 13 ia star!
e\acerb.meonr"mcl' nFvro/arc'rp fa'tsr
a scosdin Eerraro notnsc.isd "",-"r*'a,pri. r"i '"r.nreud CaDdvorbeadesprecenzurasupra-eutui'
,,3j:ff;"""irt*".ristu1 deerra "l'i"""t".r"".*ie'l"iid urui. Fl prcFe)_
Stia de"iexr'c insesmnacenzJra
dc'l4'e'z'
ri".1i,""' .r.'-'." p"' "qti de P' prira p'dinn Jveaohrul "'
r"*utoraia Freudar spun^ -r''rmri rn fara
,i-Li-a" .r-"':
[,:"fi,'J":::',
*il1"1fi1g:J"?""J"""*"i::'t1;;i,ff
:Ti b:' o.rati Fi .popdl .\i a se l J qa in vuit ur or f t nt ! 'm c avir : d
cs onn'r n0Ls
ffi****ffi
c* ad.eri sh.i , ;,i ni Fsl i zare a ! . Fon3. elor on'Dr polenr c!
e }' o m 3n'pu au
inviaia d€ zi cu zi Majoritatea austti'cilor nutreau sertrmentepara'
a: dand n1$lPt u 16
norcel a eoreFs sratul ur. exa( cr band r pnsi'inilc
vrohnredc l el D l cel et caf e va, 'upF in r oiul dPZL'ajer |B3dFr " r 'aca
t' ,* ai * ,usP Reichsr sl ul ccer d'a I acd D' n r 'er xpeur ul
".tt."
" .i .i ' i ,^t*
u o.r"nu" din saia de cotsultalii? Felul in id-ul lua cu
'arc evidente in
infantile
;sali viata Doliii;e reflecta multirnea de trasnturi
il,i"*;r." p*"oanele care suhstituiau sintasma vrea" cu
'."r'l*" "a! lot aif ie
locul
pral cr a dr T o. au f splcl" punJnd t r
" 6$ D U rea' sau " ar a
dorrnre.Fri edri ch H i cke" s denum ir cul ir cud; dn u' inalt dem nir ar
do]noiirii fu ei" (Bescnpichtieunss'Haitdt), carc nediaza intr€ imptllsu
*,***;*ffi :ji,:ii;;,:
:::ir,1ii
nent de sverBjune Fi unde orice contact cu oficialitatea sfariea
'sJiamrtrLi
" " r" -.. ;i l or" -pori
r,
fi ' .....
matc p'r Lr u a Fxplr r aduDici ar 'a lj"s'
printr-un
a. "epr i po'r ut a ul d" p- e "xis'Pnr a r n"i / "n'
Ausi"'6r u
2 62 POZrTrl.ISMur,
gr I[f PRISIONIEMUL
IREUD 9] \IIENA 263
al alatiellbolitice ata!
:i:{:L:t:rig"*l,ii:;l:,ii".$1":1i"J"r":?,t1y*:r iaeiaqi timp, cet mai elocventreprezentant
aDrel;it. de cetre Ksrl Xtaus'
[r*i",ffi n::n:l
]$ft'.'",:: nd::* .;
f;::;ai:,."",i."l1f ;'|';;;";; ;;;J*
"';"
g1,.''",.
;;z;ca in rimp ce rucrs iar ilt Llmpurriber
"'"i,-"*:
'li:#'?ffi;;;;;;;i"
d"*":l"r.D:t^",18^:^0-":1:::','-,:l;li
Leopord
:.*:,:#1il1ffJ.,H"::ffi:i,,'-,fli:*Hl! ".* """i
,i'1uiso'rgzrl La fel carnama
'ti"t-"t"e
sa,€!a atat 'orai
d: ry"]""* -1:
cumtatbr insistaca toti copii;sei
lT:il:",T +l..;:i#ill"*
{tli,*i::i!,;Til',,"# i:l#;;;;]iliri;;;;ete
";;ffi;; pe clre ie esenliare'cums ,tecunoasc"
considera
joacetaroc:) uneredintre
#J:,"1,:# J#i"i+irt
"""il"-l::lnn**o* r+?:
tt em'r"r" "" "ii1*,r'i:r"""'?::J,il
"'""""
"",i#i111'J'-'
::;;;"i;;;.:;;;""c'
l"rJp"*^
"r*.-*i,r
;!r;l j"."l'i, "l' *-
;iuperciei sa
r-4,caprivatpe Fr,eudpot rdzbaLedin insnei
o face de M6r J6kai
q" r"
_,,:;"""."_,:,f"jT"":::,"ilT3 1"Tr1!r ,nrror
1880
bbnujse atentdoarcarlrleci Pi
i*]"",ilr ;;:il;
3.[,gi11:,T:i'n']**rytii"rri;lrfi 1d';',;"i";
il:';:';';;;
n,"byt:
:; ;;'"'l'l:' ::^'".li"lli""
. Jucdtolulde talocn! trebuiesEcerceteze
"-1n:-!:'"::"'i:J,:l*,il 3""J;";
fr*':i{::}"{,"j#;:ft,}.#*ll+jil:t',l".;l TiI:'J,""ff5f ,""'i:
cu uD bou pl an de camPaDr FL
*""'j**a
e ub bosco. i
i " * " isa sit uaie: r ot usi el t r ebuie36 ne eeber o6
Tili?i?i:flffi * * *l*il
:T:""r.T._rr
::ifr,{,
." se sacnfice peitru binele senerar'"
";i" i 86
j;[?il,::ilT*iJj];
*fiii"l
l,flijli{i{1il:rTlt"rff a ai uns, i ndependenbde el. Ar t hur schnr t zLe
i " i l w rel nu i ntal ni t Dic'odat e Fr {d a
' r r ' Cu r bar c ct t cei do:
r em ar carin r enum ar at e
in piesa-rn*un acr'nritulatE
$n:ixHiilf:lj{,f
;ff :jlr::"nTi F;i,T"#:$H"1i,ril1r##
j: fl::"i;itl *" iii"iii'. usr'. "iiiLtirlr"
-aua,'i'" J qrs"hnitzler'
Y"i.pl:L:l:-":
ce evitaseo
refu'+
a aescrrs
schnirter
i,r#"jiJ:i#:Hil,Tiljl::::
;;:iixl_"i#.*fl
;"";":'i;ln; is22 Freudi-a scrislur schDirzler
t""^u sa nu-qi dubl!1
tnrelneasca
(DoppPlgtinEert
L:.':,9j":li:.,1:"1".";.;fi
I "f.: o"','""",,,
"".i,",",11:?1^::
::,11:
:;J,",fl "" "f."
r r z o! r eud, - a d e c l a ra tu rm a to a-",'ij"J:rjtre'tscDq,n'r.'n,
re l e h
t. ;;;;;,j.i;;::i;i;i;l:"?
,,!
i;.*T::.nll::: ?Xlf;
1l;;l;ij,j
jri:;;i.",Hi1i**nlrr"Ttr,
n:x,;T,l,i:l"i,f
{+"r
;il:t,j"T:*f :,.,",.;H*x",
ffi;::i":?iA*:"""":LT
ili:i;iu:ti'illt{t
viena
domeniile
deimptrtailiii:;*H:Jn "ru";
284 POzrTrtlsMUL$t IITPRES]ONTSMUI,
|REUD $I VIENA 265
pnmere
ru nuvprF.t,p,
sor, r8ej,s(
lTl:y_l:'.-y"".."yenL na ror:c .arp tacere
ddpa ce .si omora.ema . hcer|i Lln st,dtu ol su,?etzlai r l866 Dupb ani lurFi de
:".:::: T.:"jl-"] 1i:1 jnf dpluis". '''lT1lI ": :
*"iif:"*JTtir"txf;itl,t',ffi
;T;iT];ffi"n,Hl ,i -r" gr' i " .
;;;" - r,
, dp br navoic cd
" i " ' , .' i m a ci nevoia de a elit a si F" lsude cu
-"l*nsa
"",;':" ct ui s"r,-*i",.p""i",
jii';i:lt;:,""ilil:Ttir;yJJ:+,.#fl
-ld rer:olacre.,
i:::: ::T:j:^1""":it:i
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i'i:"""eii;p"ti,,"
'seplata
ti'i n*uddesp'e dueluldinheErosfi rhanatos'
l;"3"::,;'
mintpa^marorirali: 1ii
.rearo"to. *:. in O* W.g,r" t i" ,
,f"""a ai, L presupozitia
ignure
-a:
fiecdruiaexistdo
cn in inc'rn$tientnl
mulre impDlsJriireconc;liabile
se aaeazape r"maticaiubirji si
lnrpresjonrsle
O*^it ii"
ren warsenrhinlrajeFreun seniirenl
"" uruie!:lTill lilll"l.
Lilra-
ili"i"'"r;;. ;; *".r;ru-nxeaza 'i"ii"i". """r"r;t.'
jlhih:rr_*J,:T,l,:tri:.",:^"""":i*t.:di
::"1:::li-..."".",
j;
amb,v
i"t-J*rr*r'e exp".;en1"in cPrcuriconcen!rice in Jurul fcnomp-
lhliii" i'"n",,'
gr Bu x r !!!qu.
""*t".
i rel e memonei
p.i'
pFnrrd
dialossi asocialiil;bere'e dau la o parte
a dem asca obsesia cent r ala: Er os si
fii!:X.i.",--"il;#,::,":'sg;';,i"i*;;r,;;i.","TJf
iubir $
ti barjocon,aJrerna,.\roare -' *'- "'"" carte: peMaeh'
i""i""i'""-ei a" ea"aiio pre;€;tat'iin aceastn
""""' " "i"".
C " p" " i r* * a" ,
" edea
vt als pr in ochel6r ijobses; eia m a'cat
s"r.nitzterau in"i"""if.
rcnm sunrrhiar l16sarurile ,redus experienta la u flux de senzalii, pe Kraus' care a rd€n-
,.-l.il:. ::
lismxluivienpz
-l*a^u,.
Erlrem a" ;"a,"iar"f;r,i.,". .";"*J''-"rt"t cu li:nbajul, p€ Kelsen' care a pus in ecua{ie
:"""."j::d..?
rs _"t".":1*, A;,;;;;;;"';l
;r;J;:l;-""il;;lJj"l j p" wsimnger, care'a Bepalatnatura in s(xl
ne\rozeiiD
nicitrnurnu
lara..dar ri,",r,""ir" ;;,r""piil";: "tt
:,il "oLtu "t.t"l"l, i pe Freud carea depistatcauza
",p"", "J
ncobo"ili. ';;;i;r;'".
inranrita elilrta'ea de a iormula exp*'."It",'".l::i"-ll'
j jril."n,
jEraLofl
l_"-:::,1i"-1d1. "'1" absorbjnd cu avidira rmas.!uara
i:rnr:r;m;:*iji#
il:i:L{:"!r"ti inDobila viafa
"
t" -"
mul , " " 'fi,*ccare
oi . l"nsa
a.1 coer enlam u\ im ij de iDiuiLii€le ir npr esio
:" i di" nrre accir ig6ndit or i a pus legat um splt r ul
c; risoarea 'n
pozitiYistb combin6nd
:.::g::-t::, o" "otiai.na,
i,,r"g.a,,o-o i,.,t. o
". "l
i*"*";-i"rn"t'j
lui HelmholrzlnrrucalFreuda
t;*i"r l"l e,h' * *tidiratea
a
D^ln
s f ar a lu, s c h n i rz l e r.m a i p d s ra u , u trrai mpres.orJst.
H erm ;ia cu Ftiinta nai hotarat decatto!i' ceamai msre reuFita
d. o rniui!,F
' D csp*iars
a ,, sei Vesele ii apa4ine.
;':,i:. xl:"::*,- ii":da, "" p";*'i".;""",
H::ifi:i::n:;lll"l{t,**t* l;:yj
;".*"";"#
la o Par le
fi di nl rc oaD eni i dc ?liinla au susUnur ca lasdnd
Freud er a un on Pr of uDd Yeligios C! luar e c6
ri " " n" -rf
" rr, are o r ga. penr r u Fr ir z wir t er qi Davjd
;;;;;;;;;'
,' '. "hsie
* zcrur rui ecrpapmaPemi€tic-
;;'-;;;;;r';r -
*ri po'a ,n"i";",'
I9I4. F'pudcredeai'rtr-oordineinvizibrla
:dl','i"lffi:IiFlii;"nhh xriiiftn#;il;l
'* ""lp"i;^
.t i"i"'i"i cDoljilor' posrulsndcE scoarcreola lumini a
'"t"ii"l r.t""t" r"-- aispersa.Deii aceastEconvinserepoate sn-ii
im;iji"i
i,;\i;.;:fl::i| ::;;t';"::,xir
::;::";., ;;;";;i.":
:i;;j.' ;e"-"i"" ,r"'.'"i"ar"*" t'losofiei h'r[arfine ln timpd sirnnaziului'
iii,J;iTiti'"iiiir,i";.'rui
e
t"'nl s-ac'istarizat- iatn
n.e"aasup"a
r.O ae filosofie-j; iaboratorullui Briick€ Freud
iQil'1t;:,?fi:ilJ,:";.1H:
;iil""."il;;#l
i"a:;;"iJ""*
jl1:i,":"r:r!i,"l",fi
--"'-
""
,""' Doz,t;vist,colorarircu scept;cismul sdniliriiliberea
p"sz"co.n'i's
*"",'.,.rij"r,i"e.,ij,,;ff
; ;[il; "". "iJrii' '-;.
::'1,::
6 r" r A l, v r ne r eprl -n a
e l n r/€ l _ o s r d e s S " h u " r y" ar:E ,neS eeten\t1 ,-Pdnn:'Ia.versta de zece ani Freud s-a debarasatde oric€ utme a
:lr"*"i-*i"t" J"rp""natural pe carear fi puttrt-o pastra din copilarie
POZTTMSMUL
Sr TMPROSIONISMV!
IREIJD 9T VIENA 267
',i'qi#i,'jl-iilf"t'r*';*:,r;*r*,1#:i*11=
#,ft . orasetneropare'6.-Ravnalui a
.de. 'e.on€Litui l'*:d'y ::'tb.."
;a lendinta de a depozita tradilia, atAt d€ diage arhitectilor vie-
i'"J#1'",ffi jir{['*i,,,.:i{;$
"f,ul*fr
jri"*
jr#tb"T#
h€ird slai credee cd ffecare experientd din copillrie iberm€ ailenc
ir ele celei nise leamina cu ni6te muzee ln care nunic nu e8te
nimic Du este distrus.
]fi:',"",ir:#:t
s.*i":,;,:j*'.ff
era lascinat in Epecial de mitologis gredcd ; In $aundetirlag
:r"lmru:u
;*;j:*,:::
i"jl*?:rfti"":;
i"lT$;*
s ryiena, 1906). AEemenealui Goethe qi Schiller, Freud a
iste li8uri mitice peDtlu a'li persi,niffcapropriile jdei, pmiec-
greaceerrotiili' pe care Du le puEou irtruchipa
" lljl:]u1**
'a personajelor din mitolosis sreaca Fteud j-a maj slor;ficat
Inlij i€rcriei evreietd. lD $mnazju el Dulrise cel mai mare
iata de conducatorul semii Hamibai. (el care intr€cuseprin
giun't" vezlnd lD acesia u! pre.usur ?l.Ejnistrilor
d; -*u"",
cabinetul Auersperg sl cdror exemplu fuse€e iDde$nat sd-l
rFde ci l rre tatsl 6nu?3.l n iulie 1882 la Hanbur g' unde ii f Acea
ldsod;ncei sale. Freud a slat de vorb6 cu u! pspetar evreu de
' i E i D si ru de ani , di scut And despr edt uslur ile eweieqt i lnt r 'un
dezi nteresar cum se m ai poale t DldlDi doar la Nat hsn- ul lui
ng*. La Roma, m €epteDbrie 1901, €i a reDlas Lransftsurat in fatg
oi se al l ui Mi chel ansel o,edunandu- qiult er ior im pr csiile t t eseul
;;;; i;;;;i';s1i" irsrr,. uti.u a rostDcrMo'n
opere
"u Fi nonoretsnul, (1939).
!nd die rnonothcistischzR.ligion 'MoisP
Freud a avatrsal iDoreza csm hazatdata cd Moise 4r fr fost un
n cse re-a divulgal e\Teiltr misterele cu4ii esipEne. ln 1790
r sustinule o ipotezd s;milara 'D Di" Sendung Mos€s. la car€
nu a l6cut deloc referinla, de$i e posibil sA fI citit cdDdva e8eul
i fi aninrii apoj pe junetate coDlirulul-acesluiae,-
itAtea lili rreud fa;d de biEerica;atoiicn face dificitd eprecierea
ii sale prorualat aibivalente cu privire l4 iudalsi U$iltnl!:
ctii ei.I€i au lasat sa se inleleasi ce descoperise'a ln fasciEatia lui
d fsta d€ MojEe reninisceD!c ale Yaloriior iudaice reprims[e David
.n Derse Dene acolo incel compsrd atitudinea lui Freud fall de se:
a cartst;4bate itrtreg Zoharul'gr'Maj p'ude01, Emst SimoD, unul
'€ studenrii lui Bubet. vede in F eud ng\lrB cweuidi nepracticanj
;esdeaza. dincolo de orjce jDdoiala, ttasBturile aDcestrale.precum
atea cu t'saULia oralt s TalnuduiuiL Ahii sus.Linca vslorile Patrj'
le sustiEu!€de Preud, incluEi! Parer€adefavorabilacu privire Ia
i. reflefl6 unelecaracicristiciale educslieicvreieqris.Toateacesre
ze au lnstr dcfectuica s$a-ziEele lrasaturi evreie$tjerau 5nacelaFi
268 POZITIVISMLra $l tMpRESIONISMUI_
TRELTD$I VIENA 269
r, m! si n rgr ct r u( ! r ur j a! sr ro .
u n g a re .i n Itn p F n u lH a b sbur8.i c d s scosi n evi denl e q; o al l i tra snlur A. car e apbm 6f ' pr obabr l.
.:"::"::i:,"::-:,,:"lIci nu
modur de conpo;ramenr rn
jt"1l?i::i*::f:1i""""u.;li
;1"T:,?11.i":i::i ;"."in:,ru1i i.rmpni din coliriunea .lintre nrdust alizere S€Ssibilitat€a
feudalisn 9i rntlusinarzare
dintre teudahsm
6nistilor vienezi fat-6 de evanescent 9i moarte refle&a o teame
re disDaritia vechii ordini. Preocuparea faln d€ m'obrte era o
ii dispadtiei valorilor preindustdale. Asemeneaintelec-
linerci Viene. F.eud a meditai lndolnng asupra mo4ii. Suzanne
.BugereazncA pentru el arhsloeia era un substitut al wielii de
d. al unei €iistente ie4e, muzeale, care nu e nici vialn, nici
di'g.Pdmul rnzboi rnondial l-a determinat pe Freud se-qi regan-
itudhea faid de mo^r\,e it Zeitgen.|sses tiber Krieg und
l"':ffi| ::1"""j
;T",j;r.:fi
,""."""':,:,i * .*"
;'.:i:11 slitd.ti d.esprcrdzboi ti mo6rte) ('\9I5), Freud Busline ce' rn
a cu moartea. omdl contemporar seahdnn cu omd ptimitiv:
r'ii;;ilrj,},;f:l#;:truT;$fi
x;T1?i{:lld#fi t;r, ,lpoastr.enorei.rafer.de*lTi! 'jji
r
i:,Jbcon6tiertut nostru este tot aiat de putin receptiv ta ideea propriei
itr,i,l*l;
fi*li+,,.ru l,,ffi,il*tt 'i"ra" ai*'tii*-,r-tl fata de::,
@lT::,":"- TT1:1.1'::L
iubii precM
p€ siDepentrum":1,
, cum p'imitivul * condamna
omulerei::1:1,:.,;]r
pliDitiveio'
:r,:r :::'J#iljt"#Tid
ltl*::''],jliu:1","
:ll',19."
i ci l .l a modul i r.onQtj enl . a dori l a ceast sm oar r e.in t im pul dol'u
,d;mul se di spre!ui e?rcpentru ca a supr aneluir om ului iJbil
;t[tilf**r'=ti:","'jjr[+:"*J-r'r#]:i1':'fi
:J::ln .li:';::. i,o,_r;;";; i::;""'#ll":il"1{l:
:":1:. rLrsrumelepweiesr' rare sunr permuu
;;i;'i;;fi;;;i;, i*,la
" "'""*'
u a explicadj ceunii nevrctici,qi
;deeains,iDcrurui
rcfuzatraraD":::l,Il
noni:
1::.::j1l
de pnnripiui pla.erii" ts2o). Freud a postulat
ttoriizips tDn"o!o
::' ;::'' f::',!:l' t' ur moi l i i , roaesr' i J r. care co ncur eszdin f iecar e 'ndjvjd cu
;ru:
";;'
y* r*ai"""a
:::::il::i"^Ij J"s'i"*,."". #:finll
": ::i1y?-ri".ltq:1,.;:""n*j:,,fu
ilTf"il;;X",:fl
de arrbi ' I.cbenstri pbl ,i at i n cele din ur na Er iunli ln 1923ei
,format sceasta drhoromie in distiDc,Liaointre eu tl.h) ar d
l errnenul de l a pi oni c r dl r n dobet uul m edit inei
(Es)
psiho-
rinseisticii
s*uctuareL*," spune nu!6D d ,i d-
; der
a "c',r, "surire a" i;,iii.iii'ij' iill"iuare Lacan
;"i#:l"i:li',1:i:"rur ;;;;; caI ce. berl j nezulGeors Groodecl 1 866- 1934ra. cr r di Ub$ dos E'
:i,T'l;,;::::: j;
*'*4; ;fi;,1,.i;,;i:"a:;":,.;1,;.:"; prcluase de la Ludwis Kles?l
- J"nscits uon A und Bose :
Acesra *ploat"j:.i' *,":l
Vorspi1t einer PhilosaphP del
11
:ilit.{"lxrirrul"*ui*ru;
:flTl#,1
li; l;":::l;;;igt:''""" "*r*j
; .ii"",a*o""iuI rL€ipzis,1886):
'[i:ii1o1''a"".wurr".u l"ur,n;,t
-",I""]:i:I.
o reserura
ru v€deread
Er:us,,ne
inrreiudsi
dj jt#1!i'i""':.#ft
:"::,X,1:jl,il"1;*::.,1
l*tu,a ca reoriarreu
irebuie.s r,***l;fsftlf
.
_i,il"i,lij,
epoure.
varon
rereariTani
io
''il:#[tt**+i*iltl"ti
*9,**".1;;11xi:r.r;T1l#i+rt{r,*i,rj::,
POZTTMSMtTLsr iMP;ESioNlsMlf
l, FRlltD SMENA 211
:r:'"",TJ::,ff
*"":*rhi:1"",jl:",!:r:Hl;:,Iiilt",i",l Dupn cM au recuoscut, de alr lel. ti LorDbro€oti Stekel.
:ivitateamimeazd€imptom€ien€vrozeiatunci cAnd€ul tremun de
fl{nrtr, ri;utxii{ft
iiil",.',"-'Firl':: :",-,"* unoj distruBeri iDineote.
e ce !'re'rd consid€racn Doppelgenger
e un simbolal nemu,
#:ht**" r.T"'iH1
""**;",".",ji1tt,iilffi
l-a congeput ca pe o imagine a zeului car€ moare sau ca
::ifut*i"
Pertru Ehrenzweis,lafel ca pentru Schnitzler
dedifexentiataT.
#jrj$n"1;,iFi=lt",Ll:;r"*iiffi+n"r?:trf;
j
:buie 6A o cuceteascl. DacA pentru Freud, in perioada sa
mortii atrngea dupe siDerihiiismgl terapeutic, peniru
*i,I ilii'*il{ii
th .n,q ii-, :,fi,,i#rl
i:ir""*rrli}r*,: ,, _, , . . - . .
,*lt:a erjl eriminares
"_^ - . - ,
si"i"#iil#"ll,,f
ana.hrsmul lu
autorit6rii
pare;
qe ! r v ar ar e
el r€lmoia credints teibnizianeln uisitatea care subsu'
viala Si noartea. Ca i$prqionist tdrziu, Ehenzweig E dtutilat
AposalipseiVe8elelntr-o viziune a renasterii.
;;l?.";"j:l He.bertu,*"*, n*J*.o. i
::,j""_l_:o,:"m,
,t"",",*1""",*rlffi"l"lq,fl_:,x'i***+l*f
I
t","1:riiir"i,{fi
l:l*i'f
:L,jii"triT#nn
:tr"1t!,',",ffirt:fi
ifi;?:'";"::l;r:l;nt:"l
i,1l,l'py*rl;'ffi rpd ce an subliniat afmiterile dhtre Fr€ud fi cultam {ienez6,
d €xplicdm d€ ce intelectualii care au intAmpinatteoriite ltd cu
::F:*iyp".!,qlr,"*:,",ii:::l*:ll*tj,#":Tt:r deschiEeau fost atet de putini. lntr-un anumit Een8,Freud
onorurile p€ carc i le ecordapropris lui lad. Pentru e-i
,",f#fi:i,1*:Hif:.s.!::*,t^,i.1r-s-p-ar4i€i ottai
lreu.er,
i5:fr
!ff
fi
lf *il,"#:f,ff
;6g4;:,li$#r*ff
;'lli**t'***ilqi*nri*.*ti""*::"ffi
212 POZITIVISMI'L 9I IMPRDSIONISMdL
IREUD gI1'IENA 273
cEn da u i n ceput€6 s e r na n j fr6 tes i m p to m e tc
b o ti r.A fi rmdnd ce or, pentru un publ i c pri ereD os.el nu se cobor aEa popuar izeze€su
ln"j^ril"srescszuilorde isrsie. Freuda
:ii:lll:lil:*l* com
"liTl:l'1 l:,1"*:,," r,r"""""
p"i;,ii".J:;;';,"irX;:l
ll..deosdevsrala
jifice, renesand relatia cu lublicul unor improvizetoli ca Stekel
s, in care, pe buDE d.eptate, nu avea nici o incredele-
veneralie
farademetods
(
nariror
::fT^::rj:,9:*9,
pc,.mo^em ri c,* *_",;;;;;;;:;,'"jirT#1,i.'"1 j; rerboi m;ndial a dai naqtereunui public milt lnai lars si
i v l s descoperi nl " l ui Fveud. R e zboiulnu Dum si cd s dem ascar
::lli'i"::.I:::'-11 -*cienra conversatiel;nta Ei rnsugeesi autodistructive diD civilizatia europeanl, ci a agravat anrdetatea
ili:;,li:*,H'^".,'"1':;"*tt'il*tt*,ot*t;il:i"":i'
J","",',"i',
f,1:'::l::::ll::
ar-estuia
deere,artF ll::q
rcou.**". "a;-ascpsra,pp
",'"i H"i", i]',,"";"-,"id;:r;%i: ksntian budapestanBernhardAlexander(1850-1927),
a repudiat
, rrpcven'a1 r€i€ lui Freud. Cu putjnd vreme inainte de moaft€, Bemha.d a
";r:fl1^",j:,-*il"ll cercurdinviera.dupacuni Ed invingd, dup, cum affrmn €l iNuti, doud mii de ani de civi
:',1*1,1","
Tl"-:,{:': v;".i,;;"1J";"r:;'"Tl
".-,' s"""r"
a"coraboaicuau.rromarr;et;i, occi denral s,ppnLru a purea 6a scceple.in I ioe, cor cept ul de
demurt]a F*"a. r*a"t".,11"ii""";,:ft;;i".i;raacea
lljlll"jlllTo.l",":
r^en_uDrase J,
rerern9ac.eatoare dintre psihologie societate narcisici Drecum cea nenezn. nu e deloc de mirare
Fi filosofie,recomandata de Bi
:.:.i*::, :,afi
:i iJ;,["j":,
li:r{;ii:i';;;';,u,i,
ii*;?'1
ii::"i? "i""ilJx#
lil] :l;,*"*li; "".0",,
R,,.,
::t"It
x* -a lovitde aceeati indiferentd. Freud a t.ebuit sd adopte o secre-
impresionistn, punandu-se astfel la adlpost d€ criticii .arc se
l r",xni"tJi;il$l
:iiii:l'Til;'flt"ilir;r":ill nduceauln eroareti ale ceror ratiuni F eud Ie int€i€seamai bin€
iri"fr
i+ili:j1i'rnTinli":rnli*::1",";".".*ii::::*
'Berli!,ler0r pJt-a;ri.",,,1,",
.t et lrfiqi. Psihaaaliza a aperut ca o opern htentd, gedatl, intr-un
,m-:dt prea preocupat de pEcedle de suprafaF pentru a da atenlie
j;1131q
,"",+';1""r- ".," r"ii" _",i"r?p",,ru,aresepr
sa^demssre
as,t", ;a*r.*i,
:*,t
:l#x
ill"j:""':j:::l:;,_"1.',rea
;4;*1;';N4fu rri#i:
ai.psirrsnarizei.*tffi::ri
x"u,u
",*
",n:,;lti"j,lgiyi:T;:i:,:"i1,1"
"'"ti.iJ::ft*,:?f
lrj
FRF:I]N SI ADEPT I SII 2?5
#"i jrTi:::.+ii{iiiir:ru,',,":!i*:L{:il*j.,*",""fi
ffi; erc ti bucu a cu careSrekeldezvaluiasecretolecanape)eiUn alr
/ d€ dis€nsiuneera fsptul cd treud inainta ln cercetareintr-un
ii'i,w,,"iiiir:,ii;:r**iira:ril*lr#jf#
t.t.".t
:::o-!.i .:ocj:t
ma rxls t F diD ! ka.rd,os u s tjivi"",.iil6,l
l9t 8 F i t9 1 9-rr,
e"J:,;;;f,f,i:iti;
n e n dc A fi j i , c a re perrecuser6psrru
eridi in iiod evident, eI a nee iat teoris eului pentru a explom
ig'lilstincteior. Ace€t lucru a g€nerat un gol, umplut ultelior de
T,.ei{e redea de I'teud pent.u cd,trecusecu vedereacevsce fuaese
r slnanai.
POZITIVISMULSI IMPRESiONISMUL
FREUD9i r{DEPT'I sAI 271
.-,.o-:::9 -" ",*". ulr nunar de oameni de $!iin1aspeciaiiz
jn specjatin arurdinainrea
,; r,,pralDrir. .hr a vorbj l despre csr et islnul gr ecilor $i r om snr lor pent r u a
l1l"-lll", ili""
:,T:f:::',"t:l 9:
"'
:,"i P,'i;";";;;;;i ;:;il : J::li',:l;; a.r- .a ,*"t-"'n ptrfecrima'es:elnoricrerl4
3llil']: *::
,,::-"-,
j"yl,"rn1rcunchiirui Fni.,wiuers. ;ii' *""tin*."u ;losiului trsrcis;cla adFsa cdr?uluiunen I
"c"""r
a scris; i"Gr masinilenu intrau 5r @mpcrilieAb;a
";;;;::x ii, u,a" a"
;:#*tFid.ftil!ixi;"y;nl";.';,,m";];,,,.,"iiliil,
:'tt?l; j
"aul,'.
a exaltat sufletul, alezandul ma; preEusde trup'
cresiinisnrul
il.,i p,rtutseidocuiaenn""ca inrob'l**"g: un
l#:*il iiit,:", :ln#jri,r"Tj#:"r",r:
":,,,,*:= ij'",a l;i"
'"i,r"rn,,"g*n^
'""i "a"pt
l-uiiliT::
al visnn;dimF. Sachsa rosr amarorde
spuneael. reprodurcl:mbajuloniri' mai idel
ii,j.1i:::11{idii:;.#:r'*Nin[,;,"ffiT:11H :ri""
"ltir".-a **
ie expresie'fdcandu-semesase'auui anumit
priveazn pe cei putini p€trtrri a-i lumina
lit
e'.o.p"f""t*'
i:.ir$t.1;ir
J{r;i itSiil',,i,'"'ffi
i"*i,i;Tf }
jrs:::r=:t"I::;",,!:iln;::,1,;lrii"r:ir;,:#
""-l
i* i:;*:r,*:"u'u;;t
I eleeentele kineiic ti vizual' nu s'a mai lealizat Pana acum decet
I frfiffir;ll!11iyt'i:
rri,. wi,rdc rs8o_
rs50,.
p;"*"
il;"#;,:i:,,:'a;",;:,T"mFnlionar.de
*n:
f61evaori pe nepoluirui
s
delicat artist virtual, Sachs a dus la implinir€
uctir al estetismutui vienez. Dornic de a absorbi
potenlialul
noul, el ti-a
i"#"li_J;":::ll::l?"i at prcpriul narcisism inh-o psihologi€ a creativitdlii
i opKa,r
i"l:iJi"": ::1,9::"?lJ,
"irl
xJau6 r; reost a"r,."i,.,"*
i*::r*:.:i:::!-i::
reror,\ i'l;;
jo1€rjse"mana.u {;ru;: "p"i
;,*"nnt#
;;;:i;"fi i"";iJtr[ ;"J"rTi:
,l . P"ihot".upiu burghezd - profeliile impliniie
rrgFnre . da r .3p r ; c . oaqer r . "*""r; :'. :. ale lui Alfred Adler
ar";"eesrpticienii
rreudipnia rostinsdHsn, s sa
,"i"1;:1 '";'"'
nascutr€ \.,iena.
caF asp@ s6 devira sFii rcnumi r-idi nrre di6idenlii t oeudr eniau f osl liul uDui
past or
iij:#jli m
l,:$",,";,"
ryfur n
i.,lT."yll -..jlll-!:*"r.
":,,zu:,::Hx
";xl;"'"*rltidj::""'t:t
i ei
' nsi
,;;;: i ;;j C ,;' ," Jung 'r 875- r e6r r ' ai un evr
,'i,iaro-rgrz'..June t"t"viat filosofiaromsntics3 naluni
"
*"ri-r sinrezalui Nierzsche. Dorw;n ei a
eu vienez
in tirnp
soc;slismulu-i'
Alf r Pd
l*l'#"ll;:",:.,,""*,f
jl;;"*11'{!T",_"T:*iriHl
j:fl
,ii*
;; "
;ea reh drtr urxn6 cea na; bursheza dinhe loatc gcolile de
ffi;;;1
$1ilffi l*i*1,f
*,*f,**;i": ;';"lt""J
t" a" r""t*
ii:.a"
""Gi"r
;t';
'""ioca"e
"**
rahitismului, lncat nu a putut mersePan! la
"."""t r""
""t-ir
de doue ori de o tresur6' Frccventele
"etcato fticn teribile de moarte' comlensate
ija" prs"ocai
rii.rtivarea flodlor' La schnnbrunn,micrlul de
*i,n"",'i'.t';i"i:'l"".x*[f,ir!1i;#llll,,*ifi
Hlf:11 xHjru;"J:
:ij,'lili.ii;x*i:1Tin'J T#
il-iai"r"J-"ii"a
ai.ani se.zbenguia ptintie st'atunle
oi
'"
"""";"rii",iJ",
Jiar5. Adl", Ei-apractj;aLprofeciunes
de flori cu ateta neNqmare'
!r".a o'pu * u oblinui&plobarnDedicbala
in Praterstr€sseuDde
;;l erds,auri c61iv; acton de circ Muscbii lor hiper-
bi;!"s".*,
g'i',f .:k#; s*l{l1:
dp1ru*rln ';;,;;;;"h',tt
tofiaLi;ereause comp.nseze exislenlaunor slabj'iunianl'erioarP
s::TH:#:i'i"il,:n,""*m*i:*j*:rirtix j;ff;ildt't;L;;ia
""rr"r""i""*rr
cu Mevn;it fi Kmft-Ebins' Pe Freud l-a
;:l# i,,
dii..lipq*r
..-;""ri,,n ."l,irri:i;i"r'_, ':"t
pre.eda,?i
deani
tjon, nici 6a-i grste ftuciele
l D reocuD A r;ifreudiene ! eDr 'r u f f eculul pa. iet t ului. Adle' a
t1ti.'.",l"yi:i;:"iqi.#k:q,#,*x"i;1i?1
jlii+".J#
"*",!ii,-,;;;::;jl,i,';",j o psitrolo6e a mediului orieDr.atospre vjitor' Sriiul de vial6 Be
zeaza tn j urul scopur ilor unei per soane car c incear c6- 36- $i
a"ruit"t" Daca i;boldul copild{ri de a depn$i
I'##[tx:if
x*:t,".m
;;lir;iHr**,"","#;5ip *:r:n: " "opiia';"i.
iunea este inhibat, el va termina p n a-i distruge p€ altii sau
trBi. Fiecare bebuie si excelez€ intt-o anumite preocuPare dace
pe
i,"".;#ii*lT"i"+.,f
i,iilffi iT{ffiT:: t€;a ed seu sd se stabilizeze; o datn stabilizat' i9i va putea dege
i arumite scopui praciice. ierapeuiul rcdnecFoneazt stiludle
td sresi te. araLandu 'le pacicnt ; lor cun inr er eeul social poale
l t; #,,:l#tr,'*f;l,i
:"';"":*x*$l-U,:l"ll: ;l i ;ze i mpdsuri l e alr njDr er i f r usr r at e. Bat r sndu- eijocde Fr P- ud
,ej ul detemi ni sD ul ui t i pansexusllsm dluiaf iqal de ac'lla Aill"r
tl
:
::*"jj,,"&,.#,s
;trf;*l,",itrff
l;,.{{#:;.j;ii;Hi1;f iitrs ca DoaLecombare nevroza priD rrezirca voitler de putFre
'a respinsacesrsende vo^runrtr;sxn
:'b. 1:Yl:,1:9",:::f:""1
;tfii,l.,jilhli",:".,"rfil;*1ruj,,,,1jfTris
rp:r*imft jr*Hi
d cd acestaaducecu sine iDPlinjr es dor inlelor m icii bur shezi,
D d l a o pane ssrcasm ul lui Fr eud accenr ulP. "" d: lqr ". 0"
xt*'*#'l
1i:ij,",":1{"14, "*:" "r,"lJ"..a"a**
i deopotrivt!.
ainrreproblenele r; socia-
capiLal;smului
Adler a sustiDuica in capiralismlupia Penlru
l',
ii'
;H,"ili*fl
L:fi
::i#*l_frt
li{;h:""jr.#f
:#n"i
r"';1"T:l'i;'ft,"'.i
fr,r:
* ."*l
,sllil;i,,f.*'jrit:*|;{ii
",xit j:ii
n; li stirnuieazdpe copii la ultracompensarepentru a face
titei. intr"o manield sitnilqrd,maxiqtii exploateaznac€aste
,n!ur" p"n.tu a-i determina pe revolutioDari s5-qi.invDga
;i.oe care o r*imt tn fata claseloravute El ineugi burshez'
siutat conceplialui Malthus cu pdvire la zgerce a natuni,
tj*iiiTt[;l'.Tt,"TilT
jlt: obL;gbpe oi n;6 de paqeascaljpsur ile pr in m uncd La r ubr ica
,.lt.Jrir
**,:T:::!li:,!;i,-",:"xlxrLix"i:.,f "l"i-s*ia.
ace"'-ps;l-alist s imbrad$at scopul mlidariLarii. de
ae marli?ri. criLsi.de;oci;li$tii creslinr-
1,, :": .f
i*ilf ff i*,,;*:#;i
lii :l"ilH::"JJJ",",T::I-t,;;il,";";:;;#;;:ilTf
t* :,f;Jj:,i:*:"i
ir""r'r"n,
'.'l"ri..ta.
)r nu svea, l oLuqi , i nc r eder e , n f enr nism si 5 denunlal ceea ce
cD ea prorestul nascul in al anum ir or f er bei.car e sDceat '! . 3dcom '
::' di! s€nti entul de inferioriiate fald de birbati dev€nindniqte sde-
lr jil;;1,,;:r"i,'::"1;,;,;r"1ff
*,i-"::i.:*irl;i j
"xr"il:
li i,",,11""::l#
jn€emna
9:l:t''' ero',ui petr|Iu
;;;"#;:,:;,i,'"T',:::lv'.care
njhirisn,crap;;,;;;; p*'*
jl;lJ:TilX,l
*-*,i."'""0'i"i'ile,if.il,"ti
';##'p,i:!:i:"F1i..""r,,:rT:r***,",',-.;*,{ili*
a derus
;;i;;;:,;,*' "
i,,:,*." i", ,
a inra,ura
iir '
olpderepreze.taDr
ajc"- ;; :;;;i;; ;:""Ti"'l,l#:liTjlj:
"r"t
180 POZITIVISMUL 2al
Si IMPRESIONISMUL FAEUD $I ADTPTII SiI
"j;:
*",;;';;
;[,::'
*li+J:i:,jf"fi
iltiilli-'"'"'{''tri{Hff *"#jtT:?
"''";:,,li,T:i
i,p"ilr,J"'upiu,
HilT;.T1lil,ll:';"
:::11'J:1%H ro!.i
presupunealreud' doar o
cci,s,,i in ap,,€rea
"T"-,;;";;;l';;'ffi i nclusiv pe Sachs.Silbet er ii Hnschm ann'
tu t,t" .,trru,
per t r u cd
,. doar E hrenz-ei g l_sm ai eBalatsr aceasr a^num ai
asezat e chiar de et ln^D* r ct t er -
i p" r" na" -u" t" l " ,R confolm
,.'rdoij, nr"t a revizuit teza lui Lomb'oso?i St€kel
. Otto Rank _ de la estetism nenoza. cu toate.ca artiftii.au ddeori
ta crealia-de-sinein psiboterapie il,"i.riiit". p*-"p-" acest"a
iJ; a",p*t i'.";"i'" ,*mtnaroorP celorale ne!'rorrcilor'
. **'liti.'t"a sponradarorars.impulsu'ilo' ultra
".]O""" naetarii Prcilor\
.i"b", ut,n^ *" a", ccbu;t dasHetdpn'Mitut
ig',,."1i.:
ffi rfr
H i""
ffi ";i1# :
irTacu (d ar i": e,",a. 1""",i
rj: "-"il:;r
i. ri,ira5px"u,
saude obserua
i*, isog,.i'"** ** I-ainnuenratpe JosephCanpbell RanL
ii".i
'mai l.|rziLr
a" .lt"t"c'e compararb
"i"r'1"pJjvitoarer: .ls':""
c;re aDt;cip"az'
s
conrcpriolui
;; ;"",.": ;""i::ji.""::
: ::T1'T?t 9;; g *: 1"lT'i;^^"
,t sau,Lerninarin 1e06.dar nepubli'arpdna
ffi
il*i :t#:Tr:iffi
l{rifl{i#id.*
":,."1,;H, tiln"i"',,'J,
;i;.;i"";;; '**, i,.""'-,'tuinDihtunaundsoe',f#:1'lii:,:-3li:
toezie$i legenddl tLevzig' 1912) dedicst lu
a sunol aL descner ca'sjor r s iubir i - luala 'n m ar c
,31!",j,!r,i:"1'T;rr,:ii"""1".****:ll , a" pugi ri
'iii-li"l"'.*"l dintrepar;ntrqi copiiqoud:nlre fralii
nliif,:ft e".ln*a
-oi. Fiind iniliat sexual- spreFgretul sbu 'rern -
la \arsra oe
.",+$li";i
il'.""#$,i"""."iil1iitmrx-" , i"i. i"rl ,'"n.*rt ca precocitar"a
ileri:,.,i.".r
,"i"1". R,r-k
esLe
'ezuliarul
pub'rtsLii
".1":"11-.ll.i-:l::J,i"j:1':"::li:.t::
ilf"l,1iri,[i::l{qq*",:"x"*#if
i""l""lj',li.ljl":-r"-,1
i*}+",a*{
";",;,;;;",i"'iii.,l,lX,T"illii",;li .-iii" i""^"
-af,-""uirii
de
i* ri **i'.ri.ar;i. .'i tdtziu el a leudaj6ublinareaca rnijloc
ontare a deficicnlelorse'uale.
a* b"a*, und sencBedeutunetu'dP!si'h.@":d^t!:i
2i pentrupsihandlizd {Le'ipzis'1924)'
;:";::"::i::.1:ii,"."ricrari". erudi,iatan.ruruir_armorm p; *^"in*Fa
re pe Jare rie"a a l6udat-opestenlesde.lenlru T nlai alor.ia
iii*lllt',"t,,r1'#l*,,,..*,nt,1**'""',r,tlff
if g*lx*lff ,Tiiiri
it"ri1;I".{fi :;l
:ei a
" l " eema' at " i mU i"za
dinlr e Psihanaliqr5i pacr cntcu dep"n-
fel usul ui afl at i D pnnL eculm am oi DF vr em e ce psr holer apr a
dc expulzateadin ace'tleas6n
rr'
i:""fi
rjr""rrffi
"i
4r"p""""."
;;;;;;t; -"lt'"a"
senelate
bod necesarcu o naslere Lansend
ll".i[;:::l;li ":"l.l'i,;$i
:lii,:;#
i:n:ffi,ilT:ili.l
iri-pr"p.ir *'i"q**
;;;-;f;'d,;;
'f"sind la NewYork ii ?a'is,
;;h;,"'apeu-,ice
undea lu'lat
de
DeprdngiLnd&n€lema arun'ard
:i:l*,ji,;
r v ' b^pana r n I9 l 8 R a n k s *J"""p.,i"**i"i pner tEion'y!:?all
r. ai zuhun.ft l::' :'":':^
capacirarea
ii esteiDdispensabila de
"r",n',r
to s t rc o a c rn r,,l,,..i .-, f,^ __- omului
;,i"# j',f{,,.F
- :"n '
idf;T#
pdDaln 1s24: a #t1i;l},#;
; jr","Ji." ,Erdrracu frcud. .onljnt
iz,. i"!*
;ii;;;
ae s inrre!ine iluzii Sorielateaisdu6rriale gteieiter^oD-
roiiferu ei """"ia"*."
;t';"ri;rii^,ea est. criter;ursanaLdtji:ca ioz"irni€t Fre!d
r" "-,a
" j";;; "ri';T,Tiff
"
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r"., ,ij
,","1::"$;;.i";""1;
trecuse cu vederea raptulca viatarsuonalizstn"pmre coDiln:o
il-Yl:
suntfrasmentalidepie'derea
" "." i;-iqJI"ou,ri ".ri"ta1ispre'realizare
2a2 lozlTIiaIsMUL gt rMpltxsloNtsrrfuL rRruD sr AoErlTnsAl
fuj":,#"ff"ffiHf
ln a'l: r 'r r 6a r ezr sr (cunlunn; cm ut di
,T:ffi TJ:*:,:':u.ili::T:?:iHl si .:i poardfi s:cl t pn" l E l I i nJ'nni
i i,i"l"i"-i-",,,'t't".,p.*t: L"1l'-lllT,j,lll:lt::.:"",,,,,".,","
''^t;;;;;, "."*.'., ."r, ii ' "n"i din ruai' auro"urL'v.te.in
-r'o. 2 rior'sr cstelissul l3 -angul ue,anrroor
uhimii ani de ratd R3',k
ll,'ffi I".'*"ffi;iix:rj:riiti:iffi
p",tt:'11
E. s plangerPr^lurrndcni cn
irp"iri* r i i n'.:,11'j:l::
r"idnto'up
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in,i',rat'll illl:ll::r_:""""rj:"":.i.l"l:"""llll],1_
i,ri;"i.:'i " t'' BJi,,rre.
d'":nna-a
i*xm*::::'1,::;i:Ji:li!:l!Ur'i:"y'ii:i:ii,"',
il.i'". i,'" i p'
'rr.' ul oir Freud'r dcrrircn'ul "mului 'l'
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1,,-" i * ,r" ' ari" d" Jonsum Lnpieul! ' d s'hl: 'k desf f n
-* " r" "
i'"""t"i-ep.".irp*,i
t v*oe o anticipat ce qele tinerilor d€ duln 1960
enaa'I€
s'
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H+ffi
*tq*****t********ffi
18
Marcioniqtii praghezi
BAUlia dramatici dintre cehii
gi germadi din Boemia
f ith::ti:[,l',;;",uit'"""'#:,
;:i:1|**#i!ri:11*ffi 3 TechnischeHoclschule din Prasa fusese impn44h tn drJue
germann*i ceha,deveniteinstitulii. de sine stitetoarc-in 1869'
*"jj"1",:,"1,":*,,d" ";r"- ".";i,iJ,i"i r,i""*bF,j s su.reat ft;;i;;;J;;;"i;';"" si rn cazul
sorulr".utraquistdr
ii.::T,"i:,:1,-:,*',..: c"hj.rn r8e0,candraaffe; p,"p.. i;,
xn,:#rlrii';:;,xx;l;:i':,1;,1"il*,;-i#f f x ",semerea
ararii lGrl-Ferdinand le a
Separarea produso de
seriA sreur6ti
orofesorilorde Ia facultateagermann,lntrucat EEjorttatea
I ormau corsurile facuitdtii cehe ln 1898 aniversarea a
""r,iu;e"..",,l-i","ri;';;;i"liFl
,-,.g.ltill",-9,1T"
e'"p";i
llilil;
a".'it de Ia infiinta.ea uiversitltii a dus Ia tulburnri srave lntre
:H'"iilil ,':T:*"f'":.:'::: ":! 9'* '^ i"i' ii cehi $i cei g€rmani
if"i:nliii*iiiiil:tT:;:,".",'#;.":"Ji:x""""1';;3""i
jr4J:,ti?:i"il*;,::t"H:,n:i"lji:ii+Jnt "
.' rn-a.;b" , cel e do ua popoar em ai m ult dec6r chesr r unFa
i ri""i isso, **.-'i ain Piaga au ref'rzar sd foloseascelimba
l'"",i",':i: , pt"r""o'a ", ""tU",*a o limbahibrida'
Krciellrb'mrs'/'l ln care
:;r*":;m"l::kr*:;:"**r
:ii::'1ilMd'tru
cehestiD ronutate s r alcr t cr au supueesr nr aYPig"r m se in
nd P i ck, di rectorul Spir alului d( Boli Nenoase dr Pr aga
j;"r,
llin!i: :Tiii*i
ii;:$:i{,1 jff
:: *n*",".*
, oa":ri. vi"i'".
"a",
it lS83 comunilaleaceha s erul
oLc rona*i penrru consFui'ea unei EcoLieleDenrsre CsDd
consilrului
rec
a ps
jillti,..H:rxt";",,,r';#;ri:u*1r,Ti
lj"Ti1,.:1fi
a( enr ul pe m n ti D u i ra te a a s p i ra l i i l o r
ms canr nusi r€.C ehi i
evi. ii favorizaupe cebj.sjDg!r;i carelacuseraeforlul si iDvete
ii*li.,q.- a""u" deja rnodul cum dezbater€acare a urmat a
oopordin Europacar"s.a reconverUr at Reichsrat-ul, fo4aDdu-I Pe Badeni sn cspituleze.ln fala
llll^,,l^1._"j11
:r,g"*r
-catolrci6m prin forla arrDeto!
ram! i.tionistiiora- Cu toaie cA apLcarea legii ma4iale a potolit 1n'6 o
decra3r numelede strtzi ir limba gemand au inleput curAnd€t
,""?:i:,'lug"l-T_:llg.fr;r9 rurriccan, nr",0,,""u *
ffi **i:n*;
[iq$,ri":_:::'ftr#*r :n
"dtii
relunjrcu cermad:,tap*g". p*,., p",",i;;;;^-;1:l
"";cuno.cura
",
il1fi :fi*'xir,n,ril
:,i:{;;F:llii.ff ;:x?iTi:ff:
-,ec€re
l
i";"tT:',::il.hsiint,J,,Tfi
iiiiti{1 il: i*,""",f
iil**t
iT::::.i,.""!ti:Ti,"".s","ru;*il"*,.*l*i:f#
.**:' jiTJ
j
#""*::ijtir,ji
**"1, :n';::*:x,n",ll+..r.:
lj*"liq1 "*".*r;,""",t
expnmareanemutluniritor acunutate -"ii;T;;i,j';:;T:i"l
in do;ez*r a" ,";-a"'.qi"p
_
Fetdnarelal aultriac, 1Zs?-1862(n.r.).
REF.OR!(A CATOLICI DIN
EOEMIA
MARCIOM$Ttr ?MClIEZI
297
:l*ki#:x*'l'#ff
",;*"-*uL"*ft h j f
L$*il"H"Ifi
rffi "J"';
H"Tl:LHffi
3;:'"1"""iiiffi 'ji""pl
s"'r'"-p"i;. p"'t; a ilusrr€ modll in \erc.au imbo-
:":$:R8il,:r;xijs::,:ti*iil.;:::li:="ii*,*l
,jl"i';:::;,i;,;';1"":l':1"''Si3:i'J::
iXi;,i-.fl j ;;i;;.;;;l;i;
avieneiln cees
,i"ii fu1*"r".i*" i.t"iect'rard. ::l^tllTl:
catoricadiD
reruttn careRerorna
preocu-
iti"-"Gr i"r"n"i"."t pdnadupnIsso promovdnd ar
."-r" ii rt.a"d dinBo;nia ei Moraviaun fo*r
fis,:at-#+s**tr*g""o
iii""i"
iffi **i*llh-:hti':,ni#,lH;1",l'*x
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publica r6maslameotabllPand
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]IEIORMA CATOI,ICA DIN
SOEIfIA
MARCIONI$TII PRAGIIEZI
*ru**Nffi
d ca temd cenrrar?ict\i l !?at - t s. Nonli'h
t Heiler au \ 915 si Di"
f.rnecorIHeller au. l9l6) '- t D Pr im ' lu'r ar e dn
" A A *ni-la
te' Fl autut
a" glas lupteisale ru DumDezcu. imasindndu-ei un
ili
."rre."arii S"*^re in ceade-adoua.auroruloferr" o versiune
"r
n"e"ai"i Onutu a Ioi Imre Madach lolosindu-sedP
,io"i"La
" lui Mozart pcnrru a redremariza holocaustul
,i"l" ar"
ii"i "pJ* ir perroada anrerioara scnpriiaesru prsr'.cl
"ccia"riat".
se dezgustul f4n de birocralia habsbursicd denisionanddin
nrrteceior.Dentru ca lesea ii cerea sn pronunte o sentin!6
"n'""*rudl
;ry**=rurru*l',,
mm "
6 ln cazul uei veduve.
' j i ,Zl .asemindtoare
" u* i
in fata l€sii l-a motivat Ei pe Franz-Kafka
opP ra - dat o La m sDuscr iselorpasr t at e de M ax
- a l acur di n marci oni sm ulpr aghezun
loc com on al m oder nji6! ii
I a dusnarcionjsnulla o eiq:mi care.ai\1Jeali
$fi*+$pggNeffi
"l'"", ":::1li'.:
dupa noart e Nu num ai cd lum ea se conplace in
ri ri r. chi ar oi
a binta rocrari ei . dar exi st b ei o bir ocr slle a Yl"l'i *T
' .re* au l1: ! . ': :cb
obeenai
a-"sat" * e C " ment sr or 'i oper eikaf lit ! e
.;' e fa.e o paral el i ti ntre Pr ocedur iler iLualiceale Tr r m €'dc aejswan
i"*" r"ir." Ei conportamentul inscrutabil al funclionarilor diD
pentru a garaDiarmpar-
!;ate. Procedu le iozeiniste, cotrc€pute
au fost inve*ate de Kafl<a pentN a le
fi*u*$*r**ffi
,t""';"Jt"Uif-
La sintouzJze "t"t"l"i,
capiciut Kafta desc e viata ca pe un ntual ale
l e rbbao nc.uno scut e psr t icipant ilor ' Scr ; iior ul Pr aghcz
[" u;i r' o" v" ' " i oo i ' " ,Qi , suslinand ca or ice evanqheli"a sper anr ei
doa; o-al H l ns" l .rori e a ur ui dem r ur s ibplacabil'
otro u"* g"od (ras+rge 8), marcionismuta marcat nmai o fazn tre-
.e a indiferentismului etic bazat pe adinimtia fa16d€ Schopennauer
rrt. in romanul Sc/ross No neplege : Der RotudD dd Indiffermten
,ls;*g******fiffi
1908), el fac€ portretul uNi estet indiferent lajntampler e din
puet ului
sau. S ub i nfl ueni a poerului Fel: I Welf f ch I r 884-l9t i4 ' si s
rez.ew eul orb O.l ar B a m r 1883- 1941' dupa- 1910 Br cd. € ales, se
l"tivistiu. cev' na: ta.,iu, seninntatealui Baum !i hotismullui
r Eveausa r.vigorczerradlia leibniziaDe
:: iHJi"i,",i;'.i'il;;: ;i;';;,;;;";' ;','. evrei'prashpz'
a
Paul"Kornhldi 1889-1942" SuterindinflueDlauculri'rnuluilu:
,orc ir Strindberc.tragediaexpresion'ste a rui Kornfeldinti
#rr*+*fitT;**$*,w
mn)t und HollerBerl:n 191g'. des.riFexperienra uneiconlFse
,i,"J;a r"i.-"" *"ta; rn cele din urm6, aceastaajunse Bhlti stran'
;;e p.opria fiic6. Vizionarul Kordetd est€ inse mai, bine cunosNt
;fi;;;i;";ili;;il.t"i'ii"t, r- be'eelteund de' psrchot'a'
ii tr{ennh(ohul cusuftetsi omut.psihalosic) tBelti, 1:]:):]1 :.:'
filcsofie Xarl
iozefinisra dill Prass. unde profesorul cstolic der'"9'l:::.",Y
i"iti ' iisl-r 800,t "";",rcdu;in opcraa^utorlor
'
fii;.;; i;;;', ;;."e*,* i; wotnaor*no\'a5nr6rDil
i"i;-"i"ir r" c'"'""t"r p;aristinsinredPa i n i\':-T:]l,l:
;;"'. ffi;';ffil;t sclieriror
sei;t i-au ahas aientia asupra
19 'n.i*""
ir-" p"l.*"t .ai bine de un penrdran citind C;t;cile kaF
'ri',"."iiiL.i, il*"ndu'i' ralerLul nsiemst;c'iLa
Viziunea leibniziand a armoniei t"'i, "'G'"* t'ca inr;e posibilirateade alredafilosolia
'irul pt Pot ie ln 1805wst €3
ernati ca; mai mul r, era at r as chr ar {i de
Bernard Bolzano despreobiectivitatea iit"t"" i":rir"""nl, a* prad serDninteaze'o catedrd derelisie
inexpusn 'iJ'ior,""" p.l.r"r de a combimtoateceletrei vocatii ln
a propozifiilor r"""p"t p'"aeacursurideEatematica'
j:'li.lli
iaos "aillotoni€it, inaintede a preluatuncliad€
i:aJ-".i." "r "
"lr"-t Botzaroera u profes- ""t'p'!1' ii
'-"i ""*"iitaliL -t"a*1e$ti in rata studenliior(trbauunssreden)
{;iyitff1",ix,f..,"",
:,,:.-',t,?, ;;il1;il:d;;;;il'ie
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'1 Jl'"""rurli cri 'antiiozefinigiii conservatori de senul lui
Ia viera Dupd
*re a fondatFrintaneun
tr+Flr':ffi:,ffifrif#i}'ffi
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det€rminepe inparal sa-l dPa
a rnsracuzarcbar li rosr
a" i; semina'd din !eltae-rr-L:^^m9e
lre,13"u-:lt
in siudafaptu-
(17ss-1863)
::Dupa
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ae a-i p.aep"l p€irhu erezie B-ainch€ial tu achitarea
I
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';
*"t"a;ea din universitate' B*-""1!:-"lj
il#!:L::""-:l
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* :T,i:,:'
"::l:l: * aurdesrare in sFa fe) incdr ereI i"", r" t""r"f
p",i,tJp*r*0, anulu:.insrijirdeLadvHoflmaDn'
jat
J;:T:':":10-?: sa fJnc d:n cauzaurui cancer,Bolzanosla rntols ra
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a fost
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;;;;;1-8" 10 "sj t830 E; a r er m inat oper a sa caeit ula
'in
^"i-riii",",oT,i':lf i1,a,l".?ll'_"_:,i".:l:i,:li;:l
rsgzla Sulzbach
in pal''r
rn Bavsia s'aiieinterventiei
;;il,.r;;l:l ili,,"?ii._",,::s """u". a"pj '" j, vjnzenz rieb chr1l9i l-t? :':o.lil
i::l;ikllliil:,ii
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"lii s'i""';;;;li
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;"","i;;i;;;; lirt3 ranb
t. ir iiai ii"t''"t' era deJa
iD r er
rnalt
5'nainredea inrrain pullia
corbisarde Polilieroberlod-
ill
lij
ar firosoriei
]eibniziene
a-i,p'o':ji
i.rl",;i;"'p";" a rorosir'o;'nl"u i131o:^B:l'i.'-"r-"l'
."j:1.j"",,,0..".:f.,"rnianr a rosrce .;;. a'.a *"oi' de itrcurajeri ca sb-rucrcze
si rmk;d;;;;;;;;";;; ;;
ij'iiji"l "JlTl"":'jil "i848\'os'.'an ;;;i. i;"';;i;;,,
ctrDulli Prielentsllorrr€rD-
,**:*i*r#:!",,ji"!iTn:ti"f"l::,,ri$;#jr;
j:ill ;i'i*:l;:;:
zanoa iDtr"rinu!o vie corespondenla
:;i,#:;l;"";;;;;;"'iJ""r ;""* r;; e""er'1802'r853'
:"i'iiii"' ii i"i"r., ,tes'tasg'ca* ir vaedita posrum6'
opers
3""l;+"1ri
ij&:r"*
Fiaruneimaneparash"",",
r;;;; 11?? lflxir
;;i;r'"#:;;:1-iJ'":::,",?
;;$;i;;;;
'n""",'iir'""ra*'cr
pragrreii se numarari inilientur-director de
;,roresorulde simaaziuJohannAugtsi
*""i. t.tal r"; n"rl""i Zjnnermanr'Prieten$l sramaticienilot
298 BEFORMA CATOLICI DIN
BODMIA
VZILTI\'EA LEIBNIZ]ANA A ARMONIE1 299
Dobtovski tj Safaiik, Bolzano
a f6cut .,rr" din partidur
care cdu,au se p""-;;;;;"" bo. ioz€frniFtilorStifte! ti GriUparzer,zelul lui Bolzano d€ a
1",J,,"i:I:::_," i:l:,: *""-;;;;eil;Xi"'?i:","":
il;""l,,rrc
sEbvere.frecare llHf; rc rruga, tnderD
lDtregii societali Acea loc re8€mrlnriide\a lmbunetaf
ilintre pd4i. Acest fapt reflectl postulatul lui Eplzalo cum ce
:::: ::f g"jl"l, iimbacerorrarri
casr nu"
geB ru n ,c a a n i rn s l e l es A tb a ri c e q . :r-sine si contempum adetnrurile-tn-sine.Dace voB pCtnrnde
yl,:rj;:i#]rururil,.n:i*l"
' ir c , r r D
iarhitccturii univeFului vom deveDiEtai inrelepti $i nai buni,
*i:[1.:
r*:i!."".
carea"p-redicar.sub,isr;"ta
"
i",,i""""a Lii"*_, , *
a racutdisrinciiatnhe repr€zl
ie n€voiesn schiDben acealtdcon6$llqtie. In domeniu]teori€i
a enalizat statul-ln-aine.nostrlat ca statul cel Dai
putinlr, fdrt sd cercetezedacd acestaputea fi vreodatepu6 in
io"y;..".n"x"*n*:
mk+:""i,"'fi
,rr
#:rif;il*xr;{*"*l,tvlt''
13.El a creionat un hodel de pedoctiune,mai purin pentru a
d dimensiun€aimperfectiuniloreiistente, decatpentnr a venera
*:**+m"*r'.'l#
nodelului. .Putini gAnditori au fo8t atet de pasionati ca
;iji#',;'i,'"r*+**nf
#;y!E
lii!-" l,il,ffi:.":n,?
ll"::r*hi:,:lt
irn conceap!entitltile idealefdrt sI nn seamad€ aplicariite
rilr*jil.,n,Tii
ftiT"itr_lti.:.:"":i"il_ii:s?"i""#ffi
tLerbartiand. In anii 1880,Franz Brentano- stimulat probabit
Zi mmermann a sr r s6 at enlis ssupr a losicii lui BolzaDo,
sT":r*ii,ji*:#qtd#y*ft :xsr::iili,, x
'irtercsul lui EdEund Husserl,care,h fandul sdu.i-a int€r€Eat
jhior Pal6syi $i HugoBergrnanne. Intrarea intr-un conde unbre,
td;; ;;ff;*x,,"*;"#il"",,1#
a lui Botzanopot Ii comparatecu situalia iui GreAot
#il+fi :f"{i[#,}i#
*::,i:,:,"::,"-:1.-:,:*" ?h::,.;, s
":;:"_,llli"i;,1;
: deEcoperirea de cetre acesiaa legilorgeneiiciilnjurul lui 1860
recunoscuteabia in 1900-Bolzanoa susthuf. rtupicat obiect!
a inexpugnabild a pDpoziliilor logice, Fiecare Fopozitie-ln-line
u ;."i"r.t,uip,uj
;#;;;1".,,LT::i.::'":i,:.ea"-a;ii,.eoi,uoo
;*1":"t#
i*[i:,#;i::+x"-,:J_*"j["_,",";;xfu toDbmia unei monade leibniziene. ffind neviciatf de €fo{ul oame"
:s o exprimasaugendi.Conceperea
exisienFi unui cer al ideiloa
;f::
iixil::[ ,'#
d:i:i:iTt**::t"*l*tifi
::;T:l,H:i:t*i: !r" r""i""r
i*" l.r.#i,1"
,Jf#;Xl
sdr€ unele
'c4r€ dnele ajung
4ung s6
ttd ln lfera aandirii
fle gandite
sd tie
rDane
sandite de
este
om, in timp
de om,
una diDtre
timp cece altele
reaiizarile
Du jntre
altele Du intrl
fundamen-
1eElosoliei austrieae. Alirnend integritatea invincibild a ideilor,
adesenrna
;:;i;HiilK:1i,j:1';lrenlru s'iudjo
;p;;"'lri.. te de amestsculomenoscului, Bolzanoarealizat ceamaj putenicn
lmpotriva cenzurbrii ideitor. Nici o erdale sau nesur! umann nu
jj:rr;:*xil
a,,,:nHTitil{i+:i!:""":"!"ti:"ty_*:T"r
i dbforma sau disii'rsiona adevArul. Asemenea unei fortlrete inex-
abi l e, propozi l i i l o-i n-6inesubzist ) iD et er n; t ar e, ca o co; solar e
tri;fi :"."*ifll,#
i$",81;$:j,1,.,rir:rl:"'""1;j
ji
genditorii care le lot pAtrunde lnaiestatea. Bolzaro ?i-a iftliat
ur monument care va dlinui in ciuda prigoaDei d$manilor.
fi*::n:ro'i:+r',,"mr*.,,#it":rlrd:*niT
::ff""Xil?1
. r.e*nizpentru
bi*retulu;ft;#"":
Reformacablice din Boemia
gi relnnoiled viziunii leibniziene
pecehisndevindadepliie91'*",::T
':ifl:l;.Hi; ;;;"J;;ir;
:;:,,":ilnj:;:':?:ili"j j*:':""# irnpinganau-;
liJ:iiri:ii!,l"Ji:iii"lT#,:,::r"fi
sub nDmete de boeniemro. lll':-l:.:':'"1:ll::
cumare
in cer"dinurmaresD;n6a
^;buraca,
. evre;j di r B oemras_aur et ugiat
ia, ez. "r n' a
- - - ^^- - : r ", , n'r p
dF os bi rc d - Au s r.i a F i q e U n s s ri a . m B oemi a
sub Merr l;'ii*i..' i"i l"rrr" a tosi
ra, -rSo prc F
r s m ura J D c a lu n ro t p ro g l e s i s r.i o s i ru a fi a h u*to n\:1-p^Li":::,:,,,I
care l atori l e a,"o1e,.r,i- "n+ T'1"'t': rn.sudltan.m,ei
acom.
a
Bocmrei com'
n is m ului au r nj ]o .i j n i n rF o mu t b j s e ri c i i . ,nri cl encstj smut iiir'* r86s *''ror nascur
'iso5' ' *lc
a a
o cotaminjma, avandca rezultat faptul cd Rotnantismul
retisios;l i'"i.'-"i.*"r;* sGth@neAristocraucul
Persoraj
",
':il;i*nr'"*:**';*,;"",1ry;15i,t+*r^f
rut ca un fruct iluninismutui, nu ca un protest.
-al
au' euf r r s i pa
ii Uatoticiirefor
q rre T eo i a te d e m i j l o c . o p u nbndu_se
atdr rramo;
l rs m ur J . . . r it 6i c e n tra ti s m u u i d e 6 ra r. L a rg i nd.ercel adiul
Euc,en,l€1'lerg,
e fi r.trr; "if,T: $.:i;;,:il i'"i',*
il:;,:.*,t:ill,iUlHi"l"il,llfl
ct'";",oprru"""".aar""ny"r,t *_p."Jl, rifrcr. cu subrecrulrn3piratd'n 'I'' l"ll"-- -..- ,- "',.'"" n'".,"'
"
:::j::i:11,::g,g::Tia cucerarlui rusrusMij*" _ g";;";;;ii
il".If
:ff,'tffli;'::n?:rn';"n:n:;sr.-";*;*:l ilid-i,i:,!$*i#$}'"":;xilip
lilii,:'-i"$f x!!"r[::qiii"#lilr
ri:i:i::;r"x1p
r;i:,';::
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**1,;""'l"lmb:
l#i ;ia*h1i rry;1ii",L
.o r br nau p' egarj F a p ra c ti c dq j c u ttu rs u m ;i s,a
l !r pus unilar c r a lp e te ri e . c u o s e i n rtmp J a
i"a"..a,0"-;
p"'",,J";i
;; ;;;:;I;,";,ji.#fi';il;""#'J
jDsuflar
pcnl ru a evi ta
ts U nrvcrsi rareadi n iiirruu:i"::ti{fl..:rm i:;iii
lJ:'l;:"i:;':;i"';i#'i"*"
raMrnjs
iJ p"'r*a" pPrrecu'la
r(.au a.esroradorinrsdp a pgnicipsra
llil:::":::"'
po]jticd. cme.atia fornatd tn acesre
FcoLa;ondrr" a"pa rSe6
" lF r r us , ii c o b i a u rm b ra ri $ s t i n n u m e r m are doctrrnal ei bnj zi
- am_omq
a -T c,r€nice.,Spre,deosebire de Djsticii
HH jT}li'tlisr*TT
il:i{ii:h"iir''Eirui,fililffi
L€ni trecum cunrele Kaspsr Sternbers (1?61
Si
""",oli
Vi"rr"i
:i:j#Lx",#jiHlT;"'"_,ilff
;i:ru,nn, : il""*uff
j$iuii'i*:
e"i"","s,ff
*H*"r"""r:i;liirffi
teolosiei.
*
Ei inbrnFFauconceptut herderiaial eva"tr"rl"t""""
hove-I{giersiI
li"'i al r€rormei
i;"1 idiosincralic a fosrreorosul
carorice
a' """Li"l'i"",riirC
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RETO4MACATOLICADlN
IIODM1A VIZIUNEA IEIBN'ZIANI A ANMONIEI 307
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istoricd pentrsa apam nationalisnul sl av Conparat cu astfel
!i. umanismul luj Herbart perea intr'adevh sigur. EL a revi-
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preleserile
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Procramarea
n Ker.teler':.
312 REFORMA CATOLICI
DiN BOEMIA IRANZ BRENTANOSI ADEPTII SAI
*'r :i* *
**,,5il*;iiJ,",":#." ili';{fi
"n '**.r*'"
i a D e core a rcalir al- o lac suhiect ul une' nu le d€
Adolf von
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de roare
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3 14 REFORMACATOT,ICADIli BOEMIA
Fr"ANz BRENTANo$I ADBPTI sAI 315
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::',.?j"rrffi $:rT:J:"'r,';l;"i
; celei de-a treia categorii a experieDtei, adicAfenoqtenetor iubi i
urii. Maxirna luj eticd conetd lntr-o palsftazd dupe Bolzano:
i".;il,,;i"i'i:fi[ :i:"] ;:;ll,x";"llfli*;;";';:i.;,'"x',j P roD ovurcape cd, po st bile b, nelLi 'o
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:!t. de asenerea, fanilia, oralul ii statul, intreaga lume prezentd a
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calculal phcerii al tui Bentham A 9ti cAun iucru €stebun inseamna
i afiImi cA drasostea fati de acel luou este jusH; in inod 6imilar' a
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::1,:i",^"1.'f de.vedere,
lernviindconceplia
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juste. Acesteopinii au fostlmpnrtatite de G E Moorc,carea imbra-
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fui:l
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pc candobiecrere
de ctasi sup.rroaraau nevo,e,
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fi T:i"",.1,i1Jti;i"ffi
il:il"ilr1i,!#."'.",'#i;1"J.:ffrJ i:ain anii s"peion ae ta psihologie!i semina ile de losic;, unde
restrul snal i za opcr a lui Bolzano.
i"""xT::j:,i:""#:
:::Tffi
.TrU:;*:"";l
imlli;l "5:#j
z : t ie f ie s f iln d . fi c n e a s a Se i n -u l . ' - *' **'"
'Mai tArziu, Husscrl s-a numnrat printre pulinii di6cipoli invitalj
l a B renrano dupb sem jns'ii j; r 1n iu$ie 1886 s a bucur at .de
rariuruicareseaconrradictiei ' a de a fi pofri l l; ca"s de oaePelioin wolf sangseeca t nulLi alt ii'
exclu.iv obiect€lorenstu"t", a" u"".u sparr ;*i devenit filoioi s-a sirIrtii ploaundrecunoscttor
","1T:l::l:"::l-":::1".1"_lpra
tnti contradictoriipot subzi€tatn ""
oriit"t; ;;;;;;;;;: generosin care BrentaDoiti punea la dispozitia.disci
-"i"-'",tr4""
m ;odul
entia rationis de'*tke a"
sdndire h"ge i * : ti ." ' ,j si spir ilul. Cu loat a s. aiir udit 'ea. Husser l a $jiut ca
pred€propoziliile-tn-sine ra"""""r ""lal"lt.
C"e,";i;";i;;;-"; "ei D ul ea i mbrs!i sa njcio, laLipsjhologicm dlpr olesor ului ssa Lr cit '
"r -"ti""ti,",
ale.lui Botzano. AldrurideBolzano, La: oeput ul ani)or
anilor
Me 1na6 p""t"nla
aI isse. lnr f , r DceDuls6
nnar,ni a to".,nccput s6 se r dceasce.La:oepurul
se rdceasce.
obiecrsau propoz jlic. conrradicrorie
sau nu, ). Husse;ll-a viziLatirrr..derar pc Brenl6noietlr 1908r aceuiat
:.,":."^1r..1tli::_
:"": nu€ imparlaeir
::-"^::i1-i1.1:,", r4s6concep{ia rui Borzano
p nouia FloEnla. in 1919Husse mirturisea cat de mult il ven€reaze
de.aceslrer se bucurade o exisrenla rentritro, lmprumutand de la acesta spiritul dc misionar !i dodnt'a
:l::i,:"1-'"-I-110::'1lli
mentaldin alara spaliutui
Fi tinpului. tn opozi6" aru"tuno ariiate $i rigoare ]ocicn. Insistenta cu care Husserl a ofit1r1at' de
", ""i
"T-
ll
RIFORMA CATOLICA DIN BO!)IIIA u
atatea oi, cd, dace Brentano nu ar fi existat, et nu ar fi scris nici
B ins u r dnd d e fi l o s o fi es_€ p o a L eo b s e r\s $i oi r dedi c" rj a l a pri ma
IRANZ BRXNTANO SI ADE?T' SAI
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j?i;$:,".rru"{i"Tr,3;,ll'i::rn**n"
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"rgoz'
in.ravo-area
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REFOR.MA
CATOLICADIN BOEMIA ql ADEPTIIsAI
FRANZBRENTANo 327
*" t. porBntE
din cetn cemarltabaa rasei,!
" *r1:-'."r,"1q !-rimuruj rno,dj,r.
ciliul mental sl construirii seriei ascendente
de nu:ner€Intreg:i,ln
;"i,111,::ii:,T,*'"'J-1T?a .rn,boi ne"r"l,lp elem€ntel€ffscAr€iEeriisunt ggnerateprin adiugjrreaurmtttodrei
iii;:1fr
i,,,"}"'i
ii{ii::"r":,.$I",".t"j!,H:;*.'tsltf la nivelul superior,dupAcum ulmeazi I
ir'.**::lrl-.ri+1lrui"ll"*il'l'ixft""""'x
:j:Ti';.:"-:::9
rn ac€aBta il
t'1.1"a 6useni6ila niv€id€prrncipiumetafuic
€a,intslviD'
penuua P'evonr
I
12
i.".Tornul
dacl. :::ii::l:.:::::i"
nu lr**"a
pruuinia"e"n;i";
degenerosr Dupddoi ani ln carer-a jucet sEtfel,Eh!6nf€h e elabora|tn 1919un
'
p"ri*'"',n"ieruu lel, crezendcI vaqiungpla lrdeluflg cAutatalegea flum€relorpdme,
j.*,;#?,t#:#,TiL:liilii:fil
;l*,l"g*:q:l"y:11j., jili"*li"*i"l*
i:*"*l*,".ir,iii:"Ttt{}:#",.x'trr
lncA doi 6ni d€ prelegeri ti arricole asupra ac€sruifubiect, a
at DaePrinrahlgeset, entwicheltund darypstelhauf Grund der
i€ (Leipzig,1922).Doti slgrmentatia sa erEmult prcs fante-
;il:"',?i::T;1
ii*1,,,:
l;n;":t*lxl,i::l,ll ;r; . pentru s-i putea conving€pe maremadcieni,eseulconlinoaunele
grb_jlhard,
{a *",,,,,:**:i:::*:r"1i
"i,H*T#"Tj:iTl":Tff
cadezasr,ut ;a ;;;;;;i:;tr1?:i:f: dil
egar;!,-
re cele maj rDaturer€fleqii despr€ caliiaiil€ gesraltisre.Deplin
ut dupa depresie.Ehr€nfeisgi-ainurgat deecopelireaca pe o vic-
s luminii Impotrivs lntunedcului, un s€mnal irbdnzilor viiroare.
:: jj*:lj:lT::j:li:lnorogiei, onurvafeariza
_ iairteleacstes pentru viitorul omeni i le-a itrglobatlnDieReligian
",":ilili
;",:fi":i"' Tlff
lil.f,i'#:1,^trif
ffi li,f;ifi ""r,.".Dl Zukunft (Religja uiitorului) $529j,lq care .or\tinui studiul ,€nti-
€seDtiale'|,
precun numereletniregi qi notelemuzicale,pe care
fti:":"":" m*;l;mtru:*$ih:#i
+lliiil!
ruiDumneze'rnochi
i r:;;t;#;;;;#
;i ;:ii_T$:ffi :"1"'j:
'r
uidert un tratament impot va releLortelestre.
n bulljmea de gaDditori austriecj ai Eecoluluinosrru pc csre oam€-
) ltiintl i-au islorat, Ehrenfels a fost, probabil, cet;ai orisinal.
fi 'ii,iii:',ii"T:p""a*"
:,:l!-:: 9":-.cs',":r $i#ru, a"p'],"'i,, rccunoscuL faptul ca tehnolosia !j migcdrile 6ociale aI!eninlau
fr:lj:*"-n;T:::"":"j:"::.tsl:i,_;Fiiili'"-"r"ffi
;;;;"",:::_:-::.i
sauraur Adrer,metanz;ca
sa era foart€
dl conrern_plarival ReforDei c.rolic€ diD Boemis. Ehrenfels credea
i"t tiri n-""ntu"ode a rnaximizaLinelet*"*. a.
"-r"
""i".se"fie
f,tliix;illlhi:*"ll*ii"r,"rur;'"'"r":Ti i drasticeIn.itica sexualit4ii,p€ritrucaDumnezeu salvat
dezastru. D e;i s pu6 ln locul- not iunii ar isior e ice de ar r r onie
:n vi zi ups }l erscl i ti anb a lupr ei cosm ice,Ehr enf els sj- a past r sr
ivinserea l"bnjzianaca tn celediDurmaraliuneavs tnvjnse.Facand
;,,,":#:#I.'Tii"tlL,*n:lm*r\;y,1?i"*.,i:l
jitrT#i::'{
t Ia cosmolosiagnosiicA, Eh.entelss-asrreduirs6prelunseascb con
4ia lejbnizianainrr-o lume indusirializata tj proleiadzard.,\cesrrru
lj:t'ft!:i:ilri,,til';";*?il,#Hr:
;:];r""i,ft
f6s:::;.";:tl;::11"k,..*:**:#":iiit
oaratieicombetuadesener6stenla proieitdndin universo wiziune
l*i;*qlii"fq*:'"''"r#i*,#r",rhhTt';
l!ii'1!:",-"*H'fi
;
ravieoe
-r*-liX"g,i:*tli.*
*X;,t""t:L{Jit:i1
r:Ui"tl,)t;ii:"
g.*'.*,"qff.1,"1
#E;*":r.ilHl:i."."j,,itrij'
J::i,,T,'j";#H;:T;
rapturcaehre-nrirJf;;;;;i;'"H:;ffi.;"?,J?"T#:
l enl el Bpentru evi rareadezas! r ului.niLj m Aca!el n, r s pur u! pr eledea
csre avea s{ vind,
a reformi st soci sl , ac"sl ansr ocr arpoaLef i siezat alat ur i oo f ilaD
ieehi Coudenhove-Kalergi, Suttner Si Popper-Lynkeu6.Ca plofesor,
s rermjrar i-osmosoni"tD iglO. erilonifica iadependerra spirituah care li animase qi pe Bolzano ai
,r..uupa.ce eh,"rrA" lltano. Deopotriv6 p n ceea .e a cleat qi prin cele ce a suferit,
deprpsiicumpr,re.pe ca,e a jncercar
" "arii.
racandsrrdiia".;!iir_""*Jiili*:;T".,:,'il"::::
;1,.":" "f.i,,l., ,,,"r
ji":,i sa o este urul dintrc .ei rnai tal€ntati $i cei mai convinsntori
dp ru\rnr ai R Flor m ei , ar oli. e dio Bocm ia.
329
ULIIITI] EXIONENTI AI TRADITIEI IEIB\IZIENE
:*iii'ii::i;:T;1; ;"1'::
"";
-li:":* #[T,+\:ri"r,r::],":
popper se",'"'l'1:t""i*"i;il,l',1:l:i;:1""],',j:,lil
afosravocaru,
la slm
r riata noderna necesjht renunt'area
2l i.l5 Tm:lT";"::ll:;""#'
i:irTt;rT'""}:, l.'i'I' i''lli:
rnllnita. nrereu in cxpxnnune
Ultimii exponen{i
Ir-':l:l -:l"* :,:i:"'":"::i:,1 i :
icei\oven
"p",'.i v"l'
ai traditiei leibniziene "i'i'f,'. "tl"^."'
Joseph Popper-Lynkeus- iluminismul optimist
a l u n u i i n ve n ta to rceh *h :*{t-**,f- : i
'5i[*;,'""'^'"1.
::li t;;:*.".,.,'lfil'[;i'#:H::l;:l]r:::::i*i:l
;il::,";;i,i;.i;;i; l:":::*"::";n*.!i,"' :Jilli;i:1;:
l n r " , l8?0 s i 193 8o s c ri eo e g a rd i l o ri . fa ,a D rc io tegal urs
' cu B rrnrar
i:"?;'.:l';J:"i:f, ;;:;
i)'
:.liill;-Yi'"'i""",l'"'lf,J "".J*".u"':*-"
"op'
s' a L aduB c ont nbu ti a l a r.i i n o i re a rra d i l ,e i l ej bD i zi rne probsbi l
rn valar or ul Nh u J o s l tp o p p e r.n . t8 3 8 ,.c a rpa r rai r l a
*";:j;"xx:i:":i !:;;";"':;'::l!:;;;;;j;" cF,p 'u,edep''rni
FroEc
p .a 8 ja m oanc a s a i n 1 9 2t. r fu s t .p . m a i j d i o s i ncrari c
V i cna d:n
iji'"tt"'.iie Ndhryfttcht der so'ziokh
ot' LbsunB
dhl rc sce sacntd''IP::lT;.lil'-l
.'i * *t,te tdPrcb.'no
Nnscut !i crescut in gheroul din Kolin. por
e*g,a;"avf,";,ii',;.";;;":;;"',;lff,I,:
l,::::"ilTLll"l
^",iii;
;s:i* i*-i:i:1ru
iii,'"'i",i,,
l'; n":.i:T:{".1
;:i,illi['J"i"li:'ffi
llliji
a r rar r or r pr at e. I n I8 6 7 ,I s i n v c rra t o v a trs p e n rrL
aburi carc i a adr
;:"#": :il:"i ;,"#;;;';';;;; deconn'care """:*
a prop'rci6iiror
l"''iJ""*";;"-'"""1:":",:::,,""1"T"'"""'::i*':::lii"l
ocrrnitardu.r sb ip pensroneTc
::lllirl "ubs'dr:r:: in r8e8
( eribdraro ,i8la ;nrrea€a.s.a.,siirorit pe !i sn
pzrur ii""li"
[ltril**5i+i'1*:sfr
1111j^"ji'l'll
$i'tu'it$;:",'.':1.;
*:h", pcnrru ra* ."it"","* ,".,"i. .q
lj::l: "" r r at aI.": l.rFna i.
p n .ren apm tu i trn s r M a .h 6 i sa"_:
tu ; schn'rzrer.
ru, S c h n i r zl er.Bahr qiEEir5r€ir
B ahrqi i r5r€i
i-: ,y,"f,",,.",l:'crnsrrlra.n6r
-:ll o,sc,potrr
rrnrre sdr 5e nunara ii foilerunisrul
ln l87a Popper s farurcunos.ure prrms
Fritz Wilreis
:i*,T:1i;i;.;:,;Ji:; ",i.,,.n"'i"'
" i",.p"::':::l ll'j:li':i
n.ri urop'cein "r ornrre
Dds/i,, /,t /utpL"nuhdrr pn. t,,,,
muttetesateDroou
il:X:-l;Hi;;#;i;;""";l;'';;;"""' l"';:l:i".'1i::::i1"":l
eribFrs
ie1poate
t'mcntar
o rrd L. sot
t ) t t eo! t adc o n u ri t,D re _ d a . t8 ? b l o J _ ac d i ti c,
"",i""-i,"trr"i
L90B rr-on;eD a l'":1:ilil::,1' ffi o*'.*a"^ ". " "'''"" " " sa nu a primn \teun
Propun'res
u i"t",i,";.,ep"'*","i a" pou",ite
ca"ociet.te.Llionnra
serviciulmilitar se se ocuped€ ce€ace et ""rlr;fi
num", aat",ia *i,**l
i;;;;.-##:
;;ji;;;;":;;;'
"."il* il":lll
": 'n*"r"'t"
:t.1"^::::''^l:"*"'i
i"i e"ti" :,1,"":
n""g""';"ilX1ip"ilff
nudouGordscheid
si
de.a
.asielm necesitnlile atineDtare (Ndhrpflicht). 1i"""* ;:::i:J:l:'#T#;;"i"
trebuia sa serveascdo perioadain arnata ai;e"tu1;"i, ** tr"l"tu.J
""teJ* b,sr""nrr*nl"re' 3i
:'i"T;i'.":;'Til'. Poppe'a incepur'sa si norczevi.ere diurne
asi&re tuturor hrand Fi adApostpe
lo:"
D Ufu r p. odu. e
sratis_Banii umau se fie fotos
pFnlrua romlrra bunuri de tu. p. csre aD(reprenofl,tc-s.
dupa rn c h ec ,e e s p rv i c ,u tu irti m c nrar. popper a nronus ll*ilri:';xtmtl;:i6:f j:fr
:p::i'i:,rx"il."*
.odul
fa n tto r ij ur m s u s d'j_p"net
"d""ll''l:",
In tocsa r,eronddnnatj r" :,iii."""i,.i,.
f i ,.s u p u F i o p ro b ri u tu , p u b ti c .p" 0" " " *
rsiri"#'r:;,*;q;;r*qi:;;;'"1.",";;
ffi::n#fi
p u Drc. r 6r ea F a" iv ,
renun,e
raraptere
i r j j ru l s c c s tu r c a z u fl
s a I f6cd pe ri cat;qi sa
rorr"p-#i;,;;";il;;";:,ili!?Jil;l:l|#..til
" " " " " " ,"
Nach Predtgt'
D€n1ruincest intr-un diolog rnai lv',l' "det
ar" rcu in Florenla anului,l4g3 PopPe' Puneln
"'" "i*"ii a** l**"do Michelsnselo rotticelli!i Msc}nsvelli
i""uLt"l" o
cu todi rcproduc
.l"iiii," ar'i*" i;;a'"ue )ui sa"onarora
I'e,-.',"- "'.i":r"'i""r"
"J;i;;;l;'j;;.p"'unc,
1"9'*1".
"ltr":_li_i:t".1::h:'J::
desrj iubi aproapereEr sesimte
:*l:""i: Jii r
"".J,nr"',
:;;'!i;;il:il
u W."ii"
p"
"pi"copii pJr"'"."i'ei'i'atitrn
#;d;i a" "T't:ll:'i
c'en'""
trbirii' €1 descriecum o rDanbrcspi'gaLoarere.u-
a distrus! seDtimestulurui iubit fatd de ftuxnusetearubrler',rD
'"i,iii,ii"""i
..;tLi,,p"pper su6iinecdnu doarcripa'norlii
r"pr"":"., ; i;\\i. iYL.Dic tomFut
Stddtder.Liebe
"i'""U Eagterii.nu al modij ai e:i8t5 un
"i"f" tit in monent"l
i" *"" strDt tngropali cPi care s-au itbit'
"i;;;;'
""o'"tut ;; ;.'," prio""pat ae":b"::"1"91. ril
111:l:-1ll
in
i.;"";"ffi;ilffi ;""il.-'r1"*-"'*i p"*'ir"g'ri;stenatice
i. ?i"t",iir" *r. *lt*"azE teme voltaidene precumarticlertca-
j:*{il:r'}il ,li:i""',""1:
m:*":u""ni:ff ."""""11'jr;,,:lil!1,*
I'"J:'"ll:
;?Jr:":"#i'":",r,"i#:iii#":T#trlii
jl'j,,"{
j.T [t riiiill xx{ff
:'ir:lli:ifx;''i, lii
5'"*n,i;:."":1
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dfitiri;li{iri.,';l'*1;1aai*r.
*ffi #*jrm*
ljtlnfl{ff{i+j:i4tri,f
Spann - un virtuoz al gAndirii corporatiste
fiith:g#t[.;fii;;e1iffi
tHi,ilffi
t" r" f Otftrn' . S P an! ' 18 ?8- 1950J
I" cu privirela soletate.afTr" !i,nir:i-c]r
"t'. ':';"'", ".,"tr", atacericarc1'5ia undevalensaviena'
f !",lJ:l'*',"";;';;:;il"Ji1,"f,i":H,:a*";*il;
iil'rl"r ,""1 .r"]rn de
t, Realsvmnssiub inainrede a intra la 'lll:1,",':1t^"-
l::i; " ;i" ",'ar.. din fiena, ztirich, Berna 9i Tnbtrsetr
**rrm*ryffi
""'""iir'
ii-"Ju1i""ia""t*'t"t t; D03).Dupecealuc*it
""i"Jiltatile
""ll".:*IiT
H;'l;;";:;;;;ilei'"r.r,"'. p;mit ablitar€arD 1e08Din
ir6:i!"E ri rirlo;t*. p'*:""d:" ","11"a"-{ll'fli.Yil:i31i
;J;;;;;;";";i;;;;rui asoci.t de economiehorisrica vienezur
DlPb : t:"1lri':^':
,-aii-r,-"""C"i,r-ourl;"nfeld(18?8-1s58' "" pan-a.in1338'
glondrsl.Spaln a predat din 1919
r-'iL
"i-"rJ
;ifi:i#i; d,; ila i' tg:oconauiam'rt
'r'l"i s
;#;;i;;;;;"J;a-; .""-""'" pe sprrn eii adePlii
"Y^::,':*:lY::
ace€tuia.'a
coLol'cal garotru
naziFli De indatdce fundamentuL
":l::ll*ii,::j:?{{:,";;;"irl+;*:l*ir:l{iriid,!::d;r*
lroDaeendiqri 'ul
4".i,
.,i a"g.aua !p,'#, i"it,l"i;;ia. "r a rostdstaraiede!aca:".*'^l1ltt9:i-il:11:
j;"::l::TJljl;
"""";j;;.;X:;il:;?11::"i"#ffi ;ffi;;;l;;;i Din 1e45paData 1s50spann a trdit in
etichetat pe nedrept drept Bimpatizant nazur'
ilrrtoentand. Iiind";"dn.
I
T'LT]MII EX}ONENTI AI TRA.DIIIEI LEIBNIZ1DNE 333
332 REFORMA CATOLICA DIN BOEMIA
. . ln acord cu Rpforma catolicd din Boemia, SpanD e cduiat Ee restitui€
DuDe cun an mentionat deja, Spann a fost cel care a ridic gdndi rea6oci al as trecutu luj r ecur g6ndle cat Fgor i'leer er ne.Pent r u e] .
distin;{ia lui Karl Pibran dintre indtvidualism gi.univ*salisn
Oolaritateafundamentaldelte univ€rsalismrersusindividualisn, Din
rans ul de f ilos o fi es o s i a l dd e s rn e s l h .i o a re R ei nvi i nd con' epl 1aI ..pecnte, nu e.deloclimpededace Spann a fost cel care a sirsexatacegti
'l A d; M ijll" r ( 1 7 ? 9 -1 s 2 9 'd e s p res o c i e ra te ad e tj p Gemei cchai t el rmeni lau Karl Pdbram. Daceln 1905.SpsmdifereDliadeducliasau
aoar arc r pz ul B re d e rme i e a r l l u i B o l z a o o$ j H e rban ' mtr-oordi nesoci rdiul fundamentalelor(Grund.siitz.J de indtclie eauernpirisn,in 1911
i c ons r r uir ape t e me i u . u n F i l e g i te ti e re rn e .Ar6nd acel sFi3ub6l rat p a diElutai p€rcchea universalism-individualiBEr fErd se neDlioneze
(1880-) celebreai
nele sotiei-sale franconiene Erika Spann-Rheinisch ticolul din 1908al lui Pribran careclarificaseterlninologiaacestuia
I m: s r ic a r ui A ng c l u s Si l e s i u ss i P a ra c e l s u s
SDann a an;[zat relatia dintie individ ;i societatein termeDii a c€ei
u:rmd?. Inventaridt€meni care.aErint€sc de Buber ti Ebrcr SpaDn
h"dalutst idealismul ca filosofrein annoniecu universalismuilnkucdt
ce €ia Dumii .,inper€cherc" Gezueiuns), cor]lept pi care l-a modeiti 'riinioagte ceva,Superiorlui tu'(ib€. D;,'),.pecAnderqpirismul,aliatul
1 p" t-u lrliitler de polarilate(Pola td') Spannqi-aani
tu rgOO'Ulilt". era atAt de pulin cunoscutlncat i'I 1907 el in
"ol;""1ri,i
vidualisrnutui,neagnorice ierarhie a ;ntiJelilor care ar suroonta
yiaualul3. Expunend uD Gistemdeductiv Eimilar celui aristot€lic
"a
ddduse doar accidental peste cele trci volume al€ l|u{jteni Elenente aquinian, Splnn a conceputlntreeu] drept cauzar*uie ai'i i"*
lil Stdatshunst : 1ffentliche Uo esunAen(Elementclz poLiticii de-stat Prekt otalitdtile i;i extras scopul.qiiinta, social4poate deducecunoaS'
rS;"ri". rsog-ibrof. Alimand ];cd prio'ita' al familiei,Mullera sul reirsubtotalitdrilornu din experinent, ci doardint!-! tltalitate sdpe-
il nut - schitand in acelati tirnp o filosofie catolici a naturii, comparah Brd.Structuraunui si€teErfconornic, de €xemplu,tre-huied€dusbdin
cu ceaa lui Schetlxrc- cn perecheabnrbat-fen€i€reprezitrtebazaa rua Eocietdrii servesle. Refuzandsa se suDuni
'i reLir .P enr r u M n l l e r, p d n tre s h e d u d i tA fi -c h ei ese nuD tra ti nere lilor socjologiei;mpirjce. stiintasocialispannran,propue n;rme
,l bai" 6n. t ea. pr e c u ms i o m u l s i D u -r' n ' z e u A seraen" a)ui Mul l er' S rheiul faptului cd nimeni nu poate eryLica modul cun functio'
il spare din inteucliunea unor perecli p:
.'l ie
"i*" -""t"le maiiataiceincearc} snne.Fu*ria
acesta
"""i'* ei copilul,
narna profesorul ti studentul, adistul li tulli:u] P:i-r ia;?tjjJ.tn.1n-leteac{
nici uL membru al perechii nu poate sd'qi joace rolul feln ce
u toati stredaniaI;i h^ce'pritegteftiinla sociald,SpannDi'aint€-
pereche trar.scende fiecare dintre parli. Chiar dacn e iDdi3P€ (Jpna.1932\,carte
r gendireapc rcoloSie. Ir Gps.hiahtsphtlo+aphic
fiecare parte este infedoar6 lntregdui :ata memorieilui Schell;ng$i Novali€.Spanna celebratmisri.g
ff
"u " po*esjuiara!ez:mor.sar:a'tr':Tl"j l:i,b-1"1:
rn
'l'r!iiii,l"rir'r
iilii, i' i"t="; ourt decatorice 'azboiur mondiar'
'F*i*;ltrultin#Kl$flkli#"f"jffi
iqi powsreqrepropriaexp";*1" a" r" rvii"ij""",,Ind
:1".,:11":'j:tf
infii11a.r
So.ieiate€
muriraripecempur a"
chiDurileDeyer
Lp* i, jrbij
Aust"t""ap"",", pu"",J." o- .rd92peDaro
* ii
:-,r'iiffii "'el
,"""""
"-l
;ii-re. ii peri'aa"
;iil;;"iJr;,';"
"i,""*r".,***,u
de
-;rDericonferjnra -de
Pate
rs'" i'2e9:,li
iuue1""s""
r8es,":g::"
hrbnise
razbolll"-l.ll-'T::::1,,:
tosr-spurberaLe"de
lacenimic
ne8!5prdf caaieweu.
I
Arr*ar;"a, rao+ rent5de Apel,fnfiinlat6 la acesconre-rrnF'nu a Putur
lTij::.,i T!.llTi._,9
o_rcvisra inLirurar6-chi€, oi" w.n^ x)"i",1-i"-;;;;i;;#;;;l ip'i"*L g"r"p"'i," lnamarii Ullcntr Bertha on Sutiner
" -\
a" mobiljzaspriiinul pcotru Pace'
r8e0Benbavonsu,nergi* *,;"i," oj**
:: "-i:T^"1: li-llll ,iri
,r"j;:' "r"r,";ii'
i"a a"."'i"t'*" un om poate influenta de
;",:""
nrsclrea":"j:,.::":t:: 1"3..,r."",,"""iit,1, ;. ;J*'i.
"",1;"
;:il;
ei au sdemlM.. .rol"r F"i". i"""e;";, ;;;:i,i;i;T;:; ;;i;;l;';*" "e ""] "i"ry1
suriner a in*uchipat exact opusd
'"' Pacifist
von"rcarnerjcr i;a"i'p"nl",_iy"l"" i"".p"rir" *e":"ta r" aezbareriinajnteac,lubulur
ill:il::i:ill ::J'1 :'"miius inr.ratrn dispuracu wlhermsLeri"r'
'*il"i;;lt'
;t:ru"?;:lt
;:li;:*:;l$.i"til
,:,i"*,,.
;1,";"T';;ii;i;nt";;:;;a
l"#"",'"i
l;il i"J""? J"""hrr';tea
o:'"111i-l'-,'Y
"i""",,ero*uritor ",::"::1':, fl
"b"":":^l'""';"ff
Uniudi p€ntru Apdrareai-p"t i"" _s"ti"".tl*_"
\D (uercinzu Abaehi
:Ludwis Gumplowicz; a cnrui
"t,
convingerc ijTfffi";i,'.";Hff
intr Tril
340 BETORMA CATOI,ICA DIN BOEMIA
F]IA--TROPI
ARISTOCRATTT 34r
A**"::"€.ru: filanrrop.Hanswitczek,j83:,-ts22,.
i,_:..:" pxrrsporirrce, ard Niko)auscoudenhove-Kalersr 6-a nascutla To+yo'.in 1896
1'lll:1i-1lnp"::r" la fglumunre rareorrs_ain F'a intors ta mosia din Boemia,utrde liii ei au crascutprintre
o6?is,
t;ri:;::i$i:1"
illtrilii:Titil J*:l*thru,
. eaa incFrurs6c;.p"""";i";"";;;;i;";;;ffiil,,1":"::
9i nentii din Sudeti,ia ceFvakilornetd distaDlndeBavada Mana
ichad nunumaica atebuit sn selupte sd lFi lnsuleasceobiceiudle
*are uncetalean dar, dupn moartea sotului ln 1906, s fo6t nevoitd s, 3e
:;;:11.';;"""T"",iH; oa*carFsetn';d.c6in .de educatiacopiilor Crescandin nijlocul sustindto lo! pansla-
rirli €i paDgermanismului, Coud€nlove-Kalersia vdzut in primul
moDdial o intrunta.e a ideolosiito! inperialbte. Irnplegaat
'iejle cosmopolite ale tatdlui
Si ajutat de solia 64, actrila Ida
RichardCoudenhove-Xalergi- un promotor d (1881-1951),in 1923 el a lnfiintai la \tela mi?carea pan-
jsmului politic
al ecumeD ;ann, illspiratn de un studiu al lui Alhed Fried d€spreUniunea
it\ Panewopd (vieta, 1924), Coudenhove-Kalersi lusri-
, datofitn faptului cn primul rdzboiDondial a abolit heg€rnonia
)i, pute.ile mondiale vor qjunge sd depdieascamarile puted
ia s€ bucura deja de autoritate globah datoritd cotoniilo! la fel ca
a. care conbola t€ritotiul eurc-asiatic. Intrar€aJaponiei in rendui
lor mondiale va elibera curand Asia d€ dominatia europeand,
incdr si ChiDa va dob6nili u sLaLutprivilegiat. tn t924 pukrea
iale de prim-rans eE SUA, care h€buia si 3€ decidn dacd sd
sau sE impiedice unificarea Eulopei. Pentru a preveni raz-
, Coudenhove-Kalersi qi-a imaginat cinci constela'lii de putere:
a va lesa tnrile continentaie de pos€siunile francezediD Africa;
ica va cupdnde ADerica de Nord si America de Sud; lnperiut
va inconjum globirl; nusia se va intinde ln Eurasia, iD tinp ce
.qi China vor controla cea mai mare parte a Pacificului. Sineua
a Europei devastate de rdzbor era sceea de 0 forma cAteva
ii pe modeiul proprDerilo. ftcute de Aurel Popovici 9i ceilalti
Austro-Unsada. Pan€uopa v& include o Austro-Unsalie mai
n, capabitd Et intl€ in competilie cu pute le Dondiale. Ensleza
limba vorbitn in int.eagalume,adicnlimba vorbitn de toli pe Ungd
n mateEe. Adeptal seopolihcn,Coudenhove-Kalergi sintea repulsie
,de utopicii car€ doreausn *spandeascntimba esperantoin lume,
care u oculiBt evrcn diD Varfovia, Ludwik Laza! Zamenhof
creta si Brabsnrvia Rusi06,p -191?),publicaseo carte in 1887.
i:"iiri
*iliffi .-r6rrii:a,""r
3;: l;*::l::::L:::*ni_ridjn
*:.m
l;:I,:i; Kalergi qi-a imasinat cd sistemul capitalist ti cel comu-
j'..*,;w;*,*;*;j*rii:ll",r",tr['j
f.i:[,;:
se vor fertiliza reciproc, la fel cum reforma protestanti itupulsio-
s. rcsenemreabisencii catolice.Mai increzdtordecatlriedrich von
sea el a prezis cd individualismul Ei socialismul vor inv5la se coope-
:"^:ji,.l'li,*," -,r"".iu*,,r * p.," p."J;;r;,r;,;i;;
economice. ,,.renunFnd 66 mai fie mercu itr comp€tilie. O primd aDticipare a
:::::^""^ T:l-: i,,1" cartea i*epe cu un poemde stei cooperlri era detectatd de Coudenhove-Kalergi in tehnolosia
yreze.e pasini jn care aurorul jl ornasiarbpc e."r,
dr
rnsusi fusescc6ndva andsemir.r.""a"a d, a cnrei produclie de mas! ii transforma pe iDventatori in
:,1:'::ll-"1 :rjl "r*i"q
i, r€fdcntoliimasetof. El Inuda producliade masedir ADerica,\dzend
",
l}:,t':liiu:,::Jtiri;:,t41,:;l;ll#..I#ril.*rx:if
:1:,"-',ll'll'*c""a*h"""_x"r*ei,;
;;;;;;;i *"h# Jril;ii
p u 8nou- o r ! v a j o s rej re n i s m u t.
aceaBiaun mare pasinainte sprebunnstareagenerald,supe or celui
de cornrDisnul din nu-sia. lbhnolosia mai oferd, oedea Coudenhove'
i, ti pnmul mijloc eficient de control a] naturii 9i al creqte
c a re i t u a $r pe,tu. sau
" u." cr.nz" ei. Tehnologia face un imperativ din necesitatea ca oamenii sd
342 RlroRuA cr(fuLlci DtN rrlrtMlr\
m,mrT:
fq; firlli;i*+t
#;'ir',,'#,i#j:;
i i,1$ -" " _" 1" " " .." " "
q.
'- , .
c'lplalt ( 'ci I colo pnn or as9: pr : n t a"'
La fei ca !naj ori ral eap olonezjlorsalit ien'.cuDPlowi'7 oet esr sRus; a
ff"Tjr nr:m:n:
rpr:{jtii: :url*,*:l,;iii iolopieund Politik lsociolosieri politicd)(Leipzis,1892),el cnt;c6
hoa;deteasiaticecarc iqi sttang raDdurilelmpotiva Europei 9i
;:";f*tti:hp*,$*"l'""',*.Hft{xn*-,:*s{x oo,n.
,si a d"
""
rtur' " qi Cer m ania si lor m pzc 0 sliania penr r u a iTold
!il :3i}i:'ffi
a##ldjiif+i"111.J.l: 11"T:j"}rt, disiin4ia lui Gobineau dintre rasele snnatoase$i cele desenerate,
,A;;l;;", a repu.liat sueestiarazboiului ca mijloc al euscniei El a
fr"*:ilill6;1i* ii;*Jix
. ur er ' 8. pr n .a " a u r ;:il*r*
n u ,n tc rc g e , c a C ;;;" ,
" -" " ' !q rr.ual e tr uno
;ezolvat teorie marxista a conflictuluieconomicprintr-o ieorie a luptei
l;'6ntru do'ninalie 9i nu pentru bosalie Doctrinasa politid postuleazd
ri stunaara a"rtu d€ moralitate, stabilit prin sesregareadreptului
j:ii;:;":;;;;,
;i*.:;::::,rt :::'::il;;i:::i."111";;""#: rivat de cel public. intre stat€, spuneel, dolnindo moralitatehobbe-
jij{:*:,*;,;1x,"":
jil:l,yi
:#{i;::$i[i::iTl rjiI *jl,:",
pnn,ru el e frrl a nu r ecunoaSr po aur or ir aLesupPioar i in
ii* i*iiil,T#*';*
""',i"i:,
**:** "r,,m.;mi
:l""jl,xl';""lil"lTlli
i srori crl -Lduard I\l " yer . Cum Plowi, T s im pa'r s$ir suc: olosism ullui
D urIhcrm. susti ndndca onul gandeir eEi act ion"r ze I n vir r ur ea co ecLi-
;:'il" :il ::il:'ilT.*;lii#,;'" vi ta{i i . nu a i ndi vi duE l i lalij Ar gr nenr ano f apr ui ca sociologrsluilazd
a
,.r" l ati i l e mul ual e F1 plc( t ele r . cipr o"p al. unur e'upur i dif "r it e_'
rl]"1":,:
",,,i, :."l:in:
l":t;":iri;r:t,;i",tili:i::[,i.x,i Cumplowicz susline ce I
i .o pot"m onul ca-fiinlA izolatn, din pricind cn et nu Poate
ffi t#$I
i*={:=''"";:'"|;*:}:::.,iffi
' "oo"up"
exista niciodate in izolare'.
I*tif .[,'*kr':intr*i*,gb*l"*S,il*,:t
:i:il'J,",}
::TlX;:il';,1"*;**hix:J::#i.
, iiientului de grup, discipline care trebuie sn fie pur .oatemplative, nu
" .;;;;;i ;; stre
adentatn mesuri Politice.
r' ;;' , ; igno"en, n, r isr nul, aap"u, ic . inpFnr ! oc, or oglF
p\ u-
,
Es€cul.s agrlarora rr.ur d:n cu_mDtosic
z n'hitistrerap"ul sprc
"^t sal e.Gumol ow i czera j r viar a pr jvale un nobil ld"alist . un sPir it
L.," ' , ," rrt devotarso lici 6s1ein\ alr de El r "sp"cr
I il:ttiti"u". i" 1896;a scris Berthei von Suttter cn, deti nu-i putea
a opt r iilt celor car e
upubForr.
oe Jo2serEbrviis.careave2 :n a..eprs i dee'd"bpr e ef nnul oe a nunc 'aPat r bTboiului dor ca
"""r" Jf, opiniicu privirpia asa_
-,su,,mp.naJ,sm arn".,.J^;;;;;;;;i;:1"",:;i:,"1::i:fj:JUX"; .u
-frul
p" t"nossa
" ' " ." t" , uir and de . r t r ic: ' Cum llu\ ir 7 iF' 'xPlica pr opr : a
"u "u redefinind astfel opiimisnul 9i pesimismul:
_;"'":il:
-unedria.\'rai
';:::.:,1 r"".1."a rrimjnua conni.rcro
din Ausrro_ . 6rirberanga
r";;';;;,1 j;#ffiT"iji,ili;:;
mur, ill:
er,nt,i;;;;;
rP nn' . or r u B 0 u e r.ru Au rF l p o p " v i c i . '' ' ' c"t ." pcBimistin frloFofieesie, de obiei, un optimist
a v e n izand asupra l apl utJi cb: "u." de-otifestn
in vi!!a zi cu zj. Cursul accideniat al lumii nul surPnnde, caci
3 46 REI'ORMACATOL]'A DIN lOlMIA DATWIN]$T]I SOCIA',I. SABOTORIAI IRAD]TIEI IETDNIZTENE 347
el nu se atre_ptn ia nimic hai bun;.et gtie ce iunea €s@ rea, scopul politiail ca porrc d saciologia!ti principiu ol Ptinlilor politice ii
poatefi aluel. t...j Cutotul alrfel srautucrulite cu opii-ist"tt ca nu
fiio,;i;. odni ni stroti uc). D upe rceast a el a publicar o m ullim e. de anicole qr
CoDvins cd lucrurile ar lurea n mai bune dacd oDut s_ar face
insugi mai bun,_...e1hAieqre mereu noi dezanagiri
dBperaie intr-alra. OrtiDistuljn fitoEotiehe ,i cade diri
lrezinti i" U" ,
cu zr rmagDoa ceru pe care noi d$ebnl4 prin cuvadul "ia1a
,!€simistl
in acesrpasajCumplow;cz
lt, dezvAtuie
straclisfala de sensurile
,
::f;1,:t":*;,n::::il'":
;il#,xii ::"i,*:,"";1.:1"r"';r,n:*iii
c a. ' n. v ir r ur e s l e g ;i e re rn c , u n i , rre b u i e s 6 prospere.al t. sd
di sD
poer d l rs rrre _ s p e c ritre c u ru l . c l a s e l e sarace au i endi nl s
^. es r 1 sa
optimistein filosoli€,inbreFqAnd ideea unui viitor r"u.""l"r:
urta piezentul. Pe lansn intuirea notiunii ldkdcsiene a r;iti(
Gunploqrcz a aDricipardjsrincriarri lt"nnlr"i- dir;;;;;i;;i tatele cerceterilordin economie,ntiinlel€ politice 9i dir domeniul
on' rrara spr?trecuie .onsellaror:lo!qi utopraaqinliraspre o.irl lntr-ur program de reformd. O astfel de sinteza5e va baza p€
viitpi ce Rgtzenhofer a denunit monism pozitii ptin care inleles€a doc'
revolulionarilor. ' - "'':ii
ll a lui GrDplowicz,conlormcnr€iasocietatea'ca parte a natu t' se
Ca avocatal metodeimoDisre,cunplo\yicz senumdri printre foniirl
.
toii€oc:olosiei .rneleg or irnuabile.Este nevoi€,susrineRatzenhofer,!t studiem
Cr€zA,d ir tegite iauabite cu o 16ri" dern"6 de B€;;;;
BlrzanosauRoberrzim."".;,,, c,.;i;;; din trecut p€ntm a putea p.ev€deaevoluiiiteviitorului, la fe]
;:;;,";;"j;;d:;l
'l caDdrpocrria inir-o lume sfasja16de conltr.re. pulini dimre
socralisu jost stet de resemnalifi pulinr dinrre
daNini!
un tactician studiaznba*]iile ante osre p€ntru a le anticipa pe
care urmeaztr.Ratzenliofera insistat asupra faptului c, fo4a va
j, ! t"r""""ri sI fie activAln rezolvareadisput€lorln ciudaeforiurilor fdctte
de sqinj pJecudscesrpotonez, carea eroluar "ilrii;et,l
de t; agitatjeta
ll temDlari.".
Fe-voalea
., ..a.u4""" r.J€meile de ambe seie' de a o inlocui
,"r;on"ir".i,i ''. Ratrerihofer a pteluat teotia lui Gumplowicz pot vit cereia statul ia
era rolosiiA "u""
acumpenrru "a.J;;
a sracaardrteoria sociala ""
rtormisre-,.
O a me n i j d e s ti i n ra i -au j mpul st pe E edrepl re prin subjugar€Bpopulati€i rnuncitoate stabil€ de cdtre jefuitorii
a't-semitismur.
comparabjt
cu cel al tui waencr zi. Pentm a €lucida €volutiile viitoare, el a prcpus o poladtate
,lI
Xlll,l:'l'1. gi nimeDi
chambertain. re anticipeazd opera calitali a lui Pribranr gi Spann: societat€a
nu I r,*"*t l;-c";;io,ii
"a"isnu
aceastdofensdata cum a tdcut-odiscipotut "p"*cGtav Ra;enh, d€rvolte Drin foita conflictului dintre individualism 9i 6ocialism
munalismui populaliei Etabileinvinse se combinejreptat cu indivi-
*""ii"?"/; p'"""s ducela aparilia f;ud;lismului. Mai
'.n"t
caDirtliBnulva lncurqioun spirit ansrhic,care subm;n€aza
Gustav Ratzenhofersau sociologiaca ltiintd a , ei €orupeDunca. LucrADdin paralel cu Karl von vogelsang
,l credeacI ln ceie din urmd cspitalismul va face loc une;
Ra.z e n h o fe r' t8 4 2 -1 9 0 4 , e a mi n ri r l n pnfl ui l ard perb de stabilitate (Sesshaftigkeit), b cars lupta de cias, va duce la
{, ^Cus t s.xercrlat!
rnruerta \ asupra socjal_darwinjsruhiamerjcanAtbion W Sfui area dirtre muncitori # propietafi. Acest stadiu ideal va infuza
\lulri .l tr*rr vedtreap" n""""i,"r",. enersia individualisrnului, simbiozl p€ care Ratzenlofer
""r";A"rar-a".r';;;;;i;;;
ai_jur (Jumprowrcz.cr carc-a corespondar, 'Ei o daclantezepdn tnloauirea religiei cu monismul potitiv.
qj ale cbrui ce4i le_a r€ceD:
cat :e poate de favorabits.ill fapt, Ratienhofer a elaborat o si )ra sa postume iltituiAtd Socioloai, PoEitiu. Lehre uon den
ro$e-ca.€cte.izat! prinrr-o coneiderabilarigoer€ sisrematict '
Wechielbeziehungen'Leipzig 1907i (So.'ologio Ststen"l
ri or;sinalirare.
Fiu at Jnui ceasornica!din vic,i,, oir.. a""JJ"rl
detmjnd ofirtr de arnera in 1864Fi incununendu-ai cs;ie;aca
9!l
aI raDortu lor ihterumanz),sociolosula expusschitaunei ttiinte
sii orientate sDreviitor, csre transforme nihilismul terapeutic al
rr.brnaruluj
]rilirarsLrp*-o," vi""" i.rp",;",ilfir;_iili. i; i .mD l ow j czl nl r-o t t ijD! a aocial6 consr r ucr iva Ddnd gI aG unui
0dpb do! 5 dec e n i i d r .ru d j u j n o e p c n d c n r.
si -s publ i car opera j , miiisri !rod€rar, Ralzethofer aolicita asimilarea torala a evreilor
v,otute.wr.{ uhdzL o,h dprpahrikatsreitdpt shi.i"iii,ii &iat, ca ei sd poatd contdbui la accelerareaprogresului.Remarcend
d or s lao, wt s , d t..t.o ft L e i p z .e . 1 8 9 3 :
-e t;p.. A uten, tg61),N atu.a cd evreii 6unt ofiteli, judecdtori $i birocraii d€ prima mene,
i
349
348 REFORMA
CAIOIICADIN BOEMIA DAIWIMSTN SOC]ALI, SABOTORIAI TRADITTE]I'NIBNIZIDNE
(1874-le54)t3i-1*l-:"::1'-"^::::::
rultul arianal lui AdolfrosefLanz Liebcnfersa fosL
li)*"'a'". .;* rt' Jorg Lanz.von
'edesco'
'punea
i.lil"p" a"
is+{ ;" *,,r1""*,-1i
r""".,oeiioads n^vi'"al::T
";}:::.:":
r8e3r8ss ::,t:f.::;1,",1
ordinu'uiciqercisn
il"i""-Ii,,- " d" Maverlin&9deecarei 9::lr]
'" tDapropiFre
i; stirrHeilils.nkreuz pus rr iunclruneo armala
i"iit"' ina"o-"'a.* inc5 din l903 el a
lecru'',P"']^
il'""rgt a" "lrnu"r*i ti " wsta 'anr:'arede : 1:1"::11
apaqr nr t ssci
:;: ;;;;;' ^l ;;;" ;xt r asb d: ', Ris- veda.
- Pdm 6nr ul
t A @a s i s e s re r1 6 s e d i si s ro ri e ,Eu .ob6i :t
;;;:;.;,. 1e05 ra
penein re3ra,publ:.ar viena-",11Li1,,;3;i:3;
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,
adic6...
in haosur
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Eiprimaverii. amjnrild dp Beda Fi-Jrob GriEm In
Tai, iti i"^i","^ a- s^donsArlhnF.unttdPnGotter"tchtron
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o soc'etalc
descric ''1".':3:iil:
ch'jsrian
PerE lubnd,r ra' rcoriaporisamicis lui
..i"r ir'"""r"r", r-""" i"6istaca.omsnbrorde,e::f,:::::i:":'.1:"':
#:,iHi**"*ljlit*;"'lq"""t;:;ilt:"x""Hji;,,""1,I i" 5nchiseinr o m 'ndslir c La s'oala ar ienii
:jiilt["]i fi;:i!;";"fi
L'11
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. """" i"i"i"*"
-rrg,"
p*'- s enrcrnrjns ras le ;mpurc
r""r'""dalen, dupn numetc castei hinduse inferioarc'
:dispreruiti de Nietzsche.Lui Lanz ii. fecea pldtere lu ti
.'9""1t: 1:::1"
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: parc lndepar-
iu ori-u *a*", reforna catolicismuluidin Boenia
l flii-li+lr;;,-
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i,"'"i"1#iil tatl ai'"
. cr'"-t".i'i". 'ifi"-"t
ierapeutic
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al lui Gumplowicz
sociali imbr6!4N'
sau de rasismul lui
de$i.Hrd se ftic' o
ru
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singur grup trebuie sd delind suPrena-tia pentrtr a capte cele
-""" mai bune
REFOEMACATOIICA DTN BOEMIA
$i[',-T-t:;.;1i$,:ii"'l*p.;;*l#rh.T;*ri:*i
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i'fffi ;lfrr{lftil9""rnx11*x*ir:J+*+x
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T;::i'r:;::i;li:lillfi[:',]:;lxliJ unsureFLiA . tunci cdnd cet aleD; iau af lar cd ioat e candelabr elo
ddirea Parlirm€ntului, de curend inauguratA,arau vieneze,au
*#1""i",",:iili;i.;r":*irni"rltt".,,*:i:;;f
j:;lirfiiri
piesiuni sd fi€ p€ datd lnlocuite cu unele autohton€.rxuberanla
s-a doveditatei de coniaminantn, lncet anii dinile vizitatoli
.,;,.+i{?:,i:rilt"",:!;,"!*;maitr
::":':::__o:
ll"t ":.ryr'^,;"a""*, ",r,,,ii,;,;;:"";o;1,,:
ji"i"",
;€au intrebareadacnnu cumvaUnsaria va lua locui Austriei. Un
tor americancompareUnearia resurgentacu un cocoqcaro se
fn cuibul ietarsic dl Aust ei".
l".i,,iliii1', magt'"'a
Iret-n"ta. rar fi;;"" * *"""a*' trecutrrui.ln
pericdrere
-'991-11 "coperea ?;;;;;il;;;
ltij{1"ifr :ii{ii"ji:H
i,il$:fi*,;i,,#,ni:;tfr
*:d#sl.#i:
I iernii 1892-1s93.hol€ra a seceratcinci sut€ de vieti AceastA
a fost provocatSde apa nefiltratt provenitd din DunIre
sisteT!de conducteneintr€tinute corespuMitor. lmbunn$"
ff:ril:".i!q1,"1',r"il:*ll; locuinlelo! €ra lentd. in 1891 dou[ treimi din iocuirte aveau un
ii*:1, xnm..*"likrufi"",'i*,:lt
ii*r,:ii:
l' etaj li h€i citrcimidispuneaude o sing$n can€re. Multi.buda-
i au l;cuit in pivniie ierasioasel)enecendrtatistica mortalitdrii,
;i",;lf g;,
,;,;1,,
;1ffi:;r:i:ffir1rr:3:,lr,#fi*:
tn de J6zsefKiJtdli (1844-1906),a dlrs la inierzicexeaacestei
ci. C}Edirile lnshesuit6 la sbadd deveneau atAt de uEede in iiD-
)di, incataproapenimeni nu stnteaacss!icnrulele cu api crc?tedu
I[tj:l,iii_f#:"",*r;;;4,r
ffi :"","
#ilt itatea din atmosfelAstlopiDdstre?ik prdfuite ii udandu-ileoa'cI
i. Restaurantel€, cafenelele qi bAiie publice !'uiau de o lume
iiidl'","ij":'",rf
pieriiopparcutorasutu', trit
i:;r?"*..1TffiT#rrgrhrfl
j""l,"jl?;
m-l #i"
rarseaPPDasur iEomotoast decat cea vieDezi
;-o mare mesurd, evreii asimilati au fosi cei care au tran€format
gli:'l-::1l-:::
;t;::"';; ilL'-rj.;"j "1"J,"'
H"'
:i.iTfl:l ;esta dinlr-un cer!ru comercial rnu-o DetroPola indusl,rral6 si
;;d,*r;;i'
fr:iifu:::Ti:*'a,1q;;lru; #;
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ruiBeraxun
resimurui
ciere.PenErainsralarea i_11"-1,-_ll
T^1Tj
Nenientd iDire nobilimea maghiare Fi e\tei, iD interiorul ceruis
il]r'dt"i"::,.l**lr
#"irltr:
is'.r.;:
se ocupau de loEre4 ti de slte profesiuni dispretuite d€ nobiline'
h;#ii,{riiTj Hlir,nJrtril{ri
::d.4";:,"*:
lllT:ri,:rri,:JtrT::#;*""';;*:r,;T,"",;r,::::::
fi+it;dfrdt+--*iirllnr
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+"j,,.#'":* i:,#H
: bacd la 1900 Unearia era un loc de refirsiu PeDilu evtei, cu dou6?eci
le ari rnainle !ara cunoscuseun putcrnic val de anriseDiLisn Aoatiile
te de omoruri r:rual i ce au disc. edit at ilm p de calevadecFniiPar t ida
emitn s lui G6za von lsi6czy (1842'1915)r'g.l-a 1 aprilie 1882,
ilizto. sotymosi,o fetitE calvinista de paisprezeceani, a disp5mt tn
ili"'ni,
*x{,T",j"r,rff
r+t*Tilr,",.jfi"{:#HiTilfl f ;;,fxill iltiopiera locuintei lui J6zsef Scharf. paracliserul unei sinasosi din
i::iT,:::Ti,"":x",:"*:ilff*i*ih:*#g; rza-E szl ali n sudul U n gar iei M am a ei I s scdzarpe Schar f ca i''r f i
iici! fiica pentru a obiine sansecteitin pentfri notzor. Un masidtrat
loazil.care allzisede crima ritualicn din ,e,' Tdlmudjudea lui Augrst
CIILTL]L ILUZIEJ L4 MACIIIARI 365
INSTITUTII 9] INTELECIUA'-I DIN UNGARIA
[*i#*i"t*:l{*::: iiit*,:},:i:i*.iffiffi::
a fi. Iimbe
a Dierci iD cees ce grofii mai considcrau ince
r ef or m ar ora- ol?nt \ *] t "1, p. . ": :
. o l ua D si t.rziu. m ar ele
run_,
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hoFjeissle pentru infiiniarea uer Academn'
"" '"""r,r' "U1'*"" -or
Mashiarede Stiinte'
subscripliimai mari d*:t :"11-":":1':
lare de activurziarist Lajos
x,"":1 :ii:,:{,ir!;i*f line_puea
ra puncldecat
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{,th. carecredeaca mashtarrzarea
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cu slavii
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"",i-"*"pii"
.,f"ii".'i.. r,i'"u, mashiare a triumrattT q"P"i"l1.91l"-i
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ti.' j'i#**il u*fiffii";l:ilffHqr'T' lHT :H"li'i ::
,1i Un dar inndscut pentru autoiluzionare
( 1l'i"'ii""t'i.i " gunani cu popu.ratiei
repiimar€a
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tot in mashi;-
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I
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CULTUL IIUZIEI LA 36?
MAGqI,{.RI DIN UNCANh
TNSTITUTIT $I 1NTEI,6CTUA]'1
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364 CULTU],IIUZIEI L,AMAGII]AIII 369
INST1TUT1I9I INTELECTUALI DIN UNGARIA
reusit cel mai bine 1n ce priveqte desc erea evenimentelor cu cafe
a ai Ti n.rei Vr er c sau ai Psnsulul 1ui Bau&lair e nu er au
@ntempdan. Romanele sate istorice, dand dovadn de simparie faF
)i s,d,p" " ts cum loh wdes inr im 't ar m dinr r e s'r i'r 'oJ
turci Si proprii streDogi calviDiqri, se scatda intr-o turninn utopici. " -" * r,,"
ln alrF opere.Jokara impresnariniresa tume
iil",t",'"p,1": ":
o?/rDdo. rayrnandu-rpe lrDeri'unguriasacum Schillerii ircdnla I :;nh-.;;ii;;;t1"" maehiari care si-au mobili?at compatdolii €
rinerii s€rnani. Dupd ce tecLuracarrilortui Jules Vernci-a str
rnlcresurpentru iehnolo81e. ;fu;;.;ai";i a" .rot.i,"""rmaipopurer '-jTl-s"11*::
Jdkai a dovedjr,iD Rononul 6pcot
ii,ii' iisig-: s.,g, canrece "Tt"""Fll
populare auaprinsflacera
inrocate
arn'iror (18?2),o intuitie ieSitddin comun:Aicj et profeleaca Ungal "1" jD
"arur
ronanul sdll Nordrl sului
va supravietuiunui razboimoDdiatpurta! in aer,tn vremece Rus;a ,."r"1'"i o" la rq48 "tl!l'.'-L"::j
rurale cu un
i ilo,.o. '1ar:-rszr' a oezlslurtvenalirsLea oficialirdtilor
\a dezjnte8ra sub resimut sociaLst. l zs:snond Kem{l i
Spr deosebrrede mnfrarjr sai ausrdaci Gflllparzeryi SLifrer,car il"o, de.. ae l"r'r i rransilvanearu 1911i811 :
. :;;; *-. ru',t'""' seamana cu cFial rui rnomas
c hinuiau din l i p s b d e i o c s ti e p o ti t,(8 .J 6 k si a deveni Lercu nal i onal "';;;i;; "r Daliuniijn curorieroir' popturepicr3-nos
;;;;;;;.;;t; -."""
L'ecu,ur
18€1penain 1896el a tbst deputarin Camerainfeiord, iar dup6ac -:frijii ca$-
a fost Dumit in Camerasuperioarn.Fiind unul dintre favoritii;rinri 111ii7'issz; aevenitprinul scriitlr din unsalia caresi-a
; Ie'ii,,i"t*t" a*"
' p'in venarea propdlor ol111
mostenitorRudolf $i al impdrdteseiEtisabeta,et a sustinui Cr
rl'a!"-i iisii'raoal,.rn.irni"ator al lui ,c,l'1"-:lt"i'li:::l
Hosarth' a folosit
p::q $i ]861 6zand in sera.atittii aniror 18s0 do;r nirte .1u I'irtr'a"" di\ Tiasedia onaluj (1862) pentru a personilica
iDfierbantate. DeFi prcocuparile potitice au ldsar o amDrentd ile ep:ce'
jenl5 s s upr a o p e re j s a l e i a rz i j . p o v e s ri ri ,etui J6kai raman i'"i"?.i-r"'"i.", ar an;lor i8s0 Jn baladeles; poemelessle. are
exem Voriismany r1800-1855' a sqpiretiile patnorrce
NuvelaSofi rI88a, si. .urend dupe aceea. Mihdly 'ralral
Voiebodutlryonitara.n t"' marlrPl848 Nicj unul diDrrescriirorijunsurj
la bazaopeFteilui StaussdjD I885.Joksi era arat de poputari ""''".i"i "i*;*'l' lu; Goctne.Keller qr SLifter fat6
i' , r""'";""*
edilia dc lux a ro m a n e l o r s a l c , a p a ru ra rn 1896, cu ocazi asbrbrl
cenul "*",i
de roman apolitic Bildungstoman ctE in'ma$nabtl^de,polilicn
ungana
c eior c inc jz e c id e a n i . a b e n e fi c ra rd e s u b scrj pri j(are au depeFi t "'i" ai '$ F"re$c
Dierei
#Ja" iol',:, .rli doi scrlrtoriau fost
aqteptare.I iecarejude! din Uncaria i-a t mi; ;oma""i"rul"i u; al 'ncmbrj machiari
omagial,iar pictorii au dolar tucrdri in semnde respecr.ina.iiin( fti"".-iriso-rass,, *'; a inrrodusbsladaculia5DIirers!ura
j",ir' tart. t;nca in anij r830 cuvantdri nar-i-ona-hste Jozsef
t.andafirii din Brddinavilei satedin suburbiaSchwa;enbere;Jlk;; ii.:i",ir inc6i
masuraca Politolos lucrarealur.in
putut consideratimp de heizeci de aDi cel mai cunoscutpersonaj iii'"".
"-""i"i-
i""l-""i"-". i,f,;r' """-enea
rdtitor de bazo ole at
sccotutui nouasp'ezece,t.e-o
Btrdapesta,un adevtuateroucultual N;ci un scr;itorausr acnu; I85l-)s54r'eetecomparatacu Ldncien
atet de.oDagiat .a acesr ungur care a tnrrelinut flacera iDcred
."e'i.,,i"'r".
';rr,"-'"^it,iisse,I'r1"f"_:"lt'
'e"i^pesta.
nal' onajea ns s h i a n l o r tn p c d o a d od e o p resj une.X Iai mutr decarorj
i l " .* ' " " " incom par1:,"^',1
; bildcJ::::11"1:,-ff ;i:l:iil'J
e8alit sr ea Xlashr sr ; ; . au
s llc inpv s . J 6 k a i 9 i -a i n v ri l a r.o mp a l ri o ti i s e i ub€ascei i terarura, a, -'ii";iii
" ' * ' * r' p";;ir;;"ir"'n.
", "st e a $colduL
a I reiardeecentjs,re
incat iDsu?iinestimabitutEndre Ady (182?-1919)a putut sa der "onsiderandcr
slav ca pe un imperialisir deshizat' pe care
in 1904,cd ,,lara care a.e un J6kai nu se mai poatet;ioarce la ni iscendnitjonalisnui
-"
;"""r*" *""tit'tt"nald, aentralizatn,lI p-uteaconbola . ,
-" pr""r. -
feNoo'ena-lionalisri
tr-.".i"" a;" Unganarenectauaceeasi r!uJt_LYrur sr
ca literatura.P,'rorii Benalan SztkelF)toD Addmos
UBsarie'
lnchisoare - unde a sculptat, in timp ce execura o lune di4 DedeaDsa iliilr" rur"lu""" ':sl'r-1900rau celebratistorrasi folclorul
pkcum^moaltea rul
un an .^romancierulnu a incelst sd racaparada de mdndria sa nagiona Pnerencu Makan. Sz€kel)a prclatsccreistonce
a'trstica rrvahzand cu ceaa
Cohbinand rolu le de autor ti erou nalionai, J6kai este per ."i* rr-i;"]" MoLdcscu o irrens;tai'
"r
,Ji"*r s'F""on t'
'. .uzica. s'arormar s"*r:
" ":1."-'ltllly"l ]:l
unui fenomeD specific tlaghiar. Sp.e deosebire de ausrri;ci,
illi" sii"iiisrd i,r3), cercares conp'; o si'roniera moart€a rui
aqteptau ca Bcditolii sn parricipe la viara pDlfticn popularea roststiT:l1tai:.":11'i:l::
pentru asta. Ferd se resirntd sentinenrut de iubire-uiepe Fi sd fie cete !;;;;i"il""'"'
care pul t" s"dape;ta in ianuade 1840 Toli au fost des-
i"lt-n'"", ir",t -lr;icn
vietrez il trezea ln favo.ilii sdi, dupa 18b0 sc ftorii nashia s-au "
.n"rii.i"""i r" r85d, Liszt a declaratcd rnuzicaunsureasce
x ar - bis s u. bu ru ra r d e a p ro b a .e ac o mp a rri oi i tor qi ni cl unul moi "a"a.
ki 3re
;e oiginea l n cantec€le
orrs' nea in ca nr pccr eligtne;ti.
}r sdir cr r t
decatJ6kai.El esteprobabilcelnai bun ex;nptu d€ scriito, din li ' pus um ar ur
La fel c" arn R usi a secolur u;al XlX r ca.cr ir icil lr r er ar i au
secoidui al XIXlea a cd.ui crcativitate a exp mat, itrtr_otons
]ntens6, dorintele cititorilor. pa4ial mutrunite tui, scriitodi alie l" ;;;;;;; i;i"*t" t'i .:" ," erBaj z a'r 804- r 8sF
a':* I- l l ]9I
i;86;-i"8r6; i;i Ci"rai (1826'1s0siq;au indemnat compatrioln 3n
CULTUL I],UZIEI LA IfA6HIAR] 371
DTN UNGARIA
TNSTI1UTII$1 INTEIECTUA!'I
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312 CU!1UL IIUZIE] LA TAGIIIARI
INS1ITUTI1 $I INIILDCTUA]-I DIN UNGARIA 373
i'il
"htre doi ani Fijumdtate Ei cinci ani; ca de obicei, autodtetile din Viena
:in refuzat sA interyinda'. Tocmai in sperant,a de a iDilrepts asemenea
injustitii, in 1906romanulAurel Popovicia propusun sistemfederalde
. iI!.pa4ire a Austro-Unga €i in cincisprezecenatiuni.
ijil - h 1869 Berbii ii croalii care apdrase.d eraDila milita.n sudicd inca
ii
"'.de 1a 1690 au fost trecuti sub stepanire mashiard. Franz Josef a
Naliunile preindustriale sub jugul maghiar ..i6spl5tit cei 1?0 de aDi de loia)itat€ p.in abrosarea cunDscutelor
toileeia priL car€ Leopold I le sarantase autonomja. Inventatorul
A . c las i n a rj o n a l i e m m a g h i s , c a re a srj mutaLgandi rea novaroare ael Pupin (1858-1935) iqi amintea cat de profDnd au fost dniti
.
ou6 r a opr rma rc a n ,fi o n a ti ra .i to r s u p u se. R omani i , .l ovsci i , crirariide aceastdtrddare, la trei ani dupn ce castigas€rA
bntelia de la
ruteni
s er bii F i oo a l ri a u rrs ' 1 e x p e ri p n l a ;rmari tor neptecuteal e za 9i la douezeci de ani dupa ce ajutaserd imperiul se-i tuvinsd
m6r
m agnr ar e. _ L rfl u d a .ts p tu tu j c a n u m p ro i: ausrdeci , pr;D l .e Kossuth.
care
Luesrr g.flm .Fcrdindd. au denuntat rlrarja maahiard, accasraa
racuratrubxca de cstre uD scolian. Roben W Seron.Warsonrr879-196 Mi-l aointesc pe tata spunAndu-mi iDti-o bmn zi: nu te faci
seton r'Iaren n divulBar in;oreclirudi"", n"g.*tJ liciodate 6oldat ln armata imtAratului. impEratul nu"Sn gi-a respectat
a,iar ra puterear8njasleEenle_ e&israuaproRimariv cuvantul; imperatul este uD tradator i. ochii trupelo. de froDtiern.
- o "","-o""ii',
surade zo
s gaz is s igu e . rn m a ra p a rl e i n re g i u n i tene_maghi are, Noi dispreluim pe cel cale nu 6eliDe de cuvent" ...actul de trddare
unde mal al imparatului austriac comis ln 1869 a fost incepulul sfaiiitului
oe o hr e c r n c t€ ul c d c p a rs o a n ca v e a ud re pl oe vot.
.Mametu.i i - pl lDperiultri Aultriac- t...1Iubirea oamenilorpentru tara in caretdiau
aici ii impjedi.aup" vordntidp arreoai;on"titari"d,j;c;
i,; a lbci:put sd pAleascdqi in cele din urmn a muritas.
cr, podu, e nJ sunt sisureMU atruraDdo ep,deinie
:i:::l:-,.1:
rdro!J snimatetor. ssac6 acesris
rrebiuiau
se pa.""de;;j;;; . I Dupe ce sranita militari a trecut la Croatia, aceastep.ovincie inde-
,i speria
cuusur;n,6 ntn a devenit o zoDeatet de tensionatE,lncat tn aprilie 1912
'"::"::l':: :"-I:':1":: ::.:::::' -rylul" p.,"i"p"*'"l"l ei;
;,"J;JJ"":',',,j1":l:.:lij'i.li,i1l,"*
"o''"u,-, JD gari ar s su^spen datconst ; t r lia $i l- a a$ezarin f r unt ca lar r i pe dicr a.
orul C uvaj " . Tnceo dat a. eut or ir blile auEr r ipceaur ef uzat sd inler viDe
era-,aqlryat !i de faptul cd oficiarii naghiari viel iieed ce socoteaua Ii o problenn nashiare. in schimbulsustinerii de
!:i14a1,ut
sisrpmaLic LeccsNar)onatiLs! o. co;ceput"a" .r**r ioi"o"-_ uguri .austr;ec ii veder esopr esiunesm ashit r s.
ucs acpaslS tpq:
lp8egar8nla
qaruLladreprut
dreplutnec;rei
fiec;reipersoanede a n . C€a mai pitorcascd resiune a Ungariei em tansilvania" care de])Ag€a
-ol:.,:c:1s'? fi insrr
insrn
Scoara $ tudec€14 ta tribunatin proprjasa liDbe,i, realitarcsc in privinta consewdriitrdsetudlor ori€ntale.Dupd 1848rup-
r-ibunalei"-nu ancsjaudec:rpermn;tmsshiar.Fr"";",,r*"
a gmdrnrlclo.nu erasuficicbra a di nrre nashi ari si r oDani a f ost r r pm edigbilb.in scel an, t r ibiiii
p"D-rua inlaLura}andicaprn "Ul*"
ne-mar Itrieci i'au instisat pe !tuanii romani se !e revolteimpotriva ste?a-
flror.astr€iinc,t s a aj!ns la snuatisin carenationatiraljje nu;
o bDrshezi€
instruftd.Doaro nal de ; ca unare, nobilii mashiari din Tranlilvania au fost lnsropati
ae; ii 9i ii s'a tdiat limba. Eveniment€le au {hcut loc unei ud peryetue,
mashisnlentru a urmasinnaziut ince
--a.i "'"-,it"t-r,ira?
nai p"ir"i i"i,l"i" *j
b,,€rern Fi a exclus orice posibilitate de intelesere faln de acea€td nalie tsupusn45.
nsnsirvanjd
r"ri.i"a*"i",ii ii;J;;L;i;;; ;;h,:
c nr B r r n c az D r.tFi r c a re re c ta ma n ru te ""*"i;; iunea era un vast muzeu etnogEfic, uD focar de legende despre
ra r oman. U n recl amanrc;re
v-orhe€ ni vArcolaci. transilvdneni credeau c5 odce om ucis de
limb€nccl iari r*t"," q; 'piri nelesitim vaTdrDii
aopil deveni varnrjir (nos&.otu). Petrtru a exorciza un
rnrerPrt. d,8ca "",,g":",""i",,;;.;;;;;i;;;;;
r-anzaclioreze cea ma: rcirsamnl
problemd oficiald. ", fel de spitit, tiebuia fie sd bari u par in cadav.u, fie s! trasi un
Pentru a pmtesta impotriva viotnrii Lesii Nationatit6iitoain 1! nte ln sioiu, fie sn lhpli sura nortului cu usturoi sau st-i arzi
un preot unit s,a aflat in fruntea Dnei detegatii de A.este ntualuri aveau loc in fiecare sai romenesca6.O date tdra-
irei suie, i au confundat cu botaDist francez, care se aplecasesn culeasa plante
CULTUI, IUZID] LA MACI,IARI D]N I]NGARIA 3?5
INSTITUTII $I INIILECTUAII
pe un deal,c u !n tu p . C a b d a c e s l D
s a rj d r cai
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317
INTEL'CTUALII UTOPICI DI\ UNG'{RIA
s,3E
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1*:T:h: 'r ul m nnchenez M or r t z de
{ol oni zare, tnfi i ntatd ln I 891 de banche
Intelectualii utopiei din Ungaria pranur
i'.""r'll aii-,sso,H*z i-at€zvd'|uir sdu
::l'1 ":::,lili"i;
iorr* pmiru pr:maosra-inmsrr8sude
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Iheodor Hertzl sau geniul improvizaliei .ii'i'"" vjenez.NathanBrnlaum ' r864-rs37);l '- ]li]j
: 'i.';"t
"i"li'",:i,i"iii"i;;, carea sprijinit iniliatil'a lui Hirscbde a cum-
t ,pira pdmantin Palesiina.
Activismul politic i-a tra$fornat pe rnulti ziari9ti budapestani tE
"rqt:+ll**
i::ti*r"*,".',nit$ffi
::h**j:
celeb.itn! dupa ce pdrisise.e Unsaria. Doi dintre ei, Theodor Helzl si
prietenul sdu Theodor Hertzka, a! fdcut ca ern la Viena, iar al treitea. ::',1,i:"1"r
::i:i:l*HJiti***lxi,'1"
":lilfi:iru
Max Nordau. a devenit scriitor la Pads. Ceea ce-i diferentiazd pe acesti
e! r c . ungDr ' d e a e m e n i jl o r a u s rri -c i e s l e pasj urea pentru pol ;ti ca.
Nnscut ta Budapesta ca fiu a] unuj negustor pios fi pliD de eDersie,
ffr';iii{ilfuxl1'i;*
":;""s; l:;.Eli'lxii
:;:,l"l;il
?l;;oia,c*"a r'i rv-" r-'" P'"ssPia cdrmacarp'a
Theodor Herzl (1860'1904) a crescut cu sentimentul ci fac€ parte in: "#;;;;;;;; uorirz
;; ;ir;-";;;r cres,inaj Bened:kt intF'zisese
:"'"''"i!1 :"'."-
acelafi timp din doun minoritei cea evreiascdFi c€a sernaner. in:
gimnaziu el e scris Dn poen In care il omagia pe Luthe! ca exponent dl
GeinlaDiei, iar pe vremea cand era student ta drcpt la Viena, in pe oriaai
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lui Neze F.€i. P.e,$e. Herzl a ajuns la Pali! intr-un monent de anfi: r'
semitism economic declangat de scandalul Pananra. in 1891 et d losr-:
ma.torul infiorat al intnririi aliantei diDtre Franta si Rusia, chiar iir
perioada irl care pogromurile decinau evreimea ucrainean6. Indife-
renla evreilor occidentali fa9e de antiE€mitismul relisios fi econonic
din Est l-a incitat pe Herzl in 1895 sd conceapdproiectul unui stat al
ffi*$*$[tx*$*
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evreilor Dupd apadtja luq{rij Der Judenstaat :Vercuch einer noderden
Lbung d..r JudenfraEe lstatul eDrcilo. O tentatiud de solufionarc
modernd a prcblenei eoretert;) (Viena, 1896), ziaristd Herlz a devedt
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Europei artrebui se le acordeevreilor€uveranitatea intr-unul dintre teri-
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CU],fUL ILIZI,I IA MACHiARI
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rn tencn;
ir, J"".--".":stlt"r. *'e nu prj\'eauche'('rneaevreiasca
riti"irl, *riei"ll l:; al Budapcerei.H"rzl do'exca e-vre; se orvjn'
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i,;; il;i;l* cat-r,licia*striec, nenl avea in vederao revoluiie
rs'rir"atoarecare sd-i i4d€peftezepe agitato de ideea schimberii
i"J i" p*t"'l"tori, Duro;a creqiini se ra putea bucura de
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382 CI'LTUL ILUZ]DI ],4 MAGIIiABI 343
INTDLECTUAIII UTOIICI DIN UNCABI'{
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385
SOCIOLOG]ACUNOAqTERII UN TRUISM MAGIIIAR
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le Budspestapenlrua parL:cipa ]a Scoala
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386
CULTU! IIUZIEI LA MACI,IARI 38?
UN TBUISM MAGEIAR
SOCIOLOOIACUNOASTERTI,
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;""r"".'* u.
pat""ns"ae pa"i"nedebordantr'ei ?edn
" plabesza
se rnrrescesre doud
;:rural;l* :i::i::t#,ji*"j"i,""1:::,,
iJi.l* "."i;ro' "ur" r874'1soer
"i'""i'iJ* *."'a1*i tJti. l.,n"u, Phili!p"
ct'u't'"-rous
:H,fl
x,j[,jj"r: .i"-J".+i'".
s r m ed; u r s lu s o .rF r..;.-::." " r.d r:c o E e n s u.bi d di nLreeu.6au pro! er3'e racura
aG cerui personajesup^ria o vial6 de drspr
:nrr-osareci€
;:'J
pe jt,i,t"i,ii
ca.e ;i;ii,:'Jffffi"'"
r-uk6cs', jT;:j,l::i:fi
;".#g';#t," ""Til'fiI';: 'il1#i;"r"il;;;
i-1, t't:unr atel-decufddaliiDm:dlltll,":1:'1.1"t
u"""t. ra'e "a gu;teniciserneia
::
(viai'a)'
nici
""*""i",i'iliiii,'ifii":f::::;,*TlT ei oscijeazalntre autoumilite Ei autoslorificare'
""""ri* "r""1fl"l-"1,
389
388 CULTUL IIUZIE] I"\ MACII]ARI socloLoclA CUNOA$TIRII UN TRUISM MACiIIAR
'' i'
al Tinerei Viene, Richard Beer-gofnann, ale cerui povestiri impre
aisie ridica uD accident din viata exte oarn la ransul de inevitabi[
:j:""i;1*:";Hi?\xiii:1xi'i;l"t'mli{fijtll{.ffi
=1
.u ei. sinteza,pe careLuk6cso vcd€a
' * doar tn trasedie $
postor
pentru eu. LaurenceStene propuneun alt caz,in careun impresiorij *" i'iC""ir'","* a" t^ sjnelrlerFasa' supreDa *jFl"ll,?ti."-l:l
ii t ubicuitatea polarintiidintre
i' . , care prefern via'!a, se iDfiuta cu un clasicist, care prcfern fo.ma. l'li" i" J.""iu i"-r"p*r ca a aamis
In doue eseuri-pivot, Lukdcs a analizat dihotoni& dintre platoni rri"" ii - s*iito lor-uncui-":-:::::::::::;
"."*t"t" jnvocar eascepn-
.! . Fi poet, siabilitd de Rudoif Kassne!in 1900.Ungurul tFi clasificeijr i" * " o -;:"'itatea
tt lir er at 'Jr anensshia'ir ' Pnn
decesoruldrept ur platonicianca.e trEie$e intr-o perpetud.starc , " ofi .* , "i"
#"i'iJ'ru""t"r*.a a etacar
Lukacs **1"3r r"i'li:I ir-:l:i'l
'i l cdutare lnfrisuratn a formei, pe care Stie cA nu o va gesi in vi ;;"i;ilJ: b,ne sb ne glndin o ma'e partc B
;;"t"tan
.:.' PlatoDicianului i se alntuln criticul, rol pe carc Lukdcs d-l at buie i'"..er'i*" ., *tebreszaarmoNadiDlres!l-l: :ii::'::i::
inc eplul es eu l u i . C ri ri c u l n u s tu d i a z n a rts drn puD .tul de vedere '"ri-iiliff
i;il:' ;i:';';'; ;."iJ"'' ai. a.**r'i"adeceis' Iri Joka''
artistutui, care i$i exasereazd inevitabil unicitatea, ci din puDcdl de
"p*a-rormr'..c::^::"'1:Tjli"l:
i;e inreroat
'll,. #;;:;;::; ;;;; maniera
vedere a] fiIosofului, care are p yilesiui de a ved€a in a$d forma unir! ;;;;J;i;;, ;"' p','"* disprerrisrae\r"riosrain
cu viala. Spjrit heselian, criticul crede cd in aitd folma incearct n
"u
:i''l Flaubert Fi Tlrgheniev
d'ri'"
reconciliere cu viala. Prima lui fidelitate este,totud, cea faF de fom!, i"'" o ao'uau de nsivjratedin paflcr tcrijrorilor
ancoratein
ale cdrei conflicte i{i gasescsinteza numaiin tmaedie:aici Lukdcs dA ca i"',; a"""ti" u*a""i" personajecaretrniesc?e deplin
"i"t.r".
exemplu operele prietenului s6u Paul Emst, pentru a ilustra "e
i""*,11r.""i. ."r""ii" r,liliwa= ;"t''.i l'tr-o sociera-"
"risiare
I rl ""' foart"b*: i:1'11:-"::::
qi hegelianul - id€al al tragediei. Eroul trasic recunoa$ie ln desiinul .""ri'",'"""t;-"r" ,*"s1aviziul"poa!e vrs o' ca'cLukrcs psrcai;1
sdu propda responsabilitate. O datn ce percep€ vina ca pe uD act ,iii'i"lii,'ii'i;i'aia;c.i mrenr d"'a
s reuritroi!$isb tran'r.rme aujorruTio-
priu, et poat€ modeta, iD cuno$tinln de cauzn, elenimentele din lumes ii"*"',. ii',"i'l;r;"s ilF ansliTaI it Fr ar S
exterioara,pentru a 6eridica deasuprairtemplrrii. Acceptand rea mmparri ori ,or" ai i n1- {n pulPm i' insr r um FDt
'.': eloulinte olizeazd legile lumii exteioare; el sinsur este cel car€ lecon i*a""'p" ao."u'.go.i"dc rmpricarc por'|tica
":d:il1 Til:1,.1-:,
c ilia, a f or ns . u v i al a .
A$t 1't Die Seeleund die Formen, cer ri ln Die Thearie d.esnoman
Lukdcs porneqte de ]a ideea p0zitionerii metafizic€ a personajelor lite.
;.il*rr14+;l,U.llt**,+*;**itr:,ii"iy
j;i:
!are. Operele de complexitaiea lui roi, QLrJbtesau Wilheln Meistet an!t :3""i
:11,::", i"":J":",lilil"lljliijl;LLiill:J'il*:,iii'ii
; cu
analizate potrivit ipostazei metaflzic€ a auto.ului, deduse din perso- ,l"i? i*:"i'l"l""t i" une#' cu*"t'^r"litera'eoccidentare'
ple'r oe simerrieLukdcsa
najele sale. Scriito i atat de diferiti curD sunt Kierkesaard 9i Theodo:. a"- p" J"t r.u"*t PrjnLr-uncurios
S t or m 3un1pJ S :fi e c a rcrn c o m p a n i me Dur . s du cu o !furA l sre suve t., p''"."*r' t""pa"ar.a in EuroPei
rLstul ceFacein UngariaFrau
Chiai inainb sn studiezecu Weber$i Lask,Luk6csobiFuia 6ni derateniiie Platitudini
oper€]eliterare intr-o schemnde tipuri ideale.In 1962 el a m ""Hil;" ;il;;i;;;; Lur<ecsmai expricitlndadoratprererinpror
ct Das Erlebtis unll. die DichtunE (Trd.ire$i poezie)(Leipzig, 1905 t pot 'ului Fscu pe car e r - a
rrg" ' " ca rn Socr o/-E
osia
Dilthey a exercitat o influenF decisive aBupra 6a, incurajandu"l-E " r" i " ri iiil :; i";;;"" p ta uat uud ta |' u.t
;i"'i;
'r w n adaa' Budapesta'
ader n'
lllr aplice tipolosiile la literaturdlo. Insn eDtuziasmul iui Lul6cs pedti ,ii,;j. u"i,*"i,";t ** 6ustmcdHeselsi Marx:u fos'cet::T ia_:
tl opoziliile pola.e este atet de difuz, incet impulsul de a le foiosi prece il'1,;"""il;:;' ;il';;:':;"-:l{:l:::' :1
probabil influenla lui Dilthex Ce darrealteptati se vor fi p6rut. fle,.catde rnult anticipeazEaceas$ lucrare ;:ij,l.,L:[S;ilif
,n carc evo'uliareatruluresre;nlim lesaLade
rului categoriile cvasiheseliene ale lui Emil Lask Fi ale lui Max
atunci cend a poposit la Heidelbers ln 19121 Virtilozitatea
,ii#
::
"'prr., 'il";;
;::a::;
l";*l",",'"u ""tr
:$iffi
manipularea opozitiilor polare iFi gisise in sfel|it eBalul.
ln preajma aDului 1908, polaritatea fundameltal, a 1ui Luka ""*iiii::,mrl';
i:;;i ;",;;; ;;;;;;'1ie airtre inoi"izi din sociera.a
capi'arirra
pur Ci simpiu formn us. suflet. in 1916aceastaluase rnasca
a formei fatn cu societatea.Falcinaiia faja de conflictul dhtre spirit: l#:*rfr1
j:;'";;i;;;;fi;
:f*'"',fi
*ll':r
i"a'*t
;u:l
a'-a*a *u"'
J!:i:x'rir:;ri
#.'"Jil'l rarj^nare
csrcDrere
societate reflecta acea implicare politicd atat de caracteristica scrii ;",'"a.
,il ritor mashiar;. Dupe cum an subliniai, incepend cu 1830 romancielii
poelii mashiari au devenit apdretod ai constiintei nationale. in afsla Jl
*n:*jlj;i:ll,'i,Tlilti:ii; iili'Ji"liff.:iff"ff:l-J
rolului activ din politicn, Petofl, J6kai fi coleeii acesiora au folosit ar!4 cat de secolul al XVIII'Iea
,:1,
CULTTL II,OZIET !A MAGqIARI
391
socroloctA CUNoA$TERIIUN TBUISMMACSIAR
:::i:j;;:,tr "ffji,Til,H'
tf "i:,:i',i:i"?"rllfi i:i::|i::: I"
aE\rula lui Kielkesaaidla lnovalia lui Luk6cs e coDstat mai
politic€a sciitoljlor rDc,uri'aeliciii
iffiif*tr+iffin"ulfffi
in tinp. ciurarea autentjcitarii si a unei alte
"lpr""t"*" -"""-.'iei
*'l;;;;;';;;.
i?""""li""i"i t'; rmpiffi pe Lukdcsspreactiune! politicd
furhizeze
i,."r-"Ji"ip,r,ia"t"i comunisiPanid-ulurmase
"-*ui
rurnij
;#r;;ii;#.:;; :ivo" asatl. pe t"odrceenij
;::{,:''.:flffi
*iiilf{t":i;:;''.i'#;'ji,'",xtx$* '; "piiit
ze. V i zi unea ma niheicd a dr aio8ului
asceLicaa ma*istului
;;;i.;--;'-"1,
Lukacs
sau din I 912 aniicipa cr e-
Lukacsa-lontinuatd .":lltli-":,9t'."i9L"1"1
lfldhsea6e@!sslsPin'merrie rs20)Fi
rr
:tiT:r:ffi iH,;;:
u:rH:t[
:il:*#41..,".;;i :*r,r:::, 'ia ";"ia.-ii'a*"*,;te
i^iii,ii'",i
L"i"'i",t""u
s"*u' sendesPrctetonat'
'.e'e',''!llt-it-
o-t*driu iuruiI rnedaLary's aceasta
el lbloseire
tri,"tr'fr""l burghezteirepre-
'i" dintre m€llralitarea
fi
r"*;'t*"'!a
fi+firffiriTft
j: *jdriffi
:iri"ri:rr:::i
","'""ii* " l'"'i"'a. ti ceaa prorelariatltlur'
ii-"'ni"""r* o:.iii::
1: {i:
t.L s.hiler' lwshezia esreschilodilade ides-
h$ii.*::{illliil.
j;*:l;1,:
l::*.,1:.,"T:
""": ;::
"ii;,";;il:;:
#;
j,,1#il,;iJ,IJll,.
'lL"r"'", ;.;;;;.;;"
;t"iiil, ""ru'
i"".iii.i"i;p,"t
"a
"c
retrsga din rata.reorrrariiextelioarc'
*eajamenLele consrau
sociale jn relat;ile
de.lesiie
strEnsleg-ars imua
;l),liiiliil"iffi"i,fi;;1
*a"
..""iu"'gr'"ii.
na'ao
m;ru:,
il:*t*+i3:lTd:i,:' ;:"ru;i""";..j jit i""flTi?
nareincapabade
;i;;i"'il,i r.-.e'
";cietarea
b*ch:11:-'1f1':-::l:i'i'i
.schimbare.
**""s.#i:t
:lj:;;'l*#:ir*i*;*h,"-.j,-'';,i; 1rf"*?"T-*J"""TililT!T:^l:if
i"";i"iii*1it";.i.;;t"
Ltr"!','**a. i- interirul l\lmn ei quijoi2iti de idealuri
fel
^T::"i:i
ca pe r.rnobiecicarerezistl la odce
abstracte'
J*lirff'J
*m*"{r,:iryl,,Il;,=,{rifnriiff LT"?:i!":"{;'idi:iii
trli::1,:r:;;ui:i,1,';t"'ii";li*:"'"i,""{#i{l,'',fi:17
n *';;;:;';';::i'i;i:'",#,i fir;*,;. nt ;:':T
**?:"1"1 i:,nil:l.l.r:iT:i'Ili,S
:,.ii,?1"'ii"X1i"ift
"*"i
i, ,"*"er,",",""liiilililili;
,H;;;;;i;;;i"';i;;i
i","'i"'ir"i"],
r-'ts," * *rsumeazaciirici;tntr+
"pi,."er'atonsLr'.rir
p" t""" careia sist"'':l-1"-n,Y-"-:--:-,,
;id;;?:1i;;_.,
porenliara
o
reprezinta
^ "
;'"""f,,"*i :#:;li:r;ffi;il;1;.;;r"i";;iJ
3j,"""1:l
*:"r:-*lf "r^l**T::,j rr-t" f*'la ui oiia e""itu a invalat €a lntelsaserealit'rea
prin disciPlin
ra prin capitalist''i3r qspi*F" :CI: 'S:-'-
di;ciplinaoPr€Eiunii
fti*,'ii:#lj:1i"i'trtH';,,"',,,fl#l::i$;l-{fx
exterioarA
i;Ie prip intetm€diul fofto€i eatelndrurnaie
'Darliduluiofeta forma, protetarrarurv:ala iar ievo)utia cautd sa
'eali
fl*tm::,,;lil*+l*'.#itri'i:uiJl."il,#i"* t'li,l,Ti",-'lii
#n"i'l'i*.{::*i:i ""'xlili .i"^'J
:;;l"i.lli;}"Ifl
,tgir ",:i":t?f;lr.,,ffi
1;T+;i#il:ifi
r,"##fi$dft#i1*:T"'r,'"#
i$:'ffi "#$:":":'ffi
credea- lntr-un acce5de d.libdb - c6 oce:'qr6silt":i-l-:13:
*llqt?tlu*t+-+;:,.q
""::::"::
j::,iy ;:::rfrly"ili
ili:t'jlfi il i.*i';*ii*r., jir*
"i,]""ii".
iJi"i*'"1"i""r*-'"t"
i;"a"1-""^""i"in;;*"
"a"p.il aeestuiade a identifica adev6t'ul.cu
ttrstrumeniiI€interprctare a intresii eandid
-aniera
lr:;l.gl,"s:i*:
:*i,j"ii;ii:*:1,: :j%Htr 'i""i'"-""t"r'o" p"rt"l"aze
,iat".-i"J"i- ce odcefilosofiesociaHtlebuiesi joace
Lukdcs l-a rczewat marxismuluio'ice
i",=1=*lmi:,"fltf_y""",t",:{t"#.""fi
Fi de_atr,
membrj
j :ffi
;i r"".'t,a;i.ri".,i";.'."ilr;;:T"T"Tj
i-i" ga"a." socialdeste un mijlac utilizat de.o clasd
.it" ,
"-"
i-t""u,ali socier;rea.dar tn realilat
sociah in
penrru a da
'i"i"" inrereseFiind riolirdrde @ndiriile p'pn"'l!X"l;
u' r iz ar ea^s o c i o l o g i e
p ;e n l ru i n l e tc g c re asendi ri i . *'jll"p";it"r
."" ri"*t *";"t Lr"U"iesn d;srors'otezeadc\arulpenrrua spruml
iji{'{-x*',ii3:"i,'iit
erFtica i l"l Lyk'i:."
{1i#imrn*jr*il*
jr* *
i,r""";
e.*Ii"' .u" .i "
-li*m.
l Mannh"
pe
i .-"
care o rePfezinta Aftrms\ia
sdovbr aLr j
t J"t i r e va per na esr e pcr lect
Fif se spl; cainr r eeii gbndir i sociale
l! . 'u: ': C:
ui,,"p'i,'Bonn l929' Iuannhei; a fecut dlstinc!ia
l: : -
n':i;Ti:?.,"ii1!".:{*:,":m.,,y":.:lll,:,:nb
n*r*:*uuii:* si, reDvie sausd
;i*i*rrHi
"",ii"i.ui"
irii{iji+jfr
in';:f
ff#
; ;d;;;s"i;;;""";*"duiesc
;r"-"r.?i"*-"a sn conceape viitolul dupd o"ti":
:'l:l'jllr
anumitn imasine
."" ai'i""."*t" p"*p"*;"I 11T1""":1"",1t'il:"":"::""::,:i::
qi Matrnheimle-a recunoscuttn
,li,',""":,#;H*;*.#;;::,"i*rx,:",r.#,
j;11!l: :r,"* *,irh;,u,i:*H j
il.e'*iiJ r"
"";"r
l-iosofi;le suc;al"
;araismului
i:ii fr ii+
europene a UNESCO.
ilrn
"e";""-";;';i; fr";;;;" d;:::;:ii.;
f .i,"i1l" T.1l:t":r"t ""."."i1...
vietd: ace$Li pol, conffari s?
. annbPim . s- a t '! : pEllit
rbreti e6nd pFnrelat ivism ur M
i'il";; ;"""ide.Baoevdrulo relatieaielecricd
*l*^:1'-:-flil::"-l:T
T- 1", '- "- - ':
intreformb
." 'afmeez'sl
rn inreriorulunei soc;er'riIardcrase
f t anz it ia tu ' M rn n t-e i m d F l a fo rm a . i smut J;;;;;;;;
ani i maR i r, r, r """"ncljezc
""eti,s comunisia poste pretind-e.':':f,1-''l= ",":-1i
i:r;:ir
,
;1p*,yaala"ii*
L,k;"".,
::_1i.r. "iiiiT
**,*",,."a i,,
" ;";;,;;,
il",:'r+#
;::;;;;ili
?*
i',j1"
s c f r t or r i pu b l j c l n t9 l 7 M s ,n h e rm
i,".l"a".
;;r'1. ;;;i;, ;",nrerese. ori;at dP eupern'i5r'rolaria
""""*
;.i ;;; ; n;"' *' vi;F roru$icurindd' o: "i.1:';.ig"l,il9
ffii;.:;::,;';i rbracrase'
societhtii
r"""i r. i"a"r cetareriror
d'nrre
i ri aras"
oeta dF ta Lul l (s ,rrr^fi";*-", a
a adopratn'ciodatao aEtfetde mncepti' dialectica
recuoasca scindareadintre rorm, si --rl"l
vialn:a p";;i;*; r,"d^;;jii ia.*i'"i"i. el a definit ade'drul conformstanda'dului
"";a,
397
CUITI'L IUZIEI LA MAGHTAXI CUNOA$TERII UN IRUISI\I MAGHIAR
SOCJOLOOIA
n€rurap,.,o.ssttej
*"iut". F.in'
dF LeoricsocjalaDu posrpfi absotura.
c om unis r elul d c s i e n e Ma
in tocul
. n n h " i m l s u d d i n l pti ghenti av6rand
c . r ] m ar Dr nF d o l a i p p n L rus s l a b i ,; € c o p u rj l " .o" i ut"
i n ca el ;,* r:'fii:l nmru
sl*hrlr;r*:.*:iii
si"""t '"": ociipade
srabi'L il
astlel de inl€]es€re faie de diverseie nev;i de socierhlii, -Oana aou" a? ,i:;ff:lli::JilJi;i"-"'rr
ji n'i""i ,-p.qi ;" f"n'r in'onrrolabild
'
sa apere rala 6t"ti-
In
Mamh€; "
te9te de John Stuarr Mi]l g de Dodut in care
acesta Dsista sA
B€ana de argumenrete fiecnruia dinhe adversarii
n!'lsm, denumit d€ el relationisn, t_a indemnat pe
r ev iz uiF s c ar r m o d c o rs l a n t p ri D c rp i j l cd u pd ce
nogtri. AceEt pa
Mannheirn :*#;i:iii"q*"tm;,ur1i:i*6:'5,'T*i
*otie; u*p, p",'.,:' d:J'-'13:-::'J:,:TJ
" ".a "
j""i-i'J:i'""#;;;;
s_asl abi i j r i n
unJ r d- r n rrp$ i ttri i u e rma r n e c ru ra L o riar tur Msnnhei m
aDrerioari.nu,u, rer3a fosrvienezut
rtrn6,c.u",JJ,rgiz_islir',
di ! l
arel atri smul
n_;ci
o orupozitie "*nu po
privjnasoo.r.atea ;::;:'ili':'l;";,"=;'; :;;";;'i;;ii.";"'";p-"::fi':u:,
"::ljff
i;
lll:i::"l",lll :l:'1" "b
r ^Nor uL- adev a ra l 6i o
::y11:j:
il,l]
: ^" :e11'
s a-."s."
*ol-ri"-"ilr-,r"1"ofiorogla
,f:i
i rF fl '(re
ar panrcrs,ivismurui.
e a n i (i
o ri F i n e as o c i ;ta As!f" t, i dD arul , dar Lcn
cdnoa$rer
cu lo,t"
ra ru,ruannh"im
wpr ner s r ar k . p r.m i s a tD i Ma n n h e i m n u c ste""""1"u.
dupa
pe
cum ar
;
*ii'it{}:ffiiili:'i','#;l*:'=,".,
I'i:**i,fl
;1ii';;:.::;',;l;"li;;i:,iiil;; ";p"ia;',i'a'
'J#:';::"" UnjlF -'''""t"
o pr opozi ri ; despreso
tare,ci desprcnatlra constantda onurui.Asti"r i";;',ii"ia,?i; rieh;,'" l" x1""" Batanres; in Srarcle
H:T:5iif
ili:ii"llf
:tft.:r:irir-*r-,",x* raritdld.Atractia ln dragoste,susrineel, rezultn din prezetrlaunor
reiesiveI trasatudle anc€stral€reprimate aclioneaznca un fe] de
il::,:r,"":|":+i!T"::;:i"rrt":H,T:{lt*:jlr;:ml;
t::::;l;.:ffi-t
natural. ND existn altfel de iubire decat aceea dintre genele
i i l i te- rdi ca di ntre oer so m oslcnit t r Esat ur ; com up ile
li:;i#i;,:ri-,ll" j:" ;,;nn,:,fi-,"l: rrdnosi comunj .Ini r oducBndcom ! le: t lui O edipin generr ca Szondi
ul
inut cn,tn ciudafaptului cn oricerelalie de drasostepresupDe un
i{:i"ii"i1i:lTrili
I:"e'::.:i:,
H ru:rl i;i:rlHn"""T
;;;;;;,;;;i;t: *n;
;;##;:""i"',i:,
, civilizalia inlocuiefteincestulprin sangecu iirceEtutp.in gene
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8,
tru a detemina ln ceDdsure transmit c€leopt I)ukiuni impu!
mogtenite. hin analiza statisticn a mii- d€ cuplui, el a in@rcat
N pr iv jF ta a ,s a n e te ;i ihsdz; siudid iubirii sau e'ologia in randul stiintelpr exicte.
s e n i L a tpa .e o n utui . pa" ,* " r' " " 1*
' af ii
spuneel. pri.";rd;atadin f in 19as Szondia emiglat ia Ziinch, celdto a fiildu-i intiEruptd de
"vdl.ozilarea
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re.esrra.contacrur **,;".'iu, ,;lie iipui de alesere.Punandin ecualiealesereaFi d€stinut,a afirmat
scx,"r-ascensiuoM
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i".:"11il;;lf.; :
primordiai. A.esre iporeze.pe csre acest fenomer eete. ia fel cum s€ infinpu ln cazul catacterului' o
::r..:1,-li,"l fprenczi re.a
#;:j::r#:*frri';#li-;,.*;iii,
oiectie a iaconiti€ntului. Toate alegedle, fie €le ale so{uluj/soliei,
i,::l[:""*ui::,:il= u;i"s:' "m:"#**:,:il. rbat si femei e,spi rj r ii nat ur a, Duf 'ecPs; ve om . Szondja salut at eul
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dlrnpotrila, se luptd sd le coordonezeMaghiarul a reinviai notiunea
.100 CULTUL ILLIZIEI LA ]V4CI{IARI MAC}TARI 401
PSII{ANALIFTI iI CRTTICIDO TllM
go. l heeni d p F u .a p u n L ra rh i m -d i . . r nem apr asheTnum ai Penlr u
d e i n ratni rea con!rsri i i or; eut
es r e c F de. e t. p u rc tu J d e s o ri j i n s l rn iversutu- Franz K sfta s-a al aLur arunui club dr
:g6si ce filmul esie neliniltitot:
c . r c e ra re as ra ri s ,;" r.S rl rrU probFzFo con\
, . P nninr jd a c rn a L s nqcadlor
adanr In c o n $ ti rrl a m"s."e h"i," " " " ,,sj " 6
sra. cinedatosrafulperiurbalrivirca viieza
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402 CULTU! ILUZEI LA IIAGHIARI 403
PSIBANAII$AI 9I CBITICI D' !tI'M MAGI{IARI
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404 CI'ITUL IIUZIEI LA MACIIIAiI 405
PSIHANAI$1!$] CRIfICIDO |ILM MACIIIARI
artd a secolului.Cinematosrafd este popds, avertizeazi Balrizs,in s€nsll aleaseir pnn c ai
in care populatia este modelste de el, fi nu invers. in 1924 Batdzs H auserr\s,rzpazi cu FrPdell pr in ar ; a de cer cet ar e
p;u"qte puterea de diFcernnmant Prin educatia sa
sesizasedeja scopu le sinistre care vor desrada nou& artn. J*a"ioao-t itt
"" subindrumarea. mai cu seamn'a lui Dvoi6h
O sociolosie mlrlt nai cupdnzitoare a cinernatoeraftei a fost reali- utjllzArd c6teva
zatA da coie8ljl lui Baldzs d€ la Scoala Liberd de Umanioar€, tunotd .i u.t"". Ha,:"". inrctlr"teaza isrorraoccrdenrala
-,iiii"i"Lri,-a""ii"a'*n smdndoi
cuin'"te"'uelimsghiari
H aDs er ( 1892- ) , c a re ,i n e a c u rs u d e s p re di l etanti sm. N dscut ta i'.*t""..."*r"'.-"a"U,onr'"im
;" rera!iadrnlresdLndre.siso'letatenrcare
Tjmiqoara, HaGer a studiat cu Geors Simmel si Md Weber, dar si cu "ste
H pnr i B er c s ons i c u s ra v L a ri o n .a P a n .. d u p a eares-a ocupetde i si ori a i*i"'nr"riiu l":'a qi prelrendopriunileceluilalr Inrr-uncomentarru
';i;1."-;;;;l;;;."
a.toi in Italia, lub infiuenla lui Max Dvoidk. La Berlin a studiat, in :;;;;;;;:i;;ie n;il".imai niir. dcc,roricareiarrenariuni HaueFr
pedoada 1921-1924, cu Ernst hoeltsch fi Werner Sombart, presn.
tindu'se s; ofere o sintezd srandioasd in c€le douA volume ale ctrtii A sa u r d co n h l i n n l
i n t o r d e i u n s p \ r s l s u n sco p p r tctr c co D sr i e n t .o 6 te n _
Socia! HGtor) at A O istortp so.iotd a ofip (LonilJa, t95]r. Cunoscur p . o p a e a n d r " ta m a u i fcsl a l sr e n l 6 5n operele de arE
dinto 'D !
pentru modul in care a descris mi$cdril€ de dupe 1830, acesr tratat
c'rlmineazd cu o analizi a cinematografiei, scrisn de Hauser la Viena. H a u scr i r si i n e
C a s i c u l n l , r m e s 'n r r eJC e a r l i g u ve r n s|j d e d e l i b d b
i n r r e I 924 t i I 9 3 8 ' r. p'nt 'u a f ilt r a doar ceea ce r or sn
.r..rl " " rL A " r' .-" r" .
'""t i, ''"u
Hauser interpleieaze cin€matoerafia ca pe o forml de arH a marinii.
i ,a. o" i ,tt. JapLul u i cs sandir ca; m plr ca iDt or dLauna r m plinir eA
adapt at aDen r u a l ra n s mrl c i rru i l j j l e p i o n i e n l ori npresi oni smLtl uivi e-
iii"tJr"".li""jJ **e Ii n-unai partial qi i'$eutor (sau€er tua astrer
nez. r'ilnul lncapsuleazd impresionismd p n transmiterea exp€rientei
0" ..p" .,:" ' = .ulu: dr sg im pr e'ioniPt ilor ' O asem enea
!lteze', care a provocat nestatonicia intelectualilor urbani. La fel cul[ "u;"
" a." l umi i 8( ncr aliz'azd delb'm sr ea:
,,"' ...
" ," ,p."
Alt€nbers ii descrisesepe strninii .are viD qi pleace dintr-o caf€nea,$i
o b ief liv ul r paliz e s z ao c ro n rc aa v e n rri ,o r 6 r pl ecari toi pri n Jul tapD - de ei inqiti 9i de
ldeea ci oamenii ili trniesc viala ascunzandu'se
nerea scenelor aflate la deptutare in spaliu ti timp, cinematoerafia face est€ itr cel nai bun caz un
"e "a*a."i """oatterii -uoalF se rac€
ca evenimentele sn devind simultane, tot aaa cum, tntr-un monolos ""it.rli, t*ti"f al unui lunct de vedere ce realit'tea generar'
i n r enor . c . hnit zl L r c o m b i n s o s e .i e d e a mi n r i ,i separare.t\4eipl i ne di 'i.'e" i;"." n;reu schinbntoare ei njciodata
;;;;";t;;;
decat o moetrd ile gandire
viate chiar decat psihanatiza, rrh€le descriu
'doun linfi dife te ate -vlldbile - roate acesteaD! sunt altceva
conflictulDi, care se intersecteazd qi se faverseazd continuu". Hau6er impresioni3tarT.
considera ca aceastEtehnice este asemdDatoarecel€i din teatnt slpre- qi Freud
sionist precun cel al tui Paul Adler,, car€ pr€zintn evenimente sepE- Hlrusr adause Pespectivelor Bchimbntoare ale IDi Schnitzier
p" i'r u polir icb si const ir nr am ar : isr a s lapr ulr i cI
r" r e pr in s ps ! iu s : 1 j mp . d a r c s rc .a D a r s i s u nr perceputesi mul rrn:,a. * " * r.i ri
Cinematografia spalialjreara timpul; ea glodficd tor ceea ce este ;i r* " nu * porl e i z ol" de Sr up Pcnr r u s r econcr lr am ar t r ism ul r u
"l i"reni
contemporan, punand accentul pe nonentu) t.ecetor Dach crestinii i."""."r"-"-"1. sr"*' postuieazn schinbarea continud' astf€i iDcat :
madr p\ " li c onr e rp l -u v ri ro ru l -;i a l a d e d D p amoari e , i ar.omanri ci i contiNe de sens'
trecutu], tehnolosia il lorteaze pe omul secoluluiXX sn venercze p.€zen- ftecare facto. este in miFcare!i supus schinba'ji
;ta$c, ninic valabil tn absotutr3
tul. Schinbarea se produce atet de rapid incat omul se poate odihni i'*il'"
""""'r"ti'"i'"r;
doar iDtr-un ,acum' pasager. Un entuziasn asemdndtor fatd de rnon. sb r m br n\ iicze
IaJ J Jo. f r ln l- a a n i ma r s i p F Bro c h . c a re . i n sl srd de l aprul ce a soi s P entru a-$i ramare f idel. ; r npr csionism ulLr cbuie
AcesL lucr u 1- auincer car AleRiusM Finons sl
* " ." " 1" rJ ti .r" nr* " l
o sede de texte pentrtr filme, a folosit rcspectiva rehnicn a coordondrii in teo-
evenimenielor simultan€ in cele trei volume di,\.!Die SchldftudndLer ii"-'i"i ir""*"i r" m"sone,Martin BuberEiFerdinandEbner
Musil
Robert a;
(Ziirich, 1931-1932) ti Der To.I des Veryit (Moartea tii Ueryitiu) (Ne\l r""i". U"r" X.l*" Fi Olhma' Spaln in ieorjesociald
r";.,n Acesrae're Jnuldinrre paradoxurle Apota-
Yor h. 19451r 5. ii"-"r"i-"r,
ii'"J v"".," dnij gdnditor;'areau prerrnscedispreturcsc
Discutand inpresionisnul vienez, Hauser se prezintd pe sirc drept "a nu
unul dintre uliimii erponenti ai ac€stuia. InrA talent de foiletonist, ;"' t-breliral de r'pr p'emrscl. Penrruaceetia
I'iJ*r"-"-ll 'l ".,*"
ne;a injositoaresauelevati' caresi tlebuiascn
J"i"
"iiii aU "'p".*ta'
g""'. umanc Lacomi de nou fi ioiuti atmli la
' Vezi v€rsi$e! rofteleascn, Somnanbulii, t.aducered€ Mircea lvenescu, cultr\41u s"n'ibilrIsF P'orcicaun nod de,a
"."i""a irn'-i;"',t,,l"pti"nilor
postfaln de Corn€l Ungurednu,nota biobiblioeraficede GabrjetaDdntig, ".r'-r.luc;urilecar" le a oar po{b;lirateasa sbsoarbi1o3tedocrdr're
've.lee
Editlra Urjvers, Bucu.elti, 2000(n.r.l.
406 CULTUL] LUTI NI I , A M A C H T A N I
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APOCALIPSAVESEIA
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rosreape ur ron ponrificar:
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Duplicitatea incitE la creativitate aniversarea unei cnsalodinefedciie a fost sdrbeto ta printr^un u aF
Iesri ral .P nrada a l osr puFi ir sccnedP u1 egonaniacale cdr ui^nudur j
jsr or ice ln inr e-
erau aprefl ate doA - perlr J c5 lm Pooolonsuoecor Jr jle
riorul unei birocralii unde Becreteleaface lor obiqnujausn transpire'
i toii Erlspeciauinierv€ntiile de sus !i fdceau.speculaiii desprerelatiile
..r;!sonale' ale celorlalti, adicd deepre relaiiile lo! sexuale Jocul acto-
i-icescfncea parte din o ce tranzaclie ; fiecar€ dintre pdl'll $tia,sa}add
i n crrdi al i rai ea cel ai l alt eo Sau oupE cum sPUne'\ 4usjl:
''lnciund
ln sceast5!a!6 se actiona intoideauna attfel decat 3e gandeaBsu se
aAndeaaltfel decet !e acliona"
:
Max Nordau a cuprins aceasii lDpiuri dintre pretenlie 9i realitate
intr-o cr;ticn a ,ninciunilor convenljonaie ale omenirii', tn vreme ce
I Jossrh Roth a cdticat dul falsa moralitate care suslinea idealurile
dup,
cumspuneavjenezdilH;i;,i;:TiTi#i i tnalfe, ecuzend ln acelsii timp absolut totul, la modul seneral Roth
Ji1lj",*l"i:l,, susersca Franz Jos" l i $i lnr elR m m od deliher atcu nenii. r nv-Em
L anund
j:1.*:j
f#ffij:ililjiiiii],"r:ri:!t".i:?:i#:
j:::j.;:j uoigaritatea sLrar"eotnelo- lor J! impasiL;lirsrcs 3a rcca a" lnPrclr$or
l#:.""#:5#i'$:+{3l,tri j'n;4}}i:{"+ifi
ji: Be;nhardi, S.hrritzler face pottreiul unui doctor cara, pentru a acliona
ei i c. taccD 3rrca dc convenliilesuslr icceei sn ce) edit um d. ajunsc ln
:::: ". ,
iit#lt:,::fi
::",u;.x,nlj"lh;i,;ti{."1:i"1,11il"i;
tnchi soerc.i n aho panp SchniTl" supr anum csr el|r per iul Habsbur gi(
sdlasul nesinceritetij sociale:
Aici, .a niciunde altundeva, existau conflicte puielnice fdre Dici o
rrmd de urA 6i un fel de dtago6tetardrA fAid nevoia de fidditaie
t++$*u*ff*r.w#{rnr
intre sdverdarii politici existau Fi se dezeoliatu simpatii personale
' fdvole, ln vteme-ce tovar6qii de peltid s€ in6ultau, se ofendausi se
, hadau rccilro.'"
Nu este de mirare cA aici lnpresionismul, cu gustui tui p-"ntru sesiza-
jrsgi+*f
*fu i'i*lTi4tiff
ffi lit
res sensului latent, de dineolo de sulrafain' a inflorit dandnaqtere uDei
vi zruni asuD rs l Jtr' r. La Viena. e\ Per lii t . disinular e Pr ecumBahr 'l
A l tenbcrs ae srraduar
-a
nu sBqpasca nici un puncr de spr ijir d'd'-
subiul fl;Iului de senzalii, iar poziiiviFtii ca Freud qi Mach descopereau
:tlflir'*++t
rHfiHffi
lrin cerceteri asidue legilc natuni in umbra unui haos do detalii Altii.
;a Schnitzl€r si Schaukal. au reinviat cultul baloc al no4ii pentru a da
vi poarevrpl i i . tn B o.ni a oupl, ar r 'ea conhr m a si dizr ocat r zi] l] pa leib-
ri i rani r. In masur" tn ca r ed: s'm u ar . " p'cv. Er . a o oldt nc hr nciacd'oar e
ffi;j;ffi:*ry-;ffiIi"ffi
doB ;ascunsa, pJr ea l' luaLd or cpr o or dine. 'r ce'e bir o
saLi a i uca ro,ul l u; D mn c, , pu. O da e c cr cd'r ls 'r buna. ojnr enf ic ala
i-. s-a intampla| la Piasa dupe 1880, domnia arbitrarului
"tii'". "". !e sdnditoi sn-l invoce pe creatolu] Dalisn inasinat de
i:a determinat
il:f#[r'l'n#q;-iffi
Marcion. Lesea apnrea ca olresor. iar obedienla in fala ei, ca o 'ompli.
*:,l]*"rirl
' citate ]a diFr"luserealumii-
N i ci un grup nu a pc r sonif r! r . r br d'' \ ; der t lsua de lanJs B: 'r o 1s
a rnsi i turri i or j mou.j ,te ca e\ r ei: . Unul djnlr F r oi'vet p p( nt r u ca- €
evreii au prosperal in Allsiris esie dat .le secalclelietrecute in gheiouri'
4 16 PROFETII MODERNITATII A?OCA],IPSAVESELA
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,,-"E !1 rlrpe nu r ur t r anz . jos ef
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in eceo6tdcafte ne puren iDlreba
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"ttiil"nitllli;" *"u, *birea pentnl ranieziea hdnit literatura
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a"*-
rcmancrerr :
PROF'TII ItODTRNJfATII
A}OCAIIPSA VESELI 419
r*'#;f{*#ffi i
{:ffir,4ij::l'lri"i4"":xr,":""r"'"::il;::fi laBat D6ihanaliza pe EeDa m€dicilor' pe care Freud i;.'itica aspru
iasat irlosofia pe seama iDginerilor-de'cuvinte Fi au 1mp64it ce a
au
md
1i:;i":,i',',,ilt**ruiixnt++'J,'##
;lr:x.'g*gfi
i,tji,","""""."1ti#:T*i:id,,:::
.ir-r"-JJ e"'iru'u"t"ersit at unul Newath In rendul sociolosilor'
niiite . carei
r , . ca,nu c"nva -enu;
graficieniloi'Pnn
o166696e1]ntosontrqiiinlei,i€toricitoreoonomi€i,
iispariia evreilor din Prasa ii viena Daziltii au de?membrato comu-
intesras€r,gandires
-aprg'* + "T3Aadmitem
se cndemprad6 no€talgieiBiedermeier'
"1"CT: ci
liijr,jri:i{ii:i#*}r*:tiirrrukr,:*1,,#"::*
r"ci"si
''";""',r ,;i?,trT*i1#:t
";;;""1i;"#;.";ll;X';::,9::drni
IDnro€one,
pozi- Dutini sunt intelectualii care 9i-ar
*- *etau ele la
dori teinvierea
lnceputul
Vienei,-Prasii
eecolului lltelieerla
sau
teh-
lul"l;"":m:*1;i:H:i:4,i+:ii:tiifl "'i"r"J
i"r "*
riu'u a-i1it r"t -utat,lncrets€tdzi disprctuim pua.gi.simplubucu-
t"-" abolit: culoErealocale e'cenfficitatea,sprritul
i,:*t"t:'li-,f*H
iili"
'ii ** ***"
t**Ifl
t*;1,:t+rrl'mfl "" .ttis" Fi traditia culestndflYcteleu$f1'mjld!1:: Ie-a.T
rstat "iat"u,
p" ale porticularismului s$s tncdt' cel pulin in filosofieer in
"ele
teo a Eocial6,c[eltuim capiLalulinielectual acmulat cAr timP cei€
:n"r.,ft 1"..Tj
I{::i'J:",;}t:"'""":ntnn",""rut"":T},fi .i"i p"""t" a" *a*" pestevreo douszecide ani? Scrutareaultimilor
au u"i o" tu"i slabesperartein ce p veqteo posibildrevenire
f[t**l*'ii,g*.;$ii;;
.i."i^a
$.','j_'i#Fltt-''1"'ffi
::fu
+;
iif
ilif .r
i;if_;,"
flruffii;fiir*::*
, ;1""""i"i""1- C"-; dr€pt, mullumitd celor cdliva ausideci pie'duti
i urdeva p'in Amencade Nod Si Marea Britanie, sandircainteeratoar€
ai'"o;^t cu desaverqire Dupd 1945 Amold llauser, Michael
Polanyi,iri€dich von Hayek, Ludwig vo-nBertalanfv,.Karl Polpei 9i
""1
i rnst-Gonbri ch ti -au l! cun! nar caJler elecu sint eze de m ar e anver -
y# ::r::i,i*l* lit:::Hi"i.""j:.ffi
iti::ti*i,Tj;' Ji g.tri ,tt. C u torL" ca s. r ar j ar is dc int er esc ej per slicacit at ealo! n€
';imeste, acum cincizsci de ani ace6teaar fi fost considerate aproape un
t"rffi
TJ":*;:;ii,fjiq+.l1il"l"#;H.H","""'",ti:Hr,"..,t :' exercitiu de rutinn.
i:j:jr::::"1',,11.,.fi
j:[',#".,1,";",fi ;,""T,'t
*j""T"X1lilX:i,#,J se i nrem ei; ze pe individualism si t oler and Pr et inzend
strnvechi ale
";*iii*;:
'. ca eul si id-ul sd fie eliberate de sub povaia €dictelor
r;il:""ftl
-Juti " i ," t" " " a
;"rfl
:i::.:rii[':i:"
*:.y;:i';ll'#,r;:r,i*l*ri:r
:, Bupraeului, €i indemnau ]a teceptivitate fatd
::iJ*;""ra.'pl"a*.i" Ior pentru lpontaneitatefuses€-de
pmpria €xperienli
rosdte cevamai
ji,.""*:n:
:ri';irii#i;l#' ",,m:"r;,{ii *n dosma8i ndrcandhpl ini'ca de sine la r ang! l de ar bit r u suplem Tot uFi'
ar_nun g* r n* ugeti t ar n psnea noast r it5d Puncn in ecus! ier evolut ia
i, tii"""t.,Li a" ru ira"sitd ;nilor'60 cu ApocalipsaVeseln Tinerilor de
$i ful*i*iriT""?i:::;;r":xrrr,r*:"r*T"ir,rl:lx",;
,".it;,ii"Jtl;?;*Tji,,".x".:
:l .astnzi ]e lipsesterigo;rea, seniinentul continuitdlii ti acel
e'ot' /d""
r* .. pc aJsu; t i sa d"scoper eco'r eDla din spalele Dult ipli-
':l
fi ,*;;,;;*.*":t',rfl
i.ausuccedai,
! i" st"t"r"uri" iii,'i"ilj;""H:_fl :
,u;#.:''x'ji,,j,,:Ti
"ci* j"al
-l i j . A sem-nFa dcfr c; enLcf ac se Par a r r nic f apt ul
;auid ceea ce inaintaqii loi au descopedi deja:
viala ca pe un intreg;i curajul de a-ti urina cele nai
'r
capacitatea
lr Deni d€€i
ascunse
de a vedea
rmpursun'
t
PROF!TII MODERNJT^TN
I
ffiNffiffi NOTE
I
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I
I
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I
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Abrevieri Introducere
ADB Al.lqmpine.Deut*h. Biostdphip. !16 vot. f.;eipzig, ts.Is-lgtU,
***r*'**s**,'u
Anctuon Joumd! ol ps.,.hor,a),
, l lhaca. N.y.:Auslj, rer..
AJS Aheaton Jounot of S@iDt,G} 1887.
rChicaso, lBgs-).
4AWAP
;f#'"*: ;:if"1;:1:t:.iatkn ud santporinh.6s,o.,Bz,tih.
D\ZA
EP E@oo"ato of ,t;toroo1,",
tu,utui*akhdnuhdeeis,e
tr ::;:,k :ff ::yf::X,l{*ru. su,e. s.
PautEdwardsaed.).8vol. (Newyort, ' i"#tl!::i{:ff"-;;.{rn'iril ;
\':'i:#'::i;:ffi
ii:tt;nr:::;'"
a\4
14S.S ' i"'!';1"i"jl;;:;: :"'l:'fr
*"spil,"-',Jl:::iil,'1r ';T;I;r';:i;:;"';:
{i":::'Aflyi'y;91 *'re,s@'dr.s.izrdes.
David
L.s'rs(ed.),
Iiterhdtionat JoutuI of psr.ro-A,dbs,s
Iilif.t
of tte Atuo icab psrchoakar.lti.
(Londra, rezor.
Associdtnn I New york,
:##ffi:
:: #tr$l'i"q;$:*,;l#i'1'l$f'#
!:r:
Jou.@r ot ce,trat Eurcppa,
Jounat.nl contehptdtu
4/d,rs , Bouido,.coto.. I e4r{e6aJ.
Uulq,r::ml*lii"xi'T.,ru+:,sx* "i+
n;Tl
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tu,/o? ,chjcseo, re66,.
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tr:""
rVOE
Ei.ndtere
MdtptuiLaih.n. s vot./zrrnch,ls64-1968r.
YLBI
"i:i::i;{;^" d'" Ka'e'li.hen A+ad?nk d.,
Le. Baechrhstitute
wsspnsrhdttea
'i"TB:"?"i:il;$H""r*#-:11':3
ZAAK
itrWr{r;:: of reus r,otucernan!
"ri,i'l*Fx*r{ifiiiffii:t;"{:,"w:l},
1 (1968-1969),324_'333 .",1R2ih*rmblem: c*chichtliche
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- ." ""
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if:. (1956-5?),39?-405i Encb Diihlins, ,Hans CrGs,, lYc@ D?tt..Le Biocrqhi.,l
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Lebenhd Wrh: A1tatisiert Biaetupnie,v)e"a,is6a tcorline o bibliogr6ne
ethaustivsl.Deslre gendir.t lui Kolsen,ve?i Erich Voegelin,"K€ben'8Purs
of Law",,PSQ, 4, (1927),268-t?6; Isaoc Hqdik,
Ih€ory Legal Philosolhy
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solido .!t€ fta @ordonaL,de HIDB Kl€ratsky.ReneMarcic }tsb.rr Schamb€ck,
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. A Stud, ir the Fdil/.. of Den@nti C@e-rntuna, L.odra, 1946; Wilftied R.
. Dallmayr, and DevoiopDert ofthe Austria! Coftlitutio@l Court",
Capitolul5 J C E A , 2 1 "Bschsrould
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' il, V6ziJulius Sione,r}€ Prbuine dnd F actiotuaf Ldu: Lau aELoaic,Justice,
. aad 8@d Conbol:Astr.l! in Jwi6prudem,Canb.ideE, Mas , 1950,p?-91_114
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, Vezi Mar Adlen Sottoloste des Mdzism6, vol. 2 ti 3' VieDa, 1954.
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in care
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S.r;, liO", pp 690_706 D€dpte E}PnsLetn 'd etisl+rrahsr in msnGm lui
lJJ"l i" c.!,ip, *zr o.bnei Beck,Die eaiihtenlr' PtuedAtbett Ehrensteins
,'Jtua.fisol r"iir*t"-n EinordnunE'
und vcrsucheinertiteruthistottschet
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461
du Cercl.d2
vpnnp et touert dc timpirishp iocra,p. Pari6, 1935, Jutrn6 Rudolph WciEberr.
An Eadhi@tion of Iaeial PDs|tBn. Londrs, 1136; a 2-s edilie, pslbr&;,
]iii N.J.. I960 ,ltroyW@dSallare,. Poa,iivjm ib cob4nporary pI itosopii€l T!o!
Aryt(dn Sototqidl
.Rpt
tr'u. 4 11939,,34-al. FraDk. A.le?en ph"s,cs
' Reoieu,38(7s46),65-67.,
,1 Phi!_6opl\r; FAn}', Modzm Scie@, pp. r-i1; Mides, pbitiuism. ilat ln.(snpfrert, p, 4?,
6acnmab!. -Ludns Wjttgenst€in
Brchman!, wi'rscnsr€in.: Z! d€r jitresre! pbiloso
pl "Alpr6ciation',
frii
zu ejrch
eineh lGpjiel
K,p{el d€rjubs:re! V€zi N€urath, S€trt€Dces'(19321,tn Arar .d), LoEical Padiaivi6m,
"Lldvis rn
gescbjcb'." r1963r. Cedrchp, Er'ohluLs.n. Eb.apel, Essor!, Mirn.h.n, : "P.otocol
pp. 277-288:AJ. Ayor, \-eva CKt€',5. Cilb€n Rvt. red,j, tre Fzrdt. tp. 199.208; WeiDbe4, Etdni&tion of Logical Po.itiDtsn, pp 2?5'280.
"Tle 99, Veli N.uratn, aDil Physicalim' (1932), iD .\v€r (.d ), I€gt@l Po6ti
tu Priroropil,
Londra, 1956,!p. ?0.87; Ay€r, Intrcrtucrio!". tn "Aociology
"Editor,s i ,tiD, p9. 282-317; N.u!at!, ,Univ€rsal Jatgon anil T€mi,oloev", P.oceedt,s,
Porai,,sh, Glen.o6.Ill., t9b9. pp t.2B: J.De6 CrpieUhson, plilo, of th. Ariibreliah soci.tr, 41 (1940-41),
12?"148.
!t
Capitolul 13
:I 1.. Jch fifchie, wir veiteb Gon lioht los, weii sir loch aD di€ GIannatik gian-
' . ,ben.,,'
F iodf,ch Nietzgche, "Dj6 .Vehun iD der Philosoptn{, CitEendiim@ng,
': odar W. baa nit d.tu dahrur phiJoilphizft llaAg), 3.4 5
2. Despc Maurhb.r, v€zi FnvMa bn \ Przc"r J ugendiolt,e : Et nn?ru ne?a ( Lgla'
Fianlfun, 1969i Maulhner, M.urh!er'. tn Etyrubd Schmidl ,eil r' D?
,iil Phitosopn? di Geeenuod n"I'rirz s.lhitd4:.sklLuneen L.rpzrs. 1922.3 l2l_la4:
' .. Md Kri.E, FriE Maathner's Kritil? der Sprache : Eirc Re,olutioa in dar Pnib'
sopnp, Mutrchen, 19r a , Wslr er Eisen, .F ri't M,! thDer', KdnN udien 29 (1924'
' 3 2 r - 3 2 4 ; A l o i s R ? a c h ..Fn u M Eu l b n cr '. N OE, 3 r 1 9 2 6 r ' 1 4 4 _ l 5 li Tl e o d o t
rrl &ppsLein, fr'lz tlnLtl'n?t. Det Mo.n und Spia w"rA. Aerlj!. 1926: Ceruhoo
w e i l e r , , O n f n ? V d u L n n e fi C .j r q u o o t L a n 9 ta ce ', M ta d ,6 7 /1 9 5 8 1 .8 0 8 7 i
. \ l e i l e r , ! r i l z N I a ] i h n e r A Sl "d y i n J€ ss) r Se l l R e r e cl i o n ' JtAJ.8 '1 9 $ r ,
L 3 6 . r 4 S I S . . r e r , , F i . z M o u l l '.r r ;sa n H Fto r i a n ', g b r 'n d n d Th e a r y.4 1 9 6 4 t,
,l: "Itilheln
Neu.ath", Jdrl.bii.her fijr Ndtianatijhonont., ?9.(1902). 161.1 5?-7li \ eiler,
- M a " 'o n "r
r r i l z, EP,5 1 9 6 7 ,2 2 1 _ 2 2 4 :Jo r ch i m Th i e l e ,Ju r
452
453
lKritik de. Sprach€,: Brief€ von Fritz Manrhner an Ornsi Mach' Muttersprache,
,
?6 {1966), ?3-85. 20. DesFe vi4a lui Kraus, vazi tdopolil Li€sler, rd.r lrtdu:r und sein We*, \ieM,
3. Desp'p Londare', vezr tvsy Brod, Skpirbdrs L"o?,, Mub.hen, I960. DD.ss.sr 1920: Eeinrich Fischer,:the Othe. ANtria snd Karl &raus', in gans Jo36
Woll risr?.c z { d, LoaddL?. KLk L4. 2r dlt s tu , d , 4 e , . n r s r . M F i s e D h ; j m t, 9 6 t : Rehfiscn (ed.). In rr.alMs: Fou Ce,nuries of Snueqle Aediwt lytunnr tn
W€rner Kraft, ,Ludwis Witgeb6tein ubd Kart Kraus' (1961), in n?6etre4 de; Gewn:t, Inndrh. 1944, 9i. 3U.328 ; B6la Manczer, ,,Karl Lraia dd the Sinssle
C€irree,Stuttgart, 1968, pp. to9-1l1. AEailst the Modorn Glosticg", Dtbliz Eetieu,224 \a&.-de. 1960), 32_52;
4. Werl"r,Otr Fr it z M aur \ neis Cr iuqu". . D. 82 Sisismud von Radecli, Wit icieloeOe, Kd1n,1953,pt. 11-44lanintitilb iii alo
5. Cedce Sylva e. Vi.rc\, Chnpv;.1ie C4at. Lon&s. 1930,!. 341 uDui pnekD I : fseft, Rttl lqd us B. t og rLm Wrcrbtuns sP'es wrta Salzburg
6. D.€rre criza hi fiolnamsriral, vdj c.riha,r Wlnbols , D* 1956: eas Msr.r, "Rarl ll,reus urd Nacbselt'. Sina und Fom 9 t967t,
t,hp ilofueahsthal : 'li€
S.hizola p ' 934-949; Willy lras, Di literuriiche g/elt: Erinneru4P,, Miinchen, 1960,
1ls dnhk n\ h. Sr , 4r u, , Sr ulr c a f l . r 9 6 5 p p . 1 0 6 - t O ? ,E i c d d r d
p!. 22-2?IiranFdtdl; Csoli!€ Kohn,xatrrdzs, Stutisa.t, 1966;WilnaAbele6
bfi nkmrDn. . , Lr ot n, bhat hal ubd &c c Dr ac he-D. y t G . s 5 , 1 9 6 1 , 6 9 - 9 s .t V o n f r o d '
Hoppe-Lnrdmtun. MoBk und Mtstth m rrnhunh Hueo uan Holnonnsthals, Tzsers,Ka Kruus: Ayien*e Critjt of the Tw.ntieth CeLtLty, Hasa, 196? i Frank
b e.In . re 6a ,r o 6p. . ' 61pp. 76- 95. Fi61d, The Ldst Doy6 of Mdnhin l : Ka.l KraG dnd Vi€nad, Loldra, 1967 ;
?. Dcspre Sidht, vezi ?.ot dr Eofimann tdin VieDal, ,Sprachlicne tusiL nnd Hs.e W6rs.i, Io./ .i(d Ls od,r rliz Mdcht der Ohhn dcht ''is V.r,u.h otn?sMoruPn'
Msrhpmaril", Arn,, fr' slst?roti,rh" phitosoprk. t9 1913., 43-39, Fetu trl b"n hE ,; ErheUuneatus I elfch2n leb.rye, P2sVEht I963 : Fntz J tudd.L u
ttelp, trp u;a4it of Prc.S..buc phrtosopnp: Ar A enpt to R?.onstud fh?v blinoe Sch€r tibo.t;srbs€tr zu Kol XIaus', Mqrhut,22tl969,5t7-5J2
Tha ue hts.2 v ol. . llago. 196s . pp. uu. ! : t r iii, B S - 1 J 44, ! 3 - 5 4 4l d . d , c a l i as u D d -D€r
Un insll.'Melt indispelsilil este cari€a lui Frieilrich Jan czek, ZeittafelL zur
3 $rp r: ,L n' Adon s . ohr r t a: 5. 192t \ , a c Ar uif ito s o f i r ,s $ c u D s p r € v a z u lE r D s i ,Fd.hel': Tnewn, Ziele, ?rc,1eru, Mnrche!, 1965
Mac\ "v-a fi itr1€l6asd qi ailni.a€ pe6re 2OOile ari,,l; Franz iu6i!da, r 21. ich, i! m€in€r ulfreien Sprachauflssung b€fang.n, die sozNage. ei.e
,St6hr, : ",..w€ii
prasiabiliert€ EarnoDie der Spmchen lDd det Spldren annihmt, die Kutrst
Ariolf ,P, 8 (196t), 18-19.
a. N-u^€m avur le disoozi\'e tucrsreo , Sio^r, AtE"b,o dc. Arahhol.,. ' rsar ob6rhaib ites VerBbnde6 orlebe. aber niclt u!ter!al!-" Karl l<raus,
tFilzis, "Ei.
Emst trtsch.ft. A,dh,a o/sp,sddoA rreooL n $r Mann'. Di? fochct, br 546-550 1920', p 50 D.spre cotrrep,ja lui
li,a.i""p'_. 1:.."8 l:1. ".zi303, r€zr 'i-lie Ktaus'/1931' rD S"n't,t"n,
N.w YorR.I959. pp. 227. 230. J 13, I+aus d privir l! lnbd, Ws.rerBeqjamio.J{arl
:flild,,-t
W ar dm ae, de la jlce p u L u li u i r u l D 1 S 2 9 , ,! e , i }l . L
"Wr.e,schafih.he S€ll,aulIa6snDgiDer W€insr
y"1",11"'. r3e6.re5e-. pro.e.diaFF
\|<uE\
Histaryol Pril'soph).6 t 196Ar,349-490DcspreWaismrn!, rezi Sruan l&DDsiiF
Kreit-.. lourw
NEb Jour@l ot
i*i:$llJ:f
n{fl
:;tuf
;;li#,?liji,,I:;;T*,,nffi D€6!re Brnct!€.vezi Ernst ThoodorBriicke, "E$BtW Brii€ke (1819_1892)',
5 (1i28),66-?3["*iu de
NOB,
lui Brnckel; B.iicl<e,Erzstarr.le, viens, 1923
lLtf=,frti",{ff
""potul
Iretrle 140 de lucrari ile Bruck€l; Si€sfried Benfeld, ,Freud'. Earli$r Theoneg
,"fttd$Lll,i:gi,*1,*;l*il':,',l,l*l
mll*"y:$ia*"".:r,*,1:t;i"li;,
and rhe scho6l of Eelnholtz" PstchoatualrticQudnerly, 13 (1944),341-362,in
sDecisl343-358i Benfeld, ,,Froud'sSci€ntinc Beenningi', in A^eri.dn lmaEa,
6 (1949), 163-188rJon€s, 1:40-?0; Rolert R. Bolt,,Awo hnuences on Freld's
' S.ientific Thousht: A fragnenl of Iniel)e.tual BioFa!!t", tn Robert l-.
"_,,.';,",Tnlli:*
iiixj,..#'Jli
!i:,T,;ThT,: j# n"l;#
!i#':#j. !r'l\ite led.), me Stu& ofLiDds, N€t York, 196t, Pp 364_3a?;Potor Amacher,
Freud.\ NeLnlaqiial Educdtion dnd lE Ilfluehces an Pschodnduric Theory,
j:'*U;",p:r11*:';'ffi
ir;/;','",r1; i::,,,#{:"{:: r
:
N.rv Yo.k, 1965, !p. 9-20.
t?. v€zr Eb6i w Brncke, Die Phisiolasie der Forben fnr die zueche der Kunst'
Eeuerbe, LeipLiE, 1866: a 2-a edilie, ]tAI. vezi ll B^c]i , Diz Ddrste unE der
i{ldi*T:i**T:r""i;m;*";:h'li;#."'"'^xqir{ Beuecune d.anh die bildeadrn rtnsrs (188r); Brncke, N@ht und Moryen des
3.
r,i:l1irx;:;,r;a:;lffin*sr
l#i.risT,lki:,f:tiy '
' '
\tezi Bfiakq C Ddzte. d.r PhlsialaEie utd Slir.ddtik dzr Spruchldute fit
Linguisten thn TbubstuMenlehrc\ \iena, 1856, a 2_a .d1lio, 18?6; Bincke,
Neue Methode do phowtischen bdnikription (7A63)
rs.-;""p- t"ii;;. D"; s,o.ttrt-M"y;trt. areodd M"ra a unds"tnpzat
5 . r4s.l tr_rnm, Gpdr Conponiotu. 'J"i ih d?r,uet|?n Hiilfi" d?' l9 Jat'rhun.l.4
Cn\cot M?hot ofsan? Fow * Fhendr.
Zu, Aeiete"C"ihitht? Oste.nrhs
Lm dr a. 19 5 ep. p . ::s .rri c r .l " " " ..
6. z ,i j . ' - " ' ' Viena, 1930lscrist de fiiea lui Mayreru; Matir Ddrer, II EtDrixh. erundlaeen
rui fFud re7j ron4 3:s4.r01,4e?.52r. dE PflchtutuIre,lAip.ig, 1932,pp. 128-143,149152; Jamesn: Papez,"Theodor
;;:;:";""j.,:::1,;,:.".:,y.
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Mern€fl 11833-1892-, in Wobb Haymol'er,ad ', Th. Foun.tcr" al N"uNl"B!
Sprndpld. lll.. 195J. pp. 6a-6?, An-eclei Ftrud-s N"utalasi..ol.EIl@otian
I
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! p . 2 r - 4 r : L e s k y .We , ?, n ? d g r n i s e S,h u l e , p P r l l _ 4 o s Po e zi i l el u i M a r n cfl
3. ?!"-;l;.!#!!:it):::*;a4;mi$:i:m:;":iTl;i::ii
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f";:,:
:":i: '26.
-
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wissen.ichvar isFer eiDer iler 6cl6nsre! Fdll. von miinnlichet llysN€.ie"
Fretd,Iidundeurune, a 8.a editio, Londra, 19!2, 1 439. Vezi 9i Freud, A4 d.t
. Anfiineen d@ Pslchoatalls., tanilra, 1950, pp 56_57 lscrisoarea cetre Fliess
rL M , r er ec r c ato dr o d e n ru " i r,* * ,,
r_ * * -r_ "
H;::l;nr !t:':;:jj
::'fu
il!j;4r{1J"-":'::}::'J"XI:}.i'"li;::'; din 29 aug. 1888, refeiioare l& doshatisnul llj Meynertl; Freud, ariefe,
+ . pp.4j-42r 105-106 [sci€oile cdtre Martha Bernays dcapre huDetat€a lui
:,f'l,::',#
T.i"1;ft
P!.2 10 -21 9.
T:,,;"
{:I:,"^,
*l:::""tr#;:I;*"T"?Hij MeFeft - 5 oct. 1832 9i 14 {ebt 13341
r'r?. Des!.e Kraflt.Ebirs, veni Beria Szar€,.M! Life and./ttsrorrv,Now York, 1939,
r,
' Dp.124,164-166;ErNt v.n dengaas, ,Introduction",'i.Ei.hdd Krafit_EbiDg,
s s dehn . c rcdte-. Ane,i.an rourhat
f;lzr Ir:.j:;:ErcLd or ps'ch,ot,!. no Pvio@thit SaMls.A Meol@ FoP,sr SlldJ 1886 Nc$Yo { 1965 pp 719
28. D;s!'; ss.heFMa6en. $AFs€ B'ntzon, "Un turucier s'hc,en: M. sacher'
{#'*ffu:j:
. 'ezi ,jtec la?5), 816-33?rWII C,
i{:':,#;i##'ft
'Me;ocl", Aeo!? des dew maadzs,22o
r #l#;$i
"tEopold
,il;iil
.".
lfr
l:"":";-{*::
$,?:;:' *.;;;i"";;;,;i:""1";
"'xE'!,,rreDdB
;:";:i
scr e n titic Cr a i e ,. o . s2 ?
r - 'S a c b e F M a 6 o c h " , I r e B o o h m a n ,2 Oa 9 6 ) ,4 0 7 - 4 0 4 ,C a r l Fe ti r vo r Sch l i cb t€ e l o l ) ,
'
.
\ . Soah;'Mdsoch und de. Maeehismus
St&di€n, Dresda,1901; Richa.tl M. Meyet,
'I 53 (190?),681-682i'R. Latzke,
"Die
: Litcrarnistoristhe
"Stch.r_Masoch,
Realisten:
und kulturhistoris.!.e
Leopold von";,4D4,
Leolold vor S€cierMasdch',ln
Eiluard Castle (ed.), G?!.lichte der deutschenLitefttur iL Oste.reich'Uaearn,
Viera. 1936, 1:955-973fjudicioasa]; Reinhard ]'edem!n, Sacher'MasocltolLr
NOTE 469
die S.lbsh etuicit u s.Oru,)96r:JamdClou,h he-Fn* Muochist:A Bberaph!
,'rr fi{li}1;"4G!i.:i!ai,:ti::T?aJJ
v€4 Ludwrg fion&riref d.rbch? Es.o!: Lioteadlen zw Cas.hi.ht?rnd Astlzbk
.;:i'::--:::"y! N6uPied. re66.p!.228.23e
.6. Dou, arr(ot. ?'!,ns. d6spR
lcbnreiekd; afDnsle;iibtr. Fr.ud,i sociers@atrRbs.
orl3rca u ru ca,utod p€ z.ved€i Barbu.,Tho Hicloric"l Paolh ofpslcho-
;',f;1"#j[1,i,fit;;;i, M;;.t";E;;:";;;;;;;;;i i.#i,
i^?..,,,,
h1;":"*;*iru.ll*
';fr;'!f
:r; K;:fi'"'":';#;
3?.vezi JNer BEud, ,r,,.i".g""ih1.
ulhrio'.ai:ji-:1y1r, ,b",-ays,.,rc, "".
e*bs
Med.,#:;i i;.:;l fd:"?;;;
qzi DdaEdi's?r,,s"A; il";;,1,;r.-,'ri"'ri8ri;l
-"fj,"^,^:l
:l"cfr
;::'i:::l':;il"ffi;;iff
of sismuDd rjj,l;T"l*'"T^,.I"
Frcud',psrc,rd-rr." n-i"., so;i geo.dg;;i;-;;i.'' - ''*"
; "d..#.1 *rl,"e nNnre ru,fteud,vdi rrh;tru€rverikovstry.
rtsnmrs.-4&bn s,M1 Sr,dies. ,r9SBr. t8G.186i Eai.C",,
i
R::l:_':l:1,:l:
D'ebs F.,eud Drc;ed",psr
'na*iiii riJ*i . {e illsaliiii;:ji';;1;;;';; .rhe
,t* *a s"a,:irt"i,'It,J#ft,
-20
re63, !!. e.2?;
"ni";it criD8t€jo. Or S,ia,nd ft//dii Drdrs, Der,oir, t96S ld€Di6leazealuziit. h".
1:;:il"i;:#tr"'4 rare In bouaspre?ec€rse di! !.riosda t89S.1899t.
3a Vori Pspp€otdE, SBJp, us.Atbeit: ReRbMte
recak
dusden Jatret t\u und tt J,l"d-jl' s"a|"f _p.y"r,"r"die*;.,,-o". i,"_."r,o"r," ADreitan itie
* uj
re. arte'pms,o r,ii-,i"."r,i'""*,rdeB,r@tri._pak;;;".
;'?1T;*::"l,lTii1g::rme c;xi; ;;l; 6 ,lssn,,6a-so.pebln p"i,"""ri,l rii"l
il:'.;ff;"lj:;,:ffi il !ii;l,Ii,2i;.t ii,{:"ffi,;J":'fl""Xl*j,:";
""1T.:l-ry:lJ 1.",+rI,.zh, " "
anma, r! rlp&rrsh,s !nd.llogn""".* "";;;;;fiil;i,i'i; jo"n
".,"-;;;;;;;;;;;"6;.;;;
,teagr, Pdirii,Vi€Di. t93t. pp. 29-sa DespEFmDz jo6ed6i nosknjrea ttri
und.
i,"";""i;i1'j":li,
i,x1li;"i"Tx;fflf,i,,,ll,lii1
"a*p;."*u
^
v.a vs8in. uD6eu4rl. Eufopd, pp. 7a-a3- t6t.17d, 246-254.
rrsd. Jur-ctrhj.hr€
DGrbelice
I or
,. u-e€Prerh4!,
42.
a.y6
v*i Ed.i
t"-. +e. ii i t-6:ai,li6n.ozz.
-i
Xj.is. rD preurl, r{,s d?.
'.',iifl;ig;-
",*"''"^
":iJi,T::
: cdridt MetuiB ot s6tu Fdeu ,rDpn&,LoErrra.
P6rci&"ats, Lon&a. reso pp."ErDlenung",
g-+s:sct'"id;. .seduci,oh. 5. 2:439. D.slre tsioc, v€z: Joro6, L302: 2:428
Jnd.s
il. i"X,:;i:,ilf:;
r:lLl11ot tt. Ehtooot t^. b,hi,iomtscien*.
; r";"'"ii"ix
ii"i n; iiiiifi;";;':::i;,;
J6kai..Bldad tioaondr,18?O), New yort, 1896, n. l?g,
re2i,e' 2r0 p;rrruo opiliepiio,€a*a
I iru6
B8;1Tj"y;Jl"l;1
7.:JoDo 6,1: J i6.;T*"
J 3g '.:T.:"*::"l"fr_11r1{{:1";l:j!.
jilii;3.f
43 P€nku o eremplif:(ar€ s vifluoatarii
i il":l:.j.i:rxi!,rixiff n,
iiff"?,,,?#ti',ji.tlrj; ,:';1";
Jfi:id;t:
#',,:;'iilr"#*J'tr"H*
e,-Z..M$oe. Lebd. nTkli*#
{*,*:i"{
pp.,2r,z3leEt€.wbl dapE u si,r d€luit,DrDk!ni!. ;
1r !,:iliil:fi
phituaptE,ro trs:Ii, i1a.is..
.oosuruttes€ brroezr pe rosrtLl€roculuil
vrrot.A._OeraldJi, sj V6ronicaprnlor rvnndss6,
M1ndss6, .F,Aulci,
s .F,Autci,
,Schlirzt€..s
r|jcbltzl€.
EBe, aDdrhe P.r.n@bslyticTf@ry of N6uodes", cp.aon.. E.ui?u, rF r1961.,
460 461
t?9-283r FredsicL J. Belaniell, ,Schnitzler'sAbticipation of Fr€ud,s Dreah 2?. Des!re Fnud Fi creci, r€zi B6hie Sr Eule; and Fr€ud", p$€ndnab,i.
n\enr!', Mondttheft. f* deut.chen Vnter^chr,4s (igb3), 8l-89; Bebaniell. Quaderlr,11 (7942), A3"a6t Ganieid Iblmey,"Nt€Lmpus tud FreuA, Ir€Ecj;hs
"Enpedocies
Jtae, Bull4tin of the Histot! of Mediire, so (1956). ro9-12! | Iourney,
"Fre rd, Do uhle A. bur Sc hniLz ler 'J, APA r 0 'r 9 6 2 r . 7 2 2 . 7 3 0 :H e r o . ( I
(uppe.9i "Ld
Itilda S. Roltbann,B.€Dch,,Ffeud and S.hDit'ts - (Doppele?iheer), aril the Creeks', Jownol of the Hijtorr of the Behouioral Sciences,t
"F.eud
(1966), 6?-85; Walther $ese,
J,4P4, 7 11959),109-126i H€iDz Politzer,,DiEgnoseud DichtlDs: Zuh We.h Pre.Freldian Onsins of psychoanalydisi,
Artbur lchnitzters", h iD6 S.nueiee\ di Snenen: Atudien zw d,eut*hen und 'Tl€ t9-?2, in sp€ciat
Scienrednd Ps!.hodnalrsis, 1{19581, 4g-4?do6!r. Eip@;atel
6k.hn 4i{tdh L, , c ' or , f , Sr ulc s n. 1968.pp. l ) o - r 4 t , R o b 6 '. O . [ e i s s . , T h e Msrk D Alr8chule ,cr€ek R.h\al'. in fools ol Moapm pirrhiat.]: E:sors i;
P'y(fu"c6 in t hc wor k s o. Ar t "ur Sc hbiLz l€r "G, ? r M n S u a r t e r u , 4 r l , 9 6 a . th? Hstal al Psr.hht-r. Nes York. t955, pp. taa-204
3?7.400lcl"s'6cA simprohele . psihonir" ha1'resLst€dp !€rsoDaJetedib Fprzeci 28 F eud- DF lJoundeutLhs, s 8-s ed'no. tn CW, U3. L6ndr^, 1942, 202-207,
de soi€ri ale hi Schtriizlerl. ' 19a-199.
16. Freud, eine. grsrode,Analyse' {1905), tn cW, 5, Lonitia, 1942,
B.",:f,-!e' i! speciar30-31 t6crisoma din 23 iurie 1s82t.
"Brucbsriick ^? _1*:9,
3o.Tezi Irwie'W Btudt,,21r,
203n. Vezi sdisoarea iui F.e!d cltre Schsirzier dib 8 mai 1906, iD Ar,€ts. ed S.hjnel, Ps}ln@brr. &uije&, 46. {1959),9?.101.
!8 73 t93 o.3 2 a edir i?, lt unllur l. t 968. pp 266 . 2 6 ?p p n ! r u p n n " t e a p r e c i ; n 31. Davtd Bakan, 6i4hrud"Ffttd Freud dnd the Jeui.h Mlstical Trddition. Nev york.
1 9 5 8 .i n s p e c i a lp p . 2 7 1.3 0 1
l?.!b de "d€plii lui lr.ud. ve,i Thoodo,R.i\, 4atlr Scrakte' ots Ps!.haLos"!, , Nr.;;i #,,"#i;i;; iJii, ,r,".r"*",yzar,, rrrr?),2?o-s05,
in speciar
2eo-2e2.
Mu n.h en . I9 l3 Hbnb6Ss "hs . D' . I loliv €as t a l t u D €b a S c b D r i r s r . . , u o s " , i
(1 91 3).3 02 -3t 3 €!. Maals Sre.ber, sDa IIis Psyclodalysis' 0954J, h m. Achi/JesEeeL,
: i 'G a r d € t r C i i y , N : Y"Freud
. , 1 9 6 0 ,p !.1 4 6 - 1 ? r ,i r Bp cci a L 1 6 5 ,1 ? tl i l fa vo r i ze a zr p e Al f.e d
rii Adlerl_
, gr,d ri"trr* o*r, ,n"^, rescebc€E
ofprcresso.sisbund Fr€!d', perc/rddbr,c
Quad?rl ),)l ' \942' . 41 3.
3 6 $ 6 u d , . O D B c i n s o , l h e AD .r B.i h : AD Ad d r e 6 6r o $ . So .i e r ) o f vi sr r a - ,
1 3.Cp orsesytL es larVi?r . c ^, alap"pE ol t he c r c ot , l a 'd r e . 1 9 3 u . p o t 3 a o u h p n l a r J . I 'n a r i '. 19 4 6 ,,2 3 - 2 a .O r sr o r i eu r i ,a d F6 p r ee fo r i u ;r r ptr r e r "u .l
'
I3:1,
^4.".
! fde a in9€lece iudabnul
io";i'-:":-tF,]:*l:t:1-T:1-*i-"
'* Anfti.s€ 9:l!!l
ir deD Fin6ternissen de. Seel€, :'"!lnocir':-":;
bevor sie an deo :rt'""
kisr€n Tas 't.' I'nLdk tfonil, N€w Yorl( 1965.
ti aparliD€ ld Darl A. Grolna;, Judaxn iL sistund
hdaE&hlags, itieser sarzer l!.gwiense!, ln.t.ndliclen, eir ve.scllunseM .:. J6:!re!d analteazn ur !!hdr d€ slune ereiegri tn Der Wrz Lad.,.ine
Prczpssaer Cpth.e. dc. homplizren.b Thrrsache! sm Ende ib srbpteD ir::Beziehuncenzutu Uabeua$r€z t19o5l; v cw, 6, iond.a; 1940,86-8?, 128-124,
'hre
schr arFDub"r d'e Schwcllc dFs Bewlsst6ri.a wirn - Bahr _Die atJ6rs,dduns 159. Siilul lui lreud .st€ conetrtat d. Walter. Schjnau, ltr S;shrnd areld;
dps-\.t$al'smw- ,lssr , tn Zn U&"tindu^s da, N-,-r,"-^. S*'Lg"ni Ptusa: Lirerdische Elemente seideggtib, St{ftgs.t, t96a tprne acceatut pe
rnnu€bla rui LessrnaJ.
20. Despre glstui lui freuit tu nlre.i€ d€ ronan€, veri pet€r Brockn€r, ,L'lnsiance de la iettre dan6 I incoDscientou la rairoq.d€puis
-Jacqles
Freudd Privatle}$re', Psycne, ls (nerti€, 1962),88r-go1; 16 (idie, I ',a@D,iD t',rs, Pa.is, 1966, pp.493-5t8, in s!6cial 509;514.pebr; o
'ftdirdl {195?),
7 21 .74 3 t6
?21-?43i t6 (narli€,
m ar r iF 1963),
963r ,BBt
381-895,
- 395 s l t e o D i b i . 6 t r u c t u r a h s r .dd .o p r e p r "o cu p a r e a .u i Fr .u d ta ta d € s."i e r e . ve zr
21. Nunberq s Fe,lgr,,".JA.t Mnutps of th. fipna! p,rrr.@nat,tit Saci4r. N6v Jacqu€s Dedila, €t la scdne de l,adture" (1966), in Lbciture et la
"Freuil
diff.renc.,pans, 196i, pp. 293-s40.
lork. 1962. 239 flu.rdnle din t3 loienbrie 1907 . o inhoduc€r€biiiiard i"
22. Vezi Avicenna [fritz Wittets], ,Die Lustseucho",Die tdciet, n. 238(16. ,fllistd realizea?AAntholy W_ilde4
-!man
and the Discolrd€ -d;;;;;;-
of rhe Orhei",i.
1907),pp. 1-24, in sp€cial 9-10. N6 t,s,rhz IAnsuos?
oftr2 s,tf , n" r*a-i
,3. Reii!. l! Oskar PAnizza,Da6t.i2besrotuil uid did.ercSchutren, N€lwied, 1! . zi tr Jr n M i e t,Ja .q "fii""ei;;;';;):;.
l r 6 0 'e , 1 9 6 3 .p p 1 6 9 .3 1 1ve u e s L a cft sn d r h e Sr r u .tu e
''df the UncoDrcious',Ydr?are,c/r Srzdt!, nr 36-3? (1966). 104-111.
24. Vezi ErnAt Xri6, Psrclodndlttical E ptardti'as in Arr, New york, 1952; i, P C- Walke_r, snd Psychology', So.t.lo,icat Reoieu, 37 tlg4b),
Gotubncn, 4t7 and IULsion : A StLd! t^ the Pslchotogt of Pi.roridl R
-.Gdilonspecld 4., "gistory
,dlron, New Yark, 1960; cohbnch, C. B€mfeld, snd Arjh Ameican lmdsa, A l.196!), 1Ol -I2a,
and rhe Hisiort in spenal ll9 "Freld ^eologf,
"psycho-Anrlysi6
\!954),1n Me.liratiaB oti a Eobbr Hone and Ohe; Essdls on th. theo.r o
Londra, 1963, pp. 30,44; Con}nc!, nser UDb.m6sres ist s€s.n die Vorstel.Dngdes €rspn.n TodesebpnAo!nzu-
U6e ofArr for r!€ Srudy ofstti dglich. spge! d€b Frend"n €b6nso morolustis. eeseD dre ge i€bte p.rson
"T!€
s4.s0 cdmbrich, A"s,hpri6'.E;@
: rr.nds iubinso.zilie6palris(ambjtaletrt)wie iler u*".r,.-, i"i u-",t.t r"""a, p"it-
;:iI:.",i;;,:"#;;""'"6r'.
2i.,Zu errem V"rf6lretr der schichseBs Acrdunus d6s palhoseDeb s6rndsss ilb_d Iirieg und Tod", l CW, 10, lindia, 1946,OS4.
cerg ftoirdeci, tli; d;" E; tbt;j t;';;;;f,,"ts'*"a" s"n,in", .,"
Materials, welches wir gem€ nit iler Technit iler Aussabuns €in6r r€ motuttl, Wiedbail.n, 1966, ?r. 46-?6. Deslr€ G.odd€ck,vozi.tjarr€nce
n l l . , S l u d i € s i b G e D i u s!4 . cr o d d e ch .,d o fr ? o n t?
, 't9 4 3 ,. i 8 4 .4 0 3 : Ec.n o l r
dd vor iDierdblrg, ;OsrC Groddeck's Pbilo.opti€ deB Es", ZfphF, tt ltg6r),
; ODj'l ti Sylva GEsma4 ?i e Wild Andltst : The Life aad W.rh of A.oree
t, New Yo!k, 1967 lertren de laudatjvdt.
dellt: ab€r da6Etlies jenes alto beriihDre dch, 6ei. isr, nitde
"es cerad€
dst, nur eine Anhalme, ein€ B€hauprung, vor auen kei!€ qntuitteibale
l{j€wisdhoit',' Nietzscho,qrenseitsoon cut vrd Bijs: Vor6pieleiner phitasophie
d.t Zukuaft 11886),pattea I, se4. 1?. D€6!re refeiDiete lui Freld la Nierz;che,
462 NOTE
NOTE
ve,i Bru.. Mazlish, and Nietzehe", P,f.re&lfric Rerteu, 55 ( 1968-69)r
3 60 -3? 5. "Freud
43. Fralz AlexaDder, Need for PuDishn6bi aDd ihe Death InstiDct", tP, t0 Capitolul 1T
(19 29 ),26 S, "T!e
44.v6zi WilheLnn.ic}. C/to.a.!.rarorysr. a 3-s edid€.N€w York.1949.D€soE L C-€lemai slide cercdan ssup.a djscrpollor lui Freud .!nr uroAlodel€ : Dieler
Reid, v.zi Phil,p R,e'I,,The world or w|h€lm Reictr-.Conaeurd'y, J8 caot wtcg, u@ tt tenp'trhat.ei..hzn Schutet uon da,.An[ouen bis 2w Aesenuo
1064), 50.58i Parl Edwa!d!, ,Reich, WilholD", Ae 7 (196?), r04-is a-2-a edifi6, co insea, 1966;.Fraru Atennder
,
tinlelesntorliMary Eisgitrs9i ch.st.r M. naphs€l(€d..),leichEpedhsofFrcud 9i Sh€ldo. T. Selesn;ck,ft;
' Hbtort of Pslchidtrt: An Euoltatbh al ps'rhtdtr'{ Thaugtu e-ain J,oi
Wlh.lm Rcirh DtsrussesnB worh dLd ReldrtanshipWth.Srs-und Fryad, N.w PPhistotit ntuF b rhp pre*nt. Nev yo;r. t966; F,!;, Aterabder,
""a
York, 1967 [ac€st ilt€wiu diD 1952 dezvAirie n.i nuti€ it€FpreAeic] decii:l sshlel
EEeDskb si MBrris Gro(jahn \.ds.t, psrch@nalr.ic pto*".". Ir". y;,k, ig6i
.leBpreFeudl ; P.ul A. Robi@o\, The Freud,ial Lefr : Beich, ndheia Mdrwe, .
LDro$arue 3 prtrur€.i lr unu diDta .doptii lu, Fr6udl: Vilc.br Brono, Fkud
New York, 1969,p9. 9.?3; Ils€ OueDdorfReich,Vilheln Rei.h: A Pe$i;hni.. oad Ilis ldrl, Cr.&, N€w York, 1968.
Btosld!/tr, Nsw tor!, 1969[o amintire naivA alel€i d€"atreia solii a lui n€ich]..
45-P€ntru cStevavariaDt€ ant.rioate, vezi Arion Ehr€Dzqeig, ]: 2. Vrri Max Arsf, of prof€sBor Sisn\nd Fratd", h)tchodtutrtic
"R€6in€ssDc€,
Fom.Cteation i! Art', Erittln Joumal of Medical Psr.hology, "UDcolscion6
20 (l948),:j Qud erl!, LL t7sa3\, 411416,
:, V€zi Wilh€lm Srokol, .l! M€horiam Horben Sitberoa, Fortschnuli.h.
186'214; 22 (1949),88-109i Ehrcnrf,eig, ,Th€ Origin of thc Sciertiff. dd ii; SduL
Eeroic Urge: Tle Cuilt of Prcn.ib.u!', lJ4 30, (19!ts), 108-r$ I EhreDrweb, ubk$chalt und P$chodndbs., 1rr924',408-420, i, sp.csl 4.16.
The kycho-Andlyth ofAftistic \asioh a d Eearinq: An lntrodutioh to.d vezj Freud. -ubor die weiblicle Seturlilat" ltggtl, iD aW. 14. Lordr6, 1948,
of UncoDsciousPe..eption, Londta, 1953j a 2-a editj., New York, 515-53?.
Ehrnzv€ig, ,The Mast€ritrg of Creatiee Anrietr", ln 4|' oad A,tist, B.tk R.ben R. llolr. .Fftud s Cogbiuvs Sryle'. Aaer(an tnaro, 22 | r96sr. 163-t?9,
Ld Aqgel@, 1956,pp,93-62; Ehrenzw€ig, CreativeSurrenil€r: A
"The
on.JoenDr Fieldt' B@t r4r Etp.nhent i4l.isurc'.AtuMda ltugo,74tr96 . PeDlh erraso din opers hbpurie a tur Sadser qr Skh,€I,v.zj fl€rmsE Nu.berE
193-210iEhrenruerg, J{Nes P.ychorbsllaiolAgprcachroAestb6bcs',Brid .i Eft-sr.f€deD (ed..,, rfDUks
r4 ot
olt^euen; psrct@ndir". soai.ty,
tne vten@ fsrct@ndlrlr. S*i"ry, vol
*l rii,il
912.
Joumdl of A.ethzticE,2 (1961.62),301-31?. DespE E!relrweig, v€ri l{€w Y9rk. t962-t967: vot.3.Er€ rD prsadtire. D€ uo inre*" spe"iu, n"iiit"
EhRnzs€'g", Srldio lrrezdt io^dl, 113 t1967), a. d€ pdhealtr rJe 1ui 6ads.r 6upR lvr Letrau. i6id., r:62.69 128"unr, nov r9o6ti
46- Ehrelzw.ig, Th. HiMen Or.ler of Art: 4 Stutlt itu th. Psrcholoer of A,.iis aDrria iui St.lel osupre_lDj Cnllpszer_ ibid.,2:2-t2 t14 ocr. l90Sl, Desp;
Imosination, Londr{, 1961, p!. 186, 19?.t05 [stabiiesie o bsetuid iDt!. Irr si6k6r,veziFft! w-itkls.R.vi€{orsreker.
a/p tr /e.pFtitt.i ii oii* oi[./.i,
al lui Geth€ ti addrl fertu d al lui MorarU, t rttrn@ndql$ q u d de 4 t, 1 4 ( r s4 b ) ,6 4 0 _ 6 4 t.
47. Fr6ud, ,D$ Uln€ihlid6' I19r9l, in CW, 12, Londra, 1947,p, 24?. E ear v",rir_*r"""srrt"i"i,p-ii* .r'irii.*l^a N€*yorr,
nssr,,6ori3n,
101?. D$!r. Silb€ler, v6zi gf.kel, Jn Menoie Helheit Siber"",, aoelazo.'
R^erjprn Edued fiiBchmmn, ortat ea: psr.hooaotyt,-rsr,J*", ill* vlJ,
1966lcoltide o liliA E ot.Elor lui Eirschnarnl.
p""t-." i,"""r'". ,""r.iia, ;-,,i'e,i ii) iLn*^ ,o s^ostohoutch:
rhe
Pat halosr ol th. Cohposins Proess. New york, r94?. vezi !j c*r.
dorogyofth6 P8ycholoBy "U"Gi.
ofPo.tc., tD Nubbslg9i f.d€n, Mihures,t:26g,26g
lr{frr€ diD rl
lrucrrr€ dh 1l de.-.19071,
d€c.1t071,D6.pru
D6.pruCr!i:
Gr!i: !€zi
!€zi Aldrd
Aldt| Mrh.1.
Mrh.L LEftle
Llftle heudi.nne
freudi.nne
devilt ta PaiB, 1966, eo, 27-30, 447-477
^!.iqv,
v€zi,witi€l..s'rhudJ*ud, aii ru**wx, ii, r,*tins, drd Eis 6cnoot,
1i F.dtn, Minutes,zt'a2's93Is$iuroa ilin 12 ia!. 19101. Loidra,_lg2ar€d. r€r. N€' yo'k, 1sS1:W:reis,*R.vilronoi" riogr"pt y,, e.ri,
61. Uoi€!b€w!!.h€i! Bchoinllach der rculr€n lorlchuDa€Dso €i 46 11983),
?46-?49. i
"Da.
Ch.lto do. C€eank€Dra s€in. \'iol6 heb6r jBkt lt€imwoh.' K!aw, Na, 1, V6ri Wttrsls. ,Th€ Po.ition of !h€ Plycbopath iD tho p3ycho.As.lylic Irsi€b-,
F.rtr?, 3:349. ). ,r?l-488 : wi ftdI..
IJe t o i 1-938 r€r.._uo!.c!rv.
_Co ;c!iv; Det.D.€
Def.D.€ M.ch.Di6D!
M.cti*"r" A8ain.!
ei"in.i Horo-
n"r"i
62. bi d€r Onntbu!,d€r ein Llfi8chifl beslatt{, ibi.l.,p.345.. ..iuliit', PrJcn anslyd. Aeriau,3l \t944). I9,33i Wrt|.tr,
"P.ycholosi€ and
Plych_oi oercal ! tortoilEF!y', rU6. 6t (19,{O-46r,
62?,692 "E-coDomic
i Wirloh,
-Hi
von r$.Bl - !.u.8l.n.runlsr ,H.h,ich
ed Crsnt+. ceriurrA SBrty i! Bilexuahrv"_
Aaencnnldago.ll17954), U.41. Wii.t. a (onirjbrtr c! s.r!€ e!.uri la odiii;
lut N$b.rg_{i F.ddh,.Uja4r.r, tnF. cs ti .tudiut de !.it.nati:A i.!!ra iui
n! XrEu, irrrlr.s.2r982.t99. D.rp,€ Vi{L.li, v6ti phiiip R. LehDali-"F"ji;
\ tr5L', P,r.hodnaltti eud4?rly. 2b (1961,, 96.104Lc;;it; li;;;;;;;
A\In^hn.', Zeittchtift i t dtuseudtudt.Pst.holoqie,2 {lgoa.og {dn d. artlcoleal€ lut wiikld. ;;
Ibresi.tn8,d 1?2 d. tiiluli, tbclulir rec€nEiil.V€zi I' W1a.lini. C. '_seh!, wlj Hd!! sact;,.FEd. Mdstt oad Frtead, cnbljds€. Mae.,
Crnicisn of !r€!d r Psyciroan.iysir : the CoDsciousr ErE..t Jon@, .Hsn. S.ch!'. UP, 2? ()946', 168-169; I.lir-D€uEch,
"Earlt
lJn@aB.iow', tuy.h@ndlttic
66, Al6xard6!, f,t. lt/eete.n Minl
R.ui.u, 4! l/964J, A41,388,.
itu lfrdhsition: An E eoihesa Sta|y, N.i
s;t, isti:itt';;;;; ;' ;;;e1.
;; :i;i;.i;',:;.1i,"fi
.ii,ii"ol:
f.u, pslch@ajrtic
1960,!p. 66.67, _,Ir_M€mo!ian:Irsm
11947). 161-16! J.on h6 o ti.!'
Suht ]€9t-rga?",, .8!cn@u!nc q@e
e;de r,
r,
cu ?rpr.!.ci rt oFt d. lldlri;pa4;DAd t;t
NOTE
NOTE 465
13. Vezi Sachs, cemeinsatu lostriiune, \,liena, 1924i Sachs, Would IIav€
H^ppened If__.",Aheican Inde.,31 (1942.46J,6r-66. "Whar
14. Sach, ,flre D€lay oa fbe Machin€ Age", psrctodrdtrti. eua erl!,2 trg33\
#i,';
J,i"lii"X'l;"),";-'"X'"
ff;i;3":Xj;tr,::i:|,iii"""".:
Tff;n)?;l
404-423, Dedpre narci6irm, vezi Feud,
(1914),th CW, 10, Lond.a, 1946. r39-1?0."Zu.
15. Sacbs,
DintuhNns des Narzjssishu;;
PlJ,!';:i:;:ffi;,.1 !1"1"i
;,f;'1."i|,
3TTi.j,l il';::;";: n
!)li,"i:,"
.pteE?t @r 2? Bea.dr6.hen que ?h, vieba r92i: T!€odor v6i-er,,Dr.
"Mi6siotr
of $e Mories", Life dnd ktters rbddr, 26 (1940), 261-268,ttr lddea, in }.d corrfried Husetmann ,.d . D@ Noti.natiti,tean.ht Sud€r..,
speciar^266.Ten€ sinilare apd pftgnanr ta AnsotoMorrani,i ciuiio pietrar;ra, u5rsDr.r, vrena. led4. pp. ,89428. DespE .olul eq6ilor .t.s dtten
r! bdr6ti, t,trsrisb.f,
.Fr16l Conrnburio! r,o rbe Psycho-Anr,yhistud A.srlerics ot Llorior-Fcturel
Gtc) (1938),Pslcnodnd&tc !e,i.,. 33 (1946), 1?7:196, .:ifj!;, l[?t':,.,..',1iTi,H;f
l,!',ifi ;;;;,;';;;;]
i i1;:"""r';fr
)6. Dp6preAdlFr vpzr Eeor Fri"dpll. ,E'\u16 iib€r d€n Wen der Kanthen- \l9q?,
tn Ku ltu'B? ,r hi. hk d?r N?! : pl. Vt nc ben. t 9 6 5 , F p 6 8 . 8 2 : H . . r h , O r s l e r
"' ;;;;;;;;":;.i';:;i.,4:&""iln,;l1li:",,,,i;,;:i
n !I9* n,
-e"not a - , \webb
picl , 1861- r 924,in ^ebbt.avna,,q,ed,.
Har naher( €d I
Nt,edA;L"r. rhe Mo4 H'" w.,k.i;;;i-;"i; i; r;;";;;;;;7";;i;: r. LnrF dera r ej€y", .Wurzblrs rnd Monha: S(spb ol
Lo nd ra. 19 39 . , 3. s po''"d
lie. 1963' nec nLic r . : P h r l l i s B o l t o n e , A l t r p d A d . t .
rr884. r22. p€b'u coorrovorsele a Diary,, LiLine Ase, )64
Ap8tle of Fr@don,I0ndr^, 1939 Iservikl; Lewis War., Adtdr,6 ptac; ii psrci.- prinroarei; ilrrl; i";;-;;?i$;r,;
t6C!: An Fr?osxia af lwli,id@l
Gordr.c*,^,The
Ndrionllryeo"siont" Aos"i,, Eai,cart.",,eir.i i,iii
PsrcioiaaJ, NeR yo)k, 1950j a 2-r editi€, t e a l b o o {,3 . 3 r i 9 6 ? , t 3 6 .I6 6
rsir, H"io"L.A,sra.r'"' n"""", R.;;J"; ; .d" .,t;i ;,;;; ; ;;*h")i;; 4 Vezi B€rhold SntBL Die bod?nsctpn Spro.h.aucrcrdauns.h
of AUr"d Adl.r.4 Sra?nd "i . Pp!\^ntian n S?l..titns r.-. n r.ri,s", N;,; tan lig?: Ihre
York. 1956.rer.p 1964:HplebePopsoek+ Emet papu"k, Jbdrvidual psiclobh ABuirhunge1 ua.a?hnt4h auf die innerbst.,re,ch5chcn
Atpenlitndar, 2 e6l., Got, 196O.L965.
Todrt/. Ahenrcn Journdl nl Psy(hothtop!, I6 (t961., a-26 tbibtiosratie a;
le nr€ li.arlFx r lm ir ller . Biogr s phic at
Es s ay ' ' r 9 4 6 r , A t h " A c a t " , , S , *" " i i .
y'! l-0....I*."f"
I. Ver.Horst rruwui:.on".po-c a?,ieu.ros,rer5,,ro0-104
oad so\bl lnwftst A-co z.ttoh al tabt Wnt,nEi Evonsroo,lti. 'n Ctasl. ,ry ",a
hdh."";." e,,gl"t"ll ltu,i.l"o, lvb,. uespr. MoHvir,
tgs4.pp.3!r_s9g, vezi Liu'an scl*hst. Molrrcn. Land dpr trbdtichpa wta"up,t,i". yiiJii,
I?
Patl hom, Atfted Adlar Lnd die uissenschdfrti.h. Mensch""le"or.;",
1966',Broae, Freud.and
veziAr'€d Ade...otr hc
Ea.ly Cixle, pp. 4A"6L,272-21A.
'Jisp"y"t1,"gy firJ*:,;mor","
i
ui
"-rru"tl
r"a.-.
j;xj::i.l-1":i:
J;.":.1?:]tx'
ii::'-i,::ii1:,',;;;Tr!"t":"J:ili[",
323-368r Keel l(JeJe',Osh
Miiltps.2:1 72 178, in s p. 6s l r 74 Lluc r"i Je in"k, Leo"h rad Wprl, Brurn,
IB Desp.p
ar ordin t O D a r t i e t 9 O 9
Rabk.vez:Er."s Jones.'o*"n".r', i"F, zr'ilso; rrr-rrs,r*
_
,11" g*.",a-"o,ui,, r" pi"g".-"."i t,,o n^"it"",, p,"e",
196?
l:,f:
" aJa.rc "t,e"..
B.'erf Ksrpl Thp P-r.hotosJ dnd pfr.hotherdp! ol Olto R"nt. e" Ai"o,i"it nuKei E ^znhneruheen.t 19tB\, Fmnkfun, 1969, pp. so.3n, ts.aOj n,io". tU_u,
iu
n p e i w E s b s d o , 1 9 5 0 . l :4 7 3 : p e to r D € h e r ,,,Th s
dnA Compardtiw Introductton, New York, 7953, ba prcEoq, the Dedth 1 R-\4 Rijte'. Ce.ma Z!:,reahd l2tt*a , 6 1s6i.i'..- Jo-as Dem€tz,
cze cb Th € n e s o a
I ,Noch Einmsl j
n d Kttti A. I tse o r .1 9 6 6 ,,6 8 .6 9 j Wi l l y H @q , r p
.ed4sche weu: Ed4retqneen. Mlnchon, 1960, pp. lO-U: Joha,n6s
D a - a p l rr ( a / t - o !, 2 - 6 e d i r i 6 .M u n ch e !. t9 € 6 p .t2 .p a w l l l o sl .,U l d sr € d e rUrzidrl,
um.
l-':9:l p:"f"[ tt'"i","; i,i-x;ii.-'[,ir rcor,:or.ros,""r",1ou"" l
f,']raol' rl Eoil skstq, ,.Das procer Deursc\", ,. Eduard
uf k€r 'ed.u€m-_L2l.
(i_ojdst r. r4eiqryude : Kontpntu nbp, a ii h Au, t r"iti,,
19 lentru exirase din jurDalelohi tliD 1903 9i 1905,r€zi,!^tt, Otto Ranh,
I 9 6 7 ,! p I 1 9 . t 2 5 "g- ""1,"
Vezi Andrew c. W]riieside,.4 ustridtr Ndti,dl. ,i
2 0.Orro Ran k Belond Ps J iI $. Cande. . NJ . . 19 4 r , ! . 2 s 9 . Eacidtisb Before j91A; ltagse 7962,
reDiine o bibtios'ned"ii*tat; ou,f"ii"yr,
22.Ibid.. p 290.
"l;"::;,11-il_:31:,.1':1108
"so?ialdemolrri&htr Rdi'ionismtrs und n"i;.^.;;;"J
jr. a"a.e"
iij
23. Ibi.l., pp. 2A7-2AA. ib. Bdhben vor Hr!rer", it ost un.t vtest
;r d?,
jix""
tr:ji:::l:'_::':.,,:-,".
frjiiT:f,,1';"i",; "i!",t;:;'
: :;",';;" i;;,.i:tr:i1,"#:;t ffji:
y.4:,. Al",'.l.Lood's,lel5. pp ?i6.33?iE.iL n ,. k."lia,-l.aall",
Capitolul 18 :ytii! :!.: .c::r:ll.4t: Di?s.hnhsdtsr.oE.
desAb?hd!_*", s"r,r",e. isii,
p!, 3?1.934,6?1-5?8.
J,M Wilsor ,,Rencd'abt.Detecrsrn Our Conc€pLiob or E.en€nlaryEdLcation".
r00 /1e 4e-5e.vezi ii c,yda. Mod?.r Ald.ra. pp.
68.6e
i!!#!!!II f
:.ranr;v i,",y: ...
B wlro*,_r,;n,;; ;;;.;;,;ir;ii;;;;,?il;XT;,?;jB;
stau'. Rerieu, 2A tt969t. 426-aaa
, P-eor$
ru $erri
ereari pr€sle4.
prasle4. ver,
az JM Neruda.
Neruda, /i?pin6pn"./
&pin6pn,./ Cescti.lka
Cesciichbatt':/| ,k,a.r
rr878,. Jos.f
mrger t.d r Mxr cben,1965: Johuna Esorr Hepogelbors.pros,
Mu;ch€b.
Die Deutschen in Bdhde\ und Mdhret: Ein hist6ri*tq/ Rilchbti.h, a 2-6 ai ;]\^DusottKrisclle led.,. f,4/aduns tu",r P/as, \4u;!a, t966 to antoloEie:
rlz. ,.u.rerraunse ajlber bmr€ Stadl-. Di? Zpd. or ls ,2
Ardfolfing, 1952 [conljre paispre,€celucrdri, nulte itintro €16n6avenit dei 6pnti€ 1968r.D: td.
talgicoliKarl 8061 (ed.), ddldbucL der ceschicltteder b'hmiachen
r01., Stlttsa , 1966- fo:faustiyAj i Slantey Z. Pech, Tte C.ech ne)olr on
I;il1fl
i'"::il".r,-:;*:n
1903tmli'e iii:ih:"l,yi:!:?ii;.sYli,,!1''.1'
{;ll
foksr"i,, emsnie: orp_ obrerua ch;,i;;"; ;;;;;;";
i, p,og vi.na. 1920: Kis.r . pnet pno,at, Re;nn,$3 |
466 NOT! NOTE 467
12.V€zi aDitrtirile 6i€.i lui Mash ln K.D. 1'I6ller.Arro, itodh: Wegbaeit.r der
\;!i)J|ii,]!^;
i!#!i#,"
FT*l'ffii"'i,5j.iil1i1**: " ki"iili
moderwn Ph$ih, \4sar, 1964, ppi 16n?,
19. Veri
14. D€rp& "Fiooa
!t PrAgue', lJoryelrs W.ehl!,94 (1A90),799,
i.teledldii din Pngq v6!i Klrl Krau!, ,Eitsi!ch4', ld Wottetr l&.sea,
"Xf
2, Dspr€ BdzAno, wn EdrBrd Wjn!.i Aotzdeprd€rs
: Dohuh.nt..ur C.rcnichte
Wer*e, 7, M{!ch€r, 1959, ??-IAi Doinetz, RsnCSllhes Ptug.r Jalr., Dlisselaod,
1963, h Br€qial pp. 89.112 despra rebtia dinire c.hi !i goihaniiEaa., Di€
lit.Nritcle Wett, pp. 0'76 [t! rpecial ae.plo W€.fel]r Msr Brcil, Der P..sa
!(reii, gtlitgart, 1966; Brod, St'riroo.ee Lebq, 18U.1968, t 2e.dil'c.
j:*::;;:::"^-;#:i'ihi":,::jti{-:,;':"i.i!t
der Ptdger KorlEuniDeraudttn Voddrz, Bflnn
*!,::i:rf
;i"t
MUr€he!, 1969; VEidil, P.oq.t 1'tiptrchoa, Mhchonr 1960i [ttti.lii, rd Aslrt
rdllo i Hanr Kohn, lfuitrEr ia d Wotld R.uolutinn, Nai YorL. 196i1,pp. 1.89| ffili"ti!lf(,:r:j r'.";I:),ff 9::;#:
":;:;,
.b.,,8e6,
ea
H;;:"ff
&.birir
r r".*'*;f,,;
du!r;"id";f;;ilH;;
Gu*rv JaDou.h, a.daz ralld und !.i,. w.lt, visna, ).966; Jalouch, J.'orlqD y"
:"T""li:ijl,l""*:T,1ffi
Hoie&, Boma, 196?; Goldettlqh€r,w.ifE&rde.
16. B€tip. t! Xlrl Otr€! (€d.), Prcca jadi.che. Dichte\ Slutf8rrt, 1969, rp. 158-201,
366.44?. DeEp!6 Aiu€. v.zi Prc6a jtt\litaher Dichter, pp. 626-628. Ali. adiolosii :;"3t{I:!*ti:itr!&J#y:tr";;r,{:;:;::,)ir^!w";!;:
util€ alo rqijtorilo! s€rDani ilia Prasa runt: Oahs. Wi.D€! (ed.), &uhcrt
Dicht r dus PruE, 1qe!!, 1919; Rtilia€r Eryedb Gd.), Itu E.Latt o .l*
Etd&chin : Kdlra uhd seil &rj3, Gnz, 1965-
f,il:::"'trili;";',],1*,n7:*::;*1,"fr;,1;;1i#
tt rerlrser lEdu,d wihte,Fodr€ch,jftt.
Berljnuta" i.,, iirso,pp.-i?rj:iiel
16. V€ri Eaai, juge Mar Erodr PeBlilliqh€ EriDDeruns€!', ftitilE, I i1064), # ffJ:}i*"lll^["i:[ ::,::' ::' a", "#:::!:r,.:]
;:' "ur","*.i,"ii;;i
::'.:;"," 6;Iidi B:;ig
";i ;,;;.
10?6-1080;"D.r Pall Raab€, junse Ms Brod und de. Ildifer.DtirNi!, i! f: ## i:x:;!,i: i ; ;1";;t
Gold.iuclter, ry€rrtrrnde, "D€r
Por'dir, 6tuitgat"i, 1969.
!p. 263.!69; B€rDdi W W6taline, MM Bndr Eii 4 "!3:a-pa,,-*
v€li Botzano. tb.r dos ueAdhnisAr btiden u\thsstdhne it Bbhnzn:
Drcj
t p,"ee"t.ii,.-\\iii. iilei i,
t?- ,Den!, ach I ich bir nild. d.r ulrlten R€BetD utril Ces6tr€, aUd Urrac!.D und ,: :::#" ": i:I: 1'l,a\1.!:",n1!
l'chtl:.zu
G.nrd. und b€t€ um Wuitor u!t.r Po.run€lschiag nnd u!t!r Donnei ud , l
Blitr l" Pad Kont ld, um Wunder' (1920), r.tip. ln Klrl Ott€!.(.d,)r',:
"Gobotjddb.ne. Dicnte4 Nslwisd, 1962, p..224, D€sprd
S.hafar: Liedzr und Leeend.n
$"ff :ii;..,"i:i#^t}a::*
]#{:j;}r}il:r::;:;"*H:::,,":
G?bznsrsa,Leid€n,r9S9,pD.gl_lrs " :;
Ko$rsld, v€zi ManoD Mar6n-Gri.ebact, ,P!ul KoEIold', lD Woltdog os vorsansbr Kut5:EiE
B."illac:yr J:"c*"hiclr. a* x',tt a"i ',1i,".-i.;*,;;,i;, "D;i:"ffi;;
' B:n::i::';;:;:.x,*r1-1'?::r':::,-,-.:lo:r
n the(Ed,), lrpresstorism@ ol, trit€.ara., Berna, 1969, pp, 619-630. i:: , p^ito'ophia.h. h i,ton.che^ ndsa Kaiedicne ;::
\A Kohn,LiuiaA i^ d Worl.lneuolution,pp 3A44 V6!i li Btuno Ki.ch, Wad?ang.n AkartemreJ"; h;;;;,;;.
und Wand'luneea, Kb1a,7966,pp. 48.49,Catolidl norar nldoll Kas.nd a rcrtr . 6. X::T:'?::$^.'_:1L Edl) c"@, p;;";;;:;;:;o;;;i ;;.
2g:!..cr..
lE nodul entuzia.i d6p.e doica 3^ in Die Z@ite Fdlttt Erinherunq.n, Zt\ritb; ^ Anord r$*,resrkj,,B;*";
":Ttd! ;" K-;;;;'il"ffiI,i'ff lifii.'i,ffij
.*ilio3o!1l.q?"Al?ob".t
1946,pp, 26.3?, "rat"" ae,cr,itoJopdi",s
rI s2r.,4!?.46s.
19. Sishu.d nr6!d,.4a3 dsr Anldheender Pey.h@nalrte 1887-1902,Londrd,tlT "" ##:"1":"1'il";i"Jit:*J*llxr: di' al6Forsen
*:':'djsrenis"
pp, 189"193b$borile tlin 3 tj 6 octodbrie18071.VeziSuzabtuC.
,Frold and Arch€olocy, 4u erican ltuco, a (L9EL),t07-128,tn !!.ci.l 116 l"$.i:d,;i,:ilt*""$lr'1,:li*:1ti4l,ti:,e*{;l*it;i:
lorzuo, you d^gn,6e,l.i Sraat. pEgA,
ReraeAichllorn, ,The F eibeig P€liod of rreud rqnly" t Jout@l of tt .E
of Me.licin and.Allied Scienes, 24 (7089),31'43.
20...ln Darbara ldnnio nan 6i!. Frs! doa zvdllt€r oil€r &siz.h!te!
erblicken.Fu| F€rdilald w€lisst.ns ist !i€ suf GolitsnDds.malt. Ne!
Jahr
! raft^rjbpbq.a
fril;ft 'i:'##':"i'.",r1T*
-
achindLr,,Botzdo
lgg2. D€spn
ali sozialpoririker",
$p"'#J#fnrnirT,'..":*$lil:ylf
ulolia
D,ur,,t"
lui Bol.eo, v€zi
a"o"J.ilii6liri,.
duDkt .! iln, da$ !€]b.t das Arinalisch€ Bein€r friiheD Kindheit von
durchtlruns€! w.i" FrBrz Wortol,Borbdrd, odar di. Frtftnrrlteir, 14eDa,
p. 82. Despr€teolosialui w€rfel, veri Adolf D. Klsinan!, ,Frrnr W.!f€l'.
&orhe,E pre.cta htuw d|,aLitetutur, pp, 470-426,
lmlxiffi;#'{rrt[*#iirfix!i;i{i,,tffi
2] Ha^s,Die Lt.rorEahe1LU, pt 8a40,
Capitolul 19
Capitolul 21
Despre Popp"r-Lynlr€us,,ezi Josef Popp"r.Lynkaus,S4bstbtasruphie,LpipziC,
r9l?: a 2-a edrlia, 1924, Adoll C"lber. ./.r/ IopperLrnheus : s"ih Lpbcn Lhd
6ein Wi?en, yiela, 1923 i Wiheln Kromphardr, LdFuDg de! Magenfras€
. ilurc! Jo6ef Fo!p.r", s.htuollere Jahrbuch, 49 (1926), "Die 563-58?; !,iclarit von
. I v l l s e 6 , " J o s e f P o ! p e r - L y!!e !6 ',N O8 ,? ( $ 3 r ) ,2 0 6 - 2 1 ? i Se u l R .se D zw e i s,,,Tn e
IdioculLuml Dimens'ob of Psycholherspy:Pr.- snd PosL.tliqloryofth€ R"l..iobs
Ka st" d p. , 37 . 1932, .313- 314: Br od S i ? t b o r ? t L z b ? n . t 8 9 4 - ts 6 B a : Be!*eeD SisDuno F'eud and Popp€r-Lyb\€E', Pslchoanalr-s and ttu S"ial
^ t M{nc!en, 1969, pp. z0g-2l9 Eatan, -
€ditio, i Thc Ausrrian phitouophr of l"tu S c t e a c e s5, , 1 9 s 8 . .9 - 5 0 i Pa u l Ed w e r d s.,Po p p e r !) n ke u h .Jo so f, I'4 6 ,1 9 6 ? r ,
Inm. Bodnersh.I lfrica lui Ehre elsl, ,Ch.ietia! von Ehr€ 6lB', t; 401-407. F.itz Witi6i6, Dte Vernichtuns der Not, Viena, 1922 - !u am awi
veinnandr (ed.), C€rrdrnotes Sehd : Etgebnisse Lnd Aufsabei der lucla.ea la ilispozilie.
Darmsradt, 1960,p!. 42?.435. ,Mat nuss das Oefiihl de. Znsammengeborigk€it des Melsch€n nil aller
r .And€re,, das unnittelbare Bevussts6in d€. Einleit €rwech€nj der Men6ch soll
jn.ilela All heinisc! tiillen leoer,' Popler-Lyrk iB,.D@ Recht zu leben
:. sic!
u n d d t ? P l l i c h t z u * b ? n . a 3 - a e d i ti e . D r e Ed a 1 . 9 0 3 ,p l .tl .
a. vu"i F""'i, pop!u.iy"r.""e ii" rl"-iu a", Traune6"o923),iD cw'
. 13,Londrs, "Jou"r
1940,35?-359; Fleud,",iu A€riihrung mitJosetPorper-IryDkeus'
23. Ehrerfels, ,On Ce6ialt-Qualiues".1932,psycr,losi.dt tteaicu,44l!g}7), "Meine
(1932),in Ow' 16,IrnalF, 1960,261-266.Vozi A.A. Brill, Prolosu€
. 9i
2.1.,,Einenbesonder6krnftisen 8ei, iibe! auf ita6 isoli€rehdeBene.ken nI€, "I}ansiatorls
lqa. .l7l jr64. Dmprc depura d'nrre Ehr€ofe.ser Nernoxs, v.zr John Sr
N,l, p. , . \ o. c c on r hp Theor yor v alue '. M , a d , 4 / 1 8 9 6 , , 4 2 4 - a a 9 .
'1,{,
:r7 |[rcnlils,..Die aufsttise.deErieick]ungderM€nsch€.",p,t i
Tidr!,, 2 11903-0,,.), 45-59i Ehre €ls, ,Entwicktrig6mo.al,. i'Dd. 2 i1903.04);: noni? Lnd Stane h. 162,19s0'. a0l-al0: F-ederick D. Rod.ck. ,OtIma. Spann.,
1ln 22tji Dl,r.nfels, ,,Sexual€rOb€.- bd Usrelhew!66rseitr".j6id. 2 l19og-04),1 Anet4dh SociolaCicalRq ipu, l5 19s0,, 800 i }ro3 Riehl ,"d.), Othtut Spona:
4nli a?6 luliliz.az! conceptulde inconlrient at tuj Theodor Meyneri, nu !e @1. '
D6 philo,ophische Werh im A"rzz& \4ena, 1950 j Jola! a FiBcb\. Ceschichte d.er
I'rlnir'rl, Ehrenfels,cMorosaniscl. Enrwic&lugsaussiclren',i id.,,11901.04), Phil@ophie, G$2, 1954, 5t4l-44t A,olf Abtmann, Die Aei€teslehreOthndr
A'12 NOTE NOTE 473
Spanns, Graz, 1960 Alf.ed D iadant, Austria4 Catholics a4d the First RepubIic, 5 . Wilbeln St€l<el, Azt biog.op h! : The Life Stor! of d Pionkr Psrchaanalyst, NeN
P.inceio!, 1960, p9. r3r-740,229-240. Josef Barwitsch, Marx hler
Nietzsche z! Othnar Spa\L", ZfphF, 19 (!965).692-102. Die "Vo!
Zeihcnrift fiir 6 . RicLard N. Coudelhov6Kalersi, An llled Conqure ttu Wold, Londra, 1953, p, 25
canzheitsforschung,Vieta, 195?-, eilitaif de Walt r Eeinrich, lponsorizerd Peltn un tablou asebdnabr al vi€iil nobilinii din Boenia, vezi Ksrl Anton
ediiia de opere conplete l! doutzeci qi uDu de volune, Graz, 1961. Fah6, Eeinar Eunrn : Enwtung.h Lntl, Erfuhtunsen, lijsseldoli 1954, pp. 19_18
5. Otlmar Spann, ro the Sixteenth Editior", in Th. Histary afEcon.hict, Despre Ricnard Coudenhole-Kalergi, v€zi Coudetrhovo-K^1ergi, Ided Conqwrs ;
Nev Yorh, 1930, "Prefae
p, 11. Desprenoilul ln caN SpaDbil in|.rp.eteed pe Mriler, Coudenhove-Kal€rsi,Pdzeuropd 1922 btu 7966,vi. a, 1966.
vezi Otto Weinbelso., "Das !€ue Schrifttun iibe. Adqn Mnler',,4,SWSP, 51 V€zi Coud.nhovc-l{a1€rei, "Fore.*\a", Ldine Ase, 3r5 1.1922),503-506; Coudenlo'e-
(1913), 138-140.
(r92 4,8 03 -31 6. -A!le.si, "Eihics and Technics",,irine ,4se, 316
6 Spsn'. Unrprsu.lurs tb.t dip un.hphrhr Bptblh?tuns ton Fnnhlud n. M,,
Dr€sds, 1905 | Spann, Logi} der socillFissenrcbsJtlich€n Becrifibildung",
\L Festeabefur Friedrich "ZurJulius NetnaM, I.iblhe.n, 1905, pp. 161-178.
7 Spsnb. Dr. Houptthpori.n de' Uolhsut.k.hathl.hr? auf l.hrE.erh,chlch?r Capitolul 23
6.undt6Ee, vizna, r9r1; Karl P'ibran, -Die ldee de! Gleichse$icnrs in der
dlierer National0l<ononie',ZeiEcnifi frir yolhuins.lt1ft, Socialpalitih und 1. DespreCunplo*icz, v6zi Lest€r n Waril,
"Evolutio!
ol SocialStructu!$',,4JS,
Uetudltun|, !7 O90a), l2A- t0 (1904-1905),589-605; Ward, ,Ludvis G!hp)o*ict', ,4JS, 15 {1909-1910).
a. Spata, Der Schijpfunesean€ des eebtes : Die Wiedirhe,stellung d.s ldealitnut . 410-413; L KoctianoF ki, Cumplowicz",,AJS, 15 (1909_1910),405_409;
Eary Elmer Barnes, "LtilFis
Strussio ol RaceE std Social Groups $ a Facior in
auf alLenGebi.ten der PhiloroPnie,Jena, 1928, Pp. w-u. "T!e ditl Seial Institutjors", Jourul of RaceDevlopmelt,
9. will in der SclaipfuDs sic! selbsi uDd ilaher kanD sucl die W€lt D!. coti th€ Dev€lopment of Politica'l
"cott
wollen. Da6 ist, der ht6tische re.n all€r G€schichielnd an der G€zw€iuDs 9 ( 1918-1919),300-A10 i Barn.6, Ludwig", 6 ( 1963),203_205;
"GMplowicz,
JaDes P. Licltenberg€r, Deuel.opwnt af A@ial Theory,'ESS, N6* Y.r!, 1923,
zeist 6ic!, ilass wir nicht .u ftr uft, sorilem fiir rlao CaDze gewirkt haben und .
tur cott den Hem rle. Emte," Stana, Gds.rt.ttrpntidropnte, Je!a, 1932, p. 4.18. . p!. 432-453 | Beml'Ard zebrcqski, Lud.uil Gtmplouicz : Ei@ Bio'BiblioEraphie,
10. I{6l Polanyi, D$ence of Fascisn", ln John Lew'€ (ed,.), Chr$tinaitt d d Berlin, 1926 [@ntrne o biuiosrafie erheustivn de luderi de 4i ilesPre Cunpiowiczl i
"Th.
the Social Retolutio^, NeN \ork, 1936,!p. 359^394,in 3p€cial359-376.Pelin ' William M, M.Go\.r[, From Luth.r to Mtler : The tlista/! of FdscistNazi
o olinie nai echilibrata priviDd implicar€a poiidcn a lui Sparn, vezi llera! P/iilosoply, Caobridso, Mass., 1941,I)p. 4?4-485; Gotilried Salomon-Delatour,
L€boyics, S@dl C,B,rodrisn and the Mrldle Clas*s in GeruLr, 1911193t, Modeme Staatsleh/en,Ne\nned, 1966,!p 631_641O c.itice narxistdjudiciosse
P.iE,e btr, 19 69,pp 109 1J 8, 2J J . 235. a lui Gumplowicz apa.e in wetu€r Sollnow, G€reils.rdft - St@t - Aecht: zur
11. D6pre Brcch ca n€talizician, v€zi Wolfsalg R!th€, ,EemaD BDch ab loliliscl€r Xritih dzr biiryerLichet ld.eoloeien nber d,ie Enrstehlns Don Ceselkchaft, Stddt
Dea\\er",Zeitschrift frr Politi&, 6 (1958), 329-34r; Rotle, juDge Broc!', . uzd 8.cnt, B€llitrul il€ Est, 1963, pp. 436-456.
"Der
NeueDeLtscle Hefte, J \1960), ?30-?9? i Rotle, Scnttsreller unA btuUtiire Welt, 2. Lldwig CtrnDlowicz, The Outlane6of Sociolos! (1885), Pnilail€lphia, 1899,
Berna, 1966,pp. 160-204;Manfred Durzsk, t/€rndan Brcch: D.r Dichte. Lad
seire Z.it, SrBttC6l1, 1968. E4resia /rbllt.ne ,4polarrpsc apare ln Hernan!
Btoch, HofMt$thdl und EeineZe : Eine Stud,ie (1955) MiiDcLe!, 1964, p, 49
.. Mouerynt,
tzas.tslo. '"""*' h;[
i:tilit!T,r"ir#,";*"n.Tiiii:;
'"","., .,.
N". viii. rsli';; iiiiiri.*
15. &ur Si)fried Dain. Der ddnn d.. Hittct d," tdeen cdb. Via d?h -96c- ihe
,etiliasah ii12D€,pr.Nedhenr€re.djn
,l::'-:T:-L:'-1',:,Jl*arved cnsi60'JurvI sr4" rcr. r'' 1s66', r$-r 70
wn'tunEen ?tnes R'ss"nuahn dN Dthto,.'s, t"tuDchen,1958. rsis,,".iwiih.i;;"li.l','.'ii::,;i;:::.:;,::-;,':.
ire8pre Len7. v.?' s; Irellmut Andics,D.t.uige Jab U,sachenuad Aescnih| hatPm.ssr
iX'jl1?;jl""ill:;_1'._r_1-st:f a,"i*"",r"" i".r.
.urrnlllea
dp. Ari&hicad. Vi€na. I965. pD 260.257'Rrci,rd Hmsnn si Jost Hemdd
Sri/&!nq 1,, 1 900,Bs r linulde Es r . t 9b?. pp 65- ? 2 ,F f i e d n c h F e e r ,D . / C t o , D e
.tet AdolI Hrl?r. Mnrr\eo. ]9C3, p!. 126, 165.169,?09-?t8
,"atd[ru;:'i'f",?;ff rl:rii{j;iffi 'al
r'."ililrffi
tu: 16 J Lan/-LFbe. fds. , Oh UrgescbrMLsdpI KunsL",pa, n sh.Anthmpatash.heR.D@,
2 (1903-04),134.156,ir specjal 15.1.
1?.D.rp ii p ron er ar pDlur Rjaus c a
""' - eu bt ond",\ e / i X a r t l v s u s . " E r b ! d o c h e
l;,,urius
Ha"-q:X-i,**'-"'Jfrf!ii.liljt,i,J.ii:1,,,,',f
flfiji,,.",fi;ffi
vo,rorke
#i"r"-;
][*n,Jl{{*1,:*htrr;r".,;l.lf
(ed
jitj,
,"iii: j;;;;.:ilrT"fi,;:ity:;::,TH;-,T?:J",;;]:'.::'JI1
I Jud ' ,oL l. 1 9.3 r c r t p. in Uak , Eane de, wet r d u t h s c h u d n . M a q i p r ! g L 2 t .
we,tp . 8. i\lu n. ben, 196U.J 3i- 338 ir s ! ec r a.
' i6 - r g ? ;ffi:fi
&1 l!i#,ir'-, *,*,"^',^",""" ;;,,;;;,..
tn.,.,,,",,,:-;,,";";,
j
Capitolul 24 ";Tfil#i*,?j,Ji ,
*;ff "tuy;*;,:;:
ii,..'"_;,j
ii;'t."filg:?.!:i"
, e;;i 1#i"?J:\'iiii;..
ld$c/|e8 Johrbuch, U.r1s, t922.
ffi 1 Roh ri Mu6jl.Dpr Mom o,lr E €.ro.nor.i , t 9!0- I q€.. flsnbug, 1952 p! g l.J6,
2 ( ea Ear .larA r€lato6 esreceaa lur lfur L. E!trn6. Aspeds ofDuatrsn
!s,T"#*;;I*:il#$qiJdl''-r".,#:iii1,#:#i"i*#,.
^, ^*_
h Au s n a.Hu r s Er y ' . S! EA, 6 . 192?. ; 29- 142.V e"Ecooomi.
tl
z jr j T l 6 o d o r M a y 6 r r e d . , r. d
tutp,rcr(hts\h-ursd$.h? AussLpichuon 1867. Seiaecruhdta*?^ und Absun.
*,ng€4. Mn,rhob. lc68. Les.i€ C Tihany, ,,Th. Aust!o-Huosaiaa Conoroorgc, 1g;g:l*.;run$,11J
Dlosr€rD qcer€lt.l:
psr
**d ;:r"#:;#tyi##h:
86l! Bot.o, ial Buddbl
18 6? .19 l8 AH alr C€r luD o l Drs s nos is ,Fr ar yle a r s o f p o ; t - Mm L . m . ; C d , m t lup€rbl, crun;e,oi,
!!p€rD,irs'j*nas,roij rh Arc!,'€crrvi"-
i; t i.;,";,r"-i;;:::;;H;::ii]rv;""xi]#i;T
E m p. da l1g to .r.2 l s ' g ' tu -rrs ,U i t.i o s r" nanuouol
e ,ra. qzd.telJ, 6 riomna 1966'. 201.213. "i1"",:::::::" ^,ll.tU':Yjf "
D€sp,e dolvotrsreo
3, raaffe snd Aust'ian Politi.6', cotu;npordry Reui.tli,63 6.onomicee orasrriri.
ti Ar'rrr""ffi;."^*
Pcntru o:on ple & oprnr s.psraLisre veri AlDer- Apponyj. A,nJ eusstioD
.
ii.i,";.H)trff
;i:;",..*;ru,l,,#;;txt
+:ii:td:r"F*"i"illlu".ff
ir.Au srria 6 bd Huns ar y ' M oalnb net Ru, ) O ) 9 0 a , , 1 - 9"Th.
?: F.renc gsss;!n.
,Tl€ Hutrgarian Crisi6r Its Causesand Dftecis', ?,ie Nari anaiReuieu, a6 \Lgoli, ,,.1.i"ll"lf,"11y":":rhe
cucroo
!T..,,;;,"L
. f.l!!:!Hi,:$'i-:l.Til:x.jft;"'1,"#;-,i,,:j:"1: **T;;;
dhdir€ sp,row,rr" fl*s*l;Mi
25)-26_ r l o r r s s i 3 r " j c 8 ! ( e '. o l l o ooP
d t.5.4o4 1 1 8 6),
I rdv 9 6 ,,5 0 4 :6 0 6
504-606 ""i.
i] 5. P.idcjlla Roberi6on,Reualutionsaf 1848) A Soaidt Hibtary, p.ircero,, 1952, .
_F.oundarion8
of Mssyarsoci€ry-.
srEn, rl
! 262. Daspre claselesocialeirature de 1800, vezj ts61aIl. Iqraly,.{uaaa|, iu l ,re32,, 3e3.3eo.
,',:,i1":T:'".tJ"5l,"Il
Roben A.i;;;. ..H,;;;; :"l,J;il1,."i.,1!il,;
^Blrk€r, ii,.J;"jl
476 NOTE
NOTE 471
Cobsiitutional Pe.iod", J.,ts, 6octol StLdi4, ? (1945), 35?,386i E.R. Kuhs . f;..
Rem-'rk! Glege F. cushrhg. sr!dy:. Neu Huheatidn
r'Ildaisn, Zionism,and Arti-SentGn in llnncar]'", JCt 4, I ( 1943-49),3??.tS9: . |:]l 9lllr"T
q/!drrcd),a_s".:
rrdti e,r963) ,132.
-o 136.
R€maril KloiD, ,Hnngariln Poliiics ard th€ Jewish QuesrionsiD xhe tnre.-y{a; l,:.
jlDs€uDean".Nek Eundschau'
Ieriod', Jeoirn ,SdctalSrudies, 28 i1966, ?9-98. " ,t"i#$#1XJ'"*' "Dasdte !'d dd 2t
19.V€zi Charl€6 B,E. Wrisht, J.ws and the Maticious Charse.of qnhED 32. Lu.rdrile-lui &€'ch desprsA!6ft-Unga,ja includ En,.Reich,
"T!e14 ,Hunsary ,i ile
Sa.rifi.e", Iizetee rr Centutt, lTBaS),153-71A;Paul Nadar, ,?r pe2ess ciose of Het Fir.i Mi 6nium". Nthete?nthC?ilury. 39 ts96,, 88?-849:
oon nszo-Eszldr : Ein antisemitisches Kuhurbild, Berlin, 1892. N! an lwr !cc.s R.icl,
la t<.iroly D.'rv6s, De. gr6se P.,z4s (1884) l6*i6n d€ avocatul ap6rtriit. y€r- "r{usrna,HuDsdyaDdr}e AusstFich-.
Ni,?rp.irn-cenru,y,ai,isrs., ai6.i#,
Ltl.roture:4^ HBtoriet dhd Ctnkd Sur,1.
siurea haghiarn (1968) , memoiilor lui Eotvtt8 €st€ rczumatd in p6t€r tan&. ^etch,Hun$adn
R€rh.
L!!dr,, r89s,
Juslria Dd Hussry in thr Ninor.enlhc.ntr,).. i; i A.'K;;;;;;",;i
.Aquittal -.. But No Eappy Enl[ns', Netu Uuneartta Qudd.tly, 10 (itrna 1969). ted.).Lr.turcso^ th, Hstoo ofth" Nin\?nth c. ury.c.hbrjdse. r9o2i R.ich,
I19 .i25 Arnold Z* "r s a f oloJ c a, uliD pr es alur D r . S ? , . d u " ES p n d {s J u d e " h ; <paniitid, of Alsiris'jt1sar/,
llaab.die in fu,nf ALfzae.n (1914-1918);r€tip. tn Zyeis, Dmhra, Berlinul d. "The rnternotiondr idu""t"ai, Ti*iii,' it-iii;
Est, 1963,pp.67.152.ltenezut Rudolf BdnCraber (1901-1960)a pov€sfii ev€!j-
ii"tr, "rr" baJ'ii' ti;;:;;:'h;;;;;;:;-'
m€ntere i.tr-un roman, Proz€s auf fod und Leben, yie a, 1948 ; retip. &n fidtrt
636.6a8: R€icI. "riec,iEi6 ,r **. u*,'?f,i.'Xi;,ii"Jlli;"i'3.K:
Ntn?tprhrh c?ntLn.64 ,1908
. reod - . 705-718.
/u b - /r d . unslrut
u n s!r u t ETj
d a r c - ut l t m o t u l d o r a v En i t R "r ch ,r 8 6 4 - 1 9 J7 ,,
ETjlt R
R€rh
€ r .h n
predat
nuu f.b u i € (...n
u;b"i. o b fl n .
".
20. Vezi CyBla Szekfii, ,Le Itongrois: Langle d'6rar,, h 6rar c, Ndrior, paris, l94S_ csr e e ta U n i ve r si r a r e a
di! Viena rntte 1890 si 1938.
pp ll-r0J, spe.ral 27-28. rl.J4 Johabn corifrjed }lerdar,Id'pn tur philos.. 33, V€zi Eeich, J€w-Baiiios ob th€ CoDrin€nr", Nirete.nth Ceniury,4()
'n
phi. d,er Getchichtc.der Menscnner't(1134-1791),ca.t€a 16, Darnsradr. 1965. ]1196),
' : . 42?-438 Reich, ibid,.,A2 tAgl ), 260-274.
! 429: Herdea "Cpsprirchub6r Todede6 Xoiser Jos€ph6lt" , 1193,. b B.nk z; "Zionisi",
34. Veri_ Reich, Geturat Eistot, of tAe Western Nd,rons froh ,OOOB,C. ra j3OA,
Betl)rderune.Lr Eundnitiit. \, Sdmtticnes W?fle 17, Be.lin, 1881, 4?-69, tn r'r
' LoD&a, 1908, 1:35-42.
35. BEic\, Hu4qd,itn Literoturc, pt. 22s-239.
21. De6pre Srdchenyi, v€zi Geo/CEBarant, Stephen az4chehri and the Auakeninq of p1ab.6 an.lnnod;;tun b-Mad".n rtubFa
* of Ltte.Londtu$a6.
lluaearial Ndti.tulish, .l791,18?7,P.inc.ton, 1968. Y:ilj"ll
2?.Despfe ninoritatea g€mand, vezi Etlnlbd Steinacker, IzbeaserinnerunEer, *. .4sp3.2 vor. Lordrq. rso6: Rei.b su...ss ia rrrp.
ff"i"";.;;o;,-"r,
Mnncheb, 193?; E.v' ltririiiffh, Enrsr€lus d€r Vo€us6etzuDser fii.,dje 37. Clare LauEhlin. S, y,!i? Cona h Ccrhan, ond Au"r,rd. Bostor. .9i]0, p
d€ntsche Natioraliiaitenbawesug "Di€ in Unsan iD de veiten lriirfte de6 i9. 38 Cirrt de Lav6le)e ir ,Wudrbury ond Vipn;a-,
50?
! 126.
Jahrhunde.ts', n.ta ,gtsrd.ica lBudapesto], 11 (1s66), 3-65 Imllal.
23. Leon Kelln€r, ft€.dor,ryeizLs Lehrjahre fi6A.1895,yiena, 1910, pp. 1?-t€.
;; ;:;;;,";:iliil';#:j?,?lli ",ll,lil'ii,;i,,,'ii".u*'sber
s r',.i v€2.
i rh' tnku*Lat
.24.O anaDunliin a linbii est..ea a ld O€za Barczi,,Th€ llunsane rr, i,,lli:,i lfr;"Xil"iidJj"1lhie4a's: Mietutian
trchEurcpp
L^n"nalizA
* 6g e''Ne uEun8at iaaQ uar 1e. lr ' 4( iM ' |963 ) '5 2 - 6 2 ' '1p. veri scotuBMato tR.w. Ea.rdt pebbms ia Eunsdtr, Lon
25. Citai iD Enili! de Laveleye,,Wnrtzburs ald Vi€sDa: Sdaps from a Didy',,,
tungarvandtrr€sou'hem
-S_ero!:warsdt, sr*' c*"^iiaii iit"..^,
LiDing Age,
LtrtnE Aee, 164 llAAq,726
Lo4 \1664), \2b .-,1'
26 . De nis d c n ou c c dont . . L€ Ps y s endu DaDt r be-r 1 9 2 9 , , J o u r n a ! d u n . . D o a b ? -:.
:: i3?',i3ij.i.T."ljjl '
t t926.1946),Pan6. 196A,p. 49. 'n 1t 9:",*w1*i, g:"i*.r,j d d.Befon in Eunsarr:A studyof Etectomtproctie,
Ld&a- rsu. v€. qi c.J.c
,'.l"i',iiii1;1il!''iil!i,I#Xi" ,'***",'-,.r'"-,..'* "u,".,..".. ,:, . sr€et.Hdsoh;"a o"ii*"i,-{.i*.-jtzil
lizate ile Jolanr H€inri.h Sclwicker, in c€scttcire ',-o' Lit tutur, :,
d.r ungari*chen
probd manjEr! rembiA ii apsrlile tur Z. Horlau,
j,,*.X'fi1'j*"3,'.1r1;i ; ;;;i;"i'6;;;;"
"The
;i
Risc of
Leiprig, 1889, 944 pp.; Joseph Eemeryl Hlnearian Wnturs dnd Lnerdture:. ;a
Mo.lztu Nouelists, Critics, and Poarr, Nev Brunswick, N.J_, j964. D€spn J6kai, t :l
*:t:nl:ffi
Dtr.li6m'. ;'"",,,;.e"y
A4ra lrrsro'i@ Budap€dal, 9 rr96r,, l-3i
, md RouDan,sn
suf.erins-.
coa,?,po4h
:,t 19tsi1 ,ry Li!:1Tll"@!:ctions,. rhe Fqu4 7s.(18e-5), 66?-680 ; &kai, :i ;:#.:iiT:i #l:gililar,,aey
,t?s ItA. tI€ 8.s (1890), N€v York, 1394 [roman autobiografic care iiesdia atrn 43. Mi.hsel Pupih, Fmh lnnryrant ro t,u?nnt. Ne$ yodq r922
18401;Joln Beil E€lnenan, oI Eunga.iln LeniE",s.oan@ Aeuhu,l; i retiD. t960. o. 9.
"N€stor uaspre obiceruril€ din Bdat. vezi pD. t-22.
isrrii ; i. NtJ";-*";,;;;;";;k"J: il""M;;;ff"-ii';1.if;;l
rrbsdi a3;Batkan Pow€r''coitempotrr! Reuie,'ro2
-49e,231 (1901), 185-194; H.W.V Temperley,"Maurus Jdkai dril the Hjstoriddl. it1g,:;1"Sf"""-"*sarv
Nor.l'. aohtenpo.aD f.ur.u. a6 . 1904, 107-lt5; Aleqnder Hevssi, 6 . E n i l y c @ r d . . T r a o s y t %n i str p € .p l e s",Zl r a g AAe . 1 ? 3 r l 8 8 Zl , ti l - 1 4 2 .
JdLd i tte Cre.t€st No\ elist of Hunsa4-. SEEF. 8 r1929-30, 3s6-367;"Msuru Frarcis o uererd, rr ransytvej str sDpersriho!a., N,,?re?ntn Cealrry, t8 , I s85,, gO-
Mtgyer, s R.ceptjod i! Ensland ebd Aherics", Anaka4 Sl4uicand ENt r r 49,
-J6kai
Eurcpedn Eevieu. 17 (1958), 332-345j MiH6s Nasy,.J6loi6 Ronatrbau(in6P,. .Ibid,.,p. ].4A.
A.ta L iu? rdri a. BndaD. 6r s . ?' 1966, , r O C- r ll t a o e o o o r r u , . vezi 06@ J*zi,^-I'b€ Problm otSub-Carpalhisnnulh€ria., h
,s ti;-,;;il;;;;;;: ;; i ;:.;;,";i;;;:;,:;;;;,'l'fi i,*",,,,uu,
o,,o Lpddbbro,
RJ. Xpmer red.,,
t erketey 9i Los ArA€te6.194S,pp. 193.2t5 ,,b 6p€ci.i t9?-t99
29 Vezi L Kinh-Kisdesi. vob
Addno* Berlrlab", XlqL, 5 '1968),464-466
| 9. D.spre secui, rer Liada ias\.Fo*hles
"Suehely dnd s;;iery: sk,ry-T.l!inE n a Hunpo
A Ryszliipwicz..Munkd.sy Mihrlr' KNL. 4 ,ts67,, 54?-sa9.Ddslro lrcrird tuh p?efit.ohhunitt l l 9 6 2 ) , El o M i D sb n . Ib d ., 1 9 6 9 .
w "O",""
megbiare. \ezi Abtdl Ksnpt., The HBtorJ of A,t n Huqar,, Budsposr,1566 ^
r0 vezi c€orsFF cu6hrtrs."ProDl€n"of HuEBtris Ln.ratcriucrsn';s,6Ef. ao .:
3 4 1 -3 4 5rts
, p u n 6 u i ,rn P€ k r N asr, ' ". inezz&e),
i..,.,_T"iirrHq::j"i'i
Paris,1880;E.a-*"
;rE"?:.yx:,i.
f;:,s.r,i*", ",f "ti;ii!,ii;
' 1961- 1962 J . " Frobl ehsol H unsansn 'ih; C;;;;;j{;;;;;
414
NOTE
479
Econonl, AJS, 42 (1936-3?),358-3T0; Pall Oraf Pelfy aon Erdiid, Ahctted
bn Uors$tem und Gastem, Stultaart, 1961, pp, 213-233. I""TJ#l:.1r13:p." 'a1]65: ceshai LuDa
prezeDrsr.
a rL,rukacsd€dins,!re
sL llans Aro$, Hdnd.bu.h fnr Untersuchuhg.richter dl6 Stiteh dq Arinihalistik,
a 6-a €dilie, Mnncl€r, 1914, r:502-530.
52. Dlb€ft F. Balilwin,
"lvin
City o{ th. MasyaE , Ozloo&, 81 (1905), 515,
t1i*i1$i;l:i'a'.f
j:"|iig:K{}:ilii41 ri:f,,.y;t**;i
lj+irF,r':.;,.*i{r*{f
i,r"ft;*,*iin:\*:r*iri::::;;ii
liu'
Capitolul25
De6lre ltonl, ve.i Tbeodor H.aI, Tdeebijchpr 18g5-lgM,3 vol-, Borli4 1922,1929; s'og""pr.irh" ,i,:iff
t;i,ll"d{{,-,;lf
ii*:1l{i,int:#'$,":'}:ffi
p;t;,:. s"it,i; i, : i
";;:;:: ;;",
$,:ili"-"."..""':*i"i:i;
Hetzl.C.sM@]k ZtohBtach?W?.t?.5 rcl ,lelAviv, 193+1935:SidnpyWhnaan.
.Th@dot HerA' , C.ak npaa.! Reuieu. AG\1904t,311-376;Len K.ll ler n?dor fi,r-il?"".} ;;:":",5."*t;,,i';,:;".T;i,Ti:1ll;.,"j;;i:1,*i:
H.rzls Leh rjahre ,a60.t495. Viena, 1920: St.fab Zw€'s, B?geenuns?aat ds n€rcncrudnrd
.;;ni;;;zi;'u;;;
i, f,l#ily *'"iLi:';*ji;"!:.:-4s,@ro,
fi+.*,ffi
Menschen,Biichz.n, Stitdtez, Vio4 193?, !!. 93-100; Sall Baphael Labdau.
Stu.n uad Drcne in Zianisnus Eiichblich .iaps Zionisten: Uor,Mit und Uh
Theo.lor Eeel. yiena. c6, 1937 ; Nex Beit, Theo.lor Eerzl : A Biogtuphr 11934),
Plrilsdelphia, 1941; gduah Arcnrlt, ,The Jowisn Stat€: Fifty Yeara Afte.,, iryt*#i1";"".ffi
rir+:iffi
, fui1iii{ii,ffi,:1"*
!#i,T
$f
#f_T';i?,T""f,J1;sil
!l'
2.
Comwnto.r, | \nai 1946), 7-8; Ilrael OoheD,nzodor Il€El : Fobd.r of P6/;ti4l
Zio.tsn- N€w Yorl. 1959,
$les, war ich w€iss, hab€ icl im Auslanrl sel.nt. Nur dolt gewohnt bar sic!,
i! Distatzed zu denlren." Citat it Zveis, BeEeEhui.E.h, p. 9a,
rsze.
*,;,a
;,.:::*:.d,:.r,.ll
"l-"1"i
*S,ill;* i,l.* la;;";;;,ii,;l;:i;"T -,#
I
3.
4.
H€.rI, lioli6t Congte$", ContempoturyReiieu,12 \\a91), 551-59A,'
Irtd., p, 596. Dspft precut6oni sionishului lolitic, vazi I6Dr Elbo,€!,.{ Cerrr.t
lH#-xr"Hl#f"F#:#I'tri";'.[:-iii;"""#il?*#
Luk4e,,G€oG SihDet: ED N*l^r,t9l8
. in Ku* C**
iiM. Ludrmlb., iedr
o/ Jeuisn ,tf?, PhiiBdellhia, 1944, lp. 224-308; NornlD B.ltvich ei John **" Bri?reErinturun€enBibtio1mphi..
M. Slaft€61er ,Fo.euners or zionisn in tllo victoriaD Era", ln J;hn Ii. l;;t,T;.'rtri:fr:: "nhet Bartin.
il,
Shaftedey {sd.), Betuhbet th. Dals: Essdrs an the A^elo-Jeui.h llistdtr
Prcsentedta Ceril Rath, Lodd(o. 1966, pp 20?.239. ' i;ffi i',;,1,i,,i1::r::
ft:'""*"f,
i.*i"^:ijH:;:
fffi:,,t.t1:.t,.,;
I 5, D€6preHerzla, vozi J.r.Er6t W Jenks. rece&i€ le Henzka. rr.ildrd,
6 r1890..706-708iC. GodfreyCudpel,
-A
PSQ.
Posibh Solutio! ol LheS.{ial QDe6h0b".
Westnituter 8@i.a,IBA QAgD, 27G285; Edwdd SaltuA *Sidelthts on Seiafisi:
'n
';,
j#i{Iiirii;';#r;.tnl.1T:;"'*.T:*i:::L:Fin
Fjl
i Experimer|6by Colonbation'.fortniEltlr ReDieu,63(1895),260-266;C,D,Ii.
Cole.A HLrto,rol Sociala'Tho,grrl,vol 3 2. L.ndra.r 956.pp.55ti65 i Cordrisd
Heindl,- F r eil a n d h
' , /e .a t,. u n d X.i l i { . I
,m o nre196?..110-115.
6, De"p.slto.dau,veziVemooLee,"Deten;ratiorofso!l",ibnni,htljR.ui.@,85,
(1896),928-943;Anla ti Mua Nordau,Mdr Nd.ddr r.4 Btogropnr,Nes'Yor[,::
t
sJfftl#,*ili
l'Li#ilJ',T:'it+i,x5:,,
I:?i,E:]q'
s""!.: p;dojen_u,d xrasmlb,pf€n jD
+1" .d'"n der unsdisch€tr
1943 [u! €rconium sc.is d€ satia si fiica lui Noldau]i ;:::iiTl"n,:11i':.fi:, 4r d:7ceschftdur@@Bh6,6 rrsre,.
2s8.Jo?
Max Nordau, ,Phiro6oply and Moial! of War', lvortl rituericat Reuieu, 169,
(1899), ?92.
8. No.dd!, Replt to My Critics",C?atury,50 (1895),549,
|*'r::,;.!:
ffjr".,,j,#H1.i.l';1i;;if
H;i;qi;r31fi"'-"f
'x#!:"{:IhliT;:#.Hil:lt:":l'i;;*;*t*[
9. NordB!,"A ,-AReiilyto My Cniics,"Cert!.f,, 50 11895),
549.
10. I bt d.p.
, 546.
Capitolul 26 il;,,*;:it",'"';"n#
;"x#::i ffiff:
1l';31;,i.T,,","*#;";:T;"',i,
r. i-eamar b u,r r ulr er e oper . lu: Lua. s dupd l9 l 8 e B r er e 6 r e s l i ? a _ d a. :j:.f;.:.i,.:l,t ""s:lti;;;;; #;i"H',i"T,ezj
rs't.-te4t. Lo^dts.rs6J.pr.
v,cror
seree.,',?nors
ll'atnick,
"Georg
Luk4€ ' n: An Ini€lectuai Biosrapby, I'Il,', .Sorte, S!x!qr, ?..1.
::*'.i.t?"i: r85-re2.
;:;;pT t *iHl,.,r,t:+d#f".i:lii.{fti,
28 (1958.1959),pp. 60.66, 61-6?, 61.68, ?5-81. P€nlru o.voretun. corders
vezi Watnick, aril Qlass Corsciausn€s6: G€olse Luh4.d"
L e o p o l d L a L e dz
"Relativish
Sp u r s.o n lsa . E*o ls o | h , H E to,r nl Mar'i !
'eo. ,
NOTE 481
9. Lukdcs, "Di€ Theorie des Ronans: Eit gesc!ichts-philosophis.herVolsuch ube. Joumol of Abtuml and Saclal PstcholoS!' 45 tr9i0),lA4_$8I I-J Bofttetmun
d i€ Forme n de t s r os s enDpik ' , iL ZAAN, 1r ( 19 1 6 ) , 2 2 5 2 7 1 , 3 9 0 _ 4 3 1 ; . e t i p . ' .i \x c K,oDfef,,The S?ondiTest: A Revi.w and Cnrrcal Etam'Dshon'. PsJ'ho_
Berlin, 1920!a 2-a eititie, N€u{ie.l, 1963, : Winelm HrDlerle(hn'r -MenscheDbildund
Dp lreorie d.s Rona$, p. 1. iol;aat Buli.tin, 50'1953', 112_13?
10. Luk6cs,
"vorwort", r,,|i"itr'u".**"" Ein" wi,rdisurg der Psvcl'olosisL s?o_dh' wt$P4'chd/t
{1. Versiun€a getoaDd este: L!k5cs, ,Zur Sozi.losie des noderne! Dranas',
ASWSP, 38 (1914),303-345,662-?06. und fle bifid,1r a7gi}, 3g-4? ; Anin Beeli, "Dei Beilras iler Schicli6alsanalvs€
12. Lnkrc6, d€r Amut am G€iste: Ein Gespiachund ein B.ief, NeaesArj4ef, Szordih'. rn qiihplm Birret tcd.l PFvhatherdPt" und ''listo* Eiohruns
"VoD q,,'t'nn r96s bD. r5?_176 Pxtlem oe inialis"nlh Es'ul luj H Eltenberger
_o"nsctrtrhe
256 (19t2), 67-92.
S.tricroat sls w.sPbschaRli'h's Proll'm: Zur Einformbc iD
13. Lrci€n eoldtam, ,Geors Lukdcs: Uessayi.r.', n.,u? d'.3rrdtiqas, 3 (1950), -Oo
82-95: coldnsnn, t€ dter .dch': Etude sur lo oisiah ttucique daas les Pensaet ;i6 Sclick6alsanaltse vo! Srontli", PsJcne,4 (1950_5r),5?6_610r! mia rost
d.ePdscal et da6 le rhaarrede Rdcine, Pans, 1955i Coiilnann, "lntNdubiio!
au lremiers 6cnts de GeorsesL!kdcs", Iemps nddenes, 18 (1962),245-280. 5. V.zi LiDot Stolili, ,,CoDtnb!6o$ to 'Fate Analtdi*: An Atiampt et a Tleory
14. Rldolf Ka$trer, ,,Sarenlli€rlegaard : Alhorisnen', NaLeRundschau,11 (7906), .. of Choi;e in Love', Actd Psrcnblogc4, s ( 193?),!80 S,ondi qi_arezunat oliDiile
613-543.O conceltie de6prenoart ca pldsmuitor (Gestdlter)al vietii alar€ ln . in -M6ndchud schic&sal: El€mente einer dialekii*n€b schicbals_
'lr'ri.are (1954), 15_34
ceorg Simnel, ,,Zur MetalhFjk iloB Todes',,og,s, 1 (1910),5?-80 wis6€n6chaft(Anakolosie)",Wisvaschafl und \Vehbild' 1
6 s iin das S;bauen Dre Rts'hheit der Beweglhg€b uDd.d'r scnnelle
15. Pedtru ciDcisprezecearricote scis€ intre 1919 ti 1922, vezi Luk6cs, a"n- -' -Das Sino
schriften 11,pp. 43"169, Sechs.l der Brld0r zwinsetr de! Mersctieo tn eined dand'gcd Uberosch'b
Der Blicl& bemacliist ri€h oicht der Bilder, sonded djes€ b€miichrt'r sich des
16. Despre Lukdcs in lerioda cSnd ! fost comisar,vezi Rudolf L. Tiik6s, Bdld rtuu .
Btickes. Sie nb€scttenn€n dls Bemt6tsein Das Kino beileutet eine Unifr
and the EuaEanan Sauiet R?pablt., New Yorl, 1967, tp r49, 152'154, 254'255.
Md!!€in 1893_1947',S@idl m i e r u a E d o s A u s a 6 ,d ae b i s ) r zt u n b € kl e i d e lvsr 'C n a r C u sr sv Ja D o u cb
1?- D€6tr. Ifannheim, vezi Albert Salonon, .
"Xarl Manii.in", Kan;r z?t- 19s1,p s3 vezi ti wolrBangJan! 'D .KlrLaunddie
a"Ji^i, i llsiit, sio-laa;t-eopola wiese, "r"a
a"".it
"d€6
xin".s,^u";,
(1943-49), 98-100; Heloul R. Wasner,"The. Scole of ; ^, rim', Jant&Z.I, d.r dzut*ha^ scdleee$euslolt, 6 (1962) 353_363
scnrifi li.ir Sozialogi., t Ania4e
!Lrnleim's Thin}-.sl, S@idl E6erel, 20 (1953), 100_109;Cutho W R€nrding, "'] . prid€;d lui KaJka, Mq Brod, a 6cJi3 un scenari! }eltro Kurt Pinthus led ),
,Karl Mannheim rRevigjon ofm Intellectlal Poibdit", S..talaotcct,401961-62) '.: Drc KinobL.h: Kinottbci? (1914),Ziinal 1963, pp- ?1'76'
23.30; Kuri H. WoLfl,,Karl Mandrein i. sejnen AbhardluseD bis 19$', rn : ?. EgonFri€deu, Jdnst uld IGno''da l9r2 i' Wd! d4! Thrd@'zE*dJs Sottftn
Mallheim, Wssendso,iolosie : Ausuahl dus den \|erA,N euwie( 1964,pp 11_6t, ' A/norcF&?n, Mu,.h.n, 1965, Pp. 99_107
691-?1Oi David (ettl€r, "Socioloer of Xnowlodge and Moral Pl:iloBopbt: The nerNhiiche Stjnne hat Arises€tvdt, die nenschlidr'e Gob:irde,EwiBteit
'l j8. "Di.
Place ol l'raditional Problens in the FornatioD of Mannh€iot Thought", P,SQ, J erlaut. aler o aer heis der Seele Es ist ild Turmbau zu Babel l -l Es
82 (19 6? ),39 9- 426; Renm line, W i€s ens s @ io l o g i . u n d A e s . l L s c h a f t , P l d h u n C : D n s . ; w.rd;j' drrch R$ilfunk bemits Nacniisalleohonzerte und Papsh€den iib€r'
w?,h Katl Md^ahah, Do flm Ja d , 1 9 6 8 l.u o o i ol i ocrsi e exhl u;'vl l irag€n. Ds i6t iler Untersang tl€s AltenlaDdes' Friodell: KvltLryeschicnted'r
18. versiuns gemard apN in Mantlein, Inss.tusozi,logt, Neumed, 1964,pp 68'84 . N . u e r l ( 1 9 2 7 1 9 3 1 , ,I {il n cl e D . 1 9 6 s p 1 5 1 3
19. Reti!,, ib,d., pp- 85-90; Publicate ioilial ln ZoaG, I {1920-21),50_53. .: 9. Josepb Rorh. Dpr A,irc,t/rsr r1934. in R.hone EnithlunCen Azlsaae' Kdh
20. D€spre Cninwald, vezi Wslurer Ec}atein, ,Vorwort", tu Griitwaldr r& Ptu6,.h isol'. pp. oz6-erz. o"up* opi!'s lur Rolh d pn{ire la cimm'bgrrl v€zi,Fnu
dir Sozialogied.s Wisse6: yercLch e1@r hritischen Darct.llung dzr uis.arc' i;L[ i;t;;";';i".,; nLd EndhLton stu,licn,u ro'cph Rolh' lrb?n
sazialagi'chenTheoriel, \iena, 193,!i retiP. Eildesheim, 1967i Wolf, ,nd Wer}. BerlA. 196?, DD 16_21
'Er$t (191J io S.n.rt?n
Griinwald abil tlt€ sociotoet of lbowledge: A coliective Ventule in Intslift. . ro. Ceore Lukds, "Ceaarletr zu eiDer Astbelrl des Kinos'
tati,ot", Jou.4.il of the Mstary of tbe Beharioml Scietccs,I {1965), 153_164; ,", it"*t"-".-t."i", 6 s_a edilr., Neuwi€d 1968 pp '7580 v'zi 9i Cuido j
EermarD Krader, Utuacn?n .l,er Mei\ungsuercchiedanheiten in del Phil oPhiai AristaRo, "Lrka6 Be'l,rbse zd Filn urd Filmnrrlrk-. Frsnk Bens€l'r red
Berlin, 196?, pp. 143-14?. 'o
F.stsah/;ft zaa d.htzigsten Gebtrtstae aon Geore Lukdcs' Nelwieil' 1965'
21. W€ ei Stark, Irr€ Sociolosr of Knoutedee, Londr., 1958, p. 195.
I i'l;i?t"'t?i *""""".". .BegiDDiter Laurbannc Lukdcaund 6ein w€g ztm
". M ; ; ^ . u 6 '. A " r ; 1 , , '*. . ; l B u d a p e sr a l ? r 1 9 6 s,s? o _ 3 ? l D ssp r e Bsl a zs!e zi
zL rpuet Bensrslnsen ub"r eDe DranaiursE
AsrheLitr:
Capitolul 27 nobe Musil, Jbsi'tze
u""*nr-oet5), in Musl.it'ee6ic'€r
ii?-ri*iiiii, ri,-ia;.,'i",'iii,t"*
1. Despre Ferenczi, vezi Sanilor Lorand, ,S4ndo. F.Rnczi", in F.anz Aphorisnea,E$dls uad Rb.ten,tldburs, 1e55,p! 66?-9Ii r-Ti:.q::q11
Sanlel Eibs€nstein 9i Martin Grotjlhn Gild.J,Psrcnoatd,Jrtc Pt@c?ru,New: unaFlt 2 r iulie196r' 189194
-i i etuS " te' " " nai h" rilt ', Ncu Hur Edr ianQKultur
Srndor',IESS,5 (1968),367_369jr: 12 irela Bal6?s,Dct stchtbd.eM.ns.h ode'.lP dcs ftia\' viena lg?a
York,1966,t!. 14-35;FrukAuidJi, :- pp.ir-ri. e""t"t de-spsiatn
"Fe.e!cti, . Btatisdo duitoE.e r€feriio@ ia tlntfrl
t. 2.
3 . vezi SdndorFererczi,,Siaeesi! tbe D€velopm€trtof the SenseofRealiir" (19 ;;n Md"a BnlMi. "at"t" ani' 20. vezi AJ P Tavlor. Ens'lfi HBta'! t914 t945'
1\ Fir6t Connibutions to PslcnoAzob6it (1916),Londra, 1952, pp 2!3'239 r: 'D
Oxlord. 1965. !D. 314_315
rj Arnord Hsu6.r:; soc@/ Hts,o.r dfA'i Lobdre. resr H**'
D€spr€Szordi, vezi Michd€t Balinr, Szotdi's .Scli.lsal6analyse" a"d .Trieu'
'On
diatnostik"', UP, 29 (1948), 240-149; bt Eottqlts", Lif. Ma9azine,21 396_399
'?191'g-!69-ITi:'
me Phitoaophiaf An Hiltory,New Yor!, 1959,!p 35?_365
"lest
(22 martie 1948), 6?-691S{san Deri, Jn,/ductian to the Szondi Tesr:'thea4.;,i ' ra, nauser "Cmertlons of Timein ModemArt aDdScieace''PdrtisanReDieu'
23
an,t Pft.tice, New York, 1949; Roy ScLafot, receMie ]a Derl, Sz,n.li fts,, ln r1956r,332
442 NOln
NOTE 483
16, veri Manfred Dup! k, ,H€rman! Broch DDdd6r F,tn ,., ilondr, 18 (m
, ai 1966,
i:;1,1;f,i,"",?.",,j;;"T';:ffi:".i1f;,"li n,i".m"i",
;',,1Tl,lfliii;l*r .iiii antoloRiea rea4iilor au8ti€cilor fat! de rhrboi, vozi All,€rt Massicz€kti Eica
Went .n (ods.), I|€ltlreg, Wdl,tfriede: 181d.tefti4hieh. Autorei in ei^. Antholosn,
16.flauE.a Nes Ou$ook,, tr, .V€us,6t {iulis 1962),46. VieM, 196?,!n 8p€cial,pp, 46.136,
1? Hsussr,"The
.Cobcepriob of lln€6', D. 32?. u. ,und ich giag !u Fu$ durch di. Bcerb€ld€ Natlr, €s sar wie ein K!ank6n.
18,HAls€r 4 Saiai ltisroD of Att, 2:661.p€btrJ un pun(r d€ vede,€crilic -b€.uch, n€fi, *is €in l*ichenzug. Und dei Si€rbende par ehon ein€ L€icho
&ilrda hi flau*r, v.zi Erur ooDbrich, lr ual s€in €ig€trerfriedhof zugt.ich: .,,DerMod€r bt hi€! g€6liDderEb dd5Lsb€n,
seial i{i!t"y e."" rrs;il, ii
t*'e andoth2'"rh.
Esiolsont^' n'ivr"r n iii,il. di€ FAuhi. ist fiuchtber unil dordetdio O..un.lholi, d€r O€stanL totet d€r Dufi
a!6 Me..eburcl (19s0),
f;:;:if.E":;,: '"u' und rlas G.h€!l b€taubt il6n Cdans...; Rot!,
ln Wdtd Killy (€d.), Zean€n &r Zzit, N, VerMn"R€isebrief @A der V/ililictli"t, Frdktu ,
1958, p. 236. Un ait aui.iac, Itanr Nat0nek, depleng€imagin€! derolant! de
la Irum t! arti@lul Citr alR,.\ott', Liuins AEe, 339 (1930-31), 48-51.
"G.qanfs Ditew
Capitolul 28 12. Citai tn Jos6f Paul llodir! The d Beiq Mode.r, New York, 1959, F. 69.
13. Arurur Schoitil€!, ,Briefe rv Pntiti\', Neud Forun, 15 (1968),6]s lsdisoai€a
1. KArl (Eu, si.g d.r Tochntk. \t912), tu Uztergdns dcr Wetrtduch dir 22 ilec, 191., c6i.e Elidabeth Steilrilckl.
"Ato6s.r
*huarP Moqie tL922',retjp. ryp.t?.8, j!4irnchen, 14,,Di€ Anmui 016Seicbtheii !!d die Melabcholio als PGs; den Uborschusr an
- 1960,61.
'n vezi F€tir poppenb€rs.
cobr€hpoEn!, Jtpot6jypso.,,\rp!? StinnuDcan ala MMgd ar CtundlAtzcr; di6 scl€inlaro Licltigklii d.r.S.-h,ffme
E!,d#n.!, 21,1er0r._4rc.418 lcohp,,! ronanuil;i Kuti i, a,pi6ii"i i)iii rl5 Oberflachlichlen i dE uAvergler]'lictre Gabe d6EAperrxs al6 Kla,ne Foh :
ouzrrr, oe varonBnuBovl. die unwiderdehlicheAhosphare rh Lokslltolont, ab€r d€n Griffin" Euro?ai.ch.
3 osel+'l i,+pejIgb Drivtor b noBwile swl6 st€ Mlstu HiE €ld. als Uberhebuqg - oh ideles N6t ao! \tiderdlriicl:en, die nlnchen qro$et
91
. a. 6, 2 v oj. . l4ipz is . 1 9 3 0 :a 2 , a € d i ! r e ,H 6 n a u , I 9 6 a ds Lo[€s verbitt€rt hab€!." Ernst Si€in, Scbie]e]at 6jch die Nachveli
blBmi,ett',Dic Zeit, t.15 (16 spiilie 1968), "trlit
p. 11.
u onrojogie8€lod6 ar6acriitor f,l! d€,izboi ale s€tua.
..1€ l:rn6t JohaDn ted.) thaendnsicht qne" fiApea, 15. glaub' von j€den Menschend$ Schlecbiesie,solbst von mir, m ich nab'
Btld"-Baek Doluwhk, l, ?4-r9la, Fr&ktun. rSOAtp*"i,re "lch Belte! g€tA$cht,' Citai ln Otto S.hulilebten Dip Zukunft O.terrebb.
mich
tragm€nt€ tn_ordior .rcrdo8icdt. Despr. erpen€nFle d6 pe tlo,r, "p-.pi6;6;"
,€zi Wj id v i e D a , 1 9 6 7 .! 8 1
L n.i.r. wa, and the rkrndn Mind. Ah? Tistnon, ol Mdn ol Frtian 1 6 . " M s n h a n o e l t e d 'e se m!a n d . i n n e r sr d .E, sl s h 6 n d scn F, o d "r &.h r e
Wno
Folgrrr dr rl. Fronr. N€w yor&. t94l : and€rs,als dan '!heDdelt€.'Mu6i1,Der rtora, !,3{. h 1913,MGil denftla deja
4 .D'e D!rre, dis ungerw.l khe ,Mi6ctruuns \oD S.hqte rn Ejb,et!.u ,oliti@ alsirioct &epi lr€ficdtorie. V€zi Musil, "Politik itr Ost6rreich'(1913),
'Dn€rc
uDo urercnaur ghex rm uanzen. dao unsebeuereverlass€nseiDdos ldobscten Tageb cha\ pp. 689-692.
iteD, BeiaeUbruhe, BoEhejt,H€,ensgtorcherttrgL€it 77.Rolb, Add.tzh!tudftch \1932), Kdh, 196?, ppr 237:2?2.
obnegleich€b.Ccldsucbt. Kdlh lbd ceqstrtAlisL€it, wje sie usre dn L:e.n- 18, sie nirsen& anderswo a€be €s wijsten Str€it ohne Slur von Ilass und
z€'chnen.$tleo n*h djq4 Eed.hren cinzie aJ.in, d,e Folse derverlusre "ltier
eine Art vo, ,Artlicher Lich., ohne rlas Beilnrhis dd lYere. Zwisc!.tr potitjsch€!
&ir 'Qeeierb exi6tiert€noder €lrwichelton sich liicherlic!€ p€rsiidich€ Synpathietr;
o. An,ro8rlcbrtrlArtos Dente. d6r Se€tozufirsr:. Bobcn Uwilt. A,,Uo*
ot n
dfserordlr?r, t962. p. a0 .EdiFs tooaneascs, onut ldd,Ebri.i. - Psrtoifreude }inele@ b€EchimpfteD,v€rl€mderer, v6nieten €intuder' Sclnitzl.r,
-Hlmburs. cu. pref€ld de lon t.ooqi. *oolosi" de no.o;jF D.t weei6 FrelelrsoS),Beriin, 191s,p. 414.
uorvers, Bucur€qti. 199b,vol. t. D!. 62-63, D.t.l Mu;it 19. C.D. Darlington, l,tre r,olution of Mah rnd Aei2tt, Londra, 1969, pp. 6?8-679
surpdndr d*ula mtele.rututui tn p€ osda posrbeli(a5n bjloo"" E_oD; Darlingron inrerpretea.a con6..hhla s..6r{i sm.6re. in rbid.. 521-526
o de rR.r8evo D Ht r r d€r r s t 4D' b6Tau5abd6le. ,t 9 2 2 . .7r no a"Du" "b .hea Aphorsw4 20. B6la Dart6i, Purity in Mu6ic", HorEoa, 10 {1944; 405.
"Rac€
Essdrs rad n?d"r, Hqmburg, 1955, !p, 622.640 2r,,G€radezu s€ine aomantis.he" Iro.ie, die fa6t uleimlicbe FAhigleii alle 62
5. AiDen E]]remhm. &dicl& rnd proM, i{a.i O1o ,6d ,. NeusFd, 196r, pp. 2g-24. S",rpn .,n€r Sr.h€,ur pi.nal zu selen und zu veretshe!. sber su<h ebenso€u
/rsJBJ,Mulcheb.rsoz.pp.ir, re, !i-ii.
!. i:Ei* qrh: ?1:(ae1?i,ere*i '
ih Ges€nt.il." Waltor Br€cht, ,Odterr€ichis€he Ceisteslotu und d6rereichi.che
Dichturg',DYLC, 9 (1931),624.
r versess€nerMpllerfols : Hls \ otr Cll um berc}, tlprjrr
u4d l<dttA, $ J6-J7 rt96g' pr. it82-395. isde irberO'bteich, \1i,.L6.1930,p. 21.
22.Anton Wildgan6,
8. .Honore ol ALdnaD PnsooD: Irbumab lleahobl oICilit,sn WoneD ud Men 23, ,Ich lobe !t€t6 Feinile geliebt,' H€neD B6Ir, ,Selbstinv€ntur', Nea lzrdrctdu,
.
::iu","::-:.li'::::.!:t r. Ma8d2'
E- 8:2\1s'8, 23lt9t2), 7297.
31.i1:::l"i:',:ln;"y::,
e7.ee ,scris de rD cor€.pond€lr ,i ziaruru jo.dotrez dr;;;";;|. " -- - -' 24, ich die qecler, besonders so voDehn€ Gegne., ge.!€ ,u Wolto Lobm€!
9 .,Wr-$a r6n kum pliz ier ls enug,di. M as c bne z u b a u e . , u o J " i . " i n a z , p _ i r *, "Weil Bertha von Slttner, Mem,rpn (1909),BtumeD, 1965, !. 302.
lasse,"
a:it;.'*-#:".;:f
:"i";,.I,;;lr:r't*ttt*t "
*5f,"i""i*1t#:."f
26 ,Ja, e6 sar, tot, vielem, wa6 das.s.! 6pric!t, IGkanien rielleicht doch eir
Land ftr Geli€s; !!it wshrscheinlich ist ss daran aucn zugrulde gsgangen.'
"
r0 -D€f sraar. d€r r-ies. d:; wis;;bs.haR. .;;;,.;;;i;;
ALrrspen,die Dit BILr sFdabkt wordea Disser, um das A"rlir" d"" L"i.""
il;;"";;,;;;;'.,
, 26. Vezi Micha€l Polanl, Pers.Ldl Kbuled.se: Toudrd.s a Post-Critical Phil@aph!,
bekorhed.- Irobz wprfet. ctrjL6licle Sdd[s-. N"k n!,.&ctor, OB(]gt7,, "o Chicaso,1958ra 2-a €iliii€, 1962; liednch von Hayek, Th. Setuory Or.ler: An
p w. re drru u peFt . de m-Die
ai , r Diu r n . . r e denuo t dL € b r o l o s i av. e z iJ o a c h i nC Inqviry i otne FoundarionsofTheoreticaLPslcholaer, Chicas., 19t2; Ludwi8
Leirhans€r. von B€.tllaDffy, -E,6ote, Met, and. Miads : Psrchaloet tb tne Modem world, New
"ln cruse.\abinotr der T"chnitr. K,i,iscno 8".'",r",ig"i ngeD zur Moqe M"&
de6 rcmantischen Pe66imismus', D,. ,t ondr, g (19s0"6!. 4?4,446. ",i penrn o Yor!, 1967; Be*ala!]Iy, Getetul S!6teh Theor!: Fouaddtiotu, DeDelopment,
Aprli.dtion8, N€w York. 1968.
Lista ilustra{iilor i Bibliografie
1 Scopul acestei hibliografii ost€ ac€la d€ a cortiD@ cercetar€aaslpra i6xoriei
politice. socialeti mai aL.siltciecrual€ !lnpen!]ui Eabsbn.sic Ai statelor€a.e i-au
A.hiiectura anilo! 1880 pe Ringstrassevi€uez
urnar- Penttu a dcoate in eviil€trld lDcrnrilo cu ca.acte. g€DeBl d€s!.e pe.ioada de
Ia 1800, au lost oni$ o 6de inheag! rl€ artiolc do zid. Sp€rrm ct heooiile vor
Iacepdnd cu pdgina 221 6timula cititorii dA utilizeze sceste surse ailerca neslijai€. Monosiafiile itespro
Piocesiuneade Corpus Christi d€ la VieDa.in 1909 aiuniF geldito.i care .par h rote n! nai 6u.l nentionate ti in biblioeralie. Sunt
Curlland pddurile din julul Vien€i, 1918-191- inciu* lucrdrile lublicate pe pamEul anului 1969 ln linbil€ enqlezA,gemana d
ftancezt. Biblioetufia este conc€lut, asifel:
Karl Lueser adulat iD Volkspraier in 1905 Partea intai: Isloria 6oci.H li poliiica (incepasd cu anul 1300)
TiDeri @hi obstructioDandlucrnrile parlahentutui in 1900 A. lstoria sociaE qi lolifice a Aushi€i
B. Irto.ia sociak ti palitice a Uasarici
Atelierul lui Hans Maka.t, picrat de RudolfAlt in 1884 C. Amibtiri din Ausito-UnganE
Caleneaua c.ieDsteidl Partea a doua: lstoria intelectuall (lrcoprnil cu anul 1800)
A. Lu"rlfr d. din isrons inrFl"cluaL
B. Lite.dturi ti'clcrinla
gdnilir€ aust.iee
C. Lit€rahre 9i ssndir€ mashiarc
PemonaltnF vilionare diD Boemia qi Moravis D. Filosofia dh Aultriq
E. Teot! sociald din Austria
Teoleticieni ai ttiintelor sociate F. Amela frunoas. ilin Au6tria
Rep.ezentanli ai socialisDutui
Partea 1 : Istoria sociald 9i politicl
Critict ai .llturii . i n .o ^ 6 nlr 4 n ,.r
^ ,. I8 0 0 )
Andics, llellmli, ,e/ Sraot de" heine, uollte: bstenein 1978 ,938, Vie!!, verlas
Eerder, 196!, a 2-a €ilitie, 1964.
Ari..l, Dirk van, A,rtssmitt8n iz A,s,rid, Loiil.n, 1966.
Aueibacb. B€ftraDil, Zrs Rdces ct Lesaationalies en Autriclv-Eowfie, Pa'..s, r89a,
a 2-a eili9ie, 191?.
Darer Otto, Dt. ,rterfeidlis.ne l€uolLr;on, fiena, 1923, retiparit 1965.
Benedikt, Ecibrich (ed)., C€schichteder nepublih Osrelrei.l, Mnnchen, 1954.
- Die uirtschaftliche EntuichlLns in det Ftunz-Ja6epi z.il, Vjetr!, V€.lag
I
UniversiLy Pre.!, 1952,rerip. N.w yorh, Harler and i1o*, t960. oD. 18?-302
^
\iala de la Cun€ .
!--Wal&d. R.W, ,4 Histor! ol the Cz?chsdad Stoudhs,tandra. r94i. reri!.
Hdmd€D, Conn., Archon Books, !966.
t,: tsi€ph€rd, G;rdor, A!,r.i'" Ojy"""r, r,ona,",Irl"cnitld. 196?.
"re
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MoMfthD
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il:ilti;iililtr'rflfiftEr*i1*"**,'*naFranc[€ver]"-,r,62 x^*'ii"r..i.
:::;$;i"id";$if.i'::'.'n*"'"'*-";;;":;'";",J;: Lu,"""r.
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d,,i"i"iii, El r"""tlninD, 1e23'1930'
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Bebb;;lb?rt, C?scni.nredrr P,iddsostli,a 8_aedilie' Stuitga Ernst
$1ett Verile
,;ilisch.u4E
;,",*:''.'ii}#,:tilli:;?11;;,'|"":;snTi;,g;:ffi t ische n"*."vn L*o"ra si Evi ld'kPis 'edc r so''oloP) n Austtia Hisbn
t9 6 6
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'l cr n r n n
S"r"-""'O.r.r.t., O*ir.l"i, Moaerne Stadtst'hrcn' Neuvi€d Luchl€rhand' 1965
E. Teo.ia sacidtti din Austria l$a dint.e c€le mai bune ishni ale tebriei politicol
rfard Un iver"f )
Scl rmpe!.i J osPph A flt" tnl al Ecnnant An'tres N e* Yorh O
sere€ni.k, psrchiatrr: P;e$. les4 ic.enr,"a ,i,,tp oordniile konci soo'le-
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-- fi"-*, A.sellschdft-3tddt-Re.:]tr: Zur Kritih der bineelichen ldtologien
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tr id#'iJil:l;:i;I1l'"j;ffit|l,::;
";j:1,: Lib;r die Ettstettunl ol;a Gesellechaft, shat und nectu tAon der bnrqertichen
, li" o" ' i" , a" d-,-nPn Partt anus des Is Joh"l'hdpds' B"rlindl da
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^ "-?l;::: ";;i1;,'";i:"*:li #:rr r.pev.,i.d,dryq,
c*rahn€ds "i drepLUluisi ernologi! secolulot al Xl)i+al
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" o n , vu ' ch e n ve r l o g ! Br'o
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u ct{m 'l n g sl Tb u ts o u o M u l l e r
mai cuprinlAroare ratone
'
' r.1.;,"t."1i.i, .,1"-"t 2, pp So_121pretiRti isloricji tr3trieci din lerioada
iiftg3l
-.,:,"Ji',i,f;i:K,:rii"i:i:l
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tffilH.133,;*.i; s*.*.
-"
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i"rr"r. rr"" sactutasr"l Rn"ul'dE( EssN ta Atd ol o n"PP?' Uldtt'
i'i,ii a" si"1.l' oJ t,t o' Loodro ^n Roxtredsc and Pdul KegL lerR
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N€r York. Mocmillan, 1941
.^'1,:,.i:li"l::,,J..^i", n?"htsphilo,oDhi? lhft C'uhdtdPen untl HaDpt'
fnedr.h rryE$r,pd6.,.,/ 6hdb|aeftuch - -t,.it^,,"elrt*a Ah?ndla;ais.h.
V*at""",
*;.:.t"1-s, ;,.;. i;;;.;' j;";:".#:::?f d2. sddt, S'/n! a 2_6 edrrie vr€na' sprjra"r_ve'16s 1963
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Univercity Press, 1928. **"1'il'.";Y;* *"-*" t@t Ei\.""n s,hu,.r uandi Antba'?a ttt" zu a"Era'
co r r i r Bd l : \3 n d n tr h o c'k
r'i"a;1i;r,w"ttc"'r, r,"a,i s 4-a erritie,Lobdra,sroveu andsons,1e60
'- - . i i : r " i i *t " , i , i ',.o 1 "- " x- i * ". s 2 ' € d l i .
"neorJ, tnil Eu!ftcht 1966 [frprilz&'arel'
j":::" q'io,d^ .rhe JudDff) ofrhp c"rash cmpiF,. potrrl,o/
"*.N..qu oa "a !. il tts a2 4e0. 5r 4. s(i.n.?
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";;i;-:
5 02 A]DLIOGRAFI'
- .fui;*iii*?i*:;,im;;r;i:i",1":i_:_
Gu nr hc r HD! r . r , Em s r [ ollr
It '
fiL
::;J#
t_e f"""" Biedzhroi.ft Mode.h?i,rs,,
Indice de nume
;iFlX\#; l,.iens,Kun6lverras
ha,naDn. RrclErd
ti Jo,r IJorn,nd, Deltsrhe Kunrl
A Anna O.. ucztPaplelhein, Berihe
li
""""1r+.',:'*'x*:i{lil;r+lrtH}it'{,,,j
"lfiffi L.ndr!F6Lsr
!.dFdbe,,ea7,c.d
Abel, Heir.i.b (1843-1926),
?3
Abrahan a SanctaCl!!a(i644.1?09), 16
Anscrutz, G6.I0d,108
Antal, FnEyes(1887-1954),
Antoine,Andr6-L6onard,384
lnzengruber, L!dsis ( 1839-1889),
166, 395
71
:":**H:[li.d"n*]i*::i:J,1 Adler, A1l$d llATO-l9Al), X6, 272, 211, Aquino,Tomad', 90. 31?
*"ii:1.;,1,:"'liii Pa.adk*Kur ,n ie. ran.hta.r.a.Mtnchrn. 2?8, 399-400 Arahy, Jrn6 (181t-1882),369.370
?6i,i,a.h. Ailler Frisdrich(1879.1960), 114,116,200 Aiisror.l, 80, 93, 1?2, 190. 116-21?,309,
Adl6r, Ouido (1855'19411, 14G,163, 133 3 1 1 ,3 1 3 ,3 r 6 - 3 1 7
Khdt{,
,If:: ua,..^,?1
L4}o;.
::.!i::,: :..,::,_p,cr.,v,eni .kMsw*raa !ru,rruh re65
\ ;' il;'',1;,,i;lHil:i#'j.Tfl Adle!,Ma (18?9-193?), 112,208,339,397, Arli, F€dinaDd v.n (1812-1887), 249
^"*ijlt;,ilii;l1ll,l1_..:,.x1
":::!;:;::
';:::l:':t:! :i;;;,:""
ii:il"";i;;;jjjlJill."""
:"i" "",..,"
403
Adl€.,Pdd (r87t1946), 292,303,336,4t?
Aftdt, Eurt Modt..202
Anin, Achih !dn, 402
"-.,"1*;
.n1n
'3i:
i: n',,.," tJ', ;'":,;;i
;- ;.:;;:;:":i::; v,. !a. v€.,ua,{r.ma,r
vr.!a, v€flls fireDarr u6d
Atller, Rabs! Epstai4 2?8 Anim, B€tinu vo!,31i
Sche au,
uo"6.,1,
195?. Ld Adler, Viktor (1852.1918),35, 39. 58, 60, Alenbruss.r, Loopoid lon (17:2-1809),
Sclhidi, c*had, 1{*e ,rd t ..i iL d yiena, ve.lag tt2.r77 , r2a, 242, 265, 292, 431 246
et.in, Brridor Ros€rb{u&, Ady, Endre (18?7-1919), 368, 3?0 Auorspers,Adolf(18211885),47, 68, 30,
* Aslrenthal, Aloys (18541912),61 1 !9 ,2 6 7 ,2 8 1
";i"J;"H:;;;, Art A c-rcis"H6!L^. Lond,a.rnanes
f;:i:;l"lLyrian ud Alarc6n, Pedrc de, 163 AufeDb€rg-Koma.6\ Moritz t1852_1928),
I weh. Albsri, Ddudrd i1841.1900),t48 67
'", lil,',);'.,y;*,, n ,oaottottaena.,i, n,rn v,en..6cn,ori
^."",,ehtJ' Albr€.hi I, duced. Autria (€a 1265-1303),
*Tli:t::J:::t#:i -{stir, Jon!, 108, 110
.i'i!ndel,,vi€Da,
ver,ag Albrocht, a.hidle (181?"1896),
50 Ardlrus, Richaril, 196,200,216
Alemnde! Befrhdrd (1850-1927), 2?3
Al4ander, Franz (1891-1964),270, 2?3, .B
Alfonso,prinl al spDi€i,66
Ait, Rudoltyos (1812.1905),152, 310 Bsbenbetg,fanilia, 23
Alterberg, P8ter (1859-r919), 131-132, Bach, Alerand€r i1813'1893),239, 358,
135,138-139,148,151,164,185,189, t6 5 ,3 6 ? ,3 7 0
230, 239 Bac!, Joha!! Sebastian,239
Anerlirg, Fliednc! vo, (1803-188?),152 Bacoq FFnciB, 90, 211,316, 331
Baderi, conteleKasinir (1346-1t09),49,
Andersen,EenB Clrktian, 135 5 9 , r 1 9 ,2 6 1 ,2 8 9 ,3 5 0
Anildssy, Gyula (1823-1390), 355 Bahsetr, Juli$,336-33?
And.!6sr Grula (1860.1929),357 Bahr, II€rnd! (1863-1934),42, 4r. 6?,
Andr€as-Salon€,la!, 130, 148, 191,294 75, 119, 131-132,13?-138,142, 148,
*$ AnilEAki, Stari6la*, 39
A n d r e i a t l l - l € a , . e g e El U n sa r i e i
(1205.1235),35?
1 7 9 , 1 8 3 , 1 3 ? , 1 9 4 , 1 9 9 '2 0 l J,2 1 9 ,
262-26t, 211, 22A,416, 1ln, 4r7
Bajza,Jdzref (180.1.1854), 369-3?0
Andliar-Werburg, Ldpolit vo! ( r8?5_I951), Bakan, Dlvid, ?65, 16?
166 R a l e zs, B6 1 a ( 1 8 8 4 - 1 9 .1 9 ) 1 , 0?, 393,
A,selus, Silesius,14?, 332 .105-40?, 409-410
5 04
INDICE DA NUME
INDICE DN
BFlzEc, Hon ^ rad - 25t . 3S?
B'nff)i le zsu 11 843r gij I J 5i t let , jlcn .k r v J n t 8 ? 4 . t 9 4 ? l 3 6 0
361 g't -2O2,22A. 233 235,237-238,242, Cemitevski, Nilolai, 370
sertauer Hrgn I t8?i-r925r. 40. ?0t
'i'am!nd r834'r6bs, 3 3 5 - 3 3 7 , 4 0 4 '4 0 5 , 4 1 0 .4 1 4 Chiavacci,Unze.z (181?_1916), 133
"""ji.;;t be( et h L L mB , n n o r 1 9 0 3 _3r .9
Chlunbets, E,rs von (1397_1930), 411
aeurt Ferdin3nd[si]C.1Fu6j 49 Brod, Max(1834-1968),,r3,2u, 29r 293,
! , edem . n n . C u e r a vr l U I 5 t 3 9 O ) . 326 chore!, sophi€ (1368-1914),!3
li.@s caL ne r I 343. lS9t ) .it i3 30?
D' na[ , Ja n o st ] 2 6 4 . 1 8 2 ? )3.7 5 Brceer, Ferdinand(186? 1943),173 C!rola!, Rudolr {1343-1910),2,13,256,
I ir / J r of i .T h e o d o lrl 3 2 9 . 1 8 9 4 r . 262
Barlili.Edla(1881
re45)'3',t4, 395, 14t rs,
Brcw!, Nomln O.,2?0 ClEn-Martinic,Hein.icL ( 1826'1837),28?
402, 214 249 2it,2a6,339
-.
Ai-1,u. ,"vrtn",rrOO+-r9:r1,
;i ;*fi ,,"". t;#i..t
:rz
B;:i;";l;','61t,, f:i;x"i!;:ii:i11,.'J
Brncke, Em6t Wilheln (1819_1892),10, Clas€witz, Ca.l von, 410
tuc,t).t.rtz ) ) 4) 21. 206 22?
248,
", B. "c t . V " {, 2 0 3
2 0 , 8 2 , 1 5 3 , 2 0 9 , 2 44 ,2 5 0 - 2 5 4 ,
258-257, 259, 265, 275, 243
Cleve,Felix (1890-),213
Coch,Coors(1842-1890), 53
Cohen,llemdn, 108, 122
**r-a"fl#t!"ii;
$;lts:'"t.r* il}ji",ir::", B r {c k n € r , A r t o ! ( 1 8 2 4 - 1 8 9 6 ) ,9 , 5 6 , Colunb, Cri6t for, 266
1 4 4 - 1 4 91, 5 1 , 3 1 3 , 3 22 Conenius,Jar (1592 16?0),30I
Dnnslaber, Rudolf (1901'1960),476 comte, Au$1st€,181,310, 340
o_1q-" Arob€n
E.2oJ Co,dorcet,Artoi.e de, 329
91"-.0;1* ,uu Slli]'e'* Buber,Martin (18?3-1965), 10, 15,3?_38, Cotrrad vo! Hotzendorf, F.anz
aa, t81 ,27!, 236-239, 241-242, 267, ( 1 8 5 2 - 1 9 2 5 ) ,4 8
"'iii;Iffll"'jl'1j,.',' B:'::;i:::1,,"1*:.'il:,-',".,"
B1 s d a n o,.
232, 293-294, 333, 336, .103,405, CoMe, Ateaander(18311914),163
led' . ls r tue' dmer.
zoo 4r6-4t1,419
i"x'i111 *r'' ".0rsar. rs:. B"rioB;;"lT;E;ff
,;,T,rssr.
IsI4 7e Buber, Salomon(182?.1906),236 CoDilenhova-Kalersi, Heinricn ( 1859 1906),
340-342
-'"". Ludsc\a.
"if r7?o1a2?,.
r16. Bilf"riil1lrd,t5t Bnnbr, clarloft€ (1393), 122 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Riclnrd (189n), 11,
:e,'lo4T* Biihlcr Krrl (18?9-1963), 56, 30, 18r, 209, 233, 32?, 340'342,
il
;l]'i'i.,:,::;,"''
""'"" ;:;.tii;',",",:)'d'r.,'',',';r:?i
::;"'
122
;:l[1.';;?.T". * "Jl1:3ili,ili]'ii;.,i,,,
B!r6iyn, Guniher(1879 1945),6?
Bp-d,r,.rLlo'rz
""J1;".1
"",.,33,'..',',1"i;';:l',"'"il;,l;;;. Cald€i6nd. ]a Barca,Peiitu,34 D
'r64e-re20 rurr rs88,
7s.80.:r,rs CaDpbell,Joseph,281
-" ", 3;;*'.i";t?n CaDisiu6,P€t€r (1521_159?),
25 Daim, Siltneil (1923-),151
3:l:iljnl*',';,?!,xl,'. B;lffl'ii,'"xi'i;Jj."",,,,,
ba n t h 8 r 1 , J " r e m ! . 3 t 5 6 r a h m . u to 384
Cdlap, Rudolf(1891-19?0),
Dalarlier, tdouard, 11?
203,206,204, Da.hauser,Josern (1805-1845),152
D'Anftzio, Gabnele,134
Cam€d, Bs.ihbldnrus von {1821_1909), DarLe,Atnieri, 108, 190
ffii;l,liil"?"';i.ll1il','1;
"","'"";i::,itli;;.;",;l il,'li;'''"'
gill,i;1rTff
l;!:*;t?:j-r:1,;;f Crol I, impnrat alAushiei (1916-1918), D3trin, Charl€s,116,150, l?2, 255, r7?,
S#Tli:.iT;#ij*ii,:it. 54
Caroi !l V-l€a imparat al Shntului rmPe_Daumie., Ilonord, 220
Jti"",," Ellf*tl1i*ililj;::
$:"*l;;iilii,T;:
riu Ronan (1519_1556), 24, 153 David,iakob Julils(1859 1906),83,188,
Carol al Vl-lea, impn.at al Slantului Inpt_
riu Eomd (UU"1740), 25'27
410
Deek, Ferenc(1803-18?6),46, 355
"."",r,r,,g:iilj.,tf;,,,",,,i,i,;,i1ji.
Bil;:.,;ilJ'.,l1;,ii".;i:,,;;1,;#. cans, Carl GEtav, 303 Deck€rt,Josetn ($43-1901), ?3
Demelius,Gusi,r 3,9
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;;
- iii-iifiii'il!72nz"a.f"
C€line,I-ouis-Ferilinand,456 De.ifle, Heinric!,3r1
;::ri#:;!i"#d4",r:,:.,;:,::t,
ij*jaiii*rlli:,,;1,,, e*
Cessntes, Misuel de, 155,38?,393 Descart€6,Ren€,4?,303, 321,319
Clmb€.lain, Itosto St€wart (1855_192?), Deubler,Konrad (r814-1334),?3
i,11 , ALA2,169,112-I73,343,346, Dic!6ns, Cha.lel, 367
Diell, Jos€$ (1804-13?8),
247
348-352
Clanb6rlai!, Josep!, ?? DiltL€),Wilheln, 165-166,237, 386, 333,
"-.t,Tli: i;il.l?ll;,j;;l,ilj,
"'::::1,;":[;,1"i'I;:],",,,. C\s*6t, Jeat,244, 252-253,242 393
Dittel, Leopoldvon (1815_1398),
248-249
500 .NDTCEDN NUME INDIC]] DE NUMII 5ol
Dobner Felix i1719-1?90),2s8 Erddann, Jobann Eduard, 30? Eancis. i, inlrni al Austriei (1?92-1335),
DcDrcliubor.,
NiLoiei, 370 24, 29-30,45, 50 Geoftror Jnlien-Lotris,13,
Dobmvs}i, Joseph(1753,1829),288, 298 Erkcl, FcraDc(1310-rB9B),
j69 F.e J@f, lsphat al Aslriei (184&1916) George,St€far, 138, 162, 186, 2S8, 253,
Dolifsd, Ensclbe.t(1892,191,4),
69, u?-118, 45-51, 53, 55-59, 62-6!, 66-?0, ?2, 385, 38?, 393
Ermt, Paul, 385,388 ?4-?6, 11!, 1t3, 158-159,189, 22r. G€r6tl,Richerd (1833-1908),15?, 190
Dijllbger, Isnaz, 3r1 Esferhrrr fanilio,358 244, 262, 356, 360, 365. 373, 3',79, Girarili, Alerandd (1850'1918),13?, 256
Dost ievB}i,!'iodor,239,2?6,385,3B?.tgo tttingsha{6en, J olaDncs vo! (t ?96-18?8). 415-416 Gl$sbrenner, Adoll 133
Drostetlnlsholl, Annode von, 210 195 FraD St6!han, (I745-l?65),24, 467 Glii.kel, oiL (18?4-1935),273
i)u Dois.R€ymo.d,Dhil. 25r G.hin€au, Arlhu. de, 344-345,349
Eu8rr deSrvois,pritrt [663-1?63r,2s,296 Fbnzo6, rarl Enil ( 1848-1904), 13, t?8
uwa d, u s k s [ 3 8 1 . ) , 1 7 1 Freden. Belbrrossa,23 G0d€1,Kurt (1906 ), 2C3
Dnbrinc, Dngen,2tr Exnrr, lrMT I tA02-t853r,?9-80,29?.305. Fr€derical ll-lea, r€se aLPrudj.i,9?
Duhdb, Al€rqndre, intnl, 36? 30?-30a Frese,Gottl4b,203, 3!0 Oo€th€,Johann Wolfuans,133, 13?, 163,
765, t97, 27a, 230, 234, 244, 247, 267,
Durlhein, tnil€ sr5 ( 1 3 3 5 - 1 9 3 0 ), n sm a lui 2?0,300,304,305,307,329,3.19, 369,
F Analie
382, 38?, 389
D!oidi, Ma\ f 1874-19211, 84, 96. 16,1-165. Anrt(1895-), ni.a lui Sisnrund,24s Gogh.LnceDt vaD. 156, 157
166-16?,233, 395. 404.d05 aeclner, c!st.v, 180, 195, 198 199. 2u Eeinz Rudolf H^lbor*adt (m, 1923), C.ldmann, L!.ietr, 390
303 nepohri iuj siFmund, 244 cotilnarh. Peie. (1906-),3?!
E redern, Paul (18?1,1980),2?4 Jaliob {1815.1396).xarni hi sigDBhd, Colilsch€id,Rudolf (1870_1931), 122,329
Feigl, H€rbett (1902-),203, 293 213
Fetder,cajoran (1a14-r3941, ?6"7? JuliuE in. 1863),ftarele lui Sigmund, Gohclowsli, coni.l€ Asenor(1812-13?5),
Eberl,,&i.l Esln lr8ol-1882),288 343
Ehner, Ferdirard (1882-193i),1?3, 21S, 294
360
C.mbiis, Qlula {1886-1936),
239-212,2A2, 4A3, 405, 419, 448, 452, F€r diDa n d I , t h p e r a r M!.tbu Bemays (1861-1961), 6oli! lui
al Austriej Sismud, 244, 45? Comlrich, E&st (1909),266,4rg
(1835-r848),31, 45-46,291 Martin (1890-1961), frul lui Siqnund, Godp€rz,lleinnch(1373-1942),196, 215
Ebner'tlscb€lbach, Ma.ieron (1890-1916), F€rdinsndI, imprJar al Sanrrtd Gohperz, Tlreodor lrBJ2-19121,82, 90,
21, 38, 107, 125, 177, 1?9, 182, m4, Im&;n 52, 128, r30
1 9 6 ,3 1 3
RoDan 11660-1t64),
r$, !36, 299,25?,285.290,313,339, Ferdinandal ll-lea,
3$, 441, 4\r), 42a, 439. 145. 45A
g4
imDdrat al Shnrnlui
I hpe n u R o m a nr t 6 1 9 - 1 6 3 2 ) , 2 5?,3
I Solhie (1893-1920),
244
6ica hi sisEund,
Go.do!, charles Geo.ge, 268
Freud, Sighund (1856-1939),15, 17, 20,
E.khdt, Meisre., 212, 2J? Fer ehc z i S r n d o r 1 1 8 ? 'J - t g 3 j )1, 2 , i ? 4 , 36, 37-99,43, 52, 59, 63, 66, 78-82, GoiilOttlilienfeld, Fnedrichvo. (186s1953),
Ehren{cls,Clristja! von (1859-19J2),U, 366, 3 9 8 331
86-86,8!r-90,110,112,115,123-130,
56, 93, \47 , r51, 165, r7o. 225,262, Fer s t el.I te 'n r i c h r 1 8 i s - 1 8 8 b ) , Gattscled,Jobanb Christop!, 29?, 310
292, trl, 314_315,3L14rA, 322-327, rSS.16O. 133,135.136,141,148,150,16T,164,
Coya,Franciscode, 154, 165
169.1?0,1?2-1?5,185.111,193,200, .13,55, 268, !?6
34 9,3 51 ,40 0. 409 GrEl Md ( 18?3-1958),
Ehr€nlels, .IosephMicbael (1?6?-1843),322 2t5, 2r1 -21A,234, 21A-2X9,243-246,
Fe61,Mjchall Jo&ph {1?38-1869), 29?.g()9 248,260-254,256-283,290,29,1,303,
Elrmrtei!,Alb€rl(13861950),80,lsa-184, Feuchte.sleben,
E.!st loD {1806-1849), 305,312,3t5,330, 3?7,383,398-399, qr6co, El, 165-166'
18 ?,1 93 -19 4.
2t ?, ' 30, 295,336 Lao,247,251 405,414-419
llrenneig, Anton (1908-19661. 2?0.2?1. Felerbach,An.elm von (1829,1880),1S4 Grilblrzea Franz (1?91-1872),30, 33_34,
F.ey, Dasoberi(1883-1962),165
274,2At.419 Fouerba.h,Ludvis, 123. 184,23?.is2 44, 136,180,r82, 241,2?6,299, 309,
Elrlich, Eugen 11862-1922), Frierl,Alfred (1864-19r1),338, 341
8, rOO-tO?, Fichle, Johann gonli€b, J0, 368, 400
r09 ,33 4 Friedell, Estrn(18?8.1938),134-135,192,
Fick€!, Lldwjg (1880-196?), 2s0. 240 2!7,233,272,216, C,A7r,4A\ 443,
Fiebn. h V r n z e n zr 1 ? 9 ? - r 8 4 22) ,9 ? 405,416
Eilsr.in, Alberr, 66, 19?,928
EtenDeDser, JohannAndrcad,40 Friedjung, Heiuric]i (18t1"1920),61, ?9, 106_107,
GroF6,Eans(184?-1915),8,101,
Alip celDdn ej BursMdrci,329 112,376
Eisle.,nndolf (18?3-1926), 16,96, 202,322 rr9,254
E ii€ lbe rg€ . vo n Edelb€r E, Br dolf Friedmahn,Egor, ,@i F.ied€il, Esot Gdinbelg, Karl {1861-1940),104
Fisctrer Wollgansc€ore (1933-),8? Friml, nudou (18?91,142
(l81 7.1 33 5)_1 60 162_163, 252. 309 Fischbof,Adolf (1816,1393),ttg Griinvald, Ebd (rg12-1933),396
Elisaletd, ibpdriteasa (183?-1808).46. Flaull€rt. OuEtava, Frinr, Jakob 1rt66-1834),297 Gunplowicz,Luilwig ( 1838-1909),95, 120,
293, g8?,389 123, 189,191,339, 343-348,350,396
Flie6s,Wilhelh, 172,250.268.259 Fohich, Josefvo! (1800"18?6), 310
Ebsl€., Farny (1810-183d), U9 Flotow,Friedrici von ilatzla3Sr, 142 Grmplowicz, MdiniliaD Eh.t (13&_189?),
Engelmmn, Pau' rr891-1965),2gO Fiissli, Johanb E€inric,,r, 262 344344
F6Ft€r, Lld g(1?8?-1863),?i, t6B-160 Grndon Friedrich, 385, 393
Ensldtrdef,R'chsrd,re?rAlrenbery.perer Fr ank , Ph j l i p p ( 1 8 8 4 1 9 6 61) ,9 ? , 2 0 3 . 2 0 8
G
E utvo6,1 . 6zse rltsI3- r 8?tj 120,3; 2, a44, Frarz F€rdiDabd, Gnniher,Anton (1?83-1863), ?0, 210, 299,
arhidnce 0863-1914t Oabdlowitscb,O6si!, 1.19
358, 369, 372, 383, 339 3 0 1 .3 0 2 ,3 0 ? ,3 2 1
48.49,t4, $a, 351, 372 Gnddi, Mohanalgs,292
5og
]NDICE DE NUM! INDTC! D! NUME
trSi;'.":fu 213-2a9 d
,'.{ljl
j,,ti.},"ili::,,g, 215,234,:3?, 410,416
Hoga.th,Wjlliah. 369
Eohen$rr KEt {r824n899),s0,
rrn,,.r'.n to.ttt,
."r, Slln,o,rrnr-, 309,3r7
1?3.196.201,203,206 236
Johun, ;rhrdue (1?32]859133
Kell€r. GoiiG'ed,23{, 369
Ker*n. Hes (1881'r,35, 39 ?9 86_33
r o 1 , to 8 - 1 1 r ,1 2 22 0 5 .2 6 62 ? 0 2 3 0 '
t2O,28? 291, 326, 334, 336, 405' 418
Jolnton,saon€] 2?6
510 INDICE D! NIJME
TNDICEDE NUME
Kemcny Z6rsmobdrt8ra-t8?5), 369
17t. t1 3. 1a3,212,2I5, 21'1.220. LulA6, Bala(184?-1q01),
NrD, vrbzen ,v onr 1t 60. r 829r , 246 %n Lemberg, Eug.! ( 1903t,30, 900 363,386
Kett€ler, Wlldm Embabuet loD,3u iii!ff;T*;i'f;.tr'I,;?1,;Ti:t\i:
449, 4t2-4t3, 4t6,420
lEnau,Nikolau (1802-1850), 163,193,?54
l€nin, Vlailimir 98, 1O9,121"L23, 2oa,
13,15,93,123,
Llhecs,G.@s(1885-1971),
132,322, 336,363,366,369-3?1,
KcysernbA,Ahold rr922r, 4?4 385,391 38?LS9?,401-403,418
heyM.tiDg,ItermaD!, 350
Ner@segC. Erich von 1184?-1928),
--
,
il:il:,*T!'.1:,'#"!,l":il:3f L€Dz,Ailolt( 186&1959), 10?
Leo! al Xlll-l€a,pape,4?,70,?4,359
[u]acE, J$€f von,384
LuL66, Lrlzl6 (1850-1932),
384
?6,
,Nem, w h.tn {1836.r913r,85 L6on,Vihtor (1858-1940),142
xn€huber, JosefI r80O_rB?6),
IieDzl, Wilhelm ll85?.r94U, l2r Ba
MB, Erb8t 0900.r95?), 266, 2?2 I€oDdilo da Vinci gsl, s49 Lueeardki, Anetoly,200
ruobect.a LeoDold.3rc Loonhardi,Eersann yor (1809.1876), Ltriher,Mdtin, 6q ?3,266,376
Rropot}jn prorr, ros, 3s2 210,301 Lu€mbnia, Rosa,392
(insly, Berrha vod, kzt Surlber, E€rtha L@pardi, Giacomo,165
lubi1 !f*d ,137?-1959r,tgo,409 l,opoldI,lnpeEi (1658-1?05), ,6, 62,3t3 M
Kirchhoff, Roberr, 201 4ub.!rta (188&1939),A60-36r,363,
386. L@poldel II.lea,tmpAral(1790-1?92), 25,
Kis.t, Eeon Edjn (] 88s-19a8).67. 80 M,4, F€itinmd (r902r,30
iitunenar, ii.d lterbert, 35r Kubcz, Als.Ur, 359-360,4u-41A
KuDscnsk,Leopold(lB?t.1963). Ledcheiizky,Theoilor(1430-1916),144
rr3 la$iDg, G.tihold Ephr.im, 26?,S08 Mach, EEst (1838-1916),15, 35, 82, 85.
Kun8cbaft,paul. tB 93, 114,121, 160,18?, 191, 195.203,
l4vi-Stra$s, Clande,!144
Kl€in, Johsn it?88-r8561,248 270.2!!,213,2\5-216, 237, 266.261,
No'sr, ne'nr/cn, 64, r,4?,38t Kupka, F.,nk lt8?ln96?), t5? 266, 212, 215, 306, 379"320, A23-324,
Ferdin.nd (1B2r-ts?cl Lichtonb.ry, G€orgClri6i.ph, 234 3 2 8 ,3 3 4 - 3 3 5 ,4 1 6
NrEt, Er!3t(l364-1392), 155 ^ur nbe r g e r 182,r9,4, Liebe!,lila (n. 1894),312
Nmt,aiurt5! t1a62-l9i&, lgO, t38, 132.133, 231, 26,r Mach, H.inrich G. 1894),191, 196
149, (usEhaul, Ado4 31,24? Liebenfels, Lanzvon(18?4"1964),351
M!ch, Ludrig, 196
li€bna@, Otto,306,30? Machilvelli, Niccold,330-331
ICuc}l)ob!, paul. Bl Li €chtensx€i n,pri ntul Alo's r o!
L (1846-1920),?0
Maclntyr€, Alasdair, 124
Madrch, Imre (1823-1864), 293, 369
Labodalri,B6za(r8F.1886),86? l,iDih.r, GuBtrvAilolf(1822-18??),
252, Mad€rsperger,Jd€f (1t68-1850),44, 8E
Kddsrl, MelaDie,t,r8 lacan,.racqu€6,
268,461 305 Maeierlinck, Mauri@, 151
KodAlx Zohrn 11882-196?), 39S 216
liDp8,Th€odor, MlE b, Claudio, 43-44, 133
r$su€r,_rqrthu { 1906-r, 84, t28
**ilr'jl** u"*r, rutr.turu,, List, Kuii, 150 Mahl6!, Custav (1860.19U), 16, 35, 39'
ru!ler._Wolfe6g,323-g24 I[narct,
"
J€an Balriste, S26 Liszt,Fruz (1811"1886),
33,369,3?1,3?5
130,138,1,t4,146-147,149-151,168,
mnn, Hals (139I-r971t, 168, 192-193,!13,260, 291-292
80,294 la6bon, JotraunEeiDrich,1?0,298 Liszt,Fmnzvon(1851.1919),106 Ma}ler-Weil€I, Alma (14?9-1964),149,
^"-",Tiiil
T::l#i,,::,,#ii !aEE@cn, H€ihrich u853-19AOr,
6?-68 lbche,John,90,304,316-317 158, 168
"''
firihennef,d, Epi. cujd€ OB?8-1d62),
!€renc o?90J8S8), 369
213
Andqu,e., G$t3!. 210-21r,23?
Loew€$tei!, Ruilolph,39
Makart, IIaDs (1840.1884),66, 130, 151,
752-t51,159"L60,766,254-255,214,
^or.Boy,
tuuer, Atdsnder von r t8tg.189OJ,
Ir€st Emanuel(1857-1938), 266 369
28?
Aotup€rt,Iropold [822n886J, 98. s?s
Las€r, Suztun€ K, l4b lnnbrc6o,Ce6are, 1?0,2?1,276,281,382 Mally, Ern6t (18?,9-1944), 31?
r,a@r J@ef {t80t-1843), 140 I{os, Adoll(18?0.193!),149,151,158, Malths. Thomas,2tg
6oD'gdt€in,Leopol.ld860-1924r,263 l,areo!, Gusiwo, 40!
M@,.aqed$ 162,16g,211,230,231,,234,239,242, Mann, Ihonas, 384-38?
11893-r966r,402 LaDz,Addt Josefl1s?4-tgsal, j61-g52 260,291,418
M.nrerd, taul(]889-1942). r4g, 292-294 Mgmhein; Karl (1893-194?), 16, 1?, 109,
Nns_', Jorret (1844-1906),
La$urr, !.!st vob,311 Iden', Adoif(1854-1946), t48 !22, 2U, 246, 254, 214, 322,346, X69,
363 Ls!, Ern rt8?5,l9tit. r23, J2O, y2, L@chnidt;Jos€f(1821.18951, 201 ' 3 ? 1 ,3 !i ,3 9 2 ,3 0 4 - 3 9 7 ,4 0 5 ,4 1 3
Kossuth,FdencrlS4r-1914), 49, 63, gd? loilsr, Emst{1890-).58,82-^260 _ Marcion, FiodeU, 135, 292"293,416
La$slle, rerdiDald. 109 Lorz€.(udorpbDemDb, ,r/u,zro Marcus, Si€sfiied(1831-1898), 85
36?'358,L.lbu_d! prD,nhe d€, ?o
^o5';;33tfl:;J180''r8,4), Luitovical )Ov-let, reg€,l Frdl6i, 25,162 Marcqs, Eerbelt, 270
latroe, !€bhch (1806-rg84r,uo Ldw,Ebin, (cca.1525-1609), 413 Maria Adunziats,shiducsl (1843-1871),
Kobt yirz, Anna vo!, 2db r,aMence,ThoEas, 152 l-d]to,JohdD Eein.ic! {1808-1892), 210 !a
^*"1;1:;,1
*"J.il'.
;,ry:;li:?!i,'.
trdt. vrkror G880-1.203
Laz€rsf€ld,Paut itgor-r, r22
lecner, utb {1360_1939). 59
Ldwit!. Ka.l, 322
Luckq Eeil (1877-1941), 1?1,199
MariaAnt m€ta,245
Maria Josepha, arhidn@sr, 54
raderei Enit I 1382-19i9 ). s94 Lqc.€tius, 1tt Ma.ia Tereze, lnprrtteas{ a Au!t.i4i,
1 Icalit, tuchard von I rg62-l9g4r.3sr
ff dnopotski, Ilora rr842-1908),
r,eh6r,Fran, t.!8?O-r9481, 142 Luileig, Otto, 211 2l-28, 5?,63, 65,79, 1S?,189, 245
8i rarbDiz. ootifri€d with.tm (]646-1?t6t Luiliis sl II-i€a, rose5] Blvari€i,46, 254 Mai. Louise (1791'f84?),30,t1
Mar. aa.r {1424.t936j, 18,36,A?.39-40.
rs,ze,rrr,lge,:sg,:ot.lo:.soo. Luessr, Kdl (1844'1910), 62,$9-70, 72"78, Marr, Wilbeln, 39
il;litfS
f,iiil:i3;li;lli3i:
iiJ; 308,320,333-334
L€idesdod,Ma$miliaD (1816-1889),
250
113-114,
372,379.
132,137,153,263,277,360, Ma.ty, Alton (184?-1914),90, 205, 312,
3 1 4 ,3 1 ?
5t2 INDICE DE NUME
NDICT DE NUME
'"',,iii;'J;i1#;L
li;111;
i8i #;,lliJ,i:"..i:l;illi*l.lil.fi,,
Nothnasel,tlendn (18411905),
243 Plator, 109-110,135,I?2, 190, 349
** ", ,'o o
Poe.Eilsd Alle, 402, 413
Pol6yi, Earl (1885_1964),193,333-334,3?1
"l::ii)
jli,i#;ii"ii"i"
jii:,!ll,t;::#r;::rUhitl, Pold}1 Michael (1891J,193, 371, 419
Pollocl<, O€olge E., 258
- ili,:":1:;,'
1.;T;l:::l::''
Oc(@, willian of, 116, 19?
O Conor-Ec.l6, C., 250
Popovici,Aurel ( 1353;191?),
344,513
44, 119,341,
#*"+,L1i.11',1,-";*-::
gp': ll';*"
Offenl'ach,Jacques,141, 234
Olbrich, JosefMaria (1867-1908),
155
Poppe.,Karl (1902_),110,203, 419
Poppell,ylkeus, Josef (1838_1921)'90
106,110,161,195.196,t03-204,211,
##:!i #lj$,.,,,,',';{p;;"'
; "1^;':*;:,a
O$e!heime., Frtuz, 345,980, 394
o;;oL€r, ,ohann vor (180818?1), 2a8,
238, 245, 276, 29r, 327-351, 338, 452,
381
Pdtzl,.Eduail (1861_19141, 133
y:l*,:"ti'ip #ff:::.i;iltd,,* 249,256
Ostwald,Wilh.lm, 197, ?01_202,450
R
203 .
ffriiTl{'r:jffi'',*'i&,,,
Nakep.u!26? Pdizza, Oskar,193, 266
Paplenlren3, Bettla (1859'1936), 267'253 Bacine,JeaDBsptist ,28
""''iit;;.1*d;#:i
,Tl;?:i; 24Bo
b]s6,,5 PaEcebus,213, ?63,332 Railetrkt, lNeqalul JohM (1?661858)'
ff $:[ii!i;I'* Parsons, Talcott, 32_34
80, 129
Rali, Carl (1812-1465), 1541310
**,.irllir','n"n"'r"*"*,r""rr..rrrr,, Raisuld, FeiliDdd ( 1?90'1836), 34' 1a3
l#i',1,L|;"i4,ur1,,,.r,,0, Pelli@.Sih,io(1789.1854),31
54,
Rainer,ehiituce ( 182?_1913),
Ranpoua, @diDilul MEiaDo, 74
56
Pm.rstodea Engelbe"tl1SSO_1918),
l*ilni,'?iiiilili.rulll{{"
rfi1ii'ili:i;;.ir1,l1#1i,,,,.,,"",
21F,2sa. 26J-264,269,2?1. Ji
MclrilL, Gusrav , 1868- 1932r149
, 20?
N6uDen. Johb rcn rtgoJ-lbb?r, j?2
r ! €ur c t lr . O i b r r 8 8 2 - 1 9 4 5 / , 2 0 , 8 0 . 8 8 . r 1 s
59, 712-113,249, 263
Pelt€loz,i Jdhann Heiniich, 302, 304
P4ietry,Jeno (1850_1899), 190,371
Ramsey, FF k, 232
Bank, Otto (1884-1939),193, 238, 2?0
215-277,28n-2aX, 4rO, 476, 4r9
251, 371
412-413 zoo zOl.,ZU ZO|ZO.S, PeidB, Scndor {1823-18.!9), 367, 369, 388, Rap.poi, Drvid {1911.1960),
ZlZ, Us,Z,t t, Railenhofer,Gu.t€v (r842_19041, 90' 329'
*' 391,395
1"":*i:ff*".i#:i["*;" "' Neumih.
w be,b,,840reor
j,2o6.2os Potzoltl, Alfon! (1882-1923), 114, 410 343,346-348,35?
P.tzval, J.s€f il80?_1491), 200 Rav€I, Maud.e, 2r9 -
#ii{*'l*:,",}ii";il:;;s""
ri:ffilli#l';i
ill,l;'..?l,iliit;19:i,,1hj1i, ;L", .,, Pniniler, Alex.nder, 322
mzdaior, Ar8l3t {1808_18S?), 33
Reill, Alft ed (1864:1918),
Redlicb,Jode{(1869_1936),
118,122
6?
eoist, 49, 62'
in PregALire:
Victor Neu$5nn - I.leololi. ti fantasmdSorie-Percpettiue cohpdrotiue
osuprd istoriei gindirii politi.e in Europa ht'Cehbdut
' ' ' - Dictiottanrl romdnului @nttdl'eurcpeandin secolulXX
" ' - Semn@r: Vladinb Tbmtnnednu
"'- Caiete: Otta Weinnryet
Gabliola Collescu, Cohel UDsureanu (coord) - Rasd $i cldsd. EurcPd
CenbdLdti extfthele Politi.e
Valeritr Leu, Nicolae gocAanlcoord-)- CrcDolostoEutuPei Centat
(1848 1989)