Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1
Actul normativ promovat de cei de la Comunicatii nu este o gaselnita romåneasca, ci o cerinta a Uniunii
Europene. Tarile UE au hotaråt sa impuna aceasta lege ca instrument de lupta impotriva terorismului si a
crimei organizate. Desi operatorii autohtoni de telefonie mobila nu doresc o astfel de masura, ei vor fi fortati
sa faca investitii pentru a-si crea si conserva aceste baze de date. Vodafone ameninta deja ca este posibil ca
societatea si implicit utilizatorii sai sa suporte aceste costuri
Cel mai afectat de aceste masuri va fi sistemul de comercializare a cartelelor reincarcabile. Dupa modelul UE,
romånii nu vor mai putea cumpara cartele Prepay fara sa prezinte un act de identitate. In cazul strainilor va fi
valabil pasaportul. Chiar si furnizorii de servicii Internet vor fi obligati sa aiba o baza de date cu toate
„urmele” e-mailurilor trimise si primite de clientii din reteaua lor. Cei care nu vor face acest lucru risca sa le
fie oprita functionarea sau chiar sanctiuni penale.
Ministerul Comunicatiilor si Tehnologiei Informatiilor (MCTI) este pe cale sa promoveze o lege prin care
„urmele” oricarei convorbiri telefonice pe mobil sa fie pastrate cel putin un an. Toti operatorii din bransa vor fi
obligati sa detina aparatura necesara pentru a face acest lucru, altfel riscånd chiar sanctiuni penale. In categoria
„urmelor” vor intra si mesajele de tip sms, fie ca este vorba de cele transmise de pe o cartela cu abonament, fie ca
este folosita o cartela reincarcabila. Aceasta lege se aplica de mai multa vreme in tarile UE si intra in categoria
metodelor de combatere a terorismului. In Romånia insa, operatorii privati de pe piata s-au opus påna acum, pe
diverse cai, acestei masuri.
Prevederile viitorului act normativ presupun ca, cel putin un an, fiecare firma de telefonie mobila sa poata spune
ce numere au fost apelate de pe o anume cartela telefonica. Trebuie sa existe date si cu privire la durata
convorbirii respective. In acelasi timp, toti furnizorii de Internet vor fi si ei obligati sa stocheze date referitoare la
IP-urile clientilor lor si la corespondenta electronica trimisa sau primita de un calculator anume. In cazul in care
nu vor face acest lucru, li se va suspenda autorizatia de functionare.
Legea se aplica in toate statele Uniunii Europene
Proiectul de lege initiat de MCTI nu este o gaselnita romaneasca, ci o cerinta a Uniunii Europene. Imediat dupa
atentatele de la 11 septembrie, Germania a impus o astfel de lege, ca instrument de lupta impotriva terorismului.
In acest fel, unei persoane suspectate ca ar avea legatura cu activitati teroriste i se pot verifica, in conditiile in care
exista mandat, toate convorbirile si e-mailurile date cu un an in urma. Masuri restrictive au fost impuse in tarile
europene si in ceea ce priveste comertul cu cartele reincarcabile. Orice achizitie a unei cartele Prepay trebuie
facuta pe baza actelor de identitate ale solicitantului, sau pe baza pasaportului, daca acesta nu este rezident al tarii
respective.
Romaniei i s-a cerut sa promoveze aceasta lege inainte de 1 ianuarie 2007, insa cei de la Ministerul
Comunicatiilor au solicitat o amanare. Printre motive s-a numarat si reactia operatorilor de telefonie mobila, care
s-au aratat reticenti la asa ceva. Cum directiva UE permite amanarea acestei masuri pana la 15 septembrie 2007,
Romania a cerut maximul perioadei de gratie.
Operatorii de telefonie, loviti la buzunar
In prezent, fiecare dintre utilizatorii de telefonie mobila are un sistem propriu de pastrare a datelor de acest gen.
Amprentele convorbirilor sunt folosite pentru a contracara eventualele reclamatii ale clientilor si constau in listele
convorbirilor cu o luna in urma, care se emit la cerere sau in cazul litigiilor. Astfel, intrerea in vigoare a noii legi
nu va face decat sa prelungeasca termenul de pastrare a acestor date. In aceasta categorie nu va intra insa si
continutul convorbirilor, ci doar „urmele” acestora.
Deranjul pentru operatori va fi insa in cazul cartelelor „Prepay”, atunci cand vor trebui sa ia datele fiecarui
cumparator in parte. Aici este de fapt si marea miza financiara, pentru ca o astfel de masura va scadea simtitor
vanzarile de cartele reincarcabile. Acelasi lucru s-a intamplat si in tarile UE, cand cei care cumparau cartele
pentru a face glume proaste, pentru a-i ameninta pe cei antipatici sub protectia anonimatului sau pentru a anunta
eventuale atentate cu bomba nu au mai folosit acest tip de servicii. Paradoxal insa, proteste ale operatorilor de
telefonie mobila fata de o astfel de lege nu au existat decat in Romania. Orange, spre exemplu, nu a facut decat sa
se conformeze rapid atunci cand Franta a adoptat aceasta directiva. La fel s-a intamplat cu Vodafone, atunci cand
Marea Britanie, spre exemplu, s-a aliniat legislatiei europene. (Dan Bucura)
Sursa: http://www.gardianul.ro/2007/04/14/economie-c1/big_brother_pe_telefoane-s93070.html
2
Statele Unite se pregatesc sa lanseze un program imens de supraveghere globala "invizibila". Fireste, nu mai este
o surpriza pentru nimeni ca este spionat pe strada, cand iese din casa ori in mijloacele de transport de tot felul de
camere. Insa Pentagonul a decis ca toate resursele si dispozitivele de ultima ora de care dispune trebuie combinate
in asa fel, incat supravegherea sa fie totala si continua. Supravegherea, spun americanii, va fi permanenta si intr-
adevar globala si, in plus, va necesita un numar mic de personal.
Programul se va numi "Observatie si inregistrare omniprezenta", potrivit Reuters.
Sistemul de supraveghere avut in vedere in raportul aripii stiintifice a Pentagonului se bazeaza pe multiplicarea
surselor de adunare a informatiilor. La prima vedere, nimic mai simplu. Insa el reuneste radare si sateliti capabili
sa vada prin frunzele copacilor (inclusiv in paduri), sa furnizeze imagini de inalta rezolutie a tintelor mobile -
inclusiv noaptea ori in mediul urban.
Camere fixe si mobile, drone ce pot filma de la mare distanta, dar cu o claritate impecabila zi si noapte (timp de
saptamani la rand fara alimentare) ceea ce se intampla pe sute de kilometri patrati. Soldatii vor fi ei insisi purtatori
de dispozitive de inregistrare ori vor plasa discret tot felul de dispozitive de inregistrare in teatrele de conflict. Vor
putea fi urmarite astfel persoane sau vehicule.
Militarii vor "cara" cu ei, in plus fata de microcamere, si senzori bioelectrici si nanotehnologici care vor inregistra
tot felul de informatii despre mediul in care se afla. Iar instrumentele de dimensiunile unui nasture vor fi capabile
si sa detecteze urmele de radiatii sau de amenintare nucleara, bacteriologica ori chimica. Microcamerele vor putea
filma in infrarosu si vor contine chiar si senzori pentru detectarea seismelor. Vor exista chiar si miniroboti care
vor "mirosi" bombele de la distanta. Toate dispozitivele vor fi legate la un calculator central caruia ii vor
transmite datele inregistrate. Obiectivul vizat este nu numai sa fie totul inregistrat, dar si ca autoritatile sa poata, in
orice moment, sa revina in timp si sa regaseasca urma, traiectoria si locul de origine al unei persoane sau al unui
autovehicul. De pilda, se arata in raport, daca o masina-capcana este detonata, vom avea posibilitatea sa
"derulam" si sa vedem de unde a venit masina, dar si sa colectam informatii despre persoana care a condus-o si
despre mediul prin care s-a deplasat. Cu ajutorul acestui sistem, comandantii americani vor avea la dispozitie
informatii despre comportamentul aliatilor si inamicilor inainte de conflict, pe durata desfasurarii, dar si in
perioada post-conflict. Ei vor putea extrage din uriasa baza de date modele umane, culturale sau sociale din zona
care ii intereseaza - diferentele culturale si sociale din zone precum Afganistan sau Iran pot costa vieti omenesti in
situatii-limita, daca nu sunt cunoscute. (Eliza Francu, eliza.francu@gandul.info)
Sursa:
http://www.gandul.info/articol_36607/sua_lanseaza_un_program_de__quot_supraveghere_globala_invizibila_qu
ot_.html
Articolul „Marea Britanie, tara camerelor de supraveghere” la adresa http://www.7plus.ro/?
arhiva=05/04/2007&id=20813
5
Information chips implanted in the brain. Electromagnetic pulse weapons. The middle classes becoming
revolutionary, taking on the role of Marx's proletariat. The population of countries in the Middle East increasing
by 132%, while Europe's drops as fertility falls. "Flashmobs" - groups rapidly mobilised by criminal gangs or
terrorists groups.
This is the world in 30 years' time envisaged by a Ministry of Defence team responsible for painting a picture of
the "future strategic context" likely to face Britain's armed forces. It includes an "analysis of the key risks and
shocks". Rear Admiral Chris Parry, head of the MoD's Development, Concepts & Doctrine Centre which drew up
the report, describes the assessments as "probability-based, rather than predictive".
The 90-page report comments on widely discussed issues such as the growing economic importance of India and
China, the militarisation of space, and even what it calls "declining news quality" with the rise of "internet-
enabled, citizen-journalists" and pressure to release stories "at the expense of facts". It includes other, some
frightening, some reassuring, potential developments that are not so often discussed.
New weapons
An electromagnetic pulse will probably become operational by 2035 able to destroy all communications systems
in a selected area or be used against a "world city" such as an international business service hub. The development
of neutron weapons which destroy living organs but not buildings "might make a weapon of choice for extreme
ethnic cleansing in an increasingly populated world". The use of unmanned weapons platforms would enable the
"application of lethal force without human intervention, raising consequential legal and ethical issues". The
"explicit use" of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear weapons and devices delivered by unmanned
vehicles or missiles.
Technology
By 2035, an implantable "information chip" could be wired directly to the brain. A growing pervasiveness of
information communications technology will enable states, terrorists or criminals, to mobilise "flashmobs",
challenging security forces to match this potential agility coupled with an ability to concentrate forces quickly in a
small area.
Marxism
"The middle classes could become a revolutionary class, taking the role envisaged for the proletariat by Marx,"
says the report. The thesis is based on a growing gap between the middle classes and the super-rich on one hand
and an urban under-class threatening social order: "The world's middle classes might unite, using access to
knowledge, resources and skills to shape transnational processes in their own class interest". Marxism could also
be revived, it says, because of global inequality. An increased trend towards moral relativism and pragmatic
values will encourage people to seek the "sanctuary provided by more rigid belief systems, including religious
orthodoxy and doctrinaire political ideologies, such as popularism and Marxism".
Pressures leading to social unrest
By 2010 more than 50% of the world's population will be living in urban rather than rural environments, leading
to social deprivation and "new instability risks", and the growth of shanty towns. By 2035, that figure will rise to
60%. Migration will increase. Globalisation may lead to levels of international integration that effectively bring
inter-state warfare to an end. But it may lead to "inter-communal conflict" - communities with shared interests
transcending national boundaries and resorting to the use of violence.
Population and Resources
The global population is likely to grow to 8.5bn in 2035, with less developed countries accounting for 98% of
that. Some 87% of people under the age of 25 live in the developing world.
Demographic trends, which will exacerbate economic and social tensions, have serious implications for the
environment - including the provision of clean water and other resources - and for international relations. The
population of sub-Saharan Africa will increase over the period by 81%, and that of Middle Eastern countries by
132%.
The Middle East
The massive population growth will mean the Middle East, and to a lesser extent north Africa, will remain highly
unstable, says the report.
It singles out Saudi Arabia, the most lucrative market for British arms, with unemployment levels of 20% and a
"youth bulge" in a state whose population has risen from 7 million to 27 million since 1980. "The expectations of
growing numbers of young people [in the whole region] many of whom will be confronted by the prospect of
endemic unemployment ... are unlikely to be met," says the report.
Islamic militancy
Resentment among young people in the face of unrepresentative regimes "will find outlets in political militancy,
including radical political Islam whose concept of Umma, the global Islamic community, and resistance to
6
capitalism may lie uneasily in an international system based on nation-states and global market forces", the report
warns. The effects of such resentment will be expressed through the migration of youth populations and global
communications, encouraging contacts between diaspora communities and their countries of origin.
Tension between the Islamic world and the west will remain, and may increasingly be targeted at China "whose
new-found materialism, economic vibrancy, and institutionalised atheism, will be an anathema to orthodox
Islam".
Iran
Iran will steadily grow in economic and demographic strength and its energy reserves and geographic location
will give it substantial strategic leverage. However, its government could be transformed. "From the middle of the
period," says the report, "the country, especially its high proportion of younger people, will want to benefit from
increased access to globalisation and diversity, and it may be that Iran progressively, but unevenly,
transforms...into a vibrant democracy."
Terrorism
Casualties and the amount of damage inflicted by terrorism will stay low compared to other forms of coercion and
conflict. But acts of extreme violence, supported by elements within Islamist states, with media exploitation to
maximise the impact of the "theatre of violence" will persist. A "terrorist coalition", the report says, including a
wide range of reactionary and revolutionary rejectionists such as ultra-nationalists, religious groupings and even
extreme environmentalists, might conduct a global campaign of greater intensity".
Climate change
There is "compelling evidence" to indicate that climate change is occurring and that the atmosphere will continue
to warm at an unprecedented rate throughout the 21st century. It could lead to a reduction in north Atlantic
salinity by increasing the freshwater runoff from the Arctic. This could affect the natural circulation of the north
Atlantic by diminishing the warming effect of ocean currents on western Europe. "The drop in temperature might
exceed that of the miniature ice age of the 17th and 18th centuries." (Richard Norton-Taylor, The Guardian)
Sursa: http://www.guardian.co.uk/frontpage/story/0,,2053021,00.html#article_continue