HIDROCARBURI ALIFATICE

I ALCANI (PARAFINE)
1. DEFINITIE: Se numesc alcani(parafine) hifr car!urile alifa"ice sa"ura"e aciclice. #. F$R%&LA 'ENERALA: Cn(#n ). N$%ENCLAT&RA: n*1 me"an n*# e"an n*) pr pan n*+ !u"an n*, pen"an n*- he.an n*/ hep"an n*0 c"an n*1 n nan n*12 3ecan +. STR&CT&RA: 4 le5a"uri simple 3e "ip 6 C 7 ( C7C ) 4 C hi!ri3i8are sp 4 rien"area c 9alen"el r car! nului 7 "e"rae3rica 4 un5hiul in"re le5a"urile car! nului 4 121:#0; 4 lun5imea le5a"urii C 7 1.1< 7 ( C 7 1.,+< 7 C ,. RADICALI: sun" fra5men"e m leculare !"inu"e prin in3epar"erea unui numar arecare 3e a" mi 3e ( 3in m lecula alcanului= apar in"erme3iar in reac"ii chimice. * ra3ical hi3r car! na" alcanic * ra3ical alchil m n 9alen"i: numele hc 7 an > il e.: C(+ 7? 4C() me"an me"il 3i9alen"i: numele hc 7 an > ilen

e.: C(+ 7? ?C(# me"an me"ilen "ri9alen"i: numele hc 7 an > in e.: C(+ 7? 4?C(# me"an me"in -. I@$%ERIE: 3e ca"ena pen"ru alcanii cu nA+ ca"ena 7 liniara 7 n. alcan (n rmal alcan) 7 ramifica"a 7 p 8i"ia > numele ramifica"iei > numele alcanului c respun8a" r ca"enei principale e.: C+(12 C() 7 C(# 7 C(# 7 C() n.!u"an C() 7 C( 7 C() # 7 me"il 7 pr pan (i8 !u"an) C() I8 meri * c mpusi cu aceeasi f rmula m leculara si aranBamen" s"ruc"ural 3iferi"C a9an3 pr prie"a"i fi8ice si chimice pu"in 3iferi"e. /. PR$PRIETATI FI@ICE: n * 1D + 4? "ermini 5a8 si n * , D 1, >: "ermini lichi8i n A 1- 4? "ermini s li8i 4 p.f.: si p.".: cresc cu numarul a" mil r 3e C 3in m lecula 4 ramificarea ca"enei mics rea8a p.f.: 4 "ermenii lichi8i si s li8i au 3ensi"a"ea mai mica 3eca" a apei 4 alcanii lichi8i si s li8i sun" ins lu!ili in apaC s lu!ili in s l9en"i r5anici 0. PR$PRIETATI C(I%ICE 4 alcanii au reac"i9i"a"e mica. A. Reac"ii 3e su!s"i"u"ie a) (al 5enarea (E*ClC Fr) C n3i"ii 3e reac"ie: lumina(hG) sau )22 4 -22:C %ecanism 3e reac"ie: su!s"i"u"ie ra3icalica SR C(+ > Cl# 7 hG 7? C() 7 Cl > (Cl me"an m n cl rme"an (cl rura 3e me"il) C() 7 Cl > Cl# 7 hG 7? C(#Cl# > (Cl cl rura 3e me"il 3icl rme"an

(cl rura 3e me"ilen) C(#Cl# > Cl# 7 hG 7? C(Cl) > (Cl cl rura 3e me"ilen cl rura 3e me"in ("ricl rme"anC cl r f rm) C(Cl) > Cl# 7 hG 7? CCl+ > (Cl cl r f rm "e"racl rura 3e car! n !) Ni"rarea (cu (N$)) %ecanism 3e reac"ie: su!s"i"u"ie ra3icalica SR C(+ > ($N$# 4 ":C 7? C() 7 N$# >(#$ me"an ni"r me"an c) Sulf cl rurarea (> S$# > Cl#) SR C(+ > S$# >Cl# 7? C() 7 S$#Cl > (Cl me"an sulf cl rura 3e me"il F. Reac"ii 3e i8 meri8are %ecanism 3e reac"ie: "ransp 8i"ie T C n3i"ii 3e reac"ie: AlCl)C ,2 4 122:C C() 7 C(# 7 C(# 7 C() H* AlCl)C ": *? C() 7 C( 7 C() n.!u"an C() # 7 me"al 7 pr pan (i8 !u"an) C. Desc mpunerea "ermica 7 3ehi3r 5enare > cracare "H-,2: 7? cracare "?-,2: 7? pir li8a C() 7 C(# 7 C(# 7 C() 7 C(+ >C(# * C( 7 C() ?cracare C() 7 C() > C(#*C(# (# > C(# * C( 7 C(# 7 C() ?3ehi3r 5enare (# > C() 7 C( * C( 7 C( D. Reac"ii 3e .i3are a) $.i3ari *? pr 3usi ce apar"in al" r clase 3e su!s"an"e C(+ > 1I#$# 7 -2 a"mC +22:C 7? C() 7 $( me"an l (alc l me"ilicC hi3r .i4me"an)

C(+ > $# 7 +224-22:CC .i8i 3e a8 " 7?C(# * $ > (#$ me"anal (al3ehi3a f rmicaC f rmal3ehi3a) 1 C(+ > I#$# 7? C$ > #(# 5a8 3e sin"e8a C(+ > $# 7? C > #(#$ ne5ru 3e fum C(+ > N() > )I#$# 7 p"C 1222:C 7?(CN > )(#$ am n .i3are C(+ > (N#C $#) 7? C$# > #(#$ >N# aer C(+ > (#$ 7 NiC -,24122:C 7? C$ > )(# 5a8 3e sin"e8a R 7 C() 7 122:CC ca"ali8a" riC .i3are 7? R 7 C$$( alcan superi r aci3 5ras !) Ar3eri *? C$# > (#$ > cal3ura (J) C(+ > #$# 7? C$# > #(#$ > J Cn(#n># > )n>1I#$# 7? nC$# > (n>1)(#$ K Alcanii inferi ri f rmea8a cu $# si aerul ames"ecuri 3e" nan"e. Alcanii superi ri ar3 pr 5resi9 si cu 9i"e8e c n"r la!ile.