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Editura:
Asociaia de Stiine Cognitive din Romnia
Str. Republicii, nr. 37, Cluj-Napoca, 400015
Email: ascr@psychology.ro
Tiprit n Romnia
Psihologia Resurselor Umane is the official journal of the Industrial and Organizational Psychology Association (APIO).
Founder: Horia D. Pitariu, Babe Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
Editor in Chief: Horia D. Pitariu, Babe Bolyai University, Cluj Napoca, Romania
Managing Editor: Daniela Vercellino, National School of Political and Administrative Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
Editorial Staff:
Daniela Andrei - Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Ctlina Ooiu - Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Claudia Rus - Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Delia Virg - West University, Timioara, Romania
Editorial Board:
Monica Albu George Bariiu Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Natalie J. Allen University of Western Ontario, Canada
Adalgisa Battistelli Universit degli Studii di Verona, Italy
Rbert Balzsi, Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Zoltn Bogthy West University, Timioara, Romania
Jean-Luc Bernaud Universit de Rouen, France
Dana H. Born United States Air Force Academy, USA
Andrea Budean - Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Paula Caligiuri Rutgers University, USA
Dorina Coldea - Serviciul Romn de Informaii, Bucureti, Romania
Jeffrey M. Conte San Diego State University, USA
Cary Cooper Lancaster University Management School, UK
Petru Cureu Tilburg University, Tilburg, Netherlands
Doru Dima - Dima Consulting Group, Braov, Romania
Anca Dobrean - Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca
Drago Iliescu - D&D Research, Bucureti, Romania
Mark Griffin The University of Sheffield, UK
Remus Ilie Michigan State University, USA
Rick Jacobs Penn State University, USA
Timothy A. Judge University of Florida, USA
Nicolae Jurcu Technical University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Laura L. Koppes University of West Florida, USA
Rmi Kouabenan Universit Pierre Mends, Grenoble, France
Janice H. Laurence Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Personnel and Readiness, USA
Claude Lemoine Universit Charles de Gaule Lille 3, France
Jacques Leplat Directeur Honoraire LEcole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Paris, France
Thomas Li-Ping Tang Middle Tennessee State University, USA
Sheila K. Martin National College of Ireland, Dublin, Irlanda
Nicolae Mitrofan University of Bucharest, Romania
Adrian Neculau Al. I. Cuza University, Iai, Romania
Michael P. ODriscoll University of Waikato, New Zeeland
Deniz S. Ones University of Minnesota, USA
Sharon Parker The University of Sheffield, UK
Jos Maria Peir - University of Valencia, Spain
Adrian H. Pitariu - Paul J. Hill School of Business University of Regina, Canada
Ioan Radu Babe Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Ivan Robertson Leeds University Bussiness School & Manchester Business School, UK
Robert Roe - University of Maastricht, Netherlands
Andr Savoie University of Montreal, Canada
Philippe Sarnin Universit Lyon 2, France
Filaret Sntion - Ovidius University, Constana, Romania
Paul E Spector - University of South Florida, USA
Charles D. Spielberger University of South Florida, USA
Zissu Weintraub Department of Defence, Israel
Psihologia Resurselor Umane is published twice a year, in April and October by the Romanian Cognitive Sciences
Association Press (ASCR), Cluj-Napoca
1.
INDEXING: This journal is indexed in PsychINFO, Socit Franaise de Psychologie and National Council of
Research (CNCSIS)
CUPRINS
In Memoriam
Studii i Cercetri
Ticu Constantin, Ana Maria Hojbot, Anda Niculescu, Veronica Nechita, Cornelia Amariei,
Alexandra Macarie
Caracteristici psihometrice ale Chestionarului D.A. 307. (Dimensiuni Accentuate, varianta 3.07)
Drago Iliescu, Raluca Livini, Horia D. Pitariu
Adaptarea Job Stress Survey (JSS) n Romnia: Implicaii privind manifestri ale stresului ocupaional
n Romnia
Horia D. Pitariu, Claudia L. Rus
Rolul moderator al ncrederii organizaionale n relaia stresori-reacii la stres
Lucia Raiu, Adriana Bban
Coaching. Fundamente teoretice i direcii aplicative
Coralia Sulea, Laureniu Maricuoiu, Ctlina Zaboril Dumitru, Horia D. Pitariu
Predicia comportamentului contraproductiv la locul de munc: o meta-analiz a relaiei acestuia cu
factori individuali i situaionali
Daniela Vercellino, Andrei Ion
Identificarea stereotipurilor implicite privind rolul organizaional atribuit femeilor i brbailor
10
27
39
50
66
82
91
FRANK J. LANDY & JEFREY M. CONTE (2010). Munca n secolul XXI Introducere n psihologia
muncii; ediia a 3-a; New York: John Wiley. 669 p.
(Camelia Ionescu)
ELAINE COX, TATIANA BACHKIROVA & DAVID A. CLUTTERBUCK (2009). Manualul complet al
coaching-ului; Editura Sage Publications, 459 p.
(Lucia Raiu)
HORIA D. PITARIU, DRAGO ILIESCU & DANIELA VERCELLINO (2010). Self-Directed Search
(Testul lui Holland): Adaptarea n Romnia (adaptat dup Holland, J. L., Powell, A. B., & Fritzsche, B.
A); Bucureti: OS Romnia, Manualul tehnic 161 p.; Ghidul profesional de utilizare 177 p.
(Andra Beldean)
96
98
99
Informaii
102
SUMMARY
In Memoriam
10
27
39
50
66
82
91
Book Reviews
FRANK J. LANDY & JEFREY M. CONTE (2010). Work in the 21st Century An Introduction to
rd
Industrial and Organizational Psychology. 3 Edition. New York: John Wiley. 669 p.
(Camelia Ionescu)
ELAINE COX, TATIANA BACHKIROVA & DAVID A. CLUTTERBUCK Eds. (2009). The Complete
Handbook of Coaching. Sage Publications, 456 p.
(Lucia Raiu)
HORIA D. PITARIU, DRAGO ILIESCU & DANIELA VERCELLINO (2010). Self-Directed Search
(SDS) Technical Manual in Romania / Self-Directed Search (SDS) Professional Users Guide
(adapted after Holland, J. L., Powell, A. B., & Fritzsche, B. A.). Bucharest: OS Romania. Technical
Manual 161 p.; Professional Users Guide 177 p.
(Andra Beldean)
96
98
99
Information
102
SOMMAIRE
In Memoriam
tudes et Recherches
Ticu Constantin, Ana Maria Hojbot, Anda Niculescu, Veronica Nechita, Cornelia Amariei,
Alexandra Macarie
Les caractristiques psychomtriques du questionnaire D.A 307 (Dimensions accentues version 3.07)
Drago Iliescu, Raluca Livini, Horia D. Pitariu
Ladaptation du Job Stress Survey (JSS) en Roumanie: implications concernant le stress
occupationnel en Roumanie
Horia D. Pitariu, Claudia L. Rus
Le rle modrateur de la confiance organisationnelle dans la relation stresseur - ractions au stress
Lucia Raiu, Adriana Bban
Le coaching. Les fondements thoriques et directions dapplication
Coralia Sulea, Laureniu Maricuoiu, Ctlina Zaboril Dumitru, Horia D. Pitariu
Prdire les comportements contreproductifs de travail: une mta analyse de leur relation avec les
facteurs individuels et situationnels
Daniela Vercellino, Andrei Ion
Lidentification des strotypes implicites concernant le rle organisationnel attribu aux femmes et
aux hommes
MRU en pratique
Claudia L. Rus, Horia D. Pitariu
Les tests dintgrit dans la slection professionnelle
10
27
39
50
66
82
91
FRANK J. LANDY & JEFREY M. CONTE (2010). Le travail au 21eme sicle Une introduction a la
eme
psychologie du travail; 3 dition, New York: John Wiley. 669 p.
(Camelia Ionescu)
ELAINE COX, TATIANA BACHKIROVA & DAVID A. CLUTTERBUCK (2009). Le manuel complet du
coaching; Sage Publications, 459 p.
(Lucia Raiu)
HORIA D. PITARIU, DRAGO ILIESCU & DANIELA VERCELLINO (2010). Self-Directed Search (Le
test Holland): Ladaptation en Roumanie (adapt aprs Holland, J. L., Powell, A. B., & Fritzsche, B.
A); Bucharest: OS Roumanie, Le manuel technique 161 p.; Le guide dutilisation professionnel
177 p.
(Andra Beldean)
96
98
99
Renseignements
102
In memoriam
Prof. Univ. Dr. Horia D. Pitariu
1939-2010
Editorial
Autonoma de Mexico; Work and Organisation
Research Center (Tilburg, Olanda).
Prof. Univ. Dr. Horia D. Pitariu a fost bursier
IREX, USA, Penn State University (1991 - 1992),
precum i bursier pe probleme de cercetare, burs
acordat de Comisia Comunitii Europene
(Germania - Institut fr Arbeit Physiology Dortmund) (1993 1994).
Are un numr de 22 de publicaii n
domeniul
psihologiei
personalului
i
al
psihologiei organizaionale, din care una a primit
premiul Academiei Romne (Managementul
resurselor umane: Msurarea performanelor
profesionale, Editura ALL) i a publicat peste
300 de articole n reviste romneti i strine.
A fost membru n colectivul redacional al
revistelor tiinifice: Psihologia i viaa cotidian Editor, Revista de Psihologie a Academiei
Romne - redactor ef adjunct, Redactor ef la
Revista Psihologia Resurselor Umane, Studia
Universitatis Babe-Bolyai, Test Validity
Yearbook (USA), Psychologie du travail et des
organisations (Elveia).
Prof. Univ. Dr. Horia D. Pitariu a fost afiliat
la 12 organizaii profesionale interne i
internaionale:
Asociaia
Psihologilor
din
In memoriam
Prof. PhD. Dr. Horia D. Pitariu
1939-2010
Editorial
Work and Organisation Research Centre (Tilburg,
Olanda), as visiting professor.
Prof. Horia D. Pitariu received several
scholarships from IREX, USA, Penn State
University (1991 - 1992) and also from the
European Union Committee (Germany - Institut fr
Arbeit Physiology Dortmund, 1993 1994) on
issues of research.
He reached an impressive number of 22
publications in the field of Personnel and
Organisational Psychology. One of these was
awarded
by
the
Romanian
Academy:
Managementul resurselor umane: Msurarea
performanelor
profesionale,
Editura
ALL
(Human Resources Management: Measuring the
Professional Performance, ALL Publishing
House). He also published over 300 articles in
Romanian and foreign journals.
He was a member of the editorial staff for
the following journals: Psihologia i viaa
cotidian (Psychology and Everyday Life) editor, Revista de Psihologie a Academiei
Romne (The Psychology Journal of the
Romanian Academy) deputy editor; Editor in
Chief for Psihologia Resurselor Umane (Human
Resources Psychology), Studia Universitatis
Babe-Bolyai, Test Validity Yearbook (USA),
Psychologie du travail et des organisations
(Switzerland).
10
Studii i Cercetri
tradus i adaptat de psihologul I. M. Nestor n 1975, dup chestionarul n limba german
elaborat de H. Schmieschek. Cele dou chestionare au fost aplicate pe un lot de 752 de subieci.
Al doilea studiu analizeaz consistena intern i fidelitatea test-retest a celor dou probe, D.A.
3.07 i P.A., la un interval de un an (N=431 subieci). Rezultatele relev coeficieni buni de
consisten intern i de stabilitate test-retest pentru chestionarul D.A. 3.07 (Constantin, Hojbot,
Niculescu, Iarcuczewicz & Amariei,
2008), dar nesatisfctori pentru chestionarul P.A.
(Schmieschek, 1970). n final sunt descrise caracteristicile psihometrice ale chestionarului D.A.
3.07 i este argumentat utilitatea acestuia n explorarea personalitii n context profesional.
Cuvinte cheie: evaluare psihologic, dimensiuni accentuate, validitate concurent, fidelitate testretest
11
Studii i Cercetri
PROBABILITATEA
COMBINAIEI
CARACTERISTICI
demonstrativitate + hiperexactitate
Imposibil
demonstrativitate + hiperperseveren
Posibil
hiperperseveren + nestpnire
Posibil
demonstrativitate + hipertimie
Relativ frecvent
demonstrativitate + exaltare
Frecvent
hiperexactitate + hipertimie
Rar
hiperexactitate + distimie
Relativ frecvent
anxietate + hiperperseveren
Relativ rar
distimie + hiperperseveren
Rar
introversiune6 + hipertimie
Rar
Tabelul 2. Tulburri de personalitate i alte tulburri psihice corespunztoare fiecrui tip de personalitate
accentuat
Tipul de
personalitate
accentuat
Demonstrativ
Hiperexact
Hiperperseverent
Nestpnit
Pentru identificarea acestor corespondene am beneficiat de expertiza oferit de psiholog Onofrai Flavia
(Spitalul Clinic Universitar Socola, Iai) i de psiholog Dr. Dana Maria Bichescu-Burian, Centrul de Psihiatrie
Weissenau, Germania.
6
In viziunea lui Leonhard firea introvertit se caracterizeaz prin preponderena reprezentrilor fa de percepii
cu o mai sczut influen a evenimentelor exterioare fa de propriile gnduri. Prin opoziie, firea extravertit se
evideniaz prin orientarea dominant spre lumea percepiei i nu a imaginaiei, individul fiind mereu n cutarea
unor expresii exterioare (Gorgos, 1979).
14
Studii i Cercetri
Hipertimic
Distimic
Labil
Exaltat
Anxios
Emotiv
8
E-team este o echip de cercetare mixt studeni
- cadre didactice absolveni, cu peste 45 de
membri, echip care i desfoar activitatea n
cadrul Facultii de Psihologie i tiine ale
Educaiei, Universitatea Alexandru Ioan Cuza din
Iai.
16
Studii i Cercetri
Tabelul 3. Trsturi accentuate i faete (sub-factori) ale acestora n cadrul Chestionarului D.A. 3. (analize
realizate pe un lot de 762 de subieci; 5 sau 6 itemi n cadrul fiecrui sub-factor)
Trstura accentuat
DEMONSTRATIV
LUDROS /INFATUAT
OPORTUNIST /PROFITOR
HIPEREXACT
OBSESIV/ PREOCUPAT
PERFECIONIST / RIGUROS
HIPERPERSEVERENT
RZBUNATOR /SUSPICIOS
AMBIIOS OSTIL
NESTPNIT
IMPULSIV /NECONTROLAT
CONFLICTUAL /IRITABIL
HIPERTIMIC
DINAMIC /ACTIV
NCREZTOR /OPTIMIST
Alpha Cronbach
753
663
556
765
504
716
705
605
654
735
715
471
719
648
495
DISTIMIC
701
SERIOS /POSOMORT
RIGID / PRUDENT
561
455
Trstura accentuat
Alpha
Cronbach
LABIL
INSTABIL /LABIL AFECTIV
IMPREVIZIBIL
EXALTAT
SENSIBIL / IMPRESIONABIL
EXPRESIV / SURESCITAT
ANXIOS
COMPLEXAT /DEFENSIV
NGRIJORAT /ANGOASAT
EMOTIV
MILOS /MILOSTIV
EMOTIONAL /LACRIMOGEN
DEPENDENT
INDECIS /DEPENDENT
DECIZIONAL
SUPUS/ CONFORMIST
NEVROTIC
DEZIRABIL
773
702
690
766
654
615
755
661
600
802
748
640
616
801
755
17
Studii i Cercetri
Tabelul 4. Corelaii dintre factorii chestionarului D.A 3.07 (Constantin et al. 2008) i cei ai chestionarului P.A.
(Schmieschek, 1970).
Corelatie
Pearson Correlation
PA_
demonstr
ativitate
DA_demonstrativitate
PA_
hiperexac
titate
PA_
hiperperse
verenta
PA_
nestapa
nire
PA_
hiperti
mie
PA_
disti
mie
PA_
cicloti
mie
PA_
exalta
re
PA_
anxie
tate
.448
DA_hiperexactitate
-.013
.653
DA_hiperperseverenta
-.010
.179
.467
DA_nestapanire
-.070
.230
.442
.628
.422
-.093
.120
.044
.634
DA_distimie
-.105
.530
.261
.147
-.205
.290
DA_labilitate
-.017
.373
.274
.630
-.117
.309
.721
DA_exaltare
-.003
.431
.296
.423
-.013
.160
.513
.601
DA_anxietate
-.189
.598
.231
.376
-.311
.436
.543
.458
.688
DA_emotivitate
-.107
.519
.253
.290
-.184
.192
.450
.512
.586
DA_hipertimie
PA_
emoti
vitate
.718
Tabelul 5. Cei patru factori secundari obinui n urma analizei factoriale exploratorii
Rotated Component Matrix
Component
1
DA_emotivitate
.825
DA_exaltare
.821
PA_anxietate
.740
DA_nevrozism
.735
PA_emotivitate
.710
DA_dependenta
.706
DA_anxietate
.704
PA_exaltare
.700
DA_labilitate
.655
.549
PA_ciclotimie
.606
.562
DA_hiperperseverenta
.845
DA_nestapanire
.791
PA_nestapanire
.708
PA_hiperperseverenta
.567
DA_hipertimie
.829
PA_hipertimie
.816
PA_demonstativitate
.727
DA_demonstrativitate
.695
PA_distimie
-.530
DA_hiperexactitate
.812
DA_dezirabilitate
.696
DA_distimie
.672
PA_hiperexactitate
.613
Pentru
sistematizarea
multiplelor
corelaii descrise mai sus, am recurs la metoda
20
Studii i Cercetri
Ipoteza cercetrii
Pentru fiecare factor evaluat de
chestionarul D.A. 3.07 scorurile de la prima
administrare (test) coreleaz direct (pozitiv) cu
cele de la a doua administrare (re-test). Altfel
spus, ne ateptm ca proba D.A. 3.07 s aib
o fidelitate bun test retest.
Lotul investigat
Cercetarea s-a realizat pe un lot panel
de 431 de subieci. Prima aplicare a
chestionarelor a avut loc n lunile noiembrie decembrie 2007 iar cea de a doua aplicare, pe
aceiai subieci, a avut loc n intervalul
decembrie
2008
ianuarie
2009.
Caracteristicile lotului panel de 431 de subieci
au fost urmtoarele: vrsta cuprins ntre 18 si
76 de ani, (SD= 10 ani), media de vrst de
35.6 de ani; 23.6% de subieci cu funcii de
conducere, 76.4% fr funcie de conducere;
40.5% de subieci de gen masculin, 59.4% de
gen feminin; 43.2% dintre subieci cu studii
universitare, 54.7% cu studii liceale i 2.1% cu
studii gimnaziale.
Metodologia cercetrii (studiul II)
n aceast cercetare am aplicat cele
dou chestionare: Chestionarul Dimensiuni
Accentuate D.A. 3.07 (Constantin et al.
2008)
i
Chestionarul
Personaliti
Accentuate - P.A.
(Schmieschek, 1970)
descrise
n
seciunea
care
trateaz
metodologia cercetrii (studiul I).
Consistena intern a celor dou probe
Pentru probarea consistenei interne a
factorilor celor dou chestionare am utilizat
coeficientul Alpha Cronbach, dei n general,
n calculul consistenei interne pentru factorii
compui din itemi cu rspuns dihotomic se
recomand analiza coeficientului KuderRichardson (K 20 sau K 21).
n statistic ns, formula i indicele
Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20) sunt
vzute ca fiind derivate din indicele i formula
Alpha Cronbach, ca o excepie pentru itemii cu
rspuns dihotomic. Astfel, formula KuderRichardson poate fi folosit numai pentru
analiza consistenei interne a factorilor
compui din itemi cu rspuns dihotomic, n
timp ce coeficientul Alpha Cronbach poate fi
folosit att pentru itemii cu rspunsuri
dihotomice, ct i pentru cei cu rspunsuri n
mai multe trepte. Din 1951 cnd a fost
publicat pentru prima dat formula de calcul
al coeficientului Alpha Cronbach i pn n
prezent nu s-au raportat avantaje sau diferene
semnificative n precizia de evaluare a
21
Demonstrativitate
Hiperexactitate
Hiperperseveren
Nestpnire
Hipertimie
Distimie
Ciclotimie
Exaltare
Anxietate
Emotivitate
Dependen
Dezirabilitate
Nevrozism
Alpha Cronbach
(431 s. etapa re-test)
P.A.
(Schmieschek, 1970)
0. 49
0. 64
0.43
0.57
0.54
0.55
0.59
0.43
0.68
0.63
22
D. A.
(Constantin et al. 2008),
0. 74
0.81
0.78
0.81
0.73
0.71
0.87
0.79
0.81
0.83
0.84
0.74
0.82
Studii i Cercetri
stabil,
comparativ
cu
omologul
su,
chestionarul P.A.
n concluzie, analiza consistenei
interne i a fidelitii test-retest a celor dou
probe ne permite s afirmm c proba D.A.
3.07 (Constantin et al. 2008) are o bun
consistena intern pe factori i stabilitate test-
Tabelul 7. Tabelul corelaiilor ntre scorurile obinute la cele dou aplicri ale chestionarului D.A. 3 07
Corelatii
Pearson Correlation
DA_
demo
nstrati
vitate1
DA_demonstrativitate2
DA_hiperexactitate2
DA_
hiper
exacti
tate1
DA_
hiperp
erseve
renta1
DA_
nestap
anire
1_
DA_
hiper
timie
1_
DA_
disti
mie
1_
DA_
labil
itate
1
DA_
exalt
are
1_
DA_
anxi
etate
1
DA_
emoti
vitate
1_
DA_
depen
denta
1_
DA_
dezira
bilitate
1_
DA_
nevro
zism
1_
.754
-.037
.738
DA_hiperperseverenta2
.285
.099
.761
DA_nestapanire2
.300
.074
.572
.726
DA_hipertimie2
.474
.030
.115
.120
.705
DA_distimie2
-.177
.483
.114
.045
-.249
.725
DA_labilitate2
.210
.144
.393
.491
.033
.173
.675
DA_exaltare2
.115
.246
.138
.309
.053
.309
.462
.736
DA_anxietate2
-.044
.383
.231
.243
-.168
.504
.394
.402
.799
DA_emotivitate2
-.069
.331
-.030
.161
-.064
.404
.304
.585
.545
.779
DA_dependenta2
.042
.282
.116
.205
-.091
.359
.332
.456
.559
.452
.708
DA_dezirabilitate2
-.122
.297
-.113
-.131
.057
.276
-.055
.153
.154
.265
.168
.666
DA_nevrozism2
-.043
.320
.238
.269
-.209
.435
.420
.418
.720
.493
.578
.107
.763
Tabelul 8. Tabelul corelaiilor ntre scorurile obinute la cele dou aplicri ale chestionarului P.A.
Corelatii
Pearson Correlation
PA_
demonstr
ativitate
PA_demonstativitate
PA_
hiperexac
titate
PA_
hiperpers
everenta
PA_
nestapa
nire
PA_
disti
mie_
PA_
cicloti
mie_
PA_
exalta
re_
PA_
anxieta
te_
PA_
emoti
vitate_
.538
PA_hiperexactitate
-.130
.698
PA_hiperperseverenta
-.078
.291
.516
PA_nestapanire
-.208
.309
.237
.664
PA_hipertimie
PA_
hiperti
mie
.469
-.123
.153
-.072
.667
PA_distimie
-.311
.269
.080
.256
-.351
.547
PA_ciclotimie
-.204
.385
.213
.515
-.243
.392
.655
PA_exaltare
-.120
.363
.222
.401
-.110
.204
.443
.540
PA_anxietate
-.174
.381
.089
.308
-.186
.313
.418
.291
.742
PA_emotivitate
-.028
.312
.094
.113
-.092
.095
.188
.250
.413
.741
Studii i Cercetri
dezvoltare
profesional
compatibile
cu
structura personal) sau n cele n care se
urmrete optimizarea satisfaciei profesionale
i a performanei colective (gestionarea
relaiilor cu personalitile accentuate dificile
pentru a nu perturba activitatea grupului i
direcionarea acestor personaliti spre
activiti n care atuurile lor pot fi folosite n
mod optim).
Lsnd deschis lista opiunilor legate
de procesul de optimizare a chestionarului
D.A. nu dorim altceva dect s oferim
psihologilor practicieni o prob util n
evaluarea personalitii, o prob capabil s
surprind ceea ce cutm de fapt atunci cnd
trasm un profil individual: aspecte particulare,
accentuate, cele care difereniaz net
persoana evaluat de toate celelalte persoane
evaluate.
Bibliografie
Beckmann, H. (1999). Editors comment; in
Leonhard, K. (ed). Classification of
Endogenous
Psychoses
and
Their
Differentiated Etiology, 2nd Ed. Vienna:
Springer, vxiv.
Cortina, J.M., (1993). What Is Coefficient Alpha? An
Examination of Theory and Applications.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(1), 98104.
Constantin, T., Hojbot, A. M., Rusu, A., Haivas, S.,
Fraseniuc, A., (2009). Dimensiunile
accentuate i relaiile lor cu principalii
factori ai personalitii, Analele tiinifice
ale Universitii Alexandru Ioan Cuzadin
Iai. Psihologie, Tomul XVIII. Iai: Editura
Universitii Al I. Cuza.
Constantin, T., Hojbot, A. M., Niculescu, A.,
Iarcuczewicz, I., Amariei, C., (2008). Este
modelul personalitilor accentuate un
model valid? Strategii de construcie a unui
chestionar standardizat de evaluare a
dimensiunilor accentuate ale personalitii ,
Revista Psihologie Organizaional, Nr 1,
2 /2008.
Gorgos, C. (1985), Vademecum in psihiatrie.
Bucureti: Editura Medical.
Lzrescu, M., Nirestean, A. (2007). Tulburrile de
personalitate. Iai: Editura Polirom.
Leonhard, K., (1979), Personaliti accentuate n
via i n literatur. Bucureti: Editura
Enciclopedic Romn.
Macarie, A., Constantin, T., Orzan, A., Constantin,
L., Fodorea, A. (2008). Modelul Big Five al
personalitii;
abordri
teoretice
i
25
psihologia
aplicat.
Iai:
Editura
Performantica, 128 141.
Minulescu, M. (2004). Psihodiagnoza modern.
Chestionare de personalitate. Bucureti:
Editura Fundaiei Romnia de Mine.
Anexa 1
Centralizator privind consistena intern a chestionarului D.A.
Versiunea de
chestionar DA
Nr de subieci
Demonstrativitate
26
D.A. 1.2006
D.A. 2.2006
DA 3
(203 itemi)
112 s
0.753
(203 itemi)
524 s
0.722
(187 itemi)
272 s
0.753
DA 409
(151 itemi)
431 s (I)
0.743
(100 itemi)
431 s (II)
0.747
(151 itemi)
762 s
0.748
Hiperexactitate
0.807
0.803
0.765
0.769
0.816
0.816
Hiperperseveren
Nestpnire
Hipertimie
Distimie
Labilitate
Exaltare
Anxietate
Emotivitate
0.716
0.765
0.695
0.709
0.846
0.800
0.777
0.793
0.752
0.804
0.746
0.705
0.832
0.813
0.776
0.809
0.705
0.735
0.719
0.701
0.773
0.766
0.755
0.802
0.763
0.798
0.760
0.703
0.812
0.765
0.775
0.810
0.789
0.819
0.737
0.713
0.871
0.790
0.814
0.834
0.788
0.824
0.771
0.733
0.837
0.789
0.789
0.828
Dependen
0.748
0.824
0.843
0.806
Dezirabillitate
0.755
0.701
0.740
0.727
Nevrozism
0.801
0.799
0.825
0.813
Asocial
0.504
Studii i Cercetri
Adresa de coresponden:
dragos.iliescu@testcentral.ro
Studii i Cercetri
29
Scal
Eantion
Masculin
Feminin
Combinat
JS-X
.91
.90
.91
JS-S
.91
.91
.91
JS-F
.89
.88
.89
JP-X
.81
.80
.81
JP-S
.81
.83
.82
JP-F
.82
.83
.83
LS-X
.83
.81
.82
LS-S
.84
.83
.84
LS-F
.79
.78
.78
Validitatea JSS
Corelaii ntre scalele JSS. Corelaiile
ntre scalele i subscalele JSS sunt prezentate
n Tabelul 2. Nivelul cel mai redus de
intercorelaie ntre o scal/subscal i restul
scalelor este cel al subscalei JP-S (.17), iar cel
mai nalt este cel al scalei JS-X (.92). Toate
corelaiile
ntre
scale/subscale
sunt
semnificative la un prag de semnificaie
statistic p.01. Cea mai nalt intercorelaie
se nregistreaz ntre subscalele LS-X i LS-F
(.94), iar cea mai redus ntre subscalele JP-S
i JP-F (.12). Media intercorelaiilor pentru
toate cele 9 scale i subscale este de .53.
Acest scor demonstreaz o corelaie nalt
ntre scale i prin urmare omogenitatea ridicat
a constructului de stres ocupaional pe care l
msoar.
Tabelul 2. Corelaiile ntre scalele JSS pentru eantionul normativ romnesc (N=1533)
Scal
JS-X
JS-S
JS-F
JP-X
JP-S
JP-F
LS-X
LS-S
LS-F
JS-X
.51
.92
.83
.44
.72
.87
.45
.82
.26
.42
.80
.17
.43
.88
.27
.76
.18
.84
.80
.27
.85
.52
.85
.50
.27
.48
.12
.26
.48
.17
.45
.18
.49
.49
.94
.29
JS-S
JS-F
JP-X
JP-S
JP-F
LS-X
LS-S
LS-F
30
Studii i Cercetri
Tabelul 3. Saturaiile itemilor Severitii, Frecvenei i Indicelui JSS n factorii Presiunea la locul de munc i
Lipsa sprijinului organizaional pentru eantionul normativ romnesc (eantion total, subeantion masculin i
subeantion feminin)
Severitate
Item
Indice JSS
Combinat
Masculin
Feminin
Combinat
Masculin
Feminin
Combinat
Masculin
Feminin
LS
JP
LS
LS
JP
LS
LS
LS
LS
LS
LS
.57
.62
.51
.46
.53
.46
.38
.50
.25
.38
.32
.44
.44
.43
.44
.40
.41
.38
Item 4
Item 7
Frecven
.60
(.31)
JP
JP
JP
JP
JP
JP
JP
Item 9
.47
.43
.51
.50
.48
.51
.41
.38
.43
Item 11
.69
.62
.75
.68
.71
.66
.65
.65
.65
Item 16
.50
.51
.50
.60
.58
.63
.63
.66
.60
Item 23
(.22)
.45
.41
.47
Item 24
.49
(.22)
.72
.51
.23
.73
.48
.71
.76
.76
.75
.69
.72
.67
Item 25
.53
.55
.51
.57
.60
.53
.58
.57
.58
Item 26
.72
.72
.73
.68
.67
.67
.70
.68
.71
Item 27
.42
.37
.47
.43
.35
.48
.43
.33
.51
Item 3
.58
.65
.51
Item 5
.36
.44
.30
Item 6
.71
.73
.68
.72
Item 8
.58
.56
.60
Item 10
.54
.53
Item 13
.75
Item 14
.67
Item 18
(.25)
.34
(.21)
.46
.56
.38
(.27)
.33
.36
.30
.70
.74
.73
.69
.76
.56
.51
.60
.61
.58
.62
.55
.28
.28
.27
.26
.24
.28
.73
.75
.64
.61
.66
.65
.63
.67
.63
.70
.59
.62
.58
.61
.62
.61
.53
.52
.53
.39
.38
.39
.48
.50
.46
Item 21
.69
.70
.68
.69
.72
.67
.69
.68
.69
Item 29
.44
.43
.44
.42
.44
.40
.43
.46
.42
.31
(.27)
.47
.36
.39
Not:
.43
(.22)
(.28)
.29
.32
.38
Sunt prezentate saturaiile cele mai nalte cu valori mai nalte de .30. ntre paranteze sunt prezentate alte
saturaii relevante. C=eantion combinat; F=femei; M=brbai.
31
Diferene demografice
n Tabelul 4 sunt ilustrate mediile i
abaterile standard obinute pentru eantionul
normativ
romnesc
JSS,
pentru
subeantioanele sale, precum i pentru
eantionul de top manageri (N=53).
Analiza
factorial
confirmatorie.
Analiza factorial confirmatorie a fost efectuat
cu ajutorul programului EQS (Bentler, 2005).
Au fost supui analizei cei 20 de itemi ai
Tabelul 4. Mediile i abaterile standard pentru eantionului normativ romnesc JSS (N=1533) i pentru un
eantion de top manageri (N=53).
Scal
Masculin
Feminin
Combinat
Manageri de
nivel mediu
Staff
Mediu privat
Mediu public
Top manageri
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
JS-X
18.79
10.84
20.03
10.63
19.43
10.75
20.30
12.65
19.14
10.01
19.40
9.95
19.47
11.58
27.21
9.00
JS-S
5.08
1.16
5.26
1.09
5.18
1.13
5.22
1.22
5.16
1.10
5.19
1.08
5.16
1.19
5.49
.97
JS-F
3.46
1.70
3.67
1.63
3.57
1.66
3.64
1.89
3.54
1.58
3.59
1.55
3.55
1.79
4.78
1.35
JP-X
20.29
12.87
23.03
13.18
21.71
13.10
21.78
14.61
21.68
12.56
22.33
12.56
21.01
13.65
34.03
9.78
JP-S
4.77
1.32
4.92
1.27
4.85
1.30
4.85
1.38
4.85
1.27
4.91
1.23
4.79
1.36
5.44
1.06
JP-F
4.05
2.18
4.58
2.18
4.32
2.19
4.30
2.41
4.33
2.12
4.43
2.09
4.20
2.30
6.18
1.49
LS-X
18.13
13.49
18.82
13.38
18.49
13.44
20.19
15.07
17.92
12.79
17.92
12.40
19.12
14.48
23.14
13.11
LS-S
5.32
1.41
5.51
1.30
5.42
1.36
5.51
1.39
5.39
1.34
5.43
1.31
5.41
1.41
5.46
1.40
LS-F
3.13
2.00
3.18
1.96
3.16
1.98
3.32
2.17
3.10
1.91
3.10
1.85
3.22
2.11
3.95
1.91
Studii i Cercetri
Tabelul 5. Mediile i abaterile standard pentru scorurile la cei 30 itemi ai scalelor JS-X, JS-S i JS-F ale
eantionului normativ romnesc
Severitate
Item
Feminin
Frecven
Indice
Masculin
Combinat
Feminin
Masculin
Combinat
Feminin
Masculin
Combinat
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
SD
4.95
1.29
4.72
1.50
4.84
1.40
4.15
3.38
3.71
3.36
3.94
3.38
20.81
18.34
18.08
18.78
19.49
18.60
4.54
2.00
4.24
2.20
4.39
2.10
5.38
3.61
4.45
3.68
4.93
3.67
24.21
20.40
19.31
20.03
21.84
20.37
6.43
2.03
6.04
2.30
6.24
2.17
3.73
4.00
3.64
3.94
3.68
3.97
24.85
28.86
23.55
28.01
24.23
28.45
4.16
1.90
4.09
1.97
4.13
1.93
4.96
3.36
4.22
3.45
4.60
3.42
20.26
17.64
16.97
17.14
18.67
17.48
5.20
1.95
5.30
2.02
5.25
1.98
3.98
3.33
3.87
3.38
3.93
3.36
22.07
21.92
21.65
21.67
21.87
21.80
5.88
1.93
5.58
2.21
5.73
2.07
3.35
3.42
3.21
3.42
3.28
3.42
21.05
23.70
19.76
23.49
20.43
23.60
5.96
1.89
5.65
2.03
5.81
1.97
4.26
3.29
3.91
3.36
4.09
3.33
25.70
22.76
23.15
22.84
24.47
22.82
5.71
1.90
5.36
2.18
5.54
2.04
2.81
3.18
2.73
3.16
2.77
3.17
16.72
20.97
15.58
20.24
16.17
20.62
4.85
2.00
4.87
2.26
4.86
2.13
4.83
3.65
4.30
3.60
4.58
3.64
23.56
22.02
21.40
22.00
22.51
22.03
10
5.34
2.15
5.30
2.28
5.32
2.22
2.47
3.29
3.22
3.55
2.83
3.44
14.84
21.86
19.07
24.02
16.88
23.02
11
4.93
2.02
4.79
2.17
4.86
2.10
5.22
3.35
4.73
3.49
4.99
3.43
25.65
21.15
22.97
21.48
24.36
21.35
12
4.73
2.29
4.54
2.40
4.64
2.34
2.34
3.18
2.08
3.11
2.22
3.14
12.01
19.61
10.56
18.59
11.31
19.13
13
6.08
2.21
5.77
2.37
5.93
2.29
2.26
2.98
2.15
2.99
2.21
2.98
14.72
21.21
13.72
21.08
14.24
21.14
14
5.41
2.16
5.10
2.33
5.26
2.25
3.27
3.31
2.96
3.36
3.12
3.34
19.64
22.72
16.89
22.56
18.31
22.68
15
5.64
1.95
5.49
2.09
5.57
2.02
3.99
3.56
3.86
3.61
3.93
3.58
24.60
25.10
23.33
25.20
23.99
25.15
16
5.34
1.90
4.96
2.13
5.16
2.03
3.91
3.16
4.00
3.37
3.95
3.26
21.05
19.37
20.50
21.21
20.79
20.27
17
6.36
2.54
5.93
2.77
6.15
2.66
1.30
2.43
1.96
2.99
1.62
2.74
8.51
17.20
12.36
21.26
10.37
19.36
18
4.74
2.03
4.72
2.14
4.73
2.09
2.97
3.54
3.00
3.52
2.99
3.53
15.22
20.31
15.16
20.08
15.19
20.19
19
6.52
2.06
6.53
2.04
6.52
2.05
4.04
3.91
4.52
3.91
4.27
3.92
28.16
29.76
31.82
30.87
29.93
30.35
20
5.06
2.04
4.91
2.20
4.99
2.12
2.23
3.26
2.17
3.18
2.20
3.22
12.36
20.34
12.16
19.69
12.26
20.02
21
5.44
2.02
5.31
2.09
5.38
2.06
3.02
3.30
2.84
3.26
2.93
3.28
17.62
21.52
16.29
20.80
16.97
21.18
22
5.29
2.40
5.30
2.35
5.29
2.38
3.52
3.62
3.46
3.61
3.50
3.62
20.36
24.30
20.37
24.39
20.36
24.33
23
5.21
2.09
5.05
2.24
5.13
2.17
4.11
3.62
3.78
3.64
3.95
3.63
22.44
23.22
20.67
22.92
21.59
23.08
24
4.48
1.98
4.45
2.14
4.46
2.06
4.90
3.43
4.18
3.48
4.55
3.47
21.75
19.00
19.08
19.89
20.46
19.48
25
4.70
2.12
4.78
2.24
4.74
2.17
4.45
3.61
3.84
3.60
4.15
3.62
22.85
22.95
20.25
23.39
21.59
23.19
26
4.89
2.05
4.69
2.09
4.79
2.07
5.07
3.46
4.16
3.55
4.63
3.53
25.64
22.05
20.77
21.77
23.29
22.04
27
4.71
2.23
4.42
2.27
4.57
2.25
4.08
3.63
3.38
3.53
3.74
3.60
21.40
23.06
17.12
21.83
19.33
22.57
28
5.35
2.06
5.16
2.14
5.26
2.10
3.86
3.21
3.82
3.40
3.84
3.30
21.64
21.20
21.15
22.01
21.40
21.59
29
4.90
2.08
4.75
2.07
4.83
2.07
3.99
3.48
3.64
3.45
3.82
3.47
21.48
22.41
19.65
21.67
20.60
22.07
30
5.03
2.18
4.72
2.33
4.88
2.26
1.68
2.71
1.90
2.83
1.78
2.77
9.60
17.31
10.48
17.79
10.02
17.54
33
Studii i Cercetri
Tabelul 6. Valorile scorurilor t corespunztoare diferenelor ntre scorurile medii la scalele i subscalele JSS ale
eantionului normativ american i ale eantionului normativ romnesc
Scal
Manageri/specialiti
Manageri de nivel
americani
mediu, romni
SD
SD
JS-X
20.19
10.06
20.30
12.65
JS-S
4.92
1.03
5.22
JS-F
3.69
1.63
JP-X
22.62
JP-S
Personal
administrativ/de
t
ntreinere american
Personal de
execuie romn
SD
SD
-.15
19.65
12.40
19.14
10.01
.97
1.22
-4.27***
4.85
1.33
5.16
1.10
-5.44***
3.64
1.89
.46
3.38
1.81
3.54
1.58
-2.03*
12.40
21.78
14.61
.99
21.18
14.46
21.68
12.56
-.78
4.52
1.27
4.85
1.38
-4.05***
4.62
1.47
4.85
1.27
-3.55***
JP-F
4.57
2.14
4.30
2.41
1.92
3.99
2.29
4.33
2.12
-3.33***
LS-X
20.15
14.37
20.19
15.07
-.04
19.52
16.01
17.92
12.79
2.33*
LS-S
5.49
1.36
5.51
1.39
-.24
5.28
1.63
5.39
1.34
-1.55
LS-F
3.23
2.06
3.32
2.17
-.70
3.03
2.17
3.10
1.91
-.74
35
Studii i Cercetri
Bibliografie
Limitri i concluzii
Studiul de fa are valorile sale,
acestea innd n primul rnd de volumul i
calitatea eantionului utilizat. n mod special
dorim s scoatem n eviden coerena cu care
varianta romneasc a JSS se compar cu
varianta original a chestionarului, n ceea ce
privete indicatorii psihometrici (Spielberger,
Reheiser,
Reheiser
&
Vagg,
1999),
comparaiile
inter-grupuri
(Turnage
&
Spielberger, 1991), corelaiile interscale
(Spielberger, 1991), comparaiile ntre diverse
categorii profesionale sau de nivel (Spielberger
& Reheiser, 1994) etc.
Totui, dorim s scoatem n eviden
i unele limitri. n primul rnd, trebuie
menionat imposibilitatea de a eantiona n
mod coerent organizaiile utilizate la colectarea
datelor. n al doilea rnd, designul studiului
este unul constatativ, nonexperimental;
concluziile trase au fost susinute doar de
comparaii statistice ntre subgrupuri i nu
permit generalizri n anumite cazuri. De
exemplu, diferenele dintre diversele categorii
de vrst nu permit concluzii reale despre
evoluia n timp a nivelului de stres
ocupaional, datele nefiind colectate printr-un
design longitudinal. n al treilea rnd, calitile
psihometrice ale chestionarului nu sunt
investigate n ntregime. De exemplu, nu este
verificat stabilitatea test-retest; nu sunt
discutate validitatea de criteriu, sau validitatea
predictiv; nu este analizat convergena cu
alte chestionare similare i divergena cu
diverse concepte cvasi-similare. n al patrulea
rnd, nu este investigat superioritatea pe care
autorii chestionarului pretind c formatul JSS o
are asupra formatului tradiional utilizat de alte
chestionare
care
evalueaz
stresul
ocupaional. n plus, nu este pus n eviden
avantajul care este obinut n termenii
msurrii
constructului,
prin
agregarea
frecvenei
i
severitii
evenimentelor
stresante.
Cercetri viitoare ar trebui s ia n
considerare posibilitatea de a eantiona
riguros att organizaii ct i indivizi, pe
anumite criterii relevante pentru manifestarea
stresului ocupaional. Ar fi de dorit ca JSS s
fie investigat din punctul de vedere al
caracteristicilor sale psihometrice i n
37
38
Studii i Cercetri
Rezumat
Cu toate c efectul benefic al ncrederii asupra unor variabile individuale i organizaionale este
bine documentat empiric, cercettorii au acordat o atenie mai redus rolului moderator al
acesteia n cadrul relaiei stresori-reacii la stres. Astfel, scopul studiului prezent este acela de a
examina rolul moderator al ncrederii n supervizorul imediat i ncrederii n organizaie n relaia
dintre opt stresori ocupaionali i reaciile la stres reliefate de comportamentele contraproductive
i emoiile angajailor. Datele au fost obinute de la 192 de angajai. Rezultatele au evideniat
faptul c ncrederea n supervizorul imediat prezice negativ comportamentul contraproductiv
ndreptat asupra organizaiei (= -.30, p<.01) i asupra persoanelor (= -.24, p<.05). ncrederea
n organizaie este un predictor negativ al comportamentelor contraproductive interpersonale (=
-.44, p<.01) i un predictor pozitiv al emoiilor pozitive ale angajailor (= .40, p<.01). Cele dou
forme ale ncrederii organizaionale nu modereaz relaia dintre stresorii ocupaionali i
comportamentul contraproductiv ndreptat asupra organizaiei (F(16,161)= 1.12, p>.05), respectiv
emoiile pozitive ale angajailor (F(16,161)=1.19, p>.05). ncrederea n supervizorul imediat
modereaz doar relaia dintre tracasrile cotidiene ca stresor ocupaional i comportamentul
contraproductiv ndreptat asupra persoanelor (= -.36, p<.01) iar ncrederea n organizaie
modereaz relaia dintre climatul organizaional i comportamentul contraproductiv interpersonal
(= -.27, p<.01). Rezultatele indic faptul c ncrederea organizaional poate avea un rol
benefic asupra comportamentelor de munc i emoiilor angajailor, chiar i n condiiile n care
acetia percep un nivel crescut de stres ocupaional.
Cuvinte cheie: stres ocupaional, ncredere n supervizorul imediat, ncredere n organizaie,
comportamente contraproductive n munc, emoii
Introducere
Stresul la locul de munc reprezint
una dintre cele mai intens studiate teme n
ultimii 30 de ani (Villanueva & Durkovic, 2009),
reprezentnd o problem pentru unul din trei
muncitori. Ritmul rapid al schimbrilor la locul
de munc indic faptul c stresul ocupaional
va cunoate o amploare deosebit n urmtorii
ani (Murphy, 2010), ceea ce are implicaii
asupra creterii costurilor asociate acestuia.
De exemplu, Cynkar (2007) a evideniat faptul
c, n Statele Unite ale Americii, costurile
datorate consecinelor negative ale stresului
ocupaional s-au dublat la 300 de miliarde $
fa de anul 1996, aceastea incluznd
pierderile asociate cu absenteismul de la locul
de munc i fluctuaia de personal,
productivitatea redus, concediile medicale i
asigurrile de sntate (Wallace, Edwards,
Arnold, Frazier & Finch, 2009).
Importana costurilor implicate de
stresul ocupaional la nivel individual i
organizaional este reflectat prin multitudinea
de definiii i modele elaborate care
accentueaz fie importana anumitor situaii
considerate
stresante,
a
rspunsurilor
angajailor la aceste situaii sau a ambelor
aspecte. Dei iniial, stresul ocupaional a fost
conceptualizat ca fiind rezultatul aciunii
caracteristicilor mediului ocupaional asupra
40
Studii i Cercetri
ncrederea organizaional
ocupaional
stresul
Studii i Cercetri
4.
ncrederea
n
supervizorul
imediat/ncrederea n organizaie va
modera
relaia
dintre
stresorii
ocupaionali i emoiile pozitive n
sensul c angajaii care percep un
nivel crescut de stres dar care au o
ncredere mare n supervizorul imediat
vor manifesta emoii pozitive mai
intense n comparaie cu angajaii care
percep un nivel crescut de stres dar
care au o ncredere redus n
supervizorul imediat/organizaie.
Metodologie
Participani
n studiul de fa au fost inclui 192 de
participani care au provenit din dou
organizaii cu capital privat, de la toate
nivelurile organizaionale. Dintre cei 192 de
participani, 100 lucreaz n domeniul bancar,
iar restul n industria productoare de
cosmetice. Media de vrst a participanilor
este de 34.79 (AS= 9.56), majoritatea fiind de
gen masculin (83.9%). Vechimea medie n
munc a participanilor este de 101.14 luni
(AS= 114.64). Mai mult de jumtate dintre
angajai au absolvit o facultate (65.6%).
Participarea la studiu s-a realizat pe baz de
voluntariat.
Instrumente
Stresorii ocupaionali au fost evaluai
prin intermediul celor 8 subscale de tensiune
socio-profesional din Indicatorul de Stres
Ocupaional-2 (Occupational Stress Indicator,
OSI-2; Williams, Sloan & Cooper, 1998):
ncrcarea muncii (6 itemi, = .74), relaiile la
locul de munc (8 itemi, = .79), echilibrul
munc-familie (6 itemi, = .74), rolul
managerial (4 itemi, = .48), recunoaterea
meritelor (4 itemi, = .72), responsabilitile
personale (4 itemi, = .51), tracasrile zilnice
(5 itemi, = .74) i climatul organizaional (4
itemi, = .70). Sarcina participanilor a fost
aceea de a ncercui o cifr de la 1 (categoric
nu este surs de tensiune) la 6 (categoric este
surs de tensiune) care indic cel mai bine
presiunea generat de aspectul prezentat al
muncii. n cazul fiecrei subscale, un scor
mare indic o presiune puternic generat de
stresorul profesional evaluat.
ncrederea n supervizorul imediat/
ncrederea n organizaie a fost evaluat prin
intermediul unei scale din Inventarul de
ncredere Organizaional (Organizational
Trust Inventory, OTI, Nyhan & Marlowe, 1997).
10
11
12
2. Relaiile profesionale
.60**
3. Echilibrul munc-familie
.53**
.45**
4. Rolul managerial
.41**
.44**
.45**
.32**
.37**
.53**
.57**
6. Recunoaterea profesional
.42**
.48**
.45**
.21**
.18*
7. Climat organizaional
.39**
.37**
.53**
.43**
.60**
.39**
8. Tracasri cotidiene
.46**
.38**
.44**
.47**
.47**
.30**
.48**
.01
.20**
-.06
-.12
-.09
-.05
-.33**
-.13
.01
.21**
-.10
-.17*
-.18*
-.16*
-.38** -.22**
.77**
.01
-.08
.13
.09
.09
.08
.24**
.20**
-.41** -.32**
-.10
-.27**
.09
.11
.10
.08
.29**
.19**
-.70** -.75**
.61**
-.32** -.21**
.51**
-.19** -.42**
.20**
-.42** -.39**
13
14
-.15*
.07
-.14*
-.14*
-.18*
-.17*
-.08
-.19**
.06
.08
.08
.01
.11
1
1
.58**
.26**
.48**
1
-.14*
Media (m)
22.67 33.57 21.19 14.31 15.09 15.84 13.96 12.61 39.76 16.39 28.11 31.06 29.69 16.30
5.92
6.92
44
5.46
3.36
3.90
3.14
3.88
3.39
11.61
6.05
7.78
15.00
8.12
8.92
Studii i Cercetri
Deoarece
n
cazul
variabilei
dependente emoii negative fidelitatea alpha
Cronbach este de .64, sub pragul acceptabil
de .70, aceast variabil nu a fost inclus n
analiza de regresie.
Tabelul 2. Rezultatele analizei de regresie privind efectul moderator al ncrederii organizaionale asupra
comportamentului contraproductiv ndreptat asupra organizaiei (N= 192)
Model
Fschimbare
Rsch
1. VARIABILE DEMOGRAFICE
F(3,187)=11.52**
F(3,187)=11.52**
.15
.15
2. STRESORI OCUPAIONALI
F(11,179)=4.45**
F(8,179)=1.68
.21
.05
3.NCREDERE
F(13,177)= 4.67**
F(2,177)=4.83**
.25
.04
F(29,157)= 2.74**
F(16,161)=1.12
.33
.07
.35**
4.10**
-.30*
-2.77*
Tabelul 3. Rezultatele analizei de regresie privind efectul moderator al ncrederii organizaionale asupra
comportamentului contraproductiv ndreptat asupra persoanelor (N= 192)
Model 1
Fschimbare
Rsch
1.VARIABILE DEMOGRAFICE
F(3,187)=15.75**
F(3,187)=15.75**
.20
.20
F(11,179)=10.85**
F(8,179)=7.40**
.40
.19
.44**
5.29**
ncrcarea muncii
-.18
-2.18*
Relaiile profesionale
-.41
-.4.85**
Climatul organizaional
.27
3.27**
Tracasri cotidiene
.16
2.16*
-.24
-3.23**
ncredere n organizaie
-.44
-5.62**
-.36
-3.27*
-.27
-2.90*
3. NCREDERE
F(13.177)=24.52**
4. STRESORI X NCREDERE
F(29,161)=16.87**
F(2,177)=60.19**
F(16,161)=4.44**
.64
.75
.24
.10
tracasri cotidiene
ncredere
organizaie
climat
organizational
45
Tabelul 4. Rezultatele analizei de regresie privind efectul moderator al ncrederii organizaionale asupra emoiilor
pozitive ale angajailor (N= 192)
Model 1
Fschimbare
1. VARIABILE DEMOGRAFICE
F(3,187)=4.59**
F(3,187)=4.59**
.06
.06
F(11,179)=4.35**
F(8,177)=4.04**
.21
.14
-.27**
-3.00**
Relaii profesionale
.37**
3.81**
Recunoaterea meritelor
-.17*
-2.02*
-.25**
-2.62**
.40**
3.87**
Climat organizaional
3. NCREDERE
F(13.177)=8.64**
F(2,177)=28.37**
.38
.17
F(29,161)=4.68**
F(16,161)=1.19
.45
.07
ncrederea n organizaie
4. STRESORI X NCREDERE
ncredere mare
supervizorul imediat
- ncredere mic
supervizorul imediat
5
4.5
4
n
n
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
46
Studii i Cercetri
5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
Discuii i concluzii
Scopul studiului de fa a fost acela de
a examina rolul moderator al ncrederii n
supervizorul imediat i n organizaie n relaia
dintre stresorii ocupaionali i reaciile la stres
reprezentate
de
comportamentul
contraproductiv (ndreptat asupra organizaiei
i persoanelor) i emoiile (pozitive i negative)
ale angajailor. Datele obinute n studiul de
fa evideniaz rolul benefic al ncrederii
organizaionale (n supervizorul imediat i n
organizaie) asupra devianei organizaionale
i a emoiilor pozitive simite de angajai la
locul de munc. Rezultatele au evideniat
faptul c angajaii care au acceptat s fie
vulnerabili n relaia cu supervizorul lor imediat
manifest mai rar comportamente care aduc
prejudicii organizaiei n care lucreaz i
persoanelor cu care interacioneaz n
activitatea lor de munc. Spre deosebire de
ncrederea n supervizorul imediat, ncrederea
n
organizaie
a
angajailor
prezice
manifestarea redus a comportamentului
contraproductiv interpersonal i trirea unor
emoii pozitive mai intense. Aceste relaii de
predicie
dintre
formele
ncrederii
organizaionale i reaciile la stres identificate
n studiul de fa evideniaz faptul c
ncrederea n supervizorul imediat i
ncrederea n organizaie sunt concepte
independente care reflect refereni diferii ai
ncrederii angajailor.
Independena celor dou forme de
ncredere organizaional este evideniat i
de efectul moderator al acestora n relaia
dintre stresorii ocupaionali i comportamentul
contraproductiv interpersonal. Efectele de
moderare identificate accentueaz beneficiul
pe care ncrederea organizaional l are
asupra comportamentelor disfuncionale ale
angajailor. Rezultatele obinute arat c
angajaii care percep un nivel crescut de
tensiune datorat tracasrilor cotidiene din
mediul de munc, dar au un nivel de ncredere
mare n supervizorul imediat, pot manifesta cu
o frecven mai redus de comportamente
contraproductive interpersonale, n comparaie
cu angajaii care percep un nivel ridicat de
tensiune generat de tracasrile cotidiene dar
care au un nivel mai redus de ncredere n
supervizorul imediat. Angajaii care se percep
47
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49
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Adresa de coresponden: luciaratiu@psychology.ro
50
Studii i Cercetri
Introducere
Coaching-ul este n prezent o practic
frecvent pentru schimbarea i dezvoltarea
uman (Cox, Bachkirova & Clutterbuk, 2009;
Grant, 2008). Termenul de coaching nu are o
istorie prea ndelungat dei, ca practic
organizaional, a fost ntlnit cu mult nainte
de anii '90 sub denumiri de consiliere sau
consultan (Judge & Cowell, 1997). Acest
termen desemneaz o relaie de suport i
facilitare ntre un practician al coaching-ului
(coach) i un client, n vederea atingerii
scopurilor personale i profesionale ale
acestuia din urm (Wilkins, 2000). Noutatea
termenului i a practicii de coaching face
dificil existena unui consens privind
definirea i dimensiunile conceptuale.
Coaching-ul implic o relaie de tip
unu-la-unu, ns nu se reduce la abordarea
individual. Coaching-ul de grup este o
intervenie asupra echipei pentru dezvoltarea
comportamentelor de leadership, pentru
managementul stresului, pentru luarea
deciziilor n grup i pentru mbuntirea
muncii n echip (Cox et al., 2009; Ennis,
Goodman, Otto & Ster, 2008). n coaching-ul
individual, dar i n cel de grup, practicianul
are rolul de ndrumtor care faciliteaz
dezvoltarea aptitudinilor i comportamentului
unei persoane sau a unei echipe pentru
obinerea performanei dorite. Elementele
definitorii ale coaching-ului sunt nvarea,
facilitarea nvrii, optimizarea funcionrii i /
sau depirea problemelor unui client, prin
valorificarea resurselor personale, rezultatul
interveniei fiind mbuntirea stilului de via
i creterea eficienei profesionale.
250
150
100
50
20
05
-2
00
9
20
00
-2
00
4
19
95
-1
99
9
19
90
-1
99
4
numr de articole
200
51
Tabelul 1. Comparaia coaching-ului cu alte relaii n scop de dezvoltare (adaptat dup Jarvis, 2004)
Relaia
Coaching
Mentorat
Consultan
Consiliere
Psihoterapie
Persoane cu funcii de
Angajai la
Persoane cu
Persoane n
Persoane cu
diferite niveluri
putere de decizie
situaii
tulburri
i cu influen
problematice
psihopatologice
personal sau
asupra ntregii
Psihoterapeutul
Criteriu
Clientul
profesional
Profesionistul
organizaii
Practician al coaching-ului
Mentor, de
Consultant
Consilierul
specializat n funcie de
regul intern
organizaional,
psihologic
tipurile de coaching;
organizaiei
frecvent extern
frecvent, extern
organizaiei
organizaiei
Cunotine
Dezvoltare i schimbare
Specifice
Management,
Din domeniul
Legate de
Expert
domeniului
dezvoltare i
psihologiei
psihopatologie
domeniul afacerilor i
profesional
intervenie
organizaiilor n cazul
al clientului
coaching-ului pentru
organizaional,
resurse umane
afaceri
inta principal
Individul i
Organizaia i
Individul i
Individul i
a interveniei
individului i orientare
orientare spre
prezentul
prezentul
problemele din
spre viitor
viitor
De la stare de bine,
De la socializare
Soluii pentru
Soluii pentru
Rezolvarea
dezvoltare personal la
organizaional
problemele
problemele
problemelor
performane profesionale
la noi abiliti
organizaionale,
emoionale, de
psihopatologice
ca rezultate proximale i
de management
dezvoltare
relaionare
i a traumelor
organizaional
interpersonal,
psihologice
Rezultatul
beneficii la nivelul
trecut
organizaiei ca rezultat
conflict
distal
Durata
De regul lung
De regul medie
De regul
scurt
52
De regul lung
Studii i Cercetri
Studii i Cercetri
56
Studii i Cercetri
Elementul central
Elemente de intervenie
Efecte urmrite
Psihodinamic
Gndurile incontiente i
Nivelul de contientizare a
defensive; transfer;
contratransfer; dinamici familiale
Comportamental
Comportamentele
nelegerea antecedentelor i
pedeapsa
consecinelor comportamentului;
(Bandura, 1977)
schimbarea comportamentului;
pattern-urilor de aciune
Centrat pe persoan
nelegerea de sine fr
intervenia direct a
ncredere i empatie
practicianului
Dezvoltarea personal,
clientului
i gndirea distorsionat
schimbarea
(Beck, 1995)
Orientat pe sistem
Influene individuale, de
grup i organizaionale
asupra comportamentului
grup i organizaional
clientului
Peltier, 2001)
57
Studii i Cercetri
Tip studiu
Participani
Diedrich, 1996
studiu de caz,
1 leader
schimbarea comportamentului;
longitudinal
Foster & Lendl, 1996
studiu de caz
studiu comparativ
31 manageri
Kopelman, 1997
studiu exploratoriu
75 de persoane cu funcii
de conducere i 15
flexibilitate i adaptabilitate
practicieni
Smither, London et al.,
studiu cvasiexperimental
400 manageri
studiu exploratoriu
17 specialiti n resurse
dezvoltarea comportamentului de
2003
Dagley, 2006
Evers, Brouwers &
studiu cvasiexperimental
umane
conducere
2 grupuri de manageri
Tomic, 2006
2006
pe design cu msurtori
11 manageri
experiment cu un singur
subiect
de conducere)
repetate
Bowles, Cunningham et
studiu exploratoriu
al., 2007
longitudinal
29 persoane cu funcii de
conducere
Burke & Linley, 2007
studiu experimental
26 participani
atingerea scopurilor
Feggetter, 2007
studiu exploratoriu
aprrii
conducere
42 practicieni
Kombarakaran, Yang et
studiu comparativ
al., 2008
dialog i comunicare.
Hauser, 2009
studiu de caz
1 participant
Perkins, 2009
studiu exploratoriu
21 participani
Levenson, 2009
studiu exploratoriu
12 perechi client-practician
profit economic
oportunitilor de nvare
de conducere
59
Studii i Cercetri
61
62
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66
Studii i Cercetri
acest studiu sunt justiia organizaional (interacional, procedural i distributiv), satisfacia cu
munca, afectivitatea negativ, factorii de personalitate Big Five considerate predictori ai
comportamentelor contraproductive. De asemenea, a fost analizat relaia dintre dimensiunile
interpersonal i organizaional ale comportamentelor contraproductive. Rezultatele indic o
asociere negativ ntre dimensiunile justiiei i cele ale comportamentelor contraproductive,
precum i o asociere medie pozitiv ntre comportamentele contraproductive i afectivitatea
negativ. Nivele sczute ale Agreabilitii i Contiinciozitii sunt asociate cu comportamentele
contraproductive. Insatisfacia cu munca este de asemenea asociat cu comportamentele
contraproductive. Analiza include i discuiile legate de implicaiile pentru cercetri viitoare,
precum i sugestii legate de managementul comportamentelor contraproductive n organizaii.
Cuvinte cheie: meta-analiz, comportamente contraproductve,
personalitate, afectivitate negativ, satisfacia cu munca
justiia
organizaional,
67
Studii i Cercetri
Studii i Cercetri
Method
Study identification
We identified papers by using the
keywords
workplace
deviance,
counterproductive
work
behavior,
organizational
misbehavior,
interpersonal
workplace deviance, organizational workplace
deviance, antisocial behavior at work, and
employee deviance in the following databases:
PsychInfo, ProQuest, Ebsco, Science Direct,
PsychArticles, and JSTOR. We included the
papers that used the Bennett & Robinson
(2000) or the Robinson & Bennett (1995)
scale, or those using the bi-dimensional model
of organizational and interpersonal deviance
(e.g. Spector et al., 2006). Through this
approach, we aimed at overcoming the
operational definition variation that was found
in previous meta-analysis (Salgado, 2002; Lau
et al., 2003; Hershcovis et al., 2007). Also, we
identified papers presented at different
conferences, focusing on organizational
studies. Finally, we completed our database by
analyzing the references of existing metaanalyses (Dalal, 2005; Salgado, 2002; Lau et
al., 2003; Herschovis et al., 2007).
Inclusion criteria for studies
Only
those
studies
which
simultaneously respected minimal conditions
for the meta-analytical procedure were
considered. First, we researched those articles
that
used
self-report
measures
for
counterproductive behaviors and which
provided data on both the interpersonal and
organizational dimension (Bennett & Robinson,
2000; Robinson & Bennett, 1995).
With regard to correlates of CWB, we
selected those articles that used measures of
negative affectivity (JAWS Van Katwyk, Fox,
Spector & Kelloway, 2000; PANAS Watson &
Clark, 1994) and the papers measuring Big
Five personality factors. We did not consider
those papers that measured aspects
associated with negative affectivity (such as
trait anger).
Within each of the selected papers, we
searched for the number of participants and
the Pearson linear correlation coefficient (r)
between
a
form
or
another
of
counterproductive
behavior,
or
the
counterproductive behavior as a global
construct and one of the main predictors taken
into consideration in this meta-analysis.
Those studies which investigated
singular
aspects
of
counterproductive
behaviors
(such
as
absenteeism)
or
psychological variables associated with these
behaviors (such as workplace aggressive
behavior) were not considered, as they are
isolated facets of CWB. Upon applying these
inclusion criteria, 35 articles were selected for
this meta-analysis (see Table 1).
Present study
Berry et al. (2007)
Hershcovis et al. (2007)
Dalal (2005)
Published
papers
28
13
38
17
Analysis
The present study is a random-effects
meta-analysis. As Hunter & Schmidt (2000)
stated, a random-effects meta-analysis
assumes that the true effect size is not the
same in all the populations the samples are
drawn from. Therefore, a random-effect
approach can lead to a more accurate
estimation of the general population effect size
(Rosenthal et al., 2006). Furthermore, randomeffect estimation is a more realistic alternative
when study results are heterogeneous,
because it takes into account the random
Phd. or MA
thesis
5
9
10
15
Conference
papers
2
8
7
4
Total
35
30
55
36
correlation
coefficients
between
counterproductive
behaviors
and
focus
predictors for this meta-analysis.
Results
The CWBI-CWBO relation
The relation between CWBI and
CWBO was the first research question of this
paper. Previous meta-analyses on this matter
arrived at contradictory results: Dalal (2005)
concluded that CWB is a one-dimensional
construct, while Berry et al. (2007) concluded
CWBI - CWBO
5068
17
mean
r
.53
lower
r
.47
SD
.04
upper
r
.59
Q
Value
122.31
df
16
<.001
Note. k = number of samples in which relationship was estimated; N = total number of individuals in the k
samples; Mean r = mean of uncorrected correlations, weighted by sample size (N); SD = standard deviation of the
mean r; lower r, upper r = limits of the 95% confidence interval of the mean r (Dalal (2005) and Berry et al. (2007)
used 90% confidence intervals); Q value = value of the heterogeneity Q test; df = degrees of freedom for the Q
test; p = probability of the Q test. R&B = only studies that used the Robinson and Bennett (2000) measure of
CWB were included in the analysis.
B
0.350
0.007
0.011
-0.041
-0.141
-0.339
Std. Error
0.022
<.001
<.001
0.001
0.005
0.004
Beta
0.768
0.562
-0.767
-0.337
-1.302
part r
p
15.858
42.563
30.324
-54.732
-26.071
-84.542
<.001
<.001
<.001
<.001
<.001
<.001
0.112
0.048
0.146
0.026
0.396
Note. % women = female participant percent, mean age = mean participant age, SD age = standard deviation of
participant age, measure = dummy variable in which 1 Robinson and Bennetts scale, 2 another instrument,
nationality = dummy variable in which 1 - US participants and 2 - non-US participants
72
Studii i Cercetri
SD
upper
r
.34
Q
Value
11.74
df
.04
lower
r
.21
NA - CWBI
1629
.27
.07
NA - CWBO
1629
.35
.05
.28
.42
14.67
.02
NA - CWB
2242
.29
.05
.21
.37
21.15
<.001
Extraversion - CWB
1624
.08
.03
.03
.13
3.94
.86
1624
-.12
.04
-.20
-.03
20.71
.01
Agreableness - CWB
1624
-.19
.04
-.27
-.11
18.87
.02
Conscientiousness - CWB
1829
10
-.33
.02
-.37
-.29
7.56
.58
Openness - CWB
1624
.04
.04
-.04
.11
15.4
.05
Note. k = number of samples in which relationship was estimated; N = total number of individuals in the k
samples; Mean r = mean of uncorrected correlations, weighted by sample size (N); SD = standard deviation of the
mean r; lower r, upper r = limits of the 95% confidence interval of the mean r (Dalal, (2005) and Berry et al. (2007)
used 90% confidence intervals); Q value = value of the heterogeneity Q test; df = degrees of freedom for the Q
test; p = probability of the Q test.
73
Age- CWBI
Age - CWBO
Gender - CWBI
Gender CWBO
Tenure - CWB
SD
2404
1823
2301
2031
676
10
7
9
7
4
-.14
-.13
-.13
-.09
-.11
.02
.03
.03
.03
.06
Lower
r
-.18
-.19
-.19
-.15
-.22
upper
r
-.10
-.06
-.07
-.04
.01
Q
Value
9.25
9.41
15.72
7.57
6.44
df
9
6
8
6
3
0.41
0.15
0.05
0.27
0.09
Note. k = number of samples in which relationship was estimated; N = total number of individuals in the k
samples; Mean r = mean of uncorrected correlations, weighted by sample size (N); SD = standard deviation of the
mean r; lower r, upper r = limits of the 95% confidence interval of the mean r (Dalal, (2005) and Berry et al. (2007)
used 90% confidence intervals); Q value = value of the heterogeneity Q test; df = degrees of freedom for the Q
test; p = probability of the Q test. For Gender: men = 0 and women = 1.
74
Studii i Cercetri
Table 6. Relationships between perceived organizational justice facets and CWB dimensions
N
mean
r
SD
lower
r
upper
r
Q
Value
df
PJ - CWBI
1660
-.21
.04
-.28
-.14
10.02
.07
PJ-CWBO
1660
-.24
.04
-.31
-.18
9.55
.09
PJ - CWB
1494
-.28
.05
-.37
-.19
15.83
.01
IJ - CWB
776
-.27
.04
-.33
-.20
48.63
<.001
DJ - CWBI
1763
-.15
.02
-.19
-.10
4.41
.62
DJ - CWBO
1660
-.18
.02
-.22
-.13
3.94
.56
Note. k = number of samples in which relationship was estimated; N = total number of individuals in the k
samples; Mean r = mean of uncorrected correlations, weighted by sample size (N); SD = standard deviation of the
mean r; lower r, upper r = limits of the 95% confidence interval of the mean r (Dalal, 2005 and Berry et al. used
90% confidence intervals); Q value = value of the heterogeneity Q test; df = degrees of freedom for the Q test; p =
probability of the Q test.
SD
lower
r
upper
r
Q
Value
df
693
-.20
.08
-.34
-.05
10.38
.02
693
-.36
.06
-.47
-.25
7.11
.07
Note. k = number of samples in which relationship was estimated; N = total number of individuals in the k
samples; Mean r = mean of uncorrected correlations, weighted by sample size (N); SD = standard deviation of the
mean r; lower r, upper r = limits of the 95% confidence interval of the mean r (Dalal, 2005 and Berry et al., 2007
used 90% confidence intervals); Q value = value of the heterogeneity Q test; df = degrees of freedom for the Q
test; p = probability of the Q test.
Discussion
The purpose of this study was to
identify
moderating
variables
at
the
interpersonal counterproductive behavior and
organizational counterproductive behavior
level. Overall, results indicate that study
characteristics such as participants age, malefemale ratio or CWB measure should be taken
into account when studying counterproductive
behaviors.
This study found a significant
correlation between the two CWB facets.
However, the confidence interval of the
correlation coefficient is not close to the value
1 and the two dimensions have specific
relations to the variables considered. As such,
when further analyzing the two dimensions, its
also useful to consider each facet separately,
and to monitor the specific dynamics of the
75
76
Studii i Cercetri
77
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Johnson, G. J., & Johnson, W. R. (2000). Perceived
Qualification,
Positive
and
Negative
Affectivity, and Satisfaction with Work.
79
80
Studii i Cercetri
A Meta-Analysis. Academy of Management
Journal, 28 (3), 599-612.
Skarlicki, D. P., & Folger, R. (1997). Retaliation in
the Workplace: The Roles of Distributive,
Procedural, and Interactional Justice.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 82 (3), 434443.
Spector, P. E. & Fox, S. (2005). The stressoremotion model of counterproductive work
behavior. In S. Fox & P. E. Spector (Eds. ),
Counterproductive
work
behavior:
investigations of actors and targets (pp.
151-174), Washington DC: APA.
*Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema,
K., Goh, A. & Kessler, S. (2006). The
dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all
counterproductive behaviors created equal?
Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68, 446460.
Staw, B. M., Bell, N. E. & Clausen, J. A. (1986). The
dispositional approach to job attitudes: a
lifetime longitudinal test. Administrative
Science Quarterly, 31, 56 - 77.
Sulea, C. (2008). Management of counterproductive
work behaviors. Unpublished doctoral
thesis.
Babes-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca.
*Thau, S., Aquino, K., & Wittek, R. (2007). An
extension of uncertainty management
theory to the self: the relationship between
justice, social comparison orientation, and
antisocial work behaviors, 92 (1), 250-258.
81
82
Studii i Cercetri
Introducere
Un cadru distinct de abordare a
memoriei implicite este identificarea modului n
care experienele din trecut influeneaz
performana actual, chiar dac experiena
anterioar nu este reamintit n sensul uzual,
adic nu este disponibil prin raportare direct
sau introspecie (Graf & Schacter, 1985;
Jacoby & Dallas, 1981; Jacoby, Lindsay, &
Toth, 1992; Jacoby & Witherspoon, 1982;
Roediger, Weldon, & Challis, 1989; Schacter,
1987). Extinznd concluziile obinute dincolo
de memorie, Greenwald i Banaji (1995) au
identificat cogniia social implicit care apare
atunci cnd experiena trecut afecteaz /
influeneaz
raionamentul
sau
comportamentul social, dar natura acestei
influene este imposibil de identificat prin
introspecie (sau cel puin nu poate fi
identificat n mod clar i univoc) de ctre
individ. Ei au oferit exemple de cteva
fenomene de cogniie social implicit,
focalizndu-se
pe
studii
n
domeniul
atitudinilor, stimei de sine i stereotipurilor. n
fiecare din aceste domenii, Greenwald i
Banaji (1995) au artat cum comportamentul
social opereaz ntr-un mod preponderent
implicit sau incontient. Aplicnd definiia
cogniiei sociale implicite n domeniul
stereotipurilor, ei au definit stereotipurile
implicite ca experiene anterioare imposibil de
identificat prin introspecie care mediaz
atribuirea calitilor membrilor unei anumite
categorii sociale (Greenwald & Banaji, 1995,
p.182). Din punct de vedere teoretic, aceast
abordare ofer o recunoatere explicit a
modului n care exprimarea de tip stereotip
influeneaz, n mod incontient, judecata i
aciunile i posibila disociere dintre contient i
incontient n cadrul stereotipurilor. Din punct
de vedere metodologic, implicaiile acestei
teorii sunt fundamentale. O astfel de definiie
subliniaz rolul procesrii incontiente, ignorat
anterior n msurtorile clasice.
Premise teoretico-aplicative ale Testului
Asocierilor Implicite (Implicite Association
Test IAT)
Interesul din ce n ce mai mare pentru
procesele mentale incontiente poate fi atribuit
existenei unor instrumente care permit
msurarea acestora. Msurarea cogniiilor
implicite difer de metoda auto-evalurii, prin
faptul c acestea relev asocieri mintale fr
83
Obiective specifice
1. Identificarea descriptorilor utilizai n
descrierea liderului i a managerului n
cultura romneasc
2. Proiectarea unui Test de Evaluare a
Atitudinilor Implicite pentru evaluarea
rolului organizaional de lider sau
subordonat
3. Identificarea rolului perceput al femeii
de manager sau subordonat prin
evaluarea stereotipurilor implicite fa
de femei
n vederea realizrii celor trei obiective
propuse, studiul cadru a fost structurat n dou
etapei; prima etap a vizat identificarea acelor
descriptori care sunt cel mai frecvent utilizai n
descrierea celor dou roluri cheie investigate
de lider i de subordonat; aceast etap a fost
necesar n vederea proiectrii sarcinii IAT...
Metodologia
Procedura de generare a stimulilor IAT
n virtutea obinerii cuvintelor care au
fost incluse n cadrul IAT am recurs la dou
metode pentru cele dou liste:
1. lista de cuvinte pentru brbai i femei a
fost obinut din studii anterioare realizate
la nivel internaional, inclusiv n Romnia
(Greenwald & Banaji, 2005) cu IAT. Aceste
cuvinte au fost distribuite dup cum
urmeaz:
/ Brbat fiul, unchiul, tata, nepotul
/ Femeie mama, fiica, nepoata,
mtua
2. Pentru cea de-a doua list de cuvinte,
atribuite
liderului/
efului
sau
subordonatului s-a recurs la studiul
literaturii de specialitate, ncercnd s se
identifice acele caracteristici care i
difereniaz pe lideri de subordonai. n
acest sens, s-au identificat acele
caracteristici care sunt asociate cu
conducerea de succes i, mai ales, cele
care i caracterizeaz doar pe lideri, nu i
pe subordonai (Bass, 1990; Kirkpatrick &
Locke, 1991). Astfel, au fost identificate 33
cuvinte, din care 16 caracteristici definitorii
pentru lider i 17 pentru subordonai.
Aceste 33 cuvinte au fost puse sub forma
unui chestionar care a fost aplicat unor
participani,
de
la
diferite
nivele
organizaionale, cerndu-li-se s noteze n
dreptul fiecrui cuvnd categoria din care
face parte. Ca urmare a calculului
84
asculttor,
conformist, urmeaz, execut,
docil, dependent
Pe baza cuvintelor de mai sus i
urmnd regulile de construcie a IAT-ului, a
fost obinut sarcina experimental de
evaluare a atitudinilor implicite.
Proiectarea IAT
Proiectarea IAT-ului pentru cercetarea
de fa a urmrit paii sugerai de Greenwald
i Banaji (1995) i anume:
Pasul
1.
nvarea
dimensiunii
conceptuale. n prima faz, respondenii sunt
rugai s sorteze itemii celor dou concepte n
categoriile supraordonate. Categorizrile sunt
realizate prin folosirea a dou taste A i L
care sunt plasate n dreptul categoriilor
supraordonate i itemii stimuli apar n mod
secvenial n mijlocul ecranului computerului.
Pasul
2.
nvarea
atributelor
dimensiunii. n pasul 2, respondenii realizeaz
aceeai sarcin, utiliznd aceleai dou taste,
dar de aceast dat sunt rugai s sorteze
itemii care reprezint cei doi poli ai
dimensiunii.
Pasul 3. Perechea concept atribut 1.
n cel de-al treilea stadiu, aceste dou sarcini
de scorare sunt combinate astfel nct, prin
ncercri alternative, respondenii s identifice
un cuvnd din supracategorie cu un cuvnt
atribut. n acest pas, A este tasta pentru
rspunsul corect la categoria Brbat i ef ,
iar tasta L este rspunsul corect pentru cea
de-a doua categorie Femeie i Subordonat.
Pasul 4. Schimbarea locaiei spaiale a
conceptelor. n al patrulea pas, doar itemii
stimuli pentru conceptul vizat (ef i
Subordonat) sunt sortai pentru 20 de ncercri
dar, de data aceasta, sarcina este inversat. n
exemplul nostru, itemii pentru Femeie vor fi
pentru tasta A, iar Brbat pentru tasta L.
Pasul 5. Perechea concept atribut 2.
n al cincilea pas, respondenii sorteaz din
nou itemii de la ambele atribute i categoriile
conceptului int, cu meniunea c, n acest
pas, tasta A este pentru Femeie i ef , iar
tasta L pentru Brbat i Subordonat. (adic
opus fa de pasul 3). Respondenii sorteaz
Studii i Cercetri
Vrsta
Nr. participani
81
Vrsta
minim
19.00
Vrsta
maxim
39.00
Media
26.62
Abaterea standard
3.48
Caracteristicile demografice
Genul
Brbai
Femei
Valori absente
Nivelul
organizaional
Executie
Management de linie
Management de mijloc
Management de vrf
Altele (studeni, pensonari)
Valori absente
Total participani
Numr
participani
27
Frecvena exprimat n
procente
33.3%
51
63%
3
32
12
14
4
16
3
81
3.7%
39,5%
14,8%
17,3%
4,9%
19,8%
3,7%
100%
85
Tabelul 3
Testul t pe eantioane perechi pentru categoriile prostereotip i contrastereotip
Categorii
Media
Abaterea
Abaterea
standard
Media
standard
Pro-stereotip (categoria 4)
1.49
.38
Contra-stereotip (categoria
1.32
.29
.1658
.27112
3)
Valoarea
testului t
4.69
.000
Abaterea
standard
Valoarea
testului t
.60
.84
.402
Tabelul 4. Testul t pe eantioane perechi pentru categorii identice dar spaial opuse
Categorii
Media
Media
1.32
Abaterea
standard
.26
Pro-stereotip (localizat
spaial stnga)
Pro-stereotip (localizat
spaial dreapta)
1.38
.64
.05
Media
Media
Abaterea
standard
Valoarea
testului t
1.54
Abaterea
standard
.38
Pro-stereotip
Contra stereotip
1.52
.20
.21
.28
3.87
.001
Abaterea
standard
Valoarea
testului t
.25
3.83
.000
Media
Pro stereotip
1.46
Abaterea
standard
.34
Contra - stereotip
1.33
.29
86
Media
.13
Studii i Cercetri
Nivel organizaional
Execuie
Nr. participani
32
Media
1.44
Abaterea
standard
.37
3.92
.000
Management de linie
12
1.48
.27
2.45
.032
Management de mijloc
14
1.44
.30
1.59
.135
Management de vrf
1.51
.24
.30
.779
.43
2.71
.016
Altele
16
1.62
88
Concluzii
n pofida influenei rolului de gen n
situaii i, mai ales, n decizii organizaionale,
se poate afirma c exist dovezi clare conform
crora femeile se conformeaz cerinelor
impuse de rolul de lider, restricionnd ntr-o
anumit
msur
inferenele
datorate
stereotipurilor de gen. n aceast situaie,
datele obinute n experimentul de fa sunt
consecvente cu ideea prezentat. Rolul de gen
are o valoare important, modeleaz
comportamentul indivizilor, mai mult ntr-o
msur implicit, exercitnd o influen
indirect, de multe ori slab observabil i cu
att mai puin identificabil prin msurtori
explicite. n acest sens, posibilitatea de a
identifica, prin cercetare implicit, stereotipurile
de gen, rmne o soluie viabil. Lund n
considerare c acestea, prin natura lor
implicit, determin o reacie de multe ori
subtil sau mascat pot avea consecine
asupra deciziilor organizaionale, cum ar fi n
sfera seleciei sau promovrii unei femei ntr-o
funcie de management, mai ales de vrf,
datorit faptului c procesul de recrutare
selecie este realizat de persoane care ocup
nivele de execuie.
Ceea ce se poate concluziona este c
IAT-ul este un instrument cu mare potenial n
identificarea stereotipurilor de gen implicite, a
acelor stereotipuri care afecteaz n mod subtil
i nespecificat percepia femeilor - manager.
Dup cum s-a observat, cel mai mare potenial
de perpetuare a stereotipurilor se afl la nivelul
organizaional de execuie. Cu toate acestea,
i aici exist mari pericole de a pune bariere n
dezvoltarea, promovarea sau selecia unei
femei pe o poziie de conducere, deoarece cei
responsabili cu selecia resurselor umane sau
cu dezvoltarea planurilor de carier nu sunt
ntotdeauna
poziionai
pe
nivele
de
management i, prin urmare, sunt, n baza
rezultatelor acestui studiu, mai puternic
influenai de stereotipuri de gen.
Bibliografie
Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1995). Implicit
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Journal
of
Personality
and
Social
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Banaji, M. R. (2001). Implicit attitudes can be
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Nairne, I. Neath, & A. Surprenant (Eds.),
The nature of remembering: Essays in
Studii i Cercetri
honor of Robert G. Crowder (pp. 117-150).
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life. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. (Ed.), The
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Bass, B. M. (1990). From transactional to
transformational leadership: Learning to
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De Houwer, J. (2006). What are implicit measures
and why are we using them? In R. W. Wiers
& A. W. Stacy (Eds.), The handbook of
implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 1128).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Eagly, A. H. & Johannesen-Schmidt, M. C. (2001)
The Leadership Styles of Women and Men
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Egloff, B. & Schmukle, S. C. (2004). Gender
differences in implicit and explicit anxiety
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Fazio, Russell H., David M. Sanbonmatsu, Martha
C. Powell, and Frank R. Kardes. (1986).
On the Automatic Activation of Attitudes,
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and
Social
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Graf, P. & Schacter, D.L. (1985). Implicit and explicit
memory for new associations in normal and
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Psychology:
Learning,
Memory,
and
Cognition, 11, 501-518
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., Banaji, M. R., &
Klauer, K. C. (2005). Validity of the salience
asymmetry interpretation of the IAT:
Comment on Rothermund, Wentura & De
Houwer (2004). Journal of Experimental
Psychology: General, 134, 420425
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R.
(2003). Understanding and Using the
Implicit Association Test: I. An Improved
Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216
Greenwald, A. G., & Nosek, B. A. (2001). Health of
the Implicit Association Test at age 3.
Zeitschrift fr Experimentelle Psychologie,
48, 85-93.
Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L. A.,
Farnham, S. D., Nosek, B. A., & Rosier, M.
(2000). Prologue to a unified theory of
attitudes, stereotypes, and self-concept. In
J. Forgas (Ed.) The role of affect in social
cognition (pp. 308-330). Cambridge, UK:
Cambridge University Press.
89
Anexa 1
Exemplu din sarcina experimental de evaluare a stereotipurilor implicite
90
91
Introducere
Una dintre cele mai dificile sarcini cu
care se confrunt organizaiile const n
gsirea unor candidai calificai care s posede
cunotine, deprinderi, aptitudini care s le
permit obinerea unor performane superioare
n munc, precum i trsturi de personalitate
care s le asigure etica muncii i valori morale
solide. Specialitii n resurse umane au fcut
acest proces de selecie profesional mai uor
de administrat prin utilizarea variatelor teste de
selecie cu capacitate de predicie diferit a
performanei n munc. Prin utilizarea testelor
de
selecie,
organizaiile
devin
mai
ncreztoare
n
predicia
performanei
profesionale a viitorilor angajai. ns, n ciuda
succesului relativ al capacitii de predicie a
acestor teste, exist o discuie aprins privind
gradul lor de adecvare n cadrul procesului de
selecie. n timp ce unii autori susin utilizarea
testelor care examineaz potenialul succes
profesional n termeni de cunotine, deprinderi
i aptitudini, utilizarea testelor de personalitate
i a celor de integritate este chestionat
Tabelul 1. Validitatea predictiv a testelor de aptitudini generale mentale combinate cu un al doilea predictor n
raport cu performana profesional global
Testul psihologic
92
-?
.63
.65
.60
.63
.55
.58
.58
.58
% de
cretere a
validitii
-?%
24%
27%
18%
24%
8%
14%
14%
14%
.45
.58
.07
14%
.26
.18
.35
.37
.11
.57
.54
.52
.53
.52
.06
.03
.01
.02
.01
12%
6%
2%
4%
2%
.10
.10
.02
-.01
.52
.52
.51
.51
.01
.01
.00
.00
2%
2%
0%
0%
Validitate
(r)
.51
.54
.41
.31
.51
.38
.48
.44
.49
95
profilul SDS.
Prin urmare, SDS nu doar plaseaz
indivizii ntr-un anumit tip de personalitate, el
ajut la corelarea relaiei dintre personalitatea
fiecruia i mediul potrivit, oferind un input
valoros n consilierea profesional. Deoarece
procedurile sunt explicite i materialele testului
sunt prezentate de la cele mai mici detalii,
testul este uor de aplicat i folosit, de aceea
el a fost ncadrat n clasa de teste de tip A,
fiind astfel accesibil nu doar psihologilor, ci
unei arii ocupaionale mai largi.
Trebuie punctat c SDS realizeaz o
evaluare a potrivirii dintre tipologia persoanei
cu mediul de munc lund n considerare nu
doar interesele, ci i cunotinele, deprinderile
i aptitudinile unei persoane. n SUA, SDS
este corelat cu Dicionarul de Titluri
Ocupaionale (Dictionary of Occupational
Titles, DOT), putndu-se evalua astfel
101
n perioada 1-4 Septembrie 2010 va avea loc la Cluj-Napoca a 24-a ediie a Conferinei
Europene de Psihologia Sntii intitulat Sntate n Context (Health in Context). Acest eveniment
este organizat anual de ctre Societatea European de Psihologia Sntii (European Health
Psychology Society), organizaie nfiinat n 1986 cu scopul de a promova standarde riguroase n
cercetarea i practica din domeniul psihologiei sntii. Conferina se adreseaz nu doar psihologilor,
ci i specialitilor din domeniul sntii publice, sntii ocupaionale sau medicilor cu interese n
domeniul psiho-somatic i al medicinei comportamentale.
Programul tiinific al conferinei include prezentri orale, postere, mese rotunde, simpozioane
i workshop-uri. Tematica abordat n cadrul conferinei este vast i circumscrie toate subdomeniile
de interes i actualitate n psihologia sntii publice, ocupaionale i clinice: auto-reglarea si
percepia bolii, coping-ul cu boala cronic i durerea, stres, emoii i sntate, suportul social i
sntatea, personalitate i sntate, tulburri psihosomatice, percepia i comunicarea riscului,
metode de cercetare calitativ n sntate i boal, intervenii psihologice n boala cronic,
intervenii de sntate public i promovarea sntii, mbtrnire i sntate, familie, copii i
sntate, cultur, schimbri sociale i sntate, sntate ocupaional, psihobiologie i
neurofiziologie.
Profesorii invitai pentru prelegerile n plen sunt: Prof. Dr. Michelle Fine de la City University of
New York (New York, SUA) cu lucrarea The Uneven Distribution of Human (In)security Among Youth:
The Social Health Consequences of Neoliberal Social Policy, Prof. Dr. Suzanne Segerstrom de la
Universitatea Kentuky (SUA) cu prezentarea Optimism and immunity: Situations, dispositions, and
mechanisms, Prof. Dr. Michael Murray de la Universitatea Keele (Marea Britanie) cu lucrarea Health
Psychology in Context i Prof. Dr. Mircea Miclea de la Universitatea Babe-Bolyai, Cluj-Napoca,
Romania cu prezentarea Computer-mediated psychotherapy: Present and prospects.
Comitetul tiinific este compus din mai muli specialiti de notorietate internaional din
diferite ri ale Europei: Prof. Dr. Paul Norman (Marea Britanie), Prof. Dr. Adriana Bban (Romnia),
Prof. Dr. Yael Benyamini (Israel), Prof. Dr. Elvira Cicognani (Italia), Prof. Dr. Aleks Lusycyznska
(Polonia), Prof. Dr. Adrian Opre (Romnia), Prof. Dr. Efharis Panagopoulou (Grecia), Prof. Dr. Britta
Renner (Germania) i Prof. Dr. Irina Todorova (Bulgaria).
Conferina ofer tinerilor psihologi posibilitatea de a-i dezvolta abilitile de cercettor prin
participarea la workshop-ul CREATE cu tema Dezvoltarea programelor online de promovare a
sntii, susinut de profesorul Hein de Vries de la Universitatea din Maastricht, Olanda.
Responsabilul local pentru organizarea acestui workshop este Asist. Univ. Drd. Catrinel Crciun.
Informaii suplimentare despre conferin pot fi accesate la adresa:
http://www.ehps-cluj2010.psychology.ro/index.php/scientific-program.html.
102
1.
1.
2.
2.
Les manuscrits
manire claire.
3.
3.
4.
4.
La
longueur
des
tudes
thoriques,
exprimentales, dinvestigations appliques et des
mta-analyses sera de 25 pages maxim, crites
avec un interligne de 1, y compris les tableaux, les
figures et les rfrences bibliographiques. Les
commentaires et les interviews ne seront pas plus
longs que de 10 pages. Pour les critiques, la
longueur sera de 3-4 pages. La longueur des
articles prnant des MRU en practique ne peut
pas excder 10 pages.
5.
5.
Pentru carte:
doivent
tre
labors
dune
Pour un livre:
103
The journal Human Resources Psychology publishes original articles in Romanian, English and French.
Scientific articles submitted for publishing should respect the following conditions:
1.
Manuscripts should follow the publication standards existing in the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association, fourth ed.
2.
3.
Articles must be sent to the editor in chief in two copies: one copy must be printed on A4 format, 1 line
spaced, in Times New Roman characters, font no. 12 and the paper format must have the following
dimensions: top: 3cm; bottom: 2.5cm; left: 2.5 cm and right: 2.5cm. The other copy must be sent on a
CD (Word format). On the CD label it must be specified the authors name, the title of the article and an
email address where the author can be contacted. The papers can be sent by email to the following
address: office@apio.ro
4.
Theoretical and experimental papers, applied research and meta-analyses should be of maximum 25
pages, 1 line spaced (including tables, graphics and biographical references). Comments and interviews
cannot exceed 10 pages. Book reviews must not exceed 3-4 pages. Articles for the Human Resources
Management in Practice section must not be longer than 10 pages, at 1 line spaced.
5.
Armenakis, A.A., & Bedeian A.G. (1992). The role of metaphors in organizational change.
Group and Organizational Management, 17, 242-248.
For a book:
Katzenbach, J.R., & Smith, A. (1993). The Wisdom of Teams. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.