Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
C1-C4
n0
1. ACIZI HALOGENATI
R-CH-(CH2)n- COOH
X
n0
X = F, Cl, Br, I
+Cl2
CH2Cl-COOH
-HCl
+Cl2
-HCl
Acid monocloracetic
CHCl2-COOH
Acid dicloracetic
+Cl2
-HCl
CCl3-COOH
Acid tricloracetic
Br-CH2-CH2-COOH
CH2=CH-COOH + HBr
COOH
Fe
- HBr
Br
compui solizi
solubili n ap
Ka
Reprezentant:
Acidul
monocloracetic:
ClCH2-COOH
higroscopic
sinteza de
medicamente (barbiturice)
ierbicide (acid 2,4-diclorofenoxiacetic)
indigo
4
2. ACIZI ALCOOLI
R-CH-(CH2)n- COOH
n0
OH
2.1. Acizi -hidroxilici
O
R
H
+ HCN
R C CN
H2N-CH2-COOH + HONO
OH
2H2O
-NH3
R CH COOH
OH
N2 + H2O + HO-CH2-COOH
Acid aminoacetic
(Glicocol)
Acid glicolic
H2C
CH2 + HCN
O
OH-CH2-CH2-CN
-Hidroxi-propionitril
+ 2 H2O
- NH3
OH-CH2-CH2-COOH
Acid -Hidroxi-propionic
Proprietile hidroxiacizilor:
compui cristalini
solubili n ap
H
OH
C
C
HO
OH
HO
C
H
O
R CH
OH
R CH
OH
OH
CH
H
OH
O
C
R C
(H2SO4)
COOH
-2H2O
-H2O
H3C CH CH2
+ HCOOH
OH
R CH
CH
COOH
O
H
CH2 C
OH
Acid -hidroxivalerianic
H2C
CH2
C
H3C
C
O
+ H2O
O
-Valeractona
Reprezentani:
Acidul
glicolic (hidroxiacetic):
HO-CH2-COOH
struguri necopi
frunze de via salbatic
hidroliza acidului monocloracetic
Acidul
lactic (-hidroxipropionic):
*
H3C CH COOH
farmaceutic
OH
industriile
terapeutic
alimentar
textil
dextrogir, levogir
racemic
*
HOOC CH CH2 COOH
OH
nclzire la 200 C
T 200 C n prezena de
NaOH sau H2SO4
*
*
HOOC CH CH COOH
OH OH
forma liber sau ca sare
Acidul citric:
lami
portocale
zmeur
coacze
HO
COOH
C
CN
CH2Cl
OH
OH + 2H2O
HCN
C
CH2Cl
CH2Cl
CH2Cl
CH2Cl
-NH3
C
COOH
CH2Cl
CH2 COOH
CH2CN
OH
+2KCN
-2KCl
4H2O
OH
C
C
COOH
-2NH3
CH2CN
COOH
CH2
COOH
cristalizeaz cu o molecul de ap
farmaceutic
alimentar (limonade, bomboane s.a.)
IZOMERIE OPTICA
= proprietatea substanelor de a roti planul luminii polarizate
a
abcd
C
b
d
c
a
d
a
b
c
I
I
enantiomeri
II
II
Cl
CH2
PCl5
AgOH
COOH
KOH
COOH
HO *C
SOCl2
Acid (+)
monoclorsuccinic
COOH
CH2
*C
OH
CH2
COOH
AgOH
COOH
PCl5
SOCl2
COOH
Cl
*C
CH2
COOH
Acid (-)
monoclorsuccinic
H3C
* COOH
CH
OH
+ [O]
K2Cr2O7
H3C
COOH
O
10
Rotaia specific:
H3C
HC
CH
CH3 + HOCl
n = nr. atomilor
de carboni asimetrici
2n-1
[]D =
25
100
lc
HC*
H3C
*
CH
Cl OH
CH3
CH3
I cu II
III cu IV
CH3
CH3
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
OH
HO
HO
OH
CH3
CH3
II
CH3
CH3
III
IV
I cu III
II cu IV
II cu III
enantiomeri
diastereoizomeri
I cu IV
11
3. ACIZI FENOLI
3.1. Prin diazotarea aminoacizilor aromatici
COOH
COOH
+ N2 + H2O
+ HO-NO
NH2
OH
Acid p-aminobenzoic
Acid p-hidroxibenzoic
ONa
125 C
+ CO2
6 atm
OH
COONa
H2O
COOH
- NaOH
12
COOH
t C
OH
-CO2
C6H5
OH
COOCH3
COOH
OH
H2SO4
OH
+ CH3OH
Acid salicilic
C6H4
+ H2O
Salicilat de metil
COOH
OH
+ NaOH + 2CH3I
C6H4
+ NaI + 2H2O
OMe
COOH
COOH
OCOCH3
OH
+ CH3COOH
Acid salicilic
COOCH3
+ H2O
Acid acetisalicilic
(Aspirina)
13
Reprezentani:
Acidul salicilic (acid orto-hidroxibenzoic):
n natura sub form liber sau ca ester metilic
sinteza Kolb-Schmidt
O
C
HO
OH
+
OH
OH HOOC
-H2O
HO
Acid salicilsalicilic
CO
-CO2
OH
Salicilat de fenil (Salol)
t C
C
O
fosgen
C O
-2H2O
O
C
O
HO3S
H2SO4
COOH
COOH
OH
OH
HNO3
O2N
COOH
OH
industriile
14
COOH
OH
NH2
chemoterapia tuberculozei
COOH
HO
OH
OH
taninuri
hidroliza acid sau enzimatic a taninurilor
cristalizeaz cu o molecul de ap
HO
OH
Acidul galic
industriile
HO
OH
OH
Pirogalol
15
4. ACIZI CETONE
A) Acizi -cetonici
4.1. Prin oxidarea -hidroxiacizilor
R CH COOH
COOH
OH
+ AgCN
H3C C
Cl
CN
H3C
COOH
acid piruvic
B) Acizi -cetonici
! Acizii -carbonilici nu se pot obtine in stare libera deoarece sunt foarte instabili
HCO-CH2-COOH
HCO-CH3 + CO2
+
.. +
CH3-CO-CH-COOC2H5Na + C2H5OH
H+
CH3-CO-CH2-COOC2H5
C) Acizi -cetonici
acetilacetat de etil
HCl
C6H12O6
H3C C
O
CH2
16
CH3-CHO
CH3-CO-CH2-COOC2H5
CH2
C
O
OC2H5
+ + H3C C
O
CH2
OC2H5
OH
Carbanion
H3C C
CH
OCH2O5
17
H2O
CH3-CO-CH2-CO OC2H5
CH3-CO-CH2-CO OC2H5
KOH
CH3-CO-CH3 + C2H5-OH
scindare cetonica
H+
CH3-COOH
CH3-COOH
H
H2C
C
O
OH
H2C
CH2
O
CH3
scindare acida
C CH3
O C
O
H2C
H
+
C H
C
O C
O
CH3
OH
18
Reprezentani:
Acidul piruvic (-cetopropionic):
lichid, care se descopune la temperatura de fierbere
H3C C COOH
O
CH2OH
CHOH
CHOH
COOH
-CO2
COOH
CH2
CH3
COH
CO
COOH
COOH
CH3-CO-CH2-COOC2H5
5. AMINOACIZI
R-CH-(CH2)n- COOH
NH2
n0
5.1. Clasificare
Aminoacizii se clasifica in functie de particularitatile structurale ale
radicalului R si prezenta altor grupari functionale.
AMINOACIZI
CICLICI
Homeociclici
ACICLICI
Heterociclici
Hidroxiaminoacizi
Tioaminoacizi
Monoaminomonocarboxilici
Monoaminodicarboxilici
Diaminomonocarboxilici
*
H3C HC COOH
NH2
acid -aminopropionic
() -Alanina
-Ala
H3C
HC
*
HC COOH
CH3 NH2
acid -amino izovalerianic
(acid 2-amino-3-metilbutanoic)
() Valina
Val
H2C
H2C COOH
NH2
acid -aminopropionic
-Alanina
-Ala
H3C
CH
CH3
CH2 CH COOH
NH2
H3C
CH2 CH
CH COOH
CH3 NH2
acid 2-amino-3-metil pentanoic
() Izoleucina
Ile
22
*
HC
*
HOOC CH
H2C COOH
NH2
H2C
O
H2C COOH
HOOC
NH2
acid -aminosuccinic
(acid 2-aminobutandioic)
() acid asparagic
() acid aspartic
Asp
CH2
CH2
H2C
acid -aminoglutaric
() acid glutamic
Glu
NH2
*
HC COOH
NH2
H2C CH2
NH2
NH2
*
CH CH2 CH2 C
H2C
*
HC COOH
NH2
HN
NH2
*
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH
C
HN
NH2
COOH
NH2
acid 2-amino-5-guanidinopentanoic
() Arginina
Arg
*
CH COOH
OH NH2
acid -amino--hidroxi propanoic
() Serina
Ser
H3C HC
*
CH COOH
OH NH2
acid -amino--hidroxi butanoic
() Treonina
Thr
H2C
*
CH COOH
*
H2C CH2 CH COOH
H3C S
SH NH2
acid -amino--tio propanoic
() Cisteina
Cys
HOOC
NH2
*
CH CH2 S
*
CH2 CH
NH2
COOH
NH2
() Cistina
fenolic
COOH
COOH
H2
C H
C
NH2
CH2 CH COOH
NH2
NH2
acid para-aminobenzoic
(vitamina B10)
acid orto-aminobenzoic
(acidul antranilic)
() Fenilalanina
Phe
HO
COOH
NH2
N
N
H
H2
C
H2
C H
C
OH
N
H
NH2
O
H
C
H2N
C
OH
50 C
+
H2C COO NH4
+
+ NH4 Cl
NH2
H
H2C COOH
NH2
25
+ HCN
R
O + NH3
CH
CH
NH
CH
- H2O
CN
- NH3
NH2
CH
COOH
NH2
NH2-OH
COOH
- H2O
H3C
COOH
NOH
H2
H3C
- H2O
CH
COOH
NH2
oxima
H3C
+ NH3
COOH
- H2O
H3C
COOH
+ 2H
+
H3C CH COOH
NH
NH2
imina
HC
CH COOH
HOOC
+ NH3
acid fumaric
*
HC
H2C COOH
NH2
O
C
Cl-CH2-COOR
N
C
O
K
- KCl
COOH
C
C
O
CH2
COOR
+
COOH
H2C COOH
NH2
26
anti Mark.
+ HBr
H2C CH
C
CH2 CH2
Br
CH2 CH2 C
+ 2 H2O
- NH3
NH2
O
H2C
H2C
H2C
C
O
C
+ NH3
H2C
C
NH2
COOH
+ NaBrO
H2C
NH2
- CO2
- NaBr
H2C
COOH
O
anhidrida succinica
27
Sub aspect structural, dupa pozitia gruparii -NH2 fata de atomii de carbon
asimetrici din catena hidrocarbonata, aminoacizii pot apartine seriei L sau
seriei D.
R
R
Aminoacizii naturali
prezenti in structura
protidelor apartin numai
formei L.
H2N C H
H C NH2
COOH
COOH
L-aminoacid
D-aminoacid
+ H+
COOH
Cation
(ion pozitiv)
R
+H N CH
3
COO
Amfion
(ion bipolar)
+ HO-
+H N CH
3
COO
Amfion
(ion bipolar)
R
H2N CH
COO
Anion
(ion negativ)
28
30
R
HC NH2 + O C R
H
COOH
aminoacid
aldehida
R
- H2O
HC N C R
H
COOH
baza Schiff
R
HC NH2 + O N OH
HC OH
- H2O
+ N2
COOH
COOH
aminoacid
hidroxiacid
CH3
HC NH2 + O N OH
COOH
alanina
CH3
HC OH
- H2O
+ N2
COOH
acid lactic
31
de
prezena
altor
grupri
H2C
H2C
OH
H2N CH
COOH
serina
H2N
+ HO-PO3H2
- H2O
O PO3H2
CH
COOH
fosforilserina
32
R"
N
H
C
H
R'
H
C
OH
C
H
OH
- H2O
R"
C
H2N H C
H
N H COOH
C
Dipeptida
R'
R
- H2O
C
H
R"
H
N H C
C
C
OH
R
C
H2N H C
C
N H COOH
H
Tripeptida
R'
R"
C
H2N H C
O
H
N H C
C
R
C
N H COOH
H
Polipeptida
R'
33