ASPECTE ESENIALE ALE INTRODUCERII SISTEMULUI DE

MSURARE A SINCROFAZORILOR N SISTEMUL

ENERGETIC NAIONAL
SYNCHROPHASOR MEASUREMENT SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
IN THE NATIONAL POWER SYSTEM ESSENTIAL ASPECTS
Nicolae CHIOSA

Nicolae PANTAZI

C.N.T.E.E. Transelectrica S.A., Transmission Branch Timioara

Piaa Romanilor nr. 11, Timioara
Tel./fax:+40-0256-294054, E-mail: nicolae.chiosa@transelectrica.ro

Bucur LUTREA

Ioan BORLEA

Constantin BRBULESCU

Politehnica University of Timioara, Romania, Electrical Power Engineering Department

Bd. Vasile Prvan, nr. 2, 300433, Timioara
Tel./fax+40-256-403416, E-mail: bucur.lustrea@et.upt.ro
Doru Mircea PUNESCU
C.N.T.E.E. Transelectrica S.A., National Power Dispatching Operating Unit

Rezumat. Lucrarea este consacrat prezentrii unor aspecte de

implementare a sistemului de msurare a sincrofazorilor de tensiune n Sistemul electroenergetic naional (SEN) romnesc. Este
prezentat arhitectura general a sistemului de msur, schemele
bloc pentru punctele locale i punctul central de msur, avantajele i beneficiile pe care acest sistem de msur le poate aduce
n conducerea operativ a SEN.

Abstract. This paper tackles various aspects regarding the implementation of voltage synchrophasors in the Romanian National
Power System. In what follows, we will establish the general
architecture of the measuring system, the flow charts for the
local measuring points and for the central measuring point, the
advantages and benefits that this particular measuring system may
convey to the operative control of the National Power System.

Cuvinte cheie: sincrofazori, sistem electroenergetic naional,

sistem de poziionare global prin satelit, sistem sincron de
msurare a fazorilor

Keywords: Synchrophasors, National Power System Global Positioning System, Synchrophasors measurement system

1. Introducere
Compania Naional de Transport al Energiei Electrice,
C.N.T.E.E. Transelectrica S.A., asigura serviciul de transport al energiei electrice, de conducere tehnic a Sistemului Electroenergetic Naional (SEN) i de administrare a
pieei de energie electric i este membru n Uniunea pentru
Coordonarea Transportului Energiei Electrice (UCTE).
Ca urmare a transformrilor prin care trece societatea,
aflat n faza de dezvoltare post industrial i a progresului
tiinific i tehnologic continuu, Transelectrica S.A.
trebuie s fac fa urmtoarelor provocri:
Globalizarea: Transelectrica este parte component a
UCTE asumndu-i responsabilitile ce-i revin pentru
teritoriul rii i zona de sud-estic a continentului.
Deregularizarea. Din structura SEN caracteristic
anilor 1990, s-au format mai multe Companii, ocupnd
poziii precise n lanul energetic. Complicatele relaii
care se stabilesc ntre Companii trebuie reglementate
i arbitrate att pe cale juridic ct i cu ajutorul Autoriti Naionale de Reglementare in domeniul Energiei
(ANRE). Un alt aspect al deregularizrii este externalizarea din Transelectrica a unor activiti legate de

1. General aspects
The National Power Grid Company (C.N.T.E.E. Transelectrica S.A.) ensures the power transmission, the technical control of the National Power System and the power
market management. It is also a member of the Union for
the Co-ordination of Transmission of Electricity (U.C.T.E.).
As a result of all the society changes due to the scientific and technological progress, Transelectrica S.A. has to
deal with the following challenges:
Globalization: Transelectrica is part of the U.C.T.E.
carrying out the responsibilities inherent to the country and to the southeastern area of the continent.
Deregulation: The National Power System structure
characteristic from the 1990s has given birth to several
Companies, each occupying precise positions in the
power chain. The complicated relations established between the Companies have to be regulated and managed judicially as well as with the help of the National
Power Regulating Authority (ANRE). Another aspect
of the deregulation is the exclusion of certain activities
related to equipment maintenance, secondary services
from Transelectrica etc.

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mentenana echipamentului, servicii care nu fac obiectul

activitii principale a Companiei etc.
Liberalizarea. Au fost nfiinate i ncep s funcioneze
structurile Pieei de energie. n condiiile n care energia
trebuie adus la consumator de acolo de unde ea este
mai ieftin, apar congestiile pe linii i problemele legate
de reglajul i stabilitatea tensiunii n nodurile sistemului
i de decontarea energiei electrice transportate etc.
Informatizarea: Sistemul SCADA s-a extins mult,
ceea ce asigur informaiile primare necesare tuturor
componentelor Transelectrica: staii electrice, dispecerate, sucursale de transport. Astfel a fost asigurat suportul absolut necesar conducerii operative a SEN i a
desfurrii tuturor celorlalte activiti ale Companiei.
Avnd n vedere ritmul accelerat de evoluiei al progresului tehnic i necesitatea alinierii la standardele internaionale, n mod cert activitatea de perfecionare a platformei informatice a Companiei va reprezenta i n viitor
o preocupare permanent a conducerii Transelectrica.
Realizarea unui sistem de msur a sincrofazorilor
aparine acestui gen de preocupri.
Eficientizarea: Organizarea Companiei a fost complet
restructurat i se continu acest proces prin trecerea
la sistemul de exploatare centralizat a staiilor i liniilor.
S-au externalizat o serie de activiti de mic importan,
ceea ce a permis conducerii Companiei s se focalizeze
asupra obiectivelor principale ale domeniul specific de
activitate, cu rezultate directe asupra creterii profitului.
Modernizarea: Este numitorul comun al ntregii evoluii
din ultimii ani ai Transelectrica. Modernizarea se desfoar n profunzime, n toate componentele Companiei:
concepie, echipamente, proceduri de lucru, organizare,
personal.
n consecin, Transelectrica trebuie s reacioneze
prompt i s gseasc soluii adecvate n faa solicitrilor
prezentate. Una dintre acestea o reprezint realizarea unui
sistem de msur pentru sincrofazori. Prezentarea aspectele
eseniale ale implementrii sale formeaz substana prezentei
lucrri.

Liberalization: The structures of the Power Market

have been established and they are beginning to work.
Because the power may be brought from where it is
cheaper, congestion on the lines and power supplied
payment, adjustment and stabilization voltage problems will occur in the system buses.
Information management: The SCADA system has
largely expanded, and this ensures the primary information necessary to all parts of Transelectrica: power
stations, dispatching units, transport branches. This
ensures the compulsory support necessary to control
both the operation of National Power System and the
deployment of all other activities within the Company.
Considering the very fast technical progress and the
necessity of alignment with the international standards,
the development of the computer platform will undoubtedly remain a continuous interest for Transelectrica. Developing a measuring system for synchrophasors
is part of these interests.
Efficiency: The structure of the Company has been
completely rebuilt and passing to the centralized station and line exploitation system will continue this
process. A series of less important activities have been
excluded from Transelectrica. This has allowed the
Company staff to focus on the main objectives in its
specific line of work, which had direct results on the
profit growth.
Modernization: It is the main objective for Transelectricas entire evolution in the latest years. The modernization takes place profoundly, affecting each part
of the Company: ideas, equipment, work procedures,
personnel training and organization.
Consequently, Transelectrica must react promptly and
find appropriate solutions to the above stated challenges.
Developing a measuring system for synchrophasors is one
of them. The fundamental aspects of its implementation
are approached in this paper.

2. Concepte de baz referitoare la sincrofazori

2.1. Repere ale evoluiei sincrofazorilor
Pe msur ce Sistemele Electroenergetice (SEE) se
extind tot mai mult, comportarea dinamic a sistemului
ridic probleme tot mai numeroase i mai dificile, devenind
din ce n ce mai greu de modelat. n plus, cunoaterea exact,
prin msurtori n timp real a mrimilor electrice din SEE
i abilitatea de a realiza controlul n tip real al sistemului,
asigur o exploatare optimizat i uureaz prevenirea
avariilor.
Dei fazorii folosii pentru reprezentarea mrimilor n
curent alternativ au fost foarte clar nelei de peste 100 de
ani, definiia precis a fazorilor sincronizai n timp (sincrofazori) a fost introdus mult mai recent de ctre standardele
internaionale IEEE 1344 i IEEE C37.118, IRIG-B. Acest
fapt, nsoit de apariia sistemului GPS i deschiderea lui
spre aplicaiile comerciale a condus n ultimii ani la realizarea i extinderea foarte rapid a msurrii sincrofazorilor
n SEE continentale.
Principalele repere istorice privind evoluia utilizrii
sincrofazorilor n SEE sunt:

2. Synchrophasors basic aspects

2.1. Landmarks in the evolution of synchrophasors
As the Power Systems develop more and more, the
dynamic behavior of the system introduces more and more
difficult problems, becoming harder and harder to simulate. Furthermore, optimized exploitation and easier fault
prevention are ensured through precise knowledge, via
real time measuring of the electric quantities in the Power
System, and through the ability to accomplish the system
real time control.
Although, the phasors used to represent the alternating
current quantities have been clearly understood for over
100 years, the precise definition of the synchronized in
time phasors (synchrophasors) has been introduced much
recently through the international IEEE 1344 and IEEE
C37.118, IRIG-B standards. This, in direct relation to the
launching of the GPS and its availability in commercial
applications, has led, in the latest years, to the fast development of the measuring methods of synchrophasors in
continental Power System.
The main historical landmarks regarding the evolution
of synchrophasors use in Power System are:

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1893 C.P. Steinmetz propune tehnici matematice de

analiz a reelelor de curent alternativ cu ajutorul fazorilor, care sunt preluate rapid, pe scar larg, fiind
unanim acceptate.
1970 Paul Dimo public lucrarea Analiza nodal a
sistemelor electroenergetice propunnd o metod de
monitorizare i control a sistemului bazat pe urmrirea
fazorilor tensiunilor i curenilor nodali i un echipament
original Anagraful, bazat pe cunoaterea defazajelor
tensiunilor nodurilor i dedicat supravegherii regimurilor
nodului respectiv.
1987 Primul GPS operaional sincronizat experimental.
1992 Primul test de msurare a sincrofazorilor aplicat
unei zone mai extinse i validarea modelului folosit.
2004 Prima recomandare oficial pentru utilizarea
dispozitivelor sincronizate n timp.

2.2. Sistemul GPS

Sistemul de poziionare global prin satelii (Global
Positioned Satellite GPS) a fost realizat de SUA iniial
n scopuri militare. El const din 24 de satelii plasai n 6
orbite la o nlime de aproximativ 16000 km de la suprafaa
Pmntului (jumtate din altitudinea unei orbite geosincrone). Poziionarea planului orbital al sateliilor este n aa
mod realizat nct n orice moment i pentru orice punct de
pe suprafaa pmntului sunt vizibili cel puin 4 satelii.
Utilizarea civil a sistemului GPS este s transmit
coordonatele geografice ale unui receptor staionar, dup
ce acesta a trimis n prealabil un impuls care a fost recepionat de satelit. De asemenea sistemul GPS transmite un
impuls de sincronizare la fiecare secund care poate fi
interpretat de ctre receptorul de pe suprafaa Pmntului.
Pentru aplicaiile civile precizia acestui semnal de sincronizare este de cel puin 1 microsecund, ceea ce face posibil
sincronizarea proceselor i deci i a msurtorilor din orice
punct de pe Pmnt cu o acurate suficient pentru monitorizarea i controlul fenomenelor din SEE. n Fig.1 este
prezentat schema de principiu a unei instalaii de msur
sincronizat a fazorilor (sincrofazori).

Fig. 1. Diagrama bloc a sistemului de msurare a sincrofazorilor

Fig. 1. Synchrophasors measuring system diagram.

159

1893 C.P. Steinmetz suggests mathematical methods

of analyzing the alternating current grids through phasors
and they spread widely, being universally validated.
1970 Paul Dimo publishes The nodal analysis of
power systems, forwarding a monitoring and control
method of the system based on tracking the voltage
and nodal current phasors, using a particular equipment
the Anagraph, which, through knowledge of the phase
shifts of the nodal voltages, monitors the regimes of that
particular bus.
1987 The first operational GPS experimentally synchronized.
1992 The first test of synchrophasor measuring system was applied to a more extensive area and the validation of the used model has been done.
2004 The first official recommendation regarding
the use of time synchronized devices.

2.2. The GPS system

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been, initially, developed in the USA for military purposes only. It
consists of 24 satellites positioned in 6 orbits at a distance
of 16000 km from the Earths surface (half of the altitude
for a geosynchronous orbit). The positioning of the orbital
plan of the satellites is designed so that at any given moment and in any point on the Globe there are at least 4
satellites visible.
The civil use of the GPS system is to convey the geographical coordinates of a stationary receiver, which has
previously sent an impulse that had been received by the
satellite. Moreover, the GPS system sends each second a
synchronization impulse that can be read by the receiver
on the surface of the Earth. For civilian application, the
accuracy of this synchronization signal is at least 1 microsecond. This makes possible the synchronization of processes and therefore of various measurements taking place
in any points on the Globe with enough accuracy to monitor and to control the phenomena occurring within the
Power System. Fig. 1 supplies the basic diagram of a synchronized measuring unit of phasors (synchrophasors).

Fig. 2. Definirea sincrofazorilor

Fig. 2. Related to synchrophasors definition.

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2.3. Definiii
Fazorul este un vector care are amplitudine, direcie i
sens, fiind reprezentat matematic de un numr complex
caracterizat prin amplitudinea i faz, corespunztoare
mrimilor respective ale unei funcii cosinusoidale. Mrimile
cosinusoidale reprezentate prin fazori, ntr-o diagram
comun, au aceeai frecven.
Sincronizare este operaia n care fazorii sunt raportai la
o origine comun a timpului, de regul stabilit cu ajutorul
GPS.
O und alternativ poate fi reprezentat matematic
printr-o ecuaie [1]:

2.3. Definitions
The phasor is a vector with amplitude, direction and
orientation. It is mathematically represented by a complex
number that accounts for the amplitude and for the phase,
in direct relation to the corresponding quantities from a
cosine function. In the same diagram, the cosine quantities
that are represented by phasors have the same frequency.
The synchronization is the operation through which
the phasors receive the same origin of time, usually established through GPS.
An alternating wave may be mathematically represented
through an equation [1]:

x(t ) = X m cos(t + )
unde: Xm - amplitudinea undei sinusoidale, viteza unghiular care depinde de frecven i unghiul iniial al
undei. O reprezentare simplificat a ecuaiei de mai sus este:

where: Xm the amplitude of the sinusoidal wave, the

angular velocity that depends on the frequency and the
primary angle of the wave. A simplified form of the equation above is:

X = X m
Corelarea sincrofazorilor cu valorile efective (RMS) se
poate face folosind factorul de scalare 1 2 existent ntre
valoarea efectiv i amplitudinea fazorului.
Sincrofazorii sunt fazori situai n diferite puncte ale
spaiului, definii fa de un moment de referin unic n
timp, stabilit folosind GPS (vezi Fig. 2). Desigur, faza
unui sincrofazor trebuie corectat astfel nct ea s in
cont de ntrzierile cauzate de orice tip de temporizare
introdus n procesul de msurare a lui.
n Fig.2 este marcat referina de timp (UTC Time), realizat cu ajutorul sistemului GPS. La momentul de timp 1,
unda are unghiul 1 i amplitudinea X1 (considernd un
regim cu frecven constant i amplitudine variabil). Similar la momentul de timp 2, unda are unghiul 2 i amplitudinea X2 . Trebuie subliniat c standardul referitor la
sincrofazori se concentreaz pe semnale staionare care
exist atunci cnd forma undei este constant pentru o
perioada n care se fac msurtorile.
Fazorii nregistrai (msurai) vor avea un marcaj de timp
pe baza referinei UTC. Marcajul de timp este un mesaj
format din: Secunda Secolului (Second of Century - SOC),
Fraciunea de secund (Fraction of Second - FOS) i
Indicator de calitate al timpului (Time Quality Indicator
- TQI). Marcajul SOC precizeaz numrul de secunde care sau curs din 1 ian. 1970. Marcajul FOS divizeaz secunda
n 16.777.216 pri sau contorizeaz pri de secund de
59,6 ns.
Standardul IEEE C37.118 revizuiete Standardul IEEE
1344 i propune s fie standardizate cteva frecvene de
raportare i intervale de raportare, referitor la msurarea
sincrofazorilor.
Msurarea sincrofazorilor trebuie s-i pstreze precizia
pentru un domeniul larg de condiii de funcionare a SEE.
n acest sens s-a definit un indicator de calitate care apreciaz global acurateea de msurare a sincrofazorilor.
Eroarea total (Total vector error - TVE): este rdcina
ptrat din suma diferenelor la ptrat dintre prile real
(Xr) i imaginar (Xi) a fazorului teoretic actual (X(n)) i
fazorul estimat (X) raportat la amplitudinea fazorului
teoretic:

The correlation of the synchrophasors with the effective values (RMS) may be achieved by using the scale
factor of 1 2 which connects the effective value and the
amplitude of the phasor.
The synchrophasors are phasors situated in various
points in space, defined with respect to a reference moment that is unique in time and that is established using
the GPS (Fig. 2). Certainly, the phase of a synchrophasor
must be corrected so that it takes into account the delays
generated by its measuring process.
In Fig. 2, we have marked the time reference (UTC
Time), established via the GPS system. At the moment of
time 1, the wave has the 1 angle and the X1 amplitude
(considering a regime of constant frequency and varying
amplitude). Similarly, at the moment of time 2, the wave
has the 2 angle and the X2 amplitude. We must stress that
the standard corresponding to synchrophasors is focused
on the stationary signals that exist only when the wave
form is constant for a period over which all measurement
are carried out.
The recorded (measured) phasors will have a time mark
based on the UTC reference. The time mark is a message
that consists of: Second of Century (SOC, Fraction of Second (FOS) and Time Quality Indicator (TQI). The SOC
mark assigns the number of seconds that have passed since
January 1st, 1970. The FOS mark divides the second into
16.777.216 parts or counts divisions of second of 59.6 ns.
The IEEE C37.118 standard reconsiders the IEEE 1344
standard and suggests the need to standardize several reference frequencies and intervals, with respect to the measuring of the synchrophasors.
The measuring of the synchrophasors must keep its accuracy for a wide range of operating conditions of the SEE. For
that reason, a quality indicator has been defined to assess
globally the measuring accuracy of the synchrophasors.
The total vector error (TVE) is the square root of the
sum of the squared differences of the real part Xr and the
imaginary part Xi of the real theoretical phasor X(n) and
the estimated phasor X against the amplitude of the theoretical phasor:

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161

TVE =

( X r ( n) X r ) 2 + ( X i ( n ) X i ) 2
*100
( X r2 + X i2 )

n cele mai multe cazuri, standardul referitor la msurarea sincrofazorilor precizeaz c, eroarea total trebuie
meninut sub 1 % n condiii de maxim 5Hz din frecvena nominal i maxim 10 % factor de distorsiune armonic.

In most cases, the standard established for measuring

synchrophasors states that the total error must be kept under
1%, observing conditions of max 5 Hz for the rated frequency and of max 10% for the waveform distortion factor.

2.4. Diverse probleme legate de utilizarea sincrofazorilor

Una din problemele importante privind coordonarea
msurtorilor sincrofazorilor o constituie prezena n reeaua
cu mai multe niveluri de tensiune, a transformatoarelor cu
posibiliti de rotire a fazorului tensiunii prin cifra de conexiune sau prin reglaj longo-transversal. n situaia n care
n reea exist astfel transformatoare, rezultatele msurtorilor sincrofazorilor trebuie corectate pentru a ine seama
de defazajele cauzate de transformatoare.
O alt problem o constituie nelegerea deosebirilor
care exist dintre datele achiziionate de SCADA i datele
oferite de sistemul de achiziie a sincrofazorilor [2]. n acest
sens, informaiile din Tabelul 1 sunt pe deplin edificatoare
relevnd superioritatea sincrofazorilor.

2.4. Various synchrophasors application aspects

One of the main problems of synchrophasors measuring coordination arises from the existence of the phase
shifting transformers in the multiple voltage network levels. In such cases, the results of the measuring of the synchrophasors must be corrected so that they take into account the phase shifts generated by the transformers.
Another problem resides in understanding the distinctions that exist between the data acquired by the SCADA
system and the data supplied by the synchrophasor acquisition system [2]. Accordingly, the information in Table 1
pertinently reveals the superiority of synchrophasor.

Tabelul 1. Date comparative ale sistemelor de achiziie SCADA i sincrofazori.

Caracteristic

SCADA

SINCROFAZORI

Tipul msurtorii
analogic
digital
Rezoluie
2 - 4 eantioane / s pn la 60 eantioane / s
Observabilitate
regim staionar
regim dinamic / tranzitoriu
Monitorizare
local
arie larg
Msurarea fazei
nu
da
Mrimea msurat
Modul
modul i unghi
Sincronizarea datelor precizie 2 4 s
precizie 1 s
Table 1. Comparative data regarding SCADA and synchrophasors measuring systems

Characteristic

SCADA

Synchrophasors

Measurement type
analog
digital
Resolution
2 - 4 samples / s
up to 60 samples / s
Observability
steady-state regime dynamic / transitory regime
Monitoring
local
wide area
Phase measurement
no
yes
Measured quantity
module
module and angle
Data synchronization 2 4 s accuracy
1 s accuracy
3. Cteva aplicaii ale sincrofazorii
Valorile sincrofazorilor constituie o informaie extrem
de valoroas datorit principalelor ei caracteristici:
completitudine pentru c pe lng valorile tensiunilor
n noduri, sincrofazorii ofer i defazajele existente;
n consecin sincrofazorii din nodurile sistemului
caracterizeaz complet starea sistemului n momentul
respectiv,
coerena se datoreaz sincronizrii msurtorilor cu o
mare precizie (eroare sub 1 s), ceea ce face posibil
analizarea cu mare acuratee nu numai a regimurilor
staionare sau lente, ci i a celor tranzitorii.

3. Some synchrophasor applications

Due to their main characteristics, the values of the synchrophasors provide very important information:
completeness because, aside from the values of the
nodal voltages, the synchrophasors also indicate the
existing phase shifts; consequently, the synchrophasors
from the system nodes fully characterize the state of
the system at that given moment
coherency due to the synchronization of the measuring
with high accuracy (less than 1 s error), which makes
possible to analyze, with high accuracy, not only the
steady state or slow regimes, but also the transitory ones.

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Din aceste motive, datele sincrofazorilor pot fi exploatate

n extrem de multe aplicaii [3,4], cele mai importante fiind
enumerate n continuare:
identificarea unor parametrii ai elementelor de sistem,
ai modelelor matematice ale sistemului;
monitorizarea funcionrii i mbtrnirii echipamentelor,
a variaiilor de frecven pe zone ale sistemului, a condiiilor de schimb de energiei pe magistralele de interconexiune, a stabilitii statice la nivel de nod i pe ansamblul sistemului i a oscilaiilor electromecanice;
estimarea strii i analiza regimurilor permanente;
reglarea circulaiei puterilor active i gestionarea congestiilor;
reglarea tensiunii i circulaiei puterilor reactive;
restaurarea strii sistemului n urma unor avarii grave;
analiza regimurilor tranzitorii;
analiza semnturii evenimentelor.

As a result, the data supplied by synchrophasors may

be applied in a large number of applications [3, 4], the
most important of which are:
identifying various parameters for the elements in the
system and for the simulation model of the system;
monitoring the operation and aging of the equipment,
the frequency variations for various areas of the system,
the power exchange conditions over the interconnecting
buses, the steady-state stability on a bus level and on the
whole system and the electromechanical oscillations;
gauging the state and analyzing the stationary regime;
regulating the active powers flow and managing congestion;
regulating the voltage and the reactive powers flow;
restoring the state of the system subsequent to serious
system failures;
analyzing the transitory regimes;
analyzing the signature of events.

4. Descrierea soluiei propuse

Sistemul propus [5] pentru msura sincrofazorilor
(Fig. 3), este prevzut s achiziioneze date n 12 Staii
electrice de 400 kV ale SEN. Acest lucru implic montarea n fiecare staie a unui echipament de msur, monitorizare i control local (EMMC) de tip PMCU, o unitate
central de colectare arhivare i vizualizare a msurtorilor (UCCAV), care se va monta la Unitatea Operaional
Dispecer Energetic Naional (UnO-DEN) Bucureti i 5
staii de lucru pentru analiz si vizualizare (SLAV) instalate
n incinta celor 5 Dispecerate Energetice Teritoriale (DET).
Arhitectura sistemului de msur a sincrofazorilor este de
tip deschis pentru a asigura posibilitatea actualizrii lui cu
funciuni (software i hardware) care vor fi dezvoltate
ulterior.
Stabilirea locaiilor unde vor fi instalate punctele de
msur s-a fcut pe baza unui studiu care a luat n considerare urmtoarele criterii:
instalarea n nodurile problem, pentru a se putea
monitoriza stabilitatea la tensiune a acestora;
pe barele de 400 kV din imediata apropiere a centralelor
puternice din sistem, pentru monitorizarea oscilaiilor
i a problemelor de stabilitate dinamic;
la capetele magistralelor reelei, unde apar frecvent
congestii, pentru a se putea urmri nedepirea limitei
termice de ncrcare;
la capetele liniilor de interconexiune cu subsitemele
nvecinate, pentru a se putea asigura condiii de observabilitate a fazorilor n ntreg sistemul UCTE i raportarea la o singur referin, unic n UCTE, a tuturor
fazorilor;
echipamentele instalate s mbunteasc observabilitatea estimrii strii ntregului sistem.
Cele 12 puncte de msur au fost stabilite de ctre
UnO-DEN i sunt urmtoarele: Gutina, Bucureti-Sud,
Roiori, CNE Cernavoda, Isaccea, Porile de fier,
Tnreni, Braov, Iernut, Arad, Mintia, Nadab.
Pe baza analizei instalrii echipamentelor de msur a
sincrofazorilor n rile avansate tehnologic, se apreciaz
c acoperirea unui procent de 20-30 % din nodurile reelei
(nu mai puin de 12 noduri, n prima etap) este o decizie
rezonabil.

4. Describing the suggested solution

The system we suggested [5] to measure the synchrophasors (Fig. 3) is designed to acquire data in twelve 400 kV
power substations. This implies setting up a PMC type of
measuring, monitoring and local control unit (MMLCU),
a central unit for archiving and visualizing the measurements (AVM) that will be installed in National Power
Dispatching Operating Unit (NPDOU) Bucharest and five
workstations for analyzing and visualizing (AV) set up
within those 5 Territorial Dispatching Units (TDU). The
architecture of the measuring system of synchrophasors
is an open type one, in order to ensure the possibility of
upgrading it with subsequently developed software and
hardware functions.
In order to establish the locations for the measuring
points, a study has been conducted based on the following
criteria:
setting them up in the critical buses, in order to monitor
their stability;
in close vicinity of large power plants 400 kV buses,
for monitoring the oscillations and dynamic stability
problems;
at the ends of the tie-line, where congestion is frequent,
in order to observe the thermal load limit;
at the ends of the neighboring subsystems tie-lines, in
order to ensure phasors observability in the entire
U.C.T.E. system and gauge it against a single reference,
unique in the U.C.T.E., for all phasors;
the installed equipment must improve the observability
conditions to estimate the state of the entire system.
NPDOU has selected the 12 measuring points as follows: Gutina, Bucureti-Sud, Roiori, C.N.E. Cernavoda,
Isaccea, Porile de fier, Tnreni, Braov, Iernut, Arad,
Mintia, Ndab.
Based on installation analysis of the synchrophasors
measuring equipment in technologically advanced countries, it was concluded that covering a percentage of 20-30
% of the network nodes (no less than 12 nodes, in the first
stage) is a reasonable decision.
In the 12 above mentioned power stations, each
MMLCU will consist of a measuring subsystem (MSS)
containing all the necessary equipment to acquire the syn-

21-23.11.2007, Timioara, Romania

n cele 12 staii electrice menionate, fiecare EMMC

va fi compus dintr-un subsistem de msur (SSM) format
din echipamentele necesare pentru msurarea sincrofazorilor, precum i dintr-un subsistem de sincronizare (SSS).
EMMC este realizat din echipamentele de sincronizare
adecvate (anten i surs de timp) prin care se asigur
tuturor echipamentelor de msur, referina unic de timp
necesar sincronizrii tuturor fazorilor. Componentele
celor 2 subsisteme sunt echipamente numerice.
UCCAV existent la nivel central, este compus din
echipamente de comunicaie pentru concentrarea sincrofazorilor msurai n puntele locale. Ea va colecta datele
transmise din cele 12 puncte de msur i le va pune la
dispoziia celor 6 staii de lucru de tip PC (una la DEN i
cate una la fiecare din cele 5 DET-uri), pe care vor rula
pachete software de arhivare i vizualizare. Staia de lucru
cu software-ul aferent aparine subsistemului de colectare,
arhivare i vizualizare (SSCAV). Cele 3 subsisteme SSM,
SSS i SSCAV alctuiesc nucleul sistemului de msurare
sincronizat a fazorilor (SMSF).

163

chrophasors, as well as of a synchronization subsystem

(SSS). MMLCU contains the appropriate synchronizing
equipment (antenna and time source), through which the
single time reference necessary in order to synchronize all
the phasors will be supplied to each measuring equipment. Both systems use digital equipment.
The central level AVM consists of communication
equipment, in order to concentrate the synchrophasors
measured in the local points. It will collect all the data sent
from the 12 measuring points and it will convey them to
the 6 PC type workstations (one at NPDOU and the rest at
each of the 5 TDUs), on which will be running archiving
and visualizing software packages. The workstation, together with the corresponding software is part of the collecting, archiving and visualizing subsystem (CAVS).
The 3 subsystems (MSS, SSS and CAVS) form the core
of the synchronized measuring system for phasors
(SMSP).

Fig. 3. Arhitectura propus pentru sistemul de msurare sincron a fazorilor.

Fig. 3. The suggested architecture for the synchrophasor measuring system.

n cadrul EMMC (Fig. 4), SSM este capabil s achiziioneze tensiunea secundar de 100 V, de pe barele de
400 kV aferente punctului de msur. Este de asemenea
posibil msurarea a 2 seturi de cureni de 1 A de la transformatoare de curent, montate pe o linie magistral. Toate
mrimile anterior menionate, sincronizate n timp sunt
conforme cu standardele IEEE 1344 sau IEEE C37.118.
Echipamentele de msur trebuie s asigure o eroare
total sub 1% n condiii specifice ale tensiunii de msur,
frecvenei sau curenilor.

Within the MMLCU (Fig. 4), MSS is able to acquire

the secondary voltage of 100 V, from the 400 kV buses
corresponding to the measuring point. There are also possibilities to measure two sets of 1 A current from the current
transformers installed on a tie-line. All measured voltage
and currents synchrophasors are in accordance either with
IEEE 1344 or with IEEE C37.118 standards.
The measuring equipment must ensure a total error less
than 1% in specific voltage, frequency and current conditions.

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164

SSS este componenta esenial SSM. El asigur referina

unic de timp necesar msurrii sincrone a fazorilor. Se
bazeaz pe recepia informaiei de timp de la sistemul de
satelii GPS. Subsistemul de sincronizare este format din
antena GPS i din ceasul sincronizat prin satelit, capabil
s realizeze sincronizarea necesar a fazorilor. Cerina
principal solicitat receptorului GPS (ceasului de sincronizare) pentru a putea fi folosit n sistemele de msurare
sincron a fazorilor este precizia de 1 s.
SSS, mpreun cu SSM, se vor monta ntr-un dulap
metalic, n structura de tip rack de 2200x800x600mm,
prevzut cu u transparent n fa, cu deschidere de 150
de grade. Echipamentele din dulap se vor alimenta la
220Vc.c. din serviciile proprii de curent continuu ale Staiei, prin intermediul unui bloc de alimentare, montat n
dulap (Fig. 4).

SSS is the main part of MSS. It ensures the unique time

reference necessary to the phasors synchronization. It is
based on receiving the time information from the GPS
satellite system. The synchronization subsystem consists
in the GPS antenna and the satellite synchronized watch,
capable of carrying out the synchronization required by
the phasors. The main requirement for the GPS receiver
(the synchronization watch), in order to use it in the phasors
synchronization has 1 s accuracy.
The SSS, together with the MSS, will be installed in a
metal case, accommodating a 2200 x 800 x 600 mm rack
structure, with a see-through door that can open at 150
degrees. The equipment in the case will be supplied with
220Vd.c. via the continuous current services of the substation itself, through a supply module, installed within
the case (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Schema sistemului local de msur a sincrofazorilor

Fig. 4. Local synchrophasors measuring system diagram.

Fig. 5. Schema bloc a subsistemului de colectare /arhivare /vizualizare a sincrofazorilor.

Fig. 5. CAVS diagram.

21-23.11.2007, Timioara, Romania

165

Pachetele software ale SSCAV (dispus la dispecer i a

crui schem este prezentat n Fig. 5) trebuie s realizeze
urmtoarele funcii:
a) Colectarea informaiilor care trebuie s permit:
utilizarea ambelor protocoale de comunicaii IEEE 1344
i IEEE C37.118 specifice sincrofazorilor, n scopul
facilitrii extinderii ulterioare a sistemului;
achiziionarea informaiilor din cel puin 30 de puncte
de msur (in prima etapa 12 puncte de msur);
transmiterea sincrofazorilor ctre staia de lucru de la
dispecer i din cadrul celor 5 DET-uri.
b) Arhivarea trebuie s asigure:
capacitatea de arhivare minim s corespund unei rate
de 20 mesaje pe secund provenite de la toate punctele
de msur pe o durat de 30 zile;
posibilitatea fixrii numrului de canale, a frecvenei
de arhivare i a capacitii maxime de stocare;
c) Vizualizarea simultan a informaiilor n ferestre multiple, a dinamicii trendului pentru mrimile digitale i a
mai multor fazori selectai n funcie de necesiti.
De asemenea, software-ul va trebui s permit setarea
unor condiii de alarm, iar n cazul cnd limitele impuse
sunt depite, operatorul s fie ntiinat pentru a putea lua
deciziile potrivite.
Echipamentele aferente subsistemului de colectare /
arhivare / vizualizare se vor monta intr-un dulap metalic,
n structur de tip rack, de 2200x800x600mm, prevzut cu
u transparent n fa, cu deschidere de 150 de grade.
Dulapul va fi amplasat n cadrul UnO-DEN Bucureti.
Echipamentele din dulap se vor alimenta cu tensiunea de
230Vc.a., prin intermediul unei surse neintreruptibile (UPS).

The CAVS software packages (Fig. 5) must ensure the

following functions:
a) Collecting the information that allows:
to use both IEEE 1344 and IEEE C37.118 communication protocols, for synchrophasors, in order to facilitate the subsequent extension of the system;
to acquire the information from at least 30 measuring
points (in the first stage, 12 measuring points);
to send the synchrophasors to the workstation from the
dispatcher and from the 5 TDU.
b) Archiving that ensures:
the minimum storing capacity of 20 messages per second from all the measuring points for a period of 30
days;
it is possible to set up the number of channels, the archiving frequency and the maximum capacity of storage.
c) Visualizing the information in multiple windows visible at the same time, the evolution trend for the digital
quantities and several phasors chosen as the necessity
arises.
Moreover, the software must allow setting alarm conditions and, in case the limits imposed are exceeded, the
operator must be warned in order to take the appropriate
decisions.
The equipment that forms the CAVS will be installed
in a metal case, accommodating a 2200 x 800 x 600 mm
rack structure, with a see-through door that can open at
150 degrees. The case will be placed within the UnO-DEN
Bucharest. The equipment in the case will be supplied
with 220Va.c. by an uninterruptible power supply (UPS).

5. Concluzii
Sistemul de msur a sincrofazorilor reprezint un
important salt tehnologic n monitorizarea i controlul
SEN i cu certitudine va devenii o unealt esenial de
lucru a dispecerilor.
Principalele beneficii estimate a fi aduse de msurarea
sincrofazorilor, fr a avea pretenia de a le cuprinde i
epuiza pe toate, sunt:
a) Sistemul de msur a sincrofazorilor asigur semnalizarea
timpurie a apariiei condiiilor de instabilitate a SEN,
ceea ce va permite:
detectarea instabilitii poteniale cauzate de valori
anormale ale tensiunilor, a frecvenei i a depirii
limitei de ncrcare termic a liniilor din reea,
luarea n timp real a deciziilor adecvate care s contrabalanseze situaiile limit periculoase,
oprirea prin contramsuri judicios stabilite a efectului
de insularizare n cascad.
b) Monitorizarea dinamicii SEN furnizeaz informaii pertinente n timp real care judicios utilizate fac posibil:
funcionarea sigur a sistemului n condiii de apariie
a unor congestii sau perturbaii,
exploatarea n condiii de securitate a liniilor electrice
magistrale,
adaptabilitate la funcionarea n apropierea limitei
termice a echipamentelor,
restaurarea sistemului supravegheat n timp real, in
urma unui colaps parial sau total.

5. Conclusions
The measuring systems of synchrophasors are an important technological leap in monitoring and controlling
the Power System and it will undoubtedly become a vital
tool in the dispatcher work.
Not presuming to state every single one, the main
benefits brought by measuring synchrophasors are:
a) The measuring system of synchrophasors ensures the
timely signalizing of instability conditions for National
Power System, and this will allow, in turn:
to detect the potential instability generated by abnormal voltage & frequency values and to detect the exceeding of the heat liberation limit for the tie-lines,
to take the appropriate decisions for dealing with dangerous limit scenarios in real time,
to stop, through sensible countermeasures, the cascading insulation effect.
b) Real time monitoring of the National Power System
dynamics ensures relevant information which, used
wisely, allows:
the safe system operation in congestion or perturbation cases,
tie-line security operation,
the adaptable operation close to the thermal limit of
the equipment,
the real time monitored system restoring, subsequent
to a partial or global failure.

166

c) Monitorizarea n timp real a nodurilor critice din SEN:

asigur realizarea livrrii energiei electrice n condiii
calitative optime,
crete securitatea alimentrii consumatorilor importani,
evit separarea neateptat fa de sistem a unor noduri
sau grupuri de noduri.
d) Realizarea unei precizii foarte mari (1 s) de sincronizare a msurrii fazorilor permite obinerea unei erori
mici (sub 0.1 grade) pentru determinarea unghiurilor
acestora, ceea ce face posibil urmrirea n timp real a
regimurilor tranzitorii cu constante mici de timp.
e) Capacitatea de a efectua analize post avarie foarte fine
i extinse pentru stabilirea cauzelor unor avarii i luarea
celor mai potrivite msuri.
f) Monitorizarea sistemului se realizeaz sugestiv i comod
cu ajutorul unor imagini care permit:,
raportarea datelor la un sistem unic de referin a unghiurilor,
afiarea tendinei de evoluie a unor mrimi eseniale:
frecven, unghiuri de sarcin, temperaturi de funcionare,
afiarea la scar a fluxurilor circulaiei de puteri,
vizualizarea repartizrii spaiale a ncrcrii sistemului cu
evidenierea zonelor cu deficit sau cu surplus de sarcin,
afiarea unor diagrame cu oscilaiile unor mrimi dinamice: unghiuri, tensiuni, cureni,
prezentarea grafic unor mrimi de calcul i a unor caracteristici eseniale,
standardizarea procedurilor de monitorizare si compatibilizarea acestora la nivelul continental Power System,
vizualizarea unor portrete (semnturi) specifice unor
fenomene, cu care s se stabileasc n mod obiectiv
existena si modul de evoluie a unor categorii de regimuri de funcionare.
g) Posibilitatea coordonrii eficiente proteciilor i automaticii de sistem.

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The 7 International Power Systems Conference

c) The real time monitoring of the critical buses in National Power System:
ensures the optimal qualitative conditions for power
delivering,
raises the safety in supplying important consumers,
avoids the sudden breaking away of various system
buses or groups of buses.
d) A very high precision (1 s) in synchronizing the phasor
measuring allows a small error (less than 0.1 degrees)
in determining their angles, which makes possible to track
in real time the transitory small time constant regimes.
e) The option to carry out very thorough and extended postfailure analysis in order to establish the causes and the
most appropriate measures.
f) The monitoring of the system is carried out suggestively
and conveniently due to images that allow:
to gauge the data against a single angle reference system,
to display the evolution tendency for the relevant quantities: frequency, load angles, operating temperatures,
to show, on scale, the power flows,
to view the spatial distribution of the system load,
pointing out the underloaded or overloaded areas,
to present various charts illustrating the oscillations of
certain dynamic quantities: angles, voltages, currents,
to ascertain, graphically, various quantities and essential characteristics,
to standardize the monitoring procedures and to make
them compatible on the continental Power System level,
to view various portraits (signatures) specific to certain
phenomena based on which it is possible to establish,
objectively, various categories of operating regimes.
g) The possibility to control, efficiently, the system protections & automatics.

Bibliografie (Bibliography)
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Conference Distributed Generation, Advanced Metering and Communication, March 8-11, 2005, Madren Center, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
[2] M.A. Donolo, Advantages of Synchrophasor, Measurements Over SCADA Measurements for Power System State Estimation,
Application Note AN2006-10.
[3] C. Anderson, B. Fearn, A. Guzman, R. Moxley, Using SEL-421 Relay Synchrophasors in Basic Applications, SEL Application
Guide, Volume I AG2002-08.
[4] G. Benmouyal, A. Guzmn, Synchronized Phasor Measurement in Protective Relays for Protection, Control and Analysis of Electric
Power Systems, 29th Annual Western protective relay conference Spokane, Washington October 22-24, 2002.
[5] N. Chiosa, N. Pantazi, B. Lustrea, I. Borlea, C. Brbulescu, Sistem de Msur Sincron a Fazorilor. Studiu de soluie. Martie 2007.
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