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Indrumar Limba Enleza
Indrumar Limba Enleza
LIMBII ENGLEZE
PREFA
1
Prezentul ndrumar trateaz punctele eseniale ale gramaticii limbii
engleze, fiind un ghid, un manual indispensabil celor care-i propun s
studieze limba englez.
n acelai timp, este important de precizat c nu este dect un ajutor n
pregtirea dumneavoastr pentru nvarea limbii engleze.
2
A B R E VI E R I
Vb. = verb;
S = subiect;
Aux. = auxiliar;
P.T. = Past Tense;
Wh. = where (unde); who ( cine);
P.P. = forma a treia a verbului de conjugat;
ll = will; shall;
e.g. = exemplu;
obj. = obiect;
N. = Nominativ;
D. = Dativ;
Ac. = Acuzativ;
G. = Genitiv;
3
CUPRINS
GRAMATIC
1.VERBUL..9 -10;
a) Definiie;
b) Clasificare;
c) Sensul lexical al verbelor;
d) Funcia sintactic a verbelor;
e) Vocabular;
2.SUBSTANTIVUL.....11- 18;
a) Definiie;
b) Nr. substantivelor - Substantive individuale;
- Substantive unice;
- Substantive colective;
c) Diferene de sens determinate de schimbarea numrului ;
d) Genul substantivelor;
e) Vocabular;
3. TIMPUL19;
a) Definiie;
b) Analiza timpului;
c) Sistemul de timpuri al limbii engleze;
4. PREZENTUL SIMPLU............................................20-23;
a) Definiie;
b) Forma:
- afirmativ;
- negativ;
- interogativ;
c) ntrebuinare;
d) Vocabular;
5.PREZENTUL CONTINUU..........................................24-26;
a) Formare;
b) ntrebuinare;
4
c) Cazuri particulare (verbe care folosite la timpul Prezent Continuu au alt
neles) ;
d) Exerciii;
RECAPITULARE27-34;
6. IMPERATIVUL..35-36;
a) Definiie;
b) Form;
c) ntrebuinare;
d) Traducerea Timpului Trecut Simplu;
a) Formare;
b)ntrebuinare;
c) Exerciii;
a) Definiie;
b) ntrebuiare ;
c) Vocabular ;
a) Form;
b) ntrebuinare;
c) Exerciii;
d) Vocabular;
a) Definiie ;
b) Alctuire ;
c) ntrebuinare ;
d) Vocabular ;
5
a) Definiie ;
b) ntrebuinare ;
c) For/Since/Ago ;
d) Exerciii;
e) Vocabular ;
13.VERBELE MODALE60-69;
a) Formare;
b) Verbele modale( must- to have to,can- to be able to, may, need, will, would,
shall, ought to);
c) Vocabular;
d) Exerciii;
a) Definiie;
b) Form;
c) ntrebuinare;
a) ntrebuinare;
b) Vocabular;
a) Alctuire;
b) Reguli;
c) Exerciii;
d) Vocabular;
17.ARTICOLUL82-92;
a) Definiie;
b) Form;
c) Poziie;
d) Exerciii;
e) Vocabular,
d) Exerciii;
19.ADJECTIVUL94-109;
6
a) Definiie;
b) Adjectivul nehotrt;
- Definiie;
- Form;
- ntrebuinare;
c) Exerciii;
d) Vocabular;
e) Comparativul;
f) Vocabular;
g) Superlativul ;
20. NUMERALUL.110-118;
a) Definiie;
b) Numeralul cardinal:
- Forma numeralului cardinal;
- ntrebuinare;
c) Numeralul ordinal :
- Definiie;
- Form;
- ntrebuinare;
d)Numeralul multiplicativ;
e) Numeralul adverbial;
f) Exerciii;
21. PRONUMELE119-123;
a) Definiie;
b) Pronumele personal;
c) Pronumele reflexiv;
d) Pronume posesiv;
e) Pronume interogativ;
23.CORECTAREA EXERCIIILOR126-135;
24. LEXIC..136-147;
25. ANEXE140-159
7
G R A M A T I C
8
VERBUL THE VERB
a) Definiie:
b) Clasificare
- verbele cu sens lexical plin sunt predicative, adic pot forma singure
9
predicatul unei propoziii;
- verbele cu sens lexical redus sunt nepredicative, au nevoie de o
complinire (verb noional, nume predictiv) pentru a deveni predicate;
- to be = a fi;
- to seem = a prea; a da impresia;
- to look = a privi;
- to turn = a ntoarce, a nvrti;
- to become = a deveni;
- to get = a obine;a dobndi;
- to grow = a crete;
- to remain = a rmne;a sta, a continua;
- to stay = a sta;
10
SUBSTANTIVUL -THE NOUN
a) Definiie
a child copil;
children copii;
gen:
man brbat;
woman- femeie;
caz:
the boy biatul;
the boys al biatului;
Excepii
eg.: piano(pian)
- pianos(piane).
12
Pluralele neregulate (pstrate din engleza veche):
!!!!Atunci cnd un substantiv compus este exprimat n scris prin dou sau
mai multe cuvinte (legate sau nu prin liniu de unire) cuvntul (substantivul)
de baz , cel care are sensul cel mai general, primete semnul pluralului:
Dac prima parte a unui substantiv compus este exprimat prin cuvintele
man sau woman, ambele substantive componente primesc semnul pluralului:
Dac nici unul din elementele componente ale unui substantiv compus
nu este substantiv, pluralul se formeaz prin adugarea unui- s la ultimul
cuvnt:
13
O varietate a substantivelor individuale o constituie aa- numitele
substantive individuale-defective DEFECTIVE INDIVIDUAL NOUNS.
Ele nu au dect o form de plural, dar se pot numra prin asociere cu un
numerativ:
- trousers - pantaloni;
- riding breeches - pantaloni de cltorie;
- clothes -haine (a suit of clothes- un costum de
haine);
- sugar - zahr;
- steel - oel;
- maize - porumb;
- chicken - pui, carne de pui;
- water - ap;
- crew - echipaj;
- family - familie;
- government - guvern;
- team - echip;
- mankind - omenire;
- public - public;
- audience - audien, public, spectatori;
- people - popor;
15
eg.: the crew were on the deck echipajul era pe punte; ->.. numai
forma de plural al verbului l transform ntr-un substantiv colectiv;
eg.: there were many people there era mult lume acolo;
singular plural
advice - sfat, pova; advices tiri, informaii;
apartment(amer.) apartament (ntr-un bloc); apartments (Anglia)- locuin( cu chirie
lunar);
ash scrum; ashes cenu;
cloth- stof, material ; clothes- stofe, materiale /haine;
colour- culoare, nuan; colours culoare, nuane ; drapel, steag;
compass busol; compasses compas, busole;
custom obicei, datin; customs-obiceiuri, datini/vam, taxe vamale;
facility uurin, facilitate; facilities- nlesniri , condiii favorabile,
echipament, aparatur, nlesniri, confort;
glass sticl, oglind, pahar, telescop, glasses- varieti de sticl, oglinzi, pahare,
barometru; telescoape, barometre, ochelari, binoclu;
moral- moral(a unei povestiri); morals morale, moravuri, moralitate/moral;
number-numr; number numere,versuri;
17
Ca i n limba romn, n englez exist trei genuri ( masculin, feminin
i neutru), ns ele nu se refer la aceleai categorii de obiecte.
18
Categoria gramatical a timpului , categorie specific verbelor, se refer
la ordinea evenimentelor n timp, aa cum este perceput aceasta de vorbitor
n momentul vorbirii.
Momentul n care are loc aciunea este momentul prezent(now). Fa de
acest moment care constituie axa de referin a prezentului, unele evenimente
sunt:
a) anterioare, cnd ele au loc nainte de momentul vorbirii;
b) posterioare fa de momentul vorbirii( evenimentele fiind anticipate de
vorbitor depoarece vor avea loc dup dup momentul vorbirii);
c) simultane cu momentul vorbirii ( avnd loc n acelai timp);
a) momentul vorbirii;
b) momentul (svririi ) aciunii;
c) axa sau momentul de referin.
19
TIMPUL PREZENT SIMPLU
1)Definiie
2)Form
20
* Verbele terminate n y precedate de consoan, schimb -y n i i
adaug es :
FORMA NEGATIV :
FORMA INTEROGATIV
eg. :
eg.:
eg. :
22
d)pentru redarea unor aciuni planificate, unor aranjamente pentru
viitor, conform unui program stabilit: (mai ales cu verbe de micare):
eg.: One day, the girl goes to the woods.There she finds a buried
treasure.
ntr-o zi, fata s-a dus n pdure .Acolo ea a gsit o comoar ngropat.
New words :
- to go = a merge;
- to carry = a cra;
- to cross = a traversa;
- to watch = a privi;
- to try = a ncerca;
- to wash = a spla;
- as soon as = de ndat ce;
- to arrive = a sosi;
- to fell = a simi;
- to like = a plcea;
- train = tren;
- to leave = a pleca;
- to tell = a spune;
- treasure = comoar;
- liber() = liber;
23
PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS
PREZENTUL CONTINUU
1) Formare
FORMA AFIRMATIV :
FORMA NEGATIV :
S + BE + NOT + V-ing ;
eg.:
He is not playing tennis .
El nu joac tenis.
FORMA INTEROGATIV
What is he playing ?
Ce joac ?
24
eg.:
Peter is smoking before T.V.
Peter fumeaz n faa T.V.
- ca opoziie a prezentului simplu, pentru a arta c o situaie
este temporal, excepional i care se afl n derulare;
eg. :
Bob is playing tennis this year .(El nu a jucat pn-n prezent ).
Bob joac tenis n acest an.
I usually drink tea but today Im drinking coffee.
De obicei beau ceai dar astzi beau o cafea (n acest moment).
eg.:
I want to come with you.
Vreau s vin cu tine.
I like her because she is very bright.
mi place de ea (O plac) pentru c este foarte inteligent.
New Words
26
PREZENTUL RECAPITULARE
PREZENTUL SIMPLU
FORMARE :
eg.:
He/She/ it goes, crosses, relaxes, washes ......
He misses her/ He washes his hands.
27
eg. : worry-worries
NTREBUINARE :
- obinuin /frecven:
eg. :
We usually go out at the week-end.
De obicei ieim n week-end (la sfrit de sptmn ).
Fr implicarea interlocutorului :
eg. :
28
New words :
29
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Prezentul continuu
FORMARE :
NTREBUINARE :
eg.:
o Lucy is having breakfast.
o Lucy i ia micul dejun.
- implicarea interlocutorului :
30
o I m leaving tomorrow.
o Plec mine.
eg.:
to hear - a auzi;
to see - a vedea;
to look - a vedea;
to listen - a asculta;
eg.:
31
Can you see that bird in the tree ?
Poi vedea pasrea aceea din copac ?
to look = a privi;
to listen = a asculta;
eg. :
Yes, Im looking at it .
Da, m uit la ea.
Verbele precum :
to feel = a simi;
to taste = a gusta;
to smell = a mirosi;
pot primi terminaia ing;
eg.:
Im tasting the cake. (Present Continous)
The cake tastes delicious.(Present Simple)
32
EXERCIS ES
Look, the guests ( arrive). Lucy (wear) a new dress.She (spend) a lot on
clothes.She (go) to a wedding next month.It (be) a pity the wind (blow) a
lot of Birmingham.Who (come) now ? It (be) old Fred. He (talk) to Lucy.
You (know) that Fred (leave) for China tomorrow.His plane (leave) at 6
p.m.I like Fred because he always ( say) funny things!I (be) sorry that he
(leave) and I will be glad when he (come back).
New words :
- to purr = a toarce;
- to visit = a vizita;
- London = Londra;
- parents = prini ;
- to drive = a conduce un autovehicul;
- morning = diminea;
- to run = a alerga;
- to see = a vedea;
- to wear = a purta;
- wedding = nunt;
- pity = pcat, necaz;
- wind = vnt;
- to blow = a bate;
- guest = musafir;
- to arrive = a sosi;
- to come = a sosi, a veni;
- plane = avion;
- glad = mulumit();
- funny = caraghioas();
- to come back = a se ntoarce;
- to rest = a se odihni;
- usually = de obicei;
34
IMPERATIVUL
eg.:
Be quiet !
Potolete-te !
Sit down !
Stai jos !
Make yourself at home !
Simte-te ca acas !( F-te lejer ! ) .
eg.:
Do be careful ! Fii atent!
i mai mult dect att, fii foarte atent!
Do come in !
Intr!
Dar intr, te rog.
35
2) PRIMA PERSOAN LA PLURAL
Let us ! Lets !
eg.:
Lets go ! S mergem !
Now, let us pray ! Acum, s ne rugm !
New words :
- to make = a face ;
- home = cas ;
- stupid = prost (proast);
- to cry = a plnge;
- careful = atent();
- to come in = a intra;
- to go = a merge;
- to pray = a (se ) ruga;
36
PAST TENSE
TIMPUL TRECUT SIMPLU
Form:
ntrebuinare
S+ was not
(+adj) He wasnt happy./They werent here.
BE Who was in the kitchen ?
(WH - ) was S
( + obj)
38
Despre acest moment se pot cere informaii prin ntrebri
ncepnd cu:
When ?
What time?
How long ago?
39
Traducerea lui Past Tense
40
PAST TENSE CONTINUOUS -
TRECUTUL CONTINUU
a)Formare
Aff.: S + WAS/WERE/V-ING
N: S + WAS/WERE NOT+V-ing
I : WAS/WERE+S+Ving?
b)ntrebuinare
41
PAST TENSE SIMPLE
eg.:
He told met that he was taking an exam in June .
Mi-a spus c avea un examen n iunie.
New words :
- to read = a citi;
- brother = frate;
- to walk = a (se) plimba;
- suddenly = deodat;
- to arrive = a sosi;
- car = main;
- street = strad;
- dark = ntuneric;
- to tell = a spune;
- to take = a lua;
- exam = examen;
- June = iunie;
42
EXERCIII
Yesterday I (go) to London where I (buy) a few things that I (need). The
sun (shine) and the birds (sing) when we (arrive) at Hyde Park Corner.
Lots of people (sit) on benches and (look) at what (go on) on the
43
streets.We (see) many foreigners. A young man who (say) he (be) from
Sydney (give) a speech.
- to amuse = a amuza;
- old = btrn;
- to meet = a ntlni;
- shop = magazin;
- to call = a chema;
- to paint = a vopsi;
- door = u;
- while = n timp ce;
- garden = grdini;
- to begin = a ncepe;
- rain = ploaie;
- kitchen = buctrie;
- very well = foarte bine;
- dog = cine;
- to wake up = a trezi;
- to ring = a suna;
- doorbell = sonerie;
- sun = soare;
- lunch = prnz;
- to laugh = a rde;
- joke = glum;
- to decide = a decide;
- to find = a gsi;
- to shine = a strluci;
- to open = a deschide;
- to remember = a aminti(a-i aduce aminte );
- key = cheie;
- yesterday = ieri;
- thing = lucru;
- bird = pasre;
- to sing = a cnta;
- young = tnr();
- man = brbat;
- speech = cuvntare;
44
PRESENT PERFECT
PERFECTUL PREZENT
a)Definiie
45
A mncat.
Formare ntrebuinare
New words :
- to do = a face ;
- exercise = exerciiu;
- yet = nc;
- film = film;
- this = acesta; aceasta;
- morning = dimineaa;
- to come back = a (se ntoarce);
47
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS -
PERFECTUL PREZENT CONTINUU
a)Form
eg.:
They have been playing tennis for half an hour.
Ei joac tenis de o jumtate de or.
eg.:
I have been working of this composition for three hours.
Lucrez la aceast compunere de trei ore.
eg.:
Why are your hands so dirty?
I have been repairing my car.
48
De ce ai minile att de murdare?
Mi-am reparat maina.
FORMARE NTREBUINARE
49
EXERCIII
50
3.Punei verbele la timpul potrivit :
1) We (a /have met /b/met/ c/have been meeting) John s parents last week.
2) I (a/ started b/ have started /c/starting ) playing football two years ago.
3) He (a/hasnt been having b/hasnt had /c /didnt have ) a cooked
breakfast for ages.
4) (a/Did you lock /b/Where you locking /c/ Have you locked) the door
before leaving the house ?
5) They (a/have stopped b/ stopped /c /having stopped ) working at 5 p.m.
6) Peter (a/has just come b/just came c/was just coming ) back from Italy.
He looks great.
51
7) What (a/have you done b/have you been doing /c/did you do ) last
night?
8) They (a /never were b/ have never been c/were never being ) abroad
because they can afford it.
9) Mr. Jenkins (a/was arriving /b/has arrived /c/ arrived) at 9 oclock.
10)Yesterday morning we (a/ have got up/b/ got up/ having got up ) very
early.
New words :
- to pay = a plti ;
- bill = factur ;
- telephone = telefon;
- homework = tem;
- to cut = a tia;
- grass = iarb;
- to steal = a fura;
- to repair = a repara;
- road = strad;
- lately = n ultimul timp;
- to know = a ti;
- last night = noaptea trecut;
- clean = curat();
- to clean = a cura;
- bank = banc;
- life = via;
- mistake = greeal;
- awful = groaznic();
- to die = a muri;
- husband = so;
- to be afraid = a-i fi fric;
- in = n;
- how long? = de ct timp ?
- to cook = a gti;
- great = grozav;
- early = devreme;
52
PAST PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE -
MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL
1) Definiie :
2) Alctuire :
eg.:
3) ntrebuinare :
eg. :
53
(!) cu complinirile adverbiale
SINCE + DAT ;
FOR + DURAT ;
eg.:
The child had been born for two days when he arrived.
Copilul se nscuse de dou zile cnd sosise el.
eg. :
They had just received his letter when I arrived.
Tocmai primiser scrisoarea lui cnd am sosit.
New words :
54
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS -
MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL CONTINUU
a)Definiie
eg.:
I had been waiting for my friend since two oclock when he
finally arrived.
l ateptam pe prietenul meu de la ora 2 cnd n sfrit, a sosit.
55
FOR /SINCE /AGO
FOR /SINCE
FOR SINCE
eg .:
He lived in London for 2 years.
A locuit n Londra timp de 2 ani.
56
AGO
New words
- Monday = luni ;
- clock = ceas;
- long time = mult timp;
- day = zi;
- Chirstmas = Crciun;
- six = ase;
- April = aprilie;
- May = mai;
- school = coal;
- minute = minut;
- twenty = 20 ;
- to find = a gsi;
- four = 4;
- job = slujb;
- Canada = Canada;
57
EXERCIII
eg.:
She last called me at 2 oclock = She hasnt called me since 2 oclock.
(Ultima dat m-a sunat la ora 2 = Nu m-a sunat de la ora 2.)
eg. :
We started walking 2 hours ago ; weare still walking = We have been
walking for 2 hours.
(Am nceput s ne plimbm acum dou ore = nc ne plimbm. Ne plimbm
de dou ore.)
58
New words :
- newspaper = ziar ;
- week = sptmn;
- last = ultimul (a), trecut ();
- to receive = a primi;
- fish = pete;
- to wait = a atepta;
- to ride = a clri, a merge;
- bike = biciclet;
- restaurant = restaurant;
- March = martie;
- beer = bere;
- beginning = nceput;
- chess = ah;
- book = carte;
- afternoon = dup-amiaz;
- girl = fat;
- fortnight = dou sptmni;14 zile;
- there = acolo;
59
VERBELE MODALE
a)Formare :
MUST :
Verbul modal must are doar o singur form. Este nlocuit , la formele lips ,
prin verbul to have to- care ns, spre deosebire de el, implic o necesitate
izvort din mprejurimi.Absena necesitii se red prin neednt.
1) obligaie :
ECHIVALENT cu TO HAVE TO
2.posibilitatea ( 90%) ;
4.verbe de percepie
CANNOT /CANT
It cant be true.
Nu poate fi adevrat.
61
- interdicie :
You cant behave like that !
Nu te poi comporta astfel !
ECHIVALENT : TO BE ABLE TO
COULD
2. capacitatea trecutului:
3.condiie:
MAY
62
1) permisiunea( i cerere) :
2) ipotez :
MIGHT:
- incertitudine (20%) ;
It might rain.
S-ar putea s plou.
PERMISSION :
CAN COULD MAY
Politicos -----l---------l---------l--------- Politicos +
VALOARE IPOTETIC
NEED
63
- Negativ : absena necesitii;
You neednt worry.
Nu trebuie s te ngrijorezi.
WILL
2. intenie ferm :
3.auxiliarul viitorului :
WOULD
64
2)auxiliarul condiionalului;
SHALL
1) constrngere, regulament:
2) angajament :
4) auxiliarul viitorului
SHOULD
eg.:
You ought to write a thank you letter.
Ar trebui s scrii o scrisoare de mulumire.
New words :
- now = acum ;
66
- clever = inteligent ();
- to swim = a nota;
- accident = accident;
- to happen = a se ntmpla;
- city = ora;
- of course = desigur;
- true = adevrat;
- to behave = a se comporta;
- to help = a ajuta;
- to change = a schimba;
- to rain = a ploua;
- school = coal;
- suitcase = valiz;
- night = noapte;
- window = fereastr;
- cinema = cinema;
- careful = atent();
67
EXERCIII
1.You can try phoning but its possible that the car has been sold now.
2.He asked if he to would be allowed write in ballpoint pen during the exam.
3.If youve been out of the country, you obviously havent heard about the
robbery.
4. Where would there be a chance of finding a flat to rent.
5. If you want to apply for a council improvement grant, it is compulsory to
fill in form RC4.
6.Its important for me to come to a decision soon. Otherwise I might lose
the chance.
7.Shes unlikely to have left without warning anyone.
8.I miss having a view. In my last house it was possible to see for miles on a
clear day.
9. Ive forgotten to return the key of the safe.Im sure people have been
looking everywhere for it.
10. Its possible that you wontt even have to show a pass to get it.
11.Do you think it would be advisable for me to book a seat in advance?
12.It was thoughtless of you not to give me a hand with the washing-up.
After all, it was your friends we had for dinner, not mine !
13.Dont bother to make out a receipt. I only throw them away.
14.Dont start worrying. Its possible that he took a later plane.
New words :
- to try = a ncerca ;
- but = dar;
- its possible = este posibil;
- ballpoint = pix cu past;
- during = n timp ce;
- country = ar;
68
- about = despre;
- robbery = jaf;
- chance = ans;
- to find = a gsi;
- flat = apartament;
- to rent = a nchiria;
- to apply = a aplica;
- compulsory = compulsive;
- to fill = a umple;a ntregi;
- its important = este important;
- decision = decizie;
- chance = ans;
- unlikely = neplcut();
- to worn = a avertiza;
- clear day = zi senin;
- to return = a napoia;
- do you think = crezi c;
- to book a seat in advance = a reine un loc;
- thoughless = nepsare;
- dont bother = nu te deranja;
- receipt = chitan;
- plane = avion;
69
VIITORUL SIMPLU
SHALL/WILL/FUTURE
a)Definiie
b)Form
eg.: Ill go, hell go, well go, youll go, theyll go.
c) ntrebuinare
Viitorul simplu este un viitor pur, indicnd doar c aciunea are loc ntr-
un moment viitor, mai apropiat sau adeseori mai ndeprtat, de momentul
vorbirii:
70
eg.:
Ill finish the school tomorrow.
He will finish the school next year.
Viitorul simplu poate fi folosit n propoziii care exprim:
Viitor inevitabil
SHALL I shall be 30 next month.
(Voi mplini 30 de ani luna viitoare ).
eg.:
Ill go to Spain in August.
Voi pleca n Spania n luna august.
eg.:
They are leaving tomorrow.
(Ei) vor pleca mine.
eg.:
We are going to eat at the restaurant.
(Avem de gnd) s mergem s mncm la restaurant.
WHEN(cnd )
Decizie imediat :
Ill go (viitor - Voi pleca).
72
FUTURE CONTINUOUS -
VIITORUL CONTINUU
a) ntrebuinare
New words
- tomorrow = mine;
- to buy = a cumpra;
- computer = calculator;
- tonight = disear;
- in front of = n faa;
- meeting = ntlnire;
- to take place = a avea loc;
- Spain = Spania;
- August = august;
73
- to speak = a vorbi;
- abroad = strintate;
- to think = a gndi;a crede;
- about = despre;
EXERCIII
74
a. What . you this weekend ? Anything special ?(do).
b. Its not really worth going to Bringhton for the day.Look ! It (rain).
c. Im so thirsty.I ..a cup of tea. Do you fancy one as well ? (make) ?
d. Paul s just phoned. Heround to give me the film back. (come).
e. I and get into University to read English.Or, at least, I would like to
(try).
f. They for Madrid tomorrow, so well have to settle everything today,
(leave).
g. I the neighbours to ask them to keep the noise down. Ill be back in a
couple of minutes .(see).
h. Youre not . That letter, are you ? Its not addressed to you. (open).
i. .. John tonight ?If you are, could give him this CD back ? I borrowed it
from him last week .(see).
New words
75
- to bring = a aduce;
- umbrella = umbrela;
- to apologise = a cere scuze;
- otherwise = de altfel, atlfel;
- dont bother = nu te deranja;
- party = petrecere;
- anyway = de altfel;
- enough = destul ();
- money = bani;
- to help = a ajuta;
- to contact =a contacta, a lua legtura;
- to consider = a considera;
- only = doar, numai;
- dont worry = nu te ngrijora;
- presents = cadouri;
- until = pn;
- after = dup;
- dinner = cina;
- not to be late = nu ntrzia;
- to worth = a merita;
- Im thirsty = Mi-e sete!
- at least = cel puin;
- neighbour = vecin();
- noise = zgomot;
- in a couple of minutes = n cteva minute;
76
PASIVE VOICE
DIATEZA PASIV
1.Alctuire
S+ V+ - obj.
Jim repairs the car.
Jim repar maina.
S + Be + PP + by + obj.
eg.:
Dean washes my shirt every day.
Dean mi spal cmaa n fiecare zi.
(diateza activ ).
My shirt is washed by Dean every day.
Cmaa mea este splat n fiecare zi de Dean.
2.Reguli
77
- Verbul este la diateza activ cnd subiectul gramatical svrete
aciunea, care, la verbele tranzitive, se rsfrnge asupra obiectului.
DIATEZA PASIV
eg :
2.Cazuri particulare
78
- verbele cu prepoziie :
eg:
Everyone laughed at her (diateza activ ).
She was laughed at by everybody. (diateza pasiv).
- regul : prepoziia se aaz imediat dup verbul la diateza pasiv;
3.Exemple :
Prezent simplu
79
PAST TENSE n ing (P.T.Continous)
VIITOR
Cu auxiliarele modale :
80
EXERCIII
New words :
- skirt = fust;
- to repair = a repara;
- to punish = a pedepsi;
- tea = ceai ;
- anyone = oricine;
- garage = garaj;
- beach = plaj;
- ticket = tichet, bilet;
- French = francez;
81
THE ARTICLE
ARTICOLUL
a) Definiie
Articolul este, unul dintre cele mai dificile capitole, att datorit
numeroaselor sale funcii ct i implicaiilor stilistice determinate de context
i, ntr-un sens mai larg, de stilurile funcionale (tiintific, poetic, de
conversaie,).Importana cunoaterii modului de folosire a articolului englez
nu poate s scape nimnui.Aproape fiecare substantiv din limba englez este
nsoit de un articol, ntruct articolul este cel mai de seam determinant al
substantivului.
b) Formele articolului :
82
eg .:
He is definitely the man for the job.
Este cu siguran omul potrivit pentru slujb.
Under the circumstances he could not act otherwise/n asemenea
mprejurri, nu putea proceda altfel:
(Articolul Zero) : The Zero Article
* Un plural numrat :
- sens general :
I love roses.
mi plac (iubesc) trandafirii.
- un anume numr :
I ve bought roses.
Am cumprat trandafiri.
- nenumrabil :
c) Poziia articolului
83
- articolul precede substantivul i toate adjectivele (cu sau fr adverb)
aezat naintea unui substantiv;
A smart hat.
O plrie elegant.
n acelai timp <all> i <both> preced articolul hotrt ( se aaz dup
acestea):
84
Adverbele <too> = de asemenea, <so > = deci, aadar,
<as> = precum, preced adjectivul i articolul nehotrt.
De asemenea, putem gsi < such as> (un altfel, asemenea ) i <what
a > = (ce ! )
eg.:
I have never seen such a beautiful painting .
N-am mai vzut niciodat o pictur att de frumoas.
1/-Tv-Video :
2/ Autoriti :
- fr articol ;
4)Jocuri i sporturi :
- fr articol;
86
eg.:
To play football, tennis, chess DAR articolul naintea instrumentelor
muzicale :
- fr articol :
eg.:
I love the French; the Irish people.
Iubesc francezii, irlandezii
6/Profesii :
- articolul nehotrt :
eg.: He is a doctor.
El este (un) doctor.
- articolul nehotrt :
eg.:
To be without a car.
A fi fr main.
Once a day !
O dat pe zi !
To have a cold .
A avea rceal.
To have a fever.
A avea febr.
To have a temperature.
A avea temperatur.
To have a headache.
A avea o durere de cap.
12/Boli :
- cu articolul hotrt :
14)Vrfuri :
88
- fr articol :
16)Nume de mri :
- at random = la ntmplare;
- in time = la timp;
- for good = pentru totdeauna;
- hand in hand = mn n mn;
- at/by night = noaptea;
- at down = n zori;
- at last = n cele din urm;
- on end = n ir;
- bag and baggage = cu cel i cu purcel;
- by ear = dup ureche;
- by word of mouth = din gur n gur;
- in keeping with = n conformitate cu;
- side by side = unul lng altul;
- by mistake = din greeal;
New words :
- hat = plria;
- men = brbai;
- guilty = vinovat();
- quite = complet, foarte exact;
- rather = mai degrab,o pies bun;
- unfortunate = regretabil(), neplcut();
- useless = inutil(); fr valoare;
- boring = plictisitor(oare);
- never = niciodat;
- painting = pictur;
- joke = glum;
- beautiful = frumos(oas);
- half = jumtate;
- world = lume;
- about = despre;
90
- why = de ce?
- to buy = a cumpra;
- bottle = sticl;
- rum = rom;
- fever = febr;
EXERCIII
New words :
- bag = geant;
- driver = ofer;
- garden = grdin;
- apple = mr;
92
- mistake = greeal;
- floor = podea;
- cheaper = mai ieftin;
- free time = timp liber;
PERSOANA I NUMRUL
93
THE ADJECTIVE-
ADJECTIVUL
a. Definiie
a) Sufixe pozitive:
- peaceful- panic; beautiful- frumos;
- stony pietros; dirty - murdar;
- friendly prietenos; manly brbtesc;
- childish copilresc, copilros;
- capable capabil;
- jealous-gelos;
- famous-faimos;
94
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES
ADJECTIVUL NEHOTRT
a. Definiie :
Adjectivele nehotrte determin ntr-un sens mai mult sau mai puin
general sau vag obiectele exprimate de substantive n sensul siturii acestora
n spaiu , alaiturii n timp, al cantitii, al numrului, al varietii.
Se deosebesc mai multe categorii:
Adjective nehotrte exprimnd situarea n spaiu:
b. Form :
95
Un loc aparte n cadrul adjectivelor nehotrte l ocup some i any
ntruct, n dese cazuri , ele se apropie de funcia articolelor, ceea ce face ca
n unele gramatici s fie tratate ca echivaleni ai articolelor.
c. ntrebuinare:
SOME/ANY
eg.:
Id like some coffee.
A vrea nite cafea.
eg.:
He never called on us without some present .
Nu venea niciodat la noi fr (s aduc) un cadou;
96
- n propoziii interogative prin care se exprim o rugminte sau o
ofert, sau n care some se refer la o parte dint-un ntreg sau dintr-o
cantitate:
eg.:
I hardly know any people here.
Cu greu recunosc (tiu) pe cineva.
He tried to make a cake without using any eggs.
A ncercat s fac o prjitur fr s foloseasc nici un ou.
eg.:
Have you got any stamp ?
Ai cumva nite timbre ?
I doubt if he has any time now.
M ndoiesc c are timp acum.
eg.:
Would you like some more meat ?
Vrei (doreti ) mai mult carne.
- putem folosi no
A FEW = cteva
A LITTLE = un pic de
A little sugar.
Un pic de zahr.
MUCH/MANY/A LOT OF
eg.:
I havent got much time.
98
Have you many records.
eg.:
He drank a lot.
A but mult.
He drank too much.
A but prea mult.
EACH/EVERY
Every = fiecare
Each = fiecare (mai puin la modul general, fiecare separat, luat n parte );
EXERCIII
New Words
- to buy = a cumpra;
- flower = floare;
- to borrow = a mprumuta;
- tired = obosit();
- ticket = bilet;
- to use = a folosi;
- to understand = a nelege;
- to say = a spune;
- warm = cald;
- sunny = nsorit;
101
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVUL I SUPERLATIVUL
ADJECTIVE SCURTE
Adjectiv + ER
102
ADJECTIVE LUNGI
ADJECTIVELE SCURTE :
ADJECTIVE LUNGI
AS + ADJECTIV + AS
eg.:
This cake is as sweet as the other one.
Aceast prjitur este la fel de dulce ca cealalt ;
New words :
103
- tall = nalt();
- thin = slab();
- intelligent = inteligent();
- tall = nalt();
- sweet = dulce;
- cake = prjitur;
SUPERLATIVE -
SUPERLATIVUL
Adjective scurte
Adjectivele lungi
104
Formarea comparativului i superlativului pentru adverbe este
aceeai ca a adjectivului n afar de adverbele terminate n ly, vom
utiliza mereu : MORE i THE MOST ;
Excepie :
eg.: He is tall.
( El) este nalt.
b)inegal (superioritate):
c)inferioritate:
105
eg. : This lesson is less intensive than the previous one.
Aceast lecie este mai puin intens dect precedenta
Adjectivele formate din dou sau mai multe silabe, adjective compuse,
cnd dou elemente formeaz un tot din punct de vedere al sensului,
comparaia se realizeaz cu ajutorul lui MORE i THE MOST.
eg.:
1. careful more careful the most careful ;
2. well-known - better -known the best known;
3. heart-broken - more heart broken the most heart-broken ;
106
ELDER = mai n vrst ( despre membrii aceleiai familii frai i surori
opus lui younger) ;
EXERCIII
1.From these two dresses the cheaper is ( the best, the better).
2.Since she has retired (less and less, fewer and fewer ) friends have
visited her.
3.Mike and Bob are students.The former studies medicine ( the second,
the latter) studies architecture.
4.Her (older, elder) sister didnt come to the party.
5.The doctor asked ( the nearest, the next ) person to come in.
107
1. Ai citit ultimul roman al lui Marin Preda ?
2. El studiaz din ce n ce mai mult .
3. O cunoti pe sora lui mai mare ?
4. Rochia ta este mai modern dect a mea .
5. Care este planeta cea mai ndeprtat ?
New words :
- summer = var;
- spring = primvar;
- game = joc;
- winter = iarn;
- ski = ski;
- skate = patinaj;
- cold = rece;
- wet = ud, umed();
- snow = zpad;
- cheap = ieftin ();
- to dress = a (se) mbrca;
- dress = rochie;
- former = primul(a);
- to ask = a cere, a nteba, a spune;
- next = urmtorul(ea);
- expensive = scump();
- bus = autobuz;
- usually = de obicei;
- heavy = greu, grea;
- to expect = atepta;
- health = sntate;
109
- probably = probabil;
THE NUMERAL -
NUMERALUL
a. Definiie :
1 - one; 7 - seven;
2 - two; 8 - eight;
3 - three; 9 - nine ;
4 - four; 10 - ten ;
5 - five; 11 - eleven ;
6 - six ; 12 - twelve;
Zero = o
110
13 thirteen; 17 - seventeen ;
14 fourteen; 18 - eighteen ;
15 fifteen; 19 - nineteen.
16 sixteen;
- numele zecilor - se adaug sufixul ty ;
68 - sixty-eight ;
! Numeralele care denumesc sute, mii sau milioane sunt legate prin
and de cele care denumesc zeci i uniti : 115= a/one hundred and
fifteen.
111
a) pentru exprimarea numerelor abstracte : one, two, three, four, five
sau a determinrii numerice a obiectelor : three apples, one
hundred pupils .
b) pentru exprimarea datei, anii se citesc :
-1980 one thousand nine hundred and eighty sau nineteen hundred
and eighty n stilul official ,1966-one thousand nine hundred and
sixty-six;
1980- nineteen eighty n engleza vorbit ;
c) pentru indicarea numrului unui anumit obiect (pagin,lecie,
capitol ,cas, autobuz, etc.).
112
! Fraciunile ntre jumtate i ora urmtoare se redau n limba englez
spunnd numrul minutelor, prepoziia to i apoi ora :
eg.:
It is twenty (minutes ) to six.
Este ora 6 fr 20 ( de minute) .
113
! n exprimarea vrstei n limba englez, se poate omite partea
final :
1. Definiie
eg.:
He was the first to come.
The second house round the corner is mine.
A fost primul care a venit.
A doua cas dup col este a mea.
2. Forma
3. ntrebuinare
115
a) n exprimarea datei :
116
NUMERALELE MULTIPLICATIVE
THE MULTIPLICATIVE NUMERALS
NUMERALELE ADVERBIALE-
THE ADVERBIAL NUMERALS
117
Exerciii
118
THE PRONOUN -
PRONUMELE
a) Definiie :
PRONUMELE PERSONAL
eg.:
I am a student.
Sunt student.
She is a policewoman.
Ea este poliist.
119
Pronumele personal are categoria gramatical a genului numai la
persoana a lll a singular ;
NOMINATIV:
I - persoana I singular
You - persoana a II a sg/pl.;
He - pers.III a sg;
She - pers.III a sg;
It - pers.III a sg.
We - persoana a I a pl;
You - persoana a II-a pl.
They - persoana a III a pl;
DATIV /ACUZATIV
- me ;
- us ;
- you ;
- him;
- her;
- it;
- them;
120
PRONUMELE REFLEXIV
Persoana Numrul
Singular Plural
Persoana I myself ourselves
Persoana II yourself yourselves
Persoana III himself
masculin herself
feminin itself themselves
neutru
121
Persoana Numrul
Singular Plural
Persoana I mine ours
Persoana a II a : yours
Persoana a III a :
masculine : his
feminin hers theirs
PRONUME INTEROGATIV
Din punct de vedere al flexiunii, who are forme deosebite pentru fiecare
caz;
122
Who are urmtoarele forme :
N. = Who ? = cine ? ;
D. (to) whom =cui ?;
Ac.= Whom ? Who? fam.= pe cine ?
G. = Whose ? = a,a, ai,ale cui ?
- who se refer numai la persoane;
- whose ( se poate referi i la persoane i la lucruri);
- at present = n prezent;
- as a rule = de obicei;
- by the way = apropo;
- as a matter of fact = de fapt;
- at once = imediat;
- once in a while, now an then = din cnd din cnd;
Structuri paralele :
PROPOZIIA
CONDIIONAL IF CLAUSE
- n general:
If I make a mistake, my boss always knows it.
Dac fac o greeal, eful meu ntotdeauna tie.
124
- o situaie improbabil ntr-un moment viitor:
If I had money I would buy a car. Dac a avea bani, as cumpra
o main.
If the weather had been better, I would have left last Sunday.
Dac vremea ar fi fost mai bun a fi plecat duminica trecut.
TIMPURILE FOLOSITE:
Viitor/Prezent/Imperativ Prezent
1
Ill go swimming. If th water is warm.
125
CORECTAREA EXERCIIILOR
Timpul prezent :
Exercise 1 :
- a - goes;
- b- are having;
- c - drive;
- d- is walking;
- e - live;
- f - is running;
- g- is reading ;
- h- comes;
Exercise 2 :
- arrive;
126
- is wearing;
- spends;
- goes;
- is ; blows;
- is coming;
- is;
- is talking;
- know; is leaving;
- leaves;
- says;
- Im, leaves, comes back.
PAST TENSE
1.met/was going;
2.called/told/was painting;
3.was coming;/stopped;
4.was digging /began/;
5.left/were working ;
6.was sleeping/woke ;
7.were you doing/rang ;
8.was shining /got up ;
9.was trying /remembered ;
Exercise 2 :
The house was very big.When we rang the bell, the landlady was planting
flowers. She was a beautiful lady.We talked to her. She told us that she
couldt stand the birds that were singing in the garden any more. She added
that when her husband would retire they would travel a lot.We were
impressed by this charming lady who was talking with a foreign accent. She
knew many things and we listened to her very carefully.Near the end of our
conversation,we learnt that she was going to London the next day,but we
knew that she should be back as soon as her children needed her because she
was a loving mother as well.
127
Exercise 3:
Present Perfect
Exercise 1 Exercise 4
1.hasnt paid ; a.have you just bought ;
2.have bought ; b.have never been;
3.hasnt finished; c.went;
4.has John cut; d.started ;
5.has stolen; e.left-got ;
6.ve repaired ; f.hasnt finished ;
7.have you seen ; g.have lived ;
8.havent heard ; h.have waited;
i.broke ;
j.have arrived ;
Exercise 3 :
Exercise 5 :
1.b.
2.a.
3.b.
4.c.
128
5.b.
6.a.
7.c
8.b
9.c
10.b
SINCE/ FOR/AGO
Exercise 1:
Exercise 2:
MODALE
Exercise 1 :
VIITORUL
Exercice 1:
a) is going to rain;
b) shall;
c) will;
d) am going to ;
Exercise 2:
a) will will ;
b) shall;
c) will/shall;
d) will;
e) will;
f) shall;
g) will;
h) will.
Exercise 3 :
Exercise 4 :
a. will leave
b. wont disobey
c. shall listen
d. Im having
e. Im taking
f. will you phone Ill tell
g. Im recording
h. are you going to
i. will you wear
j. is leaving
Articolele
Exercise 1:
a. a-a-the the
b. an-a-a-the the the
c. a a
d. an-a a-the-a
Exercise 2 :
a. an apple
b. the dentist
c. the door
d. a mistake
e. the bus station
f. a problem
g. the post office
h. the floor
131
i. the book
j. a job a bookshop;
k. a small flat the city centre.
Exercise 3
a. o-the
b. o-the
c. the-the
d. o-o
e. o-the
f. the-o
g. a-the
h. o-o
i. the-the
j. the
k. a
Exercise 4
1.the
2.the-the
3.o
4.the
5.o
6.the
7.the-the-o
8.a-the
Adjectivul nehotrt
Exercise 1
Exercise 2:
1.any; 1.anything
132
2.some; 2.somebody
3.any; 3.anybody
4.any-some; 4.anything
5.some; 5.something
6.any ; 6.somebody- anybody
Anybody 7.something-anybody
7.any; 8.anybody
8.some; 9.anybody
9.any; 10.somewhere
10.any 11.anywhere
12.somewhere
13.anywhere
14.anybody
15.something
16.anybody
17.anybody anything
Exercise 3 :
1.few ;
2.little
3.many ;
4.much;
5.many;
6.few;
7.little;
COMPARATIV I SUPERLATIV
Exercise 1:
1. the best ;
2. longer,shorter;
3. the longest;
4. warmer,warmer;
133
5. most of the people;
6. the most popular;
7. as beautiful as;
8. warm, more beautiful;
9. the worst;
10.the most interesting;
Exercise 2:
1.the better;
2.fewer and fewer;
3.the latter;
4.elder;
5.the next;
Exercise 3:
Exercise 4 :
Exercise 5 :
a. harder than
b. less comfortable than
134
c. not as good as
d. as late as
e. more sensitive than
f. not as heavy as
g. not as good as
h. as clever as
Exercise 6:
a.the biggest
b.the tallest
c.the oldest
d.the most elegant
e.the most important
f.the latest
g.the pretiest
h. the best .
Exercise 7
Numeralul
135
Adjectivul
LEXIC
136
- bring an action against = a aciona mpotriva;
- deputy = deputat, delegat;
- administration = administrare , gestionare;
- case = caz;
- constable ,policeman = agent de poliie;
- assault = a agresa , a ataca, asalt;
- alibi = alibi;
- lunatic,insan = nebun, alienat;
- fine = amend;
- amnesty, law of amnesty = iertare, legea graierii;
- appeal = a apela (la), a plcea;
- to arrest = a aresta;
- judgement, decision = judecare,decizie;
- judgement by default = judecare greit (din greeal);
- district = district, zon;
- bomb expert = expert n bombe -artificier;
- murder = criminal;
- sworn , officially designed = legat prin jurmnt;
- court of assizes = curtea regal;
- bomb attack = atac cu bomb ;
- crowd , gathering = mulime , adunare ;
- hearing, session = audien ;
- post mortem examination = autopsie ;
- autoritaty = autoritate ;
- police force = autoritate, forta poliiei ;
- confession, acknowledgement = confesiune, nelegere ;
- full confession = confesiune deplin;
- lawer, counsel = avocat;
- assistant public prosecutor = avocat general;
- solicitor = solicitant;
- fighting, fight = btlie, btaie;
- convinct = convingere;
- gag = clu, gag / a pune clu;
- ballistic = balistic;
- bullet = glon;
-organised crime = crim organizat;
- road block = baraj rutier;
- witness box = boxa martorilor;
- appear as a witness = a aprea ca un martor;
- legal profession = baron;
- unit team, station = brigad;
- (police) sergeant = (poliie) sergent;
- office, desk = birou (mobil);
- prison cell = celul de nchisoare;
- co-defendant = co-aprtor;
137
-co-author, join author,associate = co autor ,asociat;
- penal code,criminal code = codul (penal);
- superintended = comisar;
- police station = comisariat;
- regatory comission = comisia;
- appearance = apariie;
- jurisdiction, poweres = jurisdicie, putere;
- accomplish = a realiza;
- conspiracy, plot = conspiraie, complot;
- current account = cont curent;
- sentence = 1.propoziie 2.condamnare;
- certified true = conform (copie);
- report, notice = raport, noti;
- crime scene report = proces-verbal al scenei de crim;
- compel, constrain = a constrnge;
- constraint = constrngere;
- imprisonment = nchisoare;
-ofender = aprtor;
-forge,counterfeit = contrafcut;
- corrupt = corupt;
- coup = lovitur de stat ;
- guilty = vinovat;
- court = curte;
- court of appeal = curte de apel;
- Supreme court of appeal, final court of appeal = Curtea Suprem de Apel ;
- martial court = curtea marial;
- custom, common law = Legea comun;
- crime = crim;
- criminal = criminal;
- dismiss, reject = respins;
- behead = decapitare;
- die = a muri;
- issue a warrant = ncredina un mandat;
- witness for defence = martor al aprrii ;
- statement = declaraie;
- refuse, decline = refuz;
- decree, executive order ,writ = decret;
- compensation = compensaie;
- clear = clar/curat;
- default , non appearance = greeal, fr apariie;
- defence = aprare;
- pull out = a scoate;
- damages = pagube;
- defacement = degradare;
- delay = a ntarzia, a amna;
138
- informer = a informa;
- denunciation = denunare;
- offender = suprare;
- crime,offence = crim;
- corpus delicti = corp delict;
- request, ask = cerere;
- residence = domiciliu, reedin;
- denial, refusal = negare, refuz;
- report, inform = report, informare;
- costs, expenses = costuri, cheltuieli;
- report a crime, file a complaint = reportul unei crime;
- give evidence, testify, report = a depune jurmnt;
- member of parliament = membru al parlamentului;
- member of the Congress (US) = membru congresului;
- disarm = dezarma;
- deny, distinct = a nega;
- police raid = raidul poliiei;
- withdrawal = retragere;
-discharge, remove from office , dismiss;
- private detective = dectectiv particular;
- keep in detention = a ine n nchisoare;
- trigger = trgaci;
- detention under remand = detenie preventiv;
- rifle, burger = puc;
- file = dosar;
- customs = vame;
- customs duties = drepturile vamei;
- cartridge case = nzestrat;
- drug = drog;
- commercial law = lege commercial;
- common law = lege comun;
- taxation law = cod fiscal;
- criminal law = legea penal;
- civil law = legea civil;
- be taken in = a fi lsat n;
- drunkenness = beie;
- grade = ealon, treapt;
- burst,explode = a exploda;
- telephone tapping = telefon supravegheat;
- manpower = efective;
- break in = efracie;
- clear up, solve = a elucida, a rezolva;
- emancipate = a emancipa;
- riot = revolt, dezordine;
- emigrant = emigrant ;
139
- finger print = amprent digital;
- imprison, put into jail = a nchide, a bga la nchisoare;
- damage = pagub;
- break the law = a nclca legea;
- get drunk = a se mbta;
- stake = a risca;
- kidnapping = rpire;
- investigation ,injury = investigare;
- investigate = a investiga;
- investigator = anchetator;
- jam = ambuteiaj;
- confirm , ratify = a confirma, a ratifica;
- hostess = gazd;
- swindler, crook = escroc;
- swindle , fraud = fraud;
- to spy = a spiona;
- go to court = a merge n justiie;
- stranhle , throttle = a strnge de gt, a sufoca ;
- escape = a scpa;
- excuse , apology = scuz;
- pay the penalty for = a plti penalizare pentru ;
- feat = somaie;
- explosive = exploziv;
- extort = a extorca;
- certificate, statement,extract = certificate;
- extradite,extradition = extrdare;
- be on guard, on stationary duty = a fi pe faz;
- bankruptcy = faliment;
- alter, forge = a falsifica;
- misbehaviour = greeal, delicven;
- surveillance, shadowing = filaj, supraveghere;
- income tax department = fisc;
- in the act,red-handed = prins n fapt;
- cop = poliai;
- madness ,lunacy = nebunie;
- duties = datorii;
- coninct = condamnat ();
- guarantee = garant;
- watchman ,sentry, guard = gard;
- bodyguard = paznic;
-cutody = custodie;
-patroman , policeman = poliist;
- traffic patrol officer = poliist de circulaie;
- guard ,warder = gardian;
- Gendarme = Jandarm;
140
- government = guvernmnt;
- governor = guvernator;
- free pardon , mercy = mil, clemen;
- rank = ir, rnd;
- grafologist = grafologist;
- record office of court = gref ( de tribunal) ;
- secretary of the court = grefier;
- grenade = grenad;
- unable to pay for it = incapabil de a plti pentru el ;
- first authentic copy = prima copie autentic;
- war = rzboi;
- be on the watch = a fi cu ochii pe
- ambush , trap = curs;
- counter ,box office = tejghea /cas de bilete ;
- red light,blue light, rotating lamp = girofar;
- enabling of someone to do something= incapacitatea unei persoane de a face ceva;
- capacitation = capacitate;
- inheritance, legacy = motenire;
- inherit = a moteni;
- hierarchy, line of command = ierarhie,l inie de comand;
- hold-up, armed robbery = jaf armat;
- statesman = om de stat;
- time clock = ceas;
- outlaw = n afara legii ;
- hotel used as a call-house = hotel de trecere;
- usher = a conduce, amenina;
- mortgage, bond = ipotec;
- identify = a identific;
- identity = identitate ;
- identity card = carte de identitate ;
- unlawfulness, illegality = ilegalitate;
- unlawful, illegitimate = ilegitim;
- illicit ,illegal = illicit, illegal;
- registration = nmatriculare;
- immunity , privilege = imunitate ,privilegiu;
- impact, touch down = impact, lovitur;
- form = form;
- impunity = a impune;
- ascribe, put down to someone , impute = a imputa;
- infit , inapt = inapt;
- imprison , send to jail = nchis,trimis la nchisoare;
- charge , indict = inculpat;
- compensation = compensaie;
- allowance = permisie;
- clue = cheie, indice;
141
- indulgence , leniency = indulgen;
- infanticide = infamant, degradant;
- inflict a penalty to someone = a plica o amend cuiva;
- news = tiri;
- infringement , offence = infraciune,ofens;
- inject = a injecta;
- order of the court = ordinul curii ;
- offence language , insult = injurie , insult;
- innocent ,not guity,blameless = innocent, nevinovat ;
- plea (of forgery) = pledoarie,pretext;
- insolvent = insolvabil;
- detective inspector = inspector (detectiv);
- institute proceeding = procedurile instanei;
- still pending, still under discussion = nc n discuie ;
- institution = instituie;
- judicial inquiry = pedeaps judiciar ;
- forbid, prohibit = interdicie;
- claim, damages = pagube;
- stop and check someone = a interpela;
- questioning, examination of defendant = interogatoriu ;
- investigation , inquiry = investigaie ;
- judicial inquiry = pedeaps judiciar;
- judicial = judiciar ;
- examining magistrate = judector ;
- remand a case court = rmne cazul curii ;
- trial, judgement = judecat, proces;
- deliver a sentence = a pronuna o sentin ;
- be brought up for trial = a fi adus la judecat;
- by default = din greeal ;
- judge,pass sentence , try = judecat, proces;
- juryman = juriu;
- jurisdiction = jurisdicie ;
- case law , jurisprudence = jurispruden;
- dispense justice = justiie ;
- go to law = a-i face dreptate;
- kepi = grij;
- horn , hoot = a claxona;
- kleptomania = cleptomanie;
- laboratory = laborator;
- tear gras = lacromigene (gaze);
- pass, permit = a lsa s treac;
- blade = lam;
- petty theft , larceny =mic furt, obiect mic;
- stab,knife = cuit;
- robber, thief = ho;
142
- clear someone from a accusation = a scoate pe cineva de sub acuzaie;
- lauder, money laundering = splare de bani,acuzaie;
- legalize = a legaliza;
-legislate = legislaie;
- forensic pathologist = medic legist;
- self-defence = legitim aprare;
- in defence of someone else = n aprarea altcuiva;
- legal owner = proprietar legal;
-bequeath = a lega, a lsa prin testament;
- encroach upon someones rights = a leza, a vtma;
- remove the seals = a revoca /tampila ;
- wad of banknotes = a face sul bacnote ;
- set a prisoner free ,discharge = a elibera un prizonier;
- licence = licen ;
- tie someone up,bind someone hand and foot = a lega fedele;
- case under dispute , dispute at law , lawsuit = litigiu;
- post mortem lividity = lividitate cadaveric ;
- law , act of parliament = lege, act al parlamentului ;
- magistrate = magistrate;
- mayor = maior;
- town hall = primrie;
- offender = rufctor;
- dishonest, deceitful = necinstit;
- ill-will = rea-voin;
- mandate = mandat;
- warrant = mandat judiciar;
- warrant of arrest = mandate de arestare;
- committal order = angajare;
- search warrant = mandat de percheziie;
- pimp = pete, coda ;
- army medical officer = medic militar;
- threaten = ameninat, ameninat ;
- handcuffs = ctue;
- handcuff = ctu;
- murder = crim;
- murderer = criminal;
- militia = miliia;
- underworld = sub pmnt;sub acoperire;
- mine = min;
- juvenile = juvenile, minor;
- ministry = minister;
- department of the public prosecutor = minister public;
- Secretary of State = secretar de stat;
- mission = misiune;
- machine-gun = mitralier;
143
- assault = asalt;
- mortuary = morg;
- sneak ,police informer , informant = spion,denuntor;
- ammunitions = muniie;
- transfer = transfer;
- mutinity = rzmeri;
- drug , narcotic = drog, nicotin;
- deny = a nega;
- notify = a nota;
- infiltrate = infiltra ;
- invalidity = invaliditate;
- aim , ojective = scop, obiectiv;
- to obey = a (se) supune;
- peep-hole = vizor;
- office ,duty = birou, datorie;
- officer = ofier;
- opiates = substane opiacee ( droguri);
- stop payment of = oprirea plii ;
- stay of execution ,caveat = a se opune executrii ;
- judges order , judges ruling ,enactment = ordinul judectorului ;
- order = ordin, a ordona ;
- hostage = ostatec;
- public indecency = indecen public;
- appear in court = a aprea n justiie;
- bullet proof vest = vest anti-glon;
- parliament = Parlament,congres ;
- department = department serviciu ;
- liable to = posibil de ;
- patrol = patrol ;
- oppium poppy = opium /mac ;
- penal, criminal = penal, criminal;
- hanging = a atrna atrnnd ;
- penitentiary = penitenciar ;
- on duty = de serviciu ;
- driving licence , drivers licence = permis de conducere ;
- house search = percheziie ;
- pickpocket = ho de buzunare ;
- pedestrian , passer-by = pieton , trector ;
- loot , sack = a jefui , a prda ;
- shot = mpuca;
- gun = puc;
- sub-machine gun = pistol-mitralier;
- plead = a pleda;
- pleading = pledoarie;
- plaintiff, complaint = plngere;
144
- complain = a se plnge;
- crime report, complaint = plngere;
- stab = a njunghia;
- poison = otrav;
- police = poliie;
- first aid = primul ajutor;
- criminal investigation department = poliia judiciar;
- fireman = pompier;
- illegal carrying of a weapon = port illegal de arme;
- police station = secie de poliie;
- apply for = a se adresa;
- gallows = spnzurtoare;
- powder = pudr;
- charge, prosecute = nvinuire;
- police force headquarters = poliia din cartierul general;
- losses = prejudiciu;
- sampling = mostr,prob;
- premeditation = premeditare;
- prescription = prescriere;
- supposed = a presupune;
- accused of , charge with = acuzat de ;
- prison jail = nchisoare;
- legal procedure = procedur legal;
- legal proceeding = acte de procedur;
- administrative proceeding = procedur administrativ;
- trial = process;
- criminal court trial = process criminal;
- police report = proces-verbal;
- crown prosecutor = procurer;
- prohibit, forbid = a interzice;
- projectile = proiectil;
- sentence = pronun o sentin;
- prostitute,whore = prostituat;
- prove = a demonstra;
- pimping,procuring = proxenetism;
- conciliation board = cale de mpcare;
- punish = pedeaps;
- punishable = pedepsibil ();
- qualification = calitate;
- headquarters = cartier general;
-(just) solicit,accost = a solicita, a acosta;
- police raid = raid de poliie;
- ransom = rscumprare;
- report = raport ;
- kidnapping = rpire;
145
- receiving and concealing stolen goods = tinuire de obiecte furate;
- receiver, handler of stolen goods = tinuitor de lucruri furate;
- repeat an offence , to relapse into crime = a recidiva;
- recruit = a recruta;
- object to witness = obiect al marturisirii;
- release = a se relaxa ;
- put ones revolver back = a-i pune revolverul la loc;
- remorse = a se ci;
- (just) call for sentence = a cere, a reclama;
- cancel = a anula;
- scope, competence = scop, competen;
- without appeal = fr apel;
- brawl = ncierare;
- seizure = sechestru, confiscare;
- seizure for security = msur de securitate;
- size = mrime;
- refer a matter to court = a sesiza tribunalul;
- seal = sigiliu, pecete;
- secret, secrecy =secret;
- in solitary confinement = secret;
- Senate = Senat;
- illegal restraint = sechestrare;
- oath, take an oath = jurmnt;
- swering in = jurmnt;
- locksmith = lctu;
- department , agency = tribunal pentru judecare;
- description = descriere;
- notify , serve a notice upon = semnificativ;
- solvent = solvabil;
- warning shot = somaie;
- summons to appear = somaie de apariie;
- survey = sondaj, supraveghere;
- to bribe = a plti, a tocmi;
- suspicion = suspiciune;
- pimp = susintor;
- parking = parcare;
- drugs , narcotics = droguri, narcotice;
- crown prosecutor = substitut;
- vote = vot;
- suicide = a se sinucide;
- surrogate = surogat;
- safety,security = securitate , siguran;
- delay, stay of preecedings = amnare;
- suspect = suspect;
- disturbance , scandal = scandal , disturbare;
146
- testimony, evidence = eviden;
- attempt = ncercare;
- torture = tortura;
- translator = traductor;
- sue,prosecute = a persecute;
- deal, smuggle = traffic ;
- settle = a pune o ntrebare;
- be involved in = a fi implicat de;
- court of justice = Tribunal;
- pavement,sidewalk = trotuoar;
- felon, crook,gangster = gangster;
- to kill = a ucide;
- uniform = uniform;
- emergency = urgen;
- ballot box = urn;
- usurer = cmtar;
- holidays = vacane;
- vagrancy = vagabondaj;
- case, suitcase = valiz;
- vandalism = vandalism;
- night watchman = supraveghetor de noapte;
- (give a) fine = a da o amend;
- checking = verificare;
- vice = viciu;
- victim = victim;
- rape = viol;
- rapist = violator;
- medical examination = vizit medical;
- theft = furt, hoie;
- robbery = jaf;
- shoplifting = ho de magazine;
- ballot = a vota;
- peeping tom = voyeur;
- hooligan = huligan;
- examination and passed on = examinat i trecut;
147
ANEXE
FORMAL INFORMAL
(degajat,familiar)
148
Opening salutation Dear Sirs Dear Mr.Sweet
( salutri sincere) Dear Sir, Dear Dear Mrs Sweet
Madame Dear John
Closing salutation Your faithful Yours sincerely
Cordially years
With best /kind
regards.
149
- January; - August;
- February; - September;
- March; - October;
- April; - November;
- May; - December;
- June;
- July;
- spring ( primvara );
- summer ( var) ;
- autumn ( toamn) ;
- winter (iarna) ;
- Sunday = duminic ;
- Monday = luni;
- Tuesday = mari ;
- Wednesday = miercuri ;
- Thursday = joi ;
- Friday = vineri ;
- Saturday = smbt .
150
There are seven days in a week.The first day is Monday; the second day
is Tuesday ; the third day is Wednesday ; the fourth day is Thursday;the fifth
day is Friday ; the sixth day is Saturday and the seventh day is Sunday.
Monday, Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday and Friday are week
days.Saturday and Sunday are week-end days and sometimes we call Sunday
a holiday .There are four weeks and a few days in a month.
There are twelve months in a year.There are about three months in each
season.
The four seasons are Spring,Summer, Autumn and Winter.March , April
and May are Spring months,June,July and August are Summer months;
September, October and November are Autumn months; December, January
and February are Winter months.
- breakfast = micul-dejun ;
- lunch = prnz ;
151
- dinner = cina ;
- supper = supa ;
Translate :
MORNING COFFEE
- Who is it ?
- Its me !
- Oh! Hello,come in.How nice!
- Are you busy ?You are tired.
- Yes.
- Mrs.Brown ?
- Yes.
- Time for coffee.
- Good.
- What a nice room !
- Milk!
- No, thank you.Where are the children ?
- At school Sugar ?
- Yes,pleaseThank you.
- How is Charlie ?
- Hes fine , thank you.
- At school?
- Yes,please Thank you.
- At school.
- Yes, at school.
- And how is David ? How is his work ?
- Oh!All right
- Thank you,are the roses from the garden ?
- Yes. The garden is nice.There are lots of roses.
Words :
152
- Who is it ? Cine este?
- How nice ! Ce drgu !
- Are you busy ? Eti ocupat ?
- You are tired? Eti obosit ?
- Time for coffee ? Este timp pentru cafea ?
- milk = lapte;
- at school = la coal;
- sugar = zahr ;
- How is (Charlie);Ce face Charlie ?
- How is his work ? Cum este munca lui?
- from the garden = din grdin ;
- there are lots of roses = sunt o grmad de trandafiri ;
At the restaurant
Translate:
154
- Well, it is good.And the tomatoes are fresh.The bread is very
goodWaiter !
- Yes sir ?
- This is a very good bread.
- Yes sir , we have a very good baker.
- Im Iam putting butter on mine.Some more butter please.
- Yes, sir.
- And a bottle of water, very cold please.
- Yes, sir.
- Here you are.
- Yes, some fruit, sir ?
- No, thanks.The bill please.
- Ah, yes sit ;just a moment.
- Well, that was a good meal.Now,whats the time?
- Its two oclock.
- Im sorry, but I have a meeting
- Thats O.K.I am going to work, too.
- Thank you.
- Oh,no, thats .
- No, no.Were near my office today.
- O.K. But when are we meeting again ?
- Any time, its fun.
- Ok.Next time we are meeting near my office.
- Thank you.You have a good restaurant.
- Ah, thank you sir.
- Well, lets back to work.
- Yes.Come on then.
Translate :
155
A House Near The Sea
There is a house in this picture. Its on the hill.The house is white, but
its roof is red.There is a chimney on its roof.There is a window and a door at
the front of the house.There is a tree behind it.The tree is green and its trunk
is brown.The hill is at the front of the picture.Its a green hill.It is green.The
grass on it is green.There are two cows on the hill.One cow is white and
brown,one cow is white and black.Behind the house there are
mountains.They are brown.They are far from the hill.There is a plain in the
picture, too.It is near the hill. It is on the right of the hill.It is a yellow
plain.On the right of the picture there is the sea. Its colour is blue.Its blue
sea.There is an island in the sea.The island is far from the hill.Its an island in
the sea.The island is far from the hill.It is green.There is a boat on the sea
,too.Its a white boat.There are men in the boat.Above the mountains , the hill
and the sea is the sky. Its colour is blue.The sun in the sky.The sun is
yellow.The boat is on the right of the picture.The house is on the left of the
picture.The island is on the right.
WORDS :
- hill = deal ;
- chimney = co, horn ;
- roof = acoperi ;
- in front = n faa ;
- behind = n spate ;
- trunk = trunchi ;
- grass = iarb;
- boat = barc ;
- sky = cer ;
- island = insul;
- near = lng;
156
COLOURS :
- brown = maro/cafeniu;
- white = alb ();
- black = negru;
- blue = albastru ();
- yellow = galben ();
- green = verde;
- grey = cenuiu (e);
- red = rou ;
- orange = portocaliu;
- pink = roz, trandafiriu;
- purple = purpuriu;
- violet = violet;
- bright-red = rou-aprins;
- dark- blue = albastru-nchis;
157
people going up its staircase.They are visiting the church .Some people are
going down .They are going away.
There are a lot of other people in the square . Some are walking and
some are sitting in the middle of the square .Some are walking and some are
sitting in the middle of the square under Nelsons statue. A girl is feeding
some pigeons and a boy is looking up.He is looking at an aeroplane.The
aeroplane is flying over Trafalgar Square.Aeroplanes are very fast , some cars
are fast but carts are slow.
Words :
- square = pia ;
- round it = n jurul ;
- high = nalt () ;
- low = jos () ;
- middle = n mijlocul ;
- monument = monument ;
- famous = faimos ();
- birds = psri ;
- to fly = a zbura ;
- pigeon = porumbel;
- building = cldire ;
- inside = nuntrul ;
- Greek = grec ;
- lot of cars = multe maini ;
- round = n jurul ;
- passenger = pasager ;
- bus-stop = staie de autobuz;
- church = biseric;
- in the middle = n mijlocul;
- staircase = scri ; ( casa scrii ) ;
- under = sub, dedesubt ;
- to feed = a hrni;
- aeroplane = avion;
- fast = repede, repezi, iute ;
158
- slow = ncet, ncete ;
- aeroplane = aeroplan, avion ;
- fly over = a zbura deasupra;
COUNTRIES
COUNTRIES NAIONALITI
- CHINA Chinese;
- JAPAN Japonese;
- PORTUGAL Portuguese;
- SWITZERLAND Swiss;
- VIETNAM Vietnamese;
- AFRICA African;
- AMERICA American;
- BELGIUM Belgian;
- BRAZIL Brasilian;
- BULGARIA Bulgarian;
- GREECE Greek;
- GERMANY German;
- HUNGARY Hungarian;
- DENMARK Danish ;
- FILAND Finnish ;
- FRANCE French ;
- ITALY Italian ;
- POLAND Polish ;
- ROMANIA Romanian ;
159
- SPAIN Spanish ;
- SWEDEN Swedish ;
- ARABIA Arabic ;
- HOLLAND Dutch ;
- NETHERLAND Dutch ;
- IRELAND Irish ;
- SCOTLAND Scots ;
160
VERBELE NEREGULATE
- be - was/were - been - a fi ;
161
- bet - bet - bet - a paria ;
162
- feed - fed - fed - a hrni ;
163
- leave left - left -a pleca, a prsi;
164
- sink - sank - sunk - a (se) scufunda;
165
- win - won - won - a nvinge ;
166