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Alice Badescu Gramatica-Limbii-Engleze PDF
Alice Badescu Gramatica-Limbii-Engleze PDF
BADESCU
GRAMATICA
LIMBII E,NGLEZE
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EDITURA 9TIINTIFIc.I. $I ENcIcLoPEDIci
BUCURE$TI,1984
c Dv I ti T c |lTREc r'r'1'roF
Saftina pe cat. rni d.n &tntnat.o a furt r/iof.i - ;t m.rmmoth lrlsti cuilt
spur,n:l"'t: ^t:1d rrt^t.. r.n *.ln. t:r,.o d. ,";n."n.,tLt r..u,,tri oL
\\/a..,dd u: p.t. a tt..pott " 1r rrt,. l.rtlp. fit,. .,.tqrur.. tn
I Prrrr',!ia d in s , L, l, a \ nqlei x los lil. is i, n
!n l e l . d e o t d e i e t . . ', . 1 . a . . i , i . i h r r l
S rlfrfarr.n lr! si o rll. [ ia] . r . ' Fljr r r c { f r a r Nt , it il d e s . r d e r e r t r ! u l i r . F i t i r t i t f d ! t r
O,' o- . -n . .' \, .i | ., t , ,l t:,:,. ,r"! !r , r r,rh_
".. i,,, , i t ,i ,u
r 'r . r 'u L , r i
semlu l nl lll,t r:lf;nc t bs ln ij: 3! 1. lr , , iL{ 401. n \ g b ! \ 1 i t j i l . I"I a t r ; ! i t a j t \ . ( 'h t t
t.rk.us. itlll .t... .afc ldmrNfri'' rp dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r si,at .nttczi si ille Dersonatjtiti
ina(rmtLr. uhirr sir._rlnLi..\..sh r.oli ii ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi.c,i turut r"oi,
r.!rtl lir.er or r iilof . |, r \ uiplia ljir . s r lo r d c l . r l n , . f *. a ! . i r g e n i r u . s i i l
. -slll , Ll
. stil .ula^ ial : stll .nfart..ris n . in r.onvqsrtiilor oliiNriif. tamilir|e
. . !..)pfr.
knU oqti.a l sp t.h/. jrL f of t r as t . l iot r \ f r s it ir t f s ir ! f i s o r i l . i i t . {t c L r ) f o r d d t c .
CUIi'NT CATU CEITOR
E ;)TT{ i R A
TABLA DE }IATORII
IIORTOLOGIA
. Sul6tantivut.. . .. .. . .. - .. . ..,. . t:t
9l
Adiectiwl ,2t
!,67
Numeralu1
.................... r.. 229
247
457
hepotiiia. 489
5lt
520
snn{xl
8i;u*a prcpozlli"i.. . . . . . 524
Sintara tlazei. 5?3
BIBLIOGRAFIA 626
INDICE 629
MO RFOLOGIA
lrroRPHoLocY)
SUBSTI.NTIVUi
l p.9:
{. CONSIDDRAT]I G!]NEIIALE t7
1 t7
1€4
2i a 12
'0
!80 i2
.......-..-........ 283 i3
!85 )' 3
300 1t
307 ia
. . ,' 3n8
Drl i rd ,.... 'i
. ...
Irefinil,,e il: l';
srrBsTAN:cl!'IJI,.SUMAR 15
_.L 4a
VI. .C.LTE CHESTIUNI REFERITOARE LA SUBSTANTIV ...... 7A
Substantiwl adjeotivat 944 7A
Chdinea. r r v inte l o . . - .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..:. 345 19
Func$ile substantiftlui 347 19
VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR 357 80
Ds de& . r . . . . . . . ...... ....... . ..... 359 80
Alixatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 80
P ief k € . . . . . . . . ....... 36t 80
S uf i: €. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. 368 a2
Dpr iv dF a r e8r , 8 i e 6... . .. 373 a4
R E duc er ea . . . . . . . . ..... a?4 84
Atternanl€ lonetice 482 85
Ab r ev ier ea. . . . . . ... .. 383
SclimDew cslogorlei 8flm3uodo. . . . . . . . ... 384 86
CoDpur c r m . . . . . 399 88
Sui6tertive tele$opate 40t 89
S U B S T A N TIVUL
(TIIE NOUNi
0ENnBALE
I. CONSID$n-{TII
Dc linilic . Su b ' l s n l i ru l
p s l " p a r" H d " \ orbi r-" rrp doru' l 1F:' o[' i trl al ' ' sr
P ' in . obiF cl a ' s ^ i n re l .g . p o p l a n e r" rIIi ' J1. fi i nl P l " pl anl cl " l u" rur' r'
e\rcrFnl o pp pl cn' rr rpor:
tn .u: ir il. . . " li" ni l a ..l ' ri l a n ^ l i u n i l p . -h s ' a l i i l ' Fl '
i d ml h ' l rdl rP ' l r" '
A, ' ,o s .l i 6l ' I" a'
o l n o tsf u1m l-r n dLr e,,rr r,.1 rrrc l i i < rl ,o rd l n fo fg h xml i m de sl .all ,.i i .ani c, r8681
i \utbrntJ l- Ln I.l !1. sloli inpfimcabilil sfu . hanji din a.csi !rat!ri{l) <' rtE Rubory
irrdelf lal'ricdnLulLril r r ': i p l l
' ,. ;,ll pl- ,.l l, ' i Io l r'
., illt r Lrlf,j 'r, ''d
I lL r qi , l' -"' . 1d! - ,
i. il . , "t d' l " \ 'n r n 't ,1 bi r 'r u
" ' nd, I
' 1. " r't l ' , ' r d' , . : lln' l r i J o " ,"l t " l p
.' - tI u f.r ' i. r I I.b t lof . . . . ", r ,. f,\., i
' . r' J l .'''r , d I n r'. J o r 'r L
' ; o1r ,
I l..lrd Ro@ (: atrtoinolll.lr.toneli 0e1l lfica a..idrrtall < Lltl thvf. in1:.i
'
., 1,., , I , r , - \ "t - \ l, os, -:.-, l .umli.r.
'u + , lr o pr: n l" ." , P ', n
,,n aj. . .,. l: un l ilii sl ai, r r c l: l. . laic nnt r r l dt i . \ r nden r r ' d c C i n c m a l o a f d f i er l i r r : j u l'h . i
!.cdiu !.n trd .rir . \ ( t ! ! oul. in iulor i. , i. t i. c r , , . ) < O r i r i L 'i e r , i e l i . i L . L Q !
irmP rn ,rn de Arir ii l i. , s e. I ] { i
e tuni! t).rtl..d ,os d. r l ( ir io"t r iell. < lh. ot or e i R o . r e r l l l l 1p.:lrlinle al SU\.
1.rl i.rirt nr.n , \li:jl. r f lr d. r jr c ij
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t l ,- ln' lr
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1" 1",' 1 ". r' - l.' 1. i I r ' j. l , l: ". ' q- ' i- l" l
., r,l1 1: tr! voll) < lllNs a\ d. ol Volla lf iz i. id ilal i a n , 1 r 1 ; - l 8 l t )
a qdu t:in wrtll < ( J aniNi \ v at t { inginc r ii inlc D t a l o r s c o t i r n , 1 i 3 6 - l 8 1 9 i ;
c, lucrui fi teNoane iumite dupn creaiori de opere de arfi Bau dupd
personajedin istorie, legendi. literal,urn. artn etc.:
o a:desa. / un l1.in, ln di.il,a!,ori
a Gdin:booush l- trn lal,lotr d. fiainsb.roLLghrl
n /udas (:xn trlLdr'tor d'r lrtteni)
th. tiadn\s o/ iird,.. l: nia.ii linaiciaril
a .th!ll.cl2 l-r^ riimnril rdnilo,
a r-eLtt I, n stliuic a z.ilci Ycnusi o ien,fii. caccplional d-A irumoasrl:
It wft a -r-dDls../r ol lio nloodhonnds .lnd .r lerlc..
s8 B, SUBST.\\TT\TECONCRETE$I SIJBSTAI.iTIVI'
ABSTR{CTD
C. SUBST.{NTIIEINDIVIDUALE$I SL;I]STAN'TIVE
COLECTIVE S 1'
Substantivelecomune,atit concreteclt si absi,racle,pot fi:
1) indiridule flndiridadl Norrns)cindla singularnumesc
un singurobiect: S f3
.--" {i}i'j {ffl,. J .t,p€r
I to $n
J lilr
t odk
J sl oon
I l ],]' t
,{r'jntx:s,r
"0",*.,a: {;'.:'#* {l;i:" {l*r {R'i'""
2) coleetire (CollectieeNouns), cind la singxlar numesc o pluralitate de g 14
,obiecte' identice sau similare, privite ca un tot unitar:
I auiien,er I ili(hl, r ltock
---k {i:?J 1 p ro l c L a ri a1t sdl arv 1 te,m
.u"'",.," {$i",i:#-{ iir:Bill:
{ffi;ii#"'{ilit:itil:
86)
{Veziii 5
3) nume de materii li do mase conorete (Namcs of llatter dnd. Concrete S 15
,MarsJ qi nume do maso obstra0te (Ntlnca of Abstact,Udssr, clnd numesc
mateda, substanla sau mesa unui robiect.':
rcv-a I sold I col otr I mill I dir(
1\\in- I m"ir 1 sour 1 tubb.
| . o. t . , I k noil, dee I t,l-\L:on | ;n.ell:L nr,l
'e'Im'" 1ir'iroiojrh\ 1mur, - t '.",,,., "--
",1',""
Obseraa!ii
a) Un€le nume de n&terii de$€mncazis,;obie.ite corleclionate din mate S l$
riile respeclive5:
t€ D.oss1: al,iDnrie.aliirnril isurnanli\' colecli\'l
(: d;1Druri,
D/a-.sds otJic.t.dc alami, alAol,'{nii,,strurtrrrtp
,nL,zirale
dc alrr,-rr
l rzdic,rd: a u. lit or nl lla nn oor , f r r . et . . r . prbL,l
gi,g,,: esrldril,'i {1. alniarf. ploal. (t. gl.a41:. ' s , s 1 . c nsLnl
i 'L (1. p,'Lsari.
3 rtrrrl.V, (!on.r.il guoi; (abnrac| l]|{(i'ri. uosLji. iidicnri. rroNfBui
-
np tl:a"tu". t r r oa. a4 l. - " 1. '\ ': ' tof riii. liri
'6 Trrd ., "il"r r r - l
i\ ' n, r ' r 't l / I r ''. ': . r ' r . i ', :
€nglezeDli resleclire.
20
:i i ;", " ' , . 1, 1" 0, , o J n t: I p r" r' I rrP p n nt:I r1-h" ' 8 l echi ,
o ,r.;\ 1: bani m a ru " , ' rti m" { d n tri l
,i d e m' .ri p : " r
" ri
rro J dnr| ol ' i \)l
d rl d- ( : t n ! r na., o o e rL n n l )
r/o :* s L: r , anuei os l i n z i , o l h ' l a ri l
ifur l: lcrl
aL i;n (: rtr\ li.r de celcal)
;n trons (: in lanlu )
(vezi ii S 30)
sPr -
1) oeracteristiei.
hoLJ s. ' t" + tJs foni l i es,
n I 5ubs ldl li \* 1 , a a : I' ttc t, n b ' rrL ,. [t o' N " "
(l a ,t . j. t dpot sF l . .i n l .o r.' i ' l Prr " n d n l td \;1 " JFoJre'' obrF Lpl ' pa carF i c
d *" ' U" - ; ' f r ; n, ,iu'm;ra
J t"
'"*e nun, es cP ou p t* o ' i u b .ra n l i ! ' ' ' nump' " bi l " tu ,-i l orn' d, de
s;t,3 t ' t ot lr ' *d" ot d ' u rtt o tL tIn l a tn t,t' n a | n { 3 du d" i nl ucuttorrLecP sl ural " qoY a
nurnP rsbrl e
ca r" . t er i' . , i' i, " r P ro n ' rl u i r " rb t r J i ri n ' l i ! a r sLD ' l dnti !el or
se t t) Caraoteristioi.
-
lntr-un
Lilele numedc materii sau de maseoorcretcpot li rlcnumerabile
l sd (s38)'
.""#;i;;;;;il"'r'i i'""i S:ol eu lnlercsurui
modiricarea
"ii"i
!l
de,r+i-
D,osFbirpl,linr'" d', ' p,clpgorii F - h1rl" 'ub'ilJ 1i d"'iereu
limLr jrl Jutr irrr'n1i \^'brrnrulur sr dcp'rroPoe
2.,r,,l .orrp"o ". -rLlar/r '
d, 5u b"l ln li\plr r!: nplt d t 4dt ^t ' s . [ L r ' l '" o ' h o n . 't o r k hoLv' $25
n. \ ' 1, ; , ' ; , , 1; n- . n; . 1. j' z n '" J 'i n l i o n 'L 'l 'r r r / rru"rp_
r, , rt lnu :ht.r. li!l,t.
i tu
; ; ; i r ; ;;;;;;;'"i i "cr F ra r.' "i1 rp d"num'r. r" f ^ r r; n u " " r" ' r : i d e
au. in mod obisnuit.form;
'^-' de lluril
il" au ieclt lo"ma de singular3,se construiesc iiu singularul'slnt in
""
s€nerenume de iranimat'e dcci de gen neulru'
' '"i s2 6
l,l Sobsturrti.,"t"nonilmernbilenu au articnbl n€holnrit a/alr.(: olre)'
** iia"r .i'ii"i"". ,qstlelnu sc poatespune^ darktL':ss' r [an' oirel':xsetc'
^
2) Categorii ale substantive ncrrumrrahile- s2 7
d, Numelo sportwilor: s2 8
nr . , r i l"l ldl r or 54 l J n r ''q 'l i l i 'g r 'h \
, r. , ui' l o- roo b.,b o 'o r'g
lob - - a" \ '4 rporo
rrugg r. . :i. L . .o" .
" '
Acestea nu au dectt forma de silrgular fi se conslruiesccu singularul
llo's $ 2 9
6/ \umclo rlc malcrii 'nrr de a.e rorrlrcl' t ll')1 1 ut ot 'an r I
s,noAP,t;ot btr un la ol lnttttaLrl"oi s//r'l JU n.umrr
-\'orr, )c,:.r'or,., qi stni -consideratenenumcrabite deodr€ce 'r'
obiectele pe
ii'"'".'ai.
"i"n"t,i. poi li uu-r*t". ci numai rsu*Le De asemenea'ere
;"";;'i";;;;;
nu au nici articol",inehoiirit.
intr'un contoxt ii
Nume ile rnaterii son ilc m:rsecolrcrcte enumerlrbile S 30
numerabileln rltul (Vezi S15)
tNt
INN]
nunar s3. s8. ti Pl.
I sE itl , o ('.+' 1 'ur 'af.J
f : catea boabe sru lfionraie | Indi\idrrnl
{' o i , . . e l ,
rcffe-" I (matc.Gl i nl. . o / l e d : i a l '1 " lin ,Flrri, ra_
" (,n J te ' i ' )
l: ha! t ur d t i o n , {j ' t r t i L m 'r e . i 'l
I ss. l / , = L o , P a r cI u) teri
'
r = ftrnzele de ceai uscalc {m,rl.cfle) | {, o n c . r t , i n d i v i i l u a l l
Ieo / 'd \ : t e f i i t x i c a 'i . a t e g u d r
1 -- biurura (narerie) I rl
d, "ri l,ndtqi' ]
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I !uDi( ili llidul) I Icor' rct, iri,l,lidurl)
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tNN] tNl
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(indiljdual - matelel
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(eonc|et.indi{idnal)
l r.: bl ane reni N (onl ..[i i r
a fu. cap.( fb ioet, a fv stolectc.
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bl .i nurii oni r' ti or.t" : a /onrol
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pl,rrrl ri ,s b\tn ) 'r t rmd d"ir'-'rrlar ir' un'l 'r'r: | ' "p
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B t u s ' Ls s t ' t o u ts J re n u md i fo rm a d . p l urhl pcsrd srru' r!:
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.;tor nea\.iznt. P€ntiu a so da numai citel'a €r'€mple:
inslltc - abuse
s fa tl ri a.Li 4
alaceri - butrncs
aplauze -- aPPtdure
musaiiri ' .'mran1|
( o\' i. 01.b- ,ltl P ""
t - , , r , ": r ii no", ^- 1,
iniormatii - infotmd ti'nl
inloF,alii se*ctc - intaUilenu
.unoitint'" despfc -k'ot k:dge of
stire friri
ljeacuri. litust'r
rrogrcle - Ptust"s
-- bbih
crmli(ri'"uri -sLalPitl
.hele ldughter, Iit.
I}
tN \l tNl
sg.tL Pl
r" o l r' r.l ttl t to ti !tr .au i l i tmdti F
nr."r,dily : nbsd.dil.rl! a b .!rd dI 1,oi rcr. i ndi \l n' ,111
pl.
d ,.aur1J: o fruntr'scte (.oncrctl
pl.
Rodrnian PeasantFotner olten arr
l;
.omld ,, : tu r dr , t ie . . r nl, ni. . : f/i'.J o comranie, o so.ictate
5 0rie tdtP {a |\t . dulli n, us ar r r L com,rcialil (con..cL. 0ole.l.iv\
I hear r:ou h{d .ampan! yc.'
t NN ] iNl
d {sctlr -r1rn
i . o'rdio
nofe1.indiridr.ll
tlrrv i neF racro.
Mdi, il,, lclrrilir'. lflf ionr.l
lt M, bt.nd'rtst lI ntlb lh(e rl lttl
Tutn on (aff, io(n. rr) th.
(: HarP ,j.n sot the t'1ktt tlP.s
CateBorii do iubstarttilc
!39
,- PI9!'l-
-
..n.,frl. alrslr'actE
' n.
,iole.t'!e nuN indiridrale .ol.cii!e
'ndiridu.ne
I
l\l
t\\l :
.-....1\\l
r.rla. Iandlord
lrfro
- Nlarin(r
srltan
li.tiii:'*-,[]"l,lll;iHm:. Jo,' - dond
It l hrr sfdi ol F.: dornn, l a rnrnal
sirno/ srgroru
rliuui itrlicne)
ncro
P anl -P aul l ue
-undergriiod4,e,' undergrndue/. (glur!rJl
lasculirr
1 dai,r - l sn,ql e rl j l l
Iria.. I
Iinga
lad
' - ' ' , " ! :';") :;" ol'"i,i.l';"""",.,i ",i d.oori, " , p , r' r, / d , r' n s o , i, b n d n , n r
*t-[i"1{"',r:i:!ii"
"'r"r:' ";:'t ::f';: ",:,i# ;n';
:'i;t::',
lll:iF':i.f;:,?;"
lij#i"Tl,l,1l;"i;" ,)l;?;,':.i.'-1ii;,1?,i'ii
';:i"j:1"'#,1'1,,
- b:t:y:rrit;.;,',*.,,;i, ;;,r1,]"r
,l?t,*[l'1"ili,
i.""11,S ".;r^:,i"ils6 4
bF ilU md'.inn ,'1p dp ldm 1|ip( naiobi' n' ||nn: |d! nr |' ' |' n' .
indicet r e aDa rd.|n |im|ld|. ] ' 1lioda|i, ns J d.(nLn"pd. |J m ' |t s n n 9 . . j p
ir O li\ i"'
Olr' rkr. ma i d -s 5;" Lo upt u", n' . iodr lr . So l i i l u l. t/dy ro14,ntoodla
I edv dlivie !. L dlu $ rp or "liiJ r ' ld p r im e- e ( ' r 5 d u r r l n 'r F "
urui raror,r 7n ;4i" , . \ ' . / i li Lo' d 1 1t jn
]':.';*ik"'r"
il;#dfli'["flflH,i
deordlc cu o .h.I
"o u
+#',ij:it;ii;.ii",
r::i:"",'ri,.r
to td, ' o[ t h' B' it t h Lr pi ) \ n r "t m a r l n 'r ] r a d
30
$56
Gen comun
Mdsculin
I illJ
FcmLnin
rnd.groorr
bo)'' ls a u n'anl run
gifl siud.ni
shopgirl
;: ",-';*
:rr,x;1"i:,-ilr-"r r;;,.
iil;i;;i,;{.1i, .,,,l'i'ii'l:
ii''i#Ii['i'1'i'*
itiiifri;i"",r
," i,';',":i,
1',:
1, :;
illt,:;;;;,
,11;'1,,;1,',
,f i, 1i; " 0 - ,,:l- ":;: ,'l; u ,n ,,ir
i ''l
IrrLFrl.r' r i, i i lr l
lin lr\it
3!
rilisleornc/pl )
shopkce!$l ai rarl
An i m a l e
bull calf
d.c
]re bi.d
billy-goat
Ctnit gennl feninh reies.. din c.)ntext. cneintul carc indicd genul este
lias)0
Eriton
Dritisher
Bulgar cantahigians
2) Crtzuri specitLlc
,/ :uh. dnri\Fle baL,J.infort $i .7/ird,,;nJ r'-.J Jrn un,.i rn."1rx:r.i s6 7
.. t.rl n r.-J sr-L dF obi.Fi n-u r". m€i al-s ir li'rbr \orbil..:
t t' , .h brb! .romis i i5 ,rJ:r3.
Calltlul, clitd and sive it'or:
ts hrnch.
"lhis liflte c,t4, lad tited ni Dr arms a gaod Irfft ol trs sdrall lilc; oltcn I could
sel i, io lausli Nlien ttu rnothoi couldn't.
"x{v mother dandlcd ae and sms, -
'll;w roung i, is, how young'."'
r dttisl
a:\ artiste slnt sulstantive de g€n comnn, dcci antlele lnlrcbuinlnte {til
. , " . , mei,"r,,: p.D ru iJ r b. f : o{ ; . ' I o: t J p. I . r gd In l . . t . . u r
9.. r.t dF..ffrrsf.,
' r. ,-, di.,.,o1 ldlFrlal', , . r "m r ahDldl- s , "r , u gusl u l i . . l , '. , , " r , " p a r , . t : i
o.,,,pi lo rira. u np ori..r Llp' oi. . . ". ulpo"ir J . d- . h[ o: l' I
' I . i , ,,,i .r tr.I_. ..d n rpald' . . . d , n" . 1 , ". ' F .",. o"i" a l
*, unlsr uLre dr r.!rcz4 t djii o, t , , bl, ' lor ". ', 4 r r o
rll T\rain. ,1 caiLe.ticut Iont.c ,t tintg Lflhut's L.ttt.
I \\:.ts. r*cats. Th. Pldy.r
Qtt.:.t.
\\ lool I i i .. .t
-t n t /." a J t,fl r' ,r,r. t," ous t. | ,..
t,
\ \ i , . , e l 1 i , , i , l i i r ,,""in
h L Ud ".:u ,t,,... on,.ri \..Lr ..1'
Th. r.ii.l. d rhr storl Nas "The Cat lhar I'alks br ]tnn!.tf'.|-
, \ nior iiele. i n s p F c i a l{ i c h d o m e s tj c e .s i nt i nsI desemrare ti pri l ] t)roD ul nc
d e g. nl c , ) r esp u n z n to rs o ru l u j l o r. rn a i a l cs atul r.i ci nd ti sc n,er;ri t,D rnzd
n u niele s au c ind i n l ff\,i c o n .q i d c rrn tcd e ordi n ai ecti r:
Th. ,.d. lrld /r. cnlJs la,l leit l trail.
' ilf . ! \ ir . l o o l i h g a i a i c r i n l l ,./ c h i dons.
'l l r: , , ., ',r.
-,r
t . l \" .
I l, ir nii s c ri i n rI d .! l o r !o n i f l i d i $ l rr i s l i e Ii ,l i i g?
S . . r if ,c .l rrrl . i.' r, In F" ^:.ra.r ' ,n, u:1. r' ,l . rr
"
l a lL , r , t s s t x rJ , u rrl i l r,u ;:
'r,
r at l, . . . " l) o ro n tL i n k n /..1 s ,"
C|i1d. " \ \ . 1 1 . I l i i p i o l l ,i D k r. n o ,i ..s"
Cind ur arinlal €ire pl'rsorilicat. pronumclc corcsprnu itor vr li i. sau
sia. dupS ser. in cazul pirsonificdliloi tn ca"t, nu irtereseazn r:onsirleratiite
d e s ex . s ubs t a n ri v e l c c a i e d e s e m n e a z n a n;nal e narj sau puterni ce /rri dr.
.]|?hant. Lion, nnk.g. tigcr, do!, donket|, horse. pig etc.), [i citova in af;r, de
a|csLea (cdnortl, flu etc.), sint de obicei rnasculine, pe cind ce.lecare desennc{zii
animale ])iici sau slabe (rlrari.sr. rut, hdre. 'N]:'.]e pisii . tarr"rl erc., ins.cte
€1c,.) sint, feminine. Fa terja hotirnlte lnsii in najoritatea cazuiilor:
T lic dr nli. " , o N trl l i rfd to l i r n a s te r o l th. trfal cnt rrc had recei * d.
T lif , n r r e l i rrg l d l i l a .l n r s l a mc .
''Ilrt the ,{rr.D sii,Linslonelr otr l|ai rlacid busl,sooke orlr
Tli.l o,,e wonl, as il l,ts soul n, ih{t ore s.rd /E did ouipdur.,'?
tr !,111113i:
d{nger, las'. etc.
ru,r.le dc flnlii, rirri: s 7r
lr,c Danubc,thc Thanrcs,the Iihirc, cl,
i i.te de mrnti : $7
]ltn Neris, the Cheviots, Scai!]l, Skiddas,, cl..;
d"") numele tlrii este dat, ti sul'eranului ei, in special in literatura mai
\ ffl)e (vezi Shakespea.e,picseleisto ce, 'King Lear", etc.), precum ;i nurnele
de regiuni legate de titlurile nobiliare puri,ale de personajelerespectiv€:
.t n
o, -t . o\.rr-., ".sl, - e- el" ll, nr ' ". , 1 . - r "t.o"\toll, A '. a .
llt r J 1." l'.t1,.,. t -'.". i. , . . 11. 1, L, r al n , , ' ., \ n.
. r t' . .t tttonJ e .. t-iI..
l.r' sOnslc"irt"Iilnsl-c{f". dar . a' s r { f Dilif , , lLLiii\ or ilit ir o|j s . j n i r .
86M
PI,URALUL SUBSTANTIV]'I,OR S 90
3) Substanl,iveleterni atil la singutar in lii.crete -s' -x' -z' -sh: -ch LtJl $ 93
primesc ternjnalja -rs la plural:
bn*r fliintr -.hinl,z.s
claser iish lrshc
-- Io\.r I'cach bea(,hA
- lillLzes mrtoh .. Datch,s
lez.zta s.nd\i.| -saDdNichesa
\nizz.s pincc{cz pi!.c+26
Ad i . r , p) 6. n l. ' . U , l h l , L l . t . L l i i 0 .
. J,i ,, ' , i, , 1 s nnir . h b l tJ L E .L I-. In l .J n .' u l . a .r\-.i [,]' .
i Su b sldn' : v ' ll l@ds "t h ru s l -l e u ! i h d u /.4 d " o I ' r^nrnl i cT sprfi ' l i I' pl " ' r.
! l i ".r'., / r . " nl pr on ,n ra l .d :i o r' rn^ri r' \ i i t.ar' \r' Il
" a rs td .t.
'-i mb ,' l' il lt r i u1 .l ' l i n l " ro rd n ' . 1 ,,' .1rl ul r . n" l " ' . " o' I
? Dronuntat flr-\'.
3 i crminilia: i. . - f ons le d i n s tu i l (s e mn LpLl d ra l u l tri ), l ror.ni l di n i r.nsf.rf,a.ca
v ocd 0 i Ii .i l e : ? s i ' e I t oc rl { { l c l .g i i l !rl 1 l .
B8
-{ !e oLrscry.r
si fornrrlr rlf lhr.nl rll] rrrtrr:LtLirutui
substa ri\':
is ! r lk , li pt I . llit i: s ir n r)1,r1i...1
lrl 5) lI i(,ritatre slbslfrti\clor t.nrir.rte jn singularirr "f sau -f0 primesc
.t ]a t)lural:
. lr ' , : l i, a!
linr . ll. n lr i , l lr indk f r lr il f s tfu.i - Irroofs
it r ic r g. . i\ ijtfl ililr,
r r LLlf nnr it r srn, silcs
glr ll gr lls Ii ! ijl,,s
iLr Q f l dnr r t i- sirilc *s t r i i e s
99 tlnclo substalrl.ivcld.ninatc in -t sau -Ie formorrar nir.i pluralui in -/es
Prcnuntat lrzl:
i, . . I bf ( ?s 3 clt -. L,ps
lPaL len'.r sr,[ s!tr?.s
s lr eNt s r r er r is slltl .hcl,.s
Lh' f i lhigr s lroli \ol.cs
loaf - lo{ r . r krile kni|cr
. r LI - - r ! l. r tilt, - tn.er
lru - lulr'.s wil, - \rir"s
100 un eazspecial:srill,iilr,(: nat,,ri n,,,artn).
pt. .ri/i/-t'tr.
Citevasuhstantireau anrbelefolmt de pluial:
s.rrrf s.rd.ls. srinr(.:: llDf - Ioris lioorPi;
slafl - si{flJ. star.rr N'll{l - $liitrls. lthures.
l0l 6) r, Substnnt.ircl.termirato in -o preccdairle consonnjtiornreaziDlu-
ralrl in fs cind sint cuvint€ obisnuites:r, inrrodusede mai nutrn vremi tr
Iimba englezi:
r go nfgro - negro.s
_
l{l.llf o polalo..s
rdio r (,ho.r loriilo t o m a l {r c r
lres, o lr.sl olr lornado - t o r n {i l o ? r
lr.ro lrcroA iofll d0 L.fpedo€s
m os qI ilo - inos qr ilo/ j rfto - rrlo.r
t "on n r , , jp. + . . . Ft i\ |. r r t lr . t , , , ,, 2
"1.,.. i.,r \ t / . . / . , r . 'r r , ii lu, , / . , . , . . / , . ., I: dii.Iil.'r calii,',tide rarne de racl)
n uma i. ci!{t niseadr ii, . v it r ir f ir t r r ibii. r , , s n a , . i r l
. \ n^r ' ' . . ' ' l ,,
r ve zi l. 14;
5 U,rrli,l / . r . , ?J . s lr . r , i
. L rl!,a.. r s t r nnj t r , Ff i, ' r f( lr f it , , r dr A
oa 89
,J Cind nrsn.o final este precrdflt de vocali, plura)ul €ste rcgulat (adicn S 102
t€rminat in -s):
porioiolro lorlololios
.nbrro edbrJos radio -rrdios
iolio lolios secnario - s.en.rios
nnnoio lunoios shtdio sl,rdios
Iamboo -}amboo.. Hindoo Hindoos
cx(ntoo - 0L,clioos Lang&oo ltangaroor
',/ ,, r\ca d o. : - i' r " s ir r c u ld. , / " \ 'F d f i n '" l " r l a 5lo' ioue
'r . d L '
. , "' , ' lo' l , 'r i ' Srnsrltr lruoa-
fo rtu.rl .",r;..j . r,m.' l' r 'r r " l , / r 'r '
na, nd rar.p lrd'lL , r' iI t in D r . t a n d i r i J 'r " " ' L l 'u ! l . r 'l u l ui"u'
- 1. ' r . l
t d.rn&usa. trl. dtnLkt
'P 'r.,lctaL r , I t o^t . . I lii n /
a _rt,". r, . . r , \ r , ; i" , nr . 1, . ' u, "n' r ' u p l r " ' l u i '. : 'o '', i . i 'u \ rlul
a.l |.',,]la -1,,,,l.l "l, s r ; l I il' r r ' ' a r '- o r ' l r ''n L " l r ' Ptu."t.? "a
L', 1' d' r r ' : r ' unr ' ' l"nii l l i r l 'l a r ' i '1
'r'
oo, l'r n L ' P r , lar 't- oJr' | - / 4.' rt: L; l i l r 'r P .
4l
^ . n4,Su b sta nr r r ele. , lp. r f " i s u s a rj tn ta l p s d .,i n g u t,r s" rr J" pt,rr" tdup.i ,r2,0.
Lr r \ r a l p a .o .rd p rJ l i u n i n tr,E . si nt ,ubi tsnti f" i ndi
'rFn u m pc . . olp. 'd
riduale qi se construj€sc cu singalaral:
Tl e .l d s s oar lak en n v a v frr a u e te ro n f.
Thc enmittee ..nstrrs oI lwelva ncoolc.
llis /n,ri1, s,as sma1l.
, " n^$ b i , . rd r. d .1 .' l .o " . \,,., .o t l r,\p f.,n,,.
l'Il " ,,' - : r
h c l ru f ( J nD{ dlst o d l i rs e ,!r;i ..
Tr( tra,hing s r a/ / , , as ta g i .
I russ : poDoll.
t.i,,," dr -i i|l,s,i..n{.t,r nd;r,.rJ -rip$.,s,r. oi f"4e
._.-a tort n n erj . _H. , od
lJ n 't-l"!!
"1::i,l:.-" , gt , t Fr wi t t Lt alt , pt , r "
-,P ot J p atrt. . 'Ja
on rrn... , . , ht
r n J a- J loul"\ t o, s d . , . l, tr,n d p st /. LUn-
1H.W. r'owie., l Dictiotut! o[ Mod.m Dngtish a dse. G. Curme, op. cii. etc.
] in reIte .n"" . int or m dlii s "c r plp.
{ \ rll's".on "L ndd , u bins la"Dl indiv , J , r il l a d @ r , p t - u o d \ t , " ) L . r tnsFrmA
, , pro,lu s ix 8 .n ral lnllr r f J i . au indnql"; il' _ PA r \ t tl P N d u . ' r 'd n u m J i u n 'i n g a l d r u
I nlple r cn lcL tiv (: t ' r odus e nat ur alF. agf luole) .
. Vezi ii $ 10.
? V ez i s i $ 15 .
3 Ve2i si $ 31.
t A nn sc ra.e conluzio lntfe subsl,anl,ivele ,ur?Fss t l,rzrnlsl (: hph,l dc a li
o.utrati actititate intcns{) si 6us,acsst'btznrsl i: {laceri), ca.e $e deosebesep.in o.lo'
sralni, rronunlic ii Inteles.
{l
Her adrt d a@ alfa* excelleDt.
lsfatutile ci enu Intotdeanna e]cetente.)
The fnnrute in this mom,rtoDss ro vado s peiods oI sr\ne.
(tlabikk nin acpaste came.{ dr stiluri dirdite.)
rlr.4-\ llurb lp ;Flun ot;aa hr . I olt o$ed r hp t r un. t , ins n t m l l ) n a d s t ! . , . r . I , into
-* . ^_
n '.,r":n l^ .m t : ; pv t io. t \ r i ur n, . , lans lr ii n a L . t . r - t , d r i a t " . , u , " t , i p a j
_ - n ._| 4r4t
rG , ; rtt
In spal,ur €r1 r,nt'rsLr o. )
Hi\ Anontpdeeof hisrorv ir apr\. sticht.
t( "t,ein \I lui d" is , or i. . / ir i t ojr t , . t , , b. . )
' rn n: " lra 1 al lu \Bro" ; . t o b" , ht . uqr - t in r ' , , \ an.
Li x+ st jrn . toa tp b oEar t " t t obu^ dpp' s " L v . , r onu t 4 p b . , c a j p . )
\" lh.', b mgs ar ' r J t ha, l . , , 5 . ur pf l- Ls .
-" . "." i' 41 l' d1"nql
IIi. , "" . L r" .J ' . s g t t s 1t r.t,, ,,r\.
, I . . : -. . c t. " tr' tJ .rmb d . . gt ! ; J . . r , . r o. , r t . : 1t r . t u, otn i r . ,
Hrr ,r.Dcrl {,&e taihrq idsr.
t P\teile . pdftseeu cn repczi.ri!nc.)
\\-' 1 ,o 1., 1 u". 1, . r . n, t t t h t p- n, d t ; - r r r . s : r , l h .
\ . l rJ I I'i.: p pr,. r . . d . r r . , t Ld, . ' "Lr.
'r'r.'
O b s . r ralii
. a / T r p b u i.r e{ln u rlaptul.x sub.ranrivptc
de ma is u s(S il . rj, r . o n b i_ $ t 1 7
:{,-rrn:,rrarpinljmhaenglezA'hr"ratulci,jndsint plurnlFinlinbaro,rdnai -
./ susmcnlionot.{j lli,. a\rnd , |rtetes
' lA lr.'lnprpdrnrr..Ibstantrvplpn.
ru pot ,ala idma dp.ingrtar s"u rJcptural .i a.ri r,"r a,;;;l;i
L-r!"l lnFhotdrjl d .aU dr. al caruj Inrpt.sFst; dp (ineul6r.",DF A..Fs.or; de
.:'- oll r,F rofpflm In unul singur dintr. plcmentch .;mpon"ntc
al" t^rali,
';tL rF.,rrspmla un.u\lnt ajutdror {i/pn.
/n-. et..) ca;c sli redcanuania
-\stfel:
' n ! l' l a ,;a / n t + l \rc c
o m obillr - d p ,,a o t w rrt.,
lnn @ticle ot iurniturc) (rornall
o Prostrc : a pta? ol nonsensc
o i P ' 4 ' o t i n to rm,rti o n
' n- or m ilP (ar rem ot inlorrnatioD):
o pnne : a ioat ol b.ead
r n r ult er d /d s t o r l rg h tn i n F
'r .drl oI r]'und,rr
grindine {piatrl): haitt a haitsroae.
!l_ }aitrronss
Tltis gouet js a beauiifur ptac oi \rorl.
5193
bil)iftds, .afis, cl,cqucN (sau Sr',{ oheckeNl, darts, doninoes' drauglLts.lorl8its,
marue1 nirretins, quoits, shrl,il's, ulo.I
$ 125 e) n me leagnltt I
thl] ths. lrif CurtaLl,ians.tlie IIrl,fidcs, tle llighlands. lhe lDdirs, th. Nell.dands' tho
Ilnil,ed States ol ]\ntrrca. .lu.i
.8 198
. rr" nd .., a nn als. ,'r l, , v ps . a"n5r . . 6. i2 . 1- s pi. . .. ! n , ) . b . T . ' r s . . l n 'h . .
con :n". , c onlpnls ( ul) . , or n j r r 'j ,- (- \dr.
" , . '^
:."s op sirAJb"i, J 6, , dr eg6. "ut . . ' olli ! . ' \ p. .
' h r . , - p r q . . 'o b r ' .n.d i
. o t"r.. , . .a p iri 1r ' J , t ir F$nr r ( . 1= o dr dlit h: i) , lu n d . g , l l o {- . e " i l r . g r o . d r
. . 1. '
' . . ,ro jdh : p1 "iu l pi . lr diir ' . s r oals . c - o. s hJ J o u b r p =. h,.igi. inton.
-
I : bt 4). ior,in,r.,rpd s, (L'o lil li1k q, l. l. r ar r , l p 1 n r . I 'n l i \ q . j . I n u n r r r o n c .
: I.iA , ou lsq ur s, ltin o. lpnPa 1, . pFa\ d. nr 'r '. i '! 'u : l . p r o d s q u d r l e r '
m i 1 , , r ds . c r a. { l' . I . c ' , ur ' ) . h d , ', 1 1 . " l o ! s . s p i f l s [ - '1 i . .
.o u i n Ll , , -- - i r' l ,, .o_.
'
'/'" rL' , r'd d " a - , ". r , . ' r ' 1r . . , , r n_r on. . 1. r 15 l a n l i . L d n c . \ s p " t s , v i d n J s .
i :r.st. whe.calrouts. worlrsj erc.
I Aici slnt cup.inse si subslantivele cnle au ta m'4 obitnuit tot'rl ile llurat, lormr
,i. sinsdlar (ttril -s) fiind rdeo.i intrebninl.ald: antic, d.chiee, bdta.h, contine. cu.I,
. - . b pjuy. . io nd .'ilr,rl "r u r \ : nd o dm . or n d. ' r li ( o t . p i " N d 4 ', . u s t n h u +.
' : e A art - din . s \ m t un, qot hl
: , rbrd.ti\u t e4 . i ,rf p( lp dp obur i J n r , lr . d '. q i n ; , r l , r r l d . m , s r " r d r r i
l! r,.clcririir Inloeuil .u sllstantiyll /.4!,n-
o fli4 Dd bl ll J p s r nr r lar , s r . ; ' . r u 4 l i lnlFl"5
r-\\r'r ;
ii o'o rm, i r.l"lr d" - iogr ld, r 6' p ln Fbu, . r '1 . , , . m 'i 1 a 1 , r m : r r c d l u f i :
:.: E " at.It P ro e-.o t t r t ne 44BP\ d 1t ! 4 wr g. I n n l n u 4 - o " 't r .
16
a) 139):
{sc.
rune u,t. .n -r' q . ' li ll - i d l: olus a l' lddr o ir h i l l o p n 'r m / ' p D o l o r r 'r c a . r 'r " '''
DotJmir:a mL,.s. i' m bus , |' m bl h' . is lT 'j s l h m r n' l 1 F q / r - n , r '. - ( r '?
j' r. .;'"r.nn '},,r'|n |..5. ' |' L; ' n' l' 1' , ' _' ' ] ' U!' s ' nUi|! lr
.id rj q '.op ,'rs . : ir ' op s \ 'l l J b 's sJnr0 r rrnnr_
"J rt"olndgt . s J r n b r 'P s
nu! lp lnin u . i " 1n ,
'r-
' um u i s . ) r " 'r "
"r m rd rl p
l-; {'n r r'1. i1 J r la lrul"irrnb rn r_ -
'
cln|'"lrrn '..''rl]||'".'o ln|- ' ' di, al' ' oa! - r d|um .
cnr i.u lrrns. .d ni0 dd, dc c ennnr r ?- - d . , nr ' i m s . d , c P n F d r c t u a - d r c r m orru;
dllnrirn -cllh,\'iu n, r . c lr J nr io, - c r nr or l! n- . r t lor i' r m r , npordj
i, 1 e. 6 ; n ''r 'n c o m r r 'z s 'i r -
-rn11
s |' . n"'
int.mg d lu \rrrn- lr \ hx m . I \ t r o; ni. lus ole u D - d a u s 'l e n m s m a usorca, ai'
- . ' f r r , a", . r r ", "t u c r t t no. t \ - a r u t s / 't u '
,,"';.-
"";.ii.,i""r-.,
.,r1.rI"on n, -ii d,ra,r, o ,-e p-rdrur/ds- t1.,,r4
, lnd .l t !d ir p sl. 6 4 ' lb d ' 1 .
'lgallr
NTMARI-I! SUBSTANTIV]jIOR 40
O bse r a a lie
a,lorh(: nat€rial. stoln, pinzn)are plrralul clrtlsa (: ieluri sau bucili
de stofe sau pinzi). Pluralul clath.s?(: hain€) nu are singularin engleza
contemporana:
The satesnansloFcd rs fario''s .lrrts l.o chooscr.om-
Thc shc Nore \\'cre vc.I smart.
'nlodcr
$ 116 15) Dord,plumle cu acce$qiformi, r'hr cu irrtelesditerit.s
breech lss.) l: (,hiulas'rrnei urmel, rl. ,f.c.l.r
brc{:lk\ (pl.l l= rari.alodi pn!'i h sru slb golxn,ihi)
cot ut (ss.) (: c!lo.rre), pl..onrzre
cotaure (pl.) i: dratell
catnpdss {sg.l (: r'usola), pl. .on7d$€s
.onrsser (tl.l {: comPts)
( s s ) (:o b i &i l , p l . .z r,o n s
(!1.) t: rmrL)
ddtuse (ss.) [: a!dic), p]. da'ds€s
damaEes lpl ) (: deslilCubni)
dt o" eht ( s qI ( .L r' n d " a " r l f.l . D l . d" dr' sl .,s
,o ,s n i c d p l F rn ' i n .,,rl j o D l dp
d4t ih^t pt i r" l ul
' -i nl " l ' r '
..dnmel
I Pt\ra1e1e Lr.lhr.n
ii ll,r, lnrL iorme lilerarc, dcntelc. .u exccplia $tbstantivului
,.arl'.n cn scn$rl dc .o,/4i.
rs"a.,rs g .niu . on dr g, r ' r . : lood er t l B, L; ,s .:^r.-b 4r.1.r t),L\a: q"n;;
ar' ) i sg . s,rr.. i po\ Fdlr ' nd nr J b" J F r i pl j/nta..
t Nd to '_ r . m ' r iJ
' L' d. " inr or ndr r . i '.Iul
' ,urdji/r' a m 1 +l o r ( p r p s i . r d 'l i o .
'a o'r 'h
lplpviziu r...il'.nla roj r ir pt . ) t i nut ' t npdt n . , r iJ loa ^ n m u l r 'p l . r r r m F n l p l i a r , r i n \ i
iimlnl el,c. cn accla$i inlel{s.
.'Ih / r , t , - 4t s , 1 m " hop"t . " lor In e s t J m p '. . C . n
I l.\.lqllr
Jo,r siv' m. t$,,
rL^ r " . . tot
1llF '-
rop J r ' r . r n, , pe + . J ' t er - e. \ J J " p a ; p o Ino;.dJ-d- i p' n1..
a r '$ 1 .../t ". ' ' ' .1a1" d; d ; un u d. i r . 'n .
5Cd accast{ '
acceolic, rluralul s,ueas arc si sinsulrrul star,.
€ r \',. J p; s "o"" t n, ' pr o- ur , u l o i : , , o f u l h l " 0 r . , l o t t s I k l J 0 s l . r l l " . 0 'l
tlJr,l",
(s r06,) . i, , t u" t k r r,,rD z l .
3 scnsu.ilc aralalc aici sht nunai cacrnDliliciri: e1enu .eDrezirfi l,ak intelesu-
.iLc substantivclormeDtiorate.l'lulrlel€ la orc singul.fll ru esie m;rlionat nu au si;guh..
t V ez i $ r lt 8, trn , 1 rl o a .
NUMARUL SUASIA Tl\'EiOB
16) Doui plur:rle, rrllul colectir, colilalt individual. Cilera subslantive .^lr7
au doud forme de plural: o formi este identic[ cu aceea a singularului ;i are
intalcs colectiv, adirn se referi la lold1ila1.oobiectelor pe carc ]c dcnumettei
caalalLi, eu terninrtia reguhtn in s. este ur plural irdividu.rl li descmneMir
'\'i r$ - ir I o ^lln tu t | ' n " l -..\1 ,' .. r' ' ' i l .^.l ..r,Ji -' 1
\ . z o t u l L i mao. t r i. ) { v e/ i: i S l i 2 b ).
, /dF?ls: Icluri dc ttrccd.
5! !r
dif.rile .)bieclLsau /cllrt d! rDt.lrt,l. Ilit forlna cu illrlcs coleciil-, cii $i cea
dri plu|al in s se conslruiesccu verbul la plLtral (cu c\c{,l!ir substantivului
ltuit')\
f ' ,r:l " i .. l .1,ri ,,ni i , traats l ' 1.' i :
r lr r l t,ri t rru .te , r, ,./r h , p; road" I
' . h4t , l , t . b o mb , -.r' 1 1 .o b J Z . b o mo" Ln n I "l " 'b ol r'
. ri4 (: cositor , lablli, t ir ic heal- a rt! {sg ) (- o.ul.ie de cons.ne; nn bjddn), (pt.li
/.,".d r r,f f , l dn , . or . r r ' . r , , ads t t . .o5t,.," trn .$..J).
.,"..d. t ntt a r.,J L, l o |. id. r f r , . t t ,,a,J. !:d.r. l,..t,ri .r,,
lyezi si S 16)
s r 53 c) .Nunt.:lr dc culati a| la phral in.t€leFulde ..nuanl€, tonu ale culorilor
,\1o . .n . ..t , j i. / . , r . ar t , . r li_r ic / pr . . .
I1e lorfs 10 pairt r|c rcds ind ,tu,i;oi -.\utlmn tcares.
Lnele plulale alo numelordo culori au inlclcsurispeciale:
. ,'.:: . ,, F ,, J. ..,, , ,t.,. ,a.
| o... |
,r /rr s 1:rr pr r r ' I . r I ' nlanir llr
i...ns : r f . o. t lol
,,trt..r l: liainc alltri l0idoni .]c ltan.lii rtbirl
i.rerJ i han'e g.i, panhloni ih llaDetil grir lxi ilmsiil
so manr* Itdzesr.s
:o n. . q, i. nl J um "n , bn r p r J l , 4. r "i. . 1 'n , , , r" r.,brt)
i 1,'t.r hrm ltr c / |, r r . i, ' I ' \ t r r . t . r pnum "r dt t r r
I iol,l him a ifw ,!d5. inuncmlill
c) Alte plva.le d,iftrite ca inlclar rle sing\hrelc Ns!./!i.rt,,.
.' : J
l ' ,.1 \,,r' r-r,.L l r.r rn,l I rr:--t-i .
.,i . . .r L U .; .. ti .r I t:.,...l .,,.
I ' ' .!.r
r\'rri
ij S 11 8 .1 1 t, l l l 1 .
4 sll,riantirul 6/d., are llLrrxllt ,/d..: ,,hundnrdsoI Dz.e or ta.l.idgc', lS t 2!i)
NUMARUI, SUBSTANTIVIOR
5EI 1 : s o l , r' 1 m i n i , tP re n )
i, t , L i i rc j d ' ,.s " d i n rrrr: rrr " n. t ' r' ' l i ' l \Ji ri I
1s
" , irqI L : o-t.
n o a r, .i n s t.l
, ." " i r.:; .l i s rn 1 i . !c i 1 rr I' p^r' rm' rtl r t-1rrJ ob' i '
' ' r,r.:' .n L i ti tl u i c d d "'m i . .ur5 sp.' J /' r! f.nrrr un
Lil.h icadetnic.)3
ntddtp aq p rsg ' \ FliL m llor i". m r r ir
'l
Lhe, VL dd k AsPs (Pl I1: et ul m ed' ir
. lPnr ' i 4 \ e r '! r d : l {' r i ' 1 l
ro' :." ,"r I| " n' ' r . m ' di
prort r ? {pl m l' , nalr r-' p. d' r r ' poor t r i r I
,c tp t -r' ns lF' . i m i ' ons i' Fr J :
r" p "L ! IPI I om J gr ' r '. P"' r "r
'tl
rotk 1sg) l. r nun'
: -. it" * g.,ipr ls g. . ' o; . i. , z inb r p l - " " b n 'r ' / 'n n r '1 a r l 'l )
r I J ni' r ' J - ur ur ii$ r l un r r I n F i n 'r ' l
.r bri€ky'orLs. n gasworks, an ironworls. a steelworks. the lrorks fonncil
kippcr - kiplP8
rl e zi s i s r 18. 12 8
e Bd oa'Hoturt\ t\' \@t Hatutrs, lJa@tuB ,tsr: lista de iitlu.i, decoralii
h
{t , co D ief lt ede S u1. r u n \i ) l n l l Brrt. c u ooazia zilci Sale de na.ile.c,.espcctiv
,'ii,[if]r{,;i
--*,*ttl;llt$usltllg**l',:'',"
50 Mo
srlrcr satnron
dcc. r.jndeer grrnrs tu.boi, ptc.
162 d/ .\lt€ r(artile u o tormi rle pturat cu inrele! cotecti, idenrici cu
n FF - rd inr ' , -s
ir utu i . n ,p " u .i tu r., d L " p t,,r .tng.ta
1i ^ _,1p" n:, ,;;" " ,
4 . r . nur Lr / r s . I,tri F ,, ,,," ,ri i ,l p i n d :\i .i ,ti n .t,a,i ., drnuni tH 6. " . "
r. l:,1d"11;
;1;::';:;'i1LT,:,1,.ii ",i:; )1,1',,1,4.mer
;r:r: ,',",i1 l
',oi;r.:,,
. *;J-,1':,':i:..il;.I,i"', ::i,i",-li:illl l"jil;:,:;:,.b:iJ:",.,'
l :;1i:::'{"1:""",:,,"i -ii:'it,i';Ll',
jil,':l:;;i-' ""1","r'i,1
i,'"i', r,t;; j.'"il
;1r;;',i',-;r.; ;i; i,,
".;; :,:;l ;i.-:iil,l.:,fl
6< : t . 14r . 1 1 1 n ,f.ti t.
, E, : 5 cAp.iori, ciutir.
3 ftr1s : slecii dc pilsirdy'.
trp m "b an . . ' , , LL. oI A r ood . n F r . , , / , ; , . j s
tFnn"li dredlals $rrat-noh merry so-raaali
pl'6-/o"fs young maDt,L{ strJ d /,o'Es
H - , ',a Jp ., p Jr."l ol pu", iD' y , r , , r d. . ' r ' I or l or I n . , r . , / o - . . .
Itpr "did -\ud np a.r. oi. l r u. / r . , . t , ^, pJ m . 'n r ^ . , - . .
- lhp $ df b ts4 r,, t L, . i/ u"r , f r , i , t , , I . dt . @t ,
bnsnrcssromdr -bdsinessdorua
t'hliqatuln charvomt
.ongress@ndl congless0ond4
l Cuvintelc
-/,1 si ,oad au devcnil. de lapt suli{e, i substantiecle ln compune.ea
l i r rora intfi sinL .dNid .ute r r d. r iv al. (5 Ji9)- Subslantirete asllel lormate erpridl
: Recura nu se aprici fn c;v,,i s,rbsianlivelorca: Getndn. Mlsstitun. \'annan,
-. na\ notuen, Tu.cainan,.at!nh, ra?iwn e1.,..,iare.deii ternin{ic ln
Att -mon. nu sini
llnrlirsc in Imna englezllmodonri .r $rnisnii{l rn(n.
llngljsh,,,rdr lhglishdln€n
louuadan lotet ,?rr
lr is hdo, r d , --lrislorttD
r nilk d! , f r n -rtj]ktranen.
n rer.la nt,n nr -!rfi : hant t , n rc.dlcrr.,ra, necdleito,'.r
Indidr@z: - lnilirri.z toli..nrnal Policesatnn
,{n rt arnrs -rrn rt rrns
,{n o i NrrJ 2. , of \ r sto sfom(r slorl.vro,zu
Numele compuse din mai null.c substarrti'e proprii sau dintr'un nume
pr.triu + alt€ cufinle p nesc semnulpluraluluila ultimul cufiiti
r - l' - "t H / . 1 { r ' n' r ' l' .r ll \ lr\l
"| - 7"n. l' L l HL- u o '- $ , r J
Tl,.I ue like Ja.k irlhc-ro&j
s r79 I r,ii rdopl" s..ru -s,r ., rr "l I,l,rr'l'rlri p"nrru jos F lirrile
'"iirori
n', .itr .uLqra,,l,\p, nr' un", da i .i in .azul numelnrI,oprii
d € rurbir' ,
"rp prenunelor:
frnilie salr al
Tne d.isq's havo askcnthe J',€s's io dniter-
Itc o.dciad three 7'0n and J.t.u;\.
Ex( e p li{:
th€ l,ro C.{..li, the rlt./l/.i, l}. lnrt c1,..
s 181 23) Plulalul rumeralchr subst nti\at€. Numeralele snbsLantivate
scrise.u liter€ urmoazirreEulile subltartivelor in pli'inla lo nnrii pluralului:
Ifu lliilht:' lrYc.strr,s
nr t le lt r . , r i. J ol Lhc llt h 4 , . t u r v
|l. . , . . .. t/,.- r, /'
Thc gif ls \ r f r P Fr ilnis iu , r . J i n d
Tlt roNing (i.N rre il :rr.r and s/r/rrs ^eos.
1\ : er i ii i lll! . 1: J j 1 l i r i I 1 4 6 )
L nii -.criitori tntrebuinleazd 's ca semn al pluralului la orice cuvint ca.e s 188
- '.tc u n s ubs t ant iY c o mu n :
't. l tt- : " l l r J o . r: fd i r rro :
''. .ri; r J Ll . ll" p ro ' i n u " o a ' ,Io u r rs r oJ,os
', l P . J nd oi l l i s s o rl J
| l pul up" ies{ ilI r' r .v r' r' tn ,l ,h -&.a r
i o r 'e $: r ' l; ' , 1in6.b o i t" a s a tl th t*
"
r nrrial : naiuscxlti.
!u ; s r u r lr . f s r s l a l .
Obsetralie
\.easti formi unici pentru toate cazurile - cr.r cnccplia ge jtivului S 197
:.\nn - se nume.ste fatma cam nd (ComtnonForn):
/ \ . 4.) ' l h r" ' $"i '"9.
(Ddt.) I garc ilrc" l,o! a p.n.
G.) Na.y seesa Drs in il,c ga..lcn.
6an. ta .:.) Bo !,6 n e l re re l
Cu prepozitie:
/C.D.) He is a lriend of tLc bor ne\t doo!.
(Dat.) 1 sa\e a pe1 tu nF boy.
E x ( e p li e : gen i L i v u l s a x o n :
TIc Dos'slci is in I'is pencil-hor
NOMINATIVUL
1TUD \OIIIN,\TM CASril) s r9s
1) Defilli,tie.- Nominativul este cazul subicctuluil, al numelui predi- S ltt
,ti\' .,are deterninn "qubi€ctul (rlunc prcdicativ mbiectir' -. Suliulitl
,,,,tl.n1.nt)$alapoziliiloracostora.Elrist)undelaintrebnrileutro.2(:cjnel'l
.:iifr2 (: carel) sau (,ldt? (: cel).
'I' Iu nr lii. \. . i n " ti ru l h r i .r' ri d J p ' \ 200
r) subicctsau partc din subiectulunui rcrb la un rlod personal: \ 2(ll
Tl. 7 . , r ".
' "Il o I I
J,1 , " .r t 11, , 1' orh'nr ! ' a'
' m "I l\
join d I ool.r r \ p .
\ll ihlt n.rl ol .drl, {$ i,heirs. '
d) subicct al unui ljnitiv care frce part€ din prcdicat in eonstruclia \ 20I
n\n\iti\ nonirltit, cu infini.tia3:
. r / t r i s l p o ..J o D c o o o d .r."n..
r I " r , , l. ," d " .r.. / En'3" rr
rl h ," ,a .i ,r,, t v.
e, subiect al unui parLicipiu prezcni, care face pade din pr€dicat tn con 5 205
slr'uc,tia numiti noninatie ctl larticipiua
c/. \d n o tn p ,t /d q n g , L o .- . a r d:$n.
1he .pacc roci.:t \ras s:rtched sodring jnto th. sl<J.
Is lhat You,rdnd':
An". < ' ; P. . 4: ld" n s l Ft " € r P {o u '-
ri,.y,i*nT r,o"o.
::, ");;t,i:r
f",; ",X.H",,' " ;,,,iro
Nominativd 'rocatir'nu are rcl sinLactic'
{Voziii S 1e2l'
208 GENTTIVUI'
(THll GIiNIT{VE C'\Sn)
"- *i,ljlil:li:{if"i'J,i,1X1"il;,,[,',H,;1ll#:i'::'
s,'DeLo.lv's adni.n[ion
rha .lJrirg af the bdbll
fi'r#l#,"::il;:l:
"' ,'","1;1.fi:i':"11s'i'f:ill?:,1{li,",;1'H""
r0rr ho*er
3'[i:i;"r*'"'ifi:i,"," f:J};i']'ij"'t?''!dffi
r ii r'
;#l;r' :ir"iiri'""'i'i'i
rr''-
i': r;:l
;'yli:l; ;+l;:il:'l;,'
i.:"iii"i;" r,, ni |,,,,irrl
"i"t,..., :,:.iljlli,i,;,i.i/1li;:
CAZUBI CARE ANTICOLI'] LIPSE;T! 115
'N
J,OCUI,,\RTICOLUI,UI $ ;6e
1) \mbele aflicolelre.edd substantivulsau al,ribululacestuia: s 570
Sjnl Insa lr...ddr. de .rrticol atunci clnd lormeazd un sdrstdntie comlus S 573
. u rd " cu "ub.lrn'i\ ul urmSlor:
' 'npwA
ltu hLtt-ho' ) a.l lturl
\\. sp n t d t l"L an| 4' t t / D, f r F1oing.
We heard ,}l d,&rr4 iecl. ol the postman.
The word hns d d.Lblc nca\ing.
,\ se compara:
toll a 1 , , l, daaj r , m . 1ld' "d sdu \Jcdnrl)
a ialf-la lt diu i o dm il/' oo'
1 "diu
r ibc / i .
h;]J hoLda! J '' l,
r !r:pi
, J ni. r ' d |ber r .
'h P
rve"v \, par hp d lor i l huLl a hat t uo! I n l ' s p d " t r s .
Th ,t.p,D / ' dl/ I " / oir &y in s "or ld n d .
Thuadav is a ldl noltdd
iii' ii'i i" ir"et;';i"-td" .
rhehalthotiday
,,",," 0f I ri*IHll:jl
x;,:t:i,t{,ir:'i ;1"*Ji",i";li;3:fii
i" n{ f ! hlY
l)ur is hm f it
"'
D60iptit'! Genittu') (les$ie sr$Ftrnlivut S 917
f) linlti.rnl rltsrriptic('Ihe
""'
ll'i,;lr':'ri",,i"'"
1,,'liljlii":lJ:i,1,i,,,,,
"f,iirJ'
i;l'iii,ll"l'jiij,""-,,.rr,"';?1fi
tls
Genitit't)ayil1rlroLniuneisinrple \
':) lnitirrl alra:itt'('llt( t ppositit"'
proprii substantivuL detrrr"nar:
.p,,;il. l.,ri'i,r,,ilz"aznprin rririne
lii:illi,,il,i'";::ll;-
!i:'iiljil,ll"lj,lilJu'*,r
c{r:' l+'|rP' In l'r'rr'li' l' t llf'
l,) - rilt '11 p'ttti!:r t lh'Pnrt;t't. .1;r;ttr
' rl i'r/rnrr" l"r ri:
i"',-r'1.'.1,.. it Jp|iri\ ia l; rn'l ir'r'purrliH'r\i nr
"'i'l'l
i'i''iil,'l",ilil'i:f''* lll",'':i'i["li'Jl""li
(Tht: {;t/titir' of Gt1tLalkn) S 22u
i) y itiral itl]lttunll]tnal. sul'trlutbtllui!
crprimn rroliunea dP suferlatl\ :
|i, '.', '"it t',':,;;,1''',"';,-'' '' ' '' " ' " '
rlf r"".. ''.,1 l t . ' ^t ' . n
-
se tratlr(e iI gc ere in S s2l
;l) l'r.rdu{10re. (}lrnitivul dio linba erqlezi
pu'l:
-" ",1 r orlAld
liniba
et!): q 22t
*'it" (ge itivul posesival apurteneDfi at inrurtifii
""
l1''i.ii"":i'o-r i'l:'i,l,",il{"i''"'""1'ilfi
i "l,i.'f,ili'i\i.,.,,r l!i"i.'il"ll^{.ii'lj1;ir
I !13
.?f + substantrv(sc iti\. des$iftiY):
,, (|(n,struc1,iR
n,",r i:'ii;1"!Y,"il""i1{
il'l;l',J"iii," o'0""'''"'
i ll*rl.-;:',;i,,t,, I'j,l)ilii.1'";.T1".,"l'
l),;il"tiili:i'5,",,.,l'rliiii,i;l"ilt",
f1"i1,i",li",ll',,,')il'J,#ii'lii,)':"lii,,'!"
\ 22{
..1 fulintele ilinir', din (parliti{) (selrili.|-lariiliv):
'''',,1'"'"
;';,--"",, i 1i'-'" ;-
'' li i]"i;' "',", 'l 'i "-"
': 1,,::
'',' 'l' 'i"1"'
,,s,niri*,ui
r:1rirn,i
i)l ,ij:*::pjf:,,:i?1i::r "',.."
,i'lli:,',i,{','3:1ti"l;,,''
S 225 dJ o apoziti€(Fenitivapoziriv):
thc Isle o/ Md? the dt.v of RuctL at
(: hs'na ltanl l= ol\ut Duclresi.i)
thc monUi o/ Jondf, 5i.. "rdlr4's Park
i:lnDa innudic) (.- rJarcut Sr. Ja cs)
S 228 cJ un adjectiv (geniti.!' dcscripr,iv):
r : , " . - l o , ,l .,.
.
I , tt,. | t :a.t.
. i rd e i r J.ir 1 to , tr,i _.
, l11' , r / p s .
t,ru ,n n ri f!to n rl l .
O b s e re a lie
.i E 235
\un,-1. proprit ' in 'ibilJn l .ulrrJt' da si// -..--,,- reguLu
-,h-
'm in0lp rn sibilnnrali urm dF sd'rr se supun
.' .',Li*i;;;;,;; nnrFrminaro
's (apostror s)]: "P
irL,i.n" ladicd primclc
Ior ?/dnas'ssrkc l:""i#lf,'J3*
Iot Ar;'€'s sake
iii r.l;i"i'";t" art lor o"s sake
sau 6n1i36- lcrminate-ro $ 236
GonitlYulnrmclor proprii striinc - moilcroe enJl'z"rlir$ 2{r' zJrr:
.",ir.Jti.l- i"".i" i,r,"rariti" secon'porra
'a ii 'alF
cgg Il'rdtl'J's l'asks
C'ilnDlst
i:x*f*;s" iltf'[a:i:"HTi4'l
p;no;tnces'6 oratioN
house
-Eaaz'sr
i'*;*'"*::l'" d;ii:""qlilll!4:"-"
kingdom
t-,'t;;;;;'r"1" 'r;;r's'
s *t
\e,"lir":l':l^.-':ir:li,T;.,TliJ,T.t:If!i^r".lii"l,'"'""1
iiruarie
\fpsati
fn hr/' ) si estolncntion€LiarcrlAnlru cr
cu €nql6za {ormala sorisi .
\tluJmente ins6! pantru P'nonr€ s( omiie arit tn scris. cit ti oral -s.
"--,- -?
(c roru ' rcni s 'r F :
i tlii i'ii i " r ' ii i ''l 'otulmanri nrnJ u
Pn4ebrs'iame fler'L1's' flub
i"'"'?"'iir'ii"*Pt'Y L''nk' blrth
l, . t d' s' c o u ra g e _ A/u rr1 J 'atti l Lrde
il otd
239
dp cFniriv sa\orrepini'a Pi11 S
L, ulrimplpdF.cnii s-a In.rrat'nrr iorFa dpo'
, " 1 if i; ; i i ; s ; c s r d .r" ti zaprdri ni n\'rrp b u '|n' ar ' 1 r r or ur ' r itii' i.,",- "Y1""'
".,,i.i.,"1i"'r. r".;i""'" la'insulit ia r's"r : Pronu.trriIrnqrurlrrnLLZI
nr€n!inirdu-seinsdi
thc ac'r'st' | €ktrsrzl fa'r'
t'he rzi'rss' [ $ertr$tz] I 'rmrc
JIL
:, J a" d
'rm/r/
il'''
|"1i:ri'o'r"r"'*''"lriil'" u
-" S 2{0
se formeaze h do'rd moduli:
2) Plursl. - La ptural, cazur poscsiv
se adaugi apostroful firi sr S 911
a) ta pluralul terminaf in litera 's
her ft;r/ na " tp h ' P l -'
; h i ,;j '
ii'* tuit' ' .i r" ' 'e
B€rnelr'- rouse
.t) Cnrd doui subsiixtile lcgokr llrin 'axal" r€prezinti pos$orii aceluiatj S 2l'I
1,. 1.'.r,!'dl crz,,l\rip.sp'i\ 'F a'l'rre" la ul imul 'u\rnr:
\\'lh ri- arl 1 1 .. R.t' o to v ,o tn l n t -
1.t., . . " t t ! t , ",.d i/o " ro l.s l' r ^ ",r i . " n'dbor'l
2i9 6i J :i r,,,r',"1-
l'rot,riid i',"riruli,. tirn,",t,br; i. m.!a ; . r..r ,u-'n -.
pilrluri , .) sirt d" rceul" , onsid.rateplurale tralatc ca atdre i privinla
ii
rcordrihri l,rr cu verbul rqi(,u pronum€le eLc.r{xpcctire, rimine iotusi incerti
tu.iin!,1 |rrnti ln pririnf,a nunirului - singular sau plural al.numelui
propriu ti afensta in domenii tn care coa rnai mici eroaie poalc atca conse
cinle dezaitrooa3e. in donrniul afacerilor:
1- t I , l. r r . , d, . . di i r t t r ld, u L r . t-,rj,
.,,- r - i, , . . . ,. r,t, L..1,rl
l,,Jyllr i: ( lds , ll3l Ad, .' . |r or s lt ! .out
t , it . t . 1
a r.N dl.tionnfJ.
:lll0 .l tr.zerla unor subii,antive apar€nt plurale .,u rol de adjeotiv in for-
JrLrftn sulJstantirelor rornpuse a prLrdusezitnri la plirdr.a regu)ii roDlorm
,."i',l.n,nul r'r r.,lnan Fd-.,r\il , n'r-.r, a,rl,.,; ti\ , trFLui-
..:'1," iur" ,1, nl,[dl r::.1. 1f6,. S-, ^mru. nu
rd rn "pbuir.t
" " di|l"1 ,rp.,din.air
',jui
.ie rnri lrc(rcni,i a pluralulLri elcme telor secundlre ln substantiveleoompuse.
uneori partr)el cu trceleaconstnrite dupn priicipiilc gramat;fale:
ih. t!tcnl,.\'.3/.ah'olds
tllr iltr.. d,./,!- old rihild th. fhf.{r ,'?.}'6kl .lijld
,l substa irele col€ciive ca: tlalian, .auhtrlJ, loJi l'ttion gaacrnn'] , \ z&li
.,b1,it:is1ra1ian.Parlianent, mdiorrtl!' campanU' J ll erc:
the @znt!'s slog'aPhY
thc za,i,n'r relrfs.ntairlcs
the ,,oll€'s roi,cs
rhe lzrt's rc.dict
P, ,r,ic !ofl,ind. J"rori'. rc Jinrpi de ii" tlifi" n ,si de nivelare din
.: 1- ||' rr, rprosl'uri' uL.ter' :' ' hirr ' l" nrnunFpot rYeala gen!hv
S 2 7 'i , r ' " . ) iine l e l u b s l a n ti \o c (rl l frc l e . n u me de,)bi rcl e i n l i mnte far. pi r
ir z r s r , nle f u o i a l d p ro p ri e (S 8 4 ):
D ' r.a f r \fh i rl s tl ' e .,rs.r' r .r' w
l l l r.,3 i ,a s s ta n m fr l l e si i /' s nrart
.( 9?7
l-u ,'l , lp LF ; r i\ . h. ' , ' J ' r r i Ln. l F pfonulnc nehoiiiriie, ca.i o,notit.t,
.u satne.anu, o, caery etrc.Ft a(iverDul
?ither.trcith.r, one ett..lolnrele comprrsr-'
'(ritri nr \ lr. (rh.li. st,i/a t:n!ti!h, tn l.ti/,rr!it: trn,nttt [o, FtftigL Strden|s,
7A
B, GXNTTITUl, PRXPOZITIONIL
PRI'JPOSIT'IOX,r.r,
GENITTYD}
s 28r
Ir[I'
1 4 E t '. ) t
' ln llmb .l \o rL,r.l :. . J - ,trlto -J i \ ii ' t h"t tt l
t
n " . m oth t. 'lh "n "b t. al popr s o\ ' ' 71"DP. /d anPJ"" Niic."
' V czi 5:1 1, 18 5-2 !0.
in r.,zul g.nilivuhi obieoiirr:
I ' ai "I ' r I
'h ' ' i' na'tt:
llrc .t oit'llion af tl't:
a pr sc o/ s@r'D'dv
lor 1or1: of Atn
Ini u: l ol'ir'rul ri .nosdir ''lp l-'"Jdr '1" un adjecLiv
lrJ /
,1. r-lrr ' rLr'r' 'rli oldl nFhot; ll
"r'.
'Ilose ol itu si'/s \cF n!'rnl lor lh! sporl'scodllsi
He i! 'l'tn''s
i /ri'rd a[ m! uhcL Darr) '
l ^ rn ' : \nn und' l ,' 1 " n;/i r' ' l ol o' i -
{: , / p' nr r - l r^ u n a ' u s " o j i " l
' j l }! i oi l dr" " ' Lri ' rl P n!i o1 't
\' * l
, . . ' . i c r nupos o (!' 0 rp - ' ' " " ' i " " ' ' -p t' ' ' d -' rrJ u ' I ri
ti €rri ululr' ' \ o t u rt r'd ' u rr rd l' ' t rv
i,'r ,i " r.u,i" r'r-'Jrr '1F
,;' ,i""l "i i i ti- un FIic"rit n 'J'iv . - l
'" ',,1".-t. t coLFL" ui llis wiie's
dlr llirY oi Ilrnrard shLss
r ber ", D- " b r lurii
, " \ uo ' i 1t I t h 1 s
pentrLrinlitursrca-
E 20; Forrra do dublu gcoi!i\- esto in spelrialtntrebuinlati
" ,'numitol onfuzii '\sttel:
I t] /" r n l 'I : '" n l \
' L J _ "il' iun
P d i ' u^h nrL
I ln "- '
J d . J ' ' , o, r nr 1, , . k , , j , . . t r u r , _ - a i
(-o J ": a"t ff i l 'D kF'
jr Pot ii o 5' ' e ' r"nitiL
' n' l l u p i i l d ' c : d n L
I u" por ' - ' l in" ' ' r d '
! o"r r , r 4/ S/ "g" ' jdr cd b l 'r s " n i '\ l
I u f or lr "l Pr ldr Ll" nl
do dublLr'genitiv Po0refi
s 2$6 Precedatl de un adjeoti!- demonstretiv' forma
''"" l.t""tr,i'rtutl ui fdri a aveasensutdeunexemplardinmaimultacere''Irrnn-nrrmal
Iaudi t ic )'
',ili"'.""lJii?i"J;,i i' r idispr'l ncpro
"a,,
"i,pai """"-ti "oti'
tntocmai ca ln limba ronene:
l'ut on drd' red al r'\-r natket s'
'aat
l'fi"i'l'";lY;:' :,,i:"ill:ii :!.i!.h;'
]lllrJone Prnis'dt'o' I ",,;;, "E:r:,,d
tiind fiinta lr'inrrrl
6 29; Cirrd un goni'iv d"'p'minb.un alrul amLii po '"ori g"t'itiv
- s'F Iorrd pr^po/rLr"n"'" i'" 'i aol'" ia'rre 'zr forms de
-.ni'if
al t'1s
r qr I ir o' _"h " , '. " h "
{ : t ut ogr ' ' lr i
r,,,.rnr,r,t, I ;.;, : , . : . f " ; " , b * ; l" r
(- zi'r, r'Ntra onrrrrrrt 'ul
destul de frecvente' de
q 998 Dul,lul geniti! estc reconlandat in locul formei'
' la $ 21rli.
S 299 N o|n
pot
c're nuDesc ulritili de misurd (S 267)
Unelc dintre subsLalrttvele
ut"u qi tn"*" de geniliY prcpozilional:
D;l's ir delrY ol diY"
a Nalk o/ 'ia
'''o
I S 116.
"vezi lo! m a lilr . l) ! i41at n dc o b i o 'i d u b l L t lg e n i t i ! 1 5 t ! r a ) r " H e i s I
's t e
in
l, l, e0it ir ul t roporiliotrdl l'nsl. ir'hrui goniii\ ul 'x \( r' iu r'r'nlt!ilr' !tii: s 300
,-,:","rrt ',ii.r"iri'"t"' 'rt';t tn'hr' )iotht tnt -t tl drort'' s 301
.. trtril. Cor'h.1\'ru,(q4651.asimilarc cr nuntel€profrii cird lru !ir'L pretc-
?.i! dr ui adlectr{ posert;:
C,,l'r li!fIrtirLr sirr.Li
D./ in razul numelor proprji .lD L'calilili, piele. clndiri. institu'tii. rl]alra' S 302
S 310 2) I'or r[. ln limba enqlezd dativul este expdmat tn douri nroduri:
S Bli al printr un substautiv (sau prin echivalentul acestria) neinsotjt de
prepozitie, cazul fiind indicat, in aceastd situatie, de locul substantivului
a;ezat imediat dupl verb:
{iivc Jzue nl" bcst rcga.ds.
Tell llie a6srngd to ooDc inl
S 317 Pulinele verbe cu care dativul se poate tntrebuir,ta fdrir acuzatir cer
dativul prepozilional:
"lht trtur. Del,/,sJto socirlisrl' is the slosan.
Tali to 1'onr nudiotr(endwl
Didd't t;e 4fne to John?
I wanlld ro .ed,, to crlnnie,
$ sllJ Spunenlnsn ca nrai sus(S 3i5 316):
D i &, t s l c w ri tc J o i D l d a t.l a ,rr.r l i c.l ?
Didn'|. sle Frite a larle. {ae.)to Joh! (dal.l?
I wanicd t0 rerd Gtann;e (da|.) th,A z.ps iac.).
I \runtcd lo rcad lhe n.a,s (ic.) to cBnnie {dat.).
s 33{ ACUZATIVT]L
(T U E -{ C C U SA T l \l ' l C A S Ij )
!Ve zi !a g. t t . r ot a I
?!t
(vezi ri S 2aI)
I Numit
ii nominilliv absol,'t (! l72l).
$ 353 /) atfibut:
\ D.Jr;. lldrr lriLs disrjorcNd und{r Ihf delris'
D.'n's rrpli.ution wls r1$cpnal jr
ll,r loli'ol rarbe $is mtiniicsi her lainlings
B. schimbarea(,a1eg.ricigramatjcal'
C. totttpunere
s 36r Prcfir''
(Preli\cs)
s 36' aJ Gernraille:
I'
/n,.nrr.ir',o.r, r,,,ilill,ilLj;,1'iililii,li;ri.i,,oon
rorr: /,,.r,nhe,. r'r' i,!.rnistrl.
n i.J:' rrild l Lr r ir ' r ll! l r lilnr '
J - i n 'r " '\ '' u d' \'
lnint"rt.L tr' i i l r'4 't
' r ' r r r i' / lr r d"i
rnrjpj,. /,,,/sh rt,,' k ' n, dlr r r r l llL
on t-3:,//r!rsl. ot r . : r . \ . aa l l r s f . o t l l a \ L - l r l l o o k 'r q r a l i c n r '
.l Crece$i: S Ifit
snpl(i)- | dnpltbio. amPhit iac)\, dtahit hcanc dnrrora, .cic ;
,n-. d;'ir-: archorite, dre,risnr; analogj. onolJs's, dzutomJ, elr'
!nt-, snli : anraltorisni, .lndrcli!r dtribioiic, d,,iolini.\, dztnacassar. anl,seplro,
,tc.t
ap(or.: 1 orrit i. rtot h' ' "t r ' 1t ot 1' o . dPl' ^r inr ' :
nrrl' -: o rll,.(., ,^ l"r Fn, t . 1, . r . d, r ' r \ l. . / r p'l l 'r o .
"- r
! uto- : , ,/ub iocr.t. r, , , / hi . . d, t u. hr or
;ta lrar,. , . lu! ' r . '! , d r h 'l d .
'r l o n ! ""
'di!-
slr-,: /lanetes.
'sl-: di,dcd. diagnosis. laagon.rl. dtdl)Buc, cte i
rti-: d,""r ,'''.rrl-Irt a . d p r r onj l; n \ ' L.
"l
-si, .,.l nr ' l. r ". r , ll' . ' - r ..
, , \ -, m. : ",--"-F, "5r J s m ; r ' , r r \ . r ' liF". , . 1. ' . . . . , l :
blpeF : rgp ,l .. hdt hlt at n"! r ' 4t P - lr u l _ , ) l
- t it r .
tvpo-: /"rrpo ,i,li r. l/ / o' lun4ad l! lo' t t \ ' hup' ' t \ " - / 4 P d n a '' :
'r '
mcttr-.mrr-.md !.:,r'ab uli. ' . p. , 4r nor r r hu. - . 44r p, n. r "r ' r n p - l " h o . r : . @ 4 o d .
I \' czi a 36 -. n oL L I.
2' t . pr ' ii. . , , , "plo- r ' - Li . p : : n r ' n . , l i t s p , b u l n p g d 'i '
i,,,h'a r,uro n: "l - ub.
3Db' (lf.) lFlix al lubsi{riivelori acclaii (ens rr" ln nol. ,
8!
!!rsa !tu- : ld.d|l ci laldsrapli, ld, alJsis i Po.dsitt i P/en ! h.sis. lid'oLiXi ldlo tl smi
I'cri- r -, me . . - o P, ' pr if i.
lrro iu-: l!r'o l Paar ' Ft ^p ! aa r \ l' .la"t n
.!n -,sttrF,.ll-..1- : i, o. 1 . . ' , l 9' , 1' i : , 1
'
frlc_:e ....rr t. - . t , . t 1. 1, o. , . t. t
36? Jttb.ta tt;r h ol; t :
d-, rn-: oblssi ?sligLodlisdi a4allihabclisnr. a4arch-{, dnfudoi.' .ic
s 368 Suti\e
(Srftirrs)
369 a) 0ornlaxice:
{ r ar r : handj(" -/ t., . -" t - t" .rl ' . s ,,1 . ./r..r,
a h. i n/.r' . l r' r' r' o- o i rl
- J ur : r " . a" r .. \ts r,,..r;&r' " .n .!i ' -. t -b' 11
dan. |$\'s-otJ.4 - ta d .a r' n t\d 4
S 370 D] nomauioc:
-rq c: J\ rd s.r r dnia8"r pc , s " oo' 49 I ns , 6 " t o u L d s " m r l " n g ' p o u n 4 n " '" 1 ^ i
Fr...
-al: dn ,m,/, p"ono, , / r m . lol, r p' ] u5. l. r . m o. . r . l d / .
Bon lnr da, lus i, niCi_l I i r 'r D u d l j a 4 \ l J n . r n r o r '''r o n t r i
-la n.-s: ' bt idgr dr '
t , i. o r;',. m rs,.i4 n, \ \ ' as n "r / n, J pFn5pr ' , , r b1_bd " i 'r . F q F r r r o . r p P r r r 'd ,i {n r n 'd n r
rclnblicru, etc.;
' u r f P n '. p r
-u ! -.n r: 'u m m t nJ r a' . D"d4r . ly r d4r i r ofr r ' ' ''d 'n r . " l ':
gm nd/ r . s r ld/ r t :
-.ry: ad vrb ,r r , di"liold. y 'r ' l . :
! y . af ain. r . oLst i n a . V
-.ri : ad \o- r r lJ nk r J pl ' '
! , ; u p . " e l " E e i l 1 d o " '" P l F r ''r 4 .
-"i : atrs"n -. addr "s " , bir c * , d- biu"F.
| . . . ,,o Jy,F'vpn J.:.o m m i||"Pj. oJ 4r ( qlU|n' ' ll|Lpb|oL" J p h l f
r he lr ugh' i ar 'd l h ' l J u g h a P + r r ':
Lr-. 'd urio r" a nd hp PJ ' r . a"*
auoiionet , engincd., mountajnc./, mnskptPPf. ptolrtPcr'
-ee.:
€h.l
dilig,u.., !roildnae, aPlea@Dce, assisiar?. nujs"'; lorlenra@c,
ridddz.?, etc.;
grocc', Nher; chllncello.. docLo., clect'/; accumulator, ele-
-e"i. -or,'-ier : bultl€..
\ar o .. r.,", rp,f ,. , hFf , f indt r , i"- . lur r i Po"u- _ "o u r , . . P c . :
-' p :n.Ia l"* , "i.Lo il. r ' ", Chin"r ' , s u . P r \ l r l n a P \ ''" r n " " r : i l J l '" '
';st:
,1,1 1 6n ..", 1 6u ;nr f s r . o. ; iilq, r "l"gr , p_' ". lr L " J d l i o F n l ':
. d. Fr s , Aond, s , hun' I Ps c. m d 1 J P p r " s s .'r u '
'ioD. -{inn. +ion. -\io.. -rti{}n. -itiotr, -son: t.girrr i$jri,,. va(l/t,n,. crt.nrior.
11 .?n, i r 1f |' r i. r / , ni . f lf l, r i, r ; r L r . r o nc. l , . .i
-: ! r. ' ill: .o " b rl /.
lr..rl: r, ' .. rr ,o , . u. , . , o. . r r . bt ,.,rd...,..1
'. :
L rlken. slr.r,r.,, s|1,,,, adornr,.rlj lasor,nr, m $n.,1,
i, . t.- t : t . t t - i, , a' 9. 1 u i, , ! , . .
-onny : J.
'rr)" rr : d b. ta J. lo 1 . r. Ln.
_"rr.
-rr : :n .-,. ,o ,,r. , , t . t , J-.. t 1, t , r j h. . .".
h. . , , . / t..e. la.,-r. t!t..1
. " ' rr: l r, . r ' . . , . : . , , "i. . . , , .:
"liu a..'tit ' 1.
Jr. -ilr. -lr:1".'ur,.t,,: , t r : , " : . 'L
,.,r.r.. j, . . r . lJ : a J.-, .
- - -,
lr - llo l , 1 ' :
-1 : assembly. d.li\ery. ,lcUuty, dii!!, 1r0xly, clt. " "
._./0recefti: l3 7 r
. {'.rcr,: luto..d.g/, lr!.rau.m.t; |hrtoorr r/r {uolloqI (cttono./c.r, srobo.rn.r.
n ,l 1 r.zi S ; lt lr ) l
{ f , -c f . : . o ./, t.,t. 1 ,, ,' .r ' . IF ..i\,8 ...r .u d ltr Lt..
-i .rn : t a- i r , . " . . , oa .r.. ,... r,n :o .... n .." u , r.,,1.ti rt,tr,..
r. or l 'Fr.,, m , r han. u. r r ,
_ . -irt! : ]Iaxis,, so.ialirr; plilorogtsr.fllsicnr. r,lani.d;dtis/, ],n 0risr,. antlEoDisr.
-:l _ : l , lar " . l ob \' p r' c ,' . P ' t p ' l .k r
"
l ' . . .\r' .r' /,. ' l u,,r
r Drrr,. L ch ir r r hl, ' r l. . . l r,h i r .rr.r
-iiis : rpperdi'itii, nloi'.1ri.". !oln^, sinrlstrtr, lorsiutir, cre.:
dJ Sufixe dimhrutiynl0sru dopre0iativc(.Lit'..rs(.
or*i,ni). .i 379
-ard! -o.t /g.rn.l : b$tzfd, coM/d, drunkar. hgsa.d, stuSga/1, wjzdfda, b.asgdrr,
, r { S e. m I I br am u d . k n d c k l c rk e ri .l . e to .;
-1 e 1-rl
. ..ret iff ): trnkt.t, etel.t, llauer, lNiu.r, hafl.4 tigr.t vnre,, start 4 woodt€,,.
br{ceierr, chnp?e,{,i,aole/i, w.islj,r{. en,.:
-l i n s s r ' . . : 1?r lr s o ' r:L /r,s . e o J i 6 . n .h b ,rk l r,j . -u.t/rrs. tord/,rg.l ri n" -
tt ng. rn e rn \, ! ndc f lr na,wr a L rra j e t..i
-ock (germ.l: bitt.ft {dialectal).bullo./r, hiuo./r, etc.;
'(e).r.I (lr.): cock'rcI, Don8r.r. w$tru/. etc.;
-st8 lgerm ): dah,e., do!c!rc.! gaDerr.f, gangs,e..!usra., rh,vmesl..,lipsr,., trick,
S e89 Pcrbtt
. 'turr J o';n'{ : llFh' i"r::.|:'"
" iI.l i'l'"*,,, " " "iitr t^'0""n
i"'r'-.,. r,"""'i:il"*
roat). a "l "t;"-e.:
shot
I rl ii ,i'l
aL' a swu :iu-;Ji,i,Hill,'1.!: "",l:ill
,iliil
i rorl lin t
t' t tl"''"* 0".
^ ....-,. ';""f,:u',?:",inn,Xti'i;
i; " , "/ i
,;;;:":.Jl,1 l'i'r,"., j''l "'
::ll:'"'#l.q:^iljxl'v"I' l''i{*;l' '
tonorro$'l
tiivc me {: ring ne^w)
Tn' r ' r";'g
$v m or r So ol P o a
' dJ
llL- s o"l f is dn old nd
' ' er '
coni n c liL ' a rt L c o L
S 3'J0 ttl .t e tbt:, prtpozir'ii'
.. ,t,. L",t !, Lpean.t
. .. lil:*';"": "i "J::,
'' : o r' ' ' ' to ' '
"il ,'''1, ', i,,i l!i , ' i l ' " '
i';t"lll,tli*"y'li.l'""i5ri."*,1'i l'*:{lr'il'11;''
" r" ' a "
-
.;:'l::',$.:l'i,f"l"!,""'Ji".'r'lti'e'"\'ilj
,=",;:,llll"t:.t1,fit
,'.,,,;:J:;
:r:i'-;'yij ll':i:lli; l' ni' i};;'l''
'i;,;,';:j,,;iI
- ;:,;,; "". "'t't"t .r .,,,
" il , ,f,"i:T {,:',i,,1,,"
$ 3e1
the ntss ot th. sf.D.Dt
il,c n ,i or tr. cirrs
{ nzr, ol surp.ise
{ ,.E L oi g.aiihd! the .u sre o1 silk
ihe Da.: ol l]ii,s the srtsl ol ihc b.oom
ihe .ntt oi bids i,he ,!rt.f ot swdlows
the clarg ol buses tlie rrrf of coi$'hcfls
Lltt ble'rl oI thc Soviet ea.th satcllilc
n) cu adnugarea lilerei s. mirca pluralului: s 392
s 393
(Ve!i ri $ 127)
$ 395
in lwo rMs
to waur on all /or.s
to lnle si@3 in eloves.
the I'ghts to be at rt €! dd 64eas
to dressup li! tle Dtnes{la!].)
(\i e z i fi S 1 2 1 6 , !2 6 4 )
s 396
one's /ttdr and d6rik3
the slolls (sau s/'dlrsJ ol momlity
.{ 399
C. CONIPLINJ]REA
icoMPOSITIO\)
i;=i'
litilfrlfii'i;L,r'*,ii; rlr' :'
"i,r',
::"'
.":"":i
;, ..
(ionrpuseeite astizi tot at'ii de pr'r-
\ {00 Creareasubslanti'elor derirate sru personal'
(luctir:i ca !i in tr,:,:ut. cont"'o'rinrl i^ i"""i"'*a unui stil fdarlc
(uri e,.enpre
ii a" pit*"* trrntitodrere re sint
iis\ii:,l.;,i;,i',r;-''iiliiiirl
i t l - qpeli:
,,is,.durn.ss, lll:lij:iliillil:\,,u.".*
riii'""'ii1,,"i,",iii"'i'"1'-'t"'"
;l"J,ii1'l-3,j11f.i1,,1'ir"l''"'u'
1,
lr\,o' "-:,,,,,i, .,,
^. . ,
r,, ".' , 4 . , '4 o,- ,. "
r
ir,r | ,-
1i;"'rr,. r
;,| t' ,' I i t.p| b\ ' /,
I \. Bert. Cadunt.
I i. LFwis, ,ltotn iktrr.
3 Cuvinte intrate l. liob{.
a N. Twair, op. .t.
5R. Aldinftoil Deoth ol a lterc.
' \ ' , oF da l dp LF$is C; r oll ' uv r nt ' lo. , . ir r , , . ar t i iltp g i , r i p i r r r , p 1 . 1 . " ; n , 1 1 , . , ,
Adee wes in Wbnn?lbnd, ThnuFh the lnniLs.Ck$ ,.t T* Er;ji"s th" i;;;k
"f ;j1;;;;;c
. Hanap's Sttndad F.ench d^d Enst^h
Ditiandr!, 1s31t_
ARTICOLI]I,
.\_ !11
i::O\SI]JNR.{TII GI]\JJR.\Ltr .r1l
4at1 9i
'' "'r''i 'i ,.. .
450 98
451 98
4i2 98
4' l t 10t
(6:? 100
ai i t i 00
g. ner alr . . , . . . . ..
l l P3 rl ,-L
\'r I Jr-opi d, r. ".^ . .,. ,'n 1" , 46i i 1a0
.\r . )r, f i+oir'i i.; |. J" ri l r .... ..
ge. ; r . r r . . . . .. .. 43| l 103
\'|n ,1 " l, - r / i. I r , J " i ..,... 4tt 10,'
\u rn e l e de z ilo, luli, a' rr'
n i.. n ro ti tn p u ri ,s i rb r' ' i o ri...... ................,..
' .l ' bit u"
NrDele olifc_telor de studiu, rlc jocurilo. ii:rle sloflurito. rl i J 106
51r 106
. t ' " J t. : ot . , - at - t .; to t ,t........ 51i t0:
\ \ q rJL .Lt 1 1911, , 1r ' 1 1 . .. .. .. ... 5t1l 108
F o fn ri i ti r r o. unli{ e. . . . 5i trl r03
\ r,o lr n, d' r i r l' rr.' l .l ..,... i :l I r0?
. { rl i .!l ,i l i e h. t nf t iio1ods tru 4 i ro u l o .rrd d c tl u ra t........ ..._............
lnl re h u ;nlar ernr , i" ulr lr i n c b o td i t..... i :5 109
l n ri n i ca Lil. lor ilori , nu m e l o rrl c l ro re s i i . n p s c ri i ,n r; i oul i l ai ,j ........... i:M09
ljulrii lnlintrrc nrc basincssal. theptt i tah ol. tt.e!t.l.sst.n .1. the tN.te of ari J Ir0
q1B-
iLt !
vtvtnt llPs'r^r' ,' -
Ah! cntLi tn .arc attiolrt -
vL c'cl Nsl DE R T ll - qI ' E C\L l l .ts i P tt' \ A \l rn ]' ,(J n _ \ l l l ool tl I til
I i:li
*
.,,1 g ,n" t ' iir'.r 1l n
- d r r" n ,:
."tr.ra, . , i*, . " r l i rl r " r' rrrl rr' '
ri 'n ,,1 " l" t . r ' ', ' l d r 'l i' '
iiiim"re oc mrsri
Airilritul ti arli.dlele -i dt
r14
Rctrctnrca dninuhri -
lli)
vtl.CAZURI lN c-{RE ,\llrl(x)LLl' ] ll'sDfrll '
ii, ti 5
Remli g .nFr''l' _ :t6 t llr
snlxr,nli{FlL
SoisianlirFlL l n te ]| s g c n e ra l . . .
5
sul,st.'n li\ "1 "
AtE cazLti itu.orc dtti'o'i riPs'fr' - '
.1Ti TIC O LU L
(T]lFrATiTICLE)
I. CO\SIDERATII CE]{ER-.I,IJ
l) I)cfi ilie. - lrticolul este url instrum€rl|. granatjcal care serve,ite. S 11)f
ir lri,rcipul. la indiridrlalizalea.obiectelor'asupra cirora se oprcEiea1,cn1ia
\,,r1)itol.r]lui
salr scriitonrlui..obiccte rlonunrile,Ire plan gramal.iral.cu a.ir
t rul substantiruluilnlolit sau ru d. artrfot.
2) Fon i, Grdnatica englezi are .toali arlicolel: !.10;i
arti(olLrl hotArit the
a.t;colulnPlotdrit a sau nn
,E l,ca.rr'.s u rins
,,. JcaN ra id.a
:l) {lrratteristiti. - Spro rlcoseb;e de limlia |orrrini, ilr limba enqlezn { 101
lr ' i . . lF lF .int thtl;t;...,r f lr ' . , u\ i' t p c lc pm . pda. , r h . r h , , t i \ a t p ta,.irp t.
'. n l r' . l5r , H {a e I n : Fnar p,
"r li. olpla n u , i n ' a . . . n t , r a '. :
'^ rt.r r ' l' .
,/E h.urs a .nild
t/r llnro lr-"nn lolntriN dn able rnu
lVez j ins ii 5 41, 0.ila)
artic,rtul holirii'
s L-
r.rr.r.r' tI, \i , i //r!r l rtJi i Ll -:
+lJ I) .\rticotulndrotirit c,qtcintrcbuinlil
st'r nlv lnr nD lLr u a i tc t\ :
q, 1 1 8 / , ) s Lr u,i !L i l rrrL + tP :
q l n d _ l o ' r' Pr' '
v ' t nt , t ' I t' t s re b rtl '
i; ij " ; ::l:1":'ll. .,', ' ' , \ r " r , "r u' r ni'
"l';; "
ii, ' t rn l s n l o l l ' ' d 1 o tl rP rr'
" i" " t - , i' ' " '
r \'r..rjl \ .l '""
' tr'" 1 j-
.ltr .L^-:":','] ,, , ,. r'r '" :
r |.n rrLr I ' c lr niir an! ' . \ 7t i -" '
i 4.,h.' l : {t'd Lorl
'i!
CONSDERATII CENEE{LE 96
3) La pluml, substantieele
n mcrubilclNl nu p mcsc articol nehotirlt: S 419
\r{tctres nou.s
) -"nN idcajj
b) lbtti (;NanS farn - forma i,are) sNtl6r) (acak form - forma slabd)r $441
ln.int€a unei vocalesau a unur, mul':
,tu c{Ith ,fte hour
,tu jnn ,h? hei!
.J fb,l, t6l. torm"'labe. lnainrpa uDAiconj'anF
cau a unui ft aspiraf $ 442
.i se"ii"6"it"to|"t*t ri [i]. a'imihre cu consoanole5:
"
il;^iT"i""lll1"'"'"j'*' rl'li'J,''',i;;
u s "d c ar J nd d' "do al t h? I r ha""',
r prrce
It sas
(":h:T:il
^
rhem.
"4' ,*tidj"ii,"$T."ifi#-'J;'".", r hea,ir
2) funotii. - Articolul hoidrit va insoli aiadar subsiant'ivele
care de' $ 445
""':fi.ll.:r':r':X;;;l:":T';1"/'f';b,""'j;"'.,"""i"'::: ,",hf;:ti;oj"j:;".,,-,,.
$ 446
$ 41?
i scml\.1 'l l{l r' di ll iniliali ir r ' - r v r nl
'
- '"r;;;l)i;;,ii;;l;": '::;1..,,:l;1,
l,i:1i,r1r,""1.9;:ili',il;:i.'
" ;i1"f tI,l{5i:'{i:,,rt|"'
'.'';""1if
t - qr.hailcs nnbli ensrezc
98M
1. ( A b, r . , at or r.)
x I n' aL. hanp. /o rro r,rn l rtr.' r ' )t t' ;e h [.J,' i ]!o nd " i ' 6r' .i .:t .
r. .1 ..,1 ) .,,.rr d i n r.ur .l - ' i r n^ d" l d. rr,r,,r '
sublnlel{asl /o l'l. "Ee sEnt to theb \or^e".] ii ca atuc lac! t,]]t! din categori'rde s'l
staltive care, lmlrl"url cn o lrcpozilic, au lalo.lle dc adftrbe.
€TICOIVL ttOTARlT 9C
qi\ " r
roliuin b'l,i dlp i - illhTn|n i c''
'o l i g n 'h o m " in los_
'
: i . t o J . i d l r . o , a 1. . ' lool "
ii
100
Erceplii
Substani.il'eleproprii praccdaie d€ adjective ou rua li afectjvi, srtu de S 472
cuvinte care constituie o poro.l:i sau e:rprimd o singurd idee nipreuni cu
substaniivul. nu prinesc articolirl holnril (Vezi $ 433):
darl , j \Io n ' f. d '' !. "n. Eoo l ll J ^ . s . poof lr l l . \ n n r n u 31' \i
\ldy. bnv e liub, i llaod. por r f I 'r '. .
' rJ/ r lo,r. dry
s,lint Joa ,,, Yo ,,n" f'4 ' 1. oU 11^ B, oN r rr n' " " i r
'
\t;d;1;o,F"r:.\: ,,ri.n F,ns'dno:i , ""i r.;;;;. 5rd-d:sri.' I .ij',q:'"
R orna,,iJn li 4"4r..r , . o loq. ir l E, ' 11 . h. n, "dipldl S 'h i u . J "", " _ **' " "ii;l
Obserra!LL
Numele Sirurilor ile munli primesc srticolul chiar dac[ au formd de silt- $ '186
euf*r rlr" -frir.. tbc fa" o'r"
jhe-P nninp (hoin'
"--Nr."t.alrei rrunli:fhc Jdn.[]au'theS! B "rnod lit]de St Cathord'in'
articulate.
mnri, estuare' S 487
, ) Substantivelecare numesc intinderi de dpii (oceane,
riu )'p mescarticolul hotdrtt:
/ne (Elglish) Channer
,r, Nile
'
Notd
in cazul suLsl,antirelor proprii corrTlrse, ari'icolul nu este exprimat ina- S {88
i j?l:
;nr""'run 'lo" cr qr.l- dF rru L '/i \
Burroucn_r".,r Newcas|e_otr_?,nd Strailord_on'{eo'
'\
tnount|ad lLrmdte-imcdis t de un I'unrc S'189
c) Substartivelerdl.. Iakelloth. '
' r\Flr
ptopr', un r " dpo/iliP ltu au afllrol S cltt':
-''J;; ""u 'on rr'r.'..r r ,r"r',n,t"".'r' ll;lill :,";'i'
C apc Con averJl I oc h Lonr und
ll;:' l"'. '
S 490
Cind sint, lnsd insolite {te Un atrlbut, e\e slnt afii''nlate:
i:;i';i::*'[ii:"*' i*ilf:ljfim"
del'€rminat de u3 nu11 S agr
a,/ tll genere, cirr{l uIL slll]slon1?ltomdn este rr' i\ul 'umu''
ntooriu ta{t; 'd\ ^F nr)J-t)t'1"r" ,'a":d/"r's'Fruid'qub
(""i'ii""t"",,';t'i"r' u" , it ''," nu"'.rr 'ub;r'LalFb:
rne Rasqre Prolinc.s r,{. llirrhiz stepre
rrP str;i ts D .t errrts
$ 492 ErceplrL
Substantiveleball fitth hcaL fni'l'.'fs( htrbnn hat"n' ,hill't ldnd'
rle
preie<tate n'rn]PpL sau nu 3u rrtrcur(rezr
c"rnurre'
rrrriiorg,clnd stnt 'prii
s 4 33) :
liil;i",fl;il Fllr".l.: )ll"lilr'dnd
'i"i''"
.;,1;i i;;:i r'-'" t i'ro''
'on;
{'- 4$3 .) N umele c$dinate
punctetor si alr nsprtrite
rctnLnilor /tin'rc art'icolul
hotnrit,:
''',,"""'''
:;t,h.,,,1, n,:n'u,vijro,u:
ljll,;;:,tli;"1:t,,:.;':]lL'l;
"h'i'"ll;,,'f"J"",1'l;
"1H:1',"-r"ll*lll'il !:.
* r.d- cs,i.n,,
;,l'i";,'i 'J,,T'',I";i,i;
'f'""'",*k#ii*illj"stXli.;l;,,f
Er ce Pt.i i
idl ariltind dircefia'
E 494 .1, numelepunctelorc'irdrn e i l'ebuinlate ddltf
" nu au ortjc^l(\rcziS 49r)l
' I h" wir d hlo\ . o. '
\ ' \ ' P NPr ' dr ' u' r ' \I)'
^* :flll',;'l,;'fill.l'l'"*,i]l'"'l'i'',li""iii;"i?l'f,ii,l:llTi*;i[:'!"]"'
lon(ronez.
'"""1 fri,'i"'ii"f;,i!.",,"rer.rerar|io,,
AFTICOIUT EO1'AR1T
105
E a c e pyi t
nr oad S rre e i
tsrondwaL
Suburlan Pari!
6'.,1 nnele nume de cartiere, stdzi. clddiri, nanumente eIc., prin faptul
cA $fi S 600
foorle ctnoscutel
tne ndoiralty ,l@ Adelplv (Tlealrel
tnd CFnotapti -Arch ,n? -^ldttrch lTheafei
rn" Cit.vr frlP/ DnrI Lane iTheatre)
,nd Mallr /n . Ol d Vi e ! i Theadel
rn€ Mansion HousC rle Cccil (Hoidl)
li, l\Ionnrcni rne savov (Hot€l)
ne Str{nd
lp l-owc' ol l.ondon
rn. Tare tGrllefri
tlk 7no
dar ldrd arlicol, d.s; loartc cnnoscurc(\ ezi $ 433):
Pall Unrl?.Co\.entcardens.Soho,Irdgrarir!, Unyiair'. $ 60I
5)d),I'unrel" d,./ilp.tuni.sfii.cnotimpuri.birbnloriau o situariesporrp. q S0,
.
AcFsrFrLt,strn r\o sint |
- proprii.dF,i IUn,., uni.Htp. na ar, in g.n"re _
articol (Vezi g 433): - 9i
I'-'^L
un -il
tr r:,1"
, r s i'.p\
! i'l
r. t1 ,t n rd 1 y .
On l^r'r,
., r ' 4. t n. b tttd i ..) r;6 " d r.d .fi n p t,rt c U rrdl l i c.
ir-,"* '.r,. a J u .. 4 r i s -rtr mo . ,;ro rrs c,sIi \a' i n ,hF r S A .
rkdY"1.
r/ r ' la 2,lr , - r . . | \ r!r.r l tt.l J fto .t .i i th a fo r. ,t!,
,, To r u. i. , u c \ . . pr i F tF -H rti ,o ri . .ubsrsn,i v.tp dF n,ai
s us q i n r n .n, r dLr t r [ r , r , ,l a .i r,r.,t:,.i D , ,l a i d \n i pl u,, L pra rL, si an;^l
hot iri t sa u nehot iiiit . du p i c u m ' u r;;a z a :
ctnd articolul t,tc are valoare de adjectiv ilenonsi,rativ. se spune:
The (: tLdt S 608
) artunni Nrs noautiiut.
ll-c sha]l go io the s.asidein rt, ( . rib) sumniq.
cind substantil'ul nu erprimn rirrlut jn rtjpori ru prezentul:
S 504
On ,c X loiidal l, e wJ,i t0 w o rk a s l s L a l .
cind arLicolui eslI intr!hLrinlat .l,lrrasii\ |
Those werc his p,tstim.s in ttg witLtr; it th, s,r,na,
$ 606
nf used io
,i;,i;""ifi,:1 rdnsnrm'
a '" imn",
!",r;":;iirj':,:d1t",,,
cii-d : .";; ,; ,"Iijiii"
i'"+ J:r;''1;;;;i1,;ljj',t[r
\: ;i:l' :ll; ,ir ;i,]l"ir'rl
";;:i:
I Belsta,ia, .MalJfait : N{ijcre trxodsc aristoc.ate.
100 MOE'OLOGIA _ AA,TICOLUL
ln 19t9. rlD QtD,,. hail becnte.riblei sno{ }tad fal1cnin masscslron Osloto AthcDs
aDd par aliz P dm dc h o t th e C o rti n € n l .
rhe suine-srrtag sls stow to .ome.
Sudd6nlr ws there in ali its berDtv'
pE Lel osoti t
sio50b9 ,;" . ,
r 1. / A f li. olul n c h o l l ri l p ' l F i n l c e b u i n Lar ' i nJ. sub' l anLi \11
n . tl l i fi ta t;1 . c u e x ..p l rd tu Part! :t tat
t ddj- ! ir
Tlrafyear \te hail s lotdr! atr,linn, fol1ow_"d by an iataaeiv @ruNinter'
it-i; now kt. ptn,e'. About this liare last ,1-cdir rvasalrerdv da'! s!"'s {Consi-
deratc iz dasr.d.rL,
jlo lt n' i" :
i'i-"i" luniior si ',rbslorilur tc s'riu "u ;ni!;ulu 1-ojus'rln dal
nun,rt" anotimDurilorau inilidl,' 'ninu. ul3. (\'czi c\.mplP mei su.).
'ii"r"".
\,rm.l" zihlor, luoilor. aDolimpL,rilor Ei b.rbalorilorpol €\'er inoa,4/rr_
p
rot n hota l cind limpul n"dofinil. dupi cum pol JrpA uoeorrEr p/drdl
O 1 a S , ! . . / da i D D e .p mb rf,I te l l ." u d d p n l Jt ' d up ar l h" i dra ol ' l l l } P del ' nroi
*d and aecidedto enjo': I Nci teor's Et in the nountai's bv
';t; ";;;,i-Gi"',,
611 6) Numelelimbilor vorbite alepoloar€nu au xrticohl hotdrlt cu-exce-ptia
cazurilorcind sint lnsolite de un substanti\_exprimst sau subin!€l€slvezr
g 433):
M v naii\ e t o n a u ei s n o mn i n
\ v hai is t ai f tl a y i n -F .e ,.l '
r r ; if dr . s la t.d l b ; b o o k l ro m c " n o " i ^to Lnsl i sh'
! 5r2 Se spuneinse:
Is t6e nnalashlanstdsp rerY difficultl
lYhat js r'? nou a"-id,i arlm;., tof frir Irlav ?
t ii"i" iiia a noler l.rdn5rarPd Itun the'Busion ltdncuds")
513 7) Iiumcto obic.ictorde 6iudiu.alF jocurilor r'i il' lporlurilor nu primcsc
arlicold Lotirll dcci' alunfi cind brnt p"rli'ulariTdt' pnult-un alrrbut (vczr
s 28): atdain' rtr
I 14 ErcE aPh! len;sL 4
il" *ii r6"i .iigav*d ,e;nis,sheiiayed otussand t'olh walchcda some or
,iu;o'd! when thcv"i had a oharce.
"-*'ri"i,iijii"-*1r-iti; pubricrvoe /oor,ail'c.;cir't,hocte!,stvinminsetd st@lins
Se spunctnsn:
lr" \a r.s d look on t lF. t , "nis ' . ! al n"b' .
l.a nn o ro "S t t eht llt n llo: J l- hnlny : rl qibi0 lunil'
1:'.,,i'ii"":*,:f;ii':,.fi1,,1',1",l1j#'frr:#;,#,#:*
"'ff"{,*{i.i:'1iJ,"."".
','eri dttarii S itn ! huticeh d\ubetic, ia cuyn(ul SUBSTANTI\.AT)
iJ suporl&tiyulrclativ:
s 523
She is llr atcrs, of aL
Lti.i is tte le6t totkal ae tutiridual I e\t r\et.
Ee I 1|e Mst iatarestinsman I L\ow.
,,24",.,7,1,:,: #"l.lil;;#l;i,l"ffi{;,?',',!fl"##ITj111
o
Iitere naru''ltrro -5'- """'-
:l ;inif;
i",i;":;":;i; cu
uneori
tu"''i*'.]u*'",,*r}.*i"oT'*'i*i;l"liihl"|'"*eH"'""i
o ** r
iivar""i'idi"r"t-
e'rccrd'
)
l#fli:i':",i""'i'H ^'eai"ar.
i,,:"Ili'.:l:"*,;j.,1,;";l',1:l' ew
s bsb ",:."1;lpl:,"I^"':,ll,l:1;:l; ' ,h.'bo"'
11,
:,";j::::;,.,"..p.,h"
B:l",l'llflll":'''#';"'i"i.i.l,i,'"1"11,"",,'u.-se anLedoariz
raonoli,.lne
$;zri
R it li id fi e n n d e m o t
9 r \ ar r P oat "
j'; J:;'J "'''i'; ur"
.;. ilinl ii ;tll''r:i "Y:;'"iiii:'l'liJ; 111
i;;;
u,,,,,,,,l;,;;:; h;'lS "Xt;:";:l);" l;'i';:r;;l;"1J'"1;'$'
i
I'i'* o'r ro'r vo"
lll'ilrl:'0,1:;'"J'';l'fi
"' "**;r;1 j ::,1;1"';":"1'1"''l' ,''uu" -,
lt-i;:";l;
"" -'"':
$52s ,"','.",
"u.*'1"';.;
i,ri- 'iirrr,li"j'""
:"" "'
"" "'TT;'l*i^- tt'r*'
"
{x:,:,^:"','::"'':'%'
zi-
s6ss "alf'*;"f*H:lTgl'*"""T o.1
s,rup*'I ll f^Ul"il;r"""
- -.ll l:jli'"li"l'::llli,i:'*r,ffi;:lli.l'l:';
€c""nru]"";',i;i";"'"""i;;"'";np-",,]
[;rI cindcdP-
iJi"'""l,r"t .a.'rnui
tntrebuinl"rza .i
"1":,.::l"i'::"i"' l r""i.it"t. cu'nnsodDerer:
a "rfl"' " ""
aspiraLaqi"'l"r""i''- ''" I :li, ::i;i""'
:';:i" ^ alrnsl-
ilili",," "'"' se lntrd
t'" nl nad 'antualr
c'r" t"'""i't U'
rr":i " '
An {ptonunla lsnl 'lnd
r"r"fll#iliiil;i.i;"io'u
a
,l il'i"'"
'nvelole ro
rrrr-- nd ddo b a 'r'! dd ct'
' ' '
';i;; 'd "1 -r
' '!'iil.::i"i:i,lti .iq i;:;l;lllr "il " ll"'lli;*'" ' rhis'n'irs14i'
*it$r,i-i I r;;r,'i:i',i";; ";i;"'r roar"r "'Jr'ddv"rb
*l
E\'Pzi P:rg 9: . noir r '
6\'e r 5 !1 7, nor a d
109
O bse r a a lie
S 539 Areleaqjsubstantile,cir,d au caracterde uDicilatesau ln.telesabslracl
D u r b i.i '11 "r i ula'. ({ ,"1.;84/:
lle Nas elecl.ed af the 'Itude(s) Unian.
"rdident ol trton lor seteml vea$.
He had be€n Headnastet
Dickjnson Nas ,razag,/ ol tht Norks.
This book is nv John Soith, k.tei.. ta rnslislt.
She sot . job as
'an.cas.
He acted, as idetpteter.
Hc held thc olTiceor sd..'ra.?.
He $ns awarded the .ank ol .,roaar'
Ile had l.dned soldte,r.
lve Inet Uiss Shalv, !iargn,e.' ol the celenrated writ€r.
S 540 2) dupi cuvintelethe l)usinessaf' the p(ttlrcle of, the prafessionaf' the
He vas ncring the ?dtt of a judge.
IIe had lbuos'ed the 1ra.tcaf a pouer'
$ 641 3) inai tea numeralelor hund,red, thousan(l' millian, dozen, score:
A hundredI a tl@usanl.etc- Inen altended ihe shor.
1 bonght a dazenhandke.chids.
There-we.'" a s.oft ol leollc prese l al tho airport.
4) haintea cuvintelor l;lll, exprimindu-se in acest mod aproape
" 542
S Ei /er,
coniririul inlelesuluipe careil au-aicstecuvintecind slnt nearticulate(-$687)
S 543 5) inaint€alocuJiuniloradjectivalcgoodnan!1 greatmanA,lat afl
TU' r :
A rcatt no ru r ' hpLc { r " pJ r t in J '6 l . m o 1 s t J d l i o n .
A;rc"t n dn T ' lD! f " iir "s n"l l. . a iuloFo b v l h l n P o r n .
\;.o .ld,,ri.i,; d. r , , r. ' , q s , r "a/ or ,; l h 'i r p n b p n d . I n l l " r o a J .
I' i; : t I I J _A , - o|lc . l r' rr' rr' s rp u o u i u{i l e se fdce ddesea conl uzi e
o ri n f aplul . . in Ii m b ' ro ' ,' j r' n , d rl i n l ri l n pl ' ^rrri l numerul ul rn sau o
_au "i
a,-,eeaqiformi; din r.iensti eauzr trebuie s.i "p d€a multi at€nlre deosebrrn
d i n tre eln:
a este articol, ia! olle nutnoral:
I have d dog-
I havc ,ne do8.
T n pr in ul e: ' -rn p l ,r s n o r- rI v e d " r" /' rz 1 " ub' l snti !ul ui --,.am un.cl i oc'
o u o pi. jc s ; r n r l d o i l e a ' r" mp l .r s ' i n ' i s l ; aquprJ n,tki r' l ,l r anrmal el or
--a num ai |r n c li n F . n u h a i mu ' r" .
'' rni; " " or i s p inr rc b L i n rp d /j ' \n d ' i a rl i .o l u l a cu l n{pi esul numeral ul ui o' P :
n i ci ndaln lns i num rrs l L l o ,rp n u a rp j n t' l F u l url rcol ul ur d:
1 r :' ,o u d b p l o n s " r b t a n l rP .
Th" oa- sa I' r a iPn h f d $ oh hpdd
She .ou1d not saY a single wo.d
H, F a l ld "r b J d JPP f.
.l lJ jr m u " o f.o l- . d G:5 Pr
AIIBDI,OR AR'IICOLE
YI. CO\SIDDIi.{TII SPNCIALEASUPR,,A.
lr \uLsrdnrilelp d.numpr o blerie (au talcgorioprir.* : ;-'8
rrolul hol6rir siu nph^larll ,.i r'umirul si',gularsau plural fara deoieLir'
nr:.1rp Jintrc r,ps,p tormp indidnJ s? ria:
T[o /;o. s 1u s l, on] h onp ol lhe s l r o g F s r a n i m a s
Ttrr ltotrs ls a u Liotr3l ic" so1" ot tle sirong.st anrmdts.
Toa1.ecele pAtru lornrc sint crtrente. cu preforinln penttu pluralul ne
c tt .l.u t. l . l: ; r l nt J r ! u
' , n.
l1 r tfl, d .tinil id . ' t o; r lir i, \ , ?, 5 r _r 8-
,.\vlnd adicl arfidur zcro.
a,nr.shr rioi a.ccn|!at, ii ins.amr,"t. uricnl
i ln r , 1b. , r . r ,:n ,, .. ,r ' " | ,1" no" " I l ,
nLt o llat nat D r' l 'nrriDl o ro o tn . l r(n ' . i l " -_ r dei ul e_l
o r t. + c , r ; . : r l ' J t r:,' u r ' .1 i ' ., ' l ;i ., nrndl mol " " n
LPSE$TE lltt
CAZUEI TN CAIiE ANTICOLUL
1 ) -\mbelearj,icole?rdrzrldsubstantivulsau
atributut acestuia: s 570
4 boy
lne Lov
dar pd al}, lrothl' S 571
2) Ambetearticole slau inaintea cuf intului vhole,
quilc, just: "
?l,e q liol€ $rden \is in -bloom
I worle d 3t it for a liak Nc eK
1:t'';,0:','u;.i'5"i'f.":'i"'?li
"',*,'"0,"
n3'1iuffi."u,lil
i,l:":tyi;;l;:;;,::;;:;,,i'
" i. ; : , : i , / , " h ^ u s 4I s a c ro n u s to f
li;;g'".'""
'i i l .
ii j; " i, ' or ilii d rv h e ds i tti n sro o m (:i rr- d ro" mx
';
cind reprezintdmnsuri: S 57''l
3) Cuainteleholf ii doublesini rmdtcde articol
kli:'":""i""i',1;' fri'l;!Y.;:L,,
','lll*[*"1;,:t';"nr,tiu1^,!!'*ilui",n
"^" -t1z
de articol atuoci formeazi un sabstantfu@rnptrs \
Slni lnsd pi"eccrlarc -clnd
iu o s,nlurd ide" cu subslan'r\ul urm€ror:
had slnrl
i:: :;r:!,i
Thp LolfJ@v
The wod
* i::;,: :,J?",,i"ill""n;.,._
hns a d'Lbte wddng'
,{ \e romparR:
' _r
I r c ' pdp' nn4r : s 'I t J c l n L
;;Yil/j1it";uui*,
t"ott a t , ' t : loJ l
i:ijl:',";l;il
*
^;"u;';;';;:il
.';:t -{"",i ; t"'i::'I:"f:' ""
l; i'i::{ifi.,'fJ ,k hotr'h
T"Ji;1'"t LLda,i'
{ 57{
!'r. c{zt'nl l\ c,ulD.q.RTICOLT]I,IJPSD$Tf,
s 5?;
Reguli gcnrraLi
rESurd 1!!4w'!!
)l"l;ilil1,:Jii":l, I n'rdl,\\l
.u ,nlp,-.
'; :;;:i:;ii,;i","*"buinLa,p
*.,"'*,,. r,n,r/,/N'
", "i'
I r Sub.tantireto nroulDcrihilccu firiplc'ccncralIru prrmps'
i,il""iLti,"|'o lo rr.a'ra ca egoriJintrrunnllosrele
.ind,"int tntrebuinlatecu sensgenerrc:
"*.r",
(S 35)l s 57?
{t) srbstantivelecare tlen mcsc a'sildcltt [NN]
'n 'nttu i" t - u' t " t - uh is t eout ! -
X jor n' s lr h er Per Ft c
'rdut
nehotlrlt'
all ti Dod nu sc conslNjesccu arlitolul
11t
S n8 7 Erceplii'
Substantivele eotth, san' maon' sk!. Narld. uni'erse' costlrDs.desr au Dn
cafacter de uniciiato tn ambian-tain care se afld sint srrbstaniwc concreie
indeob.stecunoscuteli ca atare primesc artioolul hotiirit':
?/,e s&D was hot
We l4? tu,, .omin! n'rl ol s"
ihc r 'aw ? m o rel ran to ' JrrJ out hi 5s hcrnror' rrr&
i is not l,i n gl n ,1 " ." _ ;rdl ,e d p ri'r"
W e s as ' a t t rrb o p ro l h i s l i u P i n ,i , s i g .
}Lseraali.e S 5fl8
l lali, ce caructeruLde E.neralil\te sau de unicilale dispate f]e prr]1
i,prul .dunple.ubetanri\F ;r' p r". laplural tsprootcmpl.rnumel"propr'it'.
:r" nrin €Jauqar""unui alribu' .du a un"i propo?i!iislribuli!P .srF la perti-
rulirizeazl - substanlivele primesc arlicolul hoLirlL sau nehotdrlil
a) hotiirit, atunci clnd ne refedm la nl andmit emmpl.Lrconcre!, $ 539
3partinlnd unei categorii:
Whcn,p lt,D sawthe llames.he ran away.
She was nolishine lle sr,ee.t,
Do rou ;ind t'i6sing the su€Lr?
Th. ink nt n! inkstand is drY
Th. bluc ol lhe skY was nlensc.
He is ,n, tudDin chaq€ oI ihc !'all garette
The aotuan nexl door is {n afi stud€nl
b) n e h oLdr it , at u n c i c i n d n e re fe .i m l a u n e :xenpl araarccve apat\j S 590
nind unei cat€gorii:
/ lt,n ss roaring.
I saw o mn al the door.
A fuv noan was dsing otrt ol t|e sea.
Ob se rg alie ge n e ra l d 5591
Cind un subsiantiv nenamenbil apare cu lorma de plural cind devine
! rdi. ; n u mc r s bil - qi nu i n tra l n \rp u q A d i n c a re g o ri i l c l rnrsj e pl nJ ai ' i . ur-
m Arzr q a fi e f nlples c a r e te ri n d tr-F l € d i ta ri L e " d l " Eofl i . l P tuti spcl .. tori P tdl i .
sorla,"isau caliriili ale substa tivului nenumerabil:
b.cad -heads
earlh - eartlis
velaei - velYets watd - waters3
Exomplu S 59S
596 LIPSIIITE
.\r,Tr1 c,|zlmr N cABx ARTTCOLLa
lrLicolui hotirtt nu esteerprimat ln urmitoarelecazuri:
597 1) dupir un substantivin cazul posesiY(S 247):
Flf;rr's arotl,io!
the \torke$' /a/d
todaY's Dem
599 €ripri-
3) lnainteaadjectirelotlast Einoxt (+ un substant'iv)cind acesl,ca
mi firtpul ln rapori cu prezentul(: articolulzero)i
H .a.6 L nme los t ) r ondau l- 1J np. t t t . ' u' i) .
rh "j .lP l"dL ing t o" lh Deioiup , ( J ( s l l 'l m J n a \ 'i t o T r P ) .
'+i
Notd,
600 DdclrSnsi€di" ri\'lp /!9lei t''Jl nusi l.or''i,l.rrlFinrcporl'u prFzpn-
Itl, ,1" eiprimr ordin"a irr ro sFricsi su urmdrorulInlFlp.: /fls' .ulliriul:
nerl: ur;ntorul. in acest caz sini piecedata de articol, atunci clnd insolesc
un substantiv expdmat sau sublnleles, ;i earLicxlateclnrl sint singure san
au raloare ale adv-erboti de prepoiilie laceasta din urm[ in cazr lui nert):
ol tl\is monthis a holidav.(+ sul'st)
The lastMand.au
r r e \ a! lL. ( o i -u ,s J r.. Iu l rl t th ' ,a tt Jtu " ul
. r . . . " " , . ir , " , . r r ,.i ;. o b s e e r,rr, d o ro;.\.' .,1 \\,l"l ) $Js/l l aJ. J,L" l )
qi r' ;r" " du :rbsr_
: t h, \ " , t , t . t t aqtt\" " )t .,o l h p l i 5 ro l f.o l i j " nl 6Jnna' '
\l.hen I las, nel. Lenn. sle sas llourishins (-^dv )
I s houldlil" io - " $ n " ,, , r' rn u ;o ." - $ ) (\' l r' '
ll. \ . , F \ nar irC a L'd;.u
n .-l r,J , I' i , " . n . P.pa
to deotare$'ar lrgnmst
in {thc) lutuc to fird emploJmen!
lv hook 6r iy cmok
lrom 1.opto lottom oi.e. nountaiii and plain
through thjck {Dd ihin to linish ne.h and neck
LIPSE$TN IIC
C^ZURI lN CAFE AEllCOLlD
u'"'
..",1,'.1:-:ll:1"'liifili!;il,lli",tiffl;.1'11""",i"11
;;;;:i;t;;i'i";i;.r'r:ri'',i' noril'e'' ( omiiunp\:"ri-
ai"Lioni'e
""g1.
uea5e, lend rnone) s'lool rre (Tdeg'aml)
rt-m' lI'rt,-9:..".?til9l:
1,""j:;.,i'1".;"i'i.'*0"'il:"ri',rr'i,n:o d ir r r
Jr ' ir cr
.,:;L;i*l;u
ill : i ; l t l ' ""# i ; l
f i:l:"::i"r'i:i::ll
';:n :; .Jii:
;;;o ;;;r't;l rrar
t"ff:,lt",ft
n
- r iuu,d;
equ ri o r' 1 !l trtl l
S." lio" r 'fprlpr,o*o" I br isr",Ii'ksupr'"iv'' dilrsnum
;;;iJrl " t 115,",1i;.1:i
"tg
a;d steari Rsic)
0ndi"rliide
b:"1';;;;;!i;;;;L 'br comianr'{^n!ir zid)
.ito
,4 r r ; s r nr r : ur ' pe r5 o nry o u uss;.' (D
n il h ;u (u vi ,lIoi onnuo' ,)
f ,i:,l,if I
if';'JAi11, lnuiests l'ai on I etrol' iiir: bel i""r"* n"o ol rlonth (rrtlu arri ol ?irrr
de {anteziste'
Foarte adeseori titturile din ziare' ericesiv ile concise ;i
etnt inintetigilite inainie de citirea artioolului'
[In exemPlu:
da'pre cunhrinll l' ni{d
SwimbuiiSuo!mit. - Tillul urrui reportaj
l';;{il-;;; tinu nui'r'osrumd/ tlp'
i;';'..lor Par"ur'lrri P'r'Fri
{""1 (-\eqs'\Fek -
Janu0rt 15' I9;')
;;; ;''";g";" rirlul. 'i lo uuadFlups
C ONSID E RA T I I G E NE R { L E ji3
-| ryq-
r48
II I . AI,TII CI I ] ' S T I I - NI R D I' I' IIIT O A R O L A AD J E C T IIN ' ' ' ' . ' '
ia,o 148
,' 01 1,1
t03 1i l
ilD 1r3
iil 7i]
i)) 1i t
't5r
,74 l 5i
. )J3 15ir
t\. fcHl\.\l t\'[ll.\DJtcTIvAl.I
..... 7ia \54
Su }srant lt . . . -.. 17i 1i 5
Ge r(rl dit . . . . . -... - r; 5
Pn rri i j iniur r . n\ t t . . . . . . . -...... 719 15t
P,miiripjrL
P i .i ; iir t r c dL
In l i n i tiv , , . . . . . . .
/-sL 1i.',
t8:l 15r>
155
155
1t5 15i
Locnliun. prelrozilio ali. 760 liii
.. .. .-
7bJ 150
-{p o rl ' € rehtivl
t'iotozi!ie
ADJECTIVELOR - .. 7S 9 lrt
v. FoR\I-\nI^
,-90 156
Ite ri rer c s . . . .
t9l li6
Ji i
t9t 157
A'|j..tir. cu t t Lc. esntir ". i 57
i 94
,94 137
Sxi i x o. . . . . ... -,...
t96
. t97 1i 9
li n a l o -..
Du l l rtr ea c ons oanoi 793 l 5t
-e - ntut lilral ,99 l a8
800 li9
Schndbiredcrt€soricigrrmatlcal€ li!)
Pdticipii adFciivate ,l6tf
adjcctiralt. . ,.
adJccurarr. .. -
-qubstantile
-substantile
adjeclivate . . . 30ri
\trle 80t
\,tte rbr nr i ' s08
\rl r.o lu' r " nF r ' l' r ' ' u !b l o J r" d . ' l j ' l ' !
( o Dp rn. r c n . . . . . . 809 'l 6 l
ADJECTITELN DIINR]TINATIYE
814 '10:
sAU PRO\OUL\-q.I,X
,\diecli{clc losostve 818 16t
r\dieclircle ilcmofslratire 819 164
rldjecti!ele rntoogau!e 3!1i
Adicctirele rcl'rtivc szt 1Cl
Adjf.ii!€lc neiloLArile-
A D J D C T I Y UL
(lHFi,\DJE CTM)
CONSIDDRATII GDNDTi-{LD
1) Dotidtic. ,\djecti.rul estc partea de vorbire care calilicdl sau deier- S 6(Xi
r,,ini: rn substantivsau un echivalcnl,3 al acestura:
a .rcq€rwomar 29 leloved
/i,e rerdins $de clinlk
t.ot me the sam, idcas
a s@,ng man ud a 4.58 one
I. COISII)I]N\TII GDNDBNLE
2) Caraeteristici,
- s 610
a ) Itor m d. . I n I i mb a e n g l e z n , a d j e tl i v u l a re, cu ci tel r exc' pl i i , ' S 611
sina ,a l fa m d, ir . dilar p n r J " n l i mJ r s a u a z . El , u .o pndl p dp.i s ofdd
.u b .t'an' i\ . u o .h i -F' -r.. l ,rl r.p s l u i s 'I p e at. rl .€l i l i rd:
\;l
. u ul L. J u '
\,o ,,c Doa s , ' k n rk i n F ' l .n s l ' n P \o t mri sS l
\\'e '" r $: ll, ; ' / o. , . . rEi " / . r ' " " -r , g ,l c * (\ " lam pI l
- ll^
l h " I dr " s o lt o u n r t+ \e t' " ' rl C n ra u l .l r pl
| . , " 1 r " r - t \ o l l tn J .u n 8 . D a l g n n ' o mu 1 p i . adl rub(rJtn\a
"Jo r
Ex c ep lii $ 612
Comparativulqi superlatiruladjeclivelorscurtesint singrreleformeadjec-
tirrle {lexionarc:
\ o nc \ o .n i p r ' o m n ' . i \ ' \o n g J (.u! tl J i vl
! o*- bl ." r 1 o m1 rr. ' r o 5 r ' u p r- l al i rr
(Cl. ii unele adjcctive prononinale S 817-81e)
su'o*,r'",?
,') pentu.a campktainteLesul.unui,':il"^:i-:i'1".Ye:T*,,',""#t::i;
.:3?#"f'ii'xlj""i'i'#ii,'ii"li"ii'?i""i-""iii"
J.i,i'i'l'f "'i-
( Prtdlcak of' Re.sultt
( Pred.icate Resuh'!)l)|
\' P" i n r d l l r { l ' " " l /
' l h ' g ' " u F ' _ o l " l L - 1" 1 sru' l ' r'
I boiied m s'l''
'ge
S 620 cl poate fi complement circtmstunllal de mod:
- Thov came hom'
Tre'$ind llew coli'' 'ied'
2) O compara_tie
poateli fdcutndin rrri punctcde vedero: { 624
a, pentru a se aftLa egalitateai s ii:15
lle b 6 lizl ds Jane.
0.,)pentru a se saperioritatc&i
^rdLa s 62G
T I" i 3 i i ,d ./ t,,d i J .n e
lle is Ure fttud,r, ol all
rve zi
5 638 ii 6i3
120
Dxemllc
UrnlLoarele adjecl,ive fofireazii irr tnod norma] conrparati{ul iIL -cr ii
suDerlativul ln -esl:
' 1) Adicctilele ile o si guri lil^bti ( nnosilabtte)l
! 610
olear lnrc
ga.r thitr, otc
llrctuplel
.iear -.l e u e r -.Ic a r$l
lat - htter - lattcsr
ga), garcr - g.xesl
127
2) Adjectirclode aloui sital,cfD8ildrfu€, terminatetn -y _ay:
fi s 641
bu: . !,l !p j i \.h
. Dr l m. ]t\
elrsy likely sicktl:, etc.
E x e m p le :
Dus y -h u s i e r _busiest
easy - e8ie. _eastcsf.
! : " , 1J' .v . tr n d t," r t.i 6 n d ri p .
..i ,.\t r
loncly -ton,"lier " | ' L t .t
_I0rclesr
Ob se rv alie
;i superra'if,
,,,,f;:ii#ix::,,fr::fi:;::l::;':!:';i:,i:,:'nparaLi, cuprefc s 64!
r',/ ml j ili bleJ i' r j- . ri \' t' r tn a r,s ;td b ;,..
$ 8,rs.
glad
llji
sii|I
adjectil'cre
,Islrd'ir' tcrninatein -y s&u J3l, acirentuate pe 6t+
n"r,,,uli,'iIfi '
arg_ry risk-\'
iliifr'!Y
'x.tx "1,""v l.id r
locc.i
.J adjcctivele r/J;1aDi.c.t.orminatein -er, -Ie, -ow, -sotnegi -urc:
biticr teebl.
i 6{l-r
hollo* g.L,esome
'i"l i"n :i ..'
h u m t.t" lo$
sol4 noble stall,,w wholcsomo
tend.r srD[e vc]ror,
;illlli:.
dl alte cltcra adjec1,i1.e
bisilabicecn acccntulpe prinm tabd: ",".
s 616.
..r!r" qlier
nile ,rretr rcal
s lteasui siupid,.tc.
'ppie
,/ nuneroase adjeotivo r;rlturri, .jn act:t:ntulpc Ltitna si.tabd:
s 617
ibsurd .oDcjsr .cmdte
dF.reet minute:
Irrolound totitc sinccre, ctc.
.
. /l .'a;",,;, .la +..:tol,. .t, ! r.t: n .n,,,j1orri,
u.r_-o,a .j/ ( r:tr
d4t .1..t bt.tlai.t.,,t r .1rr ru ro.t ior. Et, trin ,rti\rr.:
nnkindly
''"""!l; ,*t"r,"*"., ,f tt Inn,tah tLnr. i' itt Pnti i'aftt llhc tLLrcv comcl' t I
1906) . '
(Pcni trltimele l. c i . iiat ! , . i. S 6t 8r '
l
ilt I \1o.st
lilile
{ I litl.lesi
t
t
J oldcsi
{
J I l.lihesl. iarth.rnost
I I l ,rrl h c s tr.n ' .th emrost
rarc I iitst
{
hind hindmosl, hindcmost
Urmdtoarele cuvinte, cind sint la gradul pozitiv,au tunc,tiede ad1erb, s 667
iar la gradele comparaiiv Ei superlativ ar tunclie de adjeotiv:
(beneath)
{'D )
i.d r cr n o r , b@1. of r .p n p
n c .a .o rn o " ' i J o r l h "I
r't\csouth{nnan leak ol ihe range
\ " old.
f i; 0 C. s i ' n lin, b ' r .n , n " l p i d l -' l i \F r, fo' .t' P a
' o' 1" d .o" ' puo' ;
iie pc t . . r r ' " ' r ' rf' a , rp ri ' ri D ' s l ' ' u b t i nt l ^rat' o.tP quu' apt' ^n4t
"i ' rrr d ^ i ip l ' ' nl ru i di l l n' l r\el ' si nr ,' rF
p n rn t. i rc n " . n t;t
j-ri
r.-1
. . - ., , b.
, r ,.''"l", .r F . ; J i .i L n ' o rIo l rd r \ ' cu ' " l .rIj ' r i r' r'
' l ' i m,
p ri nt r e ac es t ens e a fl i i o i e ri e d e c i l .c rr L rrj n t. Iro\.nrtP tal e qui re urn nmra
l d ,i n ' i. ar l' J r " ,l r^ l ' i , F .h l u rn ;:i i r' l l " ' Joru\i nrul rpo-ra' ' :
P\ nJ or opt i LUnl
(F quD'l
671 i ,in,l I n,ili 'r "n""'/ 'dra'ler:7 'r pri- praT'n E a numpro
'-.I oruti in -od "ul"r'r',r sjr'"ial tnrraiul lerni in
laLi,;
"L.otu -..e tnrrln,.,
- adeseorisi in ccl masculin - lorme ca:
ihe mosrP.r/4" lit e lat
\t ( d t itu t" . s\
ine 9t,,a'des' jnzz brnd
a rcr!/ tnique clild
I harc neac. seer p"*"r poise in anvonc lor hcatd a nDa ?aled musical)'
ler ".ou she sill do eelg
olporllnity. York
Giren '.DrlaDle
$ 8i2 Itt
! 6?t 1) Adjectilul tll (: bolnav) are form€le de comparalie neregulate ttors'
674
"'' 2) lll si siek. Sinonirnularlie(Livuluiill €si'esi'ft ln SLiA' ill este€chi-
i;;;al ai atlieciivuluisi(A'anbeleadjectiveavindacela;iinlel€s:
""}".t"i;ii
t Fo.nc r.r. intrebuinlate.
: hr1dn61
'3 afietu^t
los.rmost : lae.st.
'tui.lmost: in the e,s n dle
6 tapmost.: al lhc aerg tap.
r tn l.tna st la! , s l
I\'?r ri r'.h-'la\ t . ll \ l: l ir j r 111 oP. r r ' ' p r a 5l
co@aRATu 183
o i;
Tnp sn arrca {a s lr J ine I ' r / ; r r L o' P' '
Th" /;,/P' kjd ' 5r r r pk ' d r n or nqnr '
He is our /t',6'| (onc) (Ian l
p tLinr'1rlor'dnrrai 1
S 6!1 .r,liah(r:ibubFl plrL ' mi46'
'l'F';il:':.
gra4F d' compa-
'
"'
..rn* ;t,u,
t' l; d;m'r'siun' i-do1"r'LJ"i r^re'd
"'r"hri
f1L;r.ompstr'rt'lp'.s'pu1rnu'i:ar asrazrr'ru I s''13 si superldri!ullPast
(j!i stilul tamiiiar' lil'61)r
i r' ti 1 " m' nd ri c
' ' . llr l. r oo d i ' 1 l P " u1 I
n. r n- , no t , " a n J n h l l h ' n d n rs ' L
, rr,. r,,.."
i : r r ": g n ri ,.,fi ." 1 '6 ':,;i.,'
,.r ,r . \D,,r p5
'h |t -,oe u" lhP" q
r ' r d Lown
tlrc t?ss2' tead
h rr l.ssrr \o'L j, ll' r l' iet loc r q
oi i,i; ,:.. .hon+ ," /-.... P o\".1
I bt j'" o' /"' r / tr 6 s' J(
' lF a ""
i" , . , ' " , t , . r" a ' ' o " i J U " u r '
c r nLlPlla r lt r i l tn e /td e s l
-t L ' j
T lt lir , . 5l lh ' n A' o l d a rrYIn e
v rrs l s :' r d rr' " run" ' ' f" J o nrrrnl d afecri { 6
( C\i J t nJ t t t 1 1 " - IF l " ' l u '
t 13' I LLLtLu s u r d x n rn u trv :
lls dulins lt'rle girll
(|'.tila tur dragi Il
Iliess rour li'l' lrei'L l
((le ntimioal1 bun{l)
. . s hc hadillc l n o s td c l S n l l u l n l ,i .v o i c e ' th cgal estl i l tl €l uugh,tl l eni osti N oi l ati t' g
lirlc vars s
c ' ' F i rl o' ' ri ' pri r' st" d// " u.grr' l el e de
e GD:i ln li r Lr " i l ry d mo d e rn a /J //
! t l. r tt rq i s n ttt" \t' o tu n ri ' i ' l ' ' rFt' rn l " si mpl d drrnFn5rurremar
""' ,"- " . i, 1i"
i, i ' olp' r' u n ' u b s rd r l i \' o n ' re l :
"i " " " ',
I s aF aS w€e tl l ,l l c h o u s c .m n c n s n a /l ? /| h { nJox.si i ,l l csnd]/' s,hoIB eIl l ' Lveeve
S 085 |drerbI
'lr"rt l; r' lL_F lt lc I r . l. I n |' oLsr
it.j,, liiTo"
;;",;;;; "ii::1,i,i"i'',i,";i
A tenlLe r
r r lr r f r Lit r s f oql
': ,\Lj(r lrv
l\:!rrn ri plr r r al. l" r s l' eLr r t e
rl,;.1; " Id'tDredrd'iv
,,',1;,rl
,ti 'j :, l', ,:1,:,;:1
:t:f.':;l i
'til' O(.', LJ o d' 1Dt hll
coMP-AnATb 135
:1 !..!, s i , t , J
" " ;-:t r1"r.1
:,i rr\" .. 1 .rn r r r. ,r" ," rn:Iarj \( ,6 82r.
t,'rl'"
lr,,Jtitr'i*l]. i pli:,i,i,r::iLjlll;,ii';iir,i
" " " " '" " n e n !""r ' r ' ""oud L Jnlp"-
,.ii."1 . . . il J , l : ' . ; ; ' , ,l' ' : "" '';';.l rr'
r30
li";:t "1;,"1i-:
""11;'1,i,l;;,,
i),l',T,,
"""':l'1".'"i'l:;': ".*"'-
inT;;.::''';;"""i ':'l''"i"'t
poate aveati funclra der
S ti9.1 4) Schimbarede furclie' - 'l4arh
a) subslantLe
'
y,'
:iiiti','fi'1" "**'
i"i;l"4#"T'i'if
b) adterh:
He js ha'l belter toilaY
.l'Tj"'.1"""i
#-:"i''"Tf r.r"a*o
)'1il,rrl'i'ii'"
lrrelor pozir'i!Pr}Jx"l s'
st rig; 5r llocl. E'r' forrd dP sulPrlarit al P'lj' quoqran
"-' /r'x"" ) :r 'u
,,,,,i.':;';,.Fhu,ni esz;.u."r,-;"i'ri'.t',",""o4tl
*a" r , " .a ud " r ' r r c,b:.
' i, " , ! , i , " i l ' , 0 , " . ,d' ,".r u b .s'n ri,
; '; 11n <r ' i \ u.r ' .
l i r d I 'd p l r )
r ' ol a l ^ '\ '
Tho ;- h at" r hd 44 r ' on \ ' ' "
"n^
rt"., n{'nle lik' lnlstr r-{il
-''.
i: .sr;"
iiir:,.l.ri;;ii;;"til"i:n;
.,i,;1. i';Ti''''"b""r"'
i:ll";'I :l"i:',1"1";;:
i!'id?:''
more lqrless'
( 691; ti) llost;i lcrst rint antonime,ca;i comparativele
r""''-
llli..'.1f".''i:i""r'"""
Iir:;i,,;
.,1.'';;: l''ll,l'" ,""'
l.'l;:ll, ":l;1'"
i1 .;.. ," "li::;^i1..;lj.;'Iml;rj:"'
' '' ''' p^ 'h" r'rrasrrd'a'
i",;"{i li l:l ri'i,"I.1.,.::'":;"-li;*
: v i 'i
c,ou, ". ' , n iaLa { - n; 1i t" " '' 'c e l o f c r \ o f u r m d l i n 1
'e cn L.,
p'olesoar{ a nea)
a /o.tu' i.acher o{ nine (: un lost proiesoral meu,/oiost{
:,,.a.a rl : cp l m ir s c ur L,
COMPARAT6 189
s;lb
"L.ljl":ll:"::';I";#;,1-iJ:ii';;',:',i,i,'":"oi:'.;,:":
P\rre m ) 3u r nielP! e b s trrd :
rh..,,".rna,
ou./ cloll\es llil:;:t::l#:i;r.11,1,',,
&lrd.onrrsron ttt liltili"
nn &ll" stlanger
mai inalt decli
'*iii un grad muli
Forna de superlativ dle''mos' exprimi
forma utrmost:
oIthec''lrih
il"'i"* .:1".,:i"J?:"""'i"";'";;$:i"l'l:; iarsuperla'
s ?16 2) Contparaiivul o ldr este antonimul -comparativului-;nner'
in(F t)tnott
"'" our("'1nos' 0nronimul 'up"rlari!ul|l
''ul-
$71? '?ffi*t*i iJil"lx#1"3i3"1'J"ii" sauun
adiectiv
t) .A.djectivere "i";tii'":*i'tL
:1Tl'::' :1*x:1""il;tT,
fo mp rra i
h J\" r h. lof inr 1/ ; o ra c r' rF a F
:iktrul,* lrr'"
il]Ji'l
$:;;;ll";",i';:;"on;'i$;;ii"fl
' P.l ' i l :' -:i :l .i :::
-i :-" " t.
ar,,n.i ci nd
;r;?j:ir
""""xj
e l om enn:
r;'1";o'1"1'"-'
;:';;:;riY:'
;"1;i1" o
i',*ll,lil"''"' e"'''|'rri.'a''ookins
f##;-.Tri;"i';;i-;:))"'"1
3".'i%r;;:13 'j::,il,';o,"l'li'';'-,n'''" o-'
rj;g';11i1; ;;i1,"1i,"",ii:3,.!f3ll
-''",,' :"lii;'
ri;'i; ri" ,/'" i" I \"' "
'ninn 'Pd foF
Tost atunci oind primul elerneni
lJ./ 0u ajutorul adYcrbelor moldruii
,-.nns un ro' indiBolubil rl doilea:
-pn7"'
#;: li:;Tlillt#';ii'i,1:;';iilif
fi;,1;iil"li' "....-'.,,,.,
,,,r".,.,i i 1"r,),
",r,r.,-. i.;,,1,.::,ii"lT"-
111"d.",.
:',ijil:J"*""i fi ll:,i;;;r;:,,:1"
;1,1'l: _,
./,,rr srshlfil, rurr srLoctsrgrr "_,
;;' 'E;i n i rh ra o ' r
":;' " p r' s r' l
i:tii:i",1H
lJ:{i*;Tr**-1ff
[*;i'*'i:t$:'lll##dil"aq,"'1:irjltfr
COMPAFAFA 141
COMPARATI.\ DE EGALITATE
{co\[P-\RlsoN oF DQUALITY)
1) Comparolir de cgalitate. - Egalitatea 6e exprime prinir-un adjectiv S 718
1n gradul pozi'iv lncadrsl dp conq'rufrrd:
lAdelco.i adverbd ds, care pecedi adjlclivul, nu se exp.imn: The child is shop
6 a reedle Th e b aa tt,' d -u ns J ' . 1. Hp : " , \ ' n a! o t uk .
ros I
"rp ,o"."r xrim lr i. "t inlFb. i^lar I n - i". i ' o r m 't l :
limbajrl colocrial scrG sau vorbit (\rezi ii $ 87i)
14!
DD INFERIOITITATE
COTIPARATI,A.
OF INIERIORIl'Y)
(CO\IPARISON
OBSERVATII,\SCPRACOTIPARATIEIAD JECTITELOR
IN GENERAL
G ?21
o'-' ruclia-nropozil
1J Cotrsl ici romparstite'Cazulrclui dc'al doilea,teJmen
al eomoaratiei - li'irlo piopozi!ii rare con!incun 'omparativ €l doileA
term.nal ci,mparaliei Psr;lPgalde pnimulprin conjur'1r3rfttn r- decrtJ9r'
Lprmenur
din Dun"i dc ;etlciP t 'az cu
orai"lanoti"dl. se sfld ln a"elaqr ''r
care esteeomparat(Yezi 5 881' 882):
?,Fygr\. n,r b"llari ecor. lhansir,ldidl Nonina.i\)
/obiprtrvr
Th.i'Ea\" b"r'.t rsond rhanIlhevdid
'. ',
In enelcz,contomporana ins;' €'pcslaregulAnu cslFrespe'tat6'ln urma-
toarele ex;mple tntilniir &o,i lorm" p.ono-inale, ambele curentp dupa tntn:
I{e is kinder rhnn sh'lh'r'
He is leEskind lhan stultu''
He js not so kind as ttuln"r'
Cazulnom;notttts"?r/al pronumFluiobligaroriuin arpaslt situalredupt
rhan.f{'t, promattcot ln s'ilul formal !i.ln.lrmbdjul
"arPit'i "" \ntrchtinterza
estefolosil in lrmb€lur'oro'-
insriiit. tnnrom" cc cazulobiPti! (r'./ 'urpnl
i;iii'ii1"itii,i oriin""r ramitiarel scrisoriror eni Faur"dc
ca'rc priFi
aDropiate ^;gi,:;i
-"'"i"i."lri"r"'"" obie"'ivinlo'ul nomineli\ului'repsza ln'aamhi-
gri,Jfi. -,ului
,".r" rlp'"" ronulsi 0ncenlul'arp por l6muri'itunlis
-"i
ln conl'ersatie"i;i - "*i".
Spr. prl,l '. ev.l'Plul .lasi :
fal th.tl ntz'
I lilie hcr morc
or ' r apir ' lr I llr \ t "' "n "" 6 't 'n n " ; d r l i 'o r " ' dlnmatr"dpiF
Co."l"L li--'. o
lFp' a i "r ili ' r "' o ' lar ' li d r o r d ' a'
A "(I'm.iri o L 'p-.
- r CodrarntiLtl jrd\rrhbr i,rrre
3 Supdrtatirnl adverbului ltde
143
(4") : Agatha tmi place mie mai mult dectt lui Fred.
Clarificarea intenliei vorbitorului in aceslicaz se poate face numai com-
plpllndus" omisiunilFdin ."n,-*1 u. t",
fa'l I like Asatha niorethatr (I like) Fred.
A se conpala cu $ 87t.
^IA.S-
Homby, Gat.rdto I'd ans d l asasein Engtisn,pag. t24.
144
s;2,r 4,supcrra,i,ur
?i'1ut""-llr
"'*:l:'il':.,i'il:iil i:11"i":iii"""?'illi
ll'o;rj;,,;,':i':l;:lJ,l
"*'lll"l"
i:f;:]fjil o.if.".i"",i', prcp'e
orr'!!-"
in theoause
"#*r Hf']"'f;"ff:ti
'ro'"'"
clnd substantivul*t"*"t *iTil""n" de un adjectiv dctermitlatiY'art!
colul nu este eriprimat:
"--'lll"",ll:"1;,.,:;l"l'i::'"ili"Jl;:":""t:,
:i,;if l''"'l'il"T"ii'lllii'i;" "'"'""".'- i
i u p e ' l s ri \u l ui ds rrl puri u nLrdnLs l o' ' i
LioqA 0r li' ulLrl rri //" i rrd rn l " r
p .i .i"a o prorunddFmoriP :
" t , r ,r iii'"* rr t
' na l' ; t ht t t
ol i1"nd 'l '
A' - Fns , t r Pl'
esle precedat de articolul hotidr'
De objo€i' superlativul-ansollrt nu
'*';ffI:'15i;"'i"":*li"' , '..- 'm^'ld ''' ' r'ul^"Jsid"i'Il-
.
$726n u seCr nd ,n'uh''.n'iv "' '1 :"1;.,':::ll"ll;";'iiii;:':;r:ili$i'^"11
"""
epet i t a i u n ' I c rrrd
' lec ' ro l
1.'"**'"'
xij!,tl;"1;::;'o:"":,:::;,,T:^T[:-:lF;i't";::i'#
"ln'"'f'lix;
€l'loilcd lPrmansl ur'pi'nT-
E 726 lrrmeo - LclJ'
5J fonrlaral ia rrr trnsrogur
" r' cel al 'up"rt'tttut'n:
para!ii poa " lil'r dtr' In "azur 'ornpdto'i\ulLri'c1lsi
:; F:'f".; ::,;'"":":l'r"] ll; "'a'v
-h" no., .,h",,'re_ra""l,,lTi " " '' .",- ,"*,,,...
i;'i:""itf#:' .x"T;fi "nii' is*iu*';'
\ trbul din ptofuzilrs '- un'l:r;
{ ?2? bJ Propozili€.romparirlrli eliplicn'-
omp''€1ii adF eorrlro'F'la(I r/z/-
caro'onclrlur.dl dorlcarartirtslirrrei
2?
-'- 2 8 . 8 E2 - E8 3 )r d o u lo h i o (re 'z'-
it fornparalia o 'o rnpr r aLiplnr ,r PdoY:l,"lil' "";lbi
S'"
n i2 8 ' au"r p^z' ' r '
i : : T ""i : .i ;:;i ,;;..;.p " ;" ri ri rr i rro"ur iur *r r r tir Jr r i
;:,irf
i".;,-il -i' l,;;, *,ji ;. ""^iI ::" ;i'[;:;]:,,;"ffi1,'"'
.
"ri.;"lll"
ir""-"11"" -"'"v ^:".,r i',.::;";.il'j:',,"j
*i i::i;;:l;;f:;l:'
'r'1-
I sn pn t tl'e 8 f P' r ef pnr t or - Lnt
ili,'.:ili:1ii.
tii?i:liiii4il::;',ti;;ill: ffiiLn"#'\'"
ii"',","';iii'i"",1l """'
145
COXPARATIA
arivul :
CornptLr
**
:\
/;J;"^';,,"
t alrccre ct)
;ii" "ll:,'ilfi;f|:li'r.,';;;ft " "t,,
J,i?#"fi"$:1i"l,ll
J oan is ?t u fe d i l i g € n ttn a n ttu r4 ' o l tl e cl ass
"i1lf
li : :: ;:;'3',lll;"",::,':"-ilti1f."1il,#i:"1ilJ"iJ"'li:l*
ii:::: ;i'4,,JJ'1,;::f;,ff|,',#::itr" il?iiiii.
::'/-"1',""iit'ii,
un saP'rlaiit' obicctul supus comparaliei $ 7:12
Dinlporli!4. lntr'o propozrlre!'u
in gtupul "u .1ra FsrF'o'np 'r'rr:
'r, h,I- ';,//r
,\up'rlalirul:
,t n"a.c,,r J^6nis 'Lau,., n.ff:i".1""i,i,Jo1*":"i,1 ';"'1"1,:,r;lii:
1,r"..",",;,r"1""fr oir,,,,ji,L .nh"r.ra...
,",1.Jfl;";i;::.","iI
ttn. o,p ,t,. r qr/ $ ,r.r' ,,r"."":"l i ,,l l oJl " ' ; : 5 . f i: '
iLa"""L) Th ,! $ erP t h' / t ' es r oL r
:::l.,i{r't;\ i':r:rr:::
i*,oic, P"""'al"Pto' "[ji 'r,'.
sru Prtnrep(
,,,.,,
i" 1 ..],,.r;.r
i i : , , . , 1n" *"
\ : "0.',:i:, ;
i "'1"'' "ltlll:i"'l:'""'-'",'
rr
lilx.i:i;;,i;':t:'{i:');:l'rr:'
*"' lrlii:1,i";riii
lI, construcliiidiornAlr'o.
{""4;;;il:";"::::: .;::,";,. 'tt
i\ o-6itu" o""i':ll':;
dorrircompxral l:
'' 'li
s
",".:',;lit,l?llil'';";';':i':
"o "'" "' '
"" -l,l"t"'l*;lw$,r'i"":"'ilf
ri"-';;iiH;
dnf'""
r : rt A'l \" l " " rn rp r" " J'l c d "'F"l:"lYI'
b / ' l "d c o m p a llnJLr']'prrn
l' l' ' ::ii;::.'
cu i r""ll' "
p"" ii'g"t"
'la
' pozilii dihri'P drsnarrna
cu at:li.. mar"- :
rh? sta4., tn, dJB "r,4fte ;3:; ;;,.:,j"'i
;,il: .
1:'
i'
f^:n: "":i "" :J'i
;'t:,^ i":;',r";'.";
]'l;,* * r c
";
ifif;n"i;;l'#i:i,jlr"I;"!'i:rl;:''
s,,,," ilL
o 1 ;:iir,ll;
jr]#Jlii;1i
i ii.,li,",:ii
"".,,"1, $il'iliTt't
.n " t t i. Un" L" { r i Z e ' i €
z i. 5' u rl :
RcFsi n
;d ev ar dr p ,e h ,trtr.
th b k rp .
'f;'ii;f ':L:t; i'io'-''
u"
sr ' ?re Dour *
superrllri\p. i:'J:',
1":ltl,.l;""*l:ll" li i:i:'i';"J",i'"'
""
"^o ,rr u " ,ii ., .",,,:-:;,:,;1,,1.:,;,-,. ...'r,,,,,".,"
" 0. ,,
,-,,*,1?a!iiii*iii'i"'*ffi
ii;*$i$i",11::":i:
S ?41 a) intrebuinlarea adverDe
restrlNd, loo':
t'i';
;;1'"-:;;"r;'!)t''))a""a
l't\:'*tj';*tl{'#';
"
-,"., ,n ri'-, s"- n,rnJ i:'....'.?'o
''"'
;i1:tlil',"";':L1r;';.;l:ll r'II'! 'p - q'r'nrn
a"La
trmotr -'Lr ci
sLrperltrl,rv LLsnl'rt
drn '""'
COMPAEAT1A 147
r o tt"4 ! - e dnr 1 I , r.n u n l :ri tr ' -n ,l i " ,1 4l n l d " .: I r:tlr] clnd Inseamni Fi
'€rl
f 'rJu l ,1 ci n r l lns eam ni, , . , rr{
z. h "p tu br c t obt ut n i i l
3 T,u ui x nui r om an d e tl . L l ' N e l l J n
. i o ",t i" , ; " ' , t . ' l' p rp rra .l rn s rd d m' : Inalt dectt simplul snperlativ
" x' l d rJ ' \
6 O B. sha{, Coaot onn CkoPbo
148 rloRFolocrA - atrEcrrvuL
X:'""#t?fi'
+T;"" du'Ic'a
li;lJli",iii;"ff:' ilii"i?!u*" '" "." 'Nnosu'j
* '*:,!1,'JXi|.0,, , (: ,,N,,p-ij cuminto!" E{cramaiiesrum€alrciddintirneitio tate
pljmb lnilu se d dd t inir ' l
1r,;'",'r', iii. , b" r : i .1 . rh " a l ,i o n l b h i n 0 rr' F l " t. rhd Frr. ne. rh" r" rri bP
tin lilms, ctc.). thc ' r ' . dtmrnal;
t u n ,l c s uur lot it ) pt
iti "n ,r-sr, io. t ar " s r , r ' . \ d .r r,.- $ o ..' . rh mu r l h ri l li ng. .
No td
A se observaadjectil'elesubstantivateintrebuinrateln constructiiidio- S 7ir2
a lrcleta.ian
Rath er a d ed ., is n i s lr P:
r ^ o rnr hp rp, p v , lor t t , B, : I y af t s u h dPar yr
L.t mc look at Yon, ,tv ?.ell'"s l
\\^ d..rl i. tib : . . 1 ar y r ods - nadPs .
she Llo ps n ot d ; r r d r ln judg' o"nl ol h"r ? 4 " 4
r' rl, p spo riv.u r"j.d r { s au
. - onold. t a jur t t o s r D l 'P - l n r P p r z " q i P r i \ a
u"'"',tiliil ;i."i:I^l/,i,lX"l
'l,l;,#""'fl"t:,fi.lgiiili ,tuziBld
tii"i;oxrordi
i r ni!"trir,tii dp la C.,.bf:dsp.
ar,*. ,:,p.i,-"lir'i,
150
alight
Nu se poate spuDe:
The hemisPlrre Nas r'trncrn
Tne connlricsN"e
'res'an
predicative' Une]e verbe intranzilive cer
[ 7ti? \ erl,elc esre eer ailiectir€
' o djc " r i' e pr ed i ' d ri L " i n l o " d l v F rl p :
'l'
\ ou lonl s p l p trd i d . 'h' $" ' " i rl i re 3i l eD t'
I /,4 wotrderlul. llrla^ ttcn'd rd rl lh"
Th" nsppl '
-\ l P t ror l h' rard' 'nBs
ir l. , - , . . ir ." * r.
r,.F\r,orp'r,np.a,,.'. perr.rr. l]"f"iil"'l; ,an" auttit1t.
The milk lastes Sood.
sus ru arat;
Cu!'intele scrise eu alctine'.iD cr'emplele de I'rai alre"rr
''r/r
',a' iir';ltii F\prin,rra d- r"rb ii stt subi"ct.ut',u 'uvrnr"
'r"' unur
;; J;-r;;,;;'J;""tni, ua'".t'. i a',oai-'i' ,i. in '^nsP'inr6 rnrr'bu'nLdrpa
cazun rreuui" Aitdi; cu grjj; \'trbFre in acc-csbla:ltYi:
a.ly€rbin asemenea
ii" l"p.i-ti"" (sinonime cu ln b'.,/'iar €djectivulest'Ppr€dicatrv (\ezr +
"r.t
s 251?-2518). si arate cum ind'eplin'-tt€
E t68 Ac€lea.stverbe put' fi insolite de adverbe carc
" sub, "tL,td.{irr' .r "rpriqatd Jp lcrh:
:F loal"d nr ut dnd d o s n m i 'd i l i l i r e l t '
Tlf n' r a" k l' nt dnl' lp n a r e t u l l r ' . . . ,
TnFv { - _a / ! l/ r aa' llP laJ delrgnrF(rI'
HP -soua{./PdhP eong luiousll'
qlo$ l i .
> np as , ad lr P loo4
_\ ". t dos r '
\\' /l ' 3rr sFtr u!hur
I o' ll' n d l l
' .,.
' 1\ d m t id. r E /t/'6 dPidlY'
' r '
H" . lhF " . t ) LrF "oom q x r f B r r .
\d i F/ri r ul pnir c f ilt r" h u i i ' i a r i n l o u r a d re rh u l ri nu ' rai dd " l ' " rmi n;
.uL ia r,,l ri-,1 e.rpru,, . prFdi,
d ri! s u b ia rrv . s ri' '
"". , L j " " i i " ;.'r i .
t;,-aonr,l.nent)3.li..orIl"m-rl,rl dir..l lind c'lp nump nrP4rcerL onrp '
till. - Obiectiee Comqlemrnt)a :
r ub: : t " Com r l F n
H " I , a." /Jd ln u li.'d ! . '
ii" i'"t^s ""tli i
i;" i;; ::'" 'lt 'r'r
i:..,"t np !'!' nr ',r'.' sub-' \" cornpr""nl
t l | \ . i_ so',r,d tn' t "irh : ljt t
T hd idkr 1,,.t /. ...' ( : o ll { r ' .
I n^u-d 1 5 .j'.-. /,lr ' n 'r'
ol r om p"1' r l
\ \ ; -. * hrr. " so .\ r r lp. '
1r) Adieclivrl caro ciliti,rf mei rulte subsfirntiYo'- Adjcctiv-ul cAre S 770
., lifi:. ,fi ."u n. rr ult ub r''r'i\- rLr rr t'pe d tnain'pd liF'; ri
'' 'i
lvoturhei,
itiii" il$ Jiilf';$'li',:T,lT:iJ #11'.,i1'll'{'"',iiike .,a,h.!
snar,$t
df el:
Repetarca adjc.tillrlui ie face pentru accentuarcaideii eriprimate
'fh; coll-"ctivc iantrfN liad llanDfd to hive 'eo trrlioN a'rd nc'' conbines
:') .tdir.li\ul )i Pr.p"zilit trrornl"nr'. r:1 ': !"tr'-l" 1di' ir"- ru i i7l
oor r. urnirtr dF.rr d. Lr',,rni" tr' l^/ilii rl'r'to/rrrr r "rrrr^nsLJi:
dclioienl. in $il keen learnins
diil-"rent /mn nnvonc liabi. 'D a [a{
r"", r , l r ' n ' o p 'rL 'o '," " '/ ""' lP' r )
im tlrr1 " "'l lr r
l Ailjeciiveleoilalc nu linL ilecit exe plc: ele nu eluizcazl lista adjeclivelorde cme
Dot ti d rmn t eler belp r P s l p .trv e .. . ,
'sa u uo ,5t4. er hi\ a| nt al s u rrs ta n L r\u tu r
3 Vezi
I \'czi S S t i2u sau ' ol o' J ti - s" si mt-
" i ti t,i' o" a . s - im " r1 u T l n J n " rf" .i o IL s rn rrdH
D r o si .r.q re ie ls t J r ede s P i ri t).
' t\'l !zi { : 64 a' . 769 b
e "n rr ir, , " pr on' r m "\./i G . C rfm' . o P i r' S l 0 J \' I04 A
( ?73 7) VerI. Much. - -\drerbul rPl, pre'edr adj'r ii\ul pr'prju'?is (tn
' l;i n-i'i""u u'po't"rru1;ln'inra; unui parr:'ipru ir"rrr ire "rlrcrhrrl
"'-
,.7 F.lp lnlo Li' print'u h.tu t"ra nu h:
I I i.. r-L pl' r n r "4 Pr er ' l- - l' ' adj c " l n / i 'i \ l
. u. . v pr s ; b t . r t . . ( 0 J i . g r , s u p p r ) a l i t " . , . .
' h"n ) i[ d D , , o l l r g 'd p l r ' I p a r | r 'p n l
'. ,j); 't. "N 'r',fv,
)iumeroase participii tr€cul,e, d€venite aderirate adjective' sint prece-
,laie de adYerbul ,€rg:
r..?.oBpli.aitd. t€.9 dislinpished,efls pleased''cry tired, €tc
Prored€ul ac.sta s a exiins ln engleza contemporani chiar qi la simple
Darl,iciDii trecute
' Cdmpa"ativele slnt precedate de adverbele much' ecry much san tar:
It is scitine n!.t colder'
I I P r " f PI ng , ' - 4 n"' 1' \ \'t n '"
li t s / , r bplr i. ' o ; it lor lhp r h o l a r 'h i ! n o w
( Yc z i ii S 1377 )
lT. ECErY-{LD\Trr,4.DJUCTr'[lLr
FontLia adiectivului poate fi indepliniti rsi de urDlntoareie pi4j de
\ oroirF '-J .o sr' u't;i "djF'ri\ Jo
S ?76 ir u; 'rrl'cl anlivsau o'' onsrru li' sub r'tnr:vAl"'u \eloarP'le. adjP'r.ie
atrjbulir sauprcdicatjv- ln generp,rr i',rm; de singul0r.cDrnrclnd sensure
de plural (v. $ 1uu):
, ".1 ':,:;",.':,T.:! | ;:::.:L;:::,;"',:":'".:,'2'
,'i;:";i':.::";i":.i';i,;1"
^t : : . b". ,...,-.,.t rtit , h. - ot d . ' , . n! ".
-.t. - bt n .
Din rc iD ce mai mult ins, !e acceni,ueaziit€ndinla lntrebuin,ttuii plLlra-
lului substantivelorchiar cu ro1 dc adjecin' (v. $ 167):
'llf- ho"E affa,s cornmittee. ile ti nual Stotes cu ditltion, tlr r t-'otiong
"ikd
r.it ,t'l;tt ti'ts ' t . n r'l lr ik p a l h p L 'l l o n s " h n o o l I o n o n '':
t dD ,fa sj carc circulii spre Londfa sau sprc un oras mare: dorn,.atns: cnr. rin
de h Lo;dra sau de la !n orai i)ri!.ipal (atlail l,ilelessi r&tru up ptatlotmri doen plat-
'fDit nlafrm : aefunt.
C"hhim ii;,,, ro"r ' , o. ' , r i 3! r ' d , , ' , ". 1 ' " . r '/ . n L . . . I n l 9 0 i
- rF rto ot'd .L: /d./ a ro s . i. ' uf idin". u ! im ll 5d. . u ,, n {u '. i o t c l t i i l d , u r m 't
u l u i d , \ . , ndLou .1l 'uDo r . J / lo' of i' iall l L o r d u l , , C , , 'c P l a r f - I n . d
, H i e h. ho, / eit'^ in,:JT"r.' l^v i. or . ' r nd J : r s' , nr r . . :d d : i '1 1 1 i / r b l r p F n t r u d : o
a m i l l ti n" . D lu u foPilo r idu r ul 6|r h t r t t k r ' t opl" r . oJ i , r J : '1 a r l i 4 o l u l . d r c - l d I i
}aza coircil ui brjtnnici /r./ dcn!nirea de lt'ddlsdci simbolizenz{ iii ttnclia dc Lod Catr_
€Iar. a.fstl .eprezentind |ocea Canw.i Latzitot ('Iht raice of ttu Halse of b.ds) n\
t i mo ll j " l .ti op ll@1. "l,l- ' r ndp. i p\ pr "iii, . / , r . I l 'o o l . & rrv,rfua".i"
d i or.t Ldn. la i. Lo nl-r ,a, . . t dr I no, Dlii"s r F, . 1, J , - I u, l, i"l " . r "rnir:br.udl
, . . r i l i ei. r^cr b ru rn l-1 Li. '. pr ' . J r ' "l ' unr " di Lur ' d e A p e j . P d s r r b o r u \ l d r " i
: . e i _ u c. . k li sr ra o ut , . . , " u. d p, . , r , r d. J , . j t o . l i n , f . o . J t . n U J . e r J L o r - , , , r
\; d r, flde!jr;o n lrb .i - \ or b. a- . b i, J dr u ar t il l ', l o r . 'l Jlliuntesd,l
p r o p 1, ..1u i,mo.d p ir .-,n lppt r r . d, ' " ' . l' r . , t d. id I/ r, r ,!n1fl, J r.d,"d lapl L
, i J n " ln i rp r rb .l I n r ". nr lt r dpr F/ r n r r
'l rJ r.lrs : . n. J r ' r ' i, ". d 'r o p i n d s d p I
n r o r , ' p i,"d.il
; " . . ' 1 ". t"r rh "u .a a Ap.l.r , o, m bo, , l l. r , li iJ'pr ' ou. PFrii"r
p' 'lio.
l"o lei . d
i J.plC L " l i : S u p r 'r d . \ t I
, n rr, t , u nrdt cr rt.u " rn Dr,J J ir d i J l14 public : ' $- hal L ll " o p n i o n o l r ' Ilnor,o-l
, n rj r, l T , a, . rar "ri rol o. it p"r . . - d il' s pr nd J n gr 1r r . t L n ' l i d d " j u l . ' u t
t . ont . ' . p G oE" bu r- u pr onunla F, 3i. dr r d' . r n". . U i . , d ! " l l n '. . 1 1 , ' l 1 l t . p o l
! i rohax(i.r cnslpT to .lrle apr Fc r at . -
: ier.0 inb .Jr ; or J r r . iAc r d. lp d. p"opl. r ar o o r ; J " " ! . u r i . t . m r 'l o '1 1u
cas;i ,j1:rtl libere-
. Buleva.d din NfN \-ork, unde numele prlnoip&lelor bulevade sintnulndalc ordlnale-
1,56
s 79n DERI\i.\REA
IDNRIV-\TION)
Prin Llerivarese iormeazd adjecl,iye din alte adjectile sau pdrli de vor-
bire. la carc s0 adaugi un prelix sau un surir. Printre prefi:iele 9i sulirele
adjertivale rele mai obifnuit€ ln limba englczrl se alld urmdLoarcl€r:
s 7tt Prefixe
(;ermanice:
Lo anic e:
r-. rlr-, rDF: aclirotnauc.adanantr arnormal, arsent. or.dpnions. etc.i
arl.- : anraredent.dzkdilnrian, anr.mernlian. dnr.-Far. el.c.;
hi-:,r"n:".. / lr i1r F. , r g! m ol. . Dl s a. . D . i o n l h l \ . - i ,
ci.cn m-: ..r.&nr t ex i c r r c am lac eit - , r r , a, r poa r , , , ^ r , , s o r a . j ! 'f t , D r s p P , r . . 'r ! e & -
sianlial, el,c.:
col-, .om-, eon-, cor-: .ollaierali .,r,lassionatc. ..nponent, .,ncaie, .ohspjc!o!sl
.r.rcct, .o/Npt, etc.:
ro ofrr-: ..r,"dir lor v o. "ot nt n . aan- : . orl,stJ. pt..
!\-..I-...:,J|Fn s i\ F' P' , p' ' - : "h|' "[ |nien|:
extn-: cz,.arnuial, c.taneons. d.rrao.dirary, rrr.{tcrcstrial, .r//o{agani. elt...
sufile s 792
Qermlrnice:
_d uo di"Fd ,
-F d : ,. I b-J,J, m o pJ , r . lI pd. s r Fl. h r ' . Fl. . , \ 'o , r S P r l . 8 0 5 . 8 'l l
: . 6h a. p ,dllFr, g old ,,, pad"r , $ood, . , $ooll r . F' . . ;
-. n
-er llomea,a com!ffaiivul): nardd, out€r (slacel, nlp'. etc
{'rn: easlc.,. north.rz. souihe.z. $'este'n. elc.:
pr,.:
-tu l : l, e" / i/. "..t.lut, a hi t t dt , g"r "l' t , p"1t "l . ll, dk &/ .
lre rl r4 . r i' 1 , ! . lo' ir ! , ollia, ' ! . r l. :
-in c : axru.,n p.
-kt -: lrhr, r. u1 ],./': roo l, , { . ; lJ ; . n. . Dps l. $l' l; 3h. pl . . :
-le: b.illl.. licl/,. id/€, rimbl., etc.:
-tike: bell'ltne. clild,t^?, hol!.lifr€, lilrt^?, rnrlii,, etc.;
d.r"1u t o t ! . , i. \ ""1! . i- "1! . t anl! . ; 'l t t . q!.1/,
-l ! : : r. odi,/. ,1 ,.i/a. "1..
+o m ( A ): ' nl'o 4".|^ A
.t.rrtJ ^i. . t t A: a4p. \ \ ' at ln. tsontP). rtt:
)r.o i r aa, t r ' , d . , r l .
-n s f l ij | 11"',d . S '2 '1 r '
'l : . r , ' rl. l'r'ny. "i J ,. r lr . ! bd, , i' , od 'l J $ r . " r '
' at ' . J . '
Romaniee:
-! b f r . -il, lc: /ll ttt i itnot ' . t ) / r b|" - m t r c ll, , ' t'i b l c , I r ^ : b b '1 4
.,, n nt: . ! t / . g- os t lr hr t ot J .
-i . f u lt: , ^m.r.//, t ^: ' r l ) . l ''o t ; . / o l t . 't '
-s l : !n- 1. 1 - m n l. o n. lr u ior . / u' J dr . , ln. r l. lid '/ " r '
-&n. -jon | \meri.,n, .rnslaolar, Elizab€il,dn. Dnroped4, amplibi?n. GeorgiaD,
G.fcian. rerubiifa,. Itusslon. Shaliaz3. etc.r
- a D t : u" id, / , o is,o J,.i. d,. r a, / . , alj! n- ", . I 1, , , , . " c . :
- e o l : d D nJ,l. uilL .,.ridF, / , innou, , . ! "r m aD4, , pFr o r 5 l , , , , 4 l '
:
- , a l "F sl d /. lh li-n ,;1, f l1". d/ , iu li. m l, adr r ond/ , . li. i
- n : Rvron;, la ..;.. li lor , . t . bI , . , . ' r lphuli, T' ulonr " e n :
.1,.i
- i r" : ,i, t i.,, ,o "r,,.", ,o n.r uFr , / . il' , . r ' p. ilgr , ' p. ! r "; , p. r p s r ; 'p .
' 1 " : " Ul. r'"iltl", A"n /p, hr r m bl", nim b/ ". Fl, jr . m F n d o , s p r '
- o u ! : ' ourd s o ,s. lo ro"i"h . gr or io, s . jo) oas . I , r ", io, .
Sulixo $ 795
Gcrmanice:
-toc$: carelcss,cease/trs,counu,ss,lolcldsr, pennildss,pitil€ls, tireLss, etc.
1 Sulixul -tu&are ln g€nereo nuanla depreciatir{.
, Su l i \L l Jy , s r " . ar dc t pr F ti cp p n l ru a d v p rb (8 2 2 5 0 t.
3 R cl e ri l n r13 G . B . S la$.
ORI OGIi,ATIE
s ?96
N ;C; 1r UuLt rrr ronsoauoilirralc'
o) LacuvinLFrp il';i:J:"t""i::"11"i".:u'i
1"."l:i:r)'i"';;
'"r'i"'"
;";,''''-''''
" "1""; ,:"ll:
''T"i';i'1"".''o;';
l:":l;:i:;"""": '"':"rl;f" ;;;'' i,lif?''"
-:l:;l ::;-1'ri;.. "' '-'
Er cePl i i :
in fe.able tr'rls lerabtc
azuriio fud'"'r:'l::':;:td
D) Consoana finali nLrse duLlcdznIn ' cl'laite ' a saucind actcrinl
i" t rLeaccentLrol
de o alti conloand'de d"rla ""*'i' ' "t"i"
nu se nnnline Pe aceea-sisilabil:
""":lF.
til**. '3;;-x3ili:" iili."-li:#:u .
:"
' /'rr ',": 1,"T"f li i;,1":
t;;;i";:"j"';li'"1:i;)::'.
": :l'1""';:"':; r " "':
,li ;"Jr:,t'r'''"u'
i".:;Il;i:""" ;l:;;1'l::.ii
t:; "'; -
'?"i ;:' ;;l '; , :1, ,f:;
"i',"Jf"' -'il'r'r'i'l'1il'i..
- !:"l,ilil'f,-,,",,,,,,1*'i'ii1"'
",
Eat:':!ltr:
Peri/ou!, trn larill'/r'd
,;sb in ' " r ' " u ' - 1 : 1
, i' :
l i ': i 'l il 'j ; ,,,r- i n.i ,'FHu,ui .u r ir" " , "
:"i" -,".,,, Ll:,:::,r1," 1t: -;1;:li'
ErcePlic:
igrcous gllt'I, uucJ'
suliri ca'e incepecu o con-
Aj -" li""r * rrrelrlin€insi indriea unui
''"t
E:r ce p lie:
ii'ii:li"::'t'!
.",,l't,eillt,l't*,i#il.'l:,:r:",'11"'i'i:""IJlt'lli?
b l; J,"i
l;;r:;ir;" lliijj .
m dr gt r bLu
CATEGORIEI GRAMATICALE'
SCHIITIBARE.A s 80o
{CON1llNSION)
p. p ngl pz; pr i n trc" Fnl a l ui
Are -r r r r oc pdp, r r !" r" , l e r;' i p .n r ru l i -b a
ln pr i. " s r " tn rms r" J a J ;e .ri \d o r. p i r l i l p. d' torbi rc ' F]p m" i
"""a "
obisnuit adi€ctil'ate siltt: participiile, substantiYul fi adverbul.
l l Pa flir ipii A djpr li\ a te . - V d l rF p a ri i ' rP i i l rp .ul e sj pfpzP nl F si otl nl rP s 801
buinl 'rp a djF . r r \ al. r r ne l e l -v " r.i n rl a d p \5 ra l F a d j F crrrp .unsrdpratc ' a sl arc
ln di cl i o n a r e:
ple$eg _
0harn,ing Lakng .
.\.lon t lsin up) hie/lutt ?ur, mme. l1'r oz.r proviNf ol lril.ain
these /,tncrl, results o&r.r space the ar&f,r,sr delence linPS.
This is otrr g,De,z, [cacli{.
Is tnis a ,.r,sl, irain?
Slre told nt i.he rpri.,rl torsc.se
1 \' e 7 i i i 9 .3 1 9 b , 6 i 1,1)
806 5) Articolul !\i umeralul ru \'alorile ile ndjt(tiv. - tlele doud iicole !i
ades€orinumeral€leau 1'aloarede adjective:
tne fridsP thcle ?€n oterativ.s
a pounua wee k the st.onl steike.
iYc z i ii S 520, 12t il
I : g[zduit
161
COMPUNEREA $ 809
{CONPOSITION)
n..; b"l.:a1 lfr,../i,, ". \ i ", l t ll / , nr ' r . o,', D , r g a m " s . t h " o P F P '( s )
tf t d e . -s /l
ai,,rh, roa d, it.
- - batl ar\ h rondu"t. "\c
Adi. (,;Dme
m; i mu riF rre"f'..ti!sdu
inl.: a 1 sPAq'
ut i\ : dr
a' ' "4oJ
' J 1. . '
olrr"mt 1r . h:a llr d odL | o t n t o . ^ - I '1 " o n d 'd 4 o t h .
.t . u Q elc. Jno, 'o n,o L,|:)a ''JIu 'ho, d. r \ d! ' ho\ : ado! b! . |] o' pot Ps an o tt ol th" qoJ Ptarp atr
:l,o ,: ihp nol/-rl"/ "rAl,/ D-tut' dn" . ."t\ al-d ' " I
oonstruc lii rrrrrs:lc: :t+ . t 1ui \ l- h' n. t r E""o, dhl n Joyothona
; n. o b" 4n' t - l ^hnltvt .'ry\.o n '. rh! srorl
\. \ " . d . / , utd; t hu a ^ 11 ! tp o - i, Unt \ t t o l S p ) l a 'n s s
ign. lnb il \ ' s r dr . h, 4do' . l' anuh "rt
-,,ds 'pa nn ^'
Elementelc care inLrn in compunereaunui adjectiv stnt in general sau S Sl{l
scrise intr'rn singur cuvlnt, sau unitc prin oratimn:
| $ "r,. , "r F ", . _J d. r .
\'\ Eoeryd.nll (adj ) nnslisli Col|sc
Il is a lans disl4ne aw0!
Ii€ lrad a lo,s'd,rd,'. (adj ) cau.
Th !. u", p linl bt , - o' , i. aplt ; ! lo \ r '.
T p lo - , h" t t a* - and t F: anal . , r t ? o d t a b l "
Liniula de unire $i locul unde se alld er prczinti loart€ mare impoltanlA
pentru intelesul cuvintelor respective
,\ se compara:
(: o camer{ dc hotel nicl
1: o cam€ri dc hotel nrice)
(: retala unui t'Iandaiir strivit)
a cndpled /otr ledl i: ; pchu de trandalir stdfita)
l: calrl vcchii diligenlc)
(: leirlDul c d€ diligenl{)
Foarte adcseain linba engl€zn.un substantiYplefgdlt de !l adjectj\. i Sll
!du dF un FfbivclpnLal a.p.ruie prim".l" !uti\ul prrli.ipiel -'d1cbi3t aluo' I
,ind nu exista un !erb .o'..pun/d nr 1n limbdr' forml d asLtelun sdiA ri\
compus(cf. S 805):
qilfedsed
L shoestring : t\\..
bl:l l-roarcdadierli\cl,'r rrrodorrrc. Cr' dr^ ' al' ' lja'i\" noi r' rli/'ar.arr
.lild .r:Jf.nl0 in limbd - el.zi a '''o'r'p pru'F'l'u.qrrlr'I
'accentu "l' lolo''l; a
p entru area subtiliid-tii. lldsi,icitnlii fi o\presiritilrii tn scris qi in
i { ar d
Adjeciivul tr€buie studiat ptralel cu adtcrbul
NALII
S 814 B. ADJECTMLE DETERI'II\A1'IVE Sr\tl PIi{JNO\'II
(PRONOITIIN'\L AD JECTI\lilS)
,a . { li:
,.
l-lii'(,f[;;,1]'"'
lui, ri) ln PUt r ul
(: lor) (nascnliD, l-"ninii,
rt 1,t,"," nculrn ir conu.l
{=
$ e00i
(1'cnL.u dcialii vczi
2/ .\diorlirclc dcmoDslralit0(D"nonstrat;" .ldjcctitcs) stllL. S tl8
tho (: acel, acea, acei. acele) Or€zi $ 444)
I d i d n ' t k n o F l .h e ma i ,/E Ii m e .
ls he rndrCronin'1
ac €s t . ac eas tn ) (s g -)
t h i s (:
?its bol goes 1o e dax-nu.sery.
these (: acesli, aceste) (p1.)
Arc ,tusd cigarctn's yonrs?
that (: acel, acea) (sg.)
I'ndr rcst l,omc h6 jt6t been bnilt.
those (: acei, acele) (pl.)
Don't put ,lD.? things on the tablel
the other (: celdlalt, cealalti. ceilalli, celelalte)
Givc me ,ld ,rrdr Dhoto: this one is no cood.
l'll havc ,1, od.f apdesi I don'l like these, ihey're g.ecn.
thc lormer [: prinul (din .jouli obiecte' sau din dodlUgrupud de obiecle'?)]
Doesn't he p.eler th. latwr ?f,Letn.\titeto the laiier?
tho latter (: ullimul din lo d obiocte'sau din dou.t grupuri de obiecte?)
Aren'l rne lo,rd !.oposals do.c atl.active lhan ihe forncr?
the fi$t [: primul. primele (din mai multe obiecre')l
rvas lhe best ol the thrc..
?r. ftr, tiile he s'rggcsLcd
the last [: ultimul, u]timele (din rzal nulie obiecte'9)l
Ol all ihc plaJs you mcntioled, oniX fta 16, onc soundsUfilllng-
Such (: a.est, aceastn. acestj, aceste; asemenea, astfel de)
\there did 1on lind st., a perfcct pieceol old ohinn?
,ta.n rv€re his wo.ds.
.lL.n goodncssis.a.e.
.larl, liorsps ,.e Aood lor field sorlt.
Nard
determinatitetrebuie studiateparal€lcu proounelerespec-
,A.djectirete
tive. (Vezi $ 1152)
pts
coNsIDtH{T1t GE\ER_\L}l til
322 trt
824 111
8r5 171
427 t1r
828 \t!
838 17'
ii39 1r_2
839 1/-3
L PFO\I \ LE r ll I t F s U\ -{ L 8t!0 1i4
Delini!ie 841 1 7 t ,
842 1 'L
Fuclii 3/r4 |,.t,
N.mn l Iratut"ElIi pprsanol 845 t74
846 lt4
Persoanaa 2-a sinsnlar 849 I r-4
PeNoanaa 3-a siniular 85ll 1,-5
Phalul antorjlalii ti al 869
fa: ul lonun .lot t.,.o nt le 870 1r' 8
873 t79
887 181
888 11J1
890 181
8-46 182
IL PR ON|IE I , E ! t : \ D, J E C T IV L L T O S ES IV. 900 183
901 183
!07 r33
!09 184
910 184
911 184
918 1l t5
III. PNONU]IELE IIE}'J,}III\T FlI']\U]IEI-E IJD I^"TiRIRE. 919 1l l 5
-qI
920 1€5
grt 186
P rn r.l u rJ - r r or idr ii i. , . o r r;.,i ..... ...... ...... ......... 92t 186
rl n ru ar dr ef r n' ll r" r' .n l ' r' ,,1 1 ,\i f i l p l ro ,,,In!tu d. n,1ri rp. ,. 923 186
rn n tn /.- pr onr m - 1" 92i laJ
I"o u n " r n r l" \ | , ' r ..' n r ' 1 . .. .. .... .... 928 187
929 18rl
! n " l ronLn 930 188
931 188
frn n 'rn r pb r o|F \ r v .,I,, .u t ,," ,,o ," ,,,... 934 189
, /fu J€ l t r nr r eDnr r lx I r 9t5 189
Lo ml p ronnnr hi ; eit . r ir .i a l t,l r.u n i i rri ri e J n i ;l ;.;... ........ ... ........ 936 189
I\ . Ft ,,\r \ t F Lf . t \ 1, . L L ,I:\tO.-T | | \' t,\ 939 189
' :T .\t
189
189
190
t6 8
101t rrr'
1nl8 r?-
Siualkt ..tut\ . . 1011 :
In te ro q aiiadir c . li s i n i d n e d i -'....,. ,.. . . 102b
Ixxili;ril DO ln irti,rcsatii . . . .. . lotll ln_
' n'
L o "r pr . ' o/ li i. . . . .. 10:10
Proa , l o i , iF ' r - .... .... . l nl :' '_
'o 1035 :
co n struoliim ionilic e . .. ..: .. .. ... .... . . .
\.I PRO\UI { F I LE lI A D J IIC T IVU L R E L -\T IV.... .... ...... ...... . . - 1057
189
4i
205
t05
205
206
206
206
wHo 1053 206
IYEICH 1059 207
Inteles 1060 201
1061 208
Funclie 106, ,08
1063 ,08
WHAT 1083
210
1084
210
Ca z t0a7
2ll
1088
211
1u91
211
7192
2t!
1093
211
A3 .. .. , . 1091
2t2
1495
212
1096
212
BUT 7091
2t2
lnr.l"s . .. . .. ..... . ... ... lnsn 212
mrPrlrnl,rr .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... tO99 212
2\2
Ake clkstnrli. ft f.t itaate ta p.a numete9i atljtti, eleretatiee... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 212
-..
Su b sl d li\ , , ol " liv . - l J ,.o -n u m,
h rp tJ t' r .... ......... .. ..,... rrul 272
urrp sap o' uad. r r r J . v ,P " o . ,j , r" l u l i \ /..o to l . ....... .... rro2 213
Lo cD rp rlnur n ....,, 2t3
' r,,6 214
c u r r n .{ rF d P s u b s ta n tr\' .,. 2t5
ra t6;i; ; i; ; iii'; iit i r ; i . r i p . l . i i i i i i i . ' " i i i i i"!.................
....' ...1 1 1 2215
1120 216
\t21 216
1t25 216
7124 2ti
7129 21)
1130 2t1
1133 21i
1134 21i
r\t' 2t)
1136 !l r.
1137 at?.
I'tadutrh retalio
\:II. Pll']NU]IELE II I DJ D C T IYIT L -!-EH O T A R IT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........ ri l t 21!
D .. . .. .. .. t t(2 . 1.
' irili
. .. It11 :t.
, d. it \ q r . dt r ot J lt ....-. .. lt41 l.
o r rr J r dlr " r f . t or Lr hot J r "t n , u alt p p r o n , r m .
, ,." f."u.t I t4u :.jl
170
j
OONSIDERATII GT]NEBALI]
,
l) Drtinitic.. PronrrnFlecsr" _parreade vorbire care ljne jocul unni S 8gz
dt rn Ut pc nr \ dt enli dl ac es t Ur e.
iub.'-,,ri\ut ,.ru c.hivalanrutluir rnto.uit de pronum".e numeqlejn g
821
llnti .rlrl-z; .nlprpdcnt tl pronumplui (lnn.pd" sau Prinrr'parl.Desi nu
r..'r', rotul .3ri.15.d'odf..a,pa.tn dFnumirpfa fi tnrrpbuijr!n; pon,ru sim_
plilirar" in 1rr.r*r'a <1"l;,; in lo, ul ppriha,,Fifnlo.irFin a.c.t
"az dp gramati"a
2) Clasificarcr proDumelor. Se disting d€ obic€i rsdprecategorii de g 894
d. h. J l. on. . , r ' , or h . r .
I rr,,-, n.r.r r.
bo . . r . s e. J od. t h . ) . s^rt rhpr rr jrr.l!, s"ui n
I urr., aj I. k,
s or F. t uv . , , on4 . om " b o d J . s o n . , 1 D . ,
I
I nnJ DodJ . anJ on4. a n J l I n g . n o b o d y" .o tnr io" t hoi n D;q, .
I p! . r ! bodv . . \ e. ) o.. r . 4 \ d r v r r i . a
4) F . . Pronum-tep"rsonalp.po.".i\. ,, rt,.\i\"
iu il. \., 'rDlri. -i d- jn iriri au, { 822
ts\.pprii Inrn- ddcritF pFnl|u pFrloa16.runnr tl" p,r.oalla a3-a -
sg.) .r ^pn. .-",,lp parsondl.si ppn.ru
"Hz. Pfa.unFt, in,"rore,i\ r_td.iv
1v. zi p a8 . 62 rlta L
r?9
rftdl'
rr4 dre lorn, ditprirelpnlru '1r. P"lru nronumFdpmun lrnlivp //lr '
on, th ,t!'t.):i unrl nehotrrit (n'14,arr plurllulditFrirdcsrnguLar'LcroraIe
Pronume sini inlariabile.
genere valo{rc de
8r8 5) l'u 8!ii. - Formele cu valoare de pronume au ln 'si
adjectiv.
EacepliL
829 \ u au lorm.1Jj"' li\ al. ' orplpun/droJrr:pro rmelppprsonrle "irpllptivp'
t'lo' cu cazul
Dronumele demonsirati{ s(]: pronumele int'erogativ-relfltiv
iii""ii' *a-t; pronumele relaiive that, dr li D&t; pronunele nehot'dritecom'
puse cu some,dny, n0 | erera.
formi de
830 Adiecrivele corespunzitoare pronum€lor poscsive difere ca
acesl,ea.cu ercepl,ia pcrsoa ei a 3-a sg maso'
$ b3l lrma o.rel" ru\inr. Pot lr fi:
s832 illl"l'1"1;',1"
i3il."ffi,ii#]"ii,fig:
s 833 ".,,,i11:*i,'"1,:'1"'lh,''hfi?''iiti}",''J;
Dzneldlr: oDe, lirst
s834 alc-re: all, any, 43, both1, but, eilh(ri neithef, little much no'
sone. sonelhing, (the) sanc
i 8?t @aiLtulii: 4. botli' bul, €ilhor' neither
s 8:r0 pepa.iliet brlt.
strbsian-
$ 837 lunoliile sintrcticeale pronumelui stnt accleaqica !i aceleaale
tivului ($ 347-35{l).
838 6) Locul tDtccedontuluipronunelui' - Substantivul (sau echivalentul
ln rare
lui) tnlocuit de pronune precediide aelemai multe ori Pronumele.
cazu inse. il fi urmeazn:
por . r "1 '\ f t / r 't r 'n ' d l o n 'e
\\l'cn lh. 4 r l, "
' l"! 1". t
sl,rr ; r -/ ! - - at nt . ( ! _or ' l ' v "t J o n e F a o E n " r "
Iylo lo ron , i s1 r hr , , dr iant e' ) at t h' ' loo '1 / i . r 'r ' l a '. r
i:l;".;' o puo. t hat uau Bpt la'- 4itre
posesivo
s 83e 7) PronumclePorsonale,PososileDi rellexir0 ti ailioct:ivele
"l'osAtre F.flerit
tl Yort!$tves
Pl I I toat e Jour lours
i r ioaie their tlieirs llcmBervE
on.'s o1$r onrsell
PentN lo.mrlA a.lraroe alc lfonumelo. v€zi S r5l
r !.q i :i d i ,,ri v
:i l, r . pr n. J " m o .ra r,\. ., l \ r,:8.
,1rn
o".,,;,i:ii:l"., t:iJ",,.;?,,#i s"nfupr
:illt;rt,"T,J*,i'il:'df;tl;i':"il;il,j:
.dQ m. : t - e \ toa rp la 6d! o. ier d. s ' , r dpnlit of J in in r i i . . . t , A i u t u i .
l'i4
(: Pc nbe. I
'rie, 'nrr
(- tie, tii d-talc. dr.;
pc iinc. te: Pe d-ia,
Nati.
1
1, este in senere omis dupd {,s !i t,tan in propoziliile comparati{e In $ 863
caro it, subi€ct; inlocuieqte o tntreagA propozilie:
As lil) hB becn nentianed, dl the candidatcs x'€re accelied.
I sill he lp vo u 4 Ir. t s r , / , / lt r ' v it hin ns L' ! ' r '
ue did a; l,r) s.en.d Des'
H . erprL "'i -im"Pl n ot " t hon I : t ) ' os Aoat [ a" h: : I '" o l h
Orr team weren't in tlainins long.r thaa (i. teds) necessaty.
Notd
A sc observaordinea carinlclrr in acest paLlern : tl introductiv, preoedat S 866
sau nu de prepozilie.este prs inediat dupn Yerb. iar eoRrplementul direct
, \umii.i i,,,tud ,. t 5. t o , t t - r ! - ; .
' Ci (l su6 i".lu l lo;i"""vd \ "r b, lui, . r" r p, , i, ' ii1ir '\
"JU
o p r 4 ! o z 'r ' u. ,,"n*
su conjurclia tru, n.narn de un snbjoncrit, eiLc prfteratf' consiruolir cn introdrclit
'l
l7,J
lo niakf ,/ lti
""{iilti,i,}Wlqi*id*j*:}l''il$*:i
ci su i teatril
. \{. Shakcspcare,r:s ,!z Lil' . lt
! /
l '"n l ru , , nur nt sP r ' 1r _ a u t* . , z ' i i" \ . n' . ! r . 1r " . '\ '' r 'r l ' I 'i
d c . ) uLi 'i r 'r l d F i r s n i n n o r n _ '-
1 nt ^td n n a .l \ t , { dnt nt \t ' |ebo tn6 , nr ii ' o1. ol "
18C MoRFoLdca - ?RoNUltEr;E
::
I lt hot I
S 880
iTr;;j:
{,,::; al the pl{l
, az ul nor ninit r \:
'. t alt . t - t ilt .n / l : | " ' r! ' oo\' :
; ; ; , i" , . " rl h n ," ' n i'l r" I , eor' ' ' ^ ,
$ p l l l ' n ro "- l ' Jr' l r' ri oro' rrrLL
i. ; , ' p, C r' :l i "
H .!nld
' 88 1
S
l" Jupi ar .'i lia' pronumelepcr:onalest€in acela;icaz ou
"o,"rr*ra!ir.
.n'i.'ri s.'r pr"rrln"l' rr ' F 'oFl 'i'
"ut,. "p
Sc ra spunc deci li:
,{i.\ sugLtslnrn1tr! Ltr nfur' inteffstifg ihrr }tint
?lkt ltno$lcdse .l ltrglilir rs gold as 4r'r'
i ratrre rne,r ;;tff tlan II 's tim
. . ! . . t: , r; ;. "r . , n,l . 'ah!
\",,." i o i ;. rp ' , \' ' r' h" rD rL '
"ii
! 882 A s o . , om P |lr a :
t kn.\t htr rcttef Ur,tn n' fkrr'ws herl
I k no\ t n. / be tl .. tl a n l l k tro (J /' L '
cl & ri Lateda' :d
ln c az ul c e\ t i c l e n l d o i l ' a c re m p l u , fro p ozi l i a ar ci ;ti ga i n
verbul onis ar li enfrinat', lic chirr !i Finir un hlocurior:
I l. ! o, \ ' . b- | . 1 d /, I' i n
i\iczi r'i S 1918)
{ 8SJ .U doiler vcrb tr€buie i'iotilea na exp nrat atunci rlod dit€rn de primxt
' " -" ." ti; , ' ; ' ' ; ; " od. s ru c i n d i n s u ti a p rb rrl P ' l c a l tul P ropu/-i ti a urmi i odre' del t
u r;rr ' a. " . . - i' r ut r I p"n l i n l u r;l F v.rl i ^l or ' rrr ' l rl pfl r^:
' u ''
Ue ts at l$'ortX lcss se'ious miidd l'haa votr at liLleen
Cor p. l ' i. t r " P o z i l i s J a i n -
lle is rl. twenlv lss s.ricns minded thiLnvou c''rd ai' lilteen'
A t enlLe r
persr' ral
{o 88.1 P ent r u a s a c u ro a rs t€o a z u l !0 ra rt tre } u i e stl 0i }; Irontrrn' l '
"" ." \P n' onozi Li € u Lptbul
,l u p" " o ; r n' r ' i' " , 4 r,' i dJ ' o rr' p l " ' b ' fl t' :
?ne? consideiLim norc ddpctenl tlu sld lconsjdeN]rin-rl /@
ii,;i ;;i;;i;;; i,'i- ii.i" tlan iuret oonsiderl
-.i"t*t
(V c z i ti S 2 t2 41
Siierrlr-.Xou.ge.thio ru.
Ile is ar nrch tauer than ,r.
\\'e a.e a! rrlev.r as rtun.
lVczisi S s7i)
dJ Oonctuzie.:in slilul coloct,ial, pro unele personall chiar cind este S 886
ul,ie: rd, iir'.b?ul nomin"ti\J r"- nu.. - d"t"r;ins d"ni"i oprppu/iii".
ia. t 1o'ul ,.ominatirului.lorma ecuzeirul rr. u rrrrr-i lr tFr"orn. l..i ll
loate pcrsoanele:
It nas zs \'h0 had been sidEjiAl.
\1'! sair him at l]|. corccfli al lcall i thirk iL nas nin.
U:c -Uother md Lr -\rnt lor a trial n in or. nNv .af.
-41: "I am sorn. I rPsret."
nd (exploziv) : ';,1t too! lu. tooIt-r. nDl" (NeE'anaiicitsi trutologici drr c. i.stru-
r.' ei.,pp 1. "r ", , 1". m . 1i"., , a ' 1.in,J r,-. ,,"
r r r. gir ilp A rJdJ , i",.ar i. ar d" o lor m ' - .: I r,-r" '( , d , I
'i 'rn
c r J J rdl n,'"q i l rr p leon. o", I c , 1. , d r , . r ' , lu t \ I 1 t , . V , r . T o a - . 1 1 ., ) .
I [Ii tl i n s , or . . i/ , naA .9 0 .
, P. C u t t . " 1, ; . ; Lt K t .h L , o a a o . p t" .
rD Jt'\. r ci,uz a. iv s iDr c D o :i l ,o n d l !l 9 i l ,R p s u IL .ra m-.i cri rarr orr\ .c.ui ,trr' .
1i\ 11li i n d ,i G aF f p \ . r . , 6ir - s ; t" i rr.,t.o ,,,,n ," e n i \s F n ,rr..b.rd" ri ,uJui .,,i i Joe
! nlru d 'f:n i ii da i\ ul. i. S 1 r0 p n a l o rma l ,i a . g 1 2 . p nri u tun. rl I i . d:.l l
u"nlr u .J-Irn iad,i z dl v J lu. S 3 " 7 p n k u fu n " .i"i.l ' .r' -l u i ..5 L i l I nl " un i i ni l i J " .,/ .l ' ,i
{l n l i .ba r o' bila. . nd p r.n u ,n h trs l b In a .u z a ri r.5 " 5p' rn un or i i : -l ,l 4l l
sendsoz {dat.) ,i (ac.).""Don't you slve ne. (dat.) t, (.tc.)." etc.
182
Erceplit:
Sul,\tantir',rl| pronunele iD dati\. firrl se urmnresle
-c\tzaIi\ I'rtctdti
jn mod sperinl H,'" tjrarea da'rir1rlui. care este.iJr a|easti s;rnarie.pf€cedat,
dc lr€pozilia t0:
I gaycl.Iero,,l ia..i io tur ldafl. not to r,, 1dat.r.
S 892 D, Dupe prepozjlii.pronunlelesi,n h cazul aruzativ:
.rbout li,. bI 4.,. oi !i. to ,p. \rilh r/rf,. eto.
Er ce p li,:
$ 893 Pfepozilia,/ poateIi urrratn lqide un qen;liv:
T r ja r.i :h l l d ,/ z i ,c i s a
1\_czisi $ 196l
$ 891 .r.,/ Pronumelo personal in fazul obi€ctiv este nrlrebuintiat idiomai.ic ln
unele irterjeclii din limba vorbite:
$ 896 IOLL-T,PROIITJITDLUI
PDBSO\.\I,
s s9? a, Plfi)umele personal este pus de obnr€i cit llra; dproape de aniece-
s 9o4
,,,"":,:":iliil:l?,'lliT;i'".i.,1lii'ii'""$xLt"'iii1f,:Jli*'"
t""'ilj;*t"""
!i pronunele posesivesint urmdtoarele:
I! ls veDs
Ii is tu. dog
Obser p&!LL
s 905
,.,"s{,1.x1?"iil?:Yill'{ii';*?':l:Yi?;lii:";'#"11
i: al neu s i dl ilu) .
ij , lt , e i: Ce F aL m eu e - i i r l U u l .
i ',t"r* g, *' t i, , t l ' ..' S ni ' i oddtl ns' dn l r' ' " Jmnr
"q i :,,r llr . r , onu, n "' T . rd' lr'm rr\ p o " s i r n u ' e ' ' i
,, ts 9i esi.si fornil cont.sl' ntr trn loseBrs'
184
Natd
S 908 Ca ii in limba romand. Dronumele Dos€si\-DoAte dre.{ si inLelesul de
..lamili..'udc. prie'eni. sau ..propriouare-:
H e { i l l a l (d 1 5 ,h 1 r \ fv L i rd r ol ror and u-. ..
I m' (- n o i l ' :tt0 rr' o , i e t* e e i n;i c ana 18." .
(Pentru adjeotivele posesive ln spocial, rezi 5i g 817, 911)
S 909 3) Gen,numir gipersoani. Promrmete
qi adjectiveleposesivese acorde
i n g F n. num J r s i . p e F o a n a . .u q u b s ta n l i v u l .src dpnu.n,qtp poseeordl .nt -,i
''u obr p,r ! r l pn. oJ d l . .,r' ' .a a .o r,l ; l n g o n .i nu.u. tn l i mba fomend:
Me has lel chitd: ii. is n,.r.
Da a.e coDitul cii este al ei.)
t/i? nas i"t chitdren; iiey are t.rs.
[Ea a.e copiii ei] stnr ai-€i.)
[ { dje. t ilul s i p ro n L rrn e J ep o s e s i v l ,e r" .re speeti v l rrs. si nt l a D ersoana a
3 a leminin singuLai i.a si pose-sorul sie; ele nir stnU acordate
!i c'u obicctu)
p u s edat , r / / d, c J r€ e .rp n p u tfi r ;i , i n p ri m u l oxempl u, l a si ngul ar, i ar i n al
d o ilei la plur dl j
$ 910 4) oaz. - Desi pronumele Dososil r€orezintn genirilul Dronumelui Der-
so nal. . l r ^ " t ' z ut p ro i ./,,i ' l F p F ;d e , IJ p c ;ru t ant" :i de.rtul ui saul d" .rmi na.
d c r olul ju. ht dc ;l j 1 p ro n o ri i i a d i rr ra re fr"" parte rvazi si S 826)
j ' Itz a (pron.,nom.)
. will x on lend . l a u N a t (a d j .,a c .)? t: ny.o4, (D ol l r.)]
rs
lh, . l t t at h?, a tl .- d r.r," r' i \ j !ro ... Iom. i s d g,dr re.to..,bi t,v.
/ ur , t s Nv lpo r --g v . l /s o r /a d ..d " t. s i -rri nst" " .brt tr,.J;n\;/r...
l t'ron. , dar I lns l i o t.s .
AdjFctirului pospsi\. in propozilie este d€torminat de rolul substai,-
-C0zul
l i vu lui ( . nu Hl p.h i \" l c n t.l u i o " ^ l u i J t p p trnqr .1r^ .ta ri , u cdrp formpaza
tm r up s int o. t i. . { \p /;
" \e m o l p l e d e ri r,r " u-" i l di " a. pri n
" ur.i r..1
I ' r . bf ^r gl zJ p p a d .l i d e : ' d \p )o ,.i o' yo," . p.on.. a..).
r l- r r b r n ||' ,u .rh o ., r.rJ t..d , p " p . : r et-s
- r l ook Jr t;s (pron d.. tf!f. Lo$.
Nat il
. T h" t . br o b. r /,..s r rra r" l e s , F tr Jt .i i e.,a un dubtu g6oi i i r.
\ r r p ex em pta :" /
I m r ai nl ,,l ra " ' ., .a rri .t,n J .a t l .u
T h' . o bu .rn .. a l t" " ;.. ...
N. t , ic t , r r . / l i (.,s e \? r r, j r.t.d-rLbr.i
y th ; Hansi ns eommi ti ee.l N i ci un radou
{ V e z i , p e D i .u d e ta l i j , S 2 9 4-196,:esl
s 911 5) Adj€ctirul posesivfzie Passestiae Adjp,ctire
).
s 912 d, -{djectivuiposesivinsole!leintotdeaun'1ut'
subttanltusannr gerundie:
This is mr./ stsrer.I ' subst.t
Do ).ou mird my smahin1l ! (+ seNrdiv)
$ 91 3 , J Ca or ic e a d i € c ti v 1 n l i m b a e n g l c z a ,a Jj ecti rut poscsi v rf,c,' da substan
!.,"F d " F fi ,,i n i . n u l l ,rfl ,' a ,,d ,r- i n l i rnbr romJri o:
'i t,rl T. , ,., a l
(Aceasr.ne;te pilirin nad.j
IlaYe i'ou patsd /oh crarn iJr maths?
/7 ,-a ' l ,r(u t e x a me n n l { l raLcmal i cl ?)
PRONUMET $I 186
// \urp.ri\L l p o.p .i!. s r F bdp. ei ; r nl: l dF ' u\ r n r u l o& I D r a p t i u 'r ' S 917
,dn inrrFirp id'"' no "sirul,ri rPsn".ri\' J-r.1t" nu '' rr"Ju ' inrold"lund
tn lirnbfl rornnni:
"TIe aii.l's Ora Boolt.": Llo m-r ,0a .ookirg.
(il11l,cseshRr'm.l
TheiL iltcrests are mr otu slrc makes |o 04? dfcsses
(Inl.tusele lor snrl ii alc mPlc) (lli fuce singnri ro.hiil-" )
L,r Adieriirul Doqesit:i gpru r-iirul. P r,"u ^hrirFrpdu 'ri 'rrl l pids' S Clq
optu dr\'
tn limb" p"rslezev' rbul prcdir.ti' ' Inlu'u: .rc ad'Fori 'u rr'
p€ Iingn care"sribiectulstn sub formaunui adjectiv posesivsau a urtur pronume
persolal ln acuzatrv:
r Do vou mind lf I smldr
deline: 1 Do you mind /y snaltzsl
i r r i, , uo, . r . ' . " 4 ., /o " th " tr' \t' tte q
1 wi llo. r . r t ' t" .: ' h .' r ro i " " ' / oon
't-ri n ": (\tuzi li $ 9l ll
m \* l J { : di r : i nsnmi
{
:
L o x l s e lrl : i er I : l " 9rj
| Insar
linRu (: s) I : in rsi
lrersell(- se) 1 : iNiii
(
Nrtrd iiserf {: {l : insgli
{ : i
I ' t Dsa;r
our*lvs ( ncl : biine
Pl. I ]' o u s l * s r= rri ) : nr_si ri i
I ilEnshas r= sl
onseu (: r)
I - l'iqr-
I - tns'tl
: ir$!i
$ $25 L) rn ",F,,; ,d
"t,.,t;.) - rrppo.:,,:. p.-"pJ. I dn onnozrr:i. 1.
n/ $i /rr. prnnunFl" -rl,p\i\ xr" ln1"lFtt ,1c ...in;ur.. dar.u ;u1 ," nit-r e
l,] a ." // | s in; r n"r ' . ol I s ". r n, J . Lbl
I c am e dt ll |J L) r D.
\ , \ n. r i . 1! r , 1" t ot _ n"i . o t i d. nim".i,
Sh-" did it n! hcrclli.
(A lilout o sjngDrii, DcajutatiL.)
" \ ez i il $ 1i; 0 .
SI PRONUIIILE DE r37
'NTARIRE
O bse r a a !i e
S 933 Prepozitiasepuneinaini.d pronurnelorreriproce,nu tntre elc ca in limba
Ci rrd n op, r i i' i. lnqiur ' ' i | rJ " I l ' o n l u ri i l ron.rrn.l " J" Inl ;ri r" S u:lt
' - r "'"r-i -l . jr l i, 1' o l " ri n ,r' :i ' J i i i l': e ' 01' ru .r- I rnl l
" '
cu deosebire preleriin ln limba ! orbitn:
t .lin it nleU.
{tm lilctl o 4. t'rtn, l
Ih.! \rcnt thete thtusele^.
/Cria. dt s au d6 acoloI
!lj. tired id the |loctr oL rlals st€ had desigtrcd/Fm,4.
ll-muia in blo l pe (am .d ,nsrift il ltorciavi l
, \ pr r Li_1, , lr , r ri .' ]
L 5a \\ \1 1|Y fu. s , /
i-\n vlzu fo.fti al ! e Uar ia. )
I sr\ llrr\ nrnl/.
S 916 1) Furctii. - This (thes(i)' rhar (thas') pol li pronumo sau adj€ctire:
.'his mY look LProa l ?ft'sa arc mI hoolis (Pronl
iiii" i,i,,i.'r'-.*iii".
's t-ra;.i 7/..rcbooks'ar.mitr,: (-{dj'l
ii.j iJ'-r''s"" te-".] ?h6? are nl.vsns iPionl. . ,
itur a,,r is tlai.i ?&'s' boxs nre dv sons l-ldl'r
'"r "l".
(I'enin ndje.li{c rezi !i S slsr
'1tcnlt. !
.:rl; C.r\rnlul thdt dre parru trrn' ii ptrn'ilrlp:
;i ;;i; p;;;,^" d,tia1tu ien; sraie e aeela.acer' cer, ac€ea a!ea'
tea), f ronunJati ";,,
iotdeauna ldetl':
fia, is ml' bol
?ftdr !&e ts dr'e'
b) prcnntlt rel.jtie (: carc), ptotlunlAt [o'eL] (forlrla tare) lilat
'tl
(forrm siabd):
Thi6is ure loundcr do4 thc laFrs \cff Niling about
.) nnjunxlie (: cn) ptonunl'atn ld'ell forma iate (rar inLrebuinlatn)'
l6atl lorma slabn:
He |ind me tna, he had |een lhcre
(l) ad')crb(: atit de). pronunlai irtoLdeaunr accentuat [6eL]:
'l'hc sro\t Nas /n.r high ia.lllnd inellid'"i otr mloal
S !rfR Zr -Formi.Uetr.\umnr.(az. " 7t'+.tl, . '/,r/ '/,o "uo'in:ur;forfl'
pnlnla
cenurite
. ir .azu'rle': ele nu sint dilerenliatedecit in
',"',t;;";i;
irrmirului:
S 9;4 .J) Irronunele ttis (thtsN). Ihat (tha{) sint lntrebuinlate li in lo'nl
denonstrstiyelor the l1.uer. thc lbrru:r:
Hc disliksl liolh dnosar'. rnd nanill,,'i lor 1nisis rs ruch oi a! cltrerne 6 dar'
ri-" r--nt...,1*l homelong alie. ihe c ldFni ltlie 'lrild'erl I'ad Nn al
l l ' $. , \ . i\ ' l t hn. th r" $ d I d l o \l \' 'ftcs'
'l
E r ' c eplt iel
La singulrr. pronumcle li;s li llnl nu pot intocui in acesl caz subsl'llntive']e
care llenunesc PosLrane:
\l-. coui.]n.t .lcci.lc brtieeln dre gtl a\\f rh' ba!: the ltrz' \\Ls us innrlligenl' as
ttE Fritt.
€ l; ; d' l i }p pen ru i
/ / 4is s ' , , . ' rn l i n rr-h ,ri n l s re In p r un r i d rr' :r ' l i rrmp
o p' ri od' l ;44 rrnrrosai
a re f c ht : l, nnz " n . r" I p p n u I d -' ' rn t
viitoarc, iegate de prezent ln limha ronand. aceasti construct'tc nu se t'raduce
decit rareo Ptln acesld, accatlal
Th.r is.r sl.onri bfrier. cs.ere^itgs lLn+ Sce you aaain fils di.r x'eck (\_'i-
zcnt) (Nd reledcn de asLeziinl._o sllunn'i )
(Vintul esLctnlemrc searal
He h.!1 bcer asal ,ris rvc.k (Tr.ortl she is eoinq lo Sinain liis month
lEste Dleori dc o sipLimiraL. {Se dro; lr Sinaia lLrna4..dsD.)
(-{ losi rlccat siPumina a0edla l
The-l.l,avc be€n norkn,S hard d,s lasl. Iou Fill rcsret jt one oln's
Itu luo, l t onr t " m ' n t i n Il trn ' 1 r z l l r (\l s-o rcs' e!i i ntr-o zi l )
S ) T his.
th6 p sin f^lo' ir ' '.i
1a r r nt "ir i' s 958
Tri s i s Jol, n S nit h. ? les' are m! childfcn.
{lli/^/d }ronri t. JolLn Smith.l (lli/\ { r.eziil tc copiji m€i.)
h) Thi,r (these)\i tm Unse) + ta ,, sc traduc prin .,iati": s 9;9
7/,;s ts sliat hc told me. T7z.r. ar. his lliings.
(Ia ti ce m i- a s lus . ) tIat,'!i l,rcNfile (nici).1
,.\l'hioh is 1-otrrpor olio?" ,.7/,tsts il." flior. afc ltis Dftenls.
lcre este'scrrii,t.rtn? lai o ) ilalli i Dirrinlii lacolol.l
Tnoas hoN ire heard about rt.
(latn jr c! fcl am auit desl.e ace&sta.l
,i) *This" l- pronlDclc relrti{. Toate Pronumelc demonstta- S 960
,si'thii'
t i\ F tu l i n J li ' , r - s r " J a t ,o u n ' p rp ,d r' ^ . , { p ,i r" ' du j " hrr:' l " P /} ' ' si
,rdt sint supuse aceleia,siuzanle:
lvhat is r/,is rno,. I sci?
is a ditTercnLnroblem lmn that (.tltuh) \\c discussednefor'
l"Lir
n r€ 1 ." \ n " l1n. b1ll" i n ' d l o ' k ' r,/&. tn h ' .n a t" an l ha ban' h d mi i
n8" /rha
Th p .u l l ^l; " lr n| . , . r . fl d r ' .d l -" ,,r' , i l " l d ' a v rh -t.t" am A l t
Na ti i .
Consiructiei thas. trho ii core""punde la singula? lr, (s au s,it, {tlD: $ 961
H. ( 1, . r r n do p . n u r ' r,i l o " o l F .p ,l tl ne" l ' .1 i P { pahd.
7f r ; - , ' n. J o n .. .i r!l i . o o l ." g " J ,j r,l p ( dl l l ^ F{ pdl al . (pl' s3. .'
Acestor constilrclii. socotite acum prelioase. le slnt prelerete urmiitoarele
conliderate mai pulin pretonlioase:
Thc siudctri nho doesnot submit...
StuiltsntsFLo do not s!bmil...
5) Adrerbe compusc. - Thi.s \i, that. precedate de prepozi,tiile after. at. S 982
L, t , , o [. o n . t . ) . ur an. r ' 1 k .. r' ' rn .^ ' i
in l n l o u i l e i n li nrbd ]i r" rrr6 " cri rS ori
oii"ial a "u FJ v " r ba . o' np. .., d i n a 4 \p rb p l " l | .o u th .rp-: tratrozi l i d
' F.pp"
,{.sif€l:
her . alt c r: a l l e r th i s
ili.reniter : alter thal
6 966 {) Functii. - Demonslratjl ele the fanrto l- pLimu) ldin doil pr in::
r<lin,loucr.prim ii sauprin',leldindor,igrupr,rirlsi 'l' tdtt'r ' ult.i rll't
ooi), ulLinaioin do r' ullir"i"u 'rlr m'l'rd;ndou:grLDUrrrlpol Irplo'l'
sarr adjecdrel
I lravereadBob's1\ork anil Jan€'s l ptekr nk funet {llol\ work) to /r lor"'
iJano,s).(Pron.)
'-- ine;"r";ked l.ochoose bet\on Sha$dd Ocas'): rn' /n/'/' snbie'r (Eh'tr
pelsipr, t h P 10 .t Ocd ld mori rp" r!'cdl
$&. \o ' p \ J
SAITE $ 972
(PROr-UIE S-!U ADJECTIV DE]UO\STR-!.TIYI
aceleafi]poate li
1) Functrii. Sazrc[: acelaqi(lucru),aceeali aceia-si, S 973
pronumesau adjectiv demonsirativ:
lrllatrrryNew Yearl" "The sand to yo!I" (Pron)
Thei ireharedin rlre sdmeway. (Adj.)
A tenlLe !
Intrebuinlarea pronominali a curtntutui sdrz€€ste condamnati in unele S 974
cazuri ca nclitirari !au desuetn,dovedind uneori chiar lipsi de culturd, spre
exemplu in vechiul stil com€rcial:
Wc liave Xonr aelvet and {'ill scnd sa',. at once
Samc poate avea li valoare de adaerb,cn sensul de,,la fel", ,,tntocmai": S 975
In his nbsencc work w€nl on i'ast E satu.
I leel thz sdne as yoo about teaohing.
Dimpoirivx, loculiunea all tle sdnd (: totu9i) exprime opozi-tie: S 9?c
A lhe sanc, I don't like hef.
Sdmepoate inlocui i a tntreagdpropozili):saa frazdl s 977
They alplied the Dcrvmethodol wo.)r,and I did the saru
2) Formd.- Sam€are o singuri form;, lari distincliede gen,numlr sau S 978
'l'hcv all s:rid the saue. (l'ron. neuhu se. ac.l
T hr r df r p op l " w r' - d ,i .' o n l a i o , o n l l ' p bu' ro l -i ol i _
1. \ dr m ac s i l e m l l n .m )
Sdnc est"eaproapc lntotdeauna precedat de articolul hot[rit. s 970
3) Accentuflrc. - Pentru accentuarea ideii' same poate fi precedat dc $ 980
cudnt€le ter4 sau sef (: chiar acela, identic):
This is ihe v.fu saa.r baa I lost.
S'" \.- r h, . " 7/ . dp. Li " l l I' a d m i o n p L r,,i n .
- Samcpoateii cor€latcu pronumelerelativ as(Y. S 1094). S 981
4) Corola,tie.
I Demonstrati{ulsdru poatetilsi clnd este treoedat ile adv.r}ul tery: "This is the
$r
198
S 982 so
{FNONUIIN DEMO\STRATIY)
s 989 SUOIT
(PNONLT]IE S,\U -{DJ}]cTY DEMONSTBATIV)
s 993 3) Inteles.-
s 904 a) Sar,t poste {i sironim cu demonstrativele this (thesc), that (tha;t.'
rd .n I lh6 i, r ha Dq, / l . or J i . L' \ ine , n s i l , l o r '\ 'l j r ..
Jr./, I ,:", onlJ r l, , ar ; n - od r Lr r ' ! I n J n n l o n l F I 'o ":'
SU(,lILIIiE s 1002
{-{DJ00rlr.} (= ascn'{ta) ! 1003
l're neto hen sr./r,^. iDlrdinccl
(Pror!M!/ (: as€nentn rrr.'rrr .\ 1004
He enjoJ.d rcading a lotr lovels, short sto.ies, plr$ ihfillers and nrnltne
s1012
.
v.PRONUlrE.-L!,.trr?JR:ll'*t';l'131"*tl
(TEE INIERBOCNr'r
;nt"togoli!F're f'rr"s de
t l0f3 I) Dotioilio'- PronutrI" t s r' r e ' h iv rlp n i't'j
'\'orbir- p ' t u t"' t
lu la ""ll'"
r
D r oDo zilien r p r ogrrrta
"""' "'-"i'-i'O'r""ri ' ; l
ixoiimat ln r[sPuns:
\ lv
..,"- / /i,., ., LulsfeA
''1 4h t ra d,r';rs l'
n;ii';;
-#ftfTl1*"ltf-',"-,f:i;i;i ' t olle'
l' forl
pe ]ingi un qubsrantivii FFrre:te
stl
AdiectialllintefoEatit'
- '.::ii*"*
nnei tntrebart:
"
^'o'
,X:J'i.::':;,t::,"'t!'"
*t ** ;;"1
intcroT::.:]r"i";:lt*'""'
$ 1014 2) Formi,.- pronu,rerefi $djcciirerc
ltlnol (: cinc?) 1\om l
are
aicui?
ac''?
t;n:ii laloi? 1Tj,xfllill"i::ll',1*l.",
'""J#"1llr {': Froda'i
s,'paL
\#,:\\ l=:itiil:ili t"fflg*i
""'
IFiilllil""';,,i";;fll'1..,0,',.'1"1.''''
lv 199
FRONUIEI,i S1
SITLr:\TLI,lCrU-{I.l.
1023 .rJ IYho lYhom. DupI cun s a mai aritat inainte. iendin-tade sinrirlr
ri'.-diir Iiml , !njhir drn.lrlul .o,.';"1 -rri. prr".ii', r.l 'rl 1'u '
'si
r'r" ,vhat4.tor". iiili\,.lui ri, rin?inJ.dinlo 'ri.., in l^d. iru-lrr '
^,,
torn,' oLip.,i.ur..r.,r',/,. r la pInu^FlF )i cJ:p'riv.ln i.lp,4,d i\ '
'r
ls,FlFrFloti\F. I'rrn I9'o. l.l"rr.l 'idpir.. s in:Lorq,ri1". r"1'. i: | .
saf€to prophesJthat within a corple ol hundr€d lrom now noi el et Lil
-l'ears
nost leirned jurist t'ill be saling''l|hom did yoir see!" Evoluria actual'l
acestui pronume confinni adel'drul proieliei cilalo.
' L d I.i -at Jrd J - t f / . , i. I " \ n. nr ' . a! r ' . Jt,r. !ro"urn.. nri\..- o t,,' r
?1 "qtp tn"r r, ?,o /,! n "i ! j , i t d . n obF : nanim a t , r " e r r . ' u i . . j i r ' - l r '/ , o .
tit pl,\.: '"'"+od ..r i. 1"i. |lpl. n6r am ali d l . / l i d , . t r o r 'r n . _ u : r 'l u r r .
"\.o u. \rfe'
"tanirL I Ul
tyloi's the time? [: urhal tJ...]. 11'r just s,ac live. I: ll no6 6',8...1 r' S 1::'
186t,
3 Citai de Drian Fosier, The Changing ErylAh Ldnguasc, p- 2al, 19;t'
PRoNUMEI,I Sr lv 201
j!i,.r,,,?J::lJ:i'iff:J
"
",,;'ii,lii;,ill:ff"1x!?l::,,""1J1,:i.ifi?x:J;ji;
s t i tut i nfannatIcok.aiat
{ro.ntt sau scrjs)
. ri $bi.b "i $hat c" nanrir "., m,i su. r$ t^t_ tu22,. t.,r".,t,ir,,bdri q t0Z.l
ln stil,rlIo ,,at. ni.j jn c€l Loloclidt.
;r"':
irlj
',r.i
r;*';irl#:,
i ;ir.lr'',r,ililr ;ii,,,i".i^;;;;;
o'"r"u' i,r'ii;,in:li'li"r
,
;:i;":r"'lij
(,:;;;;il,l'i:li#ii:i i;il:
c, Which - Nhose. cenitivul o/ eht.h. ltni o lorma
p!re dp.Fl. rnai pred greoaie. { 1096
m rlrn ori t,,tocuit, u'it,F.,,n.,1r, Dr:
Thc cottage o/ o,,ri.t Lhc sh,ttqi arf grlcn js lton\.
Esto inlocuit,cu:
iii';iii#E,r,,;'ii::1;::
i;fj,:;it'
(:::i'i;;,.ili;,,,,."",.,")
T,rP ro om r1".. t a9 r , , dv . - ir
|lr. ro om .,./i . d . t , - "r . . b"y nin4oq . -
Inljrogalia diro.ri \i inrlirccta.- lnrratbr;t".ar",onli,,
. ,, li
€LrJAsrr\. pronu,,,pqi { t02rj
Inl"ogr i\p. r r d' JuIA htuflr ,tirp. _:i inuirrctc.
11,,:i:1L;;;';,,11x,,:,i,,;X::,:i;'
"'',u "i:::',:::":i,:ix,,lii:tl':ll,iliTf
| '( J ' r "l"'
,,/.n \,, I _l I r r t , 3 . n
r \-czi R .
Q ni. k c l. at ia.
909
AtP,nlie !
ver\ul sau aunF
6 102? La jn orice propozjlie interogat'ive'tn interagalia'l'irectd
" liarnl /r.t,rdii subieurul:
\V "t h g m' aa 'Ptul:
'"" f ido al l|" d o o ^"r r
\ \ nul n' ' 4"
\ Vhu { l 'tl'ald / P
propozi'ie interogativx' ci declara-
ltt interryali'1 indl]ectl' carc rru esteo
I i\ \ Prbrl se PunFJl/Pn 'ubi"' | :
", qhd ln ' ) ! tu t ro""l "Jk
T lm
iP h a lJ touan at th" uoot
'
I r ) l' d h - sn o In
Sn o d o o "r ' l "1 o \ s n /l fto r sP '' Lh4 s"rP Io
''
'r
t9 5 1i
{ V e z i ;i S t0 5 2 ' t8 9 l '
inloroeatit' "' '
DO ln ixl' rosd!ii' Cind pronum"l"
s 1028 ?r lttritiurrrt
ji,i':"a"a:""1i\ Jl inrFfofairv Ll"t'tmin; 'ubiP'i-ulnu 3e inlrcirurrr-
.rr
'"1' propoziliil' in erogr'iLP poriLivel:
iil,r" ""'ri'".i;i Dti in
l7lD thitrks so7 loD:
lt ' t t "c s o1 r am " or '
ju l n o {:
|, l, t r n s or nun ] ooLed in
l'"ta' l3l! n"'1 J""rProar
:
propozi'tiileinterogativ_negabive)
E 1029 Se spune insd (in oazul obiect'ivsau in
I":#,l':':"
wn!! i:"'i:"*'!
1):; d: t lh" Por ' m 8 n g o '
W h h "a'
f;,,iYil.,':'li %xl'n"
7or ohom did he want it?-* '
At ehat are loulanghing?
rotulpecare
este
.{cesta il
prepozilia
curentriinsn.
"":iirt['ffi,il,ii1'"x'rgli:i,
esie I
1031 In aorbiett Prepozilia
Ilrl'o is Uiis |ook
I/l;n school does'/r he conc l'o4'
Itl@ did hc $dt it lb'r
t{l'i#""J"-]"""
;-,tri,; l::
::*: ##}1i;'
:iit*r;lii'*l:3r{
lrr s'ilul Ln'iliat sp lnlllnp' rl r'
1032 9) lronumele iol'rogaiiv compu' exnrimd surprrnoerr'
t/'dl
mele conpu"p: i)rLotPr' ettt';r "'/ li '"/ 'sre
nedumeriri. indignare elc :
tthD a1-: ,tp ,in"': wl". -"'.,ro d
"rounill'i :i"iJ:'",
f;:'::;:'i ,.::::" :"' ;;;;" "::,'s r " n'a,',r?
po?ili\ nu r upr ind p o n e g a l r P : ,.Cine
oede acediar". :.
I ln
"roe ,l ia . d c l_d' r er cio'nu
"l* iffig,qit;" Jii'i"oon"s'fr' "'r"0'
Scrise tntr-un cuvini fitlo-€r€.. 'xhicheaer)t ,haterer)rt pronumele intero- S 1033
sitire deroti ljps5 d€ cDlturS.Insc s, €'drrtDtrcbuinlatpentru aseaccentua $l{)g4
prnnurn-lai'rre'og1li\'.n,r Fsle puq llngi pro'lrn":
lfha e,et aadC,have known the rcason?devinein sc,is:
Wh, canl.l,erd have known th," reason?
10) Conshuofii idiomatiee $ r$6
Cd Xou tcli mc @ho'sqho?
lPoli si-ni srli cinc slnt c.i dc faF tEr sr I Lr' I uu 413.',
asta?l
lsau ocj dcsprecarese Yorbeqte?)l What abaur t show?
(Ceai zicc si ncrg.n la un specla|ol?)
lAluarul notanilifililor) Johnny'sdrawerx'as luli oI ma.blcs,njls,
nsils ard wrzt ,or.
(ti€rl.arul hi Ionicil €ra Dli! de lilc,
Itna, ,ind did h€ colne? penile, cuie Fi cn, air.,,.,f
(i,a ce ori a v.nit?) trhdt of thot! sat What theh?
i ]]i i i ? C c i cu asta?)
I d.n't know tuhit:h is ehn:h.
(Nu 1e lo1. deoseni.)
l]'rafs the Xnglish 1o. lhis? l l e k n o { s ," ftul s @ na,.
(Crm s€ s!u!c la accasta in fngh' i s ti c c l s e sc dcscurccl) sau (D l ]e
H. 1n111 me nax (ha|.
(D a r tu ?) il\{i r ertlicnl 'hot
dedrNbiuril-" cliestiunii.)
(M-a l u s l a ruenl .)
Ate n l i e !
"$${',:;ff iffi'ffi"#ili
J:ltf.ffi'x1':}L'J"f
."0,1:ll,tll,::'*,;f,,';::,'f
estc subieci.l
!a!e.m.trtioned
iy'3'l'"i#l'lll,gl';"1"+3i"I":?'i:li:"1]"ii.l?f"""1'"i
l Pru' umere-,vhi"h. inro'ui Lorulr,i'
ditec-t in propoziria €t'ibutivE- "Nl ",*"::i' ;;#' "f :f; liPnT;li
;'"1,",i.:
dFt'rmin5:
1049 u l" ,lou: fu;"lii tol li .(bJ al" pronumcluirclativ
6 7 p"-.o"' nu'rbr-ul a"stuin'
" 1i
r04r li i;;.'J"i:'u,^^"'n" ;:;
.,":l,",l"lTi'?"T11:,""",{lfii;i;,
.a"iiuj'e,,npe*oa"n
li"j;'J:'ll"1l:;T:ii"'.i,uji.*:;";;;;l;"";;;,-. ;i
lD numdr:
,or. r' l\'dJts ldre g"Ls ulrpn rrold d'
/'ii':rio 'no
o a ,r m olhPr , . inDoL la! ou_ \ d
Par lY r iq' r s $io r hP dav '
il'u#*
"n "*
-;tr"tl";:P"fl
l"J" ill;"";o
Obserr&!Le "T,iXot'i":Ti.ff'l'l:#:
$'* u"n"liilit"J:"i:lT'n"*
",1"t$ll,'"T"1T;*:"l"lTfiJi"i1
s- ,ors"" "1i"c""",."""11:"Jl"cT,t l:'::#i:i;;":,|:"Til:lil"$?,,:",;'""
a cps t sll joac d in p ro p a z l l d d tn ta
ililf^-:*l"JJ'iitl1;:':1,:t;;il';li;3i*i'ii"i,T'J
Lomple*ent direct' sau indirect'
'u" t"'d ' is lor lu' o i s s i s . rPro\Prhl
r nod r laus hq J l m
iij*"*y'*jr'lrt"iJ'J'l;il"'j'xi'i";"?$'"5fl1Ahica
'orol
animaleli lucruri:
'.o''
106l t) penlru persoane'.
* 6 i"5 ' 1 i p. "arel {nom $i a"l
ii."'l';",{ir,,l:,::;i;,:;"0;\fi:rtiJ';l#:l
r.'o:, d*'*" -'',' I::
decii la
il ob se relern mai d€sla inanimate
(;;; carel (nom !i )
i:
"",nl' ; ; " " , r ' , ' ] o n .o ' rr d' { sa" \ou' s' n" '
rh . p L ' o rt' ' s o o d
il*rUll'lt*:l*+lf{l$liii
Pft' esLesirotrirn cu h' tt'hd' este
afatlar un pronume indepen-
S fOff Zi U*-i
.
H rt"n ,
q h , rp ,ai\ | ' hr 4 lr " h a d l " n l h i q s k rsh , u d q b i n d i rq
'| a " d. on.
nnt i" m . 'in n ta a I ta ry d ,h a .l O) ' t.,n
We lrave no idea who c]]ntabol.a.tes iiLh @hn.l,l
I don't Lnorr pna he is wriiins dbout.lbl '
U n p o ri rhiar s i or p. p d J r d o tra p o z i l i p l
"It js rery imlortdt." "To ohr?' LOll
Pp n L ru a s p ev it s inlr F b u i n l rr.a p ro n u m " l rri J r\rcn. i n rtp Je dr.p" ri l i e,
n h o ea Jl @ l tjl in) o. ui" " { p c b i i r 9 i In l i p s s u n p i p re p o /i ti i :
Tcll me wno you watrt. (: Fhom)
Ttr"F n no on. ( , t h. ) tru .l o n k n o w ,,re . I \' o ..
A t l }p .lub , n , hould I r:n d b u t C ,ra l d : - \h o m
ll A i q n pv prin r o ppoplph n d i s ' i l " r. | !h o n , O l n ta ' u pf o q.bqranti vr
"\ a
- . qohcu
l way shnppi r bdb y ' i 'l i n g b .trtd fp , s h . . tn , rn or, s" ,. ti dF.,
" toa.
u^ rnr 'ip n - r nr ( r en l
Wh o m p oalo I ns a li S i p ro n u m . i n d i v ;d u a l . d " .i 1p ctor6tor, tdra snta-
c cdc n l (: h c Nhan. t has pN h o n ).l n c a rp .a z n u .)i i .cl F i nl o.ui t. ci pretFra. :
l.I'non the sods love die youDg. (Prove.i)
(PBONUME
IV]IICII
ADJtrCIIv IiE'ATIY)
s 1059
iI
'""'llf*.;"
hdd bat lent: to)
(;i,fJ,
iji'i1,,,
flJ,li
U,.:,t* i::il ETf"
s1064 ,","",Ifx1,.,,,,
rlai poat' \nlo'ui' pronumdc
61065 ll ftrlrrhuirrlarr. P|irumple rFloli\
r'""" inoint"un"; propoTi!.iid"t rntit'ai'rP' '0re oupc
uha.,,l,a*..1,' n ts'n"''oi
," .ri.. p'r" ab''l rr np'P'Jrd par'rru'l:'rrar.eaInlplj
"u*
t'h ih)
;:ij:i["i,ilI..
ti rit,ilil"r["*!il)
i:i,;4, I s ar it t o s t l rL
'
l hal " 1-!" :.p-' '
S
t 106 2) Cdz ur ilo in c a rp !e i n l r' h u i n !' d z i l ronumcl o
'""" 6 . plF lHll" l ro n rrm p r" l Ari \F i d " u rp bi rp rr ' rrmi ' oarFl p ' azufl :
i "f* ri
a7 dr r pa r r n r\i n l re ' e ' l l ' tr 1 I ' o t" P l
A f 06? '
ti!"'t rh" r ! - ilnl. la',.. "*|'
'if:,,i ';;' i i "r '''r "n"
\'''!'\",','o,i;* :':"l;i%iYi;.i',
$ 1068 D) dupn r mcrale]e ordinale:
si" rr"'.,1,, f,,,",r, iliil not kno{ wnaL'nrss nedia" mtant
"t.o.rt,rd' (l€ urr adjcctiv ir gradut superlrtiv:
s 1069 r:) dupn un subslanlivcaliiifnt
Ii N*'Itu l,ris"/'rrrdiv lriarl \re hrd on onr tri]'
'""i:',i
,*gj;m*rill;,**;,?gt:irliii:lii il''33'ii"i{:il't
.H:f;Hl':i:
5r rELArrv 209
^DEcrLvr]r
N otd s 1070
D€ remarcat constructia irtiomatjcii de mai ios, tn care prol1umeletha''
imDreurj'.u verbul rFspecli\," inlocuil prinrr-uninfinili\ slun'i 'lnd snte-
,.i.nrul lui crc lori esic pr".Fdbt,lF, un r'um"tal urdinal un superlrliv s€u
uDa din enpresiilethe anl1J.rhe t'erA:
Chdmoolliol $ i" tt" lt$ 11 J PI ' F hie' o; l\ pls o n r h " B o 'p l 'l 'n "
;i; ; ; i";ii;":,
to;i
oi'n ' . op' t lt ot hlos v t " i " p 'r r 1 r " a J e 'r d F G A r r a l
H " " -' ;ler .\a. /, /., I No,-nr - ; n ' o d' : ! P. a t
r."' . i, t"'' p ima I m "i" r ' ' ". dLr un i l' buz r
' l.v ,o rrm" ,a h rJ..an" "/ or t ni r h f ", ". $ds Lm L s Tal"" r
iLi,ii' t ii.. i. , op. "r ' I por ni' F , , lov p s r i r i rur La-m!r
'4"
Th" " or' ., Ens. h b vo l. t o - anne' / lu l' ein1Fr 6 t t o L l r a f r \ r 'l ' s p r , r J '
\rr prrPre
,r-allllF p^ sl ,;5 li 'l"rrt Lia! ' P. ol Put l; r "Nnodo" I n p 'r o l o r
d P re ;tru .le lur O\.ar \\'ilde l
q h s.' r /i,,,/, o n @ r o"oA t r ' ls I s l
srrru , L;" d ,/ d bin" plgl' r ' r l" r
'F rr ws i/re *ry nrn i. do the job.
He
(Xra omur td;.al ca sd ,ndeqlif;e1ld sanina d.r1t )
li::j.,.fre;:iyirIJj, j;i"ffi"ri;*r-_
''"..Jii,l;:';;l;iilr:"
\h o r..rit , " ,1 8' r'r l1 l
'l!ll,:,ii.'r
r I nr ' . ' ' - i' n " oi lr u q h a r 's n
'l
r p ' "i I p'
' : Li d Dio ,,,,,'rh 'll "
pl,
",4,1
' \te.c Fcscnt ag.etd "
! Car nu llnr alsoli't nfoesa.. reftrtr clariiat.a lrazci 15 ltal)
MORFOLOO _ PRONIrMET'E
910
rle o prepozilieJdeoarece
s 1078 .r) cind pronume,leIeI,rLll'.{rsteprecedat, 'ilx,
.,, oo.rl. ii pr-..,lrL ,1" pr"fo/rln'
r a n , a r . , ,,,i ,4 \d . " b " " 1:l r1 r':, "' n11""
,,,1...
t\ri lir ,;"'rili"
'"irJi;fiir
#i:'i,,,l;,;';ii'"
i\ L sc Po atc \fl r r ' r :
' f he t \ nr D
" " "1,
.IVHAT
s 1083 (?NONU]IE SAI]'{DJEC'IIV IIEI2ITIY)
o b se r r a lie
atunci clnd antecedentr'esie
5 1086 Pronumcleivhat e$telntlebuinlsL numai
neprecrzai,. vag:
I doI t lnoq r ' oI r o r X
Com P ' "t P r ' "P s l i k P a I 'g
' ar
'.u-.r"r
', "' s I08.Ij 7.r6rr.F-r'nrur z
i';r. r064r.
'1";1d4.'?i1
--
C'oi iiit*l"inl"iia *lati'"lolldr tr *hr'a c0
r Cons t t uc ti ath e Vl h a t c s re
PRONUMXIIE ST 21I
\ se o b . pr ! ' . s 1r pro p o z i L rrl p' a rp ' ' 1 l i n ' u !i n rcl F /' ' r si rr' 4l ' ubpns
.xcla-fl ri t. I n gp' c r F . u6i " tl u l l n .o r0 ' r' u l i ' n b d rnr3n; orp' F' l a prp' l r' e-
tul.
4) Whst. That.- Adescori .'F' din e\0tFirlP"tot ccea'""'
pronunrclc S 1091
r.s d u c F p l hot D u' rx ott' 4' rr'
g rp ri l i n u \l ' l u l
.. c eva r" ...nin' ic r c , ' . . F "
t hine . sa n ;h ; r a- r r l, hir " . o rn n u ' l p l r ro n ' i n ' q c ..' p nu ,' rFda nrrn o' or'
pi i n rr'a t obi" . i n" r p ri rn rt In c J Z u l rri \):
ci t de ^bi
.4r 1 d , , € h . r ", . i . n o , s,rJ. t""- ;",1"":...
:;:.-;" .,:,:"i:"lj,l
io, pa & s ' . br u. p, . , n .p rra r'
,N,, *' ,j l l l T " * , n do.b i . bao.\ don" .
i ^' ; ":ij", ,;'ij :,# 1 1 - ' " \i .i "o;",: , , . ; t u - n . p n r o "1 1 L
.
5r What. Wbi.h. - Ilelarir"lo '" poL rredure ir .lirba $ lo92
prin rirrn, a' rLaloa'Fstp p'unu'nc rrrrrndlo'ul unFl
cnsleznorin ,t/,d/ 'su
:"" ,';i i"'1, 'lin Fa'?lTlrarn' " inse tntrpburna irun' i 'ind
"r3t-irii
irobozitia urm"aza $hi'h 'lnd pB pr'cJ;:
"i
l,fidrlcou lJ l .nd .\r r ' d \ t J s v h! t l r t r d ' Dt r "Pa
ft4q \o'! tut rr:t P" ,hi h I ' ldr' I n l _' nd
I ?tdr ,,nt,n estc ocuir IDin pronudclc .r,ar li siil,l colo,i'ial: $'rrsi nc sai.l ods
*i8r.rL"
atuoi iitrd anteocdcnrulcstc o prolozili€ san larb dh accasla
"rri"t".
219
S loel o'r".""*""**-,
E r0 r ;
t _'"- I r F unc lii . - ' 714' ' s|estP d r e l uo ' l a i X \" il' ;l;;i*" " J" ? ' i"ii:" i:' ' ;;:
t " r ' p'
pe circ le urmeazn'
' """
"u,l
Qhich ti that'
*i'1"'1;'nn*''
Ill,"liuiJ"""'i'H'19""1#
t'" L i' :
*'" rdvprb'au 'onjun
i"
"''"" "t' ^ ?,,"."
:'fL'i;"pl;''i;;li,i';'l'l$
li;;' njt".,'r,;,
i::.;if,l":"; atit peniru
asseintebuinleaze
rerativ
$ 10rG
""tJi1":iiJlTi?"iilTronumeie
! loe? ,**o*n "JJ,o".o"
lntclpqnpgaliv Fi
- B't cu veloJrpdP pronumer'lsriv' arc
s 1098 l) iolelrs'
" ,'tore 3' nu':
"""'l""lrrw
"noa"
J#,*'f'"ffiTit'J#"Ji1""T""x}'':l
' ,,- '^-- u
E10sei
-
jtutrerruinlare.-,-4,,1f
jii,Tii.{iutii"Xgi.Tlit"";ji:il't'*,i
I
hmD
" buinlet Si etunci nunrarln
lsl F tF:
'olo'\ rronumFrctaliv bu' mai
$|roo i,,l^Yli::,;
,'i :'si:;,i.too:poirrbdbr'
ii' "5 mu"n
-'i*"t 'ur ="U):
bt od tPr b\= dcclr' numai){
r lir h bov
H" is . nor h i n g 'b ,r
= a f6 r, d e. daci u | = .t" ppt)..
"/*:'""#ilhJfi n;?T"'lu" *'"*""*
'
(t) e nantial: dar' insn (olieclie)l:
iour lalk is ldll ol
'rrs
rlrJXCTlrELE RllrflTf,
r'A PnoNU)txL!
,Ltrlj cIrESTruNrnEl.trRlTo 'E -sr
s,,0,,,ni:".J*:l1"it,"J;.r'","1,.\
linili 1l # *u ::i* l;i ilI mlffit
PsrP.!
relstr! trtD dnc{ Terbur
::l';;'1'l';""J';"
Ii: :'.:',:f ; ::*":;'.;"
ii
Plor pqle
AlAserea tnlrp p"rsordlli itufPrcorclln raz'rlt'uhqlaDlir 'olp'li'F
lacuia ti gon.r" 5,i fun.1i" d" iirFnlis !orbirorului scu o s'riitnrtlui'
2t Eti-osapronumeluirelatir. (Pronumolorelaliv zero folrr' S I lol
rclsti\' poale fi clipti. r'uD'i qli in raLut obt tt'
d/ Prbnumdp 'ind indisf"n'ol)itd
si cfni propozitl" din cere la"" r€tl";d" J t rminotirn dn
in{elesuiuifraz;'i. Anpasl6 alip'6 F oncl€rE spronpP inloLdFduna ln 'r'rLul
' cnglezrr rn
coiorvial:i.on.'ituip o.ara.leriqricd d lrmbrr vorbrrp dc nosrull
Anslia:
" T h. Lo\ $. _tThAI .l n o $ i . m J -F r' n e w
" bi o J rl o a w " In " r" l
, in o. " d. .
'Ih€ iactor! we aisited iv$ er.cted quilc rccentlX
Iln loc dc:'"Thc lactory @li.t we visiicd. "l
lnp . 1ild r n r s p o k p l o i s m v d a u c he t-s
t i" l; ; , t ; , - T i . .l ,i l d ro ;t;/i v o u ' l o (r' I
I did' l t f ind r h d p a p F tu)n u $ F re l u ^ l i n s l o_ . . .
_. l h P p a Pp Fi o _ ,n ./l
r lo loc d" : ]o u rv rP rookrne
, J Pronumele relaLiv n & poole lnsa fi omis cirld este sabie'l sau clnd pro' S 1103
p ozili i pr y lic at i*i. dc ' i n u e s te u s c 0 s a ri l n l e l e s ul ui frazei :
"ste
T hp bol , n g n 4 re J J rp j x s ru w i 5 .my n eth w
qr norv ...
[ N- ' . poar ps p u ra : l h i b o J tn o m p J l
'r
L. r ' " \ : s it t h. tu .ro N ri i " ft i s o n o ,r s J y .
_ L " l . v i s i l l h . Ia , o ty r" on
l\ u - " poA le.p -n F :
T h. nap" f t idt i . o n_ Ih l h p l a l h i s l o J i ).
e pdp r L l \' { 3 b l P rs rod,l Jn j
r \ u: ; " poar es p u n " : ^b
in F ar h t, n I b l s i D !F n
Ct ul ' n _ C a l i D l 1 l h " r I S' aasrd i n l h' . -l
t Nu " " podr es p rrrP :
T hank v ou |or J o u r n o r' q l ;c l I r' " i v F d J psl nrdov'
t Nu " e loal. s tu n " : " T l J n k J o u l o r J o u '
Es c e P lii
A se olservauneleerpresiieliptice.loarte colocvial€,intilnite in vorbirea S llo4
ai" care lipsescf|onumele relative chiar in cazul nominativ,dupi
"u*"tA.-
it is, there is, who i^P:
//\ th F !d_ r br r , l ls \ i' \ r c lr h"' t "' ' v ot n Ol
/,' lhp r'..'l I n"r l 1' 1 l"_' r ' r o' O
ii"""'. , on lh' , ' ho_r ' q1, " s an ' l " ' l k 'n \ " 'r Ol
Jl/, \ds """'.
rh ar \ ' r J t nn' k ' d J l " doo" ol
ll09 4 P r oou||r r lf rc h l i t :i n re p o T i l i i . - C " n l orrn r' .:ul i l or:rar " ,i ' l p pr-
Do rit i" t r Lbui" . i D r" ,l i n ro n rm" l " r" l 1 i t p" ," ro 1l In' uLP : a, .\' n ' l i
i e Euii r im ine ins " i rts L i l a n u mri l n l i mb a s e r i sn.l n stj l ul col ocvi al . prepozi l i a
se"punc lntotdeauna .lrrpd verbul respectiv sau dupi complementul ]ri djrect'
The lainting d, ,li.n yor $cr.looling is a Dcgas (itlamatical colect in slilnl lormal
'1
u. , r ' r in! \ i r,i .r.i \' o u w -f ,.o l i n g , i . d D g. r' i 1l o' fi ' r
r r,.' i ;,.4 ,- l r' r..\; | ..rr." Li .m" r ' ,o.. I orn.Jl
" - ' ..r ' . , . _s , ' si
trdditiunal /rrrl
' 1 . " : s p. ' , rd r' $ l ' o rn ,l l 5 .r J o u r ' er ' , u " l o^\bl
lV.zi ,si S 2390)
Cazurile in r,are prepoz;lia sH intotdeauna drpd verb slnt urm{toarele'
1110 al cind pronumele relatiY nu este exprimai3.
lhe, r ' " t r ot hia e ,$ i " l ,l o ' ,v /o ' .
Tr'c aitlor .i it,i rjN-Ihonciic Diciionary is TlIn hol. Dani.l Jones!lwh.{d]l
Jotr must hare lrcard aD,u,.
1111 D) oind pronume.le relativ intrebuinlat este rrdl (dat fiind ci nu poatc
fi precedai de prepozi,ti€):
Thc nrrse rho, lhcf sclt /o/ $'as on dutv at U,c hoslital
ft? animnls ,nar wc show kindncss,, al€ alsav6 graielul
jn sine
1112 Pronumele ttftdl este un caz special deoarece cuprinde Ei antec€_
dentul. l't:l,ar: that tphich, thar lliid anteced€ntul, iar oliicD pronumele rel€-
tiv.
111e Dacn prepozitia se releri la ani,ec€dentfrralJ, ea estepus{ numai inainte.
Dronumehi pftdr. dacd se refere la Dronumelerelativ fttliictr' €a poat'efi pu:;
inaintea pronumilui rrral sau dupiverb (adici se conlormeazeregulii q€nela1
!i uzantei de mai sus):
IIe ncv.ir {greed 70 i,la, you sugsestld-
(.Animate (;,";;
Pr'rpozi!iadrlerminati'e I fnanim"r" \rlri,h -#'
sho.e -f#
lrblll
rintoc'ri'p /ldl o ri' rr r' uz"ti t'
onrls"shom, $hi.h nrin
{ | alrcrn.rirp a' r"plrbi)o in genprei ro'rrilFpri- r/"r/ ornF in '.uzlriL'
i i rle oloieeiomisein vorbire I ol
NotiL
din 1-oF
i' 11fE Propozil,ia €xplirrtif.i. neljjnd eseniiah irllelesului . este omisi
rire\e 'uvrrlp
birta toirr" aU,"ii' i, a\^nrudl o ln
"p"rrr'i "r "rpli""tia
i"t*"t" O" a*^iece stilul coiocrial erte format drn propozi-tii scurte'
"*i.
iiiii"i" ri,i':.- neavindnici subiect, nici verb' ( S2743)'
"i" "a;.;ori
A ten lte !
S lllN ln prnpozllia4 1 JF"i penrrrr pe''osr' proaun'"lrpin,-''"7rr1
"'" 'tatn0tird
I;" ,i". ,""" o '*t" . ',\ ir,r. 'in l;-tr" 0d' "^ri rm:, t' th4t:
"
",i'
""-;' . l t . d ' ! o"lr :
" | ) \' f,'
ii#iiiT;firllJildt)il1.T.
lii
il
,li'1,:JXl,iil",,lilli
| r
u'0.,."
!r;'tiru
:r'l r^
n-,s,!!i
;,l"iil,,
,am'),
o,u " ..,,-.
ro.uAp,les
T,',X'"'i*l:
sne is rn; ('-.sr Nornanda' lras'r.
elcr ootncnv Nav
RJlT,lrttl- colllPlls
s 1120 Pno\uuEr.ll lr,{DJxgIl[L'r,
$
t 1191 1) tr'ormi. - Relativelc rft' tvhich 1i what impreund ou ^'tl:lb:l:-1'
"" qi l";;arlJ".""-" *r'ti'" c*e o'i on cu"actermai general'
i""i"oJ; decti formele simplel Unii aulori consideri acesLeforme ca
"o"'pose,
""'",:;;iiiii,,t"i,r;'"'*Ll;l'lr,x.:ll$,'i"tl',,';,I{f},
"oltote"rt
liind pronume nehotdrile compuse:
*'o'"*
"'""'
i'iiiii2i r':.l,li",lpcl o'ricaq- tiep qnieLahak'ershesavs . ,
( 1122
-- Fo n€le compusecu so€otl tthosoewrf: (pe) oricinel' rphicl*oepe
" t r o .f ^r ica r - l"i'-rars, ''l I ori'"r sin l lilo rs t pri d o s u-e t pslnt lntre-
t" rrga ' 'iJ"lnei" .i'.e'i"t" vhasoe'c' ihichsoe'erSi ahdtsae'cr
buintal,e
"""'P;.;-;i;in stilul Poetic.
S 1124 .o-p'* au antecedentulcuprinsin ele:
'"i"Ii"" otit)e careJ
rhae'er \- P{mani
ohiche,o l: ari'c tlinld sae luc'u care)
(tdrer" l: oflcc ruc'u ca'c,
$ 1140 Altcori anteccdentul este cuprins chiar in pronumele relativ (cazul iur
wlal ii al pronunelor relative compusel:)
I doD't kno\L on01 i tt\aL i, ch) tLc Fanrs.
Ilthoer.r t, h. Nhol is l,on.si. tirJs lis detjts.
S ll42 1) Iclinitie. - PrcnrtrLtk n.hotiirit li]lc toeui unei denumiri cle tiintn
s0u ,la lu, ru lr , i rp .- rFtFri tn r,o.l rag. neprp"ir.
.. .,4djeLtioul nchotirit dFLun caracter ragr nodefinit substantivului pe care
1l determinn.
S 1143 2) Pronume ;i adiectiy. ,, trIdioritated Dronumelor rchotarle Dot ti
Adi", ri\". {\./i e\pn1pt"teri
!i "r,;p iij" t. lronur,.t. r..p."rir.1
$ 1144 3) PriDcipalelcpronume,si adjcctiyenehotirite sinr,:
( d) . . f r lRinJ . ru i . .i u s rF (1 r.. a n u mj trt ,l { .dj .j r\-?i si
S 82l l
c af o" ( : : lr e.a rP )
T hp . hidr , n 11 " .".-i \,n l $ o a p p tp ..d ./,. .r ro n.l
[ o. t L or - o tp r.-;" .u ,t- ' d t1 ;- o i | h. p" o,t,,-. t\d-.,
" n ,.r"
erery3 [: fiecare. to,ti ("dj.)l
1J ' y \.rking
tufy \ or ling man
m .rn l u s € p e ,\o .rt l b rd ry .
lLe bt pnds?r e f, !e ' r' y h p l d s o n !!o k s .
ell (: tot, ioat', totul, toli, toate)
I had seenil dil belore.lP.on. sA.)
,1ll thc sl,udenis
were thdc. (-{dj. pl.)
onoa(: unr unulr una, o; cineva, se) (!tg.)
On € ca on ot Jl$nls nP r is lt . { Pr in )
oa P dd y h c \ill ge1 h s dFgr r . . ( AJ j. )
rV ez i I l1? . 1 1 2 0 .
:V ez i ssii {S 811 , 1 1 5 2 .
It r , . 9 p" " num a i a d ." .,i v r\p ? i
r. 5 h 2 r, tti : . oronr' " tF.or" .l ,rnri tor ti i nd:
_.
\ : / r , il d2r , 9 i i , 9 4 i , r0 0 5 -rc 0 9 , l l 6 4 I|:i ,.
2t9
.,,,,,,',.';:,'"i':ii,,,:;"ilT''i,i,',L.,;ll;'i1,1'"";';""''':"il,"
o ;-
" -s, l , pF. l:n,1 l rr.1 h; . iPm i v r "ao1
" "
lilH :# "';,,"r:' , : : ':i," b;
, , g: , ] r " "i'i." '', " ",
" ,,,' | ' ' r' JnI o r d-r:' t a
,t i ; r " : r , k ' ' m a n g 1 /i / ^' ''
ohai.
- in trr eon.s. lllerul
:, ,,1 ....t , ,- :r,,.. .-m' t i l tcr..ol l l ' "
r""r, ut " er , ! , " ,j ,t t
r,:F,"',:l:,:l., .' ""d,,rr::,i:.,'1{
"t
.
'
"'"".,:""1;:"
)'l1l'l:'
[ill.:,:,;:lJ,"be. ror''. i,,r '-b "o \irr" t/ il n
ii".,ii""ri:.
Obseroaltt
11'17
.z/ Sc oluisnuieslesa sc rxtr€buir,ie?-elL':' his hitn -sii'ilzsef chiar atunti S
cr-t^'i || ."1" iri,nn lr mae' rrrn
cir,dI run .r,,-t" r', ho arr I'h^4n'Llp.p(
si l1 o,r.obn^ de'pt i-rnin'n lf'7i "r"rrrl" - 'i' I pun' rul ld /l'
' s0u d 1148
a't cina pronunelenehotirit inlocui'fr' "u\'tdntiee de grn-hminin
r.-lr'r. | ' " nr,l , .Lr l'r. ur -1" ppt nndl' po Psr\ar sFU rrllprrv.'.orFs
olFl, d- td t',1lrtr' tb I ti (' )l'
r""rJio,,"t,-r,
" "\'1,
;; t., rp', r"h,r 'r,." "u in1,r-. ,1" pl,rra13 a I ln uonpt" /ir"/. /' ;r', $ lllr
qr pl
'l'.r
"
.. tt.n'..' * a
'Jj*
ri\F ii p o'ur'" 'or"'pr|rr;'o rc tprbul lrrn0
la plural:
rr' r ' h .t b ' d _f | | rp u ' -o 1
'.if I
Atl o bov )
t r"
' J ' r' "
t " P t " r o o . r o rr ' r'
s"-'; i . or '
t ..a
Cn xl celelat t epr onum€ n e h o i n ri te (€ * /rD o d r, t r i l Jotl P ' dnl bol l J.unttunr' S 111' 0
n. t , . .t,. m onet i" " t " . l fl .rd l . d F .i ." ' c .o m" n di .a prunumFre pprco-
" dI f l" ii! , d rl r p u -p rr s i rc rl a r. s c" ' l ea si nl l ol u:r ad" corr
nale. n "r-.i ' a. i
i"i;li'l"i"i" lo.nia lo" d" pii.ol. Yerbul pistrlndu-seinln la Finsular:
";
l'll'il,i'-+iiii'ili, *it,,'"
r':"":*i,i*il,i,1,lr',.;1;
\d, onro tre in /hr. $ ies gof g I n $or lr
d Do on r r b ' b' lo l - P ''
. ioliu' l! 's
'd '/l
1151
dl Adicetivelc nehotdrito au pronumcle personal. posesir'5sau reflcxiv $
corespunznioracordat cu sub"'tantivul pe ltngd c8rc stau:
tea, mon is oblil.d to do /,is dtriv to ntnef
f;ft"" si'l 'o || \i- ? ''onp'rt4r//
. , // r o a 1r ' r ' r
in o I n d p u D r '' '/
-Lprtl, d orr h
' . . ' \ r n-
lll .T;i.",;,i',
;,";';"rtjl :,,,ij;,*
iF;,j,y :,,
fi:il:l :'l :: jl'l:''"i'
i"i'ir'.- ll;;'':-*'
l'"i,:1,1i,'"1
1i;,1
de un numeral
S lltd 31 'Drer1". Alte irrtrebuin,tiri' -L-tel]/poate fi urntat'
, ou bmi 'l s"u I ljo ri! r1 Ir' rl
-rrlln,l 'lp
HT'XF;',".
il'j'i;":'.? li :[" "iHilfi'"'* r
J"l",:ffi
'rhe srar.c t',?r,,ii[1
sior. Fcei{csl..shr-n1!ties
lMagazinul de stal ldmclt' tr ilJi ,* I
eN olto dnr hti lrnohed ai thc ornl'cn
(O aitii ta Oo.i zjle tra l'lnzul la oanlua )
cind sint subiecte sau Iac psrLe
s 1157 4) Aoordul ou verbr '- -r-ach Ei et'rl,
" din subiecl. au verbul la "(ingular:
/ . . a, l o 1 rj ' d \i ' l l on "L n ri '
' ' r' a b rrnl r' r'
t l, , r ' \L rd " J " n '
"ttt "
o' uf-a, atl
{ 1158 5) Loc t c ur i n tu l u i " c a c h " i u l rt' l ' o z i fi c -Lucul pe-' arci l
" -" e '" , ' .l n " i m i l pr l "1 e Dc' ; :: ' ' ,"'pr
" i' n i "o - i i i - . "pi rro rJr !ll-onum
l1,p"F
i" L i , i *i ' i , ; ' a i . ;.i r','i"'," n -- f-i '" a u 1, .l' 4' i"t ' ub dnr i\ul
.r'r e,lj* iv'rl po "'it resl"' rrt '' 'il; ld 'nrLr 'r:
The bo"vss'ant to have cotl nis own }all
, f . ?i ; r dm p l l l S l l ,! s i S l tS r'
r s pns A r am ;ti c a l :ti i n t. n i t l u rr,fl
2'3
NEEOTARiI
PRONUMELE FI ADJ'CTIVO!
"tot" ".oainirave
r.,lt"'!:"ll,il'1i,"*,i,j1'i\,i,il,''lilil
l
sjngularurmt't de arLicolul
l;:J;" t*"* ** *eorj re'latd!i prin &ll1r
i
hot;rii
#l :l:,.lriii"*)i",,1'ilil'i:': "Ji'I,:,,"';:;,"'ori *". ""
arlrerbi'rle all day' all ;;::,' "p,.a
t,ourtriunile
*""
l'; ^ l" T Ii ' ;"'' 1"'' t""
* '| d1lr o - it r Fr '
;li'1,
Pli'l;"
.",?;\'l :-*ln*ti,;
",*,il*; l,;li;,il',li'"1'
brroul''''''
n*rr'''r"'
erpr
i' i:";;";'-;'
Iil;.,i'r"::lifii"i)',",i
,; i ..,,, p .,pr n.cr pch' .Joinr Fr NLl
r f l : 1 "i ,", u \ i n ,e ro ,,,^ mp u .-,,
i;
?l'li;
l:1,:ii:i;ll,l$.:,l,l,i:';i";.''J';'i:'""[15':r:"'i]'l
*re,";l,1ii;i1ii'1"1
;ri;i'G
;:jI;iI,,,i",
*u
iLril,,,i{"#ttjiii-i;is,** s11
idio'atrcnei
3) forme !i eo''strnctii au_nerciful'allpolfrlnl'
all-embracing,
i
drr n" h'rppi
l':'' ," ,"' ", ",, ,h soFp.
ff,Ej:;;":'"::''::,:,
",,.":l',
otLth"b.,\-ot nl,,ll-,n"j,,1',,i'.1,j'",,.
"rt'r\{1"'1fl'"i,eh, .no,d, ar,.rorar'I knou:
;".r.f
",,..," llf,)"",."",1i""11#.
i' gi't
{i'l;*,,i'1""*:,x")i 'n " ^i-
(Vezi S 2J
**" *"r-""t' atii anirnalc' cil' ti inanimalo'
224
$ 1161 ONII
lPrio\.'urltr9r rDrncrrv tr_Drrorln11)
S 1165 l) Formn lri irtrelr i[tare. Cuvn]tut ,nr csLeprorume sau adi€crir'
nehotdriLsi are o singlri fornn - c|e de singular- indiferentde gen,numar
Notd
,. Orp limppr(onallcsr" si pl uncoria.orda. (mdi alcqjn vFrsiunea
amFrjcanE
ru hp hts him \i hin^41. .tat s'paoru.^nstructie nu esrc
:^l'::ll."l,c]:'")
A se compara:
oa ot ri" wof&'rs.Irided
h;n"41o. hisa.ti"\"n"nL. lpron. . numerdt,
$ 1173
s d nt ndr oa c u r "r ' t ir ih s dt c . ,
uz erwavs p d "s o trs" r y . on ou ! a"hi. g"m n, s . { Dr ^n . i m o " r s o n d t ,
n ,nd. dF ". d- i. . - t r it . noas , . p. l
4),Futrctii,.- Oze poate fi:
s 1174
Ue coutrred lrom on? 10 Urree.
O alJ IJ T P $ t b u rn i n g .
' ,"
D, adjectiv nehotdrit cu caracter ale numerat:
One \'nto night he wenr io ihc st rting-rink.
c/ pronume nehotdrit cu 1.aloare de mrmeral:
Ozd of them slot e.
d) Pronume nehoLirit, impersonal:
ona shonld play rair.
P) pronume demonstratir:
Shc hnd a gr€en tain ottranl.er anil a s.cv one.
Lan yo! sec l.hosewomcn? Thc on, jtr bticdjs in mo!.ning.
_ Same,ang .i nan. tt'r ii atit pfonumc, cit 9i ad.iecrive.]{o €ste numai € ltZT
a4jp.riv loarp !inr i',\dri-bita. ;noir,r"nr Jp p"i*--. "'
e."":";-,;;,
,!bn. ot rE wcrc aDsclt_ tDronI ",,"0i.
Hc madc son. mistakesin h:s w;.k. tadi.)
I r d \ " " y , I J o u rd r. , r" .. (p " or.
H \ to . rn ,J ,.h i td ra: L tt.
I travc ,o lricrds ti.re. tidi.l
i:,,, ot ihen carc rtr( me: iDhn.l
Au', thf.e Ft6 zoze. ladi.t -
SO}IE sr178
1)
_Inteles. . So,7? r ar. lnt ples a[inld.ti() qi n ticttu. ad:,ce pune accentul { 11?9
I , F . r\ rrcn i unur nLn. ' r { f-.td n s ) s d u i u n " i , d n I r ti I i I rF.| | i ,ropI di nrr.un
.nra. i..:r sFlr r d. u, por ir . . r t i rJ r ..i tn ta ...u n i i -r.,L ,n _ F..,..ni .tp-...puri ntdJ-.
.. p\ o- .p d rr p*. jn 8. . : l . ,n .,a rts :n r' .L u ;^ 1 3 ru n ,,i ...sub!td' l ti vi ta ntural .
m e, ' r ii J dp. r. o L i p n ' ,:.trn rrra s e p o d rp a,." ;u o p..i " j .i
1 ! , lli"
s uD s ra':.,1 .
l r\ e t Ds t r ac t c . "u
1 .tY- Foqle\ on. cit,.
, Seusg?anatical: attt aninlate, clt
ti inanimalc.
l5 - cQnaiicq umbii erslse
228
A.ITI s 118
. . lt lo.t"ln..- An? (: r.rcun.wreol.
n, c,u nsr esnehoa,i
lp t q i . c , " , " " o , , ^ , " " l " " " i,ily" ji;;f,;i[,' "il:"$,?1188
;i;;
rominFd-ca
:1i;:,'"i:til:*,it,:l :;1,i,,'*Jj:1,*.p
2r
"d;.;";';;;;i;,
Inrebuiolarc. !rJ Fsta Intrebuinla,.
a/ ln p'opoz4iil" dfirnarirF r- oricrre. ori""l: s 1189
$ 1190
inrhewrons
frl,*:l,lil,i,j*,lxi*;JJl"ifil"*'Ji""
.,lny man could do this.
(Otice btthaL ar lut€a tace nceasl.a.)
(dupn
o nesari€)
cuaccentur
$ 1191
," "i1""t*"i:'lh*rl'::fill;,:""i:,"*"ive
aDvnews? llnre'osatirr rc'ends.
(Nesariv)
AT",;!i,f" &".iXf;.,g;j,,T,
,, in propoziriileiporerice:
Tt I h r d d, 9 t - - on. | .' ru d a i v p \ ,u ., .r . $ 1192
r!'a cJ ns a\ ea lanni. i i a . ,1 1
ixq, :':id.fiy;'"li i,i""li:,t::r:::":.1
", 'i,0" u
,1;;J."r.i:'.
dJ ca adverb:
"
s rr93
(pentru
,,r."".lillrf" ?f':JL"#ii"JJi,1'lil;gli'.r,liiie' timp)sau anv
+ s 1194
lli,T:iiFilfl,'*"""'"' ': ' j:,",";,;J,:,.:;;,.
r" r";
.i ;I#,,
l"Jj"j;,
' ' 'r t,
I\i"T:l ,,1li":ry ,li; 1.,"":
i;" "i;
d"J + un comparativ,an, nu so traduce:
$ 1195
f";"','l? 9""{:,*l'#;;,,"
, ,
d-) the nL comparariv:
'1f"":arii,"yt,::jj"
+ + 1196
$
t:i:X:J"':,1""t;,"ii;ii,""jii,'1i",,",, .' an!,he
be,'o
to,
-\a\,,
",;.lil,xj:
lt;ijf derocmaibinedupadoc-
i:Ti',
Nt)
(ADJDCTIY Nd{OT.1.R ITJ
NONI]
(ADJIJCTIY $T IXONU}IE
$ 1197
IYEHOTIRIT)
1) No este:
( = ni"i un. ni"i or aru' i,in.t J",er'llini dn suh.rsnri\ s 1198
,,.:!),dd!"," tir
etnrldlentul aceslDra.
scu s 119C
!1.." "_" ,"" .r, , ,s rri., r'o , m
r'.'.,s: in
-lo,-k
Cind verbul ro be san ta lmre clc. €ste urrnat de un substanti\..
negativ tntrebuinlat €ste adjoctivLrlno care precedd sutstant;vut. cuvintul
bace'inii
1 V€ ri q i g 130t .
, V.zi S p. 195 adj. not a 1
MORFOLOOL{ - FRONUMEI'E
2!8
*j*'i"*(ans' mche''c)'
enough'
t*:t',ilii"iqtr*1".'u.9;uti;ll
tiii:i"*irqi'4r*,":r'n.
i) ad'erae
*,""",,
1';:*,,"
u,il".''"
n.ut€tLrncicind
s 1200
" sd \e r! : q n ,o k .o r,i m no$
)o u n ." J
:;ii1
1 ii
,";; i;,i i : :j:';,:
''oon,',"0
ou', oro'*r;i
:Li; ;r:;""#';;
r::,'r::;l:i" ;;;;,i
'"b'l,7 "inl "ino''im-
",' "l]'";';i;:'
lv ez i 1.
NUMER,ALUL
s, !!5
231
7201 931
1208 ,31
I. NU]INR-{LUI, C,\RDINT\I, 1109 231
M0 23i
t2t7 t31
l a26 233
235
:t35
1249 9J5
12i0 235
t2i t ,35
7252 ,!5
1254 ,36
t257 ,36
7262 237
1266 231
\267 237
r1268 23'
{tti 9 2t,
1279 239
12S l 239
7282 il39
r39
239
240
1290 241
1291 241
1292 2L1
r2!a 241
1296 24\
tt97 212
t3a2 242
24t
1306 !43
7i t0J 2\t
1t08 i243
1308a !44
190e ,t4
1310 2t\4
7t15 444
N U ME N A LU L
(THE NUTIER,{L)
CONSIDEN,{TII GENENALE
l) lretini!ic.l- Nun eralul cslp parreade !orbirp , arp F)iprimaun nunrdr Sl20Z
absrr€.1.D JorprrninarenumFric6a obiFntplor -
"0u ordinca obie.tFlorprin
Fie and leclee
Thjs is the r,r.4d ol the monii.
2) Clasificare,- Numeralele se lmpad in urmdtoarele catego i: $ lg08
numerale cardinale
numerale ordinale
numerale fraclionare
numerale colective
num€rale lnulriplicarivc
numerale distibutive
numerale advobiale
nurrerale nehotdrite
i'l,lli!'i'l1i:ili",:l'::ier't,1.9":
.,*-1- ,^**li::ill*lil'i'";".fil't
/i /," ln r , , or lll " -/"
1 00 : I 000000n00
1 0r : I 0000000t0 000
a hallpcnnxIo'herynti
lson n q ,'4!"$1 . s on"n \ . 4. Ir,r .
Ln ree tF,,cFt ofrlr ns J ;
, ' ."p t"n rr.4Ji. ,!.i.
., 0np nr t . J b- \ . I . t ur : I rn.da
rdr lrno np dr a c,h r l
l) NuneralLrl huniLreiL este intotdeiula lcgat prio and de numeral€le S 1ZZ8
.ar A JFn rm p. . z ailF s au ,i n i tn ri l " , x ,a d . J .q i . , rrd t,rndrcd esLe '
" e r,n,i
subinteles:
two hundred a,d siat1.-four
a urousandtlirce nutrdred anl sir s.u l.hirteenhund.ed and six
oDc l.housrndond t*cnir ser€n lnnndrcd r&ri,r.&s).
c.,) P_entru simplificare, se obisnuieste ca miile sn iie transiormaie ln g 1229
a l.holsand oni Inndr.d and fir! sau cleren tinndral und rire
i - . nl ' , 1s 1' J J d rttJ * i \ .i ,i s t,, a ,t , t-si \
d) N u m" . al, le hundr" d . th o .t" a n ,l .n i tti a n p tr. srnr i nvi ,i eLi ,F ta pl urj t { tZto
clnd sint lntrebuinlate adjectival. snu cind stnt. precedate de un nu'maral "
,! rdin rl o ri ',+ dil' l" " s c r . , lp. tl u r.l . . :(:u e /a tct| .). cu cr.]epl i a adj ec $1239
1 .1[.tp
( : . t llr t . ,rtF \a J :
' lT-" n16 lo.r ni nn,e e,, tznrl.,
S.\e|nI hLldred were at lle nfrtins,
Sone hun.lred,wont)\ in rhc lactoB lLrd n.t ti,. set ot qn.tps asjgned to ihcm.
lliHj:(r"j,l,/jil"itt'.iihij
:il',:## .,,i;ir"i.u'"'}iii"i
i;if;,T1,,,r"i
\,-. p
l, .ri,l, r"
I,or li in.. ir ,rt."ttuti,F. rr ntit,, dF.i -, pt,rrat,.ind E t23J
slnu:rnj' . JF ,r'r ru,,,,r.1. . nJ .i ' ,|'n,"
'rat'raFJBr.
sau fttunci cind au un irlclcs nedeljnjt: -.t" 1i"1.^zirrr/
' Lnrt ands )in ] r.ad lh e i , if lP
. rD.onr colrntry tli! rumlcr of !o.ls lu|lisli rr.nl.htJ anirnrs ta huntlreds $
'the rlolc aurtrled lo $,tc hu,dreds.
Ti, . . , 1 r sa ,^ a. ha . a. t . . at ^t . . .
(Yrziii S 1!21.t:la,sl
. ppq, p,.c o$ '.ra, I' . n. d. obu. t bJ nr.o"n" rilp, ..srd.t,A
o s rl rl' ; t 1' rpr 'turtj I srksDJr ! l I hDDr n! 1.
.mt.o rlt ir rj i. - r . . ". . v . , ". . ...1 .:. r.. .. .mbotrt no .
n . n t ror' un ,ri rbr , ' a. , , . iplu: ip
Ll s tsSt
'r'J. t,.. r,, .da,t. . ,,
'r ' 5 .lol.l t.n ' t t . , t J p . i in d ld r "r t d r " r . , r . t n r r o i i timoul
or.tJl " ^ .r' rlo ", i i i lo . l l] 1, n . , 1- r m l t r . r e t r . . a L r t n i
'\" 1' l-os,l ir. n li , , r ", r , . , , 8um . .\o | \ t t N n t n a h u , d , . . . 't , " u - r n d "
'l : \ 8"1 l/r!rl lu mFr r r ". c uop/ / , , t oo^: . s o m " . h a . . , a r t t r u . - ,
jdJ'r | ,.r'd ln 1 lri, . t u- d) - hut at . d, t hi, t . r , d. ,.ii,. ,.t.t \ i_,,.a
sl/d de cAr1i, rreo nl. de rersoanc ctc.i, riutln nrvarjabile.
!tt
crn,r
s r2ilduah ,,,imPr'r"rF-,l,'rrlfl ;'il:.'il;ii"r'#Ji
': irfrlli,,ousJn.l
er"frimPi' "T':"'*;l,u,'l'
TJIili';l:,"" l. on in mv po'kor'
i i't L"'a*a"
' '" ' ^
"'ilitr'
i{"{""
i,"*"t'#"i ;''pTilll'T'
e''|",sineuful
s' r2r;rvea./si uirriod *::i',i' ".T;'J#':"1i.1;'ji#l'Jll 3J"i:
de
forrnd Plurai 'u 'uuu
ii" i""i"''i unui dlr numFral:
".;'"; titree nl:l/;dn reolrc
lirc nillior t{o hurdred
s o ( pLinc ln j ;j \" /i $ 13l i '
J h d " d ,p ,1s n .t l t' u a tto % sr.rl i ng
;l/1p,""'l:--,!-n-ririad
'l :i{liii
:f.l'
-, ,,o5",. "llllld.i;i,,:,i",:i,""
T Pn \ o f ' a r iltd r ",..
ilor'uo'd:
€ 1236
('ilul
^olrt
ln \rrl "" 'punc $i r"ldliv la numaralul
'olo f o" it'
I ndld ' wo
"x ' dnl'
thausand ti millio' sint' precedate de nurneralele
!- 123? /) Numeralele hundted'
al sau one'
! t r. R O ne s e jnt re b u rn rc d l r:
B ffi 1'l'"in'.t"' "';l:::::,;.'::";";; ) q,pnu,d-d..p'nu,'d-,
Ir'n ' o ""'
^"
olli qonn'J'in 1\"orr)'ror'
de nnP sP un
gdse'sLc num6r 6upe-
S 1940 f"l cind inaint'eanuner uiui precedat'
nor: onehund'eilatrdsirtJ:
d lhousntrd
ini:
/ "1 la Ja'" numai PFnrtrr
andrive'
u'"*-u ninehun{tftd
iil"fl.i'.'li.'$T'iKi*"Jiiil;"u " '-
ii"^' u""n""" ""'-*"*r"*il**'11*'",1ii1$""
*'i !l'""ii,l"il";*t
lim b s "ncl'r ; 'onremp^ rrnr'e'"''numdr'rl ^ " -^ " . ; : : ; ; ; ; ' i anurrn t n s ru o cd e
I'iii i".*"'r, 'arr J+purlir'du 'sr" '1"'emn€azd ' n , , 1 s*l
:i;i; .:: l
ll," al,;'",:ir* li ::i"l::':l.j:1,,* o,.":ro._r
i'
, 'jr "ii:::l il'l ":'i'"i':'"lli1-
''n-,' '""""r
'' n \' J nP si i l co oi u l
fdra dcoscbl l e
1n r ' r ' ^ d s 1 u a n l ' p i nl rabui nl earr
s l2ll ^ ' " l a l''Ie ' J l u ri rq) peopl d
tr' 5a rr'
n e " $ ' r' r' " r u ' I I' u n
'
(Vezi !i $ 541' 55il)
A tcn lic l
12rs F,rm, .r""i'q"r'rrtrL tit, .J:l""l.Xir'{;"',r'j1T"li,"':.:il"f"'^"
$
" d c t r Lf l Dr ec e d s ti ' d e
r:c o ' u '
-:k{ai:.}s#LHr,i,.,.,rutiiir:ril
nt, indurisinsuri
lv c z i i i S 3 3 a . 3 !i , 1 !3 3 t:3 6 t
.l N u n r or alul onc p o a te l i q i p to n u m e . (S 9 4 2 943, 1005. 1164)
s 1247
*'*iil,i+lii+:*:r'r'#rliif';*;}lt"{:}i
ilrll',,111 sl1;',i{lil* ** ;1.1 ;
n'rtP
r:'Lord
,
-,:e;iilititti
l,-,fllliliil*Jli'i';r;:l
;r"';li':t''J;Jili;
'" """
2C7
s 1265
Wlicn I l'sr camehe.. I sas a olild.
6) NumoralulordinalFi articolul.- Num€ralulordinalpoate fi precedat $ 1266
de ambcle articole,articolulhoteril tiind lllsn acelacoretl insot€qtein mod
objlnuit ( $ 517).Nuneralul ordinalpoatesta Si ntarticulat:
He Ieft tor the seasideor the t,.lrlt ol ihe monl.h
He llas the ,,tt..t to oome
A ,odf,n innovalion wB added 1o ibe othc.s.
Slakcsleare's comcdy 'ils \ou Like It" ws pcdormfd on Night
"esfd
t J
ll
(a thi.ix lirst)
31 10
I sc citi "Henry th. ScvcDlh".
t -{
: donr:rbilcl,e de t.cn la chsa a t-a.
t38
t ot a ptay 1o""i"a dc, dnd a harl sa\ ane dnd a hdtl @ts)
|
-x
plural qi compus cu o
\ 12?5 Substantirul determinst ilenn numerai cu sens de
trd rl iF or dinar a oe 0 II5 l a p l u ra l '
t0 + ftilnet*' (secirette: iln and a/onehau /ruotur"! sa! rea kitbwt'^ and d hdtf)'
A se colnpara:
poir! No lonr trrce)
18t!s3 (s; tirlire: ode hnndredanil eight]'_scven
13;.il . ,1, nP ,'d, }r,ndredand eis}iv{er'n and l'wo hundrcdard loi'v'
ths
ilirce thousiu'd
12?8 la singulardaci
Substantivutdeterminside o iraciie zecimal; se afli partea
'-'" irac,tieiesie 0 qi
(zero), la plural dace intreagd I
o""t#i"i"""sll
iractiei ester:rnalt numeral:
n.J" nn r \n a Al, I p ' r nl " n i\ p at a ^a" w " '
' 2 J d t's \ ; Poir ; l s o ii\ ' , " " 1
fi$tt*nntn*tuxuu
!80
il'h'i ili,:ll*'r
ffi r?";r;ia*
qair"e[: coald (nffe, de 4 sau 24 etc foi) de hirtie]:
The Paler \tas 'n tzrl'r'
col€ct'iveau valoare de
s 12E7 3) luncji€' NuDix. - Nlajoritatea ntmeralelor
$ 1288 " 'u' ' "i l ' i , . , *, . , u ,.,F,,.r-
, o r" ,r,\. ,L d o L.,f' ,r ,- r "r .,' tp:
s 1289 ;;,'i;.r - .i ,,;;,.-l-'.,1. .n,, n r'-r ' li I " -' r' F r' o r; ' rr" p ' . n n ' ro rro
in rn r' r' rn in lriP l' r1 -"
.',''""i
".u" dpos ' birii- '..i" 'i',.r' .'i d" i r" p "rF r' ' r"
F ln l rmb i \^ L n rrn :
cieht .,url.fsJ .l dogs s'Ine d4'" hmdk*'hiels
tr,,;t
?::ixX":l;iF1,,:i" He * as ln. c c s . , f . \ : |jnl l.am
"",,,,,p
li,,T"r",:.iiil"il'.*lid"
old
tiv coleotiv nr.sinl' ltecedat'e
z]) ci l numdalcle fu.valoarc des )ita
ti'. J ' 'r'r^u'.'"r ' 'ir Irr'rr''ad' ttFpozrLr'ro/frrmoqr
deun/ru
-al. I .i ,jub'" r rrrol" :
obirt"'t1'
i.i"i',.,1i" Ln ctqks
'I'he gxcsts l dkd i 'o uie dining room
Thev sto't1 an l tr P'rr'
i--ria-i'i.:o t'i' re'rite do:'ns !I li'rfs
s*:iil";-l;;:llllri":.ilif,|lll:,.,'",
loflra.terminati in s;--
c) substanlii'ulquire arc Ia p\Dal runai plurar ca -'
ai brht:, vt'ss sVin .'i 17okt acerali fornn la
ru 51
"''""."r"f"
la siDgular:
lhree ,rd.e of Pn.s{!rl's
two r.ors or pen.ls scvcril ,ole or oien
t t d^?n
, tJ at \ Ju i " "an" 'acl 6
' -\ se o..pail
.-; i:, . l" 1,: t", ; r" rJ :r
,
rlv Fr cE! DIsrBBUrrv 241
formele laiine:
Cu func!,ie rlc adjecti!'e sint lneori tnt'rebuirlate li
quadmPle,quintrllc, serl'uple scptnplt' octuple' elc
numaiin siilul $ 1993
Ca adr.erbe,lormelet'erninatein -lo&l se int'il cscastdzi pin;
n,"";: t";;-; ;ti;ial. ln lnnba curentn,€le au roFtlnlocujLe
tiBes' a Inndr'd tim's {as
onoe, twi.c, tnricer .saa .threc time!, lou! times' te!
muclr, as nanl. as g.ear €rc l'
l;ll ir 'l'
1r,';l
""i"-l lr i,f',':l;'i ;;; i,l'9j; ,,. .. ,
l r\/ a o r' '
ti tr i - Lr La'
\i ,,; r t hr , , 17" I U L r' r (\u h s ri
r& r" rrb
s" r" l' , ' " n'
l Ntrmerahl ,irl.t cste .ar nrhcbDintat tn ii'rba cu'cnti tstc inlocuiLprid Dnnre'alL't
j?;""
'i"" s",t"'"ti""rl'.,i I !)
AZ
FOBIID $I CONSTR,UCTIISPECIAIJ
qlnost n.artv.sor'' S 1306
1) A0rorimxliaouorcd.i s, ":*frirr; prin: |ltaut.
rhrne1iA".
son",.lneal,erc
oLout. o kq. rcuthl lJ oplrr tnotd.!.ndd d "aupt'',
prrn srrrrxul
t rlo: "n . o n . ut 1! r u. t no, . th r' r' o r n Ptr-. s a u . i n ' " 1' rl l l ]rnrl rar'
-irl adnugai la num€ralele scurte:
lve s'alked zror,/ua.iy a mile
i' ; ; ; : i- , i; " ' tw -n " tv n i n u tp q Io o k i n s rot a rori - .
er Lili- i" r , . " i N i l l ' ;' [ s o a ' rn i rs i i d tq o hL' dred I i
Slie was manied src fiYe Yearsback'
ir iL *r r . o' L tti n s n ' " l i t" o D " r i i !" p ounds
) l?e a{ lt " . a n d i d a l ,e s h a d a l re a d yfi n i ' h Fd15P papdr
(1Fq LIF I' ay
t laur hhtA t pN ,i L o t" l r! L ' n o l l -P 3 !d i P n ' " suror
r s , " . *i" iil l $ p trrv th o u s a n do d d l -r0 0 00 bi
1 j1" br r d t or il l $ " n ' v o d d U ro trs a p n dr: l n l ' r p :o ul"ro
LFvd
i r u ! ur
! . , u, le l- . ilr\a ) o l o u f mP n a l n d a \d n rD q' ras$
p a l 4" pn 1rutr
t lr dv ' rlold io r d o F 6 o l i i m " s n o f l o
ln is \ n lih p h a d p u b l k h o 4 N \D b a f d o ' n l ott po^K s
lnev t ir r l b" b a ' ! i n a dqqur" otrir ^ru o
i p 4ror l p a rn J o .r
iii ; n * ta n tn ' i q
-' .ad" ..
or , v ' ,i , . no. l, ,0 mp ro .l d ' u d d y o n a n 0 !n L
jin, c .. .h
- \ \ i, - l -h, | { n ' r^ :4 ' l 4 tn
2) Depitirea u ei eifre //o/rn.le) se €xprjm;: aeer' marc than' dntL nore' \ l3O7
ahorc. u|,"a s (of) en.:
Ile is ote. sirlJ
,qhelost ordr tilenty pounds in weignt.
\ u, n- r " ar l h e fl .h i i . l ,b ti " ) 4 u " ' dp _ n o ur'
r l a , " 't;k'o r d .la t"n 5 r L lp t' r fl s l' r l h on oF
' i' r ' e i ;i . o l i g ti u d D o P r' rh " ' r' oi r'
s i bn or' 6 n a 6 ' a ld n
Tnf s rr v
''
ii'i*"i-ii"t ii"i" of t*o minioninriabitants
ipi.,a"' r ' ]d
3l Dmrimareacitrolormn netletiDitese tai'Fintrebuitrlindu_se cul inrPle S 1308
h,tn,1"d.riousond,n''tttodt,nttt;on.doz"n..or"pl' .,rppra'pdalcdpnumprJrP
qi de celemai mulie ori in forma lor de ptrral:
TIct F.nt iu /,endre.ls lo the conlcrence
H t;rea : .n d ' t aLs d- dr nJ r h' l
'j;";"";i' r al ' " r o s r r m . ^P o i 'd L o n 'r r '
'p" r , ' s olds s r g "d hPappeJ l r '1 d \ I o r l d
''/l tt.o u'"to !: na YO o r n r ur r m ong"t ' :
4 th"u o.d rqa]'o:i : A th'""and l nr'
I n a\d o rh ur t r l4nd o4a lhin- s lo r l' ilu
ru,addror .'.". n',,
Tl( n r c s ! l !.a cP co n"* ' p r ise"..j,;;,lt:;,ti
/ @s or p,orr.
I na\c m' l llm d a zPn l"o ' < o ' ttfir s
fh;v fP l lf th d i4 4 lL IJ n "lo "" r h
i" ; o * or n .-.' t $ p i l rd r"'lga.l
orm
' a Ps
ini g lor L
la
They had ioitrcd the cooperaiive it ereat numbets
r a nyria.I : zece mr.
214
lt i ! F , , ny I r r n ,l . f.o /o ^ .I
r! twolclce I l^jrrt, two a i$opcrDl I!1,!n4 ptc..
prnc.. f.,1,,r..1 l.wo l hi:l
- ".
ra' '
!9r,L.-"'
{L a | ,,,,l. /s/ , ?! ) | quid f k $r ll
ti, ttn . !10 i\. P G n, lq; r r . t a^f iv . r / L€ n / t w . r l J po!nd n.ie, /rla,s, a
!orrds, allala, fivr/i,,r/trventy
t3.8t lhre€ potrnds .ighl,y two p.n.'
Monete 1131C
tn StaleleUflile
r00 ccnts lscnta] {100i) : I dollar t dclol (gt) (tun. : dola!)
a nicke'l I nlkll
toi ten cenrs a dime tdarml
25c lwent]{ive cents
roi }all i dollsr. fsia'81 a ]ialf'dollaf
tit *t'
CoNSID ER A T I I G E NE R' { L E " t!18 25t
ndnhiliP 131! 255
i ".l i ,' o" . j' i' t r t r b rr rra n z ' rr\ 1329 236
Di a l € zd. . . . . r : ,: , {333 251
Prr,o a n a Num & l' r n f ' ^ u t58
i'i-.i, J"i'":pot.i v'.b au\lia' " ' l J43 158
-{srco1 . -."
160
CUNJUU\RI.t
t15
211
1445 2i t
\t 46 2i a
1447 215
14q8 !76
lt'35 277
1461 :78
ltrii2 2i,
1463 2r9
Evet \i ,ct|, ftenn! 1465 28tl
| .i lo u liuni' adv r Lir lp d_
-\ l!";b.
T n , t ut t Dt r488 !S 7
t(8! i rst
' r4!4 :r88
1495 :88
119i 1 289
1501 290
l 5r2 :9D
150? :92
1l )l i ti 4
1528 197
:99
t110
tlt0
!0t
S u l , j d,f ti! ul !.e ^ Jrt. ' t5i t
l',
liit
r i 5i
T .t ,." r ti B 3ni
: r , , r' r i. l tr,.l tiilr t1,j3
:' liiio N 03
ln '. r t61 iln'
1i 6U 3U l
l u a .s 3r)'
i
r , ' . rir' .l 1r6i i tr3
r_ l '"s 1:,05 N l r4
! !15l
1591 308
,\ rAY . , . . . ..- .. . 15!' 309
MI GHT ...... 309
t5!3
sI l ou L D. . .. ... . 15!4 309
F orme .. . , . . , . . 1595 310
lnle l e s .. . . { 590 310
I un ctr...- ... .
1611iJ llr
w au L D. . .. . . . - . 1606 ll11
160,- 312
1611 att
I n i i i i livul . .. . 1614 313
Indicatirul .. . . . 161i i 313
R cca p rtu ta r e- . . -
1bI,"
1618 314
1619 314
' 1610 314
t6t1 3l ' ,l
!tzi l 31t
IY. lmpcr&tiYd . 3l i
1621
Delini!ie i 625 31i
l ttt 315
1630 l t6
' 163t 31i i
76tt, 3li
Iorrna ao0cntuati - . {6i 15 31?
T ra .l n o e re. . . . . . . . - t6t6 31t
Sllicctll im!{rl,in]ur.. 10t, 318
Nnrniaea iulerallvtrrur
t6t8 3tt
]IODURIT,IJI]IIIERSON-{I,O
163,.1 319
I. rnfinitirul
1640 31!
F ormJ .. 16r3 t19
f . i; ' n 'dL' , J . I i, . 16r6 :l!0
T r rI r"rP.. 't,
16Li 3rr0
l un "l rr . . . 1658 3r:
l, , i ;ru , i' or np I 1666 31rl
ln :n l ."l . . 'lin r b : \ 16ri 7
\ ru r'\u l ' r ni ' :126
r -, ," .,,.tr. " 5 r b r d i ' " r p r4 n r' ri :
l(itii Jti
No n r,i 'rul ' u al" i\ ' 16t9 328
\ L o rl, r' lr,'r''\rlu:
16.q3 3!!
1681 3j1l
| ,i . n t alr \
"'rl 16Sa 3j 0
II. ta icipiul .
t30
Caatilialii seletutc
3t1
!
tarl 3ni
Formt lreevenbtirn . - t 828 365
Forml . . . 18r9 36i
k , ,n .ri i ?65
T r d d -c" t P . . 1832 366
(1osithsrcs cotrjrgdrilor' 466
CLniugar' a 5labd . 1838
Co n j ugd. ^ la t P 1819
Co n r ugarP dm xL A 1840 36,'
r'orbe r.gulrl. Fi rcrb' n'rerulilc 784t
Prln.i l sl .h ,Pr bc t r er r y ur trre 1843 36tl
C4 r o ti@ : ... . .
: 1. . ta47 368
ii^p",ii p,;";p"t oc.b.tarnercsltlltc \t"abe1i
"t" l 8rru 3i3
Verb€1.nrreg'Iale .ompr3c r849 3i 3
O b -, r' ltt r-l,.la' rc ' ; r lo' P
^npd . l s l g a 381
Cibra absc\alii to.eri.e asuPN adbaa' nercSutnb ' . -
1t35 405
19/12 r,06
(I,) C ^ \
Considdstii gen€Bl. tlrril 406
For m. .
: r r n' ltro n a r'
It 0, iu ri l pn n i r ' . r . or r Rlc
Forrnel. con'lnse
P r onu n l rfe . . .
Intetusrlia !i rcgalia ........
I un. ,,
{-q:r{
(II I C O U L D
Considcrllii sL{enlo 1!ll5
11J!6
t!5? 4lrS
totl. l | .
'l 1' rt1. 11tr
L at i" " d
"' t!ri 5
To l|ltliAli[ -- 1!67
bt tntt r,, tl'\tt,l.7o... ..
1963 411
1!60 41r
\ ,rJ r' u rifl /f'\'f ..
1!t0 411
l r- ir 'ii rlr .Ar-LI) ti12 4r2
ti i 3 4\' -)
a,OOl-D in stilul irdif{|. t' 1!
L91L
Coniuqa.rr Inodduhi C.'l-\ \9i 5 413
19ii t't3
ti .onditionaltt. . . . . .
1987 41n
dc tftcu i. ,.. . . , . . . . . . . . -
!
1989
. O ( L D . Tn. r ut F im plu.r o trJ i l l o n a l p rP /" n l i r' contrastiri lractice) -..
t99t 476
CANICOULD fi lnlmdilodi rNpcctiYi- -" 1998 416
BE ABLE TO. ' ' . t0o1 417
MANCE T O . . . ' !008 417
I JSEI' M . . . . . . 2009 41t!
TAGET. . . . . - . !010 418
t011 41l J
ZERO CANICOULD . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . 20i 2 419
B E,]IPP O S E D T O , . . . .... . . - - ,013 419
lnpcr.tli\'ul Poliielrr 20'J4 tL2O
Co n cl u zi o. . - . - 4:10
,0t0
(IIl .) II]IY /IIIG l IT
!02{ t' 10
Consiilerstii gencrnlc . - !0rt
! 'orme . .. 2ltl 421
U od L L ri luDjpeB
F t i im n ' .5 n n aF
or r alr a024
lnierogal.ia,"inegalia .
!02(i
1\l\Y
202;
luDo ti i . . . . . .
htrcbuintare . .
L] ! r\ rjd r mod1l . t0r,
CJ -, r, " Ju ,J \ili"r" t0ll4 411
2037 L' '
u A) .ttlcHl 1038 .!2il
Fn r0 h . . . .. .. .
C'N]J,D: N'IGII'I' t0/t5 (t3
.r[1G9" : c.ndilional 2046 42L
P rLo' rl J joo "'r 'i
!rli;-ll ]' \:r' 'r fa .; ' l lr P' Ll
2A4! !21
llt .I i o r ot r lr u. tr n V l I
2li2 t!)i
(lv ) liusT
ti-r5j 12t
Fo mre . . . . , . .. 1055 i25
Fonnele comluse ,053 426
1049 4:6
206i 416
t06r
/rFa (
llL.'t . 106'
'11t.\ f
.! lll:r 20611 L'-),.
ML-sf in controstat 4-4tI ra ,1168 4),i
rlt 'l io "not-.t ru \tf,
(v ) ouGlIT
!061 4r!
BU V:ARF . . . . . ,0t1 11:19
10r_! 429
xIF:THl\Its ,. ... - 1rl 1i l r29
(lu o r H . . . . . . . . -
v L l SfI \L L
!076 ,!!9
F of m lL .- . ..., 20i ) 419
IntercsaiLa9t negnlra :0i 8
Fu n cl " . . - 90711 4!9
C a vcr t au lilju.,. .. 2080
Cr ve rb m odal . .
430
(vrL) s]lOUI,D
!08r
Fxn.lr . . .
108( 43i
954
! L€j
{vrrr.)w IL L :088 43r
431
431
43\
432
4,t2
{rx.) woul,D tlo? 433
Fu n cl i i . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . .... ................._.. ,104 4t3
C a \"r b p' in. ipJ l d" r c l v 2,Oti 43r
, .. ... ... . :,ori 414
C a rux it iar m odal .... 2rr4 425
,SH AL L ( S HO ULD) . W IL L l rtOU L D )......- ... 211a 433
,\l te tn tr c luir t i. i ...... r1t8 43J
(x ) To rr\Fx 2t:24 437
Fo rme .F unc iii.. . - . . . . . . ............. -. -........ 2r2i 4X 7
Ve .b lex jc al r egulat.,..,... .. .. ..... ....... .. 2126 4X ,-
Al xi l i a r d€lec t ivm od a r.. ...... ... .. ..... .. ..... 2rg4 4A j
(xLJ TO NErtD 21.1j 439
Fo rme . I nnc lii . ... .... 2t46 43s
\a b p\ i. c l t r L, z it r v rg L l a t .. ....... ..... 11a
m od a l .. .. j' I4-
l sJ 139
{xIl.] usDD l'o !166 141
ro"md .. .. 216)' 4tl
Ji.p 2! 68 447
l. lele . T"Jd .i Prr 1169
2ti 3
2lia 4t4
I tL. \_ERBDLEREFr.t\tVt-:...... .... 2179 444
Dp" inil: P ....... .. 2180 444
Trddunprp d o ir liob a .o 1. 1. i. . . . . . . . . t181
A l^ ! . . b, rplp rivF t1 lr m bd . r 5 "/ 1. . . . . . . ,l !t 417
l v . \ F RB E LE I OVPl.CXC. . . . . . . . .. .. 2192 4t8
V ericlc co mple ae ou pa r t ic nli adr er biiu. . . . , . . . . . . .. . t193 4\8
\a L" lP p rrpo ziL ion al" .. . . rt9i 448
V - V ER BEL E I ] I P E RS O NAI,E SIU U N IPD R S O N ,\L D .....,... ... ......, ,.... 448
v L \ iERtsE CA RE S E CO \ FU N D I..... ... .. ..... ... ' 196
,200 449
YNR,BUL
(THE VERB)
GDl]anALE
coNsIDEnATIr $ 1317
1. , grama 'rJ ,.1 !it/,, I a. 1, ". , , , uiLt "/ 1r p t p . i . i - . i J " 'd p t ii .,o"-
nd . 1' l,mbii roma np _, L l. n . P. li. , a" r r "f \ . I n pr \ inr d u F . r r d r " , l " a 'r m i " i .
r S ens crn na Lirn l l$ 21 .
. {,.r' mr,Iil. J. L;, , f dpolr r , l J , i l- . l. m on, nr u \ o r b r ; , , b m ' n u n F -
p + - r nl. ' r F_. p' , ni, . ' . m o m p n , l . p \ r {i " . " .
ti . , 1 ,' , nu" , dtiso lur-. r..;,no , i
r o p o " , u1 on dn r p rdrd rr , r ' 6. ! r s au I . . _ , l n r r d a!a f . _" 1 '"
'
l, li ,.. i t . i : - t t r hr . t ; . " t r , , : 'j .
ur.,."os,o".. > i I n. . { od
958
de tnsulire rezultat5
parliciqiul treeut, care exp me verbul sub forma
dintr-o aclrune:
p""."']
i T:,,:l;ll'ill:;lli"l'-I"
+:"r,5J"i
jlir i;"l'l:;:'.:;:o"ili"""Iiu..*. ""
il.: i:i
-,4
"'" j r i mo no'l s ip s rrr' rp rdprr" r" n r3 n
\ l S40Fo rmFl FnF p- r s onalFn u .d rrp p rq o q n a ' a ' r' n u ma r:i ' i ' tnp' t!i a' l i r'
" t SZ5r '1 ,..r 0;n 'idioi"z' iarinlin it iv u l
sr a rpoc , .
rerbul poate ii pnn-
5l Vorl princip: !i Yerb suailiar' - Dupd funclie'
'
cipal sRu au) iliar'
v''6l €rp ir'Lcl"sproprirrrsi ' re
{ l34f- al t'*b t,rin ipol t.Th' Pt'n";pd\
"' ,,rbul rurilia' l' formdrrr'n'oJurilor\i c li'"rpurilor'on'lusp
"1u,",',:l" The housew6 to ld'
I ndoea son
ihtv ore at ttie ptav' Sho dtd the room'
torl l cl ar
\ f lt l t , ) V , r bt t t au t;ti o r r tl e A .u " ti u F t I rb r uj ura l r " on'roral rrui r' 0
ti i n i 'r' ' :l ' r p' our.i u ' 1u rsi j i rl :
!e rb ale. om pu' e. l rrn a ' F a e ' | 1P' ;;;;J
germooreo l,:%i!!"i;. ii::j" li,lii'il;:'li'l-:-'
0"r,,.r', \'li,'":l;i" '-;:
!,'1")i"10:'*i i" nntoo'r r"u:
N ar d
Totrte auxiliarelepot fi ti l'erbe principale/lexicale'
s"*o
""",11.f"n1,1'.J;i.T::'*;;fliiii'"x""J'i*".iJiJ
n,A r P.
Din punctul de vedereal dura!'ei8cljunD
a) Aspecrrll \)erbclor'
erprimar".v'rLcr" r i"nnlrr1n,/r'r
ii'_|,i"']i ,"^",,**us A,p.a. pain..
' '''
[ 1J11 d') \Pfbe cu caracter o'nr
;'-:1Ti':1i,1'ri
l,*ii;tt;;i;-lil;l;j;r:ll
ninnrii ei:
':i::;;;il ':'"i::
lsl€clJ' care eril)rlm*
d1315 a"/ verbe cu caracierdrrdlio (y erbsof Dutdtiec
" acliuni sou st;ri ce dureazi:
Ob se r a. L! { e
Lrnele rerbe lii schimbli caracterul din durativ in momenranl prin adnr- \- lg4?
gar€a part;culei advcrbiale sau prepozitio ale care le translormd in y€rbe
.orn p l e \p . ins i. l1nJ u s " . o . t" l c ..i p r" i n .,l u tu l u i . .ti ' .i rrl i .Ju rezut arui -i
a . ! ru n rr o r i s t if lr p\ p m a te .
1os.t (: a der.n'r ldlrrativl
10s.t u! (: a sc s.ura) (momcnraDl
b tie (: I ii cnlcat, a znce) [duraii'r
t. tie &\\,r 1: a se c!i,,a, a se n,lnidc) (!roienra.)
t o, nal. (- a l a c f) l d ,' ru ri v l
ta nat'r off (: a lusi) ituomenianl
ta si.t _ (: I sed.al ldu.aiirt
10s . t d. oqn 1 :a s e a re z r) (rn o n ' e n l a n )
to stdnd l: n sia h ricioar) l,tr.ri.irl
to stand up 1: a s. saul. in pi.ioa.c) (monenirnl
A t e n l ie ! S ljb g
._ \un'"le te.anjutor. "au lonnt pn"ta:ri F.re i'lp"opri,r.,t"odrp.c il
limba romdna .progresivtrr"umn, !..ir! .r,,./. sau sFd. /. ar, i rFDt€t- roDu!
r :r"s,r. .mr re nu e nazulaii. Fo|ao,ontiiua nLm"tpinLtj.Jr,tn limbl
englezeb bc in lrrgrerr insemnind a fi in curs,"tr"
in d(:s.fd.turarc,
i.n Mnti uare,
de unde:,.lrogress;re".
lt*
!00
CONJUG.\REA
s 1:l;t
C.TITAOTUIiISTIOT GE\DRAI'tr
1\DIC,\'1,'ll\1trl 0Dtcli
S lil'r;
1*!F*$*ff
i1;,
ffi.u+;.{i*rrr,1
ig*$fitffil"xi'fst TtllPtrRt
! 13;1i I\t)l c \T l \' Ii i ,
s 13t7
Gn,Ir rrczeDl{ttui 'L i r I L urLlrrr
T i m D u ri l r' .onP us' '1 ,
au ru\iliid,l h !tu:flt , r u , r r r . i t j .t I l d t . d "
l i i tor f_i!tor ti1n, tlr lrtIl
1 \ili,r n"Tt,r,ttrli
i
Im*\
l
I
tig. 1
i:61
Obseraalf.e
. Arnlele s€rii d€-iin luri - erupr prezontuluipc dc o part€ li grulo irecu- S 1366
ru ru, pp de olr0 - lormF0Tart':t-tbm p. I t! sitr,tlir.
!8i
0onchrzio $ 1377
Sistemul conjugn i enElezecuprinde la modul indicativ:
1) ttei.tinpuri d? be.ti aLercnj\gdri.i sbnpLe prez€nt. trecut ti viitor -
care evrimi o acliunc pr€zenti. trccutd sau viitoare. nelimitatii la rllorn€ntul
TO N,ILL {A CHEI{A)'
I \r I \ITi\i r?r\?l\'1?1 rz,
I'ARTICIPiL (! ATTT]C]PLE )
l Y c z i q 1t7i- 1 7 7 3 .
-r ' , i . , i , - otr ' ..r" . " . * o n ' p rl i ' ," ' In l u ' ra r" Jd- dt" un hi ngu_l nl l Fs ' l \' rb ' l ui
,, ,/, . \ " t ""ir
r" j*t , .,d ' r" J " c 1 ,.i u n i : a s rri g ' r. a xumi ,:r \i /i l a/l r.-l D l un.l i e
'' tcu sersut ,,.tutii ce a chcnat" lcesi tinp liDsefl,ein gramatica limbii
(V.z i S 1r 0r ) . 'omane
,6;
tl0LlliL suBJo\cTIV (,ttj B.ttiNCTtvE ltooD)
forma Teche Forma Doui
( I ndependentd.
dc linp ) Ptezet\t ( prcsed) Pertect (p.4.d)
I call (: sn chcm) I cancd.(: se .hcmj I l,adcalted(- s,'L
fi ct,cmatj
Jor falled Jou had caltcd
|eI t re l
slr. I call she I call.d she I had cdteo
'rJjrl
I. II\DICATIVUL 5138
(T H I] IN D IC AT IY N )
($ e6): he loys
xe saJs to to'r -
to say -
(e) (S tot)'
io go ne gods ro do
- -^ -..-"
''
f/) ( S10 2 ) l
;:i:li"r Hi":f;""
ll l;1""-i" llrnl"
s" r38? 3)Porbotoa +,2-i:'^::r"*; lt',i"::'"*."*
i"i racr
a.Ac€iirormi , o it ta p"r'oan? 2."u""il};l
Ji'$iJ:, mutr
'"i'",i;i","
ensrcze i;," io,rresi bun-bunl
d irmDrr
A.€asru.cra.leris1,.5 i',1.'Yll.li-1"^-.r;.i,,i."rrctar,iiru
p""'."
i. ,,"'i"i."i pa"$q*1 .iTl"iTiilo";llili,""lil"lil'il,i'i'T
::';lt"
dinrrep"r.oan"lpdrn ongrndr' .1
a""^rn!'IliJ dPorisin'iul:"qhi r' i""^",,..*".".s"a".
i""i.,.i din jc x ru r F I'ii1q.",l:1"""1:':T
' g ra z :1 9 )' " ' ' rY '
i-i 'r 'or "r "l polirctii-lnrrch"rih
i'""itir" ma c a z in-\ : vhal cn I do
"( s au " m Ji r o r r nal-How oo 1'"' i"oi';rli"r- u ^
ti
: : aslc'iai asoni (llsrd
1t o : a P o l c o r' lto r!h'o (onomalopce hltl)
- " 1, c ain c i rl l a i
p"..,,iTi,m ari {rialectahsntrliLfarir: o&.4ll*'
arhaic,-I,
!e,s. n r a ss. c- r.Lu lormi
'"',,.;T't\l;;ir,:j;i/,"r,,b,irr.;.1,,'il":ll,',,lJii
:lXl,ii:l;;-.";
obr'^""r:afl Lurdr'oFn'
::f;il:'r I't
^i:]."i..-,,, ,, r,....-rs
i" iiil ':ri'aIl:il
i'"Ji:r ri:i' ri:'ir
. orr
ri;::':;:r"r;o,
'ii'iii
i{itl"l,.jtil'i;ifl "i' '"
!67
lor lou, lladaml" La rcstauranl,: '\lhat \\rili lrou have. sir?" etc. stnLtraduse
cu .,Cemai /acl?', ,,Cuce t€ serrescl".,,Cec'rr:isi iei2" in loc dc: ..llespectete
mel_e". In magazin:.,Cuce rd pot serlil'. T,r restaurant:,.Cer)oriyisn lua1i!,
q 1e93 d) o rcljune sau o stare cnre are loc ln momeniul vorbirii, dar care no
an'tr' ' , I riin.l In ,1,qrr_.urrrp.ci nrrn,ri ra "ristind:
_\ o .-r" rrL 4. " r o lr r o - - \ ", |/ , 4P o o 'r l " '
'ni. 'c o l l 3 n d
Sl,p ra:",1(rl l,Jn-ds uid-,o/is su rasL that ihe oihA sirls in her teanr cdn hnrdlv
ke .]l ur) $ 'th bc r .
"Y.ur sist('. /ts / in?" "No, s hc ' s out "
l)aphnc ts l,apll natuicd.
h.''t d. ttt^t.l Yon d?rrc so l6t.
\\'a o.ltnanl.ng. re.cipt oi lour leiler oi cvc! date
q 130{ .l o art;u,,ein curs sau o stare erist€nti in ronentll vorbirii, cind
r'.rb'i' nu y'"r . r!"r fo'mH , onri' ui { S l8{6J
'fhey /,.1 old and {oul{i like io see thet grandsi,n
I remnbet ihe incid.nt no\t Urai lor n.nrtdz it.
Tl,cy a.e shd Xou'!€ cone
g 1395 /J l'rezentui se mai tntrcbuinleazi cu verbe de mi;care. care se referd
l a u n iapi c e ar e l o c i n P re z e rl t:
Herc .oma the ,tnzaf of ihe CuP.
corllentarii, interviuri, descrieri (la radio, tele;ziune etc ) de eveninent'e
sporlive; exclamalji (cu sau ltui ordinea subiect verb inversati):
I r od. c ur l, ' , po nth e .l ' a i rr.d n to Thcrc r4lfts n, ld.l as'a1l
'ttrre a.a th."rtnne. beli !
Hcr' ('. a,tu a-carollinglr Tlerc apeats anothq Napal@t !
atuitt ga.s yab cdb! Hcrc c;mcs m! fdtlet ! Lct\ sneak ouil:
E 1196 gl Dc asemenea,prezentul simplu introduce un citat in mod djrect sau
- indirect, cir,d verbul irtroducti' aie un caract€r momentan ($ 1344) fi nu
exprimx o aotiune in desfigurare ln momentul vorbirii:
l{adletr'sadviceon actingi.(: "Do not sawthe air too much "
Jo hr's l"ll' " ia y s r t i" . u ' f ' _d ir ' nr s n br r m p r . " o P
Dl , ,pllr nr. J o r r ' a' . ! r l. "l
S I39? ii a.rp in reb rinlar ln i.dicaLiilp!..nicF, in rezL'maul pir sclor. sl fil-
' lologrrijilor
mal^rii pov^tiril^r. la rillurilp arli.ol.lor.lin ziar.. al legendelor
din ziare etc.:
Oli\in e ,, r u o "t ds t ,
\i"r.o .* , or', dr I up qr . r dd d";rl. slulvry.
$ 14rI T&ECUTLTLSIUPIU
TENSEI
iTIItr SLIIPNE IIS'i
€ llt2 lr Foruri. TtF ulul sinplrr I'rc o \;n ut,i forud l''rlu loere p'r'ur
" n l , . ,r . r " Fpt i H '.rbului /o At. Tr..,rrul simplu ^l v'rb lur rP!d|ot .c Iat
e e
meazn adnugindu-se suii\ul -cd la inlinitiv:
,., .,!, |-i I r l' , : J o
-"
I pt L, . "i t J : I . o ,'JlL:t ",
l. .t h.
. . r . .J F'n
d .l q l :
.^r, printr{tn verb la un timp tuecut (care aparline grupei trecutului g 1418
-{ 1356):
'thet s,cte sains rhcn we ord{e{t.
1t f . t t ! had ! " n " r,.n ry d h o o ntcrpdthp room
li, . ' , . I . 16 \ ?t . oat d: p " it
II- totid to th "' . p. . r n' r $niUw"' s t aoid Dointtnes.
p
S' said .h p , ^t , h"
tir ' . 1 1u- n - - t 1ii" I nus i. . J . { S t , t i n 4 : r ; t , . o n f n r m
.^ rPrlon d, nr, I m t r r lr or )
_ c.) prjn orice alL indicator dc timp trecutpreci,s,care se nu tie adverb de S l4tg
f rmp cdu.onqlruLllptcmpori\|5:L!i,fp. (r..th,t.tosaV.totell,togp\tabutf,
to cost.to payj to LastEtc.l
h'tuN ,]id yor sa this buruundvl
T t r y did ni. . a " h .r u r; ^ ;r /ra ," .
lvas ,nar ihe nilknm ivho rnls?
lvho sa'rdso?
Who ,old yon inarl
1 bauahtl\is ooat ar lla.rod's.
What dtd your teleajsioncosrl
Hoh m u. iJ , ]' o u r,r4 r.r rh . As ta c .l s (tt.?
HoN lons did tie 6h;q /dsr:
d) priq context sau numai ln intenlia celui care vorbeqte: s 1420
lt'@ she a! home?
He .ane cv.rv dav lor $c€ks.
The rlay pd; teii sed-
,.,t rou hea. that noise?
,'d.e'1'0u aL the nartv?
\\'h1 l d d Jo . - aJ / | ; av n r h"J r d ) ou
Yor d/d, I sc. e tn ttte .lub.
I ner him o, d fntt night: he $as a regutaf ti$t nignhr.
o t tlt it t t t t t l- ' i nr ' ir ' r ' i 'o r i r n 'j ' T " l i i 'o 'a itr
$ ff:.:f -.nt).t
intlell;rI tl'o 1r.r1 .rr l:
''\Yhai .,x I do lor )ox?"
-1 r n' d, o '.
"\l ' to '
\J'' ' i
:What illd YonwnnLio ialli to me aboutT"
fDfst)E .,c i,tat ( ' lrcji si\ni \r,rbrsti?l
Cr. ill tirnbalomAndacela'(ipro.edcLr (eu niperfcclul in louul prpr'ntllui)
tnlrebuinlaLtn acelalqi scop.ilustlrt prin rrdJu efle din pnr'nicTtlP I e rnal
rr',.n i rol, ' \ , ' l" at td ttt." .t , i rr" 'l i i _' ^.r^ ' Lrai ri .
'n l " r' r4' r' i r rr4' u\rorr
i n'' l o d " ,,'
Ilnir r- i i r P r c s sin ir ' r - lrn d ' d i n l r" i
:\!'.i I,qd..( 1r:0o1.r, ,' .i,:,r ' . I l- " . S - Ji
3 1 r.c t , t 1, . , t , , " r," ,1 n ,, " ,,
'n
anterio. unei a.tirni lleente.
??4
143, . c)..cr t'iitrr uL_t:n\d noliunea €sto de viitor (in carrul cljle.,ironrlont€i
( $ 2834).
Atcntte !
{ 1438 ,{ nu so confonda trarulrt silnptu cu subjoncrivul prezc,rl cu care afe
formd identici. (Vozi $ 1553).
jon .oi!in subjorLl;ruj sr xu treLurul(dupn r c,.iu,,Llia
. .Exempleledc mni
,.d/r ii1 .^r,. rurr i.-, a\pr ,, Irqt-ri,.ra,:
It\ linc Llnlil ron qe',r fo rr1.
llr fi tirilul si Lt i.ut:i. la r\tjNa!.
Ion nrd ,ef.. sav .r.s,.
/lIa i l)ine d i s pr ne _dr . - i:
TLey \vish llhrrl ih,:J .,r sr. von.
/-,1f l,.t si i. toitr-l redfa i
1 1. rath c . her ) ad t . t ] , f . g. .
(At ',o rll
pt.fira sir s! ' ia, rv
insoarc cn ca d{it sn a. destflrti.)
Obsereq,lie
S 1438 l\it trecnttll anterior indicatiyului tracur. cit ti riilrr..,l fate de acesta
slnt l,impuri constnrif,ecn ajnrorulforn.i tecute a diriliarctor lesiectirc.lotme
irnpuse de coresponden,ta tirnpurilor, care cere ca un \erb ce se'&t''tdin raport
temporuI cu un tecut si aib; tot form; de trecur, ( I 2838).
5lf39 8r fompnr0tieiotrc irocutul bimplu .i trcrllrrl.ootinu||3. FormasimDla
r indi,irivului r".ut i\primrj o drliunFsau n starp,,.m/ral.itn1.un mumFnL
dai.irecur;lor_ma continua snger6f.zeco tinuitdtca unei ac!,iuni sau a uner
stdri_trecute. deci ii Japtul ce ac€asranz, a fast desaitirgiti.
Dacd intreabi cinovn:
"Dd lor hEd.abort Lord Nounitatten'$rragic deaUiin Ireland?.'
Se poate rispunde cn lrecutul simphr:
"Yes. I /kd.d l.he Dews on tle TV.',
R;spunsul suqereazdrd informaliile auzite Ia TV sint suficiente si cd
vorbilorul .on.idFr; Lhestiun€ain, his,i-
Se poate lnsi rnspunde fi a,r trecuttl conti.nun:
"14 './r'r : ,r-eJ dlJ lr _ da. . i \ _o"biu"LI "" g r i j I l d m n m " 1 u t d " n t d u t u : b a r
"/, r I d" id l l L. t g nd, , t . , . . 11 . , , v r , . r i in^ r o z i o d . r '. r , -,..Tt,v,v.r, ht|-
ns rlo ,( il r ',. . r , . t Rool r "t J y . _"u\ r,rt., t"" inr;rpr. iorbirorului
nr' : t . ,.1 :1 .n ? .i a . r . . t a s , dor , o . , , luJ r ; . d d., - .,,i.".it.
[]rfn I tuned in i.o ihe lilc o'clockne$s, Ure annoDncer,asrcddt,g the nalncs ol
tlrp njrriirq teams. whilc oo{'ds eere ctucrits and musio 44s LeingPlalen.
(Cind anr pns radionl pentru sinilc dc ]a ora cinci, crairicnl r.'zvrn.a nun€le
rclripclor cistigetoaf,, in timi c. mlllimea addnd li se au*a tnnzioe.)
Foartc adoscori ins[. una din cole doui forn}e conlinue este iniocuitd S 1441
p rin 'r'.u ru l . i. lt ' lu I nc ^ i d p u n d ,l L Arh ' ? t. F \p ri mj ' unri nui l al F- ' JU /,ci
i {, r t t.."i 'Jr"J .o n ri n ri r ,rp o j . ,r,/. \ :i ' nLl ranpi l i aar pr..:
-\s thc slrow ntuceetlen. laft-comets lrere Pourtng tn
He ou.ed,an, illrIc thc noist outsider@ sro"B in Yolumc.
Dacd insn nu cortinuitatea acliunilor intor€seazd. ci simplul fapi c{ S 1442
acestea au avut loc la ur omcnt dat. l_erbele respcrtire se pun la trocutul
silnpln (N.rrftrtirr ar H^toru: PtLtt):
Th-"1 /ear do$n lonnr and 1 cam€ ho ..
a,t-;& dar in oras. iar eu d,' ,.,ir acasi.)
\itc. tlc livc o'claok ri$s. the enouncer /add the mo,es 01 tl,f cdsi ir the pd-
l o . l a _ lo lo n n {. so il n'u :. pt it t l r 4. - l' r ' L s or r n i l - l l i . s '- P 9 , . P 4
tlup. i: fl1 ; J ld o ra.r ", ' r ir J r r . r l r . , , t 1um . 1. 1 r l r " l r l n t h . " i ': . " u / , r ,
,o h . : n:. ,^ urd n' /"1 r " r r ' ' / ' \ " r r _ - n' o .dl r
D. Functii s 1445
Din F;g.2. S l ,iL. q. or..'ori a prezerlulpprfr I la'e parle,lin srupg
,lF 'i mpuri , arp rn ""rrrrl lor 1,r':,nt"t indi ,ltitu't/i si slnr ' on lruir" ' u
"u respecLive.
auxiliarelor
-rr,"r:.nlul
Prezeniul perfect,erprimi asadaro acliune sau o stare treeutl, anterioarl
,.. yntp1y;, lar alll rlp "lrin. l"qrr" do a -- r In'll lnlPlFSUl \arbului FqlFin
t.tpt Jc tt"z"r1. pqz.nlLl Dorlpil li:nd 'r',anri hiar lr-d'r. u prF/rn ul ln
]inlba .omend (S 1475 b).
PrezenLulperf€ct are l,"ri tntr€buintiri /rrincilale. Dl fuaLn:
l) mterioritRtec unei acliuni terminate insintea altei ac.tiuni exprnnate $ 144ti
prin prezen',:
on i, nJ"i". \h n 1 p 4as / , nd bnak d r , n- al{ d' . . d " '" 'h l J p e r '
D urnin ,,l . ,lu r,1 m r . , l dd_U. j 44. ? i1 _ 'l d J u n a " i " r F p .
\ L liv.. , .n I h t!" ar ", t oi \ or l. I s r o l i o r a ! u p o l
tic| n, ) tlut',t " on l, * l, "u, "r , rdlr l'
r ' ' , 1, bu' lir p. m lop r . r ' . a t b a 'r o'-eJp. a : c a
'd
2) rezultatul in prezert al unei acliLtni anierioare. de cele rnai mulle ori 1447
cu irnplicalii ulterioafe, l}ronentu,sivlr*rii acliunii respeotivencfiind india "r
deaaracen intereseazi:
D.ry has broken.
IS'a cr{pat de zi. l: Esle zi, dcci ne tutem scula )l
l:li::lllii;"':i'":ii:l;'i1ilix"l-i;ilT
n:nhxli:ill',,iiii'l:jir,il;:l:;fi
2;E
i..' ' ' ' | ' ' ' ' | i' ' i \|
'|:'':'].' ' ' l' a -'t',: |a" ||''j ''|'' t on'h5'
l^ , . , i d t r t 1 , . t i . , i , ri .m tL, rdt 4,
- ' ^. n ut.:mr.c f I
S r45$ d./ PrczeDtul pertect lorrinuu drl uneoi te\rLrtui o nuanln emol.ioratd:
\,r L .1.. g, r , g I n I i. i, iiLr r . J . r 1:
ii.'rr', iarrp i o5la, : : nd , Lr ". ! - b \:i d:r d, t.ziu,j
ll. Lo t."- . it. ; , B ut r , ddinA , I dt , , , r . s n {J i n :
(i J
".d -1,titp n1 Lr / iu n, . . ' t r . , , . Do d.; J , . o b o , . i . l
\ se corripara in contra"ct,:
: tte hasatut n a svmDlionv.
,1 sartuo snnronie.
\r"a -nru t a ,,iLni , . ! n npr . r . r ilbr . , i, . ' nu in . ; , p s , : r , . i . r d a r . r '! s i m l o n i d . \ ,
unul r - e, ut . _ t , e n, . , € \"r
\Io n".,ul a,'iL I r , j. p"e, . i/ J ' . an, r t t r Lr".
.
\mphont.ta.L
,1 . -.. o s,n on: p dnr . t bi. r t , , H hos r . : t . " , d s r n , r , h o i . 1 . i , r r a r .
I \i u Lr i .!pu t d . i t pr m nai, t r " J " . t dn
p l
. , ,
o - i n | , ' F J n u I a' ps , i. lt - / r bp. , . . r t; t , , . g a s J l p r ! J , . i . J F r r .
-j
i \i ri n . d '.nro pu, J in a, . p, J n du"pr / l . i . n F r p l " r , 1
| 5-a roro !:dl d " "'s a nt ^"bA t t r eu ' a, at ir t : . , D"c F a r i r . n r ''. '. D r rp
"tnrpli
ai ; . t , a p*,p"t, ,,Dp rp a lis pus lnlr un anu4: t r nom pn( s r b r r '" 1 " s r d i n / 'P . u l ) c i 'u
! e n i ti?' il
AalyerbelealotimD inhcbt riato atit cu trccutul simplu' cit Di cu prczentul $ 1462
D c r l c r l-. Ar i l tr o uiu l -i'nnl.r,.ll )i prF/pntutp.rlP l p o r li i' rF h u in t a lp
In urma to r r nl. s d\ er bF d F i ,,Ip n p rP " ;. d a r i n s i l ui l i i di l eri l " :
1) erer $i nc{er, recently,slnt, folosite cu: S 1463
a ) Tr e cn tul simTlu, cind se gubinle lecgu v in t e le, , in t re c u t " :
"rid vou crcr /tnd o,, the nanc ol the goal kecpcr?"r
"I dtd'- iusl relorc I Lfr lhc st{diun "
/ rt;i,rJ drn se 'r"tia lortarul?-Da, chiarlnainte dc plecareamcade le stadioD.)
She was lh. rreitiest girl I or0r rad
(Era cea mai arrgule rain te carc (fl pd:,t_o .odail:r')
1 (sport): parur {la lotbul, ho.h.i {do.).
{i0
[:here dtl J.u .{.a urem? I'rc sc.n them sad and l'0e r€etr l.hem
naplrx.
Tl,. raj! sropcd r0r ten njlutes and The rain lzs i/rpcd, I an so glad.
ihfn E Son agair.
Ilorv dtl rou sroil your dress? \ 1\nt ha@ sou dane! fo!'r. s!.ih you
I 1,,, 1cn lrl n!rc. u.te6 \on brcasht 1t t)ackl
I hde;\'t h%rA \on.
"Did h.at ab.ut llelen?" -\\ rt abort l fr" _S l eL (: /,d\l
-\an l ,r
tl ' € t s.l " rl arbhilr,
or Lon,l nn"
He,.a r n i tl rc s e a s i d -"
in June.
?. Alte furclii :{e prozerhrlui tc ect S 14?S
1) Prezentulperlectlnlocuieltcliitoml pcrfcctlin Prapr.il;ih src rdof€, I U73
in specialin celelemporalesi condi,Lionale
( S2853):
I shaUso to nil oflicc w]ien I haeelod locr.
{u'1 voi dncc la birou drpi ce coi fi luat ma.a dc prinz i
U t hdeeseenho lcfore roon, I shau ]eare ai jira.
IDarii o rot /t rdr,,'o line la prtuz, roi ll.ca la lora) .inci-l
You can'l go ard play till ro\ haved.one1ou. nonreryork.
(Nr t"" poti duoc sI ic joci pin;1ce nu li lci /t it.a,1 1e.!iile.r
2) Constructia idiomatici haio got 1: frare). deli a'ind forma d€ plazent S 1474
perfccl. arc tnleles d€ lrc:enl. dcoarece vcrbul ld ge.tnu indelhrette nici decit
rolul de a interi ideea exprin,atn prin |erbul t.i idr'.:
I.ndre so, a rvatch (- I nalc n watch). (Posesiunul
t nm un c c 6. l
I I p 4, 9. , , oD 1 /,,1 { ( II /d ., r-.1 .-\ . (OIl i ..' !'
( lr abt r ies r r nl " L trd s cal c x m .)
,\oeftstn construcirie nu este intrcb nlatd.lc.il iD sli1ul colortial.
284
z, lirii adrerl !r !trLnrirhsc Ild'ia lon r.d, 'llrmirt"? ,1; .i/i/ ..lltrnlet l I
, .lnrn in l(^ nNr ( \ 11ii4)
i, .n erei, ner.r {S 1a!i) Ente lri .\ar cliltrned Te-rt trcoiluli I 'e i
^ -rrldi
I
i cr. r.",.'t' .;"ut" fS rlll,,i i liici ,id,, rd,"i rreoditii I
../ or n rdYfrn rFrc sn!s..rz,i Iuu l{r {lrcrdX l0id rlc ]li-dt n$ N_ruslov.stoa
id.ea do ,,f:ni ia lrez{r:.t :
al.q idL r€ t, s6lo r c ic ( S 11r j; ) ld! lori Ml DJsifrcr Xtl? -{i .u,r.rl'o linn u.!d
d, (tr un ndrorb .rro o^-lrnni T h ' ,b rn l r,a si q tl .. r" N n. Trenul d s4sii chii. acrn,
ut tnal) iltrol i snr risui dc
!(/dn: jrs1, ltlciL ll0s{ iYe ld/ . r f i , ! L J ou l i t i l l . Nn tr-d, !.i;d h nliin!
tscnty Dinuies.tc. {i! 1116-
..) d' u rdrerb crre rrrt.i o TodxXldi |ad r lnrc da-r. ,\lnri z I'sl o zi lru!!'rsi.
t..ioadi rLetirnp reierminrti:
lods!, this r€et, ill daI eir. I ldrr uorlrd lPrv lrrd -.1, |(rrl ioarte ntrlt
(! 11ii{ il, )
1i. r*'nr,t^1i,' rl tltrl I $'Iet tu& rou t(n dl Unde ni /r!, lorln ziut?
dsJl
t Viiior'n rnFrior jn liDla ronini. ca si riil.onl
D.rlccL ni linba rnsle7.i. ru cste
d' laLr,l., l-n imr,e, d, . dt . , dl. lnl. . . il r nq n, n nr in n i / r n o f i r , l r - ; r \ i i r , r ', l n -
\.l. i l li id \ o, L, i' . ir nr opoi, , l d . r i j , . , t r r , L-... r i . r J , " , 'l d 'i . \ l .
"l'.
d' lrhir"rou p," ,'u, da- . . 1, j. ., r , l a ' , r a i i '. . . \ u l I . o I r u "
!1 ror,,' i. 1. . , h. . \ i"a r ". i . ! i r r b i r , r r " d r p , , . . . i .td.
!86
f) ((n tar) u a{lv.rb .are She ldsn'i trN' Irere ({or) (!ar Il'd /4r aici de un 3n.
Dcriondli (lr fi'nr t!r-
anti o '(srn I
rrinaii rorriNlird) i! IIol1 lolg ldE votr ,.4, ir Ile cl*d .iii in Buourciii?
pr.7ontj Niic ! rr lrt.i
(\ 11: )1); De cllirs mi Gl) l,{rd?d I
fo. so0c ten$ lie irds ,e.,
4 / i nalxtrl frrii'JJrj d P tjm P Tho gtdcn /Me ir?r,r.l Crndinr s, /d".u/nri In-
t. rmrnxi lscx noast iledl ln oprili€.
Drcz.ni este ]lr.Lt4l do nr TIle tlrv /mr re.! a .uces I'icsa r nrrl succcsde l&
idvrb {.susll:
l(]l Treortnl sin,!\t \ 1111
l J i ne! ri' 11 tcriu ad "i d .. li' nl, \\'o nrL lirril lifr sin.e Ne ,,.rtlr ii.i do ii'rd n!-rn
t P ru rnJft (srtr (o0 rrnn nr nl mo!tui il lalr Jas)-'.
!r.20trt. este pr..rzri de ua 'r
i r!,ni sn,,p h i\ 1 11 11 :
i./ m {a lrmrr lreriert. an,bele Iis hetltl ,ds ,.tr botter Sinitotea lui $r a,r,liorui
lofu. dc trczsrt pcrlP.t e-F sitr.e h. hrs b..n t*inF do .ird hee Qia I. tsiile
DriFird ldn!'i tarar.L. the Ml.rs al tle Slirnic
is r151):
jl .n u xd v or bd. t im ! . o n ti - LaE dhr.xs l,ln!.d na -.1,r .r.a4 inloldeinn| ol
ruati! san rcretitir: 3l${r\
olle& somrii ei, urDi tiD'es \\'c ndf. olton l.er to the ,1m fon od*cori la nrt.
ci ., l i 1 4( i?,1{ iib) ;
I liar4 r..r "Ila.r!t" s.rc. !, rii{l.,Ilanlot" de Dri
- cr.r,ai",tiln*.,t t rtal I
!i l]{jr-i l
Trecutul perlect irLr-o plopozilic cere trecutul simplu sau contjnuutn S 1480
cealalti:
rher h.d a aL e b"lot I . d, r '
I roia 1,,u nt tn,t been iaillin!
rdr@ so_ :1. s ' J Z\ or ' l a! . n' in " r 'l p ! '' L u : r l l F Jpe ial{
an u luiprotr'u ' .\. or I n I 11 "' "1r u Lnr u l" \dl" mro-rJl"
't 'l
r86
Shc.tLni€d the tarcci Fiil, Lhe doll I lorsl,r (: Ijad lorChtj ii,'r.
(Y.z i $ S 1 /,r3 1
rvczi
\ 11 :t., v eli s i not a.
'The Ir,nqe-t
3 "torr,.". LiL l0Nl.er.
V.zi q 11 56
!nhcthLr
- un.al lr.analifal, dar iorDal:
5ltn lruG.C.f.
i/ !op!lar, dn. cln,nt.
v ez iir ! g. 3r i0, f ut { i.
!
. tl x.tt1 l ie S 1' 187
T rn
rtu l p |r , . . - p a' " " .i ,u . i .. d i q u b .n " ' ;ru l fF,h. r . a,e p\n' i ma
ir " 1. , 4ut , . , , /l r p ro o ,7 :i d ,o r' ,i ' i o n 1 .i " u ,, r" nLr ' -:rbui e
^ t . rF . u tu ',o F "'
coniundat. ln linbr r'.,Lline se lradu.e in ace.stn situalie cu cordilionalul
( $ 276 2 ) :
I naCs.€n liin lcto... brt I didn'L knoir his nnnc. lTrecut Dert.t
ill rnai rd:k.D, dar nn stilrn cum i] cheamri)
it I h. J . , p, h m l ., ., .' \ts l o ,u \o u rc,bton.l r\ p/r' .1
I j , i . - .l+
lDJ, r r ' sp u .
i\rezi ii g 175:lJ
TLTPUTiILTTIIRTtrCTX s 1488
(f!n Prxr!.ria.rir\nEs)
S 1195 l) Delinitie. \'litornl (The b'uture) etpri,ni o acliune sarr o stare care
va area loc drpd momenLulvorbirii:
I Lo os .h",',/1 , . h' _d u l' , n
(Siiu c{ ra /t aici ]a ora lira i.r
289
I t hat ntt' ,,t6 , m. \ " 1, " r r l |"r ' o1. . fo1,, Inl ir ' :
,' . 1 ?i nxmxr i <lilu l Do,t r s . L r c lir ios
r e r,.:/;o I . at a, . dl r " n, i, ' t grp F '6 r , r " l p . -
-\ Lrl" 'r d d \ l ', l - . ) i . , , , r '
., 1 . n.mliD-r s.J., in: Lt : i 1t ", , . n- t o, . t : 1ot b r " , : . ) ,
"u lr "F' r l I ' . t ' l t nt t "d i ' n; d n/ dbt , ' l - r 's p l i r .
DA,t "
tt d K : ' cd a' a l it "t I nt n o' d \ ". " "n / , , / 4, , l, p , 'r , S 'o l '/ \ \ b l l
t " 1 . t aJ, \or'.1 .a., , , . . , , . . , 4, a/ . I 3l. d !t ,,,r' i.\n!lia protau./oj.
O./j. D. OxL ttrd t,tr,x l! h Dic r inl r \ r
' \\' . l,ll ls.- Ir' r ' dlr on- n" f 'r '" J " a l l '' r
'l -
of E.slish is evcr c.lled oD to oleni a Nav through " "M.dcn r\nerican l\igP "
ilf . I L NIitl,i'rsct {lj{ . , 1r t dc , r . . . .lt en 4S, pag. 9;
Qlirk.1 . d lia. I r t lt nn{ r . . $ ii: 8
" 11.
200
In limb.r ,torbitaL
dsl.i;1. cstc curenti lnloeuirer au\iliarului SIIOUI,D ctt
\{OULD la pers- I sq. Ei pl. Periru a se evita problenele gramatioale cc se
jvesc astiel, -se inrrel,uinleazn in gcncre forma r,ontr l'.J l: I shouli l
q.,/J./ si "Fppciv r.tI x "houtdl^Ltdt i,,I h,i,.1 ^sn -lo.\iJ nun1i.
rinrorbi .",i"r'i.. (.1.,It,t'.)!r! .n,p/, \'rI 'ri .r.r '.r'.1. "^nr'a.p //l
9i e'll ( S 1507 volitiv).
,{vind acerali fomi .tl Si candilionaluLcele do,,i iimpuri riitoaro sc deo S 1506
sebescde e1 nLrmaiprin inteles. Colter.tul ne va arita deci tlaci avem de'a
face ou viitorul sari cu condi!,ionalul,viitorul fald dc irecui fiind corelat cu
u. tt..,tt:i,nr1,t d.."rp d"prndF,i'r,. li!io Jul l.1.i zrrll ,l,.o proporirip
g
""ititi nadt., i;[,!q., /..{piima,j.a,r -,binl"l",s;. \'"t,.,. fr""Fl.,ifdindi
liitntuL pofect fatai dc Ltecutto oontrast c\l undiliannl L petfetl:
I lnde.sfoodrot'dleouLl..onteat orcc. {Viftor)
(Dutr .ir d,' i' r.l"-, .; s, u;i ;n. d J .
,r I 'o',ll rrnsro'r ,,r'.Juu,//ro,r/ or" d .n'.. (. I li nll
D ri , d
p. "1 i
e . o ,i. a , ,p , ,1 .' l' d
'
.\ sc cornpar'ain contrast: S 1506
a) \or @iUha'. re.eindn"yg..ctingsin $!ilc ol th.l,oliday rush (I'rolalilitale--
rlc tir p prccisl(Yijtorpprl'ctl.
I.(r d,h.erlr
rt,rr .,tt t h. , ; li- ' . ' ll; n " s . o r T q , L rra ,,i ' l r r' r' ' ' \. [ .uoi b:l l i l
cu adverb de liml precis) (\iitor p.rlect).
b) I kne|9yot'd.lqohldft6s over Dickie il Iot got r chancelliilorul rali de tfc.ut
cernt de un f.c.ui simllu (ttn.tr). sot fiit\d tol u irecul.l
c) Un t:ondili.onal !rd:.nl corclat cr un saDjon./i(, tr!!nt. ,J.'].pnif, ii
f t lnct i e i l e s it Llat ie s au de i n te n l i a v o rb i i .o ru l u i :
// the letl.rs 49, a lake ihey ./ cdtainly not Deadd.ess.di.oyou by nan'e.
"vourIret
r,,,',,' m iinfi { { io !r z i i s l .i ll i i .ra rl .
MOTI!O'OGIA _ !'ERBUL
r9r
s"o' u,.oli"l1'ti,i$"T$i*.ili{'l'Jf"51"K.i;; (i"';13y'"
iJiil$"if"}i""'i
Yiitorul laF Prezont
'le In L e n i i a.e l ui ddftsdtsau
.lesprec@ese firbel.e
I shail call I $ili call'
€ 15fG Nurnflc .le raliti'J (Voliti()e Future). dat acestui timp penlruJaptul
' 'iilof
sugereaze, ln maj l]rar. s.|L nrai rni.r-r rnnsur:r' o nrrrllest'rre
c{ toaie lormolc
a voiniei celui carc:'orbeite. cnrria i se rorbefle .\rr desp|c calr se aorbelte,
este aplicat in gerere numai urmitoarclol] innn'":
I wiu call trc till call
ron sliall call von sfall oirll
iie. she, ii slall call they shall cdl
A oc as t i int er l re i a re c s tc i n c o rn t' l p tJ . p c n trtr ' ; I u ti n" scdmd deJormcl e
n e a c c eir t uat c .s s u' n :,i mu l i o ri n d i p u !,i n a l : .et l uate. consi fui tc cu S H ' \LL
l a p . r - oano I . i \ \ l L L l a p -r.n e rd L. ' i rp ' u ' l q' r rnl ' rF r3{r
"2 oii ' rJ-' " 1,/ P ' ru' t' \u-" l " dc
l sl u t t oln' ' " . : , " . r' ' ri tp i ' r," J a :i a u ri l i ,r,i
ti i ta r t uI it it ' t r ebt l\ e d e c i c x ti n s p " n tru d ,,4 ,ri i i ,l e. i rr rno,l ul -crpus" nnt ' us. S t
ir",""t" .*;", ;i este intrebuinlarx.Licl'rr lu,rdrer de rt'JJ 1et $ 1i0?)'
S t517 8) i[odalitnli de oxprimare:l viitorului:
d) (i.leeadc viil,orpur nu cnntim niri o inlli';!h rtod'slA\: riitar fald
ae piizt:"t tlrpdnat' prii viitorul xntplu lsinvti 1:tti r') ti riitarul letfect
(Futue Perfd):
I rna .dll \'otr whcD lic comes.
lTe eoi ch.nu cnni va reni.)
Hc q,tll lat? ndd his balh }r the tinc lou gct ur.
l1!' fi fAa,lea /ac€ baia pln{ c. tf vei scula)r
'd
S 1518 tirlrl tuld de lrecutc\DriltraL prin aiitorul f.Ltd de tftcut (Fature in the Past)
,i ,;i t; r ; 1 p. t l. . ! t o td d " tD .;! tF n tu t Pc4q tl , P a.* t):
'n
IIe iold nrc iir teould Lret\erc.
(ui-a slns c;"1ra ft tuolo.)
I kner' I sbtld liee gone ortL lclore they camc-
{ltiam ci ,,t /l tl..d,in orat hainie dc veni.ca lor.)
$ 1619 b) /t,iitor i.teea de hotbite. promkianc e!,;) exprimat prin tiiloral
" ( S 1 5 0 7 -1 5 1 3 ) (c o lorat modal ):
r'o l i tii ( t ' olit it . F i tfe )
laln l.c r rc:r/n:
I ',r | "" lo lr " m nl. h ) Pt . il i' "' r ' l "ddl.
\u f" ,.r d ,/ , t t d a' um li m 4' i s lp i n . ; d d L 'r n e l
You slzll ' F -rou ,;ll. (Stil lo.mal)
/dt" \vhat 'voi,
( t'.i ao.a L.r cc vei !i-o iag{duiesc )
I liitrtut pahct dla |tibtr romannesfe,ca ti in lidba engle'i, rtrmar un tlml grdna-
,t.{, ii !sLr ad$ca nrlocu't c\ tiitorul. si}n|ltt.
295
,'.,r'-
297
_ 'Iltil she tut oD lrcf ne\r dress?" "\o, she por'i.,, l,,Nr vrea ca..J (\ jiror rotitiv-
0uardire'r'rrezenndsurrjon'r'ilur'
iar cu'silere
comlr€-
"*t -'rcnre
800
A. TDIPURT
$ 1540
ii#l;
Xliilll."ii
i:.1::lH#,ii"ll:1;;li,'li",iiiii
J"ni"'"f
,"'5f ::i,1;
L[Ur
r0Rll]I l-llcl{x a suBJo_-{o'r'll
s 1541
s 1542
,".,l.i,xlili*.I"ii"i'"]":ili.' T"x::xil,Hll"i,""'
"":'*:::i"""11#
,""""{ l,!i"',i",".l,"i1l,liiiii,'
il'!i"'
,"'," { l}i"lil""'";l"if}J'i1.""'
ObserrtLlia
* *"T;;:]#"1:;,';,::i':
Ficindr-seabstraclie :::l$fj""1'"':."""i:i'l
mod ( 'onfundnfornat tu ltrut
"-',iili"
i
" - 'i "g"r ''i "a e
- '
l' s'rbionc'i'n r dr" '"r'l'rn -' i'
s'r*' l;W ;:**i l*l;tllliilltf;l.t,i fi::if
:#I'll,'"',.1i
san rtLtor:
tinp, lrr,tl.l. Prczcnt
l:,i";;1"jl:i:)-iil'fXt:
l,,,i,,ii," I " ;; ".lli';l ",".'","'
r":"1:ll:
"',' ","-1,;:,L);,1 ",",i1. (:, on.,,,,,,\dr,b,l
;".": i l-;,",,,,.
,l': l t ,:l':'; ',;;"';:"f
i'";;"':" \" \"or 'ic':'d-
''
''"'" rr.'li'ltiiJl"'l?' iir l,rre sr!riiminaaiitoa'eractrrsaLnor"tieror')
€ 1544 3) - F',l.''1
Inrere". "
)::l:"i i"I ';iH*lrf i'l"+lil"l
" rri ,r' o . , lr " d" l u .ru n p '
,i * ,r p, ' , o' o n 4 i !; ' ^ :n ' l n to ti
"",lJiX::'il|*:
v \ f ol ' rt' .:,: ; s4-
t
'
:;:-" ,r.
s/r' 4
. " I" r'
" ,' " ;..
,' ,
" "
-"i;"1.'.:;'if'rr,'"*ru#&Hliiiff:iiiilJ,.:lli"'iiiii"lxi"
o rA in, o llr ur P . o d a rtn l a :
t;ru*k*"t;
",$'l;n :l*,1*,i:".:T,',1'li;
;ip"ffi': l::lfl![)-"',,"'.
'' "
atil de elicicnt )
r"* oucondiliona
l,*"lit"ll"'::"tl"i".Tl"'*q.'f"';,T.fl$'i::,i!{li'i;
rr" I r- pa-rn In r'rtn'r a'lirrImrn
1. l
{:i":
Ii::*;' l';'l:j:iil:i"i"),ii; ilji': "'T-il;,,
'.'""i,'li
4' lnlrcb inlire. - \'""hF., fur..ld c subior.tivului enaliT a(tp DL,t;n { lb{6
f^lo.ir" in liml' pnsl' 1s mod,rn... Ejra IrF.rrnrd in.r :n S arele Uniie it" -
\ merieii. '
)t:.st subjonctit se tnenlin. astaiziiD englezabriranici in urmdroarele si-
.
a) i stilal oficial si in ge*re in limba lormala rrnrd (frazeotoei€iuridiod. { 1646
limbrj ziaristi ;i narlan'ont pro"Fs^li\-rbitF .h.edi,.l"lor, in Stiinla si -
'-hnr.i el..l. prerurirJ-ni undr'r. ,:i.
n.-asar u tin I.Jj Ior.1atpreii". .1"i,
{dre ambiguiLdti:
T ho judgp dFa d nd s rIal ll' Lr . . , 1pr r " l' "ou" . t n
lJud, . A rnru l.dre .l i,ur ar r . i . p i r oo. s . l
___ If ih$e Dd all w can muster, ii were lctter to teavc thc scutf,tLr.esgatterics emtty.
l"Tl'e Tine6" siil ziarjstic)
l Ddr4arpdA o rir'..o d.Jot t oa1el. t "t - ' - p. , aje, "t , . L- m " d u n a . d r l : mirbi!"sd
lI s l m R {l. riil. de scu l!tur.i g oalt s . l
I rnovethat an apDcalrd madel,oi,hera lcsconcerned.
(l'ro!u sits. /dc; dt.l l{ tirrtilc in caizir.)
b) in loezie ti tn prcza Literard: s 1547
"T'.l rp " $il$ill I l. : L ' o " " l , /d r. rR r" o n )
Tl o u g h sl' c b€ s , , 1! u, q, I \i l l .o n l i d o i n } e i .
c) tn unclect:preiii firc, ca. $ 1548
il need Dr {: daci csle neroie)
, a i i so s . t u s o Ddit l: a s as Afi e l
b€ihal as it n", (: oiicuni ar lil
,, ," i r r' o, n , , ; , . . . r . ,, t," .,:d m i i , ;i J u tJ . J ...)
/ " ,.ro i d $ l\ o. m . J in q o b p r,ru " , l ;" p , \-1 A \i . .' i un" nor.i rot
a s r.r. 1: c . rr r \ l r n J ..' j .a ! .u r a r l r)
catue'L *haL malt (.- rie .reo li, odoc s'ar Intlmpln)
. L )'-- \ t on t bJ i ." n t i r" ,tc L n i u n a ri
r ',D . u i'-r ' t F r r nil hr $ tl l c a rn l r s k rte
{Savini ia a, ci vd lnriLlacl sh latineze.)
s4l,.d it l.osaJ...(Esled; ajunssi spun...J,€ic.
d) in ixLIcniri injtioase, imye1lii, proteste achem.ntesan n|.. S 1b49
Clfse voul ,.d, tlte iellowl
(irire-aibiestematsI lii l) (Firc-ai sd lii de indiri.l l)
ilxpclscs Ddhans€dl '
(Dii le incolo de €helluielil)
'fhat ,e hanq€dfo. a talcl
(Ce niscocire nnst.L,inicil)
5) Troaluccro. - Forma r.echea subjonctivuluise tfaduce ln limba ro- { 1660
| . n a p r i n . onju n .l i '. p r in condilionsl
s0u printr-Lnin , lira lir , u o n u a n t a
d" ,,.reapv mtlplord. ld $ 11 4 4 r.
( \Fzi r r ALl
' "r i . c n l i .
SItsJONCTI\'TIt, MOIIEITN s 1551
SUBJONCTIVUL Pt:tXZ}!NT
(rnDSllNl svtsJtNcTtrtr)
s 1552
l) Fo rn ri. - S uhj^' , ri ru l p r' z n l € r- o s i n g ,r r. r' ,n,d prnrrJ loate S 1553
t. r'uj n p l p . a r i' 1. s i|' r . , la r. .l r (i | , l l u rp l :
, ^ ^^, , j L . t e l : \o ' r. L h ,s tr.:r ..,t' ,1
' " " - ' 1 " " " r.0 , \,,r " ,t" .t. r.y ,,I^ t.
r " *h" J r ! - )o ' r\ r.r.l ,..r.p .i ' $ .r.
- I s e - d re r,o . \," ;trr\ $ r-.
t,n u ,rr estelorma vechca
lcNoanci a t-a singular,astdziarllaici sru poctici.
m9
ObserQd!te
,,,,'',,,:i:i,;'ii'l;;;':;;1,;',:'l::l"i-"j;l"T"""i;ii';
- "'!!rij''
qi a J a 'inslllrr ri J' rr"uL'
'lif'
\ll j: ;*,"""
" ):':!:;"'
lhiT;'il;':"
"i€ar'i'
ostarc
sau .".
u'uot ;":hi:*,';"*"'nffi;t"'*ri eTl"}"i:
'-
"".,,i,i1*:':i ';;]j.l;:il',;;,iiriri;11"
ii:ll::; :['i :ii":1, "' ""'-''
il:i;l :lli;;"; ll""'n:|,"i :
r':il i'll'n"i'i'ii'fi"''
N old indioatilui :
Cit"i lq**" corespundereatte-iii' se inr'rebuint'eazi
'i*: ni"t;,1*':l'.;lll'll"*ltfllilTil*-*"1r
Ii,:i:: '
Yill'Jsif iilil,lJfiiiiJi,liT'i:li'"
estetntrebuinlat atlt in stitulformal'
E 1556 i) Subiouct'ivulprcz€nt
^"4*-
i,,*
" ;'1'.;:i,:;";qlr-i::*lr:i,.:,"f1"""'*ffii*x;'"
';;i; iniica,i'u, i,iHiHl;:il.'Ki'
*as;
re"ur
;i:'ii
'"1,'i:\'Jlli$tJ'i
ll:,:':l'tlr,t;'i|"]:lr"i;
'11"::"1:"
i wistr 1'o ' l n t oc dc * r ' ' r n Hir r nr n
tA.s rlori 6l iid r\rAlt r l
Sl' t'r s sl" / a lo' dn r aPi m P
"n
ihlilli:iritl;ir":rr'':1 I":l':":'
ii"lijlr'l;i:;'xi'irJ'Yr
disrinclia dintre inJi'dLi!ul trtr'rL
$o!'
€ 165? Limbajul 'ulr. p"''"'o'"
''""' :*iii:il.:": ll"l'Tii'^
il;n *:*,ii'j:l;ii"i""#;::';'::l;lj
'n"'
""'-""'"*
Corect,dar .tr tntelesuridiferile:
il*;:*:r*:"'?tffi[r::i;iitY!*is$"""''
ri.6rto?resqzne
liupoai'e
;i*n?::ft""*# fxffi,i:l'ltl"l'r$r*
a0s
Traduoorc- Subjonfti\ut prczFnt,sF trs,lu.p In lin br rom6nd prin
-.4)
conlun.rrvul prpz.nt sau p'in .ondi{ionstulprarFnr: S t6i8
I wish I pft vou.
(.\t dori s., fd rn rocultatu.)(Conjuncris)
S.!!pore he ddft, /
(tnchilui€ste-li c{ a' dnt.) {Conditional)
r l' pr Df we . ir l g r rIp s .b j .c r' { c o l o c v i a l )
{ t - ^- art i s t ic h i m u m s u o ,.tL . j ,p " o n u n ;" " . n." \,
SUBJONCTI\'LTL PERFTC'|
IINRItrCT SUBJUNCTIVE)
s 155
1.1Formn.- Suljonrtir.ul lpttrd t-r n sin-ur,j [ar,.,,tp"ntru todtp p.r- { tSrj0
'
Jlil'i:"lil;''":lJt,{
l:iTlt;: t;:1,.)i"t:ioji,;i;; ""
-;i;;a;;;';;"i;
t"*n{ j"}Xt
jX'l:f"hlgi,li,."
j1l!jir,ih"}"ilii1iii"""
. * { i"}X13"fl;1i,\ltT#ir;}iiiii,
il}T"}f""'
Subjon.ti\.ulpFrtectexprimdo adlirn?rdu o,tarc contratd 1561
,^-,.3,.1ot"'"" \
Ea poatefi:
rc!iunii rcu s jrii exprimo,"prin r,rb.rt din propozilid
_^.^o)-antptiaMd
J'rrncrnals:
I I" rL rr.. t , " I ad - ot , , . / s ^ .,r.t" " { o h i s d .tr.
A- d o fi
" r , . 4 I / o. r a. i, J e D p c l ,j ,n t.nIn d .o t,n " i r.d
.,1 , :i ,L { l ar a l ost.),
b-) cu un verb ta un timp perfect. din principali:
.simultand.
I l \d h o d 1e- . lll , 1r qur J ,s h o ph." @ " l r h a r. t,4 p .d \o r.
Da ra o t h t , . 1 I n r r " t . . -, re .d r i ,,;,,r,1,1 ,r, ; ti ., L i i i " , ..,,
3j lotrebuintraro. - Subjonulivul De attt ln stilut 5r1562
formal sau literar, cft si in cel ,"-u,;.,""""1"1-!,'j,."''"ebuin!at
4) Trad_uccrc. Subjonctivul perfecl,se rhdu.e trL timbr rumdni cu g
u rj rn . r i r u l p"r f,r ' lb63
ru cor,,tiqiona,u,
p,rr"",:
",r u
I wGh I nad Dd,z th.rp:
(_{r dorj rd lt /os, acolo.) {Corjutrcrivperrcct)
Ii he tdd oru, he s,ould ha!€ como
IJ,acn b ^ufi ttiut, ar ri venft.) (Condiiionalpcrfecr)
0 b s e r e a lie
D L l , €4 In p r o p "/i l ia.on,liLionald.
sFIntr.buir: F a zsbu ! . io n . u , t rt
mo r. t lu l
. .r r. Arp rl l l r o pr es ul, un,r.. F t, u i n l l i " a ti ru t tr ru t, i , x,e
ar Ii un nonsens-
B. t) tT RE nurNTA nx $r INT x L D s
.1) lntretrriDlare. Suhjonctir.uteste intrcbuinlab duld urmltoarele S 1664
( ",i"I;.qi'":,
f tl.,;,'f,i
{ht,h;;i,";:,;:I:jiitl .1;l,f;j;,*i;::",11,
ii.' ,|X;lili,'".ili," or or .':rt.,,i;,';o'nr".
1,,9iJ';:",:.:,,:,'\':i:t
" '; "i,,
l;;:,,'ii::'";::i':t l"llJl"l:l ";ri:"''iJ':;, " '"tr".i;: ll:
,:',r:r
6i dupnverbele:
s,ru,se {: a lrBslprncl fi ro /tst (: a dod).
I V ezi pag . 3 14 ,
m4
I \ Itr!t' o. p" . i c r \ 13. ir s d f ^ rr' rn i r5 ' d .u " s ' rl5 ' " ' 1 .
T..\ so uonlI t l r go,/,-/a J ," l ,p n a r$ J r l ' " ddrk (soLd/n; l l o."
L -\- \,r'u. - ol. " r " , l, l ... r' i IU rd l J . a rb d u' nr' ,.- p' i t r ' i
lil o tenrcrel tpn lcst,for fcar, ro bea raid, to fear). .|i1570
She le.rred14, she D€caught in the stonn. [(co]oir'.] $l,e lcas al.aid she u,g/,r le...l
{li era teaoi r{i nu o pdndl lorltrna.)
lJ o ttrare: Sl;it
l r' ' ng Dc d. l!!tl l
( S ,i iir rou lli n rri letritrl ll
rli, r d oitf ,/ \frame-. ,,t 0 ,' ,,.. lll.,,/ a t,tl oshna":,f pf1 .
ln a . . sr. , .j"l'l rlru a u n" d nn, , i, , nr i . / . r + . . "u. ir r i''. . ln llr -u,h ot ahjng".
w h d t d ! i.v' p q ha mp irp sho ul 4 I ' a. " go L n lo r hJ nl. n". r n.r kiDon"$ '
, T oll;A ' esle "o rrr'..ii c "r . ' r bt o li\ ul , , "oar . . s r nl L r m . l F d P . o r t u l l i d r l d '.
exprimt;1 satr snlrinleleasl 1$ t!641.
400
Notd
It A (hi\h) tims estc urmale de subjonctivul prezent:
It is (hiEh)tine (tlrar.)you /ere in bed,Nan_
lAr Ii t.ehit (dc nuli) si te culci.Na .l
lin t lt rine lou sro,,€d Dlavina?
\.d r li r md .l . . r ; ; m idi , ir t ; d, d r
It is hish tin z \ hd / pd qr oLr n up.
\', f o Jil.s ; ai m h; , iull, 1 ; ni, r l"l. ' \ , r s r , d .
S f5?9 n, in construcliile idiomaticc iarl bctt.t, had mtller. wauld rather, \pould.
sooner,verbele had,Ei oould tiiDd aici la modul subjonctiv:
You nzd ,€ir€. srdd,,i io ],im.
(-{i lace mai bin; sd i vornc$ti.)
\lt "an h d.J Ht , r plaa t - dt
rT,rt m"d Jr fr , . t pr " s d 5" jni, p"o.
dq/ it . . d | . , r , . / "
I eauLl, ntho \\e acckand..t at $iDdernuc.l
(At ptefetd sii pet.erctu sthliiul d€ srlptiLninn la llindcrmcrc )
I !4 tA..o."r \ ' ou "dd" v r n m .
(At ptefetu sd rtt cu minc.)
O bse r e a lie
'S f681 . 1) A so obseNa cir modalele au aceea,si formx la indicativul trecut, sub-
jonctivul lrczent si c.n,lilionr!rl prczent, dec\ o singnrd farnd.la tr€i nortu
{ 1582 2) X{odalclean rn limp prezentsl .ut:,tint t.:cut, tleci difnenla rle fonn,i:
apare la mod,ale,care sint urnato la ambele timpud de un infinitiv prczrnt:
(o sineurn formn).
t t l d- r ' p, j Ibr
n a l i. , n
'F nii ' . ,r' ,ri n \.;l J ,- \V ,,n LaLe r' ; h,t,o.-r
p.,,.u grLt td. po.ri fo.,i i rrhl
'aI'hELak ' ,\chool".
. nr o. . , " hstabirili
b -,n " ,,t1 ,p ,ro ,,. tfi iom
in regiune: " .,i to
ll'tr)i a;h ftJ1tt 1350\:.ra;nlet l.aulal
cale dse 11712.18141!, Rabe soklttu l11i!t-ta4t).
,07
l" s, h i mb. , " n, liLi" nr l u l s ; ,,h i n ,,, ri \u l 0 r,n d Ln l fpr r., I v p t1.,1.
,lil- rrl ,!s d " f ur f ls r r nl, i rp s s ru rre , u ru l r n l ]Jte l a !.(, tut rbLtL,i
' i n ri ',
lerical. auriliarul moclal rlminind acelagi in ambele cazurj, ca arcn disi,inc-
ti\ . i . a .e sl , or doui m odrri :
e ,"o , . I s l, ouldi: d r { re"b' u i l -\o"n l d ) t f i ' ;' i ttt " Jrr rr
")t ; i, ' . . . " ir i ' r-' l
PP Prt I L, " i ; . E l ; c ! p i ,' .d F ,i , I
' rP" " ' ' d
. (: l re "n !i )- $ o n l' d
..",j ," r , II n, ould
; : , ' " . ; , 1 r, t: I4t:i ,i !ur prt:- ha\"
.. 1 p , ., r, p. ,, ., l ' r' , 1 , 1 I i ' h n .
1 ,.,1 , .r gi.
I'ou 3no"d r,ll thc t.utl.
(-{r trelni s:i slni adealrtri.)
I wauld ntlt. talk to vou than dance.
{-\i lrcrera sa siau de vorba etr line decil sri dansez.)
-\o onc .olld haeedone1Lrnore competentlythan rou.
(-\_ideniDu .r li tul.ur. Ia.€ .u mai multe comleienld dccli tine.)
You 7rtsn, Idre .one soonerl
(,\j tj pulut sir rii mai dcucd.ll
Pertru celelail,e auxiliare modale a se vcdca situ€-iia la liecare rnodal
r n parre .
O b s c r r a lie
LDT esie ur ai de un pronume\n cazuldcLt.zulitl
Lel n4.and,,, go lor a *alll
llon't lct a€ sceyou again:
Don't lct'r st.rft yet, v'iil you? s |
Ld's noi slaft yet, rvill Jou? 'r
2) inteles. Consirtcl,,ia Iormdtd cu ajuto|ul auxiliarului l,El esie S 15EG
lntrebuinlatd pentru a exp lr)r o propu ,ci ur lndrnrn. un ordin indiect.
o presupunerer o concesje:
Let Be sp.att no$l {Protuncrc)
(S,'irorl,cs. cu acuml)
,r, rs so lromcl (tndcmn)
(tlai si ,nlrsrn acasall
I,er'r /d, bysonesbe iysones! (lnd€rrn)
( f l{ i s n l i H rn l .c c u tu l l )
l lnfiDitivul incomnlet nu arc l]arti.nla lo.
, La peNoanaa )r-ase Intt.:|[int:a7i] itur)edtirul, CaZI deoareceac€s]a exlrili lrl
l0ii
$ 1591 lrAr
cthivalonte
M\Y -f infinit'ivulinconpletesteinltubrrinl,itin 1]onsLrucliiki
cu subjonctivul,pentru a expima (cu o ruanli de forrnalisttt):
a,) o dorinln sau o urare:
Yo . r 1 -.,,n . l tr, ] ,u i ,. ronJ
t Dinr r - d: 1 d i ' v -d " , r' o d i . b o l n \' ' . d r," r' i r' Ia Inrl ' : rr' i
,l o temere sau o sDerrrnla. de ccle mai mulic ori dupe conjunclia llal,
s au s ub i n l e l c ;s i . l r tra d u s o u m o d ul conj unctfv (marcat d€ con'
"\t'i 'nE t i
j u n cfia s d) :
I r llraid wc nar nir* lhc sisnpostin lhc dark
(Uic tcamn cl ru aotn pntl,t ved;r indicaloNl futio lc lntuneric )
Don'l, so (1orlearls lou ?,av r,.urri, ii thc stomr'
{Nu pleca,sd nu ic lrindl n'ttnna )
I hopeJ ou nay ,t l i g h i .
( s pDrs t ai dr e pl i tt.)
c_,,rn scop:
I lravecomeso l.J'atXou nay r.ll rie thc ne$s-
{\m votit ca sii-di slui vesi.ca.)
's 1585,1e28,
2ctdyfi.sh,
sg. qi coleclivilrl. .rasltstus:.a.'
z (fo. t€0) ncs@r il con{frdlF
3{19
Obser"a!ie
d) MIGHT intrebuinlat intr o irazn a circi profozilie princfualn con-
tlllo un prezeni un€ori chiar si ud trerut aratl circumstanle a ciror reali-
zare este foart€ problentrlici:
I kn.w Jou are rer,! busy.bnl I Nishyou ntgl,.rrd hcrc.
.l
(il:. ." rod, r . , ular . 1. , r "n r . , i, Lr . . d \,,ri,j.
rl" e ,6 itr.,id s . , r i8r l 8- t o"t in I , p L ooJ - .
(li p-a L4 JmJ , - . n4 . ' n t uld, r "' . 1i i i. t di. . . )
sHornD s 1693
1) l'orllrtr. O alti etr-lrcsieechival€ td cu subjonctivul. dar inrreluir g 1594
tatn ti colocvial, oste accca formatd cu ajutolul auriliarului SHOULD la
toate persoanele.si timpurile. ;i la ambeie numere.
l sau
,,Do.et1es.: te li prtui vode.t".dn!d siftalic sau conntrn int.nliei torlilordri.
310
Se folosescurmitoarele corNLructii:
pentru a se exprima prezerrttil sau viitorul - SHOULD + infinil.ivu)
prezent;
Ienim a sc erprima treoulul-SIIOULD+inlinit;vul pcrfccl.
no ' ,lisoby hin /".t Ir 6" rnl") qdbjon.li\)
('rhar'
{ \ u , i n d. . . lt 1 ' u r' c 4 n u s F s r' l Prd
Don't djsolel hin les, hc shouti be an]ry- (Prezent){arhairant)
(Nu li ne$cJllntor, rd nu se supc.e )
lt I s lt uu E ! " 1 e ry . I l F s p ' rn (l i i l o rl
( Da. a \ a u m' r. i \.i " \p l i |'
'" " , pd rd '
I r , ! inloo. \ ibp tl h d tt y o t s l ," rl d h o .pb .-r b n gry.(T-.ur)
It " l" c , innulinla (rJ I' a l F r' :u p rr' a l ,l u + ,u p r' tl '
$1695 2) inteles. - SHOULD. ca auxiliar utitizat la formarea unui eclivalent'
-
al subion,iivului, esta intrcbuinlAt uDeori pentru a arlta cA o ac,tiune sau o
stare este problematic{, dar nu,si irealizabila:
' t l \ r . 1lhaLt rttu. " t l ti n . i l l l l ,i ,ai o ri rE m " u p / r r' o 8i \ p mF a ri n8 )
( 1, ' d + r ' nUr l ,l d .u 1 \d d l In l i n p t' i . s p u npI sl _mrl ' l pronezp
'
S 1696 3l I'onctii. ln lirnba cneleznmodernii, atii scrisi cit Ei TorbiLS,con-
- str(Lctiacu SiI O UL D i nlooujpsL; forrna veche a sub.ionctivuluiln urmxtoarel6
S 160? 2) ink€huinl€re.
$ 1608 duparerbu]
a) $OULD estefoloijt I tnodobi$nuitin stilu]coloovial
l o tti. h ! - nlr u . , , rp ri -r o d o ri n l i r, d l i T d b i l d:
I s ; h r ot r ( , & l d ..ti ' e a rl rl
t ( f if e) ; r dor is d l i i d e v re m e (D
l c c e n u v i i d e rr€I,c?)l
Ob scr e a lie
S 1610 rr) NOULD pcatesugerael insu-si dat ai,unciexprinn o dorinl*
o dorin-t5,
fiind ffmai de un subjonctiv:
ireali.zabild,
I Qoui.l I ('€rd Xoul Woul.t, il hatL mL bce| sol
1-\s dori sli lju tn locd tau.) (De n-ar li lost atal)
s 1619 IN !' IN IT IV U L
IN D ]C A T ]VU L s 1614
Subjorctivul, a!'ind majoritatea lorrn{rlor moderne idenfice cu aceieaule
indicativului, este inlocuit de acestain loartc nrulLe cazul in stilul col.ocpial:
IrvishI (aslrou {ln loc de l d/,Jou").
Sulposehe easryonrlaUrer(ir locde "]rcrele yonrlatho").
I shallupholdmI loint ol vicwwhctherhei on my sideor not.(ni lo! d! r'wheth{rhe
,, on rny sideor not" : pcrinal.)
He doesnot lo.L poeticaltloug[ he is a loet (1n I o. dc "allhoxghhcr. a !oel" ==
I am ai.iid heotll r.lale to. theoreninS.iglit (i n I o c d e "l ad airaidlcst lrcbd
late_.."- perirnarl
Deoscbirce dintrc subjonctiv n,dicativ tiind irsn l ndrmentald in g 1616
ceea ce prive9te tnlelcsul, sint cazuri-si irr care subjonctivul e preierai, iiind
rec.saf prntru clariistea stilului (S 1557).
n I:rfttITtrLAxx
N ota 1
Subjonctivul ate. printrc altc llnlc!ii, ;i pe rcelea ale irrrporaiivului$ 1694
(Sl'',14. 1547.l5be. li i3. l-,;;r. Aratar' ldSlClJ. dar nr aJr"' l"d,r'rl-
pers.ranr a 2-a. oi l/di€.l. la persoana1 sau a 3-a ( S 15814,ceeace il deos€-
begte de imperativ.
2) l.otmi,. - Inperativul. pr;r insnli Jcljnilji ltri. nu poJte J\eJ de'jt S 1626
pprsoonq o 2 asingDl0ri, rtutot. o rr.il"r ., a., idnJli, i.ir d, Fp, a inlini
tivului incomplet (dpci tiri alr):
Diel nln ntalp- ro1'l Ha!. a cup ol lcal
]]. 8oodr, all oi )0uJ
N o ta 2 S1626
tlnii eramaticieii considerilca inrperativ si lorna de subioncti\- con'
s t r u i t r r u i m pe r a li'ulauriliaruluiLE lr( s l5b4)s i \ ^ rh p . d u n ; 4 ' t z rd t t r
drla, LJJrpbailrprqoin"i0 2-?i ti $ rn tntt"rutt! indi., r { "lres-t t"rr^dn, i I
si a 3-a). ,q.ceastIinteryretare ru torcspunde lnsd nici remnilicaliei moduri]or
rcspp.li\n limpprdti\ul F\p'in,inJ un ordin d/r',1. i"t subjon.rir,rl Ln urdin
tnitft t). nii Irddll'-'ii tn lrn br rom;nJ.
Nota 3
Yerbele defective modulc nn au inperativ. nici nu funclione&zi ca auri $ 162?
liarc ale unui impcrdtiv.
3) Timp. - Imperativul nu are decit prezentl trecutul lipscste, iar $ 1628
fnrma dF pFrt'.1 '.re un idiom rar. ." ;n:
Haeedan6a'\llr il) (l'erminliodatil)
1barc the chitd.alone ! s l.ao. I lct llk chihl b. ! : las{ colilll In l{cLrl
r looi ?rr, I : asculi,-Ll^!
! poorru lr5".rTn .r:, ' l, d"auni. b n- . i' 1", - 1"m i m l '" o r i . l . r d 'r . ' l r , n , . . u
n i !lp-,i, luDL li"d "il'l n, id r or l, lon l' , . , , bun_ - p r| 1;nd. I.a,l9 B"G..d.
d6 de. . , . . . ' r dl u , .
ri t tul u' . i r';6p ,uma .r5u i - . d r _idL. : . . Coni 1 b l,i r - . m (i n lF:
h 'l , J
a ; o o d , . b u n '.
r, unl-dr. 1"l-,Ll'Do l. o .r s n. ir pu r a^at r . 1l"i: aBadnn n . hor" lau b"n
'.
310
L l:ezi si g 15 83 .
I. INFI\ITIVUL $ 1639
(T IIII I\F IN IT IVE )
Diateza aoti\ri
Conjustea simph
10 c an. onl. lr e z e n l ) to t,a re cdl tcd{ rnt. r.ri ect)
L: r . r em ij (: a ti chemat)
Conjugarcacontinud.
io b. callnig (InL lrezcni) l o J a \e b,r' n .,l l i nA Ll nt. rerh(t)
( L l i .rcmrtl
Diotozopasiytr
lo I,n ,r pd {l, t t r ^z . nt , ' o Ldvp b p e n i d p , t Inf. r,.rtdctJ
t J l.n prn it ( rfi i^.1 .hemar,
rTlo lo.i!l iol 5p' l_/ , o. 1' ln l, n. " ,'l . rrt tt.a .lp q [ '1 1 1 1 pt.d6l
d:d a h": . - , bi ' \J - lr ilao' I t 'h " t - - '. d a a L
(Complcti''i dirccti.l
I \_ ezi $ 14 !0- 14! 1.
B !l
S 1662 c, dupe verbele care erprimi perceplii senzoriale: ta fcel, to heor, to see,
to obseree,to perceiae, ta tratcll, to behaldj:
I /c, him s,@,wh.n liis tramcs'as uttered.
(L an sintrit tesltind clnd j 6 a lronutrlat Dumele.)
T uu n .d ' d t.p r.r.a , u n i h " .rb J ecr.
( { i a u z i l -ov o rb :n dl n I g )i -ra " - a . d l I .l pJi unr.)
She sas him .,me hoDe-
I(xa) l-a rAmt renind acasl.l
\1:c rdrl€d hcr pin the mal,cx.
{Im umtujt o eu jDt€res cum a clrtisat meciul.)
I ,enerdsthc sun .isd f.om thc sea.
{r\n y{zut soareleresdrind din nare.)
rto HAVE este urmat al.il, de nrtinitivul comll€t, c1l
ii dc cd incomllet. (V,"zi ii
€' 19 03 ).
!Cln d ,, do l. , , o . . od r S ! li - 2 1 5 : r ) s l n l v p r b F r " $ r l , t " . F I F s p a r
{ $ - 2o- : 13,
!rmd tpd "in inilifL l'om pll. Ai. r dd. . i. d"a5r s ilLd! ip! if or m F l e l o r . o m p u s . - l n t u r r n d "
lol d p in iinitiwl co m plEt
3 r,6p l,/.1p srp un \ pr oa"ndiTdnr ! ili/ d' ji s lilu l n , . m a l , l i h E r s a u . o l o . \ i a l glum4,
clnd e slus pe u i.on cniatic: "ael@ld the bddcl", "tcfirld my maste4iecel" (el.c.: ,,Iai.{,
privifi..'.1'
393
d, dupx trei vethei to bi'li tu lrl l(verb l€{io.rl) : a lerl, a pefnitel !i S 166r
Dfueori 1o helpt l
She bad, hnn lc{r" IIs lessons
(l-a spus se-ii invcle lecliile-)
The ohittu.n woxl.ln'l ldi me g, odt
(Coliii n au vntt sn mn luse sit ies r
He nrr"dd m. .",ss oter'
{M-a ajutat sn iuversez l
Dectj\. :., clun i .inJ. prin s:, /"r"0 "JLF'b"lui lnain ' s J dupr i,lliniLiv'
:-ar .omtr"mi . .ou s-ei lngrruia lnl"laopr'd r"\tulur' Spr- a{omplul
They mei to e\lress Urcir alpreciaiion-
"8din
lni'le.ul ac"sr"i .on6lr,r.lii nu""l".lar. ud-\FfLul d:/t, pullrd" sF ro-
lpri IiA la tFrhul ,,a, Iic ld infirili\ul to "Lpr*s. ln '07u1'lrrd dPa;, 'p tplers
la inliniliv, tn linba engleznmodernn, numero$i scriito preferd conslruc,tia
cu adverb intercalai, inhturlnd asLfel posibilitdl,ile de ambiguilate:
Thcy met lo sgsindzP,rrsl.hciralpreciafion
Tot astfel:
IIe sLed me Al4.t7!to lorwardl[c lrrce]
ProDoziLia ert" Lresirr Dent"u.d: rl psl. aprbi4ul,Lir,d/y p'rrrnLldpt"r'
minx .,rr t'";bul arAid.; r si intiniLirul/o /"r,'rJ ; b./ ad\ crb,,l l,irJi a il'spsrrc
lcrb'rl drld ,le o. plaman'ullri J;ra'r //o larlLtrd thPpunlt Cat' tt)""ia'
'
corectdeste:
He osled !,e t, LindlX /'rd.d lhe pamcl
Alt€ exemplc ,Je Split Infinitiee:
?b sloslx rrd.t thc lorcst'sshadl S0o€r
\t1 I . L5"r ha I uo\ F" l, s r r ir t ! i/ r ,. r t r In\ , nrn.or'
I I'i. l, r o eien , , "/ ol r i' ' q lu l : o n
Ir is Dot "l:nfcc$rrx
.J, r, Iufi€r tris, xlon lh€ sx}j€cl"
^
Hc had becn kno$n ,, morc thor .o?,P.nsdrdlor it lattre'
ln acesi caz avem aceleati doui verb€, fiecarc cu subiectul propril' lr-
iire v€rbul Dredicat raantsi infinitivul to stritch care urmeazA a intervenlt un
in €.uzali\) al t"rbului predi'"t. "omplprrelt
"om ulomenLdira ' qi,,r" idF.i
csrn Fslpiotoddri subipn'ulir tini'ivului urmdlnr t/o $it.//. Nu cu //,)
iodAplincs.r.liun.a intinilivului ta s.v;t4 '\ ca (1,
")
A"."srd ' on.lr""li" cperit;.i limbii "ng "/- nrrmi5 d.ur11r\ 'u..rr I'
I i'jv- (,1..u.dtir " th t;[;nn;r' ] ;i i"rm"r' dinrr un "rnpl'|-cnr "di'Fr'
care estF tolodird si .ubi."'ul un"i inliniliv urmiror 1/xs dr':t trJtntlt(
ar' llrl.Ii- LI. nLln" tr"lt ot;r ob; ,ti lObj "l .onpl 4"nt\)-
Alti-autori ,roniideriicn infinitrLul djn actsislaconstrnclieI!'e 1'n|te
rl|Jrt tti complementr)irect compk:x (Conplex Obiecta ).
I wa L herto ll'e ta to the railio Bucharcstwavelength
lvr€au (0aca) sI punalostnl de radio Bucureiti.l
r G.G. Bvrot. Poens.
'n.C. Sh;rrili and V€.non Bat\retr, tobneu's End.
' num " D. d, (a ri v -a o o rr.,' d J " ,o m n l F i rp o di rF r l D i " , ubi p r : 6 2;26.
f n Candina .i \ \' rl i l " \s L d \i . I n L l l h C r' " no- \l ' ' \' r' l C -1 p rrr'
B2t,
-{ce Rsti . ons t r ' u. ilie e rtr: i n r,r.r} ru i ri l ,rtnd u p i i n uneroA se rfrLe, di nrre S l $68
c are p ri D ci palele, qint:
d l vcrbe c ar e c - \ pr ir rl o rl (]r;rrn . o p e rn i ri u n e . un ordi l l : l o dcsi ," €.1a
erpett. t.t tv(nl b trish: ta &lb(v. to let, to p.rniL ta sDffer (:ta permil); k)
recomn.tul. to .a,tn.d d. to ardi et|.l
t .ati.:.rctl.ltou /, n&'r m. n.tt.r lhd urat.
l\Iil ailepliDr rle l. tirc sti mn cunosii mni bine.)
Slrell .".,r |ra,i1 .ltaut., totue lra.:k.
(curind a.e srl lrea !. si te Intorci.)
I nr'| ntton lhbts t. so o, lilc i.Iat h tliis lrouse.
i\n t.i. l.rnil.e ia lui,uilc sl contjnueasttcth accasu c!stl.)
LIe t4inhe,itd ntepttior tt, I)elaten in tlc eienn,g.
1\ I ) r es ( r is{ i | o i i tn ' c r s l l n l n a l i s e .rr.)
Thc rianaAcr .tdct.d atr .rquir r. Dcmala inro thc marter
( Dir c t oNl , d a t d i s fo z i !i is ,l s e rn c l rc tc z !ri hesti uD ca
)
, ) ve rl re les al, c do s n n l u ri fi s e n ti n e n t!: ta ft.l .to hear. rD s.r. 10 n./ti ce. g 1{i ti 9
to obs.,t'e. to p.rttirt. b trutch: to hate. ta d.isl;Ar. to like. to pr.fu et,c.:
Thcr f.11ht .hr.tt. to hetselt.
i\u simli|.o ftind pe iniunlrte I
I henrdthe Leb! .r!.
( \ D r uz it c oli l a s u l tl i n g i l d .)
\]i so(, iim rt,s o/I rnd Ld,? Urc form.
iL-an rezut puDiudrec.1]iorulJI lurcd ii pl..ind din c.mcrn.l
Th. .rlt.l aaxhal the ,trd /&r€ iis Desl
lcopilul u iri cu I,rirhea lnslir.a d.ii lrr.ilsea clibul.l
SlE d hatelotr rat to trtite oltan.
(l-ar dislli..ea grozav sil nr i soii d.s )
rA- ror nr ' i. ' ir ' , . , . l .,u l l l i (p ,., ru rr ,t.,! L ubi ,r: tr:
' I . . hdl d i k t l" nn, . ' . t r p t. .,o $ L ,,I .rn i ,' ; t.i tt,n \./,ri " ,urn.L
E!0
CONSIIIXBATIICDNXRAIE
A 1686 t) Pirtiripiul lrri\it .omparolit i0 granlali.s engloziqi [n roa romtni. -
' cramsti.a limbii ;':lez" dilprd toar'|. l'lull de gremalicalimbii rorina rn
ceea.cep,riv€qtemodul de tratarc a larticipiuluj, deci ti a terminologiei res'
Dectrv€,5Dre ex€mDlu:
dl ln ercmari:a limbii cnglozot"t.t'enrLi d" pottiipiu ( Port;";pk) i 3c
da un intelis mfli l"rs d".il in sran uti.a limbii romcnF,deoare'e"l .uprindA
tormFlpp"rriripial": pdrli;ipiul prezcnl p€rl;,ipiul pFrh.t qi.perticipiul
'odlp
irecut sub ambele aspecte,pc €ctiv ,\t rmptrfe't'v' bLla ambcle draiezoi ieF
m.nul ..parli"ipi,- din gro'"l.etir"romendara drcpt corespondenL in grams-
tica onsioza nrimai torn.nul ,,parlicipiu rrp"ut' ( Port Parti ifl')l
,/'in Lr"mAri,r li.bii .nsl-," F\iql - douH lorm" v.'bdlF: pd./i
.ipiut pre.'nt ( PTesentParticipli) qi Serdnlianl (GerandJ' care, degi nu se
lslc'd: sne ldd (coloclial).
! Sau: ",\sk lim ro ;otu onll s4, me". care este for ula rccomanda6 lcntu e\itar€a
d pzdLldblpr o, , u5 lr np r ' r r . L nt u r i 'u h i i ^ l i n i . i \ d l . - r r p F t A r p 'o l u s l
^t".tutd ,fon i
curc ntu cliia r !i ln sf f k . Vez i ii $ 1633, 1030
Shalresre.re. Hdmlet, Ptine of Dentuatk
'W.
{ P..nume nasculin fdssnl.
831
Participiul
T ]\IP
Diol.zn e,,,."rst,pr,li a ,-, ,
(: pornind) (: lornind)
harlng been startcd
{: li'nd pomit) (: pomirl (.= liind I]ornit)
0bs.raalie
Partioipiul trecut al verbelor tranzitive ar€ tn generesins pasi,, iar par g 1688
iiripiul tre.uL 11 rFrbclor intrsnTitivF '
o.tir. Form, parliiipiului rricur
'"ns
al verbelor rcgulai.o este aceeasi(irfinitiv + ed_,),in ambile cazuri:
O nc ps @' pd l J rl i v i , th r" o $ a s n o .to p p i n s n,m.
( O dall po- , i,, n ,, I m J i p u t' a o rri n i + n : ,
. d- ll" d lox s ^, o m, b y p . p to o t rt,. n:6.I rrJi n.
, Ch. aol J r . t -' t tF p fri ri . .-: i t' rd l .r" n .l J ,. n;dp,e.r
T O T i ,U A IN
(TIID .INO T'ORNfI
-IN G s 1{i89
rarln rimbacnsrez{
rncttloatcri considernt'
ineistentv'zi
,, Jilfff$ itii:illt 're
Bt9
Thc dcnonstrrtio rrrt on. tl,e crosd .nc,ft,s. t\c children stngts.
(Manilestalia a conljnnat. tuulli'nca a.lantnd. coliii olntird.)
lle slaad laokiry at $-
lS1.itca pdrindu'ne.)
l Ia innba ronaae, inli.p.ct{ca dat, ln ac$i oar diier-1de nrbrprclaf.a .nglezn,
denlni.fa adoltaii tiind ,.o src"ditoar{" l: a nasiril ca4 s.ceri).
335
s 1?r5 participble
CoDstruetii
(Psrlicipial Phr8se!)
, t'n '1" \ , r L" . lin o ,,a .. a .1 rb { o ri e p o ti u ,r,,a,F ri .tc u, i nfi ,,i ti t s 1720
r $J 6ri n r.d q r , uo" r r bt r las . h i ^ b .r" J p rn r" l p s :i n ri n :ri ru t." ,,i " ri t,o-ci une
, b. t a "td . n " t iL, nF . t. u t ,
' ; " p . p r, n ,l p i rti .i n i u t .,rs,ri s/" " " ..i ,. r" ;. ,/.-
Ilruo l n tu r s Lu r lan l Pn t d o t:
I have ofter scen him .ra th." race.
lL am lnzut adese.rdislnund l= cd dislnta) .rcea-rricurst.t
l _ \;, rr o*ing or " r . \ r , r" n | .' \' h i r,,,.;" ,tu .J ,.
. r
-t.
Iirdld\ dm 5r''da':aJ t 1 \ i z . ' dl " r" r . ] , n ,t .,.,sd..1 ,, d" ,..,.,.r.,r._
'
I heardr''ouJrcdi to him.
tTe-amnuzjt rorlriidu i (: cir i-al rorbit.il
I hFardyousrrdl.,rs1oh'o.
lT .am ,u/,1 \o"biid i ( ,Ind ii \, ro" 'i .J
2) \ouilrlirul ru parri.ipiu.- 1n i"Fa..d
"on.tru...ip
idFnri.. ir ti.
l.r ro.r;n.].suLi* r,l\crh,rluip|pdi"atla,Jiot'z.rIa.i\'a-"r-,oroJstd5ub:"
s r;21
Il
urur pdrrrcrprrprFT!11.J.a il in.olo.la.i , r'retH.p ! tF din pl..i.it , ar,,r,.
pr'di.otit subi .t:,' (, l. S 2;241. L^ns Lia ,..- irtrpbuirt.,r; ,,r r, "bele
nare prprim,r t.rpplii spnzorislat\ l,l,r. '-u, pr"ru- ri
'S l;l9r..i ftpr"tint. !,r strp,o pr.t".t € v"rbuluipredi.. "u ctie ,t,ta rerbe
r :n.orit ,taun. ,",r-
zat;v cu pariicipiu' (g 1716):
?,' ?"r,r ss! a eo ord,irC J c hi' l f - , m dr o L. in; t \ on. . u ! . . . . t \!rb od.i!
' O n l lr \-/ul !a lvin d un r olil dp ld . n, )
:om, on" a atr //- Dra sd ' , , g J ihi' d i, . , t r ot r 1inr \ , , u p d , . \"rn , i\
r (-rn \a \, ,r o r rl q dl\. n. 1 n r o! ' l d. d , 1", . ,
51" saq [e !nl n . t:a.t. C lo. r r ' am " l\ om . . r I , dr t r \ , . b L . , i \
r \ l05 m.1t".nn , l n|m ' , , . l ..
"u /i ";
l1" on- L.a rd h . a? ai, r : "8 \ i. r nd ^. r \ , i1r p' r i \ d r . . 'i .
s 1?2; GXITUIDITUL
IIis plasiag Ll\eliano alter Jdnd'sr€./ornlzg on rhe riolin ad.led irterest to i.h€
l i p l -.i ld. , nr J t l, p ,' n J d n .t ." l o .n d a p r" .u t ,t o Lu,.h tJ Li od," d tt,.l
p r ogra n u rm.r nr ,r . \ anr . )
lqget, omit:
sile up (: slolJ lostponc suggest
h, LlP , i rr.f,
l, a\ c l, , n cl : l L n i s l ' t !rc v rrt
can(not) help propos.:
Slt P .niaus ka \ins nr Huv can t lrclp lorrns mv sister?
t lE il ri plrrP sr n i tr Lhn. z e. l C u m p o i s { r i u-i ,i u-n" sisi ra?J
I hJ\a I tn;sl@d m 1 I et t er . \au kap PpeotinEthe samp mrstakr.3
l A , n r,rmln 't d -/rrrrs
sc,is scr is o, r Pa. l l f a c , l € re u ., cpratigresei l i l .)
She p l , os pdleo"ur ] plpt jt hinc as r L u a s .
lDa a \ ei , lF giDd s a las e t at ut a; a , sc afla.)
'rm
1 rcttuertber h.arh! the aoise.
iNi-aduc {minle cA am auzit zgomotul acela.)
S 1742 €/ atribut:
I don'l like his way ol,trizs.
(Nu-mi pUce leltl lui dc ljaF.l
I Snocu
Barundivdlneerp.imat: "I leel ritu a cigarcttot: lik-Asdottug {r cigarelie)".l
att
'lh "I d i s liA pd. r ?d,s s , e i i ,{ s o m u .h . rS r in posFsi !
(L e !i 5 pr , . ed, . j r oaL- r . n d i r d ,. .,,r.i .1 " 1 ' " /u l
"
. A .o d srd. on\ ' r u. r i. F-tc d h j n t,rt a ,." ..ru ..i nJ.Jbi e.r-1" (" tor
d o un \crb e ( pr ediLat s i gc ru ,,' l i r) d j h rs : " tu ,r. i
L u , L r J d. ! . nLl t non h L ,.o d o ta
(Po i , i i sigur l c A \ a r r n i )
Th n F i s aor li, C t o V . r\,' p ti o u , ;-;\. i n t,," T o u n ' " i n F .fl nA .
I vm'c n u nF , . t r pd, r , 'rJ I,r." t,.J ,, ,l p :rF m,rl
Cind tnsd cele doun verbe a ,e l " .i s ,rb i " ,r pu-p.i !,rl ,rpbui e + \rral
Inarntea gerundi\.uLri: "u
I .\on't lile editin!.
(Nujli place si asicpt.l (continne ;d iiDtit)
A se co m par al
Ilj rou n rind sl,/,r,,e tt" . t . ! r ( : r h F I i, im , n
t r rr Dun ir In.h r'1. urr')
D_ot oom inu mt h d t"gt n. r nor : L. bi. ii J ier r r
( T e sup d d acii tn Lt'iL l i, r r 7l
l ye st.IrFd lu ag ha g. tSt r br p,r r or nunl
{A m lnceta Ls.i nd Fm l
Wc:ronlpd lh.lr'n/,r'8
ai l"r', q
- "bi, . , dit , i"
{ LP -an InlFr.issJ mri rn r , . D , . I . dn t d. , s 1 nu r udr r t d d . )
*t:, *i". pt o,po 4t 4t po..si! rnumodc rii,,l" crc.,rpri n".. g tTti
"-a-,-1!\'"!':
In l n t ea gclu nd L\ u lui I|rm d pos es \ '
l . olrrdn't h elp llI,tEFie t ot ehn! _
I Nusint vin okt d ;;d \r ' J g' . ; r , . . du \Jm pr t . i 5 . o , m i r r n i i . te I riJ./
) nJ mavdo p"nd on JoL r r k it t pns . ont nB t , t d\
1P , , t r1i s ig ur c! d zi yo r vpni n, r r I t ej. l -
Substantivele ne,rfr, intrucit nu au cazut posesiv. pdstreazd tn aceastd g 1746
construclie forma comunir:
Nn o n po ppos ed D{ pr d%6 " ;,j , ,.ri .d u ,,l
r m pol. r \ , 1" d l i /i ri tro i € ' .trl o rm.rp .
we can t rely oD the ueoth.r rumih! I.fle.
I \u n - put p, n biz ui , , , - ta p ru t \., In ,bun\,,1,.
6) Se migenr ndi0ul t ' h " l ta tf.Ge n ,n .J a r F ,L .,rj pdrti nptr). TFn4i ,]. S l ?rz
.(
I a ac ru a fa a f r m l) r ' englez an rb i t.c s te c a " u b .td n l i !p l p , .h;ar dtun.i Lrnd D oL
a ! ca l o rm6 f ' oE c s iv 5. 16 p d .rrp z p fo rma .o m u n ,, inai ntcs q.rundi r rt,i i :
f .d o n t u ndas ldnd! ou, .o ttro e ua. p p 6 u ,Brt,ap ro p o s l ( ot hi . .o sork.rs.
( ru rn Frpgopoz r l, aI olF q rtu rL l u td p ro p u n e ri l lel .u rp d a ,.ot.,ti eul Iui .
ll.a s.. obl, g"m , hy all o u 6 n d ;n eto R h s r I s a v .
( vi ro g a \ c li bundv oinl ds a trl r i u to l j i € rrn l i L F F d c p.pun.)
Al p a a !i I c ndinld f ac e .a Si p ro n u m e l . p e rs o n a l e s6 nu ai b6 formd dp
,.
a dlpch \ p o sp ql\ . . r c A - s rp5 s tra /p fo rn a l o r d " a c u z a ti v:
Excuse tu vdq n,ng.
(l a rrd m, . ii am c is c at.)
FaDcy nim b?in"'so pa.lvl
lci n " "-a r t i 1. r . pidt { c i.i .1 \ n r d )d d p rrp m e tl
it s n n u s eas s . in{ t o bed v e i .
, N 1 r" .o s l s i n. dJ . pm d " ' p ' d .1 m ta ,,,t,.d ,,,.
Their work prFeFntedthaa benls prcsefi.
{\u a u p u t r l t id. t dr a pA nru ,J d , rv rr d " l u .r r./
;IX;J a substanrivero,
pen.run.minahv,,ob,ed,,{s r!,).
',1"13u
Fo.ma aceasLaverbali. care aDintette construclia gerundn'ului prec€drti
rle un posesir'.dar care are s-ifitrctic LLepartjripirrprczeni.a primit rurrr"lc
'l"sn';:n'nd'v. lr,rrFbuirl,".a lrri e.tr '.r,",,,'a 1r',"r, ra-.j"r 't' "or^-
te de la S 1744 1745 dau o nuar!:i forrnal:lstilLrlui.
t7{8 7) Grnrndirul fi substmtirul wrbal ( l'r,rbal lioun). Unii gramati
cieni fac deosebireintre gerundif ii subsidrrivul verba), degi ele all aceetli
a) geutzin:
On seclnsUicn, I waled.
(rd.tatlu i, le tm liiclt semr cu mirl.)
Shc ans\rercd lI nozdtzs assent.
(Rnspnnscd,nd diz ca" alirmativ.)
b) suhkLnli!:
I€dding is {n instruct\'c pasiinic.
(Leclutu esle o djstractriejnstNctivii J
Shc buNt otrt in a lit of ..ytLg.
llzbtlcni irtr un dcoes de lltrs.l
.) infinitir sau conjunc!.ia:
Ann stood wilhoui. roo^i,{ at me.
I I n. r s tl i te .t(l nl i c i o a rc )re re am e rni e snmi pti ea* i i .)
One o.n't Lclp lining thcd.
( \ ! p o l i s d tu l l a l ti i g e i .)
a4il
r \ ' . z i t 91. r o tn L
js i
r r nili, illli! a .e .a i i p ro ,,ti L i c " i h c \o d n r i s agcd"l ' er.l :rdl ,dal se sl ut' " an
i ',1 ,,'ll":;i.-'.'], .t".J-F' ." i-r ii-' , , , r' : 8 ro e . ,o o r' l
. ":,
ron ,l",or ' , .", d t t 'n l " L a l t h o 'd t t a l 8
p"lpli TL ll-
t" ;, /'t : Ll r €r liiai. ." br
' nli.
r f l.m '.rllndi.
''' .
i $'. Shakespea.., 'the Ttdgc.l! of ]Iucb.th
t45
ln celelaltccezur;.con"qoana
finald nu se dubieazn:
l,o sert sfat"d lo o.der o.dd.l
t! liang - hangrd io lardod pnrdo&d
to thickcn -- thirkctr€.1
Erceplia.
Forshilpcd.
0bservalic
C.ui.ntelecanp N t,erminatein ? urmeazAregula de mai susaplicatd nu-
mai l.r euvtitrl tin'l:
| | or5 Llr ip I or - q\ iur a, r , . Li, t r ,1 p Lidnann,r'
r, -
. d J ipp", d b u r ', Lo||t,:idDp"d
"ilpJi,, ^, "t ,
DJ -l final este l,otdeaunadublat. oricare ar fi locul accenl,ului:
ru ,o t - "gu.)lt".J .o " |ri i..riJtpd
lo | \bl - r i\ "ll^, t o . on . o - cul lrotla.l
1o com rel - com pell€l to Eimbot sanibolld
to t.avel travelled to a; rul r; nnth.,
Er . e p l i c.
un par{llcldd.
cJ td d €r ine - t . A l
to lilouac - tirouacl€.l
to minic - ninl.kcd
io trallic hauick"l
d) a findl trcraiat d. o consoand se schimbi in -i:
lo (,r]' crLtj
to carry carricd
lt pr.c.tut de 0 roral.i se menline:
io llel - play..l
io disobcy disobeJ.t
eJ -€ mut final carle inaiitea terninaliei -ed:
to dance drnced to ii. - tiet
to stdlr -- shi!.1 to dle d"kd
4) l'unctii, - Pa.tiripjul tr.cut se intrebuinleaze: ! 1780
a/ 1aformareatirrlDrilar ptftcte ate\erb]lor (dupnauriliarul ro U\YE):
I h uvc secn I s hat t h a l e s c e n l
I had seen I shoutd hale secn
b) la lonlrarta tunjugdtii Nsirc (it\)n auxitiarul to BE):
I am s-"en ! sh.U le scsn I am beinesc€n
I ivasseen lct nre be seen I \ras beis seen
t) ca adjectie:
lhc rrouts..JreFard long-/o.s,rcDmemories
s,td€d nissil€s iet piapeLledp]rane
^
Cu funclio de ad.iectir. participiul trecut are si grade de comparalie:
decided more (lecid-"d most decided
sh.ken mofc shaken- nost shak€n
(V c ri q i S 8 0 { -3 0 :i , 2 ? i s )
5) Tr$dncere. Participiul trecub se trAducc tD limba romAnI: .a 1761
4) qt participiul ,'.'.?zt atunoi cind are rol de adjectiv:
ir p, , , r / , , pb{ r ( p " g i r,.r.rr"
d I " " t ' , d m J nt { u r o 1 ' In ' .,1 ,
1 l,arncd
{adjc.l.iv) este pronrntat ['1.:nrdl.
b) u tintpuL9i mod.ultespectiv. atunci cind tri ln compunereatimpuri-
lor perfecte sau a diatezei pasive (impreunn cu auxiliarul ctnd € cazul):
I l,aaes.en ],i (: I am ldzut. il lazni)
I h Jtl s , n }im ( : il \ iir us Pm )
|\ '' Jl \ l/ l i"
'l )
-{ se cornpara:
lle l,assonclifiI. (-{ im!lirii i0 dc ani.l
H. is s"'s liitJ. (-\Itrgc!c ir) d{i ani )
17t;'7 1) Timt. --Partiripiul pasiv urlr ilorn tnnpuri: prezeni r"i perfert.
1?08 l) l'orm:i. Parliril,iul paslv esle fornral cu ajuLorul partitipiului
trezent.re".pectjrpedect. nl auxili rului to BIj. urmnt, de fariicipill tr!.ur
al vrrbrlui dc coiju{atl
],cing callcd (pr.zcDtl haring ri..n .allcd ipideru
(liird chcna ll
DI.{'I'I]2,\ P]\SIVA
{Passrv!vorcE)
INtI\ITIV (1t?L\'1?1IZl
s 1 771 I'IAINZ-{
s'17i2 raporturile
Dethritie, Diatezele snri catcgorii Sranal.icah
djotre subicct si corDplementul direct.
vcrbdlc care indirn
t 1ii:| 1) Diateza attili (ThL ALtire I'oice). Diateza a.l;/.i arali ci subieclul
prop.rzilici esfe autorrl acliunii €rpr;natc dc rerb:
Cathycalledyeste,darto seero,,.
liil 2) Diatcza pasini ( t he Passir. l;oic.). Diitezalarir, aratd ci subiec
tul propozjliei (subiectul gramatirdl) u estc autorul aeliunji verbului, ci cn
El sulern acliunea al cdrci auto. fsle complenr.rtul direft (subicctul logic).
ctnd vcrbul c tranziLiv:
The cleciri. m€te. ,ros rudd lasl Neek thr i|e usdal man)-
SIMPI,A. DIATEZA PASIVA
. Tnrrp moJurile tj tirnturil, tunJulnrii sitnpter pot ar.a Iornre pasivn. S l;78
Lo fott.t,t.oto 'onttrua \n.t, numAt rr,- t,t.,l .i tF,ttrl ;nJttat; ,ldi. nrc,_m
Fi ptp'"ntLt.ut rn th.t/,ri por at", ti.rmi. pr..i',. \Fzi ,"1,-tut,t" ta i t;q5/.
4) Patternul diatczolor estc: S l?S0
a) la diale.a : subiectui i r.erbut predicat a0t,i\. (ev€ntual prc-
. .dctirai
c€dat sau urnaL de complenrentulnrdirect) { ionptementul dircct;
1, q .
, b) .su diqrp prs;r./: bdbi- r,rl r-r'but pr,.Ji,."rp..rv {F!, rtusl pre
mdar urn.rr JF !o,,Tl-n,anrut i,,diB., ",-n,,,..t ,o"tt.m,n,,,i u.
agent.
Erenple,.
Diokza o.tirdt T\ro lrofessonh.r\f c.nr-"to {clcomethcir toreisncoleaocs.
TheI ar€ s],o*nrg(tol' the risjro|s ihe nijw 1,.li.i.ectrnjc'buildinss.
Diare.apasied: The visitorsafc sloNr ur. nei! Potttr.imicnnildnigs.
5) Formarea,tonjugirii l6,sit'c. lreccrca de ta r:onjusarea detn.i la ,_en S l78l
p".ira sc to"c in moJ,rl ,ootJ.t,Ft.tttt t rprtului e, riv ,t-rir.
'rrn,lrrorr "l16;../
rin.a,,ul noflri .li\,i.ubi.l.l r"p6r1u; n":r,1.\in. (F!,nru"tl .omnt.m-, 1
(ln cazul acuzativ) pfecedat,de prcpozjtia D4; r.rDrl d.tir esteinlocuit ;u aurii,
liarul ,o B-L, ld ac.lasi.tinp,rt )rod, urmat, de Jnlrticipiut 1r€ct at I-erbului
actir:
I tnJi.o!: I llL I.".1 Lj. ma .r i .,.r \d..r !\d.1. \,r'\
--"'- ut ,,alnt r..
| I " 't.." -,.,,. .,r i, m t...1.
l t,ai"*. I /'',h \' r \
I ' .-' ' _ .' _ * ''',, l t t f r v . ,'oLet
I " ' h. \ q T" . : \ .
""
| .t , et,r I \\ , . h- . bt t . t |h t du. '. \.r,\
- - - ' - ' - -. te"r"t | | id. t,1 bta,.ht
.n
1\ ( - ..ia.,D tt,
|
I r.,.,
, "- /" _r . , J T i \t,o tp l .' T ,h a ,/ r.,,t t' .. n" $!. t\, v
I '. I T ' " . \- h ,d .--.." ." , t., th" rn d L pr" ri
j ,^ - < r- ri l / J /l r L p rn l
!
'" -
t " " (r ' rnr r-\,t:\
) | ..ta r b .d u d \t In rh . m n " n: I' bJ ,-. r,a.,
|
I v,;,-p,1", I +:! ':i::";:ri,":::::l:i: 'j',""b;\
l,: 'ipii, ,r'
I,,Clnj,usarea simpli" esie obiinuill a vc.Iului. in cortrasr cn ,,corjugr
'roDjusarca $ 1?79
' z(. i' ,ll,tu t bl in dt* !'r t olr ' , - , l , onr p, ' n, r r ' r ldj , Pr.pu/it J n.,1- udr-
"h " a 71 ,omp n "n l .l in lir"l. ' , ' . . r . . ' r l' n 1, d. 1.
s50
fu GNT
cd, lhis done quicklyj
(Da si se laae aclasta rep€det)
I\ ' h" r p do . 1o. x p r \o J r s \o p sa e " d e dr
lUnde it i ildr g h e n i tet0 rc p a rJ ti l
Y ou n . s t s pl r 1 F ttd .to r o . r.J < dto
(Trcbuie sa te ocupi 5i se rcpafe traotorul.)
c v onr!1 " . a .1 i n -i ,r p s re tn d e p t i ni r6 dp subi prt, , i Je fl l l .i neva,
. .l r r s + . r "
Sr n r' r r ulpnlJ ilr e l .d i I| .o n s tru ' .ti a D a s i !i obi snui td..i dF compl enrentul
d i 'p .1. \ , ea. ' u t or m e d p p a s i v b a rra d u c a !u : ..a Ll ar sd-i tacA ., ..a D us oc .i ncva
s5 .i f€. d" r h. t ( e ) [o ;rp [a i r,: \re tf;,.) rn o ,h p n l o.s.n.
Obserrd!ii
S 1789 a) ln caz:..{leacesteade pasi\, inr€rogalia si nesaria v erbutlti to EA\E
ir lrcF cu ojulorul auriliarutui Dr) (( nl0 .l9lJj:
\\'l'ere /id you lrlc }our drrss made?
T het dt dnl ha!r tl ' e i i s l o re s c te .,n e d .
SOPTA. DIATEZA PASIVA 35C
DI\TIi]ZA ACTIY,A.
(ACTIVE VOICE)
I\!-INITIV f I]Y,FI,YI?'1r4
Prer,ent (PNse ) Peficct (Perfect)
to be calling {* a chen.) h, have beencuUing(: { li chenat)
sne I t! calling
are callins
"1'ou
CONJUGAREACONTINU-A. $ l7s6
(TEE COXTIT[-0US l'OBlr)
OB PBOGRISSIVEI
2) TrBd coro. In ljmba rom;n6 imperfectul fiind singurul timp care $ 1798
0re,spp.L ronlinuu. loate plplelrerimpuriSi rroduri alF.oojug;'ii ronrinuc
pnslez;s" Iraduc.u timp,rrila ,odutilf .onjugariisirrllo. dupi
"i ' "um urmrszi:
Limbs englezi Limba rom{lnd
Conj gareauctitd continuii Canjugarea actiod
'\ ' , n' "1" l" Pro ero csie.lor onu po' dl tt..,, " f ,1n4 l.,g-,, d oJr46. ltl
1, Jnb. p nA"e.r\1 rod tnd , p"ae^- "o: i. r { " t FIa r '. ttt1 ' rr' ra.trrn/3-
'irl ' ""
r o d r o c . ' ' , . rsl;,A,liln ? rrld- r . r \ I li t l. a I ns l"7 | , t o L" . r p oS ,, r rn ld:r 1d i '
wl / " . us.F sili .lrJi,ai r-srr"Qpd. r J . oni, q. ' r , i 14 r n dld. " l d a l i t"tl de\[i1!urn.e,t4
Limba englczi Limba romentr
Canjaguredactied continui Conjueueudctioii
Prlcct !mpl r
IIai mult ea lerle{t
{
cun,ritiunrr
I i;;i#
Subjonctiv- lorma veche
{
{ Diareza
rasi"I { Il$i::11; J Indicativ lrezent lasiv
f.."""Ti'
I lndicaliv imperl.€t pasiv
ilustrare a se vedea traducerea ex€mplelor ce urmeazi pind la
- .(Pentru
eflrtilul rapilolului.)
1799 3) Fuorlii. - Conjuqarca.uolinua .orp lnbpbuintatd pFnrru € pxprima
o arliun" tptipohtrd ln dpsfo-luarc lin /urs, sau o starp t;mparcrd pr;st.ntd
ln mom"niul vorbirii sau lo cursul unFi pFrioadedatc:
A tia.
I, atu qtiting t letlrt.
tD4"L o sc.Noare,)
Sh " h od 1 "P, l ai, s ir l r or J \ . . h.
tzd.da lolna\J d; o s6lthini )
Pasi.v,
The tracio. is beinE oeethaaled,.
{Tracio l .s,e ln re'aizie.)
A p arlv ni iorp ilr "r s / , r / D. iaa r lr o, h t he ilnl - .
{Unu i g.u p dp alr J ' n: is " d. r id nr d: . ul. l
1 ll!ruu hL p lt6d9l u
I ) r i r , or r J u m t r , bar a I d ! d t r . , r DFvon. AnctjJ r, / cel
mdi ! r cii o rai fon da l dp, oloni.^-liid. . Dgl"z i t TheP; ls - n I a t h q s ) \ n M r s i , \ c - . '. . , i U A ,
ia i620 i f.l veche m dLr de aulom nbil
CONTGAREA CONTINUA 85?
Pa si p .
\l e e p l" J ir s c os t s . , r d !r!n s u b s rd n l i rl r.
/o l ri r4 o F du, pr " 6r b s ra n l ri ti d tr ru ri ,J r,o s r.r
I n 1,heschoolthe clrirdrs) q'erebeinENalI laak.:tt\ttar .
(La icoali, colriii e.du blne tne,iili.)
tr'oartoimportelt :
. A sF,ohs pr r s f i odF tu to t.\l ti n tp p r-.h t rs tc i n ,l;" oti \)Lttpr" ztnt conti nuu
fl uu rn d i c at lv ul pr €z c n t s i mp l u :
\yldt a./ .)or d,ins th!e:
Ld tr ' r li,g a s$ "J' e r .
l!P id , i Jco ln . tin sfcsr m o Dext,!
th Ph ks u l JPt. u .l
Cottjuqareri(:ontinui
rimDireb3zr
I
ror s contirul I am callins I shall be callitl8
I
.{c!iune anterioare ln desf65uraretnt.-o perioade de timp
--",";----],1
I mll nry c.dsinr he tdd me bE haa laer nr.stng Ljs bnriher Nho was slill Iar l.om
[L-anIntllnitpe vIru] men; ni { spnsce"ii trs.tjeu tle citra limp) iratel€. care era
Incd dtprric de { li silnlios. (Aoiii,ne tr.oufi !i ,-"fdrnindr,i.rnicrioara altci acliuni tre-
cuter ide€a de ca.ti4uitatc este accentLlatil.)l
I ridll ldd Jou tonionoN.
lTe eai eedeanline. {Actixne viito{rc.)l
This fime Lomorro* I shattbe suinc some lricnds.
lNrine ra ora aceasia'ot 'ededldh sd.ed.t nitte prictcfi. (A!!it,Fr ra li ,, .rB Ia
uD dat ajitor.)l
'nomcnt
I tlDuld sa there jf I werc you.
tM'dj.izd€ acolo dacl af ii ln locDl tlu. (Timp trclimiiat.)l
I 6nodd d go;ngthere it I w€rc you.
LAs.fip e d. un lnlF r . olo d 3 .I a i i i n l o c L l l i u . i T i mt l i m,l b l amonrnl ul p.c-
r n c uls a. nn. l j
z eoli 0 c1 ,u ne8
pi Ptrfecliv ti imperfectiv. -.Conjugarea €Dglezd..arealadar, spre d€- \ 18{}7
-
oscbire de conjugarea romAnil, doud Bpecre contraii:
astccttlL Iierfect;t (conjnr:d.ratdn ii.) i
aspecLulimpertectiv (conjngafta conti.nad )1
I6n! I oxistr I know, I uDde$tstril,
Elnt,lomreverbale carc exprimi ficcare o singuri noliune //,rl.ti!/rir, ca o clapn
de pian al c5rei unic sunel poflrti in sine clar. holirit, decisiv lncepul,nl
si sfi$iiul.
'
ln ronrra.t tns;. / or, sirgl,'s. I an eryin2,I .uo"i,,1.;q: I shottb. sp",n:
yor. er\primdi",iunp0 rprb,rluiinp rhtt,,t..d uo cr.u: r0'F. l,,np.indp. o
sing1lrS.o0rddde lo un "rpar la c"l;l.ll oblinp o gp ; in'init, d, 'n-uri
nuan_tatece se siing ireptat.
Acestc elccte apa4in numai lormci continue. carc nu sc limil,€azi jntot,
deauna la prezentul ln carc so atlE rorbitoml prozenLul actual, real, ln
eontrasi, cu prezentul eteln. ireal ci se poato prelungi nu numfli ln tre-
cut, ci fi lnl.iitor, chiar di.colo deviitor. deoareceexpriirr] si actiuni sau sttui
fdrd slirsii ce se pierd ln neriunoscut.Forma continui deschide drum lars
in.erriruiinii. da friu lib.r.p,, ul0jiilor gindirii. r"ti."nrF,.r. ri.,rrilor. rmini
lirii. r"n,Frilor.intrriliilor inerprirnabilul|,r -- , repa/,1 n atrn.fpr;.olorara,
Incdrcatd de retin€rile sau de inhibi,tiilc i'orbitoruluj, caro pot fi numaj intuite
ti nu crprimate.
\o1t aan't gainsa\ray ior good.are yotr? (: I am alrai.l Xou.u.)
You adBotngawaylor goori,s wiil you? (: .ngoasacr.scindodatr cL1int.o
ducff.a liitorului
-on't In loctl n.ezentuluil.
In s-r"l ho|| t . ho; ; In F l rrd L r n rt i -. I -o rrh\ n, l goon th" t rrj p:r
l l -. "i ri , J hr s E nglis l'i r 6 a ,i a s ,u < r\ l .- l l e r' l ' " v , ro .ri rt b rshrg' t tp.
G { rp anl b" . J o; " e! \r. I J o ,r a r' a -p d ' ,r } o .ri ,l .l
"1'll bc kaitins on ure sea l.lk. Dad (: so hurry)."
' Yn .i 1 lb pI ot t ne I , r \ li \L r.i Irn S !,1 ! b c h o o l tn S.p r .1i .r1nm.bnd hs
m rdni . '.14 t or pjv .air . t I m v o u r ta ,n ,i d n J l -o \r J n x .,i,, ' .l j \. r.,,rFt.nrtJ qh,n
I p-
y o n k g o n p . S t ir up r he lir ;, \rl l ro u . D d d l
6) lltc caxa0tcristioi
ale formci eontinu€. s 1808
a) Viitarul calocrial.carc in limba rornand este e\prinat prirr indica, $ l80e
tivul prezelt. estoredat si In limba englezitot prin indical,ivulprezent.1 se
la forma lui continun( S 1522,1524):
She ts dtutns h.rc toniono$'.
f{Ea) tu na$ aici miine senrl.r
l Vezi extlicare.taeestorte.nr,ri la 13i]i.
:/o . S
d @d: penhx t , , rl c r,rr
!l )i n Tall, , l Clld$c ll, . 4 I n l o s re tu L a ' ..
36{l
ff;::;li:l;!.;ij,,i'1''':#iic.ill.lil:
,\",11;:11:lJ':r:,ll' l:y;..',.
r,"';,.iil'.ii,:iii, penrr .r .Jt. nnrma.d n" 'nr,rnjm
I
Whrt rloil rou ,s doi,g tomoro\?
rL:"ui iii,uirri.r iacl r"i' * idri in nod norDJrrmri4p:l
\j"i i
l.i:^l;,ll5ill';;;l:, i,li;"; ll'1,". I "."1:l:"
N otal "i.f nt l \ ; n 1't por ar prima.^'ii"r,i I iilo?-rc'
A.tit pr"vnt ttl or !t rttt tt., lt |i I,r" 7 f
:: ;;l,:"lJl#1i"9,;:: "lili"
li';r i lli Jl,ui'i IijfiT;'i;;'iili:l:il
lpf! sdu de
r" i"r.a, i" \'."m- ( prPz"ntutsinpl' d"pi1dF l" holi'ind un-i
imDreiuriri obiective:
'
Rli.:,:iil:i'.'.''o':'t ;:"ii""i;i,"1 lil,lir;ii;:l:
T his p' pnins h p ts o , d ,tr 3 r t i s o l i tPre' ' ' s' rD l " )
lAst{-s€a.n; de ser ciu la birou )
^
"!':'i\:i:";:'"*''
[|];#irliKf:,":s:.lli:"lixii"'H' "*1'lf*"i"{iiff ifi i'":'":"
t P P a '. t
5 hp k/rp s up her , ir ips J ' a| hos "r q n r t U o n J 'v
:;i:it t. i ! ""
1::!"i :i:'^,';i""""'
tnptu)
5e p o a te lns i s pnnei
T l' e .l r' a ,' ,,s l o rta q s mu o l h l Y .
H; ; - * i ;i ,e r" n ; i i ,rc * : d ;o ' t ' l r' trfb hi m
Dc'rl ru . a ut ubel. a .fi trrri s i n ta mp o r{ r' to ' o n l F\tel e raspP ' ti LA
"--'rti * zj'ie: "where ari uau tioing?" clnd persoansc€reia"ii.esie
.
intrebarease aile inir-un lo' ln mod lrecdtor.chrar dac.a.,qeoere
adresati".ir"l dn
iooiol p""t"usitx (de exemplupcniru studii ln strdinaiai€) lit 'lv here
uou li''":'r'Lntl nc inleresnrnd- Jdre.a "r pFrnranenm'
" 2l Pcnlruaceluirrnotivnupol dvFtJ'p'cr 'orrrinuuverbclecarPerprrmA
E l8l8
"'-'- iii"itai,'*',,"," "d" pt-pti; tnn;rt" inJ"p'nd"n'P d" ninla
",,rii,i,".
indiidului. equPrac5ror" nu ol poato dP'r a'!'ond':
4) se ntin e tut e: aale ( - a l i ne l i c i nev r i a t r c v J l b n d r r c r ' t ' l i k e '! o " l o @ '
, a;"iii.i i""iiiit,'i i"l'":',;;i";'",
" ,; ;it;":; t=' a {se)supa'dl'e s4tisfvctc'
b) d.L iritatt nt a, o! F -t;d
t o oe, F. t o b4@ P b t h i n t t ( t h o t . ) ' t o t F p o s r ' t o
0 t8l'J r.tunb?t' ti lo'E4 to s4x''
' ro*'- @ kN*. to inia4 ta a"or, b tuti r'
o r 10 ,ad".std t' 14J to r'qt "
'uiq"i ",
61 8 2 0
"i"tt, p e"iep
c) tii s eaz ot ; d! . : , ' f eel' , 1a h e a \ t o s @ , b s t u t t ' t o s o l \ d ' t '
t
!6 io aL IiA; \: a
' m dJ "r ) ' a r Ps "nbt P peF
Ie s at e de. obiec t e c at e au rnsutiri tetatio.
{ 189f d ) e e,b ete
belons' tu catup *' ; ;;,L"'. 1" l'td l: @ contoin)', to '2n:i::- of ' t4
' oit,ti t'o'".. ro po s i"* t . r c , i* n. u D. s ' s . t / 1naal u a t ; n t f ) r o / e s n ( r n r r 'J {c '
c dt P t u s us pt "az a id"p d J bpead'
S I8 r 2 a tie 't " n P o r d r ': t o
- "t
,o d" *ita. """t'"
ta p tLa t. b aJ t t b. : e, , l: r lo^ ll! ! : p: ! ".
loalF inrar-
Si (olu'i rr,luri r"r r' b'l"r " u' "r''" Ii o l8l6 1812.'rr
uu rieLu ns'bi ba'p.srnanrr'5
ai Liii. i""ia i:"r'.L,o a\.p1 IripoiI'^n'i
rd,,;a ,um s-a ardral mdi s r,,, fi" n.nlru a ' <p_inranurnl" suhrrlp s4'sPa
.oirirat. poFonald' orbiror'da'i pr'Llndu-3e I r maLmuLtarnrFrprerarr ' sirrl
jon-
r" ";1 ,',j., -lo o,rtsider- tjF eio.r" fnarl" rdlinat sublilpcppol oblinp
' ?.
! irii i r ", l - $ , "^ rl e Y i bilp lF' unosrj^'
' "i;r; i l g ,a "i i ro i tri i ' r l: .Ddr si
' ind penirua 9iputeaingadut
3" fi""t""fr"* *-!i ri ln-suFil ciiito l limbaengl€z6
el lnsugi asemeneaabaieril
orl-earth
Doni, exemplo.Palliser, deschizindbrusc uga' ex-ploziv:'What for
rvas acting a story
."" o1u J.tooo*.T to be doing?" - Lady Glencrjra: ''i.
loli'gi it " Nici un procedeu stilistrc nu pxie'a comumca
il"Jtv
'^;^r
""4't" tnciniarea
orui tiupattl sceneila care asiilasem noi' .spectatorii' deoit aceste
iqi p"rmilPau lib"rLdli 'u rpsulil" g'i'nati"slP'
""'1"i.'-
''T an t,t'tn! you v"rv rrJ'h "t am lotine.vo:l" ,'I ln ,h-:!t'!!.i!,: ' Pi
lor.dp :.
inLardi"'
forne verbale{ab'r - s ai li zi* inuabil fcrpcalFiil rigiditatpa
a\prrma rnFlprr-
iiif. n""."ii"i""ito' - sr ruusiusa spareatipsr.lp pFntru a
li'tLi,l, i in.tabilul l4 'ihi's Aba.PAtt'! et" ra'lsu .prinrr o simpla
ion.rr',"ti. "'e;;; p'i"tic al xnui s"n imFnt abia intirip't sub
"i""*uri, 'fem'rul , r'd"ru e' - a nu cvaa urnan'
am"run:rroa6o_rbelor.sortit
l sq,ccr: rra.tumal dDtce.
,: lcntN cei nenltai!
!Vc;i se.ialtrl Tv "IuniLia Zd ts€.", dula ronanele soriiLoNlui ctgtez Anthnnv
? rollor e l18ll- 1s 8 2 1
r . T l" : s 4boi ,4 tt l \l rr rrp r " l " l o 1 l c . .oman lostbclic alronnn.ic.!1ui Eric
-
ilowbray Knjght
CONJUCABEA CONTITNVA
_Compsrali€coDtrastiyit
loho lolma simpldgi forma continui a conjugdrii g 1g26
0nglczc.(l ext exemplr'r.arrv.)
" \\ ' hos ad &ing lhll .d rk "r r in t . r " ! v inj- r oom : ' . t hoc h i J | a n o . e p a t h i E rn6
' ql ] o r l . lronndUp ', on rh p Tr. ' ' . Hot r . ' r y ou - idod t ; t m h a t ; a : i t . ' - We l l . r i e v f 6
i a'i , 6 1' elimaolrn Firl,\ s1 I don r r , , : o - po, l t h"i. r , , , , . '. - R i r r r 6 s . u o r " r . n t u
n. \ ' s d " dll on .dg eo . I z so r ' s ou r or a $. ( lo r , la\ ' '
:
' : c.o ca cveninenlelor sportivc.
3 se d;sireaze
r: Nu vreru sli srozar.
le stric dishaciir.
6 : A ,icht ! (exclamalie)Dc acbrdl
6 : llar oaloi pe nervi.
I fo "m. f . , \ nld . . 1ld
3 J.t t,b r ' v ) : t ' f f r c 4 I.p 6 I s g ): p l . e s % m a i p u i ,, i ,t" bu' nl a,r.
[\)]ttrl .
866
18e2 CI,ASIFICAREACONJUGARILOR
o d U m i l p s i ru a l i i di D sLri rul _d
uI ir ut r s .a d .z v o trrt i vocalei
I' SCu sau IArd moditicarea rtrddcinrr.
, d.n. arnaic, atrf. : englezaamerican{.
-
307
"o*, {L"l8"a_-lliig"u
Pentru acesteparticularitili, a se vedea mai jos lista verbelor neregulate
si observatiile ateiente ($ l8i7 -1819).
' Marea majoritsi. a Frbelor din limba "n;l"za 'inL \"rb" .rCrldteti ! 18ll
aproapeloale verb*lenou .rPrtot sparlin a."s Pi .JLpgorii.\:ltFl:
to televise,ro pros.an{dc),to compule,to computo'
to telesrsph,to {tele)phone,
rize, to radio,to xerox,etc.
to w i F L , s l: a l rd D l n :l P P ri ' l ra d ro )
ru mo l of , lo ld. i i: a m" rs " c u J L L o mo b J u l .c u l d\rrl l
ro sre Jm r.i l J .u .,o n d .a ' u c d h d c u ol ' rrr)
lo .rn p m alo*r . nh r .:n " ma l o g fa [d )
to stre am lina r.a d a o l i n i e d F ro d i n J m i c l )
ro s.rvi .F i- a o f" tr u " € u l o mo D i el tc .. d .i l u,. a l ogri j i l obrl ctr-
dintea olienteleietc.)
to e d L er or ool I d ,,i p p .m" d b i l i ra )
lo p i D l i; t " . d . " J ,b p o " i ,t p ri n e o n d r.l ,r: a i n" l dl a o coD duotdde
r)errorJ
l o .,L o m, ' d a v Jl rori za)(dttni z6,,,P fr! '
v '.' ro "fi' ".an ro
r' ur' p
e ",nn ,l o mpi :J rl rm . Ji xati v petrtru p& el c,)
l ru
to x{ay (. i radios'alia)
Lo, ddj; i r .d n c' :lP I' r ' a r d ' lio )
ro st ,r .' .e D ra u D a .l o r mrre sau o actri l l h rol ul
' \..' tr
lrrnu!atl
$ 1843 Gna-xR,,r.LrT-LTr
51844 Atentie!
fal In limba engleLe,archarcilscarara ..perimat', ..inr.cchit' (oa si tn
limba romnnn), dar tatuti inlrLtrdnlai cu ur,cie sensuri speciale tn
literstrri sar diilcctal.
51E.|; (b) lneret 'rpi'ol rcre, ni ,,r,r,-ir:.lar.i"ipiul rrecuLln,rp-
"l".io"i
buint,att rLol- ss\r ..adfat,,nr ! "bol.r', aap.t; rLrrrno d".pn ni d p"r rripirrl
trecut, lntrebuinlat la construir€a lorm€lor r€rbale compuso (I haie lcari,ed,,
I shalLhnoeLeerned d,c.) in contrast crr participiul trecut lntrebuintat adjectival
(a laafilcrl man).
S 1846 f../ Yerbelc care au doui form€ verbalo paralele cu acelaii lnteles. la
trecutul sinplu !i participiul trecut, au o form5;egulati (terminaii cu sufixul
.pd, Ai 0lta nerp:ulr';. lornrole rpreoulr.Fsinr prFf,raLpin ersl!za briLaDica
iarcph reculat".ln nnslpzaampri"rri-rvezi B. eiuirk.A Graniar ot Conlem-
potarA English.3.65). Dic-tionarelesi J.drnaticilt ceie nai cunoscutesi rccente
nu confirmi lnsh aceastdasertiur,!.
. ,. . . Trtcut Participlu
lnluo ttu sinplu rr".it Traincerc
Trecu"t Parlicip;n
Infinitir stmpln TradLlcere
lblcs, blesl, hlesil
Iblar, bht:, blcunl
Lbrerk,bronk, brc!!anl
i desic. a da nastere
'lf ]i,
tlfi:d, r,r€d. brodl a'se lnnulli
hing
iuild buiit Lb d, b t, brttl a cudi
P&rticipitr Tradtcerc
Intinitir si IIu
go i I gotienl
c"rr a olrine
I {m;r iS;:i,isir
!:ild gilt, rdlI Jlr. sll ,,,,
, . -iI ' -" -" , ^ ;
gird glrl' girt" l A i :d . g d :r. s rJ l 1 r" i e,
giv€
flll:*,,iJIi 'ill,lr i S"'u"*," o,*.
iround i d ra L n d .a r.u n d .g ta unl l r n,i t' nr
gro{ n
;H"'i, Hj', Fdl I I li:,r'l . -r,r,.,'
ihFv , hc d, '",1,"I '
c v 'i
ah, J . I ' i: d. 1, : dl I auzl
{ a l 5 e i r r d t r1
fhi:v. )taur. hcuvl { a (se) uni a
I a annca
rhj:u, hju:lr
hjo:d, {;ili""l:j "***'
, hiddenr rhldnl
h ide hiil thard, hd,
I hid
h ir irii hit h ,t. h n . h ttl
liold held held i h a u l d .l r' l d . l re i d l a (se) t,ne
a retima, a ngnr
i k i :t, h T i . tc l rtl r (sc) Pistlt
l n i :1 ,n e J t,n rl tl utr
taJml l cti ,at
knit hrit tnrt, nt, ndl
rVe zi O bs er v alii $ l8 4 c
s'ti mnul Rs Dec ir rar c s i fn rmArp s d a l ,i .
. p ;i ;i ; ; i; ; i .i r' rr, ri o ro ,ml f" s " rr rr' ddr di reri i a" J r" j s1 |
" ' -i i ti ' r ' n{
'" '"'l'ilJitr;;)i1lr9.'i"fi.i;ll" l-'"'.:3,.1,"' .^ ,imLJ s."isd. ,are.,drinLn,ri ,dun'ipo4
ps t , r . s ii . o ) d' r d . p! lo p r o n u n {r t l i n s ! n r ' a i L r " a
orlin im o orra oli )r rrr ' n '
' d rreldl: a. dFuse0 riealiin d, 1, , n' ' d- or it lt pd dz ut r lor . n' r r n a r o r r o g r J l ! d
n '
a?l
Trecut Pdrlicipiu
I finitit' Trutlaure
i s i :, s c :, s i rl
tsi:k, sc:t, sr:tl
sold tsel, soutd,seuldl
shear' shca.ed
I {t.hn.) tJ,adl
ljr d, I Pd, J Fdl a rirsa (lacrini e!c.)
sneN! shesed f J an, t iud, I J UnI
fJorn,tcn, Jcnl
IJU:,JJd, JJd] a potcovi, a h,o[]la
tfu:t, Jct, J.1l
shos' showed . ararta:a sc vcdca
ihed,'tred,'Jrcdl r rute l n l ,i i i . u stqi d
I o i ntra /a sestri nge/
shrinkr shrank tJrilk, JEtk, F^!kl {( {la apI)i a e,iia, a
s€ coar
shrorcl sltrn'cnr tjraN, Jrouv, 'IrNnl n {sel spo!€dt; a reria
tJ^t. lrt, J^tl
sine sans surs.
lsril, se!l<. s^!kl
slew slain
sleDt slept isli:p, slept, sleptl
..: r slni
slide l s l ,d d c n tslard, slrd, 'sltdnl
slina slung slung [slo, sl^!, sl^!] a azvirli. a aNnca
TrccuI Partiipiu
Infi itia Pronunlare Traducere
':vp
o azi-dObr
l " l ,N. , iS ' 8i9
_ r , f . m - n. r ; ...ri .\i . i , ro rm .i r" g .tJ J.ddo,t,ri ..' atn' " )ps" .u
l n t f ebu i n ta rp (. V e?i O bnr r ati i q l 8 t9 l
3Ti n p u l r . s n. " t iv ip. . i -,rn ,,r f" s .ta L i .
aj v lnr . _ F j. lr " : r" r l \\,r' ,_ .
5V.zi 'r$" . i2r03.
OBSERVATE ASLIPEA VERBELOIT NIREGULAI,E E73
V]IRBELE \ETtE{iU[,ATE COMPUSO
5 1848
, Cite\a v"rh^ .preruldt- qint i .1" r prin a,t- rq.r.,Jun-r r.retir ta unul
"
irr ii. ., ,l , m-i s,r . Tr".rrr rt stqrptu.i L,acti,
orrrrF vrrb.to drnipta,.r pfln.p i
plul lor trecut sint rdcnrice cu acctea ale verbelor simplc
tdto:ite in
Bxemple de asemeneaverbe sidtl:
3- lo ar'",o,'_us" ,.d :. r h 1 .,t rd.o .ttj l
Ia(k-: h, br,rDn€,'tjr|k.//rer
fre-: ra becorn?,bcfaq. bt pi,l.. hei,ld!. beser.terlcaN. be.st,et,,berttitte, betdLe;
DrGd-: to broad.ds,ar
loF : ta n tbco - to "b, d. , jc . , r j , , . u , . , .
rr rntall
irter-: to inter0.drer
mis-: to nis8ir?. misne., misld3/. misl,zd, mkspclt. Dths/ezd. m;rdnc. nis
to arrbi.t, anLdo. olrsro',, out.;.1d, our,,rn, ourttu, out,,ea.,.
9l!:, to o\,p rb.o r. a \ "b. . 1 of L, j/ . o\ r . dr r . , , \ " , . a , a " , B
o\ dr , pd. o\ , r g{ , , . n! "r / . 1, 9 . o . r / a o\ a- .t^ ^trtdna.
ta!, oaerrt4e, ovcrsroor, ovost e?, orc.srr.dd,, arermke,
otetlkra@. olernorh:
to rcbuild, rt:pd!, *lak?, rebeon {let,n.), r.,,tzll
to tDb"tut uD L, t d. r , - Lt , t a. u. . , a, un, . . , , .nx.ii. untd.c. untdde. un.
te ott. .a4 totp . LNa / , 11 E, un! ; nd:
- f
u. dor. L, u ,d rr,d . - t ,
J - r / . . , , . . t d. . u1a t - t t , nd""xo, ).nd,."t,r. u.derl?r-
u od r4 . un dp',- . nt , T". . nd. - . t / . k. t: .rd" akp.
'J.
trp-: ', tpb p. . hat t . . t . - . r t . ". r
siv-:
sif t -: lo si"u ..,, r : ' L: . . . . 1, t a. ' .
.1(1,./1.,
are in gcrefc trelulul r€gdat cind este tranzitiv ;i neregulat cind
Be r, - F " r m " l" pc i r c i p " l ^ r" g u l i ' a ,p //p d . Dette.l,slnt inlrrbuinl,ate ade-
€eori tn engleze britanicd.
I Lid. , t ut " b i J J a / J P U 0 P .J ordona,a in"itt, A corrvooa)
\ . h; r l. L' i, J .L i ' dli i' " ^ l .ri (prel la licirlt/ie)
\ \ ' . / , . r' r .;, ,1 rr.L .
(Le-an slns n.aptc buni )
i was Dtd.Ltr lo dinnrr'
lAd losi chemai (sru ilvitat) ]a rrasil
the rtddru Euests
(uNalirii inviiali erau numeroti )
Ha l' , / f I0 ^ n ' r' ' p ' ri _
npr: I i' r b .1 l' n l' jir i
p r'" l l ol
lI
Yerbul esLetntrebrinlut numni in limbajul forrnal sau irL scris. liind lnlir
cuit in li $a vorlriii plin ta say, to tell, to order'
To forbkt (: a ilit$zice). comprisclr \qbul lo bid. cste inttebxi[,tai nrsd
si tr limba vorbiti.
' Bite. - Participiul Lrccut ,il estc intrebuinlai asliizi nunni irr:
Once &rlten), t$icc shl. lProrcrll
Bourlden.- Participiut tracut arhaie al verbului lo trr:n.lesto intrebuinlat
astdzi numar adjectival tr erpresia:
du t\ I d ' o1- , , ll' ' bl : m ' pi' d , '
'a
lt t"d
i. ", l tain P" o"lJ lu ool J i- r I ' c l' r d ' r
llroaalcast.- Accst, v€rb dre urmiioarele formc:
broa.)cast.broad.ca:t.broad,cast.fiil;za| astdzi atit tn sensul general de
,,a diiuza, a rEspindi o ;Lire" eic., clt Di cu sensulde ,,a radiodiiuza"' iraff-
"a
llite prin radio":
The nels \ts ,foadrds, lfonL Nucla.cst.
: (radio) a radiodifuza, a transmits
broad&sted.brodtlcosted'
btoatLcast,
/uiilizat la lnceDuturile radiofoniei)
'
Boucblen.- P"rli ipiu ,rc"uL ffLaic al verbului 1o ,lry. intrebuinla!
adiectivil ei dialecLalIn onsl"za'mericand Spre .leos"bir"de baught'partt'
cipiul trecui curent.bouEht?n arr nuanla dF..cumpdratla p16valiede duzrna'
nu lucrat de mltr6 ingdjit".
I e - J ui |. n , , . r d- f or ' L
P.r ol hp .l , . , . . . dJ . . \ r n, . r
I ian dalt
lt\.):.| (- lliidal): au i.oz.ldd (snbsl..) (: !n cuirasal.)
, oBsERv^Tr a7?
,
L9 .".... L" or n | | ' n tJ . j r\" t..t. F ru J i rl €ste participiul trccut
o P vcn rI a d ] . i. t r \ :
a leoEd mat a teonEd ?..\trl!L! tl'." i.aa,€d Coursel
Cl . p ro n unli" c , ij. ' i\ rl u i l . j r, " .1
,
/ .arr?r I l r:n di ' lJ : nt i ' .t d L \.:.t4 l ,u "
torl ptor \.rbJl e
l,) .l r r nir a' dlp1 .u i \" . r' n n J u ri A v d .u ol Jn' f. apri ' si /uo
"l"
f elina i a p rrn" r F r ' . f or n. l. p ri n " i l o h l e a i ru i ! t b ci n rFgul ari '
-
S " / r ( n , l ,n r 1 ,, | ^ .l o o r.
\n L r d r ' ,", Ir ,Pd us o In P.d ".
l fclf. Pdrri.ipi,l ttqut mott n , "1" rrr arhrisrn in'r' buir !.r ' '''7i
DurnaiadiF'i\.,l,rororitoIlnn"tale."., l' rllaobi"rppcnrru npirca.irura
€ste ncvoi€ de temperaturi inalte:
m/idu glas mauea ton
Lo torm-re. ,;'npLrilnrrun.fucp dp-r- J-,li i' poezi".ln lirerat'rra
lonrr. ',,,
€dpsP.. ir,'r'b,rrnL.rir cpr..Irgrrra
recoluluirl \l\l"a "r.,
urc ,,,1,.n !r.,nnr ol sorg (A C Siiidrurne)
no7lr4a.suncnts ($'.S. Lardofl
m/l.n pa$ion (!. tlar|h)
Participiul trecut regulaL,?slldd estPtolosii la formarea timpuril,} com-
puse ti adjecl,ival ln c{zul subsLantelorcarc sD topesc ugor:
The sall had ndt d \'a rhc t r'
nelkd bnl.t(r tuerlt sao*
teltal ice rn.ll.d wax
lro\co. t'.,rti,iniu rrF-'rr Jlr-i, .i Ji'',"l"l al \"rLulJi r.!ular ta
p,.o'F( i do!Fdi).jnir"b..i1lir Hd-a ;\dl ;', nc"irl rrr limLajrl juridi, tlro-
nunlat I pn'rnl:
Not r.oi,,. ( .lipssf l,rt,rle ) ljr.l
'lhis is a sojfDl.iii(:.lh rm!€n lact.
Roast . nds , , , $ ,rL i i p i u r,:u l o rl r" rl u l ui to t^n ' ) t-tp tt ttP '
l, , ir ' ! r l l r l ^ r' ,,a rp i ri n ' n u ri l o r,u m n ' i .-. p ci
-' 1,.' ' .1.' r-
tor la alie alinente decit carnea:
.odsr F.at /oa.r Lcff/Dork
{: oirnc lriltl) i- rriptura de iaci/pom) 1: ral r i ri ptd)
rcdsredohesl rl-s rcdsr.d ipplts
{: casr.4e triiite) {-' n'.rc .oaltel i: caiea ]Eijiti'rl
Tlic l('l llas been .oasrcd.
l sra.ln : hrmirat de sl..lc.
2t t , " . ot.t I mrn 4 " r "f f , oJ r . , r . ., \ tb .l patl:Eht
.lt \ rsrn i \Jt,5 31 \u t - o. , "ut 5 , . a". nt tt\a, o,Jl l , r l rip,u"d dF |ld ,
r ipt , r r '
" t o r ut pil",",. ,|| sr, ir , . nla; d. i: ; , o liobi, id- r r g \ / , , b i i r h i l r l . i r . . 'i i n
eapul mesci) sar1.ie ln nasn icliilc d. lripi,rii din bucata lntrengl de citne aduvi din
oss.nr. At tr 479
^sLPra
SoN. I']arti(ipiul Lr.rut rrqulat este iitrebuin!al rnai rar declt, o.1
neregurar,.
i\poio | (iri. ne.t.rutot I r- d se lrdbir
7 (tun;. r,;utdt) (- a dr."lFrr)
They spcd down the strect.
1ie rydedal(u!) i.heersine(theear,ihe trar|i., clc.).
Spell.- liormele regulate sint intrebuinlatc ln scris, formele ncreeulate
Iiind lnsd preferate atit 1n scris. cit qi, mai ales.tn limba vorbitn.
SDil.- Parli!iDiL,ltrF.ul sril (: !,.uio.') esl" arhaic. idr iril r recut
simplu ;i parri ipiu) oor. .i In ;nglezr am"ri,ann.
Spoil. In sensulde 0 prad". o spolid-.csle numsi r.gular. ln ""1,1"1,"
Bensuri(,,a stricar a avariar'etc.) poate fi atlt rcgnlat, cit,,si neregulat..tpr;li
este foma intrebuinlatrd adjectival:
The)-h.rd s,!.lL.dc\lcnscs.
(Urrllaserl chelttrielile.)
Se spune lnsd adjectival:
a s,rorczcheek stro?lrzbudgct
tcaf srrrreu cr.s 'r
. sroll., rivef
#"i"1'1$,f
ill;,Xll,Xi,' :fnff :'i''"'l
i'ii,'ff"i1i''t
Se spunc irBn:
ror. sail pronunqattscl' scdl. l'' su?s scz'
r,".,1J"!-il;,,.:i), .
p, l; i,
i ;l -i
l::;?#
,,,,,r' tru
r" ,
H;;
:' ' ]r' r:'
: ' , ": :i.llt Hr lll. ; 1
.,;;,1 -l','i{!,ii:'::i*f*',"-1,:
. ",,1.1
\';fii,;)l,';i"i,1"".';"'"i,oi", '.,' \',"'{ d !'M.' ru:'';u:d
l'"'ii ,u-': -'liu:I.1,1.:l::,i','i:i':;.:l':3"i;;
Jounl 'o.",
au accea;i pronun'tarc ca qr rornte
38t
(ttini."s')'Ernt.indicaroare
."r"if)ti:l1Tf"|iu..',Tlill:i:o:ule demodJt']mp
,,,,';i;,y:'1,':i:.J),""",iJJli;
;";;iiitt:rl,i1
1'tillj' xij?i::"'"j:,,
;.;"::l;::
l:i"; r""r'"i'iii,""i'i i,i6il?,f
;;;;rt-*.
ifiL""i?:X" r aacauc.i
r i,.i.iii,i* #1f"T:1."f",,
i""lfl,{$,,"
. . . ir at I n a y s te e p i;,il,j,-itt_
.,.tf, at f
z"rs ljarc a natj ^y," ." a
S 1860 8) ,\uriliarcle se oot aiuts si reciproo1alormarea
*r\elor prLncipaLe: timpurilor compuseale
6,i1th@e beeaenin$
i{iror pe ccr.corrrnuu)
-r_r-e
l Ll r c ar e e s t" . i n to l d F -u n a u rn ,,i L d F
,,,,f un i nri ni r i i T srd pe ti nqa H A \ F.
.\\ \ L ( c dr e in 6 .p a s tn c i tu a ri tsc q re i n rn r,ro,,,-
.-
:*ii"l,!::,'#
cI Li Jcrst.
:hf,;';.i
p rta
?i,:?*,,xtfj llli HT.,""ii$t,:"e"
s ubjf t pipr j.
ji#:
" ,) lorl* n \ilisrc ri
vcrbc prirx.il,tlc. Toata \erbelo
:' \ "l . prin,;pat". lusirtnrlu-.i In b.pqr ,iz .o,rlrnutul "ur.ili"rp por tr
notionat (hi;.at).
AM ia
i!:4;!liffi"i:-" i.
l,:,{f1i-"t"jr#,:;.:"
,,/r .,v o u,r .
1 . 1 . ' , : r""
'
;,'r, *
;','-,,.,,,"): ii:'&:il;.i"ls"ffi,l,i,,i",ll'",il
,'.i11.:*l3"i::" ;:"":*1,r,**i,"",_i;,.
S 186:1 10) Funclii. - Verbele auxilj
ui"'!to"";r"",'"T""il;"i1liff
""n"t".i;""" i:l,il:l,fiT,iili;,f'3riji:ltH
' ,",i !ti*rl*:lHi:";!i:iliJi";*"fi:l
<; ttgy;l"pertF dra
0", l,i,iffi,",rl,i'J"1liii,,nj,'Ti,^i,ilr,'lliilii,sl?
u ","'l.irY;,,Jl,l'"".ii;i;",iifl*:,,l,ii:;i:gi,:,n
cl.rrarea lepetirii acestuiari aiuti
**"t""",iia""""""ri,ri,i ;J":i.:",i'lf$i";,i .ili;;l*;;";riii,","r,,"
ll, i'1,, 4."-"ll-,..,t.a"hnt -! t r:n;t"t.
iI igij;'fi:l;i;itrfTit";iTx,lit"ffi,il1T5;i;;
r*^
* ;;,:1":*y""*,*x|".ru
.,1c r, maruim.rii rn com*nu,Argria,ioarr€
'""s1 alreciarde
"'"*'.iff;;1"" q r 910.
i'\'
Ver€iii
6 191s _
rVez i { 19r 9.
385
USt, ,o, fiind un trecub,nu are in mod nornal sufirul -s 1a fers. a 3 a sg.
D/ Cu ex Fpliu auriliac"lorro H \\ F.. \[[U .i l \[t] r,,, in .nptpqi-
rua!ii {$ t3€i-tr.ni,i un ruriliar l^.n,-,/. In .r,;.,in, ,,pr-r,.., Inr."^qr-
tis n"sar;\i .i ra"punsrrl5.ufl ,u "'r
,,utunrl .L\ili-rul,ri LJo ,",.^ r, lF Inlo;u
ips " lici p.ntfu evirar.d rapasrii tur. 3 I.teJ.
..b') Intetuealia tuturor auxitiarclrrr se fa,:e prir irvusarea acestora cu
-'subiectul (S 1939);
L' t .\"-utia prin adoucar". ,r,, . . t,rin torn,irnn-
',aL,JliF
fuasen'l (: nor) le auxilid/ (g lCig). ',tit,:^d
b"'I R6punsut s at prin rFuFriride"rili.,-ul ,r d ir , :r .1u n'J.,riv.
( S 2956t.
c/ ,a accentuat, (Enphati. Do) ru poatc l|sofi auriLiareLe madale,.
poate insd ajuta ia accentuarea lor cind nr sint dclectire nodale. (S 1920):
,, ,. quietl
Hc zltd lla@ anothernus oL treer.
,o d, you. besl. this iincl
Do ler ne go on a llt-drive, to Scoilandl
Drz'r tcr me keep yort4
. 1 ) \u ri liar " l. . in' s in g u ra l . l a rb a .1 rF e u l ^ .n p n" doti r ' .antryct, dtcl p-
l a l" nu n u n r i ln lim bd v o rh i rd ..i s i i n .^ " n ,p o L rr" otr;i al . i rrtnrmal o, unde
aduc o nuant-i de inl;mitate.
/Iol, Il/
will N
ndedn! /'nirilnl. ni:tnti rni:dn, rni:tn cind [t] nu c linaU :_?red no'
a shtn'i I .rfti'crtn/ cind ttl nu e firal/ : ,&stu no'
shda't ll(],ttl : shau no, /t.el. fl, lo, ir
JouLln t l'ltr.l,Lrl: shauld tut
u pt l) t t lju: s n t::t,.' n a t D ru IU n l a l.,n d n u n L" m! d' rc/,-- ur/ i or
' ' a. r ' , / $uz nr i tJ :n c n d I n u P I n tl : rd s ' ot
aeten't l'a:ntl. we.ntl : ae.e nat
qon't lqaul|, w.un clnd ttl nu e iinal/: zo,
|oul.ttt't ltwdnl: qoutd not 'til
s 187r A. CON*JUGAREASIMPLA"
(SIMPLE CONJUG,ITION)
INFINITIV rr,{r1xl"rIrt,
Prczet|'t ( Pftsent) Perlacl ( Petfect)
to be (: a li) ro ha\'e be€n (- a li lostl
ftl
TIoDUL SUBJONC1
Iv (SUBJaNCTM IVOOD )
Fonnr voche Forma moderni
(ind€pendenfide timp) (
Preze'lt Present) Peflecl ( Pttfect)
I be (: sn rir) I w€re(: sa liu) I had b_ee! (sl li fosi)
ht l. hil
in F I h J d b c c n
they be
llO Dl L I \ I P E B AT ,\ (l l tl Pt ttAl l t E \l O OD l
Persaonaa 2a sg. Persaana a 2-a pl.
be{: lij) le (: Iit'i)
390
r,,, I
ii
i\1,
i tJ
l.^ 0."
I
lJ) Ca rcrb (otrhtrir., facc tegiitura intrc sub;ect !,i num€le predicflti!:
S 1860
S M i J a s j .g .r.
lEsle ct'rtireati.l
I t J o -r ..
" .' " \. h .rn , \n r k . ul l b.. -.r.cs5r ..
. r,a ,)
You r.e eirh rodal
(-\i lenil. de'renc :ri.l
I $astAle : cnnrinle,
r s€bni'a =. sensiril
iniclcpt, cu l,un 6!m!.
MoRFo',ocIA_\,.ERBUL
39!
To $ ot k i3 lo. bc r onLr n!
i,r i"s"im"a tr m"tt"it
"
E c '':i"i
, otL d b . a s $ n l l i o c o mFa r o b fP
il. i, ^ , bin" o 1 v i n a i m Pd i s L
)
'"1
constr\rclii:
Se atrage atenfia asupra urmitoarelor
.r) (+ dnumite adjective): a se s;mtt':
1-:i:lfr.,'iijr'l"t*'l*l#*;l:::";'1""''l't'l'"1fii""'i'tli
a fi-Arerit etcl
virstl' lormi' culoare' misu etc )
,,) (+ substantrve care se reieri la
-
;1"*..,ir
1.i;,;r,,: l"jl;,:.'"'
)1i,.,"
.1"',],'ii,,"ir,, "" I )ll-1,r""j}.",,
L Are d od ize ci d r nr ",r "li"r,llllr,i',jl:!;':"''
i;t.-;1T..',.i?:,i:t' ;
l;;ill.,,X ,";"iT',tir.:,""::'".
- " ".""
["J''fi't*:xi; :g';.jlx;1;':t'i;i"%'JlJl;lT'li;
ideeade viitor' aratind:
a ltltl 4) Cd lerb modrl (+infinit'r\ul complet)exprimi
i iil d, un Ir p r s rnbiirLdn'crior{$ 1526r:
"
f,|ii#:"Ji"H"5,'#i"l,l",si"iil?i;'"cir{a'!isahoii'it)
H;,$:,r'"T:1"i';l."J"llf '"i""*,'r
h::l+'lH"ll;l;.tt,f fs 3 """i'i,'Jitf a'ciiostr
I (care
'i'5"1?iT**" care nu I
la un fapt avui loc ln tre-
S 1883 Urtr.(Ltde infinLtl')ulperl'ut sc reieri
cut sdu 'hiar !i irr vDior:
"- .'o^u
ilixnl',-
i#:i"':,'lil"i'i&'"i.1lf
dar ,si (raf):
)
l'li l?t"l'li'x;r ru- rn'cnL'Inr'r
i"'li'i":iJ;'li:"".:
g 188r l, oblibali" dalorip ordirr' diepoziri'
T h. \ ' of t t o f t ^ i ' h th a t J t o n "
lT r ; bu, t ss ' i.rn ,i n p a c c a s tJrm e o rJ r' r
:ll:1":l;lj;r Jil,li:]li:'1",$':'":'i';';-li';"
" .,.'
I i",;r"'*-''n'-'i"ar
""'i"i"l,i"'?ij'll
i.'"';
fi .:iil;r :'ll;il:lfli'll'JlJll ili'ixtil;""""" r
3,1r
;';j, ;l11ru""; "
s 1885 cl Dosibilitate:
lrom ihe ro rd
'tir,"nousei. D t," fe,.h./drn
1S lorte
i
rFnge lr 'as:t ;^'i "'"
_loscr'
i'lil;l:
I
:lri"ii l?.:ll';::"1;'"i'":ir
393
Tl,f tunn.t, x.rc lo b4 id.arl;pd br rrF nuBb.rs on therr b,cts
.Il"rg alo ,:: ufl d! s i t F d. ir r : t i. a' t idula num e F h d n p " l p a r p
How @e/coe ,o .r,ss the In'o il the.e was no lridse?
(Cum lutean Lralersa riul dace nu era pod?)
Ticleis dr, to &? idd iL the enl. ncc.
lrlil€lele se poi oilinc ]a inha.p )
Thcre is nolhing ro ,., /orc abort il..
lNn psre ninic dc ld.ut in a0elrsti clcsltune )
$'hcle is this ..co.d] ,c /,rndr
(Urde rori. li gnsit a.est'o disc?)
s 1886
You arr ro (dft acrls l,lie sardcn to.each l,he entralcc.
lTrebuie/este ncc.saf se t ve$.zi griidina ca se iiungi ta inr.arc.l
Shf is Ir Ddpmis..l lor hcr achicremen!.
(lrcbrie/moite sa fie liludrtn pfntn realizare. fi l
rl in€'itabilitatc, so3rle: s 1887
,o/, m\' ,,-,1{
_ , nrrq rJ" l. . t r i" li I b l rrl a l i \ r' J d p r r.r,.cndA nr rd
r . reno rh ri ra n
rf arla n od ,ri ,. . ' i- i: t p ir d r i i- t n '.
oi.rp rig. . ddr d. ! \ 'b d . , . - . i 1r r.
lo a t i l 1ia1a cfa ma i Jl'F'tid r: ' plr t , n; . )
Lds trca€r ro 3., tle old tnmblerl!$n Inxse ,rsain: il. $as rettticcd bI an llr ro dati
. {Nu ar.an si! nrai r.\ad ni.iiodaG vcclrca c.si rrniatn: luscse tnlocuitii.n nn njoc
r"And thal's thal !" (ton cntesorl.l : [i cn asill basl.r] s a u $i rstr.i [ot.
?a t,t\-/,4a 4t-)o t t . . , 1: / ; . i,. '14"l. 'r. InL il.
..tho -.....- ( . i. 'ps
if l r p . . , Ri, ! , r h: \ \ n"L r o " r _ , b . , t . , .
an _ld fr... == ce es t . ? W - hat it . . . ?' - c e 0? il€ lr o l c s i c s {n o o u n i L l n a : rc?
./..,":
! o .,f r . r ' , ' r n ! "onu4lar o . , r . nr - 5 0 5 'r '. | ..u t-o nlir"nglFrl
a num rluj zrit.i trJ.li ln n, if oloqia qn ac J
'Wh !".l,p Ean ". lt ' hJ ' - . . . ) J r . L 'l iinJ l-.m" dr p"riccl
{q t 4r!. r(!3 t. - , - r lt k ! h^s . . . : t
'- 1 lt s ;h,.t t nt qp t , L ( o a ' t ol t h. Lt r ] . r n 'J ) .
-
i95
rf l .
lii I ,,,.'
il, I it J
ll, i] l: , r d
i t, i
l l rc y N l l l h r vc l rad
irj i t)
s 1893 CONTJNU.\
]J. CONJUGATTE{
(coNTINUOUS CONJ LtCA'.t'ION )
C. FORMELECONTR{SD(vezirdDdg 1867)
Funcfii. - Verbul ,o ,{apepoate fi verb principal, auxiliar sau modal: S 1894
1) Ca vc.b prinoipal (+ un complement direct) cste werb lexical qi are g 1895
urmetoareleinlelesuri de bazxl:
aJ exprimn ideeade posesiunesau de apadenenrd: $ 1896
YoD nara R good name.
The door ias a lock-
They nad I mutual aid lund at thet facto.y.
,l este sinonim cu ro pdt sau to ta&., cind se referd la substantivele care g 1897
,
d€nume sc m es e, alr m pnLe€ tc ,:
\Yill you ldd someb.caklast?
Do r or P d n o l h p rc u p o I i p n l
! t , " " nt t a D n j t;n g s i n - rto n J l ).
Y ou ox ght to I' a ." n d j y o u r In " d c i n ; ag^.
"om" 'in
I lnlF l . u_ ir- n"n io nr ' . o ! iTr l" indi^d ii
- an"m h. C L " s t i n a s p m , t r r i . r i \ p r i r -
po aio I' pp urzar . ii1 . adnt c as t u' . r nit ol
:4 /,n. larrrb rin a l ir lim ba r c r lna in
a. . r a. a"ur i, t r " b I : " t r a d u s n . i n , o / . o (
{ n u p n ,o rolr6Jcu a nu m||p pr . dpr r i * Do
J o' r h} . s x gr "l ( . - , , O b , i n u i l i , a h ) . ? - ) .
5S8
i l or" v' rI' ' Ic ' l " II' rt'
\ l \ lb " / r t l' r de s ' rL rra n :r^ l F ' J rn ' " a' i /" ' r'
lor n" T d In u r' r' 4 ' ' -"
' r" ^ ' ' ' IS i l l rvi i l o Lot"
\,.t d er i\ . r F ' " | .u- arunili+liiir:-l1li1,l
" ntuu.qh '
i;';;,;;:';i;"',.';;;;i;,-irtiiw,'rona''ulatr
;lroat'e \'erbcrecorespunh
sinLtradusr!.t11'
; ;;i;,:;';;,;;:"" crc acest'e fornre
i""""',"; * iJei" f raceo baic irr cadd)asesc[tda(iolac' riu' n\are)'a sta
;;i';;lii; i;;;'tilrj," . r"^ p"t''" e r' e ".piirLr-Ln .."
".
suu iLrbiclrlct" frtd I rid'a' a^llllibl'"
u'r'' a..rnre
i,t.*" fi a.;,,, o l;ao)'"ltu"" rrilge un pur oe sonu"
;;1;;';,1;;' automoiilul, a se rade, a funa' a '
a alrli etc
\ 1899 2) Ca rerb anxiliar
$ 1900 d) (+ Palticipiul t)lllrut) lormoazi tinrPurilc Perfeolc:
lo laoc crllcd /td( ii: called
I /r.,e onllcd L"i .alled
I slllNtd n('. ualled
I s!ratl i,r'e rilLd
r" pN ^'n-'iu-:r d;r ' --"n'
s lrul L) r't,1 ur''o' t'o's":J t l;8rl l'r0''
..':r* r' ir",,'. rn ro r"r r''l'r'ri It"r-: d n';t '{
dircct intercalat int'rc au:t'
U.rYl 15-'eurlral itnediJl' dr) conrilemcntul
"*.
liar ,si partioipiui trecut sau infinrtrv:
i tlar€ .ldanal tnl shoes (Prcz'frt loleltl
rli-am curliaL icu lDsnmii sheicl( l
I lnt, dI shoes
l\li ad dat gl.nrlo'rcd4ezl. .nrllat )
Slic /,a l h ef Nf' t L r ?f ar f ud'
$i u nrhlit mina l
//arr llre .rke Dtuulli' inl
sn ri,iD si sc a dr r e t o ull)
'l lrc al]I)liouts rx"r noring tlirir mcmo'J t'slcd'
lcandida!rlor li se t.slr ,trcnorta )
lf l\ : r ' l d"
lt r
'0":; ' " o
,t ""t : s " l. ! b g, ; lld r 1r "
'
lalel l&l h.r biogle rr'l€n
ilo inci i ta |uat lr , - ' ! ar a l
\lc lolc to ldre rtrr hntrds tom€ to s'c trs
ii" iii"i,'i',iirt i r.i"t-ii Dostri vnr{srinc rad{ )
rr ti r, o"' n o I r' r' r' :a n ^' \rfv u tu l
\.: .b r,' J r-\r/" .rn ro " i i r' ' ' f 6:!l ' 1rn]
',, lr il c r ' / o"ll 16looll' ' o"ds 5t r
\\1 ,1 $il\o
E P' J l' r
""
A sf cor'P.'rr:
s 1e13 TO D0 (A FI\CE)
l Acfst re.b cst,, uuxiliaNl DO. Nunai hlinitinl lo3 iscrjs ai.i cn li1_"'ecuNive)
* t,.. 1' - r : , . . , , t i ' 1 \i .l .i l r" o m 4 ,L v rbr' l ui / n' ' ..ons r' .i o\' rl JI'
-
p"'''',"i/i,';i'; , ,j" ;,1,3 ' ll l;'r.':;""'iii l'll:rl;p.l^''"*,u'-,
i1;l
dl' t l H u r 'l T r d a b n t : " 4 " 4
llste o:r"D, o -r I o s l' r t 'n 'l r \ d
' ' "i
:,"1''" : ''r'! :';, ":1",':
/"."; 'iir,l"ol-'llli
:;Y;T,'."":;i: ;.:"j;",b'li":"F: .';,:r
:; ;1,,;;ii;i,,',, : ; :i l,ij";":;,fl"":;;1"\ ;i'-li)'F.j::i;#r,''"lli ;;;.jl:l'r'd
..e
C. I t . S a L .1 i p r ./ I
n ljir r i d" i xr
l' r :i' . Id '
"r "\p r !pnNI' a sc coala
t to ,li one'shan': a se picniiinr, a_siarrnja
401
2) Ca rcrb :iuxilior
(+ infinitivul tncompret): $ t9t6
. d, ajul.i.Ia form€i interogative. Degaiive si interogativ-ne,
-c-or-st.uir^ea
g lgti
satire (g 2913. 2920, 2936).
Dl inlo,,ie"te Ln rlr \"rb. p,ntru c\itana r-p-t6rii arpltui!, prnrprl,u \ tCt8
nu,nir d" unii gr".lr,i"i"ni ..rr.mporlni nngtozit\ CODIi t- t;, LOD/:
\ \ n ! r lh u,g hl, rr so r l|"1, 16 r , llas 1p, , . .
' ' Dr! tou f.a d 1,h i.? "Y4 . I did'
" \vr,J ' ,-dn I rr.r joi" ir ' he . om oe' iiiun - - Dur r i, . J d, r 4 , -
d r s, ror. Imt, d r'1,1 he/
She dj,ln'L Mos.ire mc, dtd she?
Y oll , 1.,lr'p,II,ro n tl , t dr , p, \n v,. .a -Oh.!L:l trd,,tt
\ \plho.ghlh .q,.lo r\.-r-,-.,, . r . s , ut i. 5, t . ", I d; , 1:
* ba,r ho rttt.
c.,, este tntrcbuintat atunci clnd. pentru a se Ja mai mutta \.ioiciun€ si S 1919
crpr4i\irarF slilulu;.." i,\pr""1?a orAin., ohi.nuira d.uvin,etor, €d\4b;t -
Gau eohivalcdtul acestuia)fiind adus la lnceputul propoziliei, iar auxiliarLrl
DO pus lnaintea subicci,ului.ceer ce dti un ton nai ioimai conrexiutui:
Novcrdld 1$r suchsjro.tsmnnlikclcnariour:
WeUd, 1 rememr,,rhim!
Odly {'hcn lie called ont .lld n.tice him.
're
d../ accentucazdideea yerbului pe lingd care sE (Enfia.t;c DO).r $ 1990
He do.r looh kindl
{ P ar cint . r de rn . o m b u n .)
,, be quiell
(Tlceli, ra rosl)
We ra]lv drd ],rv acrv l,ard.
' T p r s iE r ; ra a n i .n r" i , ,t tn r-a d " \tr r..,r' . j d,u:ror
You saX I wasrt thc.e, lri I dtd go!
{Spui cd nu eram acoto,cu trsl m ail dus, re asigrrt)
"l l,operou don't nindl" "ilut I d, mind_,,
(Spo ce nu le sulfu.i!- Ea te il5eti, mn supir{, te asigur.)
,r comc iomorrowl
(Te rog, vino mline negreritl)
3) Pentru comp ara_tia contras livi intre v€rbel e to d,aSi to make .rezi S 2200. S 1921
192| Frl]lcli', .- 1'crbr,l l, ler esie iltrtbuinlrt e3 \.||b ptntiiipul sau parlixi
auriliar.
1991 l) Ca rer) prirr{ripnl
a, : a lii-qa,a permi|e:
L ivc and lc , lir f l
/-|l m. bel (Lasa.'tri ln lrr0!l)
llc 1 , , t |. . L0gs loos o.
-/-., nt halc r c ur r ns $d. t or r r r l
-I-rr me krow irl,.n yon $'rnl li) colrel
we m av s o iI t hc Nf r lht r ' \ r ill 1. , n s
'l r,r nqr r r i / ; r no . r c in
1,., sl,r'tn,g dogs licl (r'rovtr]r)
.r.d bXgo.es Le ltgon{sl {Prorc.li)
,j:r (sq inchiia:
I s,aslookin; lor a hd6. r, 1er.(:dc incLirirl)
It is rYhI tilc horGr has revu Ll
lll; :J r." \o,! au\ilirr, ur '.1-.r '. i .,,, froru , ir ''rul abi' ii\ |
n'ini'i\-r i,,'onplpr ILf 1'u,|, urc'r" ;"i IJl uhj^' i!u
"if 'lF
tui persoana I fi a :l :r, trg. qi Pl :1
l,,l r ! . s ir ' l is t his r ight ' 1
Do D' t lilo nc i l, r h€r Fo s hc k j, ' s t n o w l '
///'s hrrrr,l-'l
I)o i' l lc , nr c . at oh v . u her c agr t ' l
Ddn ' l lel s s ir r g n. \
Ze r X b! f qr r l li) Y. ( Uat \ qr ^Lie' l
19rB Ifornel€ contrasc.-'Nodalui LET, cin.l c::te au\i]inr, are o singufl lor
rni:rLcclrJlr: /,1r IL, r, F\nri ir,o un rnl' n in "rr'"" 'u r"rbul
l,ii..,l /o,'( .d n rm;r-J.,"t" ;,r r. f^r1, or"r' l in 8."d li'iu'i'
Zc,'s have I strinl lluxiliF)
r//a " h, P' , o l' r l: r ' 1 ' l ' no"
r hpr . ! "d- . l, / lL| r ' , r l' D J r n e 'g i . 5 'i n o l '
' " Eo
1 t-rDiirulori coNi.loe aoosielornc eonsinile .ru LltT ca iiind la modll idlcmtiv.
li"l'd",,,i, I i ,1";t.
.,"'jl,:"..:l' "f;:";'::l;jT,i i 'rr,"'"t'i'os;:;i.',1
roDo z, i"i "li
' 5cr,ul jI .""".'''..i"
' r, D: ' h r' , + rt : .
,i ,:. " r' rr'" , tn'c 'i D
; " i : ,j,1;,,1.,
403
f,I&y
Preuod 'Irecut, Conrlilionnl li Subl{}nciiv
I miSht
h e , shc, i t mi i ht
Uust 0ught
Prezontl Prezent
I oughl
le, sle, it ouiht
ihey ouslri
Shrlt
Prezont Trecut, Conditional!i Subjotrctiv
I I
shall
6hall
r u' ,,
shall
will
Prozent Troeut, Corditional Fi Srbjonctiv
I will I
they wiu
405
' lLotlat la vortad i.fin:t;o, totlr'- b . a", to mau. to 4,sr. /o or4n,. adeseatnr ltriie
r d a l ' oJ:drrli, s n t tota t p toa db, nlf : c dld , r t ir nd m nr i I nr : n , t i v u t r i .
it06
1042 (D C A N
-\
C]]NEIIAI,E
CONSIDERATII
S 1913 1) Fol.mt, - CAN [- a (se) putea]r, avind numdi ddrd forme, face parl.e
din cntegoria verbelor defeotive.
Cele doun iorn]e ale verbului sinl,:
ClN - forma dc ,r€:en, (toate persoanele)',inirebuinlnli ,si eu rorerne
la /ltrrr. (Vczi S 1949)
COULD - fcrna de rr?.d, ln anunitc litnite, erprinind ;i rinorul fald
(le fecut, ca d.ilianaLulgi *tbionctioul (l,oate prrsodnclc).
Aeesto lormc sint npmatc dc infinitivul infomplet (' |nrn puticula lo)3
,\I eerl lri Inic.lL depcndentlS 1938, 1933).
S l${,1 2) lloduile unitersorale ii imperson e. Modalul C,\N. ca orirc au!'
liar delectiv modal, nu arc impe.aliv, intiniti\', pariicipii, nici gemndiv.
$ 1916 3) l'ormclc oompusc,- CAN, neavild infiiitii' $i participii, nu poate
avea nici forrne verbale compuse. ,{tii acester, cil fi ntodurilc ilnpcrsonale
carc ti lipsesc ({ 1!44), sidt lmprumutate de la siionimul situ BE ,\BLE TO
\"-i |! 19.q,. {t].o.,/,,: }oT lo BE \BLL.,u Bli I'\4Rflrr.
Inlocuirpr o,laluluiC\N frin BE ABLE nu se poate inse face d.cit.
atunci cind acestedoui verbe sint p(rfect rirozi c, odicii atunci cind C,\\
irN€amni ,,a putea" : a fi. in rtare (1'ezisi S 1949).
S 19.17 4) Pronuntrare.- CAN se pronunln:
umnluat lker): foll:ila taro (vazi $ 1866);
nc.LcccntLrdt Lken. kn, kll : forma slabn (i'czi ra1866).
CAN, fiind auxiliar, estein mod nottr\al n.a&eduat ln contert, accln-
'1,
tul ciizlnd pc verbul principal:
You ca4Lkalrlgo to sleepnow.
Al1$e .an lionl do i'r to kccl sniling.
D/ CAN este .Lcccnhmt ii mod normal tI1 ur.nitoar€le situarii:
- cird stn singur, neurmat lmedi4t de un inlinitiv:
c1r_{I kenl is a modalld]]
"cdn ikanl I'ou tell me xhere slie is?" "O1courscI .4n t kenl."
- int€rogati\.:
Shccan't s.old you, ddDI korl she?
urmai de n€galia not (lolma necontrasi)i
I .a4@t I kan.il tell Io! his nante.
- peniru a exprima un protest, contrastul sau o co.irazicer€:
llc can'tdo afobatics,but you.az t kenl. {cuionul ur.:ndpc co" jn'rl).
adDrirdtiv (cu tonul cobortnd pe silaba finali):
You. son.oDI konl .rctl
cind, liind lnsolit d€ un adv€rb de timp neprecis,preia accentul care
revenea ac€stuia (vezi S 2298-22119):
You al$ats.az lrk@nllind thc dsht No.d in a crjsG,.az'r I lto:ntl yoa?
You ncv.r.aa I'k€nl l.euI
r Dc lapt. ac.astl tr.rduccrc, incract{ h ]inib.r romAnlt. nD esi. dc.it o oonldil,e
iidislr.nsalil.i, deoarecc CtN nu an inlinitiv- Ons(rmija este va]alili pcntru toaie moda-
Urrori C-{\- porte reda (in fur.ilie do intenlia vorbilonrlui) Dio ca]'a(itclis-
ticn trecntoare(:,,Iatn de ce sini i sLareoaneniil",,Se intimple un.cri.'):
Jrrc .d,, Lr. r.rr obliging Nhed si,e chooses.
| .od.i. a, cfl.cn be re nnlc . lins .
Thc crossing Dr!.r Cahis .dn b! r.ry rough al this tim. ol (UI:) year.
III llat .dn lc llril,ly l,ct in lhe snmner.
,.) esle sin,rnin ru .,a !ti" (- ft.rn.n ln limba gcrmann): S 1S;r
H. .?r play lhc ..11oliLc a lir,tuoso.
His studcnls &n rfd bcoh n, th.netic scripi.
a j d n r.u s k r t . ?
To ,i r.a a r s F r k E lglis h a t a l l .
( Vc ri i i ro ,l t,j rtI 5 19e8)
.) .xrrn\n posit)iiiutl!:. dcci ;i deilarlie, presryan./c (: UAY)4, (negatir: ! l9;9
i tpasibilitat t)'.
Idith ca, cornc\rith rcu on tour triD.
C ,n i t b c t hat y or ' r ! : ,l l .rrtri e e r l .h o ,?
She.tr,', Lrum..ried. had no Bcd.lilC rirC on Id lingc. ycstffdaJ.
\\'e .d,1 give r!, rr,atcv.r -she uic cost.
Th cv.anL l, a! r . , c o$iz e d h i tn . l h e l i Eh [ss tre o !i .
"Do; plfrse..d, yox rrescribea pick-ie{p lor poor Minnie? Shc'siccling so dowr'
- . nd o u l j u st r or l"
d) tn limba rodritir C,tN cxpdnn in mod curent, pentru prezent ori S 1953
viitor, solicifarea sau acordarea nnd pet"risinni (-,. Xl.\\!); (negativ: r".lr?:.
inte iclic), inloc,'ind .rstfel modal|lI'L{Y. care pine la al doilca rnzboi mo -
diai era considcrat, in limbajul cult, singurul acc€ptabil in ac€asti siiualic:
Formulele obitruite slnt:
'a n . l r t ' .' ' e ),1 a n . s a L -Y .u r,rj ' ,:
" t h' r no\v A gyi 5
d oir c l , r r o oL , ' s ! r r . ! t " d J , ',, d l l \ l 1 l " o u " b
'-l .,r t, o; ; . " . du, , u ,n a .,J .rd
!i g J r.,o e J .,.t," i r" r ' .," /.
! 1954 (D C 0 U L D
CONSIDEITATII
GE\]ERALE
S t955 1) Pmrunlare. COULD esle pronullat lkuttl lorna tare !i [krd] lor
Ina slabi:
How could t kudl youl (foari0 rocentuat) (E\clanaii\')
I:le sas as nioe as .,,1d lk.(ll be.
h) 1L eacltlnalii:
Ilorr dorlrl sh€l (CuIna ptrtrt laceaia ceral)
r I next w€ek
{illrl ariicolul holiirit d.) : .,s,'L]rtdninaviitoar' lutiL de nonentnl
r zent |t\ cnre se afli'r rorlriionrL:
lhr brrt s* k ,,.d !,,1q' I r d u"m or oar r ' . aJ ' d d. . d, ar p r m a m o m r 'i u l u i r r " / r
1 1 . a r-- alld \o .Lilo r.l .r'd r"pu. : n, \ ! , : J "J , l1. : "agndio' ar d p a f a r 'i . n ) r l
,nd cste sinonim{ cu the la aan\! .vet:i.
t -ln' , dar tottt.ts t - 88. Lo, da, . at t : ' , q l: lr lt ,l p r o ; r 1 n r 'r . i
" m i '. n l o f
C u r p o r.lj"i l" llu ,iu ;'T.ler,r ' Lne Lundon - . l- BL . - - 8f l, i . 'i t s r u d l " i . r i n g C o r l o r 4 -
a !a$i,, didinuiiv Atsnalian(d)).
Irrhtenc6L:
{t0
s r9,i9 C4\"
l-olna C,\N erprimn:
19{i0 1) trrezcrtulmodalLrlui
C.\N:
Uard .a, Ddke b.auiilnl li.ie.
ar.rn she trc]ols to our chb. and rr1 nol, ]ravnls niet her rctl
L d i b | \' H - , . . \ e- \ n' , . r J l. H do". n r l , , L i r , , l : . . h " .
\\ J.d rj,, l. ' L J ' u l. , or oJ , - lr '5 s , i n g l o l . o u r \ 'i l ' ra r.
' r "la
1961 2) T&rut l modalulii ClN, flI,uncj cind C-{N €stc urmat de infinitivu}
pel.fect al v€rbului lerical dependent,(Cf. 1957 b). ]\eeastd construciie dii
;.icnrui modal noliunca de f.i.al, colorati nr glneie cu eea de nesigJranfi,
rle irealitate. cdre aparline modatutui rr:genti
lJor'| 1\ h " d? ] . ar " bp"n d t , t , J E\ t s . h,to.k".tt.,t' t , n hc.- or
t -iz" J- , ti. .l r d J n d br but v . , ir t ". t . , 1 / t
'
[ln acesteexcmpte, tornele (can)hat'c bccn, (can) haae :'an. (:anhe (harc
j ',
"o,' for ti fiddJ,! in dord | ,o lu^il
n) " I tt. ,, .n[]niLr: ..." I,uru ii..., .... p,rr,. .tsriq".... 6/ .u "o"
' t, .r- -i ri r^,j1..: ...nu po.l, r- Ir . q i;Jr.... "u ju .ri\Ll
'.\ptiminl txisiluranld, ind.oiald.l
1', ,r ,i.., 8 " i, s , . m p Ln. { o. . o, , \ , u t r , i n i . , r r
t.o" :t, p..t. |.tnar ip \ t d\ t r ! t l; , / , r no; , n..i a.drJ
ro, lo, Aa.. ! " t ""t d. r , o, hpn. dd \ . r in_ . , t ( s r b i , l . l
tt to r:tuI .1 tt or a nt t I r a, . ' t |t 1, .
'l) ', I.
! o t th o., A r ' r ll' e p. ' r k , , r . t | l . , r l m r " i b l i
- , ?us '1 " i , . a . '
/\.t
"" t...t?.r," [ i $aLi
n- t ] lt i. bin. n: . pr r n p . , . r . r a . J . ,
Functii
l9ti3 1) CoLTLD qi trecntul simtlu. - COL'LD este int.)ttl.:aunaform.. intre,
buintatn pentrr r.cdateatrecutului si rllu atunci .hd c\prime pcrnisiun.)
kdeseati) pa:ri'it.itatei oritin(l este ceite nc utrr:ponaoltl ti.mivitar (Sc-
quenceol f tnsts):
Topsy kn.q she .,,1d do whotevcrsl,€ likrl. (p.rnistuntl
Lolld ihil gaurt m{n l. .trr lrttrt {posibijii,ai,ir
certri exolamatjr)
hc_vtold rrc lhey .oau,u1 lir€ h Lordonbccanscihe cosr01 )irnrgwastao high.
. _ 'tindirecl
ijlil im!osilrilitate)
I'Jril 2r lHpa.iliric dc durntj. lnr.u.it p-\F. n rrlrritcr.i -- pr:n
..;1..1ut r.n.t,,tLtttr I \ rS lq.,0r_ LUt LD nu p"ir" p,r,_i"nr",t.sut r""-. i t,,
su;ire decit atxnci cind ea este o ruractcrislit:dtl.) d.irati. e\;I]tni ncinteruptd.
detit rnxear; si pentru r.zr, timp:
<
"1 .a"|Jl. J. r . ' r nin6 jr s , ot ! o! . , n; . . , o p . r r o t
' - tdr, r. ,.
(t,p1 I.F
' il1. . hii(rd rJL t,,.n",rtr oh, r p\ t , , , , t ior , 1\ 1. . r - h p , . m , d d o f 1 . h f r $ r n n , r , ; . n , i t "
rror.. lu- 5 \ e ' - 3nd t , , "ge ,
I n,,
!.onuBic ln cazrl oliectiv, lntelninl{t in loNl nonrinativului-a.- Iortri {te
nrire cireulalie aetunlah Imbajul coloclial. (Vezi S 88r).
4 r1
:) liE ,tBniil - rcrliz:rrc prirl {}lort. Cind inse verbul se r€f€rn h o i 196;
r(rili.ttc i/t.trntt, oliiruln prl;lf un ,/o/1,Ci)ULD estoinlo':uil cu rormalJli
\LIL.E TO (: a ii in sl:,r.; a rcu'\i; a izbuti), carc mcrcheazi ..a un€i dt
Iicuhdli inrinsr:
(i.;cD . ds drlc i" ski ( . a f . uiit ) s r , t . , a/ d s k il: a ! ! h i (posilililate)l |.ti.r
wner shc hrrl lrad some coa.hins.'
Innnn sas tolrl she .rrll lri\'! Lhc lase on lhe trble. lni ire uP a, a sla.t
an d 11,, drla to tui th t tc odies ' 3t D t hc 1r llloy 3, oul . I r c a c h o i t l'at
d thildlcn
'd." ( \ er i iii 5 r 9! ! )
Inlinith :
cou]dl/r'wasi
\yere able to
' P " , ' lr u r or m l" rp rb n l ^' a rF i r.." b - D o d a tuL i C q\ s-.t folosit sinonirnll snu BE
ABL E T O ur m it dr :
s Inlinitivnl al verbuhi lcxical dependent.
? Inrinitivnl trezeni al verlul,i leical deiend€nl.
Frlect
4lE
b) ,ond;liaratutpt z,ht inJ ! rJFnt tcol LD a: tL 'a. a1i purea el..) S 1982
inrrodu.Fdo,ri n.,nn:pJ;l-'ilar irr',r.iturlir'p.ezir.rc' .JUisi o formula mal
politicoasd dectt CAN, eventual cu sondarc pentru aflarea pdrerii int€rloou-
torului. (Vezi exemph S 1953)
AITCfa nn" d r ; t t ot , ; rl .o n ,!i ' i o n a ] (' ,ti i to r in,rt1 s 1983
CAN - The Joncses canlcdnl comc to ihc "Peolles Maich nr. Jols" lonoF
r.s.- $rher .az you hing your proals lor relision? Why .an'r
you do it saoner? (lo! cat€goric, precis)
COUI,D - Tl.. Jon , s s , o, r d , o_m !. ' nJ olher ^ddy ( , o , d i . i o n a l ) . - I \ l , e n o u l d
rox b rrru y o! r pr oor s r Dr r r \ r s r oD.
ro "ld ,, , \ t u da il s ooo: llon r ai Dol l i c o ) i i ' r p r i l - d : n p . l - C o u l d
Jo u l"l m ; J v n i t i\ ' t . 2- I aul, J l ' dlr p H I n o u l l o m o r i o s a {s o l i .
.i ar' m . no i' , ud: ii. s onddr p) - 1- 1" I 1 n , ', / . o I s . p \ l u t r o w
(ton crfesor]cl, blt hc.ould (condilionalj ionro.row, ans iime sou
r:
-{l l t ghl.
! 5 (live
l OK.
pounds) (slanc)
414
Atcnli(!
$ r93.i fdJ Ci d posibititateR viiLoaft pstein tunrlia ,1. ut)a.;lolt :t n'l l,! tm'
prejurnri, iar daia indicar,e esle desemnati printr un (drerD d€ timp aiitor,
S1T,\I-L/NILL BE .\BLE TO estrisinguralorml po$ib n:
Don't $di-v aboul Jcnlyl \\'her shehis ieln ln Englardlor someLnrc:,shc'll
&e olle to lass tI! qualiling c\a all righl..
lni,reb.rinlrrea formei CAN in aceasti sitra,tie ar insemna permisiLtr"'.
$ 1936 ,J Cird tn context nu exi3l.i nioi o indicatie de viilor, SH,\LL/WILL/ LL
cste in g.ncm singuraformi preferatd.
S l9c7 liilorul fali nt ftorrl (l u,,tt tn th Pa\t). A '.sr'' fnr: : p\p'in"
t.ttrL'tt:ni, n' i rurbi rrrl s arlnl lr.I Inornprr!l. t 'liI /.,,/. CFIFdo.r;
lormr de viilor se deosebescprin auritiarctc lot: ,iitoral fald d. Fezent Esre
S 1988 ronstruit cu aurjljarcle SHr\LJ,/LIII,L (doci prozcntul rriliarelor caracteris
ti.e viitornlui). iar tiitorul f.4A dc trectacu auxiliarelo SIIO ULD/WO LILD (tr{r-
cutul auxijiarelor respecLive),in toate cazurile.auriliarele fiind urmate de rt-
finitilul lerbul.ri principal:
|lt r i
I ln o,r I I $ill / , o/ / . o nr ppr r ||d r . d " d i n .
I Ir,
tslould
I Lnc N I I $ o trl d ,. d /& l o m p F Lpr s' Ji -.
l, d .
Aceste c)icmple stnt valabile la l,oaie pcrsoanele.
(PREZE\TARECONTNASTIV,i
PITACTICi)
199? crx/coulD
$r
lNLoculroRll RESPDCTI\iI
q
lUodululC\\, avlnd. dups 'um a !;zut mulripl".ei'ubtiJ" utilizari 1i
pfln'rp cor'
numardoud lormappnlru a Ie nxprimn'au sugerdF''a lolosrrIn
form coosiderallilor Fxpuse pini arct
Penrru a.l inla ur. i .i ,mbigui lrl",J rF,-r\in l''orili 'imilirridinii
f""-i;;'';";.t;,';, ;";; ird eo, torr'rl I poa'- l0'nuLi '" rpcurs' ld "inft
LD s"u 'iua r- odllrl'lr Jcpmd4aLoJrp
la
nimp aln moJ"lFLorC.\\/COl ' "ror
de mai jos:
r A \ B E A B LE T O { : a l i rrr s ta t, ' r' u i L l
i3 )'.')i" '3;l :,i ,:'i i #* l ";:;'l ui p " ' u r! ' - . . r LIi' id J r dp a ' r " " ,
nA ib9'""1,' .',1,n., r,'r ,'r I n 'i t a 'lF'luru
Bl I't.,c.E'rzl r'|n' p l
iFj zERo cAN/couLD
iGJ DE SUPPOSED TO
iH) Imleratiwl lolitciii
i "lFs
AL.6lF iironin'4. prir lo.rgar.u srrr ub iluir-s prolrit rui.lor
a"plHfijrn'n pnqlD're
rJu" o mar" hog'liF J; 'ubtilit"ti l 'murind in '^nru/rrrn
2000 Atenlte !
ConsLructiioa:
IIe's sor.X not to cdz 1'o sce ]'otr
'one
com'
sini eronatc, C,A.Nneavind intinitiv care sli ajute la fottnarea timpurilor
puse (S 19/t4).
N otd,
ori pa-
r'a) tsD ABLE TO are loarLe rar, sau chiar deloc, forrne continui
rnr aronllp
"iv. Co;rL.u.lii ra'la,"L"in. ahl. "roIom"
(b/ Ero.olic.r"Ei"ons r,is: I 'on "oltlJb" ar'l o Llaoar"-'slFpl'o
nasticd.
s 2001 2) la formarea Linpurilor conpuse (S 194[i);
$ 2002 3) la tnldturarea ambiguiHl,ii creat'euneori de multjplele acccptiuni ale
Iormer COULD:
41,7
Dxemple:
IL ilas sleelitrg, bul, I aDld to rercli nI o1fi,! in lirrc l,) rurifirg mo:i oI i, i.
'r,as
' r \6 . sp4 rl En F'i6 ', . ' d "o r o. . bt " | . . .. In .i t, ,l
D.in-L ' /1, ' bp J r,t' rh A l,'l J
. lim 1' r l r . lt I
^) t 'l r '
Dn. iig t he da y_ I cou tdr ' t 1ie. t . \ r n jd t lie c r dp " h; l l r , ; r n s e o t t l L . I f l l i d i t ,
lJtt t &s able to slcep at niglit onl in the o!eD.
liom Ure vindow ol liis raot^ lr' .auld s.c as Iaf is thc l,Lln,. it.sibiliial.cl lsinlJlil
dc s c r i cf c I & d eto rt pe rlru.iin gf r c r uiui 11, 1. 1
c/. in contrast:
Ilewertup on tour.r.ololll,cnloi.l.n(ItastLb to !r ihc l.l{.lri thedistan(.
Notd
Cind amb€levcrbe.(1.\\ fi BE IBLE To. pot ti intr.hunilale in aceea.si\ 9006
in limba rorbiiii lrsl. preferatC--t\. forln,rBTI
situa_tie. 1O, dacd nrr
estc obtiqal.,ric,
iiilrl ronsideraldmai forr!rLi si dcri tolositi
^IILEmaj mult in linr-
J:a,<crisd,;i rar in oea 1-orbitd.
.\dru!1' l" uri "t",li, n,'"1,l'lF d' rrJr 'uq 'C\\' COI -LD BE \BTl'
'lO, llA\1GF: loJ.0 r,,,l,,"azd 'i In,i nrul l'-d dilrrulr;!rr irp rprrrT'r':
r,1 . ll'o tlo\\ r ' d J au nr nng. t . "t . 1,, , t tt )1
'''1.n .r\ l.r,'e ,n " , , n , F r 'd l 'h k p" dl ; a h: :
lh doo"s , I r r ' / d' n! ' l n | s r 'p I d J
q, \7r a a ,t n t lJ l on' , J our r r an' i lo i
r{.u .;:1!i? Fo. lu' i J pr inal l r''nzbror . r)ul
rx,a-rca
prczentill in nonentul rorbirii. in c.rntrfrstcu numit inrlel,trstu
trr:.nlIl
t-.an\ etld*stdn/ \\)\aL lrc talking ato!t..
(Nu inlelesee vei sn lon
apui.l
. l t o J a l u lCO U LDc. ,unn,."rrin e,.t"ri moJ,r, , , t . . ^ . " h ir.. . " . . ^ , , , , rru I
\urbr'I. p p . . r p ll nr " r , h " a ? ;, p s tp l ^ ,.1 ri z d t tn tre c U r:
t askedmyselt it he aozlits€ (: undereiunlii rvhnt I irrnt.
(G) B D SU PP O S EDT O
5 :l0l
. uppos c d l o
. I.)u a rc ooi
, p t F m € r .u b t r t . I nt pr diLt i i i n rrd d u .ti b ;l F rt- tr^ b i ; .r n
r P0 lo l rl r.u l !A E . nI r blam d ,rr. c frc rre n p l ,r " r;t" i er{1,,,F, s,rs" ,a.
l ,,..i t .nu; i rtri s l a i ntrrrFA
I A rd ' rrrn 4 . n, pr b' ir I nrr u t| ri | . s "
" J rri I,o ,, | .' , s-fl . -t.,.r\l ombnrr
O nly".
Alto eriemplci
H 6 o n .tsr ppoy d o, J o r l l tri " \1 rj ,J 5 r,' ,j to , t, \ ( ho..d,t
r 4n luPPoscd ta to lt:
)
'tal
rd) nu in'r; ir atfibuLiil. m-lp: ru
".t^
{b) / -si Ingidui(or)d. l"p n,r u ,r, hu;- , n f-. .tHr...
'
(Ii) IIIPER{TIVUi,POI-ITI,]TII s 201
(; \. fp".h. t.. v"onin. on,t tt,. Lr.l,.j,
t./6. ndL. ;t.,"r r.-terz.,o
r..ep'r. ,tp.r"li s muddluluir:\\ | pos;bitirJl.r.r;.,,j- l, \.., I fot".i L
,n Imha rorbrla l'antru a ra 5U.],.r3.u ts.r ]i p" , t.,n i,nni,iui,ur. a4riuni
\rr^arp. {.onclru.,ia.u moialul C\\' pvit.. ';n..t r..r.,r,, ri,r. di!t"loriat.
InnrpnrrmpprcrLv,rtur drr" .r si \ii orutui \.ti,:, r.r"r r r_"rr s4dl1tr,,1r".
u z r-rara J'rl. .aro ru loqi 5i sinLaotutiij.qrrr .'i,.,t.. t,r r."m",r.1 sirr;arii.
L\"mplc sr allS p"".urind.ri:.in tum"p .t,r'..rit"r. .r .,.rdnLt,ri.. i"
In1re.:n Lrrouri.j. la.rilii in sfp. ial c.: _ai
"
( Penru caitarea unui rcfuz)
"We .du sce a}out that tono.row.,'
(Ind,icalii scentce)
T ' ,]' ^: ld l.an !.Jo u r, / . s i, s in t . o. r . r . : ". I n r . . , ! '. t d t..,t,5 a.tJ +,
, , n
, iJI[]i ,; llf li(] l: 'l',; , ' - n ' n " " ' | ' n 1 ' ' r n | i I " ' n n " | | ' | n Jr
' ""'1"1",,(:lT,:"rlff.
l::.,lliii:J;t:r .,,i,,',";..::, ." ,/,,
riuris:
" x.0r lb.eb /',rr.. p r,n. , no t ". 1r ni b. r bt "d I bo: t , , ,
CONCI,UZIE
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s 2022
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pr i i t u , i u , . D \l \\. p;,r/ii,d.r.i j,. .,,.0.r.,.i,u" , , p , o 1 , ii, -
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intrebuinlaro
1).Ca :rrxifid nodsl. 1I,\1' ,1-u1l infinitiu pre:cnt expriT,n: S g030
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l,"j,i,J,-,i";.,;i,fi,;'.,.,
p
t p q n L : , , ,ip1 , " 1 . ,,,,t," l d ,,,_
:,jti,,':,i:l',iil,,; i , ;l :;i :i ,i 1 ,i,.,,,:;., .t,,i) ;1,::,,:,
iil :il,l,";i'j1, :
l', ;,,,.i;r sr,, ,o,erpo,
J.,,ri , m' ,,,o.
cazurilorerpuse ]a purrLr€ro
/d/ \" 201
,' p?rl"o"!,',"?,-Jl1fff;fJ':i:,"Jll' tl
( p.rm,.iu'r n,,F,,.daob,,,
i \r(;r,t i,';,i:1'":if#':."; i;:li:.""i
n'rpo'lJ'' e\,'im4n a''n'a .i'u":in
ljlli'",),"1;,;,;:"';J'',
;i:i;,ll;l:'
rou you
at a tooscord. ,risL play my TV to. I cr,ansr....Cozldr? Oh,
,n.nr,"1,,r." ""n
3) MlrlflT : cundrtiorral.
, i rric i i r ," n ,-z,n r .\p ri n ,a .b
. .; v.\\., oo,,t,,,i,u,, 5 Zoti
' , ; ii " l :,,. ,n
d a r .i n ,o n rrd ,i ,ricu
!rn!1"
t e f n1i, , , "i ba br llt at , LhlAr l F \rA \. a d u "ind
, . . : , j . !d.t, . trlpro
t udLn,
ir ptu) nuor l,tr .
"
Il, ot n , . "{ n; 8/ . / ! . r b"
rt " \ r . "t \ t . "r E or
I , t "a d\ "r :
I ti' 8. r Dt bt ir { n. 1! r nt Bht not . on . . r J,l
--t
*l*r.t *j;!.tll,ti.",l,;"',")1"T",:.fti1',i:;i;1,.,i:,;,';
i"'
0 ,, , ,"'1",'i11'll i ; . t i J : l ' ; , i l , " ' ' o r Dm isP' "r r ' 5 ri o ' r ' l" '
.Etelt
" 'l; : , T li"
stat -.asl)et{, dc ononrc ilnr,,,r tjt , spe0tacol cic.).
D) I'entm exprimareacorditionalului perfect' IllGllT, ca 9i X{AY,
esicu'rmaide i.nfi;itunt peie(t aI.terb\\Ii depcndent:
b') l.on ndu ha* atked her rvhat sle up ro
's//ds
fiur.ot s-o ilrhel,i cc r../deca dc gind si raon.i
b"l \o\ mieht r4r. dxlftd \cr ithat she qas/ts ul 1t
f,,it ti rlrzis-o inirlbi ce dddla.€ de gind si lllci i
AtcnILr:
cind subjoncli{ul englez
20{7 $i iu afin situaliei expusemai srts,adici at'tnci
cste inrlcpenderrr,,el se lraduce in gcnere cu eirndilio alul in linba rcmenn
he in lh. Chdr. \T'd gel thc riSh'"diseiockcll ior onr show
It Jrtt! tuishtlcould
" -"ioii ror oncecomeearlv tomo..ow lt's DnkIs Lnthdrv (snbjon'li! inde'
-isl,r
2018 5) IGHT : \'iitor la,ti d0 trecut flcrr, r. i'r In' Poslr' - lIIGllT poate
err;rima li viitorul fale de trecut atunci cind acestaesle cerut de un irecul
plecedent ir cadrul corespondenlcitimpurilor:
Shcftn'o shenianr returnt'hen€acfsheltlFl
( Stkt tl sc ad P;tca tntoat9 orialnd @ dati )
lle rdid lie nisl, st lor thc State E$ninratior nr lhc Autrnn-
i:= st i'r putc'aprezenta){peurisiuc i Posibilitalei inturllc)
(r\')rusr $ 2062
Anpstr erL ln"p tar t".lrrr, r ir q
";or aI \rliJr"lor JpfF.trre modrle.( I940j
1) l'olm[. .\urilian] I,IUSI a'c o siniutu ftrrru. \IUST (: si"ebuj, $ 205e
tr€bui€), iolosiG la prezent, unrori i ln lrerut sau ltr viitor:
Sheis siudJinghrrd b.eiLus.siren!.n. iPr.z.nt)
(Siudiaznscdosp.nr.ruc,i,..aete.l
You nesl be hrrc Niiliin thc $eeli. (\ iitof)
ITtebrie (- Na tcbui) sil lii ai{.i i.anrk de sli.'situtslptnmhii.l
I{e did n ot troublc io studv hardpr thaD l,c n,6,. ITrccuu
(Nu iti di(d€a/nu!i,a dal_osl.erealasn strdieze inai mtlr deail b.I&iaid trcbltit.)
H' l i r . ll, al d lhr pp ,L J " l h ,1 p ,./..,r, to .tl ' 4 .p 1si dr,r\i :to" i a' ,t" trecur,
< li, ci p, '. r; zi . ,, tr ' t ,t,h L u t. .a l,t, d lr m a r .
I gu.sscdLe ntrr hrre sc.n Ion. (Tr.cul perlccl)s
tAd lennil ci1{ell ,.rai. s,-rl{ li rnznt.l
AtenlLc !
Modahrl lIlrST. n0putird e\pinla (l.cit prez€nlul, nu poatefi tntrcbuin
9at 1atrecuL sau1a viiioi decit nurirai aLuncici4d din contexi(verb sau adverb)
rciese clar ci este rorba de aceste ljmpun:
. Hc (€nr i.o llc 1'all \rhoe he Dus, tut up i.rr 4cd,t!s \ral1-gaze e. lviiio! lil,.t,re
a' l : . ha d
{sulijo i.i!ul)
5 Tjnp i.edri trprirDal lr.irtdrn inririti! lrecut.
2037 ,/ Condi_tionalDlmodahlui MtiST ,,ste redat de obicei prin modalele
OI'L;H I TO b",. SIIOULD (ls ros,r t,F'suanalFj (S zo8,) . i;finrrirut r,re-
,-nl. p^', s - -\prima pr.zpn,ul \'-rb,,l',rl, riral..ou plus intini irul per-
'u
Iect a1 noesiuia, pentru c-rprimareatrecutului:
\ , r a' 4r t a\ hoLld !o , J \ ,o h -r ,c o n l i .:" n d tr,r" z" nl
\ r t , , iiul \ . 1i \.o rb ,tri .)
st\e aryht f.ishtuld h^\e )islencdto Jo . {(tondilionutpe.tect)
(-\. ti ltunnit sn ic isculie.)
205E 3) Jnterosrlia fi n{:Batia. Foftn.lo de inlerogarie Si de neqarie sint uF
r Yori
-\uEI), s !145.
z,{ i.ohtl l liE rr .stc lnt..luinlrat d.cil drcn Ntc !.rl,a nomaidc luniirile un€i
z"TlL t:7tu e":":th e' I at . G dt lq! - . c c l. t r l s ale r i c d e a r t , , -D
. oderii dr lr Londra,
fondai.i (te Sjr Ild rI Tat c ( 181! - 1894J . li1{ nlf opingl e z , a l c f t r u i n r m e l l ! o n , l i L .
127
d) Ca verb lcxicol tegulnt, NFjED insea nii a attea nlroie de, a necc\ita
si, posedlndtoaie modurile 9i timpurile unui verb regulat. poate e\prima unele
nurnle care lipsesc modalului MUS'|:
\ . . ./ r .r. L a I i J n k .o r a "d 1 Y. . . h, , r / H, r / i - " / o 1 , . , \ , , r " r \ l i l ' . 'r , r ' \ d r . r . '
' ^ |i ,1: , ,. pd(
.L r, -1 . In tlu. ". ' ", "" . n] o" ' ld' J o, , , o. , . r " . , '. . i . , , -.
lblisat)
.- si nu s g or ro l: t . ' br iFl
1 1'sg.liii6 rarF. I ndr , L- ul \ ". , . ' l: .ln t.t.l\pso ta,r
", d F o .
mJ Ldrb -f nr j lpJ r I . a l. lr ir ". . ng t " r \ " ,i .. 'J " | ,.1 .)u, ..
't.rdsnd rlr -
1,.7u . ..rilior motlal.\EED ir.. r,rrr'ru l' olt:.ot.,: - ' lii.i . ., ^ri.e
' ,..
r'^.1 dFtF. d" unalpl^,n,p il",,al,,lulLi t,1,,1,r ro \r'llD \"?i $ 2153r.
Trcbuie tusn insistat fi aici:r-supra unei lnfticulnrit:i.ti c.ne nu aparl,ine
deciLnodalului NIIUD si nici unui rllt v€rb:
.\'Ztr, ca rerb mod,al.nu poate fi intrebuhlat in fop.iliil. xfirmatik,
Jegi"p"rc rn 1r"1nzi1iil.ir,roraqs'ir,-i r."\dri\e. I"rrrLr'p. " 1r". In pro
poriLiainlcroqdli!".unJjrm1rns,ir. r'" rrurr.uls u|" Jlirn, 'lir. .o:; ir t'rcn^-
'/iliil Flia"sllv.. .qrp lnlo.uil , \ll {i. ,ri"ri' "". .i.': ll \\ E
'I'O, SHOLJI,D.OUGIIT:
u 'r'r "u nlo
",\'dcd you go?" "Ycs. L,usl " (dd Lad7
Shc needz't conic, bnl 'h! n{sr.
Esle insi litrcbuintat h propoziliile atirn]rij\e in cafc se alli senlire-
SRlii car no ant', scarccL!.lntdlU, n.*t. nonc etx.:
I nevcrne€dl.ll lLcrwhrt to (1.. shcis ro cllnrn',t.
( \ : c z i ii $ ! t dj j
3) In,telcs.- {rugfttexlrimei
a) obl\ali.( moralil t:tIn co stringcrelsinonin cn shoald'\: ar trebui)l:
Yo\ auehl ta do this qtriclrly.
\ou rn dd do lhis quicLll.
1t oasnrrci to be alioned.
Il r/Du]d not he allowed.
Hc oustuto halc iotd nie lclo.e.
HL sno/ld hile tolLl oF n"ior..
A ue h tL " " ! n l t Ou s h t' i t h .t L o h ' \Fgon" ' rl l o.ol l eJe-
S n u l d l l p J I' o ' /(h o .l l n l O' d v l ,,! gon u,' o ' ol l ' s '
j. dn. n. pro !r;u n J -.u t:n i ri .f..? ,J ru n Il l ar f.,n I renn J.rr,.b.i .i ti .mai
'
Drcv ez nt or/ s . - xLibd mri m u l l i mi rl e .l
-
'gO,Sriror, siRerlnd!n slil n).nal. risl. rdfsfr nrloruii, l;!la {orbifr cu siionimul
499
ObseraalLc
o actiunc sau o staro
Urnat de un iniiiitiv perleci, rerbLtl ol,glt arate ci
**ffii1,'miiu*,,,ttl'.yi11r"1,":il;l,,llkiit;kl'il
430
I a ,tl : un l.eJanent.
4Ad
i Aj [n g c l ] t d. ajDS )
'fh rL rri / , bc enongh.
1 D d c a juns . )
Icc,''ll llort. belanse il is ligl,lo tl,an Nlter.
(Gheatr lldieilc ]r.ntn oste rnri uto,t&i d.cit apa.)
'ii!
A se compara:
I /.rU l' 1\ " I , . ' Lrr or I n d d g . 2 l ' .rp l p sr ' .i L tu " un' j i r:or'I.
. \.l :o l l: r d. ' n' l. i, u \r 'L. r' b .:r ... p ,i rr,," .ul r /
" r r' . , d tl n , r.
I iro&U hae taid ior l.hc daniage.(Irtentie) (Viitor rolitiv)
[ -\i j i p l l lil daunc ] e.( : a rc a d l n l ;i ri a s -ol i c )l
I Ir.i o rl , l' \ r bdp I ' drF o u g ," . \' . rt, mo J .l
l\Il l ) .'r n t r L! ir s 1 li! J i i I
H! s.orll hato been hcr!. lsimph conililrior{l)
[ (t]]) a r ii nJ s t . ic i. l
i V e z i s i g !0 8 6 )
/,/ ajut.i la oorstruirea trecutului lomlei frecvc tfttile (toat€ persoa,,ele) S Pl13
( .a1827):
lhel' !,,zld olto go hikinq.
i!ilccau adesforj e-\cusii pe ios.)
f o " n, dn, J ,\" h".l , ' o, r . / , nor . op1l o us
l /, F I n.,id i ri. \d r.J (.a . , . . v oiJ r v o, l, . d$J / . " roi.l
II/r"ld poate ti siorplu auxiliar sau auxiliar modal (: voia).
3) Ca auxiliar modal (+ infinitivul incomplet): iq 2114
nl JlcaiuietiFrnnsrnr.lii cu ilorl,7. forma de oferti sau (erere poliri, .\ 9u6
coJsJ pnn e\rlarrrrd:
I l' or , l \ oJ , a. p lu- i . . D or I , a :
. \ , J or i o . "i) . d
' l". Pd:
l.l'.uld you nrind postins Lhis tor me?
, Fr i t e r oA Lun > i D , n" ; , . as t a t d o o \ t J I
f ". , r d r dnja s a. . . ,
(Vezi qi g 20ee)
,, tntrebuinlat, in propozi_tiilocondilionale cu sensul d€ ,,a voi,, intro- S 2116
duce o cerere(S 2100, 2761):
I-ru- "autJ aeh
. D a' l \rp.rsim.m di . z , p"n r u pr J m pn, s . a- puL; r s . i I i d u J d r 'd J " " . . r , .
._.,(toate pcrsoancle) e\pri|me prababilitated: S 2lI?
l\Iotlie.w.nt lo workwhenI $'asa babv-I po.&,bc tlirccat the iime.
illama a ln.etut snluc.cz.cnd er{m mic.Si tot ii avtrteu |Ici ani pe rtrrot.l
I don'l kD0w who it lozu bc-
lN u tl i u cilc ar puiea li.l
I thougnt he Qo,ld lia{c }ritten.
[Am crenlt cit iprobabi]) soisesc.l
I r"\,rsr' dd I n o. \ or h ro .. _ \,. \,i r u ,//d " r"
l\ i,:,.J,,., 1. . . h. r ' r , , " r,r,i r.. |. i . . ! 1 | . tj | , , n . , d. d " , . . t ,,, j no.-
r l la tot ce esle c!lru.[].1
You said hc wonldn t, bu1.lic dtd la.. mii io $'ritc l.liai lertef. lidr't l,c?
He zra..s to swim lo i.he isl.nd. and so d, I_
I drD'r ztdle to swirn to tl,c ishnd, nor d.es t,e.
2) Ca verb alefeetir
model,tranzitir sauintranziriv,areinlelesutmai stab s 91e
d f t ir Jo rma qd p€r s l4d. s i rn rrrr' , : .I ,,l r!rn i -. ,.a a \" " .uraj ul . ,,a sp i n" u
/n Fg d lir ; ) .i t,r, ? :n rn .a d .,!ri .ti .i l F A U \i j i drpl ^r J-l e, ri ve
',, p1d ".
{r_./are o singnlii lorDi - darc. urrcori ;i dared la trecut, dar atunci se $ 2135
€onlport{ ca un delectil.;
,, nu are iilinitiv. participii. nici inperativ; i slB6
c,/ nu are su{ixul -s la persoanaa i] a singular indicativ prezenr, indieari-
rul prezcnt liind asadar:-
s2137
tft. she. it .|arc. ddred
, 1te L l i c !
!a ) For 'Ld fart ,Jujixul s lr per.oa,,a a 3,a singular esle pr"c/'rald, penr,ru S 2138
con. lzra ci .,i n r r opor r ( r p rn t.ra :0 t1 ,.. n Sd l tto s 6 u i fi ri rp& rrrl r" rfl . si ada-
S 2139 frr) Dsr€n't este lorma abreviaH a n€gativului darc nr, qi poaie fi ln-
tr€buin,tatn pentru a exp ]nfl orice timp: ?r€:cnt, trccal san viitor-
S 21,10 c, l orllla y€iustn durst - t.eLutul Fi subionciivul prezent la toate pe}-
soaneie este €vitat{ in limba engl"zamonerna.c,r rr.iepgiastrlului liriesc
9i ln vorbir"a pcrsoenelor lirsrnice.unde esteintrebuin!aii tn specidlin propo-
ziliile nasaln F bsu cnrdilionale:
IIe d&rrtnot conc, bul I did. (Tfccut)
It sheduru,wriic, shc$ould do it. (Subjoncli!)
In limba englezx actuala. darsl este inlocuit l. mod curent cu dar. Fau
dar.d la indicativut tr€cut gi la subjonctivul prczenr:
llorv ddl, )ou com. in $hcn I was out? {Treout)
llou,- liad read nJ school repo . but .l@c/d) not tell Fatl,fr. (Titcui)
Tht:\, d ate (d) no i s per k lo him . l' f r ec ui)
11 h c.ld .rl rn sw er . he s ot r ld do ii. { s ubjonc t iv )
O hs c r e& 1ie
ndf J t , " ir n :r.;r" p L U i n l . I r, .p e .i i l i 1 prnpozi ri i l ' i nr,r" :a i r,. r.e
.' rbj " n ;i u r,r.. rr,
t,rri ." . " oldi; ior sr. .a u .l u u i , ,ri r' ,d :, ri i pr-/' ' rL.i
.l u sl \ in. pl- , i" e, n r,ri n rI g " i i .,: t..u .] t. t. : r. nob.l t. t.. no on. t,. 1 -
Ir" 1, , ' pu/ ili' . I ir 1 1 r:\, r, o i .r" r' , I,..r' ' . ri -p n. l - ^ r' ,rrFbl r- .r,
. i r , ' t', " r - f" \,t.," -- ii l" ^ i' i
'' 1! 214"'. t . r' , r, u l: . (. "a,,,/
Ncitfur cun.laft ert:.
A se compnro:
She darc r,r t.rke out. Ure b.i[ n) 0,is riin. (Dflfoii! tnod.l)
i\u h,dlhaFil.e ( - sc tcd) se scoali lnfra !e plo.ia aceasta.l
Shc drcs n,, darc io take out.lle bo.l nr ihis rain. (T.an7. reguirl)
lNu hdrlzreite ('d are .u.aj!1) si s..ai. r{rca le tlo.ria ac.asta l
Shc dd.cs me to take o!1. the bo.t. (lr,rnz. rcgulat)
iMe deslide s''r scol barca.)
-'r dd '.r (ru rd li oul m y lour in l , : " ( lr n ? i {, 'j 1,1
( Ind rl/n"r. 5. o1lt b. , r . J t " plo. , ix d. p a . l d . )
'- ni
(\iczi ti $ ,165)
'A,pilp d.,u ) v . "b . . "ir , im ! - . un, do- "r r ' .- ptalabil. t,o,l" (ddr.rb\
ld a,n .t a .il ' "' i; h. I'r'l i . r e4t l l i . )
439
2) (la vorb lelical tranzitir regul,rt, ro neel arc lntelesul: ,,a avea n€yoie S 2147
de". ,,a-i trcbui cui!.a ccrt', j,a necesil,d',,,ali necosar'(si prezinti toate oarac-
eerisj,icile tuturor 1'erbelor regulate:
a , a re s uf ix ul - s la pe rs o a n a a 3 a s i n g u l a r a i n d i cati vul ui prczent: s 2148
She ,E.ds the help oI l,cr leuow students.
They med ur jnc,nli{o to study.
Tle cas. ndcdsljrm handling.
6) trcculul a.e forma resulati needeil ia Ioate persoanele: $ 2149
'l'he lvofk zrd.d qreat care.
Wc zc€.L{t sleup lelorc rnJrthirg clse-
shc n€c dedt o ir c r . lr inded t o d. i t . .
., parLicipiul trecrl esie nadf.l, pariicipiul prezent neening.iar partici g 2150
piul perlect haring needed:
H.r h,:lp was urgenill nceded.
Il hid bc-Ar .r mucli nnd..l tessor.
I'd€ li,g a do ct. . , r v e s r nL l. r J ohn.
Harils nided a'\ npcnLior, l,e hid been ote.alcd on in Yienna.
dJ esle conjugat cu DO ia formele interogatird, negatiyi qi S 2151
-auxiliarul
eccentuatl (Entphdti? DO)l
,, you zedd nc now?
llc doesn't neal anv ai.mril fnvelopes.
l hp r d ,J"r 2 ",1 Lo J llo$ m { , : r , . dr d l ^\ .
H"ialrjl dp . "d , , , , , nr 1' , . . J o; s ,
Hc does n€cd a good Lalking to, docsn', he?
?J esteurmat,d€ un substaotiv.de "ehir-alenLuL (pronu'np.se g 2169
,rccstLria
aun'lii..ub.lenlrv rFrbalr aud. Intini ,rul ,o.tl-.dpci ..rtorriple,ompi.. -
alc a.p.lui vFrb cin' ur,nnl^ d, i,hni rul .^atl-':
I ncc!, rcsl.
Don'i. vou need l,cr?
The pocrn ncdd€drewriting.
IIe tuerls ta be lookcd aft.r.
She heeds ta stutlu.
WilI hc nd€d td so baok?
I He ddteslne.Is b ca11., :
\ Shc aaNd,lncated to Eo.
J Does he darclneed ,i ti^1t?
\ Did she dte lnead to tlo l
J He doesn't darclreed rn .x\t. cau.
Nesalie s\e didn'l datelneed to so.
He darcn'tlrcedn\
I
I Hc daes d@alreed ta Lal,.
\ S\e did ddrelneed.to so.
| | Hc ldns n- ds lo c all- doAa r h e ?
| 1 s he did^' t . t * elt ueJ t o s , ' . d, d s l r ?
I I Hedures/n€€dstocall and so do., slre.
I I Shc do.sn', dufei,ecd ro gn, nor dler l(.
l, ifj;1'
i,ii*+1 ":i:,
r o r , una r. r, e" u- . inelLr Lr pP z frrt e
I'rlJiilll.;r:i[fiil:
iil**,,lii
$'r" r1!"-':.tl:.:T:'1.::il:i"l
ain*"i,"t""r" '-*'o'
i",ltlf',i,i;1{6'lt'
o,#,",!::,:;;
o,'u,,:,:: ";u"'t"
Jte'ti"l" *"1ino,"r'i,o"
;:,1f ;i"$ffi
'"-t";tiou (: a a'-.eai tlrizneala, curajul; a rlesfide)
ITt",i;;/ffi sau
X"Jl"i)i"pr". o"r (DARE), maiimpersonal
d\ DE D ) :
-*i
D\RE 1 a in Jr a rnira s'ir''u''Ftil
(uen i: ti nevoie,necesar;trebuie)
^
u* ru;'j;;
::*:'#:l'. l r;,'"
i:;i:',:,.' l;'
:i';i''ff;'ii
:rlii'lt
I u*d to s" them very olrcn'
(li ledeao toartc dcs)
trtenlLc r
";;'x"I:i;r:i
i"l :l
lJf;l;,'
Ifl :i::'rl'
lJ;iiHi illlijii
".",,:i
i:","ii jt'"*"'
e"":'i,r,'",.T.:''I,Hl'iT;,;"'r";T:li.:
"""rir""i".';."
t' $2r6
l;iJe-indica'tiv
';i";#:l li|:l[:li';"*l;"?J; ;:;i;iu;
o'""'"''
lrul;nli:;lSll;::;:l;ll'i';;;l?Lli',ii,iilJ:"'*'u
b"trJTJi'"ri"Jtn;i;;""":r.
*trii:.'iil":;:il:'1,';'i1r*"'
i?!iir'?
i[;l$r*;;"-lii:!i ;i,.,.a,
;;#;;;1.]i in
:','"''|'
prezclt al acestui verb
\^ use(lta leo'n estcto lea'n' in'Iicatimr
--ttftG;$.{$.1"11'li
! 2169 3) Intelcs. Traduct.re,- Ilodalul U,!,411?O se lraduce. in limba romiai,
ou imperfecl.ul,uneori (ln functie de coni.ext) cu perlcctul compus:
lle rs.d 10ship lunch lo go boal.ing.
l-\d.scorirx nimd la lrlnz ca sii se dtrcnla ean.taj.)ilmlcd.ctl
' ' . " , ldr , . , . i, n, J ,,u l i A:. , r rrl l ' r !j ,//o
rc lul , ' . s r r . t a ' o .r' :r-i " p " L t " . ,' .d ; I n .i , l o ,o ) tnt tt .t.
They Gdd ,o w.rk he.e.
(Aa luctar aici.) {l'jdlc.t codtns)
FaUrerzs€dalways ,o tcll mc lr,at il a thins js worll doing. it is sorlh doing \fel!-
lTaLat,t slzna@m{eu ca!,da&i nn lucru ro iiri sI ije In0uL nreriii si fie ledri.linc.)'
1I'edeol.comrus sad inpe.lect)
l lc r ee\ b. lG r lh a n } e z s d dro .
(Sc sintc aj linc dcslt inatnrc.,
1 , , ' 9. ar " , ' s . d l l ." y ,d ,o /
(Lucrurilc nu mai stau oa !e
'rdne.,./
'T r . pv r . " , , u br s " rl " r" n l .(,i ' .. " r.,d l
r E r dt i t oJ r " b' r n , Irrt r' rp rt F -t 1 ,,,4' t' :)
r bine triDin.
: -I ' c nr , u / , t ; , v e z i n a c . i a 5 . r.rr 4
" ; : ir ; : " , ; 1ll , o tri ,n " i '
r.r"d " i n ,F b u i n t.,' n " i ni .s rn' ,,,bJ \o.1,,r.,..,!,o,-r r,
liERBEl,l'RElLExlv'
acliunca' sufern
c'ire indel tinelte
|rfali |it srbr|trul
Prolrulr1€i€rell(]Ii\.
acestera:
si {{ecLere
r.l,,ir,".,l::iijf,,i}ilLll'J,lilii)
: li ;:l"l,il
1""i""1:i'f
l,l:lij: ":l "j
l""' 1j""':.:''.Tl ^\':l
l"'ii;';;:i-:;:,,lll
:illl,.i"i:'i"'i .""".,,'
I
i ""1;I;:::ii,;i, l',,1r,,: ;1j:';;'",jll:'l"l:'l't'''
:;:,1,'illl:tl 'n''''.",'n!
':li i:":'il':;-"nt""'i''in'
Llli',.iil;i*l:::j
l-*lti"."riiffi
*i
**i**j
l'* j
1'
*"::i ),;;;;:il:
- l":' :":;::':.
*-i:"lil+i:i'lit*t:ln*".i*
";,,ltrii;'"i:ll1
1"1:''''"
:,;iill,ill:1,::iii*i,"
lfjrTiitl",'h"ffli;
(soeriamrl
jg*lt'"'*;"i"i; ""n**I
\l'
"{" unr'li'erbu\-r
i9]'i"""1iii1"'ii'#lli
""ns .' r-,,.,"nps,rr).s 2183
jii;, "4tr"
ir?il*i$li:-i'*;''*{r"rir':l'
I;';I;'.f,H*i
*ifirri;i;;1r''"'"1.;';r"l"lt:'iil:;i"ii'::i'i:irill
x'fi;1;4;[IiL j i*"';;;;:l;"'""i;i:;"d4i;
iiil,,,,*"''n
au',.:
; :i,,.*, l-;, j1jiil;
,-iil'i:i,h;:,".:lt.,iil'
":rx
ii:ri''r l';:
:'
;;r:''
*fti*fti! : ;llil;,+ll;"'"
tqi#, .
;::.;^;
,",r1:x'"".
,i#1"r,
i1;,
'"or
l'tl"t+$"f#'flX;:^'ii1'n"
Ed'
ri'rrrii'onrne'
G*nati'|ii
I I't*l*1"'llXl'"l#i::':"#'i'"*J'ilif','ft
& d&da cu sucoesnlci.
{: she D,askd ot hrr ruccess.)
Jd stntrd inDiit_
( : ue l. lr us e te s s .)
l] u r " , \ . " f b, s rn u t..i o .h i . ,o p i tu u ,s .4 rl.. 4e r1,1,i r1
.
\' "p ,,.d1 p i n d in \ ,1 .
( lt e, i, . 1; , 7, ,p L n rh e to p .)
2185 .1.,/yerbcle refle\n.e c(,cntird din linlba ro emd adice acelca care arata
, i j n s t A r . d s uLiec t u l u i q e p ,o d u c c o s c h i m b a re !o rraduc i n qenerei n l i D ba
\ F r bn rn ' ri ,n , r\p s a u
'rrFz1 f r ln tri n rr -.1 . ta:to.v. ta b" tun, ,_v to L.
&d j e c t iv ul r es pec L i v :
a \ F , t r r gt et ) : h /,' u l i n l r )
i \ c jr ' gill' eni: h ,d t€ L rn l r.l
a sc ,^nrcsi io btush,to ;edde; (itr \
,' ol af u d " , tr
a o b /'I"L,r d ..r - . L n r o .. \:n i p t.
i. rl8lr ' t" 2 .t e "a .. b p t,
^ "o n p
1 . b "a - . itle - ^ .1 b" al
\u se r',1. niciodall-
i- L?. nclcr .d4 rell ./
3.: .rcIle ct. a lost lilnal ln Scolia-
( . 'l'he!t thnlk it rrs lilmcd in ScoLhnd )
jntranzitive singure sau S 2189
ft) rerbgle rellexivc rt'ripr.)rr.se traduc cu vcfbe
rnsoliie de prorrumereciproie (S 931 932):
at i G t :1 u
\l. mor' im r"rl'| \or'l
' g' r ' ' ' _ rt 'ir ll " I Llhu 't : P t
, t t ' " \Io r,r.' I ' r L / w , 8/ . / I Li I
ld .cn.,rt si se l,Ip?.,t to.rlii ziua
(- They qzd'./ and u(A' n I? {ll d.r"l
r ldn-. le si n ;iL.i m'. 'e i, . dr i nr Lr ir r I
uy ilo;.nJ
In lrmiliano.shi ,d iarim.n tolii
i: I n on.lrn il"f \rt rll l, r e ot t o@ t t Er ' )
,{lle lerbe r0flejrile ilin limba romnnncirora. in limba englez!,le cores S 211)0
pund verbe iniranzitive sau tlanzil,i\'o:
. sc ulrnd. :10 tdlBltatch fie
a sr rrrolia =' /o uryla@k, to .otue uP ta
a se aieza
. .rJ . .
-i d !," ,
1 .,1 r' a . t.
Eta tl r .Jatr .
1 , borN* (: a lua f r j im p ru mu l ):
I Ninl to ,orr,.r r norel ironr hinr-
ti t ul da (,rl imprumul):
-. la
I l(r€ l,nt hirn a ro{cl.
t o f k)a : a c ur t s r ( d, s p re u a p i ):
Th e Dan' , bef l. dr inlo th e ts l a c k Se a
lo re q ts:ul ( : a c ur s c)l
I i a s;, - i, " ' t r s r u, ol d s n i ,t.
t o s rl l fsrul ( = , a s am E n a ):
Thi soiver was lo@tnsl.hc seed
io ri r'r Is]:l ( ' = a t ai. r t r tPfn n rn l rl ):
Th e y s l" . d l. : d1t r ' rF ' s rl h l ' g ra r' ' d i fl i ' rl J
, o si l (: a s t a ios ) :
Sh e,,s . , t t , , ; a. n a i l i J i t tl n rtn n z i ti \' )
. h. l,im b:lsrcn In p 1 { b u \' o n lh i n /lld ' lr ' Jr'z
{L-.t atezatinlre cei doi bilie1ipe crtrapca)
'd
lo tdlA (: a vorbi)
dJ a {orbi cu eineva, a conversa:
We Fer-"di^i,s ol this and that.
I couldn'tlird lnJone l.o ,arl to.
c) a bt.fi:
She\rill dllr. whalerer)ou do,
lo lellL (: a spune)
a) lntatJ auna urm"t dp un "on,pl'm,ntindirat! e\prirnal :du sublnleles:
HF ald h".l'ildr'n he $as liking lFoo for d \rdlk.
He,,ld (us,them etc.)the newsol Toly's.lrrival.
,, introduce foarte rar un citat.
lo sd33 (: a spuner a zice)
a) nu are complement indirect in l'orbir€a indirectn:
He satl le wrs . worker.
r o t rd rl (: a 1T €a) :
I pdz, to taik to you.
to rvis,t (: a dori)r
Ltrl I kn€$ who shewasl
i, gon.lcr [ \'^ndr*]
a) + (tt (: a se nilluna, a se nita de):
cliDbDg
I doadd.at vou. courage- this is dangcrous
Tnaf isn't lo be eondered..it.
}.ORNIAREAVERBELOR
2201 (foRr[AT]oN ol' VDRDS)
Prelixe:
sb.r, xs-, silJ, l,e-l. cu-! eru-, i r-! for, er-l, rs:
lu,DJu.l. lo o l, s lAr n,lo/ Lr ' t l. og, lo, / r udg- / 'a r l l L 'f r l n l 1 " . 'l r L 'l '
to" pl,irt r. lo,4 r!arl , lo, a! up. lo/ a"b. ' r . , / ". q' l. l, , , n a \ J P l ! P / r " r '1 r ''4 n l o r r .
l0 rcnew, €rc.;
* : r lntal {lin c!\lni este !,on!!1at r lnai ea lrti rocalc li mili inailrlea
nnei oonsoane.
! \.eb 'ed stll do t , , t , t iJ \ . r b, . . , , , r r por ilii ln l r L u ; n 1 , " " , r t r ''i \ , ,l-. rd d.-,
,r.srnl !r,l'\" lr L nr Ln lalr nd r J . "_ ir . lir "br anc l n / i \ 1 h 6
anlonimiee:
dc-l, dis-, n-, mis-:
10 deoode. i.o delace, to ddlect, to d.tdm, to ddll{Le to dislike to dtsoNn, to drpci.
lo u,Lrulror, lo znco!e., io r"do, l.o rzisi,arj. to Dislake- to ni!lNSt. etc.
sufirc:
-en: 1o blackc,, lo gtadden,lo heigll.cn.to lcngtl'n, to lesv,. lo \rid€n, ei. :
ny: to clari/y, to e\emtli/g,1.o lrcnchjtv, io mumi,i/r.1o splcchi/y.lo lcri/y. ctc.;
-ize: to lrulalir,, lo.ochnfyt:€, to gener.lt:c, to nionopol;c. el.;
-ntr, -esc0r-er, -te, 4e, +b: lo ex..o bate.io a.qui.5.e,10 glntdc. to sl)arhl€, to
cl r.\F. lo punisn, etc.
3) lerbele oomprse, torrnale din doun (rareod maj nlulte) cuviite scris€ $ ?9o7
tmpreund sau unite prin cratime:
10 backli.c lo dcadlock to stosawry
io iaolspr.e to gan,s.)' to str.ll'ang
10 broadcast 1o rosedilc io tiploc
10 buttonhole lo scesatr lo NaJrrY
to .rossexamine 10 sategdard to whilcwash
1 o s l r.a mn n c
2gl t 5) locu-tiuuilo yerbalo, adicd echival€ntii rerbali lorrrali din verbe urmata
de alte pn4i de vorbire, cu care alc,dtui€scun tot indisolubil ca inteles, intreaga
constru.rlic puttnd li ln gcnere tnlocuitl printr un 1-erb simplu:
to catch hold oI : to seiz.
to come to naught : io lail
to get the betier oI : to deieni, lo oulwii
l.o hare a joke '= to joke
to tako a dislikc io : to dislihe
t o t uk e i o i rs k : to re b u k e .e tc .
2213 Tendinla ac€astaeste atit de puternici tnctt qi astdzi slnt coniinuu creat€
a,l'hoc Yerbe noi:
Shep6 los,e$tzson a llane boundfo. SouthAld.a. (- to act as a hostcss)
I in pnd 6ldr i l o mv l l d l . ( l o q o b v l d x i )
\Yc dccided,o no,.l tr,'and in; ,, and pu, whcn it \\rs wetr. {: to sLPcpii hotds
rnd ntns, and dine at pub3.) 'r
I askedLer io ma.ry me. Shc .f8n,-no"d.(: to say all dghi,.)
$:hcn.ver wc meet, \e m1jdeapf.llo*s me paironizingty. (: to keep sn"vnlg"m.y
d .r. f dlow" . )
It orr na,odsHe.od.' He out-.olue.lZota.
"Nay, De, me no buts, oller me no objection!."3
"Hcre you a.e, Ih. Griltitls", he said io CUde, \tho $as ralher lleased rvith lhis
The doclor wunled to help her, but shc up atvay. (:8ot up ald ilent awav)
Sle ods ,lt.iatasi away. I'I opay o/, then. ^ntl
{: I'lt co away)
Don't Jou lt.:ie ne.e
i .ta u.a Lr\ dli: at Car , : r a . l Bo( . o' . t r : m l p '_ u d n o . . b o i 'r o 'd l l - id I dda
I r,lr nr'lL l t- p_ r inl. ! d, nl a) uDr i or J l m o, i"i un u r , n s l " z
"to hp "to r. a lim niz J . Hp; lor , l; ' , 1 l, r P- iar n >i s o 'L l . \ n 'l r o m a r d i .
.b tJr.h a lin. J J Ld, f it o|. 1 LJ n. h. ir , i t r - i d " n t i t i . a r . d l , . l r u i b F r l ! . 1 . f f
' i prr\iznt p ed PJp bJc n lln! r r c i.
'J.K. Jcromc, Thr , e J I h ; n o Boal
5W. ShakesDea.€.Hanlet. !.ince af Denmark.
a M. T\!a\n. A Colnectitut rdnkee in Lina Arthut's Cou
:Tr,. Dreisfr. Ar Ank t iun Tt oa. du
. R. L j"w"llJn . . \ one Bt t t h I ' n; ly Hea' , . \ ' r b , , r t d d , n E m - . , u l I 'g l n a t
'u g e r 'i / 1
e Seriai TY ,,Iamilia l'aUiser" - ,,Nu-ti dau roie st mi spui pe numel"
Adesea asistim la o lncercarc de dilercniier€ tnlre substantiv {ureo q 92t4
sdjer l i v) si r" r b, I n( c r . ar p. . m a rAAi i p l r o s .b i m b s re d p c..pnr Fau o D ronunti a '
d ihrild . d ,q i or t ogr alid r " m tn c ;," p r-c i , p l n a l a mo d i l i cari dp to.md di n.a
In ce mai accentuate.
t 2221 10) Yc$cle noi intral,erelatiY rFent in lin'bi "nclPza sint /rjxjdre;
qulr\'rl r la.pats'ana
lr€.ulul sin'r,lu$i parli.ipiLrllrp,ur rrrn,i"altsitr 'd tr
,' ,- ".sx.,i,;i"""1;t; a. i"'r.r"ra1i" 'i nPs"lic 'an'.rui"'' ' rr.autiliarul Do'
qe
F.l. si;l r rnr,.Pngulilnr '{lograti," 'arc prrtps' v'rhpr^ reeurdrPl
to r.,,1 ,,,,ra dio ( els . r J di"ing. r ddioF. l.
to n ' tb .. mot"r s . nr ol"r r ne m or or ' al
1! $ oo tPr l\. t o m olu. ) ,
t't l' l, \ise, l.l c \ ls es . if lt s v is lng t "l' \ is . d,
10 \rro\, \cro{es. \crox'ngi \cfoxeo:
i; trti;.-btr.. irri"a, otng-, lo oka-',otrvs. okiling, okaved'
lvcziti l 181't
)
.:Jj"il :iiii"*,,il
jii:{ri':{n:,t1':,i",#,".
iilrr,. i..;srr',;.
t.,r,,.1,a -; pr'. n "ro ; , . ' ; r i iady , adj. t ' l\ ' LP r b '. _ d 1 ' i \ . s r r b s r a n r r v
ADI]iNBUL
I. DD|I-\ITIIJ ,159
II. CLASIT'ICAREA .C.DYDREELOR. . . . . . . . . _. . . . ,rr4 4i9
C l a si fi cs f A
dJ pr \ lonlt ........... .. :.:2" 159
L ra s'rr' ir F0upa -.........
460
4ri4
a6i
46!
468
469
trt3 4i (,
2,283 {r-lr
22aL 1l
2185 4i 1
lL LOCUL ADYXRDNLOR 2288 4il
Adrerlote mliliotiie - ' rr89 471
Ai l vEDe c s r . ilet em id rc rD c ..... .......... 4291 4r2
Ad re tb eled. t in?. . . . . . .
.lq'.,!"1.q" rimpnPpr-,
i" t!95 4i )
1, m l' P r n .. ........ !301 423
A.l e e tb e le de nor l. . . - . - . 1303 4i .j
Pl a sa rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,l d vml dp m od i s r c p r. rd tr rp rb rl ..... ..
lil l0 4,"'1
A,rv'.h . , ar p c J r af r F r i z ,a rdx I ta rti .:p i u tf,i u t ., ... 2Jt/. 4i i
h l l n e n l a d€plas lr iiadri !]m l u i a s rp ratn te l e s n tnai .e s tui a. ... ... .. . ...... !318 4ti
,7 .l e .rb ek. le |ac , . , . , . . . . 2321 4itt
& o p o zi fi o c u ||lei nult 6 e d re .)e ..-. -.... -... 2323 4i6
Io cu l o l tor c degor lide s d !e r} e ........ ....... 2329 4,.j
A d\ prbF h n rgiti\p .. .. . t330 i)
. \ d\prbrt. rn rn ,tur,tr\p . . . . ,331 i )-
Adlobcle in.'d-qir i l 3l 2 4ts
MonFoI,oGIA_ADVEBI'I.
t58
,L lll
2333
Adverbel€d€ lntlrire . - 2334 418
Partinia adrerbiah. - -.. 2342 479
e a ""i l O. , " * dP ie. m i n ai n l i n i l i v e ' 4t9
ln l i n i trlul . u aJ eP r b In l ' _ ' n rrr" '
2348 419
2344 480
.... 2350 481
sd Yorb 6 3p€t i* lo. . .
2351 4A7
2352 481
EIse .. ,353 481
2354 481
2355 482
2151 483
2358 483
VOR B IR E .." .....,.. 2359 483
VI I . ADVERB E CU V A LO-{ R EA AL T OR P' { R T I D E
2360 483
\I I I . C ITEV. \ A DV I RDE SP EC IAL E' 2361 483
1?62
P;1"*. I" t,.,t.f 2363
2?64
2365
2366 485
2361 485
2468
2369 484
2370 485
T he . . -... . " 251L 485
2314 486
?oo..... . ....... . ... ' : 2371 447
V? rv M ut h . ..'.
.{IIY X R B l IL
iTIIE,\D\''ERB)
r. DoFI]{TTTE $ 2222
i ii I';{*
i,;i:rl il"i*:*l;;rrr'":i
li,'t l:,i;l;;ii
ii-
};.:g:li
ii
i{
i:l;,
iil,
i
ii
;.': ,;r:,i";i l:.i,l';,;r,r,'ii;li "l,f,l'"'
then. to anil lro, uP rnd do$tr, ctc
"" :::i'"Jii:,,*iii'$;:f;:'t;*"t"*':'"-'i?;iliui"'$1
At secingthc notice. I
she srote to ds/r lo.
11. .^n\e b .ut al tnc
come flnd sil .lov r,
se-impad in:
$ 9231 2) Clasifioarcdull inleles'- Dupd inleles' adverbelc
i zz::, a) adretb(. de tinp ('tdetrhs of I;ine 1, carc'rat{ tirnpul :i'ld .::,!-"Jl:"*
" --" - i"a o ln'usir" r" s r ' a rP ris p u n dre rn lrc DJ rP
"Pl".r"1ii";;"'i "'i''0 " "''r'
2 ( : ti nd r)
., r. 1,,,$,rdrdsoi,, idy.hrr. a,d'|rv,lll.-ii:.,;1."i:"'":l,ll,jl'il.,illiil
f:,
;i'i;';;'
l""ll";,,il.il'"'l'li;":"'pll-'i':,1:;'\'".-': "omAim4 sLrr
sin"P soun
' i#:,ii,l*xr"Ll;*"lr"n;t":.*k'";.;nl;,ii'i"Il"l"iilil:
i"$3sll.'i,it
v. *a,j r"."'io" i *'itrr "o in a vFar or r$o r" ;
'r'' '"
" 'i,,,"" "
moJ']l ln 'afp '
A 2233 Itt anvrbeJ ntorl(Ad"-b.o[ tl'|nn+)'o axtr arars
Derr.." o .cLiun" "d,r ,n ."." 't'"i; o iLare in"r;irc
o'' li 'cr" [t;slunLl la
iotrebarealor 2 (: cuml):
so' somehorv'isurel
badlv.cerloinh.dflberaiclv,cnsilt' Iast, kindlv' preltilv' slowu'
u u $ ll $il'glv' r"
't*i ','tt.
$ 22e.1 c) adecrbetle lac (Ad'ol)s of PIa(), carc €rala lo.ul un J F' se^ptt-rcce o
'-"- jnsugjre ptc si care rtspund la inirenarea
" *ri#" exisil o stare' o
""de
-"" (de) unde?l:
rvherc2l==
l$':',xilTlr,il,:rhl.l,r"";"::"Jiil;.1ixl;.'fir;ii'il'\Li
;':1 'l'lln':Ji':]
",I ;il;
.t, "';.;.:';l'lill-': ll'';':':;llll;,ll'""li
" ',i
' ' ' ;,.';'
'
':
r i\ hp r o \ n 'r ' s o n r $ r 'p r r '
F r ':
46t
d) adterbe de & ra|.sa& d,e scop (Adtrprbs ol C.t^e, R.a\on o, R.\rlr,, \ 2985
. l ri ." u l ' ,.u.;ri
' 'F , ' rd l ; .d! 2, ls u s . op u l u n F i d , !i u ri . rci.,j " . r.stund ta
i n t r eba re a 0 ly ? ( : de c e l ):
Lonscquetrlty.heroe. lor thnt, lor lhat reason,/pu.posc. on prrpos., sdi so Ur{r, rhat.
r s dry, l h e .e lor e.et o. :
?) direrse aLte ad,rerbe. s 2236
a!].!etbed,ccanrc-ric(Canc,:ssircAdaerl)s) 1
ho{'eve. (: totuli), sl.i]l, Iet, et..j
adrcrb. dc ft.ct'enld sau repelilie (Adtetbs of Fr.:qucnct and Rtlcriian)l
oncc, t\!ice,_tnree iimes, ctc.; li.st. lof rlt). tirsilJ. secondl}.Uiirdly,lasrly; qain,
al o n e { - onlx). ci( -
'. " t r n y,1 r,a" : : Fr u. i, ) . , nLrn ui da, "hi. r r . - " / 8 ? " - " d . D r l - / , 's
"lr ' .
P ' s t t t ft, Lh. t sh ? ru s c^ n e '
' s. / 4. .1 r i )i ,, p. i , u , , . t ol,
"au , $r ,
' HJ ] Jn. tr..J lo! Ji, l\ or ' d Di. r ion/ - r _r / 4r r ' '
t62
S 2259 ortografie
SufixulJ9 cstc Adnugatrrrnjorit;I ii' n' i.irlor iJrd rLi i I nrndifi,dre 3 nn-
mci }or inilialc. Se eiragc1o "qpecialarenriaJiuPd c duu; (dtcsurrLdP , urrnle
de obicci ortogralieie greqii:
a) adjn,:rir.teter;,inot" ,'r -, (r,uenfeplia leulnraliej l. trccetlrte dc o
..n. u..1,1 td .'red li d n. r " iin"l
l]nnillei.e complctel/ !u..- lur.ly
ljn.- lird?y sii.cf. - sincfLjr
Ex c c plie : r vh o le
- drolly.
DJ adjectivelc terminate in -ae pierd !'ocala linald -e lnaintea
suiirului -ly:
Er c e pl ;i:
Au ambeleforme:
dry - drtly si drsly
shy- shily 9i shrly
?,1Adjeciivele terminate in -ly, ca frien"dly, Io elg, timely, eily eLe.,nn
pot lorma adverbe p n adXugareasulixului 'ly| din motive fonice', tin€lily,
sa.uIaneIiIEfiind excluse.Ele au deci adverbe fonnaie prin adiugarea unui
cuvini, aBtrfel:
iD a friendly way at a timely momcnt
s 2265 B. ADVDRBELECOMPUSE
di{€rite p{rt'i de vorbie:
Adverbele pot li formate ti prin compunetedin
A.1).+ Ade.
lorUrrlshl.
Ad.o.+PEP.+Adt.
Wc weni, not.
Y.u nnsl n..ds olPY Jour Parenrs'
th; ;dst ol EqlaDd Tliey t.areUed e@s,
4i6
- }ard. hardly
- lasi, Iastly
Alte adverbe din aceeati categorie $nI: dear, d3.tl!; newi nealy; pldin,
plainhl; slow, sloela: thick. thi&ly; thin, thinUl; tight, t{ghtlu; tvrong,
s'rongllt eft.
Ob s e rea lie
de tnleles,ad-
Clnd tntre celedoui lonne adverbialcnu eristi deosebire
verbelecalilicative3au in genercforma ierminate ln Jy:
deeply intereskd, easih/ rn'l.tsloo.t, aeatlJ nanied, d.ea y bp.loecd, thicQ! ctad. eLc.
Atenlie !
2260 Se atragp irr spe.ial arenlia Jqutra urmcloar€loradverbe.din|"Iecare
unclc m"nliondr. l; $ 2258 ad"s"i "ronat Int.l.sc dp in.epatori- dFoa
rece urele forne ln -1, diferi cu totul ca sensde cele simplei
./i"e , r-:m",l;at , I at PI u I r"c!nt)
/o ;i4" :J rt ut o"J lil"n , -pc^bdbil,
hd "d l! \- ab ia. d' lar ) , . ps ant lv :,nddld. numridF.ltl
hishti i: toaie) prette - (:datul dp; .oloc,. sirasnic,
gro?av d€)
sno.,rv(- cu.lnd,ln scu.t tiDP)
N o td
Dircctl! es\epronunlat [& rcktll, de r, da|r-, drekl4, formr I dr€kh]
nefiind utilizatl cu sensul de tlirect, sraight (: ro4. direci, drept),
ci in Jnodfeovent cu sensul de at once (-rom. nncdial,)li tncn ti mai
'\'z:!2 :6 F nLr u dos bir r r d" r ' ' o r ll' pd| ' r"".s Lr.r 1l\p"u
It ,.'c",.rp;srFl" pr pr nt . t r . n r dFi. , a d id. n j , J r u 1 '4 i a " l F " r i q r 'r i . 5 '. m i i
derilrtal,'r 0a tilel.s.
46?
ii6re rtlr.xre
i 'li"s!rc
lnLe4gaLit. who?
A se co npar a:
Adt ' t r b. PteNxilii
He came inro lne rooni.
Ptr[ o n v our ] r al! Put You. hat oz the tLrbl€l
I l o o krn r p r . f J ndr c s s . She iookcd l? the slreei.
Tl i -v $ e t r l / r , , lLr' lLn n r. Thet $'cnt dotrtrlhc hill.
Slie put o// Irr tril- 'his is o// lhe toitrt.
Y,:rbele din .,oloana sthgn "qint lerbc conplere oo stnrite cu ldrl;.tr/?
adrcbiale; rerheb din dreapta sint urn.Lte dt trepo.ilii cc iitrodu. 1o.u-
liuni
' rrtua:.t1ianal..
l n'""to,'i" -,in-a. .,,!;nr' I in. "t'. 't7 Jo,r' v// dPrF'mi1dt rb'tr Lt--
mind .'- l.,l , r1:-to"a\". ir'. to I",t on. t^ to t t/t. t' .4 ,lo't'. '-
" ""' "lT
Dol li lllo uil- u dlrF \prl,a :inonirnef/, 'nt r' to ar'r "n 5 t 4d 1' s t"
iod.st,nd. t" ria natt.). EtF nu l-.1.r v"rbul l' ,u!inr4p urn'J idr. p'rlrr H
torn.r a,"1 . ^ ^r.lru.lip I'r't'^/irinnalir on tur'r hdl ttp 1 t n4t. !
"u
d.o$n to dinnff. otl ,f," ril nu arr nici un scns ca aiare A5adar at$te lornle
sint. ( onsideral,eodt€r"re-
l n .o1".r., di' d'Fafrr ln..d. pr"poliriila i"," u' tp. '1."n. dl 1^.c"
\€rLul ,lc c^mDl.'n" l.lr l,ri l^r,,'ir,d "r P.-il. ' 'on5lru' lrr frFpu/rlr0rdl^
inl"ll:ibil":;at,l'tt'.roon.r'o,1'"toll.xpth.tr'1.d0$0r'"/r;//.lolttl"po:,'t.
Prin ,rrrrrrF r.,. F lu'm, ,t^t pr'to)tt'.
3l 0rdinoa (nrirrtelor in prnlozitic si acceDtfl:rrealor. ,\cesiea sint S 2279
alte Joud crrlFrii ,,rp ' onrrit,ui"l. 'aLrlir"1 Jil'1"nr"lo' 'lirrt" p . i ur'1"
adr erbialesi ccle Dr"p^zilionale.
L"riru;a dinri' I'arliculsadLerhiali ii t.'bJ -i 'p 'on lilS in
"l.in.'und. prrti ul" ad\"rhiala. pu'" dr'td \"'b F" p'onunli,
,pr.ial In \ orbirr.
fie a silabrltinal, r Jrcstri,, tia un,ald d o s.rr'lol.//rd l'riir'l"r,ufinlulur
urmetor. Particula advefii|^tit paatc clecista €i la sfiryi.tulpropo.iriei, cu accert
1r1I final pc rerb:
The rln€ takcs oll 'at ht
SrYii..hon rthe light.
I np lir . ' : s ou.
A.c you going l.o rdng uP?
Urhen rvill hc 'be in?
Parfi.ulaDrcoozitionaliealFit -a dirinsl1g')'d dr \uLstanti lsau p.or"- S 2280
m,1" o. u"re 1l d"l.rn'iIr. p" c0rpll r4r",dd,si ! ai'epsla a,.P,,udl 'Lia" .lnd
prapo?iiiaM arls ll slirsirul prol"iiliei contorm rzrnlpi ' ilrrlui roloctial:
\\'r Jre roins l,one ru 'L,us.
sl,eLo.-shL thut fot /o/rl0 pound"
't p o ui. \nu ar 4 oo[ , . 9 d, F d br aur J .
Lpi; n
\\'o nd rr.ul ti l' r r . l W o \ a' il "lDv "
Th mJL r'ou dn lJ li; ng 060, l i"n l il \ \ ' dl lo Jnu $dnl him /o"
( Vez i t i 5 , { ! 5. )
ill ' I
riti.!e
LrcmPtc:
'lh ,,i'is rJlu"d his poqr v . t u' P r hdD hpv d i 'l J o F
l'ou |:I \] mc onp I ' enod( ar i' J r '
Sh e $ as L i'r i r a\ - \ hen ar o' €
lou r (l.d \va s nos l 5alis la' lonf
,,, r,,,* Jid.''Fa\':'
i,:,,1tl;r):;"D;;i:i.ll:..,
ca pentru adjec- $ 9284
2) Ortogratic. Regllile de ortosrafie slnt acelea,oi ;i
tive (S 661).
uneori o propnzilie $ 2935
3' Uoun romparitilo. Ca'i l1 '"7u1 'djAcri""lor'
icomDarsri\ rrparnl 'pl"'1orr"fotnFfiindunil'Dlrr'orrJ'rnclrJ
"onfi".' "-i. ,""
i-".i, * 'rrJu'" nrin din '" ;n "e n ri ':
"r a. -"lipI fc€l the cold mort a\'l mote
(Sint ldgtl din ce ln ce mai muli )
\\'e iikc lis atlilLldefussand less' pulm
(Atitudinea lui nc !1"' din ce ln ce m
' se gdsesc
precedate de adverbul S 2286
Alteori, doua comparative diferite. mmprrdri r.l n l i F' ' r' propo-
p ' :n !;rc u l o t\ u n ''e'
tn diu ,., n ro po: it ' i A pi' iit '
a'i' mr" :
;it;:"i"';;"[;;",1*;1ie s" ira.ruc'prin. "u 'it m"i 'u
nairirzir
ft';lii'mil".";llilxli:':"x""i1*"'::*'""'"ia )
rhidL"rbour
I F r" r," n'"
.3i.oi"iri'_,*, ,, psrpmdibi...,
rcu,,,""s'nd,,r" "'";:;;,jt|PU,1"ii';
prtr"Jdtde aJv"r-
ln un"lo.0zuriun sinquradvFrbin grddulcoorparativ Lt min r:
fr"r tij,"".r" i^t.l';"1"r iJiomari' 1:ii moi 'u a
Hr hddrh"rubvro InP.rivhLrri' d'r- ro,enjoi"l'i"li'li"L:l'Tlr,.u admirabrrd.i
In drcptul rumrnrr cr
[(Xl) ridit r rLl]inul-
h"t t "' t o t i t
li he N Js no d "L ,ld sh J r npv lik pd him "l' ' h'
ib:;l;; ;;;.i ti rrmtoFriru drir mari rbir'l
AtenlLe!
nearer)' greieah frecv€ntd S 2287
A se eviia drbia, comporatiu(more nicer, Iess
la lncptutul studiului limbii engLez€
Er .cep lie :
Cind verb l /o 6, esLeaccentuatradr.crbulde timp neprecisil precede:
"Sheis ni. "'She anrags is iri in ll,e elenhgs."
S 22$7 b-) dupd prnml. aar;llar (inclusiv sl l-orhutui to BE), cind verbul are o
rorna compusa:
un uuxillar:
Ne sh.ll dr,/ lorgct yon.
'l huy h.d o/reu aticndcd il'e erening rlisses.
I hrve rdf.ly bc.n l.o a iirst night.
\\'e rre dlrarls sec;ng Ureo-
S 299 8 Er t.?lte
Cind auxiliarul trehnieaccentuot,
adverbtl de timp i\ prectdd:
.lou
say I haven.rc. gilen her a ihonglit,but I ol'rdys lrarelookedafte. her.
S 2299 c) d.nrii tn vtrb dtfactia modaL:
He can 'n...r go io sleeDriil,out lirsi readirgId haii an ho!r.
Y.u m.)- rraa meethc on Xou.\ay to s.hool.
OLsetadtii
\erbul C,\N poate li li precedat de ndverbeledin aceaslacategorierceea
ce atlage dupn sine acccntuareaidei;:
I nerer 'coulll reciie aDJthing
\or1 alqay! 'can r.ell rvhen h€ is hapll: lrc sings al lhe iop ot his loico.
Yon ,€ra .in ldl $hxt rnal hatpcn ncrt.
4t3
AtenILe!
2309Ad!erbel€caiitative-(bddlv,bnulifutl!"r'ellLntl'a'flunnl!t''l',intl.!'
t:ru n'a t' "arp 'lo @l' nr,arT']i:-orr
n;. t4. \v lt, pt' / lr r|F''br trY t'11 si tonp''
dirrc; rl limba romSnd 'r pun dupn
'i^"L,r t""r','r de Lo;olP.n'nrul ! i Fpun'de i
[.]i,",i al.:;-i ii, fi.r,. '"gt-s -c
-i n F i l o " " h p r $ o rL J " ' s ' ' " l l
i sat ba' l l ul '
llp l u J r" n d P r" d ' n p p P ' r L Pduttl uttl l
Tliel sDeakEnglbh flz'n'Y
i kiow English re'! tul'
I like Youi hous€ nrc,'
'e'Y
cur€ntd la studenfii ronAni'
S. l]a e?r.ldurmiLtoarefl v€rsone incor€ct['
locul acestoradverbeln limba maier$e:
""'"1i"li"il"""l"li'ae I lnow t€'g Qdll Dnglish
I lilr F + , Pr ' / r I our no u r . '
' f lr Eng l i s h
) "P' ik l/ P' l/ Y
h#a*:'"""l';"";;tilii.::l':tJir6
c\;Lcit si coteaoiicmodul in cut
.r-.' r u rr o n i' :' r " i"
i ,; 'j r i; " i; ; ; i; ; ; . ; i , i , - i ' ' " " - i * r ' i . 1 , .i r ' 1 .r - srA"
a cc s t c az P e adve rD '
A se compara:
ll::fif;"'i',fi'3';1li'i1"',Hl#
l:l ::l ",1'"iiL:',l"xT;,1':ili,;'
i'ii::',9i',;i';::""T,il: lfff"Ilil;;r;TJ;"'l"Y'"#'i
tt t' n'|dtl'1 pr^boLt
! 'r\:'
E 23f.1 .\drprl"ln d" n'oJ a/i'a"t trltt l'ordlu 2Jl6J:
-" p'l'""i \erL'rl {\"zi ri i
" , o'i,t.s ot-tJ. sttur;t!.,'rr, '
He dlrDs, lorgot l[e loem .
*u*. " ,'."*''
ii,liii8lliil"*:"
ii:"'lt'lrufi,*1";l;1";:li
I oLir. asree with Yon'
r inlst .;drlv go no$ . . .
I lrzlSrbPliete lou are g[r'
4i;
Ob s a r en !i i
profouiliei: S 2315
7r^.r" acestc aclvere sini puse la inceputut
"i,u""",
i;l$:;'il,i;":,''""'
i;xiY;'"j,"lf:ili:
'"ilill':lt''."""'li';
llL';';l"li: n
'" '' "'"" ionr''r,r5 i" 2;llti
mod crr" precnd; \*rbul rS 2 u7 2Jl1' 'e"-ur
-\d"rbrlp dF
:'i i iJt,f'' lruii: i,li,i;,,'i:;':
:r"Tl*[i"i*;jll:1""1";;ll' i]i.;i:''i;;
dupod't'"tn"l 'n r o d e le
'' ";, ",';,; ; nr" " *li
' r ,i,.,1i." t.r " 'r
i " "" n,yt"i,Tli"Tji
i,od,,iz"4 o;:li i "''
un subqtrntrvdFterl l.;i: li,.;1";"tf
fr a., 'Lr' sugereaza
ciniul:
' .\..,,,. Lp n4 ;lr, o ^ .!tJt . t J , ' i or . r "b' . us ( . c hoir
" $ilt . n o r , , o n r i 1 , o 1 , . , . r , _ .
l,l'i'.""'^"':'""
Jl,ll'Jii
i,.i.'1,,i.,ii:";"Jli.n;ii: n
sttt hotnl !t"utllJ i ttu d ',u:"rr''t\ l" au
l1 'f,ittl carJatLllolPtl.Potn
',;^""t re;J i'd'J r-s;t"rJ sr"n'J
, ,, -;;":;",,i,: h.op. s"t'I ;nttu'n; 'p
t'a", s 2318
(rd{erherc
arcstoi,'
" intelesului
iliif",it rii''ilr'.pi][**0""t d'supra
i'd ri do timP).
de r'"it-;"* pozit'iap€ cam o ocupi: S 2:|19
" J-*Jl" i;i schirnbnin!'lesul dupd
:i: #ij{ li-fi;:r'lT'li\;ii:i*,"i'T'1,""11d:
lI:ff,ffil:'.F#,-,?i"i'liii"",'liTi"r'r
l::""
I ril;;l l;-ll **: :l.-?fii?'j,xJ"'i;19"'l#'il
fli ili,'ifl 1i''l'11;**
r"r'
"L"'.jff5l,'i"l
(;,,i,L$;li5li!lii;li_i"Tlh"
f *""r,is",";,;p .,",
tt is ro n {: Pr ' ) old
ll. ri co ld ro ' { ' lot o' DI I
l: $fiTiilill.\xiilltr
i"r.;,,*$,;l:#;,r;
Al .n l Le!
F ' l F to 1 ' l - i ' l ' orl ' nl ' tu1!" rbul
t,"','r, . . " et ir J e\.n ru ,' l p l " ' o n fu " i i
nrH i d L p s a ru .rc i' Irrd i n rrd rd c! eJr' ' i ' n4r nrrr" ' u\rr' rp
. . , L 'J"".i L ,r lui
..ri ' l" ir p u l F a d p rF rm rn r:
', . "'l" t bul (adv de i'i !) crme up t'o ioiln
rlY aunt wlo had boer ill /"cnl19
relerl r€c'n|ly Trebuie spus sau:
Nu este clar la care curht se
becn ili up to to\Ln'
X aunt' \tno nad 'd'?nds 'ame
to 1o\rnf'c'n'iv
irl'l'out' wrrorraa reen iu' cametrP
n' 1 | 2320
n h a ttJ t' t's tr" t4 l u' t 1' ti " r" 7
b r 1r ' lir " La f or Li h d i ' to s l ' )rt' t El' r'ebui" s' \''nt
rn Pr''
,,'Lii...l. 0u! '|nur"t 1'roi'o'i'h 'rdn
",i;;^
4
O*aii, *ri l'""r€r, op ciL, Positionof Ad@bs'
'
4?6
No tZr
S 2422 Pcntru accettu.arr.,rilv€rbelede toc se pun ta incepu'r prcPozilici:
-ddr,,Ne used to meet dailY.
-1, l,n. ererlonc is lrapll.
Obsersdlie
Adverbul de intnrire fiind un adlerb de nod, atunci cind determind un
\.erb se conformeazi tn eenere regulii adverbelor de mod.
$ 2334 5) Particuh advorbialtr. \ierbele conplere (S 2192. 2208, 2629) sint
exemple de verbe cu particul{ advarbiald:
to go by, io kno.k out, to pul on, to rlog ut, to sendaway,lo iakeolf, to workoui,
$ 2335 d) Parbicula adverbiald a unui verb complex tranzitiv sti d&Id comple-
mentul direct atunci cind acesta este uo pronume personal:
H, "" ii JoJrh.,t:pur ir ,,.l
L I I i'l rr ,vh.trn..on,,
Shedrovethen our.
$ 2336 ,) Ctlrd tnsi coinplementul djreet estc o altd I'art. d, ,r/Dr.€ decit pro-
numele personal, parlicula adverbirld il poaLcp/r,da 3au !r,ra. larn niri o
schimbare de inleles:
Let tz tho clrildrcn! LcL lhc childrentDl
I'll ptrt an my hai. I'll pui my hat oz.
Take o// yoursl Taltc yor.s o/fl
Clearra,ay tliosetnngsl Clear iho6eihntgs 4ragl
Natd
$ 233? "Let th€ children inl" eLc. esle forrna coa rnai uzitafi. In genere,ch1{i
particula adverbiali poate fi prepozilia unei construc.tiiprepozirionaleurma-
toare sau atunci clnd nu lordeazd lnpreunn cu verbul pe care il insolegle
un v€rb compl€xr particulaj care ost€ in acest caz un adverb, se pune la stir-
titul propozi.tiei:
I broughtthe child i i=- ito ih€ rooml.
I askedthe visitorser.
t"To askup" nu csteun !e!b conplei ii deci nu se poate spune:"I asked,r tho
4?9
c) Cind, complemenluldie.t $tc lrca lang sar atunci cird este lnsolit $ 2338
de un atribut lung. particula adrerbiali p.rcrdri complementulr
lve lookedap l,isnameard addrcs.
\\:rile dr'rz a lcs'namcs,
Shcsenlo// thc greetingi,n.ds{ril1.n i}rai morDing.
dJ Dacn verbui arc do A nmpLemcnte.ordinea lor esie u nEtoerea: S 2339
d'.) sau complementul indircct. fnri prepozilia to. despnrl,e vorbul de
particr;la adv€rbi;h, complenentul direct l'eirind ln acest iaz dupl pafli-
R n ca P rT U r,,\R n $ 931t
\,lr"l ul tr'"da rn spnpr" .,rrirr'rl n- "r'" ,1 !l" Frmind {u'ljp'riv ..1-
rLrb. pirti"itriu, \"b.!u \ubidntj\ ).
Lrce!!ii:
o) tn^4L c{" fus dupi n,li.' tir. rdt-rb rau r, rb:
L) 1u Bl:. oLJttiaFl" :i d l "tir 1, tnodol .inl urma'p d" rnrjorit ' "u
adYerlrelor;
480
t l sholld n/"o b" a dd ",l r ha h b' m dnolg_' dl pr a' r ia' P r l '" r i F n ' ...
l A r lrpbuis{ nra i d dlu gr n, i Fl ps r ' on' ' u m ulr i "r p 'r r p n l a l l r u c ' ' d r 'l
'rn
T hev als o en ioved it $h o r am e I at er '
( Le; placnt"ii ate lora , at e uu int ir z iai)
A mb i guitdtt:
I u l s d is . ov p. pd har hPw a s u n o l d h i -n d o i In i n ^
ra r., ri p" , r ii. t ' iil" p " o n u m c pI | 6 i !u a rnd P s ' o p ' nr'sru l a vFrbuldi ' ovd" d
(= am descop€ritde asernenea).]
2) Elso.- the, adverbsauadjectiv,esiepusln genered'Pli subsl'antiYul'5 2352
pronumele sau adverbul determinat:
When the iloor opened,I could seemanI lhings els''
There {as nothilig ers, w€ could do
wlo eir, nas there?
Whcre .Ise may I go?
In stilul lormal sau lil,erar, aocasie reguld este incn r€spectatd aciual-
,\lle exe]rpie:
f ^r , d. l a t q ,l n d , . p u n " l " , u mri J -:m,ntd d ' rpn di n \nsti a)
T Li. r o i .l l rp " - o tr ' l n l i .d ,i " fe .l rl i e toi t.rl " )
" il
Il orll I knoy tha $'lio1el.'rtb,
Il onl, be would comcl
Il he would onr, comel
You only sa$' him on.e.
He a, / r . ailed I' rc t\' i .c .
I o, l, hr le J l i v c p c n c r
(v e z i s i S : r1 0 )
VII. ADYEBBNI,D
CU V-{I,OAR,EA
ALTORPtrR,TIDE VONBIRE $ 2359
Multe adverbe au aceeati formi ca qi alte pdrli de vorbire:
&) d:ide, beck, beyond, inside, autririe etc. slnt..si substantive (S 390);
b) "noupl'.Iist. ;ns;d".titt'p. ],,u h. ont!. outs;d, r..lJ Ft..stnt si sdjp.-
tive (S 761 762, 2b83);
.) olon9.ba. do.w. up at-. s,nr pr"apozilii {S 238J,2405,2425 2i2bt.,
"i
d) b{aF. o['"t. sl,]^ ar,. qinr ;i conjunnlii(S2383.242q,2411.24,81;
e_,)lhe cste si articol hotnrit (S 529).
1) ,\go. Si cc. -,49o. adverb sau adjectiv, .stp iniotdedunapus ddpd fi 2361
cuvillJl pe carF il delcr mioa.El 6e rclcrr la un nampnt.rcrut, ip eare il
consider{m in raport, cu prezentul, pornind dinspre prezent Bpre iecut,:
\ . mprlo's o!o. tAdv.r
He cam" r/r;a,;"pls dco.{\dj j
481
{' 2362 2) Before'In tront of. - Befor"e se refereatlt la limp, clt qi Ia spal,iu;i
I n s ca m n.,nln
s dr turr.i . ..inair're
I hadn'l sccn him ,e/orc {Tin'P)
(Nu I mai v[zus€m Pinn alntrci l
A t t hr J lr n' ling rl a e r.l l ' p rP$ Pr" b " a i . b o l hl ' l o P anrlbphi ndout n" r' r' bodl ' i pdl i ' r)
. _" r' ' u I' a n i ri l n ' d l d rr ' i ' rrl d I;r' :i n' i i l F c r mol o"
. Ld dF bJ r ad;
ln ftont of (loculiuneprcpozilionalii)se r€fern la spaliu ;i inseanni
,,in Iati":
Thcre $as { lree ttr trnr o/ th€ lrouse'
(Era un Pom in lat{ )
':aset
6 236 3 3) B c s idoq.B c b i d o .- Br.' d s (s ' l v ' rb 0rFpuzi l i e) l nsJnrn' pP l i npa
(aceasia)", ,,tn afard de (aceasta)'. -'
plus". i .'x e\ceptia" nu trebure
,ln !r
co n fLr ndat . u 6F si d " (p rc p o /i l i r. c a rp l n ' p a m ni .l l ns6 ..fl l l ]rurr" l
In the l0rder ihere sas meat and.hecse, and nothing Desid€s(Adv)
(ln clmarA cra oa.ne ii brinze, nimio altceaa)
B es id" : lt p1 d n d J ,fk . n o b o d v'si
elsP
' d ,n " . \P " " pl
lln at ar i o" f r .d ti d p J i ' k . r" r ' ' n rd i \' n I ni rn' n;I
Come and sit lcst& mel (P.€Pl
(Vino de stai llngl rninel)
6 236 4 4) B ui. B d t. p ro n u m n re l a ri t. ' o n j r,n ' l i " ;i pr" pozi l i e' ?arp S i run" " i c
" . inJ p s tp ..i n o n i m rt o n t4 . ,Itp t ( abi e. nunrsi dF' i l ):
d p aLlv " r h
Ile is Dzt r heshcr-
(Este studenl Jn lrinul an alia.)
Had Lr, seen herl
(Numai dc-ai li
Sle js nothitlg 62, 'nzut-ol)
a sillY girl.
(Nu'i declt o latl Prostula)
$ 2365 6 Ilireetly.- DirecthJeste adverb de mod sau de tinp.
Mod:
dJ : djrect, drept:
H-" $enl dtlatl! td, .ckttrl to ihc loiDt
,l: e xa ct:
Thc housesas dt.eddl tdr\'ektlrl oplrosit€.
Timp:
A se cotttpafa:
Hd i' , / l lr t P ( onlr r r r d r I
lla h, , . 1 1 q, n" , 4 I D ni :n Pre/ n l
i
Jr' o"r" 'rn"ori inrreb'rirrLa' d.aLl(ctb^"rrin' in'oLF-'reS 237o
l0r Tbe. 'ind
in sra'lIl rl /J/r:
un adip,li\ sau un arl\"r'b ^mpar8'rr
?'ne sooner.rnd belto'
i"-,i':!i'#i"'i:ffi""d it'
is I h0iIe\rected
1t) l'here. - Thcre tsrel
s 937r
p ro n u r rLcr; I.n l ormd, ei slabn | 2372
t) n a r t i. uln inir du i to ' l n e i ' \' -' l u s l 6
l d J . o ;l 'si il, r nbuinl€16 l e i n rc p u l u l u n p i p t^ p 0 7 ' 1r' ttnd sttutPtut
' p rer l i ci u l ' nu s p lr aduc F l n l i m b ro ' rd n i :
- '
Tnd'a3is an enard bov ai l}e door'
lliste nn (omisionar la u;'i)
l " ,F r" 1 _ " l $ o b u l " n s mrbsi ng' n Jnur ' o3l
1 1 ; 1 :,-. u ,i n a b r,' i l ' r" 1rl
A nu s e c onfu n d a i :e l e d o u d l o rrn c :
'Thre's Lnizl xour liag: (-{dr. de ldi)
{ lat i- li s eania a .o l o l i
't het.'s ln.zl t rLrigon the tanle. (Irarti!rilarn'irodu(tir,',1
lE s f e o s eanli p c n a s l )
?/ k r e [ ' de. ] c o m c sa l i ttl c s i ri i l Ad ' .d . l o c )
( lut ii r c olo v en i n d o l e ti tn l )
tdcl .orcs a lilflc 'giLl. {Pa,i.nxl',.inl.tudd.!.ivil
(vinc
"/'c.d o lcl.ita.)
$ 2371i ,./ :,.prea", in cire cnz este supus aceloratireguli ca;i adr-erbulpdr3l
(s 2377):
,' ) es l, ct nt r ob u i n l n t o u u r a d j e c L i r s a u un adrerb:
St,e is r,, 6,sv to cd'n.. (.u un attj.)
t t is ba f b r o s o . (.u n r a d !.)
c, : lnce, pe deasupra:
He was ve.-racli{e io. an old man, and a sick one,o,.
ehEvA -{D!xRBx sPrcr^r,D 48?
A se com par a:
HP js r , , ! t , l, t' a tP,l \,\d i .l
H" r b aur \ ! J. t\,.\t rL ,L ,.1 .ttu 1 d L ) r" r. re. l P rrt,
Se va spunedeci:
ttd i- . .a,t atttg ;."€ p :.n . , \,tj
_ it r b . \,
to u \0 I p o tl d \l
tt- a^'".,.', o it.;.,j r o \o u ' lPd ,' .,...,
I i t , o , t d L , g , p,,.t! a b t;A d | ) o u $ o .td r, tr,. . l
lle {rs rely l/.dr€d l.o scc me. (rdj.l "r r .
I an, pdl9 rt.l. {-\dj.)
$- 9N79 Afrain, abne, alaof, preoum9i alte adjectivo Pur predioativerslnt lnsolite
de adi'erbeleotg murh:
I an eeN nuh al4id it E rru'
She wss'eag na;l alou
rV€zi t 763-t64.
PREPOZITIA
I p:q
2382 49t
2383 491
23a4 492
2386 492
23At 492
2390 493
2393 494
2395 494
2396 494
2397 495
O AT OF
24t9
2420 507
7421
2422 507
242b 504
il4t6 5to
2421 5t0
PnDPOZtTT-r
tl lI0 P RIiP [)sIftoN)
c) pr.pozilii conpuse.
trton (l.oughout
d) ptepozilii conplexc.
accordingto as to iNtead oi round about
alongwith beca$eol out ol up to
c) loculi ni pepozilionule|
at the la.k oi in licu ol
by means oi in optosition to
by the side of in spite ol
lor the sake ot iD Ure €Ycnt ol
in front ol in the middie ol
2385 f) Fepozilii pres(urtatel
o'clock ta' 1: ol)l ashoreIe (- on)l
dkin t. {: of)l aioot t. { on)l
four shillinss d ta : onl day
2 38 0 4 ) DouA pr elo z i l i i .i n r i n l re b u i n rs ro u rp o f l i ryd d" da$i cul i nt atD nri
, i n 'l una s ingur d rs rp i n c u l i .i c r l ; p " n i ru d rcdd i dF" r:
T l, " bus D6s F da n rl I j u m D F t o " /o | ' ,p p l d l orm
They e\lid"t"d thF rurnilirr' lton undP; th, Nin".
She shouted /elz dnoug lhe trees.
ThPcp wPrp hedgpsrouad dbout him.
The tablcs on tha terrace were close[o each oi.herbut I squeezedttr 6e,aeenthem.
The coitase looked out oz r, a garden. (Verb complei + 2 p.ep.)
(Vezi ti 5 1618)
238i 5) Cazulfi lormr euvintuluiprocedatde prepozilio.- Cuvintul precedet
de prepoziliestd ln cazul acuzativdaodestesubstantil'sau pronume,sau ra
forma gerundivului daci este verbr:
L c t u s trl k r, l o u .
She was looking dl ,'€. ' ' i l ,I
You arc iord ,/ sn)gtns.
231J3 Un€le prepozitii contribuie la lormarea altor cazuri Astlei, prcpozilia
of lormeazngeniti'ut prepozilionali5 281).iar pr€pozifiile,r, for' of, fton
formeazi cazuldativ prepozilional(S 307.308, pag. 76, nota 2):
Tlrc cover ot ,nd D,o/i was a seDsauon.{Gcniiir lrepozitional)
G\ft it to hitu! (Drtiv prcpozilional)
To lut on th€ tablc, und'l thc chair, ;D Ure culrboard,otal the ned, €tc.
to sing tz nnglsh, on the siage,,o the public. /o. somebody,€tc.
2A94 Existi lnsi o categorie numeroasa de verba, adjective li unele Bubstan-
tive etc., urmai,c numai de anumite prepozitii care nu poi li lnlocuite cu altele.
Astfel de prepozilii conditionate 6lnt:
gnalitied./o.
slnpii}J ,l itn
t\ € z i fi S tto )
2395 8) Propoziliilouzuele:
abofd lreside(s) till
aboul bet''een
abovc beyond on (- Irom)
lul (- crc.pr.)
altel lry
agarnst conc-Armns until
alons{side) despite
amidist) . q-1r
. m " nE r s lJ d n n n g ..
.i .c rrL rn g )
To get: s 2398
to ge,into the houseI: a intra ir crsn lcu dili.nllal..)l
to g4r into tlie l,.ain {.. a sc ur.a in iren)
to a., in a word {adv.) (: a qunc. a nrtrodu.e un ouvjnt)
1o set orl the grass (- a ple.a de te iirbii)
10 s,, olI a traitrla bns (: a colori din tren/ruiobuz)
to se, or a hoNc t: a desciileca)
ro ?e, oll easily (adr.) t: a sdpa uqor ttirtr o litualic oiiici)l
l o B"/ on r r " lldr lor - ( J , o b o ri p p . I, n )
to !./ oD $" ' l u: pt h " r (J J \.1 ( . ,e l n trl e c l r: nf t nD ,cutrdl
ro ;a ot r r dJ \ . ) in- dn .i ,' .r;
" -i m' tg " b i ,rF -d u rb .,, d !!Jtud nl Fo5l uj taerc.l
How are lon g.uiiLg ott l:ce mri faci? cum ili llergc?)
l o rp oul ol ll' r ou " . .a i j d i n .d .1 ,,IJ Ll Jl ..,u ri ol ,nl ' I
i o i d our ol il, " r ' in I d d i n r"
to gc, out ol trouble {: a scilpa ' o b oden necaz,din incurceluri)
tro sdi orcr a diilicttlty {.- a invinge o dificultate)
1 ,,r", o, c r a r a5k ( a d " .) ( a s l .r-i o p m a J . ' l Frl i ni o sl r,rnl l
ro sa or { ! . r r pr . " " L .i ri r" v e l i d n r' o ru " p _ i /A , '
ro se r ot . r r n : ll, ' " . s { J In .In l l o ri l
" p !l u d d
l o sp r r ound J pr ohi b i l ro aI o i n l n ro i l i .l
to i 'd r oud a p" r *o t i .o" n \i n g d rd .,n e \; p nn abi l d.l
(o s.r ll, r ouc h ls u- t . " rD ,n J { l u i ru l i i )j
ro ;"r t br out b i, n ' l aJ ,e r" u l i s j rd D c n , -
t'
1 o s.r t hr ouE h oi a' r b , r,i l l l
G J !.) L a
.re " e
l ri r td r l ampnr,a ti \otdr (dFspreuo
' l o g .r lbr dugl r im e I a -? i rre .p l ,mp u ,
10 set to bnsiness{- a se apuca de t.eab{l
to set tosether (persons,thinssl (ad!.) l: a lse) aduna, a (se) sl.ringe {persoane,
lucNri)l
to sp r up ( a. 1r " " . " ) I a i r u r d d s e :tl ;r, (lnl r.un .opac d..)l
to R€lnp ( adv . l l: d s P v rra )
to s€, uD on a stool (adv.) (: a se mca pc un scaun)
to ger up a plal (ady.l {= a pune ln scenl o p'es[)
To go: $ 2399
l o A, ahoul oa" no rk ( i r.d p d . d .
ro 8 o r r u f dr s o, " ( 1 3 F r" ra - l, ' rp d h i )
' ' u ru r.F ra
to so ItI (adv. ti p.€p.) t: a l.ece {pe llngl)l ' rn i r c)
to Eo down {of a ship) {adv.) (- a sc scullnda)
io so dom soneiliing (: r coborl)
to so in ( ) d\ . ) , iDt o (: a i n t.a l
l o so it r 1, , .s o, n" r \ ; n c(a d v . r a i d ru .a ,1 " u n l u r,fFti ,
to g o or l ( dds ) { : a Pl c L a ,a s . l i n d e l
l o so olt r r - . s r J | F..)_ 1 p i rd i (s ,.n d p L )l
S 2400 To look:
lo looft ot {: a prili)
io i"'r, (: i s€ uita lm €jd.; a ciltnina situalia' a se mai sindi lnajnt'
dc a d ecide ) 'lo'ut -i
lo rooi slter somcnody {: a ]rrivi tn urma cDila, duln cineva; a lns'iji de, a avea
(rii.L
_ dr finerJ)
- to /,oA lor (: r c iulal
to rooi h (;dv.) (: a iace o ririle scurtl, a lrecc pe ]a)
lo /oo i in ld I a . \ i- r nt . a , r y m r i)
ro /,o l o tl (2 look Fl' . i a. : i r : di I o, h: i ( d " p e o ' a " l ' F l ' )
to loo L o ! ( a . on\ r ' 1er a)
to ?ool on iadv.) (: a asista la)
to aoot out (adv.l I: ! ti atcnt. a nrga de s€aml)
ro lo ,{ o ul o t ,J s , ndo$ "1. . I F pr iv i lpF l d r e d s r r n p l ' l
0 rizira (o casr'tc ):
i; ;;;i ;;;" a: a nesurape irievacu prilirea,a exon'ina;
to /,,ft llrou sh . J lr ir i 0. , Pf lnl
gt iJ a d; 3 n8! ii dP. 3 s u l t a r 'g }p 8 : 3 s ' b : 2 1 'rp P a
. I.o /,Dl to {. a u\ Pa 'r n e \ a :
aD eta rr
-"'--l,ir,il I rne va l
.ri (adv.) (: a privi ln sus, a'ti ridica ochii de ]re o carlc etc i a ceula'
$ 2402 ABOLTT
At' s 2'1oB
tl:
Vcfte si adicctiteurmatede prepozilio
. ^ ",-', :".:. rLlartr.tol' d"rislrr"d
.urpri"'d. ro sdzerosrurcbr'rorrdr'ro rnoira
" -io it'""t'o s'at'o t hro$' o $onoPr
l: i;T;r: il'i;i11"1;i;i;i
at:
Localinni &tuerbialecu prepozilia not all' rl lrascni'ri arr
st once,st the sametime'onest a timc 't
"r,"Ji, "ri"",,
et puy
a loss' si l'he iop nt the centrc'
sl night, rt sea, st war, rt
E x e m Ple :
I rln st 4 losr whai to do
\r'. do,,Pd st Y..1" (Nu ilin .e sa lac.)
lN; ;ni;!Ijt la fnrt l
' l. . -, : : " ,::-:" in a s na' k s r a s na"h b ' t
3 She is good !l .h'r booLs
ljJlilLSii;";';r"'t' -p u" b "1 rubso
snstaietmpreunA
l Therc is a house3t ,ti" Dd'A
I leei m F 3t rh e s'dlro nr lXsle o casein slate l
(la. ma dc la ga reil
BtrT
s 2{04
2) : unai ( adv ):
1) :.le (precedncomplemenlul.deagent)
It sas $ritten W nv '{rrt''
(comptcmcnf instrutnertal):
2) (cu un partioipiu prczent)
I'r'r I
5nr won g^'d m:'rlrs bt 'rcllirp I r" r"-
r i "i|i,,r nor" b InF I I' rrn 'rr'
I t r s dat r E-
I e\trr\r'L m \ s Flf , ,
Sl' nnr n0
Lu i rrn ' .a r t i' r t ar P
'
ilii.lr"Il;)illxi'rcchrlr')o'ddrica!
*,{""qiFr}i+i,*'sllill*"1iif
493 MORFOLOGIA PRIPOZTTTA
3) : lirydl
l\e Eatbr tle fire.
Thcr'siood bx /kr thrdughher mistodune.
4) : dnpd,
\1trat time is iL hI 1/ob eatch?
I couldlcll nho he is Dx r/d fti.'lls he hns.
ir "r/ ( u ru.1 d. In '.L"il:
I am lallcr i.hanhe br a /oort
To buY llour h! thcpauu1.1
To die lrJ tEn€lg| - a sc slinrtc(: a nuri) cu nrc-"t!ll.
6) :?e la (aproxi'nali€)(compl. circ. de tinp):
I shall bc ba.h bI nine,tl,a^.
7) : ca. pe. trtn (cu denumid care se releri Ia mijloace de locomolie
;i Ia nediul prin care se c6litorette):
to travel {of go)ty trair, bI car,[r ]ard, bJ sea,ItI air, etc
a) - pe linSd.l
She aent lty me $'ilhout a looL.
9) : pe acola (aiv.).
Sle rr.n, hY liumnins {n air.
Thencx'sriidium\taJsor,€w|erc [I i: prin ntropiere).
',€dr
l0) idiotuatic.
How did vou .oe iJ this money?
(Cun ai ajuns sn ai banii aceitia?)
Or p Dt oa. I ney g o ' u p d D dl " ft l h e L a l l .
(l nul . ll€ unul s .a u r.u l a t ri d L p d r;s .r .d l r I
I lived by rylert
(Triiam sinsur.)
ol r ll lhp r . r r ' qsp s, a s rfo r l h " p a rr o t Op h F l ,rs h" $ 1sLr /,- rLp moJ tou.Ii ng.
Dinlr a lodlp d { ri l F l e d i s ' ri d u i l " In i o l L l O hl i " i . Fa ! to5l cu mul r cea mD i
T o! ioDs nt J . '
'
$ 910ri roR
Verbeurmatede prepaziliafor:
to ask, to blame, to care, to compensate,io e{chan8e.to leave, to lona, to
look, io scnd, to set out, to siart, to ,ait.
1) : pentru, del
Write this lor turt ,truI
I'll ,D&rle yon lo. some b.€ad.
It?tots that thitrs lor!
The exhibils are lor rtld.
Tortoise*hell is h.d for maki4g combs.
Thc World Council tor Pddsc.
2) : d,attuprepozitional:
Uary sent this book fo. nc.
' loot . paund ii ' //L -u n i rrr, d r o d s u re d l ri rl l " rp v" zi g I3!i ' , roruri pre-
ze Dt lndun inlpr F slivre s op e n i ru .rtri o rr.
PREPozqrI tr -{DvrEBx o 400
3) : ld (d€stina!i€):
He l.t lor ./dsil/ this mornins.
{c lli.Jt lr raii a s t . lz , d, m iir ' pat a. )
Ate !o! llt Buchorcst!
{Merg€li la Bucrregti?)
refe tor la tinry i distanld(: de sau netradus):
He \sas iD lh.re lor atrout ,ro nodrs.
Slte had becn lrcpadng Lo eran lor /er7rs.
I }Jvpr'. .q n Jorr lor 4 /,,g ':trllor o1ps.
Eo r pt le( ar uu d, s!.o ' l d r' l 5 r' r l r' .
-)) : in ciudu, cu toutc ac.sleaj lolati (introduce un compl. circ. colcesiv):
She wrs a good childr, lor aU her lit e nichs.
Io. al, rhd,. he should hrre addrcssed}inscll io nc.
ror a,l yor sdy, ve ieel snreth-Are$ill be an improvenent in llris conducl.
6) : de, din c(Mza (introduc€ un compl. circ. de cauzd):
She sa5 repling ro. jog
Thc Litlle g!l Louldn'l see Io. rEes,
\Ve couldn'r go io slccp lor laqnizs.
He cnn't sleeplor ,i? nois, of ihc rain on ll,e rvindows.
i I dr' pt. .o fiind I
I look lim tor o drc,o..
He was conter tud tE a thief.
8) dupe o tnterJ
crlie:
{zr.d/, Ior rhe holidays I
Splendi.l lor yn!
On, lo. a slass ol ilt1er!
9) cn Dn compaxatit,i
"Do you fe€l anv ,tu ,.ref lor his mcdicjne?"
"Oh no. I am tu ao.ra lor it."
It was a.harye ror lftd &e|lo lsa|r ne ao*L
r l) , t l o r ( : dac { n ar l i i a a n -a r fi Io s t):
]}ut tor n,. {saunereil lol lor her)Be shotrldhaye prelerred tle seasid€-
13 i(l i o ma ti c I
lor insianc€
lor ihis purpose
e'ord tor : cuvinl cu cuYint)
''ord
I : trn copil dlninla.
MONFOLOGIA _ PREPOZTTh
500
FRO}I
s 2407
Vobe gi ad.jectitcurmatc de prepozilia fiom:
to Inu, to guard'
to ileter:to ilie (lrom a wound),to diUe.r,to dividc,to escape'
to part,.to pr;vent,t; proteci,to.ecove.,to sulfer;freel'om'
Enemple.
1) (prov€nienle): de la:
I soLa letler hom ntm.
Tl; \'ind blcw hom rtu ,tcs,.
: din:
I am talkins ilom
SherDr.sd-waterhon".Feriezaa.
the jug
: d.apd.:
lrom the natureol his occupahon
Hc vas callcdJaok.olall-trades
4) timp I
Enn that titue sh€ slolPed writitrg
I'rom hod oD $'e will do oLlt besL to catch up with the othe|s.
s 2{}9 IN
L) - in, I a; c u :
Tho.e is sine ln my 8lass.
She liYes h Brcharest-
TheY a.riYed in Bucharesl4-
lle ;as dressedln a pai. ol t.ousemand a shirl
3) : J a ( o un i i ' e rs i b a te e tc .):
a professorol Englishin the Uriversily oi Leeds:
I )#. u',,1i1'u;,",,'
."'i'd ur\ ori,hi r JJ kJ,4,.n \\ pJ Ridins
Lrd,d,rl,Ansr,a
' , re L ni!r;s;lrr: r oid. ' 1 ir ls ^: r J ia a' "gor " r p d D a 'A 'l
r rcdb "; Aurt-\:! , , s o . . / / r "r , r r r - ir ' 4i d 'o l d g . o n r p J r d r r v r e 'b n l p . c u p r c
', alrtxl i4 rtr vpsqrero
ri-L(r -r'ir.'1r idL dd "l : n. J f dm il) apdnnJ . dpun4r "dli
<r r d n d ; L o n d r d'or ln, lrr a s L p c o n r u m a '
I ni\ "r",.1 ,d ir u \l, , t d. C- n, br idg . I ( inr \ l J l"; " 'u
nisri. si aonst.riie din pintri.
60r
PRIPOZITII 9T ADVERBE O
4l idionatic:
1"" tf i;'.'!"lfe mTeii"T:1""1
i tr r im er ( : r a"1't ) ,
)
(i-'i"L1llit"r
ll tilli liil'lii*
ln he ev ening(= ' s e a ra r' ,
l o t he s t r eei l: P e s tra o rr
ln tle skv i: l'' +rl
il li,'l'"$llEl;,:'lffi;i x'i''
"'
it l['.#illt,:'"lYi";i];,rl*:'
ll i*;'ll,'''::l*r ; ":::"i1""i::
I
1i""'"'
r
rr'"-il,i^ l" l' rr'*"t in srr'l \dL
'
Sh e F itr. tE rr as r ) iAdv l
Illro
s 2{10
ii."l,lil,lfijii"'1",)'"ri"mi,,,"'r"
ll'.'"llil,,Iii""""loTlli'i'*
"*"' s 2'll
tN. lNTo
i["**.'*
11,;"i::,i'xl:ul":"11'1"".,*'i",T:"'J,,'x'"li$
'",".*.
1"";i;;ilifl:"9lil f1?;T'i"':'l;'il,:,J,':;",:''"
gf"',li;n:"-'&\T.'itl i;:i:,'"iH!!",#:'a"^",,,.
*' if:'fiii'."1il"%'rtr
T[i,[#if,ir-'t':iliu'"
T he h ou se qd s ln 5r g' I . . '
rT;;*'
ffll'],fi"*,:T i,;-ii'i,1"'111,.'jr'-''
IN. OUT
s t11?
ra d v )'
0 u l {d dt . ) eql. c nnr r a rrrrl .l u i .i n
o t P s t e c ont r arru l l u r l n ro '
t)u t
2,113 o!'
lerbe, adjutitc .fi snbslantiw unnalc de prepozilia olr
oi'a .i . o co n. is lr , l, ' dip. oI lg, or ", nJ , r o - p " d l t . l o b u i p a . o l r r " d r '-
ro I k. b r;"1 r, lo \ iar n' , apiL' : . , ir px l, u"- ir 'u . . , 'd p l 'p n d n l . n i l i r i o 'u " 'p
iible.i tossessed ol; in sFar.h ol, !tc.
l) geniti! prepa:iliona| (9 2E1):
Tne door ol r.hcnod sas ajar.
She is llle $iic ol ( do.rol.
2) ld dale (precedn numele lunilor):
Tb,e rqi.h ol Septetubet.
On the first ot ,ne non,ft.
3) - din par te a (d u p l a d j o c ti v e ):
It was v.ry itzl ol her 1o com€.
I lnw. f , , , ol h i m!
4r dp t dup a a d j , c .i v " r:
to ic proud ol lond ol guill.y ol, tircd ol, alraid orJ eto
5) : de, m (cu nume de materii' de elemente compon€nte, sau referi-
toare 1a con-tinut, etc.):
' 0ihello had a .apc ol gold on.
It sas a box ot car.lboord.
It all came down like a house ol
clve ne t rtp or @ffee! '4.dr.
I le, ey esu€. i /,l l o I i c a B .
His glasswas f"rl ol sheny.
6):tn (dupnii uri acad€mice):
Bachclor ol Aris.'
Na6ie. ol Science..
Doctor ol i[edicitre-
11) idionaticl
Ile .d,p ol agel hsl. rltitli. What lias bcconie ol l.rl
Tlie noise stoDDed dll ol a sdl&n. S]rc is ol no a..olz',
\\'hat do you_do ol d.\u :tala Il \'as oi nD t,?,r,
'li,c .al cemr ot nr.//.
OTF s 2{14
I) dcpdttart (ddr.):
IL is a lang 0a! olI.
The rilligc js tt\. rLiles .r\1.
2) despdtlirel
He c/, olt d sample. (-{dY.i lle putte'1.olt his loots. {Idr.)
She to.e olt the rase. (-{dr.l. lou nustn't. Lo^ oll tour book.
The leaves /dit olI the tfees I sro,i the mrtr oll. (Adv.)
?'dfteolt your hatl {Adr.l I ftno./i.dhim oIl his chair.
She tool. oll her coat. {r.d! ) ,t0i,.I oII rhc lishi.l. {r\dv.)
Here is rour orange- tahc ?'L.n oit tlie waaer. ttie radio, the
on ihe peell (Adv.) T v l (Ad r.)
3) : a (Nl, y ( : de aic i ):
The lhief nadd otl. (-\dv.) o l t tn c r .rn I (tda.)
o{otul a luslt.) lPlec.rrli In gorM tuaF.)
Ap o tf: O t l $; lr l^u { \ d r ) T | o k n " " o i li " d ol l J " l ' i ' L" n (\df)
r Pl ,€ "a Ll" di. i E di. I r l" ." r" rl l :L l r.i ,' ,u n pui .)
lI! son .dptcd ot sere.al ldzes. {-\dv.)
([iul meu a luaL mai mu]te Pen'ii l
4) diecrsel
Iz@e ofl talkitrgl (-q.dv.)
(Taci, nu mai aorbi l)
Th p q u n $ould nol s o od d n d l h a h d ,e fa n a w a .r'(A { \'
{Puic; nu s luat loa ei Lelurer€a fugit.l
!!e play is oll. (Ad{.)
It-re san u 3e oat loac a .i
To be lAdv.)
{A fi cu'.J]'orl.
dare de nlnd.)
oN.uPoN 5 241;
PreDoziti& on p"tc sinor'imacu prppozili€utron'prin .arc pos'p fi lnlo.uil d
in anroine ioate acccDtiiie6aip.Al.s.r"a uneia sau 6 cPlcil;llc esta diclate
,1. eirfoni""au de uzenia. upon tiindforma maj rara. lnrrPbuin!alamoi alps
ln limba scrisd9i tn anunrit. .onsrru.Liiidiomati'p. In 'arP FstFlorma 'on-
sacratd qi de neinlocuit:
uloo.mv word!
dnce ur;or a tilne-.. (: a tost odati . )
Pr€poziria upon este compus{ din p (in sus) qi on (pe):
Shegot trPona stoolandr€aohed out lor i.h€vaseon the she[-
1 a am of agc : a deveni mnjo.(a).
,Ve zi p a g. 505, not a 1 .
604 noR.olocrA PRtFozITr^
t ) : pe :
There afe atplls oz Ure Lairlt.
Lie do\rD ,, lhe sdial
2) : (a se tmbrnca)ro:
Shc !2, on her sto.kinss. sho.s. .Pzll on ]'our soilts: (-\dv.i
3) Ld d.ale.
l r nll! t nir d' lav ll F r" i i u rn d l n l o \.. l | Ir" r' a horrdrJ on l r' 5ddl
, \ lr ' iJ / i " iu' rn ^ i . l d o r1 : r\l J r l i n | 5" ' "
' /;r '
i was lolr on t l i e tl l h o l S e p l .e mlr ' I l c l t tl re tow rr oD mv farl P r' s-i rri {a' '
i lr - " i, - *s iJ t ilt s " p te -l " i 6 t { \m r l rasi i orri dl l asosi P at' ttl di nr!)
o n : r \ av m or n i n s o o i ' rorm\ n' erI
' I nl_. c i. in, in " ' i . l e n d , i i nl " u odrrp L
' rLnoasrl
0 n nr\ bi rl h l dJ
I a 'r o f r zi l a /"r'' In'i P na' prol
. '
on Uut daY
(: In z i u a { c e e a )
0 hs er adlie
S lr F d" ^. pbif " ' 1 " l i " ' rb o ro m;n d u n d F srrb' rJrrri !pl - ' ' * i " " " ' " ' :'
rn
Dl rl i ilp z il. i nu s i n l i n q F n F r" p r^ ' P4 J l e ' l F pr-| ozr(' r ' i nd 6rau stnLrur'
.i 'n b " pr F fn T ;l i i l a ' . i n rr;b rri n a a z d i rr no' l rl urmi l orr:
" ngl. z r
o xi a ila i n ,P n a ' a trE l d Prrl / 3t. ' -:
' l, lt J-a miJ/ ' in ' t P olLt t aoa
! nuheoe ne r t ar rrr ro!!ii = in riP \ {t r
la cr'ma iul zile i :n t day br ah "r a u l n r r r n g " trqr lLr '1 r r s n r '
ln amurs : nAhtatl
^I
.\ 94tB Preo€datede un atribut, aceleagi frimesc insi prcpoztltaon:
subsLantiYe
on o /t8 mordng on a s,a?'v nj.sLt on o sLnnr-cYoun8
on the nigh[ oI Tuesd.J, the {st ol JulJ
I vlzi
$ :q ilt.
oror : a jlling.i r, rre,ail asatnst a
" to preiuil on - a corviige; /o //.'dll
f.zista .
t) t,a :t soa t Pbat t lot d ,; "PlJ
.L orrl rnh nt n, , / i r o1r lpdr i lir nodr oa"na: jlr '1 1 '/ r i l n l " o l n 'r n '; l r _ nIro
no, pt, o" riru. " 1 "; llaou" l' J ln , r n' bn Fnll 7 r i l r , p \ P o t t r : o '" d n ! o r " n a r n t n E '
l,lminiror)
duri aprin.rerca
""" "i1ffi.,+fii-'il';"" r'!crc$rde..cnr',sts"am.
O
;05
PREPOZITII 9I ADVEREE
(nu se iraduce':
4) + un Cerunziu sau a/r sxDstanlit
on t'o rrr rlr' no is P I jum pPd oul ol b' d
i;";,1-''i"h";it,rn n,oieI;' 's ' 1m" 'o lis\"
5) : asupra' despre:
tle sroke oo rl' sL'J€'roI \ork'ng somen
6) .a tinnare:
{'o utrt lr"ol oo! Xftl on! (Adv ).
il,,i, .i!ii""a on rhrr Pds:age:\rv )
\u lr
'
$or l: ( \ d\ l
L,.r on i{
8\ idiamatic:
nn h,o t , d m" r g", pi' ior l I lo wall
t';,i.;.'1il'+;.
'u
i*'' c6aarLh
l';"1'"",lT,l l
li ir:ll
$ ; i "l ^ ' i l . [ . h i l T i r, d o rrd ,'p d 'par dr r addr um uLui'
31 ili'lXllj':'"'"' i" d"bambru
on t h. ' , ' nr r ar J (: d rm p o rr' v rl
":'li:"' il"inl,",1u,
;l l;:llil, :iltl:,;il.. '"",,,
ah dr'!r indn'Pr'
"rr'i.jhr \\4t ' \
OUI s 241?
' {lrDvERF)
2) : de' dtn:
She agrccdto it out ol ntad,dss
3) dintre:
-'
I .hosc i{o piolu.csont ot r'rdnrv.
S 2119 ol llli
Verbs urnai€ de prepozi-tia!i particula ailverbiali ove|:
bloNoter,gile orcr (- giv. upl. took orer,eic
T , r " . df f J g! s .,q 6 1 ..,r'o rp r n ! r' n ro " m . (. \dI I
( T r a' ur a - .i s l u l r' ' l i l " i rrl u l l I
' "1
I hail Do more ritien.e: I s4t. orer waiting io. her. (-Adv)
(Nu am maj rvut .ebdarer am renunlat sl o ai alrepl-)
/ro& orer your lesson againl
( Relc z i' t i lec l i a l )
l) . dP o' ' t pt t). o .u P t.r. P s t
The ceilirg is orQr n! haul
IIe jDmPed orcr ,nd ldln
tsecutoren'sseF.trlns oYc. his contempofadcsNas establishedonlJ bX p!j: :
2) : m at nn l t d e ' ? 6 r, (o c i fre ):
Th€ old woDan lras ore. s€'dnr?
There were orer ,(, lizad.ddleople in the lall'
3) : ternti al:
The ,lav tus oter. ('\dv.l
lly prtiace wiiir her tr orer. (-q.dv.)
4) : inr:oact, incolo:
Won't 10ll corrc orcr 10 sec ihe Bi.az dam? {Adv )
Hrnd ii orer to thal. manl Oru lhfuc (."idv)
PREPozrTnFr ADVERUE
onor 60i
TEBOUGH s 2190
Lhe look4d tltrorgh lsau oft ol) th. ^iular.
(Prn,i !e iercasrrtl.)
,lljcy tr.ivelted thtoxitt the ..uL:rt/!ine.
(Cilelori.a la 1rr'!.)
l,o trarel lhrougLtu air
(- a cn]{lori IE o{l-aa {eruhi.)
I eol ,..,i 1 ! l l ro u s h n ,1 \ ,
([1i rn terminat uqo. lucrul.) ^
Hc . dd d l r,e b o o k tl tl o u s l r.(Ad v .r
(Citi ca.t.a de la incetut llnir la sliriit. )
He carne,,, throuRl wjtl ihc rain. (-{dr.)
{A lenit ud dc llo.ie linil la piclc.)
I an throngl s'ith ii. (Adv.)
(-{m sri.iil 0u ace{sta.)
I am throdgh with Xou. (-{dr.l
(-{n lern'inat cu tjnf.)
TO' s 9122
yerlre ti (djectiee urnnl.. de prcpa.itrcLto|
to adupt,to agr!c'.to.ttach. to belond, l.olind. io c.irpare!.l.o.omert,to con-
to gd, to hrst{, to list,n. lo objcct.to pal alr.eDlion,
trast. io orrespood,to fasl.etr.
l n p ,, i . lu !, t.r. ro r,.,n il . l. pr . 1, , - r,r.Jk, ro i,, o lurn, to
$r' l n dd.qu' l .b \rr. r.l.r ' or . I i, all, . i"bl . i- l .p,lro,.Drp ior
E z e m ple :
1) :la (direclie.cu verbede mi;eare): s 2423
\fe drove to 1oNn.
Tl,cy b.ought iL to l.he larn.
2) fn n ... to (: de la ... 1 a )3 :
s h, r i d l , I I..tu r. tro tu ,, \p , to rrhl I Ii mD t
l' , s ' ro h u l d r' i r' 5 l ro D In J - l ' ,.,.p l o \uure.
(Dbtstllll
3) daril prepozilional:
Giv€ ii. to Ken.'
A slal.uc was .aiscd to rft, m€mofyol the loel.
4) :c" (dupn un adjectiv):
Be ttnd to her!
He ts o?e, to everybod]'.
l ve 7 i si { : 101.
" io aei"i ro a thins, wi,l a person.
'tobetongro - aalarlinej to belong ttr: aface parte din ("th€ lile lh€ wire le-
l o D s 'd i - ). ($ 23lijl.
r l czi 6 t 396
5 cu ... p . bld, o nlqLur . k a d i .F \e .,o l l ^ l L e a .o /' t" o o t.o/\al i ousi nt" rl retd i onr
.\Fzi Fi q 2408
1 r.a lkenl didinutiv mascnlin de la ,t€zn.,n t kenrol.
MoBlorocr^- PRlPozlTD
608
Fiird prP'pozLltel
,, kl, soneboilX a sio.Y,
li ii"i;,i,i,oi,::"11.,r'rd" ar Iudt'rnd'h io I pr" i^n'
Hrp.ri dltfod.li,q rpl to bl
s 2421
Inaintea subsianiivului honre,prepozigiato u cste c-tprrnaia:
io P.,le lome
Lt se menline tnsi:
ul'
s 2426
l) : (in) susl
sii,:.:L:li' .
#,ir ;:ifi,'nu,,,
l l e ro \c d u l ' ,n ? .n € l
Iri .rPrn " h'| 0 ' P/" " ' ]_
i,lj,i# .o/, upto o , ri,,!cs1Ldv
)
l"a- ." In' ' rN d "iri"s (\'rL'
ir,, i",i'a'lHilifi;"'"'"'
E. lilc d u!"phls Fir s lAr lv I
s," t i4d dI lr r gld' s { \ ' l\ ' r
2) erprimd aProPicrel
I * ollPd r t t lo lP boolir c of l' " ( A d \ '1
Tl" ( "_J ' ; t " ut ' or h"m r in n l r d l 'p l 1 'r !
S 2426 rIP. D 0 w :l
Ilo$n este oontruriul llri [p:
Go un! lAdYI Uuslai,sr. Go dorn! (-\dv.) Do{n$tairs.r
He \.;n rp .l,e h i L UP' r llr . It rolled dom thc hill. Do{nhill.:
un ih' riIPr
to go n ! l! L.n dn n ( Aih. J I g o dom to cl l Lal j . (A dr.)
an xD triin (: care nielge stle c.tilali) d d urn trJi ,r (: , arc IIcar; dj n c.pi i rl ))
(A dj.)
Stand nD! (-\dr.) Sit dosn! (-{dv.l
r. so u ! h P, u dis a lJ _ { ' nr I - " L . s . dom (hom rl ' e uni vf* t)1 (JLj \
-lo : r par,l siuni v.| sj tated;, rermi ni
so du. lJ !n .41 5i b . , r lF\ a. ' i . l' . lpn' ; ' rni -
a, ein(cpe cua n.il e ( lun. { ic dc wsitaiea; a lleca ln vacanli (in fun.9ic
1o &e rdn, ilorn (- a Ii ermatdculatl
Ile t.irlkd. rtt at thc sky. l!.dv.) iIe loorcd ilom ar hb [eel.. (-{dY.)
Tale up your pencilsl (A'rr.l Take ilosn what I sayl (-\dL. l
1i. / ' uD th. bo okl {Adr . l ? L r i t dosn on youf d.sl tLl \dt.l
$ 2197 wrrH
AdjecLiye. substAntiye !i 1'erb0 urnate de prepozitia \r;th:
to L. '. l L .'rrr ls il[ . - im ' , r . lo. om ndr ' ' . lo. o o p F p , l u o n i " .
.o\ ir, vJi d,o .: ou r o||ll. r ol, J r r . . ; pu up. r o " +o n i . " . r o L 5 ,, 1, Lopy.
to sun ou nd . to to tc : a gI J ' , . oic er npd, Lant Hi, id e n t i c a l , p l r J s F d , \ i r i i , i i r r l . 5 . \ n o n J _
nons, Fcarl riUr: irei stlh llood. pe.spiration, tears; s] nipathy {i1h:
CONJUNCTIA
! !q
DPI |ni 1 i .....
" .. .. .. ... . 242A 513
Folmd ...... . . . . . 2129 5!3
EuocliP )i .lasifi.are 2433 5r3
aoajunct iile @odondtoMc 2434 514
Co^jurcliib 6aL locuti\nile suboldonatoarc 24tr0 514
A l L e p;rli de lorb ife iu va loar F d. . onjun4r ip 2151 515
Conjun cl i aa, dv F r lu)r i pr pp o /i l i d ........ . .. 2451 516
Cuvintele
Cuv jnte l ed
dee lpgdt
lpsdturdur du.
u.inalp
inarpddpp ..to
.tomr n .ine
m J iin .i n C ' 2458 516
Locul conjunctriei 2459 516
CON'ANCTII SPECIALD 516
2462 516
2463 517
TiU. U\til 2464 517
T hdt . . , .. . 2465 517
2466 511
CONJUNCTIA
(THE CONJUNCTION)
however,notwitbstanding,oth€Nvise,unle$,
. c.) corelative .(Correlatiw), IormaLe din. doul conjunclii, inire care sini S 2431
r n t rodu sa p ropolr r ir 3au p a rrr c l e p ro l o z l l tc :
if .,.,. . . . , , . . . . . . . . . .tl i e n
ei th e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...o r boI . h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d d
ne i th e r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...n o r not only , . . . . . . . . .btrt also
w h e th € r - . . . . . . . . . . ....o r
His lctter was ,"r,,, alfectionate an?, kird.
fh e oper d ii nol . , inlpr F6' in" a5 i' i s $ . ruDc.
Vo so ; r . hd ne lr lL t ndn I r f l' . . j
rcr us say
on that accounL that is why
I was i11,,nd, ts .rn, I came lal.r.
She laugheddr rno4sl,she didn,r care.
as |-.un . d ro.'rp i ur t . _. h"' a. r ' . n' " 1 \ 'r ''\ 'm n l " r
iibid D'". IIu,sdr."d' , s , l' . ' I iJ "l' l' 1. i5 l " 'L roc1\
''
arumcr .rdicl). etc.
D". at p I r , ' r I l" 8pl a d- Fr p .
":.4,
I do rk n .'rr
\o ll I'd\.lo gr \ , I t ouuJ - oi) or ' " r'r" n" f o r r r 'i l l o I 'L l 'L
CONJUNCTII SP!]CI,\I,E
lF:l ; jj:l:,:;i;^fii;i,il']ax'"i'J;1";j'"'"Tl""ar.
ve7ipj,np,",.d.ra
s2i28-
2t i4. 2454
3 Sens qramal,jral (S 2l
. " l" " i. ii; - ii: i" t." " " .p a p ri .r c o n j u n " i i lor corei bti \P6 os
CONJUNCTIr SPECIAT,D 5I?
rve zi $ 1026.
IN TE It J I.i 0l I _.1
fr Hc 1\TlltJECTto\)
(oNsIDriRiTII QtaN]]li,ir,ri
Deln'ilia pmpo,ilnii
P,,'r,.zi 1, rt r . , , n, , ' . ' l; .
Clasiri,..realtupoziliito. dtri}i
Pro p o z ilr rr [ unt i, nr \ r . !41i
Pro lrroz
o z ili,
iliJ
,ont 3n
oDtirdti\i\, r, r. 4418 i7)
i 'fo p oT iil jit P r agat i r,l 2I).J
P r' pu/ilid dn l'it.rrivd 3a'
l ro p o . iii, ' ir " p. r , , r r \| . ,1tS0 7t
Pro p oz ir i.P' \ ll r nil \ . i :1481 ilt
2482 3!)
PiriTILr,i PROP0ZTTIII
co NstD Dlt lT I I f il. jN ttItIL l t .',!8
r'foto ri!lll,,f LI ! J ( nr rJrJ.
:/tsa 5t8
,481i i18
II P-IR TIL] ! t ' lt 1\ Clp\ r , l l
-\l ,rj t,i to p o z r T Il ..r. . .. . .. .. ... ......... ,49rj r_,!9
Su l ri co lul . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ i t497 5it9
P. ! . ! dec d e exp imjre . ...... 2,r!ll
inD!,cr, ( !mpu s. i29
]]499 530
S ulP . l d rbl! .. , 2i00
qrbh,rl! "ar. 5il0
(' , 1:,.t .'t,ri, ... ,,rl 530
...
sri' ir| ll ]n fn,lo r v.rb l! L. n. lr r edjf { t ir . . . iStl
.. . ... .. .. rlJ0/, :r3l
C azrl su bin trliri 531
.. . .. .ti0u 531
Predicsftrl .....
: t : ) {r v 533
V olL' i \1 , . , r i ,
t, -'Ji,ilr\,
\.rt. r r t r . . ' . , i"i. Jit r \ , .
533
.. :,rl i33
:, -u Jr"a pr'.rr'' Jtu
-il: 53J
P t edi.alu l fttb(l .. .... .. .. :lii3 J33
P t edicatu l na nin nl .. .. .. ... .. .. ... . :it{ 334
lerbcle ... .. .. .. jrt:]
'ro!n hii!. 534
l)red nrtir ........ ... 25!0 535
^umclc
Delitritic 2521 435
:r5!3
i,..r, . ,,h , . . . , , . i31
"'
p Frrr? irL .r b r b. , i t ut . . . .
,52{i :t37
pf4 ,tr..rrrv . ,524 737
--r ' , im p' i. n, ! nt r n in, n, , ior i, , t . . 252n
Prulicate o[ R^rh '27X0 538
Ir.liniti,. 2531 i,38
l' rued"r dc p rF.iro dr, 1532 538
!l'33 539
Di rl cza v er bulni det erD i n a l ...
. .. ........... .. .... 253{
C,'Fsp o ndenliin r im b i ro rn j n ,l . 539
2535 ,39
539
624 S1NTAXA PEOPOZITTEI
s lrs
Aco.il'd predirstuldi cu subierlul 25i'' 540
Subiectecu 1'erbul atlt la singula., .it i la piu.al t5t! 540
Su b h 'l p . u v . r lul nr lm a il . l i trg u l d r 2554 543
Su b ,P.l " . r v " f bul ! um d i l d p )u ,d l 2i b" 5l i
Su l i Pcl " . om ! u, " . . . . 2i 66 54i
_L q.!:
lmur shllulului 2665 568
L L o .u l o t r t but ulutonj" .ttro t..... 26ri6 568
\d j ..ri ql ar r ibur al l ro n u m e l u :.... 2667 568
Ad i " ri ql dlr ' bur r l 6 u b q l rrl i ru l u i ... 2668 568
Pa i tu o r l . . . . . . . . i l 6?0 569
SubsLd;tial Lu mdi multc calL:Ldtiv! 2615 5t0
Td b d .. . . 2616 570
Cduri sPP"ial" ,680 511
IL l ku l at . t bauluis ubs t a \ti ru t .. ..... 2684 5J1
I I L In -i a ot but uluipt ur o d i n o l . ..... .. 26A7 572
I y . L o cu l d t . ibut uluie. pli m a tp ri n a l l e p d tl i .L e e a tb i rc .................... 2688 512
Lmd .omploDortului 2691 512
Co mDlpm F ntdirul a t 2594 572
Co mi l em eor ulindir pd .. .. 2606 572
Verb cu doud complementerdir&i si n'di.eci... .. 2692 572
Irootrl oomllome ulut circunlt8ntlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2694 572
srNT-{xA Pri0 Pozr ?r Er
(SYN'I"{XOF THE SII{PI-E SENTENCE)
CONSIDERATIIGENERAI,E
1) Detini[iapropozitiei. Propozitiu
(Ttu Sentence,
TheSimpleSentence)
| 2174
..1. o. o' nllni, arp in .ar . i\ Fl; un ' ins u. t , pt b la u n m o d p r a l i n o t i \ rS2-,11r:
d) tle 6Dtks h a lacio.r'.
/./ \\' /, o/ n"\ F- D l b; ' or ' .
..) I .annot go none no$.
d) Da Eant Lo l.akc !a!t in the debric?
./,\ite r "!o\dn' ir s , iht s v , e"r l. { J bs d.
Se atrage ai,enlia asupra faptului cfi i'€rbele ,net (in er€nplul lJr, go (in
€xemplul c). $ant i tuhe (in eremplul d), sau dizizs (in exenplul c) nu sint,
rerbe la noduri predicatilc: primul eslieun participiu. urmdLoareletrei sint
inlinitive. iar ultimul esl,€rn gerundi.!-.Ca atarq afeste forme verbale, singure,
nu pot lorma propozilii.
2) Propozitir noninali. In u elc l.opozilii. werbul poate lilsi: S 2475
DarkncssQnict \o ,nov€nent,no soltnd.no light anywhere.
llrlc.t bless.dsiillncss
i\'€zl i1 5 t8ta)
'1, fla{ifi. rcd
I'rot','riliil,'rdupa inrclo., D'rp. Inrplpr.prupurili- pod- g 24?6
lF li: .n'r,liari{i. in i\;. d,rhilali!d. i ,f-rolirn 1.iF\'larnb-
^t"ali\i. 'ro s
1i{e.
a) Propozi.linenunli.lti('d (The Declurati()eSentence) conline enunlarea S 2477
unui fapt, o declara,tieetc.:
I dusr gel.np no\'. (Pozil.ir,'\ll
Dick did not comcycslc.dal. {\egutivit)
(TheOptdtitc S.ntenc€Jexprimi o urare sau o do-
. b) Propo.ilid optatird S 2478
1l{}' yon have ! lons and latpX lilel (l,oziii!n)
li onll lh-" In'e $?{ih.r didn'i l)reak j'6t rowl lNegal.ila)
q 2483 P.(RTTLE
PIToPozITIEI
(P,{IITSOF THE SDNTENCE)
I. CONSIDERATTIGDNRRNI,E
SUBIECTUI, s 2497
{ T H ]' SU BJ EC T )
/) un participiu trecut:
Thc /dlieD corcred the ball.tcticld.
g./ un infiniiii':
/o i1 . ot d $a. - 8, ,, . . 1i o r r ', 1 , " . 'l 'h
"d. / ,
t o r un at a! t ^ot n r ' s P ' iL' l i l y ) ^ o s J r 'l i _
7) Thcre3 is. - ln unele cazuri, jn carc subiecrut se afln ctuDe rerb. Dro S 250;
"
I o: / iti a rPspAli\ d " jlp intro ,l u .s d e " 1 p .' " ;u ;' n p i ^ ni l . th,r..i , U t,.r. i r" 1
p srp l q i rr ) . s F c i" et lF . .- J II;1 . i n , \" rb u l ,u D F nu a.LF rop,rtxri !.
"r
?tu e is n n'odtan at tre u0o..
?kfe oe ihr€e novelsthere, on thc shetf.
\.fa.,., ps':,
r:,'',:!.,lil,';
"on,!Lru.ri^ l: "l':: :""Ji"t"l11,.'i;;::";
,;:,i,.,i;,:;i:::,:!t:i:t:,1,i,""!f"!'[i;^ii]r"a",ri;',i.
"n.dup'rorb:
in ho ''''n 're
if;; ,2'"1"i;r :i'i'",: 't'ii"l:Lo'.rrm
m P s h. l d' P '
i;:.,;;' ; ' . ; 'o
"
#tilr;Tr"'",
ff#f*4j{.ii '" '""'"'
Jli''i'?
ll*;'* :r'll;Tll"'lltll" *" il; " " "'-
Alenlie!
construcliile:
Se fflce adcseori confuzie i tre
dl tEre ts $i
$ 2506 ' -B
b) thqe ue lr tteli arc'
{ 2607
j:i:j'{'r.ruriirii
r,x"l"lii";e
fil:rr,:i,jl:r 0"":
ililii,:l;:'rl"i;"=
d"oarp'Frmr
l.i In"pp,rr'rlunpi pronoziliL
folrna verbali.,,sint":
ti;iit{{ii"Tffl1"}$;'*::'"lr.s"i'i.'1":';"1ili'
d^ ma'| inJint' a \ " ' b u l" ir" ' in l-' " : ' : ! ' ll: : f "
'us
:*:l"i"i"r;i,"liili;:;;r rllr*ilr,ilit{il:#::iir
i r ' or ir n u l'xemplu
:#;i:ili:l
jltli:;"ill;:i':it';"11'l:'
li;;lii:.,iff'
:'lt;""i'i"",iiar:l
:lr*,:i*1.:j
iril;:,,: ilii:,ffTil
i!'h"K'il;;l ;;;i qs'g
rlilrtiir
x"'n
'/
i;a;4;
sa,,con'
7"sabir"'r'l
illi"T";ii'T"!Ti.f
a;^ iiniba cngl"'; va fi thero aro:
"'i.'r;"r*
g'Ai""f n" ''
$ltf.i,
fJik""dn#""
il|ilJii'l*:'?),';Ti
txxiti$$tl'f"ili'i"iii?hiil
g"ti"Jf"
-' """.,
'.,";**n'ffii
" ffi *""tr' ri
iJ:.il:i:iJil
! lt,ilJtil"{l}ff:{'
,roa
s"'"1 i";i
8, *lr".p;i'-,:*:1;"'l n:l *T|l'""jl:'":
ll,:i,',1.'.'l"l,l
ffi:i.r"J;:;f.,,"'il'iilii',T
ffTl,lrl"*:i:lllii:m:lil
este
cind tfiiili
unur
subi€ciul
3iix"lili*i:";;l#"fiff'{$i?lbi'r';;;;; ;;;;iv'
serunorv':
ii.nr;i:r
i*:SHii#r'l\"j1,
t":'e
i"1l61i
"'"-"'-'' *
;':'1" "u';;lif'r J;'" "'"""'" " "^''
i
ix,:',';"';;:,j;;
I V ez i li 5 1 i :ri
PARTILI PFINCIPALE AiE PRODOZITIEI. PMDIC^TUI]
PREDIC{fUL 25Og
{ T IIE PIIU D IC AT E ) "n
Predicatul verbal consti dintr-un verb predicativ, care poate st,a singur
sau poate Ii tnsotit de complementelesale (dir€ct, indirect, prepozilional, cir-
cumstanrial)i
Lions .oa. (verb predicali! sinsur)
Ebn't 6l\e .ome? (Verb predicativsingrr)
\on m@t not dft,ft @tnr. (Ve!b + .omlrl. dil.)
I spoke to th, naaagef. werb + conll. indi.. pr€pozitional)
I\e qB teddins ne @ ,c,rcl. (Veb + compl. indir. .1,compl. dir.J
. .l,ena fo.watdal the parcct to hd r.r .r. {Verb + compl. dir. + compl. indir. p.e-
We a,.ieed ysteddv. fidlr + com!1. circ. de l.inp)
'lhey sing bedutifutly- (Yerb,1- cornpl. cnc. de mod)
Our team .re phlne in lyales. (Vr.b.t- comll. cit(j. d-a loc)
r'34 SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI
S 2;15 VerbolcrrPulrtirc
U'ink(in!) l't:tbs. Copnklli'c Ietbs at Capulusl
\-rnul'apul"ri\ p.l.,rn\-rh'drr prptrrrr'lrr rr ru'"1 '"rr p0rLi"l "r'li ulrrl
,'., roI:rl. r'u i'.'' e l,'m'a p'Fdr.arul rrn"i lr"l"/i:ii J"ir 'u aJUlorrrlur'ul
pr"'ti"'ii' na ",,' , 1,"!a r- ir,orar' iri 'rrnrarp rcrl ul 'opul"tir
",,n'"
nu rsliid€ sniEstotator'ci are lumai lurclia de verb de leg'i"urninlre subiFct
' num€lc urecliratr\
"i '
in srarintjc" engLezasler'rnoliunii de rnljcat linrtl mai largd decil' tn
gramati;a romann. qi numirul verbelor copulati|e este or mulL mar mare'
\"tiel. Dol s'rrr dr"pl ',rbP upLldritF:
a ) to b6 - verbul cdl nai intre6rLin!aL , u ac"dstafun(lie 5i sinolirrele
llri: to'fa/l (flat. i1l, a prey. avictir, etc-).to hhld (rlonf, tasl. good guihless'
Lrue.eif.r. /u r' rh"lnl-" ru$, Fr,., /" "rrl'' ti'i"nJj gou'J :ur' c" l /'
,/"u' r.,,rre.t.lalsc.D;ic"]"ts.. fleht useless. valuable.etc.). /., fonA (high' hrt'
it, .1,in r,"r (Nruh,l, .rr'1, /o s,/ (quict lisht. etc). 10rror. 10srond{al(mf b)-
solneborl{.coueeted, last. f;n. etc.). elri.;
bl h, tretomecu .ilo|rr,'el" )rit to $m. (slLort irue etc ), lo gcl (angrv,
,lark, huns . ru..\. rhirFl!. , ,4 ro ha'l r dr\' nral ' r' \'
-'' . l l " \' 'zr'
/,r ./ 4. , , dir l , l ' 1 . l h ra "Fd,tr
!. tn t tn l r\. ri ' l ' hurl P l .' .)
i e r' ) tr h ttr nrl (i rnP \pl endr' r, d rrnF IP xo\' 'a
l a rn ( pale. r ed. s o !r, J e l"loon\r,
e rc. ) , er c .
. / r u c unt llr u c ru s rrL o n rrrrelre u i : !r l o on tL' h' )l ' 1 tu k' ep (an) l l i ne ti l '
1 r' r ghinj. s , , h' r . tt.:.t. r.) t,ti ,ttn (s .)b e r.ts l .r n' l i ng.,l rue. e' !t ). 10.s14,(I' nt so
b e r . t r ir e. et c . l. o tc : jnlchnt'
d) t{) seem (u silonjmele lui: ta dt/:ar' lo loolt ltlilti"ult lirro ill
. t ' to o u i j r' r' :
r : ' i" ll. ). 'a \1 " :' r, -n J ' ' r'
. / r lil' r il! r e rb o : " -n tl " \" ' ' d " l i ' . ' i i l ri utt :l l ' ' .' ) a'
r1 r: r( biaut if ul. c l .v e r, a l l e \t)o rt. r n i n n \. ' t' ) tofi l \" i { dcad-.' Js\' r'" pen'\' -
d o r r r r s f ai' : , ir l s o o d fo d i ti r)n . e t ) 1 .' h .)p p'n 10 l ol J l ' l e eui l tl " ss i r' es
te rm . el. e. ) . t a l ,.a tt o l l . e I(
It.n.lL.!
,illi To be. cind estcrefb prhcipal (: a e{ist'a,a se alla' a se gdsi a alea lor
clN ) (S 1874).poah rofini s/rgrzrpredjfatul .,rbal:
l.' h ar D?n 1' r " \ ' "1" r ' , '\ t L' prrd \"rbill
pr- r/dd . r ' r "i i" k'rr 'd
'1 . l '" .
1" , .,- - F ' r "u i; t , ' dl 'r" f o m p l ''n 'l P
ior nr ' . ''r
r 'rt lr L F " ' l p _ - n \ " r b r 'l
'''l. rIll ' r " "r - p - . r ' " I I o 4
In-\ ' ttt .' . p" d \ ' t ldl a ', / l l d " r 4 " " o r I 'o r n p r r r '
't.'1 'd l r '
, ii , . - " r , , , ! r e' i \ "- t a ) I rd,, ur.pl. _. d. ri,npl
', '. "J t
\.'",-r'"" ,"r Lut ui t , D" , pr uar ' e r odl- \ . r b e l r " l u l a l i \ e lor li si tcrbc
t , r ,r.rL'.'F. s. er P. u ir l. lFqUr "l' inr bat s i i n s c p s l '€ z p u l I i , r m a 'r n ! ''r r F
' p re ' l i
i 'r . , ir ' : ' . . ' \ , , hs l . l d i " a 1 ' " t fi a ti re:
Sn.h mannersdo not ,.@ru a yotrng grrr'
Iherything srus very iasl in th€ jrngle.
Thc noise ,a 10. hou.s.
tl v Ip a d ,,' 'terr
" , s l ,.o I S p l up.
l l ; r' o " ru n ri n s i d c t" r J n d fasrer'
PART]LE PRINCIPA!! PROPOZITIEI. PR!:DTCATU! Ii3'
^LE
-{ se compara:
Sh e lelt r , nr ny t N n n r p ra l .l
Sh e lelt nX [ n, r ( . o d ]p l .d n .l l o s e e i l i t l v a s a ll ri sl i t.
Thc lila. snrells sni.,r lNume Dul l
H c s dlls l/ 7af lonc l r i (i o ri rrl . l i f.l
'l'liis sXrup tusi,s z{s4/. 1\unie
tf!d.l
IIe $1r) txsles .:r.rlthi.ng \.oa\pl dif I iircs ol .verJthing. iprorerbr
0 h :creali;
a l V er bele c opulal ,i v eti v e rb e l e .N i mi l a te c u € l e si nt rorstrui l ,e cu torma \ t;18
-.
adj.ctinlir ti nu adverbiah. a L,nui cuvint:
The {ir sndls sueet iN:*.etla).
tr" 1. . ' 5r ' t l J j n tr ,l v .) (\q $ r_ :.
Tl 'c \at pr r J n oln \n u ,o 1 ,1 1 !\
Thc sind bleri hat lntr hottv\.
Hfr lftaih canii .lur ati hcat! t,tr de ! and hmoilu).
,./ Verbul copulatir esre archl,at cu sabn.ctul lui ;i nLr cu nunetc g i519
predicativ:
?lkir greahsi trco.:clpdtiah at lhis rnomcni, is thei. cra s.
The Last ol tn .arcs hc. plans for th. liolidajs.
?re most interestingtd.r ',ar ol thlr !tugranrme q,as Lhetions.
I h r I' - s t i' n , { r I ' p ,,,1 -r,l. ;. h D ," n n a l
Ttt"4. - " r t I n\ . i. n ,;r. n " rrr. i o n n d p .rp 4 I Ld\,. n.ro,.
lIc is a s.l,l0
She cdlled tne /D /.i.,d
D) utt
Il is t inv .
!V' o. iJ . r r "Fl1L , o I
'h
Sh," tud.d otrt to be eorlebadu ,,|cft:tLl3
ndjeeiir:
He had g.own ord.
I ldud it /&ll-
It is gctting la,e.
$i€ lound BillY tz.
11,nust Io da"
Notd
ln oron.zi'iile: l1 ,,, is Iour birlhJdj -lv/r'r' sas J"nnyl el"
pre,li ar;l i; r" tiind t'rb lrin"ipol ( d.a!'.4lo d sp arlal bdrPrD'rP1ln?r
li q/,,r" si.nl rornplcr rrnr,e it.umsldnliJlo dr lin p rpspe'rrr dF roc sr nr
nume preorcailYe.
f,, un infinitiv:
His g.eatcstllcasurc js ratz''
She stands to ,tt' 'o
ThcY ap!€ar to unde\tatut-
N otd
Gndiwl trrcdicalir poate ii nnmp predicativ attt, subieciiv, cii Ei obiecti{, $ 952?
, poar- n f.ri a'lr l1 .JL,i" rul \''rbului prpJi.ar. , it ci ld un
- "llF cuvinrc"p
complcmcntin cazul obiectiv:
I t " plou ,.b.rrt q ,, s ior " ( n. 1r ' pr "l r r bi"' i\ ) .
I /"€ i, oi7 l"ulre ct \tr,o t B. t p aan- ir - , . uLi'
..r,L t t e ' i\ , . nrm"pralu!qlir.
laon lllkpu ld r,!mn l. J r . ", J ' onr J b. t t . t, L . e ': ii\.
ll. b"l" \ - i'r".o. r or npl. , l" t , . n. ", p, iap, i! - . l | t n - r4d oLi^
4) \um€le Dr0dicatiy$ suhiectul, Deoscbir€adjntrc numele predicativ $ 2628
si suhiect este nneori greu de ticut. deoarecenulncle predicativ p.rate fi tot
atit d. binc subi€ct.iar subiectulrlune predicaLiv:
it ,ntr deatetttt."d (mme Pred.)
Zrr lsubic.,l.)
,v! de@at ftiend lsubiect) is Drc (m!re lled I
l| . t onlu-:.1 , uL " r . ot "paLo1 , , |_ t ', d . .
T " b "tr". t" /"- Lpr i. . t ' "o' . t . t L n, 1r ' n'J . .
You had better ol.r llie door trid.. \\'e rioullh't l.i,trdt. mor€ r'omloftablf.
lvhr!, malr,r hfr so l!t.? W hv oas m v r a n . r y s . r h o e a
Tnis coar Fill n.ct yon N[m. IIr;ds dri'€L'out orlis nhrd br l.hc noisc
rcrb reftcxra:
\o\'tt ntatn ILLE.U hmrs. shotrting cn.luragome^t to olr foolbdll.rs.
rJetr..r 1!t riim slee! hnnftt Botrer.
Ioh^ ate I'in64[ Bitk.
:,r I orc.Irond0nlu iI lixrLa roru:lni. lr crd.rd i' d r^-',ir., ..mnlFIIan ,( 2535
l,rl . ir' ,rn,sl a ,l i J l ' nrr.e'.rit "resprr'J, ir oir.' dr. maiurd. ' s id.p. d?.rui
I,raLi&I( af n.s,l/.' ru deoscbirc, ci srera noliunii legate de termenul englez
esle mult mai largi. deoarecenumele de Prrll.dr., o/ fiesdl esie dat unor pnru
de propozili€ cu funclii sintactice loarl€ diferite. -\stlel, dupn cum reiese 9i
din exemplele citate pinn aicj. Prellicatc of Result poate fi ln gramatioa ro
rnini nurn€ predicativ.cornplenet, dircct, complementcir0umstan!ialdc
loc. {le mod etc., {,ireumsianlial consocuti{. !i, tmpreune cu verbul deierminat
poate fi tradus cu un rerb Lranzitivsau inl.ranzitivetc.:
He m{dc her nls eil., l\trme pred.)
I ll .sk hinr ,o mD?.1ibmr,1. .lir.)
\1''eLookher noru. lcontpl..i.c. dc lo.)
Tl,. rl,u lr r- hdd L n p 0r ' d bt up Cont p t . . i r . 4 " 1 , o d )
H $o r"i, l h im . "ll r a, l at h t r bor ' ib i) ln $. l C o n , p j . o n - , r i i \ l
she sor the roon rcdav l a ptetlelii. (\'erb tr{nz )
Ila,o ol his co al o/ / ( : a s c oal. ) . ( v c . I lr an z . )
{on arc atot itls rlt,Df r.d thn'nc. i: a sltlbi). (\r..b intr.)
tn limba englcziYerbulpre-
{ 2638 RegulAgeuorali'-- Ca,9iin linba ronnnn'
' -"' aicat,"',"oid; ',' subipclulin n'rmir si parqour't:
?f,:';:i"%""ih1:{":-"':i;ll
ro'si'l'rd tl:: t"../i",1:
\umarul .ub.tan'irulur' u r"l d" s'bi ' t r" s" ru' Inrrna
irr limb0ensl"/a F\i rd 'ubstsrtrwc
dp la;r;;;,' ; ;bt"s. dPosrp'F
pr') d-r'u int'l;d" phrral in\prq-subsrarrrrvP
:;irx,:liklItr;l{[i'
a"'.ioqrf-, 1p "7i" 'd'l ,si
:kir;.lilrr i;i"]:"";'::::',,,
\"'bu,
:lii;l:::"iil..,"ii"'i,i;;'',
",,
r",";"H"1"t"
nL,,,,ri
;i "
i"..",. "'"s",'jJ
ri ""ri",i;;"
"' u"l'.
i,;".:iil:l,illi"i.l"u"'ill"l;.
Verbul Preriicat se va acord
ln!FlPsul8'es ur3'
tit $ la pllrlal
S 2539 Srbiecte cr Ycrl'ul atit ltr singular'
loL';tr' prrtu "1" ) {S,l1l r,
il
I I S,rb"lnn'i\Fl' 'olcclrtc l"/// 'r''
tru l;'r"i"il'r,11ll:
Iili"ll;j.rl;:s"iil":"':l:l
"tru
ctts iia pr urar tr: , , , " " ! : pru-
' " " ' : : , i l ' i i . ; l : l "l.ll:1 1r r .in g u r r r .,ir
1 ir .
4l Ct t er a s u b s ta n tL l ,p/r fn i r
ral {se"'s fdr'P?sci')
5) SubstrnlNclecaru 's aro
'ot]or nulronr,rol.dsau proveienla regionali
($ 1?J)nu*"""t"'n rl'!s'Jd'-?'rilh.,l'er'r'($
cu tnJel'-s de Pluralr/iu
1230-1233); brace.caaprc' oo"i' i''i"' 'lr'il'
trost' hcad ldlr' srcrc' lelttt' lahe
u,to'" .,i1i..,rit:,#il,,i':)rj
s-'" ,".""t,',s,
ti',1,1';"
l. ittion er(:' cind-si't',nuncralc' Llesineterminate
,1. llnus(tn(t,
ji,,;"r,r
;"*,:'1
) ii"t a n ' J " -rn5$' FJ r
p
' 1rr
ln rha ( o'$nn' " ' \' r ' " a tn tttta ' ttaP tP
a26{fblC,rtint"l"a'tpldua'ltvs:pa'r'Jar';d1-i.nulfaisineuhrn,'"for-
'inL'"u10t rrritP I'o'lr'l''
""'
'
;;;;r;;;';;;'n'
m:. (in'l sir,l numpr''l- "|| '"'Buf f"'1ru'"ft 'ind
;lrii;,ri:fj,i'iii'1,:lill"l"
Ir'| nc sr4;r'"'n ;1r?
: ";'"
: Ji',fl',.i:
?'":l'"1i",
r
ft:',,r,1i;:'J.#.dji;"'fJ'i'l,lo" pe care
q 2542 7) fracfiilc. all' - rracliile au rcrbul trcorclatcr substanti'rul
-
l l dF t - r n: ir i:
E,tr ' r" td ' ' l " ' l l j
Li'i"l'"J'f' liE;;iJ':;l'i"lt a','"'
'n ''' '
T$o lt ir ds oi t \ t s llat Pt ""
rVoid
r fie chiar inlerior mrmirului
Penlru ori.e numir csre dP.pege unitatea'prccedd(in lntregrme)suD'
..a"i:,'..i"'."1.;"i"*a pluraluldb.anuneralul
I Paiil oro onit s h!'ll lof it
'dt
Se spune lnsd:
I Paiil ore idL snil s btll for it
verbul la singular sau la plural: S 2543
8) Numter. - Acest substaniiv are
o t la sinrutrucind are lnlelcsdc 6insulsr:
' T; ot Norl*s is on thP inc'essP
; "lJTil'::;":i'f"i:;i":lil:'
^"nbe,
,,,rerbul i;*;::1"1.1""
;lf.?fl
si ^l#:"1**ul';ir
este la stngrlar'l
' plrrrnl:
ptu,ol cinrl are ln{eles 'le
l,
il '-
"'
i *'t'' rr" join"dlI'r"aJins club'
, Sn'i:l*"*f jl,l',r.ij
^"-t* "t
;:ilrlifill;i
"lil;';'11
''"".""'.'"","1,1''":tl;i*
s'.1
nohotddt
: 1i;;il;:;.i";;;";d,r Jearri.orur
..".:ilxislii'i;iliiF*l'ilrui:ltl'tni"i".:i"i:
no$tc lnsemna: t 'utIosin|utotl
'" tl i""^ tfu*n 1 ' numar superiorLl' vot lrl -
"' '-;;,."';;j.;t;; rri i"nt ior rhc prssins^I thr bl'
""' "'
idecada cn'-
I)t lstns "on.r"t) cpi 'nsi mrrlti cel' mai mullo Ifari
j.
n".ilip,i*':." p"i"t'r| t"il - oe' t tovturat:
'''"' J'il::i1'
;1j"llii:,#'"119'i',1";1"
+,lHi],i{"i'
;:*;irjtUl,l ";;i;;T"',1'T.'
[lrs" :Ji'::i''i]lHl!
..,":*
te sruoul sau melnbrll aceslura': oI\o'kmPn'
'""" r", ho'. 'o'sL'!s
ih.;,;ill:":.:l"lt"#",;ldll"
alf';l,1il",llJ;';1"'
l''J'':"f
,,,,,i%;;tllli#ny'l;";.i;l:'if,
'-"_'_-'
n..r ol the tD?{' /os bcen d'mo)ishpd
),.ii,,l,pxt illt"nio
il.,';",rJ?lx' ".
ii,:r":'Chi"ilril ll:'#:l"ffi"" **""'
h";:'1""'"::l;'rr"'i'#i'"lll;'
uasood,
(s.a d.or.
Asfe,t I
I I) .rsfost !.,:,li "tu
i"":1,]fi1"'ll';:i.,'Ji';
l:":#"i
j,i;"1.i1;";iilli*
i"":('"i*,'";Zilii;ii.i^,"T1', j::;l'ii't;"t
4ff?',:.:.,L.f"i':1,'";'fi,"t'il
;:l;;#,;lltF s,udr "
ofEogr,s,,
i?;:li;x'";';i';.'lify",ifi:.fit;{;',-;.:;'
Fo$lc.' rP .t,.'l'Itajo'il'J"'
b42
S 2;rS t3) Heaps. I Lot. t,ots. Plenty. -{cesle cuviite prinele trci fiind
intn,bunrlaienumai in linba volbitn. cu lrtclcsul de.,o multine" -. au |.r-
bul la.ringalarcind sint urmate dc ur riuvir)icu ,<ens de $ingular,,siverbrl la
p/rudl cind sint urrnate de un curint (,u sensde plura]. Atit, la singular, cil ;r
la plural iubsta tivol. determinanl€sint precedAtede prepoziliaof:
Th(c tr hcaps ol tood in llre Urder. Tl]ot ir lots r0 ldc ir this lo(tr.
Hfaps and li.als ol .ntldcl net. or t.he Lots ot p.arl. .o,a. herc elery dn).
S 2519 i,i) Therc is/arc. Ilcrc is/are. Accste loculiuni. cind sint urmat€ de
doud sau nai multe oufinte legato prin /ind, so a{,odii dc obicei cu priinal
.urlnl din enumerati€:
'11\'r'^ ( boule. a tlal. atrd |ao glisses on lhe trblc.
'fh eft.d ,rn,n s onl\ d neLn aDd ihr c e t om al , o . s i n t h c l a r d e r .
ll.. ;1 b .t! . , r ' l r or r t , r . t r ' - !
t- r u. a -ot. dnd i r - r ; r l 01 m J l. 5k
Hctr tN the ftt\te5 and lhe ras..
(ltnd irsn sLrbstantivelc din enumeratie fl)nsiituio rri tLnsatnhLu, st Lot,|
nandd pluralul vcrbului, ehiar cind enuneratia incepe cu un singular:
Ttict. ttot a tall." anrt hLo .nzts on ihe porih.r
Hec o/e his rcat drd pants.
Th{c o.. n. ,ed. no marr.csr, Do rill,(J.
_ .h) Pron.utne .-,,,dl. rclatia-.. .\i rbul prupozjri.i,llirirF F\r. ir,r., S !552
.t41:n \: t..t ,,t ,.n1,...1
,,,,? I.runumptU,r tdtrI
"ur.,it
S hc is r/,. g il sh o ,4 s sia. iir g al, lhe s eas idelilla $lle.. $ e s t d r i o r . s u n m e r r a
The *gettLl.E whltl aretabr gro$n ontlie la.n hare alreadr becn lrlantcd.
I'.asanr !,otn.n i. llvir Su,lag .lorr.s, \rhi.hr is one ol the iinrsl slghls. Nerc sl,and-
\ at d
Numele de cnrli care cuprind cuvinte ca: Iales. Sto es, Sketchcs, Nates
etc. pot fi construite qi cu verbul ia plural:
Tr.geniev's "A Huio's ,S.(?,cne," nore $'on world-wide fanc.
t . . , - bs " I " r . t" o r s l r rk .s p .a -r. p d i r p h J,ant rel dng.
< . ' k , . f - . , ' \o 1 r.t. o t. i tr\o u ri l F b o o ! oi npb.
L)fukpns s "-\meri.an ,\otds" u/c amoDgthe ne\v relriDls-
alr,au.cr's"Canlcrtrufy ?o,es" a.d delighl,ful.
S 2560 6) )Ioro thsn orc. l,ocrliunea rrore tllun one. deqi cLr iDieles dc plural,
rre verbul la singular prin atraclie, on€ avind inleles dc singular:
Ol his !u!ils, marethat one has tnitrenut a terhni, il .r.ec..
Ltate rhatrane comninefas isorkin8 thai dil.
646
Axenlie!
Loculiunea d-i- substantiv + or lpo are ades€ori verbul la si .g&lar:
1qard or xrc is sulticirnl to conrincchi .
Subiectecompuse $ 9666
1) Subioetourito p n "and". $ 256?
a) Doud snbstdntirccu forlrii de .lingrzllirunite pdn conjuncliaand au $ 2668
verbul la plural:
Both ind -ft"tcn
ndrdexceeded the nork normpd l.actor.
"tmandgirl Nerewail,ingl,oc.ossl,hcst.cct.
7heha!
b) Doutt 'u]^tunlir cu forma dc slagulor. unitc prin conjuncria dnd. re- S 2569
f"rind.rse lr ,, +' liinla e1i ls sc"lali lu rL. sJu s r\r do strin. unite .a r'1-
"-.i
_telcs1ncit,sugereaznun singur obiect. au verbul la singalar
Th-" {dl known nusician ant pairtet has lc|.
Brad ahn bt et i \|llar I p.elet lor tea.
sNaaxA lRoPozlTrEr
646
i $ XXt ;il";"!?
T\f ij";';l'?j:J itfiill"-'e)
1"?";'f
ttl lH",Tils#i"lTi"i,*',ili
i,; :lll';'t? ."''r
i;l9.'dlil'l
-a r" d
l \o ti un Fc dF plurrl c'ro Indi'"ja prin r " p " la r" d0 rri" o lu lu i: ru p ^" n d
A re
, ' " Ui j ,ll"""':i :':,,1"'",i';,'="n6'1 r6r"itrinv ma ' h in a
. S u b s ' ' r' ri\ . u l
i i ptt' lo p tu"o l.tn p'i"1ulr rnplurlin pririr raa rt!n i" o lu luni rb o l; riL" rp ir' ^ -
i.5ti"""'i"i ."li''t."tiv cu sins Llesingular' iar al doilaaexempluppnrnr
"" 'ar prodnro amhiguitar'enefiin'l dar
lFi.t'iJl"li'ui"" pi';;lutui "mu"t'nrcr'
do doue'aud* n ai rnrrlrp ; d s in i d F lrp irrx l\ i c e (c rrll
i - . " .."
'"i1 , tnit' pr;n conjun"lia
{ 25?a l ) .tn t rerbut rra"dd suLiP4aP
c l l bsr xnli!p .'p ta qrngrlsr.o 'n't"1'u;||''"'' lo a rr"a d " s -' ; ir' p a la ruint I o rrl
-11.'l,t::,1'J-"t
"
pi"."r"i'i, tii specii in propozit'iileinterogatile:
',i';l-*" * *
*{ "-:'}n#l'if
ii:i:1fi""1'"i::
PlurattLl esLelnsd de asemenea foafte mult uziiat:
Hd'ea'e You' baga d umbrella'
{Vezi!i S !5/'e)
p n conjunclia or
t 25?4 2) lrouli Eubiect€alt€rlrairro' - Doui subiecie unite
" -"'' ,', eu subiprlul cetnoi aptaP'ot1i
""'t"i".".Jar ,otts or toD is coming
tnao or her szsr'rsoretroe'
in ihere?
''s he or his sisters
e'€ inc larenh or the sonto comc?
Notd
alternative' ci simple
Locuriunile on€ot loo !I a /r'oldor tQanu sint subiecte
oi"""-l li o*i unui :rlt capitol ( $ 2565).
"p""t'i" nor"' -
6 25?6 it Ifool ."rri""t" legetoprin "eithor"' or"' "noither"'
slnt la s;ngular' verbul estetot la tr'nsalar'
i;;;; o,) Ctna amlel" s"lieote
-
R'J'|i:lll"r,l;"."'ji#^*?91':.';'litthaeffateuthe'icar'
ACORDUL PRE TCATULUI 61?
,. .5),Do.uIsuhiocto
leBstoprin "not ooly...bul.,,' au verbulBcordatcu su- $ 2680
olec\Dl tel mal aDfoDLal:
Nol onlv I, bDi In?lP,.ntr /tirfte ir r,sl I to helDrou.
Not only h". but his/.i.ids /./,6 dpcrdF-d to rak. i.;ft in rh., ompetiLions
tor rhe bdd*0.
Este ins[ preferabil sd se repete verbul:
No l .o n l y I dir l il r i8ht to h p l py o u , h u t s o &s s In . rndchnr
. . . Nol.only h. n's iccidcd to tJk; parr in rbe comp?truoc lor th' badgp,bur 5o t4e,
his tuiends.
6) Cdculolosritmetico.- ln calculeleariimeticese tntrebuinleaz{attt s 2681
(lt Eipluralrl.limbarnodprne
..ingularul. c!lnd rpndinlasprepluratacotounde
rxisld oltprDstivd.sproexempluIn nrimFledou" cxcmpleJe rnaijos:
Tro and two is lsa u e,) tour_
Ten tines touuiakds (s au nai., forry.
5tE SINTAXA PROPOZITIET
s 2582 ATRIBUTUL
(THEATTRIBUTD)
S 2683 Delinitie. Alrjbxtul €qt" parteade propozitiecaredetermini un sub-
sranlw sau un suDslrtulal tur,
S 2584 Pmeoileodo.oxpdmax6. ,{tibutul este erprimat p ntr-un adjectiy
sau printFun echivalental acestura:
a J un a d jecliv calificslit:
There \1asa line pajntins on Ute wall-
I have met the torclt.itchild.
bJ un adjectiv pronominal:
This is m3' molhd.
XaerJ woman has i.r oru worl.
dJ un articol:
T h " rp $ i !" ,n ,..rp s F s h o rt.y.
t Lan ne rhs ..un .ehin,l lfu i.
' -ls
dJ un nuneral:
He has necn away /trd days.
I LL€ the aat h t r
'nr"d
eJ un gerundiv sau url parlicipiu:
lle wrnt€d some natoials. (Goundir)
T " ,ft,ry ,a g b ' rrl',ridns
6 l o r' r,p u he s - P ' " . 0" r' !i
T r fu U " i ;d n " , ,1 ,1 , i l P ;rr r," u
-,,i
/) un substantiv cu valoare adjectivalil:
A mcss meeting was callciL.
That's hoy the ,r€ztns class.sstartcd.
gJ un substantiv in cazul g€Diti\.:
Our cozuty's outlul. ol l.ract.rs h.3 grown to a great ertent.
The doo. ,/ n. o//t.e was opcn.
/rJ un iniinitiv:
She l'as the last pcNon l, ldr'c.
llare Jou noiliing /o sd3 lor Jolnell?
i) un adverb:
I v illJ g" r k l" i- m j I , i" , p l " P .
' lhF" m . ' n n. J r daol h". l. n d\ardrd iL, St-L ].rir.
j)o apozitiel
-\n cditionot Professor
J,a.s'sPhoneticDictionarJwas broughtou[ in thc SovicL
UDionsometime ego.
"Popev., ft? Sailattuun,"r ir a lell-knoFr liln chari.ler.
APOZITIA $ 2586
(TfE PPOSITIOX)
rI' !"in,a l
t{inlFun "u b6ldnr it f du "n ". liv al"nt dl . , p s u i a j . . . d"t rmindrit.
rFsIrP,lilr ,lnd acFstpJ Fristr
, Gtahatica linbii tunane, Itdihra Academiei R.P.R.. vot. II, 2r3.
.E \ F npld o ap ozriri,ar d. lnm adp\ . pr . ndl. / / , , , , , , bub"t r ,i r u r !,,an fl dater-
ni n ; Ls 2i8:).
.Construclie numitl
..genitiv alozitiv" i$ ,r8).
660 STNTAXA PROPOZ]TIEI
! 2689 3) Acord,-
a) Gcn. Numd.r.- ,\pozilia se acorddin gen ti numercu rufiDLul d.ter-
Juae anaouda (subieotren pl.), ny st,re.s (apoziliefen. pl.), havc nol reached
I/; (subieorpl.l, nomdnians(,pozilie pi.), have sreatly dcvelopcdour indust.y.
1 .W. Forvlerard F.G. Fowrcr, The Eing'sEnqlisn, J.c. Fdnald. llnglith Ctan'
Mt Sinplified elc.
" ln. n. r . s " m n u l q q i :\u 1 ,, /s r.p d l a u a " n ndi l ddpoerri e,deol -. - _' o l r' 1
cr ac " a) l. J or nr a?' u n ro i ru .,b J ' i ri i u l d p l rmi n d' :_dl Jo:n.on hpr,rt" S j
2 5 3 1,V ez i s i allc t x e n rl e l J ! l t2 -!5 3 .
,-u.. ptru:td-d,u,: .r.
" Caz J I- Dor i ie i r;mo .;.. u tu ,i n d i F .t n .F ooTtti onatps
0 F,l r , . l podr " li J " u /.rrl \ d r" a p o z i L i l F ;i ' ;o ,,: i ,l " .aaa,o" dd:,.u.ontl mnrrl
i Jf.i p. F poz ili" . s ar ,l -ri \u l d d .a c o n p l " m" n lrl P\rpl uar i mpr.-nb.L prel o?i l ' d \' /i " rl "
exemple la $ 333.
avezi allc cxcmDlc la 5 311.
6 ?hE A tu{ icdn'C.ua!!e' Dictionary. "-\ptr sition".
P-4RTIL! SECI'NDARE AI-E PEOPOZITIEI' COMPIFMENTUI'
CoMPLETTIDNTUL ! 2691
rorn- S 2692
Termioologre.Partosdepropozili'numiLeinsramali'aromind,
pe'tru comprcmrn-
a'o"aa"oumili1n;rain€rha anelcza Obiat.
or.*""i:
","
i"i ii.""r,'i"ai*"t li '4d'"r"'idlponlrucomplemanrur
9i prepo/iLionsl 'rrcum-
Etan-iial.
AlenlLet
2698
O"nu.'i""u Camplenent din gramatica engleza nu inseamn€ ''comple_ $
..orrrl"prFdi.sriv- ;au pr"dicatir""' .romplinirc
.",,,: ,,, ll,nrr",orrrJna.
"i
DrBX* u
-L. COUPLIIIrUA'rUL
oB'tEqr) 'u*
(TnE DrnDcr
0aractedsti:l:"9:l,ili,ff*X\,fi::t"."i"T,1;"1:t*'0,:1:
Derinilie-qi $
. r) .j "tt
' .F,,, difec,
" p; c"'ut
B:1ii; :li"::fl" ll":f i:;,i:'r:;.;i,i,
p."p-i1i'
;.r.,,"o,np,.
r"uzati' ei raspunde $ 2696
Comflcmpnlul,i'." nu a.' "'a'n
la tnrrebire:,xhon'2 \ " p".rnP ) u l 'F r:
'rrl.
Uale You had r'a J"t?.
| Y' "l"r diY r r r ' r ' 5lr ' r '
"J\'/F
;;:i,.,'il ,,.,"", ,,-
i'l"lt;1,;j,",'J,i.-iilnl
Thcv rvanted to go io a shoN ",'
ilX".li*#"jHii""ii"ii to rrerishtjryrortheirrishts'
rvirrica
de maijus' S 969?
2) Iroceilee il6 exprimoro. - Dupa cum sevededin exemplele ssrt prrnrr'un
e.tprinrt nrinrr-un srrb'rcrtiv
."-n"r".;.i"i 'li*'' p"a'" tr rit num'rdl inlinili\'
rpr"nun" aoj ' "ubstantirrl
".,f,ii,"r""' "r 're'ruii l'recut et'o
serundiv sau participiu i
2698
"---ii r""a"i*. Conplementul ciirect din gr^m€tica,englezatorcsp-urd^e$
t:Tl;"ti"" il""#;^T.1
I :ii'"*'ll'$i",i'J0,, ; :; li"#)J;il i:i
i;,;""i:i:' : ";; pi'
""i,o.'n o' ",'*;;=':,i:Xl,' ;.ir"iflTi:"!,"!ii,Ti;
""a""
io r e rro o 'h . t o r es tnt bl' t o r' | s i s t,tn s i t(e t6
i r r' de i qi azuLui
i nr li doii' din lin b a ro mA n a :
" " . " r . ' " - "'r r "l I saiv ntn (Ac )
{,-am vlzut ) (Ac )
(i'ii;lou,,nr
i:fr;
i(';'iii;T"Til.iii1'" : to.,t
Ai'i be, om , . I\''
v o, .
Culld r". nPaL t ; li 5 r lp lr nF I Dr r ' l
Hrs rns r dr ' un r I l"a5 Y, r \' l
ui n lid plr ' r ' r iudr ' l
tlrd prn ' ul
pe $ 2699
,1, l.o.ul i0 propozili'. - Con pl"merldl rlire'r *.pune daprrterbul
de'ir 1n mnd et Fprron :
c"'" ii J"r"."i"a 'i',f i'"r' nL, po.'" ii JespctLit
Hc made(verr) nts s/.'cn (comlt dir') on the spor'
[""1:,1-:w1."1:vtr:."jlffi:ii'fi1'",;i:*iiil'"'il3i'$'i:3]
65' STNTAXA PROPOZITIEI
2) Pro0cdeod(j clp m$rc. Dupe cum se vedc dir encrnplelcde mai sus, S 2609
complenentul indirect poate fi exprjmat, printr-un substanl,ir sau prinir un
echivalert, al acestuia (pronunre. adje{rti1' substenlival,, numeral, partjcipiu
becut substanti]'at ctc.).
3) tr'orml lri ? trelui rare. - ConrplemenLulindirect arc do rt fonne in $ 2610
limba erglczi:
dJ complcmcntul indircct f;rn prepozilie;
.il complem€ntul indircci prepozilional (constrLrit cu prepozilia to, ra-
fcorr Jafl otr san ol ).
a) Fornafd.rn prapo:itir esteceamfli lrecventi Sisetntrobuinle azeatunci g 2611
cind compl€mentul se afln imediat dupn vcrb:
Shc s.tvcJad he. tea a mornedtaso.
I r.ili sendnin a sir€.
'x\' rbul ,,rln\.1 (J'.\ l a t F. h) bt ) i inlir r lr a' n' in1, 1o , . 1 ,omDlamenl, d,p.&.
lr pxpm p lp,, r.e nl"lp t ir , 5r it p , u r Uir F r Dr "z int d c or n D l . m . n u t i n d r r p c l . i f f r r l o
tiperik cu liiere cmsive.trvlnaul dele|minat de ;omtlementui indircct resp.ctlv.
SNTAXA PROPOZITIEI
Exc"pti .
2613 _Complementul indirect pronominalprecedatde complementuldirect i,
poate avea ti forma fdrd prepozi-tre:
Don' twor r J abo u tJ o u cl e rl -b o o k l T h p ys ;U g i v ?tl V ,u w bFnI h.y aJpthroughw i l .hi t
He insistson having his micrcgr;over€c;rd baok:8iv-ei,lin aadhav€ donewjrh ill
Iy hat is in the hall: go and ietch n ne, pleasel
2614 0""'.) ln cazul unor verbe care sint urmate intotdeauna de comDlemen-
tti inil]nett prepozilional, oricare ar li i"cul acestuja. Pr;ntrc ccle mai oiisnuite
ve rb. J in ac F a. t d .a rp g o ri p -p a l l d o rn i o a rcl e:
to communi.ate to leave
l,o yield
\yon't rou exDl{n' ,o nlr how rou did it?
I iriroduced t; au ihe hie;ds I hrd.
\Vill posLt "oa ,nerallirntns /Drs. the lett€r I lert nn my desk?
T hc y-vou
s aid, o nc : " C o meh o .l "
we s ug. . F s l"Ido l ;n J n a \vI b d n s l i n i n p l J ,, q.
T r an6l. ' r "/ o" , , r,n l l .,rl n l " ro ,' l ' 1 v rd.
-,. I
r Form,, nrFlozilin ll, r ' r l"llilnilJ . u' olu a{ . " D \ i o l u r r n tcsle narrii.nr, pipnF
!lu: 'o pld j i tiik on s on t ao! ' \ r ju, aor ", l1. r ; d/ .
PABTILX SECUNDME AI,E PROPOZITIEI. COMPLIMXNTUL 556
to suggBt
Cind tnsi complcmetrtul d ect este lung ori este determinat, ale un etribut, Q !g1?
3 au d e o .p r op- oz it ieat r ibu l ,rv d . c o mp l e m p n L u li n d i rp rr i l prccedd (!ezi g erem_ '
p r , r p d e ra S 2bt 4. unF lc v c rb e d rn e .e l g ru p f6 c l n d p arte
ti di nl re cel e enume_
tat e l a $ 2 616) :
I fi n i shed/ of t ur i n J i r., th e
' ( om pt .lidien c s rd y tro m p l .d i r.)- gi v,n
bytherFachertatl i bul ).
,n"sn {,ompr.'dir.)
rcoopr.-i;di,.) ruu $pr;r€tl,rs
,"
"lL:;l,r""l?fiifl$i,
s.rgS"'t,
d /o lou "ornpl.itrdir.lrft,a,r,a {iomtt.dir.t Jougdreus rpropozilie
^. ,.R; 9
(yeui ,i ! 31e_i26)
$ 2619 Printre vcrbele cel mai des tnsolite rte doui complemente,direct qi indi_
recir se aflii urmdtoarele:
s:61lxl
2620 5) Comllement:ul ftlir:'ut ( Retdi.nei jt)jt..t). -, Cit\tl un Yerb acLir cu
dou:i complemcnte(direct si indircct) estc rrirn"rtormati11verb pdsrv.s| pot
pr€zcnladoun situal.ii:
a, sau {omplameDtu} indireci darine subiect..co,nplemenrutdirecr, ri-
minind cu areea,Ni luncfie !i riind nunriL in ae.si caz ,t ltetaincrt Diect Ot)j.:ct
(complement direct relirui) :
A li\. i,"/,rui", o.lar,.omot.i.r.i.,,t,"r/a,,.,npt.dr..
Dd.i\ / .u bi , $. , old l, " ' - r . h t x . r . ; . d D : - . t O b j . d ) .
y;)f ',l,lj*l'\i{"f"'ii,i:iii';i1
::j;'lll'i};:"1:"1'i'l"llu.'",
"un't
dc nodl
ir" .""' i.u,i,iq 'a't g'*' ra* (coorlt oiic
faao,vras Ic lalkingrl 4 o ' r -pp'r ' o /r 'do
p""j"
tl "l ,;: ; " : l: ; ; i, : l ; ; , , 1 i , j - " , 1 i : .r o
'h.'^' J Con'o 'r'
.,,- "i i,.",'' 'Frinr'
"
{Co m' dr r d + aJ wr t l' ) rn ' ' a e n ' /
Ate n l !.1
pr€pl,rtf1l1::H;;:T;i?l;::ll
constru.ti. i **
-{eceafi li,::""i';"J;l'"S::1
;:t;iii;!,i
i:.1';';ll
:,;:l': :t:ii,i"i
i!,::: ii;il,lilltrulii'.;,1;;
L n i rrn s rc t
d". Itrn .u tm s r P ln f unc t i F ' L F
*"';T::#il;:1i"11'$i:,;i:":?"i:'":";:I"nlili",'J'*.,sa
'"'; ii{:J;l:;;:l,,n,o" f ,//,'r'ishe(,vnrlins':r
r'
s262
in'iran.
;;" i:msl*i:r?i'ist'1"!"'"s*xiii!e
;'iTl'#Iii:
'"ii l.n#5it".r$i*'i"l;11[]ft:hi1-l:il{i;'.:,,
Tfllil'##i#
!*'1"]Sl' :'*"'
"''
iruiii;r'r;uil"il"';'',"''o'"''''"' 262ti
este oonsirlerai fdtd prcpoxi'ltie \
4) Caz. - ComplemenhL. .pr:!o.ziti3na1
cazul ecuzatrr\ 3 or''
ii ca atare sta in
2627
nalrrralui nu poale fi 'omplempntlre- 5
g:trl.$'#iilff Ir":l'il':""rlij'h:i1""'i'x:1'
ComolcmcnluldirFft prin lnc59t
"oTi")i:i
ij;:r;1,u,r,",.'
($ 2594.13194.1325)
(hainidelloare imlgrmeabilizatecu cauciuc)
Iuoc fdto.e. abrerialic) : Ddc&;n,ostr
668 srNrAx_\ PBoPozrrlrr
,"^:fr.Y":1:;)";',in;""\8"::J";::Tl":#f::i"'T'1
','i"#[1; :::l;r;r:ii^"3#'Jx
:"t1.:,i];-ii,::;:lli:13";i:'ll
icgat. prin preporiliil" -afrar'. r'spF'lrv "al !r
"ovpr 'l
2632
8t ComDlomoolul do rgoot fi itrqlrumentsl(ThP A(l!"rbiolof Aqen'yond $
est€padea secuDdarn
cLrcumsl'anlial de S 2634
1) Dotinilie.- Complcmentul
orooozit.iccarPdptcrmindun tqb. xn atlJP'ttraanx^ onoero- - .
- rn
Cs cleterminant st verbului.complcmenLul arala
cir'umql'anlLal 'e
eL.1
ili r"".ti'p.mod
r',p,.i-l'; se
3i:ilfi:l:i::[:f,i";i"fftr":tJ
"ilJi,, tdo tnsu;ire:
p,ezi,,
",:;,*:
:'*ii;rml"n:,"I3li;;l;i umse
il:#"1;{ir*fisihi+$fr""iiti*4sln'
ii;L;:iliirr;;;. rcomir'I i... dp mod'- adi).
h:';r';*] une
l,Ftir"Ttiif:i;i['*ciu*''""$ .na
prep.zit
'
qi o Intreagd propoziLie:
Complemeniul"ircumslanlialpoate dctermina
He cameto seeus simllt ,€euse hafeh like it'
- comp]:ffi:tlrT:*:lXlil:ltJ:li".,til1:i
doeiprimars.
2) Pro0odee $ **
i,l:;;:ile,['l;'"lJi:l'J
::'T:.1 il;;i:i i"l"ri", i, "-"""""',,.,i.
, i ,; ; i ; ii " i fr,. o 1i' a bsor ur o
a' r o u!' ur " P' r ' Fr bi€r t
. : ; ;r l , i ' ; " o n 'r''u
sau prepozilionah ek :
Tl,cv rorked nad (Ad!erb)
shc $ cn t ntn ' LSnb"t ar liv )
H: ;.'i; t ;. ; r m l : dr ' r nr iv n . Dr ePr
I n n aL lth ? 1A' x z dt r \ . ' ' lv r ' r Dr ar l
''n !
'"; hrv'in in!i'a:oncon5'-u'(r':nri'
*" mus'|
"Ziiu,oifrii'!",;,rii')Ii::^-"
""'"")jrr;;,1,t;;;!;i::!,[.:f.'l;
L""t:l.]il,;:i"'ri;il,ll':ill", -. ". ,.
:+.I'i";'.,1
l; 1,,'"":
i;:i:'l',?l'i*: l*:,',,1,,11;' l' """ ""'''
o constnclie
cste sp'e€xemllu
s,atiitoar-"'
desine "nomina'
.,*, i,X""iitlii'j"f11i,-*ti
SINTA)iA PFOPOZITI'I
'J:TJ:i:"lllJliilY:?: :'::;;"r,II;f:::::#::;;'
:"
I{/rl ttri, I shall gei Urerein time
r'^ coNrLli{nrrn
x. Ar,'tr 0EnsTl[']il Bril'xJiITO_lA'll
cat€ S 26+4
Ca jii in granatica romenn la
1) Atto catcgorii de comptem€ntc' l n' pe" r' I
go.i i t-,1 -" , m pt nt ' ifJ l 1 ' ' p l ' i i i i ' " l ' o r h d " Jg0 " ubi mprtLi ri
"^ t o " i ."un'l'nr idlJ" m'd r'rr'u o t " l' 1 "
"xp rin ' " :
" o . n t .."n ' utul " ' : l" l: :
er"r1''u: era ' r'd ima nru n ' r' ' rrn ri'
1". " " ar i".r" '"rrirni " 'o-
' ] . i"i".
raloare eic':
sreutaie,
: hr \a s so od ot t t boat to pl l" t p d1ip '
;;;r,jr :
sl' a ' P I tlP n rL'F
if r:il ;,'l:ij;
.t"r;: "li,i,j '"Y;: v d r" a - \0
;""";;: : ; ' pr " , " - " it . " s o rr' , d a rr /o a ra "
,*,,:;}l"ri;.1,;;llJ;ti'l'i,r'Tf":l;1,i"il,11,:l;"::l;:ljl
hu"': rS :621
rn , . r . pns r a?id c p o l "' o m p l " m ' o re!rn r t' -p o /: l i onal e
demod
rrurui
+;"::l'(#i'1T,fi;1i1frl:;lT,0,"{ircu'st*tri
; Ii:"*fn1,-,"*'
SINTA!<A PROPOZ4'IET
6{i9
o/ Resal ( S 2530):
c) Prcd.icale
I wash€d sdu'ePat cleal'
He c],sed 'tu
thz li'l tighr'
Ni PBOPOZ4M(TOPICA)
Iv. ORDINEACUYINTDLOR
$ 2647
(0EDXR Ol woRDs)
unde ordinea
2648 1) F,oguld gener: i. - Spre tleosebire de limba romdnd'
plas'i'6 lD1FlFsuldesprinzindu-sa cu usu'
.utintelor lo Dtupoziliecstc fodrtc pnglcza €cte o
ari""itu' r"i-a"r flexionareale limbii ln limba ..carp
"i"t" cnaliri"a', ordinea
limid Alp foarjp rigids raporlurilFsinla'ticF
'u\inlFlor
ai"i* fiina;dicate ln mare mlsuri de locul acestora'
"""i"t" d,:
2619 RcquLa!'enerala.' ere 'rebui" In genFrFrFqp4 artj lrev''l' "" l':!il-' In
-" tPtol"prin tnt"tPssn'u liP d"spa\itP OrdinFo currnrcror
,""r,.ii"
"rir"
F.je de' i, in linii nari. urm;loarFs:
oruoozirip
"";-t'";;i;,;
' ." arriburcle1ui r0rriburul adj"'rivals pracedindui atribu-
'"' substantivala
tul -il urmlndu-l);
,iio"l predi.i?/,pr€cedat tle complementul de timp neprccis ti urmai
dp con'll"mpnLulindire t ii d" cd dirF'ti
.l LomttpntPnt,tP drrunstan!;ol"{de loc dF mod, dc lr'np precrsi'
and.'r \ 35iri*u"'1
, \r. cnnsr,ind o", .,0"'_
tnDd an4rrt.d : lim}l ln cared ,1i;l;i;"',1",*"t;,l"lL,ij";-"","u-l.
'
sr,l';:ll,:ii;ux.r:, jill"n"ll,,r,tii;;i"i*1;'"'i1?"';Tiil
,^,,,,i.1i:;?!'nf;:,i:,"',"i
L;:ii""';"j;j; *0i""'.
;.ill;'"'","[]ilir.'iiLit.r*ri,"r
"" '?il"il,';"#$^flJI"l:"'";ii:''i"J;il';iiliiil" *-, sFnilivprppo'/ir'on
ORDINEA CUVINTELOR TN PROIOZIT]' ;6iI
"Comehere", le said-
"Comellcr€", saic tha man'
tjil;..
iilr:'i,"'it""iX'"?", de,neuenstischen L' \rj'oktrrora'
spnche,LeipLts,1e31r
o.n,'",'',rnoo,i..ui,.'!d,p/iT
"'il'!'{;,1tn"::l::"e;-fllii:;ri"l';,':'1,llL',1,'
'' -ii: " 11 ": ""1 ; f ' 0 "" " L ''.1 o o
Jl i ',' :F dp'd s,0\"r r r , |, d,a'
ls 2295-r300). ''- " ,,'-,'. ^',r
564 SINTAI'.A PROPOZITIEI
Coool- !if. do
rir; rcDimh
;d d. tod
t) (sl
OBDINNA CUTINT]ILOB
! 2655 PROPOZITI.\
I
ONDINIJA CUVNAEOII TN PROPOZIXAE
lN tll,oPozTrD
NNUNTIATIVA
Fi;i'' '6"
(ir0
to dn tnr'ak, I'hitut)
Ndt€im l..ne' tldi,
I
(conr' $'ci'tn)
I
IN PROPOZITN
INTEROGATIVi
aomll itrdn.d
' 265?
$ 1) Suhiect+ predictt. - In mod norrnal. sul'icclr'l precede verbul pre-
dioat in urmetoarele situatii:
al tn propoziliile alirmaiire Si n€gatire:
dr" lsubiect)@ateoliifs (predic.t)in l.hcp{rk
Neilho st.te(subiect)scored(!redi.al.)a soal.
l, j t n Dr onnzi ri i l " i n ra ro q a i i t. ' a rF i n ., I rrr rrn .u\rnl i n crogs i t fni d
w h i l, ' , ho, n u h . t,o .vi " o n 1 ' r' ) i ' , n u , ni rd' i v rS r028):
' 1, 0i,
c/ t L Dr opoz i t;i l " ;n t.1 n s r' i re i n d i rp , l F \S 23o1. 2951).
2658 2j P r c iiic dl .u l ' i e fl . :\ e rb u l p re d i .l pre rd; subi i .l ul i n urmi
s
a, tn propoziliile intcrogative (cu exceptia celor de la g 2657b lqi2657c):
t/ar tve rb Dr"' li"dt t 5l. r bubi"' , on ' lF ' r _r 1 . " :
,,d {a u\l iirj h? \ "ubr t I ' oLd ! l' oi : v l u d " S a l
ln D^oonri'iil"d. lipul: -ln rhF gsrd,n Irhp'rl s"r" llo*"r' pa' i"u]"
injro lu''ri!u t,&/P "drp "ubinl"l.asi. Ert,ri,"ar". Hcr^ In'a n' idiom'li ;
d/ rind subiectul estc uinat de o propozllie atributivn lungd:
! r b r | | p F n - lb rom n l"xl P' l *h a ka.1d4 Ldba'.E o"i rdti a'
HLrF-o "odenat
t,t,h " Lo; : ns ot r,.t" a - -.o r" . tl n p .,/i l i r.bul i " '
thatI" nt P [a'
'' i' ii; ; iit m " o .. l ' " ' t t tu r' 1 ttb i ' o t' ' ..ttp" " tJv '
,rilcs (protozilie atribuiili).
., in propozil,iilc condilionale jn carc conjuuclia if este omise (S 278;):
ll/ €f r \ , 1, s,p r' .1 i .' r ' F r" , s l ' \\o u J .l \ l r l robl /m
/ / , / 1! \ it ii" ' .l i r' l rv \m i bdtu' d.l ' $otr" i I' ar-i ol d rr' rnprp
\Las a semmar looay.
rdrui subi " ' t
/ / I n pr opo/i l ;i ' F .rr- .o rl i n u I i m D " rl i v reeJl i v al ' "
t\p r ln, s L as t ii co l o ,ri a l ) (d 1 6 3 6 )l
, ! . , lal\ ' lidt, w u D u b i l ' t d k P 1 fi n ri v sdv ' (' rd l o l i l l
, or ' t dl\ l' 1r , ,a u " tb t" c t. b c l n .e In n rl i \ .u' \ d l " r' gl
pF n tru a s . rJ s o m a i n ra re v i ' ; ' i unp mai ' U l t rpl hT ' Li l ' rl ui '
- / ' lr ' d. -' i
up o /i l i " .i n l u b rp d p l a l o " ' rll .r:i aJu' p l di ,.P p& /// propozF
"l l r pirnblin;
li ' 1. ;
liei. ndu- " " n !tl ' l a ..p n l u d rF i l o rl
Lucku is the man \!ho has such a wilel
,iui;@crc the ao s ov r.acher addrcsscdto us
J . f und dor 1 4 th a l e f rJ o r' cl u r' d l i m
t ] . |lu h o d h " ;? u ' $ h n h F u rn " d o ou" si dF
Doo"-6.nt - r , ' et t Itoa dnd off E! stutedr
thi
r o"pl i( S2191, ' r s ubi"' r 'l 6 ' l '" I u m x i i l r n 'i 'n d '! b i " '-
'.1 \'rsa ron \'rLuLi p d r l r u l r a d \ ' r b 'J n r \ ' r b
,ut +," uo irt' . n a. "s l ; dz or { iin d. u\ inr Pl' r 'r r n o :
ln s,a s ub: p lul ' s lF un ! r or in v ' s a r P a L - r r 'r t p r U r r . n u s p p r o o u 'P
, "1. Clnd -liu ' r m p. r !PrD
n .a ruvinl"lor f iilJ . . a nor m all pJ r l" uld v" r b n l , _ L ! u b r q
.;dr"r!'
CUIANTELOR 11{ PROPOZTTIE 647
ORDIN'A
g;'lI' iJY,!,,!:':
":'Ht'"iiTl!
:'"):f
iYsJTf :"'f".'f
"f"';#i':::;#lf:":,ii;1"::r'i:I':
ObseroarLL
cazuri $ 2659
*"
s' I Auxiliarul de htarire DO esie.tntrebuinlai
J1"1#[tJ"f";:*"'
a'leseori.ln.aoeste
r,*';'Hr"-""J","ii"T
f;"r;ii:i'il-";.if,^il.ti[l
wi"
brins
c.'m's
m;i:;.hin,he
iilf#:i:iftijfi{i"'#*i1}':""*rri
"oo"tw€u ,r, tu ftno@his shortoqnings
a' to bed /t! dtd in th€ end'
s'*'n
Jii;"'Tl'.xl:i:1"ix
l?i;'#::;
,;1$i1J"f
"".'fl
p"ir"-A!-*p'u"a
l:":lt'l:i:n""i#Ti'#
li invcrsal'cu vcrbrrl:
ffi:"':,jH.1#'t*, *^"'
tff:"",iil
ffit#.*:rlili:"". ilY.{:"#i''
inversareasubiec- 5 266r
i.I In vortrireadireol'd'unile ritmul frazeicereaileseori
tului .iu verbul de declarotie3: - who hdvP
"\e6 . sdid tu ''lor th ough l v e n' v er 5o"n it . I k t r os o 'h P r s
,a"a"",,-t p',nv'
xr"}i ":"!.q,,*a
::i*,;;,i;'{fl",lill., :l1llr",r,l1'
ao!lh." r.Pli?It th" Brc'e"
ff'Yffi'*" * "v
:$t'",-::x;"It,;i"
li. r'll, ot r all s Ld€s
' ' N o. no',,o s
EtcepILe
se poslF ld'e ctDd verbul de S 2662
Inv"rsarpaPrcdi.ilului 'u subiectulnu
'drcldrstreeste rntr o fo'm6 compusa:
_\ e" . n? /.ad s4 rd, _ lor r hous h l v - pnPv pr s P"n it '
'rii", l i+v a"s: ;'P or rh" o\?t hndP!4li*d
"i'rrl'ri
cumulat'ive($ 2954): s 2663
i) tn declara-tiile
'The cnildrctr€rc lunetv " "S9 ifl, r"'
we mu5t qo no{, dd so mr4r Jotr4 -
;ll;*":l;-""l;'i:l'".\il'f,11,3"j',"''"
F:xt.nlLel
esle fiinle sau S 2664
Ct d subieciul celor dofd- propozitji- dfimdti\
, . , r, 'I l'i"' i ".i ' i , ; ^ ; *" '" .t'" t'i i n ru a' pr odu'
su b i e ctu c:
'ac€€aqi
- man So n ' .i 5 ' a:dIh" ti rl
'1 ,.,.. 1' , *- , 1y ' t , . ' .' :d ..' h "
* l t j s S . t t ing Llar k - _ ts " rr rr'
-
::;tllly",1ll;
;m$l:"-i" il,i,liT,]ji,i;:"iill{'1'.'i-"'1',#i.''
i):Jp'[irlffi
nD rorPs'
'''" Tii)''11:l'.r*t 'Lnrir'"
E' rpr' r, drrpsiurpa ':" din ar'"rdor'r-
Ph'@ti. B;ainst in EnstistL
5S8 SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI
/./ cind adjeci,irul este nume predicatil'. in care caz cste Dus rtupi verb
iau dupi complementnl direet. daci acelJla existii:
The crop ,16 1t,,.
They (oiNnl,red thc DIar dull.
PaiiL ttu tabl ati;! '
,qh. ,nad. rn, dr.ss ho k 1!.
I la\t\d tre chit tn:n asLe?."
1a
/Dr : nrisuri ,le luisine (desliinlaln) : \t ii.l.es Nn.4i! t:tn.
a , Ja. t 4+ rd I ae ldFs r inr dt " , . 9t . 1 n ,
Llrul-ld/i rr, i 5,,'r ' "i
, r "J J ", ir r . ' r . Dd{ r iu. l I r m ", r / j . L , L J L '\ u t , . r n a , , . n .
brat: , . t , . "t..t. p,-ifir' t uor r e5dr t l . r ',
t , iF, - J da. J . . \ . m J , l . . . " " r o J r . 5 p u n . - - i
tol,l rdlth'. .^ Lhe folla,inr iiv-|t ctr
0bscr a a lte
28 , 7 4 \ sF o b .ar \a d plasrr'sparli'ipiuluidu p a s u b s ld n lit -(€ 2 6 ; 22 6 1 3 \
.a si dsozarpJhdj" li\ului propriu-zisin acFpH,qi po/rtrp/zbbLr).sar\'srF ede-
seori li s.oat*tp.r ln reriar 6 .alili'arivutui.
9G?; 4, !ub.laDlirul cu nr4i uull6 ralili'sli\e. Cir'l n srroslarriv rr" nai
.nulta .dlil;.ari\o. rdi ,rirul ."1 n,ai lFgat. io{'lF' ''' suL'srrri! 'td
'acesiuia. 'a
inediah tndinlda celelalte indcpariindu-se treptat. dupa gradul
r.ieapropi"r, al inl,lp'ul'ri l^r 'l' inrFlP,jul.ub'lar"ivuluj
p"r'ru Ll.rFrminJn.b ordinii rn "ar" adja riv"le pra'.di uhsrHnri!ul Hli
ii"-l nu Fxi.ld r.culi .b"olul". dF ',r.d ,rrn6rorL,l 'l'el n'r po0r' 'la oe 'r
sugestii.
s 26?6 Sub.tdntir cu urai lllulie cnlilicatiTo
0bsefaaltLe
26?8 .Adi'.rir"l" pl".a " d'rp" 'ub'lanriv inr "'hi'J"n " "u o f opoz'lre
relariv; "liDri.i'?.i1r pnTiLii rot ^nrtibui" l, "' or'"rp. lor in 'plr"t'
2U79 Ctnd diur."u *i, tj""rrv"s""fla. ciin{el-s. rn 0 Plr:iereddFefropicre
de substantivul caliiicat, cel mai scurt sAu maj srmpl si; de nlrr'er mor
depart€, iar cel mai lung sau mai complicat stn lingii substantiv:
T|er. $ trs , br i{ ll r n \ 1, . r ! 6k 1
Th sl','t {i doav h ll i o ' n r r ^i f : t p 4! r 't i 1 F t l
lh ", a l1 d-d J . ' 5 ol e' lu dt t on Pat t t uL q L : 'a t a n 4 f 4 ! q 'o t .
5) Cazuri speciele.-
r,gu,ir ad!FrbplorJ- limp $ t6q0
a./ Adja ri!plF all si bolh se .onformoaza
naprc"i q . a d if d s lnL f u. p trr;// a v p rb u l u i ,,1 d form; si n' pl 5).
"
Aat dapd to be, tLuxiliare i defectitel
Thc tonrists all .ltnbd up to lx" peak.
We both atte\ded.llic end'of-tenn ceremonial .
' t 1F v o- nt p " o c i . .n i rtr r. o -\.
\ t \ : it t 5 . ! *P b o th k -" 1 o n c h ,,t r.
Ttic kids, ndd d,l seer llLe ncw pnlpel sho$'.
\\e nalj both i.in lhe .hildren round the Wt't4. Tree no$.
Cind subiectLd estc un:ubstantiv, adjectiwele all fi rcllr pot sd il gi pre-
SU3STINIIYAL
[. LOCUI,,tTTiIBUTUI,UI s 2684
1) Urmitoarele alribrte Fecedd subsiantivul determinat: s s686
a./ substantivL adjecli!'at i
a Qoodlire (: ua ioc de lcmtrcl
/ t / e wood ( : l e m n c d c l o c l
a gla$ €Je { . un ochi de,stioul
{n rv.-glass t: un monoclul
lll substartivul in cflzul genitiv saxol:
i, ' r r io, nr . r s o u l p u l o l n " ' .n i n rr .. g a 'i : J { .dd' l j .
T . t t dp. t n o -rd h 1 \ rrd p oL o u * d i n a n tr bui l di n;.
9693 Cind unul din cele doun complemertc cstc ur Zr.)rr,,/. pcrvnoL. )ootl
snu estc ,r?cdialdupi \*h,
Ee srioe.d/kr l(rttl. indir I L,/ rary l(nrl. dir I.
Wrcsho\rcdn 1.,omtl.,lii.l tu thephalosraphct i(odpl. indi..).
Cind nmind!un conplenentelesint pronume persona)e,complementul
direct, il preccdil de obicci pc ccl indircct:
\Ye shos.dt (con!1.dn.) ar,i lt (com!].iidn.).
s 2694 D. I-OCUJ,CONIPJ,EI'IE\TUT,LII
{lIRCUIISTA\.''f
I\L
Penlr locul complementelor
erprimate prin Adrerbe.vezi S 2288-
SINT.A.XA[R,.{ZEI
! !r1
CONSIDERATII GDNEIiAI,E 515
D
r)e
"[n
nmi ia
lr afndz
az crri ..... . 26!5 1JL
R ,n
.,Jror
o rl u'lu'
d"d"
^' oor d^nirp s i d F s5 rb o " d u n rr. t6sri :,:5
Et pm pr,t a p ' oor d^nirp
lrJzdl 2:0r i _5
IL C L ACI f I I ! T , t \ P RO POZ IT IIIOB 5 I BOR D N N V II: ]-B I\ A \\LO
C rI CU P A RT I LT L' E \OR BrR t ... .. .. ... ::04 576
fto p o zill&luD8t t ir ol d ...... _ .. ........ ... .. .... 2705 516
I'ro p o z if t u& diec t ir ald ...... .. _.. ... ...... _.. 2Jrt Sj,
Pro l o z it ii s ir ior bis b _ .. ... ........ _.... ..... ,r4 s78
Pro p o / ili' I m por dl, r .t11- i :8
l 'ru l o z . ll, lr ut u dnl i a ' , d r ' u ... .. .. 2:2t 5: )
l 'ro p o z iiiac ir nm s t J n l i d l ad . m ,rd .Pro l o z rl i a
. ,l /\ 57o
rro Po/ ' lr . ir 1r ' / dt 3 2710 i 80
Pr, t,o?ir. r I nllJ : d , d e s .u t, ... ... .. 2731 5sO
fsp ,/:r ia, u. D+ ul \ i .... ,273t S or
rro p o z , t r a. oD. c . \ 1 .. 2ti ' , 5,rl
. 2-\0 58:
rro ro. I , l of l. r r r na r\.r .. .. ... .. .. 2-12 i 8r
Pr^ o^7il, dpr pr i,dlird .. .. .. .. 2:4t i 83
Pro J'or iliin' nJ il onJ l .: .... .. ......... 21i 2 uo4
ri tl 53t
Structure 584
Cuvhl.ele introduclive ale tro l o z i !n ri , o n d i l i o u l r 2i 56 5aL
l L 'n u ri le l, r t k buinlat c ,t5rJ 585
Cbzu" st p' i l! 2764 58d
. otd ri r,ar_ >r p rop o/ i , , "r , . . . ..
" s.ulnr
s rD . Jon .li\rl , | . 'loJ. F d' ondilin' . l in pr opo/ t i1 L 'r 'n ,i o d l , . .
2768 587
.. ... . t776
I llF " . u- .rh_ oo , i\ rlJ , in Dr ooor ' r id f ondir onald . . . : . . . ,,.i 1 5llll
T i t' rl ir I., d ,,.n on. l. i. . . . t,.81 588
O " d,r"a l,"op o,il lo. . .. . ... .. 2JA E 5S9
P .ou, z li ,ur'!io nJl; ind. ! n r . I ' !7S 6 589
l. \ ' ai, 1 .a in tru,'o l li , ondi. t nndl .. .. 21A1 5ll9
P "ol ozil .,
"or lil nd l' "liplh 2188 590
-\lt F:,l !i 90 i!0
on\l"u |i ,,,|||i,L ' , .... l i 91 ;90
T rd/J u nd 'liolb lb d pl \ ' , r i. , 2794
ll' , pn/ i .' d lir'o nd ri : i r , r q" ' |. . np' , ". t . . 2793 590
r' ropo/r rd 1 .Idrl or'.'r; + r p' opLZ r ' . or . . ( l 5 'J l
tl r . CL-{SIl'lC\RE-\ PROPOZITIILOP" PRI\ ,^;\-ILOCIE
-cljBOItDONATE
au |AIITILE PrioPozITtEL............. :795 5,J1
f.oo, / ,lir .ub i-, lvb . .. .. . 2:. 51lt
lropn' a n -rr"\, ..... :8^l 5!'
lrcpa/ i) a at l,'i\:... 8oi i92
P " opo? il r 'o !1 ...1 " J 59li
'i
Pru l 'u / it i, ' ,ir or m J r nli i l r t81t
l 'ro !o z li' I , r . poz ilion a l e t813
I\'. STRUCTURA FR.{ZD] ,819 5!4
Protoziliu ind.pcnd.nl.,t 282t, 5!5
Ira za { r odr ler i . . .. ,8rt i 96
,8r8 i !6
ir8.r9 5!6
,7 4
!:L
597
59S
9831 5-a,q
283' 593
I. CONSIDON,ATII GENERALE
l' H . paA - : t " tl ' r' p d rp p ru p o z i ti d o ri r" i p" l " u InL" l -s dFpl i n: ' ' l ' ' n
n rs , " / , , r os br c a d t" t t' tr p ro p o ? i i i d " u b u rJondl i , u l uncl r' dp omprc'
me ."p| . ir ' ur r " r at lii l l c l i m p s l r" e F n r" i l
\Vc did not ask jl he was { good spori r
p .' p p ru p o z i l i u f i n i p " l " . al ..F i i nl " l c' rrphu;c i nU r-
LlV p did n, . t o' 1 '
r d| F rP nrrr' ' a l
Ei l J. br , oor dons r e ' I r' x r o o o 4 ' p ^ ri . ^ ' urnl trerrtd
Fin(ling l.hat he had loryotten to iakc his .!ai he retu.ned home to lcich rt
' H F t t ' n" dl' . n 1 0 t' t,i !t' tu ;n ! t' " h' l ' l l ot!l !" !.t'
" ' ' p ri r" i prrr: ' ho'
L d t:.1, i' n, at F - r ! U o o td o n i d ' rrro l d F ,n ' n l l " mP nr di ra' | ' l \crbrrl Lr/' ' r' l ' n-'
din principaln.l
$ 270+ PB0P0ZITIIL0RSUI}0RD0N-{TD
IL CLTISIFIC,{RE-{ PRIN
DE I OR,BIRE
A\A',OOIE CUP.tr.NTILE
5 2708 :
3) apozilic(ptopozitreatributivn apozilionald)
The nN5 ,nar ne eas aoode.d the State P"ize(are as rn agreerlle sLlrl)r]sc
ln. " rvu s d L"n' r , l t dn: h r s il|E ! hr d und ' @ o dt u ' J o t "
I Jo n l lhin k : l lil"lr / lal A" bP dr '
' t l1
5 2709 4) complenentdtrc., (propozilie completil'd dir€cln):
I r.old hin frndrl I aantad to do m! latt
H. W]€* ahal I hdd sdil
B. PROPOZUIAADJECTIYAL'{ $ 27rr
(TilE ADJECTIVEcl'\rjsn oF ADJEcI'Ivru' cl,-{usE)
detprmini prin
Subordon"La.are arp \Jlo rpr unrri adiecri\" 'i 'are
rndPplinpsr" tun lia d" a'ribul si este
r,rmdr. un subslsnlrvsd'r u1 pr^r'!n'r'
o propozi,tie atibatiad (\ 2a0i)
Ea €ste introdusd Prtnir_un:
( that not)l;
ii dt q)ho' tphom'tkhich' trhat' as' -
""i"]"f '"t 'a'
"*"**
bl ;drectil rclativ fulase):
ad;etb r.rariv (r'h n nt'"t" 'Nhut'
"; n p"opo'i,i" relati.vdLdeterminariadl'
/""IJ"rilin
"aj""ti"Ae "tt"
A t enlie !
cu alte subordonate:
Propozi,tia adjectivala este adeseori 'onfundati
suhsttrntir&li''- L]nelepropolit'ii S 2712
d ) ProDozitieralioctiYaldsar propt'zilio
ii""""r""a"'' "u o"opo'iLiir'
"JjF'riLarp:
",b-iJ"i;;i.";t
The pronise at /'a'l remetuLetedsa late was now useless
'io'
so l1lc' o csrc prot'ozitiradjecti!rla deter-
l'Ihar tre haiLremcnLbcreiL 'sre
substantivul 'the prornise',de care elte hgar, prin pronumcl€reLanv
minn"
that.)
that thcv Mre gathq to /'erp n . relived
her holes
Thc ttonise
l"t:#l-iii;:";#:l"lt':#':n""'.*^;;
:f:"fi,-$:x,,T
."".*J
prin conjunclia lhat l
N old
'""""l"J;"!f i:-1ffi":\il*""-l'":lililL:
'^"#':"x1ii:T'l'J
","i""#lf :li':?iilJ'irfi :;:i
::;'::"":
::':";i:'''
fr.'l;::l;"
i";ji;"1*l*;:psr" o lropozilh 'ubrrdnlivilS'
",,1""a"."'^ adverbiali'- ln frazele care S 2?13
D) Propozitioailiectirati 8&u propozitio
in:fi
t}il'.*:''';l::rrlff! {-inri"i tx,''"
iires,,i.".1,ri,.rF..ur.i'"
propozi, ^1"'J:#[l;il. J,]"*::"':l;l.;X;
ara
i'#,;i"",""""
lll"illlli;Jill"i,l;"J.
i;11,;:,;':llllll osropu,
adver-
pecindpropozilia
""""#:$;tttti'ff1:Silatd estenunaide'erninari,ii'
h;ali e.te ex?IicalLed
l Ve z i g 2t 40- r 741
']'e z i 5 2t 42
encreze
3f - Gradaue ilnbri
878 SIICTAJ<A FNAZET
A tcnIie !
A se compara:
(Trnlrotclr).S272f
a')'|'heddre4hddtuthehadtalkciltomeaLouthisintcrestintootball
t h p d o h . ; s heb. s 4nt a .tu" ;9 . s h " F a l i z rd i l n J ' rh e I t^hri on for qhi h rh" I' a I
a vocation. iTemDoralir)
h t'l n .la\ ' t on a hi h ),' n d d 4 a $ rs h s l d :l d r r h " ' ummFr.am! (A l ri bu' i \ l l
../1 .md m a ( uh? nt s h "b " | a " l " .tu ' i ' I \a s 1 l u rn r_g p i nr i n l rpr l i f" rA tri '
butivd)
fl n e renplul d^ la p u n ' l u l //' .r' ' u b n rd o n a l " l " rdi punJ l a Inl rabrrea
wr"p2 si .i nt . Dr in ur c \ s i e , tc mt' n rd l p l r.t' c m p l u l d" l a pun' tul 1' b' J. sub-
o r lt on d ta d " t " c hina s uh. ra n ' i v ;l -l h o d s y g i e { te adj ocl i val 6 (rtri buri vd).
or inri o a l a iiir ' d: - T he dr t w u s h i . l " ' i a r l b F s ' rmmpr .smp ' Tn .xempl ul
;. L, p u n "rLl / - t , . ubor i l o n a ta c .ri q i .u l i L .re n u r"i re dcrormi na' rrbstanri -
r u l - L h " mo , r n' r t ' s i es Led d j c .ti ! s l a (d l ri b u ti \ d ). p ri n" i pal a ti i nd -tl ' n moment
was a turning point in her )ife".l
2) lroDozitie cioumstar,tiali da loe (Tlrc Adeerbi&l Clause of Place) $ 2722
resound' la tnit'birilp '" r" hna lar2 ham 'rl"'P'(: undcl iolotro:' plnd
unjc.' d. unde11.Fla est" ir,lrodusdprin .rvint"l" h t'. ,h"nrc. shithff'
aheraeer,wheresaeger elc. :
I crn t takc vox shie I'ot^ eoing
r comc a.rois him ,.ha.."r thqp ;s a ,a"..4.
,4 tenli e!
lylpre nu introduce mrmai propozilii ciroumstanliale de loc, ci Si pro- $ 2723
pozilii substantivale, adjectirale qi principale:
Whire he ao .As i! d Dl"J s anl pld. r ' Pr onu/ ili. s ub5 l a n l i v 'l . t s u L i ' l : v . i
T cll me tu fik is t Pr opoz i' t ' " s ulJ anliv dll ' om l ' p l i v d d i r e ' l l l
'ln lt "r
| ,3ntrp,nrmb h e pt at p / k l; ' ps . Pr opoz ile d d j e . r i v r l l € l r i b _ u r i v i
' tina& s au a f t f ud! (vropozrlr pnnflparJl
\V p $pD\ lo lrrF th .alr.,
'h
3r ProDozitiarirrumbl^sn!ialA de mod. Prolozilia romlrralivd. (fhP 5272t
Adv,tbial atdr;s"of lllann"r or ahnrr''i.ar) r""pund" la in'rpbErilal?o4r']
hotr much2 ha* nana 2 hou,many tifies? eti. (:ium? ctt,l de cit€ ori?)
a) ProDozitia conpatatiad contine al doilaa termen al $ 2?26
r,".i .;mparai;i stafitilp d. rpgFnra.f€ esr" introdusdprin "uvint"l" as as tf
as thonpl than, t/l€ + un comparativ, so far asi ss--.as etc.l
As it eas eith ,ttn, so it tns $ilh her'
Slro sniled as if shz betelod'r enjosine heser
They looked aL ne @ thoush the! hdi
Thev daDced \ettet thdl ther saas
aIh; less she heaB abaut t, thd bettef it is
... ,So,.fiind adverb, dpt€rmind un a,ljrcrir sau un ad,,ert tin rcgFnti; such, $ Z?g4
runo aolecnv, oclermtno un.1rA9tdnlrrdrn resenti.
,- ?) Propozitis eoocesirl (Thc,tde.rbiat (lau'se ol Contessionor (oncusite E 2?16
Clarrp', sratd lmprcjursFa car. nu o izbuliLsA tmpipdi.ea.!iuneasau sLarca
drn regentC.Aceasldpropozilieestc o sc.undardiitrodusn prin: /d, )/lrouqi,
atbet\ as4.but,.ven tf. ev.n thou.h. fot all. in spi. of. if.'ho,|Plpr. ihoe;t,
qnttneaef. wnate9ef Qtt. I
'rhnugl.sla is nt f,i.hd ol hind. I hnvr r hrsh !t'sR.d rlr h"f rtn,li,ati\r
Itddsotu dd she Ies DpoDhlikc her. ,lnili.niivl
fl l I o .n. on t hF O 'i.
. N. T.ro n r i ri rl , l o u ? r,4 r/ / d o l ed aU,i xht. \tnol fati \r
Fo t a l l ! ! nus ou, ) s hd l td o € s I i i n k ri l . rl n d i L e ^ .t
ri v i
sh , .o uldn r bF eeltts h,/ ri e rS u tj i o n .i i v l
Hoaa?, bk! ha no! b.. h; JrssJs ' ' ,.drin,ts
. time for . n, s hook Sul,ion,tir r.
| $ o D I apologl. , .r ' ha te e r y o r s o !. In d :c a ,:v srbron..ti v
I h Jr, k no$n hc f r or y" € rs . b u t"n4.t,a te h o fti e rd s .
Propozi[iaconcesivtr
nu esteintrodusdIntotdeaun&de o conjuncliesau S 2?36
, un
o€ DronumecomDus:
Sh ;tu ght Lc plait . b|r .h € w rs l i k e ,l !v c \k v b o d v .
L"t my Ftarepvet,o v n8rdrs&I,.I slol dli,Jyd be a kind mo,h. r ro rl,, ,..
'aas
. Inversareaverbului cu subiectulpoate de asemeD€a
exprimaideeucon_ S Z?32
R . th o to" r it ho! . - h o w e a " rU r,r'm.,v l c l . L rn r g o ; ng.tn,rngon S , .,J
jonc ti v !rczc nt c u r dlc r ir c l a v i i to rl J. S u!-
Aa n r,pr e l& J . i s a s o ri s l o t m e !" ry v prpi " nl l
Bu n a "t s l, pnit h! -' hF " o..rn J n s l ,car.. tii ubron.ri
B tr, r'" o u l d r b -sth e rc i n i i m rS .. b,on" l i ! -i :i ;
O b s e rr a ti e
Yerbul Inl.rcbuinlstln propozil,iaconcosivd estcla modul i.ndicatiolctnd.& 27Bg
sc rFlerdla o srtualrF.reald, sa! la m-odul (pre?enr.
suDjon"li/ formareebesau -
c o n s r r u , l Dr Bcusr o u id.n0gorrmzthP )
ctndconlin" imp lic B ! ia d e p ro b lF n -s t i. ,
* r""'6"""
;"1i;"*."*r;,;,,"
- "; ffix*l*i,"::i:hm,f(i:|i:lit:l!y
3 d,Pn : d€si {6til tormat).
I Prcpozilia conc.sivr care contin. @
{: detij nu InceD..cu acp.bt.iconrunctie.,i
cu un substaDuv,un adr.ltv, ur verb sau un ndvtrt,
5Slil lorbal (conline subjoncl.ivut cu LE.t).
.c:o ri cu b, or ic t t+ s u b j o n c ti v u ltc t. n o ra 4 d . m ri E us).
TYe zi _r ie. t em plele la- . 1 2 ? 3 5 .
6E!
propozitia *.ltll.'S.I";ii]j,l"l';
der*minati)1.*,: r",,""i ,:.pricr-| ri4l
;;;' '," cs'i'indispensaL'd
,",.,1""",,ox11111"",Tl1,1"i1'"111;,3r:l'ri*;;,"
lll),*iiiri","iqina*.avind r*"j.'::tlUl'"'"1ii"il.'J#
;-*;.:::Ii:il:ll:
in
il;",ir,.i ",i"" "ru""'"'a"n''t
::;i:l::xl ::l:l',;:ljl,'jl'li'l';::t''*
; ;;'^fi''"'Tl'llr
;ri,l;l::r"rurr:t;';
liru:it*:-:Oi
My r{ile, rno ts catuingL'@tar'
$ill }c lleascd to scc Jou
ro sr? i/on' coordo-
il- principali: -llv \fift tt'ill be pleasea
""*-tl" is c('ning
"utu"lo-on'"ono,'1'" relatiYe p ncipul6' coordonsfi cu A: eho
'" ' a delichtful week'
t n**U urrough Proguc' *ha e I s1ent
\'{hp'r'
lii:,:'#Ti'i"'"T"'1"9:i:i"'?r.';' a
t spen'i
i - i:lli:ili:
a't;:iia *",t (= snd thPreI sprnt )'
s""
.,.*##**rm"xtlltxllilTfifi"ilT.il,$::i;iiilf:T
ji:1:"i:ilii]*:$,:",r,T"ri."ri:H
;lt,'liintl*'"l
i i:,rs"nu
dcnl$. ln rare caz inlrodrr'e o f'ropoz
i":;':;t",';f*'
)l""il,i-,,i1',,qi1"",1;l':::
iffiT.Hlu:", li;:i:"il'i'i
:lil;;;r"ixi::"i:'i;l1;;:;1'
",""1f;;.r;il*i
ioordonatecu ant€ccdpnrur'1. S 2?46
relat'ivl podte ".
Propozilia
j!ii: jI *r
a'ltv ^--,-ote rplativ \
2?47
$;*?*r,*i*.'rt
,.".,f1.i##*..-fu :
d ) odrcrbiala (circumsrantialb)
.\ 2760
I lliSl'i"",11'Ti
"'"T."I ,!9ili?'l**'.,0"'n
i"\;;,; k';;",::".i'11::;
cu litere ctrrsive
scrise
a^"nnt atribulive ln ldJ propozitiilerclrtiro
Iri"P":;:iJ;;;i":
cauzaanliuniidin principalr. i8r a doua
;"i." "'Jrt'i
"h'
scoprrlei.l
e adjectiv
684 srNrAxA FEAZET
ol in praryzilitl @ndiliondld
I ndi.,:atit)
!, 4t . 1 nu oJ t - , hing" go sionj
' J on
\o ( | .y" . 1N\ @ : o J ot : , , O . ' "i|, "r ".
' r "
Unlcs ltau slaP taughrnS' 1ta^
L r'"o ri or op' z iL; , r o n d i l i o n " l a ru rq rp i n l ro J u ci d- .rri n' " 1" arltate $ 2757
mci .u ., i p' , t ; r ' . 0 ; i f" r a r-n ' i p ^ ,1 ' o z i i i n ' , o n di l i oni l -l
D att h,t t,;' to::4 a il v o, , d"n x , p I ' , n \ di"n g lnd p ton crl ll
I il ipd l. ' o o,'],'n a i pf ln . ilni r n lia o, 1 ' n d a pr i n i l d u
c jd vouu h a\. ' o> aJ ar o' . lJ . ot na t . . a u P d o t t h p L a 4 . t u " 't
{, I s. n on-hJ. 1 ol Jlpl l: n Pl; , uu"dondl; pr r n 'u n . u r r r r 'o t r 'J d r" ptn
NoId
Viilorul lepuitnd li intrcbuintat tntr o propozitie s,rburilonata (S 2850), $ 2?60
nrooozitiorondiLionrlar 'r poal- 'online rrr iiitor: a":' imp Pql- rpdal lrin
'pre).n rl ir'liratirrrlu; ."u
lrin orezentult,'le" rS 2852 2F:Jr:
I vou r,-{ 1,"- 1. \otr ( ill or ' r o1l lop. '
rD : \ ' -l".d
bn. \ ' ll q el lre p"ir" ir s hp l, i d' s { p/ "d ' r l lh! q. "" l i o l s s " l b J t h r \ a m n F E
t\ a ob f lri. t{"m: . rl. ir o t t r ' , t uas lod lnr r ' i - r i l " l , r ' {J m i o l l o r i l
' 'l
| 10 cotueaut top ta cotuea't (at the) ta? (of the tAt of sucds'ful catutidat.s) l: a
-
reuti primul/triD'a la conors).
680 srNTA:.A FRAZET
Uazuri spcci:rle
S 2761 .Con,ordanrr r-odurilor ti rimpuritnr Jin trazs nondilionald(S 2762),
dF r rFqp..ra,dtn rnJjur'raea , +
"zurjtor. DU m, nrinF in un,.tabiruttii sp"_
$ 2?65 , d , Subjoniir.ivuluipi'fp.i djn subordonatnii corcspundeuneod condiiio,
ndlul p/..rnl jn regent6..mri atcs arunci clnd este insolit, de un adverb cu sens
up prez.nr. rr'. not. rt,..i
-tt11.dt p.,t"nt
It i ftddn'l r,s, nv \ratch,I sho,tld.now hd,e one.
He @out.t,be !\ei il I hdd\,t aske.I him not ro comet
5 l?66 . . 6r rrrlqLborJ t.Jrr , o.Jitiun,li p4r F\pri .,b o onliun. r..r/r in rFqenra
-1" Jinor,.'rii.
rrpdl.tin d!,i poLfi ld indi"dtrvtn retp ta si ta subionrrlv in
-cr
subordonati. r\cesta este tn special cazul subionctive-lor cdnstruiie'cu auxi-
r Cu ex c er ! . iav ! .L ru l u ir, r, (g
1 5 5 3 ).
IBAZA CONDITIONA'-A i87
liarele *,aalrl (cind erprimn roinla. inren!,ia1)si rloxld cind exprimd o p.esu-
punere ori o irnprobalilital.e accentuati sau cind cBte sino;im cu i.erbtrl
ought2:
I pauT 10 talk io t-ou ii rou .dll toDro.ro{'.
He .an visil tlie nrusennr if h-" ',oald
no ltl, like to.
ll sl' " to tld n tl ,^ -- . hr . , ; i/ / , "/ / . gla | . s "" h " l
I l \ , r r/,'1 r .o I'o m, no$. \ r |\ aa\ ' t , oL . q . a
") \,lbele .lin fr0ra ,undiliunal; t^r -j\primd n ,,ti,Lne ir,otu (prin Q 2?62
. |l,iilion.li in r'npnrJ ci o ..!iune r'old rprir, i'rdi , ti\/ In .ubordon;tbr "
l,,liuldl:tpta so I,y,r. ' J . plt 1 . or ! " if J ou. r J J ou d r . n , ' , o m i n c .
i",hl""tl'i
|:'ft
,".*'1""""Ti:,,oJx!";';T;:f :lil"lllji,Ti[i""ffi ,i;iT]:
p" ca
acesta auriliar rnodat(: e voi) q' tg"9i'^",","J"'r
"u-iili"i".rl i"l"""." "re drept tonna d" politcleprin Fxcelenln(5 2r Lt
"i."ii""ii"
2 1 1 6) .1 "o*iaerati
un caz
s 2??{ ai') Propozilia c"ndilionald conshuiti cu viiLorul consiituie
a n a l ,qlS 21 0 0 .2t61) tl:
independen
airecti poaieaYeaun condit'ional
I 2n6 ;) !"""pJii'
""-pr"ti"e
I musiinquie if it edtdn't i"nltJ$i|'a,tl
"ebetterronnil,?,
il" t" r."""tvp*'.iti"s.
i1:,",i*:l"T':,'l?'i,,ir"ii;"?
(u prin(ilrli
rondjlionrlltr propozilia S'rb-
E 2;76 5/ Sulrjoo.livut rslorrsdc in lro p ro pu-
" i o r ' " ,i'u l p.'1"un aoriinrr"buinrc''u 'oto'r' d t ' o ird ilio n rl ti
;itrie principaln:
ee l ri s' l ' e' a
' , t ' 1, 1
''RT",jr;!a
..n
i'i,
ll1,.:l*,' ,;",:,"';:'i".13;*:'*
,-" I -s h o ' rl J ,l b '
" o rl l | 0 rhi
;"HI"liT";"'-'
-
" -
rn " p , , ' i i, , a , 1 ' Jl l
s o " o l ,' b p I r n u r b e 8 i i " n '
0) lnlclesulbul,jotrclirului ln propozi!ia
E 2777 .loldil:']o"l'd' - -.,..^^
o7 Suijon" i'r,l pr" propozi:is
."n/,ir,
i zzzs 'undiLioDdrn ",lP|"lTi
r ($ ?$ll'"'l:."*
rdU i'u in pre re rrlo ri riiro-. l5 i4 -1 r5 7 ):
rcorrT€Drrd
o d rd r er m a g r n arr.
i/"#,fi j"?:""j*.f"ti:"#L")
"3-Ji'f,t,viiliJ$i"J1"
D) Subjoncti!'ultcr/e.t exprime o actiune nerealizatd
in trecui (S 1561):
s 27?0
Hs l? srt /o. th? tatotshP hp qor'd i3v" $'1 J
Da .d rr Ii .dr J : da, ld bLr "s ar I r ob\ ' nu' o
{sls42, e s re lrrlrp b u in l0 rs ln p ro p o z ' t rB
62 780
''"" ') P,' a subjonclivului
.) Fo ']|l,,t
oticial in slilul rterar
" r'.olui;i''iai". ziarisri"pailamentar'
"o"alLio""ir'i"
i:trJ'sif,T'
;,"i:":"'iif
:ij",";.:*jH'i::';;1,::*'?sTt'jiu,i
It it bd so, lct then do lhei' Iest t'o win vou aplrolal
:;;,i"i'.i
,,,,,, r ,hn,.,.,
i',ii,:lfir.r,:ii'*;*1"i,,
l i i:li,:ji:t;
p ri ,: im a' i' r ' ) obi'' ri ParJoir "a
.,,t, [ ' i ' : : ; i :rl ;;.,',: :,1 -" " .'" l ;:' r \;.' \f
:jl":)"),:"i",'I",":11,,:;i;;",,....,ot ,h Fry,sh/'nr,aa, .\nd'
(gr556-,ij5.1).
i ili"lJ#lli'.,fi;,i11;"'
FRAZA CONDITIONALA 689
Had t heua l, . n l .l h .v c o n l d c a m n o u i ,
. -god in i known Engiish ir-"11,rheJ would have been able to read Shaw in the
- Caua she com. Niih us, wouid you takc ho on our e(uAion?
t t . out dwa , nn " 8 ." o rs h m, p l rb s r te t m r know ut on.e.
nid / k nos f , " n ' ' . | .o rl d r' .d rl ' s p o e m
{ 2 78 8 1 1t P r oDoz ilia c o n d i l i o n & l a c l i D l i (n . Di ! D rouozi l i a condi l i onol l i I-
- rrodr,s-,l.,on-'i""1i.7f'.r"lip.i v.rbul ,d"", al.sia.si" ro 6".i ri ,ubi*rut
(dacn se refern la regenti: sau este acelrqi ca 9i In rcgenta). Sp objine asticl o
construclie clipticA:
I shouldlike to har€ Urepi.tu.e tl til ill po$ir,,.
Th.y -a y p\!rj ling: ' d l, ; g r : i/ t hn' . o. l r . ' d o n , n a d T F n o w .
Do ca e.vtl,ine v or c dn. , / li i. l , e. , $, "/ .
-./ Iir. pr;vediu;M,stu;-'r,'rn" iamera niislit ie exchansed
tor a better nake.
s 278C In propozi,tiaDegati\.6chiar conju cria ;/ poatofi lnlocuiti peniru a se
da mni multd concizie lrazei:
But fot lou l:it iL hadn't leen lor you), I should hav""neen lost.
llithout lv fathzt (: il il, hadn't beenlor her father) she would nevd have sat fo.
all her eaams in llre iDlDmn.
iJndss (: il it ts n.1.) canfi.tuedby lractic., lhcorJ is laluetess.
S 2790 l21 4b if . C r q i .o n j u n .l i a 4 l o " u ri unFa a-s i / nere " ubi on" ri rr,l si
s'p bt € obr p lr alus i n l i rrb a rn rn ri n a c u ,o n di l i onal ul . P ropozi l i a rpsp" cl i !i
esle lnEE comparatiii ($ 2724) qi nu condilionflle:
TIey look as jl they nad toothache.
Yo! iehrve if rou pef? mis1.essol the house.
She ale as it 'rs
she fid not /rd a meal lor severaldays.
N atd
Cihd introducp l,ropLrzi!ii- cutnpttri\€ djle(te. conjunclia l/ldt este in $ 2812
/r, "r- r., \prir,alj. rr ioccial \n .rilur rd, ili0r:
I hored ffiarl he qauld ee mc
Thci $'€re c;r nccd lthdtl sheQns rryht
Acesta este inrieosebicuzul dupn verbele; to belieee'to hear' to rnagme:
r"tnii.iop,,'r,.,o""n n,t"r'to'itt tu."".tasurrpo."t4thi'tl ku.nd.rst0nd'
Coniui !is that ru .sl' r'i.iodn. r'\pnmsli dL,pat atsh t d ratnPr'
t.J ,i ;' /',/" \lo.uriuni Lrmale d" ut' srrLjor,'ri\)l
'nan:.
I / ; - , 1 , h" r I I' a d n o ' b p " n u u l o l ' i .d .r l ' c.:usL ' ^s
!'J t a .a tu " ' n n l r I rl l " d o l F rn rvspl l
h t .' oi"inr e \ a tl \p :l d , ;d p h o l o s .d p h i nsB dbv
ct l ks t t t ut indt p4. p ro p o /i l i s .a rF " o n l i n F " o m u rri.Jraacsl ao.ompl cl i \r S 9\l J
d ire cu i s'rb or d" n ' . r v " r b -l u i ,l - d a l d rd l i P :i p o ' " Ii l n' o' Li rd s1u nu dc' urr-
Atenlie !
281; A nu se faoe confuzie iDtre propoziliile complctive directe in stilul indi-
rcot 9i propoziliile incidente sau ddiugate la sfirlitul unei traze, fdri legituri
sintactice cu restul lrazei:
I know you havc a soD.
t0 proloziiie principald+ o comllclivi di.ecti.l
Yor have a son,I krow.
[P.otozitrieindepend€nt{+ o prolozilieadnryain,Ii.a legiluresintaci.ice
cu trim..]
"Thcsc,I bclieve,rve.ehis aciuil words."
l"Thcscwerc his acl.ualwords"(p.opozijieindepetui€niil)r "I beli€ve"(incident{,
IlrI legilturi sintacticecu !.ina).1
"About noon."
"In whose car?"
" J o h n h ."
"Wel], nice trip.,,
"Thanks. See Iou ne{ we€k."
r r;tu | l , ar r d I , s Lbcul: . q u r" " ri b i i I l , .
l u n f" l d sl i l or .. J,dl d mdl a
, H. Shetter,dioft Crh /o EffectieeEulish, \;e\\ york, 1955,lag. 15.
696
\. - Ptupaziie ltin ipaldr "slie raantcdio book scals ior Iting Lcar",
.t') l)tur.iie erba.donati: "Thc day I rncl. )ier"- ipropozilie circunsi-anliatddc
tinp, ca re d ct er m ini ler bll' \v u l e d " ' d i n trj rc i p a l a r\).
ti. , I'Npoziie ptituipaLi: !'ishe)rvas gontfrto the tleatre to s-Ae"(coo.donail cu
!.jncitala A prin conjnn.!ia "and"l.
. ) trclo- ! t , ". .o L i l ;p l i l i tro o.rl d bub.l l n i \,' 1.1,u rul
J " . o p l " , , . di. , r" uba- al r a r '' a
l Lt' :' .: " o . . n L n ,i " Ir..l u ..lp ' uml ' .pl i vr di ,p.rd).
C. - Propotitie ptincipdld: "I asknl her to come jnstead to a coftert" (coo.do-
nali cD p ncipal€leA ii B. ii lcgaG de B lrin conillnctir "nut").
. ) Pmpor i! : ,s ulo" do-on : " | 9 h i I' J { " ." r i o l r n - rJ . s:vi r.gl rrdl Fvpni nq l D rnno
?i''. a .l r.| i vj | J . . |r U|d" " r ibu | a | .u | rd n | | v U ' ' '
.") Ptuporiie szrodoaad: "$'hich was snlposcd to lc thc bDSi ol the season"
{ Dro o o ai i l l dit ut iv alil.( u r o l n p ' rtri } -( .' - s u b r r-ti v u l L i " - cotrcFrt. num ti orooozi ti F
aLf ib JL i ;1 ,.o ; r d" nJ lr . ! - u l o rd o n J ra. p ri n .o rru n ,l i J ' 4,. r' /
." ) Pt ot o, it i" s db. nl aa' td : " b tl )i d n a " l l ' l d r" " rd dh" " nsoti r" { pro!o?ti P
Jdv p rl Jl .i "x r o- dF . onpl" m " n ,i r,rmb l 1 n 1 ,l .o n .5 i r. o .mi i prol ro/:l i p,on.p" i \' i .
sxbo.don:tJ r'ropozitiei spcundare.".1
N\trUP LI}'ICA B , D
S 28Sf t. rBA2-Lco;rptDx,l
(TIIE COMrI,EX SENTtrNCD}
d/ Propozitriilesutuordonato
:
l!) tf t qi tr4 nprt FtiJdn, lprcpozilie adverbiiu conditionale,itrtrodusedc con-
j 'n .l id i/ li da ' r m il l n d !" " i i J l u l r, B, p " j D " i !r' r)
' l ro
l:) *hrs. I ibro" lt t so n uchu o r, rorde (!.opori!ie adjectival4al.ributivn,detc.minird
srbstantj\ul tie,l .li,r ,,fin iprlir. dF oarr csl.cteCal4 prin adjeotivril relaiiv resrrictiv
c, Propozi,tiiloPrilrtipale !
cu B)i
n. -- qe laoed the tiny cabin h! ,le ldic (coordonatl
cu A copulativl dndl'
B. - (ee) teft, lcoordoliain lrin
'oniunclia
.1,/ ProPozi,tiilesuboralon:rtoi
,.,.".1;t
xitr1l6,'"Tlk' sT;iil%il":*:",iJ,ili5li":$T""
1#*f,iil;:x'li,$i'
d t onlu n aF holida!"a,nPto on 'nd tlropoziLi"€dverbidlstempor€ld
-h, verbul
r ii J.r"rminlnd
i",.Ja"*""ii"-"a""*[,i'.;-';1";*,1" "onjuniri",ufr
ldr B)
' din orincipula respec-
, f""r" rp.ina" doun propo/i1ii prin ipule u subordoDalFlc
tive. Este prin uimare o frazi dubli'
s:t3{ v. coREsPo\DE.\T_{
Tr}lPUnILoR
[sDquDNcr]oF TENSDS)
2635 In limba englezd. timpul v€rbului din subodonatd este, l genereritr
strtisd dependenli de timpul verbului din regentn. Aceaste dependenti, nu.
m itd ,,corespondent a timpurilor" fseqadnceof fenses), a fost regl€mentatd
de reguli rigide la origine, astfel:
9836 lioguh I. Ct d r€rbul din propozilia regent; cste la lre:rn, sau la
pre.entulp.erfectjverbul din subordoDati.poa.letila oriLetimp (prez€ t, trecui,
sau vrlor]i
I saethat you a/, a good girl.
We ea', to know what vou .ttd then.
I think I shdU,ate a hilida:r'next ye€}.
I |a'e toldyN Ll\aLli. eds holdinga prolessorshit
in ihe UDivcrsiiyof Leeds.
- .\\e.haeei\st leotntthat shats (sau,as, in her oUiceand 'ill sedgoa as soor as
sne rs o$enaaged,
s 2817 BpgulaU. Lind \"rbul djqpropoziliar.gFnrdFslFlo Jinrr. \arbul di',
sllbordo.ll i pu e fi la or; t,nt,tf,fi J /tt,r tS 28-0 2e-7r'
Sl!. ott ..s il wc rzntsn he.
1 sloll kU her nhai ne ftzrd dane |,sa1r
d.id).
rrentru exc€p.tiile la aceasti reguln vezi $ 2859-2E72.
S 2838 Leguli III. Ciod v€rbul din propozilia regenta €ste la 1r.r i. sau a,'6
jn lcgaturi ienporali cu el,
fornd de trecut, v€rbul din subordondtt, daca stt
tr€buic si Aibir |ot larmd .le trecutl
I @aratu4 thetn while thev ene Dbrins chtss.
Lli rv.ibedm lcu privire;) pe oind"j";," $ah.l
I th4uahtvou nod told hPt sha ,ou ia"/.
lCr t J ; Dh' t J i oi s p u sc e$ ti .)
31 ut , t ?' s k odt l n t r' .F d ,Eft'L d r!,o rn n d n J e dl or l p r," :/p.
Ll dara t n, l g " .a -a .rz k o s r i i rru rr..l ppl r-upi rri u.J
$€- a@ld t hem s h c @ b e (h e r' .
t(Noi) re,on s"&s .,{ (ea) ra /i acoro.l
I prtmised I poLld tume it I knete lot neded nc
\Ti an filsiuu cn eoi eeni drcil ,oi fd c{ at ncvoic dc minr.)
I dnided I @uld t! 1.oseeyou befo.e I q enr o my holidry.
t{nu) dn nod.r, ca voi incc.cas{ tc vid inainte d€ a pleca/ si1llectn vacanll.]
In p o rta r!
al Prin termenul ,,formd de tre..it" sP intplcse in acest 'Bz nu numoi indi- $ 9839
( "t if ; l r'".u ' s i t r p. ut ul p F rfp c l { ,u l o rmF l P d ' a ' p tsci con rnuu ' orpspun-
/a odrF,. br i. . r ir np;" u tr| o d ' r[a rn ' d ' fc /r" ,r. ati nd' u al l p ' u\rnra
'i r i fd L i d c ' ra L ,' . s u b jon' l rtul
o t t r ittd ru t la t r " . r / . c d v i i l n ru l l rczpni i r ' on-
ditionalul prezent. inlelendcnt dc i leles:
,./ I nu .c uiltr . l' rr,'rrrul pnrtF'. c'lp un adje Liv care inseamnl S 98{'0
..6', "c.l' n nlrui riml p-.rFnl tr'.ur slu !ri'or - ii ' d
ternlfnuhi,.trecut".
tixccpt,ii ld RecnIa I I I
17l Cird propozilia suborrlonatiintroduceun fapt lndeobite cunoscut $ 281r
sfiirliiic sau unirirsd vrnabit. verbul ei est€ p s lalrezent salt rlllar:
He rcodin the paler that ne{ t.ecstateso., consiatrlltarleadlg otr thf m'l ol lhe
tt'otl'tiv,,."-
,otatl"r tlc rton,icerfrg-!ustil in stiicnce.\iall th! lrce ol ihe eirr'lr'
I l,.rr ihai a l.iend ii nced ,s a l.ie .l indtcd "44gc
e-i ndepend-r' t J" $ 2812
i ], L rn , l. i' ! r np / i' ;d " rrL o r' l a t.rd . ti l rp l " ' ;r-ni i c'
r : mp u l a .l i u nii dinr . e" nt a v ,rb u l :u b o rd o n a r' i p o a l c Ir pusl apr' r' / sl u rd
riitor I
I dillr't sct on wiih her bccrusesle istr't I'r.ljable. o a d d lr lJ
5nc @ l d h p lrdl h 4 r ld lr ' r
' ltd J' 'om<
I trrel x"r:o mu,h har r/olii-vp_/..8"rh"r.
.) Propozilia aiributiva arc verbul la oricc li ? cerut' de inleles: S 2843
t11\"lL san ind |ha li lior lr iP. I J han bPP'ht t n' bi m J l o r o 'F hef hlon
ld' a. ng, , ; L l l o Prlorllpsiimulu'
I / o , " jloq. t la.lslu//a '\aJs.rma l, p. bA, F
I naod alwars /ornd jn he. caample
d/ Inlro Dropo/iLi.romnara ira l"gr a d' prin'ipclu prin 4r' rllr' o' S 2qtl
po"t,fi pus l" or;' riarp , pru' da lrrLci"s:
n'r h os, o. t "il d.i.r"rbul
Shelo'ddher sisiermorcthrn sbclots o. /tll eve'lo'?tne
si" 1","a 1". si"t"r * .uch as shelo',s or Pill everloecme
e) Clnd fraza condi,tionalderprimi o si/udlie rrdld rtit rFrbul,din"r'- $ 9845
ir"rp 4ru'uo nlpr's IJra
s-nra. "itsir"ldin suborJonat"por tipus" Id otrLP
1."ri"..-"'od" ree"rlil,d."o';'pond'nl" A'i'rputilor'
(Pentru exemple vczi S 2750).
pro-
Face excoptie tilloral, care' in genere.nu poatt Ii intrcbuinlat inlr'o
pozifie subordonatn (S 2850-2857)
CAZUIiI SPNCIALtr
1) Stilul nsratiY. - ln stilui narativ, toate ac,tiu ile care se dcshtoarE $ 2818
simulian sau consecutivslnt la acelaqitimp gramatical
a) I'oate acliunile Prezente:
Sh€en,r'.stl\c e$ibitjon room{nd .'.tt?s'10$eher apprtoiationi tle book{hich
She toDned
rouDd, sa,e_q.!n,who o,r sirtirg iX rhc tjre, ,r€2,Dp an.I spft, io her.
c) Taatc acliuniLe riitoare:
I s/'dllgo ro Bnohmsr, /,g;srd.as a sru.tent,dr,ndleciues anil g.r a d.gree.
1 ln propoz'liileseoundare
h oa.eloare ii jnircluiniat vjjrorul (g28I0.rs5! 2sr:).
CORESPONDENTA'TTMPURII,OR 608
b) p.jln aiitor l fald de trecut cind verbul din regenti este la trecuti
We urLdtslood they would ting ns uP.
it'" ni tn""sntrni **a r, ruquir?,loattendth' festi'llv on the tollo{ins dav'
2850
5) Yiitorul in prcpozitio suborilonatd.- Spre deosebi'ede limba romani' 5
:n atucaa. unFlP pY.ppriiardta P ndi joc'. trbut nu paot"
ln limba AnclFz6,
viitor lnrr o suLorJona'd.
propozitie ori'nr p ar li 'impul 3aun odul
oueolornij ic
ilin rpgen'ti:\iiror. impFrJliv..ondiLion'l ' l'
Verbul din subordonati se afli:
pn,ru
nd1''.
:i;*,f'l?i;i'it;:l;ti!?,'l;,."' ru n'p- dp,upoli,"-".
* ..c'Ji;t.l:T$,lir"'"iiii
l!,"i*ilI";:,."rjtyf"r"l;t,i|il;"1";
lit,i:ll,i:
l n I triL ! iit orulL n.la . tovint eL l- r plnl' e c u lt ler
o o nf orm' otespo nd en lr' tr m put ' r or '
604
Tsbel
2868 Viitorul ln p&pozitie subordotrati.
(dupx t/, Itll, unril, when,as longasj as soonas ete.)
I t.tl yan I qi\ so onlj. \l,er I hsro I lod you I qrrld so only $]lcn I hsd scen
(lii s;un ca,oi rl4.d numri duDdce tc tT i o n squs\ l rai pl ,La duD Jcete
roi ri inzut.) ro i li rezxt., ^\)mni
u"*
1".Yw2riy,#"t::":"";;
iiifliii"':?j
,",,?,ltr1";;:lli'fi['ll'*i,hf
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g.,"'i:" 1
f **ii,li*li"rl$=ii: :":::,;"^""'"""'
"'d:tlliniTf :h:il;\
ii:f"'r*".t$, fi *,.""-*^
'ff:jffifr:":;r:lt#;'L
'."'"iiiiffill;"":"*:,r"?l':ff :i:"'ll
ffflliitr#Jlfr"l:ilift
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j',"',"{"ffi #'lr;;
4fffi;1i9ffi t;1.;"Ti"""if:"li:',,1;
dioaccastd.'stcsoriasi? u t^nt
In proporiliilo :"1;"iil;
i# i[irlrir"""'*';:i'f
r,*iirtfrhtF,'1,"ffi
l"f*lrijlr,ur
"-
' itx: :g;:if
Durilc €ratate la 5 z6ru-z6oJ:
r"sxr,H{illffi
",,nn* tr;T,iit.tlt
"1."'"n*,,,,
.fiiif#*l;ififlrf'f;$r*;**,,,,''1,,,*t,c'm
)tr::"$.i:ilire'"E
tr,:h?;?,
ill*,rli:.;::1"ru"::
'-'t**$i*1l*il}j",*fffi;qf-$".#f"1i'i# :
'"'"ied:"''"*
lui al doiLoa:
i!'1i"":1il'lii'!"ri5ii'f*l-i'""'
lrl"'t"""';ilH""T,f
;"lil;iii"iql; iiit,'"ili-)
tlu"""1'1,};;";i*3
:n*.:*lli; rormades2{t6
ctnddcdtuie'te
,r*i,:'i";":lllllll"x,lfii*'il ihu,"i; :xi
accasu
{il"Ht!}"Zoi'i}!"li"o''id{i
f ;'il1lf"gi,in'J};1"',"; ost€nearr')
* *.^* ,
: llilui:^3"i;\lili[;
:,il"l:'i;'""
i;""nr**ii;;tx*:t,q,,.,,,."rTrr"f :',T''*'
;"",,",#il-l"Jilrffi
"I J,li'"$113"'"'
; lr;,''i
: ;:#,:;"
1L'"2i r
"
rvezi
1:1tiir'ri'I:.T'slf;{-
*:*T;ii*ll$lii.'J;511,1..rffi
28{' nola I
600
28tt6 cJ Cind verbul .'oaLJ are lnlelesul de.,r voi" sR11cind alcdiuictte ,,forma
ae politele-. el poaie ti intrebuinlaf c.r t.ns rle riitrr in propozifi; condi,tio'
Il a l i ( $ 2773) :
I lhuu: lI . loud ,n | } .rl rJ i n i trh d 1 4 ,l /-4 1 me.
\ l. dr ' r qr ndi m, \o i J r,p s u i .u l " .' F 1 1 1.' ,.ti a,r,dp" " n p.,
-r
i said I shouldTbc gratel\] il yo\ eoultl .onc.
lAn spus cn voi Ii recr{osrftot nactteeliaeedanabilirar,asi vcnili.)
lV c z i 5 2896 :8 !7 .
: V c z i S r jir .
3V ez i q 2901 -:9 0 2 .
a t/i,d/r, .a.e di aici idce.tde viitor pu. icl- $ :319), ronte li nrlocuit,pril simplili'
crft. ou Q ould( g ! e 0 1 1
t V ez i s i S 281 9 .
6V c z i \ 2099 2 1 0 0 .
' r / , r . / . p\ t r r nr n d a r' i d rd d l !r " o l / 1" ' J,p' Il rgA
i o ."d o. \ r r of , \ rri r" .. " i 1 ," .1'ij.l o r!r.to
. . " p/ ro rn r.i rn
' al o,.:l
($ ri 0: t-t6.
CORESPONDN''A f I!|P('RII-OR 607
Obseraalic
Nurndrul propozi.tiilor In care poate aptu€a viitorul fald de tr€cut esle S 286?
Ioarfe mulf redusprin laplul .e forma dp viiuor pur conslruit6au shtud h
toate DersoanelcDoate fi conlundala cu:
aj un echivalent al subjonctivului;
,) ought+ infinitiv.
Penlru acestmotii'. in cazurile de ambiglitate, 6e folosescalte construclii
care sd ldmuraascdintelesul. duDd cum se va Yedealn continuore.
ln unele dintre exemplcle citaLe la ! 2864-2865, forma de viitor con-
struitl (u slanld la torte persoanelear putea fi gii
a, un echivalent al subjonctivului cuvaloare decondilional.caresdaccen- S 2868
tueze ideead€ improhalilitaie ( S 160{):
\Vc asn.edthemlhatve rvouldsubmitfor discusion whatever propo€al
theirexpdts
(\-oii-amasiguratcAvom l)uncIn disculieoricelropunerea. /t sd/acdexlcrlii lor.)
I lold rou I rvo!].llet you ln.w at oncoiI hesnolrdconeto the oflicethe nextday.
{Tj.ad spns.n te roi annnlaincdial docl el & fl sil eiud a doxazi la nirou.)
Wedecided thal ereniI shcsioulds,! a lailurenarl. shelhonldn'tbes.olitcd.
(Noirm lrotl.ft 5nnu fic nust.ili chiardaces'r. inttn?lasd au obli^dtorl ile rte-
t 1568.
5 rr62, 211) ' - 2 1 8 0 .
A se compara:
qo u k Ll c t l o t k n o s i t h e s o u l d c oD o.(V i j Lorvoti ti v ri i tor puf sau
.... I . lold y ou I r
ll : . . t e @t a a u n tad e rr o d m i r { s s u@ @ F sd,i ^d) sau l .ondi l i onstulF sub-
Jo n 'I' v - c ondr ! ' onall ) . . . .te .a t a a L n p d 0 r{ d ro i r !a ui nd.rl
I told you I @zld t r you kaow ir hc .tould como. (Viito! volitiv + un cchivalenr al
subJonctrwrurac^pntutodimllobabilitatea) \- . . . tp ,oi anu^14dac.a4, lLsdsind.)
. I. rold yox I sould let you kn * jt ha cM6. (Condiliondtvoliriv + subjonctiv cu la.
roarc uo conorlfotraf(: . . - k,ai a,unta dace 4f Eni. )
2871 b) : ought+ infinitie ll 2085)l
You l.old ma yot! shbuld Eo to lhp cobcert.
{Mi.ai sp'rs cd e rrrli se l. duci ta .oD@rr.J
She said she would rcturn rhe booksshe hd read and which snoatdthcn 66 lrur to
other rcadeN.
(Ea) a€[']s.a va .csl.itui ctul ile pe.ire tp cittseg ca!.,o' t .buir e\ tir apoitnptun.
tdk altor citir.ri l
2a72 .l n ac eas la; it u a l i e , s ,f.rrl l dp u ti n d a v e a Si tntetcsul de,,ar trebui .., ,,tre.
-Dure (srnonrm cu ollgll,rj este prelerabil sd fie lnlocuit la persoana a 2_a Ei a
3 -a rt would at unc i c l n d v e rb u l p ri n c i p a t e x p ri md i dcea de vi i tor pur:
You l,old me you @dd ao to the con@fr.
{Mi-ai spus..1 ,. ,pi du.t Id ron, e"t.)
She said she woutd .eturn the book! she had .ead and which @o&ldth6n ,, td4, to
olhe! reade6.
.... t lE a) a s pus . J iva rp s h tu i.J 4 i h p " (a rc l , c i rk e$ caF @ ' /i apoitdpfznsrat auo.
$ 2873 6) Coodiiionelul.
S 2874 a.,/Pentiu intrebuinlareacondilionaluluiin fraza conditionaldcare ex-
primd o sirarlip ireaLi vczi \ 2762-2769.
S 2875 h) Condilionalulindry?rddr. Yerbul subordonatei unei rcpentecarecon-
!ine un-condilionalindependeDt sepuneta o formdde trecut (i;dicativ tmoui,
vltor tafa de trecul,etc.):
| @udn't kno@ \|hich ol th€m a6 hcrc.
(Nu6 rrt caredint.eei aici.)
"sr,
I sh4LU think it slad.dcoovincinc.
alt ..rd, cAsaadconvingeror.)
(ry tou thint t\p! oH Elk.l?, -t taLun't sdu th.y t.r..'.
t( rczLcA EInttat"ntdti? - Nu a.erp&n. .A .lnr l
ll_o- J ou r,rd. J ou {,rld rat\Ft I didn\ lpt t. a ou's. ?
( v r pi
" d s p, i t la t p Q f..a s a n u d d r.; s o r6 ? r
. Shesaid she @!ld 6e the tght educrCor(.olook aJterthe chiuren shcn they.@ to
l(Ea) a spusc{ @ /i educatoareaindicatr pentru copii atunci olnd @ rufs.la gcoatd.l
28?6 7) Stilol dirart $r indiroct.- Regulilcdp mai susse apticegi la rransfor
msreasliluluidireettn stil indirect:
/Da.i ShJ said: -1 an boff! | ha'd boLsit Lho watch {rh.tl I rtzlt &.d.'
rr4zr./ rDe sord snc eas sorrJ she [4d
^or trot ,ozair the watch trhat) sho @4A rrd.
(V€zi ii | 2901_2902)
2a?7 8) Cotrcltrzie.- ConjugareaenglezddesldEurlndu-se Dedoud axe Daralele
(!i lJ5ti. I359),a seobserva- perfcctul
paBlolismtntreutilizarea indic;tivutui
pre:€rura reda.rea rnrimpldl'torprezeDte
ti lntrebuintaloaindicatir,uluiteru! la
-
:got-rso:.
rV ez i gI
'V"rl
2896,28 9 8 .
| \'ezi ( 2t7:r
lXlli;'ilf,'h"iii##;;t.:;'*"t uncchivurent
lcnt'ucubjon'ti
ir
"i'"ri1'.
CORESPONDI.\TATIMPURILOR 601
rpdsr.d ijrll rnplirilor 1re.ur". aarb"le limfuti Jr,'n1ri dl. dvir4 d."lrqi rol
ppn,ru monenlFdifFri'" si rllind ln ac"l"ati rapor'uli ipml. dl. 'u .el--
lall" lim0uri lramdli' al" dio grupJ'-sor-ipccli!a CnrF"p,nd"n\r limpu-iior \'a
ridcci urrrarirain.'h"nadin-lri:.2(S lJi6l. in grrr.r u,ilizinJ.ri". pentru
rclal0r., jnllr.plnrilor.o' ,lizul^ in 1r.z"nL. Limpu"il dir qruf. Dr"T"rtului
t.olo.,na,lin. inear,irr p"niru c"lslimalnti'nplArilorto..,lil..1;lr,lr.",rl .im-
pu rl" dir lrupr rr"urului (coloJrJ lin dr^apt61.irr'r" n"l".lou ' grul" eri'
i nd o,l"rnarceii. nFtd :i. ln pri^cipiu.ni"i un rrIorL l.mt"rdl. de.i ni.i on-
cord:rnla (cu coiectivui pi cardil aduc rcgulite dela$ 28J6 2837,2E41 2845):
Prezont Trecut
LeJl lou I sial, srd', lfaitiirg onlJ wh€n I tah) !o\ I shoult statt rtaining olll $hcn
s p rm g .a n ,.
(ti Jpnn .i roi t ocle aui..cnadclrtul (Ti'z,r sr6 cn,oi ird.r4 otrtfcnamentur
rumai cind r.ni prinr'Llara). Dudri clnd .d rent rrimivara.)
'( Slic r{td slrc o&ldL, go on h.r h.liday
SIe .\"s she foz'r go on her holiday }.tore
Iclorc shr ldd !.eu rou.
iStunr cn nu in vacanfddcclt dupn f,4 slas cii nu r@ p/..4 in lacanln decil
'o.pleco nnli ce te ea fi !a.ut. )
He ts sufc lhat his Diotute.whcDit is tin- IIe dG sufe ihai. his rJictr(, wlien it "'ds
tr/rd. ./,all D/ttg him the success he I's ,.., finhhad, shaLI'Jb''ts t\ln rhc srrcesslrc lQd
Dd€DLoltlns lo$rrr(l to.
/i'sre aiErrrci rabloullri. c rd edfi tetnindt, fEr.r sisur Ci talro\rl hi. .inlca fi tetnnoa
ii ra adlcd succesul!e care il drkdr,6 cu ti ra adu.esuccesnlte ca.e il asrepk,(s au
ll olra?d, tu Derlbddc.l
lvlienever 1 .oll on her, she is oor.kias, \Vhenevef1 .altul or her. shc rds (ornlns,
{nd sars I rnd re a sreat arljst 1vl,cnI s€, rnd ,s.d to say I snddd 6a a s.eal artist
oldef. I lldll then rert mr reward ii I lare Nhcn I sor oldc.. I rnould then .'uI mr
rmll,al is ltd as she do,s. r.\\'ard il I ld, as hird as sle di.,.
lori de olLeori me d4. la e.ro s,t.sar.lncrin(l {Ori dc cilc ori ,td -..l?,du.eart lx ea o Enrcdm
! im , ,rd n . ca r oi / i un m nr et(tu r.,n d !!i hrerlld si nni srlacd ci rlt tt nn Darc
i r : z ri ra r. l mi u; i. r r r ld ai u n c i ri s p l a ta p i fl !r L rn l !r. nr.rc. l mi ,.i ' al or"
nace eai Ji luctdl tol al.lt ile scrios cum i trn .i r.1 " p' Dl rLa i . ;d,L.i
' ., l ,
/?' .,r rol i l rl
d o s c ri o s .u n l ,afa er.l
1 \ ' ez i
t : 5 t s lt M!.
NDGI'CA 611
STI'U! DIREC'I 9I ST]LUI]
hetu cu thle
Ezenple:
ji:q":i:'#}i1li""
e"""?""",Tlxii1',?'{r":,riflii,li[if
i}i}:};;}
iar v6rlul ro say, care o rniroducelr
es
ro omrrc:
"
i.1nt to knar. \u\ilidrul i0 or0
Tf":xrJiiTi#ill"":lJ#"iii
[,?[d l:'lJl.';':'.
;il';{:'l'ti't"d"lri""i
'ihlii:!,::,Y"';#,#tixs1"l:"1'""'.i:ii:;.
612
O bse r r a lic
2893 ln stilul dircct, rerbul propoziliti inicrogali\"eprecedi sulieotul. ca in
o r i "" pr "p u zili,ir tprosrli!r. l. : lul in'lirprt: n s d .n ro p u z ilia. u b u rJ o n a lc
tr'. rn, rr rr. r\ ; z i s i S 2 l5 li
) e m Aifi i ndi ',l.,ogali!t. st'1\..tttJ
9894 2) Propozititoxclamatirtr. CiDdpropoziliareprodusiesteexslamativi
r-erbrrlde declaraJic cstcinlocuitcu urr altul (arc sircupfin(lirln,tclosulindicat.
de exclan\&tie:
/ r t . , S he. . d i dl o i l rc m r" J /)l e i d I L .i ' s g o l Dr a $al kl "
(tntli.) With dn ea.lamatj,no/./'r, sh. asfted to so lof n Falk $iih lheni.
On. ) ''llhat a nice roonl" she exclrimed.
1/1,dt., She dd,rtr.d lry nn,erooli.
2896 3) Tre(ut urlllat aleprezcnt. - Cind comr.icarca idcuti tn stilul dir€cl
conline un lflpi indeoblle cunoscul,,Sliinlific. u r.ersalvalabil. sau consti-
tuind un obicei ori o caractedstird a subiel]tului (S 2841). indicalil'ul prezeDL
din"n,nuni,1r, .. l1l.' !inp ir rril,,l ia,'ir.. . t.' ,,u 1.cc"Lrarc.,itl"ii '1.ral.r
bilitr ie in I'rezerL:
frir./ Theloclurersaid:"Thc eleotrlniclfain ncacrn{/trs nistakes."
f/dil.) Th! lecturersa:dilie electronicbrainnoverrnad.nristak€s.
lFormn uiilizald in specialin limba englezi lilerflri. dacd \..em sd repro-
ducenr intocmAi gindul vorbitoruhri Xn acel nomcnl.l
(Ldn.l He sa ihc clccl.ronic}rain nerer,ltler injsiahes.
[Formn intrebuinlatri iIl special ln limba rofbitn, accertuind ralabi]ita-
tca faptului i pra.cnt.f
9896 4) Sholl. Will. Conform regulilor gramalicale sidcte. ln propozi,tijle
care redau, ln stilul indirect. cuvint€l€ sau glndul cuiva, se intrebuinleazi,
indifcrcnr de |crsoana la carc se rafcft, ausiL{arul folosil dc aularul twintdar
ln stilul dirert. Timpul reqrecliv se conformeazi hsi regulilor corcsponden!e
timpurilor.
Ha thoughlr "I rLdll ask her to mnrrJ me." lle tl,otrglt hc sl@Lldrsk ],cf Io maur' 1,im
Sh csaid:" T ot , t U lc l i rc d ." She lold me I (orld be tt&I.
H c sai( l: " S l, c ( t / r ha \c g o n el o n rc ." lle said lhc fllrld nave goDelromo.
01c
C a n tl lional s 2899
He said: "l rolld fo ir Jo! si.rl, ast I]c 6aid h€ rorld come
I trl e r o g a ti a S 9fi 00
Ile asked nlt': ".$all I sl.ak l0 her?" II.i :rskedme jl he slartd sFak 10 hrr-
I ask€d: "ll'or'r Jou have a dri k \itli I askrd rhrm jf ih.y (ortlnl hale a drink
llyill tntrebuiltst ir roes[ caz potrie sugera un .riitor volitiv: ,,nu por
sr rc lrLnzur arum'.1
flzdtl, Tliei' saythey slaa'l hrre lutr.h no\t.
fFolosirea auriliarului sroll clarificn situalia: acum se inrelege ci est6
vorba de un riitor pur.l
Tot aslfel:
fDtl.) She s:113: "I rldii rol htar hoLn rtrr *nr "
f/,.di;.J Shc s;ys she ,pili llot heaf lrom lrr. s0n.
fly;? nrl, Inlr .buin'ul in J."it "]- npl,r r1 l, ul t,",n"i rld'l rr, impu"ri
de rcsulile gr-,nctj,5le strictp,po,lte avea qi aici inleiesulvo)itiv: ,,nu-orea
sE m"i aib . \ . i ,l 1., li,il "i'.1
'
S 2001 5) Yerl,{ik' dcfootivemodf,lo.- \-cfbuh delective trodalc sc corto.meaz5
acelorasi reguli de mai sus:
Stil dtect Stil indircct
He said: "Yon .d, cone I'ith mc ii lou Ho seid I .o&U conlf \ritl lLin iI I lilted.
like, "
SIe thonglri: "IIc Da, be right." Shc thou3ht he algr, lc .jgLt.
I sridr "You nds, work il vou want to Eotrn I sa he na-"r irofh il lj. $,anhd lo so uD
to (1,h0)uniraNitv." i o (l h e J uni ve.si ty.
I snid: "You ,/sr do you. homework-" I srid hc rrlsr / ras ro do his homeivo.k.
I said: "She oa6h to know." I srid shc oa3nrto know.
\'erbelc ruusrs)Lought rjmjn nes.hinbate la tfanspun0reain stitul indirect,
"lulna pra/, n, -Frrrnd ad^s.nrj:r I, n tu 1.. l.,
'1
S 290; 6) lllodrl iqrpor,rti{. - tr'lodulimperRtiv de\.ine ialiniti' in stiiul indiroct,
iar verbul de declaralic esle jnlocuit cr un aliul care sd erprimc un ordin, o
rugiminte. un slat:
(t)i.) fie said i.o \ts, "Co and rci'[.,ae ]ra.k againl',
(Indir. ) She at.tcted t\s to sD and ncvs r, ,,ac bt.L asain.
/Dir.) Helcn soid to ne: "CotN a1], haee an i.cl"
(L1d.it.) trele bked,|ineit d n to haee an icc with I'r.
(D:t.) T r' ""r oid I u|"|: Da1 t a" \ ' t a\ ' . t b d . , - t i " . \
j . . r / t 'n I
' ln! -. t T"d, I o t i. pd l q no' t o t D ! - . l, , r r , a, 1 " " r o / d.i . Fn.
$2906 7) ycs.sino sinh inlocuite cu r.erbe de atil.m e (t.) accept,to agree,to ts-
se tt to dns',peri thc 0,ffirnoliae etc.). respccliv de negare (o denA,to refuse,
to rcjeet. Lo ans^,t in the ne1atioeeLc.).
fu,.) The\-sd/d: "Ics, woa.eco'ning."
(r|.t;.)'ti..f asreett
t6 con .
frt.l We sztl: "llo, wc havcno! leen lhcre."
(Iad.it.) \ye deri.ctl h^\,iug boen rhfic.
9) l'ocntirelc t.i)l.aiti l -I',rtks anIt Ceftle 'n", ".nA lri'rd:i" rt"(' 3int S 2908
l o ril, | i | | . u \ i ni . rP Itd"u jJ" J I p li\;:
a-",.1, ,n.: ....1'F"r:: | " "
t L, rl.", ..il dn \ 'l i
' a, a\ . . 1", ' ls ho\ y ur r
,i..:,:' r', olr'r-- "dr^sho\ 'r'n"'p)'li
(Di ) "L.at trer. J.ht," saidl 'rl.n't uPsei'hc'1"
((tJ nol' lo ufscr nfr'
a/,ri;.,r I {:ilrii Io)rr. d r;.r.tttt
lur \'rli!,nox ,ld \iir ,'f '. f: vttti p nt in pr."lo/ili€ sc"ur Irra S 2909
rr!r//'1?rtrr'3
{{ }-,1)ei- r-1..r'.
":'r
| ',,'lur J 'r "'' p'r' 'n!r'd
i.rhut,lir' .l".lrr ii" .'te li tr .u!:
tl r, tH- dr l. - l l ' " " l ' m \' n Iy @ ' rh o mF'
,1 d i r \ t " I o u r' l , ' \' rl l ) ' " r' i 1 !l P n L rr) r' P ' nonP
,,r,.., r ' ' . l l r ' d n $ r! r' u 'rJ ,' r' i d' rJ
u i l ba p
iii r' " o ,u ro shrl
;i '. "
":)'
'l re b u i r ai' , J r l: . r ' nnt o n l i e n l s l € c i a 1 i rrtre t' u i r' l a i i pru' ruru' l or de porsui rri r S 2910
i ; l-j r \i xe rI r r . - . m d, r r ,' l " ." u ri I l l o r,frrz i i .P c " tru J.' " \rl ' ^ ' r-i . sp
i;i " : " i, . ; ; . u n .. , "' ; ' . ,,t'.'.r -ru p ,o n u n 'r, ' r ar ir , ir ' 1"1^u1.
ori rai srrbsl,rrtiv li rlritot ln parantczn:
i t mct {
/D;.I J ol, n: iajdr" La n )e .. In I b r0 l l c r w c l i t l ' o th e Isl c ol Man.1\there
lrirnd ol mi e s tL.ni I likc n loi."
r!" \' o u ' )i d | E b to tPrrd d h " n l o rr' 1" 01l l an'
It t Jv r
r" ' lId, rl $ o m / .,k ,J i tu r.,./,. o/.d- Jn.Li sauj
" h. *;;l,,l
,r,,t. ' ' l { ' h r| a d b " n l u |l l'" \l " r' tn" rrl d
ll , r ' r pr ' \r " ]
lr, t r , , at . , ' . . -l i j ^ l ,t ' r L ,d J l o r. r/c ,,,,)
-_ , , r n n I Jrng. i rda"
IL ,r.t: . i r oh r ' .: -r:_ \o ' r' ' r" h ' l p ) o 1 ' \' 5
; i; : - i , n .r r ' /rr i 1 1 ' 1 o hr\F" U ' LJn
tT''i ; ) " "i
/rif.I t'r.d srnl io hio: "J h.rd Lrcl.Lr.go honn:"
iZ"a;l'.; r"."rt lnl,l lit" tt,at he a!'red) hrd bcti.erqo home'
I\IRODUCERE
^"'lijiiiil"il"-r" s .r!iro,
18ii.
tt0
INTEROGA'fIA
s 2913 {THIt INTDRRO{l-\TtVE FOIiM)
i,'j:.1:.:",T;.","" : fl,.'#,niil.il;'il'1t'io,y,
i,'r gone," rora **l " ,,,*,l"i"i i#L,,"i:"i"i,iJ,;""
ror ,?, s,r.n , n.JJr. J n'"ddr/ """.",o
Autiiar tor' -
,lflii.ri:-,-.1i."
At(nli r !
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iii,T'li,i,,'],;l,[:'i,;4:T1'ni'1'*,,,
,^,.8tft#riiiil
2145 215:J
2134.NiiLD s
NtG,\'rIA $ 2920
(T l l E \" D (;-\T M F 0 l tN )
r vcrbrrerelioare n€s&liA
rormcaz; $
urrrrir rtccrlal,,*,#,ffi,]fitl":1,1";""ifi "nt
, ::.li;,;;i't,t;iiiii,t"i"
std inr''liar
a"".,;,""
'lrrp.i 'ubi',11i
'ste
ill,t;1,|t.',lll'* ;S;';,:f-",
I srlrd r sonatr. I do no'li&'t' n'ir€.a sorata'
1;1;r,.j;l;,rl. i ii:;".::,,:,!;;,\:i':i,':i:";X
{i:;:i:l!";!:i'i:;,fr:'il,!"J"iilk':y
n:,iff';1,"';ll,*;." 2$22
fo.^. de negalj€. aleituiiii fdre interven{'iaauxiliarului DO' se S
mentine
'
rn,;"*lt"
rn srilu) Pr"tic:
_f hos ' ill' lh ' r '
'J s r . ok \ at . I t r o t at l br ' ot h ' ? 0 r t h y n r m ' -
'
"{'lio tlou alt I l'nat
It ,unr..s zo, $10 I€ 's' ^ot"r
"l'.il n", cur l€asi""r
i ' ;' Loi cl ' nu " i nl
Cn .,tr uc liil, 1" n^ c I P rp ' ! n " t k o /' n o ' /
,r,r r' 1 ' rrl i n rl Ll unoi pro0ori ti i " uhtn
er ce o ri i .,iI r ' or ' , z r r ii . l i n ' ;.. i ' l , fb ,.l
: 1, , l t' l i n t th i ' ;s I o t u '
1. lcs, : | ' ''
"'- rf. V"r,',i" 1,,BE: ro H.ttF. Uo. I t:|]:i doforli\ol'Inodcle' . ! ?1':3
rmt,rrtra BE .i ,t'irrlitrlc mo,lat;.' Pt' foziriil' ' are 'on\in retbtrl $ 29!r
-, dupi
i " r , f + al:",,",;1 ., i'1" i-'ii' ,,,ri'i\' Jr". - in " o ' I u " " n ^ g a lid
l : c r rr tl to BD
N qatio
I an nr t al ho m e ,
'flov ,u.., r,,h,?.cu 'r Itomanian
T he1 r.r. ltofla n'Jr'
H e ir g orri.lo r I \tr lk . ll. i, / , t is , i g o i r 's t o r u l v a l k - .
]ou (.r€ {rr.n i n r dr i 1, r u. / , , . , ot r " e . . n / g r v r l ' a m e d a r
1 \:.z i S 191t .
: 1 1 ;;,r l '.,i I ;i i ,' .\".',",ur \ o rr' A rrH, rin Lord n " ra r' F i
r.dndn.;n" ',,
I J - p- nl' t li
D l n . l ir t oii, it t :r,l r- r ' . '' '
' i1\ j,.,. .t'F1r" tl t : ' r1": ' I D t nan
6 (i G BJ.on. I o.r"s'
2928 t) Crri t6le do nsgtrlie. - Cea mai irecveDli negafie cstr adverbul nol.
Cind dupd verb se aile un substaniiv, adverbul negaliv ,rl estc ufmat de
adjectiv;] nehotirit, any, oinil este cazul. sau este lniocirit cLradjecrivut negariv
n0 l: n'I anlJ) '
\1'e har" children (sau D, d,y uhildrfrl.
1'herearc '@
no llowc.s on rour dcsk ls a u nol a4! floivDrs).
' :an 't r"d tut l npdn' t joj ir ' lo\ v n . t d uD' i . n l v F r b . l 4 , . r . p l r , f l , d n d n " " " s l
tai.ea, €ste siDonim cu zerii Fi cind lni.cbafca cs1,ofordulatl oa la pag. 016, nota 6).
IMEEOGATIA ST NECATIA 019
293f
Construcliilccu mai multe r€galii rcprezintain gpncreo lormi d{rexpri- S
n,arFin'ullJ. \r' ", p ru,u rr,mp1'lc de n'oi sus urrni'0-relr lrnlo lrr
inroreLLe.ulrl:/al, '.-""i qi d- q inc,pitorrrinirrr'plFrrprc'uu'rno
-den!ii
r;d.l .un.rr.. l., r,'1"'irr .lin l:rrba tumlri:
You don', tno\r norl'Agal[rll cllcmistrX.fl"ora",
(Nu itji njr,ic djD .hinie )
T t rr r d., l n r" k J , n : ' r ' t lr 2t j llr ' a\ t )
m il,s' r'i u1 r r pndupir r ' r Lld 230)
r\u
He did, nat l\d aobodlJ\n (Incarcct.)
{Nu a gisil le nincni acasai.)
5l p tA cf s,ln tuth ig k hht t - ( t nor et t )
f llr. , ) ni(i ,", a m LLin , n ' r odf ir nr m r c I-
Uu^\ D a r' ,a' 'tr,j/". . it A t a, ) an " t l@ 141)
r\ l' i. l rr''i' r"r ' l' r 1l n' r oiddqp/ pl
.Contririul ncsaiilubi.
0?0 srMAxa FRAZEI
You must4 r ,D, hrve him heretor tlie llolnlrls. (: You dusl r:.hinl.y have him here
Ior ihe holidaJs.)
I car! swea. zofud, l.ook it.l
'[d he eic|lime{i, Aivins uJ tu o{Ltnpleol tli. emlhalic usf ol llie eSiti{e: ',\nd
d ,.l i " o, F r o r / { " . " , ;n ^ b i ' \ n o m o r "
"l
S 2 935 p _, 1
B \ is t d t ot u g i o fo c m d rl e d u b l u re g a b i vj foarte frecventi i n l i nba en-
glezai. .d.e este ecbivsleni5 cu o afirmali€, li arume o constrrctiie in car€
negalia esl,eunrati de un adjectiv sau adverb fornlal ru un prefin Degativ:
lt ia t ot ; t upa.t.h tp i r i rp r;.' L ,l ' ,r" 8 l , " " hv ,,i .j h' .,1
P . r |r r ( ir . r ' 1 .' r.,,o ,,@ ' r{ .r ( /r.,ru i ..u rrnoL) i 1 rl , ,,,.,' .J,
H' . al r ^t u" * t.o 1 ,tb L ( q ri . . J ,o ,,,L i " )d -:r" o (u o b ' .
5 2936 3 ) V er bd " t o d o " . - Ve rb u l to .to e s l e a l i t, auxi l i ar, ci t;i verb pri nci pal .
,\;adar, la fo|rna intelogatii'd gi la ceA negativii! verbul pdncipal lo do cste
conjugat cu ajutorul auriliarului ll0, (a oricare vc.b ldncital din grupa I
{ s 2 e 2 1 )':
I / , n, { ! ir . ,, (1 r(i 1 ." " t d,l rr\" :n' l ,' ,1 \vi k.
- h. d; lr ' ' r o o n t.. " ,i 1 ,,-,sh' .7o r," ;,r.,r,' l 1," , ' m.'
Hri dll liis tnslis. ,rl (inrilinr) I'e do lprii.ilxll l,is lsks?
s 9987 INTEROGATIANEGATIYA
(THD IN-TORROG,\TtVD
NOGATM !'ORiI)
, l" a. s t 4< c rp tu c e l " d .u . n " g rti : s . g .i s a s.,n I,mpo,i .' id c.ri t" .
. c r . s i . , r DO .," .d n ru d r(Ii m p trl ' . O O,, ri l l i 1 :rc" " asi6i ' ur1' F.
' ll r pbui4la- a tn " m " to f.o n ." .,.F' trrl - "dou"D". .isi n" u ...i mbarF tn pori l i a ncgdl i Fi
dnnl
_ oronumelestrbicot.
iFoma Iungeneconliraslll/Do,sil aor spcak? ,, thcy tu, read?l nu este obijnuiti.
NTMOCAT1A 9T NECATIA 0!l
No td
lntocmaica 9i adjectivulary (: orice,oricare)( ! 2942),pronumeleneho- { 294{t
lEdfe.ompusecu acpsLcuvlnt au intelesullor propr;u:on\lbodu si anvonc-
(: oricinel,anythingl: orice).anyohcre(: oriunde).Cu iceasta acciptie
slnt Intrcbuin!ategi in propozitiileafirmative:
A.nvbod!lanwrecot td.h,reotor"totd the consequ.nces
ot Jou. .arslec$ess.
nno u oo anvrn.zr lor vou.
we can takir pitk d,ir-n you tiko.
',
...,3) Formelenobody,noono,nothing,lowhoro,stntlntrebuinla0e
ln propo- $ 29{?
zrlue negslrYe:
Yob.dylno on knock.d al th. door.
Ilc b.ou{ht me ar.t;E nrw.
t s halt f ind it ," q h p ." ,' t rm a tri i d .
O b s e r aa lie
Ctnd cuvintele some,someboilv,someonc,somethinp,sottei,hete ae sfl{ la € 2948
Inceputulunei propozi9ii,negalia nu sc formoazdd;c[ cu antonjmFle]or -
r soruDode (mai lo.nat).
{colooviatl; sro@
622
r Pe n hu r ds r I ? v e z i | 1 8 6 8 ,t8 8 9 fa r.