Alice Badescu Gramatica Limbii Engleze

8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
ALICE L. BADESCU
GRAMATICA
LIMBII E,NGLEZE
i6fiGil---oe"fnur{
I surtt'or I
I l r :l r t I
t'tt'ot-^ '
. I
v
nh l'l
/t\
u/
EDITURA 9TIINTIFIc.I. $I ENcIcLoPEDIci
BUCURE$TI, 984
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 1/609
c Dv ti T c lTREc 'r' 'r F
"The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,sonE beensamething f a baxlefield,.

Anon; tl,r m dnu :ut" na,ob.inp ory ht oL't ' thot b.t,\".n trts "fit||\e and
d?s ..tplire F rir udes 1o ,r.age.'r
Cu aceste urinte incepeutn d,inte numeroatele nclrcte fecluaten altima
treme asupra limbii engleze ctudle n Anglia.
Prima. atitudine,aceea,,pr€scriptil'n", steautori.tail, natmotird., ngrddird
ile numeroase eguli, stibuind, ncd tn idealuriLe amaticii ld,tineale secolnla;
al XVIIIlea, $i aparlinind azi unc; i.naifili erwl,{te i rctragrade; .ead,ea
doud, tttitudinea ,,descr'ip1irn".etle modernd,evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE.
Limba ln1ti popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu dacd.na este
cantolatd. In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademieasendndtoarc celor
d.e e cantinent, The Royal Aca.lemf" fiind fonddtd n 1f68 d,e cpeLeGearye
11 II-lea &l At|glici caclusir p.trtu lncurujareaartelorpldsticcprin infiinlerca
unei scali de,:L6en i (rearca un.i exla:ilii anuale cu lucrdrile (ilitlilar |lesti-
tieni in oiatd.
Incurajarea scriitoritor ilrrdsese, ,in rctinri stribcchi, n seamu ueeranilor
Si a nobiLilor atcgaritau in juruL ( rlii. reg(rlei arlulaa "lhej,|r Îrons". Lituba
d,'s t^td o d^,n:t. t;n,t,. F,od.r,'l ;rn,t :i s s tlplnunpl, ,tp -r(ipgs l:netts l,'
rat|Qa,,r's I:n4ts l"..inJ ' t o ,o.ut2.o ,jun* s d tnan'rp. l i n t p t l " s ".otc .
,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLeE naticd.lenrecte abliga.tarii".
Od,atdnsd cu descoperirea d,iotel.egruf ci. i a tcleriziunii ti eu ftspindiree
culturii in mose rin intenled,iulacestar ubiteti.prestiliaascmassmediA.bah.nlo,
putctii s-a tn(lindt sprc an nou nume coresii a|linrleosd nai a noile et'eni-
mente, i nstfelEnglc.a IIodeLa fast nnnitd "BBC Englisll''. FoI e curindinsd,
faplul cd ]a BBC rorbeau, n direrft d.ialecte nglezc, tsoane renite d,in lo(tte
coLlwile umii. LimbaengLetd .lfu.atil a BBC d tncetatde a mai p ea i consi-
deratd .,madelulunic" ti s-a dd.optdt ermenul de "SlandaftI EULish" pentru
saianta li )Lii en1leze ocatildca rodel. llcest nume are sd aibi n1o.i rulle
Sanse lc suprarieluirc, deaarecee preteazd a conslrut:lii eare at reda nusnle
muhiple. atitfaartesubtile.citFi
snrrp rfr cri faarteutiLe.A sttcl., tumatir&poatefi dascripli\A
t irar. /on,?nla, ra r.ccivcd pronunciation f,4.P.r, un tomcn paate
ft s tard.rd s ou s ubs landard. (c ptal0le,ac c epled. rc haic aa a re,l.urac -
c epled. rlnrc fe rhle. pfe{eraLle d l,rtfc n€d, |bdc s c ert. obs olele, nl,i-
quuted. s ut,errnrualed. uters eded. ld-fas hioned, utwoln s du "it r{ 1es
["1'oulhc r]4. l js out c f daic ";rlc . nd i,firilum .
Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L Jon.:.\1.\.. hoflssol. Erncritus
in Phonotics l tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s; ncqte s.ria dN anrirci,"i dic
lionare toneticeenlle.etti carc arcau si reroLulione.e tudiul littlbii cngleze.
:'l L'
l l .tl tl n ti h s . 1 d l i a . \:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6 6.
-{nglii,, lronul lilrii po{i-a rveni ailt lr.trl,a ')or. .ii li J, mrilor. ln orilinea sur(t-
rIBC , a b l "l i a 1 i a ru n i cl n i rn d tu d i i u zi 'D i i h i ta n n 'e : ' D ti sh Bri d ca sttl S
. /?d,pler "Iour coat dalfs ron ili{rhin cl..l" \au simpl,: "Io(. .oor ./trr.s". ctr o
n 'b rrl "n ..d rr,l ",Ir"+ l Frp |,r-,--.l o . \L i i l r, l .i .,ri J.r"^1 ",. din ili
o i n r a Pr o .mo o sr)
iic
_. ln p{ala winului sdu ii.dionatitrctrc n,:te:.tr,ti nin |i-.\r tt, )\|rh.

trr3nounc;ng irt;onnr\-'. dtdo ti .ri : ..,1;doi : ; r id.dar (n n a,r int .lia
de a fa.ce pranuntiel ori tl,e ldbi lare pronuntic csrt :ntt si carc sre
-refltnnarcstui d.itlianar estc
gtqlfi. ,\capul d...Linrel.ltra. dt trai prc.l] pa..ii:t, ,to
unlio tipid. ei persadtre
considerali.L ieb.inletil in mol ol;snuii in t:anq)rtali, te dtr. n nnntir
coltvi:.at.dm swt t \n ti .i.''l
"Thc booL t n rcca l of t\:rt nat ol thrcr;ts at rcBanat rrli "n.B to
ot t rt uDt i. r', odo o I p. : , 1. 1, 4, rapva-. , . . t t . . rt t t , , , . . ,
|-t . ^ p. ^ 1ût , ". . . . I b,
nurt : dt ; on. L vp t . 1, ry. , 1 t , , \ r, , r. t , t t ; , h. t . t . . . a. ). t . t t . . 41 ,r
f -j al t . . I . L,
Aryuhthl ddoptat n trnns.icre. fonatt:d tr ftrst $i este (d .t t*olid.liei

/ 1 r . a , . . . \ . ,ii- r ^ , IlL, , t,r, 1.,,F.'j.,. .,i:.,t,r,,,.t1, t. \r:lt,,:t.h
ndat', a b r c r : o r . P , \ , | ,,i,,. , lr, I,p r. \.-.,,i, r-. I d . . . . . to t , r , r : t n
-
to"r " hr r r o.:4, n,ir u t . 4 , p t t ) p . . . , . . . , R .p. t'.,.,r ,r.
, ,Pn,nt n a .r r pphri - . oJ : r . p r , , , , cL r t. {H e- \,j
( a?casti o&zie s.a canttato,t i tinbt en:].:n nu tja. te ftl ,t, a sinlurd.
limlri, ci clt c:t:isttru .Lottn cario,ntt:: tintba s,:riia larr a li,sr ;r n,: $ritte
nt\glish) ti.li.mbu nrbitd (spoli{\r English). lriat dtit.bne nnt;.h .nklti t.a fun|i
$t . n u : a J . : t t ' 4 j i n d t s . ; r t , . . t t . D r c.l .t..l
p o s t L t l i c t . s . a l t fir nl r clr li
a) ior mal spee,h ( s t i l L '1t1nti: f a t a t . cumr onios, tr n\;i) :
1)) rrn ,ni \I,i1iIg (stiLul ftrnnl s(:tis). ; di:ir sri/'.1 t1\reic?. ,/irilllj
le:at. juid,ic t-i. t.t::tires.:
c) inl.r r r nal sa'r coll0qujr l spe€r h ( stilr l infor nat ^ - ,tu \) 'tr \iti3 ( nr ti1) ;
Jl inl"r r r ,,t r . , , r , " . 1 1 ,, t . . l ' i j /J./, t\r... ..t1\.):
' p l ' t ' . . . r r ut,,
lni r nhnti";,ni ou s . l 1 " . t / t . t . , t r 'tu' l , , o , t. ' ,..t.i,r.:,: _
d,e a puncnl $), ad,iirrsin.t aitftl u stil in ptuN. .lL]i rrunatit:icnl uu iiitrorlus
t n . o . r n , 0 t | , o t : r td t4..pa;litatp , , , , 1 s , ' : . . , , t , . ' . , " : ptn"at ,t. L.,o.tdt
u tst,Ir ar ed) .
Se atrage at.elid. citilotikr c|L, rl lnnl)a u \e.d. eduraterl ir?^vraliDri c(tiri
z a i . c u l t . i a r uneducated:r eicilaljz.1t. i.cutr . Iir r ii f u l t r i i : ( ,iln{jxlion :
s,colarrz:rfe. fvntnturii. culiur.l: 1dr cdurrlie r\Ntlrpr
lln Lniha. ntl nn)
(go d rd bad): "Ar io nnl1nefs. hc hls rorre"r a erlu{ra.a (.rette (un- copit) :
I l , l s ul:cdur alio , r t u r '- i '. - i , , ' . , r r : L , , , 1 ' t . n r t : t u uf :
I laln - , , . n t r p n r . . J : t : l a . tt in r u , 4 t n t t , 4 ,'t".,.. , ,
Saftina pe cat. rni d.n &tntnat. a furt r/iof.i - ;t m.rmmoth lrlsti cuilt
spur,n:l"'t: ^ t : 1d r r t ^ t . . r.n *.ln. t : r , . o d. ,";n."n.,tLt r . . u , , t r i o L
\\/a..,dd u: p . t . a t t . . p o t t " 1r r r t , . l . r t l p . f i t , . . , . t q r u r . . tn
I Prrrr', ia din s, L, l, a \ nqlei x loslil. isi, n
nlel. deot deie t . . ', . 1. a. . i, i. ihrrl
Srlf rf arr. nlr si orll. [ ia] . r. ' Fljrrrc{ f ra. , rNt t , it il de s. rde rert r ulir. Fit irt it f d t r
O, 'o- . -n. .' \, .i | , ,l t:,:,. , r" r , r r, rh_
". . i, , , , i t , i ,u
r'r. r'u L , r i
"
semlul nl lll, t r: lf ; nct bsln ij: 3 1. lr, , iL{401. n\ gb \ 1it jil. I I at r; it ajt \ . ('ht t
t.rk.us. itlll .t... .afc ldmrNfri'' rp dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r si,at .nttczi si ille Dersonatjtiti
ina(rmtLr. uhirr sir._rlnLi.\..sh r.oli ii ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi. ,i turut r"oi,
r. rt l lir. er orriilof . |, r\ uiplia ljir. srlor dc l. rln, . f *. a . ir geniru. siil
. -slll, Ll
. stil .ula^ ial : stll .nfart..ris n . in r.onvqsrtiilor oliiNriif. tamilir|e
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
. . ..)pfr. 3/609
knUoqt i. al spt . h/ . jrL f of t rast . l iot r\ f rsit irt f sir f isoril. ii t . {t cLr) f orddt c.
CUIi'NT CATU CEITOR
ulrfotrne at t& 4 efa.anstd,efatnqral. dtical fu inccputltLa.est.lti. eeol (inlo-

I u r t a notni aLi.rului tt (rcu.st aul 1 p r onu tclc p eNnnal \\ho i . loc (1,e\h.)m
i hf t's ne lcnlrtr it i l. locu prcpo.ili ei d tt n \ eth si u inaintea cwittLt ui ta
N.rc se refeft (rvlo is it for? I|'herc ure 11ou ani g holl l) etc.. ctt., ctt:.)este
nnsiderat core(l acum. (Yczi fipitalele @rcs?un.ito\lc /d Indiee.)
t inrclis. tot (e(a Gdarinla
Gaanad,updsinplifftdre, tste &ctlm
le u eore(tgranntlcd .rtlmu.U
tittiga lintp. t:it.mai conrld€l4t
imp. a sloppy.
a(lus i
ertindered.or telor Nntruse. a fispunsuiior tnanatilabirc. a snnctelor njtrnit
IalLIe.
S-a a(eptat un aLLoiteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)r fi the man in lhe slreet,
sintboluL :rtd ?nnului ( tlc: obitnuit). Chiar t-i d. la &tcilrele niwftiture,
ptolctotii ro aiscLtrcla.ti intbajsurprinzdtor. bc (? intedbd un nai\'. -Nu
ttiu ruflaticii ? - Pentu m stLtdcnlii sainu i. Itutr.e tirept 'old, aegies" :bd,
H?nt / Seeel, lta t&ri(i 1 u|, toia ]u sfiltlt L te.alulai pftcetlent (in
Ne\ Fl rglislL rammar. Logical ard Hisroriral 1392 si 1696), anticlptnd
s rile d,catt
of ftl(:I: utuale:
whateaers " t he
in gen al rul(s
us. inaftl|rumtudt lolie
languafe is no tal ue cfteptftdsan
Lestate,n.nts
lor th&t et granl
tati@llt eotrc(t."
Litnba s. sthb hn r atittl r.lpiditat(. intit striitorii dniltr '50.'60 au deja
un it inte.h . Pcnffn strti.ini insai. e&re sint in matea lor tnajoritate cititari.
inslt,'i. )a lintiir €n ]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici tadilional.e llr? ncapirct
nu:csdrai?entru a li se ontla o ha.i soli li si numai rLupdaeet:a i. si.nr putetl
{Ia s&nla. in pradid, da *hi.n xirile prctctie sdlt liitoare di limb& en le.d..
7u,\,o;;nnr\tyt..:.j,,.p"'n,,i.,i ',,. ton Pat . r.1ld , 1 , t b ^t p r l " s f e neri-
tclegtwnali.ti.i ui OttoJftl€'5dz i/r "The Fis enri.rlsl E glish Gramln ,', 1938,
ture r?d,er.1nt.1tie&n \e.d: "as sotncthing iti.ry antl derclopingund,er onlinaal
flwluaions. $omcthini hat ls founrlcnon the pastanrtpr$aris rhc $'atJ or the
futnrc, sonethiw that is not eleags rcnsistentar perf.ct. bur ,lallessing anl,
pe.fettible in onc pord,, hunlan."
( L 1'i,\ t. l) , 1tt.T E
Crunatiut rl.e aln tii-ica luuare con.:eputii e Ld.e tat].ilianat..

,Si t tratale apnfu ddt taatulJroblet )tt de Erumaticd,p;t ,iulu st dc(nn
pa fnontenp.le runaticalc st.Lifice liniii engtie;i deci trtai
(Llriarul\t nmain. ?ulin (t:t:csib;Le
f..t t ot;: o tu , u. t,.,. tu,tr ti tr or otiat ,, a tr tnyt,:d s; t, c
bozr ,tnr "odui,.fu,Llt, ., .tat,.r t.. "n.: tn..t u. ttr .t,tt .x"r ,.tt"iu;,i
ranate
S ade o&menL.)e
urmdrit. Irtt. u s.t tenninataSi.li
sd se dd,apu urnldti t&ntfarna|&.
a .tlcattietaluliu
t:it ijdi tinl)ii
brit:i si uanld.
;i. cit n;ai
aptapiatd.dc f.nanenul s1ud,;at.cnsi,t;;i it ,:d sint t)|.'Ltc etenlenre eosebhc
tald de gtatnatica Lmbii tot drr,. (:uni t Ii: genvt;rut. ri.itorut lulti t. t e&t,
i,,olut o
'[.,t l0 n J ',,,',t.1t,:.,'u p,r [. ..tot,1,.,.4] t,t.,t,.
l4r t" 4 t,loti:t- \ i r t $1un:n.. .- t..p t..,. :... a.., n,t,paptp.
pn\ttlp".J,r t, - tu,.dt.tdf
tir - : .t s d ;' ,,' tlot- .. tt. . t n., I' i,. ,nr - ,,t.,....' , I,tp
ltt
I.ntDtnn It1t t n d l s l t l . .
t'entru .a .agrc tnta srutli.rul nt&terirlultli. s ao i tradls. ptin un?le
emnplitirairi ti notc d,esulJal, tit mai, trnthc d.jte ttesprc itttLtu ti driti.a.lid,
englptd despn sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor Lrad,ili)nateenlte:rtti.
Latted.are
ti pdragrafenu tcNn&tu ,c & inujt tul pind. lo stitlitut ti. p{dra
tt s. lutea /.r.e triniteri de a o prubio n Ia altd. i .ntru a se ei.ra reperdrite.
d.tdt.. i ot i un, i", t,,,,;, i" ,"r ,r '.,., ,t.,tr ..r tt'tt[0.
. . . Lr t 'hr s,t'tt
L- t o\tltt | n.tt
,;i,qut sl po4td + t t ,ntelo\pnit. lt.n un,,ffi
psl, dn .n, tut..tttt t.1;1 I \[ nn. ,r n
ntor ttr ' p. t t T or etr ei
dL la tnrcpur ftnt lu iir ttt.
I t' t ) o dp [o,; . ],. a .t' ..t' ,..,, L.t.... p. a ,Jnft;,t, ,t l p . l u l n ; i . n
.
' 1" L .,.., ; o 0tlaat.,. ô"o,-
t.ptr tlr t a t p .to' .4t..t .,1. t. r n,iInc" . pnlpi, d ,e
Sperin M wrca tlepLisnle cLitrc utoalcj (u tlsitL;Leasi d.drui& specifice

nu t.LLun..L arsnte, sd [ie sprc instruiru. intercsul ,\i s.lisfaclia ci.titorutui
E ;)TT{iRA
TABLA DE }IATORII
Cuvlnt cAtr€ citito 5

Cuvlnt lnainto .,... 8
IIORTOLOGIA
. Sul6tantivut. . .. .. . .. - .. . ..,. . t:t
9l
Adiectiwl ,2t
,67
Nu m e r a l u 1................... r .. 229
247
457
hepotiiia. 489
5lt
52 0
snn{xl
8i;u*a prcpozlli"i. . . . . . 524
Sintara tlazei. 5?3
BIBLIOGRAFIA 626
INDICE 629
MO RF O LO G I A
lrroRPHoLocY)
SUBSTI.NTIVUi
l p.9:
{. CONSIDDRAT]I G ]NEIIALE t7
1 t7
tI, CLASIFICARE\ ;SUBSTANTIVELOR 3 ti

Ii
SubstMtfo oomue 9i suhtstrtiYo Foprii . -
srbstantive comune
I ti
b 17
SdDstMtiYo eoncroto ti s u b 3 t8 n ille b s h a c 1 e ...... . . . ... It8
Substannve cono.ete 9 18
10 19
Sulstantive abstractel . t2 7g
Sulst&ntFo ttrdiYiduslc si slD$iMti{o colcctlve .. '
13 19
Srlstantive iniliYiduale . t4 19
sulstantive coleotive 15 19
Nume dc naterii ti de mise conc.e
t8 t0
Sobltcntilo rumer8bile li ncnumerrbilo
Nuniabilitok| . . .
t9 20
. 20 20
Substantiee numtdbite t1 20
Ca r a c te r is tic i.... - ..... . 22 2Q
Calcgorii dc sulstaniive numcrall
2X 20
Substuntioe nenrmetubite
Ca r a c te r is tic i,.- .. .. . 24 20
Categorii de substartive n c , m P r i b i l . , . . . . . t8 tt
Numcle spotu.ilor 29 2t
Nrmele de materii sau de mase
Nnme dc mai.edi sau de nase 30 ?1
rabile ln iul .. - . .
Produselenaturare 31
A n im tr le le ........ . 2 2X
'3
Plantele comesiibile. . . . 33 :r4
3i ,5
Numelc de mase ibslraole. 38 25
Nune de masealshacte nenunerabile 39 26
Catcgoriid e srbsianlive (hnel).
40 26
T I, GENUL SUBSTANT]Y]ILOR.
t6
De lin ilie l........... .. 4t 26
. . . L2 2tj
G€nurile n sranlatic{ englczi.
21
49 27
21
llasculin ti leninnt . .
6t 3'
Genul, ubsiantivelo. are n ic{ naliomlitatea sau lrovenienla regionala -
62 33
Ge n u lc o m u n ..,..
63 33
Exprcsid Sranaticaldd €enxlui .
87 36
{\.. NU]IiNUL SUtsSTANT]VIJ].Oit
Col3lilorstll gon$8|e..
90 37
Ptu..lul Bulrsti irctor ' 91 7
li,;, ,i .,ji,,;"0',1 ;.ror"...''i-
ifl,ll"{i'i : -::::= 92 37
i";;'i;" " rd s,rEUrdr,
.;;,;;;':i; -2.+h..h-rsnrur'L
s. i. DerxrtTlrrrr 93 37
95 37
t4
Lry q
snbstantivec.ninate a singularn 't sau le :: ,;? 33
S ubs lant ileerminat en' q. . . . . . ;;i ie
Snbstantilc erminaten -th .. . . .. :: ;;; .10
Plu.dl6 rrex n al. ;;;
iiJi,i. llis
li;inlr i, ,";*i rormr, 'i.tolec
ubs lintiY€lec ru"rp "'p ...
tile..- ,'iva ly:
l.li ;;
: i n ru r" ' d r' . t l u "d l . .
ri,iiii,iir'ir*"i'd.r," 113 ';:,
Plumle strline :j ;
Do u l f o rm" d " t n . ra l u l s rl i l p ri l .
' 'nr nt"res ii*it . i0
ri'l^ i,ji,i:i' '" J";,i1 rormr,-ir-ar.cu l:9 il
L , o i l u . d ", , ". ", , , . , , , 1 . "r. :I1i o1 " i3
Pl L rJ"rl n f rrrcl P dp r' 1 r' :'1
iiJ"] o'i.i;l; I in," s .r" 'insu - e "\p".r:'P . .: ill
i' li"i"r ,i,ri,i,', '"llr rr" "r'r 'd onarir:a au Pto n-n'a g'onari ltl i:
Fj'"ii"i a.."-i"it- d.i animare. . i;l i;
.- .
9luralul substaniile)or.conlnse : ;;; re
I'luralnl
t l Jra l u l numelo.
. u rn . rl t "t})roprn.
o" . .... . . . . . . . . ;l;
j:'. 60
"u i e t r. t i r. . t - . . . 60
Pl u mh l n n me l o .d c l , t e rc. . . . - , ::t
i'i" '. "t'"'p a1"r", .. :.. . ::; ii
Pl u i , rl l l o r rl i J' ro rb i "P'ul' ' r"r\ d
. . 189 6?
v. CAZLL SUTISTANTMLOR -
co . . ; o 4 -. , i , : , n o . , " .
: ::::: l;j ;
L Ll,J.f J ,' r t ,anti\". ,, ,,.,,
...,.........,,,.....,,.. 198 6lt
liomiistir ul ......,._..
D.ri ri 1j c .... . : l# 3B
. "
\ominatirnl
{u cl i i . . . . . - \ooaur' ..................... ;i; 64
, ' : o sri l r
Ge n l t ' n l . . . "
. . . . . . ..
De iin i1 jc . :. ;1 3 3 l
Fun4ij . ... . iti {j 5
rra d t rcp re . . . . . . - " :tit
. ,. 66
l o rma l , . -. . . . .
28 66
Cenitirul eran {t. ca.ut Pofsie . " ' -
rormi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:
: : . '. '', ' 3 3 1 3 3
1€4
ia 12
'0
80 i2
. . . . . . . -. . -. . . . . . . . 283 i3
85 )'3
300 1t
307 ia
. . ,' 3n8
Drl i rd , ....
Irefinil,,e ... 'i
il: l';
srrBsTAN:cl 'IJI,.SUMAR 15
_.L 4a
VI. .C.LTE CHESTIUNI REFERITOARE LA SUBSTANTIV ...... 7A
Substantiwl adjeotivat 94 4 7A
Ch d in e ar r v in te lo . . - .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..:. 34 5 19
Func$ile substantiftlui 347 19
VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR 357 80

Ds d e & .r ............. ....... . ..... 35 9 80
Alixatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 80
P ie fk € ............... 36t 80
S u fi:€ .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 8 a2
Dp r iv d F a r e 8 r ,8 ie 6 ... .. 373 a4
REducerea............ a?4 84
Atternanl€ lonetice 48 2 85
A b r e v ie r e a ......... .. 383
SclimDew cslogorlei 8flm3uodo. . . . . . . . ... 384 86
Co Dp u r c r m . .... 399 88
Sui6tertive tele$opate 40 t 89
SUBSTANTI VUL
(TIIE NOUNi
I. CONSID$n-{TIIENnBALE
D cl i n i l i c. S u b ' l sn l i r u l
p sl " p a r " H d " \ o r b i r - " r r p d o r u ' l 1 F : ' o [ ' i t r l a l ' ' sr
P ' i n . o b i F cl a ' s^ i n r e l . g . p o p l a n e r " r I I i ' J1 . f i i n l P l " p l a n l cl " l u " r u r ' r '
e \ r cr F n l o p p p l cn ' r r r p o r :
t n . u : i r i l . . . " l i " n i l a . . l ' r i l a n ^ l i u n i l p . - h s 'a l i i l ' F l '
idml h'l rdl rP'lr" '
A, ' , o s. l i 6l ' I"a'
II. CLASIFICARE,\ S1]BSTA]['I\\-EL OR, s3

A. SLTBS'IANTI\iE ON{UNE I SUBSTANTIVEPROPI\II s4
1) SubstantiTele omulle ( a a t , ' t L c' n \ , , , t / -er ' . li indi. r-d 1'r'rrr^r $t
,obiectelor' de acelali fel:
dos tn ' I oPle
bi.d llolFr Inmrly
2, Subsraoti\cLc toprii (Prop'I AodnrJ num-s' un. obi.cl( Jeosbin- $ 6
dul de loale cFlelalte obiectc'din acceo:i ategorrF. ubslsalrvele roprrr
(oumrrr. eogralr'e
sp s.riu .u ioitiald maju."uldr 9i denumesniintp locuri
in r cn e r e ) ,n a lio n a lil6 i su b st a n livai a d jP . li\ e ) . a q lr p $ r . g a l, a \ r r sr p en l
ur,icalp'. urassre, laifun" elc. (toldedunadc gen fFmrnrnll
ist o r ic",o p e r ilr t e r "r ". sliiD lit icp . r lisli e e l'. . anumilP r lu la lu n e r cd r l€ r p '
onorifi.c, prole.ionalFsi culluraie. nlrpprjcd'ri m;r' i dF labrirarrc Pr'
lunile anuiui qi zilele sipi5mlnii etc :
cu r n L ch a F sl B . n N P \ i s T 11 Vot d'
Jcr i " n^nub" t h p I € L D i . :jlerpt 4p.l'1.
Tlr;l8in 'i"L 5pn'n ldtron'
lno aon Ro{1nia
iii-ii Romanian Eulole Rolls Roxce
^-inar
l'lie W{ oi lhe Roses
B.itish Aeroslace Airdali Group
O b s. r o a l L i :
t Jn e l e p r n p r i i a u d c\ " ' i l su b sr sn l i r c r o m u n F si ca a l p sc s7
"ub.lanli F
sr r i u r : r i n i r i r l i m n u scu l d ' F F r , t l F d i sl i ' g ' d F n r r m e l " p r o p r i i r " sn " l r t e :
d ) o b i p . l . n u m j t e d u p a I o cu l t l e o r r g i n c: cl :
o bpdtrn u a/;l dp n.Ldn: ltopriu : r S 'd \11_J f nF nl " n'rmle
J. I L o n Jl ' . '.A n cI T
u n u ' \ m h r . r , ' r d t Jd a l i p l r , i f l i n / r l r .
,t,,a l: norielnnl Clrina
. , " i i " , . t . i " . d . , i " co r i r r ' / ' o i n I ' l ' n u r 'l n , g :r
F' il i | d o i r a i l J r i 4 n \ ; -
;;.;,, nl ei.lu l , E r " n r ' r o cu l l
t)imint sccuddl " " " ' . , din .\nglia)'l
- r'' -5 '
Lî,,u" r r o n " ; i , u " 1 . sL ' sl r ' l i i b p s" f l ' r ^ r i r r i 1r".1'
t u , t t , , ' l h t u r ' t ' ' d r J ' ". 5 P , n t
^rt ,atih.n-an.:'o". ni J r'a nini l
'i
u b' . . .'a r " r v.'oin' r ' nl
7 1 , " r l , 1 \ y t t r J. '..'r. Jp " . r . i n l - l p . Ji
" l n , : r r r r u l _ sP , l d u J " ' ' ra nr
. ] \ sd co o
n . e i ci c: " \ i : j , , " ;. r,r-d i o
si " ; -n r
i im: . '
. l
- . r Lg i l
, a
. ' , - t
. h '
t n
, ,tt . r . t t
; o
t o
a i \ L
- Jr ." i s/
I .r r o l '
p r 6
r 'or i
, ' i , i . J' '
r i cr i l , d ' l J ' d p d e r j \ a r e r b u l r , a , n / . r r : P
'--;lli'i..-et'".. nnmele trnor unsaDc de pc coastr Caiiiofri'i
/:.il'tr, 1: olundilr< Holl|ild 1: Oiurda\

j e rs. u l rse r i i u u l i l i n crn rl n l l h , e l i l
-/, ,.,fr,,.y. , (- ma ro<chJe
i . -
i n l I l o o c. o l - \ I a . o l , r
rn ,tt nnn L- .lift\ lcatit.nal). soia. .rd,ipe.l < OLlonnx rt r.o, d,iije,rtr ai rc.hiul[i
o rr./s i: prntoli de sport. rxLlii:tnrii < O\lod iorai lnivesillf di,, .\dliil)
:,,r
r, /,1..7..
, r (: rnud ' d I.'l
e Xe deprfirlesil
sr < Xe re s l o ' ra l i i a<n , iUlsref
rt D, t n i a )
-
luri-.si hfrl iprorhiiD id nofddl l.l,rLd.ili
, / o b i e ct o u mi l . c d u p i i ve t a t o ri i . d e sco p cri t o ri i . f a b l j ca n l i i , i n sp i -
o l n o t sf u 1 ml -n d L re , , r r, . 1 rr cl i i <rl , o rd l n f o f g h xm i m d e sl . a l , . i i . a n i c, r8 6 8 1
i \utbrntJ l- Ln I.l 1. sloli inpfimcabilil sfu . hanji din a.csi rat ri{l) <' rtRubory E
irrdelf lal'ricdnLulLril r r ' :ipll
' ,. ;,ll pl- ,.l l,' i Io l r'
., i l l t r Lr lf,j 'Ir , ''d
lLr qi ,l' -"' .1d - ,
i. il . ,"td' l"\' nr n' t ,1 bi r'ru
" ' nd, I "
' 1. " r't l ', ' r d' ,. : lln' lr i Jo",l t " l p
.' - u f.r I.b tlof....",r ,. f,\., i
'. r'J tI
l .' ' ' r , ' i.r I d I n r'. Jo r ' r L
' ;o1r ,
I l..lrd Ro@ (: atrtoinolll.lr.toneli 0e1l lfica a..idrrtall < Lltl thvf. in1:.i
'
., 1,., ,I,r ,- \"t- \l, os, - :.- , l .umli.r .
'u + ,lr o pr : n l " . " , P' ,n
,,n aj...,. l : unl ilii slai,r r cl:l..laic nntr r l dti .\r ndenr r ' dc Cincmaloafdfie lir r :jul' h .i
.cdiu .ntr d .r ir .\( t oul. in iulor i., i.ti. cr ,,.) < Or ir iL' ier ,iel i.iL.LQ
ir mPr n,r n de Ar ir ii l i., se. I]{ i
e tuni t) .r tl..d,os d. r l ( ir io"tr iell.< lh.otor e iRo.r er llll 1p.:lr linle al SU\.
1.r l i.r ir t nr .n, \li:jl.r flr
d. r jr cij
''---J l\old .,4' I' r ' ,r . \ r.
. ' r llr mtr ,l( lort - n{l lLr l " ,-o l i -ln'
l lr L' r ' ",' \' ' \l."i r r ' r d,r : )r
1"1",' 1". r' - l.' 1. i r ' j. l ,l:". ' q- ' i- l" l ' " "
I
., r ,l1 1: tr voll) < lllNsa\d.ol Volla lfizi.id ilalian, 1r 1;- l8lt)
a qdu t:in wr tll < ( JaniNi \vatt { ingincr ii inlcDtalor scotir n, 1i36- l819i;
c, lucrui fi teNoane iumite dupn creaiori de opere de arfi Bau dupd
personaje din istorie, legendi. literal,urn. artn etc.:
o a:desa. / un l1.in, ln di.il,a ,ori
a Gdin:booush l- trn lal,lotr d. fiainsb.roLLghrl
n /udas (:xn trlLdr'tor d'r lrtteni)
th. tiadn\s o/ iird,.. l: nia.ii linaiciaril
a .th ll.cl2 l-r^ riimnril rdnilo,
a r-eLtt I, n stliuic a z.ilci Ycnusi o ien,fii. caccplional d-A rumoasrl:
It wft a -r-dDls../r ol lio nloodhonnds .lnd .r lerlc..
s8 B, SUBST.\\TT\TE ONCRETE I SIJBSTAI.iTIVI' BSTR{CTD
ss 1) Sut,staDtiyelel|, rete (Cant:rett VolnsJ numesc .obieote'{ mdte-

riale (persoane. ninal'.. plante, ucnrri, fenomene evenimente in reali-
totea nconjuritoareetc.) de a ciror er.istenln e putem da seama rin sim-
t J-l4na-. (kritl,atouqr. o.lebN

' ' .// lrorl.rtisi si pclsagisi enqlez .'
lltll- 7331
t...,. i r ".,,| ..: l l . d \ i d i ,r , .r ' d r ok.- p F.
' T 1.,d,... .t r .. , . .,- .. .t,{ . , t t. t...
r vP/i
5r l
. I tt,unr t l\l:) il' iil: dsl.,r { &r l $tc titlul r izer r lt h cr gieza Ldianicd
l0
2) Sulstantircleahsbaote ,{6slrdrtrvod r/ nunesc acliuDj,stdri. sim- S 10

ldmintej senza_tii.nsu;iri, relalii etc-rconsiderate a no.iiuni:
l.iour hcalth
rcst
N o td substantiv€ absl,racte au si scisu con$ete, uneori cu in e14

Unele $ 1l
6chimbat:
' , | 4 r lr
' u r. o / il 'l
. li. , i -i, . r' , , u b rn ' , i 'u,.,'
d -li. ' l- . b rrr. . l)
a ' ", . I
Ii
1 -. , . ri, r' d 6 1 .
. I d r n a r' a L . lt " l)
J" r' P
1 ld , . / o " r. o n , r ,
,
,,,.",",""I n rl: n i' , b , . )
I : .ro, ,"t. ri,,, *r
_ . hi r " l r ; ( . , 1. , r a, , )
" i "v 1r , "t i n, j I n" . t . . r . on. I
C.SUBST.{NTIIE NDIVIDUALE$I SL;I]STAN'TIVEOLECTIVE S 1'

Substantivele omune,atit concrete lt si absi,racle, ot fi:
1) indiridule flndiridadl Norrns) ind a singularnumescn singur biect: S f3
.--" {i}i'j {ffl,. J . t , p€r
I t o$n
J lilr
t odk
J sl oon
I l],]' t
{r'jntx:s,r
"0",*.,a: {;'.:'#* {l;i:" {l*r {R'i'""
2) coleetire (CollectieeNouns), cind la singxlar numesc o pluralitate de g 14
,obiecte' identice sau similare, privite ca un tot unitar:
I auiien,er I ili(hl, r ltock
---k {i:?J 1 pr ol cLar i at
1 sdl ar v 1 t e, m
.u"'",.,"
{ffi;ii#"'{ lit:itil:$i",i:#-iir:Bill:
{Vezi i 5 86)
3) nume de materii li do mase conorete (Namcs of llatter dnd. Concrete S 15
,MarsJ qi nume do maso obstra0te (Ntlnca of Abstact,Udssr, clnd numesc
mateda, substanla sau mesa unui robiect.':
r cv- a 1I \\i
sold
n-
I col otr
I m"ir
I mill
1 so u r
I dir(
1 tu b b .
| .o.t., I kn o il, d e e I t , l-\ L : o n | ; n . e ll: L n r, l
' e ' Im ' " 1 i r ' i r o i o j r h \ 1 m u r , -
t ' ." ,,,.,
" ,1 ' ," " " --
O b se r a a i i
a) Un€le nume de n&terii de$€mncazis,;obie.itecorleclionate din mate S l$
riile respeclive5:
t€ D.oss : al,iDnrie. liirnril isurnanli\' colecli\'l
: d;1Druri, tJic.t.dc alami, alAol,'{nii,,strurtrrrtpnL,ziralec alrr,-rr
D/a-.sds
l rzd ic, rd : a u . lit o rn l lla n n o oploal.

gi,g,,: r, f rr. e(t.
t . . r.gl.a41:. i' Lp rb
' s, s1 . cnsLnl (1.L ,p,'Lsari.
l
esrldril,'i {1. alniarf.
3 rtrrrl.V, ( on.r.il guoi; (abnrac| l]|{(i'ri. uosLji. iidicnri. rroNfBui
n p t l: a " -t u " . t rro a . a4 l. -" 1. '\':' t o f riii. liri
6' T rrd . , " il" r l
rr- i\ ' n , r' r' t l/ I r' ' . ' : . r' r. i ' , :
€nglezeDli resleclire.
20
: i i ; ", "' , . 1 , 1 "0 , , o Jn t : I p r"r' I rrPp n n t : r1 -h "' 8 l e ch i ,

",
o , r. ; \ 1 : b a n i ma ru ' rt i m"{d n t ri l
,i d e m' . ri p : " r
"ri
rro Jd n r|o l ' i \ )l
d rl d - (: t n rn a . , o o e rL n n l )
r/ o : s L : r, a n u e i o sl i n zi ,o l h ' l a ri l
ifur l: lcrl
aL i;n (: rtr\ li.r de celcal)
;n trons (: in lanlu )
(vezi ii S 30 )
precun al e
A lt 6i Denumirile pro{:luselor naturale, prelucraie sau nu' ;i
iri'"l"i.i"te ea alinLent',ini dsimiiate, in puncr'de veder€sra-
",'l-ri"r""-
natical, cr.rnumelede matem:
/ . /:r ' lnr \' 1," b lF r ' o' ' /PI ) i
' o1'
.LiLk. LtrLtt/r. .h"r'sts,
go05e nr ker . por llr J, er r '
:
,i , l, .('lr 1Lhr n, dn,k, . (' \ irl" ru" r u u - . r' ip" \ u o d ' o ' k r'
, . u" ' -r..-.
dp.' r' 'toi.
J,i I i" . " . ln, on
s1 8 I l. S Ut s S TA r' Tl\ ' ll NUI I E RA B I LI I $ I S UB S TA NTI I I I NE \ UNI llrt A B lLE

NUItI]riABILITATII
51e tCOUXTABII,ITY)
ln qran, at lr" moJ " rna, r . rit Frr - . irp s t a u d b a z d mpdrlirii s u b s l a o -

oJrtpûrrr
. i' " lor r" r r r . g o r i i J e x p u s emai s u . ' a. ddaug" t ur' ' rrlprru, nou
, , enlt u ur; e. 1la-f en riamari' ; , ' i dF' i q i I n ' lru' l u r a l r m b r r e n g r F z c :
ii)' , , . rliiu" , d s bs h; t ; I P t ot (c our10b' t t t sa l ' \ at ns J '
SUBST,UIIIIX NU IjRABTLE (dbrca Nl)

{ 20 (coulitlBrE oR cogNT NOttNS)
sPr 1) oeracteristiei.
h o L J s . ' t "+t Js f o n i l i e s,
n I 5 u b sl d l l i \ *1 , a a : I ' t t ct , n b ' rrL , . [ t o ' N""
(l a , t . j . t d p o t sF l . . i n l . o r. ' i ' l Prr " n d n l t d \ ; 1 " JF o Jre '' o b rF L p l ' p a ca rF i c
d *"' U"-; ' f rr; n
, ,ui 'm;
J ra t "
' "*e n u n , e scPo u n u mp ' "b i l " t u l o rn ' d , d e
p t *o ' i u b . ra n l i ' ' ' , -i
s; t , 3 t ' t o t r' *d "o t d ' u rt t o t L t I n l a t n t , t ' n a |n {3 d u d "i n l u cu t t o rrL e cPsl u ra l "q o Ya
ca r". t e ri ' . , i ' i , "rP ro n ' rl u i r "rb t r Ji ri n ' l i a r sL D' l d n t i e l o r n u rn Prsb rl e
s 22 2) Crtegorii ilo substantivo numerabile' -

qi
,q.iui ni"a, rn genere' majoritaiea substantivelor comunel conorete.
i, ' ai" ia" af . , . i. r" f ri' lic d " ' on' lc \ l u ' nunlrJ " s t ul d c m s r Pd " s u b s t a n t r v e
. € r c aps rlin. elorldlt F, aregorii r r - z i S i r' l: ll ' r l
r r ' i- bfl
k' : d ' " ' pion | - ' ough' :
d. , ti ,r - ar .,,p".:.' : jJk'" "h' n"' ons: ' oug
, ; " ). ; rhd h'. d h: rd'k; - 1, i; '. , . )ii$'" : , " lll tr*
J iboF [ " " . ]n,lDj' 16 d sr tr t' r - vr ntF r dra
SUBSII\TIIX NllllullDB"ttsIrn f4D4 ATl)

s 23 (UNCOVNIABLtr NOU\S]
s et t) Caraoteristioi.
ntr-un
Lilele numedc materii sau de maseoorcretcpot li rlcnumerabile s38)'
.""#;i;;;;;il"'r'i i'""i S:ol eu modiricareanlercsurui sd
"ii"i
l
de,r + i-
D ,osF bir pl linr '" d', ' p,clpgor ii F - h1r l" 'ub'ilJ 1i d" 'ier eu
e
2.,r ,,l.or r p" o imLr jr l ". - r Llar /r Jutr ir r r 'n1i' \^'br r nr ulur sr dcp'r r oP
d, 5 u b " l l n l i \p l r r : n p l td t 4 d t^ t' s. [L r ' l '" o ' h o n .'to r k h o L v' $25

1 .j 'z n '" J 'i n l i o n 'L 'l 'r r r / rru"rp_
r ,,r t l n u :h t.r . l i l ,t. n .\'1 ,;,';,,1 ;n - .n ;.
i tu
;au. rpd" num ' r .r " f ^ r r ; nu" " r " ' r : i de
; ; ir ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ' " ii" c r Fr a r . ' " i1lluril
'^-' n mod obisnuit. orm; desingular3, e construiesciu singularul's lnt in
il" au ieclt lo"ma de
s€nerenume "" de iranimat'e dcci de gen neulru'
' '"i s2 6
l,l Sobsturrti.,"t" onilmernbile u au articnbl n€holnrit a/alr. : olre)'
** iia"r .i'ii"i"". ,qstlelnu sc poatespune^ darktL':ss'[an' ^ oirel':xs tc'
2) Categoriiale substantive crrumrrahile s2 7
d, Numelo sportwilor: s2 8
n r .,r i l"l ldl r o r 5 4 l Jn r ''q 'l i l i 'g r 'h \
,r .,u i 'l o- r o o b .,b o 'o \ rporo
rrugg r. . :i . L . .o " . " l o b - - a " r 'g '4 '
Acesteanu au dectt forma de silrgular fi se conslruiesccu singularul
llo's $ 29
6/ \umclo rlc malcrii nrr de a.e r or r lr cl' t ll') 1 1 ut ot 'an r I
s,noAP t;ot btr un la ol lnttttaL l" oi s//r 'l 'r' JU n.umrr
-\'orr, )c,:.r'or,., qi stni -consideratenenumcrabite deodr€ce obiectele pe
ii'"'".'ai.
;"";;'i";;;;; "i"n"t,i. poi li uu-r*t". ci numai rsu*Le De asemenea'ere
nu au nici articol",inehoiirit.
Nume le rnateriison ilc m:rse olrcrcte enumerlrbilentr'un contoxt i S 30

numerabilen rltul (Vezi S15)
tN t
INN]
nunar s3. s8. ti Pl.
I sE itl , o ('.+' 1 'ur 'af.J
f : catea boabe sru lfionraie | In d i \i d r r n l
{ ' o i ,..e l ,
rcffe-" I (matc.Gl i n l . .o /l e d :i a l '1 " l i n ,Fl r r i , r a _
" (,n Jte 'i') { j ' t r ti
l:h a tu rd t ion, L m'r e .i 'l
I ss. l /, = Lo , P a r c ' u ) te r i
Ieo r = ftrnzele de ceai uscalc {m,rl.cfle) | { ,o\:te
/'d n c.rfit,i i n d itx
vi i l u
i caa l 'il .a te g u d r
1 -- biurura (narerie) I rl
d, " r i l ,n d tq i ' ]
I
I sc. .o u , : 1 ,' I r r fu r n ' u l str P r
I u Di ( i l i l l i d u l ) I Ico r ' r ct, i r i ,l ,l i d u r )
so r ,.
I { n L r r yi ) I p1- soa?s: torlii de supir
I sq . *fti s/.r :l u n p i h e l $ h i skY
1 .o ," . i n d i \i d u d l )
./,,"r,.{:fl:l:lirX, |
I l Jl . ,'l 6 i ,e : ( ',a l L u P ' L l \h b t.Y
( , u ,r r .t, i n d i l i d u nl ( mi r ' a I
t
I 'e,s, deii cu torml ilc plurnl. aN" nlelesde singulaf qi se 'onlro'te cr al'al'r: "\ o
i rdrio s 38),
"""'j;in:,':;l':;"':'ii*iLs'"1.i;']'.';u.","".rie ri raaiorereroDie.
** 1T"i$l
i**i'"': '" 1s 5-1e') cnre ccomro,,Aaur str,gu,a.
**"l,Tli#illjtl"l.? ""* -.*,
r suA in rrl,rnda.
,,r,/,e./
i:,t:lli"i'SiJ'liffi;'"".'
'i
2?
tNN] tNl
0.7/s- caresofii de cone de
b/?t p1. ,.€'cs: \'iie perlN;j in abaiof
(indiljdual - matelel
: ca.nc .a al'm.nt a.ars : categorii de can.

(materi€) { {niateri.)
ss. a / nn- w t et le
:.iarne dc peqte o.t aliment {.onc.ct. indirid{al)
/;rn : rreFti concFl, .ol€'rliv)
1. /isi4 : spacii d-" Iftli
lindiaiduall
: ptine . pl. ,re&ls: {Ielud Ct l,iirc)
.
{
ss. d t asr - un toist (la un bi
: piine pr'ljiin i {abstract indiriiltral)
l pl- lrsrs : toasrurl
sn. 4 cians. - o s.himba.e
'- mtuunlii, bani nil.unli labsl.a.l, irdividDal)
sa. a r ol: o sar e h clim ic t t

= sa.c naluau (mndiment) n,edicin[ l.onoel]
n . rolk : Epsom saltss, nrelling
- satls. (individual)
: gaze naturale (pPntru iluninat,
(in chidie i m.di'
saitit 5i lncelzil)
"* gi,i, ,: .,
(in SUA) : lenzind pentrtr (Dasdconcr€tl, ndi{idu{t't)
areind.i? : 6bi€0ie de arcint:

m;nede de arsini lcol.otir)
(nrteri., nasn .onueta) pr. pte.es ol siit./ = norelc de
dsint ({€zi S r t)
s8. a snod (elc.) l@": qiftt {lo

(mat€de,mrs, cotro..&l pl.
(eonc|et. ndi{idnal)
lr . : blane r eniN ( onl. . [ iir
a fu. cap. fb ioet, a fv stolectc.
I : uana dc m r . 1 , onr r el, 1. ndi. tl . / r lr y: spq r r , . ililr li e] . de
bl. inur i onir ' t ior . t " : a / onrol
lurs: Shatl 1 tdke n f\tsl
; )r",ill .i:; is k t,n,,.t thp,, rn (- re' .ia loarte ahesitos. sat r.reciij
dfv.nil'i }NNc .fl0l.,"L sar rol)ula'rl
" t D. -n . . t l l" r' ra-n ?i' r. . ' r irnirr
"l
) n, ll , q. olt . lum. . F, p"rlru J r' ruld. . "ia
r . . r, rrJ , . aniq: 1 t ^f l' lprri
..fnr .ra h modi).
: 1t:*.111i'i"H:9) b:i"$iii.l"1 .ii'fli:'"Xlii".*u,'
-*"""
';,jil'iil
u ,.r;1. icinrn,Ll dziiri in -\ng i{.
'B
l\ N l i\l
ai r, r|Dorlf.ar {ixtci .o.rPL:1j dt.: r ... .r s ti fl .: ,a a'. o/
t. 1,. on tl LP r i r .. \nr b1 t^ .'nftt:
^ . r . r c pr t \ n ntt, tn Etor
l
t s. .ft lLe ot - . trt\ln]l aa ,l t,'r .: d\i 1r i F { m '\1
| J di f .n ,,r i ,,ntl , e,,/i k of,.fl .; j ndi r i dLLai

sln o ta$i di dc l r nal ,l :
tn
I;o r rPmcrtrlr.r our JtpAs
,. l r ,, l n.k f. m om al s c hool ?
,ili mtiiare /tix insJ . rl
I ri flrig nrrli niasit ib -
i C l ," = Q( i Xfr
., ( m i tr s i ;?,tr . r Li l ntr r i { i ,al egor i i :
(dasA couf,eLrl
1 ;r r r fl i n s .um p| l :
,dt,n : cosl.urul unLli joc\eu
( l nr i rx i 1..
dLLl i i P-
p p.aln
ni r r r cr ul
n..dl al
l l ' ea.gr
sr\ l
\.ezi 3i flann.l. li r'r./ (S 146) pertru direrse nume d' rnaterialebtrcbuin

1^t" I" pi;;;l "".'"*"t n,i iu (ariic'rl de) lllbrnrinlinte (,i ca sinbol
"u-ii 'si
- ""li "f"iilliii'i1;**. ,\cestpaint asin'l. cu nunere e materii $ 3r
ri" . sarr nu l L t " " . '9 t l t o 'r f o t . i t n n a t l 't t o d
" i '. i " i - p , " r , '" " "r. J-dler" rrhudar/ InrrnJ
n;tt,,nutni-otl t - i n r 'l e l F ^n ' t i . . t o o t - t i t l b r ' r o r r '
. p r n n - . r u i p r 'u r i r g 'r ] 0 t u r ' \ '" l u u r 'l F f c r F lrs ul
d e r i ||u l u " l i r : * \ \ h 3 l a/ dl r/f(a l a r r
a c € , t a q F r a t o r j l , . , . d l e x n r : i d I r p t o d u s - l m o r 'r r o n
,r€ab.
'--* etc.) have vou todayl" ob'"r'.tii
-,tni-"i"r". (Vezi 9i g;n"r.l"
S ll0) '" r'dca $ 158 162 $39
ar P"nrrir -
L r m a t o r r " l p a n i m c l " r u L l r p l r n u r n '. d u b l p r p r r 'r r F b u i 'r 1 1 'pd L p l
'u l n
sa u
L o n r . \ l u l i p r e l " r € l a c l ' ' i ld e l p r n p l a 'p d i n s p F 'i ' 'r i r r r r c r o r d n m p i r ' ^
la carnea lor ca alimentl:
nume de animale [N] nune de nateric [\N]
(odgine laxonI) (origino fran(ezd)
or. .oe (< Ochs,Kuh)
i L/;,d l num e tol Pdi \r fol or j t i n 'om er l ,
T.ntihnie ctc < ,s.tr
'.tnr
n.ar lo.jginenr c.td) I\\l .{dI anininul'r'
flcsl 1< r&,rn) tNNl
tfl th te.L"E.r : ..,".t..\r o 1r ,'r '" .

"'- r '.1, ',4
\.al d r/
'.''''.1
l-
.* ""t,i .. e.ar ",l i r i ; r '.,- n - - or .l ,,,tr i .dl ' '- r l "r '
'"'J l
, , . . "r , r ir in. r l, _., : , : ; ; , : , , . ; . , . . :
l l \i ndv i dl di '| .s l i //.ub.'.4| 'i v ..U "| .I\\'''d'| U ..,',
r . , , d " m1, d. - ) ,,
' He s'//' 0' /'rIl f r ", f ; l; f
llliil-;1"illi,|Ji,:'"' ^
,);1 ,;.,s .1 -.' ;' l ;;; ," ,r' .r rd c . ,i r? \' ' .' ,,r i \' i :i : :. ' .i
;:f ti; i.:';1ll li'"' rj'

',
ltrld'''llii;ji;*ti'r:;,'":;i:ri
*" ..'' i
,;;;:^:;.'- . ob'5n,'' i r ', r dr ' ir "'
' ' ", - \""' '
n,oe,j ,,, D r 'J ,1[n'z .\"1, r 1i' l -.
-,
r4 nt
. ) PIuIt.l6.\,nr p.lil'ilo. i D jr Jr r r ivelp i" r r 'imild

' ar ' l" Llp um" " '
,, l;;" pr :i. El' a u nur , ,i lur mi d" insulsr ' '.on'r r uir .n u sinsuld'
;- ;l; .inJ.F r ahtr i a .p la', r ,ci'au u pr ^lu F lPpr
r ul "slu..i Lr D r r p{ r r r r pr nJ
'omF
frunze, semin1.,e),a tc ttnmerabLt€
e' cereate:baieii. cornl nlaizc. milld, rice. rve $trcat etc';
E c c e p 1i e : ools, umai plural ti acordat cu re$ui la plural:
't u t.',i ai plon .) r 'imo':r " : sr a$av. r ol" r v. dill. r F nnol r ':Jtli''
" t
lJur .l..in'p" pp'|mi1|'l,l|.|" \.'\U b" r b.
e" ) tegutn:tel
de s'nEo-
- s1n\ (numerubilecind ne rclerim ia specia nsiii: nu d{ ii lorrrrn
'- construit cu singr.rln|ul;
Iar
- ii, ii,i.,ii't" r i'nd r r " l- r ir ', l1 pdr r " J 'r ,'" 'r r bir " - 'l' i " p r ir ';'
lLbor .ulp. r d.l p'...1laauoInr n .o'r pJ'a umnl r r d- lr ntll ' r auo- l
aili sinsxlarpr F ." Ja o" ar li.olur n" hu';tr - r r ' ' plur 'l:
pl,r r r l r i ,s b\tn ) 'r t r md d" ir '- 'r r lar ir ' un'l 'r 'r : | ' " p
.,6Dng fN\'t Do ron til.r .arlnsP."

;LL" :" ,p.1 t\l I ooJ._h'h , o b g " r bb'6 lo J{ .r '
" p t4 to .'a b b t
.' l;//o .'* \\ | "rt':lla 'P ' sh l ' , J lo u "
r."d t,1 .,1 ;-. p ..sltl S h ",.i rlh srd lJ' m ) t .l'u E rtlifL o -
;i,:1.') l,n'ili . J,i''"""iilT'l;,:il'%i"",'l'Ii;., ,'*o

r iii
o ,io n tll d d "srn ;$ _ o u l'l m ii"itI I ir'4
a a a n o a , p t. + ",,r,'"Io
S D -n J u
u_4 -'
o n J ra \F lo i6 v'r'rm rn s
[\l ^f
lffi.))r l-'iii'L#f ,il.Tl'*.,,, ba,a, ,\F:r,:n,
,,n o @ t\\ \\n n I rn . h J\p ,o "ro :n ]o u t .d lrd '
, ;..,,;, p i -" t\l r;m a ro P \a "F L n e - n g In p "in ;:
B tu s'L s st'to u ts Jre n u m d i fo rm a d . p lu rh l p csrd srru 'r :
U n "l" .u 6 "rJn ir" ;1 i b im b a . u lo ru l ir'ln lp iu l 1 rr d
-
| ,,,€ /j\N l{ llj:p frr'T h i. b ro o \o \.p rL ro o m i'l"p P ""in ,t',,,,, lo u d o n I
l'.;;;;,,.i sr 'd d "i rtu ., I\' Ih 'd rso "'u fld "rr'4 s Io " lu n "h : b u r
\'cp a l' m d n o $
I : r ' ' r.rri^ . J. yo u to u l"; ' f 4 r0 ""6 rn "" r
O b se rva lie
Toate substanti €le de la capitolul c-) pdsircaze lorrra de
s 34 'lingular
etnd au funclie adjecl,ivah ($ lijtj):
i$ii
Tlrii*ii"ffi::rlMu*ql'l-,;
;,r :ilr
,*,;1,'?
'
'
tfli lill:"i
"'ii,ii,lrli,:",',,-,1;,""1
.- .a n l , i p ,'- ,
lfAl,r,6;;
" | "I;:';"' "
ra' n. ,.r';l ;;.:
- p ,,.r ) : r r Ja P ( l - o
\i r , ' i S s( j \'
rnlbrr d r '"
i /r :;q h ct( 1 1 .
sl o 7 i 5 ,1 .
? l..l gr./n . t{d. 0 PraTnL
'
l t . \ Lr \ ' 14 d no\ 4l ) : t ot t t Ab" t r o 1 l l os \ " r r sr r '-

:
' t nr i r o' ^n '
s 35
oD t l nt t . . t r . t r cLol , nt " l ' ; t . t ur ' . ht st d , 1i t " r 4t t t 1 rn l Lt l o' aPf u. paPt t t '
t oi ; " . . t vu' : . s" ; - n' , . o \ . t ) o' | ' . h' o| l h l ' a'
e\ r l kna| t t i t anat t t '$s t an4'
' i r . . p ,i"., j ' . t at t t l t ct ' sl ' n" n. r m ' r r bi l " r ui onnpr c
" or ' t , . ' ' ; t t n ' l oi t r ' r
,t,itr't".'" dp. i nl ur H r . i . - . on" l r ui F' , r , ' i ' cul ar ul .
tiri' t ur t
g) 1ot . i . i . i n' , r l r i nr a \i n t u lP ' l ant i n nt . or oi "t s 3$
Etr.ol0. r\sia.Engldd. Iloliand: Boslon'N'q'Tork;
['larc]i, Jtrne. ei c
t, ) | d :' r r dJu" " r r l a ' r , Lt r i - t a r r " n st i i 6 si ' i r " um -
-.t. ' pi r , l 'u "tr
sp" ' ' . , a" ' ' " , " . i " i num or or sp, zur i l p rr r Jr " l l ut al dl dr " r : r r br r om ; ' ; . sp
, l ' r e r r aJ' r . ,rr ..i' gul or i n l i m b. anpl a; . " " 4 ' / i l dFr t ' ' Fa/ ; pe r r n r r ndu
'r
.;tor nea\.iznt. P€ntiu a so da numai citel'a €r'€mple:
inslltc - abuse
sf at l r i a. Li 4
alaceri - butrncs
aplauze -- aPPtdure
musaiiri ' .'mran1|
( o\ ' i. 01. b- , lt lP ""
t -, , r, " : rii no", ^- 1,
iniormatii - infotmd ti'nl
inloF,alii se*ctc - intaUilenu
.unoitint'" despfc -k'ot k:dge of
stire friri
ljeacuri. litust'r
rrogrcle - Ptust"s
-- b b ih
crmli(ri'"uri -sLalPitl
.hele ldughter, Iit.
Pluralc cn irr c-templclede lrai jos, intilnitlr lr€crent in traduceri, slnt

inad.rnisibilc:
,r,s'r, ir1,rii,{tion.. kno\rle{lg.s p.o3'ess'r. lLome\rorks.slollingJ, ei c
{b,s.s. adripi. ittl
I}
Nume de mase abstxlcte ucnumenbilc intr-ut contc]lt li ntr eralrile n altul S 3E
tN\l tNl
sg . L Pl
r " ol r ' r . l t t l t t o t i t r . au i l i t m dt i F
nr."r,dily : nbsd.dil.rl
pl. ab. r dd 1, oi r cr . i ndi \ l n' , 111
d ,.aur1J o fruntr'scte (.oncrctl
pl.
Rodrnian PeasantFotner olten ar r
l;
. o m ld , , : t u rd r, t ie . . rn l, n i. . : f/i'.J o comranie, o so.ictate
5 0 rie t d t P {a |\ t . d u lli n , u sa rrrL com,rcialil (con..cL. 0ole.l.iv\
I hear r:ou h{d .ampan yc.'
: on.nt e (cotelnill (concrei);

a miscrau
bialir eparl 2i..1 .l humdnnY o
unian'i
l d.d fun;,t,i€r : Etiinl,€lc manisiice
r PentN subsiantrvele abst.aclc. irditidtalc .ole, iisc lczi 10, l:1, 14

: ve zi S t 1 t.
tli
tNN] iN l
d {sctlr -r1rn
'rdio
i .onofe1. ndi r i dr .l l
il,, clrrilir'. lflf ionr.l tl r r v i neF r ac r o.
Mdi,
lI ntlb lh(e rl lttl
lt M, bt.nd'rtst (: Tutn on (aff, io(n. rr) th.
HarP ,j.n sot the t'1ktt tlP.s
r .,, . s l .r l l L. rr Ll{ i r r 'i . dL

a ro o rn -o c a tle .i
s r r .( fdr / /1". tuaF l at l i e h't"
''n,\, rt t - dp' i : l '. i n J n'l l i hon. r t . i ndi vnl ual l
.,r i r , r, J n'/,9' N 'fl .n| l tta {;
,i nr r n.'r = n'r r n I l o,r r fl rrr pr c i 'r IF
t].t,i i on l i \i t ?'t'Il i : i l l abr ' 1z l 11l
rj i s i .'h\tr ., L;l r.ieoisn,r fs.rlr : apdr.1 (1" TV i on"ei,
ll l'ut t rn ktP"t ra, tt (' ,r" reresion onisiir?u'
J l ,nl l l. ,'/ h 1- \I n't i ni Pht ili,'ll{'ll
,r lel.luion
L)itllal s.. ln' tenni.snuchot tPt'rEL'n o,i (oll. do$r, ull
Iniilr (on'rPt,n diri
1" il,,r"ii*: "
lpl ,a r r l 6 tn r l i
CateBorii do iubstarttilc
39
,- PI9 'l-
-
..n.,frl. alrslr'actE
' n.
,iole.t' e nuN indiridrale .ol.cii e
'ndiridu.ne
I
l \l
t\\l :
.-....1\\l
s .10 tII. {iB\UL SUBSTrt\TIYriLOR

l \TRO Dl - j ( l l i RE
r " ' t," p " :l i ' l
l , Dp Ii ' l i i o . 5 c4 i l G n J r l i r ' :r " ,' '
s41 ' ,u " ' - ' l -
l; :li ,ll::;'l;::ll.'.i'-ii,i 1";:i'Ll' l i',' ii "1.""'"'
"'",1
2) {icnu le in grflmrtica englezd' Gramaticn eiglezit
aro patru gc.urr:
niascutin, ferninin, romu L qr rtelrtru
,.,,"i...:;'1"1,,:'';;,
'^::.:':
i: ,i:,-:" ;;,i ,r'.1,n
':l:ji,l:i
i:. *;,i:.'"":
'l'"li:':r :iir, l/.
ij ;'j;:,;il';"lit ",.";:: r;l
;l;iJ;1,, I :, -; ll',;i^",t:""*'i"l j'11''"'';'
,;i.;j"i'i,,,;l d n :lrh to t
d p rr,l '-tI t h lt
r-l'.
""
a/ Substantiyelr de len masculin ( lasculir,r: Gnner) numelc fiinle de S 43
r.rla. Iandlord
lrfro
,/ Substnntiv.le ilp 4 fcminin (frni in. GPNler nume"*c iinte de $ J1
Ntrcss laDdhdr" Ia .
gi h .r o 'n .
../ ,:1e .n (onun (Catnnon Gender au o singuri for n $ 45
-<ubllnntir€le
trrrrlrtr nnbtlo serie:
..n si i cl ,i l d t ac ef
tr i P d ' puPri I upil
r lr ttdr ti .lc de:tn n tru ()tut$ &ntlcr numesc hiecLe €insu .s 46
'.1./
j o ,r fl i n r p .'l ? to r .,I p cl " o ti r ,r i n l " r Fj " a 7 1 l
fl - r i i . " p F.i r r .o l
'" \
book lrde
s .'xg
lrr lirolr eneGzd oder niLsenul Eramatical stc dlulal. cu alie cuvinte $ 47
et r .tr p.r u . t.,r lir - " li: tlor 1n 61- ,.,tr gor ii l,;ulo- i, dupJ p\ ,,r unF lP
or.€p1ii care. tccn.i prir {bal€rea lor de la regulii. atrag ateniia asupra pre-
zelrt;i un€i interprctnri sdrtilo. scmnificati €. in intenria vo.biton ui (ceea
r e elr cl.r ii r ., r ,., ur .r a\,. t. \,p. pr u,F lF U :'at: 'le obi.,; ,iLitotului
np.,\i/J. '.,tr r l r un i'l" r ', J .r n,pld .\" 1,i" l" l s o r .clr li obilnuitn
0'""it;snl
*'ill se e{p,imnprin nijloace ,ri.dl€ sau ranaticale. s4 8
",t*t
FJ\PRESI.{ GE\ULUI
A. tr\PRgSL\ LNIIC,ILA.{ GENULII
,\rcsl capitol Inprinzind titluri de politele, profesionale. ororilice. nobi 49

Ii'|- .,u di.tir .i|l a," r dr t" p" r ',,r r F r ir . .t.'p;i ,11c. in 'en.r . supu'P
unor u/.r ,le i r - Lli J. " r lolr 3li- lr nr o ol.r p.p- .r fl'..r lr lur ,r d \or r plF r l
la { .l U " r r u cdlur il. r '" nr ioi,e . i,i i tr P:i ur i '' r ;ilur r :i Pdir or i. n-
'" .implili'At. r oela indi'51r r le minli'e
cl i i .l'i"
.. r . ;- " .' ',u r - 'p,. - " 'l 7r
l" l" o b" "rtc
ii i . r c" o,i,r " .l" . r 'inilor :a l . " 'n" " r " ,Ji '' 'pli - -rn
side .
1l llasoulill si fomirlin. ln co trast cu limba romnnd. u de cele nlai
multe'subsl,antn'; au lonne diferite pcnlru a marcn dcosebifeade gen. tn
limba €rElezd majoriiatea substantivelor au o singuli formi atit pentrr.r
g" n r l r '..i" ulir '. il :i ppnltu .1 h- init ? u r pndinls jlr ^'o I i F l'r " in ld\od-
i" a t" r r n.l" r d" me. ulin, pr phr ulF ." lor le ,inine T oluir . rr ' zul Lr nui 'un r
reiat;\' ;c de substan|ivi, Iemininul se dcosebe;t€de nasculin p n:
a, uo sulil adiugat la lorma de nasculin ru sau liri altl modilicare
l) intrebunrlarea a doui cuvinte diferite;

.t .onlnon"i"o cu un cuvint care indicn serul;
d, aite'nodali$fi de a se indica genul (gramaticale,prir contert etc)'
LPrin ,,hnba erglezi nrodcmiL" e inlcltge linla enlrl€za e la anul 1500pitri azr'
: genrlui .onnm.
-\pa.iiD dcLi
50 &) Ge aL marc&tPrin s lirc:

$ 61 .Safirul -ess:
masculin femtnt'n
mascuLin fcni'nin - misi.ess
albas msl4r
atb., malotes
a.lol m,'trn'
millionaif. -
a d l e n l r .. a r l \e n tr r r A r
Jmb 6 sa r t$ ' ncgr
i mt'd sa '1 .. litroin's
i 'r l h o r L r u tn o r e sr - , ldtron
o .t - l o r r P i s.-
t)aro' laronas
b 'r i e i a tP ss- , ldcst -lrtewAs
b p n p i { r t.r
r ,n d .tn r prince - Prtn@ss
t,o ml , prior
d .r t r d o cl ( o ) r A r " Droolet -- Proptrcrdss
.luke duchas irciriet"" -lropriekess*
t ml €t?r rmlr'?er -Protrcclr6's'
Pn.har tf,r i'.oi""t-
Iound..
siart - gtallesr sheptreFl
sonAster - shelhdil€ls
son8stess
god -goou4s
leir
rrr - l*"':' steNard -sllward.ss
l a n n d e r ./ ticresr
lion lioD"s .i.-"r - tFeount"-;
nrLlagt. - nunagerdss - rart.css
waiier
J nrarquB , - m"r.hioness ivar(lfr -sddrtrs
- Nlarin(r
srltan
li.tiii:'*-,[]"l,lll;iHm:.
Jo ,' rr sfd io
It lh - lFdond
.: d o rn n , a rn rn a l
sirno/ srgroru
rliuui itrlicne)
ncro
Panl -P a u llu e
-undergriiod4,e,' undergrndue/. (glur rJl
Doui substantrve au mascun ul fofmal' de ]a fcminin:

bride widowa $'doir
fhi.le) sroo
S 52 b) Gennl in(licdrprin cuei e diferite:
lasculirr
1 dai,r - lsn ,q le rlj ll
iTi:ill'irli :1,:liii:i.lii',"'iardloa.'a 'e"ilu'jc'e

i":;iil[;:: #,1:.,l]'t..::l;'
*
'"'j'i.r,l',:;:l',J,ll"H'J:' r1 olrrn 'a d
?,tiltjt-::,:l",l,,1li,t
jjllllll...,ii;',jlf;l.jJ",i,lillilli
4 n q lcz a t lcl rJa S 9 ,ro la su b so l 'l)
L" 1",'t,, '.j;':"r'-",' ;'i'i'l j1,,,1"1";:i::::"i
I. lorrn nLav" t rn P
",.l;;':;
arrL'
a tr - d t,,,r o ,/i 4 - Jn i
J, ..r t|.,n r ,.,r r ,/,r o .r ..
:""::1"1xT'J a,,.a\,.a,in'1
'li' .Ji,i;1111i;il'"'.ril"l"ii-"
tns'mna a o'isine
i- ".rlut*ij- "lotu'iroare*
'"il"L-
x9
Iria.. I
Iinga
lad
llrs \liss. lI$ 5, l\ladad{e)
Lord + nune Proprn,3 Lady + rume Poprn,s

Stu+ nune .o ril3 Dame + nume Proprnrs
:t.ll".l l ?:,;l' ;#. iliil' j",; . l

"i;,# J:9,T,,,i""'i"1
,,,.,,i';t"0,,,1*L
"' o'":::i,Yir:':":"*)T'3iX :1i," ob,upnr'"/ l. o,r, . ,-a n,n,,rn rmh p
)i,",:ii";r;::,iii:, r ':l'' s63

rrt;:l;jr;i[:iri'Tl'u.{'i'"";
on;i::,' i:[1";i";)':; i;2";}:^-i,::'
1.'Lii,;':;";:::.
",,,","u,qi#;o;;:"t; , ",is" 'u'j 0brd\ia" Lur.d"
'd'J;i.iiil"'{i;is'l"l:r"). ',r.
do "in, ry L":r
l.ebuieuimd' "ln| o' d;adn' ' ' 1"JnnIm" toPti' ' ^mi5un.nd.' ' | l],r
:x,l;I'^x.: 'iill 'i.i.,i"l

soLialAinl"| ioar 1a\o.bi| or U| ' | ' ' In.onlr 4' ' ' U| | mba.om.na
il"l;;iili'"g;"9::'1,"1".";i"': '1 li,'i"b"l,?;'Lli
i[';ii3":j-I'?{iI;,il:l'iTiTi'i:':"""f;""i.ri"3,,,'i;;iii"';'lll
M,'. Choiî, er"
"
-" ; CriA-;i;t;,"," prorrrii.accste ubstaniiv€aLr niliale majlscule: Pdpd, Mnnmd'
' - ' ' ," :' ;") :;" ol' "i,i.l' ;"""",.,i ",i d.oor i,",p,r ' r ,/d,r ' ns o,i,bndn,nr
*t-[ "1{"', :: ii";:'t' ;t::',:f'; ",:,# ;n';

'r"r:'ll:iF':i.f;:,?;"
lij#i"Tl,l,1l;"i;" )l;?;,':.i.'-1ii;,1?,i'ii
;:i"j:1"'#,1'1,,
. s64
i.""11,S
l?t,*[l'1"ili,
b:ty:rit;.,',* ,,;, ;;,1,]"r r :,i"il
bF ilUmd' .inn,' 1pdpldm1| ip( naiobi' n' | | nn:| d nr | ' ' | ' n' .
indicetr eaDar d.| n| im| ld| .]' 1lioda| i,nsJd.nLn"pd.|
( ir Oli\i"'Jm' | tsnn9..j
. Solii l u p l. t/dy r o14,ntoodla
Olr ' r kr . mai d- s 5;" Louptu", n' .iodr lr
I edv dlivie . Ldlu $r p or "liiJ r ' ld p r ime- e (' r 5du r r l n' r F "
ur ui r ar or ,r 7n;4i",.\' ./i li Lo' d 1 1t j n
il;#dfli'["flflH,i':.';*ik"'r"
deor dlc cu o.h.I
"ou
#',ij:it;ii;.ii",
::i:"",'ri,.r
totd,' o[ th' B' itt h Lr pi ) \n r "t mar ln' r ]r ad
llasc lin Fcminin Gen comun
rilis leornc pl )
s hopk c e $ ai rarl
nsiro.rut. splce i.lrveller
An i ma l e
bull calf
d.c
buUdog Inll biich
]re bi.d
billy-goat
d.) Alte nodalttdli d,e nd.icarea genalui t(mtunr s57

Odat5 cu emanciparea emeilor qi cu lncadrarea lor pe scari lot nrai
largd ln diferitele sectoareale vietii €cononioeti sociale ezeryatepiri relatir
recent bdrbatilor. nxmeroasenume de profesii. funclii sau demnitdli, precum
ti mulie substaniile care 6ratd apartenenla ]a o orgflnizalie politicn, sociald,
sportivE etc.. au inceput,sA fie folosiie la f€minin. de cele mai multe o
tntr o formi identicd cu aceeaa masculinului.
i ali,eoricu anumite modiliciri.
ca, de pilda, adeugareauDui sufi sau a unui culint (fcmale, girl,ladE, naiLl.
aoman care se indice sexul:
Aicountant. clerk.d.octor, (bus .)drieer.engiteer. armer. mechanic, layer, s58
secretar , eacher, ritet, authorl paet, lead.er,M .P. (Llenber af Parlianent),
prime Minister, captain. Lajor, sergean\ comnunist, socialis , acc. .hantian
elc. sint denumiri adoptate fltlt de bdrbati, cit i de femei.
Ambassadrcss,tuthores\ atialrh sau arialr?ss. cond)tctress,,octrest, s 61)
ed;tress, nspectorcss, mayorcssjp octess,girl studefi, girl tgp4t, Iadll cashier,
laiLA san teoman doctar, Ladg report$, Lady tApist-seffetarA,emaLeeditor,
female san watnan naaeList,eaman artist. jodrnalisl,
aoman aeiator, wom&n cLerk,
eoman councillar. wonan ruslonler, waman eaman Membcr of
Parliament, aoman eriter etc. slnt substantive de genul femjnin, dar rar in-
tr€buinlate ln engleza actuali-
,2
Pentru desemnareagenutui len1irii Ia numele dc prof€sii etc., subsian_

tivele de gen feminin com-pus€ in doud cuvinte scriseseparat.. a n-paragrafrrl
precedent, fdrd cratine, sint inlocuite in mod cureni prin substantivele
de ren ma"tulin corFsDUnrbrosra mri preris spus d" gen .omun -
taF rdiugar"r cuvint,rlui Jrc in.li"a epnul hmirin ,^c*la est" adiugsl,
num&i aiunci cind nu se inlelega din conte\t .; esie vorba d€spr e o lemere:
5 60 Gemrl teminin indicat prin pronume:
irP | : .,-,i aD:.t, ' 1"r - . t
_ll.'\eJn , ir..Snr r--i\'. 1..'-i1,. m\ d ' { \ \".ibl uP)-
Ctnit gennl feninh reies.. din c.)ntext. cneintul carc indicd genul este
TlcY wrnted to halo a @oDaD actar'a gil tllpist, elc

\t tt s ; ' l ['iP4J r" \ rJ n j ' "
I n A n E l j a e x i s t i o b i c e i u l c a p r i r n a sc.isorre trirnisa de o f"meic un e
jn
I'r'n.,rp
sau n - b i n o s n u ."
spre e\ernplL: a i b n m ; n l i o n 0
Patker (Miss)' prrsnleze.
Ilditar",dupi sFmndtu16.
o practicx foarte
rurss llrr"s, ,.7.G.
rozurile
utila Dcntru F I i i a r a - - r ^ ; i l n r u c d r p . r r p a1 . . p u n s u l u i , n "pe i e l r n
1n " s i F 1 ' n 1 r . i ' , r e i n d , ' " r d p r i n r F , , ' . u b . l ; n r i r J^ "n . r u n d''ol.
"'
cd.itu, la$ .r, Iibrarian elc.
5- 61 2) Gcnul substantiYelor src iBalici nalionalitotea sRu provcnienla regio-
nali. - Substantivele compuse cu termina,tia man lorlneazii femininul
prin adnugareacuvintului wrman sau girl.'
lll ascnlin
an
a DDngiish''a'/4 isatr s,rl./
u i c h (,ord' (satr snt.)
Toate c€lelalte substantive care indici nalionalitatoa sau provenienta

regionald a unei persoaneau o singur{ forme penhr ambele genufi ,siapa4in
aladar gcuurur comun:
lias)0
Eriton
Dritisher
Bulgar cantahigians
Uneori. p€ntru a se e)tprima in rnod special genul feminin. dacl aceste

nu reiesedrn contert, se adaugi tromdn sa\rgil 18. djectivul corespunziiior:
r P o m i a r l / r r o n r " s a n gtrl
r . l i p a i e s e @,r,i s a n gtfll
I a Spanish aDmaD sau sif,
1 a Tdrkish fs,ona, sau st.l,

I G.P.: Cctoat Ptactiti.ner
I ntrdni care p.aotioil medicina geteralil.
'n\ s i n t a c r l p a t i c d l d S i0 b
I ELf pliil,
s n , lFlprat a r t J l m e n t e t u \ r n t ' r l r i I i , r i
a D,",oDtaz din Der.nsnife.
"faa@tr;e;on - dp la Lan,l,r,tgr rrr,rb;":o i1 t . . |in\ , .
6 O r . n i o r - . d" t j n \ h " , 1 od, r"4. r. 11 t . , LJ I
B:I
3) Ccnul comu . - liriemple de substantivc de gen cornun: S 62

, ' l' r ll , ook lr njr r
etistr, (Iclist orphan socialisl,
artistel eDemy pcsidcni slcakr.
rilerk gucst pupil traleller
.odrnunGi. lcotuler render lypisl:
.odsh mol.orisl .clalivc ris'lo.
( Vezi fi $ a:- 19. 6ll
Notd
Unele subslaDlive de gen masoulin sau feminin pot fi intrebuirlate ea
sJL.lanlived" gcn,nr nun da"5 din .onLe\r .p In'"lF gF , 1r .r ". p r or br dp
un - ubqtr ntr \ .1"gen, nn,unS i nu dc unul '.lo ulin h- ,ini'r . Din r "ar . i
catr goh€ fac parte: - r ,r
pis duck
lor goose, etc,
B. XXITiXSIA GRAIIATIC-ILi A GXNTIUI

l) E{pr esia gr ar naticalia genului consti din: ss3
,./ to.ibr li.sl- d ir 'l^ ,r i'ii .ubstantivulLi1'r ir r 'onur r "l l.- ,nr 'dl cor ".- s$4
.i dr ldr . r r ds ulr r .du lF t]r nir :
l, r ' - 1.r . l r nF r .osr s :: d
TIrc do.rof Las come. but s/,e is ht..
]Iy.o,it/ i s out: ,. i € i i u, hour r so.
,) acoldul substantirului cu adjectivul posesiv respectiv sau posibili 6;

t.ti tnlocuirii lui prin pronumele pos€siv corcspuiziior. la le|Soara a :l a
:irqular. masculin sau feminin:
u'$ rtld w.dins ,ts red tie?
:r'onr
'Uie s/;rel
'fh.
had done l./ iesL lo. thc w.ll Enzetle.
@.&cr took hoDN lhc pap.N l,hat $c.D niJ.
(li . r.rd.tuf l,hes. notes: Uify re l4-s.
The.d, is caling oui or that boirl n-"canse t is rts own.
c.) acordul cu pronumele ellexiv sau cu pronumelc dc irtiirirc respectiv, s66

h persoiinaa 3 a sirgular, masculin sau femrmn:
vpr , u.ou,l ,, h:n+lf | ,l i : | - r . I r Jis,d by .h , o .
' ' :.r ' a.;.0 b . .,jor ing n,;4/nn hq' ..".
"ppmb' ;
Thf led,f./ $as a so..o lan 1: l$ionai d. lolrall ntns.Jf and .nplaincd
the collesc tcam.
I was lokl the laael had d.signcd l,Lc.osl,rmcs narll.
2) Crtzuri specitLlc
,/ :uh. dnr i\F le baL,J.nfor t $i .7/ir d ,;nJ r '- .J Jr n un,.i r n."1r x:r .i s67
.. t.r l n r .- J sr - L dF obi.F i n- u r ". m€i al- s ir li'r br \or bil..:
t t ' , .h br b .r om s i i5 ,r J:r 3.
Call lul, clitd and t'or
ts: hrnch.
sive
"lhis liflte c,t4, lad tited ni Dr arms a gaod Irfft ol trs sdrall ilc; oltcn I could
sel i, io lausli Nlien ttu rnothoi couldn't.
"x{v mother dandlcd ae and sms, -
'll;w roung i, is, how young'."'
. , " . r dttisl a:\ artiste slnt sulstantive de g€n comnn, dcci antlele lnlrcbuinlnte {til
,mei,"r ,,: p.D r u iJr b.f : o{ ;.' Io:t J p. I.r gd Inl..t..ur 9.. r .t dF ..ffr r sf.,
' r . ,- , di.,.,o1 ldlF r lal' ,,.r "m r ahDldl- s,"r ,u g u s l u l i . . l ,' ., , " r ,"par ,.t:i
o.,,,pi lor ir a. unpor i..r Llp' oi...".ulpo"ir J . d- .h[o: l' I
' I.i , ,,, .r tr .I_. ..dn r pald' . ..d n " . 1 ,".' F .",. o"i" a l
*,unlsr uLr e dr r . r cz4 tdjii o, t,,bl, ' lor ". ' ,4 r r o
rll T\rain. ,1 caiLe.ticut Iont.c ,t tintg Lflhut's L.ttt.
I \\:.ts. r*cats. Th. Pldy.r
Qtt.:.t.
j - http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
Granatis limul engreze 27/609
34 ir
ins n r.es te s ubs l.antil s irt c ons idc rate as c utine au c m nrine.
In func lic de s erul c opiilor .s pec tiv i:
^d€s eori
I gar c hly h.r njlll: ..n. \6 ir ngr v.
'1hat d'ild lL{sr'L ral.n /.ts loridgci fu Nill he &,oldrd aglin.
s68 tnsd D_/

nculrP ronurnLtr:
ul, r a in ne;;
cazuls/rc
prndicii
onumelor in general diferenla de Fex. Une.rri inlo(uieso
nehotdr ile:
Il ]on aslt a,rrdy iD lhrt sti t. ne Njll shoiy ou $h.rc st,e iv.s. rftt. S 114d1
$6 9 . J S,11,.,r ti\plp.r '. ar imulc t i n , tu.r , p- .r r i. pnc i c i in.p. r r )

'1, - r np- .
r inl '- r p .l, spnpr r "r .a/r '..l,r ,r ,t'r n'i, r ;.n..1i\:'.r - .un,ff'r ':
',Js"\ul
Thc rrll hid liurl t/s lis.
;\.,//' Nas scnrlnrqout ts r.nrnrthatri coclia doodle,doo.
Se atrihuic inBir adeseori arestor subsi,antivo gcnul mascutin, indiferent
\\ lool I ii - t .. nt /." aJ t , f l t r ' ,r ,r . t,"ous t . | ,. .

t,
\\i,.,el1i,,i,liir,,""in h LUd".:u,t,,... on,.r i\..Lr ..1'
Th. r.ii.l. d rhr storl Nas "The Cat lhar I'alks br ]tnn .tf'.|-
,\nior iiele. in spFcial ich domestjce.sint insI desemr ar e i pr il] t) r oD ulnc
de g. nl c,) r espunzntorsor uluj lor . r nai alcs atulr .i cind ti sc n,er ;r it,D r nzd
nuniele sau cind i n l f f \ , i con.qidcr r ntcde or din aiectir :
Th. ,.d. lrld /r. cnlJs a,l leit l trail.
' i l f . \ir . loolihg ai a icr inll ,./ chidons.
'l l r: , , ., ',r .
- ,r
t.l\".
I l,ir nii scr ii nr I d. lor onif lid i $lr r is lie Ii,liig?
S..r if , c . l r r r l . i.'r , In F"^ :.r a.r ' , n , u:1. ',l. r r
"
la lL , r , t s s t x r J , u r r lilr ,u ;:
'r ,
r atl,... "l) o r on tLink n / . . 1 s , "
C |i1d. "\\.11. I liip io ll,iD k r . no,i..s
Cind ur arinlal €ire pl'rsorilicat. pronumclc corcsprnu itor vr li i. sau
sia. dupS ser. in cazul pirsonificdliloi tn ca"t, nu irtereseazn r:onsirleratiite
de sex. substanr ivelc caie desemneaznan;nale nar j sau puter nice /r r idr .
.]|?hant. Lion, nnk.g. tigcr, do , donket|, horse. pig etc.), citova in af;r, de
a|csLea (cdnortl, flu etc.), sint de obicei rnasculine, pe cind ce.le
[i are desennc{zii
animale ])iici sau slabe (rlrari.sr. rut, hdre. 'N]:'.]e pisii . tarr"rl erc., ins.cte
€1c,.) sint, feminine. Fa terja hotirnlte lnsii in najoritatea cazuiilor:
Tlic dr nli.",oN tr llir fd to lir naster ol th. tr fal cnt r r c had r ecei*d.
Tlif,n r r e lir r g ld lila.l nr slamc.
''Ilrt the ,{rr.D sii,Lins onelr otr l|ai rlacid busl,sooke orlr
Tli.l o,,e wonl, as il l,ts soul n, ih{t ore s.rd /E did ouipdur.,'?
s70 /l -q.lto erso li(iri. - In stilul poetic sau retorio,un numir mare de
substantive- nrrrnede objecieDeanimate all de abstraclii.consideraten
m'd /a
cnclr nhi.nlr il /,,h
\p, hp ,,tun": , ri r: ,r .lp1 r ',r /a r{nul
r r nliunil- na:".r nt
Fspp.ti\p 4n "a,r / , r ? ; , ; , din li -bi
tor .or ili"d -
$? 1 Sint. in genere, masculire substantivele care denumesc: ?ariunile intense
,:i acliunile oiolenLc
anger , ul, lcar . ter r or ,1o\.. ,lir or l. deslair ;.r jmc, r nddc., $ar . ct. :
'll. Iii|li.g. Jr."r v .l;or;,.i.

z l.:.\. I'or. t he l|at.h.
denente (ale naturii)j fenancnele naturalc .\i a.spectele Lin naturii imPre- 73
stnilnte, pnturnlcc eLc.:
storo, thund.r. wirdr snn, mounlain. ocenn, river. sfreimi summer,anhrmnj
*n,tcr, iime. drl, sleet, ileaUr. l,c grave (- moa.l.cal,e tc.:
,11111
tr 3i : las'. etc.
d{nger,
ru,r.le dc flnlii, rirri: s 7r
lr,c Danubc, hc Thanrcs,he Iihirc, cl,
i i.te de mrnti : $7
]ltn Neris, the Cheviots, Scai ]l, Skiddas,, cl..;
Sint fcmininc substantirele care sugereazi o &raLtnittit:ai frmini. d s^n s 75

,,r rnracter m|n.bLind,dr ce, a/er,arsr prcrum ti cclc care .ntlicn fertiLitate.L:
illi'ite sentitnente i insusiri:
' , i o " . r ' \ o . o n . r ' |o l , n , n l | , . . 1 , . ' "i. t
o. l". . mpt . u, . uh . Jrh . up. , ju5rh.
Lrt| Lum'l.tr
. r. . . . . . ; , . i, ,,.t,,,
s ?6
", ". . .
r.:(1e triLedluridc cdructer \atire $. consecinleleor:
urlition, ir.rice, enrX. olly. j'ialous"1',
lfidc, r\.0ngc. Lr.ason.anilr, ice, el..i
Atftft obiecteL, enome ele i aspectel.e.in naturil.: s 78
''"||''noon'n'|dI ''5"'. \ \ o||d: ''|. . p|: 'g'
rit.r:r nume de abstraclii: s 79

", . \ er. r\ . et orn r y . e r | p " i " r ' . r^m4. . nr'u-. I b, {'J. n. . . . 5i v . p ' a-. . f . "1r\ .
p, n"p, . i y, lrulh. vi, o". \ . . n . "irn. , .
nunlc comune4i proprli terinrial-ad.ministratioe
tiiuturi. localiti,ti etc.)
numelede tnri. provincii. s 8{)
.otrDtry. 1and. fathe and. nor.herland.etc.
llre SocialjstRepublic ol Rotnania,G.eaL srildn. the Soviet Lrnion, 'raice, 4to.
Scotlind. Delon, Lanci6hire, cte.
Rooliarest,London, Mosoow,etc.
O situatieaDarte uu numclc lc tiri: $8r
d'-l p ;ite iin punct de vedere' eografic, ce"qtcainl de gen n.xiru:
Crer r'iratn is an sland.h capitals London.D 1 61, , liad51,40t.023
n habitants.
d'l privitc din punctul de vedere al wielii care le animn poliiici,
ermonic{, literari, muzicali etc. mai ales inpliclnd Ei lcgrituri rfective,
nunele de.tnri sint adesea 'e,,tntz€:
71". Sa: . li t n"pt bl( al F nnn: n h d o p p l / , . I ndp.
/ d, . ar, {. - n-5 ; ot o , lv moult n: n. : sL?'. l,
riJ. rb\ 'd"\ ,
{' : 11. , .
Ione $as ih€n in the days ot ler 8lory.
d'"_./n limbaj spo.tir', eohipele are au parte lfl o competirie internalio-

nali poarti numele drii pe care o reprezinti, nume care, tn gramatici. este
considerai ca substantiv peffonal colectiv, acordal c\\ thelj, their |i eho:
nopon: o \ n'l / n, i" l r J J l $ i n n i n s l r p D, d: , Crp.
t ; ] at Bt it r. ^ , ' . rorp lo $inning hd 4\ \ o r l d C h J n p i o r :p .
d"") numele tlrii este dat, ti sul'eranului ei, in special in literatura mai
\ ffl)e (vezi Shakespea.e, icsele sto ce, 'King Lear", etc.), precum ;i nurnele
de regiuni legate de titlurile nobiliare puri,ale de personajele espectiv€:
.t n
o, -t . o\ . rr-. , ". sl, - e - e l " ll, nr'". , 1 . - r "t . o"\ t oll, A'. a.
llt r J 1. " l'. t 1, . , . t '"
-. . i. , . . 11. 1, L,ral n , , '.
, \ n.
. rt' . . t t t t onJ e . . t -iI . .
l. r'sOnslc"irt "I ilnsl-c{f ". dar. a'sr{f Dilif , , lLLiii\ orilit iro|js. jnir.
86M
N ,r m^ 1. ilF / r ; / , r " r , / , , / ; . i n l tol tpmininp:

Cambittge ULi'ersitlJ,Ox[ad] (jLire.sitlt, late UaieqsitlJ, .t
s8 3 Numele dr.l.lrJ" qi ale tti;rlelor etc.

art, thiloso|hY. scicn.c, el0.
$ 8r Denurnirile de
pare a Ii lnzesirat
noloare, st1niui, toI ce
r€rolrlont . I o'o, noLivc, f f -
Neutre pentm majoritatea vorbitorilor, denumirile acestor obiecte sint

ad.spa rnininF. n spF,s l pcrtrJ p.rsosnclc.ar. . manipula€z;: i s i n t ata-are
srl nd;d i l. I r \l'ijn nrnnpls-d e". Bi4. dtuk".

I a \ pr. "or o o. mv. . 'dn | | r1k, . . , our " "rv d J v .
\ {J p. "; " . , a t t ot b. qn, t
\ 1r. r i - hr I nalrir
t hp $i . o.
"h?,
r, o/oto,t ah"a
," t arj so.
t l. r: sr- a,. i sronr?
n t h"n sl" s oDl] d.
I s"j. d lh g, , . : . n. ia. n ou. . \ '^ nnJpl. -
_ Distinctia intre obiectclemasculine i cele eminine. a5acum a fo:t erpusi

l r a . a c l pLnir. nI , 5 1 . LAdpir,rt ..pp'lat6 ,Jp L o l i a ur o r ; i r i p . . r p d i n t r . ri
l.\in.t Inu libcr ;msginrlrel.
a 'i.1 ln rezumst, tot ce at'esau pare a avea o personalitate {io un alinal. o
plJnl ."u . h i . r u l , i . r u ,dr" dpcimnatprln pronumel. pf"^r"l n . . , u t i n
. . , r h 'r . ; ' , i n , d u p r c r z . Dir p u r i r , , f i i n l 4 " l i p . i t n de nersonaLtaie c"oiii
m i ' . a r r i m a l c l e i ,tiarp"r."in"t"rr,a,ur.. si-r dpspmnarerin pr,num"l.
Ssr: personalneutnl iit.

\ ocu
l o ormele
o o l p . l i rcorcspunzitoarc r fi ;rsef, sar disprcluii,or
. o b i ,tuit.
. _pJSul'bta rol
e . d r p dcsFmnpd?d plur0litaltd" " o.
p r i \ r l F . a Jn si .urp . . , o r ' , t r u i p . . . u
" i j . ; u l a r L l 3 . o t t l a gpnul n-Ltru:
'lhe .feQ nds obeyed nr olliceN.
The fdnil / is praud ol tr membeF.
The arltr. which rns trlt ot ts usurl e,rthusiasm,
.rlrsscd ii unrcsorcdly-
(Pe^tn lturnl yezi S tt )
IY. NU.}IANL'L SUBSIAI-TIWL OR

CONSIDERATIIGENERALE
Substantivclc ot, aveadoui numere:singularqi plural.
1 LInsnbstaniivest la sirgnlal ( S ngula;N n ;be; arunci cind desem-
neaza un "qrngur oDreci:
bool w:rlcli )abl leaf
tJru,'i t tat ( PlaratN unbet atunci ind esenneaz
_", TJ,::?l'r "stera
loots Falcles babies l.ares
Nu au plural decltsubstantircIeumeiabile.
1aet ur, lon? aipl n" t An ).
2(1. t ino, t Bt n. )
En"t L, lt C; on, nt . \ '), ,\3. New-York. 19ri1.
r($-orld
Jou liLc t o ; auJ , U, . , , r. I ; r'), t'eing o\rnrd bj dr. FancJ se.jng i/ pvfl
3 \ 'e7i ' 112a.
NUMANUL SUBST^NTI\TELOR 87
ln )imba cnglezd, n mult mai mare misuri decit in limba rolnini. nu S 89

erisi:1 ntotdeauna un acord ntre lorina substantilului si numdrul tui: cuvi te
cr: iormn de singular pot avea nleles dc plufnl invers, cuvirte cu lorme de
plural pot avea intelos dc singular.
PI,URALUL SUBSTANTIV]'I,OR S 90
1) Ileguli gcncra)i. - Pluralul substantivclor sc formeaznaddugindu se $ 9l

-s la r ing, r lar . . c s r \ sp r r on, , nl l" J dupi c on. oanalaur dpr i [z] dupi . Flc
Eonorpr au rlupAvocalele €resc i,r{l:
tsl bead --heads lzl cinola cn'enm lz l
tsl chrir -.hairs lzl l21
cheque .| .q u c s Is rir.jle .iril|s lzl t L1
tsl nccl hecls l, l
-payees tri tarcc
2) Substantivete crminate in c mut preoedat de litcrclc c' (d)9, s sau z' S 9S
pr o, , unlar . Fs pa i\ l. r . lr . . ldr l. ., vu f z l pt im , . "'H t lur al l. , m inr lid
-.s llltr lrlonrLnlofurzl:
rillagc -village.s
8das. - garagcs jn d s - o - ju d s .r
3) Substanl,ivele erni atil la singutar n lii.crete -s' -x' -z' -sh: -ch LtJl $ 93
primesc ternjnalja -rs la plural:
bn*r fliintr -.hinl,z.s
claser iish lrshc
-- Io\.r I'cach bea(,hA
- lillLzes mrtoh .. Datch,s
lez.zta s.nd\i.| -saDdNichesa
\nizz.s pincc{cz pi .c+26
A se observa pluralele plasses sg. plus) Fi rareori,llJscs Gg. bus) (i'eDit

din SU,\).
O bs c r e&t , ie
Substantive.le umiDate in -ch pronunlat [k] sau hl6 urmeazn regu)a s94
generah erpusi la inccpuLul acestui caprtol:
r i. . t ' r/ah. , ' , ' , , r ' 'r- -
tkl [].1
p a r r i d n , L - t' d ,i d r .l ' . ' k. ' , nuf l' i t-t.l
i ' n ih l .L l "on h l ."
aDoch t-tl -cloflis L-ksl loc\? l xl -lochs l'.sl
4) Substantii'ele terminatc in -y lrecedat de co'rsoani lomeazn pluralul s96

n -ics3 astiel:
A d i . r, p ) 6 .n l .' . U, l h l , L l . t . L l i i 0 .
. J,i ,,' ,i ,,1 sn n i r .h b l tJ L E .L I- . In l .Jn .' u l . a .r \- .i [,]' .
i S u b sl d n ' :v' l l l @ d s" h r u sl - l e u i h d u /.4 d " o I' r ^n r n l i cT sp r fi ' l i I' p l " ' r .
l i " .r ' .,/r ." n l p r o n ,n r a l .d :i o r ' r n ^r i r ' \ i i t.a r ' \r ' Il
" a r std .t.
' - i m b ,' l ' i l l t r i u 1 . l 'l i n l " r o r d n ' . 1 ,,' .1l u l r . n " l " ' . " o ' I
? Dronuntat flr-\'.
B8
. . . | ; i: rrrm^1. ' n. t rir : i t . , rril. , 1" rorl' ira . ub. rrnrirarc . n mod
.L
c u rnrur r\ c e ronrr:
ou. l,$o L .1s thc l,vlvs slitrid D\-s
rll il,r llcnf-{s llif Tlr.fs $hr-s
96 (ln irsn -)' e,{teprourlat de 1.ocalii. .r
t,lural se adaugi nunai un -s
pl|,oun it lz l:
iroy r)o]s (liv d{Jr- kft lic.lJ
117 S ubs t a . ir(le t eurin. ric ir -qu} nu (ms liluie o e\ . ept ie. dar t iind c X
. ' r' rul rrt F/ . r' r
' f ri 1ir, r. / " r t , r, , , l. J , ' l , a " . re o: , ' , , ; ro. rl;
l\ \ l, oe. r , . I r' rr. ' t c u n' iI P rP :
'.r
colloqtrI - - ( olloqui/:- ol lrt rr - s olLloqf iis
-{ e oLrs c ry . ri f ornrrlr rlf lhr. nl rll] rrrt rr: Lt Lirutui

ubs t a ri\ ' :
is rlk , li pt I . llit i: s ir n r)1, r1i. . . 1
lrl .t ]a5) lI i(, rit at res lbs lf rt i\ c lor t . nrir. rt e jn s ingular rr "f s au-f 0 primes c
t )lural:
. lr' , : l i, a
linr. ll. n lri , l lrindk f r lrilf s t f u. i - I rroof s
it ric r g. . i\ ijt f l ililr,
rrLLlf nnrit r s rn, s ilc s
glrll grlls Ii ijl, , s
iLrQ f l dnrrt i- s irilc * s t riies
99 tlnclo substalrl.ivc d.ninatc in -t sau -Ie formorrar nir.i pluralui in -/es

P rc nunt at lrz l:
i, . . I bf (?s 3 c lt -. L, ps
lPaL len'.r sr,[ s tr?.s
s lreNt s rrerris s llt l . hc l, . s
Lh' f i lhigrs lroli \ ol. c s
loaf - lo{r. r k rile k ni|c r
. rLI - - r l. r t ilt , - t n. er
lru - lulr'.s wil, - \rir"s
100 un eazspecial: rill,iilr,: nat,,ri n,,,artn). t. .ri/i/-t'tr.
Citevasuhstantire u anrbeleolmt de pluial:
s.rrrf s.rd.ls. srinr(.:: llDf - Ioris lioorPi;
slafl - si{flJ. star.rr N'll{l - $liitrls. lthures.
l0l
ralrl 6)
in r,f sScubs
ind tsnnt
int .circ
uvl.ermirato n -o
int €obis nuit e :prec c dai leec ons
r, inrrodus onnjt
e mai o rnreaz
nutrn iDlu-
v remi tr
Iimba englez i:
r go nfgro - negro.s
_
l{l.llf o polalo..s
rdio r (,ho.r loriilo t omal{rc r
lres, o lr.sl ol r lornado -torn{ilo?r
lr.ro lrcroA iofll d0 L.fpedo€s
mos qI ilo - inos qrilo/ j rf t o - rrlo. r
t "on nr, , jp. + . . . Ft i\ |. r rt lr. t , , , , , 2

'
n u m a"1.
i . c i, .{t
. nis
i. , r\ t / . . /..v, it
eadrii, r.r rr, rti irr lu,
irf
, / .r,, .,, . . /s,na,
ibii. . . , . irl I: dii.Iil.'r calii,',tide rarne de racl)
. \ n^r' ' . . ' ' l ,,
r v ez i l. 1 4;
5 U, rrli, l / . r. , ?J . s lr . r, i
Lrl , a. . rs t r nnj t r, Ff i, ' rf(lrf it , , rdrA
oa 89
,J Cind nrsn.o final este precrdflt de vocali, plura)ul €ste rcgulat (adicn S 102
t€rminat in -s):
porioiolro lorlololios
.nbrro edbrJos radio -rrdios
nnnoio
iolio lolios
lunoios shtdio
secnario - sl,rdios
s.en.rios
Iamboo -}amboo.. Hindoo Hindoos
cx(ntoo - 0L,clioos Lang&oo ltangaroor
c, Dintre substantivele terminate in -o prov€nile relaliv recent din lim- g 103

bile sirnine (tn special din linba italiann). un€lc capii,i -s la plural dacd stnt
mai pulin frecvente sau daci au o sonoriLal,c prea sirdin6:
albino allinos
cnsino -.asinor photo

prrno lhoios
p'{nos
.h.ono .hrodos qrarlo -rNnrtos
dJnanio dXrrno.s
rugnfto - magnetos
d) ,\ll.e substantil.e strnine iefminfltc in -r) au ambele forme de plural, 104
fapi car€dovedeDte; s j n t pe e a l c l o a l i a s j m i l a t e e i m b a e u r e n t i :
b.njo -barjor, banjoer l.s$ -l.sso.", lrssoes
iJra\d: }|a\or, hraroes Danilcno manireslos, minireslo,s
.alico .alioos. 0llico.s daronto ncmcnhs. mencnlocs
(ontralto --dminos.
r orl.ralLo.(, do*n|ralLt
,nh8 nrollo - xiottos. nroLtods
orino3 torli.d torti0os, portico.s
i. a . n; o I nineo lr, . r ' s o . " ro\ i. o t . \ "'r. trovr'o,s
1. . . "o - f r". , o" I r " . o , olo
,,h"'o _jh. ||, , . . t "|lo. . .,,tr LU -. . opr. , no. .op"dt
grolro -grottds. gtullo.r stiletto - stjlcttos, stilcttoes
halo -halor, lralo.s lola.ro lo a(os, Lobir(,oc.{
ln timba contemporani. substantivelesirnire terminalc i -o la s;ngular

tind s,, iib., li pl,r'.'l rmb.lp r"rmindrii.
primesc
e)
s 184). ,\brcl ialiilc terminate tn -o a plural sufixui s sau 's (vezi 105
7) Suhsiantivele terninate in -th prim€sc -.t la plural. S 106
Tcrminntia {}s se pronun,tn 0s]:
d, Ctnd esteprecedatd e o r o r a l e scurti sau de o consoanii,n d u s i r . r :
breruri, deatni, nout, sn,iLhr, irths, he.rthi, hcnlths, iaurr, nroDtlrs
,, in cuvintele:
lcaLhs, faii}s, +owths, sloths
c, In celelalte cazuri l,ls se pronunld dz]:

bath tborol - Iatl,s lbo,dzl
- nouths t atrb4
- ti{lhs fpo:ozl
j',uil' ai',.0I Ioul.Is ljr:0zl
Orlograliat li tyfo. l: nwtit,or. rovi(l

'/tus
./on,m (trrsoaDi. I'aina
8/12/2019
40 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
Unel. substantive au insd amb€l€ pronunleri:

. I tl lrrutl'. rJ 0s l
-81
I Ilrrc:01 broll,s Ibrrdzl, brr:osl
I tkl.Ol olollN [kl.0t (: Ie]uride slola, rlluil sau alLemdle.iale)
1 .,, . ll .1/l b u i l , J" Jn i J p l n /r s ru rl mJtp ri d h )
"
[ -, ]u L h , r L L l u ',i 4 (: l l 'i n tsl

r,.0r - d rl l '" [.u l J/l
l rl h l o :0 1 l d l l 's rlo:G, l o :1 /l
L o ..o i o J'l '- o ,0 "- l
"d l f ',J
Jre d h ,f.:o i -.l ,i l i :0 .1 , ti .')/l
[ir,.oj rn, 0 . . r J/]
\rPdrl' iri 0r \ t r J lF r ' i : 0 - . "i:n/
| 107 8) Plurdle rcregulirte. Urmdtoarele subslantive fornreaze pluralul
prin s "him barea o";lc i t tlutotrc n PI.rrttk ):
lo,l -let morac: - mnie
1 ,,1 ,h -i € € th l o zse -troe
g,0se - ge€st
Trei subslantive primcso termrltdlin '€n:

child childre, brothe. btthr,n- { 14s)
(Penl.rD ubstnrlivclccotrluse ctr acfsle iuvniic, €zi S 16 1tt)
s r08 9) I'lurals cu acecrfi lormi tn li sirguhrelo respettire:
s 109 Unele substantive di limba ntglezi au aceeali lorma utiL la singular,
cit ti la plural. Din aceasl.i Lategonc ac lartc:
o , ' r l , \ d d , u n . r r r 1 . d r r , / r ' \d l 6 l ) ;
l/ o/r'l 0 ' u :'r
, . / s|a
u,b . l bi Lnhlsli vd.'Ii
l "v"rn \I s :-s , . / l1
.t ' , i 1s osLr "l7p t[;
" i sc''a
d r u r , p l , . u b . r a r r r" ' 1 ' - J . n u , e r . u r i l r i i ,l . m J s urS. c a
fothon,taot, p a t t h l . c t o n . , r r r " o r i : r , r ' , i / o r . ; - r , d r " . I ' p l u f a l a l d t u r i J " lorm a
i a -s . a L , i i " r m d n p l u r J l n l , ' i t r J ' ' , . i . , (u " , , p a u s i a g u l a r u l u i .t s p p , i a l
" 'cilrd sint umatc de un nuneral ce ildice subdiviziunile sau
tn limbai'orbitn,
de un adjec iiv :
The wil.e. sas tci f.t, ls{n faat) ttitt\er'
'fhe rikc Nas LPti latlon(s) n..p.
'fh€ d.ptll ol l.Ie $atu wrs lour /nr','ns
I t c i s si ' Io ,l td l l
r
lDl 'rJ,u , o l p Jv l d r-i
l \Po;r
aot t rr' \'''i
\ o t . , " dI'l' .l'l l 'r/ itt. lo"r':
I
..l .:l r'J \ "i J t/
h" luinl F,,. ) ".n ",
(rl l ' r o l \ ' l " l o r'..' J '.o '/tl i
'
(\i,i i,i 5 l.lB9i
Subsiantivul rl.Jn.s.cind des€mlreazd nitatca de nisuri' esle nvadabil

s l,cweis l'sc n tr'?: s [o has rt on wc ight.
Tric b;rlghl l.*o r/dre oi ilour lot lhc .anteen.
' , / ,, r\ca d o .:-i 'r" si rrcu l d .,/" ' \'F d f i n '"l "rl a 5lo' ioue
.,"','l 'r
o '. d L l ,'ri ' Srn srl tr l ru o a -
fo rtu .rl .",r;..j . r,m.' l 'r'rr"l ,/r'r'
n a , n d ra r.p l rd 'l L ,r' -1 .'r.l i Iti n D r . t a n d i ri J'r" " ' L l 'u l .r'l u l u i "u '
t d.rn&usa. trl. dtnLkt
'P 'r.,l cta L r , Ito ^t..Il i i n /
a _ rt,". r,..r, \ r,;i " , n r . 1 , .'u ,"n 'r'u p l r"' l u i ' . : 'o '', i .i 'u \ rl u l
a .l |.',,]l a -1 ,,,,l .l "l ,sr;l I i l ' rr' 'a r'-o r ' r l r''n L "l r' P t u . " t . ? "a
L ', 1 ' d ' rr' : r'u n r'' l "n i i l l i l 'l a r' i '1
'r'
o o , l 'r n L' P r,lar 't- o Jr' | - / 4 .' rt: L; l i l r'rP.
4l
?,, Substantiv€ln oat, lrcrse, sail au la plural forma de singular cjnrt in

S 11 0
seamnn ,,infanteri,sti''J €spcotiv ,cavalcrjrsti: , ,na.i,c,i, u sens (otectiv:
Two llionsand /oot n?z o. thc ru.
Th. c c hurd. ed / me. on. 10 t h| r. s . i.
Twcnt.j- sdil /,ar., ,ro, lhc bai.Ue.
f) Cruft, aicraft, sedcraft.space-taft etc. au plural cot€et;v cu aceeasi q l1l

formd ca aceeaa siDgularului,dar ou verbul lft plurat:
r. , lI J r, , l, o -. , -. t i' t rral rlr\ ' liant r' or$1. I pr, j\ .
' lha, rrlk w1, i. o' ol. i. , \ r a, pt ) al. t l 1i, : dr.
t0) Pluralul ti substantirele olectirc. $ r12

ol s' r bs' r nt ir elp . ol. . r i a s I t n gFn. ' e ( vezi$ t , 1, o . ineLr r a t or r r r u
d. . ir ' - ul- r si t , r : \ ir p, . 0 un
-1ot
Fc - I F ' lpq" n, . . a/ duplur ct ir Ht ede. hip. r Fr d. n' i. ,
" - ilolr F e\ . m ol r por ' in r , " . t - r . . , t . Aor ir . , , r n, ut t m ; i , , um cr oasd
lD lim ba en slezd dccit in li' oba r nhini:
n.my
a$emlh , rot rd ot ls prinA r
,1 .:r j ,,mi l y l * ri )l
g' n Fr nm Fr t r r n o . llignt6
.onmittce juri iesinr€Dl
.omlany pu ic Loop
^. n4, Subst anr r r ele. , lp. r f " i sus ar j t nt alps d. , ingut , r s" r r J" pt , r r " t dup. i , r 2, 0.
Lr r \ r alpa. o . r dpr Jli un int r , E. sint , ubit snt if " indi
' r Fnum pc. . olp. 'd
riduale qi se construj€sc cu singalaral:
Tle. ldss oar laken nv a vf r r aue t er onf .
Thc enmittee ..nstrrs oI lwelva ncoolc.
llis /n,ri1, s,as sma1l.
, " n^$ b i , . r dr . d . 1 . ' l . o" . \ , , . , . ot l r , \ p f . , n, , .
l' Il " , , ' - : r
hc lr uf ( JnD{ dls o d lir se , r ; i. .
Tr ( t r a,hing sr a/ / , , as t agi.
lp Fhr J lnq, l" m " m br ir . . nf on- n1i

. Cin, l 1i " ot F" i it " lii. sub. r , r . t iJit €
cole. lr \ a sp . onst r , r ics, Lu p/ r f alr l:
N. , r lJ , ll r r " . / , . r , ' p" " i\ " 1 r ool r " r ' t . . .

hov P
' . F o dn . nd"bl. ' . liI . .
Hi"rslannlt
Tl, r rn, lrl,, k rcn.all rrvds l. c lin.
l, n. lhrr lc ds .
th t ; bt "a" rs . r. , , / rqrr. -t , l t ok , r , , ii lJ r rr1. s _
' I l' 4 ril h i n ' -, . , / / u. ' it t , \ , , ' J t o I r ' ru l. y , ru, t , t i , , .
I russ : poDoll.
dr - i i | l ,s,i ..n {.t,r n d ;r,.rJ -ri p $ .,s,r. o i f"4 e
._ .-a t"1 lJ ,l n
ort::i l " . t_H.
:.-"nt -nerj
. i , , ,,"
od gt , t Fr wi t t Lt alt , pt , r"
-, P ot J pat rt . . 'Ja
"lh"ht ' t , l; d" pl". , r. r, , t " is -r, . p$J drt d dpJ rio"ni.
iln; l r"' I (rl€ t upr, c iini c t , )
o n rrn. . . , . , ht r n J a-J loul"\ t o, s d. , . l, t r, n d p s t / . L U n -
t , r, r. r rrut i , nr s " \ ri . i. r. ' ri|r J ol . r: . i rr. . du . L d \ i. t v r . . o

. . 1-L. ; "
- 3 Lal ban. d. t r"r i, d"lf , n: , I . J lple), rk rt : dpm.
, r/,/ trerchdiP
r0 Numnrul unui sxlstaniiv .ot€ctiv csre indicat
de verbul sau dc d€terminantii
:sprclivi (arliool nehol{.jt, adjectiv d€moruiraiiy etc.).
19
D/ Linelc snb-clanl,ive olective.cu verbul intotdeauna la Plural fcon."d-

buldr . i fantry, mili.turtj. palirc €to.).pot fi preceddto i de un jrumeral cars
le dn sens e plurat ndividxal:
,\.\.ral con Iab\rrrlt u/c licepirlt ofrler al, l,fc al,ih.
tit. tlu'1stt,l. l.Nroh t,ftnt, d,e/? iacins thc litrglisl,.
,r.ne nilitatll /d,. slopt)ed l,o Natch thc pflio{fls in lhc prtk.
?i,o ,,lnr (: noli,len,c,rl di..d thts t.i rli,i.
Numrroasc ubstantire ok{ti\c au ti tormn (le plur individual in -s

cu ingelesul {i ,mai m,,lte grupe de; divizi din categoda espcctivn":
rrngressii he s ptrl)li.s
r onnfils horseholls sP n a t . s
..o{ds iurns soNietics
lLfms sqtradrons
I efls t u i n i st r n , s 1.rnrs
il).lis pr'rks irt,cs
g.odps poutlrics irros. e t , i .
113 r) SubsLantivul alllr:,rc o situatieaparte tril a 'c:r n trecut -si ensde

singuiar. csemnincln singurarril1lal.n limba englr:zi:lcLuali st. conltruii
numai ru pluralul:
\\'hcD{iai,r he . a l t l . a n r t \ t f r l /)rir h,Lr, r/,e, ridl thf ilol in 1[c an3.r.
114 dj tinii granruticicnit c,rlsidetia fiin,l roleciile ,sisubsl{oiivelemen-

tionat; la S 108 109 d, l), d. e. i47 r, b, r, tiil. 16r. cu alte ruYinlc orice
substartive cu formn de sinsLtlar i tu-telesde plural
115 11) Snqulflro ftrrl plural. - Lnele subst&ntivo din limba englezi au
trumri singular. in vr€me ce. ir limb.r rominn. substa tirclc corespunz;toare
au alit s i gular, 0il li Plrral:
infornariof melrlrtr,dis. lfosrss
inlclii{.nof" rNnel
kr o \ r d se st r e r q lh
ldsjrge lNdrrair \roda
precurn ql:
hail. lightning. slftt. lhundcr, 0lc.
116 ln generat. sdslanlitcLc alistrdcreB,uneLe dc nLatcriil i nxmeLc.rrno.

p r o d u s ' T a t u a t i { . r . a l c c r . . l . u n e o r i h i a r p r F l u . ' d l P U U n'rnrrr i n c u l a r S i
d€ci sirt Ienum€rabrle:
busvness' b,rdey
hrppiness
ea.e -1;r
nlnnr
lnil.ion saDd
H.W. r'owie., l Dictiotut o[ Mod.m Dngtish a dse. G. Curme,op. cii. etc.

] inreIte.n"" . intormdlii s"crplp.
{ \ rll's".on"Lndd ,u b i n s la"Dl i n d i v, J, r i l lad@r ,pt- uod\t,") L.r t n sF r m A
,,pro,lus x 8.n ral l n l l r r f Ji . a u i n d n q l " ; i l ' _ PA r\ttl PNdu.' r'd numJi un ru
'ingald
I n l p l e r cn l cL t i v ( : t'roduse naturalF. agfluole).
. Vezi ii $ 10 .
?V e zi si $ 1 5.
3 Ve2i si $ 31.
t A nn sc ra.e conluzio ntfe subsl,anl,ivele
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze ,ur?Fss t l,rzrnlsl (: hph,l dc a 36/609
li
o.utrati actititate intcns{) si 6us,acss'btznrsl i: {laceri), ca.e $e deosebese .in o.lo'
{l
Her adrt d a@ alfa* excelleDt.
lsfatutile ci enu Intotdeanna e]cetente.)
The fnnrute in this mom,rtoDss ro vado s peiods oI sr\ne.
(tlabikk nin acpaste came.{ dr stiluri dirdite.)
r lr .4 - \llu r b lp ;Flunot;aa hr. Iolto$ed rhp tr u n .t,in s n t mll)nad s t .,.r .I, in to
- * .^ _
r_Gn
- ._ | 4Inr 4 t,;r tt
spal,ur n ' .,r " :n l^ .m t:; p v tio .t\r i u r n ,., a n s lr ii n a L .t.r - t,d r ia t" .,u ," t,ip a j
€r1r,nt'rsLro.)
Hi\ Anontpdeeof hisrorv ir apr\. sticht.
t( " t,e in \I lu i d " is ,o r i.. /ir i to jr t, .t,,b ..)
' r n n:" lr a 1 al lu \B r o " ;. to b" ,h t.u q r - t in r ' ,,\a n .
L i x +s t jr n . toatp boEart" tto b u ^ dpp's" L v .,r o n u t 4p b .,c a jp .)
\" lh .' , bmgsar' r J th a ,l .,,5 .u r p fl- Ls .
- " ." ." i' 4 1 l' d1"nql
IIi. ," " . L r " .J ' .s g tt s 1 tr .t,, ,,r \.
,I..:- ..c t. " tr ' tJ .rmbd ..g t ;J ..r ,. r o .,r t. :1 tr .tu ,o tn ir .,
Hrr ,r.Dcrl {,&e taihrq idsr.
t P\teile . pdftseeu cn repczi.ri nc.)
\\- ' 1 ,o 1 ., 1 u " . 1 ,.r . n , tt th tp - n, d t;- r r r .s :r , lh .
.l r J I I' i.: p p r ,.r . .d .r r .,tL d ,.' "Lr.
' r ' r .'
O b s .r r a l i i
. a / Tr p b u i . e { l n u r a p tu l x s u b .r a n r i v p tce ma is u s S i l .r j ,r o n b i _ $ t1 7
:{,-rrn :,rra rp i n l j m h a e n g l e z A ' h r" ra tu l c i ,j n d s i n t p l u rn l F i n l i n b a ro ,rd n a i -
./ s u s m c n l i o n o t.{ l l i ,. a \rn d , |rte te s
' l A l r.' l ru
n p rp
p odtrn rr..Ib s ta n trv p l p n .
,a l a i d m a d p .i n g rta r s " u rJ cp tu ra l i a .ri r," r a ,;;;l ;i
L-r "l lnFhotdrjl d .aU dr. al caruj nrpt.sFst; dp (ineul6r.",DF A..Fs. or; de
.:' - oll r,F ofpflm n unul singur d i n tr. plcmentch .;mpon"ntc al" t^rali,
' ;tL rF .,rrs p m a u n .u \l n t a j u td ro r {i /p n .
/n -. e t..) c a ;c s l i re d c anuania
-\s tfe l :
'n l'l a , ; a/ nt + l \ r c c
o m obi l l r - d p, , a ot w r r t . ,
lnn @ticle ot iurniturc) (rornall
o Prostrc : a pta? ol nonsensc
o i i nt or m , r t i on
' n- or m i l P (arP' 4'
remo tot inlorrnatioD):
o pnne : a ioat ol b.ead
r n r ul t er d / ds t or l r ght ni nF
'r .drl oI r]'und,rr
grindine {piatrl): haitt a haitsroae. }aitrronss
l_
Tltis gouet js a beauiifur ptac oi \rorl.
l2).Plurale ldri_singulara. ln aceostl caLegorie se al]i substa tivele care { lt8

:, nu l . , i l l at na dF pl ur dl { m c j or i r ut " r t . r j ni nal . in . s r t ar a un . i nc ul ar "
f - . pr , l , / i , u d- l os i i nt pbs . Subs r ant i Fl" . up, i ns p 1" ac e" r ,
^r t , ur . c r nr r r , , * " :
n mohil,i o pi.s.r din nrobilifr
'l , 9, i ' 1, ; i " . r . n i at . 1l al or . i de
.. I s a: . , t t , " at
\ , .,m
. ; p.
, . t ot, i . .
. , , j..\r. rr .' .d.
l. , , . , i . . i " . a; . * ; . , ; , . . ; -
at 1, r ^ t t t , , . . . r t , - ' , t n \ . 1 . . , . 4. i . . t . , | , _. . , r r r . . r nt . , , l c r r n. t r . .
:1L- ..:L.r. tnt.DndtLah. k.trs.
:.l l,r' \.1 h, a 4 t . 4 , \i. ii.i,',, rlu",' ,-,,' t...t tn. r,. lio_r-r:
tt" ttLndp, a[ " fh f,",* .
'\,:.:nl .prin5-:r sLbs,a ti\p.", . n . . . t . , . . intrebur,t 37/609
d rr ri fornrjd ,t".n..1
t r:: 151- 1, 14) .
44 MONFO OGI^ - SUBSAANTIVUL
S I l9 oI t ' \ t i o l t t " t )' lu;

bowcls, cDtnils, genitals, gill.ls, loifs. iLfws. Litrls. elc i
S 120 b) bali. i stdri dc sqiritl

. ri m l JrL u l i " l ' , ' l "j ' l ru d s
mp J.
1 . (,p r, nn' r' . . n.nd. u rt , - d p r 4' ri d g. . b Fl .l u o n l , rsr-l 'i
irisnlei, sullts, elc.;
5 r2r c) imhtiicdminte .onpusd din daud sau rai tnultc pdrli:

L t o o T . r. . l f r--, u ". . i L F s. , l o n . 5 . ll r. . t . r. . ka r l . rh . l n r"kp F
b o c|p r' |/ j n : . , o \ "r|||. , ' . , , rd "' p ' U|. l . n n ' ' ' ' ' ' ' l ' . . l o u r' ' ' . h Ur
' rd \ . r' r' ; , l i r. . 1 F . l i l h l . l "' n l rn o l ro r r' l ' r' 1 l i n rl n J o n q . b b PB'
1 r\ l l rr . $ h i "
r\ -, 1 . , ; ; r4 r' . L b l r. . "l '
s 122 d,) unclte ti instrumente conpuse din daud pdrlil

n p rd F l
b
n lnl o
"'$. ,", pl il ni _^ . 1:". l ' ' l i p r' "n ' l - I rl ' l ' ' { ' l a ' . sol"n
-rp f rl
r' ^ lks b ' rr ' / n ' af 'rmp
kp B.
ot
a" r^ | | , . n c" l ". p - f . . ..
5193
bil)iftds, .afis, cl,cqucN (sau Sr',{ oheckeNl, darts, doninoes' drauglLts.orl8its,
marue1 nirretins, quoits, shrl,il's, ulo.I
124 f) tti.inlc $i obieLtedc studiu (substantive lcrminate in -i.s3r:

J. t ro Dl vsc' . i _ o l . i -, 1 "r' l r*. d l rl . c F l ro n d u r s i l ri ". b ' l i ' l :
d d (. : : . . 0 . ^ o n , . l t , q . , ru r' ' , . d p l o m i . . o n ^ mr s, e l q ' r0 n , ' r. . l'hi \r,
h ts.
r,
' l vn b rrrcr-
r\ d rn ' r
"\
kionrp
ri ,n".. - l i Ap n t \ s'
, n. . l hgra
' r.ri. l r,-. mprrmn r". . I l,vn d . ' . i rn )dl rro1' Loal 'rrs. Frr rnol ml
n pn|G,
i s'
-' r' Ji l ri . r' f li . . . ' j l' r' L l " l "L rrp r l p L L r^ . rc :
1 rrs". 1 o i t . ", . o
$ 12 5 e) n me leagnltt I
thl] ths. lrif CurtaLl,ians.lie IIrl,fidcs, tle llighlands. he lDdirs, th. Nell.dands' th o
Ilnil,ed States ol ]\ntrrca. .lu.i
$1 0 h) stlbstantir. r.tbaLe i 'in| t s.

dissnrgs. doiigs, lcclinltsr, eiriings, sonrgson, leav;ngs, odsnlgs6,Frings. lickingsl
pioio"iLine., roting", scranting$ shalhgs, sctthrgs, sltoricomings'su..oundn'gs, slip-
pings, sweepings,rilings, iakings, ltinniDgs, etc.i
5 12? i) tuljective d.utenite substanti'tepri'n atldullarctl terminaliei -s,

{nli(E, bctters, itte$, cmoni.als, chemi.rls. comesr.iblcs'ommons'd .inla|lcs' ediblee
em ii.s. n..csdics, nervs,nulli{ls, odds. Ohmlics, perishables, cgimentals, iche*
shorls, sla.ks. Urcatric{ls, 1ighls, ralurbles, cic;
I Sinquldul or.ralt alc hlelesul de "halal." ipentu personal sanitar. muncito.i

elc.l: o,cf;lr s lDl.l 1: salopF ti)
,c,l .ubsl.bnllvul) i biLlir ,d . tn"nd dp sin6' ,ldr r ltu1 a' ' ' nr sub5ldn
- r ,"i i r pip' l. ,Llr ;",:"sc ul IF SPA r \ : '
o I o 4tF
d und d,n r p tr P
rde d ninept, (: o I,^Pi' i) ett
itejoc) ,s"mn"d;d ,o, ' dtd '
' f,\ oo .r ' .' ,u J;o,.b,F r ' - mi1JL:' - is lJ' 1 nr 1r ,lor iul r r or tiilr por ii
obq' or dp.r ' diu in t.r p r ","' "r ' lr no' nclF /
a l:\i l 1 ,l. L ..j' J. oi" "m J pnn lr r o"t' r nl"/bJ' 1
-i o for ,.r .im.,i "dr ' '
late Jn lilnzoli I the .otunLni.I Pthic
5 f../inf.. : qh ttiLilltilF , .r r npltir '
oi r .,. ,\i..li, ' .r - ,r ' ,r r . I.r :;.; l,' J l, ' lr ' ' ir - r t a, el; lade,1i.
b.d and todEins rtc.
NUMARUi SUBSTNTTVtrTOE 15
. 8 198
. r r "nd.., annals. ,' r l,,vps. a"n5r . .6.i2 . 1- spi.... n ,) . b.T .' r s. .ln' h ..
con:n"., conlpnls ( ul) . ,or n j rr'j ,- ( - \dr .
J6,, dr eg6. ' olli
.' \p.. h r ., ",.' ^ .n.d i
:."s opsir AJb"i, "ut.. ' - pr q..' obr '
. o t"r .. . .ap ir i 1r ' J,tir F $nr r ( . 1= o dr dlith:i) ,lund. g,llo{ - . e"ilr . gr o. dr
..1.' .. ,r'ojdh: p1"iul pi .lr diir ' . sr oals. c- o. s hJJoubr p=. h,.igi. inton.
pds, L' -olil i1kq, l.l.r ar r , lp1nr . I' nli\q.j. Inunr r r onc.
I : : bt4)
I.iA,. or ,in,r .,
oulsq ur s, l t i n o.lpnPa 1,. pF a\d. nr ' r ' . i' ' u:l . pr o d s qudr ler '
.o u n L , - - - i r ,, .om 1 , ,r ds. cr a.{ l' . I . c' ,ur ' ) . hd,' ,11 . s p i f l s [ - ' 1i..
_. ' .' r ' 1r ..,,r n_r on.. 1.r 15 l anli. Ld nc. "lo s.
' /' " r L' , r ' dd " a - , ".r , \ sp"ts, v i d n J s .
i :r.st. whe.calrouts. worlrsj erc.
li) sltbstantiw cn pLural latin sau cu dspect atinl s 1re

.:ndoiaj, ta.eliae, mtedimetli, imlondoabilia, litt'rati. n:rrsimli\ memoralilia,
,\(jordul cn vcrbul fi cu detorminan,tii, - Sulostantivclcnenlionate la $ 130

..rit purct (12) se construiesc n generecu determinanlii Si verbul la plural.
: . . arl
€rcnumele
eplre: oe Jodafr:
jyin'riB r.'"@s sreat skill.
Dtu;shb is" a lciy entc.t ning game.
b) d.o iL name d.eboli: - measles9i mnrnps'.
. o n "l i d " . @d Jp s rs se v. |P o m l i "d l i o n
.ltants ts.ontagrous.
.) nunele .rliinlelrr ti ale obiectelarde studi termindl, i4 -ics (cybernetics,
.L,.trbnics, m€chanics, physics, etc.) construiie cu verbul la singular:
,l.oas,ts s,zdtessound.
,,nt.s ts concerned rilh the nrinciples ol norals.
Hrr)nslaLics ledls$itj ihe Dressnre l liquids ai (5t.
M;ftenatics is indispensaua o ihD siudy ol the exacl scierccs.
arp,t.s r.cd,s ol li8ht,.
Na t d
r\ se observa ci unele dintre aoeste subsLanLiveca: a.oasl;ds. etlict, mech'
r' . . , p . )t t l i "sl / d , / i . se l (. . . l n d n a d o se mn o a zr)t i i n a re . l F cl rr' , . , u u b i a t u l
:, rd i u , s". u n crru i e sc. u ve rb u l l a p l u ra l :
The dduti.s ol ou. new auditorium lcute noihitg to be desired.
llis ethicsda above reproach.
\t\e Mhanics ol plRy witing d.s unknown io lim.
't]trci phnneti.see benealh .ontemlt.
Substantivele atlLLetics : atletism) ;i glmnastica se conslruiesc:
cu yerbul la ring ldr cind au inleles abstract, adicn atunci cind se refed
t,rrctid la arta sau la practica sporturilor sau a exercil,iilor fiTice;
eu 1.€rbul la pldrdl cind au inieles concrel, adici atunci ctnd se refer[ la
-ererciliile
sporturile sflu ]a lnseti.
I Aici slnt cup.inse si subslantivele cnle au ta m'4 obitnuit tot'rl ile llurat, lormr
,i. sinsdlar (ttril -s) fiind rdeo.i intrebninl.ald: antic, d.chiee, bdta.h, contine. cu.I,
.- . bt-pjuy.
' :eAar din. . ond.' ilr ,r l "r u rs\mtun,
\:nd o dm.orqothln d.' r li ( o t.pi" Nd 4' ,.ust n hu+.
: ,r br d.ti\ut e4. i ,r f p( lp dp obur i Jn r ,lr .d' . qin;,r l,r r l d.m ,sr " r dr r i
l r,.clcririir Inloeuil .u sllstantiyll /.4 ,n-
o fli4 Ddbl ll Jp sr nr r lar , sr .;' . r u 4 li lnlF l"5
r- \r ';
\r ii o' or m, i r .l"lr d" - iogr ld,r 6' p l n F bu, .r ' 1.,,.m' i 1 a1,r m:r r cdlufi:
:.: E"at.It P r oe- .o ttr tne 44BP\d 1t 4 wr g. Innlnu4- o"' tr .
16
d/ Numele Un;ted, States f Ametica se consirui$te cu singularul cind

lst consideraica numele unei naliuni, cu pluralul cind se referi la lnrile care
al(ituiesc naliunea:
Tlre Lizi&li [ta,.r of Atuetk:a has l'ashington as i.he capital-
'l:he Unnd Slats of Amii.a l@rc roied thcjf rcprescntaiires r (lonsrPss-
.) I)ir.rsc.
plural, - Substantil'ul
se construieste numai cun?es fiind un singular, de;i are formi de
singllarul:
\i'hat is the D.,e.s.,io ,.aB is good nars-
\oNadaF n.,rs,fd'ah {iln lghtning spced.
,Ue,rs qi snarnDles int construite intotdeauna in limla eD-qlezi ronten-
IorAnir cu singdarul.
.lxmrrons, singular. are plLtralul s r?r?ons.s;i se acordiL cu lcrbui la nu-
minr l cor cspunzilor :
'i here d'd a,,.rs al. the li.k oi l.he sqnar..
,\ st,,,&nr ,rds sdred on u,c grilly pdll.
Tnc iailill is$r,d s..a lfunaae\.
-\ltcr the c olonirlisi rtiaclr, tl,e ]\lrlcrn villrge nas a s/dnrlcs.
I3l Sulrstantivele umritonre cu formi de phirfll ul.ns. arnnds. barracl;*.
.arq' . gallatrs3. headquartcrs, littlts. mcans. adds, thatiisa. lidi trs, li rtollsd
(: atelicr, uzinn. fabdcii) - sc consl,rui€sc atlt cu singularul, cit lri irr.rpluralul
tn lunclje de intcnl;a \orbitorului, fo.ma dc plural a substanlil.ului insi ri-
mtnlnd rceeasi pentru ambele numere:
TIic arDI ,d.'o./a ra t,san o-e) empt-{ {l llte rnonient.
Th. l,h.air. l)ad a .ar?J dc hallci, wllich (ds lamons.
The tx'o amy .o?s /d'e lecn advisedoi Ure ohnnge n La.l.ics.
\:liere is lne an\r h.dokatt.:rsl
_l$o
T\e heddrra e^ or llc i.ade-unionsoe.€ in uic saDresheet.
The.e ,ar u (salt )linksl not lr lrom the niotel.
'rtft (saU-)ti1hsslthir e{sy reacli rr,., ferv.
IL sar oDlv d Dedzs io ar e d.
tsJ dts e;rs produ.tiliiy ts culain to rcgjster a nurked incleasc.
T)'e meansoi locomoiion {rrc ample.
\Yhal's the ,lds:
ID ihc clanpionship .onrcsl.- hc oddspcre asainst h. Driiish middleseiSht.
flI"nls/ l- ThaDk Iou) Thants lerJ lruchl
I owc mony /naz,ls.
-vou
.l'.
Ther,lorts .rc reeded.
glad rlltn(s (c (siu oa") b.oadcasi asi Dighl.
,\ Iuge nouoD.,ts r .oming inl.o being n otrr town.
-\..trnerons o'ns /dre r.cn occtcd all ore. the country.
Cjtera numc de unolte fi de instrumcnte (S 122) sint uneori cotstruite cu
snrgularul. ubinleleginduecuvintul a ?a;r' o/: a pab of scissors,f pliersetc.
Trr tn's.w;r'so.s.1, i." ar old,'r or nrin..
Shc has lolglrt and tr is r\rllP.l.
n ;. -tn-t. n ,,.l '- 'l L- 1):

l th .t n b d rtt I . f tt I r'. t rr' u ,.
: ,r bstrntirnl ,,rt . nrfarialil ca lornl orj.n.c ar li inlelesul, pluilr.rl sc dis-
linl. (le s nrgrihrrnr rNruntnrr s lk rri rrl. k x :rl
rsdll4(r, conslldl.,l o]rnr,l i si,isnlan,l, .e ii tlualul sdlro( inr SU\.
li tl.
'to...t r. .i ].
tt..[,t,"...
Lt."lt') \'t, ,'. tt. 1 t- " n, .
r g],,ntrl.
tltd tidi\s cslc liloa. s.r uneori lxiin trofic.
" ( or isr Ver i Fi \ 1i5.
'Aslizi esle irni oniinuiir r a,ll ,,zae.
0bs er0oti,e
Cileva substaniive de la S 118-128, piiDtre care numele de jrcari,
rrecum fi cuvintele scissors, pectucles: ochelari). tiarlrr1, lroxsdrs, €rpers
ii... cind au funclie adjectival5 formele compuse, ierd sufi\ul 's. conlorm
fEs ulii de la S 166:
b ,l l i .,rd a l i " b d d d r ro o m .u sp p n d f L p l l
,l rJu q h r b o d rd b o w .l ro mp l i |l ro l .'r b u l o n
nineph player scisso. ca5e thrnk oilering
skitue allev speoiacle irame resper bell
ll&joritatea celorlalte substantive de mai sus pistreaz{ lDsi sufixul -s

tr .ompunere, n generepentru cn singularul dilerii ca sens de plural:
l,..cches aft llonoursList. Eood .r,rin
customs xaminalion sporL oaL $ofks r ornlLittee
(\rezi i 5 166 ent' con'tleinF)
13) Pluralo striinc, - ln dccursut anilorj numcfoasc cuvinte strnine au 5 132

:: rat in limba €nglezlJcare e a asimilaL li confirui aOest,rooes intFun
': :, a i m i. s .,.rm 0i m 1'p dupd v p"hi-r"J n.'..14/d .i dut.j "\rir l"rFJ or
. .r uldt;,. m x i m ull -au n a i pulin.ir.rm .c ris i. .ii ln 1'reranr. b i d r la
.Li ]11aim uli asimilater paLternul dupn care au lost consiruite ln limba lor
r: ifiqine rnmine, cu pufine exceplii, vidil sl,riin dc speoificul imbii engleze.
SubstantivelediD aceasti categorie,de fapt "outsiders foarie ulili, fac S 133
::rfte din marclc numir de cuvinte savante aflate in sectorul qliinlific, tehnic,
::-."dicale tc., provenilc in spccial dir limbile latinl (uncori prin iniermediui
:r;lnlrezei) grcaoe (unele difccb. altel€ prin lal,ini).
llulte -si
din acestesubsiantire (spre clcmplu $ 134-137) pestreazi plu-
:]rl lor originar, dar un Ioarte mar0 nunrdr dintre ele (de exemplu S 138-
ll,rlr. pc lingi pluralul lor de origine, azi rezervat mai cu seami speciaiiqtilor,
: L i un plural englezescn -s, seinnulrodirii Fi asimildrii of prin popularizare.
,r n treiac&tegorie vezi exemplclc S 144),ceamai numeroasii,cuprinde curin-
.l compl€t asimilate de limba englezi atiL la si.gular, cit Di a plural.
a
Urmltoarele substanti{e de provenienld strdind, in mrjoritate savante, $ 134
jji plstreazh pluralul originar sau au o formd de plural loarte apropiatd de
a) 139):
{sc.
opzs, {masna)olerar coder, cod;d,s, vo.trr,

outos, custoder,eic.;
r Sub+alri\ul rnaah pJ5bnaz; lDsI tormd dF

lluml ln cuvlnr'tl lhanksEiu;as.
: Si n cu l a r,l .l a rl m rsl r r{. tn l re b u i n tl l . Pl rr.a l rl d a & e sl e rn e o .i tn l o q i l , n l o .u l
.ti tTh :sJo l o F \"ry u sp i u l ,. d " cp h h a i mrl to o ri . h a zr se ro D 5 L ru i e tl e a p l u rcl
p d n ru , r sp e \i ta .i o g u l a r l d o 'l a f. trp su trJ p r.a p "d a n l .
l ,n '
48 M
S 35 b) pltt.lle se,:etti (v. li S 140):

, oll _ i l A._ lr i
:L -i c p -n p o i i r" ') I ' l 'n l
.,.,o j tJru rtr...." n ..'. 1, .
-j ..
"||''."|''|'.mp ||n p 6 '''h \ o l h a .: '}'\p o ,-',.'m'|a .o rl 'h ..
rp n P'
| , r'tra l sl r'l p l rJr.l " rr''r r s.rn o p lnol _ apq t'd r"
iin rrro ''
In d r'.ri
. '"t d _ ma r/rn .rL
D l rp : a mJ'o
p i ..rn:1
"t,l 'fl " l i '"td : rJrn
D l r''r'l
pr' ri r' p ''n '^4 4 i I
I
13li () plural. france.e v qi 141)
"s b 'l "d rra n d "" o rJ" ri f'0 i ^ttr'.t''ri _
l
ro ra u i l -l rl i u .'l : b "''
p ,""i .i :t,; n o ,,':,'i . \i 5" rr' \l r'. \l a .F \l a l a rn I
n .,,., 1 "o ,'. "n ",.
U$dirn'es ctc.
13i d) pturuh itoti.ne (t'. s.i i 142):

' - c - u . Il. - i . IUn ' r r " . 'or 'l' : I hrzi.on., lazzrroni; condoll.icre. con-
d ,rri I a n . o r bamlino, lambini; p|hzro, lalazz,,'
a 1oil.ada, ru[o:rtrad. el.c-
Obser r olLe
S" r lr ,s^ r ',nli' e uor - di. r ,nLF iJF I'nnun:i- 'li t" r pr r nin'i, in-
. a r r \ ) 's
;,r l ,r r r l'r i s , s .r - Jlr f- r '. ksr .l si 0 eea a plur r lulur - s's r s l p/r
.
l- i:i, t"i:r l h r oalp sulr r ln ;r plF lpr 'r inr 'F in - ,s a . tr c r \ S | :t l
slr c er iemplu:
sg. pl.
I dsi:z]
* bavs I bcî:z:
- eritrr I kra,si:zl
iheJts t 0i:sEl i.l,c es l0i:si:zl
(p)
ll\ \ur , r "Jsp ' .In a J, nr i in' ,r in, m 'l' r r ln buinl r " ar r " i p J "l '
'i
1,"r r r "l u l lur alul "' or i ';r ar . r u , plur - l er r gl' s' r ' r uldl iir |.r ' pr'rcrlpl
L
,r doun nr m" Je pl,r tll u'nr dihr eoliel".a s- r ,s: n I0r mu uncor r
'r r
z- . ., mli ol,i.a,r ir ; sa', . nilr ar a. .F "ldlld slr r inr ' Inlo'ilj instr lul r lpr ir .
siiintjiic sau t;hnic. Numnrul acestor srbstantil'e cu pluralul englezesc n
ls crelte neincetat, pe misurd ce ele se tnceti,tcnesc n 1imb5:
S 1Bs n) IrlLtr\tc lali t (v. $ 134 a):
'qi ldl.nna
Isc, -a: ol. -i ierralizl. d,l: anl,ennas. nlcnDddr rre'd arcnrr: a'cnde;
n,unla inim',1
- { a it,, 1e), Inrnruld,; la.uno -la|unar' la'rlnad, retr'a -rcirr's,
rftir@. lc.tebro -vtrtelrar, vertebrae, ct c
l ,s.-x. r|-.s e Ih 7 l 'i l :
""rr 'J' r-..'c'l r l u l r's
'1 1 'u 'vl "a l " l ''
ru n e u ,t. .n -r' q . 'l i l l -i d l :o l u sa l 'l d d ro r h i l l o p n 'rm/' p D o l o rr'rca .r'r"'''

D o tJmi r:a mL ,.s. i 'mb u s,|'mb l h '. i sl T ' j sl h mr n' l 1 Fq /r - n ,r'.-(r'?
j 'r..;'"r.n n '},,r'|n |..5 .'|'L ;'n 'l '1 ','_ '']'U ' s'n U i | l r
.i d rj q '.o p ,'rs .:i r'o p s\'l l Jb 's sJn r0 r rrn n r_
'r- "Jr"o l n d g ti s. .sJrn b r'Ps
nu lplninu . i " 1n , tu mu )r" 'r"
'
"rm rd rl p
l -; {'n r r'1 . i 1 Jr l a l ru l "i rrn b rn r_ -
'
cl n |'"l rrn '..''rl .d
]||'".'o
n i 0 dldn,|-''d
d icce
,a l ''o
n nan rr?
-rd -d
|u m.., n r'i ms. d ,cPn F d rctu a -d rcr m o rru ;
cn ri .u l rrn s.
d l l n ri rn -cl l h ,\'i u n ,r. cl rJn ri o ,-crn ro rl n -.rtl o ri 'rmr, n p o rd j
i, 1 e. 6 ;n ''r 'n co mrr'z s'i r-
-rn 1 1
s|' . n "'
i n t.mg d l u \rrrn -l r\h xm. I \tro ; n i .l u so l e u D d a u s'l e n ms ma u so rca , a i'
- .' f rr,a ", . rr","tu crttn o . t \-a ru ts/'tu '
,,"';.-
"";.ii.,i""r - .,
.,r 1.rI " o n n, - ii d,r a,r , o ,- e p- r dr ur ds- t1.,,r 4
,lnd .l t d ir p s l . 64 ' l b d ' 1 .
'lgallr
NTMARI-I SUBSTANTIV]jIOR 40
','..m'\i o r q i 'a n 'J; n d i rr I I o r n l r'm-rImo _ r''

i '.rn i "", n 'l 'In rr i . fi l l " r'ro rn rm'4
, .r."i"ii"- ."..1-nrtns, mofatorid, rclirr.dlt -rellrendums, r'leFrda, sara
.,.a .' a "i ':s-,- -..r.n ..b "d r.p . r,r- p ^r.,ri .-o rtr'.:
'| . .Jrd "n '.. . , ' , 'n .'i ,4 'vn 'i i i 'rmj rml
,iirnr. ullimat t
'; r'r. -i ri r". -n B "n .r ' 'i ,"

..".-, ai l i ' ri nrl i ,"r'-
'r' i o ' d 4
a 'l p'-|n d rr0 ""t"'- p '"_-o i \''
r'i
,;.i i ,i .. ^r-r'i .". 'rr' '""-
r ,,,rp \ ,.;,..i o -o ., r:'..
,
".,i ";...,.r..s',,-"'
rr:e,irLfl.es,' testatrlr - l,.statrix.s, 'n ,, i.statri.u' fto.
:l ',.'r. 1 . n "r J3 :"o tr', -'o rt'r:1 .
q i p p rl '
. i p p -* 1 s l 'r'1 5
'r I l n a r"l "/
b) pllvale 1recetLi: S llo
tss. ii pl. -s (engl.), trttl: ||aumo lranmt, traumtn,
i,,s. -onr t. * (engl , -rl aniomat,n attoDatons, atrtomrlai"il'cri'a - 'fite
d n a l d "r'.d ro n l r * 5 :m"-''n l ;' n i ro
' | 1 ..-h .t.-.s
, l rci o i v : n e "^p o l :s . "^p o md Ja p o l i a r
^'ro p o l ' 'r'
idesl: 'chrysitis chrisalises chrisalddr; irls -irjss' irtz'c'",
lss. -isi 1. -eF (L'ng ezl.
sphinaes. slhin-
fs{. -x; 1. -cs (eDgle']. -gesl: lnlJnr - lrrXnx.s' larv.ges; sphint -
: :]ri n r sl Trn \€ i , srrrn d s. e r. :
D r\rh F: u ,rn p ".. 0 ,'n p u e u l o D ,. a \.'o p r r,..'o D . C J' n l /sl r" "l ' :
c) pluruIe francezc'. S l'll

l-, -.r.rur r ' . { r'ngl"/l: 'c(')rll: : o F , _ .di" rJ;,, b " a d h " u l r ' r '
'
i "" h;,f J'1..L r r . o " r ' p ' " o r - plr P ads.I'lP ^'' r p ' " l n n'r - poa n ' l n " d
, lrou$.aa tronsscaN. roussc4,., et'c
':lrtrraniedu -
(1.
) plurale talicne: s 142
cic'
lss. -Ni tl. { (e.glezl -el: auloitf{da -autost.adas, autosftad',
tsc. -e . o: D l . -q a n :./1 , -i : b d d i rr, b 'n d :| . b Jn d i ,.,i io " '"o n ;r
(l l rr.'a l " l d i l 'i '1 n i , i l rl p l i l n l j i g l p l t cl 'p l l o g |'"l l o s l rb fFro -l rb rFro
l o d _ r0 n . so l ' ^p "J_ n -
.,"1 r1 p r"-ro r_ d ri j s' n ../o - h r/o s h p t/
i .mm l .mp o r. l Pmp i : rr u o 'o
^r'"d o . .o p ri n r
c) pl rale ebai(.e: s 143
.icNl chcNl.(, .|crnt'rn ,
turale asimilatc n limbr, s r{4
tVarialtn amer.: sanitarirh sanita.iutu, sanitarid

{mJtaralr':J iirrbl drP ' o re Jir.'loTp
n ,;;:;a \'o-.
r \lJi nin ,., rr' f . r t . n r In'r'bLial1L.
obi: t se - p In. I .. \ L l o l ta'otus.
6 Orascle norne " ale riitonnri
6lo;ni dc sitAurN "sfe clJdoP san c .laps
' o ?t,.tu." pcd;nfi-(F T. w;od, the Crcuntaorhol EdstisL Gtamtuat'
Londnn, t5;) nrt;zi' ponl.e n snol,ism
-i:"i"; "ir."
e " t . " t u b - r o o t tfdnori. n v:no\nli: Imtbin h""n a t
tal.a. nl, adesea n bioloqip a..dp.
:0 \re ri pt. 6"u;i n,hri , r. " r " s r S l4 <
50
S 145 14) OouI formo de plurnl cu irleles diterit:

t btathtre i: irJtil
t,'t^,. l tupthtpnt r*r.dli dps,ngp \p,nl ,n.p'.I\'11,. i^nIi,i. n'rmlf, di
t aceleiali comDniGti, societili clD.l
f .o{r i: vacil
A;d' .\ ',, ($hJ,c. lri"ra|
1 I
14i.. / . mJkilp penrru rurnarea opd..lii.ur. - monddorl
I d1.e {: zarun,
. | :.r.r.es cFn:i. od$Pni d. g.niu,
8 "1"'- \ s1,i"ir.. ,1"1,,.
"a,i
It exes I indc\uri ln.drii)l
l id "" i ino, nat.n;ti" , "'':.i
' (rersoanill
'" " -
t ,,.dilns f- medii
m.lit m I ndtia i.- .ndjroacC (d€ _cu]llrarizare a nasclor ctc.) ezi: aass
I metllt $r tuunrtudLa"
I t en, ;3 moreLle d€ clte trn Dcnnvl4
-'"J \ r... \.'tu' df, in pdn \
' ' t--t | sbfir i nrll.:lal.e ajo.cr cadre, .rsonal al unor, irstitnlii elr.)
t .r. 1l
t ^ t
" t I,o.r \d Lmu/ l"
Obseraalie
a,lorh : nat€rial. stoln, pinzn)are plrralul clrtlsa (: ieluri saubucili
de stofe sau pinzi). Pluralul clath.s?: hain€) nu are singular n engleza
contemporana:
The satesnansloFcd rs fario''s .lrrts l.o choosc .om-
Thc shc Nore \\'cre vc.I smart.
'nlodcr
$ 116 15) Dord,plumle cu acce$qiormi, r'hr cu irrteles iterit.s
breech lss.) l: (,hiulas'r nei urmel, rl. ,f.c.l.r
brc{:lk\ (pl.l l= rari.alodi pn 'i h sru slb golxn,ihi)
cot ut (ss.) (: c lo.rre), pl..onrzre
cotaure (pl.) i: dratell
catnpdss {sg.l (: r'usola), pl. .on7d$€s
.onrsser (tl.l {: comPts)
( s s ) ( : o b i & i l , p l . .zr,ons
( 1.) t: rmrL)
ddtuse (ss.) [: a dic), p]. da'ds€s
damaEes (lpl
s q) ((: .deslilCubni)
dto"eht Lr'n d" a"r lf.l. Dl. d"dr'sl.,s
d4tih^t pt , o , s n i cd p l F r' n i n . , , r l i r " l u l j o D l dp
' -inl"l'r '
..dnme
I Pt\ra1e1eLr.lhr.n
ii ll,r, lnrL iorme lilerarc, dcntelc. .u exccplia $tbstantivului
,.arl'.n cn scn$rl dc .o,/4i.
rs"a.,rs g.niu. on dr g,r'r.: lood ertl B,L;,s .:^r.-b 4r.1.r t),L\a: q"n;;
ar' )i sg. s,rr.. i po\Fdlr'nd nrJb" JF ri pl j/nta..
t Ndto '_r. miJL'd."
'r' inrorndrr . i 'I'
.ul,urdji/r' a m1+lor (prpsi. rd'lio.
'ao'r pt 'h
lplpviziur...il'.nlarojrir .) ti nut'tnpdtn .,riJloa^n mulr'pl . rrrmFn lpliar ,r in\i
iimlnl el,c. cn accla$i nlel{s.
I l.\.lqllr .'Ih/r ,t,-4ts,1 m" hop"t." lor Ine stJmp'.. C.n Jo,r siv' m. t$,,
rL^ . . tot
1llFr" ar '$ ' -
ropJr'r. rn,, pe +. J'ter-e. \ JJ"pa;p o Ino;.dJ-d- i p' n1..
1.../t".'' ' .1a1" d; d ;un u d. i r.'n.
5Cd accast{ '
acceolic, rluralul s,ueas arc si sinsulrrul star,.
€ r \',. Jp;s"o"" tn,' pro-ur,u loi:,,ofulhl"0r.,lottsIklJ0sl. rll".0'l
tlJr,l",
( s r06, .i,,tu" tkrr,,rDzl.
3 scnsu.ilc aralalc aici sht nunai cacrnDliliciri: e1enu .eDrezirfi l,ak intelesu-
.iLc substantivclorm eDtiorate.'lulrlel€ la orc singul.fll ru esiem;rlionat nu au si;guh..
t V e z i $ rlt8, trn, 1 r l o a .
NUMARUL SUASIA Tl\'EiOB
i: sertnl), Dl. didr.r

1 P l {: indispersabiti, znenc, chilol.i)
1sc.J(: nr.ct), rl. "//d/s
1 r) L: 'f"c]p, brrnuri molile. imbrirtnrirne)
(se.){: s.nljmcDt), pl. /eeli,as
(p1 r : s r n s , b i l , t r r t Fu. s c e p t , b , l i t a l ,impiliP
P, )
tlarell),
t p r . l l:,o ,,rr Il- h if?dnEls
rn 4 d " fl a n "l .,. l n .p ,i b l
'1 .i cl e l sd u l J a l tc j o cu ri r)
p a n r ,to n ; J" fl a n "t.1 .
I rrtn l i l a L
(: mo ti v), n l sm ,d r
(pl ) { : ,i 1 i l .'ra , n j u ru l u n ri L l a d i ri )
iss (: soisoare: liierll. 1. Llr.,s
Lpr
1: dodl. pl. nau na
r 1.r L: nia'r'er., t) are
I rL i q r n i i l p 1 ._ n /s.i ,, l d a n , rl
(- i rPra n co rF. rEl e te l
ls 8.l { - ri l u L l . rl . mrzt1 6
n
(- pro.,is- 0ral al unei |edhieJ
(: nnmnrl. pt. dnrar
lprJ 1: verslrr, loezre murltmel
1== uerel. 11. an?s
iss 1- parl.ci rolJ. 1. ralrs

lpl.)
isg.) 1: rrpmis\r, r/1. ,.u ir's
tprr l : i o r . n . m o l L l . n ( i n t a )
lsc.)l= Dunct e1c . Dl. r,,i",s
(rr) i : imu4
lss.l {: dulc,ati de irurrel, J]. rr.s.rrls
tprr (: o.helan Je }roleclic) -
Gs.)(- sl.rt), 1. ru,/rc.s
(pl.) (: locninfi,, antonomenl)
(ss.)(: chitani-r), pl. /adt",s
(prl
(: lnapoierel, pl. rerz.u
(ss.)l= sami lmuz.)i solzl, pl. r.ai"s

t: baranla)
lsc (: bucelicr. lracment), pl. s..dps
( p l . ) l-(: rcsturi (de mlncare),deFu.i {de mclal et .)l
srr€rtmol), 1. sp..rd.t"s
{rl.)
Lss.lI I r m n n . D.fioJdi. d u r r l l i ' f . m p . l r . l , r n . k,,'
(pl.) L : t , r , n " n , , F t u t ii , i n o r l u r i : L o n d i lj i l
(: un I€l de stoli dc lini), pl. ,rc€drs
(pl.) {- .oslrn din tweed)
1: a ii), tl. rdra,s
16) Doui plur:rle, rrllul colectir, colilalt individual. Cilera subslantive .^ r7

au doud forme de plural: o formi este dentic[ cu aceea a singularului ;i are
intalcs colectiv, adirn se referi la lold1ila1.o biectelorpe carc ]c dcnumettei
caalalLi, eu terninrtia reguhtn in s. esteur plural irdividu.rl li descmneMir
'\'ir$ -irIo ^llntut | 'n"l-..\1,'.. r'' ' i l.^.l ..r,Ji-'1

\.zot ul Li ma .tri .){ve/i :i S l i 2 b).
, /dF?ls Icluri dc ttrccd.
5 r
dif.rile .)bieclL au /cllrt d rDt.lrt,l. Ilit forlna cu illrlcs coleciil-, cii $i cea
dri plu|al in s se conslruiesccu verbul la plLtral (cu c\c{,l ir substantivului
ltuit')\
f ',r:l " i . . l . 1 ,pr ;i , , n i i , t r a a t s l ' 1 . ' i :
rlrrl t,rit rru.te r, ,./r h, road" I
'.h4t ,l ,t. bomb, -.r'11 . o b J Z . b o m o " L n n I "l " 'b ol r'
. /@ , s o n L , e ri " " ; a l i i J s/.o, - g l o ,1

./,o,r piorc r,". . ghiul"l". ( n',rn-d JiFl
" . n a n(.'r abandoncd n tlie lield.
The ereny .(rn.u {Nil )
-th tds.;" -d,@n d a p t i r - n o u " a p - . ( r r i )
T t o , o n i o " . . , r ' u . d i o m h t p n . n , y d , p \ l ' , o l " l :n I. n , L ' r ,
\l\e t.it ucrc' ri e. ll"na ts rvhal I like nesr.
E,tl l.esh tL# anil k€ep il l
Thc srll siNie e sl.or. l,as tuirs oI nll sorts rat zre corrjng nr drill
' I , r .,. or,ly.r.".-t.1" o r r t , e r,tat,.
l'iuN. rnlei anll tdnscri,,es P tzns
l . - l u " " n l ; J . /,,rs o . h " ' € f :. o r h o r ' . n i o "_: :
'The
r n " vshir
: l , i r nrlied
"l lhcucorst
a si hsth . / e her 1 J./,erls
/."/r. C o . . l i )
_ l l ^ i , i . r " a /o , p r r p , r id l r k i r o r d , n r j .t ' r ' ' l" 116
' 'l
Tvo siotu were ii.cd tuon the irigate.
Soa- u /"dJ d rl h ' '-l l
," r .j i ,. d .. o i"j . .' ,. d to r r ..
" lJtri 'r "
,n |
'
s r+8 rr 5uLdr',r.iL^lplrlt_t.ol',1:\,1.i r//,\lp'.in-.

orr.--
inr Llorr, orn.eJelrL,'
limb ltanr'
".1 rr .celrrinr'1. - t,pr o"m"ni ..tdI.ilid .rul-
tiar sau couun) Fi ou vcrbul la plurLrl:
''Li- n, lalt.l D o g,'. r- A. ullJl . od@, b n:: sr'' r'
Ther sftu stur{lv (ounirv /o/,t/s).
T " rnMnlotr ,:* bu"y''iro hp n . Eh l d th" n'' lat i in lr ti I'
1: lcmeilei birbatii)
,, t',.1 f mi'a ,tP n 'rP,, n ..
t[. .,i : .t ]. h- ," ,, at , / I.J.an lir' : i ' .
F.ri-. . i .n 'i"eul ' r .1"" /r1A ropur ' n'1. "7 n "h lin i \ ' l '
,unpu.,: lJr ' u lui.5 I ' r . rnpi. / rr' l:'n ,', tott t ' t lt muii /,//'
sineir, t l/' songs, oLhstarLtsta.r aLltflIesrer'
j I tl) c) subs|anlil'ul.oplc (: popor,nalnr e) €steLrn ingular;i ore lulriul
regulat pcolrlcr (: popoarl], nnltunt:
.1
The,.orl€
,;opl.f,.solmasleroi
lhc rvorldtsdzrown dPslinl
lishling ror pcaoe
In afard de aceste orm€' €r.isid ,si un substantiv ctt formd de singuhr
qi sens de plural, col€cti\': Itc Zrolle (: poporul, cebe,icnii) au individual
(: oaneni lume, PersoaDe,amiLie):
r 11d, nfl.r"- rrial. i, ' -e:rdrl .\r _'.'r l'Jr.dr'. ."1'. (.lh lhp lri lri l
A.olll"i. .'n orn,.m. r: t1" l ""t,k I'utur L i ril-,.'. F r orlJ.
l lnlcks urrmdl,fol 1\
,sunnrntr\ut(ut (,i\:,",./s,,"onstr,:p.t",,r.irg.t1-.rt ,rnddFspmn.dz,,olp.ti.
riial.ca ln tolalilaten ci si e;ie asimilat .d nunete de natcric sun ru lluralul cn se
r..r tJ pt" ,omrjon"n," it, tu, ti.ori'. va/ S II:d. b ) .. S 150.
rPl "t"m"n
r,rlu Lnl^ li\:ranaa \nlt.l pr ldr" fmid" pl'r_' danarr' l."n rLl
uJdrn l."r' rL ,., n4 ( l'r1, .\1 . /: la. r
^ ii . r, . PU 1- .r vojt c "
",r. r"r'lu": "' o l-pr' li a oorb' or drn
lr'\.:.ntatu,.
"t, ' u \"tlir
tNL$c (S 15 ll
S.ncric d. trodus tral,1ralasimilrt tu nu nr'l : dB \aloic
$ 1i0 sr lrio).
' rlA .RrDLLnL.t lonl(1.
pl . ; " ' .-r , ,.,a/.. _ p or" ir
" " to\.-riri ' tulor '
NUMANLTL SUBSTANTNELOB
T \ t d ^ - - . ..,,u oDl" t 1 ,r,.' l \\'o rrd f ^ '

"r. l ^l e p o _ l 'b 'r I'':n
th e \o u '- /,o rL r5 u 'n l l rrr r ' n rr 'i l i r' i n
I $ i l l J\' r.{ Ju o p '\ "\r 1 | a l "'l t
t7) Pluralul ln tul](tio dc s(lrsr' tlnele substantive au Ia S 15 0

-stngdar
.1" u n u l J p . , ; i r r n r t ' h l ; ' d L ' a t ' l t ' : , ' t rrr p l u r a l ' rr n r h : i I n t r -
L e j',1 l"l u
. "l-d'p; is, u b . r a l r\
rit Si neavind plurali
r - abur l, nl. dr , A [ \]
i- inq,lte lr ole, ivr l L\\l
l,uir*s I'c l t : . x \ . i l i c . intr pnfind{Fl, p]. D ,sinAYs Nl
t- - ;tuua,, r oLndi tcolc r 11. I'"tta.tll iN N l
.eNonli in lono\"- .i,pr er l. i ;r ff' lr ''lit- d'lT"r \l
i: Jdacter iaLstt r r ] tN N .l
i "oi,. r ..'- , dr ' . lion "i . l'1 1. o.lr r ''
i.ntr fr ..,/r ,/s) l I\l
l- culu/itdt lr l'\ir .n I t\N l
1- ilcli.alcsii. lnldd.r), l d./i.o{,i€s \l
i: d€ricatelc \N l
labs|rnrL.).1
r : ioc- r l. . r ns l\ l
i : i,n;r' {.o1,r l\ iNNl
(: lir de Di.), 1. /ui.s t\ l
: pir lfolecti ll l\Nl
. ,u : iN lr r tdti. 0i n,, f\ l
I'rl ) qhiai; {n tr i nF Indt'r iFll N\ l
i:
I r ,o 1r r ) r 'r r ' l l ' n'.r . | .0 4/ 5 l
i: no ,Lat: tnb.tr act t\N l
(.- Ii ic: zird; .oinunicrr€, L.zr-i).l Pdlels
i: hirlii. acte. do.umenl.c;zia.ei Iczc, comuiclril
i: llrLic Prrne de natoi',)l l\Nl
1: sfur ll, ll s?o//sN l
l o r i .a i' .otr ,.. ltr r 1[\\
",
18) Piuralc dileritc (u inlclos de sirrgulnrelc trspectire:r' $ 1 ;1
a) Nutn:le dc tfrol.fii si de pralnse nuttule {cer' e. zarzavaturi eic ), S l;2
care. ;rin insnsi natura lor. arr ir mrid obi'lnuit fofrli dc singuLar',pot avea
si to"';a de Dlli"al. dat cu o srhini.rare de inleles, irl"' 'Lnind n acesL az, oa
produsclor rospectrve :
;i tn l;mba rolrrenn. .speiriiale nl.rlefiilor salr
fo l l o n s o i l (\s
ifrs luls
linos
.i,."
rfools lsolll Noolls ste'is, ot''
(c l. s tL"/
b) N tueled. ndle,'ii desenln{)azn descaobiectc confeolioDatesau for-
mate'tlin materiite respective: u eori sint lipsiie d e singular. in gene'e lnsi
au alit singular, cit li Plural:
desret; pantaloni
/ld,ael l-- Iianeli) Ilannets l.pl \ \ ' tlanele lle .o.p -lcnnen
d i n l l Jn 'l e l '
- i ', L o sru m J. l u i n p
6
ru "'p r d r''r'"n
':,'r"i | ;;:;i;'
;i;L:. t Jt.t4 . l : : r '.. 9'ro. ,, r',d r'1 pr ' '4bP""
,,.u l o n -i'',tt'i. s qro,"
ro n n niil - d n l ' rl ,l I d u p d n n rs l r i Jd '
clc nu rel)rezinfi rod'e nlelesurile sub_

'scnsurile ailtate sn,t numai erempliiiclri;
stanlildor menlionate.
'3Vezi sj S 146.
. Xa;;Diie strbsrantiaul,d,s. Liu..stc an llufal Vezi li $ t3 ti lr3g 24, nota t'
6vi'i ii Pag.51, l
^ ola
6lM
. ri 4 (: co si to r, a b l l i , ti ri ch e a l -a rt {sg ) (- o .u l .i e d e co n s.n e ; n n b j d d n ), (p t.l i

/.,".d r r,f f,l d n ,.o r.rr'. r,,a d s t t . .o 5 t,.," trn .$ ..J).
.,"..d . t n tt a r.,J L, l o |.i d .rfr,. t t ,,a ,J. :d .r. l ,..t,ri .r,,
lyezi si S 16 )
s r 53 c) .Nunt.:lr dc culati a| la phral in.t€leFul e ..nuanl€, tonu ale culorilor

,\1 o ..n . ..t ,j i ./.,r. a rt,.rl i _ ri c/p r...
I1e lorfs 10 pairt r|c rcds ind ,tu,i;oi -.\utlmn tcares.
Lnele plulale alo numelordo culor i au inlclcsur ispeciale:
. ,'.:: . ,, F ,, J. ..,, , ,t.,. ,a.
| o... |
,r /rr s 1 :rrp rrr'I.r I'n l a n i rl l r
i ...n s : rf.o .tl o l
,,trt..r l: liainc alltri l0idoni .]c ltan.lii rtbirl
i.rerJ i han'e g.i, panhloni ih llaDetil grir lxi ilmsiil
ir 15't .l/ Nur n"r oase ubsl.antivebsl.r a.to ar e,pr in nntur a 1or .si t ner r ne
r bi ,;iJ' ilip- i'ed" pl,,r , ,\",r S llr ..r ap r r r r r .n, iir ,r .l,.ut .t,...ner "
t- 'l'r i.. .r n,.2J...'.tr lr .l,,\,d:uI,i.ir ,lur al;i ,l- ,- r r : ,l or r hl , n ,
I La 1 ilil. l).auh:s) t- n lrumtrs tr. o leDpie tu{qroasil

a tdlh ipt. t|un6) t: nn aderr"irl
uh nnr i€.tue
d ,r.,nrJr .lpt. int.ttige,/.:) (. . intelig.nlirl
t r. nEonn4 \) | o mescnlrrr.l
so manr* Itdzesr.s
:o n . . q , . n l J u m"n , b n rp r Jl ,4 .r"i .. 1 'n , , r" r.,b rt)
i 1 ,'t.r h rm l trc /|,rr. i ,'I'\trr.t. rp n u m"rd ttrr
I iol,l him a ifw , d5. inuncmlill
c) Alte plva.le d,iftrite ca inlclar rle sing\hrelc Ns ./ i.rt,,.
Ir,l.l (: jntormatii, ftiri, coDuni.'i11, Nliintirj, avtci
(r,1. f: a rc (lisLfai)l
lss.l I sfium dii tigarn; .ctrliri in, rtin,l,i. lomerlll
Ltrl i:.r:nuir-1 general; .cnusa xnri onr Dorl, n unei f6e.
ircendiatc); 1: ruine ris. ,r oJn.s f a la en enpte)
{- .cnnia din soli, .iuin)
i:i:),'
1 ,lildift marc ii linplii on o lrzurmirl
pl.l i - (,azarme, azimil
L. condnili, purlff. linnl.-Lilalil,, asp(ci 1rl uri clN
LeahnSs 1 1.) i: di..r ii: oziliu rdali ll
Lta.t:' lsq.) t- poeche lde oLi.ni.hj. de .iin1 .1.ll
Lrac.:i: LIt.l L: brclcl. Iientru pant{lonil
1,.c l kJnicnll : capaciialc)
ipr .l I ltrt.n s].lkand'tsl 1: conlindLl
iss.
ir ) ' l:01Lcll.,,j.li du frhiiiali., j du.ulir .t.ll
.': J
l',.1 \,,r' r-r,.Ll r.r rn,l I rr:--t-i.
.,i. . .r LU.; .. ti.r I t:.,...l.,,. ' ' . .r I
r\'rri
ij S 118.11t, lll1.
4 sll,riantirul 6/d., are llLrrxllt ,/d..: ,,hundnrdsoI Dz.e or ta.l.idgc', lS t 2 i)
NUMARUI, SUBSTANTIVIOR
5E 1: sol, r'1mini, P r e n )
i,t , L iircjd',.s"dinrrrr: rrr"n. t 'r' 'l i ' l\Jiri I
1sq -t.
L: onoar, .inst.l
",ir
, .""ir.:; .lisrn1i. ' c i 1 r r I ' p^r'rm'rtlr t-1rrJ o b ' i '
' ' r,r.:'.nLi titlu icdd"mi. .ur5 s p . ' J /'r f.nrrr u n
Lil.h icadetnic.)3
nt ddt p a q pAsPs r(Pl

sgI
'1: et
\ FliL m llori". m ' l rrir
ul med'ir
LheVLddk
. lPnr' i 4\ er' rd: l{' r i ' 1 l
ro':." ,"r I
| - " n''r. m'di
prortr? ml', nalrr' p . d ' r r ' poort rir I
{pl
,c tp t -r' nslF'. i mi ' o n s i ' F r J :
r " p "L I o m J g r r '. P"'r"r
I PI
tl
rot k l. r n u n '
1sg
: -. it " pr
*g. , i l s g . . 'o; . i. , zinb r p l - " " b n ' r ' /'n n r ' 1 a r l'l )
rIJni'r' J - u r u r ii$ r l u n r r I nFin 'r' l
.r bri€ky'orLs. n gasworks, an ironworls. a steelworks. the lrorks fonncil
ll')6
Toate pluralele de mai sus se construiesc ri v€rbul la plural cu cdceptia $
*ribstanrivJlor larraclr li itorAs, care se poi construi i cu singuiarul ci d au
sens de singular.
19) Pluralul substnntiYelor care trati nationalitatca sllu prolcnientr S 1;7
regionali. - Substantivele €rmidate in -s. ,r [i,J]' s, ti +rc au acee'rti ormii
la singular ;i la plutala:
the lrognois thc Fren.h l're Iinglish
l,lLcS*iss th," Scolctr
Celelalte substantive formeazi pluralul regulat in -s:

the Czcchs6 thc RomrnidB tre _q\t'des
the Danes lhc Slaniards thc Turks
Sobstanti{cle compuse cu -man sa\l 4raman formeaze pluralul conform

regulii de la | 168:
an Englishman -lirglishm{il aDui. hsodan Dulchwomen
a Scotchman - Scoich 'cn r \\tlshNoman - Welshwomcn
d Cliinanan -Chinam€n
(Yczi li S tit-t5 )
20) Plur&lul de tmirilor alc anin&le. s 16
a-) Danumirilede animaleau. in genere. orma pluralului difcrili de s 15
aceea a siDgularului:
lic - igi onlf - cahcs
riuckoo gooss - gf6e
kippcr - kiplP8
rlezi si s r18. 128

e Bd oa'Hoturt\ t\' \@t Hatutrs, lJa@tuB tsr: lista de iitlu.i, decoralii
h
{t , coDieflte e Su1.run\i) n l l Brrt. cu ooazia zilci Sale de na.ile.c, espcctiv
'ii,[if]r{,; 49/609
50 Mo
l6n /,/ l 1.lr .,r l r r ti\" ,tir , i.... '..l

sr n:,. - i :r t. r r L'1. .nr j,t.r .u r .... .1,", ". , r ,r .l .It
l,- :\r t. ,j, atin.ntr . or .,
i' lr ' ,.b,r ,l r [r ., i r p. .ou
1,,.,,,ai:
a nIDLrfr ol Fjlil ,4a ra.iors Jnnsl or
I I rt .
i,t in ;.
161 Citela nr lxr nnti'e Au o sjfgur i lor ni
({...J
rtrs. 109 a): l) entm singular si plur at_
srlrcr satnron
dcc. r.jndeer grrnrs tu.boi, ptc.
162 d/ .\lt€ r(artile u o tormi rle pturat cu inrele cotecti, idenrici cu
n FF-r inr', -sirutui. n,p"u .i tur., d L" pt,,r.tng.ta
1i^ _,1p"n:, ,;;"",
. r . nurLr/r s. I,triF ,, ,,,",rii ,lp ind:\i.i ,tin .t,a,i., drnunitH6. " . "
,l.c hcre nnv /tsn in this rirer?

Jh 1 . l?'. , n)qnt nit lt, rh: jLoar.x
If tt.L | | 1tt r rl ?/.. tr .h.
'lh@ d..a lit. /tsral on thc truc.
''." " , ,, b e, ..,1
4.." t.",1
^..,,r.. I
'tU Ltluts' at lhe CaqraUjirn brools a,, r..r rinf.
'.idr@z ruD ulr lron |rc sen aDd Uifrc o., atso )l n n tt.\t, a ke pike &d..rs.,,
163 i', : 2l)

r " r Plualul
, li', r substaDtivelor o mpuse. Substantil.ul omtrus sie ormat,
r. n
'rn Ll'rt ir i\ nri " if , Jt i u, , ut " r c c i , n u l r " ' " u , in : " ^ . . r, -
..mpl.tpor:i r,, .:.. r, , u rrn ,ia Jr a,tia.tiv I,n ting., :.b_
'rF -lp.ut
slalri\-ul rincipalP turahrl ubstinr,iletor,,,nnpi,"";n
""rtn,ni s" t&",eor;
pu,,indu e semrulpluraiului umaj a subsrani.irut riput:
.,,,r,- marllal ,ftdes to.bc
.oegn.\ gPrmar e?rs oI mail
,r/s arr)u.enl. /ddcr.s in ta w
,c/- s :nel.l ,€i.s,at-ta{,
ra\y4ls ldlns-jn-lyaitins
r.rr€rs pltenl maids ot all-work
164 Cind pr intr e elemcntele nui substanl;vcompus nu fiqur eazdun sut)

stanti\-?r incilal, se adaugir s la utr imut cur - int:'
r. l:,1d"11; r:r: ,',",i1,i:; )1,1,,1,4 me

1;::';:;'i1LT,:,1,.ii l
,oi;r.:,,
. *;J-,1 :,':i:..il;.I,i"', ::i,i",-li:ill l"jil;:,:;:,.b:iJ:",.,
l ;1i::'{ "1""",:,,"iil,':l: ;;i-' ""1","r'i,1

ii:'i, ';Ll',
,'"i', ,t;; j.'"il
;1r;;',i',-;r.; i; ,,
".;; :,:;l ;i.-:iil,l.:,fl
6<:t. 14r. 111n, .tit.
, E, : 5 cAp.iori, ciutir.
3 ftr1s : slecii dc pilsirdy'.
tr p m"ban. .' ,,LL.oIA r ood. nF r .,,/,;,.js

tFnn"li dredlals $rrat-noh merry so-raaali
pl'6-/o"fs young maDt,L{ strJ d /,o'Es
H- ,' ,aJp , pJr ."l ol pu",iD' y ,r ,, r d. .' r ' I or l or In. ,r .,/o- ...
Itpr "did- \ud npa.r . oi.l r u. /r .,. t,^,pJ m. 'n r ^.,- ..
- lhp $df bts4r ,, tL,. i/u"r ,fr ,i ,t,, I.dt. @t ,
Substantivele erminate in -ful qi -laadl tormeazi pluralut in,s: S 166

, up/ , rrol o' oa nhr / , / . ni t on, l buLU" dJ sf rriDoc s
ha. d/ , r.oi n1r r, ot & / s t r, € , a, / odls t lk ra
m.,lh/"1.ô_r r r ,. spoor ' /,/s r .,d,iii1,,. .o.r ti.odj .i tour i tj
' ar ' dy ^t
$nY,/s or /rod?h
.a, Ud.ds oI rillagos
i.ainloods ot NeeLcndc.s
tnckloads of coul
Substantivul secundar al unui substantiv cotllpus DasLreazi n serere S 166
{orma de s inga/ or, hiar s t un, , inJ are s pn"d. rlur; t s 0; c ind . s re pr; . c d0L
un num" ralc u. ens dF rlurs l, deuarp. F. t ' , J . nlinFs t cunc ria de idr€c rir.
- , iind inv ariobil S r; t lj. r. ] n, , ne
' , r-. t r' pt uret : '
' , . {himbi
a @o,n}.ush a D,oLkecl)or
lhe glore departmcnt .t ./,s slro\i
, ", \ ? -b rl d n s d / t o a rr sl o D a thrcc'r.ac .oslune
sr? . l i rt i n s a i l ' h rl . si r, l , . n a ttn mt&r, liclure
. Fac_exceptiemajodlatea subsrantivclor secundare are au numai forrna S l0?

de plural (S 118-129). , s ubs iant iloleare. inr, rc buinlare umai t a s ins Lrlar, -
. , r I , U Fa pro. luc n . . , r f r I i n" . t 1rp , I r, , . , a. iFS Foriuberari\ , t e
^' rt uz ir
' ' ^, t , u. F, rir m. i, nulrc c u\ i, , , . i, , s f airt d, . Lmi, it " ut i, irt " . Fi. , t ir ,- in
' ' nr0i ha. \ ent . , bior' ; i . r, h: ran rrele obi_. r, uirt\sind . err" J " piur. l:
'lhe ko,ds a .\s.€,s r.ndor

Aiants
- \e l) Ibti. n,/,r ,i. I\.r ,.,r tndn ,p I n Ld .\,,r r a.. Or jr ini,.,,ion
l ' n fr Jr .n,' r ' jl' ^4"". r n| ' ,,, t . r nir ,t .i,ks , onjr b5
a umulicdtian s saL.ltiLe
an Indian /rrt,.s airDlaDc
rhe Cl,,rcs and Jn.s bishibuting Centrcs
t\ | | r - p tr ltn 1qr s f,r bt .t,inj i t' r L
1 e Lor lor ,ar i T h.i
,lpdrds Drhibition ol 'Ar.hii.eiitL,r-"
P
ivezi ri S ,t5 :t61)
Substantirole compusecu el€mentul ..nan" sau .(tvomat',. - Cul.intul g 168
nt.1t san '&omanprimefte semnul pluralului &tunci cind €ste elem€ntul prnr
cipal al unui substantiv compu, . Iiind det€rninat dc u adjectiv sau de o
alt n part e de y orbire adj€c t iv at i:
bnsnrcssromdr -bdsinessdorua
t'hliqatuln charvomt
.ongress@ndl congless0ond4
l Cuvintelc
-/,1 si ,oad au devcnil. de lapt suli{e, i substantiecle ln compune.ea
lir r or a intfi sinL.dNid.ute r r d.r ival. (5 Ji9)- Subslantirete asllel lormate erpridl
: Recura nu se aprici fn c;v,,i s,rbsianlivelorca: Getndn. Mlsstitun. \'annan,
-.
Att na\ notuen, Tu.cainan, at nh, ra?iwn e1.,.. iare.deii ternin{ic ln -mon. nu sini
llnrlirsc in Imna englezllmodonri .r $rnisnii{l rn(n.
llngljsh,,,rdr lhglishdln€n
louuadan lotet ,?rr
lrishdo, rd, --lrislort t D
rnilkd , f rn -rt j] kt ranen.
nrer. lant , nnr - rf i : hant t , n rc.dlcrr.,ra, necdleito,'.r
Indidr@z: lnilirri.z atnn
,{n rt arnrs --rrn rt rrns toli..nrnal Polices
, {n oi NrrJ 2. , of \ r sto sfom(r slorl.vro,zu
tGS Ci d s bstantilul t .att san Qamatrser\'esl.cDenlnr a arnta disiincl.ia do

sexr n formel€compuse in,tian (sau .fo,ra;) -. substt$tif, ambii teimeni
primesc semnul plurfllutui:
rncndrilncn \ronr0r.ou'rilloB
npniolkl, sl
men nrilliNrs
$cnscfrarls
nrcD sirgors
Iirtmen nnLsnriars
Cind sribstantilul secLxrdar t/li/r aratn (lislinclia de se\,

semnrl ph1lalului .slc ltiNit n..rrlsi dc substtrrtivulp rincipal
,dn erleN
,rt,r lix d cN d,-killcs
1?0 Sllirstantircl{]comluse tn ck\ncltul 'ifoot'J. rtootrh" sau "ntouse", ca su}

stanti\e l)rincitale, oimenzri lJhhn i r J. res|ccliv 11.1//uu'rr/r.:
la*t..l lor/i?l tti trt tttJsleth
hnli /,,r 'I\\n\I l.,t ,lilli /.,'r, nrilli /rr,r
l.vt)ur. nrrntu.
lielrl ,,0r1.", -licli Di ,
$ 1?1 Cind rsi a(esl. substarl;\e au 1'alor'rel c .,11j.,ir. €le inrin invariabile
chiar dacirau sensdo plurtl:
- t,ltrfr /oorriltrc tn' h^.hrs
l,orD, .s rr'ri|flLsl '?.,i/rl)fuslrfs
- /oorst, ps thnrtir\ l.,,r, nrl's
/,rrP hole ,,,{sr Jroles
, ror. w,s ( l { a k , rorrr s'I rrnris
, r, , J. lra --, ror: , lra"s
s 172 Titulaturilc (omt usc.

\ 1:3 d) Lr tituldlurile n con,punereanrora rtrn un sulslBntil'determirrat'
- de ur d'lic,tir.r|Ic.,ltF pirii Je 'o$ilc adjettivale.substantirulp rim$te
semD pluralului:
nla, l' ..'mtr 'onn ..:Lt ' r't ) Ia h P\ | .r ct
'
t t u " t .t" . t," "1 onP . ' 1 1 r I l{ '\\ '0 r "'
' '
,orraris (.noa1
sau iirre,r.rs senerul l arlrs
s.rs€D7.s
cirrt{i,, ;r;naals zortries nbli. sd,seanb_nl_la$'
.ltf & d'alairesd .Jroeislurorl,c strgeart_mdJ,.s
r, r. rildDhda == s . onrf rcial.
2I ndnrrnn: \ as . arc l&0r t onrel u r I ndiile
I otrrd. . \a dt, rirzboi.
a ',n,
Srt rr nl. d. .,,,r .
I nllel t l1.
0r o, ,:l rt o4t . "t -. ljq: r, )+ r I '.
^
NUMARUL SUBSTANT1VELOE 69
ltimul ouvint se pune

D./ La tilulaLurite compuse lin doun subs[an1,i1'e. .\ l7 t
in genere a plural:
b.isadier s?a,fnlsl licuienant .olor.lr Loti\ Chnnallors
| ,l d . o t.a .o t. li-. T.o r d l I / -"
tt'1 i '2 .." n t _. l. l\ lI a - "
dar d/f€dloru eneralsau dircctor g'cn.J'llls, eli cuvhtul cnre a primit somnul
?luralului cslc 'rn rdjecrir.
.l Ciler-a titulal,uli conrlnrs€nu amindoi rermenii la llurnl: I l7:t
Iinlshtr Tenrplab Lordisj Justioe.{ -ordi ) LicnlcDarts. t .
l2) Plurahl umelor pmprii, l'hrraln numelol de fanrilic urneazn i 17C
rcgulile pluralului substanrivel.rr conure (:\ 92. 93. fB. 106). cLr c\ceplil
trnninnliilor -o ti ,. care se menlin la pLural chiar atu fi chd siDt pr€codnt.e
l h . \\'n l l i s.s tl ' \\n l l i r l

lt|c
l . l l a( N$
l i tr r tl c Co \cr i sa th e ]i r r l i .J
ll I.r l Is
t[c u tr r r o r
(lin d numeled e t a n lilie este ctedal de un l,itlu s e p ne sennul p lu f a - S f77

lulLri lia la nunele profriLr (in ]nrbtr vorbitn). lie la de unlirea titluhi (jn
t imb u o f ic ia ln ):
f ll,. Qrruade "/,u.sd (iidtba rorbiti)
Cortrade Jones I doadd.r JoDcs ilimb{ olicirli)
I Ca,nrad.s 0. Jones nrd S. Ilurphy
| | e \Ir . 1 1 , .r ti n ,l ,1 \o r l ' t:.)
1 1 t" ..- . I ti . t.,.,h Jo .i d rr
t l l r 1 1 r .. /,'.o - '. ||n r l J r o r b i i
| . rr". a , , ", . r: ", "n ii , , l, . ' , | ' :
I t l' lli, . .t,,.//, lli n b r \ u rlil: 1
1 rt , v : , " -mi, r, r, n b ' ' , ii .l '
, , ^ ,., \ l 'st i I t / . , u"".
\1 .,.dr \r.,n ,
{ ,6 . i,,,, ,r ,. v_,
lrali { rtttt .neus
1 lhc H{leI ,m/r/:':
lrirte :i sora t tho i,/,lr^ llrl.I
.,r"o ,: - ll, H "l .L r'
Colon.l Crosbl -, ,rLlrc,\"wo llolonel C'orrtls
^ 7; . . / r
L, r . r - i { n. - i r r , " . . , , , r r . r . . nn ,,
P.oi- llcc{l - t.,/.b..r, ltccd and Conpton
P re n u mc le re la p iu ra t s (s a u s t o rrt c rn r in p ri{le z a ontemporonrl $ l?8

( s r7e):
our Uar.fs. our llll's s a u llades
th e l $ o De n i e r si th . tNo De n i s'r
ln acelagimod se srrie pluralol conform regulii la prenumele masculine

,li leninine:
,numele Jefircls,
de luni Jerri6, Johnnids
au: Februarlcs eic.: Ivics, Januari$
sau Februar-Ys; Jennics, Judics etc, dar
sou JanuarJs;
Juucs sau JulJs.
'Ii r' ri I r " r ," 'l I i a r 'i -
:.\.ti .o i u r r n s.i n r r cr ,r i n r r a' zi r i n ( ,7 L n n ,,.l i ,i n t:i l i i a t:: " IIa h B to th o i '.
8 0u
Numele compuse din mai null.c substarrti'e proprii sau dintr'un nume
pr. t riu + alt € c uf inle p nes c s emnulp luralului a ult imul c uf iit i
r -
l ' - "t H /.1 { r ' n' r ' l' . r ll \ lr \l
- 7"n. l' L l HL- u o ' - $,r J
"|
Tl,.I ue like Ja.k irlhc-ro&j
os
s r79 I r, ii ' " iirorin' ,rdopl" s . . ru ,-l,s\,pr nr'
. it r . uLqra, ., un"
r r ", ld a
I , l,i rr'
.i 'in
rlri. az
p "ul
n rnumelnr
ru F lirrile
d € rurbir' , , oprii
" rp prenunelor:
frnilie salr al
Tne d.isq's havo askcn he J',€s's io dniter-
Itc o.dciad three 7'0n and J.t.u;\.
$ reo Numclc protrii striinc au in genere,h limba enslczn.pluraiul numelor

proprii engleie;tli (vezi S 176 1791cu uuclc exreplii in cAzul terminaL,ici y:
ilre l)uDotrh ihc Borsirs lhe Cnesia tlrc \ie.us.r ure lnlens€s
t\e lloi',.or thc LorenzoJ tle \cros tl,. Julios ure Apollos
the Sifili.s the I'i.olerii.r i1i. (uri.s the tiol,ti.fllis lhe nl Grturos
Ex ( epli{ :
th€ l,ro C.{..li, the rlt./l/.i, l}. lnrt c1,..
s 181 23) Plulalul rumeralchr subst nti\at€. Numeralele snbsLantivate
scrise u liter€ urmoazir eEulile subltartivelor in pli'inla lo nnrii pluralului:
Ifu lliilht:' lrYc.strr,s
nr tle ltr .,r i.J ol Lhc llth 4,.tur v
| l.., .. .. t/,.- r , /'
T hc gifls \r fr P F r ilnis iu ,r .J ind
Tlt roNing (i.N rre il :rr.r and s/r/rrs êos.
1\:er i i i lll . 1:Jj 1lir i I146)

s r39 S oris e u c ilre, princ s c s s au s la plur. rl:
Yox.6' r and 7C' i ir i smr idsf,l ls i r ,r aDd 10sJ
ln l,lie Jo' r oJ l,liis r ' tr r r v lsau ior ) .
lhc l16r ' s ls{ u the 7r 60Jl
| 183 24) llurahl rumelor dc litcrc. \urnclc de liter. prinlesc in g€nere

's la plural:
lJon roll ronr /'s.r
Sh. ne .r (,mssPs hef /'s.
Ion \r r ile ltass" \itli l\vo s.r .
Unii scriitori ornit insii apostroful:
\\'ril. "l.all' Niur 1,\ro s.
Numelede lit c rc pot li s c ris € a plural; i in int regime,as t f el:
"Ll,c lNo e.s. e/s, .11s. .."s.s. eL. "r
s 18{ 25) tlurahl abreri:rliilor. Plurahrl cbrcf iatiil.,r se formeaze ad6ugtn-

du-se in genere un -s la singular:
(s s . lC . l' i: Gener. l ra(t ili. ner) (pl C. P . s
r , \' l \ 1" l' .
" r P : iar' rn | \l P.
ls. ,s lp ,.,r. l. jr'ic

1: los r,af
g d)
, . , .hl' ) (pt
p. rs. I c "
1r Tatu a\ti. J.'rl: lm l.l dc Utlttr.:i ancric.tnii.
" 1 m.1".1., ,,,' r - .,r ' i.J ' tl...:. , i Ir ' ' ' "
,' d,i l\' /.: i. ol i.lo ^r ,: ,' \r ' r l. r ' .\ lv.I' i d l 1
io\ , nor .I b"r i.' i lli.
' 1,., ,r ' ' .\". t\"tata,at D. .,o1 1it t 1.1, It.
NUII.{RUIj SUBSTANTIVELOR 61
. I . 'r'. . . apit Jl)r - (r, 1. ) caps

.: lL. = l, onr) -{Pl. ) hs
. . r Ut {: Nount a, n) -(pl)Mt s
iq.l rol. (: volume) - (Pl ) lols
l: aorFt e) - (PI ) imls
-. , si i: l, und. edlveis ht ) (pl. ) c s t r
l} s
s-t I1 lb.
\ 1r r:
( : nound
r A r d ) - < hlibra)
l . ) v -L l \ {Pl.)
-
{ : c. mt d, , ll - ll, r. ) ', os
_ I L, R'. : t )rolhFr) (nl. l b r o 5
: ,.o i c " er. l cal Orr:c4) { p l r C. S{).
''' \ l Lr O l ?r' \ lon I n t d " r , - (pl ) \ I O s
' -\ l"Li
. r. \ \ . r. r: ommn. i. n"d Oil6r -/ ol. l \ f lOs
'. O . I o5l U i p. l'o : 1 rpl I Prr's
-. 1
'\'lpr
Lrii scriitori formeazdnsi pluralul abreviatiilor alcituite din ilriliale $ 185
ii:r1ind's (apo6trof) la sinsutar l188);
,,f.\ \LP\ N.C.O.'S P.G.'s
aile1-n abr€vialii dubleaze la plural litera linali sau ini ,ialn:
.r l us. sau ms. (: mitr,sfujpt) {Pl }{sS
L= t,aqr) h'l ) rrp. /o'\ i t
r o los ri Pds's '
\lte doun alref ialii au un plural special:
.: \1. : \li.trrr3 L l l \ ll"ssrs'
. .. \li lr" ' o l \L ' r ,m" '
r , Pturxlul cllnri p.lr i d r vorbiro s u b . l a n l i \ a l c ' \l p l"rLi LIP o r l , i r - s lE6
forn paz, d " .bi".i plur0lLl contorm rpgulri g a n p ' e l o , sub.
:'.-: i.dor ($ {11 106):
il. ir. nslf cr \ rrs iempf . . d t r Puhops* a . i l p o t s / r l { s t {Ad )
i ,,,i ri..a voltr i/s'arrl ,rri (-conj.),oI you ilirs a;d ,'rl,/,m. ({d .)
ll,s iil, I'{s till"t oi ar." and lr,'zs (^dv)
fh. dsiri€s .1 l,istorv. (Ad .)
-ir,c ad's anil z,es tin Pa.li{dentl. {-\dv.)
a n d . o a " s, r'\ r', gl'p, l Prpr. )
-:c r:o ' d . . n r l r art l (\umFr'l9
', \ nt o, L 1". , \ : nj l. -r room ot . ': r" _|" 'ra'
jr' s nad la an inl"rmrnat l. o_v oi id, / i - d , ', / . lvPrb '
''Ihe llower is oDe ol the \rhal " loi onllrnsn -a Eorrgy, " h " Nlai-crP. thev aE "
t rele r-cuvinte primesc

r 1n p ..h d1g- 's:
o t I'o s d o .fo 'r d" .. s 187
fd
i l r $ a s l e i t u r oll tPrrjlir "f,llrror"
l i - ' . rp i \ ' - u s " o l r p n dt.lls.nustl, P";a_dPn,"ssa. mo.l npl"a'1nl
L nii -.criitori tntrebuinleazd 's ca semn al pluralului la orice cuvint ca.e s 188
- '.tc un substantiY comun:
't. ltt-:" llr Jo. r: fdir rro:
''. .ri;rJ Ll . l l " p r o ' i n u "oa',Iour rsr oJ,os
' , lP. Jnd oi llis sorlJ
| l p u l u"pi e{si l I r ' r .vr'r' tn,l ,h-&.ar
'
i or e $ : r ' l;' ,1in6 bo i t"a s a t l t h t * "
r nrrial : naiuscxlti.
u ; sru r l r . f srslal.
:,:udanr (' .'dumlr.

;,lfl.lraria cnliit€lot.arc nu stil, dc lapl sxlrst{ntivenu s. conlordoazi regulilor
_ i.rri. (reft.Ui:s
' , l,rorrli sftst{ltirfrof: rort,rlrr';i nu ro..r Ll .:; .arefulu:. li n
:;i S i:61.
62
s lil9 \T. CAZUI, SUI]S'TANTIYNLOR

OHN (ASE OF NOUNI)
ll, rl l, l' rrr. it lrrrlii grt rrrs lo, -(: , " ra n, rm-s l- I rm" . r p^' ili unui
, LrLLd.
I'a , Jrn rn ,nuppli. d, r j' ln.. " i\ , lF' , rul-i i' jru: r' - prirr , : 1 " ' " rr' 14 , rn' rr0
l9l ln limbr c ngt ez n \ is t i loart e puline pnrli dc lorbif c c are rlr as lez r
forne (Leosebil.c entru diflrfcrlierei cazurilor, si Ace:t('a smi: pron&'itu'
, . t . ' . t " t . p-. ' t r" l" r, ro . i ' ' rb nli l J lr^nrlr' l l. l; ril o?' -. in
I rrn h l r1 4 ' u \ -r' rp rrl
'..'ttl t- .ll l
'
i i l F . r/ -Jl a . nl
' r: ri " i n rp n -r'
. r l , r. ln 7 ; r" . p ' n l r' r n o ^ I n , ; . . l rr$ r , rr" ' ' 1 , - l r' r rr' p u ? r. rr I ' e 1
t ru _ ce Sn ri trei l ' si d rt i v)j
|1 )' l rb o scb i re d e l rra rn a t i cr rrrn ra n l . c|I I c 6 rc . rn r' ) f a zrrri - l ro mrn i rl l \ "
I , i r, i . I r. , . , , , j r. l i \ . r \ ^ , d : , \ ' . ' , n . p r". r, "r ftl_a
' r' ri . ' rn r i . . I i t r, i r' i r"' f i i r" f i J rr
m, ri o ri t 1 {] a q ra ma t i (i cn i l o l ca o I o t i rn i r" n i : n |i n a' "l i vu l o i l i o u mi l i n ci rn sl n' l i i
,\,rtri/ttlt irt) .)l Ad(Lr.ss ( noninal.irul Toc.ttil')
1.,.t llll . , 1 ; , r"l l , , , da ", . r: tn.:ta,.t ll t r"i n l r' 4 I c t l t t i
' pd'' ll
, , , -re , ' , 1 . , o . r' i \ ' , , . . ' r -l ' rr. l ' r. ' rl ' -. r' r", rrr' l l r'
"F
, , , ' o zt t ] , r. (l d ru l n l e DL rzrt i o l d l u e st e . p ri n u rl n a re . rL n a l ci rrri l ca crz ca rc: : c
, , ; -r | . . . , r' i , . "i r' n , "/ i ; l ' 1,i r' ' 1" l r I
'
iL t,lil r ,
'l'. rrzu l p rr: p o zi l i L u n l si n l a d e s. o ri re : u i i l c su n u n
. i l rr l r\ d . . ' rL r7 -i rn l
-ri
sirNur nunre cdeNrir: t:o.;t abiccli; (Oli.x:tire (:.ts.) Ca ,sicnzul prepoziliolll1l'
ri . i , r(f sl a n u e st € u n (a z d i st i n ct d e ce l e p a t ru cn u n e rd t o n l a i su s. cr o st ' t
(rrzul fotrr|hmentllui (liroft. indirect sau piepozilional- dupi cum o arat'a
inru,.i numclo s:'t culnrtul a/rjeciire. vcnind de la 0rj.d. eare tnseamnn
.,"'pt""1".t ii\\,r (Dic,:t Objai)' ind:trecr (Indit\1 Otae.r/ sau pfepozilio
tJ ( PrtposittonaL 0bica ).
s(1 , . 1 ; SL rb sL . a n t i ve l e' i d -o si n g u ; f n f l f p cn t rD t n . t e L f l u rj l e i rr a f rf i , le
, r" , r ul rrn rf r ' , ' r' u n " h Je "o : "o n , "t ' (( o n n ' n . o : I ru "n F r n "l r'
\iorare intrebuinlate, cr sau fnrd prcpozilic. si$ de,tumirea (le. nominatil
(\ ' e zi i 1 9 7 ) (l a zu l c o u n n u
, L L i ri Df e D. , t i o n a t . . l a t n -. a u a r: u za i i r. .
u ' , rzrrrp r r. . , i I ' l , r. zi ' u n I Ur , ' l "s : l i zrr I F rr si n l n i l i "i F '
I lt )1; 2) Dccliuarea srlsttntir[lui
(oi rl,.l lirs
(t o ' l h . ) ro y
I tl.hitdt nhn :| L:t4^tilnli.slli or i,iD u\ir l iltr eltnir tr t r x $nshftiv Di loaio

ll:r r r l,mnur i.. u adicctiv snlstanti t. r n g.r ondir . un su' nitinlit tr r bd nn i inilit, o
ldirriunr. r..c ' si o lroporilie, o t)nrtr din {oeaslr sau o nfuti
:vfzj
s lllit.
r \i 7i S 2r l3 .
\' t,xi s :r s.
{l
Ob se tra l i e
\.easti formi unici pentru toate cazurile - cr.r cnccplia ge jtivului S 197
:.\n n - se n u me .stea tma cam nd (C o mtn o n o rn ):
/ \ . 4. ) ' lh r " ' $" i ' " 9.
(Ddt.) I garc ilrc" l,o a p.n.
G.) Na.y seesa Drs in il,c ga..lcn.
6an. t a. : . ) Bo , 6ne lr er el
Cu prepozitie:
He is a lriend of tLc bor ne\t doo .
/C.D.)
(Dat.)
1 sa\e a pe1 u nF boy.
E x ( e p li e : geniLivul saxon:
TIc Dos's ci is in I'is pencil-hor
NOMINATIVUL
1TUD \OIIIN,\TM CASril)
s r9 s
1) Defilli,tie. Nominativul este cazul subicctuluil, al numelui predi- S ltt
,ti\' .,are deterninn "qubi€ctul (rlunc prcdicativ mbiectir' -. Suliulitl
,,,,tl .n 1 .n t)$ a l a po zi l i i l o ra co sto ra .El ri st)u nd e l a i n tre b nri l e u tro .2 (:cj ne l 'l
.:i i fr2 (: ca re l ) sa u (,l d t? (: ce l ).
' I ' I unr lii. \. . in" t ir ul hr i. r ' r id Jp ' \ 200
r) su b i cctsa u p a rtc d i n su b i e ctu l nui rcrb la u n rl o d p e rso n a l : \ 2 (l l
Tl. 7 . , r".
" ' m"I ' orn ' a' l\ ' "I loI I
J , 1, . rt 11, , 1 h' r join d I ool. r r\ p.
\ll ihlt n.rl ol .drl, {$ i,heirs. '
,, nurrlo prodicatir. care detcrnini subiectul (numc prcdicaliv suL;er .s 2ll2
ii\ SulJjutit,e CanpLcnent)
Shc s nr otl,.
Thc nc\L ii,ctu is l,lrc iDLc.laLional radio nriir.
Tlose Fho died jn the cause ol ihc p.otle ale l...es.
,:, apozilie sau parte din apozilia unui substantir (sau a unui echiralenl. S 203
il acestuia)care srn h nominativ':
-{da, l,is dazgnr,/,ikcs my novcl.
This is }cn's trtcl\Pr, Ired Pork..
jA urc
_ _ Dr. U.,. Aaad oi Ure English Dptblnent Lnife$il) ol Ohann, is now in
d) subicct al unui ljnitiv care frce part€ din prcdicat in eonstruclia \ 20I
n\n\iti\ nonirltit, cu infini.tia3
. r / t r i s lpo. . J oD c oood. r . " n. .
' " r rlh, " , a. i, r , , t v.
r I " r , , l. , " d " . r . . / En3r
e, subiect al unui parLicipiu prezcni, care face pade din pr€dicat tn con 5 205
slr'uc,tia numiti noninatie ctl larticipiua
c / . \d notnp,t /dqng , Lo.-. ar d:$n.
1he .pacc roci.:t \ras s:rtched sodring jnto th. sl<J.
l lacc cxccptic sulic.trt h razul ncnzittiv al unui rob la o lorrnir in,t*sonrlr

linlinit san laf t icipiu) l S 50r r ) .
?\iv
ezi { : 1t 39 b.
I Y. zi 1ljt 5.
' aYczi S
51i11.
04
lorneazi fon-
$ 20(i subiect al unui verb la un nrod irnpersonal cu catc
r\\tr1ilrd. om;nativ absal tl1
\ t . d' rario' $: pl' rr' d. ' r' I or' lr" f ur
p ' i mo
-ih"
r "*
J ," ;;;: ; . , o ,' tro n , r'i n r' rr 'rr'
",1 ,
T'i;";ii on the $irerss. don'c" on tonisht
'aizs &tirul-locattv
s 207 3) Nominetivul Yoeativ ( oninatire of A.dbess) - Noni
-
-"
*i" ;;Jl"bstantivului ci ^-denun€qte o liin,n sau un rucrlr r ura nir
Is lhat You, dnd':

A n". < ' ; P. . 4: ld" n s l Ft " €rP {ou' -
i,.y,i*nT ,o"o.
:, ");;t,ir
f",; ",X.H",,' " ;,,,iro
Nominativd 'rocatir'nu are rcl sinLactic'
{Vozi i S 1e2l'
208 GENTTIVUI'
(THll GIiNIT{VE C'\Sn)
::U s 1 r l l cl i tri ri e . C e ri i Iu l ."z Ic'ri b 'rl u l 'ri -\p ri rn J i n o ri "'u r ri rrd r'0 ''-
p n p ri ra"a 3 r"F p r;rIi p 'l l ri ' l 'i rrl ' /'n '"
'r r L .f
t "l u r.',.i
'p b - i ,-i t"'u i l 's"r'"'p uxln'td ";rr
h 'l to t t rrrr'
e\prirrln dile-
210 2) fi c.tii.-- Genitivul are {le obicei tunclic de illrlx'rrEl
rite r,rpL'rtur'i,dintre c:rre cele rllai curentet sinL urrndioarela:
i1l a) lt)nitirul pos.sie ('the possesstueenitLte.'l rata pos'rsrunea:
.lr.h's t..is ihe s'/@'l'lillrcr1s rcd ties
iliis ,rr""r""', rol."" ilie d4ts kitlcns
erprclsi(e of dc|cnlloLr ) attiii
r ,l'l b) titittl
aparlon€rL.a
alrartenenlci (fhe G'nitit'c
UrP \ lrt t , / lhe .drr tltc k'J of mI

'/'ar
ftlutianritip ) rtt\
\ ll3 t) l e n i l i r L i raditii (fhc Genitite lJ2rcssing &nil
irrudirea:
.U€5'r or Urc tr"0's' NLr's
the sldo{ o/ grcat
^ 'rir'.
"- *i,ljlil:li:{if"i'J,i,1X1"il;,,[,',H,;1ll#:i'::
s,'DeLo.lv's adni.n[ion
rha .lJrirg af the bdbll
i'r#l#,"::il;:l
"' ,'","1;1.fi:i':"11s'i'f:ill?:,1{li,",;1'H""
3'[i:i;"r*'"'ifi:i,"," f:J};i']'ij"'t?'' dffi r0r ho*e
ii '
;#l;r' ir"iiri'""'i'i'i
r''-
i' r;:l
;'yl
i.:"iii"
: l;
;"
;+l;:il:'l;,'
,, ,,,,i
"i"t,..., :, .ilj li,i,;,i.i/1li;: ni
CAZUBI CARE ANTICOLI'] LIPSE;T 115

'N
J,OCUI,\RTICOLUI,UI $ ;6e
1) \mbele aflicolelre.edd substantivul au al,ribululacestuia: s 570
2) lmbcle articoleEta.unaintea urintului whole, dar dnpd all, bothl, S i7l

rrire. ust:
The |hile galden wils in bloon.
I sdrked at )t lot a @hDl. eeek,
.1ll rtu siudents were pPsent,l
Ballt (the ) ptetts weft Eeated at ttte table.r
Th " sl .d y o r 0 r'i l p .,u rp rs q d ;t p th " \b p st l h i n g l o f Xo r.
U " sa N o d 're n ,,u ml d r o r Sh a L € "D e d F D l r\s.
Thjs is t;s, ,n, house I $as lookini ior. {: iocmai)
jlsi (:
li. is aa ordjnaly bcd'sittjrg'room. nirnail
3) Cuf ntelehall rsidoutulelnt urmdlcde articol cind reprezintl mnsuri: S 572
holf a doze eggs dolble the srn
ftaf d pint ol bc4 daubte the
dto rmnute's silence d.ubb the ^nmbet
si,ze
toit rie bottle was emply. lYo paid dourk ,n, vatue.
Sjnl Insa lr...ddr. de .rrticol atunci clnd lormeazd un sdrstdntie comlus S 573
. u rd " c u " u b . l r n ' i \ ul urm Slor:
' 'npwA
ltu hLtt-ho' ) a.l lturl
\ \ . sp
We heard t l "Ld,&rr4
n t d,}l a n | 4 'tiecl.
/ D , folrF1 o i npostman.
the g.
The word hns d d.Lblc nca\ing.
,\ s e c om para:
to l l a 1 ,,l ,d a a r,m.1 l d '"d sd u \Jcd n rl )
a i a l f-l a l td i u i o d mi'ol /1o '"driibuc/i .
h;]J hoLda 'l ,rp
J'r :, iJn i .r'd |b e r r .
'h P
rve "v \,p a r h p d l o ri l h u L la h a ttu o In l ' s p d "tr s .
Th,t.p,D /'d l / I" /o i r&y i n s"o rl d n d .
Thuadav is a ldl noltdd
rhehalthotiday
iii' ii'i i" ir"et;';i"-td"
VII. CAZURI IN CANE ARTICOLUL IPSU$TE s s?i

Rcguld ge erali
Nu prjm c s c artic ol:
lt s.rbstenriu"l. r''rab"inl-lc .u inlFIF t rpfalf\\l
2) subFtantivelecare au url caraci€r de dn;cna,t [NN]
1) S[bstantircl€ ]€numcr[l,ilecu in.tsles onoralnu primescarticol; au S 5?ti

" Jrr arti.olulzpro. ln arpu.ta alegoriF.'rc urmetoarPle.ub..-qrrro
ind sint lnirebuintate cu sensqeneric:
dl substantivele care denunesc dDslld.itt [NN] (S 35)l s 5?7
-B.tu tl J s tru th . n u th h b p o u t .'
l a ,sd ,r'u 'r5 si l l e rrcri /..
l ldj{,0tirele d,l ii Dod nu se const.ni.sc co aru$]ul nehofi.it.
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze t;
p \ n ri n rr ' n 1 l ' l p m^ n ru l / O' - e 216

t n t t i L rL t o b : t i r I t h Ob i t ' " G n i t i J"t
L , l ' a l 1 ' su F n ' r-rb r' r:
,,';',i .,'1,:';;'ii l"
^ , i -i n " '"
x ,:t:i,t{,ir:'i,",," 0f Iri*IHll:jl 1"*Ji",i";li;3:fii

i" n{ f hlY
l) ur ishmfit
"'
(les $ie s r$Ft rnliv ut S 917
f) linlt i. rnl rlt s rript ic ' I he D60ipt it ' Genit t u' )
"'
l'i,;lr':'ri",,i"'"
1,,'liljlii":lJ:i,1,i,,,,,
,iirJ'
i;l'iii,ll"l'jiij,""-,,.rr,"';?1fi
alra:itt' 'llt( t ppositit"' enitit't)ayil1rloLni neisinrple \ tls
':) lnitirrl
roprii substantivuLetrrr"nar:
.p,,;il. l.,ri'i,r,,ilz"aznprin rririne
i:' iljil,ll"lj,lilJu'*,rii: lli,,il,i'";::ll;-
l, ) - rilt ' 11 ' t t t i : r t lh' P nrt ; t ' t . . 1; ; t t r H' c {r: ' l+' | rP ' In l' r' rr' li' l'
' r\ inr rl i' r/ rnrr" l" r ri:
t llf '
i" ' , -r' 1. ' . 1, . . it J p| iri\ ia l; rn' l r' r' purrl
" ' i' l' l
i'i''iil,'l",ilil'i:f''* lll",'':i'i["li'Jl""li
(Tht: {;t/titir' of Gt1tLalkn) S 22u
i) y itiral itl]lttunll]tnal. sul'trlutbtllui
c rprimn rroliuneadP s uf erlat l\
|i, '. '''" '" '

, "itt', :, ;,1''',"';,-''
r lf r "".. ''.,1 l t .' ^t ' .n
-
; l) l' r. rdu{10re. (}lrnit iv ul dio linba erqlez i s e t rat lr(e iI gc ere in S s 2l

pu' l:
-" ",1 r orlA ld
liniba
et ): q 22t
*'it" (ge it iv ul pos es ival apurt eneDf at inrurt if ii
""
l1''i.ii"":i'o-r i'l:'i,l,",il{"i''"'""1'ilfi
i "l,i.'f,ili'i\i.,.,,r l i"i.'il"ll^{.ii'lj1;ir 13
I
?f + s ubs t ant rv s c it i\ . des $if t iY ):
,, (| (n, s t ruc 1, iR
il'l;l',J"iii,"",r i:'ii;1" Y,"il""i1{ '0""'''"'

i ll*rl.-;:',;i,,t,, I'j,l)ilii.1'";.T1".,"l'
l),;il"tiili:i'5,",,., 'rliiii,il"ilt",
f1"i1,i",li",ll',,,') l'J,#ii'lii,)':"lii,,' "
\ 22{
..1 f ulint ele ilinir' , din (parlit i{) (s elrili. | -ariiliv ):
i 1 '-'"
'''''',,1'"'"
li i]"i ';,--"",,
' "' " ': 1,,::l'l' -i 'i"1'
"-"
'','
,s,niri*,ui
:1rirn,i
i)l ,ij:*::pjf:,,:i?1i::r "', ."
i'lli:,',i,{','3:1ti"l;,,''
cranratica ltmbli e'gteze

5http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 60/609
6 0M
S 225 dJ o apoziti€ Fenitiv poziriv):

thc Isle o/ Md? the dt.v of RuctL at
(: hs'na ltanl l= ol\ut Duclresi.i)
thc monUi o/ Jondf, 5i.. "rdlr4's Park
i:lnDa innudic) (.- rJarcut Sr. Ja cs)
S 228 cJ un adjectiv (geniti. ' dcscripr,iv):
r:,".-lo, , l .,.
.
I , tt,. |t :a.t.
.ir dei r J.ir 1 to, tr ,i_.
S 9P7 4) trolllll. - Genirivul are in linba erglezn d.a d fart .l

,\. .nitiral s.oor (sau ft€\ior.f)i
B. gti;iti eul p-epa:i1ionut.
S 298 -{. ctrrtlrtul s,rrxor\${rJ c,tZUL pos}istr

(?riti stxos on\rfilu 0n posstrssr }j, tsE)
S 229 F " L ,Forlrlli.

pni i r l - .i'r"
Cenirivul
i . . r saxon.
, rn : rnrrnjjt.
r ,.2 ,\i cozul posasi
,1 ..t.r.,iri,-t. r . dir
ceniri\ui
t:m L1flc\ioxrr
r0rm :1r, fln ll-1,In,. L l F i . n r;m J .itr r \ , , h i r l r i i ,,F iri . , . 0 . -r:t,./a
-
$ SeO 1) $ingutar. La s;rgutar. r:azul posesiwsc tormeazn adilldndu se s
I"porllul \), la lorm HuH nu'nir ir .i, ,:,u11' .,r1. , t,'jr,"" ;rd.l.t ,,. t, , .1
subslant[rul especti s.: tontind sdn nn Ln -s..
tn.r .d ,p's m.mllN
Si. ?r"Das'.c f{osriiel

C/d,,rd.-. r Lr(rltoir.dia
,i.ldrs's atrd It'.rr's riol.cls
,ll. s fransisto. radio
r,' .r's hools rlr .trn"nr.s herd
otr. s,',se,seAss Btan he';' .t)i1\j
th. Jel8.'r lerd4t .tu]/fr,,.rim.latrlc
tli. huEe i.n s lail
Erc epl i i
s 231 Pr mescn r, 6i ,rtu trntul
s 2I
't) substrrtilplp r ,aror srlabn inalnnrri€pctti se teniinn .u suretul
. _ iu
trj tz t:
C..esls' lreasu.s lsir'
tfrnjrla
23e ,J cjtel'a substantiye comunc tornlinate ;n s,'netut [s] ti urnnte .Ie
curintul s.lA.:
I'r .ozfdrt.r..' sake
ior ,", ornC s alc ,erc -
231 l n nc z r,l l p t€,;. c tro.r'ot l ru , . , a . b l , : . tori,r: Aa^.lJ .i ,,rtir,t. tc ..
e u l o r u n ,n-; il in,r.oJ i',{' d/J rlt, ori nu. ln itr . ,.i: -,
tor g,od,.srsake tor ..ns.i.,.. sake
ror.on'dn,4.. sak-A ior tL.lt Dffite sake, ell.
. 1\'".t ,f J " n r i \ li - n , , d"J:r-: ., . . b . t J r t : . . . r | ,,...

r n , l . , 1T r r , e t n t a o.dlcj ., d r s . r u r r r n t f e r m D
: T p " m r n , r i ar . r . t . i '. .-
t,.1-n\ 1 , . " , , r t . i ._ d , r t , . , r . o , n t " s r , J . t. , , J t ,
, l 1 1 ' , r / p s.
t , r u , nri f t o nrll.
Obs er ealie
in ' ibilJ n l da s i/ / -..--,,- .i -,h- E 235
\ un, -1. proprit . ulrrJ t '
' ' min0lp
nnrFrminaro n s ibilnnra i urm dF s d' rr se supun reguLu
. ' .',Li*i;;;;,;; "P
irL, i. n" adic d primc lc s (apos t ror )]:
Ior ?/dnas's rkc
Iot Ar;'€'s sake
iii r.l;i"i'";t" l:""
art lor o"s sake
#lf,'J3*
proprii striinc - moilcroe au 6n1i36 lcrminate-ro $ 236
GonitlYul rmclor enJl'z"rli $ 2{r' zJrr:
.",ir.Jti.l- i"".i" i,r,"rariti" secon'porra'a ii 'alF
cgg Il'rdtl'J's l'asks
C'ilnDlst
i:x*f*;s" iltf'[a:i:"HTi4'l
p;no;tnces'6 oratioN
house
-Eaaz'sr
i'*;*'"*::l'" d;ii:""qlilll
kingdom
4:"-"
t-,'t;;;;;'r"1" 'r;;r's'
\fpsatiiruarie * t
e "lir":l':l^.-':ir:li,T;.,TliJ,T.t:If i^r".lii"l,'"'""1
fn hr/ ' ) s i es t o nc nt ion€Lia rc r A nlru c r
cu €nql6za{ormala sorisi .
\ t luJ ment e ins 6 pant ru P ' nonr€ s ( omiie arit tn scris. cit ti oral -s.
"--,- -?
c roru'cni s' F:
i tl i i i 'i i i "r' i i ''l 'otulmanri nrnJ u
fler'L1's' flub
Pn4ebrs'iame
i"'"'?"'iir'ii"*Pt'Y L''nk' blrth
l , . t d ' s' co u ra g e _ A/ u rr1 J' a t t i l L rd e
I Jn i i a UL o ri ' P. ^ f f sn da l n L f e b u l n l arF -l g F n ; l i \ xl u i ' p f Ap o zi L i o n a l l n sp eci Jl s2 : |3

r, pr "p;' anr i' c ungi.' i a c elp pr nindt" n ":z l:
","lli. ' h" $ o r l q o/ ? 4 e7 L ' ,
' nr P " i n rt ' ' Lt Ht P P a"' t "
il ot d
2 39
d p c Fniriv s a\ orrepini' a P i11 S
L, ulrimplpdF. c nii s -a I n. rrat ' nrr iorFa p o 'rro ru r'ritii'i.," ,-" Y1 " " '
," 1 ifi;;ii; s ;c s rd .r" tiz a rdrin n rrp b u '|n 'a r'1
". , , i. i. , " 1i" ' r. r" . ; i" " ' " la' ins ulit ia \ ' r' s " r : P ronu. t rri rnqrurlrrnLLZI
nr€n inirdu-s ens di
thc ac'r'st' | [ €ktrsrzl
t'he rzi'rss' $ertr$tz] fa'r'
rmrc
:, J a" d I'JIL
' rm/ r/
l'''
|"1i:ri'o'r"r"'*''"lriil'" u
-" S 2{0
se formeaze h do'rd moduli:
2) Plursl. - La ptural, cazur poscsiv
se adaugi apostroful firi sr S 911
a) ta pluralul terminaf in litera 's
h e rf t ; r/ na " tph'P l -'
;h i,;j'
ii'* tuit' ' . i r"' 'e
B€rnelr'- rouse
la pluralul care nu se termini in lilera -s se atlaugd 's (apostroful s): $ 2{2

l)
run' hais gff::i i:iy*
cliildTeD' Eanes
rttra
I In lrre'a pmnnnlat;l ca mnnne$ sc rornl'rt'i ltr aceirst;l
-F&uz lrenlsl' ''
lj.. c:r ti sibilantr :.
213 {lox{tuzie
"s
Cazulpov j se onifazn:
1 t l ,t
"i n :.rt.l tr. drx,,ii lu e ,s (apostrof ) iir i o .rtesubsianli\ le colllunt,
. u r'-o p rrr..l ,rJr1 ,,,"1 ,
'rmi r ' - |r s.
244 Ercti p l i i
"s
lll substanl.ilale erminHto inrr o sihhn cnre in(,cpo ti se termini flr ,;
,./ cttcvasubstantilc eminare in sunFt ut , ulndte rle sirl.:
2 ) 1 .0 p tu td l :
d/ adiugtrdu,scatostrolul fi r:i s 1a pturatcle el\rrinritI I r:
,, a,liuqilldu-sc - (aposrrof ) h pturiikte re rft'l n trra t{,r .".
: lt . nlie
s 2Jt Spr e r leosebil' e lo lim ba r om 6r r i, subst a l; \ ul in cazut r ) oser i1, / . a, / n
' , , . ' . laof i, , l' r r , i l, . s- , lJ' . , " F, . r t cpr n, , , i. t . t J n, l, r l .,r,. l, r r r : br r , 1, . , t - .
lr nl, r cpr Fl r ' ' |||i ur t ir r Ll ,.,,\,,,r ( . ub
' , . . J. . \ . ' lJ, Fd. , iir , - p: ndu- . , , ' r
stantivul
apr ut , i" r iidetermirat)
l^' d- cl. SF Ei \a
co tjnuindu-se
t ir , F. binîr rcu cel sau
FlFS. " jL,cele
a J"{are t , , ril] tpreccdi.
ul , . H cuL.in .orrlidra
r , r iv" t , .
JFl. ' m ; nAnr F sl, ilui. . . r u j' lr ibur . le lur un ; r r , p si . i ; r Ji, . d ; ndr , . , r h , i. i
se aplion in {cest .,az u subslanri\-ului deramjn;ni izotar. ci intregului grrp:
nr"r clder sisre/'s .lio trer lalc n,.\rnd,s D-d,..'s hoNf,
r " " i. . . . f , , 'br ' r or r . ' l. , l ir / r ' i - d. b ?, r ' . i ( p. r r r , lui r i. o
' h / , r r , " , r i. lo' . 4, . . , , . . . r ' r , - r , h. r '
I j' r ' ir iihr oi al , lf iilor l ( ner dut nt \ . sr i, i lii, t , , i t li Rol, )
$ 246 f4r.'s d..nh' risilr
(: fizit.a trirnrlild tui rinte)
ia 217 Subslanl.i|ul determinat nr esl. pr.1:.:dar t.i articol:
the tost,na,is ,ln,rn
thc flrildr.ns h.q t (nd fostmn\ ,nc knook,)
ls lt\t .hitdNr's ,t. .e* io-rs:i
S i8 Subsrantilul n.nzul pose.iv poate i hsn pr€cedat a nLrde.rrtiroll
i n l u n ,l i p rn r.l .s d ,,r n; a ru n ,i ,i n d i ,"m" p ro r,ri rr a srn q ,rl .r,:
'l p ".rn "n
( Puttlr inltcbui lafta a ircLuLui :n nnmcleproprii, r,r.:t si g 463).
s Il (l:rzuri speci:rle
$ 9.',0 . 1) Glltpurile de ruvirrte li titirlaturil€ conrtmscau semnut cazului poscsiv
adnuqat Ia ultimul eu\-inj,:
Ih. ttd Llforc\ pat'pt nr, r&ri.r-t ldq,.r irords
tt. lais and a hatf': ntlar t.li rdnr Cltel Jr.-rnr,s {ddnss
in a nilule at e, s ii t : nRs it I idnt t ; t h Mnet u, . rot hef (t a, LL. l
tt1. i.:tt Lraan Ankticatt ireokt ua,{ tirehani: t)jrt \\orli .,lfg lrrl |,s.
.To t astfelnumele de pcrsoane, c tirnre erc.) :rloiilujte in nlî rjrrtre
i^ nt:nr I III': L"jgn th,, td;roz Co.'.r r,$rds
09
.t) Cnrd doui subsiixtile lcgokr llrin 'axal" r€prezinti pos$orii aceluiatj S 2l'I
1,. 1.'.r , 'dl cr z,,l\r ip.sp'i\ 'F a'l'r r e" la ul imul 'u\r nr :
\\'lh r i- ar l 11 .. R.t'otov ,otnl n t -
1.t., . . " t t t , ",.d i/o" ro l.s l'r ^ ",r i ." n'dbor 'l
obi€clul nu apar linn ami ( lur or a.se spLr ne:

Cind\1ith
insi llltrv's rnd Jn"r's , mlliments.
t-^';rr. J;ri'" and lrihor\-$o|lts iluriLri indiridual'i
'r ttlor i ia pr iip.l. s'r r 'r r l 'zului pu

*r v I t
"' hl: s 25r
,,/ Pa rF i n l r.b 'rrn L o r a ttth tt' Pl u 7 'rrr ' Ii de obicei
'l J,u :e n i l i \u l '
i I' rr1ljn lul ei cuvint:
TJ,.a ,r l r'r rl ,t; l 'n \"
H ,,\'1 n u ml l rs'r /"r/e h 'Fl - d'
I {lid t|is lo. JuPs ,z? amll,r. s salic
Il.r.I llII l/k nins |:n lan'1': munr'' \ilfs
"f
bJ dacn genil,i{ul€ste nlr €buir r ,al r edi.tatio. sclnnul osc"qifitluj S i) i'3
e.r c fr hit r lc apozifie ,r ude s,tbstantivul eter mjnar :
'Ihcsc iro15 a.e Prt{ ln€ ,'/.rs. sa n
Trif$ bovs dre /.r.f'r lhe .nrtft
'l he aPro; is mv sister ,mirsr's sa u
'fhc almn is nrl sisl.t'J Emil.r*
cj Rareori, scrnnul posesivului se giseDte a ambele substallive: 2l'1
"s
Tlcsc hovs de P.t.t's the carter's
She \vas goi,,A 1o Libbu's thc st t.t's
nncl'r " ;1
4r suDr imar en poslr ollhr i a r azul po'c.il. ln Iimba
n.' s r ' i'., or ',r .nir obic"r ul a aposlr otul .nili\ulr r i axu' '" tiF 'upr
n\.-.r- 13 ' "nt'm $
inr r l'
F slF n.pc.ial ,dzul 'ubslor ,li F lor , r nr ni J" nlur al.dr "n'r 'r nl n
r ulr imar e d lr po'1"'l lr r r'- inlll-
"r r .r a i,h".' de f^.e.iunts,,1.si r - mIl J"
r ,. in , r nd .ur "r 'r si l'.ir 'g,r lar . lil- r d ' n'i:
''ler r r r r ind,'P
1sg St. '1lro,'r (town) 1tl.l ih. ln'o lca.." Plat
1s(.) Sl- ,1rdl€d s (to$n) 1 l.l a ieN n,r's rest
lil.) a 1w. miles dislaroc
isa.l /'rs-house pi,ii
,\nrbele lonno. cu snu iird aposl.rof.se intjlneso ad€seori lr -acrlqi eon- S t50
iert. .p;-;r,"
Urmiloarcle
din p€\emple sinl olelor
asina'specl,a nume consacralede
ziArului "?/l, t'eRt'o
Iirnrs".i snli de concerL
noienrbrie 18'
"i"..
1978:
Ilukr of or r as,Pr intr . nar ]|s, l llaftnr 'r r r Sl l{tttins Lanel
\l Jn d l n ,i r Qu .e i r, fl c.
T ol .'.li'l c/ Jau'' Raoa nin Lt'l; ll u 'uhur hi' I' r r nr l'r l Lur r 'lr ei'
j, ., . Roodnt.. o? .,r bur li, I' q.r '1.i 5, /,,,, r /lnal ir r _- 'r ,r l
'i, .\/ Jr r ', :l .l,r n". .'p ^ ur i d r ,r r tnir .l
' 'punr nr r '.
L, r ',lF . DF ta 1. 'r ' 'l^ "in.,- nr - /"
r .. 1.,',dr ' bi d- ii. ar p | ,l , u ur lni'r .Ir r ,.r ,' r l'' r lr ' F 14 r r ur "
'r nl'J -
SuDr iuiar ea poslr ofului a cazr il poser iY JLt. n r ll r r iiuttd r ipr i'H :257
\(
.i toler lr a d r r ci .r ,r ir - .,r b.r "r , r "t":,',,ti\,,r sF ,,r r ;'- l | - ,' n.r ,fului. ,iiv,l
L', ir i\.1 il s,lr r r "lului i ' ,li\u' l,l'r r ''lulurnhi"nui' r r r "n' li- d' J liaii\'
ir r en4'/a
- uti\r in f. cr " ',,' pr n'1,,. - niur ii 'u ur n'd "4.1" "r F r 'ir r r -
--'-.r1"*
i:"""t *tr"t infertiturtine in p ririrlla locu ui apostroiului n inl'enfia i
or bifor ului. do.i amLisuiLate i coniuzie n lcr itul ( omunicdr ii: '58
r lczi \i.ol.sl. 7."dirjc in olgletn hrikrnin cant'ntPo nti'

ii idrirn
i0M
2i9 6 i J :i r ,,,r '," 1-

l'r ot,r iid i'," r ir uli,. ir n," ,t,br ; i. m. a ; . r ..r ,u- 'n - .
ilr lur i , .) sir d" r ceul" , onsid.r ateplur ale tr alatc ca atdr e pr ivinla
ii
rcordrihri l,rr cu verbul rqi ,u pronum€le eLc. {xpcctire, rimine iotusi incerti
tu.iin ,1 r r nti ln pr ir inf,a nunir ului - singular sau plur al al.numelui
propriu ti afensta n domenii tn care coa rnai mici eroaie poalc atca conse
cinle dezaitr ooa3e.n donr niul afacer ilor :
1.,,-
- t I,l . r r r ., d ,..d i i r ttr l d ,u L r . . ,. t- ,r j ,
- i ,,.. .t,i t.t.1 r,t, L ..1 ,r l
l ,,Jyl l r ( l d s,l l 3 l '.
A d ,. |r o r sl t o u t a r .N d l . ti o n n fJ.
i:
:lll0 .l tr.zerla unor subii,antive apar€nt plurale .,u rol de adjeotiv in for-
JrLrftn sulJstantirelor rornpuse a prLrdusezitnri la plirdr.a regu)ii roDlorm
,." i',l.n,nul r 'r r .,lnan F d- .,r \il , n'r - .r , a,r l,., ti\ , tr F Lui-
..:'1," iur " ,1, nl,[dl r ::.1. 1f6,. S- , rd r n ^mr u. n u
" ',jui " di|l" 1 " pbuir .t r p.,din.air
.ie rnri lrc(rcni,i a pluralulLrielcme telor secundlre n substantiveleoompuse.
uneori partr)el cu trceleaconstnrite dupn priicipiilc gramat;fale:
ih. t tcnl,.\'.3/.ah'olds
tllr iltr.. d,./, - old rihild th. fhf.{r ,'?.}'6kl .lijld
261 d) a,lcsoorinr se mai lroatc deosebidacn un det€rminant,ast,e onsiderat

din pLr rt de .r-edere
glamatical un simplu ptural cu rol de arliectir..un genitiv
saxon silEular sau unul plural. -{cesta est,c azul substantivelor ca:
tfn sli/lingr rrin Dione Thc lnii| d .l'aro,s OrgarizatioD
a oltl rU(sl.'s srle
llr. d'fe( Loute ol Wo.l}Ltth-. i.h ont /a;rrr dela.irne l cnt.ai.r
, mri nlult lnrl accasti ercesir.nsirnplilicare a lost cauz.r nt €buin-
ldrji nejLtsiificate
engl€zr (ontemporania unor
subsubstanLivecu h,ieles de singular.onsacfste nr
formir dc plrrall
I're qot to so to n), ran,t.rs.
IIJ,l&r.fs ,rc Uli l(i. tlacc lof r0,, lo go 10.
l\r jrsl hnd mX g lo ts scrl lo L h c.l,a /N .
iar lirrDtl ac€st.i categorii dc niagaziue poarl,i nrrme|: B. Smith. dlr:azr:rs.
2(i2 :r) Sulrrimarca substaDtirului d.'tcrllrillal. - ln uncle cazuri, sLrbstln-
tilu l d cl? rm in a t n u "q em a i e \p rim i. d e o a rcce cl sa irld a g o d ir o o n to \tt:
\l' sL a ll n cci a l n r r(n r,s (h o u s.t.
Lcl's go 1o LotLi. ,rrd'.1 hnaoet.
T o .r'.'. 1 r,a ll - l.
IIleIoweDt
", r1 - Jinps,/'s
iolo o 'r ,r .\.r..,-. . ,
l.cstan.ant,t.
Iler ial|.f is il, J, ?,toz,as'r tk3pit{t}
"\1hov, roice $as that?,, ,.r_4'is'siroir,l ,'
sirall re alsit I/ 1,orl':r lCatherlf tl loriir?
a'rr.idr.'s lEorelt .tr J,t,J tcotr.slt
ltudnor -
1lt\l,iLition)
L,ri' t. chb). o"..,,s (Hrt|.
" ..rar,l's
icri.k
s ,63 Intrcbridtarer caznitri o $1r

I gril l i R o3 li Spupr alt.. C . z L l tu- î, s" ir 'tr " l..i d/- ir '.,:. r 't^,'r fl,:
s 265 d/ uL nr r \" :" pr . ^ I'a i ,, i J l :
r CnrniLel{' s r|njl,lrsc 1De\.Drtrl. tfu j ie nrsi .\tj.irrrre it r.,ri rjinil

s:nt Ifec14^1e
d e u r d j r '.l i \. l o se si r : " L .l s me r l ._ r t & r n r r s.l , ,..S ti a l l $ e g o t , , y,t p l r .i ,,
zl
,l substa irele col€ciive ca: tlalian, .auhtrlJ, loJi l'ttion gaacrnn'] , \ z&li
.,b1,it:is1ra1ian.P arlianent, mdiorrtl ' campanU' J ll erc:
the @znt 's slog'aPhY
thc za,i,n'r relrfs.ntairlcs
the ,,oll€'s roi,cs
rhe lzrt's rc.dict
P , , r, ic of l, ind. J " rori' . r c J inrpi de ii" t lif i" n si de nivelare din
. : 1- |' rr, rpros l' uri' uL. t er' :' ' hirr ' l" nrnunFpot rY eala gen hv
.l s ubs t ant iv elc are numes c s au s ngereaz i it dli de nsurl (tjnrp, S 26?
ji::llti. c Umens iune.reut at . , raloare et c ):
a three lo,ru' iaik I l.ro ,.il.s' $a]h
' ' ' |: ": )" \\" dirl '
' l' . . / ' /
l, . , f ar n, )i
, rrr. - jo f l \ ' | "rf . I . n4h
t . . "o , . k . t \ . . .,/,,d \- l
il a 7ro,:.nas rro1i.r. -q, I Pt,'rNorui
a s/dn,'r thol' three
.nc's slill,ngtl,,n'r's \rolth
\torth
the ,drl.'s ltrrglh
lvlzi ii S :99)
lor rele da Eeniti$ sarion ale sul-'siantivclorcare dcnunl€s(ruitnli de $ 2ii8
r,;r.rii p"t li lrilocuitc uneoti 9i prin forme edj'ctivale compu:' ale cnror
flenr€ntc sini unite Prir cratinA:
a l,.ehab t l1tr a t4, r,tle NalL
ln c at c eorie . init ilt -ilore t inp int rd qj: 1ado4' lntot t or' ' / t s ' / ' / n4 ""/i S 9{; 9
ir' rJ nl
t , h \ . , t " " r. t | nt t n. olt n' or ' \ n t t r' -n' Dn ur' rs r rru ' le rrlo
;i ario',inpuri: (cciis
, lay s n. ws _ IusI rtcotnts
.tlnttl .t natr . fte\ /anlr'.- liolnlrY
-\ lli&r,mn,d ,\lsnts Dr.id
.u'r.ddy's tiptl The Ift'r./'r Trle
ltif s,n lrislit lalc le.n S€?rrnD.r's-
She wis r{ding the ,ar./ ac&.e's Paper.
r rate
d/ cit€1'a substantirc ,-'ornd710 de cuviotul saA': S S7o
tor obe.li.encc' a:ke lor l4d.tr4 s{lte
i n caalla. ,r td lof "d r
"Jk'
ti ii. . . , , 1/sake
ior,.der's a . ak . .
Ior .o's.t;.., sako
lof tr.. 's sako lor l'lY's sakc
(Vezi ii 23il' 3{ l
.J substantivele.nurnc d€ obi€cie naninate' care pot r\'ea gerui nlascu- S 2;l

lir, s au t erninin { 70)l
;) i",li" l--' . *" abs t f ac lii. ent iment e, ct'i.,ni,ns u- S 2?2
ani l\ 7l ) c t c""d'i."i
: i.,.""
' ' , / i' R-u' iL t' / a' L"boui L o'
' 1o. 1
,-"J unele obieete$i aspertc rLtnnaturi, sau clemente i f€iomene natu' $ 97:l
raie. unpo, i p€rs onit ic dt . tc i$72)l
rslitlliDs-nl, noncdd lerinatri. toll\i menlioDati oa ralod. nu nunni h tecul'
tl
thc r ooln' ss lh' { t1\- $iiil

' iAil' s .nld ,l..fin,ss
hr nrr,'J /-or,r-s liftl
?iz€' r nth| ssn.ss ,/.s ior
-1rr,,r'r {rr gnmrenl tlrt sr,f,fs lilnrncf
.\' at,r ..- r iair \o.d]s r t./.o/i\- door
i 27{ /'"./un',lcrrrne grogmii. e (de c {nt inent e. iri. regiuni,ora' s ei iuri et c .

( )s7:j, rti):
l/.nrrs lro|lf.rs a.,,l,r's lrmous parks
/ a rl i as l . rn r o l o r. Hrrl l t i l ' l rr, , r. s i o t rNc
l , ' . i l d t L ' ' _ , o I ra PL i . o si i L o x (, / r, ' a l l s l e i rrl l n g i l . o sl )h rr'
S 27'i , r' ". ) i i n e l e l u b sl a n t i \ o c(rl l f rcl e . n u me d e , )b i rcl e i n l i mn t e f a r. pir

i rzrsr, n l e f u o i a l d p ro p ri e (S 8 4 ):
D' r. a f r \ f h i rl s t l ' e . , rs. r' r . r' w
l l l r. , 3 i , a s st a n mf r l l e si i / ' s n ra rt
s 27ri t / unele e, t pres ii ons ac rat €. a:

tLr o' s /r,s4' en'ls
or l ol /.,r ,ts $a)
hrf /r€,rr's dcsir
ihr J,u,ry'r ,' C
.( 9?7
l- u ,' l ,lp LF ;r i\ .h.' ,' J' r r i Ln.lF pfonulnc nehoiiiriie, ca.i o,notit.t,
?ither. rcith.r, one ett..lolnrele comprrsr-'u satne.anu, o, caery etrc.Ft a(iverDul
d/o/rds iitirr tun" Lad\'s tr.l))':r

.,/n.fr oln. d,r ,,c r olnr ioD
r.irrcr'r nrni ,orody'r l dli
lr ier ds t{ .r 4,,.." $ish
' ,esbcst
\\ho r r .s Ir r oir osil s) 1all tf ( ,or snler or ?
27tt 2) htrrhuintnr€s gcnitivuhi saxol ir loct gclitivdni prepozi,lionsl

l']rirt,uconcizie,iarel€ r€I€ra enitnulsarongeniti\ului rePozilion
rnai tles1l tilturi:
?, r,riL 5 :o 'r r"xrlll
2i9 Lle apt . n lirnbuc a ;i in " nr L' dleoniempora ig , r nlihre$c n modc urent
t olna dc genit it s . {riol t pebuinldli ii ponGu rlnim. , t o dir Lrut z n on, z iei
ri. pro(nru. ondunat ins n de prrils t i:
1|f ,,aJ. ronL lool
"_
ln ,h. vtr r d s .litf,,lnr n
llif zl./,r'.s ffllt,.iion
i n tlif till,( s slriP f 0r c oi tl," ,zt s jr r ks
t80 :i) (;c itir'nl srron irlofnit (u Nulstrnti\'1' ( omt lus c . S ub; ix nt it ul ir
r' : rz ulpo: res i . irrl t rl{' s lc o liiot : t . s e rloruiet t e ades €ori , u u n
s ubs l rlil . ompus :f os es oml
rilfr ratrlt sn',bP. ,
'(ritri nr \ lr. (rh.li. st,i/a t:n ti h, tn l.ti/,rr it: trn,nttt [o, FtftigL Strden|s,
7A
B, GXNTTIT l, PRXPOZITIONIL
PRI'JPOSIT'IOX,r.r, ENITTYD}
s 28r
Ir[I'
l) l'onni. -- Genil,ivul prepozjlional. nulnit dc unii aulor i fi ..qcr itivul $ 282

{tanfez"sau .normand" Nornan Getitiat) , ori genili\ut analilic.este o rat
dirtr'un aruzatjr-preredarde pr epozi{iaol:
tl,c lnlure ol ,,d,li,l lht lpa € o/ tlie a. s
2) irtrcbnin,tflro. - Gerilirui prepozilionsl osle prin er( ekjnl:i geDitivul S 983
substadlj\'elor neutre ,sisc jntrabuinleaz'i a;adar (le prefe nle in cazul sub-
stantire.lor .,are nu numesc iii 1,c:
urc rool o/ ihe /F/r. 1 l t " \i tlir "f 1 ' t"nlLr , n.t
-\ se obseN'ah special ntr{,l,unr1a' a genitivului prepozi{iona1 a,?41.. S 98+
dupn culnrtul precun ti dut)nu,,{,1. en ,riri geogr aliceconin,ert,
',onll,r
1tu
i r, c .rrj\t.ti / l sttir
o n 1 i rd.[, t D.t a lLhc
r, . \OUU
il la gc / ,/. r/al.r
. , ? llh
i,
lie So,,i{risr.rel,llb i. .l h.rrt.1i tt\p ts)e al tlal
E r. ( c i. . : nu,nele de duri
l n e ri ve . Da n u j r. t h t f i \ . r T h rmcs t h l rj {e r \ l ' rs. 1
l l ) i n l re b u i n t a rca g e n i t i ru h ; p re p o zi t i o n a l i n l o cn l rI i t i \ l |l I i \8\on. i ' l si
p j , L r' , ' . r. l '
L,',,i,i',,1 nnlnT:liln1l rr' , , ri
',,
L'inlir :i I'p,, ,r
"
, , a ren u n e sf l i i n i . c. i n l o o ri rl d g e n i t i ru l sa \ o r i l l sPcri i . rlrt u r rrt n t o a rF l e &zu ri :
/ r/ l . r t i t l u rr r g "rr, a l i "rma l . g e n i t i ru l p *, l ri zi t i o n a l . l i i a i \ 28li
. ' rl ' F r-r -si
ri , n. 1',t,iil ul lp r"r i n ' . rr ' ' l : l ' ru . i rrr i rr' t "
-, rl l . ' ; n t l rrsn ro
an,ploare sr\\'o.ks
l'o.fi.,a] ilului: a[ Itahal l] arnirg t'li1.lt1l
Tl,f \rnts ,I lr d, iT ill,,r
'Ihel oiledor h. \c]lxr f,/lh. r c11.. Sr il ivr r s.l
Pentru a.rlRti rnoti\'. irrtr-o (onslrLtctie sorrtn este prelFrut gfn;1ivul i\ 247
sarion sltllcr's Pa(tical I1'atks (titlu). l'].d r si:l.t. Kin -I/.nra-.s r,1ia.$1.
r
deterrnjnanl, ,ng cere.pertru echilibr u.gonitir ul Pr floziltunal
( the sisl.r of Frctl and J ill. th. six n'ircs of Xint Hcnrt thc Eirhth.).
,/ .,hrd un adjectiv rste inhcbuirriai substtrnt-irill: S 9ES
ili. dar in:r ,/ the 9, ,3 t h t n l o l l r / l l L . r ,.r
th" eslîc th. ?a?,.v/ llie i nrlrrse .[ t\. J:t':tir,
'/
fJ rind nunclc posesorului ste nsolit de un atuibut unq s:rLde o pro- i\ 2lr9
pozilie {tr ibutir i:
lhe li.arrlr 4f t|f qirl in th. hau::. arF,slt
lh. dothilr o/ th-" lhiltl 1 om oi4 ta n. bnor\al
l/ tn qenerealun.ii cind inl,rebunrlarea enitivulLr i aton f, li ior tnli :1110
(la parantete. shilimele etc.) 5i trebuie deci eritaln:
T lr c l.ssons,/ U' . l,,t/, id' . soNtir n. t' aolr tsr r r tfr r fr l inl,l.slr r r ir .
Tlr. lrngurg. o/ Ihf "-c orts nllrlh" rrl,"r1.. olltt obsliitu' ' o lh lrJdi,rN
's
,:) uneorin cazut t'nitivutuiubiectiv'(in farn esituaiiile ,fniionati S 991
la $ 285-290,293 294): Nep r r r Ls atd lhr n lr nifnr g
T lr c nflr ls,/ tlr c Ionngfr 3er ..dr i., tr ohtr il| i- ,r l
\as intr od,,cid in onr schools.
Tlie aeln,veDients o/ lhc socjalist resnr. sruk ror themselrts.
1 4 Et' .) t
' l n llmb.l \or L,r .l :. . J- ,rtlto -J i \ii ' th"tttl
t
n".moth t . ' lh"n"bt. al popr so\' ' 71"DP./d anPJ"" Niic."
' Vczi 5:11, 185- 2 0.
in
l , l , e 0 t r ul t r o p o r i l i o t r d l ' n s l . i r ' h r u i gonii \ u l 'x \( r' u r ' r ' n l t i l r ' t i i : s 300

,-,:","rrt ' , i i . r " i r i ' " t " ' ' r t '; t t n ' h r ' ) i o t h t tnt -t t l drort'' s 301
.. trtril. Cor'h. \'ru,(q4651.asimilarc cr nuntel€ rofrii cird lru ir'L pretc-
?.i dr ui adlectr{ posert;:
C,,l'r li fIrtirLr sirr.Li
D./ in razul numelor proprji .lD L'calilili, piele. clndiri. institu'tii. rl]alra' S 30 2
Sl. -'llbans 1- St ^'lrran loTLri Dr' 'r'l'otr\_ Ilotrs'

' . 14.t '.rt
t:,,."i',t,,i '. t lu '
r) in cazul substantivclorn gcnitil' l]rnale de un gerundir'l: s 3{r3
l t , , . / ,o"r's |. F." I'
inermrnb"r'Ir '' lionrr' | "
ncrlioDale la 276. 30{
'tJ precum ,si n cazuile S s$ 30;
t i , r t . l u z i p . l n r - - r n o c e ; e r i r i r ' r 1 , ' o n "r' " " r ' ' r ; r l d ' . t i . r ' i ' ut t
n^d l " nL' utr
- nr';\Ll nr.p"/iri, n. a " ' - l , r p ' l , ; 'l F F 1 . ''"irr'rrll -\iil
. r " r \ , r l J . ; r m i n , n l . 0 u , l a " h r l r b f r r ' mDloHrp.i" aH| lflrIaIr''d
i \ u l u i '1\"rir'l^"1 'rF
i . \ . e . t t f f FxDli' , r " r , l inL-r'1s 'plrr l'FDo7r-
n 'n, i l i i l ' a r r r n r n ' l I r' "
,nal chi.r 4 " , ; 16.".nrul r r r r
. r , . , r " g ; i i ; . . " ' r ' l ; , S r ; o . . l ; r .".2 q i r ri i n i " r . i r t r b r r i n lri' l'ri
.e r - r s
: . , n , ? i { i o - 1 1 n l i u l . " l u i . 1 \ u n . t , r l r u r 'lH Pnpl ' , r ' rr'rrrrr
'rr r r r
ra
.c"i,irer reremonio"sr.ru l o i t l u r i l ' '1. I ' r ' r J r i . r-r irr '/Lrl ' i r
,
;,' ii. D"n ru u d1 , t o r ; r r r " - ' i h i l i b r r rhal"i ($285 2rJ)
P; l l n c € a r ' a s l s . g"nilar.l .F\'np n r r n : " r r i t i t 'uh'' i r ' i ' r \ r ' r r "
r " n i i ' r r l piepozitional , Lngenirit ^ h i a l i \ i i nu"r''i l n m^l'\'rprrun: l '
- s 306
ir: denu'rririt"r p l i i t ^ podr. li ; i ' ' r h i r i t
"rzul
-q. se compara: ri\
\lr ,',/. ' l '"rr ' t r ' r i41i iv cubi-
' 1" n \6r 'r ' "J
A des,iriDtjon mv s'll. lgetriliv olie.iivl
l
(: o ,leacriPr. n ca.c .si.c inlaliiai'1 ncraslr rn. l
.ada's ear at sea (gcniliv slbicctirr
(: icana Idei Pe dare)
Out t " d t a l t t o E ni r \ u l ' i , ' i )
l= t c o m r r ' . a ' t r i d t s J a l
. ' G . t r i l i \ u l pr oU ozilional 0lo( uit ( u uLr lcr r li\e coD r l'u'e s 30?
. i ' n p r J : , , n s 'pr 'ir:,r
i'ul
r ,- r - zilionsl p s r c odp"o6r i j n l n , , , i r . u n t o r m , i r 'r i u l 'r r i\
i ip,,*.:n'ar osub.tanlir ul l n gcnir i\.'n"lu \ilo re l' r ir ' L'p"- lill
"lj-
substantivul d€terminai:
'..adir
t\e t)o\ct ol th. baok
1ne .quipment ,/ u iarn tl,e /d'" .qu'ptncrl
DAf tYUI,
{THI DATIVECASE) s 308
l r D c f i d i l i e . D f l l i v u l , d . o b i . p i .azul " o m l l ' mFnlul i i n d i r ' ' l ' r - l ; s 309
,.i i se a.lre"nrza ,tiun"a p \ p r i m a l ; J ' prb ' o , r d"numir; ' l ' L b s l a r l r t u l
de ' r m i n a r . El ri-punlle la inircbarca o t h ' n : l a r t l a n l "f t l ' t " ) : " ' t ro
( i t r / ( : c u j ? ) , o ; i r i c l i ? ( : csrui?).
r Pentn tFr n,pnulS p n , n ' l i r . P z i S r : 2 i .
r{ M
S 310 2) I'or r[. ln limba enqlezd dativul este expdmat tn douri nroduri:
S Bli al printr un substautiv (sau prin echivalentul acestria) neinsotjt de
prepozitie, cazul fiind indicat, in aceastd situatie, de locul substantivului
a; ez at mediat dupl v erb:
{iivc Jzue nl" bcst rcga.ds.
Tell llie a6srngd to ooDc inl
i 31, t) printr-un acuzativ prec€datde prepoziiia,{,. rareo /ofr. ol sau f{rmt:

(ii c m.y L.sl, rcganls lD ,/dne-
'Illel wf-" tallting h lit: secrert. /.
(n,1 lhP brll tor the waiting Doyr.
I ioqdir.d ./ ;1,c $hnt tl,c bjroi lo. dfbalc al lodar's s.minnr wrs.
I snrichcd his handL.driel IDD ,tn to w.rve {t th. *inDing l..am.
S 31t Cod-itru.ilia iri prepozilie estecea n]ai obiinuitn. Co struclia prepozilio-

nali. c i d nu es t eneapirat c eruLi n unolos iiualii (S 323).s e nt r€buinleaz a
pP | | t ru3r ent urr r.
. qB l+ J ) I r' rt ir Si aruz at ir' . ln I nnba englez nmodernd.daiiv ul es t e ns olit
1n g€nerede
nuxlrarca sau Lrnacuzativ.
suprnnafeaDe pozilja dairirului fr,tn dc acLrzativdepinde ntre,
prepoztler.
S 315 Datirul f dt d pt epox it i d pre. c darA c uz at iv ul:
l i i rc rn J si i t 4 . (d {l l I sd l a c. l l
s|ow mI rrirnds ld'rt) Xou sinnp (ou*tiD la..)l
S Jl 6 Latii,uI cu p rcp o zi t i e s-ri d u p n a cu zri i l . :
rii\1 l.lje r.or (iu ) io mr ijctfr ldat )l
Io* Jou. stanif itt ctuh t,\: \ to mv ldords ldrt ).
(i . l l h e r. a (rc. ) t o r t . t h e r l d a t . )l
S 317 Pulinele verbe cu care dativul se poate tntrebuir,ta fdrir acuzatir cer
dativul prepozilional:
"lht trtur. Del,/,sJ o socirlisrl' is the slosan.
Tali to 1'onr nudiotr(endwl
Didd't t;e 4fne to John?
I wanlld ro .ed,, to crlnnie,
$ sllJ Spunen nsnca nraisus S 3i5 316):
Di &, t sl c wri t c Jo i D l d a t . l a , rr. r l i c. l ?
Didn'|. sle Frite a larle. {ae.) o Joh (dal.l?
I wanicd t0 rerd Gtann;e (da|.) th,A z.ps iac.).
I \runtcd lo rcad lhe n.a,s (ic.) to cBnnie {dat.).
$ 319 4) intrebuirtar0adntirului pr€pozitioMl. Dativul prepozitionale ste

lntrebuinlat:
$ 320 a/ cind daii.rul €s1,arecedatde un acuzativ:
Serd (a..1 o lhe sfcet dotesrto (drt.)l
\ \ , . b o',.d
...',r ..p. ,. t n r' rp rrb F r (. 1 , r. .
T rj j . . . "d 1 f r. o t . t ] o t t r. n u l h o r rl d . i .
| 321 l) ci n d o p ro p o zi l i e i n ccf e cu d a t i vu l :
?, h.r lasrdd {dat.l she iriles r lett€r ev,)rXdtry,btrt nevcr ro
n rl &' l d a t . l
r',. llabv (d{t ) she {l$'ays btr"ys |. lDst tr,c.c is.
cu yerbele insolit€ de dativ lnrn acuzativ (i 317): .ir329

'J 'lhev sDokc ,, Ule .road 1dat.).
{l irlfi ocorrred ro d,? klat.).
fl r ']'' Jp fq 'r 'l /' I r r i r 'l Jl " p r Il "i-r i
\l r i te r o vo u ,4 /'/c ( ,1 ,t) b o o n l 'r
\\'e read ,; G'a;dt;,r{"f ldai.) cv.ry rlcnirs
d ) d u p iranumitewerbe $ 2614) a recer ntobdeauna atirui p re p o z ilio - sr2r
rnl. .ihiar atunci cind ac€sta precedd acuzattvul:
I drsc.ibed b l.he .l4s (d{l.r the llow.r show ({ti.l I t'rd visite(1.
H r l u n '.d r ' |i " .a l |" o A " r l d l a r r ',1 r a l [ i o i d il 'i " wr 'l i ^ ''l
\\', n '" i l i o n d to t|a n o " o ',p ' \d d r ' l ^ ..^ l 1 o r r Ir l o t].
' , t/a , 'l " r 'J- \
.l dupe adjective 1n genete: s 31{
IIe ir ./ €l to lnn|' lq.
B e ti r l i o L u .r
Is h.r opinion nrrrtl so Intrch to l'rrtrci$?
/ / i n .p " .i - l 'l L ,t" l l i a r i v" l " ,1 - '
^ n ,0 d r a r :"
t: n J yn t" .'a t -
r Fn d i t," s 32;
'1 u '1 - ,,1 t;Ja t n t. ,su
, ',;l L tt. 1 'tn h ttn ',n 1 . ;n l t;a " ." t t" r . t,r h ta 'tl o n o . Ftr .:
|o a " tL .d /.,r to I q n a tl l l o r i . \u r l :.
\1 - 1 - t
,1 1 ta " i o 'l l r ' tn i mr l 3 .
Tht re$rlt Nas LoL rtutottiondte to l,he erlorl.
S, dupd substnrtive i pro une: s 826

I uannot lo|gft mI l,t/ to ny chtlilr€n.
Yotr havc bdrn like a.llrughla to th| poor somd..
$'liat is he. axnude to [rt?
Trll ne, afc A.v fo Iont )roth.r?
'vh.l
l vczi i 5 t6 1 t- t6 l r " l
5) l'u (,lii. - Lln substanliv (sau un echivalent al lui) io cazul dativ $ 3r7
"
a.) complemcnt. ndirect pe lingn un verb: s 3P8
l.nd lou. motltor a ltscnii
Gir€ Ghily$ mr n.ssagcl
bJ complemeni indirect prepozilional pc llngn un verb: s 3s9
I spoi. my mild to T,ohe.
- We se", an {rtid-" to Lho prpen.
rr"complement indirect prepozilional'z pe linsi un slrbstantiv sau o s 330
iIlterjec-iie:
1 r"',"t L ..in ..,, g il.in tilu a .ln rlro n i,1 3 ,\6 1 ,I",
".
ll" \vd ahia
llc kcpt -r pronn;
,' h ', to
io his
I'i. pnpils.
n o -w o rkc.r.
darut lo. lhe holidsXs
d) complcment indireot pe tingl un adjectiv: $ 331
Yotr de ltfr, you. mourer.
Unllne lntl.cn-, he sts neve. shY.
e) complement indirect prepozilionai pe lingi un adjectivi s 332
l{is house wis olporik to the echool.
I cnnrol.bullecls.,k/al to the eomredmwho helpedme n, my wo.h
/) apozilia unui substantiv in cazul dativ ( 2589 b): s 333
I m-{ I}Nil l.Lio 1o lerd.
Ilave
SrreJou rPoft.a
ftt?n.l ,o fi,gr,Jou
onr .'"s room-mttc?
tx,t,L _ ' d i..cl.

- i n r u ,l l i " r i r i '" po
'r
i
',1 . 4 n n {S ilr:).
l r .L 1 .n i , . .o ,r l r ' ' '- :l r h 1 r 'l nL dnl,iv .tr fLrtr.li
^ r ,m'. l r . \..r 'i .D .1 1 .,B d cu rt'ti. { i/.,
d - u mtFr ;. r i n i r " . I t 4 r - i4
r o l . II; p p .8 ,9 0 ) .
i sn
s 33{ ACUZATIVT]L
(TUE -{CCUSATl\l'l CASIj)
p lrr\.d1pr-
| 335 lrOcli||ilic. \,'r71 i\ul . 'jzul ' u l ' ' -n irxlui { - ' r : l '
tLrl i | p . l ' r ' . H.,rlrrJ j ' r i r r ' ' ' o r ' n ' r r i lJ/rrl
o J i r e ' ' r ' 1 r u nl"' "r ' ur-\par:ra
r 4 r r 4 r ' \ ' 'dF
r 7 1ur)
1
\prh r.' /irit Fl ,- p l r i n F\c-l-"i 'on ll'mp
\ul risDunde in Drilcipal lA irl.r€birilc:
l n m l l:De ci;,ei') i
, r''. ('= cel)
5q33{i i"rl'toi,U'n'r siri echi"ali:ntul lui, cind €ste precedai de o prepozi,iie'
''iar?
su rrld in cazul acuzal,iv.
s 337 2i }'rlllclii. - Acuzarivul indeplirefle lunclia dt:
.( 33t a/ cornilemcnL irect al u ui '€rb l'inzitiv:
in lhe sire'l
He saw n."* stsref
D, conlplentcnt
s 339 At the m..tnig.
rePozjlionalr:
lr. lu .d orer 1hc lo0' ro Smi$'
\ho js loo\iis al'l Brian?
s 3r0 .) nume preclicsliv care deternrin:run eoflplement direct (mlme pledi

cariv ;biectiy l- ODlrcIift Canplcnent):
ThP nana{er aDpoinicd 1,n 8.oet$t'
She erlls rva.s;.,r "consi "
s 341 .l/ apozili{i a unui substantiv (sau a unui trihivalcnt al ace-rtuia) n cazu
acuzatir i$ 2 ; 8 l i ) :
I .alled nr t /rn\d fldJton.
11i'ls the ]ofil ssgco '
tl .lsenl,
N. Jl, o. ro r.
l/ rL r " Ioremn .
s 342 e-,i complencnt diroct al adjactirutui "o,'lft'9:

is qort a fo.tune,
llis
'oi.c
s 3{3 // ,o,, plemcni .rr.ur"'r"nLid l. o'i l r l e dinr'-urr ' o ' r I'l"rn"nr '.i"um
..r,ii.t.,t i n " r \.rb. i n - a ' 7 r i\p a'r ci rrl subrranli\ul ' ' l F 'l'l'rmrnar d e
,,;;;;,i;.. ;;","i" o r i od.rbo. F\r,r;, 1nd .a:i-e't\crhel' l o ' ' r l r.i
t'ottt'-t)1r 'pul'
ruot
Ji.:.r,ls. \"lu"r'n. irpll lc€. nodul. g r a d u l 'l" lruntt o
( 4 ' l rttt'1t \'uttJl
(.1J,.;biot tt ,sttit"t "uu s'tb''.tnttr a t l r ' rLioL
Thcv lv€nt lone. (Lotl
l \- \qo{,' '.r o l/,. rrth. ' l ; _ P
l h ec.r'brPlrol I p s:"n'r'3 a l l ' l " l " r a ' d / o ' I'odra' I ml
riic ohildtn go lo a pifttrrc a,./v n€€I' lTiml)
11. nn the nhale 1tir. iDistantill
' l L " j Jror ,r.,,v mil...
'nir''.
l14 : r /rc s u m f o r lqn i 'o l f s l i r ' r\aroJr
'r'4d
t h ^b
i o n ' . r m q " r. '; i, a, l &, . p o u t r r l 3 . r r ' l o r r
T " n u r ' s q'n / / l/ b r . d (\ I o, l
Thc t , mr'', ' " t t , 'nt rlllolooln{ I u_|I 'parP
'r' 4.,J . , '. "a/ s b r d r F r o o J rt Grddr
""
TI. ALTE CEESTTIJIIIIE}'ENITOTRE LA SUBST.{NTIY

A 314 l , S u b s l a n l i r u la d i r ( t i r A t . l n l ; n ' b r " n d l ' z i ' u b s ' a n r . i u lp o a l ' 3 \ p a
l u r ' , i c dF a d j F . i f . c d i . a p o J l e c a r a ' l " r i l a L r n l ' ' u D F l a n \ l F n n s d ' 1 r p
std:
nylo, stocknrgs ttarll.ng let\
/ar .oat Jrr,,s llsmons
?t
ilu'intele nrlon. fur, morning. spri s, pdrttl, penn , d.e1\substa tille.

- :.t intrebuinlate aici ca adjective.
(|rdincn curintclor. - Partea de vorbire care c acl,erizeazisubstani,irul
.: raL,eare, prin ull]lare. valoare de adjectiv se puDe, ci:r i acesba,nainten
s 3{5
. rL,rtAniil'|rlui.Se atrage n mod sPecialatenlia asupra acestui u u, deoarece
:ielesuise modificddupd or dine:r uvintolor ..lstlell
n fd., ftors, ins€amn "un cal dc curse"
. irae .d.d iDscamDir
{ squoro mar.e: I mi (o lf.rfrfn pirtrat;i N lalrua de 1 l
n rrc^ oi 4 iqdfc ruh.s = o srtrllnl,li de 4 m:
,\ larpet 4 rut; square nn coror dc 16 nl (axl) (un lirirrr cn latun dc r l
-
Cind un subsiantiv are mai muite atribute. celc mai apropiate de el ca
irrs se pun imcdiai tnaintca lui. In limba rominn ordinea cuyintelor liind
lil€rita. d€oarece substaniivul pr€ccde adjectivul, traducerea din limba
'rogleznva incepe cu ultimul atribut, din grupul de curintc do tradus rsiva
.rtge tnapoi
:propirTii lor spre tncepuiul grupului, lutnd['se atdbutele pe drd in ordinea
dc s{rbstanLivuldeterminat:
a qii.Lst.p lolk'danc,, nNic
i:o rnuziol pentru xi joc lrotul$ cn lat rclezi)
., l h o r. n f,,'rr,r g o u ,1 JFI nw I,rn ".',1 'J rp l \" rl "o p .u r ' n
o ..r ' i ,l a n m, d j n b fo ,d t (d "u .n r..) g 'rb l -J,-F . .,r" J a o rtJt o ni
(vezi ri S 2aI)
cdj"r li\ul nesvinJ plur al. F Ub anr ivul sdje.r ivr r nu r r c in pr in"ir ia s 3{6
lor n - de plur alnr .i , hiar - "tun"i"ind logica ".r .. d. .x.mplu dupa r nnum.
rrri cD sens de plural etc.:
a si{ noaD o1d cliild
a ninc-r1du committre
(Vczi ti g 131Obsdaati., 166-16i,26r-26r)
2) Funcliile srbstantiyului. Substantivulpoate ndeplini funclia de: s 347
l', subiect au parte din subiect,al unui verb la un mod personal au s 348
impersonal:
Caoperatiar s l,he sec.el,ol srccess.
I cane homc carly, "a,n.. bcins out tonight.r
A complete tsr ol candirhtes v,rs ubmitted o the dean.
D) nume predicativ sau parte dint.-un nume predioaiiv: s 319
He $6 a nicc a@ur\.
Sl ^F b .'i mP 1 n , a ss o ' PPu l ".
H i r F\p rl o n s n l h p .JU q p o l h tp o p l "mrd F'r:ma p o p .l 'f rp .o ,
cJ complement direct: s 350

Hnre you Be€nhe ne{ plastts?
{t) complement indirect: s 351
IOn'e
toldDdDyls
the ,oydiDnc.'
a storI.
e,,l complement indireot, prepozifional: s 352
Ure pnrel tr yort nith.t
-qe.d
l,ani is a g.cat asscl ,o tlc larsity /,orralrlr_
The rcleree was lair /a both ,eams.
I Numit
ii nominilliv absol,'t ( l72l).
$ 353 /) atfibut:
\ D.Jr;. lldrr lriLs disrjorcNd und{r Ihf delris'
D.'n's rrpli.ution wls r1$cpnal jr
ll,r loli'ol rarbe $is mtiniicsi her lainlings
s 354 I hr: t t t "a" ". L r-1 '. l"li r"r '. r''ine l'+ 's ''rli'' rr
". .:r:; ,or-n'in.i , ; , a ndt t t r n r . r+ . r o n ' r r ' r'\ d d r" r ''
I
i . , . 1, ' - . i\ , ,, , , . -, ro. . h t yrli, hi. . il\ r' ' r'
'. u" l; |, \ 1 ', 'l"p
i.il""i',i.,1:; r"r"":.ir, rn'rrr ' r'1r'r'irivrr"rir
',"ir':iir',tr,- ',"iplFr\r
s 355 il conplenent Tnepozilional:
ilLP l. ngPn i', r coo, l
"
r , |iln' \ ] r, is t o au j n "/'.r/r r 'nir, . . .
35ti r l c(trnpleme,,l nutnstanlial (S 2633)

$e stavftl al. lh. rcst_hous. liorl a foLtritl)t \'titrpl
ot t ' p ' r ' r ' \ ''nd
l\l \ ''s L.l : o "l:r'iil"ttt tt' \'bt t
^
s 457 1' t. l'0RllIAnnA sljllsraNTrYill,0n

{}0rd[lrlo\ of ]{olrNsi
s 3;8 t r nu , : ' r l u , lF 'ul" anlrl pr^\ir tat Ita' lin l;r"bil" r' r'uo'-l"r
(hrF , . r r r ' , i ' l i r' r u r r - " r ' , l : - n i i ' r ' : l / F "i''"';"''
-,,, l. Ii"rr'rl .r l"rrr\-l sru I u r r r h l r ' lcd ln"^nrorn]
i r ',nr" 'r 'r"l'rrl
cel.,r trei procerlo€ uurunie, adi('I prin:
B. schimbarea ,a1eg.rici ramatjcal'

C. totttpunere
s d5l) ,L. Dltrur ,ttrDA

iDElil\"\'rIo\l
l, .ttiratia ( lll",r;'n) iub''rnli\-r' )r' r" ' Jurr'or I t
s 360 . i'- dr.p-rli dF \ntbirr' nnr' "liucc'''
'r
. 1 e . , . 'ut r r ' r " ' r r r r " r , l i n
u r r . : u r ' r r \ ' - . r i u r " , i "lu l i \ l'rb'"n , u ra l ' r r r a P ' - l i \ ' l p i ' ',r,ri Ir r4r \ - l i' r elP
r , ' r r'r ur ru
r r rrrrJr (r -' '
.;re ir I'11- L l ' / i ' a t , 1 r { i r , ' n ^rdin"d t r r ' \ " r ' r " r
rnlrntoarc.lorinrbi: a1 gcrrnini(e: r, rornalifci './ lrleaei'
llnn mai ios cjl;1i (l;nrre Pr€tixele;i sufirielc'urerilc'
s 36r Prcfir''
(Preli\cs)
s 36' aJ Gernra lle:
ni. J: ' rrildl

rorr: /,,.r,nhe,. I ' Lrri 'rll l rlilnr' r ' r '
n,.nrr.r',o.r, r,,,ilill,ilLj;,1'iililii,li;ri.i,,oon
i, .rnistrl. u d'
\' J - in 'r"'\ ''
lnint "rt . Lt r' i i l r'4 't
' r ' r
rnrjpj, . / , , , / shrt , , 'k' n, dlrrrrl llL rri'/ lrrd"i
ont -3: , / / r rsl. ot r. : r. \ . aal lrsf . ot lla\ L-lrllook'rqralicnr'
r r ;ir idn L d . , l , (;il fdt'llr'

l ( ln'.nud r P n r i i i n l :1al) r
na a abt. : ntonEndtLcl
( 1. aD l . r r v i r l P d c s i r r P l r l t i l t o n r cr nr ' r r ir tr L' c a l [ ' l i i c d( '
"eocGr ,sinr ,
81
or$J : rr..all. ...froar ,r)./sho.si or./sighl,; ,r'€l.ha.g., or./doso. ,tz{ullihnenl,

i
. , , . rp ,'r r'1 .
rnd€rJ I rnd.r,lolh.s. und.rorrrcnt. ,n&resliD.le, ud..8round, ,nl€'groNti,
u \d ,-p l ^t, t L o tL ',rr, "\'. ,,,,r'.ErFd 'ra l '. " , , / " ' . 1 l r: a rd -'l sl o o n Pt rn )? r'l u '
trra rrr\ n 'crt.,n .1 .6 trtFmPn r. r tu ]P.t rP.' I
i rl r s"mi p rti " : ,,r,"i n rrn /. ,p u rrn l "]. r'r'rl p fro \l r' /Il rJf'l /l l ,"p
,/l '1 ,1 . rr. ,/''i.,nc. o , r . rp .h .l . ,i 5 l rl '
"r "1 'rl
Subslanliec dn sens negatial \ :lli;|
nn- : /,liclifl zrdr.ss. {ncmnlorme.l,. L,laxlul e'cs. urrcst. ,rlrrlh. el..:
n,so{riagc, ,,,scondu+, nislit. nlssi in r.
p ,,r/.sl o .l ri n c, mi sl ri',ir.oiceriio,i,
,n i Jh a'nisj: n i , mtsti tc.,ri si ru st, e l . ',t.(lcmeanoLt.
lJ Roma re: S 361

r-. sil-, sl-. on- a '. *$: rdiirs'ln{nl.l,slfoi. arcrre: dddress,dllusj
, P r ' 1 . d r n d a cP.
{ | t s . n - . n b * : n r'|.' : o r ' a rs rr" b 'r". o 'Ai o r', b .l 'n l i o ' rl
i rf.-. d n l i -: ,r,,J rrl . ' , , " b t rt,')" . r ' l n rl r' . rrrrd l i "n r' :
l,rr bI-: relalt. t.liPl. b.qtrfsir rtl elc.lioD, i,y hN Dypts, ,,lal,l, ,, prodtrct'
b", \ n \. ,4 r\ o rJ, Fh . :
i o rn l ,.o l -, {.l rn 1 l o "/l 'r',r'l u n . , r'n '"'i o r' 4 rl l i r'.
- d i -- d e -. d i s-: .l i Ere ssi o n .,l l n Prsi o n . i mi N ti re ,,i ri si o r.2 .l .rm.n t, d i sn i i ss{I. e t c :

rv-, el. -eq c- : .zriision. .rttsion: eionq.lion: ,rrcss .,aspc.alioni cr lr|sid.nti
4 rL rsL o n , s0 l i e , .va sro n . e I r . ;
i n i .r: i a r,l o l 'r. t-b 'p tt It rp ri o r' .:
t'.i i -: p /d l . to: \ . . . 1 a \ t \ . ,i .i o f i rL u rr tu t tn n \6 ' 1 . |\ '
. , t p -l .rr,:. t .p \ . , t t . tl r,l r''' .I p . i \ .

i ,ru -. r'trF : , l a, 'r. /^l o ' r p tu n ^' ri | r'o o l l p4 - r'r''
" 'o "
' ' ' '' , -"' r'i ,rrrr. / , a /, 1 1 '" l r'p o '- l ' :
'l , . l o r. ,"p l _ J o r', l '
' r' \
srper-; su.:- .{l€rii0irlitr, r?c.ioiily v?calrdctd.. ; surch{tge
- lrsns-: /.o,sl,il,i01. lrdn.rter, ,ortitio , ,az.nali0n, .Lii-
Substuntir( .Ir senr negatir: S:165

dh-: di.-abilitr. lisl)rli,l. di.{,otrlcnt, Itslike, d;lasle, dijtfust, eto:
i rF. i -, i B-, i F":
. l ,,p -.'r-i u rr, a .'.o n 1 b rrl l , ' . 1 -rJr' d
".
rn i N -t: mi ra d \ n tu re ,,ri s ch a n cc,,n h ch i cl . n i .{re u rl . e tri :
ro n - : ro n a d l re sl o i . r,"n d re rte r.c,,o n a N i l . ro ? fo n i a l a n t, f L e .
.l Crece$i: S Ifit
snpl(i)- | dnpltbio. amPhit ac)\, dtahit hcanc dnrrora, .cic ;
,n-. d;'ir-: archorite, dre,risnr; analogj. onolJs's, dzutomJ, elr'
nt-, snli : anraltorisni, .lndrcli r dtribioiic, d,,iolini.\, dztnacassar. anl,seplro,
,tc.t
a p (o r.: 1 o rri t i . rto th ''"tr' 1 to t1 'o . d Pl '^ri n r' :
n rrl '-: o rl l ,.(., ,^l"rFn,t. 1 ,.r. d , r ' r \ l . . /rp'l l 'ro .
u t o - : , ,/u b i o cr.t. r, , , / h i . ."-rr d ,tu . h ro
; t a l ra r,. ,.l u 'r. ' ,d rh 'l d .
'rl o n ""
'sl r-, 'sl
di - : /lanetes.-: di,dcd. diagnosis. laagon.rl. dtdl)Buc, cte i
rti -: d ,""r , ' ' ' . r l - I r t a . d p rro n j l ;n \ ' L .
. , . l "l ..
-si, n r'l .r". r,l l '.'-r
, , \ - , m . : ",--"-F, "5 rJsm; r ' , r r \ . r'l i F". , . 1 . ' . . . . , l :
b l p e F: rg p ,l .. hdt i t4r .a d h l ta l tl o 'tt\'
n " r' h4utP p ''t-l ru
\ " -l _ ,)/4 Pd
l n a ''
tvp o -: /"rrp o ,i ,l i r . l //o 'l-ut n 'r'
:
mcttr-.mrr-.md .:,r'a b u l i .'.p .,4 rn o rrrh u .-.4 4 rp ,n .r"r'rn p -l "h o .r:.@4 o d .
I \'czi a 3 6 -. n o L L I .
2 't . p r'i i . . , , , " p l o - r' -L i .p : :n r' n .,l i tsp ,b u l n p g d 'i '
i ,,,h 'a r,u ro n : "l -u b .
3Db' (lf.) lFlix al lubsi{riivelori acclaii (ens rr" ln nol. ,
rsa tu- : ld.d|l ci laldsrapli, ld, alJsis Po.dsitt i P/en h.sis. lid'oLiXi ldlo tl smi
I ' c r i - r - , me . . - o P, ' pr f i.
lrroiu-: l r'ol Paar' Ft ^p aa r \ l ' . la"t n
. n-, st t rF, . ll-. . 1-: i, o.1 .. ', l 9 ' , 1 ' i : , 1
'
f rlc_: e. . . . rr t. -. t , . t 1. 1, o. , . . t
36? Jt t b. t at t ; r h ol; t :
d-, rn-: oblssi ?sligLodlisdi a4allihabclisnr. a4arch-{, dnfudoi.' .i c
s 368 Suti\e
(Srftirrs)
369 a) 0ornlaxice:
{rarr: handj("-/ t., . -"t - t".rl'. s,,1. ./r..r,
a h . i n/.r'. lr'r'r'o- o i rl
-Jur: r".a"r.. \tsr,,..r;&r'".n. i'-. t -b'11
r' n t\d 4
dan. |$ \'s-o tJ.4 -ta d .a
lr'i+ i l ^ o o -. u i-rF. orll' P \'1;':l"'
-oot",,. -r,r,":i,-. r.,._,:r
l e n n P . r L u n d r d ? ' . " { i t . i4'j $ r'
i; t , r. "Di, , / . t il. t i/ . . d/ . ,.:
- h o o n : Lo\ t , od. ; . : o/ -o, . "t . . / i \rr
srnuk,a sollr-r're a r ' ' J r ' o 'irl;r-
-ins:'r'"'.r4p r t r , n ? _ '.Joai w
o ' i a r ' : ''gi
b " d d , , s , - 4 u r, "a. , iu , , a, I Lr,gr r, . r L t b k ; s -L"gs
ri: L aol; r bi, ll', L u n d & , l i n d / , ddl . | ;1,b1" '1. :
-1it r8: d J r l . , g . 1/ rnj a ' r " n t : 4 E s rnt:4s lou "/16 F ,:
' t \ " / r 6 '
-t rc\ s: . Jrdli s, . . hppr'' "Pr' rooJ45r'.rJ/ c -p o ' 1 '
't '"'.l";'ii.
, . . , , . . , v . . . / , , r,rJ. o/,", rs.op".r y . . . , p , . d t u p . , r . . :
ibti: ,u u f " l i r . : r - , l . l i r . L i t u l i r . o { l n r i i I r h . ' r d s r , ' . o a , h r P :hotunmtn'
s n , p . l , " J J " n ; , p " o l " s u $ / " r p lour/ 1lpr/ , , t . '
-strr: L-iv.e", h.rrj.,p", "o'gr/"., spin'r""r b'1.".r.
"oldrF- l o u g'/ P. c a n t o r o _
"""'' l.li;,",u, nft{dri, srow,n,heatD, rdrn,warmd},w eal/r,,.rronsl , hcisht, e 0.
S 370 D] nomauioc:
-rqc: J\ rds.r rdnia8"r pc,s" o o ' 4 9 I n s , 6 " t o u L d s " m r l " n g ' p o u n 4 n " ' " 1^
- a l : dn, m, / , p " o n o , , / rm. lol, rp'] u5. l. r. mo. . r. l d/ . Fr. . .
B o n l n r d a , l u s i , n i C i _ l Iir'rDudlja4 \lJn.rnror'''rontri
-lan.-s: ' b t i d g r d r '
t , i. or; ', . m r s , . i 4 n , \ \ ' a s n "r/ n, J p F n 5 p r ' , , r b 1 _ b d " i ' r . F q F r r r o . rpPrrr'd, {nrn'dnr
rclnblicru, etc.;
'
-u -. nr: D " d 4 r . l y r d 4 r i r o f r r ' ' urf Pn'. p r ' ' d ' n r . "l':
- . r y : a d v r b' u, rmr ,m t d n iJ"rl a
i o' .l d . y g m n d / r . s r l d / r t ' r ' :
y . ' af ain. r. oLst ina. V ' l. :
-.ri : ad\o- rr lJnkrJpl
- " i : a t r s " n- . a d d r " s " , b i r c * , d - b i u " F .
, ; up. "el"Eei l 1 d o " ' " P l F r ' ' r 4 .
| . . . , , o J y ,F ' v p n J . : . o mm i | | " P j . o J 4 r (q l U | n ' ' l l | L p b | o L" J p h l f
rhe lrugh'i ar'd lh' lJughaP+ rr':
Lr-. 'durior" and hp PJ'r.a"*
ptolrtPcr'
-ee.: auoiionet , engincd., mountajnc./, mnskptPPf.
€h. l
dilig,u.., roildnae, aPlea@Dce, assisiar?. nujs"'; lorlenra@c,
ridddz.?, etc.;
grocc', Nher; chllncello.. docLo., clect'/; accumulator, ele-
-e"i. -or,'-ier : bultl€..
- ' . r. , ", p:r n.
\ aro. p , f , . , "i. hFf , f indt r, i"-. lurri - _ " o u r , . . P c . :
I al"*, L o il. r ' " , C h i n " r ' , P o " u s u . P r \ l r l n a P \ ' ' " r n " " r : i l J l ' " '
'; st :
l' :
, 1 , 1 1 6n. . ", 1 6 u ; n r f s r . . d. o. ; iilq,
F r s , Aond, r " l "s,
g r ,h
pu _n' ' I"P
. slcr L. m" Jdd1l Ji oPFpnr " s s .
'ru'
I Sdlirul a din limbr saxon{ provine ditr limba laLine f'al,d.r.

: Dlblll srLi\ .../
'ln bsttrriivlle dtuught li,hcight,din suli aul 'r,1 a .inus numii litt"r _r '
a S u L i r . r t i r .i r(r.
r r ' ' n " v. I - 1
ll-rJ., -r;ndrI F , n " l ' 1 '. C r r i ' ' n n rt *rrl dn_
0 Su r'\p l " lJ i : pa r'.l 'ri d r.d o b :d i I i " L l 'd "
"^
livol lormal cu oci d.-al doilen o lndcrlin.ilc
I StrIi{ ooe lo.tncazl su}slantiv de gfDnl lcmhiD ($ 1) .
-li.r: llisfjllir., u.di.t,.j n.turl. (;rFlir., jjlori/.. gtsolh.. ni..Lt-, qnintn.,
'ioD. -{inn. +ion. -\io.. -rti{}n. -itiotr, -son: t.girrr i$jri,,. va(l/t,n,. crt.nrior.
11.?n,i r1f|'ri.r/,ni .f l f l,ri,r; rLr.ron. l , . .
-: r. ' i l l : . o " b rl / .
lr..rl: r, ' .. rr ,o ,.u. ,.,o..rr.bt ,.,rd...,..1
'.:
L rlken. slr.r,r.,, s|1,,,, adornr,.rlj
lasor,nr, m $n.,1,
: i, . t.-t t t-i,, a' u i,, , .
-onny J. :t. 9. 1 .
'rr)"rr : d b. ta J . l o 1 . r. Ln.
"rr. :n.-,. ,o,,r.,,t.t,J.-.t
-rr: 1,t,rj h...h..,,./
". t..e. la.,-r. t t..1
."'rr: l r, .r'..,.:.,,"i...,, .:
"liua..'tit'1.
Jr.-ilr.-lr:1".'ur,.t,,: , t r: ,":.'L
,.,r.r.. j , .. r.lJ:a J.-, .
-,
lr - llo l-- , 1 ' :
-1 : assembly. d.li\ery. ,lcUuty, dii , 1r0xly, clt. " "
._./0recefti: l 37r
. {'.rcr,: luto..d.g/, lr .rau.m.t; |hrtoorr r/r {uolloq (cttono./c.r, srobo.rn.r.
n , l 1 r . zi S ; lt lr ) l
{f,-cf.:.o ./, t.,t. 1,, ,'.r'. IF..i\,8...r.udltr Lt..
- i. r n : t a - i r , . ". .,oa.r.. ,... r,n:o.... n.."u , r . , , 1 . t ir t , t r , . .
r . o r l'Fr.,, m,rhan.u. rr,
_ . -irt : ]Iaxis,, so.ialirr; plilorogtsr.fllsicnr. r,lani.d; dtis/, ],n 0risr,. antlEoDisr.
- : l_ : l , la r " . l o b \ 'p r 'c, '. P 't p' l. kr
"
l '. . . \ r '. r '/ , . 'lu , , r
r D r r r , . L ch ir r r h l, 'r l. . . lr , h ir . r r . r
-iiis : rpperdi'itii, nloi'.1ri.". oln^, sinrlstrtr, orsiutir, cre.
dJ Sufixe dimhrutiynl0sru dopre0iativc .Lit'..rs(.r*i,ni). .i 379

-ard -o.t /g.rn.l : b$tzfd, coM/d, drunkar. hgsa.d, stuSga/1, wjzdfda, b.asgdrr,
-a1ter (lal.tr crilicd.de., mcdi.as,c., Dusicds,c/. octds,c,,. ol asr".. elc.:

nlulln q . i l ' aai-','..,/..,orjr..tutlc.'nt ..ta,l".po.i\t" \,\it,:tti"tpt,
t A " i tu)tpl, t|fun,tp4, mol.irtp{, .rc..
i,n lijern.): ohjokcn, Lilten, nraiden, etc.i
. -et il..): rorone,, isle,, lerer.4 nidsd,, osl,,; bill.r{,. bull./ , fitl€,4, haich?/a, pultc4,
|4. d i
_I - onn,{ j
-ctt€ (rr.): ciga.cre. il.heMr,, maisonlnler,f.w idotr?,&j eonducrord,rar.r drunn
mijofer€,. und€qrrdu€re , ustrdcrF.i uanncle'e, learho.rc, rlush.r&. erc.:
_ . . -ier lo.igir-a bscui): Antrtr, ,\rohie, Jralie, Johnrl.. \ ttlc,- cool;,. deariz,doggt,,
-kinG) {olatrde,amediel: oailt,, la,nbntn. maniitn, Pet.trtur sonnihns. Moui}ar,
-1e1,r lr {Se.mIIbramud. kn d cklcrke r i. l. eto.;

. ..ret ff ): trnkt.t, etel.t, llauer, lNiu.r, hafl.4 tigr.t vnre,, start 4 woodt€,,.
br{ceierr, chnp?e,{,,aole/i, w.islj,r{. en,.:
- lin s s r '. . : 1 ? r lr s o 'r : L / r , s.e o Ji6 . n . h b , r klr , j. - u . t / r r s. tord/,rg. lr in "-
ttng. rnern\, n d cf lr n a ,w r a L r r a j et..i
-ock (germ.l: bitt.ft {dialectal).bullo./r, hiuo./r, etc.;
'(e).r.I (lr.): cock'rcI, Don8r.r. w$tru/. etc.;
-st8 lgerm ): dah,e., do c rc. gaDerr.f, gangs,e..usra., rh,vmesl.., ipsr,., trick,
-r u r i/ in o b . . u r : E : |r , . f a ll/ . Jo nL. P, sjJ. \ \ 'h r r p Jj Lobby. dbby. .ookv.
t ,u . r , . I , '3 r y / $rrgd. p t { . o n n y. u n m | h Jn ky. n r d t ' , F .
r Suiix cde formcazl subnaniile de Ernul leminin.

: I 'r in in le f m t sd iI liD biir lo r d lir 'l
I| - i f r U \ r z. r
. u $ , r i\ u l d / . .
'D lr l diminxlilal sau delr (i.rlir {l snlirului s.
.Itrlelesul
5v€zi Fi sliirul .v mai ios. tierdut cn vremea. 78/609
84 Mo
J; t 2 ) Dcri vrrcn f t crc. i rn I B4 i t t . F o rn a t i o n ). _ | o "t p j u h F t d n t i c . d , l

l o rma r I ri 1 d rri t a rr rp g r"i i ' u . , L p ri n su p ri n , a rc, , u r, F i Pi rL t . ro n rl Prr-
"d i
vitc ca un sufiri:
trilia < triri.rlr plp - ptrply
g.eed< greed, tat < Pelty
typewrile < typcwriter dooste < donaiion
3?4 3) Iied ceroa (Redurtion, Shortcning. Clipping). Acesl procedeu,
l o a rt e p ro d u ct i i n l i n b a o n g t e zr), o n q t i i D su l r; n rd rcd u rr-i I i i (i l r. Pp u t .
u l . . r, "d i p r d i n rr-' r' r . ^ o b i n - n . ' l p l o I u rn ' i
d l i ri i l
"H, r " ' , rt Drl . d rn . sp
noud. Uneori aceasti creaiie nu este d€ fapt decit o simph presrulLar€ .1
cuanrtului irtiiial, alleori inse capite un inleles oarecun dcosebit sau o intre
buin ,areproprie:
S 37; a) supr inar ea inceputuLui tn( intului L{er eze -
'engl r "t''l - r i'r :
b^coy ( op.l < ioDd... lhone
pranc .- telrphnr .
-. A.\iPume
< m old. .af
.oa.h < mol,of cod./l slori < dtslo/t
cXclc < bLlt:le squtre .--
9ss",.c
nroe -:: C,efence sror"r < n1stutll.
lla < l l . t mn o (f o p . ) larsiry < tD'r.ri1ry
Pa < Pi p a $.fl < pclrera
376 b) s p r i dre t r sf t rsit ul ui cueintul .i lapocopn ( eng]

apocopr:):
ad < a.lveriisement: rt < rrassiercioab <.drriolel; cabh <.arlegram: champ <
rh a a Pi o .,.: "t /d' 6i.:.
lindr \.
' . l Lp :i\dr"ur 5 r'n/,l"l,4ioit
. "0 , ; n l a i Jn l o . Lr/ ,nr loo\ir: nJr Rp pa,A1' -
r ine: nn, r /iisif", moli , Dr t- r
n, ni p' 6 o . r t.r 9tuttt, ' n",juc p' r r ; / poaato" e: T i b / t- &tr i.i "d I' o,p.
".u.,
pr ozt- .f iof i: ur uT . 1' r ' ,p.r Jd pr np p\pr tv' to' dn ud'
' nr r lr l: ll' .alr . ' aopdl' r m.
tio' : r r t r "n < /er ul.r ( iuni - r F r lor r < s o n J
t' ",.- -p,./e- "" ;r r 6
ti,hr vr r .vr al^:r . ;d llns p"uF r sr ' ' .i\i dJ,r iL r pllj
,"/ \:,ion, \ ' r r r dn, , F r iidr \ , Old \ i c Bol" r ' , lur id Hdll; wllk:F .lall:o <
r ailing ldl/i1e r r JJio s " t { . ?oo < ?ooloc' ,J -g.r r J;1 " ' c ,
J cin qnd i ' < r ;r r r lnd /,J;Jn tPfmor h
377 jatEon €colbesc:

_
,
no' hndn:o l . " r / l g
n,ar . liJ. ,,r /r gg
hi,.ld r g ion:. \am
pr ' p < \"r dni J l i oLtion:
p.ppar l : ldb-pmt
l4r or\ aoty:
ptu^ sofnAlhr
: L " ,J<
g<
t ,sotrometrri vac < racrtron etc.
s 3?8 cu addqatea unui suti.x:

dinP' (Iam.) < dinirrg'c:r.
sleelef (rrm.) < sle-alin8 car
so . " " (t a ' , ' r-o "i a i cn f o o l b l .
rugg# (ld,n.) < ,nu8iy lootbill
smo ka (l rm) < smo ki n g -. o t ri d Ae
n o . {m k r . rm. ) / , ' o ' , -"r, u n 8 . a r' d q p
l so d "r\ ' i "n r I < b u ". h rt 1 . , s1 l I l $ o d p L s
(fan.) (ca.
l-wo-seat' < wrlh) hro seais
r,ri'ial: nelnscmn{t, supi,llicirl,,z tri rl. ?/,riu: ltrc.d.i nfiBcnnrate, lleacdo,
_
s/ai: Jna.c {dmiraior (setr adni.atoaful, lilnt, lotoitrnlial,
,tsional(rli duti
sport tito : lrra /dr, tun nr F,t, hdntbntt F,6 erN.
' lto9etq ' \' ' \tr lr lll
l nattti.-tntlie atarat d. ra,tio e ililor fcccttof torlniir.
: : 1 oloc{ ir Lr- ocuin a.
.) cdd,?r c0" trtt.Jr sunete din inter ior uL cuot'ntului t379

isincold - (engl.) s?incotel:
bike < Dt.yclc cu.tsl' < dzltesX
tmcy < /antasy mrko < rrt.rolhone
dormonse < do.mDt t0zse
motorbike < tut .Di.Ycle
motorcade < morotcavr ad e
.l) cd.d,.rea unor sun€tc Ln hqi nuIt. to:itii: S 380

F. <,irningham pran < pe.dmluhto.
au < in&enza
.u ftLdt\afta unui sufir:

nabs< ,arDara nim)- < inmccnl (: I,rostdnac)
.) comprim.Lrea n ai ,nullor cLr r intc. s 381

Anc.ioaradian l: 4noican + electmctrtion : elat,ic executian)
Canadiat) cleeirolie. (: chandclE.)
lmerind (: ,an.ricar + l-did) 'Ie.'ic +.lsu,
Eufasia 1-- t,.ote
Bakerloo : rakdrst|ecr and $raterloo ro.rnishr (: /o.,.;een zi,,n,sl
lU nder ar odnd ailw ,r r l
r,\rr,anr.
o-'"""i:,r"'-"i"4si,i;'"' ffi:: i' ; "fij;.:;"1',1il,
motol 't I Nta'
r,'iii"r.-.."" ,'-',"t. Ln;.1.t "nsi"''
-iibockeN) radd (:.adio detertiorand.anging)
4l Attsmaffle tonatift lCrddotrcn, Xlutatian Unpl'subst0nlivP sa $ ]cz
, 1 F o s p b , . ce a l r ; p a r l i d" n r b i r e ( a d j c " r i v e . P r b c . r . ) p r r n m o d i l i . a r " r unui
.Lnpl \o.nli. n"Jian tl at I GratJ,ttiorJ.nsalita ad nu d" lrodili.ari con-
sonantice ale terminaliei ;i cu evenbualaadiugare a unui sufix:1
Substantie Verb S bstantie Adjcctir
brcath io lreathe breaitth - broad
c.lotl - to clolhe depth - deep
length -long
{idth wide
young - }ouih
'(Vezi ti s 22r'11
5) Abrovier0a ( Abbrceiation . -l|[ult mai f.ecvent declt ln limba romend $ 383
se intrebuintoazn in limba engiezdabrevierea, adicd reducereaunor cuvinte
la inilialele lor:
T\', torol,'on n RC. Bfirish roailcaiing.orporarion, s'1" I pounJs
{hi inc. . ; en. et - oc. r Doir. ardt . rn N. B. , nola b"n"), & P. i. l = posrdrit 'l'. l hP
r, . P. Lr. ld. ncril Po: r OirirF. , d BA. I Dlch"lor o Ar. . ), m lLSc. (-\ rdslrroI
\ , , ip" . i a c. l . Ccncrdl Pr; cli ioon" rdof lor, npdr. prarU. . 1 mpJi. i. d g ' D ' f dn.
. d, M. P. -u(; r, "r ol ldt l, anFr', , ao NCO I - Non."dr^ nan: ssiol"J Oui. "r'. awqAF
, -rnen, b r ot rh" \ \ ' o r " n s A r\ 't iar\ . \ i. I or", , U. S. r. H. ( nro" of lhp So\ i. l io idlnl
kebunlicar. t 5\ , I rilql 5ldl. s i f Ampri. a, , l\ OI I nilpd \ aLi. n5 Oryuni/ alionl,
q' i nlin drd ll' r l O r g J n ' z J io1) pl' .
I NEsco , Lr. rt Ld N o : Edursrional,
' t '
UNICEF iunitcd Nations International Child.etr's Xme.gency Fund), etc.
I A"pisll mulna_"FJpnr''l n: ll, '

f s. J I , , . , ", ribf J. snlrl, d4 'dF. 'rf d1'h
, e. bJn. Loglli-. \ irdl', rd ZrD"; n
. t . i. . hr1ut- bJn lo". a, lo. d1; d rrl t , rt ' ',.rl
1. JU- "r'
ji . . mrt rrj. l : T. c. tn "drl.
MOR OLOGIA _ SUBSTANTTiUL
B. SCHl\lll-\Rli--\ c'\TllcoRlEl Gli.l\iATlcALE

.rr lsj
ico\vllRSlo\)
i le ri''irdc c'I'
rn,lcsubsla r:ll Il'ltl:,1:1"";"lii1ll'li];l.liili
, 0""',inl:'l,"1i1"'ll
J 3q(i ' '
:'Jiiiil;T;";^
""*'''
' ' . u ,^, " ii,.,, ,-. i:i- '
1' ill:;,' lil'
"'ii'i 4.,"''"'
T'"J;l'"'**i?f;:-'xi'ffi
'1"'*'11"
i';',.,,;1il"i.,,'#g
' iix;"; i',;;X",
Tii',;:::,(:1",tr"i1'J:i"l1x"'ill'i"lilLT*
1\e2; i S tio-t601
s 3s7 ihe {c.u-".tl ihe k'lost'g

th .i r trtsl . - L th e l rvrn s
a blildtng Jh e I rso rn S
handw.rung i n e rl c'tsa \ d
l l ,e L l cra rtt L tL r l i i rn rr
a rrrltng l l tr u rt'mp ro Jco
A ldrmng h ,r L n ['n i ]+,1
l h e u n kn o { n l l 'c sti rth e n
ln] \tashing
s 388 ,
.3 lse
i rst
lonn l .i 'd .
S e89 Pc rbtt
. 'turr J o';n'{ : llFh' i"r::.|:'"
" iI.l "'i:il"*
i'l'"*,,, " " "iitr ^'0""n
i"'r'-., r,"" rl ii i'l ,iliil
i rorl
lin t roat). a "l "t;"-e.:
shot aL' a sw u :iu-;Ji,i,Hill,'1. : "",l:ill
t' t tl"''"* 0".
::ll:'"'#l.q:îljxl'v"';""f,:u',?:",inn,Xti'i;
^ 1
,;;;:":.Jl,....-,.
l'i'r,"., i; " ,"/i j''l
' ''i{*; ' ' "'
tonorro$'l
tiivc me {: ring ne^w)
Tn 'r ' r$
";'g
v mo rr So o l Po a
'd J n d
l l L -s o "l f is d n o l d
''e r'
coni n c l i L ' artLc oL
S 3'J0 ttl.t etbt:, prtpozir'ii'
.. ,t,. L",t , Lpean.t
. .. lil:*';"": "i "J::,
: r ''' to''
i l ,'1,',i,,l i , ' i l ' " ' ''
" '' i';t"lll,tli*"y'li.l'""i5ri."*,1'i
" r " ' a'*:{lr
" 'il 11;''
;:'l::', .:'i,f"l",""'Ji".'r'lti'e'"\'ilj
,'.,,,;:J:;=",;:,llll"t:.t1,fit
'i;,;,';:j,,;iI r:i'-;'yij l':i:lli;'ni' i};;'l'
-
" ;:,;,; "il., 't't"t
,f,"i:T {,:',i,,1,," r .,,
$ 3e1
the ntss ot th. sf.D.Dt
il,c n ,i or tr. cirrs
{ nzr, ol surp.ise
{ ,.E L oi g.aiihd the .u sre o1 silk
ihe Da.: ol l]ii,s the srtsl ol ihc b.oom
ihe .ntt oi bids i,he rt.f ot swdlows
the clarg ol buses tlie rrrf of coi$'hcfls
Lltt ble'rl oI thc Soviet ea.th satcllilc
n) cu adnugarea ilerei s. mirca pluralului: s 392
s 393
(Ve i ri $ 127)
fo tra tn -iry s :t94

..omiqs and soinjjs eamings lilings
gol4gs emplyrnss
roogDSs sarrnSs
sunclndhgs takinAs
$4nnrngs
(Ve,i qi 1?6)
$ 395
in lwo rMs
to waur on all /or.s
to lnle si@3 n eloves.
the I'ghts to be at rt € dd 64eas
to dressup li tle Dtnes la ].)
( \ i e z i fi S 1 2 1 6 , 2 6 4 )
s 396
one's ttdr and d6rik3
the slolls (sau s/'dlrsJ ol momlity
a.lNetbe, conj unclit, prepozilti s 397

thc dyes and nocs (in Pa.liamenl.) the tns and o&& ol the case
lh" /od. f, d rh u/,ys ot lh. nd'l f r1p1rc" .r-d .oru
Ii" tr. ard,rl" lrr.,rs ald d.,,s i n on. s lilp
II t/s and a6r were pots and tans there'd bc {o need fo. tinL-"N.
\lc didn'|. knorv \cr t&ereaboutt and couldn't loNard your lette.-
c, cu modiiicarea cc€ntului insotiti uneori si de rnodificareaoneticd g 398

respdl.n'e), ubsta ivele iind accentuitepe prima s abe,verbelepe a doua "
( s 2215).
I Semnalsonor caracteristicprinului satclit sovielie.
t l:t.t.. y a 4 d s - l t r o d \ l p , n p r t , 1 6 r r | a r ' L r .,p, t \ r t r r,t;dr .= a r t i -
. o r . d . . a l i a l i i r r r o d r : r " r . = L t i t h " A : A h t s \ z i p l g . 6 ' . n o a 2 : , i .. p a " r .usttuo
luat{ ourttd dupii or.t 11 a.m.
3aD
E8M
.{ 399
C. CONIPLINJ]REA
icoMPOSITIO\)
L rrn p ro "d -u d p In rr' rF u tr\irrlF l{ lu :'rr' frp ' F r'l

'r r i'r P
,'ir '',,i" ii i" ,r '" ".i;J . ii;" ';'r , ,,,d ,'ir'" d 4 " u :' 'r n " i " 'u r r r
.^ 'r.i', a i, " "ll'lr r 'L r\irr' r^ r' F l'n r"r"l-
r i n i r i ''r ' a r" itlr; in
, , . ; l ; i ; ; . ; ; 1 ". '"i . '. ", - 'i , 'F n a , r r ' r e j . r - r 'r i "
sin g rrr fu Ii"l,:
ln a|cst nr od sc Pot for nr a sr bslar r l;ve lir :

.dr ,*i. \tr I'\r ,: ,r r ,t. .,:r Lo ...r r l:'r '.'uL r lur " _ r toer n' j r plar E'
t" i;,1'';;.1'
"r,il:'l:l:'i,r,i- " -
' :;i:ll",'iii;:l
" llL j t"i,iiiil,"''"i;;l,l
;; i'r;,i".:,
:";l;;r.;,
'f;, 'l',;i
;;.":q;i1;i'":r1,':;;;;'i:,;r;ii,ir,l'; t,,
rpan" :iro L'boar'
" ",ili,llliiii'.,)"',lll'li;'":1il:"il1l:l::
'il;-b, 'jIhou'i
'""':ri:i;;:ll"l;;;'* iillriliiii;l
i;':iliilir,")il "h''
lfi?i
",'ill,.,,ft.
""""iiiil;i*:r;,::ttllli,'titi',';ui
-' 'i*1' " ri,; ll'J,i,l;iii rltliil;i'"ll"ii';*Jli;":l
,"1.
i,; l',:,:, l;;,'i,,
liilii.iii";"i''il$"::":,il''iii:i;'i")"tii.""i;ii";.
i ;,t,,r'..
earer'and-
doiu:aro'outer'
''"u;;,1n,';;,,.',:,];1.' i' ' ' i,,,n:l;.i::lii:,i1.,;l"i'r.
l"i;)oi.ii',1, ii,'i;
-'.'"1,:l.l ;,1 .:1\l;i:':''i'.','rf, 'il:"1't'
l;ll;1;1,
o n o n 'r r n l '€ o : o \ $ n \.
,',",
I tr p r l '. Ii r 'g P 0
'l
loiniod. \rhizlbaDg, lc i
\ {00
;, itilfrlfii'i;L,r'*,ii;
.;=i' lr'i,r',:"'":"":i
Creareasubslanti'elor derirate sru
(ionrpuse ite astizi tot at'ii de pr'r-
personal'
(luctir:i ca i in tr,:,:ut. cont"'o'rinrl i^ i"""i"'*a unui stil fdarlc
iis\ii:,l.;,i;,i',r;-''iiliiiirli a" pit*"* trrntitodrere uri resinte,.enpre
itl -q p e li:
,,is,.durn.ss, lll: ij:iliillil:\,,u.".*
iii'""'ii1,,"i,",iii"'i'"1'-'t"'"
;l"J,ii1'l-3,j11f.i1,,1'ir"l''"'u'
1,
l r \,o ' i, .^,,..,r ,, " .' , 4 . , '4 o,- ,. " r
ir ,r |'r,-r ,." - :,,,,,
1i;" ;,| t' ,' I i t.p| b\ ' /, r
liniliir'
'( r vi_n, te i n l f.r l . i n
,l li .$ Io r l P r . a r ' tn , " l Y '
60
_ll.-s0,kc w i r h
a Soodamount o t nea.t f a.lMit .uss.l
-.f'irow6 qrlh utr.p\s t}|at gpt lhF wolk donA.
"B{r o p n o r u'tt.kt
s..' Otrpr mc no objp.rions'f'
' fhe pefisdns ol thc doiag-whate,ondpa-did-and.tpt:rckad it.,t t-ta .I ..t
Substantivo telescopato (po manteaa,Nords). TiDul de cur.tnt numit, €

_ 4Ol
lnlinrba engleze porlnantpauNord.eaxa blpnd.rord un,u'inr ..tclcs.oDat-j?
c.r" n.rFalip arrificiald. oarla sugective dpsaori, arecombinA n mod arbi-
lrar pafte din sunetelegi sensurilea doud cuvinte tegate ntre ele prin lnleles:
l,rurcl I. bFalta.l lun.hJ rus p lnmpr.l . rurh husrtcl
'risrnu€ndo li .snort)
h o r ' l p ' c h u- .- kInsrnua||on suurry ._-s.urtpr+hrfrvr
Innurndor .mog snokp tos,
ngPf - Lon |lSF|) na.k { ' snake shart
motel (: motofisls' hotel) Nlirlicane {: whirhind + huricane)
slithy (: lithe + Btimy)
De fapt, acestextensiv
iou..intrebuinrat, procedeu deinformare
atit a ouvintelor std la baza vocabularului
reclame. cit Ei tntr-rn anumit, gen modern
.1,. il"ratura.
I \. Bert. Cadunt.
I i. LFwis, ,ltotn iktrr.
3 Cuvinte intrate l. liob{.
a N. Twair, op. .t .
5R. Aldinftoil Deoth ol a lterc.
' \ ', oF d a l d p LF$is C; roll r, , . art i ilt pgi, rip irrr, p1. 1. " n , 11, . , ,
Adee wes in Wbnn?lbnd, ThnuFh the 'uvrnt 'lo. , . ir
nniLs.Ck$ ,.t T* Er;ji"s th" i;;;k
"f ;j1;;;;;c
. Hanap's Sttndad F.ench d^d Enst^h
Ditiandr , 1s31t_
ARTICOLI]I,
.\_ 11
i::O\SI]JNR.{TII GI]\JJR.\Ltr .r1l
4at1 9i
''"'r ''i'i, . . .
\ R li( I OL U L SI S I ; B - q T A \ _ T l\ : lll, illjllE ll\ L iL lt S.\ti \I\Itt1Eit, utr, ti ltII , ,,

t,t2
\_ o lr r h 'lJr l
j h.r.n r . t n lr ". 'b i. " ....... t
- l l. ' r l: . lr t
It
L )l ;
I n "i b" , ol l t
\-i. i l rl ZFro. .. ... 4 tt ,t 5
l', r ' ,., 4 i 96
9t
9) -
Pru,, lr ' .. .. 4i11, 9, 1
l- , r D . iilcr li. o lu lr i tolnnr.... ....... 9i
/ r n "i B "vr l 9l
t i. r n r t r . t i\ . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
450 98
451 98
4i2 98
4
( 6'lt: ? 1 0t
100
a iit i00
llP 3 r l, - L.neralr..,......
\'r I Jr-op d, r. ".^ . .,. ,'n 1" , 46ii 1a0
.\r . )r, f i+oir'i . ; | . J " r i l r .... ..
ge.;r. rr... ... .. 43|l 103
\ '| n , 1 " l, - r / i. I r , J"i. . , . . . 4tt 10,'
\ u r n e le de zilo , u li, a'rnr '.
i. n r o t it n p ur i, ir b r ''io r i .....................,..
' .l 'b it u "
NrDele olifc_telorde studiu, rlc jocurilo. ii:rle sloflurito. r l iJ 106
51r 1 06
. t '" J t. : ot.,- at-t.; tot ,t........ 51i t0:
\ \ q r JL . L t 1 1911,,1 '11 .. .. .. ... 5t1l 108
F o f n r ii ti rro.unli{e. ... 5 it r l r03
\r,o lr n , d ' r i r l'r r . 'l. l ..,... i: l I r0?
.{rli. l,ilieh.tnftiio1odstru4iroulo.rrddctlurat..........._............
ln lr e h u ; n la r e r r , i"u lr lr i n cb o t d it . . .. . i:5 109
ln r in ica L il. lo r ilo r , n u m e lo r lc lr o r e sii.n p scr ii,n r ; io u lila i, j ........... i:M09
ljulrii lnlintrrc nrc basincss l. theptt i tah ol. tt.e t.l.sst.n .1. the tN.te of a r iJ I r 0 85/609
q1B-
lnrini'. nu'. rrl lo_ t a t t l'ru t n\ t t l t l ^^ r; n: P\

lln
-t
lilill:: "lr i:;ll:,:'ll1: ";,.;;,,,,,:;,,.' ri "l
I o
g,i*;',: 1,;,i.11,,;: ,;,i',i

: ; :, l:.,,l'i';l ; a\ i 1l 1
ihi;';;:;;i;;.; r . b1.
i i n r " . , , . , r ,;l;' r , ' ii,'."" - i r;.1-
r r t"r ;i ' , 4 f .':1.'.lll,"','l'.j,1
'rrIr
' il'i:;li,-,i,.:.,
- /. 5i r
iil
trr
l
iL t
vtvtnt llPs'r^r' ,' -
Ah cntLi tn .arc attiolrt -
_\lllooltl
vL c' c l N s l D E R T l l - q I ' E C IL l l . t s i P t t ' \ A \ l r n ] ' , ( J n i:li I til
.,,1g,n"t ' * iir'.r 1l n
-
. " t r . r a , . , i * , . " r d r r "n,: l i r l r "r 'r r r lr r ''
r i ' n , , 1 " l" t . r ' ', ' l d r 'l i' '
iiiim"re oc mrsri
Airilritul ti arli.dlele -idt r14
Rctrctnrca dninuhri -
lli)
tl.CAZURI l N c-{RE ,\llrl(x)LLl' ] ll'sDfrll '
ii, ti5
emli g. nFr''l' _ : t6 t llr
snlxr,nli{FlL
SoisianlirFlL lnte]|s gcneral. . .
5
sul, st . 'nli\ " 1"
AtE cazLti itu.orc dtti'o'i riPs'fr' - '
.1T iT I C O L U L
(T]lFrATiTICLE)
I. CO\SIDERATII CE]{ER-. ,IJ
l) I)cfi ilie. - lrticolul este url instrum€rl|. granatjcal care serve,ite. S 11)f
i r lri,rcipul. a indiridrlalizalea.obiectelor'asuprairora se oprcEie 1,cn1ia
\,,r1)itol.r]luialrscriitonrlui. obiccte rlonunrile,Ire plan gramal.iral. u a.ir
t rul substantirului nlolit sau ru d. artrfot.
2) Fon i, Grdnatica englezi are .toali arlicolel: .10;i
arti(olLrlhotArit the
a.t;colulnPlotdrit a sau nn
,E l,ca.rr'.s u rins
,,. JcaN ra id.a
:l) {lrratteristiti. - Spro rlcoseb;e de limlia |orrrini, ilr limba enqlezn { 101
lr'i. . lFlF. int t ht l; t ; . . . , r f lr'. , u\ i' t p clc pm. pda. , rh. rh, , t i\ at p t a, . irp t.
' . nlr'. l5r, H {a e In : Fnarp,
"rli. olpla nu, in' a. . . nt , ra'. :
'^rt . rr 'l'.
,/E h.urs a .nild
t/r llnro lr-"nn lolntriN dn able rn u
lVezj insii 5 41, 0. la )
4) Fur{,tii. - .{ icolul ru stn sjngur; ci Insolelte tntotdeauna u. sub $ 40;

ilantiv -qu un eehivalent,al acestuie, apL pontru care unii grarnaticieni il
ItnFniera o partjculn.
,Obieclele cxiste le se imp8rt, in doun categorii: drlirrtt. (adici specifi
.atc. in.livjdualizatc) tarl nuiefinit e.
d.) Defini.r(a obieetelor. adicd indiaidaLl.izare /or. se lace cu ajutorul S 106
arti(,olufui hotdrit, the (the l)efinit. Arlnl?). erc sril pe lingi snbsl,antivele
,.c ]e ddrumesc ..i al cdrui rol €ste de a scnrnala faptul ci obiectul in cauzn
,,.te snu ra fi cunoscut.
Thc,acest
rtenuat. care la origin€
nlcles. tnsemna
lmpr€u'ri cu lhis, that.corespunznt
irrncliile tht:se. /os.. are
ai the
pistreazi tnci.
poate lnsoli S 107
iird r,{ rslan r.l?. nunerabiie sau ncnunre.abile.ai.lt }a s; qular cit Ei 1eplural.
ir i,,n.,liede conte\l:
l)J r.slul substanlirelor. dic{ acelea are dc,runlescobieitele, n€defi- \ 408
ni1.. ncnldirnlualjzale, sillt insotite de xrticohrl ncholl\tlt (thc In.lrfi it (
-l//nt.,/. .\cest,Rrtjcli ri sau an, crre lnsemna a origine one, adici unitttca,
nu poate deci insolri le.iii, orma de singrlar a unui subst&ntiwnedefidt.. ,\,ra, .s +{)g
iiar p.n1r|r oo.a (lc plural orespunzil,oue cer;stiDd n litoouil.or osibil,
.
d&ra dal
care.unrele
ips4r/r.de artieol
Lipsa zero :rriicolului
a(ieaslaesfc tot atitr,areaf trcbui s^ca
de ilnporl.anli c\istc in acelunlli
si prezenla loc. S tl $
arlicol. deoarece n are functii distincie qi holiriloare. (Vezi S 429).
-{rtifolul neh.rtniil nu i sot€tte ]l;r;o(latn substantivele nenunerabilc.
r l]rii grarnati.j.ni .onsnl€ri irindr I hol,'rril ca p. r^ anirit. itr articolut ncho-

1: rii (ii lt un al; . 7rit nelnnntit lr.zi llF Can i.a ArfdnJ Didiaharr, a, sn, t\e).
91
lI. tRl tr,||LI-l
411
'''' i:l'l;i\\lf,;ilil3n,\*li'''''
qcncrxli
s 4 19 Il.cul:i p o . l ri " l" '" 'r ; -t t
<. , t . n n t ; r 'pr-'"r
, , r' , , r' rr; J rV
n'n ''r'"ru' -''' '
i:i#:; i
:,,t.t.,"ti- ,1
' "i::i
tut1r tr ' to1 tP t \ \t
I'
'.
'" I r "0
iiililffi;i pi.,""i. "t primi 'r singurar

'
.i i I .in ,,l.r ' nt n l
artic,rtul holirii'
s L-
c,qtc ntrcbuinlil r. rr. r. r' t , \ i , i / / r r l rt Ji i L l -:
+lJ I) .\rticotul drotirit
st ' rn l v l n r nD l L ru a i t c t \ :
,'l lr"rrl)ai'sn fib'r ili

i rl ro*t.\1.
,ll | 2 1 \ u h ' l n n l i \ Pl o n u mcrch i l c ' r' J '
I ' n r : ' r ; ra u nebotirit - d.rcn ru nu 'Ln
"" ."airl.,:i" ,'" I
" ;. ' , , " " " ;"
alt, determina :3
i '
"ohr - . , ' r . b l l . r _ : i . . 1, ; I ' , . , e r r . ,x .- ..,r - , , r r r ".,' -
; , : i : ) , . ; i j : ""11 " ; , i " r i j " , , ' , , , ' : ;li "i ;I .I ,; 1
) ' i .i"i. .o ltoLL'e,
, , h I"a$i' "r",:.)
,,. ' '1;J,:i,l;in',,u,
," .0"',','"ll:.'l
l''l; '-l',;,' .'' ' ,
" ' ," ";,i,";it:;;',"o Lr
or,,,'f':i:;"
i; ,,;.;,i;,1.;,r"
I""r.'r ;"";in"r'"
:,"1,;r'i,'-,i
1 :,:
1'r'i'
iiililll,"l:l;rll,]'";l'lir:,"
e.,slez:i:
-"""[i i:1"",1'i;. romini in conLrastu cea
ron sre ei,r,.,
m ull
.' rsrc
li liil: "Tjiltt:l.ltl: Ji'T'i":'iTflli,fL:i;""i" i,xl.,lx
siendLurr
.de lin m ai
i, , t oit . : .'rl' : " . " , -. . , " . iur. , . , " : ia, : r' , " I ' r" ' dl' rr
. . . r" . , , . . i.
. ' t " pliii rt " " ard rdt rL rrr" rir'
Con(fluzic: tc-\tul rL'nnn'sr' -\'rrarai rtiule nthatdti't

Nici wr articol nclLatnnl o 1oi
l t e\ t ul erglez e: c -
4li:
$ {1(i Fx i: , pt ii l: i rt E rrlt i l,
s ,117 Iloll' a rvlLisltr indôttr' Lrl isi:
Ca0l;, is ( 1hP' dniDor
r cinll
q,118 / , ) sL ru , Li l rrrL +t P:
q l n d _ l o ' r' Pr' '
v' t n t , t ' I t ' t s re b rt l '
" . , ' , ' ' , \ r"

i ; i j " ; : : l : 1n l"o l:l ''' ldl1.lo' ;t l ;rPrr' r, "ru 'r n i '
i i , ' t rn l s
"i ""t -, i ' ' " '
r \'r..rjl \ .l '""
' tr'" .ltr .L^-:":',']j - ,, , ,. r'r " :

r | .nr r Lr I' clr niir an ' . \ 7t i
i 4.,h.' l : {t'd Lorl
-" '
'i
CONSDERATII CENEE{LE 96
3) La pluml, substantieele mcrubilc Nl nu p mcsc articol nehotirlt: S 419

\r{tctres nou.s
) -"nN idcajj
4) Substa ilele nonnmcrabilof:ll nu au, in mod normal, nioi plural S 420

li iici articol nehotdrit,:
'l .rseeianP
otr can'i. lileis .ll
a $ea1,
liinds qnaljtv.
bl D6t..
airrw is a n r e l a l .
jldis .Dsalle to man.
-{tr-is
Ci. The atl in rhis room is nesh.
5) Concluzie. DiD cete erpuse pinil a;ci reies clteva reguti de bazd: S 421
dl dacd un subst antiv este numertrbil, deci are plural el 1'a alea li sin 42P
gular. care poale i preced.at. (trt[.olnl u)lntdrit.Arl,ico]ulu; ehotirii {asau an) "s
ile la singutar ii c;rcspunde al)stnltr artical tnir la pl:UJa\.
I -pr.
J. 11. r, l ' 0 " - , h o o l , Jo. g g " l ( 6 , ori, '. our.
I ^\ . . I
Lizs \ere s$arn' rg our iirFr rfr
Substantivele numerabile au ariicolul hoLdrit, he atlt la Bingular,cit $i S 'tP3
la phral:
I s j . 1 4 ' 1 o . . 3 , i r r \ " - / / l ' . r ' ' ' o. '
{ pr. T n " L " 1 . s " all ;. g ro \ io. Ll d o . , ro $2, , , . / / , 1. . ' - 4 r ' . 4 T4t s
I Tabnanent Fitn s.
D) Substantiv€lenelrumerabile adici abslraclii]e. uneie de mat€di S '124
sj de nase, precum ii substartivele nsi]rlilale cu acestea nu au plural si
deci nu pof avea decit,o si.nlurd a nd. cen dc sirg&ldr" . fdrii articol ichotdrii.
Piirnesc nsi articolul hotirli, liir tn iunotio de contefl:
\o oDc could
linos'ledEel lislire $iurout
success asnotr.
sn.r^d bv the -nress.
,Ue@l1 t,N Urc maiistar ol his diel,. '
The tuat yon sent ne was deliaious.
c, Lnel{, substartive nenumerabile por de\eLi nune tbilc jn lurclie de i 42 ;
j teni,.ia vorbitorului
i sint tra1,a1,c a atare ( S 30).
J l D q i u n j j a , , t n r j i n d j r , a ' l j a c t i v u l n e h o t n r l t rorrc ca p l u r a l a l a r l i c o - g { 26
l u l u i n a b o , . r i l l i f . d d " s r u i a l s nluflts n,r ar, .{d r o,plJ.i 1-relp.,a "n/nr
d p . i I n l o r r i r . d l ^ rp"ipro., n u sp porr. id, p i n o J t " s i r n a l i i l . , . h r d
-"i
r n r . l r . u l u i r d j e , r ; \ L l u i .or,,. fiird mri r..tr:nFd d p i i t 0 r i F 1 a cL,ntri sr.;ru
l u l u i .Ie h
s o. t i r Ii t :.dN d b ' b v t l J l i s r l h e p a r r .
{ , I Tl @- {p " a ,d /i " , I d \'r,t ', n ,r Dd r
I r' I :,.r .ili\. o . b i d s r'J.v,n; - r h d rrJrk.
III. LIPSA An l.IC OLIr-LtiI s4 7

Lifsa:trti{rolului €ste ot atit de imporlanti ca lsiprezenla ui. Pleclnd de
la acest Dunct de vedere. sramatica moderni stabileste tr€i sit uatii dis-
lir."l' ;;num":..ot,Ltttnris.,:'ntutu;'. ur ;.uldt:"ta: si it"ti.t,nld orti-
1) OrDisiuned ieolului esl,c eliberaii. Ea nu lnseamnd ncelcarea egu, { 42 E

l r l r r 0 1 " r ; . a ' a i t l p , i n i n i o 1 r p : " . , 1 . ]r i n , a t i r i l a . r i r . u m a id o r i n l a d e i s o
|ealiza o tortcizie, care o bline edeseori, pa de o parte efecte stilistioe
r : a r l i . r o l u lZ EITO
:1.r€h Ol. 1:ezi 5 6.9.
.st. Cc talrL otna conlund S t-irs), cuc sc comt)orli1 a nn singdar.
3 n , . r i , r o l u l fro 1 i 1 , , 15 4: 1.
'o )"j'^:i:l:r'i"ill'"'t:l'l:li
"tii irri'{{rui :il;;l:"1'1,;' :i"
l,ItI ll'lriil'il ,,1l. ;"i:l il :,1; :lllilt'l
i':;i"i;i1,
, ,," ';:":iil:ii:li
,.,";;,1);';il,'ii'"lliii: ", iq c.,,,,n1:,:,:tit:t;l,t;':l
,:1,j,:;r.,'J,:;: lil'l,ll:'i'i; "
, , . 'r . , '', t , ', "l,,ll'"lii';'; ". d . - ^- i 'u '' i '. . ^r , , r
, , , ": r , . r - r
', u : i 'j , l j ; : T l i i i : l ; ; : , i l
,ll,r
'. l" illtli'1,,r rli,;i1 '- i
.,1
. ,., " " ,"1:,;'^;:y::;:;l:li"-,i"-;
' '" ::i,;iiii:ii'tiixl '";;:;;:':r,,'r;l;"'i
ilj;;ii,; " '
p r 'r ''. a r "':
' J ' ,d , ;/l ', , : 1 , "', i , ,
L.:,;: .;ir.
,/ subslanrn'€h
{1.11';ilJi$l'l'lToi .hina..,"._
I t i k. t o d rn ' rr - 1 _ rrj ^
. . n rrt . .
L,L'-n'| ,LLr"i
,,,.rj
\r,,."r,J r,i ,,,r,,r,,i
"/. ^l
;ii:ilfii:ll.lji:'l:;il :i J " : t f i l "'f,, i l 'fi ,;',.,
"-' lr;-';)li';l':;.;,""11;11;;;;;"rl;
t i "t "t a . P\ l ' r J rn(
r' in'ri'
nudcie nitdi'l'ltc lrLr
' ' ' """' ' "
"""'.l,txttItll';
"'
, . . . i . ; , ", l : ; ": , . ; ; ill,ii;i''*""'

j r l 'l i ": r "i t h
'i u
. ..:, . i - h, r "r , , i , ', 'i r ", , - . : , , , , r u
r,:;lll".riii;i::i;;i,i:r,rli::l ' l''
,';r:;i,';;1:l;i:i ; : r ; : l i " : ; 1 i "
i ; ' : ' 1 /
iiii,rl*lii,rt,'ir':r;rr':l"lir
:;'.i.]:lil,lf
, ,,, ,liii:lii,;;,1:ll:,lil,':"1'iilil';Il":l1 ll , .,"
,,''"", i::ri:l;::i;til;:l':
' l",i:,1;:lilittr.,lil":ll"'ll:;
'll;iiii;"*,':'j'''',llil::''lr'll';:"'l
i;lrll;ilili
'1":l ; " h"" "r "' 4etf '
(; rt at t . oit ait L ' f s lii' ' t nrrr' f l
' iii' ' l' - Lont t ot ' ' t at t rihs t t it t t
n' t t ' t nt t t
, , , 1, 1l. ' i'^"""'p-p' i'
'" ,,,,,,i",,1
r 1'-,'
";"'r"r'1, "'"t: .''ll :l'ill;':'" . '
s *' ,,,,",,llll.',1:i::
:ll':':'i"',=, , , ,--. ,, , ,
ill'l'll'i"":'r'
* '* '',iif.';i"i"'
', , i i ; i : ": '-'"
; : j l 1',
''"j:;i ';:i":i:i::1.
: l; l'l: i;'; : ',|i'l',,'*"'u"'u'ir'
: l , i l ": l l i : L'
s'o',,;,,pi,i l-)il:ll:,":l:"lllll"" ri(L;f'
in mnL'n riirir "nlrltidt
-T"i"'u"t"i-tu'"uu'ri 7'tu csle o rart 'Pufritrli
,:'il;.i',*il"l'll.i,n"ir.i,,i 'i rtinrJ
ri.r,",,,qr-:,r.. .r' xn.rmati.rr'
AiTICOLUL IIOTAR T 97
IY. ARTICOLULrOTi.NIT s .13

(TEtr DXTINITD ANflCLE)
1) tr'ormi,. Articolul hotdrit 6ste he' nva abil in sdis, indilerent

de S 438
gen' numar sau cazi
'& ti9l tle boys
,,',2 aeach&'s address
t/ia houses we vrsiled
rnP '$o g i r l s
f / r " p r i ze s w e r e g i . n o l & b n y r n d
I h P t sa w r/P r o $ n i n r l 4 d r r r d n i F
2 ) ProDunlio. Arli' olul lft' 5o pronJnri: s 4e

i t LoiN t i , o n C / , f , ] 1 forma rarprr ' ind rsLe o'fenrual sau clnd
36 s 44
' The delinite article rs "tle"
Is
l E slhe
o 'tnc"
Pl . P lSliaw?'
ebarl 5l,aw:)
is hF "dt, 'p".iari:r i1 l n m d l o l 0 g Jr
b) lbtti (;NanS arn - forma i,are) sNtl6r) (acak form - forma slabd)r $441
ln.int€a unei v o c a l es a u a u n u r , m u l ' :
,tu c{Ith ,fte hour
,tu jnn ,h? hei
. J f b , l , t 6 l . t o r m "' l a b e . l n a i n r p a u D A ic o n j ' a n F
cau a unui ft aspiraf $ 442
.i s e "i i "6 "i t "to | " * t r i [ i ] . a'imihre c u c o n s o a n o l e 5 :
"
FUNCTIII,E ARTICOLULUI IIOTiRIT 41

coNstDtrRATtr XNXX'AIX
lr llomonslrBtiY. Arli'o1ul tfre l& origine adjr'iv
demonsLraliv s 441
u 4 u rd e m o n _
t - tiLs hnt.th,s.,thnser,peslr€azaqia'l6zivoloArFs,sLenu0li
strati\', a'ind u n e o r i h i a r :i fun' i0 o c e s t u i a :
rtu (- t h i s aomoni.
lr.
M n nsv'iuslw
h a D D vh a
F ltu munt
€ o l sr
r t u { = i h r sl d dy
il;îT" ""lll1"'"'"j'*' l'li'J,''',i;;

u s" d ca r Jn d d'"do a l t h ? I rha r "',
p r r ce
I t sa s
(":h:T:il
^
"4' ,*tidj"ii,"$T."ifi -'J;'".", r hea,irhem.
2) funotii. - Articolul hoidrit va insoli aiadar subsiant'ivele
care de' $ 44
""t T i anum;t, "q n o t "u t p , l i e n a m b i a n l a 1 n ' €ro s a € f l ; o b i c c t e l e ' s 44

"O'*'"
t'" J/Û"'"i" u n ' u . i o " sau psrti'ularizste p r i n d ' rermiaanti6 ri aLribule:
-'i.# ,"" to..a acccntnateomo si"il (0I)esie ormaneaccentnale
"r"
of.::srLb
;lT,,i;' :.''i1,,' n,r,r.t" . h u , ". t p ; , . t "a n . . h n t u c . , , a , : f a r "r "
""':fi.ll.:r':r':X;;;l:":T';1"/'f';b,""'j;"'.,"""i"'::: ",hf;:ti;oj"j:;".,,-,,.
$ 44
$ 41
i scm l \ . 1 ' l l { l r ' d i l l i n i l i a l i i r r ' - r vr n l
'
- '"r;;;l)i;;,ii;;l;": '::;1..,,:l;1,
l,i:1i,r1r,""1.9;:ili',il;:i.'
"
9 8M
S 44t DJ lrnir.rtr, irdeo'ostecunoscut€:

'l /M dror js shxt. brt. rl, rindo,s are o|len-
Turn ofl lnc /ddto and h,rn on /F TVJ
P\i ott tlte ishtr, llcasel We dor'I. sdl wastc l,crr.
Are vou coine to lctah llte .hitd tuom scliooll
Iak€",/F i: ilis) pastcdnt o thr post-office,herc's a good girl]
Thdnk
1 you forchcss:
mertioned tnc aunitioa.
he was I\I.olieieDt
h{\\e the
in h;fi tdpe1, )eac.
,nc sdtu,.
The pi.ttta an ,i. ,@ll fte his own.
The hishlishls al tlt $ech's
ln Engtaud, caN drire on . Lt and pass on t@ ristu.
1'lE c.smos is a wcll-orde..d syslcm.
Atenlie
$ 450 3 ) ,q.dvorb. Th. est.. ar t.ical hotdrlt trumai clnd sti p e ltD-qi un subs an-
tiv; clnd lnsd insolelte un ddjectir sau un adrerh, )^ qradul compdrati\. sau
sup$laliv in speojal cind sint doun adjective sau adv€rbe corelate traduse
prin..cu cit..., cu atlt.. .t .", lhe esLed d p d . r :
th ].tu'P,' h r " " r t\d\Ffb
He lias had a rcsl atrd eirtsd,. r.fu. ({or l.). -A.dverl) -
'1,..,at.g.rt p , l , i l ' 1 , / / '
3 . , o , ...ar., .\dr rb,
( l r " ) i l o - n F d b " " 6 (,t,") 1.,,,aat, î.\ s 4,r", n o s l . (\d\erb)
Zfu eslc tnsd articol cind precedi un superlativ clativ + substaniitul
erprimat,sau subinleles, eoarece,n acestcaz, el determin[ subst&ntitul.
(Vezi S 724).
$ 451 STUDIU CONTR,\STIV

s 452 AIiIICOLUL IIOT-iRIT SI SLTST,4,\?IINJ,I] ABSTIiATTI} SAU COIOIiNTD
Etemple:
o .:t ttl h ,n a '" r' t.l " ,1 " |,5 .-r. r\D5 rri l d i
th .d m" l .a t e -\" a s "
t.kb r1 -" p rtr" ,o ,, a .o n u p I'o 1 \a " )
",
O sene de substantive pot fi uneori abstracte, alteori concrete - deir

nu pot sau pot avea arLicol hornrii - tn {unclie d€ inten,tia 1.orbitorului.
S 463 1) Substantivele bed,, r.dl; (: rcc/catle), canp,'Change, church, callc:,,.
coufL ha.rbaur:hotnc, lLaspital, ail, mass, marhet, parL prisan, schaoL,(".
shne, tdble, crm, taen, aork etc., nenumerabile,nu primesc articol (au ndic;
articolul ZBRO) cind lnlelesul lor csLcabstract, deci atunci ci nd ne reterin
la rnlian€4 respectivi:
na Chanee lo leav€ s.l,oo,

lo have been to .ol&sd to lut to sra
to }rine ini,o .orrt l0 sit doivn to rdDl,
to admit into norrn(l

1 0 so l o b F d , o J p , o 16., l o . o r l " g ' , l o , o r'.i u..3"lorr, o". (r'11 t' -
pori.,e. i n o h ^ s p i r a l . o mTL I n r o tor. to p , s o j i l . 10
to town. to uni \crs ,y, to $ork, 11,,
1.(Ab,r.,atorr.)
r r o r , r n l rtr.'r ' ) t
x I n ' a L . h a n p . /or.
t';eh[.J,'i] o n d " i ' 6 r ' . i .:t .
.1..,1) .,,.rr d i n r . u r . l - 'ir n^ d " l d . rr,r,,r
sublnlel{asl /o l'l. "Ee sEnt o theb \orê".] ii ca atuc lac t,]]t din categori'r e s'l '
staltive care , mlrl"url cn o lrcpozilic, au lalo.lle dc adftrbe.
€TICOIVL ttOTARlT 9C
qi\ " r
roliuin b'l, i dlp i -illhTn|n i c''
'olign 'hom" in los_
J .
: i . t o . id l r o , a 1 . ' lool "
To\vn, ira articoi, pe lingn selrsurile e la S 453 S zr55mai l seamni $ 454

rlrul (comercial ]) ornl'.rlur: "i
Shall Nc have ililn.r tr ,oa, todav (- Il ora . la rcstaurnnt satl la chbl? Slo
,i,i1".,i t .to lrsl'onn,"x nor ai'l p i'r 4pi'r 'r '. lo'ui ld in
^, , ( 1 ,' u b u ' h : i . r { " i J d J J u ' la " a d r l on Inar n'
' ttP) ' ta"' 'pdr
: : r or cauedon a lr idal.
Se intrebuirteazl insi ariicolul bolirlt atunci ctnd ne relarim la inlelesul $ 455

.onrret al substa;tirrelor de mai sus dcvenite nurncrabile, la un anumit orag,
, ) alumili F c o a l i c t c . :
TheY lookcd at ,ne ndd: it 'as €nPtY.
|the'coltele slood {t d oossroads.
The lisiciiers n tne.o&r, rcrc not interesled.
'l'he chcmisl.'s was rear t,l" /@3,Dt,2,.
At Doltani,,nd P.tsn h4le€n turned nto a museum.
\Yc salv tne scn d, bciore tts.
, , n . r . J h i b . r r l , ' d n h p s u n i l l dr .
ThpAir ',n r "5ir r i_gd, fr . tabl" uF"lio Ll i r b o o L s .
rle iN sriislicd with r/P eofr in f.p
SIc wcnt ior a $alk outside ft4
Wc were alProaching ,ne ,oaD. 'qa.
Irticolul hotirit se lllttebuinleazi i in urrndLoarele construclii: S 45 6
. r . l-l oubilr s o 'o,io

nr iv' .IrnrsAl i r' rL' .m
,F b o rl'd l o.toyn. r" fri', /n L n i \ F E : ' v r .g o do l"^ nlo ' l P ' o u n L r l : '
/ i 's .l aohi
i o qo i o l l ' " c i l p n i . l h P i ) s t h ' ' o t r ' e r l t / r ' o D ' r d . l,p nr llr s . f t . Iner tr per ''
' ' r b s l J n i i v o . 1 r enur n"sc dGmr ll cdlPgor F a dFl r "lr r "
{n/
s c h o o l . \ d a s ' r r t a d , t , i a a r v s . n o o iw lpr s h " s R ' : . . S l r E p n l i o 4 p ' i 4 u f v
. { o D l n J r s - y , . n d spenl ou" ) P P t .d I s " , { o t l T l ' P ns n p \ P n r 1 oY 4 n 4 o r ^ s t a ^ t \ N n e n
. , n c : n i r h e d r " s - o r l , . u s t o o l , .h" w "nl up lo , , r u r s ' r d n u uc n r f e s t .o r 4 ? u4''?nr .r u
oir r ndFsr { u"Pof,'idl) lsr ulor lhp) RuchuP't nir't'i] ' d r e n t n lr mbT or ''r a
2) Numete ate ,cselar ilei f: meakJurmeazn ccca;i egnl{: (au deci S 458
.lrticolul z€ro):
a noliuneeabstrnoti:
o) nu sini articulalecind ne relerim
,.€dftlast is nY talourite neal-
Cone to lrtul tomorow
? d h ai live todaY.
lThe) dtaDe. is seNed
\Yon L rou shv lor sll?ef ,
iiai.,l. in; * g.y'ano r har lv ds u ' d i w l d ' : l h e n d l ' r q $ i r h h P f noa?
"*
,) Cind ins{ noliunea esto concret5, substantivul poate alea ambele S 45 9
articoie devine numerabil, adic:i ore li plural:
""i
S[e put rh" rrd^/nsl nn lhF t8blc-
i i , i " , l./c
'e l ch
, "kd
, ,. sPlre'Js.l
n j 'o'J- .r "h d r i c ' t'a'l' r oo:
Comc on. vou \iilj Pnlov rn€ dniM'.
\\:c sold a"l,,rndFJ 'r*i to t, and Ivo I'undretl e," todaJ.
L\ t . . i d, ". rbinlr"r. lln: t ast d 4t rt . : t J:

- d arlr. : b La r , rr: r. r. : t : j \ L
. rr on, - , 1, , r . 'r / / i. d c l r o i , r"l
'lt
pr"l"rTl1. md Jl
"
l'
(\ ezi U.H. I{illils et alia or' .t , p. 68 J
j \'e,i
ii S i'rs.
100
460 c/ In acceafi cateeorie f6, inlrn si urnitoarele substantive, care Do-

ereu plurnl 5i ori,are dir , " l e doud rrri..lp. d€r
" u o noditi, r. sem"r,ti,
alun"i " l r d serelera d o iDt r tir la n , s F" .o p, rrFrarc.t...
./i"n". .parryr ait n sr-.
Il:"y .g"u" "
0 arcarsurcess.
Helen has iccn 10 r@ dtra,,s this we.k.
,161 W€ had d lovely ancl at a Sohor estau.aDr.

l) ItlijLoacele le Lacomolie. Aceeaqi uzanli este urmai,e si ln cazul
verbelor lo gor o camq to learej o lrarcl. urmate de prepozilia ,y (: ron. cu),
care precedi, fird artirol hotArit. noliunca fiind abstra;rn, numele mijloacetor
de locomotie ca bicuclc, bike, boet, bus, &r, ptane, taxi, train, tubi, und.er.
graund eLc.
I sent tho Ddcel Dz dt.
. ThJ lpf'IorLoDdnl;rr.,,/J". rJ" . In. bov sqoinFryn,/,.bi6.pto joi . rh-m,
an(l 1no gr.l ,lr d. nrh som lr.nds
Go by anderyNlnd to "Piccedilly Cittus I'
. Spunemnsa, htrebuin_ttnd repoziliite n, l,n + articotut hotirlt cind

nolrunea este conoet5:
Sh" looL , 1 " /,rp to O\1,'r L:r rs
I/." Lodl r r . r i, r in
We had lunch aL th. - tnin.
Thde was onty stn.ding room tD ,nd rd;n.
'fie.e \ras lo one we k.ew on ris ,ldae.
I *as on tLe bus whcn you got in .
169 4) SubstantiTolo abshacle slnt articulato atunci cilrd, conform resulij
de la 455, numesc ,obierte' anumitq cunoscutc, mentionate ant€rior"sau
particularizate prin determinanti3:
Hs prafa.pd pcansidpt:t; th" p.p,n. and tbF suqsestio was ac.eoted.
T l'n u jh vo,ns. lJs ih . sr F d n m r n ot.] s; i. .
Srr rdd lhD good '" sen$ ol \ . . : . s lh"te jt r d ir F o / 'o , . . . i, r i"D .
?he lile. oocurftd to t.im thdl ties night ldre dn ovtins_
s 1(i3 AX,TICOLUL EOT-iN,II SI NO]INLB PROPRTI

ldl
Rogul[ ge[erald
Numele proprii cu formi de singulor,prin faprul
un J n,plnr up,...0u rin,rs.a rt i , o l , . tt o t a rr. . , " . . . " r cd
i n Jreprezintn
i " n fu a
4cs.mnr un bnumrl n\pmDL t J;htr o.rt. or: . rVe?i S , iJJ InF\i.r.nta
articolului)-
Numele p r o p r ii ift t /J I n ss r y- ' , r u l d. t.t,i,t,dt.. \ i d p "i primp..
. t t t i'o Ju l h a t 0 t il. a ld plurrt. ..u , e iuLsrartiL.
qiu "in d s r 'r intrcbuin:a
cor unp. , in d , lr I d r i, ulf izA e ,la n dc,"rmin. n (d"ibut ..-
protozi,i. .rrjbu,i r. . p , zilie q,r t,opo,/rliF apo/;tivar.
166 1) Numeleproprii ile prrsoaue au animslc, mpreundcu substanti\el.

..omuno ? sim ila r p lo r 'n ambrii fjln,itiai. persoa'ptp apropiate c . . t Fothpl
Mathcr, Mummlt, D&dcl1J, Aunt, Uncle, Bab , Cooh, N uise, Teacher erc.l.
r,ton : carticrd;n t.ond.a, .t€bru

cn1ru reslarrartete {lc cu tr .nfiLrie hnnri
p;..ottiu lprrJ',irtr'drr
., ia|;t t C i , ' . s p,L d.., ..n,1 . r m " I Lir, .
-Lrc:Las-p,lrr.on$Jefd';,,n',rurIo.dfi.r-r.r's,..,.oIialdInr,rn,tli:uofat.nL
fb rrai m.r'" . | " ) z i : .so_,d" . " 1 . o p,J b p,'ar; , I dt"pt-.e. ua".\. I J.: Oiaa
:olv' ,\ruat?: tnl0lPnt st rntl.
ci. $ 444-1"0, 45i-1Ljr. i-24. i 6.
AETICOLUL TTMARTT IOI
ntr au articol la singular,nu au piurui sj so scriu cu inil,ialn rnaiusculx

(VeziS 301):
Is ?,, on ihe Fa.iorY ConmiU.ee?
Aucudus JohL'{ "$rasliq DiX" Iaigs in the Tate Galle.y
(Jolin) yPsterddy.
r-i4.r.Croft Urc didn'l.
Tell .anteenirghnoh
up is nt lhree todal.
Diil ?ld.l.. call lhe .oU?
s",ofty is a wise cat
Aceeagi conrport,rre i la yocdlitr $ 46{;
I shun'l, re a ti\in\tl., IIunvL /
Daggi:'. tet.n lhc bulll llar.'s a good boll
Num ele le faDilie es ted.'fapt un .leternrinanl ;s c ut din rec es iiater S 467
de e se particulariza prenumele lvrzi L,f:girea rumelor scolicne, rlandezP.
scandinal-eetc.. care 4,, pfetir.rt lr prtruncle strnbunului flAnuldi. ir sco
liann ,4{d. nar,11d
s c andinav uti\ul = .ttrr
1i,,1.n
s auirlande,ra)'
-s .,n (:liul (-,/) t(des
lui...). r,erdent)l
As tlc l t"lac DanaLd::
lui.. , iall.in.
descendenlul Ir11Donakl: O'Do oea : dercerdenl,ll irli Danomn Chrislo'
prrersron sau Chri^'tophercen dscenden-tii lui Chrislopher.
Primosc articolul hot6rlt numele proprii care au pierdut caracterul de s 468
unicitate:
a) numele proprii cu formi de plural: $ 469
We me , he Broaasand lE Sttuhhsi the Loldon PlildDonic Orchesira oncert
DJ numele proprii dc.renite substa tile comune ($ 7)i s 470
IWcwas
loLdnvins the ALslin:
th? ;ladsta1, aulomolilul
b.'r ) o" (cu marcaAnsit').
0u" cloll,p. cpar dnle .ll.
D id'r ou spo r tu C a,slr r _al r h- r .'r " ,,loul dp C ausuinj^
She ;as sitiins on- the chesleiictd (- canapca).
cJ numeleproprii particularizaiepdntr ur) atribut,sau pdntr'o propo- S 47r
uilie atributir.i;
substantivprecedaL c un at but,:
tljt ..I.bNted John Gdls{orthy
the /dtuB llrs. Sidilons
-
substantiv urmat, de un atribut:
I conld h.trdlv rDcosnize the Bd.ltarelt o/ p.eaat ddys
I didnf rike ile Opihelis ," the nad.rt ier;ion of th; ptay.
substantiwurmat do o propozilie atribuiirn:
Tho r\m 1 nonirZ nds not tbe -{Dtr had ntust in ny ch'ldhood
Thc Tentrs /ou sd{ wus the (alll}Jsiin Ictu8.
Erc eplii
Substani.il'eleproprii praccdaie d€ adjective ou rua li afectjvi, srtu de S 472
cuvinte care constituie o poro.l:i sau e:rprimd o singurd idee nipreuni cu
prinesc (Vezi 433):
substaniivul. nu
d a rl , j \Io n ' f. d .
articolirl holnril $
Eo o l l J ^ .s. p o o f l rl l . \n n rn u 31' \i
\l''d y. "n .
b n ve l i u b ,i l l a o d .p o rrfI 'r'..
'rJ/r l o ,r. d ry
s,l i n t Jo a ,,, Yo ,,n " f'4 '1 . o U 1 1 ^ B,o N r rr n '""i r
'
\t;d;1; o,F"r:.: ,,ri. F,ns'dno:i""i r.;;;;. 5rd-d:sri.' I _ij',q:'"
**' i;l
4 "4 r..r
R o rn a ,,i Jn l i h.
, .o l o q .i rl E,'1 1 n ,"d i p l d l S'h i u . J "",
" ""
I A-8 ..:, Ed " Jt t . \ , ta 1 9 _ t',;t, t i t , . r ri sr rro p o fl g r d: \ f i 'p s

, l , Ji mi ,,L ' . , ' - n u .rr.:
" 95/609
102
473 Cind nune.le propriu este ur at tto un adjeftiy sau de un substantiv

apozitiv car e constituieo ?ofccln. ar li.olul pr ecedi por ecla:
Iolit n Creail
(lhnrles lk /tdl.lr
Fl .\a d tl Fa o rt....- i - /" \,.-
-
1i4 Er ceplii: John Laclil.tnd6, dwar d /,onXr r ( r Ar '

s475 2) l{umele prop i lnsolite de tiUuris. - TjtlLrr;le (de politele. prolesiG
nalc, aca{lemice.nobiliare etc.) urnate imediat de ur nune de persoan:,
prln laptul ce au un caracter dc unicitate. nu sin,, artjculate (Vezi S53-54):
Niss smith
Colonel rown Q,E€r M.b
loctor Rolinson tiin.c Cl,a.mila
C,rnr, Gonzalool Lara
176 Etcepgii. lililur ilestr iine ( Empffor , E n cst, SxltdDetc.) au ar ti-
coL :
thc
//,e Arthdule Ftatz
Ca.itto llan,. Ias.t
-rl R6hid
f,te, ()zdr,1 Pcter ure Grenr
477 Canstr ctii perimt e:
,na ladv ]Iarion. tte ladv Roscna.
'Imar r y,/ir nr l"lail].,\nn;'flir l,ar d111de$'.Shatespen.e) 1';r lELor dRisin
ln T l,. Bla'k Ar ow". fjlm 'r \
$ 478 Titlurile pdmcs0 iI,sE arlicolul lofdrii atunci irind i.si pierd caracterul de
urricitate ssu ctnd stnt tnsotite de determinanti:
s o/ r nr ur e r nr a nDmp pr onr r l
fie .,L",/ illlectcd
Zle do.l,/ \rar s.nt l.r. the tloops-
The lt4i4eht .rddr.ssed thc neeling.
480 D) titlurile la plural sau urmate de mlme proprii cu formir do plural:
The Mbs Btoons (s a d,d r1t;ssesA.o.rtrl lived ncxl dcor.
481 c, titlur ile pr ccedate e un adjer tir sau ur mat.odc pr epozilia ot:
,n, ,/ar. ,{dmirnl Ncisotr r/'., X,,,s I D.nD{rk
7i. Pri(: \\:rles
rld s*e Kjng Solonon '/ o/ lh4 riollcge
rne Prcsidcnl
482 Cird tnsi Lii,lulurmat,de o/aro lurclir de apozili€. articolul rln seexp md:
&lwad, P.ta., ,/ Il-a/cs. snllerdcd to i]1c tlronr.
r Iadn I ('ul llIdr.') 1135i-t433\. fpqe rl Porhiqrlil,i llrli l1]31.
, CdtuI I I'ccl rlla,?; (82:-sti). rcr1i Nt Friniei lr4rl 8;1. .ci.sub n mete de
C.trol Il. Imptuat al Shitul lmDerni Ro'nan isti-tt7:].
,tt t,otr,.'. o oord.ld I _cdt crat-.
rd .d r"f.so u ' I0 0 i l n ,i 6 . -- r \ -l i .i l 1 : l 't,
'ttevic liaris(t rul, tiriti de r,ortnlalia 11tj1i4-1i6it. i,roNrlo. al crrtori:dtor
5 Ai tL d rd L l n i n i l tte 2 ., (1 1 5 i -1 1 9 1 . re g e a l l n g l i r,i l tts9 t1 ):n h a tl rtc
i rn .i rd , r rr.i ,
'l a o ttt.d . Ir1 ll6- l Tl rj r, \'9 1 ,.l l l l j l u ., ^"..,mn a . \l i g n o
"l
l fd a I l :^.t 1 1 0 - ri .i l A :. li i
i '1 0 :...r,. rc)i Lnt l l l l i n s-
sfn ,î rsrr t.r.r. 1 ,,Irl rn JrP l u n cr.
" \ sri @mlara cu S 4t6.
.t.1 r' d Ir. i q ir .vt.'
r.../ r ri ,,.o 'n si i
,"., L .t th st
N a r. "n o t.l .
, , , . ;",, rr o rro q -rj ,i r .. s.,u ,-.
,l Cilatul ale srroarcri ljnitii lli Siiik$po:or, dur rnj e nri u roCll pfntN otito.ii
. .
l0 B
3) Numirile geogreficc. $ 483

a ) Su t r , ' r i "l e "a r c n 'r n , '" ; n 'n t i .
p d 'r ; '/ . r 'n n 'i r r 'n 'F 5 r r ' r "- s 484
In 'L ra ) (\p rr J e i:
e iu n i. p ro via "ii. lo .d lir'iri d i'lri ' m rrn lr :r
- ,,t .ir,a ru fo rrn r L l" .iu e Ila r tttlrr sfrr.o r:
lu ro D " \\'''s R
'n d P st
jii,:1"'
i . i ," i i,,r ,'"
ii'r;1""#il;; "
)'ro'i,, "#:li,'.'"
southrari.nsington
iiiil*.;,,,",.".
E tce p liL
$ 485
,ne -{rgcntii.l
,le coDEo
rne Ltvant
r/r PalntrDaie
forni de lhuat si t arlif,dste cu ariicolrrl hotirit:
r /" ' I o s ,,r r . ,. r /,P \l " l /" B i l '
r- ,' ,i' riir'", "" i - t"l,"L" vi'P dsr'
L 'Jm r' F8"
I bt d d '
"r rr' H irh ld t, ''
l,r o rkn I
; i ; : j_ ;;';,r. r,. I n o rn ,"
i t | lla n Jq rlP R o 'kre s
O bser r a LL
Numele Sirurilor ile munli primesc srticolul chiar dac[ au formd de silt- $ '186
jhe- P nninp ( hoin'
euf*r r lr " - fr ir .. tbc fa" o'r "
" - - N r ." t.alr ei r r unli:fhc Jdn.[]au'theS B" r nod lit]de S t C athor d'in'
articulate. 487
care numesc intinderi de dpii (oceane, mnri, estuare' S
riu ,)'p
) Substantivele
mescarticolul hotdr tt:
/ne (Elglish) Channer
,r, Nile
'
N otd
in cazul suLsl,antirelor proprii corrTlrse, ri'icolul nu este exprimat ina- S {88
j?l:
;nr " " 'r un 'lo" cr qr .l- dF r r u L '/i \ i
Burroucn_r".,r '\
Newcas|e_otr_?,nd Strailord_on'{eo'
c) Substar tivele dl.. Iakelloth.nount |ad lLr mdte- imcdisd e un I'unr c S'189
' '
ptopr ', 'on u n r " dpo/iliP ltu au afllr ol r \F lr S cltt':
-''J;; ""u rr' .'..r r ,r" ',n,t"".'r' ll;lill ,";'i' ll;:' "'. '
Ca p c Co n a ve r Jl I och Lonrund
S 490
Cind sint, lnsd insolite {te Un atrlbut, e\e slnt afii''nlate:
i:;i';i::*'[ii:"*' i*ilf:ljfim"
del'€rminat de u3 nu11 S agr
a,/ tll genere, cirr{l uIL slll]slon1?l omdn este
ntoor iu a{ t; nr ) J ,'a" :d/" r 's'F r uid'qub r r ' i\ul 'umu''
( " " i'ii" " t" " ,,';t'i" r ' 'd\ u^"F , i t -'',"
t) t'1"nu"
r " '.r r ub;r 'LalF b:
rne Rasqre Prolinc.s r,{. llirrhiz stepre
rrP str;its D .t e rrrts
St slnne iNr ?yDl, lrderai. tn -\ustria.

-lrs€rl'rd'
10 4
rr, Strait ol Gi .alta.

r/p town of GuildLord
,ttd tohemie Fo.csi
I /k) USSR
tl, Saharlt (Des.ftl
492 ErceplrL
Substantivele all fitth hcaL fni'l'.'fs( htrbnn hat"n' ,hill't ldnd'
u 3u rrtrcur rezr
rrrriiorg, lnd stnt preie<tatele n'rn]PpL 'prii sau c"rnurre'
s 433):
liil;i",fl;il Fllr".l : )ll"lilr'dnd
i"i''"
.;,1;i i;;:i r'-'" t i'ro'' 'on;
{'- 4$3 .) N umele unctetor $dinatesi alrrctnLnilornsprtrite /tin'rc art'icolul
hotnrit,:
''',," "'''
;t,h.,,,1, n,: 'u, ijro,u:
ljll,;;:,tli;"1:t,,:.;':]lL'l;
"h'i'"ll;,,'f"J"",1'l;
1H:1',"-r"ll*lll'il :.
* .d cs,i.n,
,l'i";,'i 'J,,T'',I";i,i;
'f'""'",*k ii*illj"stXli.;l;,,f
ErcePt.ii
E 494 .1, numelepunctelorc'irdrn e i l'ebuinlate ddltf idl ariltind dircefia'
" nu au ortjc^l \rcziS 49r)l
'I h" wird hlo\ . o. '
\ '\ 'P NPr' d r ' u'r' \ I )'
S 495 b, in expresiile e t'iput $ 602:

io so"r and l.nd e'Jt to
We lcouleil the woo{t lrom 'ves''
'or'i
$ 496 4) Nllmele d0 strtrzi, parcuri, elidiri' vapod'rcetc-

rom:^
din (tot'.'rnb'tdnttu r'rrm- rnpriu ru
I fol . o m ud,4 rd
0un,elFormaie
sr' " / . t q * ' p*' 'i"ii:'"'o1'6"1' '" i ' r r r u ' r r t J rI'r i 'i"t'
ulire
(Vezi S 433):
F;i l;:. iir,,l*i-" Rri;r;il;";1""

ij;i;;i,.i;;,1 kl l,i,ll;''
Er'"',:;F"'.y"''l
lln*iili" : :i'i:r"f:
Y:rirr;r,r
498 ,) Drimesc nsi articolul hotifit:
s 499 l,;.;'nu'r'"tc proprii formaie dintr-urr ridi"liir + nn trntne cotnan:
,d \ationdt oallerl
l/P Zoologic{l Cad€ns
^* :flll',;'l,;'fill.l'l'"*,i]l'"'l'i'',li""iii;"i?l'f,ii,l:llTi*;i[:' "]"
'"""1 fri,'i"'ii"f;,i .",,"er re ar|io,,on(ronez.
AFTICOIUT EO1'AR1T
10 5
Eacepyit
n ro a d Srre e i
tsrondwaL
Suburlan Pari
6'.,1 nnele nume de cartiere, stdzi. clddiri, nanumente faptul
cA $fi
eIc., prin S 600
foorle ctnoscutel
tne ndoiralty -Arch ,l@Adelplv (Tlealrel
tnd CFnotapti ,n? -^ldttrch lTheafei
rn" Cit.vr frlP/ DnrI Lane iTheatre)
,nd Mallr / n . Ol d Vi e i T h e a d e l
rn€ Mansion HousC rle Cccil (Hoidl)
li, l\Ionnrcni rne savov (Hot€l)
ne Str{nd
lp l-owc' ol l.ondon
rn. Tare tGrllefri
tlk 7no
ar ldr d ar licol,d.s; loar tc cnnoscur c\ ezi $ 433) :
Pall Unrl?.Co\.ent $ 60I
cardens.Soho, rdgrarir , Unyiair'.
5) d) ,I'unr el" d,./ilp.tuni.sfii.cnotimpur i. ir bnlor iau o situar ie por r p. q S0,
.
AcF sr FLt,str n r \o sint |
- pr opr ii.dF , IUn,., uni.Htp. na ar , in g.n"r e _
articol (Vezi g 433): - 9i
I'-'^L-il
n :1
rr, " .' p \ir.' l
, rsi t 1 , t n rd 1 y.
On l^r'. ,r, r' 4 . t n . b t t t d i . . ) ; 6 "d r. d . f i n p t , rt cU rrd l l i c.
' . r, . a Ju . . 4 r i s-rt r mo . c, sI i \ a ' i n , h F r SA.
ir-,rkd
"*Y"1
r/ r'. l a 2l,r, - r. . | \ r r. r l t t . l J t o . t .i i , ;tro rrs
h a f o r. , t ,
,, T o ru . i . , u c\ . . p ri F t F -Hrt i , o ri . . u b srsn , i v. t p d F n , a i
su
h o sq
t i riitn r sa
n .u
n , n erdhLort
t i ri i i[tr. ,dr,u, p
l ai . i r,
cur.m'
, t :u, .r;i ; a D,
za : , l a i d \ n i p l u , , L p ra rL , si a n ; ^ l
ctnd articolul t,tc are valoare de adjectiv ilenonsi,rativ. se spune:
The (: tLdt S 60 8
artunni Nrs noautiiut.
ll-c sha]l go io the s.aside n rt, ( . rib) sumniq.
cind substantil'ul nu erprimn rirrlut jn rtjpori ru prezentul:
S 50 4
On , c Xl o i i d a l , e wJ, i t 0 wo rk a s l sL a l .
ind ar Licolui eslI intr hLr inlat .l,lr r asii\ |
Those werc his p,tstim.s in ttg witLtr; it th, s,r,na,
$ 606
nf used io
:C.\o tj,' .d. r ..,.r r mpr .,r ,, .. ..r b.",: ^.

, I.i r i .,.- ;,r .,,' J.. .. i,r : .nI",r d,11 maj\,.hpa
..*,;;",'
.tu,, t i r .' dr ui
e M.l' .,t.o,,\:.
. .?r rdr .,a h,",\d,..r .,,r n,,\ing' .sm. r ce,J . n l o
r .saLa L.' Lond.a.
*redinla 'rjncitr) a ro(h']rniljn'iarar Londreirhr Lonr
*"r.":'li ltJ;h';'"'i.*"c
erl.#lrJ',;;J,''j1"ilfXi'Lk"^:t&::^:),:l
,i ,ll,Xi""li'iiili""l,"i,,ifffi,
..r". rr,;rFsp.f p. " f , mJ. ' po,'
.rid dp . ar; ,r"
:p,rJ'jl,t*lil* '5'. ".
3 .lS : stfarship.
, ,,loll t t t o :stftnJ' or .on /jcpt br apan r . .t r i" i.,,..5r r ,iI,r or ,uIr .d,r r e^t4
P6F ]' PF llm4. u F vr plr d r Imb"ilor ,lubur it^- .t ,' \\... Enr .,a- "Lr o. ,, r ..Lr l nr ll
rdnsnrm'
'" imn",
cii-d : ." ; ,;i;,i;""ifi,:1
",r;":;iirj':,:d1t",,,
i'"+
"Iijiii"
J:r ''1;;;;i1,;ljj',t[r
\: i:l' :ll; ir ;i,]l"ir'rl;;:i:
I Belsta,ia, .MalJfait : N{ijcre trxodsc aristoc.ate.
10 0 MOE'OLOGIA _ AA,TICOLUL
506 cinil aceste substantive Elnt pdrticularizate printr un otribdt'

lr th" *.f tC4t. ,n:n;r; s i'hs rnodhp' "" ot ]F H' lPil s 'm ''shrroi'alty '
0 1 t h e v " d , a s d a ua l l avias. h' , 1 , n I ' o m . .
p c n ^ f o 1 . . \ i s l d ilri"l.uslip In
;0; c , ci,r.l i n . d a , l s t a s u b s L r n l i f . û lntP lP .
n o : r u n P s au
prifi,ia arli.nlului. dupd .urn lorbir^rul pri F:le anolimnrrl 'r
ln 19t9. rlD QtD,,.hail becn e.riblei sno{ }tad al1cn n masscsron Oslo o AthcDs
a D d p a r a l i z P dm d c h o t t h e C o r t i n € n l .
rhe suinesrrtag sls stow to .ome.
Sudd6nlr ws there in ali its berDtv'
p E L el o s o t i t
si5o0b9 r 1 . / A fli.olul n c h o l l r i l p ' l F i n l c e b u i n L a r 'inJ. s u b ' l a n L i \ 1 1
, ; " . , n d d j - i r .tllifitat;1. cu e x . . p l r d tu P a r t : t ta t
t
Tlrafyear \te hail s lotdr atr,linn, fol1ow_"dy an iataaeiv @ruNinter'
it-i; now kt. ptn,e'. About this liare last ,1-cd r rvasalrerdv da' s "'s {Consi-
deratc iz dasr.d.rL,
jlo lt n'i":
i'i-"i" luniior si ',rbs lorilur tc s 'riu "u ;ni ;ulu 1-ojus 'rln d al
'ii"r"".
n u n , r t " anotim Durilor u i n i l i d l , ' ' n i n u . ul3. (\'c z i c \.m plP m ei s u.).
\,rm .l" z ihlor, l u o i l o r .aDolim pL,rilor i b . r b a l o r i l o rp o l € \ ' e r n o a , 4 / r r _
rot n hota l c ind lim pul p n"dofinil. dupi c um pol J rpA uoeorrEr p/drdl
O1 a S , . . / d i D D e . p m b r f , t e l l ." u d d p n l J ' d u p a r l h " i d r a o l 'll l}P d e l ' n r o i
*d and aecided o enjo': I Nci teor's Et in the nountai's bv
';t; ";;;,i-Gi"',,
Numeleimbilor vorbite ale oloar€nu au xrticohl hotdrlt cu-exce-ptia
611 cazurilor
6) cind sint lnsolite de un substanti\_ xprimst sau subin €l€svezr
g 433):
Mv naii\e tonaue s nomnin
\ v h a i i s t a i f t l a y in - F . e , . l '
r r ; i f d r . s l a t . d b; b o o k l r o m c " n o " i ^ t o Lnslish'
5r2 Se spune nse:

Is t6e nnalash anstdsp rerY difficultl
lYhat js r'? nou a"-id,i arlm;., tof frir Irlav ?
t ii"i" iiia a noler l.rdn5rarPdtun the'Busion ltdncuds")
513 7) Iium c to obic .ic tor e 6iudiu.alF oc urilor r'i l' lporlurilor nu prim c s c
a r l i c o l d L o t i r l l dc c i' alunfi c i n d b r n t p"rli'ulariTdt' p n u l t - u n a l r r b u t (v c z r
s 28): atdain' rt r
I 14 ErcE aPh len;sL 4
il" *ii r6"i .iigav*d ,e;nis,she iayed otussand t'olh walchcda some or
,iu;o'd when thcv "i had a oharce.
"-*'ri"i,iijii"-*1r-iti; pubric voe /oor,ail' .;cir't,hocte ,stvinminsetd st@lins
Se s punc ns n:
l r" \a r.s d l o o k o n tl F.t,"n i s'. a l n "b ' .
l .a n n o ro "S tte h tl l tn l l o :J l -h n l n y: rl q i b i 0 lunil'
ziArclor au articol ltotirit:

511 8)
Th.NrIIIcle
'l'nnes.The Cua idn, Ttv Ne*s Chtuai'L' TILeOb*ret, Th' Dailv Tole-
araPh, eic,
Nunele nagaziDelor 9i ate altor pcriodice nu au articc'l (: inexistenla
ariicolului):
lunch, Tine, Language,if.' Nees,eek' %ue' etc'
ARTICOLUL TTdARIT 10?
ALTX FUNCTn -{Ln ,{R"IC0LUIUI EOTilt lT

s 515
1 . i , . 1 r l l r u l ,r i t i , , " o r " . ' . . i ilrp pdtli,lp o r b i r c tn a f s r E d F . u b s t A n t i r .
_
r : .: : 5d pre(€ada:
I numeralulcaxdinalntrebuinlat cu valoarede substantiy:
s 516
the Bi? Fiset tha Eboea'
: Dumemlulo rdinal (la date, capitole, eclii, nume alemonarhi etc.):

S 6U
th? f4t \on hp thnit chaotel
\lr(h rl" /:rl th" "nth teBsin
lne 7,i ot November Edward the nilh
), tru 1
s 518
-\ se obsen'a ipsa articolului hotdrit atunci clnd substantiveleAorA.
1'sott.
. 3 1 " . - d p t r- p a r t . toltti'.. a 4 . r . p n . . I ; n e . p d ? c , n u m b q e t r . g r r c a t r
E l a - ' d - L u l . ' d f p . i n d c F s t dz. F q t . n u m p r o h r l r a r d i n a l cu v a l o a r e d c a i o z i r r e :
T\i" is Aoat T@. ahaptr Sp'"n: L?ssanSu, ro OE -
i,;i"'
: i' rg il:r,j"l:,i:: ,:;L':,,ff:;:"i,:;.: :".
La hot€l: Floor 5, room 51.
{Vezisi S 1lie)
:\ ota 2
s 61$
L ri udliil" din g 00. iOJ. 04. ',06. tbt,p,te o icotd.nrcwttuir. tr:i h
. ' A rom;ni ,ai..Flp.
r-r- l:,,1...a.
rrqrnProltrcolulurhol;rif. e.Fl(a). ce{e)a tc.). apr car" "rat"
: un odjcetir, cnruia ti dd asrlcl caracterul te subsLantivabstract: g 520
*- . .,a | .ulli lul'. /r, b ou ;[ut ttJr|o tt). th" ip ffobt. (: inefa-
t .tbitrd,t. tl,".or.t t " . tl, ptr.
I.httr lft t
u',adirctir. urr parliciliu, un gerundivetc.l care capiti in aceasti
- \ 69l
,lF .uD.rsr r\ ,.ote.tr\ .a,btruit u plu"alul. ar un singular: '
. .' i.. ;' .,,,^t:"pi'"j ,t:; "tt,r,'", i ,';^.ui.

,,,;. T..,l/.-,:;,,,,'::,:::: ,i
1o d r ' . t , ' o ' h l . t h p , t"Mad
- ,,,f .:;.i r . . i l l . j ' , ' " , ' ; , I r , l l i Y ' : ' 1 ' t"t
1:'.,,i'ii"":*,:f;ii':,.fi1,,1',1",l1j#'frr:#;,#,#:*
,'eri dttarii S itn "'ff"{,*{i.i:'1iJ,"."".
huticeh d\ubetic, a cuyn(ul SUBSTANTI\.AT)
;. eomparatirul, cind acesta are yaloare do poziiiv sa u de superlati 3i
S d2g
ptir]' tE youuter,
Hc is /le utc.r al tlic two.
iJ suporl&tiyul clativ: s 523

She is llr atcrs, of aL
Lti.i is tte le6t totkal ae tutiridual I e\t r\et.
Ee I 1|e Mst iatarestinsman I L\ow.
L r: ccle ciD.i ita \ldFJ 0i,dnip. Irdn,a. tltia

rizboi nrondi.rlsi la .lr -"i. S r \. , i Ja nni.,
Conllfinla {e PaLc de la Prfis, r 19.
I r h "c 1 . * n = - e , t , , b r de lns .ezccc jucltori
(ta so..e/, ..ichet, hachai eLc.).
:\http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
rzi E tr'r.
101/609
1 08
",., "l.lil;;#l;i,l"ffi{;,?',',
,1,:,:uneori u Iitere naru''ltrro -5'-
l ;inif;
o """'- fl"##ITj11
i",i;":;":;i;
tu"''i*'.]u*'",,*r}.*i"oT'*'i*i;l"liihl"|'"*eH"'""i** r
iivar""i'idi"r"t-
l#fli:i':",i""'i'H 'rccrd'
^'eai"ar.
i,,:"Ili'.:l:"*,;j.,1,;";l',1:l'
bsb 1,
,";j::::;,.,"..p.,h",h.'bo"'w
",:."1;lpl:,"I^"':,ll,l:1;:l;
B: ",l'llfll":'''#';"'i"i.i.l,i,'"1"11,"",,'u.-se nLedoariz
aonoli,.lne
$ zri
nn demot
R itli 9r \ a r r P oat" id fie
'; ;'J ur"
.;. linl ii ;tll 'r:i J "Y:;'"iiii:'l'liJ;
u,,,,,,,, '''i';111
;'i' :r;l;
:";:l);" ;;;
1J'"1;'$'
; ,;;:; h;'lS "Xt
'i'* o' ro' vo"
lll'ilrl:'0,1:;'"J'';l'fi
"' "* ;r;1::,1;1"';":"1'1"''l' '' u" ,
t-i;:";l;
-'"':"
$52s ,"','.",
u.*1 "';.;
,ri- 'iirrr,li"j'""
" '
:""'TT;'l*i^- t'r*'
zi-x ,:,^:"','::"'':'%'
s6ss "alf'*;"f*H:lTgl'*"""T o.1
s,rup*'I-. l l:jli'"li"l'::llli,i:'*r,ffi;:lli.l'l:'; l fÛl"il;r"""
dP- c""nru]"";',i;i";"'"""i;;"'";np
iJi"'""l,r"t;rI"1":,.::l"i'::"i"'
cind .a.'rnui
tntrebuinl"rza
aspiraLaqi "rfl"'
"'l"r""i''- ''" " ""
i l r""i.it"t. -",,
cu'nnsodDerer:
I :li, ::i;i""'
:';:i" ^ alrnsl-
ilili",," "'"' nl nad 'antualr s e ntr d
c'r " t"'""i't U ' '"
r"i " '
An {ptonunla lsnl ' l n d
r"r"fll#iliiil;i.i;"io'u
a
,l il'i"'"
'nvelole dd ct' ro
ddo b a
' ' rrrr-- nd 'r'
';i;; 'd "1
' ' 'iil.::i"i:i,lti iq i;:;l;lllr -r ' "il " ll"'lli;*'" ' rhis'n'irs14i'
*it$r,i-i I r;;r,'i:' ,i";; ";i;"' roar""'Jr' dv"rb
*l
E\'Pzi P:rg 9 : .n o i r r '
6 \'e r 5 1 7 , n o ra d
10 9
Forma dn era freovedt inlrebuinlatn ;i inaintea unui i aspirai in silabn $ i):J1

neaccentualiij astdzi mai rar. Istfeli
u r hi s t or y d a. : az hrs toricat picture
a' habr L ar ha,hihral dnrnkard
a rhdo aa h€r.oic selgeanL
Tot asifel so auzea pin5 recent:
dD ho iel dz hYs terical child
aa hy ' Poi nes B u, he rediiary ilhess
aa Ha *aiie guilarist
ln subsrantivelehLstorlJ,nhiL qi lero, prima siiabn fiind prea pulin

accentuatd, unetul h] era atit de slab nclLnu se auzea.
E x c ep 1i e : a Hun'gdridn.
2) Articolul nehotdrit i plurilul. - Articolul nehotirii, neputiod nsoli $ 539
decit subsbantiveleu
:4ro,cu alte cuvinie n sensde singular,acestea
aceastisitualie rim€so a plural ardcrtu,
articolul ipsegtei
Hc is a ba l..
3) Articotul nehotirit $i o oonshuotio cu lormi alo plurol. - Articolul S 533

nehotdrit exprimi unitate; poate tnsd tnsoti o constructie ou formd de llural
re exDrime o misurd si este consideralil ca un tot unitar:
A /o&. rudtu is sullici€nl o eet this work lono.
\Te spent3 ?i asaa, ,rde dass n the country.
Thesh.v wa DostDoned or tutuer r@ ,raks.
(cf. $ 2i5t)
4) Articolul nehotdril, nu se ntr€buinleaze declt ou subsiantivele nume- $ 534
rabile, nu qi cu cele nenumerabile,care nu p mesc ariicol nehoi5rlt.
I \ T R E R I iI \ f A R E \ \ R I . I C O LU LU : \ E H O T A R I . s ;35
r\rticolul nehotirit se tntrebuinleazenarntea subsianiivuluipentru a
desemna n erenpldr a.Lrecdre,intr-o pecie au cat\oriel
\ ' l h " sl j t l - m " P L r l sr o d d vo n / , . , prlddFmlld"dth"lloof.
l rrie rs d rnr.ro $ooae .P.o.'/
M/s Stuill has called.
-{
Caznri specialo, Articoh nehotdrlt este ntrebdin at gi tn urmitosrele $ 53?
l) ilnaintea ti urilor, a numelo. de Troftsii, mcscrii, nalionalit,te sau a S 638

lllor subsLunlilreimillfF. lnd a.ac ad ronrpzintie\^mplnreoare.arcdiotr-o
categode Si sini numo predicative cu formd de singular:
She became @ t€a.r./. Sl\e b 4 student.
lS a l[cut p,,/as,d.d.) (Este sla]entd.l
H" . vs d t , r , . I,r' tr'd 1l G o L o , t .
t - : ct o r a p sa " t i . n . q F f l d . ( X s' " & i : / r . l
I an Easlislnnan.\
(Snrl
^n ,nsl,: )
A se observaci, in limba romAni, subsijnnl,iveioospectiveDu aLr arlicol.
(Vezi$ 60.414 41r)
ln*{,1"- Dnslish pt:ntn t'n intltih csle rn adiecii ii a{lFctiwl nu e

"pu"" 103/609
8/12/2019 MOEIOLOGITI _ ARTICOLUL
Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
1IO
Obseraalie
S 539 Areleaqjs ubstantile,cir,d au caracterde uDicilatesau n.teles bslracl
Du rbi.i'11 "r i ula'. ({ ,"1.;84/:
lle Nas elecl.ed af the 'Itude(s) Unian.
Headnastet
He had be€n "rdident ol trton lor seteml vea$.
Dickjnson Nas ,razag,/ ol tht Norks.
This book is nv John Soith, k.tei.. ta rnslislt.
She sot . job as 'an.cas.
He acted, as idetpteter.
Hc held thc olTiceor sd..'ra.?.
He $ns awarded the .ank ol .,roaar'
Ile had l.dned soldte,r.
lve Inet Uiss Shalv, iargn,e.' ol the celenrated writ€r.
S 540 2) dupi cuvintele he )usiness f' the p(ttlrcle of, the prafession f' the
He vas ncring the ?dtt of a judge.
IIe had lbuos'ed the 1ra.tcaf a pouer'
$ 641 3) inai tea numeralelor hund,red, thousan(l' millian, dozen, score:

A hundred a tl@usanl.etc- Inen altended ihe shor.
1 bonght a dazenhandke.chids.
There-we.'" a s.oft ol leollc prese l al tho airport.
4) haintea cuvintelor l;lll, Ei /er, exprimindu-se in acest mod aproape
" 542
S
coniririul inlelesului e care l au-aicste uvintecind slnt nearticulate-$ 87)
S 543 5) inaint€a ocuJiuniloradjectivalc oodnan 1 greatmanA, at afl
TU'r:
A rcat t n o r u r ' h p L c { r " p J r t in J ' 6 l. mo1st Jdlion.
A; rc"t ndnT 'lD f " iir"s n"l l. . a iuloFo bv lh lnPorn.
\ ; . o. ld, , ri. i, ; d. r , , r. ', q s, r"a/ or, ; l h'irpn bpnd. I n l l " r o a J .
s #4 6) dupe adj€ctivele lrecedate dc sa, as, too, lnwl haoeaoi

Shc is nol so qxdlilted a rorlrd as l:on
Thev moved ro as ni.e a ,,rse 3s yours.
It is 1ao tiflicutt an .xuci,e.
IIa, p.rfect a oi.$
Iloee;er ttutLfal a sil lsl\e mar be), this finc she told m€ a ]ic.
7) (l\tp:dnan , quite, ralher, urmate alcun substantiv cu folmx de singulari
Manu ax ttallb lds admired Ure Danube De]ta.
Thel \rere nllotted quilc a aic. haue.
Sne \s rath., a dcar.
S 546 Idionul rzanrr o se construiette cu verbul la singular.4

S 547 8) dupn oifi"at, sLtchi Nhat (€\clamativ), urmate de un subste.ntivcu
formi de singular (cu sau fnre adjeotil'), deci num€rabl, carepaate nsd at,et)
plwali
He broughJim e a senl eithtut d bult.
Such a bilrla\t pifatnarcc $as lo ]rc e$ected of a yaruiiy cha.opion.
.t4.1 u scatt€Fnrainedcandidatc
trhat an ided
I;t .d, a magniliccnt a.hbftnenl t\e Danrbc Black Sea Caral isl
r Clndcstc nsl hsoiit deun ahibntsesFne: in €'.euent kli.d, elliat ol fottune

(d. $ 45r . ^
' lFornr lr'd rricol d nn n l o n Dlir d " , o s r d p " J F. f 4rmd. d dli'ol l n r d n ' ,
. t ho d. ulnkl. / '. . . . . , p o . , mprd "rI rmJl
". l, , , , nu, , lurit . din D r , , i n " d . usr|or: , lo*odt rF,
dpccse. lr. l, pprt ru. on', / F lormr r l r r t uli'nl p. l. s , n g l r " llt ebui; lnL1.
s-vonui st t son. : \ 'r' r, &'"-" o n u d , i l, t . 11rJ ) i d. 3, p"J p s r p l1l. u i 1 . lu
slil. l "olori, l r n o n -. sut d r r \ ? l D t r ' u \ "rout . I plt t d. Mon Nn @". . .
| \ s4ul, . rf alnsi. i orlnd: I dn , 8( n) lhr t i6e r t p"n oa t ips t . Bahet .
'p
11 1
:\r[ico]ul n€hotiril nu cslc_insi expimat cind cuvirtele mai sus-menlio- g b48

nale (8) precedi pluralc sau substantive care nu au in rnod normal formi de '
plural. deci nenunerabile (nume de matcrii, substaniire colecLivcqi anumite
substantiro abstracte):
.rfar caDnoLire qithnrt ft;ends.
\ li'ing .f.sanis', ca not trst t"ott f a o d .
shP sJ- u / / , o - 't
\olnr't:fF.r inL d rrr.qr n.lhart,ntt,6.a m.
,Sz.ft oyelr Seplenbcr dals I
o n d o ' t l, a I r 'r . p .
u \ 'n - . u k ", . / i , . \ a L il. o t , t "r t , c/ .
t h . co ll L t l, L , r in
Wc had szd, lunl
It&ar interesl,ing .]k danca
What tinc rapet
lvh a t g o o d ; s;
It hnt t,oLbl. o\ loot :
oind adjectil'ul snci este precedat, de ro,?c aau ro, ori ci4d {ridf €ste
iF . li\ in 'e r o g a r i\ . su b . 'Jn r ' u l r , r n a . t i\ n u ir p a , t i. o l n , h o r "r t r 1 n n ici ad-
un -$ b4 9
I . h . \ t l, 'a "$ . | t , it t u , . - d i n n r J m n J r vt r n | , t Jr t . J o a m J p f 5 n [ lr jp .
Whdt ald ol the nonih is Uris?
lnaintcaunui $ubstantiv recedat e conjuncliuas sau de oculiunea g bdo
,9)
The chil,hen nscd lhe chair as d lacomotiee.
H. .rr J c o t o t h ? ' a L t^F t{p_isrry O f i i ce .
:aF d o p , d F d a r ,ho bJl dr'spd oJo poFp.
TheI sert her a doll oli a ,rrs?D,.
A d rh,tC, ttotJrL dtF ad $as .
H. $a o /psr a M 4 t h a 1 \ p n r q i i ' f h i m sp t t :
10) in uneleexpresii urunte arenu au adicol in limba romanx: s 661
: la disiantl)
: multE/scririli nencl
: cu roco larerlc{zutl)
oD d larse/small scale : Ie scari laqnhcdusa)
: pe picior.d-"egditdk)
iL is d pil| lla shttu ll
: a Ii grnbit)
: a li In situaiia)
to have dz dnswd. lor eveNthinE : a avca raspnns a toate)
lo ha\e an otpetiE : a afta rolH de niac€rc)
tn h a ve a n / , d lor h h i l o so l } y. cr , . l : a avea cap de {liloiof eic.)l
ro nelc d Jdry Jo r
to t\^\e at aDpo.tulitu
l.o have a rtil,:, to -
to haYc d raLn, lor : r d r ii, L llt n t lr , p e n r r u )
ro keep xp 4 c.rapndcnc. : a inlLAiine corespondeniti)

: a t xr . , c. r p n i la )
lIt is a sh d t u e d e i i l n l . ) e sr l : "E N , si n cl "

MORFOLOCIA _ AN,TICOLUL
119
r. Jrnd an drslpr I d lfimilp r'bnu " l

to takP a 8a r
to 8o tor a aatkla saitla di'.la : a s' dute ra.primba"'e/p9,19v9 ,19Li"'
ralonuiuu tuasuia/cu utomobihl
"it,;\c.'
Notd
S 552 A ss observa construclia foarte asenrnAloare celei romenelti' din care
lipse$te tnsd articolul nehotdrit:
Tlat rascal oI 4 brothef ol tlne'
(itrensa.ul acela dc lrrie al meu )
She is ar aDgelol a womrn
(Este ud lnger de lcmeie
A shrimp oI 4 man
(O sii.pil.rrd d om.l
I i; : t I I J _A , - o | lc. lr 'r r ' r r 'sr p u o u i u { i le se f d ce d d e se a co n lu zie

' o r in f a p lu l . . in I im b ' r o ', 'jr 'n , d r li n lr il n p l'^r r r il "i numerulul r n sa u o
_au
a,-,eeaqiormi; din r.iensti eauzr trebuie s.i "p d€a multi at€nlre deosebrrn
d in t r e e ln :
a este articol, ia olle nutnoral:
I have d dog-
I havc ,ne do8.
T n p r in u l e : '- r n p l, r sn o r - r I ve d "r " / 'r z1 "u b 'lsn t i u lu i- - , . a m u n . clio c'
ou o p i. jcs ; rn r l d o ile a ' r "m p l. r s' in 'isl; a q u p r J n , t kir 'l, lr a n r m a le lo r
- - a r n n u m a i | r n clin F . n u h a i m u ' r".
'' i; ""o r i sp in r r cb L in r p d / j' \n d 'i a r li. o lu l a cu ln { p ie su l n u m e r a lu lu i o'P:
n icin d a ln ln si n u m r r slL l o , r p nu arp jn t 'lF u l u r lr co lu lu r d:
1r : ', o ud bp lo n s"r b t a n lr P .
Th" oa- sa I'raiPn hf d $ oh hpdd
She .ou1d not saY a single wo.d
H, F al ld"r bJ d JPPf.
.l l J jr mu" of.ol-. dG:5 Pr
sau ln provcrbeca:
.4 bi.d in th. lush is Forth iwo in lle hand'
,:1slitch in tiDre sdres n'nc'
i 5; 1 ALTN C'IZUIII i\ C.\TiT AIiTICOLUL NtrT{O1rt,i.RITLIPSN$TT
Umriioarele subsiantive nu primescarticolul nehotdrlt - cu alte crrvinte

aa drticolul zero:
S ,I,5 1) ln generesubstantivelecare nu au plural, cr ad,'irc' .heakh'.furaitute,
" p rni'sioni prudu"P.r'rcJ"ss. porlr t ' l,rciu rr,'rnJJ qlujbdrel' INNl:
tle (a\' Td$p aood,di, truaL o4dl\'r" r', shr b'n-'
Thpihavpbodghr-v.rylrPtu;ntua'otd vPry lre lurn;ture .p mobli lodrr '
lrumoase")
S h o n io vs r a d iln t u 'l, f i . u d t a d ia l l' 'l'n : o 'J"r li'^ ln f lo r "o a l€ "1
I w m '8 ii. n q i"lP n
u iit € n o p r m r s5 r o- .n, o a r lo r i/ r li" s. r isi") .
w if o u n d vp t J n r . t ssl, n g m e dica l . , in lh € o u n t r y{ a le r J r n r e | "slr n g a ocr { '
:,p m u o cJ/ , : lu : b i t o u r l" in lP r e sa n l. r ")
(Vezi 9i S 115)
1p pfoounlat t p i: ] | : p.nn sau ??ncc,

. V e zi r i 5 r 5 .
2) substantil'ele cu funclie de s,tbiect precedaLc mediat, de ndverbele )( 5s(i
Il er authot Nas hader to translale

\eqr h(sbanll had a morc failhtul wile
exisl.r i ar olcl c:
It eftt dn autlbt l'as Lanler lo translate
I.'cf had d tirsband a morc laitlilul *ife
YI. CO\SIDDIi.{TII SPNCIALEASUPR,,A.IIBDI,OR AR'IICOLE

lr \uLsr dnr ilelp d.numpr o bler ie (au talcgor iopr ir .* : ;- '8
r r olul hol6r ir siu nph^lar ll ,.i r 'umir ul si',gular au plur al fara deoieLir '
nr :.1r p Jintr c r ,ps,p tor mp indidnJ s? r ia:
T [o /;o. s1u s l,on] h onp ol lhe s l r o gF sr animas
Ttrr ltotrs ls a u Liotr3l ic" so1" ot tle sirong.st anrmdts.
Toa1.e ele pAtru lornrc sint crtrente. cu preforinln penttu pluralul ne

Li.ls arc 60ni.r of th. sfr ongcsl,r nimalt.
,l Sulrstrntivele farc denuntescp[4i &le txupului au arlicolul hotnrii' $ 569
ac€sta rlesenuind utl €remplar dinir-o categorie:
7n. tuad conl.ains he brain-
Thr lta s ha\e live li.i8e.s each.
The feet harc livc toes eaoh
Substantivele din aceasti cfltegorie, {iind concrete i numera}ile, po t
av6a ambele numere i articole, ln iunclic de context:
That hoNe has a beautiiul tudd. and de.oa, a very rine colour'
All lho hoNes n thb slud have w€llgroomed ong ndres and lutr .
3 ) Nu me l o d 0 b o l i Si u n e l e sU, ri d o sp i ri t si n t sxb st a n i i ve p l n i re ce n t . sL t p u se S; f i o
u n o r u za n l e t ra d i ri o n e l p l o srrp . o mp l i . d l c p . i vi n d l n L re b u rn l d re 8a rl rf o l t rl u r
l " d p u e rmi n a . n l i n h a t u l s, ' u ; 1 . q . rF sa u vo rb i l . I n ra re ' i mp l i f i rsrp a
"a rc
dicteazi regula. axticolul hoiltrit nu mai apare deoit, sporadic. o rimnEili ir
cur s de dilpflr itiei
u) cu urLicaluL ehttdrit: i ;r i1
ro "J l ' r' l , o d , o h d v"d n Jp p . l i . d l d . "4 ' re , l r' , J"' ' "' , ' n i , i'
n e cki l o a . u J"ki r ' ' 1 . -n . a -o r' I ro a r l n . " l o o r. , r' , n p r' r . r {r- r '
:l:- _'
( ro / . rn r' 1 5 . o ra u , h d r a a ' ko r or
b) cu saa bd aricolut hotiLri/ S ;6t
p,m6l s. In' r qr .. .r ^r ' h l' :' l' //.' ,
Lo hdvr F :r r Jch.. a,h"ttaotr ' '
' f , r h mll:5r , ( tl9t Ao. I th" h"_o: 1r r ., r ,u- u" r hol r'' Lp' o' \- I r l l.r nliJ
\n.bir - ,1- r o"tanc.r t"d ..b. n' ,.t 1"- r ,,"1 r o"n ir I .r t: r os.l
l/F hlues: ,l' creera, tu dumrs, te lidBcb,,i' horroN' rickcls, et'i
4) \umelo ile mnsrui (LiimLnsruri, grcuiate, oa lilate. timp cl,c ) pot S ;tiB
a vc: , u ri . d rn d i n ""l p d o u i sr i "o ' F , " u i n : . l F ' d i , rr"i l , u v ii ' u p t ' h ri rl i f "n '
tr11 lhr I
3; D a/,ne dosel ol beer.
sa n d wi u h
.ltu 2i i ,uarrl
(t o€ thhrm
" I o r' l o Ju l a y V. rr"t , $ , {yr r"J l a b p l .
tess a.e 50 D dlhe d.ozcn
r-6 i rt o "su . t b r' d / , t " p o . t l .
I Adici rrlualur cu attiaolul zetu
tlov ro d i , ' r ". i a . , , i ' f p -n co 1 . d r' j b p Pi . rrru t i l p d e h . cl " t "
'inu
l bru
. r l -0 . 4 Jq kg mr' . ra , l g F rrl d ' e rd d i . i o t r. l 1 .u L , o -s h rrn b ' L l
"r{&, r' r-; .
l1 4
Shocs l]e 5 45. t air'

onc-A a weck. t{irie '1,i,d iorl,lighL
tro worh I\' /n. da\r
to bc laid'bl_ tP non 'h
'o r rrl 1 Io 'r l r rL ' J' r
l o h r" a l d ' o .. /r h o r
5, l, or i'dr p Jin do- d cr li'

, or " .su- \pozilia'z.
r 'i, un,r 1, onlor - pozir
m r pgulr
ii 'pjnrlor
'"LLinl'1r
nner ul' Jr \pusa r ar sJ("lF :
Thc Thanes. ic ri .r whioh torvs hroughLoDdo . s slannedbv Ditnv blidges'
( q 44 l
' I sir r ,,".t . " in" tr or .- $i1 'r p Dr - b . J1 -3C
r i..",ys.bt \\'. H1,r , . Lr r i.h,r '.r , ".J165'J:i 'S i'lv.al $ 162'
56 6l Atribuiul si articolelc' -\tributut estc o nodalitate gramaticali foade
eficoce si subtili'Dentru Darticularizareau ui substanliY El loate preceda
sau urma subst,aniivul pe carc il determini
Ctnd urui substaniiY ira articol3,expdmind aladar genedcul, se adruq;
mai multe atrilute .& clil. un tut. o stnS rti id€e' prczenra
unul sau (sau atribuiclor) nu nrflrLenlcszarrlru
atributu\d fatnft.n nirnic id"ca de gerreralitate
exprimatn dc substantiv, acesta rlmintnd tol nearl'icuiat:
,ltaz is an jntelliSentb€ing.
Antituniesaft no\t in the lorcfront of interest.
C r e l : a n ,n ti tre s d "r i n l h e ro rPl "o n r o l i n r'rs 4 o i ? d ri 6
jtii",.i,;, t'i""ai;. tîtoji .'b"tt t ni, * t , t nd."u/t;" .r 'r 'l'tr 'slr r ,)
lldnldd or l..rp in " rlin rirl' l\'r:bu mrrl'illu p l 'r nnr)'rhsr'r"vi lrdnn
schimbl sensulscncric al Bubstantrlului
5G6 Dar ou un atribut carc aducF o iilce in plus sulsrantiYului. ap$P artico
l,l hoti"it,l""{ substantivut cxprjma acun o j.lnc preciso,sau srLjcolul n c h o -
tdrit daci subsliantivul e nedetinit:
Thri Ga-Md|tunr ntD is belie '€d .o liale belorycd to Llo same slccies as (fr'
moden mun.
\rie Grcek ntiquitics ornd jn the Balkan Peni6uh arc in lhe lorcl'onl oi 'nr'r's''
5G? 7) RrDetoroa rticolului. Cind doue sarr mai multe substant'ii'e au
" atlj"ctiwe lnt unite prrn and.numaiprimul p nc,sten mod obiinuit articol'rl:
sh e rp a d s i D o :l o a tl d t:t:tt \o r"
,4 l i l rh b o u Jn d .r.l "rcss l h p ro a d g 1 'n "t l }e l i t)l '
'rh" htb.: brathz; rd da / $ra ull In'lrPF
He il.rced, E idn, nAat, so/i, sdsdr, rt., and /&er on the sticll'
'lrr' ro E filth and .,irtn Pages
568 Peri'rn accentuarc usd, sau atunci cind substantil'ele ori adjectivcle se
referd la persoanesau lucruri dlfcrile, arlicolul ljc repetd tnaintea fi€ciruia:
The Dcn u.niiure I bought s ,ndsndf,.s, zd,ft' {lccentuare
'€sr'
A se compara:
TIE bt)fesor nnd Doct l.rt.1f.s on lrlondav' l0 sirgurit leNoan'i)
th e r"o fe Je r a n d tt," ro t l tu - o l \l .n d u \' l l ro u -, p o 'o a n "
A n o n ;r:o n a n 4 l ra j .\. t,.o .."j In .n .rro L i ,I
I Eo a a .ra a n d ." Z,r/.J, ri ,ri u r' "..i l o .i o b i q l '
c t t .l .u t. l .l:; rl n t Jr u
',n .
l 1 r t f l , d .ti n i l i d .'to ;rl i ri , \,? , 5 r_ r8 -
,.\vlnd adicl arfidur zcro.
a,nr.shr rioi a.ccn| at, ii ins.amr,"t uricnl
i ln r , 1 b . , r . r ,:n,, .. , r '" | ,1" no"" I l ,
nLto llatnat 'rril
D r' ln Dorootn. lr(n' . il" r d eiule_l
-_
or t.+c,r; . : r l ' Jt r:,'ur '.1 i'., 'l ;i ., nrndl mol""n
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica
LPSE$TE Limbii Engleze lltt
CAZUEI TN CAIiE ANTICOLUL
I,OCI]L RTICOLUT,UI s 589
1 ) -\mbele arj,icole rdrzrld ubstantivul au

atributut acestuia: s 570
4 boy
lne Lo v
vhole, dar pd al}, lrothl' S 571
Ambetearticole slau inainteacuf intului
2)just: "
?l,e q liol€ $rden \is in -bloom
I wor led 3 t i t for a l i a k NceK
1:t'';,0:','u;.i'5"i'f.":'i"'?li
',*,'"0,"
3'1iuffi."u,lil
i,l:"tyi;;l;:;;,::;;:;,,i'
"i. ;:,:i ,/," hûs4 sac ronu s tof
li;;g'".'""
'iil.
ii j;"i,' oriliidrv hedsittins oom (:i rr- dro"mx
';
cind reprezintdmnsuri: S 57''l
Cuaintele olf ii double ini rmdtcde articol
3)
kli:'":""i""i',1;' fri'l; Y.;:L,,
','lll*[*"1;,:t';"nr, iu1^, '*ilui",n
^" -t1z
formeazi un sabstantfu@rnptrs \
Slni lnsd pi"eccrlarce articol atuoci -clnd
iu o s,nlur d ide" cu subslan'r \ul ur m€r or :
had slnrl
i: :;r: *,ii : ;, :,J?,,i"ill""n;.,._

Thp LolfJ@v
The wod hns a d'Lbte wddng'
,{ \e r ompar
'
R: _r s'ItJclnL
;;Yil/j1it" uui*,
t"ott at,' t:loJl Ir c' pdp' nn4r :
i:ijl:',";l;il
: ' ' *"
.';: -{"",i t"'
;"u;';;';;:il "f
T"Ji;1'"t; i'i::{ifi.,'fJ ,k hotr'hLda,i'
'r. c{zt'nl l\ c,ulD.q.RTICOLT]I,JPSD$Tf, { 57{

s 5?;
Reguli
ESurd gcnrraLi
1 4w'
)l"l;ilil1,:Jii":l,b uinLa,p u ,nlp,-.n 'rdl,\\l

'; : ; ; : i : ; i i , ; i " , " * " i ' * . , " ' * , , . r , n ,/ , / N '
",
u firiplc'ccncral ru prrmps'
I r Sub.tantiretoroulDcrihilc ca egoriJintrrunnllosrele
i,il""iLti,"|'o lo rr.a'ra
"*.r",
.ind,"int tntrebuinlatecu sensgenerrc:
(S 35)l s 57?
{t) srbstantivelecare tlen mcsc a'sildcltt [NN]
i " t- u' t" t- uh is teout -
' n' nttu
X jor n' s lr h er Per F tc
' r dut
nehotlrlt'
all ti Dod nu sc conslNjesccu arlitolul
11 t
5 ;78 D) nuncle de naturii. protitls.t ndttraLe' ?i dalort fNNl:

-rnir is nsed lor * lrng'
The coin wns dadf ol -itlt#
Itttual is a ce.cal
Rcd afi btue a.0 ihe colo $ 01 our iean'
4 5;9 cl s[bstanlivele ntln2, oman''z manhind, qamanki/td, ]i ature societ ,

onsidaro " . 1 dlqrr".Lii \\l:
ras'.;//.
1lo 6aJ -an'" Jr4 'nr I i ' e ' r I ne'
i'iii.iri,* ..;',,,.'li-to,r;covlrr'iscodmunLohollnont'trJ'n' tdÎind'
,\'dtutu nas neer lamesse.l lrr mdn.
we nave dul.ics ( sd./.,v as i'ell as to 6x'sti s
PoJrai,y apprccialed PurQell'smus'c-
,s 580 precum ti substantivcle numerabile cu forlnl sru inlclcs de Plrrdl lNl:
d,
Bo?s lolc foolbau Da"n?s'
rl"'lik o o \'.',"h aahar't notnl
'I J I'Jl ol " ""P r d ' ir in ll'11 pla'"
jlu eu lftirol - ln aceastd
6 581 2) Sttbstartivele cu car ctcr dc utricitnie [NN]
cat€gonc lnlra:
S 582 c, numeleproprii la singular ($ 6);
i ssr
-- l,l numelc ilelor, lunilor, anotimpurilor,anilor. snlbitodlor, obiect'elor
" a" sporturilori aleb;lilor(S510,513, 20, 23 124 502);
5\l "t.;i",j"*rilor,
liuldr u'il polil.l . nr oh r ai u'cdr r r '- rr' i-
{ ./ '4" '' 'lr '' 'nu"nit"
tudt,i ( S i3 5i,4t;) r l
abstracte n€numerabile' & hcaren' h'll' purydloA'
S
- 586 .t) snbstantivele
paradise.prcailence eta.; (vezi S 3;).
S n87 E rceplii'
Substantivele eotth, san' maon' sk . Narld. uni'erse' costlrDs. esr au Dn
cafacter de uniciiato tn ambian-ta n care se afld sint srrbstaniwc concreie
indeob.ste unoscute i ca atare primesc artioolul hotiirit':
?/,e s&D was hot
We l4? tu,, .omin n'rl ol s"
'aw n
ihcri is notl,ing ,1" ."_;rd ,e d pri?
'r" m o r e ran to ' JrrJ out hi5s hcrnror' rrr&
We sas'a ttrrboprol hisli uP in,i, sig.
ln limbaj literar sau poelic. "'ubsiaolirele rA3 i rtd ar Di plural:

..under $resrcm .r,t;r,, is the titte ot I nov'rt.
Hc sailed he Sevon J.^tr
De IaDt, in astronaul.i.Ji. toate substantivele de mai sus (ou exceptra

substaniiv[lui cotr@s deocamdati) au 1i plurui
.1 p .n Il a 'l o r' rr"l 'd L nu l r',u n ri s,r

d 5 8 ,'r ' rd l l l -l 'r'"i "
lil.
'"" .r,,,,:, , r.. nd ri r',r,t \ ''.a
,.,',,r l \\' ' r.,lr,.
r"/ l |u r ""d
J.n. )l l :-l 'ro
CLi sensld d" tu1aki.n,L t'. pcat.t\ n)natttitd
: V.zi si \ 1 6 0 . 1 t. i i .
a I s'mi n ra u .rd S 4 7 6 -i t,.
6 :' r'.,1 ||' 8 .-::
'r'J;n-ri 'L l l ;l i ;".u d d'
i n :ri ,r ,t \": . \r'l Jr'r"
", î i'nr r r'": l )'o r' n ;n P
\rl ; ,1 , r'
-. ';","
(lig. pochcl." -n
liiminLlltri
UL LPST,$TE 117
}Lseraali.e S 5fl8
l lali, ce caructeruL e E.neralil\te sau de unicilale dispate f]e prr]1
i , p r u l . d u n p l e . u b e t a n r i \ F ; r ' p r " . l a p l u r a l t s p r oo t c m p l . rn u m e l "p r o p r ' i t ' .
: r " n r i n € J a u q a r " "u n u i a l r i b u ' . d u a u n " i p r o p o ? i i i l r i b u l i P . s r F l a p e r t i -
rulirizeazl - substanlivele primesc arlicolul hoLirlL sau nehotdrlil
a) hotiirit, atunci clnd ne refedm la nl andmit emmpl.Lr oncre , $ 539
3partinlnd unei categorii:
Whcn p lt,D saw he lames. e ran away.
She was nolishine lle sr,ee.t,
Do rou ;ind t'i6sing the su€Lr?
Th. ink nt n inkstand is dr Y
Th. bluc ol lhe skY was nlensc.
He is ,n, tudD n chaq€ oI ihc 'all garette
The aotuan nexl door is {n afi stud€nl
b) nehoLdrit, a t u n c i c i n d ne refe.im la u n e : x e n p l a raarccve a p a t \ j S 5 90
nind unei cat€gorii: / lt,n ss roaring.

I saw o mn al the door.
A fuv noan was dsing otrt ol t|e sea.
Obsergalie generald 5591
Cind un subsiantiv nenamenbil apare cu lorma de plural cind devine
rdi.; numcrsbil - qi n u intra ln \ r p u q A din caregoriilc rnrsje p l n J ai'i. ur-
mArzr q a f i e f n l p l e s c a reterindtr-F l € d i t a r i L e " d l " E o f l i . Ptuti spcl.. toriPtdli.
sorla,"isau caliriili ale substa ivului nenumerabil:
b.cad -heads
velaei - velYets earlh
watd -- eartlis
waters3
Exomplu S 59S
SubstaDtivul cdrth. ca.e are un caraoter de uricitate', ilustreazd pregnani

intrebuinlarea articolului :
&)nu primeqte articol c i n d n l e l e s u l u i e s i ed l r f a t t : S;)93
H n L o e F d h F s \. n a n d ? d - l io lind o, J o L r p F s p n r dddr. s
Tl"e. dt i. 'sm l s e d o n h i s " h m " s o o n h " o u g r | bJ. k t o . , . I h.
6au cind este \.ume de mdterie: "rD

It was rat {or heary) cdtth
Th€v filled the lit with ea.r,t.
,, pdmefte a r t i c o l u l hotdrtt cind tnlelesul lui este condret $ 59 4
aunos ll san pf ecLzar '-i
?tu ra.rn is rclnd. {: Tena-unioitate)
Thr\ N"F l i l l ' r g ,n Pd{,L I- s o l ' r l l
Thtlit $6 ru'l ot \t l'at,.t 6l th".arth.
(: Frlna - mrsi conoeta cunoscui.).
c, primeDte 0,rticoIo,I nehotdrtl aiunci clnd reprezirle n S 5 95
exemplar iLinLr-o catc1o'te
,4Dea.rt on whioh he.e wouldbe pe.ce amona pcoplff is an idealworth st.i ng for'
e trr' .;b" : arsintdna.

3 t . r pt , ", lt t 1. d; ri. rp" m, 1 - ' t " s, . . r p {riur: . t r. u"i. Tt rj. o"ranp p r . . . ' , , 'lrl
ln num rorse fapresrr rrg .4r..
. o 4 4 p. n. r o n : . i, s. d inilial' mrlJqJll. J s r ) z i 1 ' 1 u " . u 1 1 . t 1 ' L r ' a - a i i l i d
'
inairscrrli cind e ntrlle de llanetd (: Tcni).
IlIJ
59 6 .\r,Tr1c,|zlmr N cABx ARTTCOLLaIPSIIITE

lrLicolui hotirtt nu esteerprimat ln urmitoarelecazuri:
597 1) dupir un substantiv n cazul posesiYS 247):
Flf;rr's arotl,io
the \torke$'
todaY's Dem/a/d
598 2) tnaint€asubsiantivetor gt€rminatede adjcotiYole ososire au alc-

m0nstnitiY6:
ntJ trnby t/r.t chjldrcn ,,a, mountain ,nes" owns
599 3) lnainteaadjectirelot ast Einoxt (+ un substant'iv) ind acesl,caripri-

mi firtpul ln rapori cu prezentul : articolulzero)i
H . a. 6 Lnme lost )rondau l-1Jnp. t t t . 'u'i).
rh"j . lP l"dLing t o" lh Deioiup (J ( sll'lmJna \ 'it oTrP).
'+ i
Notd,
600 DdclrSnsi di" ri\'lp / 9lei t''Jl nusi l.or''i,l.rrlFinrcporl'u prFzpn-
I t l , , 1 " e i p r i m r o r d i n " a r r r o s Frics i s u u r m d r o r u l n l F l p . : f l s ' . u l l i r i u l :
nerl: ur;ntorul. in acest caz sini piecedata de articol, atunci clnd insolesc
un substantiv expdmat sau sublnleles, ;i earLicxlateclnrl sint singure san
au raloare ale adv-erboti de prepoiilie laceasta din urm[ in cazr lui nert):
The astMand.aul tl\is month s a holidav. + sul'st
r r e \a lL.( oi - u,sJr .. Iul r lt th' ,att J t u "ul l $ J s / l l a J .
r ..."",.ir ,",.r r ,.i;. ob see r ,r r , do r o ; . \ . ' . , 1 \ \ , l") J,L"l )
qir ';r ""du :r bsr _
:th,\",t,t.ttaqtt\"")t .,o lhpli5rol f.olij"nl 6Jnna''
\l.hen I las, nel. Lenn. sle sas llourishins (-^dv
I should il" io - " $n",, , r 'r nu ;o." - $ ) ( \'lr ''
' ; . u
l l . \.,F \nar ir C a Ldn.- l r , J , I ' i , ". n. P . p a
S ti01 1) pentru a se aIa oncizie i rcli./ stilului:

S 602 a.) in unele oculiuni adverbialesau lerbale ln care substaniirrul re
lrLFl'" ./r./r'a ( J' ri.olul 7. o)
to deotare$'ar lrgnmst
in {thc) lutuc to fird emploJmen
to hn plc utder foot

603 ,J in unele cuaintecompuse : allicolul zero):
{lownhill iidoors oul.siiic do$n-at lt€el
in- shom upstaiN trpsidcdown u io-daie
sint' unite
604 prin c) in unelesau
prepozilii etpr.rii cozs/ra;I,
coniunclii (: /n.lr'tc,
artieolulinzero):
oarc doue substanti{e
trom begirning io er d
dry _by day .
lrom hand 1o mouih
lv hook 6r iy cmok
lrom 1.op o lottom oi.e. nountaiii and plain
through thjck {Dd ihin
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze to linish ne.h and neck 112/609
LIPSE$TN II C
C^ZURI lN CAFE AEllCOLlD

'"'
..",1,'.1:-:ll:1"'liifili
;;;;:i;t;;i'i";i;.r'r:ri'',i'
;il,lli",tiffl;.1'11""",i"1
ai"Lioni'e oril'e'' ( omi unp\ "ri-
""g1.
uea5e, lend rnone) s'lool rre (Tdeg'aml)
t-m' lI'rt,-9:..".?til9l: irrr
1,""j:;.,i'1".;"i'i.'*0"'il:"ri',rr'i,n:o J r'irc r
.,:;L;i*l;u
ill:i;ltl'""#i;l
S. "l i o " e q u:ri
"t 115,",1i;.1:i
l:"::i"r'i:i::ll
o r' 1 l t rt l l "ff:,lt",ft
';:n :; ; ; ; o ; ; ; r ' t ; l rra rn
Jii:
- riu u ,d ;
" br isr", i'ks p '"iv'' dilrs um
;;;iJrl "t g 'fprlpr,o*
a;d steari 0ndi"rlii de Rsic)
b:"1';;;;; i;;;;L 'br comianr' ^n(Di (u
ir zid)
vI, loi onnuo' , )
5 i o
t onry n
o l
i h ;
u uus;
s'.
, 4 rr; srn rr: u r' p e r
f ,i:,l,iff';'JAi11, lnuiests l'ai on I etrol' bel n"o
iiir: i""r"* ol rlonth (rrtluarriol ?i rr
de {anteziste'
Foarte adeseori itturile din ziare' ericesiv ile concise ;i
etnt inintetigilite inainie de citirea artioolului'
[In exemPlu:
l' ; ; {il-;
S wimbuiiS uo mit . - Tillul urrui report aj da' pre c unhrinll l' ni{d
{" " 1
;; i; ' ; ' . . lor P ar" ur' lrri P ' r' Fri t inu - nui' r' os rumd/ t lp'
-\ eqs ' \ Fek J anu0rt 15' I 9; ' )
;;; ;''";g";" rirlul. ' i lo uuadFlups
r'ffi t**
;;fi''i;lil'i"il$-:;giir'
l;'* ;""' ii[***r*
"''
i;'"T:
ri"'ri""s: vl
"
'":1:i
AI}Jf,{]TIYUL
ONSIDERATII G E N E R { L E j i3
rlD JICTIINI,tr CALIFICATIYtr

{. co\SIDER{l II (iiiNxtl-{1,8
DcliriiLie,. 113
f i" s i .i 610
F u n'.trr
o j i i ......
6 ri
{1. couP\RATI_{ ADJECTIYELOTi. 62 2
Com *r&lir dc *rllfrio.itrtli. .. ... .. ... .. . ..... .. .. 6|ii D6
a:antrardtiaadjectieelot . .. ..... ..... ........ .. .. .. (itg
rldicctiv.lc dc o sinsuri silab|...... .. ....... .. .. o/tir liltl
Adjeciivr df dou silabc... .............. ....-.-. 641
.\ltf tl.ii de rorbirr rdj{ctiratc... ... . .......... . 052 'l:8
'118
65' t:9
6it l:19
6 i t6 l tl9
1
659 I tn
661 r:1"
IttJ..lite .u f.ine lc.:onrntatie n:t.gurti.
O l s l f v a l i i a s l p r aa d j . c l i \ r l o r u g . a d ed e c o n u t u t i e r i , r c s u l a i i . . . . . ... .. .. 1a:l
ltt .. .. 6t: r r: l
L;tl" 41 t, 1 , t . | fu 6tri li3
lr".h lhre l t r . \ t..'.. 690 135
FI.lPr Fldc"r. OD"" 4t'1 1... 69t 136
Io -h " . th rth " . --l a tt" .a . Fta h ,.i ......
t06 133
,0 )
ater.Lat.st, - Iiuer.I^ tt 0 139
...'...',''.'.''.''.'''''','''''''.'.
( a n p o " o ' r na,tJ""t,v,
o- .............. 717
" a o 'r.
( omP8BtiN l. .gdibn. ... 71a 141
(omp3r.,tlA dF interlorihl. i2n /r'+2
ODso.rs9ii $rp.3 onp&nti€i ndJe.tirclor tt s€nerel 1/r:1
a : o n s t n r 'a p r n n o ' i t i e i 'o m p a r a L i \ '
.a1,, , | ,i I - . | , t o i t " r t-rmp. rt ,u. r,.,, i , .. J2l 1i-)
,.,ir,,r,.", \ F t p l t i n " .. ,... ,22 r43
.u,Fl1r'r:d
S t , + l 1 l i \ ' l p r " L1, " .ii.ro. il ''rrl l snr p " r l d l.. ..rl ..
r.l l :\.. J23
i 4 143
l1,r
" 'rll
r ' f o t 4 i l i . o m p . ' ' i r . i - l : p i" . ... ..
, ,to,.1 hi"
. o^rm n rpfifr,dl il1i d d i n l r u n o b d," i r n e . J p
I'.b-.1
. - , r . l " r ,'1o m a r r l : \ . D u b l u rs r .p' rirc.rriLv
p..^mF.a
a \'rt'rj ii :34 L1;
0 " r s t . t i i i d i o m a t i . e r d o u . lc o m l a r a t i v e a us u p c r l a t i v e . . . . .... ..... .. ..
. .. -. -.... .. .. .......
I ' r o . . d f c l c n t r u c - \ p r i d a r c a u p o l a t i r u l u ia b s o l , r t .-..
1?2
-| ryq-
r48
I I I . A I , T I I C II]'STII- N I R D I'I'IIITOAR O LA AD JEC TIIN ' ' ' ' . ' '
ia,o 148
,'01 1,1
t03 1il
ilD 1r 3
iil 7i]
i )) 1it
't5r
,74 l5i
. ) J3 15ir
t \ . f c H l \ . \ l t\'[ll.\DJ tc TIv Al.I
..... 7i a \ 54
Su}sr antlt.. . - .. 17i 1i5
Ger ( r ldit . . . . . -... - r ;5
Pnr r iijiniu r .n\tt....... - . . . . . . 719 15t
P,mi ii.i;iir
ri p j rL tr cdL
,,..... . .
Inlinitiv /-sL
t8:l 1i.',
15r>
155
155
1t5 15i
Locnliun. prelrozilioali. 760 liii
. . .. .-
7bJ 150
-t'iotozi
{por l'€ie rehtivl
ADJECTIVELOR - .. 7S9 lrt

v. FoR\I-\nI^
,-90 156
Iter ir er cs . . . .
t 9l li 6
J ii
A'|j..tir. cu t t Lc. esntir ". t9t 157

i94 i 57
, 94 137
Sxiixo..... ... - ,...
t 96
. t97 1i9
D ullr tr ea consoanoii nalo - .. 793 l 5t
-e - ntut lilral ,99 la8
800 l i9
Schndbired rt€soricigrrmatlcal€ li )
Pdticipii adFciivate ,l6tf
adjcctiralt. . ,...
adJccurarr. -
-qubstantile
\trle
-substantile
adjeclivate . . . 80t
30ri
\,tter br nr i ' s0 8
\r lr .olu' r " nFr 'l'r ' 'u bloJr " d. 'lj' l'
( oD pr n.r cn . . . . . . 809 'l 6 l
ADJECTITELN DIINR]TINATIYE
814 '10:
sAU PRO\OUL\-q.I,X
,\diecli{clc losostve 818 16 t
r\dieclircle ilcmofslratire 819 164
rldjecti ele rntoogau e 3 1i
Adicctirele
Adjf.ii €lc rcl'rtivc
neiloLArile- szt 1Cl
114
LocuIiuned adie.tiaald (Adj'c tinl Phrc s e) Loou't'uDea

{ 0
."-1 3 impreun;
" ua "Ji"uriii'"ons t dinlr-un grup de crroli"te eie p""aic"t coreiuatc
au'\.aloare de adi€ctil':
T. r-a i's , rto, 6,'dPn r" rl P: L sl d 'n r'
T,i r,.l r'Ar,- a1
. t h " a Pa i n {o ";n L "v'n i n ; "'l ss
\l'h-"r:e is Ure io\el lent to Martdn?
arvole glad la h?:]P ou ?
lli'.:nt vou folnil
b)La.uL ddjettrvulni Adiectieul s ie pus in genere
{ 614 ' l r r i b a t i P
" r n o i u t c a-ub.l.,oliv ului p p rere l l 5:
"lifi'
- thc nlce o&.1 ouses

(Pcntn detalii vczi S 2668
'683) Jir"'t
1,tj ti,ut L,r'clt.atir"'t' pus.dupd-\-rb'au ddp" 'oflplern"ntul
.1rd I c\i ; ( v ' r r F r e m p r e S /o/ / o J r '
615 3)
" , "l'urc-tii.
. - Adjectivul are Itei funcl;ii sintactice:
616 a) pot\re li d.tributl
Madse' a /iae girl. wa -comi g to lca-
I bo'urht sorne ioallen
e is-a man /drd 10 ':lo
l'ase'
es
I $17 ,) poate face Pade din P,'edt:"r:

l)'')'cd nnme pre(licatie l(hedicate) Conplementf:
t 618
The sLY is Dnr''
It sre; ddln-
AD old shoe ieels eas,'
shorl trme'
7 got readll i^ a lerY
su'o*,r'",?
,') pentu.a campktanteLesul.unui,':il"^:i-:i'1".Ye:T*,,',""#t::i
.i,i'i'l'f:3?#"f'ii'xlj""i'i'#ii,'ii"li"ii'?i""i-""iii"
'i-
( Resuh' )l|
off Re.sultt
Pred.icate
Prtdlcak '
\' P"inr d llr {l'""l/
' l h ' g ' " u F ' _ol"l L - 1 " 1 s r u ' l ' r '
I boiied m s'l''
'ge
S 620 cl poate fi complement circtmstunllal de mod:
- Thov came hom'
'ied'
re'$ind llew coli''
{ 621 Adieclivulsubstani,i'rat$ 750 760) are luncliile substanlilului

( s 347-358).
s ii22 Ir. c0llPAnAlrr .lDJECTrrEl'oB

ICOII"ATTSON F ADJECANDS)
i t . d o . u d tno'J -r': i t ' t r
S6 f3
"-" ' l eom fa,alia adje'iv Flor p ^ " l e I i r'aliz s ti laeiobie'rr
" ot,i- i.,"1, .:,.i.i I'i".r "u, ;, /;,,p. pri\in,l""
I He sas nn ollef workman ilrm his brol'her'
,rk.,,
' l iie w6 the aatas,workma^ in thc laclory
f [ler health lad been growing tJelr?/ d balrd'"
dmr it $as Des, 6t lundav
1
-i-^," t'iri lmnnd'
t-,t,"" consii tle art dintFo pmruzit tierelaiira
t v t " ' . . ) r; e
.,t:.'i...;"' tit"""". tk .
*' r , , . . i .,'i. ; : : : i ; " p : :"diectivah
;,:.
p r ' r r l : un'''d l'"1 I n o ' \ i7
lton.rr'r "n: 'mari"a r o r n a n r di
'd '
.- A2 t 3 f l ,
3 Sens granaticat.
COMPANATh ADJECTIVXI]OR l6
2) O compara_tieoate i fdcutndin rrri punctcde vedero: { 624

a, pentru a se aftLa egalitateai s ii:15
lle b 6 lizl ds Jane.
0.,)pentru a se saperioritatc&i s 62G

^rdLa
TI" i3 ii,d./ t,,di J.ne
lle is Ure fttud,r, ol al l
c/ pentru a se ari|a inferLorihtea.. s tig?

He js less nt4 than Janc.
lle is nDr g,,/os lia.l as Jue.
He is,,,,p i.ds, Ilad oI alr.
3) Pe plan gramaticalse deosebescrei gradode comparatio: i 628

a) gddul pozitie,clnd adjectivulnu a suferit nici o comparalie:
cold bcautiful s 69$
n ) o r c d u l .onpatttir. q ,::irl
" i n d a d j F . ' i \ u l a-rari o in (u,cire ntr-un 1T"d s u n "
rior .du inlFrior araluiJ \fflmc' trin g r a d u t pozitiv. s a u e g s l ;u a r e b i J :
'
coldaf n,fe beatrtitnl tsnrerio.iratet
lcsr cold /ss ieanriiut linfu.iorjtarct
as cold n ds beauliiui as (csatitare)
not solos cotd as noi ro/as b€iniiliil as i r.riortrab)
g r d d u l s n p L r l o t i . . j n d adjectivul exp m i o t n s r l i r e tn g r a d u l c e l ft
.t.)
mar tl)8tt sxu c e l m a r s r d z u l : S
most beantjlnl lsuDerioriiate)
lctBt Ieauliiul (inlerlorilale)
SLrperlativul poate fi :
c') .s.up"tlo.tir.r.,to,,r.ind a\primi e r d d u l .al mai tnalt sau , p l msi s .rzu' .: r,:tJ
, .
a r r n e u : i n r I n u r ot,tF.l i1 inmpsrr'tp c'l at'F obiFcto sau lr. timpl
Hc is ou. @sr .'italr. tracto. driver.
,r" I"^t src."..lut ot ,t,p , r l d i d a r p . .
,i"r q r,
I h.rv" b .n r. .tl
ry 0lt $rpI but I I.rt ",/jl roday,
c" ).superlatte bsolut, lnd arati o tnsusirentr-un grad nalr ldri stabili S (i:t:i
lea urei comparaliidirecte:
,ca,.sr Fathol
Tldnt y " u lof ) ^ . r rd. , / j n J I, pr .
ll, y { r n a o r r " , L r ^ I 'im.
Shp ; , . o"t ar, d. a. "
Superldtivul bsolut, neliticl se deosehestee cet relativ.sip n acfert: . tj:]1

s u p ' l a i u l r b s o l u l . i i n d d " . n r i p L i v . r " , , " p n r u lp " a d i e r r i r . n s r . " i r e a x o f l
mrc" ,r.i . rdnp, ualr . .p"
a t a sadlrl i"nr bJ Iul - ./ "r rprp, . Ir,ir irm
q tuatA
p jtpa'ni m
s tt ,idn.L. ,pFr l"..tuLt-u itln u, :pa"rrF. L e r i v uel l i t n
. and obic,
'IrrF 5 rl," 4osr ,h,athc o t rh. boohsn th" l i b r r j . tSuD""t.e t1

\ lle
h It hn 4o: l , , \ "p. t irx l a r p . l< 0"a. rbs. r
H . r"Trk tq n o s t t nlert : . s. ( s u p " r l o l r r ,
rvezi
5 638 i 6 i3
12 0
6]; collPAltATL\ DE S l Pli Rl o ll lTr\TE

icolljl-\illSoN oI sLrllr'IoRl lY)
G3{i Corilarati{ul .sjsupcrlatil'ul do superioritale -se ormeazl ln doxli uo'ltrrj'
(tupi curn adjeciivcle sint scufie sau lungr'
i \ "1 - r û _'r
t i : l ; , n "' - r\ ., r .tur lti,$"rr ll ui t'oi 'lroa sJ r' u' l r l . l a
n li l"n, F'
J j F ' ui \ u l | - "J ' "n
l t o / r "v'rorn' ' f r r '^' '' i1".r s: iI r r r ' r
sau flerionard satoli):
VioleL is a rdl, girl lPoTitir)
\ .1. is r/,. 'n
\
" r l l r ' I n l Jr r "
\ro . L rt" r".1.r ul Ir fr r". i r . su i p " | rI
li:Js LJ. Adiectileto lu gi primesc adveit)cle (lenlru oonfnratil-) -:l

'?'rc (metoda
, n s l (pentru superlaiirJi are lrrecedii djecti\ul in g r i d u l fozitiv
1alitiia n ; l l "\ i o n J r . h J r ' r : ) :
'au (Po7ltirl
M\. sor is iut?lliaezl
r"" l' p"r'
N;:,1 r " , ; o ' " ,r' '/1,r,' h'1 1\ l
buiBtt uo\' n ' " r L 16' i orrrt
'lr - . n -/',
Lrrlicatii cxacte n r r r N . m t a onrlrarli ; iLLjecrivelorl n t in]poFihildf rI
. l 1 l i , , . t 1 d i u l : n c r r - , n r t i s l i r n l a i n r - l d i ' r u a l" l l r r r ' l " n r a r u i o ' r z
{ r rl
. , ' t " o i o - t , "' - ". r 0 ' . l ^ r m "l o r ' L ' / ' l r '- ' ^n r ' / i " "r r ' - "r : i' h i i r . i r I o n "
l ", . ; "; l l o l " - s , p "n r . u c r p l i . i l r i . ^ " ' ' d - r r n ' i o l r u ' r u a l r e r n t p n s ": r
crescindi
''-in in uzanla curent,a.
I i i . t l ' L i o n . "n ,' s p i ' u l ' r l ' ""r n d 1 1 l i F i d j t ' ' i \ "l o r " l - c, cv a
r
-l
I
. 1 u e x o'c. .d' ni frtrl iu' m a . . u p \ p m p l o n d "r o n i " t ' l e 1 "l u ' ' ' e n r e l p F n t f l r
sir aibi'trasate unele reperc, ahiar nstabile, ' ontradr'torri onErhrcc arl aDruF
, 1 , . f i n t h l 5 e a m rd " d r i r p l "e r p u . e m a i j o . . i r r o\roi ifv or ir"a
i n l r5l nJ i. rLr ul e rr ct s, iunrL' 4l lr"-
p:l
n r p r i m o r i d r t "r i l e , o l ' i . i i ' o n l r J r i : d s r r L r
'iur. tn' $ttL
s a u s n ie acuzatide ipsi de con.iderslic e n t l L rnt'rLocutnn' nt
he on thc safesidc.
ri 639 a. colrP,rRrTll -LDJltfrrvrloR, sorr-rirrl
lcolrlAHr'sor [ sH0tr'\D'lljcrlvul)
,{cessLdcategorie cuprindc:
z I adiccti'€]e monosilabice
;i ili;;ii";i; ai";i,ai., "'-i".t" ir\'a' 'L , 'r, r' -o", -ro'rcsi srle
. i l - Ld' , d: ' i ..u r r ' - , ' r , , 1 p" nrirr' ilaba:
, 7 nim-roa"" adj t ' r i \ p b/ s / / di ' " ' u ' ' ' pnl ul l n Ll r n I srrlDJ:
di adjectirelc trisilabicc ct preii\ negati\.
l\Iai{fitatea acesLor adjcctive au ambclc forn]' tl€ conparalie:
o11, , * or o i'.r sulir"lo-'';i- 'tr 'rr- F"'i [ ot " ' o F l , t 0] ' i :
b) h l t ' onor u
Dxemllc
UrnlLoarele adjecl,ive fofireazii irr tnod norma] conrparati{ul iIL -cr ii
suDerlativul ln -esl:
' 1) Adicctilele ile o si guri lil^bti ( nnosilabtte)l
610
olear lnrc
ga.r thitr, otc
llrctuplel
.iear - . l euer - . I c ar $l
lat - htter - lattcsr
ga), garcr - g.xesl
127
2) Adjectirclode aloui sital,c D8ildrfu€, erminate n -y _ay:
fi s 641
bu: . , l pj i\.h
. Drl m. t\
elrsy likely sicktl:, etc.
E x emple:
D us y - hus i er _bus i es t
easy - e8ie. _eastcsf.
: " , 1J ' . v . t r ndt , " r t . i 6ndr i p.
..i,.\t r
loncly -ton,"lier " |' Lt . t
_I0rclesr
O bs er v al i e
i superra'if,
,,,,f;:ii#ix::,,fr::fi:;::l::;': :';i:,i:,:'nparaLi, u refc s 64
r',/ mljili bl eJ i'rj-.ri\'t'r t nar , s ; t db; , . .
$ 8,rs
glad
llji
sii|I
adjectil'cre
I slrd'ir' tcrninaten -y s&u J3l, acirentuate pe 6t +
n"r,,,ul, 'iIfi '
arg_ry risk-\'
iliifr' Y
'x.tx "1,""v l.id r
locc.i
.J adjcctivele r/J;1aDi.c. .orminate n -er, -Ie, -ow, -sotne i -urc:
biticr teebl.
i 6{l-r
hollo* g.L,esome
'i"l i " n :i ..'
hum t . t " lo$
sol4 noble stall,,w wholcsomo
tend.r srD[e vc]ror,
;illlli:.
dl alte cltcra adjec1,i1.eisilabicecn acccntulpe prinm tabd: ",".
s 616.
..r r" qlier
nile ,rretr rcal
s lteasui siupid, tc.
'ppie
,/ nuneroase adjeotivo r;rlturri, .jn act:t:ntul c Ltitna si.tabd:
s 617
ibsurd .oDcjsr .cmdte
dF.reet minute:
Irrolound totitc sinccre, ctc.
.' a ;" ,,;, + ..:to l ,. .t, r.t:
. .1
/l ..t b t.tl a.li .t.,
a t r .1 rr ru ro .t i o r.
n E t, tri n ,rti \rr.:
.n ,,,j 1 o rri ,.r_ -o a .j / ( r:tr
nnkindly
l lormelc llcxionaresilt ori..grariatc r tiaba..ng1ezl:

nue .t. oa.Zesr. ar nr Srr\
. - r r i dt . l r xt r J , r . t l{ : mii s.ull e5rpaioi a(ljectiv (cu lrononlia dil€rtr.le roc.n
t9t
urt.rD, lt.Pleasant insrxfd

unl.;i,nv rniidlJ insi"..r,. er,.
fr.: $hr r \ u unho|t ; ' t r nhar y
imPatitEsl "s
inpoini - i'npol't-
lilg llrceplii: o r'
adjeclive ono' si.bisilubiu u gradede compara,lio
rnate4 oanalitic
.d
(lumai cu more i most):
L m u n o si l a b l d
;;;:; ia"r. t , " t . . t - si t . t " o \ ' I ,.' n ' r d r " r c" n r u .
l;:i;;. 4 1 r r r r.oanl
onth",. bi,o-., b r ' " . r . 1 r a d o . , r \ ' l a L ' r '
Itrrm' id r' )ror I d" (-' ):01 1"t'
( a '
'''1d r.n;r .1 t a " ' t 'l p' l - lurn r " ' i '"
'l u t ': t r ' l ' r , r '
" 'r' :
, xl j " cf i r p l . p r n Jn a l i r e r o D i r r r i l r . u p r e r i \ u l n'.'t o t a t ^'l n '
,ii,[ \nrf.Fr",o-rprrlli"i adiF"':\,1^- nJ du to' .lahilir' r " i r r ' n l ] Jn
tl ' r,re z i .' ..r l u r,aa n ' rm i -,ri ro ri i . r t u n . . j u' io c" Tr mud r' ^ rn rl ' ^ - -
nJrat;" d ' l i ,c l i i " l o r h i ..i l o b i " pm ,i n b i :rru i t"' e i r,' ' u 3 l ' rrrl i u -r' ' n l o r l
qi b i " i l i b i " m i r p u {i ' r o h i -' ru i r" '
l :" n i * d" ri ' i - " -F v ,,,n p .l n d " J j ..ri
^ t' vn " l "u r I ' rl p )i i o rr" r' u n i rn ri ' ' u "'n'
" " m i i ra i r" u d j ,rru ru l
' rr.' d " 1 .
lt;l ln'ceea ce pri. .c,stedjectivele u ambele orme de comperatil'li super'
lativ. aleqerea irt.e icestea esle in D:trc mnsurn dictate de eulonie, riLn:-
exrres;''iiite. Pe linsi aceasta. n lir a votbiid si l preferato fornele llcrii(-
naie. pe cind in ldba Lterard se lotosesc nrai mult fomele oonstNite '-
tnarL i nost.u n .l . a d i F c \p .u nusn n" \c l u ' rv l i l p rl rd - ' J onl;qa" b ;:a " l
hd s i r7 u " .t" . a v i n ,i .aEr um .-a a ru ' i 6 4 9 r.' mJr torm'la nFrl'\ion1'
"r
Li;2 3) ,{.lto pn4i de vorbiro ailjedirrte sc conformeazi acelorasiuzanle rl
.
\lho li\r on tlc rpp'. loor'
l l d r r ' . vn " 5 r $ 6 l f . . l i r l p . , L r n u L r ' .
Ou tlfu inchdcs ihc proauction oi lhc cl,i.,r, witfs
\1'eren't l.he littlc bov's {ords the
4) Concluzie. In engleza onternporani au sparl tiparele in comparat:-

rdieciivelor, pe lingi mon;- ;i l0isilabele lcxionat€, lotme ca nlore lat1' n1't'
.oi|t. n"r, obt". niro prau , not sutl au n1r" hat. n 'lauda - rulrt" i
uulplin". " BllC -,b i o r kn"" bud n'o'" o"'1. t" o re '
' n p l c o ru l ^ s i ;o ,l e
tinaar. no.t w'tr-al,'t*d. na\t tr ll'ihlar d. n,oJ dt'ssd - plra
i o rm F l e n i /{ s i -pd ru gradr dp ,.rn p a ra l i ' l l n \i o rH 'r'tl
r' z ro 0 l - ' rp b rrr'
r,i rr,rri i m . d o v ' d i n d u -s eu i ra n ti l rd i l e ri ' i L ;r' ' p i " 1 r" l i i rl p r" i d r)l '
elocvente i lraparrte cind se abat dt la ltorn{ decit conlornindu-se, curnni:
acesteia. iete de fapt, era noului. a ruper;i iuturor ldnludlor, a incercini :
oelor nlai indrezn€ ; fi ,,trnsnite". din care izbucnesc adesea dei genirl
Excnple:
\' \ onc ot thc aood ,a/ h 4 t L t r'r l"r' \ 1 1 1 " ' 1" t,''J
Itth. lo"t 't'- ' n n sl
tnrb' tol 1"'tt
1 o \ b ' c' ' l r o i th"C n;t ' "t
D o r F b c" f - t n o sn l o n - t h P . L - , , i 4 4 ll l \ r l l r . lt,. ,Pt1", )' .
'th"thrt
1968). .-r''lu/ 'a " r l { m n " ' j " ' l . r T h l r ' . . 1 r trJ 5 ' r p p l " rr' -
'1...) LMdon nn:: an th. ,.t J ro ,.,,,3 ll't lciilinscs{ ll"a lJohn os|onf. I
''""" l; ,*t"r,"*"., ,f tt Inn,tah tLnr. i' itt Pnti i'aftt llhc tLLrcv comcl' t I
1906). '
( P cn i t r l t i m e l e l . ci . i i a t , . i . S 6 t 8 r '
r lii' i ?1. *", r 1. ^ li, anno, at "

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze apa -a , et . n. 121/609
COMPARATIA 10
..Iar pe cotorutcirlii Guinncss ookof Reco s 1971,p rintre alte superla-

:i|e estedat mostestr."
E\.ident ce aoeste itaie nrl constituiemodelede urmat. Ele alrartin
.n u id o mFn i u l l u r u r o r i .p n l p l o r d o m.n i u l r r i i ' o r u l u i ,a r c 1na .c .t .a z
u poatedaclLsd ne edifice,pe unii locindu-ne, e a4ii tnctntindu-ne.
B. CO}I?AEATIA ADJECTIYXIOB I,TNGI s 663
{COMfAIUSO\ OT I]ONC -{DJEqIIYES)
U rm ;ro a rp l F d .i e ,i v p ,.i l a rl i " i p i i fo rm e a z rcompdrativulSi superlativul | 65,1

' L djurorul adrerbplnrnorpr .:i ,l?ovz rA pdind adjectiYelei participiile n
sradul pozitiv:
1) adjoctirele mai lrugi ds doud silabe: $ 666
atiractiye (rcativc despoidcnt
}eautifut cu.ious imporl,ant
Et em pl ul
rtlr (iive nore atiractive nost attractire
dependable -more dep€ndnble -nict d€pendanlc
2) numoro:rsedjective isilabice u aceentul e prima silabd: S ri".,6
lSill. acid .onstant lrddent
do, l . . , n, , i d , . as ; dd. -
t dr ' , t e ti\:d t r . r e" t t 1. : o. . , . . . .
rraglre
hostilc advcNc
t.opcf
In special adjeclivcle bisilabice termir.rte ln ,t.'. -tsl, -tlc, Jcss Fi -o"s:
Ioolish rtnilhlcss
.rir. Lr ,i.,
.toJous. tc
Et em pl e:
r{ti* more fttivf
.omic rnorc comic nrosl lonrn
loolish - mor loolish - nDsl toolish
(V€zi , i S 611 61,61
3) parficitiile adjoetivate ,si adjcctivele cu sufi)ic p&ticipidle:
s k r l t ed I ha. m i r g
u rt lrdncd .rnvnicilg. el,r.
Er e mVIe :
m.st. slrn
skill.d - morc skilled - nost skiled
charming -mo.e cliar.i.g -nost cha.ning
L x c cp i i : crooked,Ei tritAc.l. care pot aiea lsi formele fleriionare.
h stilul tatnilidr, pentru a se accentua si mai mutt irieea de superlaiiv, S 658

'Ln e r^ d F F d j ,,l i \F . tn .p e " i a t c l " i n -o b t -.t. -[,]t. -;J :i -;n g .
4 .{ n u au .o ^ p d ra ti v u l n -rr. fo rm e' F rmoi Id
a r,J rure
:i .u p F rta u L i r
-...t. a ' d F t . J
lo.ma netlolrorArn
Jqktrdrd -1. .d n d d .s
' o .j,n lr ir .'rnn'nqpc
b iflp n ,. I fr J g L l, r ' im p id ..r s in n ,n i.s r
I,r " r r ' p s , dnmlab,pst p ic id .. ss.nsinsN
.h , p r ' .r p . .n " ib le .r tim id p r ' doAs"d.l
toyalest tircdest dninlenest. etc
Do yo.Df damnedat I
He was the .asgrd6r clild.
I CoDptuatjvul
adverbului nr.r. 122/609
s
130
659 4) ntte ptuli do rorbire a.dieotirate:

T h e v dall'^mP: F bd
'r';,,",Pr:
Yo;d, ,, i'"'
liis nelheNso" mu
lle loted-o* 1,J1"1,', p,n.,
than uncle o him -.
Notd
660
""" Un substantiv sau €chivalentul si\r poate ti lnsolit de douir comparattle
adverbul tn're
* fo'"t"" aii".ite. unul terminat tn -cr ;et ali cotsiruii cu
i; ;;;";;;i;;; .i.teiice (h -,. sau'e'r) prccedd pe cea a'alitica {con-
struifi cu mo,'e sau mosl,):
She looked ,.ot" a'd m"' e't"/ftsins llian erer'
ie iii-lr'" ti; ? tarc' and rhe hoft cteeet t r\e Lwn
"ia;", d p i i de.progresje
Pentru s i m p l j l i c a r e ns6, p€ntru rpdarea "ssu,pentru
adjdctivele scurte'care pnm'sc
jn lnod, obj\nuit' trrfixul -€l la
*"".t"""",
mote:
c o m p a r a l i vp o i a v e a s i f o r m a o n ' l r r r i l S ' ' r € d F r b u l
'
ll"i*Ti."*;:1ff?ii''i,,:T'#iix
t;. fio;' f o r" o ' om" d d l' 'ffJl"'
r r n o t " 'tP dnt ' P a t
"r'am'
R;a'"i"'""ii; ,:;"if 'i\i,"i"ii'^ :o
' o ' r R
.
e te)\ tu e deld thaD axve "',"
S 661 oRroGRArIrl
F o s i D g u r do ' a l ;
S6 62
""- a, Adjcclilele rPrmina'" n r o 'un'oana'zprF"pdar
" o n r o " n J 4 a i n r p a u l i \ p l o r - p r $r - P s / :
' l d b l p a / i
" . r r ' l ' q i " i . . " t r r 0 r at,,c bigg"r - biSg' l
rrin - hinnFr - th nnesr
pr€cedatd de
ln celelalte cazu (adicd atunci ctnd consoana inale este
precedenti nu est'eaccen_
doua vocale ori de o alti consoand, au clnd vocala
iuatl), consoana inalE nu se dubleazi:
sweet -sweele.
deal - dcate.
solt -solier
qniet -quteler
jn 'e mut sau in 'ee pierd pe 'e linal lnaintea
663 ,J Adjectiv€le ternjnale
sulixelor -.I sau -€sl:
nice - nicer
lrue - t. er
lree
j e r m i n r r a i n _ / p r e ' ' d s L dF o \ o ' a l n n e a c ' e n t u s t ;
ri01 , LJ adlc.li Flc
/ f i n - l e s l t s , l , r b l s r n l i m b a p n g l F T nnr s r i n . c a a m p r r c s n a J :
-ra'etul]er -ca'elullest
-cheerlull'r -cheedullest
"r'-""ii"t
ordcl -cruello o ellest
p€-:l
666 dJ t i v e l e lernrinst" l n -y p r e c e d a t de o c o n s o a i s c h i n b n
i n - i i n a' \idnjr€ei as r r l i x e l o r '/ :L drie.r - dricst'r
dr J
tazY - l3zi|r -lazrest
r Uniis.dirori nr|.rpreiear. h a|€sr cazconpuati{ulnde 0afiind sinonimo adsf,-

r.le-r,t,:,r;-". n,.id ,', d."i 1 1 ' o n ' p ; ' J r\ d " ' i ral: orrrnJ )' r'Lrroi'
p a r n l , i v u l l i ' l J n g l $ r l a t r r trrul /drlF"
tCu trceptra o n s o a r P r o r, tr _ '
dtYest.
"Uncori aaris n't dtyet
8/12/2019 COMPA&TIA Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze t8 1
Ctnd ins[ -3, ina] este precedaL € o vocali. el se meo.tin€:

gay -gaJe. - galest
cov
Eacepliil
shy
sly
itl,{
wry1
ADJOCIIYECU FOnlIn Dr colrPAB,\TId )l-0riDour, aT-tr s c66

Urmdtoareleadj€ctive ar fornre neregulatepentru gradelede comparatie:
Pozitie Canl.lratir Superlalir
l
il t I \1o.st
lilile
{ I litl.lesi
t
t
J oldcsi
{
J I l.lihesl. iarth.rnost
I I l,r r lhcstr . '.themr ost
rarc I iitst
{
hind hindmosl, hindcmost
Urmdtoarele cuvinte, cind sint la gradul pozitiv,au tunc,tie e ad1erb,

iar la gradele comparaiiv Ei superlativ ar tunclie de adjeotiv: s 667
(beneath)
{'D)
(our) I uLmosi. ultcrmosl

{
(upl upm0sri uupernosL
l compdaiivul qi.sute.lativul adjectivelor ,r.v 9i,,y si t adeseo.i ortogfatiale ti

r I cn ru , . 11 si , l/ . ru vaoare dp adi"cliv. v"u si { : 64 a , -6q b
3t d4hc" r I a-t r, robdL: 1, a orieine, . onplrali\ ui ddv""l, ului / o'e. sd. dJpl
'rnii
Lori. a l"i / ort r / u"; t . I f |. un s rn: rlJLiv ormdt dupd . , rl*
. npd. i: nd la oris n. . omof f Jliiul aJvFrb-lui , , jn; , "d"". e r ' un d'rblu romp"ralivi
ncr, a losi sunolatiiul dverbulu jatsn.
"rcrcn^t : t r; ''an f o, l d or'srDo n"t l, ivF t or'nar. d r, I dl. inl dds""L'nui/ , r, i
-d 1d\ "t n t D'nort t n l'r, b "ngf rl
, -p?, cslp ul i. omp, mt iv rornr' . pl ) l a n". '
'
132
pu'otele cardinal€ au urmitoarele grade de
668 -{djactirele rele toare la
comparalie:
easlmostl. casternmost
no hmostl. northernnost
souihm.str. southernmost
westmostl, w.sterndost
6 t i0 ln sr a r i da a' F 'le lo r m " mai ' \i '; o - cr i' . 'l' su n p r lslive r u lorma n p r c-
t ? 's/ la u n p r e
u la je . . o n slr u i
. p r ir '. d 'u 'a r F s. u p F r l€ li L lu i 'r 'p r m r n e r '
adjectire sau adr€rbel
i.d rcrnor, b@1. of r.p n p

n c . a . o r n o "' iJ or lh "I
r't\csouth{nnan leak ol ihe range
\ " old.
f i; 0 C . si 'n lin , b ' r .n, n "lp id l- 'li\ F r , f o '. t 'P a
'o '1 "d . oa"'p u o ';
p t '^n 4 t
iie p c t . . r r '"'r 'r f 'a , r p r i' ri D ' sl''u b t i nt l^r a t 'o . t P q u u '
"i 'r r r i d illn 'lr \ e l' sin r , 'r F
p n r n t . ir cn ". nt;t d^ iip l''n lr u
jr
- r.i.- 1 . - ., , b
, r.,.'",
'l"r. F . ; Ji. i Ln 'o r I o lr d r \ 'cu '"l. r I j'r ir ' r '
'l'im ,
p r in t r e a ce st e n e a f lii o ie r ie d e cil. cr L r r jn t . Iro\.nrtP t a le q u ir e u r n nmra
ld , in 'i. a r l'Jr " , lr ^l'i , F . h lu r n ; : i ir 'l l"'Jo r u \ in r u lr p o - r a '':
P\nJ or o p t i LUnl
( F quD'l
671 i ,in,l I n , i l i 'r "n ""' / 'dra'ler:7 r p r i - praT' E a numpro
'-.I tnrrln,., oruti i n - o d "ul"r'r',r s j r ' "i a l nrraiul lerni i n
laLi,; - . . e
"L . o t u
- adeseorisi in ccl masculin - lorme ca:
ihe mosrP.r/4" it e lat
\t ( dt itut" . s\
ine 9t,,a'des' jnzz brnd
a rcr / tnique clild
I harc neac. seer p"*"r poise n anvonc lor hcatd a nDa ?aled musical '
".ou
Giren ler olporllnity. she sill do eelg '.DrlaDle York
obse alii asupraadiectirelorcu gratle le comp&rafie eregulati

8i2 Itt
6?t 1) Adjectilul tll (: bolnav) are form€le de comparalie neregulate tors'
S h " (d. \ t h , l I ca\ h F " l i s r : s h r hJJ cdlled u p lar d o ' o r '

-,s" fadiJ sh n sh" \"' a k n t o noop|ar'
She \Y.rs u.. tZ /@ree, ihan rYc thougnt"
ll €si'e i'ft ln SLiA' ll este€chi-

"''
674 2) lll si siek. Sinonirnul
i;;;al ai rlie(Livului
atlieciivului si(A'anbeleadjective vindacela;inlel€s:
""}".t"i;ii
t Fo.nc r.r. intrebuinlate.
: hr1dn61
'3 afietu^t
los.rmost : lae.st.
'tui.lmost: in the e,s n dle
6 tapmost.: al lhc aerg tap.
r tnl.tnast la ,sl
I\'?r r i r ' . h-' l a \ t . l l \l:l irj r 111 o P . r r ' ' p r a
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 5l 125/609
co@aRATu 18 3
l,ohar,. In Angtia. tll (: bolnav) este Dtrebuinlat numai pr€dical,iv. \tribu-

liv ti ca adjectiv substanlivatr, este nlocuii prin st./r (: bolnav):
_
tl.a,ltcoti ) \ou loJk,// -l l . t s l t , | . . , 1 6 L,1 , , r.s,rd'\
'
tottibbu ) HF F 1 . r , l n'"n. 1p i\ nn,, /,.1 i\p nJ on n" .
(substdntie) The si.l musi be cared or. ", ".1llo.\:
de: aCind
avealnsi sic&este
greatri ntrebuintat
(la propriu), (iar la predicatir.
tigurat) a iilosAtul
&dsi.A aremisurd
peste n ,{nglia
denuanla
cineva
(ptdicatio ) "You look livid. af. you 3i.l?"

"As st./. as a.atl I am alwavs s€dst.l *hen I cross he Chinnel
- it's alw.rls ronsh. and I nm such a bad sailor."3
I'n si.ft la;d lire-,i) ol felliig her fo do her job t.opcrry.
3) Ani,oninrul adjertil'ului ill esle {r.ll sau in good tahlt. In bad heaLth S 6i5
este sinonim or ill. Heahhlt nu este antonimul adjecti 'ului til. tns€nmnd
,,sdnitos" ln sensulde a fi iniotd€auna sdndtos. ezistent la holi. robust.
4) IlL ri trotst, norst
I woD't
poi ii i subsi,antii'e9i adverle:
think ill ol
hale Jou felioF. Jour lSlbst.)
l ' l l t b i n l @ r o e o t l , i m i l h e d o csr ' l co m e . { S u b si . )
L e t h i m d o h i s o r r . t s i sr . )
Ii wiil 80 il, $iti Xon il ]ou don'l oneX Iour doclor. (Idv.)
I'o.J plaJcd Dadly. fiona piar.d,orra dd Elsie played ao.-"l. (,,\dv.)
Little. A littlea, fcw. A I€$a s 676

1) Lit e- - LittLc are cinci lnlelesuri principale: S $77
O lAlhs \lntn substanliv plural) (contrar: narn) : , pu,tin(i)" (: insu- S 6;8
ficiont). se rclere la cantitate sdu duratd, are comparati'ul lr.rs i supeflativul
/.asl _sie ste intrebujniat cu substantive nenumerabile (nullle do Inalcrii, d€
abstraclii etc.):
lirl? donfl. htne \\ite. Utne timc. li,ri€ intelesl.
She has lri& (: trea pltille) knowledgeol DnglisJi,so she .a.'t r€ad inis boo[.
1..$ joy, lcsr air. i.ss wo.k. lcis tngl'sn. les.s oisc
Hc look the line ol lcas, resistarc€and accelteii to be pui on a diet.
, b) a liulA intrebuin,tat, cu substantive nenumerabile (deci fnre substan- g 67 $
t i y pl ur al - s i gr ade de c om par al i r ) : . , pul i n( e) " (: . r c ev a" . , , ni qt e" :s i noni nr :
son€1. este lntrebuinlaL cu Eubsianlivele care nu au plurfll:
a til1|emone\, a tiltL winc,.r little wliile. o lnre jnicrest
She has d hirL (: cevar krowledgc or Xnglish. so shc ran reid thjs )ook.
t L "n . l' . v 'r : I ' andb/ s bp. du. d l J \ d / , , , r p r l nj ,
J m oi Pv . ] . 1n. J n,s 1l i v . ,
) | 4dn h' , j ' ni - hl ndb. s bF . dus . h \ d o 1. " t " , - c " \ al
I m onr \ . an a , ' , r i ivr'
l v e, i i i S 687)
cJ lilll€ (+ subst. p1.) : ,,mic(n)"6 se referd la f.irsta copiilor nici ;i a g 660
animalelor tinere (: pui); are comparativul yourger ti sup€rlarivul Soangesl
(iD stilul familiar,lirer qi hlles4:
J i m i s r l , t r , boJ hp k m
t , ook s F l l i l t F r ' 1onr / i r d o; t s l -
'sTpl F i I nAI i s h) r har " 4 C anal Lt l l ap, i i , l " . D r " , 4r s l i d d" I r anl a.
a
L. bal siilat .r rotdcaum de .,lu de m re:
r / / , t i / . / bi nt dJ " . t j \ p, , "uieri r i r r r i v " s dun, ho' ar t " der " r m : nar i v . r . ol i ut es i of ,
s l D ' adj . r i v p nphol r 'p ( dpr pr m i ndr i \ . t, \ p7i S 82t .
6; \ dj c c t , v del f , r ni nal i v 1S 821) .
6
-{djectjv calilicaliv ($ 609J.
13 4
o i;
T n p sn a r r ca { a s l r Ji n e I'r / ; r r L o ' P ' '
Th" / ; , / P ' kj d ' 5 r r r p k' d r n o r n q n r '
He is our /t',6'| (onc) (Ian l
p tLin '1rlor'dnrrai 1
S6 .r,l i a h (r:i b u b F l p l rL ' mi46'
"' 1 t' ' l ' F ' ;i l :' compa-
l; d;m'r'siun' i-do1"r'LJ"i r^ re ' d gra4Fd'
:.
' ..rn * ;t,u , Past
f1L;r.ompstr'rt'lp'.s'pu1rnu'i:ar
"'r"hri asrazrrru I s''13 si superldri ul
(j i stilul tamiiiar' lil'61)r
ir' ti1" m ' nd ri c
''. llrl. r oo d i ' 1l P " u1 l h'I ndnr s ' L
n. r n- , no t , " a nJ n hl
i : r r":gn, i rr,."q r,,..",.,fi
r d L o w n
."1' 6' :,;i .,'
,.r,r. \D,,rp5
'h |t -,oeu" l h P r '
tlrc t?ss2' tead
h r r l . ssr r \ o ' L j , l l ' r l ' i e t l o cr q
oi i ,i ; ,:.. .hon+ ," /-.... P o\".1
I bt j'" o' /"'r/ tr 6 s'J(
'lFa""
i",.,'", t , . r"a'' o"i JU"ur '
cTrl nLl
t l iPrl
r , .a5ll tlrh'
i l nA'
t neol/ t des - tL'ne
darrY j
vrrsl s : ' r dr r ' " r un" ' ' f " J o nr r r nl d af ec r i { 6
( C\i J t nJ t t t 11" - I F l " ' l u '
t 13' I LLLt su ur dx nr nut r v :
lls dulins lt'rle girll
(|'.tila tur dragi Il
Iliess rour li'l' lrei'L
((le ntimioal1 bun{l)
. . s hc hadi l l c l nost dc l Snl l ul nl , i . voi c e' t hc gal es t l i lt l €l uugh, t l l eni os t iN oi l at i t '
lirlc vars s
e GD:i ln li rLr " ilryd m oder na / J / / c''F irlo''ri' pr i r ' s t " d/ dr / " u. gr r ' l el e de
r nF n5r ur r emar
t l . r t t r qi s nt t t " \ t ' ot unr i 'i'l'' r F t ' rn l " s i m pl d
""' , " - " . i , 1i "
i, i 'olp'r' un ' ubs r dr l i \ ' on' r el :
"i""" ',
I s aF aSw €et l l , ll c hous c . m nc ns na/ l?/ |h{ nJ ox . s i i , l l cs nd] / ' s , hoI BeI l l ' Lveev
$ riAl i./.Cuvintul irrlePoate i '"i:

(adj)
ll'he /tl, (subsl I caa gile votr is, l'n atraid' loo lirdc
,Fve ome.o ,/,r€.
f;:'i
\ l l , r €liJ;"li$"'."'
g u i s d l o r g $ cl l P r ^ ve r l r
S 085 |drerb
'lr"rt l; r'lL_F lt lc Ir.l.In |' o L sr
t.j,,"ii::1,i,i"i'',i,";i
iiTo
;;", ;;;
A tenlLe r
sri\6
'
sp'. 'l"':hir",": l '::"J'.4"'1"1:',''i';'",:il'rli";"
| (. ) - /. I Lrctuln ' dupn nm s
,,.t *rr
"""' r, "1'
i .' :il
..' i F.:'l;
r"* l n' :"ll
"-' t' i ' *r.*:,:'"if,
l i - t' / v i ' ';lj:i
*s''':f;1;::r,,,ti.llijj:::,ll::ijii;;;1,:l::,,,i,1',"1
ub' r' "'."
pl r' . "':,'
pul rr"
r r l r r f r L i t rs f o q l
': , \ L j ( r l r v
,',1;,rld'tDredrd'iv
l \ : r r n r i p l r r r a l . l " r sl ' e L r r t e
rl,;.1;ti 'j
:t:f.':;l i :, ', ,:1,,;:1
coMP-AnATb 13 5
nF ".j).]:i ,r'J ,-or oo,'ul 'oncr,., r:il^rlr t,,tt .i o [e'.'.,tc

1 l iI'' l 1nuanla
arr l"l: puzrtrir:
tI. Lal nid" /," . .,
I . u, in. , -i, . d. \ lf r l, , nelL
ll-',q n.,q" .,iifd ii nt- "r, t
.; ILi.r,
rp n r d mJd ,' /t1, ,4 . ' / , r
".r
lri"nds o I n, r'l: m de pri ,"ni t i^m. .
. 1l : i ft{rcr. Leasl i tc$c.t. Drt tiind r t1l/p cub.,..(./ n, pri. { fbb
n , c a r 'I:\ r r r ap a . r , r / : r i - - u b - ' . p l . r n , n a r . t . / " * / " , . / , i i n . rn" n " t " , , "
ri
r F n t r t a ' , l p t F r F i / F s o' p - n , r u r u n i f . I o , U t i , u m F 0 r "oi; v^ u r
l
/as'. rFir:a raondndi l6 ti" Flirdt ppn-ru ..t", irFn ^rm"i . i ,
/ r r. r r . i n-
1 , ' n r r m b a p n s r p r i o n r . m p o , a , ' ap " , | ' r u i p \ p " i _ d I u n , . . r u r ,
l'1
o p :. :r lr:i ,lr"rg.lo' m p J r i r r \ F t p o z r l . \u t , r ' . r :
ks.s r.oots Lls clorhes lprs leopte
There ]rcre Lsr thsn ten p-.ople r ihe wa,uns-rood.
4) Little ,ci much sint antonime. ca
;si pluralele respectire te\r si rrany. S {i89
llnrb. l l i Ir. - urh. Long s 690
l' ]lurb. llant. ltl.,,- ss.rc.tp rnrrFb,rir,,a,,,r.ub.."nti\p q rirt
n num tabttpst F\pri'1li.dn itr..a:"rbst.
di"rp^rrjvi. non,t 1 -rbrt. nt r. inrle.
Dy nla (u substanli\. nudptdhil.. ima nL,rdr rt. Deo.Fbiras dtnrr_ rco.te
"\
/r,..i /.,\.
::li"i,,:i".1:.",.t,.,.hrcp4'i,d.i,r ^c'bi,.adinrrprdi.,r;\Fr,
.,mu{:h', ,,mnny',
. 2) Intoeuirer cuyintelor
vintele r?rci Fi r?anl sint, adescorj nl;cuite i prin sinonimele lor.
p"";'"inon;,"t" Cu_ { 699
tn", ,-"*rl fi*, '
a La..t dpdl tott. pt.pntt [ . t t , , tat) ttam.\.ta6 (of)
\tarr.).
. t ? . ) | u t , t o n 1 , l d . F s t p r n o n i m e e a . l a n g d tvud qara:r.tttt tnanu
sr d /nr:p {sAl, o o yod) nunbq (o[)l
Tl r I h a d Ji .n"t,al
,'h h " d In In F .o o o Fr.,'v, a
..d | 1 so o t) d .d t o t th c n ,t\rF
b""'1,"ri1""1 ii.:""f
.4 t
+H,:'IJ':'il";i ;"rl .:'"""''""" o' " vp d' a
ot i np ^ . 1 '
i ; ' " r l ' ; , : , 1 j " : ; ' , , i 1 i , " i 11 . , , , , , J d ' io l ' , m d r i {.
"r,. "'d
Tha' \ "F. lot at t oo. l . , t . oi-" ". d, lv t o L.
. d, ot t , , t h, . jr, t F ns nm. .
. 6rt
.d .ds"rs.
B, "ot o e. ) t , nt b4 o t t h I n - r na. t : 0 r , nd _ , n U ,
lll "chrlnr"Fdi. p. rrr - i n o n i , , ; nt out . rrin, or n, , h . i , , , "t , , t
..
lol^. rJll, ; \ . . F\ it . , . u. , 'rlolat of . t ot solt n ". t e ma i
t i. , Lrj, rt t ^rn. t d I s, ri-. . it
lil,llurb. T.or-9. lLu,:h ,t lun -jnL uneo sinonime si se traduo jn

Umba .a 69J
roIar., pfln r.nur(;) . , i ,[ , ] , o - p b i , ^ l
"ta1r.r
n f, exprim.l cantitatca. numirrrl,
,,. morc sugerl t jdeea de ,,artiijona1,.,
lrzs e\pinlA durai.d,, i r.inlp:
'l'ipr is. 't ioo d. n r0r ) r o nos.
I lt t ilf s0'ie, , r. cake.
. . " 4o, . qu. . r o i o, , d
ll. " . -'p
t ri n r I o Ar. I ne so, , p in"
-, r. -
:1 .. , si , t,J :,irr\".. 1.rnr r r. ,r","rn:Iarj\( ,6 82r.

" ;-: r1"r.1
,'rl'" pli:,i,i,r:
lr,,Jtitr'i*l]. " " " ' " " nen " " r '
iLjl l;,ii';iir,i
r'""oud L Jnlp"-
" 1 . . . i l J , l : ' . ; ; ' , , '' : " " ' ' ; ' ; . l r r '
, . i .http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 128/609
r30
li";: "1;,"1i-:
"11;'1,i,l;;,,
i),l',T,,. "'-
"""':l'1".'"i'l:;':
inT;;.::' ';;""" ':'l'' i"'t
poate avea i funclra der
ti9.1 4) Schimbare e furclie' - 'l4arh
a) subslantLe
y,'iii i','f '1""i;l"4#"T'i'if
**'
b adterh:
He js ha'l belter toilaY
l'Tj"'.1"""i
#-:"i''"Tf .r"a*o
'1il,rrl'i'ii'"
s u l P r l a r i t r } J x " ls '
a l P ' l j ' l r r e l o r p o z i r ' i Pquoqran
s 5r l l o c l . E ' r ' f o r r d dP
t r"-'
ig; /r'x"" ) : r 'u
, , , , , i . ' : ; ' ; , . F h u , ni e s z ; . u . " r , - ; "i ' r i ' . t ' , " , " " o4 t l
'* a " r , "; ' 1 1 n," , , i , " i l ' , 0 , " . , ' ,"r
. u b .al^
'n r, . alirdu I"'dplr)
r ' r r<cr' ,i b.\ ur'
. .
r'ol
Tho; - hat " rhd 44 r ' o n \ ' ' " '\ '
"n^
rt"., n{'nle lik' lnlstr r-{il
: .sr;"' '.
iiir:,.l.ri;;ii;;"til"i:n;
:ll"' :l"i:',1"1";;:
.,i,;1. i';Ti'''' b""r"'
'id?:''
ore qr ess'
( 691; ti) llost;i lcrst rint antonime, a;i comparativele
0ldcr' 0ldostl
{ 697 Elder' Dldest -
s (i98 r, ldts,. rdosr. q":;",r:,1,i '. "0.;i1"""'
apli"; i o qerr'rP nt emlrilor lf t nrrxpr ro l,:l".il;'iil.j'liXi,i
""
I i'as an ,lda son'
{h", . m rt . \ r \ rslr.
, j . l ,; " 1 ' ; ; " " . ' m r ' " ' ' / p " " " s"" r no*lrPd' I "h
i;i ;'ii'"';.:
at'r r lui l;il
L,.nri. o c r or np ' " r plica li p'r 'oa.r alollir r "l 'ri
'p 'hm
: *:i'if,;;.';l;;ii',i;*:tii';l
1f".''i:i "r' "" t ],i';,':'
r""''- '':i':';'"
" ":":
i:
Iir:;i,,;lli..'.
.,1.'';;:.'l;:ll, ":l;1'"''ll, '" ,""'
i1 .;.. ," "li::;î1..;lj.;'Iml rj:"'
p r'rrasrd'a'
'' '' ^ 'h"
i",;"{i i l:l ri'i,"I.1.,.::'":;"-li;*
: vi'i
{-n; 1i t" "''
'ecnL. , c, ou, ". ', n iaLa 'celof cr\ of urmdlin1
llil-.,,," *llir ,1';,li*; ilr;rrN" iiii*ll*-*illi::

;;'.;{,:;1,i;'i;,,-ii 'Hlii'"i'ii.,-.. r-oB. .:d.nu,n,'h ?Etda. n') a 1 t'
*'i*lj"illit,,i;i';;,:j:r';;:,l.rtt,''"*i
\ udit / , ie nld€'; lrnt 'u J I i d e o s e b o
]'::",,.,"..,r,u,,s
COIIPARATA 13?
tTdel poato fi ,ri sub,(tantiv cu acelaqinrleles lnrgil: s 69

U v b. o he. s D a , lnr nv t h. e r ea6.
Yi, n s b" dld ons lnprour iFa?r ' s
She rcsistedurc adrice ol he. .Id,./s.
Comparatkr .ld.r u poat e f i ur m at de c oniuD c t ia / r d, . es t e nu' , L. r i i 700
. r ibur i . i n' r p I nt r pb i ar t F, lr r u a' , ir , , H l- i t u. r , r r i. F. tF s ub. r i, 1i\ ' . . ou
lnsorclle intoideauna
de un adi€ctiv unsau
poBesiv substanliv. ij este
demorstrativ n genoreprec€dar
al,unai cind-calificd unde substani,iv
articol ori
la s ingx lar .C u un s ub- r lanliv a plur al poat e j ljps il,de det er m inanli \ ez j
ex em plele ilale m ai s us ) .
2) Older. Oldest. Fornrele oldd,' i ,ld.sl sint, ntrebuiniate atit pentru { ?01
fiinl€, clt Fi pentru lucrurj, ,ldf,'fiind folosii atunci cind este. sau poate f;.
rmat de ,ran:
]iis .llr sistcr s ten yeds oldc. l.hanhe/hjml.1
Iy d o g k o /d p r h i ,' r o u 6
_ ..n p ,
Io o f \l i l r " n . ko r ks i .,o n si d m b l y q Ju n ..l ' j o /,,. r tJr th " tl u -
She is llre ,idrr, woman I cso mel. 'rm
ln vrenre ce c?derEi rld€sr sug€reazi in eenere o comparatrre nrre tralj sau \ 702
r u r o r i . Ii i sa u fi i c" . to r n , e l " o i .i , a i n 1 d i si n i tn r r e b u i n l o i " , j r r J , u m p ,,- "
alia nu se face tntre membdi lamiliei restrtnse, atunci ;hd comparatia nu cirn- - r u n r i
stituie obieclivul prjneipal sau alunci clnd mentionarea rirstei_mai-are o alt6
implicalie decit, cea comparai,ivi,. Astfel:
she had an dd./ sister.
(Avea o sorl mai mare decli. ea.)
Slre }ad aD ou,r sister.
llrea
ls there o sold mai ln vl6tl1 deott acccadespr€care est.e orba.)
no ol&. son?
1Nu exisH t]r nlt iiu mai compet€ntp n vtusl.aDi dectl accsra?)
MA eLd.er s ar .ldtst) cotLsin n mod obiFuit nu tnsea'nni ,,un vtu ai
are (respociil' cel mai mare) al m€u", ci,,cel mai in vt$ti dintre doi (sau mai
nulli) frali, veri ai mei". MA alder cousin este 1n genere preferar pentru inte-
esurite ,,vbrul meu mai mare decii mine" sau ,,.e1 mai tn vjrsii dintre doi
veri ai m€i care nu sint fra i.'3.
Formel€ r/dn (cind nu este urmat de ,rolJ $ olddst ndici rirsri tnaintatd S ?0 3
sau durati de tinrp lndelungatd:
She s an orlp, woman f: o lcmeie (mai) tn lrst{. tn etat€].
Tlje ,ldar hilding jn this to{'n js the Gui)dlall.
Shc is rny o?d.sr riend ( = c.a nai vcctre pieten{)a.
I'arther. Fart'hest. T'urthcr, Furthest

1) Farther, orthcst si further, lurthest sint adeseorintrebuinlate drh i ?0{
entru dislarl.i (: n1ai dcpirtat, cel mai depdrtat):
I s\rari 10 l.he atlhrt b^rL ot th. rivcr. lDistantel
\1rr .onld $ lli. /orlkr cnd oi th-" strcct. (Disi:inlii)
I Vezi
S 698.
3 H.W. Fow]er. ,p .n. clder,
3 H.W.Io\rlcr,ot..n -est.
. cld0.r -cst, C,rrtr liidl trn s[]rsi{ni.i tle s.nxt comun i .. arr,.
interlr'rtara date ai.l lentru glDul nasfllir.stc r€lalrni Fi UItrr .e l
4p. nt 1, sp-,i , Lr.,r'r La dr n , pJ- t i n" op, ii", .,,r t od, d\ p. .rv..r t nr e-
,,..^"a ma r ' n. r--rF,' b/ . . pt i . r' . r . or dr,r.i o. e
i. |,tt. , ol nJ, , , r nd n,- . ., LA". | \ 1i 1" t Ac. l nt nt . t
lt t -,i.
l ."iA" t] t , . r o. uo ', 145'
13 E
l r L i n L i c l sl, r; . o n l c m r ^ r o i f o a h r E i fd h t ' r ' l l c g a r F de i d c e a d o

al., ,',i" ..,r,'i"''i " t "t"*i"'t to;n'"t" '/rth"t' /i/'ai 'ind ineea
dc djstanln ipse-ste:' ""|.".,i
'lherewas a st.rhLe t the t1hzt end oI ihe room'
we headcd or l,he drtn"/ sho'e
ft ii"it*r lo^; rion the sohool s nine
grad'
I''l thersi u t, / sa rplpra n mod oLiinuil ld rimp crnlitala ssu
.rn lus rrr€dus
,,,^'";-ii,l,i .1,,.;i;; ia""" a. ,,"aitio',"r..rupl,mcn,-r-.
uoeriri prin ,,alti, ,,mai" etc.):
TIi.rd i s ro nded fo- /',t/, . " ' d T p l -
L uo / 1/' " .on idPrdrionh" d rid'd to
I .m told there is no /u,ft€r nevs'
t l l u v " lorr r /,/'"" r'dson inr my d ' i'iur'
T _ I i' k r /,'rl"" dplll'
'oul
I $:. lo brdv }erp 'o" /,/r" sr\ n on'ns
' I :. ,s I p pnil h' rpa'i In l rs nn rusrons'
/r"i/F' 'ou-d
l n li-ba pnrlP/a .onramporsnd sF r-inde lnFa ' a lff'nal" [urthq li futthest
., inlulJiri.. i n loa'. ' rz"rih lotr'ale ta h||ifot'l'at
'
Th€ town is ier kilometrcs a$aX at the /uttust
enprnnd un grad mult mai
$ 705 2) SuperloLivele arthermost l ffffienmit
l n d l l d " . i r t o r m o l n " o i F p u n ? d l o a r F /d./rPv S i / r r l l P s l l
Solitt expcditions re siudvins he Idfth{t46t ls^\\ urlhettusr) ends
3) Pentru /ar cu valoare de adverb vezi $ 2283 c
S ?06 Nearest. Next

1) Nearest : cel mai apropiat) se referd la sldliu sau.rud€nia. e''
(: la timp siaua ordinea n 'are serfl6 obicrteler om-
"";;;"-.O.; ""i""e
\1:e rane np the nrd.?s, doctor.
urc f.oi lrrs zzarasC road.
r
TheY are mY a€dr.s'
'elahons
\'.f, rin'p vo . sed Jo rr par'n s r rFmL'r mp lo th"d
'tn be conLi irr nL" / rl n L'r'
-pJ
''l'\ In IP rtu Pdi.nl
lle t: m\ EJ' al +;" 11i 'slP IUdl
'r'li1 t; n,y,'J',/rir' lmi il rudpl i l F mar sDroprarp
2l Pentru r'ir.,u rlosfe dF adt"rb vPzi $ 228J "

li p"ni." inr*t a r l i ' o l u l u ih o L i r i r n a r r r r o au p F r l a r i v u l uPi '
vozi S600. "i"lntea
Fole. Formor' - foremost'First
S ?0? 1) tr'ore,cu vdloarede adjecti. "este nircbuintat mai mult in formelo
lorelcg toremM fo'$to lorc'urn€r
6 ?oR 2t lormer, deli cumpar{ti1 ca formi, nu e\primi intotdeauna o compa_
p'olesoar{ a nea)
a /o.tu' i.acher o{ nine (: un lost proiesoral meu,/oost{
:,,.a.arl : cpl mir scurL,

8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 189
COMPARAT6
3) SuDerlativele lilsi fi loremost sini aproape sinonime, amindoua tnspnL- 709

nind ..prir;rul . Far"nn't i. rpfp'b ioj; la poriliF. '€lit01F. imporrHnl.;.'u
r . n c . i . t i r u i " a . n p r , i J p i i d c i n i a t a l F . s v n , l n u r n l a d a : d ) . . . c 1n ' a i s dn F a " :
pl'.rr:..primul dinr''
D/,,prin"ipalul'. ..Fl mai imDor'snt di''inF. bun marc
, + i d i n l i i : p F . i n l /,/sr A r ' , ' ; o r d r ^ p . i n r ' o s p r r . :
TIe /or.,ro-.r roons had reached lie riter.
F on .i n
O na " o^n
sh r og ht ht" l tl .orr 4
o r s - . t, n np lga J]q1i "sihl i.' l p . n
tu "r "
The /rr nns pa-ssts i live o'clock
I $iil lale ll,c /tst lrain
Thev sere tl,. /t(r to come-
N'n; is the /^, placeon rou riglt
]t rva a /,st nigj,t lFrromance)-
lntrebui ,tarea anrbelor sup€rlative ir expresia firsr nnd faretuast acten
lneazi ideea de inriiet,al,e:
The t{o hothers $erc [iN ann forcnast n thc stNggte ior bctter qna]il] Soods'
4) Pentru /orr cu \.aloare do adverb vezi $ 2283 c
Lster. L:riest. Latter. Last

1) Lster. Latcst.Latter,Last. - Formele ol€r (: mai thziu. mai recent) S 710
qi ldlrit (: ultirnul pina acum,cel mai recent)slnLconsideraten funclie da
timp:
Idrd. rnmours aY irat he s dead
This is lhe l@,es,a shio
Latlerla/ ulrimul (,lin doi,. doiled opu'lui lormer): 'l r"lerindu "
la llirsitul ;n"i Dprioadc " rirnpt " ."l/ mod, n, a.rual.prP/"nrl: a ' l I u]ri'
mul rdin mai In'it ir npu" ui firsll; ulrimul dFfiniri\l serplcri la lo ul pc ' "r '
rl ocupa n lll,p ,au iitr'o s"rip dclFrmin€t:
"o1r516n1ivrrl
nl The tlactorsan.l tombitres nd be€novdhanl€d; ne later l: Ih€ conbine6l erc
alr.adv Norkrns.
T\r l;2,, hdtt;t Jdn dv $as \rrJ "o'd.
bt lautdar lashions a.p h.rdlv b.omr'g
'rhp lak; poal- an rlLing pair rn lh" iiJhr lor I'bpJv dnd pnJlp
' 't
'fhcsc were his l6t No.ds.
He caDe ierc i,st FridaY three Nceks
T1p ,asr hou"p on r'gr I F Io,r ltj"ndt
Ih" L l gu".t " 1rr lhom.on.
2J Former. Lttter. - l)upe enunFrarea a doud obiectel,comparalivele S 711
corelaiivo forrrrr ti lallfl snri trebuinlate pentru a ardta: former prinw],
obiect. ldll,lr ultimul obi€ct rreilionat:
Ih"r" sp. tso .,.;.s.-r:o, - fo- th, u"pLp r' 'rip l'p mnunrains or_in" spa-:d.: s F
| to t h ta"- l h sea5r4
pt"latat
"E lo,a't
ptolo. t ' rto rtd '
(Vfzi i i S 965 9e6)
3) First. LaFt. Cnr(l enurncrarea uprinde md; mull dPdo ' i obieeter' $ ilz
suDprl,i \ p l .^r,l.,li\p /rrs, :r /dr/ "rn irr tpbuinlale n"ntru a aratj': / r ' r i
primut obiecl. ldsl ull.inul obiect menlionat: r" r"rnriish$ri r'' 't' r'"r
I l t . Hdrll ,,c. li\,^1 i r " l c D rl.'$.r.
L:r'o\pli,l. i'"* onlit'"' 1"/ r"' i '
'
Oricare dintre adiectivelo /o n.r, lattet, firtt i lasl pot {i inrrebuinl'ate S 713
s.i singuro, |nri corelati\.ul respcctiv.
I Sens
Cfamatical (v zi S r'
1 40
t r p e ld i\ e '' d 'd 'b r '' p r in lJp lu lr 'i
l, L r lo . l. I a '| . \ "- r . ' orr
; ll ' pc rrnr' ta:r
r.rA.r . el L l' r m r r r / r r " t t a t a t a d l a ' d/
' '1 't t n
i- - , r r 'i'n u t d / 'r '; ''l o r d in "a ir t r 'a s t 'I l
"r t t a
,"1""::'#,1llit.t;i"iii"'*:i"lL'll; i ultina' trtoruriitrdn viuie)r
P'i'f'3'i[:l*"",'1",1i";5.e otorur, 'nu'jno' ua Itrai 'is o artir]
'rll. ldresr buscs aft tcry 1t6r'
I cNsht the lds' bu$ holle
i.ezi S 2283 c
5) Pentru lald cu valoate de adverb'
Uut
s;lb
r r e m ) 3 u r n ie lP e b st r r d :
"L.ljl":ll:"::';I";#;,1-iJ:ii';;',:',i,i,'":"oi:'.;,:"
rh..,,".rna,
u./ cloll\es llil:;:t::l#:i;r.11,1,',,
&lrd.onrrsron ttt liltili"
nn &ll" stlanger
mai inalt decli
'*iii un grad muli
Forna de superlativ dle''mos' exprimi
forma utrmost:
il"'i"* .:1".,:i"J?:"""'i"";'";;$:i"l'l:;I he ''lrih iarsuperla'
antonimul
s ?16 2) oContparaiivul
u r ( "' 1 n o s ' 0 n r o n i m u l ' u p "r l a r i u-comparativului-;nner'
o ldr este l|l in(F t)tnott
"' "
''ul-
$71? '?ffi*t*i iJil"lx#1"3i3"1'J"ii"
adiectivau n
t) .A.djectivere :1Tl'::' :1*x:1""il;tT, i";tii'":*i'tL
lo f in r 1 / ; o r a cr 'r F aF f o m p r r a i
h J\ "r h .
iktrul,*
: rr'
l]Ji'l
;;;ll";",i';:;"on;'i$;;ii"fl
'P . l' il: '- : i: l. i: : :
- i: - ""t .
a r , , n . i cin d
r;?j:ir
""""xj
e lo m e n n :
;'1";o'1"1'"-'
:';;:;riY:'
;"1;i1"
',*ll,li"''"' e"'''|'rri.'a''ookins
f##;-.Tri;"i';;i-;:))"'"1
j::,i,';o,"l'li'';'-,n''
3".'i%r;;:13 o-'
'""lii;'
rj;g';11i1; ;i1,"1i,"",ii:3,.
i " I
f3ll
\"'''",,'
ri;'i; ri" , / ' " "
'ninn Pd atunci oind primul elerneni foF
ajutorul adYcrbelor mold ii Tost
lJ./ 0u
r o ' i n d i B o l u b i l u rl d o i l e a :
- p n 7 "' , - . n n s u n
".,.,i ;: li:;Tlillt ';ii'i,1:;';iilif
fi;,1;iil"li' "....-'.,,,.,
,,, ",r,r.,. i 1"r,),
11"d.",. .;,,1,.::,ii"lT"-
:',i il:J"*""i i ;1,1'l: l:,i;;;r;:,,:1" _,
./,,rr srshlfil, rurr srLoct rg r "_,
; ; ' 'E ; i n ir h r a o 'r
'
": ; "p r 'sr 'l
:tii:i",1
J:{i*;Tr**-1ff 133/609
COMPAFAFA 14 1
f h d a d o p r r u a n o * h ish 'n ir d t lt 'n v

I t \ i. s r h ; m . r o u , a [ t h "- r t 4 / "i, . r . L o . , o . r d r r , n k o.
i': n : o ir t , 't t n li P . 'J- " i, n '. r H r l : ' /o/ in ll'r ' 'o n r r v'
', a '4 d 'e
p un n 'r a r c
2 ) , ^'r i". r it "la "o m p u sF . . l"r r o r lr im F la . 1 p n rF ' 'u vin l 'd r P
r : r a d . d c. d - p r r o 1 ic. t o r 'm ca za o r n p o ia t ivu l ii, r , p "1 1 'r i\ u l u 0 ju o r u l sJL "t -
b P la r m o t e l r 'r q p e ct r v m r \ l:
darbte aced,.mote dol1llc'Iaoed, uos, dottl€_laced
h e . I t b t o l, "n . u . p h p a r t b r o t "n , u . , . F , lr r L r o k
.fthnni, moP oittdd, nos' olr and
M * . o "l . li, r q s, @ r 'o u - . lir r i g
'; u l-
s, a "d sto iit
llL\ r
h c,
. 4 o l" " r 4 d - o lr - _ , u s' s'a n do il 'h
I loud hin marc doenhe@tedodav ihm vesi€r.tav
Shc is the morr selfrateious girl I cver .ahe aoos-
COMPARATI.\ DE EGALITATE
{co\[P-\RlsoN oF DQUALITY)
1) Comparolir de cgalitate. - Egalitatea 6e exprime prinir-un adjectiv S 718
1n gradulpozi'iv lncadrsl dp conq'rufrrd:
David k 6 lleased as l/ne .
Construc.tiads .. .tJ se menline io propoziliile interogative, negative ;i

interogativ-n€gative
lsaD
I D a \ iJ
v'd '' on" rpt lPds
A , dne'e aIse
/ m'lP ? I / m "'
1_ David is not ro nleased ds'r I/me.
Isn't Dalid as Pleaseddr I/mc?
2 ) C o m D a r a lia o cq a t ir 5 . - ln 'o n 'lr u '\ is n r r s, d "c so e st F d in in $ 7 19

'e o
. . m a i d . s in lo cu ir cu a s t o p r o p o ziliilp n F g a liva . ln d p a . ia l im a d ia l 'lu p d
lo r m S . o o lr ssd r a is, " /, t . L t n t 'M r P n t . d ; d n - t 'lc in vr F m ccp so cd lp m a L m u ll
lntrebuin,tat dup[ adverbe ca reall , qnite eIc..
He is n o so kin d 6 t "i"i
HP isn o s L 'n d c E r ; ' a
Our task eos zo, so had/rdsu 1 as ndrd ar we ealectcd
T h " n P s m L si ls u , P , r d i p o p u ld o s h " o 'd n n 's
'lh "e d id a a o o s f d _ iilr ') ds ( lh "v d
PaLlu bP s bdd d' 1ll
'ir JA st e r d d v
hd l
HP;anaot
The sardens ra zo, qtrne o Inst at I thonght'
Probabit d lr ra, pindtrFoon.lru' liai ds. dr a .onlribuiL n'r numsr
t p n d i n t o l F . i m p l i f i c a r p ' a t i td p a ' r i a a c l u a l m a n l c' i 9 i i n l l u ' n l 3 s o n o n l 6 L r l
n i L o r e - "i i l oor "u i i u n i d i o m € r i . . 'lP s r q ac i r "u l s l i p m u l t a p r P f i d l cde F p r r l u l
a n g l o - "a x o n ,i , o n s l l n d d i n j o c u r i d p . u \ i n ' P ( p u n s ' r - o n t ' a l r ' n b u r u r r r
asuprasensurilor Jje.livclor. naslru$r'i' ombinale sullqlsnlrvFlcespF'-
tive, precum: 'u
(do.')Dat.
os tl;hl a. o bat, a< .losp os oi o'J t p - . os d. ad o nuttar- n s 4 . o l o ' 4
osdlnbo a l.t.. ds gaodoseall.o lP.no"nLrd,l dsnadrso tlaLhha"' 4s snatP
d, e needle, etN. ela. .rc
lAdelco.i adverbd ds, care pecedi adjlclivul, nu se exp.imn: The child is shop
6 a r e e d l e T h e b a a t t , ' d-u ns J'.1. Hp : " ,\'n a o t u k.
ros I
"rp,o"."r xr i m l r i . " t i n l F b . i ^ l a r I n - i " . i
'orm'tl:
134/609
limbajrl colocrial scrG sau vorbit (\rezi ii $ 87i)
14
Anchela ,,ltiiins (op.r't.. p.24- 25) ajunge a con lu-zia a ambclp ofmF
nrl so...arr8i noi 3b..4, alll dp Ji'culdrP.sint a"+pjabrlp pnrna Fr€pi n snrul
jn srilul t1'nlliar'd a fnpl o n
l*rn"i, .;" i"-, a.r" in limba \orhil; l;
lenta disparilie fina16 a forl'rei not so...dr'
COTIPARATI,A.D INFERIOITITATE
(CO\IPARISON F INIERIORIl'Y)
adjec-
I ?20 Inferioritatea se e\p mn prin a'lrerb'le 1rss'?i .i'as s p.u F naintco
- li\ului ln gradulpoTil;r' ori'srp ar Ii Iungimea dl'rrr urur:
r o h n r s t . i p / 4 'sd lh a n I m F ( C o m P r . a r it
Jo h n ' r lP id ; r r i"6 'd or 's a ll ( 5 p "r la lr v'
as.)
F o r m a n F sa t r vA a . o m p a r a r ir u lu i dF e g a lit a le ln o t o'e ns nat 5 0 '
sj e slc p r e lcr sla a r e b r r 'r s
co riiHl"i;"-i";;i"i.
e so u n d " ca in t p lp sr;"o m p a r a t i' "u lu i d e in lF r io r it a t F
,"'"t ade'rivclor.curtc ompa'ali\ule
ii" "pl'"i"t
in f e r io r ila l. l; in d so f o lir m si p F d a n l.
OBSERVATII,\SCPRACOTIPARATIEI DJECTITELOR
IN GENERAL
G ?21
o'-' 1J Cotrsluclia-n opozilc i romparstite'C azul clui dc'al doilea,teJmen
al eomoaratiei li'irlo piopozi ii are con incun 'omparativ €l doileA
fttn
term.nal
din Dun"ici,mparalieisr;
dc ;etlciP orai"Pgal e pnimul rinnconjur'1r3 - decrtJ''rr'
Lprmenur
anoti"dl. sesfld a"elaqr'az cu
care esteeomparat Yezi 5 881' 882):
?,Fygr\. n,r b"llar ecor. lhan ir,ldidl Nonina.i\)
/obiprtrvr
Th.i'Ea\" b"r'.t rsond rhan lhevdid
'. ',
In enelcz,contomporanans;' €'pcsla egulA u cslF espe'tat6' n urma-
tntn:
toarele ex;mple tntilniir &o,i lorm" p.ono-inale, ambele curentp dupa
I{e is kinder rhnn sh'lh'r'
He is leEs ind han stultu''
He js not so kind as ttuln"r'
Cazul om;nottt s"?r/al pronumFluiobligaroriun arpasltsitualre upt
rhan. {'t, promattcot n s'ilul formal i.ln.lrmbdjul
"arPit i "" \ntrchtinterza
insriiit. tnnrom" cc cazulobiP i (r'./ este olosil 'urpnl in lrmb€lur'oro'-
i;iii'ii1"itii,i a' c priFi n Faur"dc
oriin""r ramitiar l scrisoriror
aDropiate ^;gi,:;i
- "' "i "i . "l r i "r "' "" obie"'ivinlo'ul nomineli\ului'repsza n'aamhi-
gri,Jfi. -,ului, ". r " r l p ' "" ronuls i 0 n c e n l u'arp
l por 6muri'itunlis
- "i "i ; i - "* i ".
ln conl'ersatie
Spr. p r l , l '. ev.l'Plul .lasi :
th.tl ntz'
fal I lilie hcr morc
,q.cestert, completat cu po4iunea omisd i interyr€tat corect gramattcal
lnseamnd 'ident:
/D, | "' i. e ll l r t l l i r,
' {rr'
' d rr'
" ' i
n tdl dP_ d
llb '
or'rapir'lr Illr\ t " ' " n " " 6 ' t ' n n " ; d rli'or"' dlnmatr"dpiF
Co."l"L li--'.o
l F p ' a i a'
A"(I'm.iri o L'p-.
- r CodrarntiLtl jrd\rrhbr " r i l i ' r " ' o 'lar'lidrord'
i,rrre
3 adverbului ltde
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 14 3
Totuli, tendinla actuald de inlocuire h cazului nominativ cu cel obiectivl.

addugatd a omisiuneaudei pn4i din coniaxt, face ca acelagi ext fa,i de mai
tfd, I like tier more han nm.l

6d lie folosit ln mod curcnt 9i cu inlelesul nccorespunzitor gramatical astfel:
f.) I like her more hatr ne liLes trerl.
(: Ini llacc nie ea mai dult decll "t./
.caa.F aqle.u to',rl Eltcpv,t. iind o,nbiguu.
A. S. II ornby, scrie: ,,ln stilul colocvial. yorbitorii nu i si dau intotlleanna
4t'n old so ol ogn pppla,t , 4 r ' t . i n d nu a \ i . r i r i . . u l a m b i s u i t n l i i .
I s "h€ os tsll is mel Cor^.t g r a m a t i . s l .5.o a\ | aml. Gr $"oto o i t i nu
est"erotd.Cl. Inlr^huinlafpa u i l t ' s m p ' . 'Tbat'q b i m her', dpdut d? uta td
in stildl colocaial."
Dar ce se lnilmpli cu linba englezi in cazurile cele mai numeroase. n
.Jrc vo'bilori; ..ntr ti dau orlpneala sd lic rrFnli la.rps.c spun {sau ma
m u l t l ngramatical
corect n a j a u u i t a 'sis aaitut
u n a incorect)l
u vrut .d rrip niciodardlcosFbirFan L r eu n r e x t
A . F l a . i p r o . p ss pFtrp.F i da"_a. up" rl,oa.pronumclc inL nlocuitc u
numF p r o p r l r . Propozttt0.a) vu l i 0 u I . r :
/4, I likc Agatha nore than .Erdd.
unde interpretarea ambigul poate fi:
(a'):ln:, p l a c e A g a t h a m a i n l u l t decit Fred.
(4") : Agatha tmi place mie mai mult dectt lui Fred.
Clarificarea ntenliei vorbitorului in aceslicaz se poate face numai com-
p l p l l n d us " o m i s i u n i l F i n . " n , - * 1 u . t " ,
fa'l I like Asatha niore hatr (I like) Fred.
fa") I likc -{galha no.." tl,aD lired tlikes her).

(A se ledca hse nertilra t qi 5 s81)
.umpcrarive provcDite din

. . 2'. Comldraiivclc ati||e. Lrup.; ,lr.\s I 722
l i n b i l a l i n d , ( u n t , r i u r . .i n [ , r ; a t .unior. p"st..ry. y i h r . s ,niar, sup.rior etr.),
ronlunclrJ /?an srp t u o . u r c u p r p 0 / r \ t r lr :
Their sooils $ere infqiar ta o11ts.
Oxr team wcrc rlrs.ior ,o ou oppr'nents.
IIis clajm {as J,'t. ,a auu .
He is th€ jarD, padnir iD the lirm.
3l Coostruc ia propozilici .u suporlativul rclstie. lnLr-o propoziLic $ ?2t

.aic.onlinF u n s u p F r l r l i v r e l a r v. s l d o i l " a ' p r m p n € l . o n r p a i a l i e i est; de obi.pi
precedatde o prepozilie ol (: dintre), n, rn, under elc.l:
Lilies are the nost lmsant ol fXnaos.
These are thc f,E;t ;ppld ia out ochatut.
Ile is the D€s, an ;\' tutlL
Shc was the dp;s, @naa undcr the Nn.
A se conpala cu $ 87t.
ÎA.S-
Homby, Gat.rd o I'd ans d l asase n Engtisn, ag. t24.
144
4,supcrra,i,ur
'*:l:'il':.,i'il:iil i 1ut""-llr :11"i":iii"""?'illi
l'o;rj;,,;,':i':l;:lJ,l
"*'lll"l"
i:f;:]fjil o.if.".i"",i',
in the auser ' -"rcp'e
"#*r Hf']"'f;"ff:ti
'ro'"'"
clnd substantivul t"*"t *iTil""n" de un adjectivdctermitlatiY' rt
"--'lll"",ll:"1;,.,:;l"l'i::'"ili"Jl;:":""t:,
colul nu este eriprimat:
:i,;if l''"'l'il"T"ii'lllii'i;" ".'- i
iupe'lsr i\ului ds r r lpur i u nLr "'"'"
dnLs lo''i
LioqA 0r li'ulLr lr r i //" ir r dr nl"r
p.i.i"a o prorundd moriP:
"t,r,riii'"* rr t
' na l'; t ht t t
ol i1"nd'l '
A'-Fns, t rPl'
esle precedat de articolul hotidr'
De objo€i' superlativul-ansollrt nu
'*';ffI:'15i;"'i"":*li"' 'm^ r'ul^" sid"i'Il-
$726nu se r epeti Cndn uh''.n'iv , '..- ld ''' ' .
' '1 :"1;.,':::ll"ll;";'iiii;:':;r:ili$i'^"1
"" 'lec
t aiun' I cr r r d
'r ol
.'"**'"'
xij tl;"1;::;'o:"":,:::;,,T:^T[:-:lF;i't";::i'#
ln'"'f'lix; u r ' p i' n T -
E 726 rrmeo - LclJ' €l'loilcd Prman l
5 J f o n r l a r a l i a r r r ns r o g u r
" r' c e l a l ' u p " r t ' t t t u t ' n :
p a r a i i p o a " l i l ' r d t r ' I n " a z u r o r n p d t o ' i \ u l L r i ' c 1 l si
:; F:'f".; ::,;'""" :l'r"] ll; " " "'a'v
-h" no., .,h",,'re_ra""l,,lTi '' .",- ,"*,,,...
i;'i:""itf#:'.x"T;i "n i' is*iu*';'
eliplic n' \ trbul din ptofuz ilrs '-
un'l:r;
{ ?2? b J Propoz ili€ rom parirlrli o m p ' ' € 1 i i a d Fe o r r r o ' F ' l a ( I r / z / -
caro'onclrlur.dl dorlca artirts irrrei
2
-'-? 2 8 . 8 E 2 - E 8 3 ) d o u lo h i o ( r e ' z ' -' o r n p r r a L i p l n r , r P d o Y : l , " l i l ' " " ; l b
S
n'"28 it fornparalia au"rp^z''r'
i::T""i:.i;:;i,;;..;.p";"ririrr irro"uriur*rrrtirJr'ri
;:,irf
i".;,-il i' ,;;, ,ji . ""î ::" ;i'[;:;] ,,;"ffi ,'"'
.
i',.::;";.il'j:',,"j
I snpnt t l'e 8f P'ref pnrt or-Lnt
ir""-"11""
"ri.;"lll" -"'"v'r'1-
^:".,r )n;j';,]
li*,'i; *i i::i;;:;;f:;l:'
"'"'J'i'1""' '-
llili::i ll"'g
,,"";:',i":1"f ''' " '" ''
;' ,a'i::"";T-:,i'.,;i:":r''li'iillii'
A s€ c om para:
]': "ll'i\l':li ffi:";iiil"'""'""'"
*: I i,,,';',trul lll",'li:;,,1;,[1 r ump'r e'r \' L
J '' o- ' ' J "
\ ?29 C or r ,p,r r r ir tr l ' u In - la' dF tr r '"r l'r r ' ' '
' t ' 1n - ' t t ' t d or tt'w tul hatnr it ' u : t r ulPttdttt'u
nr ' nl,u / i ' pr ,n lJl'r r l ' "
" ll : t: [,i;J \i ; lt"iill," ilrr,i';i"ici,,i"Ii"iill;1,1,,,'')

I l ' , ntr r dj "' |'pl rrnr '' / r"8i
', r"', ", . dur initia rli,
'", '"
li,'.:ili:1ii.
t i?i liiii4il: ;',ti;;ill: fiiLn"#'\'"
i"',","';iii'i"",1l """'
COXPARATIA
douii obiecle superla-

Totusi. se ntilneqlc unoori ti irr ronrparalia dinire
i locul conlparal,rruluri
,,'ii'","iu*
8l',,i:h ?i:*""1':i:;'ii
\,e.i-1., Lnn.lru.l p F'1..
'",- "" In grrorP la\i nF lii'nld sr i l
' Jr ' ' i ' l p " r ' i
. n iir.r. runsrijit: ngti'b"'
'. I oDrpam inirrlro 'tipstrod
rlohicrl i trtr.crrrn rlrn'lun uLi"' ''rp otnpdral ( ;ll(l
r / r " r l i n ' up el ' r n' . i i nd
r r - pul J r " ' ' r ' l J ' ndr r F '
"''"'
.' ,;i :l ;;i " ;
'
' i ,r ' tr " i1 s ''t "rtp' " i "'nd ' n r r " t" ' i n r H " :t' r tl l tttu t,
"' " ,,r " i i i " ' ' iace prin inlrodur:erea nor cuvinte ca: /De rsr S 73r
;;;i;;;'"" ,t'i,rg"..,p "
CornptLrr iv l :
*
:\
/;J;"^';,,"
t al r c c r ec t )
ii" "ll:,'ilfi;f :li'r.,';;;ft " "t,,
J,i?#"fi"$:1i"l,ll
ol t l e c l as s
J oan i s ?t uf e di l i g€nt nan t t u r 4'
"i1lf
li : ;'3',lll;"",::,':"-ilti1f."1il,#i:"1ilJ"iJ"'li:l*
;,ff|,',#::itr"
ii:::: ;i'4,,JJ'1,;:: l? iiii.
:'/-"1',""iit'ii,
un saP'rlaiit' obicctul supus comparaliei $ 7:12
Dinlporli 4. lntr'o propozrlre 'u
i n g tu p u l "u .1 ra F s rF'o'np ' r' rr:
' r, h ,I- ' ;,//r
,\up'rlalirul:
,t n"a.c,,r J^6ns 'Lau,., n.ff:i".1""i,i,Jo1*":"i,1 ;"'1"1,:,r;lii:
1,r"..",",;,r"1""fr
,",1.Jfl;";i;::.","iI i r ,,, i,L
,,r"."":"li,,llo Jl"'.nh"r ra...
ttn .o ,p , ,. rq / $ ,r.r ;:5 .fi:'
iLa"""L) Th, $ e r P t h ' / t ' e sr o L r
( C a r e cI ) ' l t \ e v l ve r t h c n t ' € sr t h i l d t u n i n t l l c p a r k
arreaneriini,r ria
,(J;"x;;; il":l,; ':1.11;ii'Kil,.",lo i ;;il:L:; ace
" "'|/;-.,",,', .r.r..ar uraD her sisr€s'
srre is
istcrs
(Cotect) -\t\e s the.l€t"'sr ol the lJodesl t le dublu-conparativ \ 733
9j Dublul comparativ'Dublul sulcrlativ - Formele e ' n n s tb ' r' t' s t)1 ' F
|-.;:' ;:i :;." ;;:' i ;;:;rri d u b ru .' i rp " rra ri r In o tP o b t
D F s i u'pnr i n rrp b u i n rd l c n \r' n Fa l rri ShaL"pFdr" ti " i t\a
" ' ;;;;'
:i ,i " ",;;
ri 1 " ,.. d .ru a l rrF n rp r;d " d z l i p ' i ' l c ' u l ru rs
" """. '"'
'",
".,",i "' :i i i i :' i ; ptpi i m a' " ' ;il.::".'Bii:'i:::
ll.t,i;".nli':li'?;"1,?:lliillli:ii'i,''fl'Ll,".,ll'ii; d'
-
;"" .; ,""-"' ",. r' r' i i "
r ' r i \ ul F s r ' nr - ' F dr r de aJ v qb" l " tr"r'Jl na h
;,.l.., ' "^'; " unp
sau dr'.ori urmat de 1)Yar etc :
'|r,. Feather is (aeu) nr'L i'orse lodaJ
\n1 '/r' " l lrarl
"' l:l: "-' ' ,\' n r r\rr a l
' : :' ,.:;,.' .n :' 0 "","
il" i i ' , /,,..
i i : .' ;i " t' " . 7, n, ra m ri J "
" " "'
l'r lp"4
''rl r':.nidl de la S t3i. In gramrii.i.
l.:i .rm,ti '- : o r' r"_'lo
/ si lattrl ci1 .ste nar
t, . " l l I l i ";'.u'l l o r r l i l
o"http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
" ,r
r' n ' rri rrin 138/609
, d.r\ai, ) I I'rar ' ral
14 0
P r: uLrindu'J ll:: : ;: lil:
c^n,parili,unprr.i\,",u,r-'|J
l :;' r:rr:::ji ] ;
""i'il'r " : ;"
':: " llli'll
:::l.,i{r't;\
, . ,r,'.
sru Prtn ep(
i*,oic, P"""'al"Pto' ,
i i : , , . , 1 n" 1" . . ], . r ; . r *"
\ : "0.',:i:,"'1"'' "ltlll:i"'l:'""'-'",'
r
lilx.i:i; ,i;':t '{i:');:l'rr:'
' lrlii:1,i";riii
lI, construcliidiornAlr'o.
""4;;;il:";"::::.;::,";, 'tt
o-6itu" o""i':ll':;
\
dorrir ompxral l:
'' 'li
s "o :',;lit,l?llil'';";';':i':
' '
-l,l"t"'l*;lw$,r'i"":"'ilf dnf'""
","
"'""" ri"-';;iiH;
r :rt " r n rp r " " J ' l c d"' F" l :l"l nl Y
b / ' l " d compA' l \ " l "p"" J LI 'r]' 'pl 'rlr'n' : : iciu; : i: .r '"l"l ' "
ii'g"t" 'la
' p o z i l i i d i h r i ' P drsnarrna
cu at:li.. mar"- :
rh? sta4., tn, dJB "r,4fte ; 3 : ; ; ; , . : , j " ' i
;,il: .
1:' J'i
f^:n: "":i '"" 't:,^ " :;',r";'.";
]'l;,* * r c
s,,,,"
"".,,"1, ii.,l
i,",:ii r]#Jlii;1i
ifilL;n"i;;l'#i:i,jlr"I;"
il'iliTt't 'i:rl;:''
;
.n"tti. Un"L" {riZe ' i €
:iir,l
RcFsi n
;
;devardrp zi.5'url: ,e h,trtr.
'f;'ii;f ':L:t; i'io'-''

thb krp.
"
Douruperrllri\p. li i:i:'i';"J",i'"':'J:',
sr '?re
" " " ô , r r u " , ii. , . " , , , : - : ; ,1":ltl,.l;""*l:ll"
: , ; 1 , , 1 . : , ; , - ", .0. ,, . . . ' r , , , , , " . , "
,-,,*,1?a ii;*$i$i",11
iiii*iii'i"'*ffi
:":i
S ?41 a) intrebuinlarea adverDe
restrlNd, loo':
t'i'; )a""a
;;1
'"-:;;"r;' )t''
l't\:'*tj';*tl{'#';
-,"., ,n ri'-, s"- n,r J i:'....'.?'o
'"'
;i1:tlil',"";':L1r;';.;l:ll r'I ' 'p - q'r'nrn"L
trmotr -'Lr ci
sLrperltrl,rv LLsnl'rt
drn '""'
8/12/2019 COMPAEAT1A Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 14 7
unui Dumer foarte mare de adverbe echival€ntecu adverbele S ?42

_ Dl lolosirea
.le mar sus. tare oau stilului mai multi exPresivitate:
a d m i. d b lf . Jl4 "mn 8 . y. d . p . r n sh . i\ \ r u r lr rd r o o $ Jl
ovPn lll: -
'9 - l'r "t p x rJoror
dp_ao\. ,lF ir'rlli L.*hti" lJ P)imdhrl\' or'rl r ' \iP J\dr\'
. , , : t , lc, r . , \ . , r "n it f . "\ r '. n d r f u h jr . s r l', 'lir 'm . . 5 'd i isr 'lv h ^r , ib 'r . h 'r e a lJ
in n , i, , h r '. r - t r , - , r , , , . 1 r . i'n "d in , . r '1 . 1 ."r 'p ^llJ. , p m d , L a L .\ '' h o L r n g i 5 r n g r r r r v.
hn, . sr , , L '1 sl. f " o n d o i'J. f lib lj. r r a r - r\orn jh ' n - o m m o lr j
'l;
'i'. - : i,':t ;, ;r i\
. ' , ""t - , d l lL r l, : t \ i5 r lr r a m \ "n d ' r u r lf
lntrobuinlarea arlcerbelor eragerat tle erpresive este una dinlre oarac-
t e r i"li r l" . ilu lu i t , m r lia r in li r r b s "n sl"r d l
>hp u a - o u / , / r " r , lp a ''d
t \ , , - / . r R 4 , / , / / JL ild o r "
I im drea.lfutlg sorrY-
lr \ a , a r a Ja nr '
'f n d l . , : . iD l, / - 1 'r
i"' nl You
cl ui,ilizarea unor adverbe cu nuanld de superlatiY absolut, ca: irut. S 7{ 3
.ruitc.' pasili(,elq, reallq. s;mplu eLc.
It qd
was ius, dsnlendid.
I a u r k isd D P o in t 'J
ll P^n,,4, ; s n 'a l/ J, d i'E d l I
"Awas
She rimFit aslul
dJ lolosirca unor anu ile prelixe sau a altor cuvinte la formarea adjec- S 7r +
tive-lor:
s'rra dry ngPelsensitive ."'rlelalnuai€d
€ "- o . st io n , l o r , . b l. r '' JuPerttnr
r Jp p r o n s, p n r io d s o . a "ize d
lli; : . ; 1 1 ". , .
c I folosirea superlatjlului relativ tntr'o propozil,ie in care al doileatermen $ 74 5

esle l6arte general sau lipEe'qt€ cu totDl:
U€ has Ure ,o/sr ol temlers. {: IIc is e:l.ao.dinarilv bad_1empe'€d
I saN the s,er&s, batY 1: nosl. s$.et)
Shp id , " / a r . , ip ", n , ld \ 1 " m "lJ lu n n yr
H" sa . n l . p , n t , s, brr mu\pd
Tha' ,l' l , r d s oi n\ si\tpri t noct arn^ n3: hps llp ro
'Fst
"kl
Je1 come aorossl.
ict $ 633. tl)
tdri interjec 'ii: S ?46
/J intrebuintarea unor constructii exclamative, cu sAu
t|'rd, a /,r' sFechl
Oh. Father. ou are so &tnd o mel
"Ha| Grcea W8 UY ValleYl"r
Isn't she 1.he mos,e..?aisitc ctressl'
I intrebuintarea unui bubstantjv sau superlativ urmat de pr€pozi,tia r ?47
u / t n i ' ^ (on.r u, i c spnir \ s l a .l' 'ipul u r m l ror (S 2 2 0 ) :
Thc landowner was a lnrae .f knaoes
Hc Dro m " d ' o tas d' t h p \ n t u P riluP
' ' ^ o i h : n e" i{o',ld mn on rhis i' Ji s i^r l o/ r t S t I ' -5
lr tt t h?a\ o l h "'urpito o " s ' n p knAr hp $a5 righ
l,(c.'r o/ ilie lod'
Ile Nas thc
r ott"4 - e d n r 1 I , r . n u n l: r i tr '- n , li" , 1 4 n ld ". : I r:tlr] clnd Inseamni Fi
, . , r r { '€rl
f 'r Ju l, 1 cin r l n se a m n i
z. h "p t b r ct o b t u t n iil
3 T , u u i xn u i r o m a n d e t l. L l'N e llJn
. io ", t i", ; "', t . 'l' p r p r r a . l r n sr d d m': Inalt dectt simplul snperlativ
"x'ld r J'\
6 O B. sha{, Coaot onn CkoPbo
148 rloRFolocrA - atrEcrrvuL
S 718 ir, lungirca li accentuareavocalelor:

IIc's thc r("sr I ILt:trrdtstl {llow
I halcn't gol th l'dsr I lj:i:stl idfa
proceileu pe care l rcg;sim li ir rona ctte la auz-Lreanei aile'dolc:

'odrdl
iJ repetarea unui adjectiv ssu adverb:
S 7{9 'lh. ncocrnew Xsten: dl thc hi" PUrh{se Jstem' isl'rnul. '1r rump;rde
ri' I al
I r" a 1u td'r rui lr ' odiia l tmorun
cu D.d ; 'n tu " i t ' ) ' . " n
5n' s aoadd a od't --mo'il )
+T;"":'""#t?fi'i;lJli",iii;"ff:' lii"i? u*" '" "." Nnosu'j u'Ic'a

* '*:, 1,'JXi|.0,, p- idd ntirneitio tate
, (: ,,N,,E{cramaiie
j cuminto" rum€alr
pljmblnilu s e d dd tinir'l
REI]'DRIT0AITD ]l' ADJDCTM

III. ALTE 0SDSTIUNI
(luscnr,r,arDous BllllArixs)
$ 750 1) Sohimbare e lunclie. Adioct:ivolo ubstantivate'

faz F" l " in
d I Ad i F' i \ u l poale i rnlrFbuinlst'''uhstantiv'ii i r r . . a m '
gener6rnu'.t.lusiv] pr'"ed1 d" u'li'olul Lnr;rrl Aslial ulrlr/al dpsemnFrzA
i"""]"".;i".;,;*';;le,ti' ( 'io:iindi'izii crrc Io'cJa in'u+irraexprimur;
rnloruprnnA
he nai*,i'1. D " ' i lorma lL,i r o m r n Fnps birnl'arn a ' P dn'orpa
i"i"i"J j" or"*t si se ronstruiFtrp run.i cu rprbul ia plucnl:
jn d i. ia r y ( : m ia i\ ir d ilir
the s'ise (: lnlcletlii) thc E n clish ( : e n C le zr r r
ihe
rhP ivir 'g ( : viii) tlLe moie intcrestins (: p'6oinel' nra'
rh. acedr (: ia ir ln r r )
rc r iim in a l i: cr im in a l( iir l thp noble : n o L ilii]
thc unpmploy€d rot.0?trr) : t h e le ss e n lh u sia st r f: 'e r mdt t 'ir r r n
rhe wo.klcss t: sone. ) e n lu zia st jl
thc iotrlc$ L: sometii) ihe hF6i nfordP.l :.er r dr ci r lr s a u
t h e in il't r r y (: m ilit a r ii)
The Daoersnublished isis ol ,n, d€dd and 4d nif'ng'
Tl",e;#;i ,'fli",'?ii;'',)l'-.,i',il *n'"**
?ii#',fft?;;'":1;;:"i.j
.The" b"ru. {6 not n ttr stto.* :i*'f;","."'/,"i'i"lii
l: ;'{lr:",h.,'-i v h., ba,,'qm
in lr p b u ii'la lP
C it sv, € . ii. ciivp , dP\ar,iti su b 'L "n r ; ve de gcn 'o 'r u n sin l h'd PosLd
ai t',- hT b'loid hisbPtroth'd,
"'"iii"r"- "i"s'tî'',
the .lerarted. his intended erc-
-i "i;i""i,
" ";i;j;; i"ar"ia "su rJ Ln nu'r.ir.'F'rins d' indt'lizi
;;"i*l;li
"i".,.
prin insulireaardleld da adjp'ti adjeclivul rFbuic nsnliLJ P
"un
" . "substantii':
.i""i"r1'
'l\\e
I saN Lnclishmdns'as
nilt,a.3' ryaDialking to vthe
standing thcrwo
gale'
'ttotcirutr
She t's dsr'r' ,,dn,
bor " /4.J, 'rr $.r' i Ling fulL on, .
l i". p l ^ b^: ,. " 4 o tn\ o;a'll 3 '0 Pt
'"
r 5e p r o , 'u n le . l- r d . p . ir l'ir . t q 'r r lF r ld : r I P nod dscd nnbrltrinise;

a s"d p t b t llit n . ny.taLet'\" oe"d L d r d l r ''"
: G.Ia. bhaw. p. .n
3
['erdrrd]
bl ,{dicctivul lntrebuin[et ca substantiT cu tnt']les numai de tnryuldr E 75 1

.b " m ,' F,i r In g ." ,1 " 6 a b .i r d , l ;..JU l i r n b 0 u ' u i p o p o r l
Sroa and skddy Fins th'" ra.x. lProrerbl
IIc has io stu'sent rrght dtr etD'g .
'lhe uLln&sn holds no lenors for ]Im
Iiindlv nddD, s Lindlr/ tnkcn ll'rolerb)
goo'I French
\Ye k"no\t litlle lnsltsn but spcak
1 r ,;' " ,' r ' ,i i i ., b " r : i .1 . h " a l ,i o n l b h i n 0 r r ' Fl " t. r h d Fr r . n e . r h " r " r r i b P
tin lilms, ctc.). thc ' r ' . dtmrnal;
t u n ,l c su u r l o ti t ) pt
i ti " n ,r - sr ,i o .ta r " sr , r ' .\d .r r ,.- $ o ..' . r h m u r l h r i l l i n g . .
No td
A se observa djectil'ele ubstantivatentrebuinrate n constructii dio- S 7ir2
Trr"j w'r. 1t) lo tlL ttal.

Thiri6 $rrc "t (oine /'on ba'l soBc'
E ,p n ls ,' r p ,;/,f{ o r t ' to t 'o h b e tte r .
I'll do nrl b6t to holp
T "t .a r at derd o/ ntL,/ .^
HJ \p r o u s a P , m 4 i' ts /.' Co o o :
U. r c ,o /r , q u i k b \ 1 l," ir $ o r d .
' r a ilr
I fo ' r n J n {q ' ll ,r /h " lb lc } ol lr in g "
ll. $ c ,lu , t' le a " 4 o , s h o l+
l,.t lrim ri. its wo$t. " ,"
AI t e c ons t r t lc lii idionat Lc e
cu un adjectiv substantivat: t i q t^" th " L P r t i a

\n th " o l ' sttd t. o E o o th j b o l l - o r B kF- ' A ? ,a d $ i l h h eg a o d
c"a.ot.itt ttu nain'in tfu oP"\' in sho't' atl ot o suddPn elr'l
cu forme de Irdrol:
-si
goo.Is, 6h@ts, tuins. aces, etc.
.) Adjeciivel€subslantivaie are denumesc ulori au atlt singular,cit S 753
ti plural:
t/iolpr happPns o Ie tle colout I liLP
S h pDa tn ;d r ' r c a .a n sP s d b N" n ' o r a u m n .i \d b .
.i ,i r " t' " si fl r r r n o i l r 1 ," ' . n ,o " F r h p p i r l
["
Th. i ,' D@k
. i t,.'
Blue;',
. \he' 0Lieht
6' Blu*z 'rhd
d , L n i l c a d i p ' l i vF A u d p \e n i t a d cva r a tF " u b sl a n i i ve s i p o t a v' a fo r m d S 7ir
dc p l j r a l . a r ti co i e . se n i l i v ' i d Fl e r n i n cn l i 'r l i su b sta n l i r a l a p r o p r i u - zr se :
a catital m gqral
a daily
a lrcleta.ian
Ra th e r a d e d ., is n i s lr P :
r ^ o r n r h p r p , p v ,lo r tt,B ,: I y a ft s u h d P a r y
L.t mc look at Yon, ,tv ?.ell'"s l
\\^ d ..r l i. tib :..1 a r y rods-nadPs.
s h e L lo p s n o t d ;r r d r ln ju d g ' o " n l ol h " r ? 4 " 4
r ' r l,p s p o r iv .u r " j.d r {s a u a ju r t .- o n o ld .t to s r Dl' P - ln r P p r z " q iP r i\a

u"'"',tiliil ;i."i:I^l ,i,lX"l tuziBld
ii"i;oxrordi
'l,l;,#""'fl"t:,fi.lgiiili
i
la C.,.bf:dsp.
142/609
15 0
?i6 F./ | nFlF s4jpc ire. p r i n aJ-us0red r"rr,'inaLiFi { 'lptin 'ub'ranrirL

intrFbui', atc n u m a i l a p l u r a l :
rrl' bellers
movalles necessa.ies 1i8hls

lla\ " \ o . D r l o n v o u r ro, 1/ , s - soollFn lolI ir'i JPl.'
lle. l-, in t iea' , lie / idls r. ' d . l a a m " - i n 'rl, l r i 5) .
T r e r € $ c r c n o / irs, s n n i h d r l, ain i lir. l ' l s 5 s d i r i a s P q ,
H. d l { ) r - p l d J a r l ' r t a ' i " c \ - \ i l I J ' n s p o m n o r ' i m p o r ' a r " h a r u ' l ' r :
'256 E r c e p t i i i substantivul €rs. . a r e deli cu forma de plur'dl'esleno
singular dra ilural; a Dlues : un c i n t ' c melancolic)' 6re are singularul o
-s i i l p r l i c c u pluralul.
(Pentru ditalii vezi 9i S l2?)
{' ?57 /./ Ntrmele de nrtionaliti,ti
f't AdiF'iivele . s ; o aratii nalionalitaleassu pro pnicnla r-sionalu r
s i r r j;rminirF r n . , I r [ ] . -s/i. (s./s. PsP or fi Inrrcbuinlatp a'ubstanLive
cu tnleles colectiv de piural (toli locuitorii din acea ard, regune sau ota ):
&e f'renclr (: lrarteziil thc SR'iss = elaeli€n'i)
the Scotcl (: s c o l i e i i l thc Chinese -' (l'inezii)
the \ltlsh 1: locuitorii dln \l:alcs) the Geroese = geno\'€zii)
tne lrish (: irlardezii) ihe \Iielnamese : lietnamezii]
$e r'lemjsh (: tlamanzii) ihe Viennese : tienezii)
?58 Cind este nse i.orba d€ unul sinqur sau de mai mulli iocuitori, adjeclirel€
lcrmjnalA n -a, t l "nu -r, slnl urmite d. .ubsl DlivilFman pl. npn . so an
\pl. .'om ).ru ,opt r"61eq1;'. srbali \i fcmpir:
lwo Scorch,r€n scveral lrish0,,@.
many Dtrt.li tcolle
E:xceplLL
Danish - a Dane -sDanish -a Spn ar d
Finnish a Fint siredistr - a SirPd.
Polish a Pole Turkish - a Turk
Je$ish - a Jcw'
Adjectjl ele erminate in - frrr, -esd dmin insil neschimbat€ i tn aoestcaz:

a SFiss selcml Swis a Japanescsome Japatrcse
an IroqDoisrvo Iroqlojs a Pekiness many P€liincsc
[" ?59 /") Adiective]e Lu alt€ t€rninaiii decit cele arelate pin6 aici sini intre-
b u i n i a r ' " a ' s u b s l s n l i v e' u t o t m . r d F " i n g u l a r i p r i m e s r u n - ' l a p l u r a l :
i r ' . \m"r r a n \mpriran\ i \lala \ldlJrs
,n Asrd -\s:Jn. r PoI lolp'
a Czechoslovak Czechosloraks a Scrb - Serbs
a Dane Dmcs a Slat - Slals
a Fjnn -IiuDs a Spariard Spa iards
a Greek ore€ks a S;ede Sweaes
a Je\r - Jews .r Tuk Turlis
0bservalie
E ?60 Spre deosebire de liuba rorrAnn, tn limba englezd atit adjecLivele care
€rdrr ;rlrondtital"r s"u I ' u \ c n i p n a regiorals.,it :i ' u b ' r d ' r l i v p l - rp'p'cri\e
r,p s.ri'r lnlolJea' r'r, rr tn;tiota nojus l i
(Vczi ti S 61. 1 5 ' )
I J.0 nasc., Jc'cas fem.
l 5l
2) Adjectiyele i advcrbclo dontice ca formi. Unele adjective au ace- $ 761

eaii fornre ca i adverbele corespunzetoare:
we look a /art l.nin. (Adj )
TIe lrair runs tasr. (.q.dv.)
{Pen|I u dct alii r e z i S : 5t l
poale v:lloare de adjectiy clDd determinn substan- 76 2
Acelasi
tiv, sau cuvinL
raloare avea determini unvorb, un adjectiv sau ununalt adverb:
de adverb cind S
Ad j ectieL
..Littl€ ,Udr" qnile contrrrv...", lsubst.)
Titian's Nomer hale rcildiah latl. (Subst.)
AiLrerbr
I se?her verv littlo norvadsys. Ve.bl
It doesn'tmuth m,t. $hctder h€ is youns or old. lvobl
l v € z i i i S ?6t)
I like the roddislr mo4 colour ot her hair. (Adj.)
,l4d
The
She was
sky wea.in8
wa5 hlue-s.ca
a light n thelrock.
distane.
lAdj.)
{Adj.)
We drovc l,omc lasr. {Ad .}
'€rs
Tl .y raD s/.dt lr home- Snbstantivcu raloire de adt.)
3) Adjeetivele trihutive i dtljectivelc rediertive. Adjectiveleatribu- $ ?63
tive3 preceddsubstantil,uldct€rmiirat; adjectivelepredicativea int legate
de Bubstantiv ntrun verb, fdci l astfel parte din predical,:
nt - it g a , "d rlag. , Adj. a lbul, v
t h" b".l,lrrn.rd uc |" pi, r r r . ia. p " di. Jt iv)
-d {Adi.
d,) I-lnel€ adj€ctive stnt tntrebuintate \nll'ai predicatie. Printre ele se S 764
afld d')
urmdloarele cuvinte:
adjeotivele compuse cu pretixul a-:
alight
a") citeYa adjective ca:

drdk ill well
Unele adjectire din acest, rup (aJ au qi un sinonin cu valoare atributivd: S 705
Adj. ptd,icalie Adj. atibativ Adj. pedintio Adj. dtributir
blazins alighi liShted
burDrnA, tl Lp li.p, . n ' i l d r
burnj,'g, ' rmi,'"
'"j alitp lirin;
tlodlin" alotro lon"lt. lon".rmF
walkrn8 Bskew o}liq-"
sdprr . 3sr"pP -r . p ' n s
$ i (rn g
glosirS conscious, toFing
at<in kiiidf d, :i 1,11r Ll,Lik 'rooL"d

n ka
r1l '1,
sick, etc,
l Aldinele reprezini{ adjectivul sau adr*bul, cu$ivele culhtul determinat meniio-
'A Nureetu Rhune.

'3Adjectvfri cu iunciie de atribut.
.AdJe'[\4lp u t|ntlia dp nuM ppdidti, .ohpl"np",)
L1unit ( Prdtat" In Sramd-
rica pnshzal. VFzi $ 2520.
152
" ?66 ,.) ,\ite adj€ctive nu pot li intrebuint'aLe decit olri'driri

de materii:
b1 adjectivele terminate in -dn prol'enite de la nuldele
a leotl' *P B" adPn,6no'
. r ' utk,a \as' "|
k"d"nol: l r o' r r P' lr mpPr-
l t o t l tr r
o/kare^ llour
.{ceste djecr.ileu
' pot li lntrehrinlatF
jumleiredirrtjsq:"11,
Nas Noollen :s€u
llli:i""l1t *
I Dc noes
i.t"r "s'iiq""r t X" * poul" 'p"n"' lltr
.., , nd F Sr "pr op u r r :
'" "ood,n'. "ensul .*;'''.;'.' 'rhe Jrue' \eren'ade r 1\o'{1"'
i'#;"fi:;i;;;i;-;i
Se spunc nsi, cu sens rgurai:
In the sun his hat had t ned soid'a'
Thc skY was le4dtn
uis s6len€nls wcre e'oden'
Her tr€sses hon€ ilft€a'
de la nunlele cardinale:
,') adjectiv€le derivate ilrePunctelor
Pes'ern ounties
the iolrtulz }eniislhere
Nu se poate spuDe:
The hemisPlrre Nas r'trncrn
Tne connlricsN"e
'res'an
Une]e verbe intranzilive ce r
[ 7ti? \ erl,elc esre eer ailiectir€ predicative'
' o d j c"ri ' e p re d i ' d ri L " i n l o " ' l ' d l vF rl p :
\ o u l o n l sp l p t rd i d . ' h ' $ "' "i rl i re 3 i l e Dt '
I /,4 wotrderlul. llrla^ ttcn'd rd rl lh"
i rl . , - , . . i r . "*r. T h "-\ l P ro r l h ' ra rd ' 'nBsn sp p l '
r,.F r,orp'r,np a,,.'. perr.rr. l]"f"iil"'l; ,an" aut it1t.
The milk lastes Sood.
sus ru arat;
Cu 'intele scrise eu alctine'.iD cr'emplele de I'rai alr e"rr
''r/r
',a' iir ';ltii F\prin,rra d- r"rb ii 'r "' stt subi"ct.ut ',u 'uvr nr "
""tni, ua'".t'. i a',oai- 'i' ,i. in r nr r 'bu'nLdr pa nur
;; J;- r ;;,;;'J; '^nsP'inr 6 n acc- csbla:ltYi:
a.ly€r b n asemeneaazun rreuui" Aitdi; cu gr jj; \'trbFrer €dicatr v ( \ezr
+
ii" l"p.i- ti"" ( sinonime u ln b'.,/' ar €djectivulest'P
"r .t
s 251?-2518). ind'eplin'-tt€
erbe put' fi insolite de adverbe carc si arate cum
E
" t68 sub,Ac€lea.st
"tL,td.{ir r ' .r "rpriqatd Jp lcr h:
:F l o a l " d nr ut dnd dosn mi' dililir elt'
T lf n' r a" kl' n t dnl' lp nar etullr ' .. .,
T nF v { - _a / l/r aa' llP laJ delr gnr F ( r I'
HP -soua{./Pd hP eong luiousll'
qlo$li.
>np as,ad r P loo4
_\ ".t dosr '
\\' /l Io'' 3rr sr
F tuhur
ll' ndll
' .,.
' 1\d mtid.r E /t/' 6 dPidlY'
' r '
H" .lhF " . t) LrF "oom qxr fBr r .
l e delir r t l ? n z i l i '
- \ s€ obser va c i i ver bele legr t€ nF p' r tPltiile scnzor i
.""-
ilu .in ul| n,' " d " ,r r ' In l^' ul J' ll' r r \ulur '
' J\- r h
i;;"1;;"re cer adiective in loc de advobe slnt urnilloarere:
S 761)
ctc nu inseann
'ari""l*.tr *"r,, clnil se rehn la ur miros s{u la un lrarlunr '
d u ] t r' . i - . t mo q : v ", , ' t t s - l a rru ml r.
- old.,; l i """ g - b F , . ? ^ "p I n o r' r r t s
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 1;B
d) verbele copulatilc aritate la S 2i15: to bc. to see ta became t')

continire mpreuni cu sinonimele ot; spre e{empluli
b tatt aloo An^J ' a t41 r 1nn :
ro bc oui l. ro.._s, ot p i /r' )1. r. 'l'il' "1'
i iui . dt t o- , it: t o toat' tt\ | -i
b btov " t "t" :)tt,a;{ l,u ' t \ ' rt_\' lrP p i : D I r old lirJ so r d \hi
'
h n dt\: la f,z, sonr' .l c
- -;."
J;,:;,; ' i ' n ' : , /"1 'nd .ir-n : ro ro.\dl: to ltou tr)" Pir
' "n' -aor''
6/ v"rb"l".ur" Fxlt;m" p"t.eplii FnzorialFl
,"r*r,o1,. ILnq',..;.r l,lhiFr\:'./"PllJrd.pai nlul rough :ol: " taai .'.\t'i
l:l;;i,..'l
l;t;i.;JJ:";J,|', ffJ1P,, "l",ifilv;i;il'i,ll; i
precun qi:
cJ
, n h a n t J D / d / l d d d . i l l : ' o s u P F i e l s " or e| -a: 'D /; b - r i d
i,, ,."*r. : F tr ' l u '
n p a t 'li: , o p o i n t r a n $ ; ' . . r i ' p , o . " , o ' . t " _ o r s t o t ; " b i r g l ' '
\diF/rirul pnircfilt r"huii'iar in lo ur adrerhul ri nu 'raidd " l' "rmin;

.uLia ,,l e.rp u,, prFdi,ri subiarrv. s ri' '
"t;,-aonr,l.nent)3.li..orIl"m-rl,rl
".,Lj""ii";.'ri. i-,1 dir..l lind c'lp nump nrP4rceL onrp
till. - Obiectiee Comqlemrnta
rub: :t" Comrl F n
H" I,a." /Jd lnu li.'d . '
ii" i'"t^s ""tli i
'lt 'r'r
i;" i;; ::'" i:..,"t np ' ' nr ',r'.' sub-' \" cornpr" nl
tl | \.i_ so',r,d tn' "irh
t : ljtt
Thd idkr 1,,.t /. ...' (:o ll { r' .
I nû-d 15 .j'.-. /,lr 'n 'r' romp"1'rl
\\; -.* hrr. " so.\ rrlp. ol '
1r) Adieclivrl caro ciliti,rf mei rulte subsfirntiYo' Adjcctiv-ul cAre S 770
., lifi:. ,fi ' ' ."u n. ' i rr ult ub r ' ' r ' i \ - rLr rr t'pe d tnain'pd l i F' ; ri
votuhei,nar,$t,a,h.
itiii" il$ Jiilf';$'li',:T,lT:iJ #11'.,i1'll'{'"',iiike
df el:
Repetarca adjc.tillrlui ie face pentru accentuarca deii eriprimate
'fh; coll-"ctivc iantrfN liad llanDfd to hive 'eo trrlioN a'rd nc'' conbines
:') .tdir.li\ul )i Pr.p"zilit trrornl"nr'. r:1 ' : "tr'-l" 1di' ir"- ru i i7l
oor r. urnirtr dF.rr d. Lr',,rni" tr' l^/ilii rl'r'to/rrrr r "rrrr^nsLJi:
dclioienl. in $il keen
liabi. 'D alearnins
[a{
diil-"rent /mn nnvonc
r"",r,lr 'n'o p'r L 'o
', " " '/ " " 'lP 'r )
imtlrr1 " "'l l rr
6) 0n0 (pl ones]. .\c€st€ roluloe Fepun dupn un adjectiv

pentrrra S 772
s" "rira r"p, tar.a r,rb'ldr'li\ rlrri o'lar; F\l'rin -l?:
Il sGa i ,, i o loo
io :r '. ' e o rtl "
lll l d k, p r-J lo l i' L ' I c \h r d o rP
"ll
(l i czi li $ {1 6 4 enlN delalii)
l Ailjeciiveleoilalc nu linL ilecit exe plc: elenu eluizcazl lista adjeclivelorde cme
D o t t i d r m n t e e r b e l p r P s l p . t r v e .. . ,
'3s a u u o ,5t4.erhi\a| nt al surrstanLr\utur
Vezi S
I \'czi S ti2u
sau olo'J i - s" simt-
" i t i t , i ' o " a . s -im " r 1 u T l n J n " r f " . i o I L s rn r r d H
D r o s i . . q r e i e s t J r ed e s P i r i t ) .
' t\'l zi {:64 a'.769 b
e"nrrir ," pron'rm" ./i G. Crfm'. oP ir' S 0J \' I04 A
( ?73 7) VerI. Much. - -\drerbul rPl, pre'edr adj'r ii\ul pr'prju'?is (tn
' l ; i n - i ' i ""u u ' p o ' t "r r u 1 ; l n ' i n r a ; u n u i p a r r : ' i p r u r "r r r ire "r l r c r h r r l
"',-. 7 F . l p n l o L i ' p r i n t ' u h . t u t "r a nu h :
I I i.. r-L pl'rn r"4 Prer'l- -l' ' a d j c" l n / i ' i \ l
. u . . v prs;bt. r t . . (0Ji. gr, su p p r ) a l i t " . , ..
'h"n )i[ d D,, ollrg'd plr' Ipar|r'pnl
'. , j ) ; 't. "N 'r',fv,
d€venite aderirate adjective' sint prece-
,laie)iumeroase participii
de adYerbul €rg: tr€cul,e,
r..?.oBpli.aitd. t€.9 dislinpished,efls pleased''cry tired, €tc
Prored€ul ac.sta s a exiins ln englezacontemporani chiar qi la simple
Darl,iciDii trecute
' Cdmpa"ativele slnt precedate de adverbele much' ecry much san tar:
It is scitine n .t colder'
IIP r" f PIng ,'-4 n"'1' \\'tn'"
l i t s / , r b p l r i . 'o ; i t lor l h p r holar'hi now
(Yczi i i S 1 3 7 7 )
t 77{ qj li'o. rurlii ad.ierli\alc rbitrlenle cu unelc on'lrurlii impcrlonalo a|r

"- - - a , l t "r r r i o t " t i ; b r i o m A n i . - I - ' r a l e ' ' n s r' ' u ' r i i i n p * ru "n o l "s a u a d v 'r b i A l "
djn limba romani sinl, edate n limba pnglezaprin -propozilji Jn.car-edjel..tiv'ul
' l i o
rc'0a l i v inlrpb inrdl r r r c d i ' s l i v m p r F u n a'u F r b r n l d D" c d l i l i c i u n "u b r e ' t
pcriorral.C 'a moi frcrvpnte 'onFlru'liF ilp a F" lin 'clp forrnal' drnlr un
idiectiv urmat de un inlinitiv:
Shet ccrtain " De n.
Isi(xf c ] (ea)P nsJ
lltisn t lili./'/ ^'
l\ u . p r o b i6 i 'a p l) 5l 'n a a r a iu 'ln Jl
'' j- lr a r r '
' \n, "d
a sl,p o ilmp . / i-d ; ll;
P slp
'1t1r .ou l"o
d,t n'nbvb
J la ' I lp d r nJr t , )
Tl,.Y're ru€ ro ,e away
- r . r | ,, Jn r n ] p , d ( i d in o r d i)
\ '. is a , , . i in d F sin g ?
f LDr ",\ .
d lm b t a . a t r e lr P d e ll
D o n . i b " t , n x atout it
1 r ' r m r n . ' e p . o t sr
\od ft ha ta Pko'e
u' o*" l ; n l Lme,."a ,irari E li uF'r d' I Iur'il l
'r
lT. ECErY-{LD\Trr,4.DJUCTr'[lLr
FontLia adiectivului poate fi indepliniti rsi de urDlntoareie pi4j de
\ o r o i r F ' - J . o s r 'u't;i "d j F ' r i \ Jo
S ?76 i r u ; ' r r l ' c l a n l i v au o'' onsrru i ' sub r ' t n r : v A l "'u \ e l o a r P' l e .a d j P ' r . i e
atrjbulir sauprcdicatjv ln generp, r ',rm; de singul0r. Drnr lnd sensur
de plural (v. $ 1uu):
".1: :;",.':,T.:
;:::.:L;:::;"',:":'".:,'2'
' ;:"; ':.::";i":.i';i,;1
^t::.b". ,...,-.,.t rtit ,h.-
-.t.
otd .',.n
-btn.
".
Din rc iD ce mai mult ins, e acceni,ueazii€ ndinla lntrebuin,ttuii plLlra-

lului substantivelor hiar cu ro1dc adjecin' (v. $ 167):
'llf- ho"E affa,s cornmittee. ile ti nual Stotes cu ditltion, tlr r t-'otiong
"ikd
r.it,t'l;tt ti'ts't.n r'l l r i kp a l h p L ' l l o n s" h n o ol I onon'':
\ t trn tat L in "r 'li 0 / , , o Jli / r " . b "v.

- o sa r . '. n a - r u b r : ' . , 1 , r t l, r r o r p p \ n n , l" \ li p 'r ll rr r a dn /r fe ( \ r r r
" '
2) un gerundiv: S ?7?
n ' ,,r Io o l..' ..1 J dnrdd: | ) d ,n .a l:.tu o h '
- \in t..t i^ to r '"r r o"-l
n jn .n o' .,
,A lc " t..,; I I r
" .o 1 .d .t,,
, r S 1 :to .
3) un pa icilirl trezcntl $ 7i8
Ihe accampdnyiig n.te. ltu . nirq slom. ra4nt,g wrter. the t@nhg irrnr. the
a u ts a in s tln e . e t.r . 1 v si S l;0 r :
4) un pa iciliu r trecut:
p 1 lL p i" $ 7?e
dnupdnd r .t ' n ..
a t.\" t ;.a a t' a l.r k itr \\" n
- L .t .l\r tp . 1o t a ' ,b ) lr l.t" ' ." $ i' h l.- r ' i J ir . -. \
"
5) un infidtir': $ 780
an int)r1sc b sir{r thc last lo Lar€, ni.v rvisl\ L ga to the pictxrcs;
6) un adverb: .,t?81
lP ) r ' " n . . lh ,.r
d a tn :b i.' . r /" " l ' ' " ' lh d ' /.? hd ln ' r " r '
- :J .i th .t t L iL - - r ..' ,b n /.. ' ' - r b ,l" . tl' 1 o ' /- t t .
r r , lv ' t"
si.v S
" .' -1,r i9 2 5 6 1 .
S 2 l_ |
7) u genitir: | 782
lne lno\rc .f tle rlot ; nlt ftin.ls sot: hdtf a,ti tt.'s silen e: Itjjt: Lan,lat
ta r i n s' s n o th Y e a fr l ' t' . ? n , a tu | ttu n r n E m o t| 0 r n a s.a u cd tp Ct'hatu GreeLe's'
" Q u i e i { m e rca n "n a s se t 1 n i e L n a ' n .L v. i S :.8 , l sl ) .
8) un :rticol: s 7t
e tsn ) : o n e : To h r * l \vo ch i l .l r i : a b o y a l d a S i r l i a h r n d ( d i r th o u sa r d i
a n i l l i o n ; l v. si S i a l . l 3 ;r
tlt/c (denlo^ttattr ).
" ? ftewo o l sn ckrs a sa i n st tm r s m e a sIe s" . " 7 n . ? tn a " ) - " Il .r i Ir Du f..l l .{ "
' IIr Du u e l l ? A r c to u tp fi l i r l p o e l l " ' ( v. i ti S 5 r 4 l :
9) un rlumeral: $ 731
fabteen sqnat\cts' thc hi..l door on the lett fttTn lverue6; ,nd te.ri.l World \\'af l
to ) o l o c u ti u e p r e p o z i l i o n a l i : ?85
'fhp I'olrl r : L Jr'l. fim $d d rd\iga o_ , u
JL.l "l.Tl .'
r u .t.r - .u b n " - n ., to r n o t tl c to p l $ i q r tsi . ),
t dD ,fa sj carc circulii spre Londfa sau sprc un oras mare: dorn,.atns: cnr. rin
de h Lo;dra sau de la n orai i)ri .ipal (atlail l,ilelessi r&tru up ptatlotmri doen plat-
: aefunt.
'fDit nlafrm
ii;,,, ' ,o .' ,r
ro"r 3 r d ,,' ," .1 n L ... In l9 0 i
- C"
r F h h
r im
to o t' d .L : /d ./ a r o s . i.' u fid ini " . u 'im ll 5 d ..u ' " .
,,n r{u ' . io t c lti ild ,u r m ' t
' /.
u lu id ,\.,n d L o u .1 l ' u Do r .J / lo ' o fi' ia lll L o r d u l,, C,,' c P la r f- In .d
,Hie h .h o ,/e it' ^ in ,:J T " r .' l^ v i.o r . ' r n d J : r s' ,n r r ..:d d :i' 1 1 1 i/r b l r p F n tr u d:o
a m illti n " .D lu u fo P ilo r id u r u l 6 | r h tr ttk r ' to p l" r .o J i, r J :' 1 a r li4 o lu l .d r c - ld Ii
}aza coircil ui brjtnnici /r./ dcn nirea de lt'ddlsdci simbolizenz{ iii ttnclia dc Lod Catr_
€Iar. a.fstl .eprezentind |ocea Canw.i Latzitot ('Iht raice of ttu Halse of b.ds) n\
tim o ll j " l .ti o p ll@ 1 . " l,l- ' r n d p .i p \p r " iii,./ , r . Il' o o l. & r r v ,r fu a " .i"
d io r .t L d n . la i. L o n l- r ,a ,..td r In o ,Dlii" s r F ,.1 ,J ,- Iu ,l,i" l " .r " r n ir :b r .u d l
,..r ilie i. r ^ c r b r u r n l- 1 L i. '. p r ' . J r' " l ' u n r " di L u r ' de A p e j. P d s r r b o r u \ld r " i
:.e i _ u c . . k li s r r a o u t , . .," u.d p ,.,r ,r d . J ,.j to . l i n ,f.o .J t .n UJ .e r J L o r - , ,,r
\;d r , fld e jr ;o n lr b .i - \o r b .a - .b i, J d r u a r til l' ,lo r .' l J lliu n te s d ,l
p r o p 1 , ..1 u i,m o .d p ir .- ,n lp p tr r .d ,' " I/ r , r , n 1 fl, J r .d ," d la p l L
, i J n " ln i r p r r b .l I nr " . ' .l' r .,td
n r lt.id r d p r F /r n r r
'l r J r .lr s :.n .J r ' r ' i," . d ' r o p in d s d p I
n r o r ,' p i," d .il ' r ' o u .ii" r ' l" o li.iJ p
;" ..' 1 " . t" r r h " u .a a A p .l.r ,o ,m b o ,,l l.r ,li iJ p P F r p ' lio .e d .lCL " li: S u p r ' r d .\t I
, n r r ,t,u n r d t c r r t.u " rn Dr ,J J ir d i J l1 4 p u b lic :' $ - h a l L ll" o p n io n o lr ' Iln o r ,o - l
, n r j r ,l T ,a , . r a r " r i r o lo .it p " r ..- d il' s p r n d J n g r 1 r r . tL n ' lid d " ju l.' ut
t.o n t.' . p G o E " b u r - u p r o n u n la F ,3 i. d r r d ' . r n " .. Ui.,d " ll n ' . .1 1 ,' l1 lt. p o l
i r o h a x ( i.r c n s lp T to .lr le a p r F c r a t. -
: ie r .0 in b .J r ; o r J r r . iA c r d .lp d . p " o p l.r a r o o r ; J " " .u r i. t .m r'l o'11u
cas;i ,j1:rtl libere-
. Buleva.d din NfN \-ork, unde numele prlnoip&lelor bulevade sintnulndalc ordlnale- 148/609
1,56
s 786 1l ) o apoz i l i c :
._. Sir Nrriil lIoLL,qn,,t .f the19i7 l;ol,el t'i.e, N,rs Lnighted n 1961 1or his scien-
c i . r " . . . n. / . . . A1. , , . . . ' r . po i l - . , , h, . r o" / , 1. /t \ . ar " d. t , r m 1d

tl.tt,,r I:. 'n n' o. t h ot 0r " 0' " r g_r i
l r opo, i l " r , J ' \ . i , . t r . l " l am i r , l / h" l r
s rt? 12) oRnfhcrionl.

Lord pmp0zilierelatiri:
(ho eat a,va lt Lh. 1908
-\-oLelPrite. \ras ihe liNt soienlist o
s r , l i t he at om (in M.rr. (v. i i 5 17 0)
0I t s t : r t at t e
s ?68 UajoritatFa erhiralenlilor adjectivali sint, de Iapt propozilii relatire
or . . t t . " p. - r 1. : p:
. , , oF pi "m h1p . :$' , L i dd. , r p" um . o- o, npor
. . I t r op, . o, . : ot i i , , ' h.- s t i , aar ; s'.tliu.
na- r a. / , r . d, r
"j, o:
ta lcaec: l\e l.st srpst Fho blt, ri..
s 789 I. l.0nnl-{nEA lD.ltscTlt'Er,0R

( 'oIirI1ITIoN oF ADJD|_]TrYES)
l,inba englczil. a ti limba romdrln. cunonft€ rele trei procedeee bi5nuite
de l0rrnftrc a adieciil"elor
al derivarea
l/ schimbarea categoriai granaiical€
./ compuno.n
(ct. 35t, :011
s
s 79n DERI\i.\REA
IDNRIV-\TION)
Prin Llerivarese iormeazd adjecl,iye din alte adjectile sau pdrli de vor-
bire. la carc s0 adaugi un prelix sau un surir. Printre prefi:iele 9i sulirele
adjertivale rele mai obifnuit€ ln limba englczrl se alld urmdLoarcl€r:
s 7tt Prefixe
(;ermanice:
uul-: o r l r o i r c. , " , l Ji n s. 4 r ' l 5 p u k 1 . r , / sr r ' d n g . , l . . :
o r € r " : "t'r' leo. n
b ,ca
. n n g r , r c. . a sl : o . " f r o n l i L l p r t . t . . r r i i l , i l , . t p f d n F , ou,fl'rll, oupr. olrte.
,re.polulai.d, d €rsnbscribed. oerloight. ot{seais), etc.
Lo ani c e:
r-. rlr-, rDF: aclirotnauc.adanantr arnormal, arsent. or.dpnions. etc.i
arl.- : anraredent.dzkdilnrian, anr.mernlian. dnr.-Far. el.c.;
hi-:,r"n:".. / lr i1rF.,rg mol.. Dl s a.. D.i onlhl\. -i,
ci . cn m - : . . r . & n r t e xi cr r ca m l a ce i t - , r r , a , r p o a r , , , ^ r , , so r a . j ' f t , D r sp P , r . .'r e&-
col-, .om-,sianlial, eon-, cor-: el,c.:.ollaierali .,r,lassionatc. ..nponent, .,ncaie, .ohspjc o sl

.r.rcct, .o/Npt, etc.:
roofrr-: ..r,"dirlorv o."ot ntn .aan-:. o r l , st J. p t . .
\ - . . I - . . . : , J| F n si \ F' P ' , p ' ' - : "h | ' " [ | n i e n | :
extn-: cz,.arnuial, c.taneons. d.rrao.dirary, rrr.{tcrcstrial, .r//o{agani. elt...
I Orr ciijili la EBC 'or ou ' or i ; ' o . i o-J C\lt O"A4nqhh llFrn limp- o'
meridiamhi Grcenwich).
: Ntrnai rfel'xele Fi snlixele au o.jginea indicaia, c rjnlele citate ca cxentl
ot
16?
intcr-: nt€rallied. i,rcrclanscable, ;/,rcollcgiatc. inrdlnational, €lc.i

lnr.. ,P;a nnt.. Ptp.t.rl: el'
I '. F , p e l : t p f n l l , / l u 'i d
ptr-r r-li o '\ . P - '^'t r' P P t or r 'o " \ ' /+ sPnr' /Feous l '. _ $ a r '
rotro-: ..tuacti'e, rctuflca. /.t,grade. .er.ogrtssive, re,/ospecl,ire, etc i

rutr-. sur-r . , r u 'd i n d . . , b s " q u " n l . , D 5 i da r Y . . , l l ' " J n e d n , inr. l' :
'
l . r 'P d i n a . F l . :
F
l rU
u st c- :F . r$ar n
- :, r tsh/n, q
l i i"b. u n dFirn'.t . F r t ,; PLr iat ':
t nt r r . . d r 'l 'i r i l o:5"4pali
nltla': L/r.acodv.ntional, zrfa fashionable, anlznarine, ,ltdmontan., zll}amun'
dane, dltdllanetarJ, alra-slrort, zl,rasonic, rlr.dvi.lct. ctc
sufile s 792
Qermlrnice:
_duodi"Fd,
-Fd: ,. I b-J,J, mo p J , r . l I p d . s r F l . h r '. F l . . , \ 'o , r S P r l . 8 0 5 . 8 'l l
. 6 h p , d l l F r , g o l d , , , p a d " r , $ o o d , . , $ o o l l r . F '. . ;
-.n : a.
-er llomea,a com ffaiivul): nardd, out€r (slacel, nlp'. et c
{'rn: : l easlc.,.
, e " / i / . north.rz. souihe.z. g "$'este'n.
r " l 't , p "elc.:
1t"l . ll,dk&/. pr,.:
-tul "l r.e. tr.ll u t , a h i t t d t ,
-inc: axru.,np. r 4 . r i '1 , . l o 'i r , o l l i a , ' . r l . :
- k t - : l r h r , r . u 1 ] , . / ': r o o l , , { . ; l J ; . n . . D p s l . $ l 'l ; 3 h . p l . . :
-le: b.illl.. licl/,. id/€, rimbl., etc.:
-tike: bell'ltne. clild,t^?, hol .lifr€, lilrt^?, rnrlii,, etc.;
r . o d i , / . , 1 , . i / a .d.r"1u to t . , i . \ " " 1 . i - " 1 . t a n l . ; 'l t t . q .1/,
"1..
-l :: l n . r t t :
+om(A): . t . r r t J î . . t t A : a 4 p . \ \ 'a t tsontP).
'n l 'o 4 " .|Â , r l . S '2 '1 r '
- n s f l i j |1 1 " ', d . )r.o i raa, t r ', d .
'l : . r , 'r l . l 'r 'n y . " i J ,. rlr. b d , , i ', o d 'l J $ r . " r '
'a t '. J . '
Romaniee:
c : ./rl.l/ / , t t t. , , i ni tnnto: .t '.t / . t ) g/ - o rsbt l|"r h r-tm
- b f r . - i l ,,l^m o ttJr c. l l , t ^: , 't'r'il )b.l c , l ''o
I rt^: / obl t .'1 4 't '
; .b
-i.fult:
-sl : n- 1. 1- m nl. on.lr u ior. / u 'J d r . , l n . r l . l i d '/ " r '
-&n. -jon | \meri.,n, .rnslaolar, Elizab€il,dn. Dnroped4, amplibi?n. GeorgiaD,
G.fcian. rerubiifa,. Itusslon. Shaliaz3. etc.r
-aDt: u"id,/, ois,o J,.i. d,.ra,/. , a l j n - " , . I1,,,,. " c.:
-eol : d D nJ,l. uilL.,.ridF,/, i n n o u , , . " r m a D 4 , , p F r o r 5 l , , , , 4l '
- , a l : " F s l d / . l h l i - n , ; 1 , f l 1 " . d / , i u l i..'rml p l, adrrond/, .li.i
la..;.. li lor, . t .bI,., h u l i , T 'u l o n r " e n :
-n : Rvron;,
-ir": ,i,ti.,, , o " r , , . " , , o n . r u F r , / . i l ', . r 'p . i l g r , 'p . r " ; , p . r p s r ; 'p . . 1 , . i
'1 " : " U l . r '" i l t l " , A " n / p , h r r m b l " , n i m b / " . F l ,
jr.mFndo,s pr'
-ou : ourds o,s. loro"i"h. grorio,s. jo)oas. I,r", io, .
'
AIIJtrCTIINCU fiTELXS NIGATIY s 79:|
Pretixo 791
"s
Germarioe:
u-: zzcrt, znhspty enintelligenl, npleasa , Dtrne, nwise, lc
Iiomnnicc:
d h - : d i , a s r e e a b l c .d ; a r m i n s . d 6 h o n " '. d 6 l o n o u r r b l P . d i n l . a s P d , € l . i
itr-, lg-, ii-, im-, iF: ,a.jpti;ilp. ;snobl;. I4p8sl. ,mmo\dbi..marional. pl.:
mii-: /traDplFJ, nisdarpd, n;slaid. Plr.
n o n - : i D n - t s r i l i s h , r o , d '$ f i p l , @4 m o r a l . n o r p r r d i l . i . t s e t r s 4 . t u n '. m o ) . i n g n a n '
s1op, no4(eJsucl. etc.
Sulixo $ 795
Gcrmanice:
-toc$: carelcss, ease/trs, ounu,ss, olcldsr, pennildss, itil€ls, tireLss, etc.
ORI OGIi,ATIE
?96
N ;C; 1r UuLt rrr ronsoauoi irralc'
o La uvinLFrp il';i:J:"t""i::"11"i".:u'i
1"." :i:r)'i"';;
'"r'i"'"
";,'
:"ll:'T"i';i'1"".''o;';
l:":l;:i:;"""":
"1"";
-:l:;l ::;-1'ri;. "' '-' '''-''
'"':"rl;f" ;;;'' i,lif?''"
ErcePlii:
in fe.able tr'rls erabtc
n cl'laite ' azuri o fud'"'r:'l::':;:td
D Consoanainali nLr e duLlcdzn ' rLeaccentLrol saucind actcrinl
conloand' e d"rla i" t
de o a l t i ""*'i' ' "t"i"
nu se nnnline Pe aceea-si ilabil:
""":lF.
til**. '3;; x3ili:" iili."-li:#:u .
' /'rr:""
i".;Il; ',":l:;;1'l::.ii
:" 1,"T"f
i:i;,1":
;;;i";:"j"';li'"1:i;)::'
l ;"Jr:,t'r'''"u'""'
l'1""';:"':;
t:; "'; -
'?"i ;:' ;;l '; , :1, f:;
'il'r'r'i'l'1il'i..
"i',"Jf"' :"l,ilil'f,,,",,,,,,1*'i'ii1"'
",
Eat:': ltr:
trn
Peri/ou , larill'/r'd
,;sb
i' l il' j; , , , r - n . i, F H , u i u r ir " " , " in ' " r ' " u ' - 1 : , i' :
li' :
:"i" -,".,,, Ll:,:::,r1," 1t: -;1;:li'
ErcePlic:
igrcous gllt'I, uucJ' o con-
li""r * rrrelrlin€ nsi indriea unui suliri ca'e incepecu
Aj -"
''"t
E:rceplie:
.",,l't,eil i'ii:li"::'t'
t,l't*,i#il.'l:,:r:",'11"'i'i:""IJlt'lli
l;;r:;ir;" l; J,"i lliijj .
mdrgt rbLu
s i'rli ," r'r'| irr:rt* n-t preledat e onsoa'n 1 li al seschimb

;)ri.1'lll;,
. ' ' r ' " ' | - r r ' l e ' arrl 'lul' -lp" r ' ' " r r ' :
'' ';'
1" , 1 ] " l i : '
l ; .''- l:.i :' "' , rr", :'";'-'
lorlnei alire g/d'i'sLs lit-
l ln acestcaz _€mrt s a hltrslormai 'n -L strb Dlluenlr
rnr-D.nl ttrtt b l'rla - l " aut ?oJ b'

p' t r ' du . / - I'd 10 ' prs p' t ous'
i t t """
D/ 7 ljnal sc menfire i ns d at nnc i c i nd es l e pr ec edaLde r oc al i :
. nj o/ . ' bl e p' d, aul r o, , l p. -
buo. / a . or ox r
c / I t i nal s e s c hj r nbd j nt ot deauna t n i l nai nt ea suiirului -ly:
day datlX bodY - bodilY
d) -? final se m€nline lntotdeauna inaintea sufixelor -tsft Si ItAe:
bt e - bdbJ i s h c o' r 1t r Y ' ounl " , l : k "
c"i - grl"n ho - borlil
e) La cuvintele t€rmin at€ in -y se int rodu ce un e mut ln aint€a sufixului g:
SCHIITIBARE.AATEGORIEI GRAMATICALE' s 80o

{CON1llNSION)
Are-r rrrocpdp,r . r "r", ler;' i p. nr ru li-ba pngl pz ; pr n trc"Fnla l ui
ln pri."sr" tnrmsr"J aJ;e.ri\d or. pirlilp. d' torbirc ' F ] p m" i
"""a "
obisnuit adi€ctil'ate siltt: participiile, substantiYul fi adverbul.
ll Pafliripii Adj pr l i \ at e. - V dlrF parii' rPii lrp.ule s j pf pz Pnl F siotlnlrP s 801
buinl'rp adjF.rr\al. r r nel e l-v"r.inrl adp\5ralF adjFcrrrp . uns r dpr at c 'a slarc
l n di c l i onar e:
ple$eg _
0harn,ing Lakng .
Cn.ori Darticipiile au fost aiit de mutt' identiiicate cu adjectiveie Inctt' $ 802

ca ."i acestei, lonireazd adverbe prin addngarea sufixului J3 :
,mur.d1u.p J r n p d l , urpri""d/v, o o d rrmou.dlg ic
Jd,ns1{:AnosiDglt.0Lingly.ovingly villing/v l .
(Vezi i 7 9 1 .1rr1)
or forme verbale mai vechi, sint 30 3
Unele DartiLiDii
rntrebuintaie r€cule.
uniai adi"' livalln lnmaioriLatea
limba enql"za ontemporand.eosFbindu-FpS
J " f o r n ' , l e c o r ". p u n r a l b a r .e l e p a r r i c i p i u l u i r e c u l p r o p r i u - z i s v e z i $ 1 7 5 6
1?58. 1760):
sl,e hrd , .nr her knePs. eadv to laU
11 bound.endnt Th v ( or p D oupd l du' \ r o o\ F r l u ill l hp an
a .a4,rz Blaiue lpoetrc) He iad .arued a head iir tle marble
''On Hir "r. t , ou -al / el mv h'Jrl in l $ai n l
jr a d.urfteD ioryor I had d. nl rnv sla$ cheprlullY
H e nad Porhi s di s r ee v lrrd $or k .
The lam-p has noa hffn iir {sEU i8her'l
nohea Slass Thc heat has melted Ihe \nrter.

an rnt.oq€r accusaton It trad prc'4d my sood lairh
He hr d s i , ' €d i n l he morning.
l lnaintea sulixuhi -o&r, trec€dat de consoan{sc fiogaliaza uneori €_'pronrnlia
I
remlnlnd aceearioa si In celela,lte azn.r'
'\eti i D.hirdledii adj@ti',li 5 )-i5.
' \ ez i si c aD i t ol ul om pl nP|F c 804
. \\' .
cn , . - ; f e . , F . H o r . t a r . t . t r . , i t D.t 4.4
lG 0
The mate.ial 1,as i.znk i the wash,g

the conl, was sr./dez riih rnin.
The conNc ol events \Ynsslagr€d.
TLcy were vr".l Nith paric,
/r r " 8 e d r n s tr u m F n r s \l:ho has s,rrLs n)r violin?
szzftez wrcoligarden The storm had sz;n thc shil-
She had o,€n'ori€d.
( ve zi $ i S 1 8 a l
80.1 2) Substnutiveadjcotivatc. Numele de nrtedi pot fi in genere ntre
buinlate ca adjeciive:
Celelalte substantive pot, fi ti ele adesea adjeciiral,e:

l.le Bz.nd-4, streets a f1otbdueam /a.u eqnitmenl
the re,ur4 ar-" a sree,rorks
805 ,{li,cori substantivul devine adjectiv prin adiuga.ea Fu{ir.ului -rd a parti-
cipiului LrccLrt egulat:
fl .&h{rcd \lonan &o.scd .ad,iag.s tlie Doa,r.d interesls
,/o - p d r ' r n l' r lr ^ . a t b ,o n " r r :tlo t | ' l" ty
d ;:/ / ,r fi t" ' n P o " \' t " ..:tta d tu :
Thc \\rorld Ilorlins clampionship wd bsle,/' D1- SorLlh {li.a in 1lrt6.
Thc homf a{lairs ronmittd, r/,at€aP br the Eome J..r la.r had sal lh. di.r bcio.c.
H, lo o k - t 1 1 " . r ' .i ? 1 ,. ld
"we adnrir.d ttis ftann.kn ind r',r?rr...l p.$on "
Lttctt. a*t.adletL and nLfre.ed, nood .\brl "
"\n1
1 \' e z i i i S 8 l Li
E06 3) Ycrbo adjcotirato. Unele ,ierbe pol avca raloare de adje.ti':

S h e i a l ke d $ i l h m ,.t so l .d n i tX .
lle \ras only a sidn captain.
Ther sa$ in l€r th. acircss e 0. .
Onipnpil, iho so"ld Deorator, hns r bent ro. toelrr.
807 4) Adftrbc adjectiyatc. Cite\.a adverbe sinL tnrrebuinlate fi ca adje.-

tive. unele arind chiar grade de comparrlie:
thc o//-side laj
.\.lon t lsin up) hie/lutt ?ur, mme. l1'r oz.r proviNf ol lril.ain
these /,tncrl, results o&r.r space the ar&f,r,sr delence linPS.
This is otrr g,De,z, [cacli{.
Is tnis a ,.r,sl, irain?
Slre told nt i.he rpri.,rl torsc.se
1 \' e 7 i i 9 .3 1 9 b , 6 i 1 ,1 )
806 5) Articolul \i umeralul ru \'alorile ile ndjt(tiv. - tlele doud iicole i
ades€ori umeral€leau 1'aloarede adjective:
tne fridsP thcle ?€n oterativ.s
a p o u n ua we e k the st.onl steike.
iY c z i ii S 5 2 0 , 1 2 til
I : g[zduit
16 1
COMPUNEREA $ 809
{CONPOSITION)
ln limba enslez[ se formeazd adjective compnse CompoundAdiectioes)

atlt din adjeciiv;, clt qi din alte pn4i de vorbire:
\ ? l";r-pu\hds" s.\srpm. /D4..i"sr m0jo'i']
*- subst.
- ;;r
"auad.o,?
subsr.:,ont-xh"4df|v?,
tn .-si.lPm,
" t;;1 ., st;Pom'litu shrpP lIFt sat tu rtla'. ct '
b ;Fn dn e v. cd " k.u - .4 o ;.:- d k1 " e d " r D l r JNh i r P s" J*o r l l r t
sotrnrlprool, tu.
i u b sl .+ Dsr t.: " a r l - r " n d i n g . " a .r Io \ n g fb o r n o t ' o n d i l i o n p J r g g sh 0 p P d
erc i
' ' ' " i i i ..ithoushtworn,
heartlelt. J i i i .i h ' i n j l d J ,, " " i r r Fs r k a L tE\' e :l t' t
l i " l t;i ' " , r c n .n " ,
;d j.- p s f.: d +p .lo n " d . h a r J b o " d h :' \' .o ln r ' d p l" 6 d n l s Do l' " n e l' :
d t' :
rdv. 8 d l.: d o wn r i;h ' , .e p r .' h d " p ourbJ n J . p r ' c r '
id v . - r n s it.: r a ' \- c " in s . h s r d \to r } s o u l " n d r n .l o \' _ b a r r n ; \ F r l m d a n ng
J o s n " d l. l,;s l,s h J \P i, h a iv r _ la ' l' n d r ln r n ir i
snbst.: l.hc ral, taL blush. elc :
rve.b
r r r r + r e tl: n o k ? b ' t:p " s a ta i a dl ' J o . \p d ' n t .\ n ' L ld b" l" s 6 4 t' :
e e r b i d r .: a h :J .4 vau to ' 'g6 l r o d r J lr i. d ' u 0 " o
n ..; b " l.:a 1 lfr ,../i,," .\i ", l tll / ,n r ' r .o ,' ,D,r g a m " s .th " o P F P ' ( s )
-s r o a d , it.
- -e . a i,,r
tftd h ,/l
b a tl a r \ h r o n d u " t. " \c
A d i. ( ,;Dm e
" f' ..ti s d u s u ti\:d r ' "
m ;i m u r iF r r e in l.: a 1 PAq'a'' J 1 ..' r t . a llr d4 o Jo lr " m 1 r h : o d L | o t n to .^ - I' 1 " ond'd4oth.
.t.u Qe lc .J n o ,' o n ,o L,| :) a ' ' J Iu ' h o ,d .r \d ' h o \:a d o b .| ]opo 't
:l,o ,: ihp nol/-rl"/ "rAl,/ D-tut' dn" . ."t\ al-d ' " I Ps an o tt ol th" qoJ Ptarp at r
o o n s tr u c lii r r r r r s :lc : :t+.t 1ui \l- h ' n . tr E " " o ,d h l n J o y o th o n a
;n . o b " 4 n ' t- l ^ hn tt.y
lv ' r .
\o n'. rh srorl
\.\" . d ./,u td ; t h ua ^ 1 1 tp o - i,Un t\t
ig n . ln b il \' s r d r .h ,4 d o ' . l' a n u h to lS p ) la ' n s s "rt
- ,,d s 'pann ^'
Elementelc care inLrn in compunereaunui adjectiv stnt in general sau S Sl{l
scrise ntr'rn singur cuvlnt, sau unitc prin oratimn:
| $ " r ,. ," r F " ,._ J d .r .
\'\ Eoeryd.nll (adj ) nnslisli Col|sc
Il is a lans disl4ne aw0
Ii€ lrad a lo,s'd,rd,'. (adj ) cau.
T h . u " ,p lin l b t,- o ' ,i.a p lt ; lo \r ' .
T p lo - , h" tta * - and t F :a n a l .,r t? o d ta b l"
Liniula de unire $i locul unde se alld er prczinti loart€ mare impoltanlA
pentru intelesul
,\ se cuvintelor respective
compara:
(: o camer{ dc hotel nicl
1: o cam€ri dc hotel nrice)
(: retala unui t'Iandaiir strivit)
a cndpled /otr ledl i: ; pchu de trandalir stdfita)
l: calrl vcchii diligenlc)
(: leirlDul c d€ diligenl{)
Foarte adcsea n linba engl€zn. n substantiY lefgdlt de l adjectj\. i Sll
du dF un Ff biv c lpnL l a. p. r uie pr im " . l" ut i\ ul pr r li. ipiel - ' d1c bi3t aluo' I
, ind nu ex is t a un er b . o' . . pun/ d nr 1n lim bdr ' f or m l d as Lt el n s diA ri\
compus cf. S 805):
qilfedsed
a ane'kgge.l rr,an a double dtu ed 8\ L

Thc chair had dn upenr)ed o\ tor one le g .
'rh. restalrant \eas ;rcrnaDled-
L : t\\..
812 Ailiectire telescopate Partmankalt ll'ords ) (Yezi S401 peniru eapli-

cerea termenului):
gald nr" in- r I u r'i lr" thine
d r';r m Jn i'rn l
bl:l l-roarcd dierli\cl,'r rrrodorrrc. Cr' dr^ ' al' ' lja'i\" noi r' rli/'ar.a r
.lild .r:Jf.nl0
'accentun limbd - el.zi a ' ' ' o ' r ' p " l ' lolo''l; a pru'F'l'u.qrrlr'
p entru area subtiliid-tii. lldsi,icitnlii fi o\presiritilrii tn scris qi in
la'J.|l.rJ e\en p|" '|- ",nFn darjp'li\F In'r':rrrrd" I lrmb6 rlrFl'

,r+alii l i "ra." i,olH-;. "i -'d,\lnil ,r'i"r - ' r " d " ' l ' 'omn,r-Li' 'onlurFr ' --
ced€elor ourente:
an daclurrsbtel nn n
u n_ge,_al blel l]hces ],atano;n d rn \,i'E 8nd,'d g L.sts
lhc f/r\tr .ldzz End
r.r ",r
,,,x1 -,1?i., sh: {ir
lle $a5 rod- St*'r ' Il \r.rs a n.(r"-r' lntE.,
''_\' ,oull lx q |d L l' ; l I i' )
'.IlL rllplh. u.'1. a."r dr'IL,.,-nh.. a lidli. nd /t l/ * r ^ r ii
"i -
tarian and Eu,lar-Dor0lrilh."r
"Here' a frin ro z.v '/,,a l,' bo.t 'J
Iatn rqiadjectivc ormato dintr o lo.ullrne snu diitr o frazii utrearn:

1l\is h.k'a|ain'Co&a (ilr lriend oi lis
:i; , a ' "i "ti". ;. t.:. - t-.l/, r',i :
'',1: n:t" . : r, oDt" ' '|lr'
l on
'
i{ ard
Adjeciivul tr€buie studiat ptralel cu adtcrbul
ALII
S 814 B. ADJECTMLE DETERI'II\A1'IVE Sr\tl PIi{JNO\'II
(PRONOITIIN'\L AD JECTI\lilS)
In afari de adjectivcle roprirrzis', P\i\1i in ljr bx enql-/;. (a qi-in irrbA

romeni. o cateqorie c plonunle are nu rrrui irr lo'rn iirbFrrrni"lor' 'i lc
i.""i"* .; t" ditermini ca $i adielli\tle. Ille lu nti dtr. r: Llrr' firr (le
derin adcvirati adjecti\e ii de aceeasint ':rtr\it.. udidit''1ie1""
""o'iuln": ";
iominalc.Spre sedeos€bi € adjectivele rliiitati\ e elen1ai oarln Ei nr,nflr
de a4iedLw .lettmlnatLrc:
Tlls lotlfail i s rfo.c irrter'sllns tl]ln
''dr'
?i.al este n pronume deoar'ei'erk,tuieltc subslrntitrtl ?t'tmlt: thts
. i n . d a ltc l i ppr,rlr " ,lrtsrmini u't ul p"''"t
-. '
.\Pr'bt,c l' h l . P r u n u r l "
n r o n u n e l u i i n t e r o s a l i l ' s n u r c l a l i l n / t ' r ' ' p L r f ur 11'rLrFl'Jr\ /rirl r01'r'rri
pronune nehotirite au 5i un coleslondent arlj|tliYal'
-i;'fa#,ll:Xi:"1'l,i'll'"1*;,*'
. L,\\,.
din.7ti.,s d,anu,e,, 11',,nnqhtui
trR.
-\ldinstor. or.
{ iala
.n.
(}'hatosrut't
o iarLi iDiuz.tni.d ca& ra lnraiil .Im 5n lotosraliali"
1i"w r'i601.
" ' P u \\ ou.P. \a" "tl :ng Fry:\
6 n i \ ' .',J' / o . € l o d l r I i n ' r ' b - : l i 1r 'l\ '
djectivale pronominale so tmparti ca lsi pro umele resp€cti1-el n .tncl S 815
1) adjectivc posesil-e
2) ad erin e demonstratiYe
3) adjectirc inrcrogalivc
14 adjective relative
;) adjecLivc nehoterite
posc- ,s Slti
-{djectivrtc prononilale sint inl.nriabile, cu erceplia adjccti\.e]or
sive. demonstrati\.e ,si a cito a adjocLive neholnrite.
(Peniru studiercn comperal,ivi rrsi amnn nlitn a adjectivelor prorrl-
|,inil", \"/i proru,'l.r'.p'rr\p S9'n ' l l '012. 1049, Ijl]l.
lj tdic;ritolo p,'sc.i\; I Po.-s,J" AIJJ T;r's.t nt s 61 7
I ou' {.- trostN,nonsha..
"s. { ffi" = i,:.i',t.;'i,:ili"l"'rl lw* {: rosrru, voastra
roifr oaslrel
, a. { li: {=l-lii'(,f[;;,1]'"'
,. lui, ri) lnPUtrul rt 1,t,","
(1'cnL.u dcialii vczi
(: lor) (nascnliD,
nculrn
e00i
l-"ninii,
ir conu.l
$
2/ .\diorlirclc dcmoDslralit0 D"nonstrat;" .ldjcctitcs stllL. S tl8
tho (: acel, acea, acei. acele) Or€zi $ 444)
I d i d n ' t k n o F l . h e ma i , / E I i m e .
ls he rndrCronin'1
t h i s (: ac€st. aceastn) (sg-)
?its bol goes 1o e dax-nu.sery.
these (: acesli, aceste) (p1.)cigarctn's yonrs?

Arc ,tusd
that (: acel, acea) (sg.)
I'ndr rcst l,omc h6 jt6t been bnilt.
those (: acei, acele) (pl.)
Don't put ,lD.? things on the tablel
the other (: celdlalt, cealalti. ceilalli, celelalte)
Givc me ,ld ,rrdr Dhoto: this one is no cood.
l'll havc ,1, od.f apdesi I don'l like these, hey're g.ecn.
thc lormer [: prinul (din .jouli obiecte' sau din dodlUgrupud de obiecle'?)]
Doesn't he p.eler th. latwr ?f,Letn.\tite o the laiier?
tho latter (: ullimul din lo d obiocte'sau din dou.t grupuri de obiecte?)
Aren'l rne o,rd .oposals do.c atl.active lhan ihe forncr?
the fi$t [: primul. primele (din mai multe obiecre')l
?r. ftr, tiile he s'rggcsLcdvas he best ol the thrc..
the last [: ultimul, u]timele (din rzal nulie obiecte'9)l
Ol all ihc plaJs you mcntioled, oniX fta 16, onc sounds Ufilllng-
Such (: a.est, aceastn. acestj, aceste; asemenea, astfel de)

\there did 1on lind st., a perfcct pieceol old ohinn?
,ta.n rv€re his wo.ds.
.lL.n goodncss s.a.e.
.larl, liorsps .e Aood or field sorlt.
'Pronu,l t [0iJ rezi Ir1

: Srnsgfrmatic.l S tl.
1|]4
Soms (: acelaii, aceea;i etc.)

The sdtu dav I went on a irip to uie seside
'l ory (: chiar ao€1/acea/aceilace'le)
We arcstandirg i l'hc erl ryot Ftrcre lc baltlc rxs ouglil
r c "i a""t-'' u.rdretbp
\on. rt'url i oniitsrrur i rdi''ir"r ' 'rel r ' "a
n jr'lul
o o l o l "i i irtln -'rr,'i
r n
n ^ u "r
o ".
r \ on
' " - "bh r4r n L "l JialF'
L'^d cl
\" . J \'lj loprr':
" l n r ' ' \ ' 1',r n J ' i /\d\ '
| "l' p " - . '' i ; b l"' 'vd-
l\iczi tnrtN detalji s 93r)
S .) J, .\dicr i\elp irrlprogrli\e I tn' rr' -at"1di /i' "s./ sir. :

' Whi.lii 1 p "7 ure Jin -Ln rru"' rrn'-1" I-'lrins 'Frp'rrrl
/ , . f r \ 'd - o "b . . " . 1 o , ""1 1
t 't r l , r '. ; , o
', : J""o
1 yt , o r ': " n n r "\ r
I\'hosc? (: al cuil n cui? ai cui'l ale cui )
sor \tas h.1
lfr,se roice did l hcaf?
rnos'
'lT b a t ? : r : e ? ca r e l p c r a r e ? ( in f cle s n r g g e cr a l)
lr'ial rclatives ln . Jou got in Buchrcst?
ltla, lciter .ue lrrstT
iry'd, cha.act0r did lie inrpersotrate?
H o \ l m r lo h ? ( : cit ] cit n ? )
,'1,n,,,rc]' llnslish do You kno{?
H,0 nr./, iJiFrest did he show'
llo \ t ronYl ( : cit i? cit e ? )
1to' rto d o" u- \p, l h . 1 o lhp nnnor''15 - m ' r d
Har " aa-t \r,:s ,.:d . \ o ' r pl nLl
-
{vezi Penl'u detalii S 101 l
S sJO 14 ,{djectirelo&lttire ffielrtti'e Adiecttues) i]|,tl

Which : (pe) care
inirodnced me lo heo oI ihe rcadD's' ltcnt rld Jones' oni'l' hll'r
The li|rrim
nan a lfontrankPr'
W t o ' l h'mlo'nrobd rd\rD folu$ d
'rlil
lvhoso (: al rafui. a irerci, ai ciror, ale cnrei etc) i d r i l i ls
Thp mln Lfta b-dn mr :o1p| i o " d o o I r - r " ' l p r J
i ; : ' ,s ll|o l "n s 1'. r i b m v $ o k
Wh$t l: ce, (Pe) carel
t Y l , , F l li\r te r d i r ^ o . . nt i ' ( 1
I d o _ troL{ "hdrso.( n 4rr'
Wnal liitle tobacco r€mains is at Iou dispos'tl
p oi tl pronume orr
Cuvintele compusedin *'har l\ Qhich +erer sau soer'J'
.Ldjectivc: 'o
ll hdt rrof.,. r c l l l s . ' p n ' d J l-. . h mu l l o ' l ' r"l
n h: he " . p\i t omds firlr mor r'
"i
delalii S 103j)
lvezi lenlN
i 5::1 i l tdiertitelo rrebolnrile /ndPl'l/P A . d i ' l a ) ' i ", t :
" a ccrtitin ( u n / o cnur' rr' o i n J n r r l J r
Hc broL.lehi,4 .rrdtz Dan Rlrrt with him
iii" *;;i i'* to @.c.'dia exrent sadsractorv
cedsin (: unii' unele; oarecare)
t€frdin oPoDlp a le ro brp tor id / z m L s'
H e I 'a " , - ; o r ', b o u ls ha mrghl 'n l"n 5 r )vu
somel (: cil,ira, cilcl'a; unii, unele; ni-ste,ceva, pulin, pulind, pulini,
Wc sarv so/re teasets at worL

Shc will buX srru rrce.
llhe ernibiLion c.nlaired somd
sorrre .. or other (:1'reun, vreo .., oarecere)
Hc is alnays sure fo make sol.e eti\1se or ot'tet.
$'o mnst liird satue reas(n o. athct lof our absence tom the party
d, (in propoziliile S.terogaliv-e,negalive sau ipotetice):i'r€un,
vreo: ( negaiie) ici un, nici o; sau nu s e traduce;
Ha\. rod dra rare books?
any 'fhe\- ion'i lti ni or9 clild urder seren
It Jon trale any llorr, bring me some, lcde.
&l : orice. oricare
,1,v ohilrl conld do lhis
Toli niav tale du, nro magazineson like.
several(: citiva. rjtevn: mai mulli, mai multe; dilerili, dif€rite;
reEpeotiv)
Jar€rii lircfs 01 iewelr n..c missirA.
I r n r e ' b e e , , l o \ - e n i c ; e / e / ai i r , r a
\te oalled berc or tlircc .v,t.ral da\-s.
'l-h-" resis said sood yc and $rit tl,, ir .\.r.rol \tays
su dfy (: diierifi. diterite)
\Ve liaY€
Tlroc wrrrm.tsdn.lfr
on s,nd' occarions.
reaaoi( lor his alliludc
o n o ( : u n , o)
Orz dat l.hc cosros \rill hold no secrek ror ni m
Thcre i\as onc }Qter ln pafllcul{r Nlioserngs were Folks of lnrc a
alrother (: un alt, o ali:i; rrdi, hcn)
0 c ol ile mcn lud bougl,l or. ho$e, on.lner one anolhef.
Uav I lralc rn,r(. ro ol ica. trlease?
Stir LnaLhe, h rinulcs. Fill XoD? (5 133)
other (: all, nltn, alli, oh,e)
x lid orllr peoplccallcd he. altfnt'on lo it, slie r.alized lier nisiakc
c'rEl da]s, ,rl€l \tnys.
uch (: mutt, multii) (rezi $ 690 694)
Tlf " $d: .
". , 1 us : rh mo.ninl.
You lnov l,o\L na.n Norh l djd yestudtty-
mary (: n1ull;, nn te) (vezi S 690 694)
-lIa,y \rtsr tlie resnlls olloring 0n lhc:launching l tlie carth srtellites nlo orttr
_ I halc mdr. radio h rs: auons mI lri€nds
(a) littrc (: pu1in, pu-tine) vczi S 677-686)
I savc him ./ lrtL adri.. on his $ork.
H , ; L n n \ s r r , L , l u d n J n ( ' ., l aliu.
(a) re\v (: ciliye. citel'a; pulini, putine) (vezi S 687)
..1 tu {o ds a,. orl.n o,p plol, l h J n a l o n g sp
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 'h 158/609
\\p kno /.- rFople i,' t"trhur"st
186
enough (: desLul, destuii, destui. destule)

We have iood cn4rsn fo. our oul.ing.
Thoc arer't ,mLrn cak€s to go ronnd
each [: fiecare in parte (acc€ntuindu-se padea. nu intregul)]
We should see a tuture Dromise n €adr ohiid is $vil..hed or'

-Eaci applianceshould b-; ovefhauied belo.c it
eycry [: Iiecare (inteles colectiv); io i, todt€]
/ , ' . / L',,1 v ll'ov J"4\p nur iro t' .n, rrt
I'i ii*- d,.i""r, d.i .n roar" d"mi, ri;
E e.e Jaok had ltis Jiil.
all (: tot, toatd, to i, toate; liecare)
He worked l,afd all dar ai the lorttiit ol an acadoni.ian.
.1lI peo ]es stru3gle ior Peace.
cither (: amindoi, amindoui; oricare din doi sau do n)
F o { " , j sl rv o,' t l a " -rdr or 1P rndd / ,1.1.1"
5h" I ral l.r\p .ti,.. room. sh';.h r r sh" p- '.:
noither (: nici unul, nici una din doi sau doui)
,{.id.. I.ontranke. was over bvenly_Iive years oI age
fi,nnd. scheme was accepied.
both (: amlndoi. amiddoui)
to,n mv cliild.en are at school.
the etperrment
Lct m€ have totn testtlbes ior
no (: nici un. nici o)
,Vo man knp( rLourqddenins as m"'1. 6 \n
Tnp po- m d -orula@ hrr.rs .vest,rddj
nolle (: nici un, nici o, deloc)l
P"d.ri.al \p"r:arrp h" had.or b"inS ) ' oo Jo'rDc
Bd"k,rdtu ij lura. rhnrew e r e to4p in l\" o"phandCr'
Genius he is naE.
(Vezi ii S l le7l
Nard
,A.djectireteeterminatite rebuiestudiateparal€lcu proounele espec-
tive. (Vezi $ 1152)
4i
20 5
t05
20 5
20 6
20 6
20 6
wHo 1053 206
IYEICH 1059 207
Inteles 1060 20 1
1061 208
Funclie 106, ,0 8
1063 ,0 8
WHAT 1083 2 10
1084 210
Ca z t0a7 2l l
1088 2 11
1u91 21 1
7192 2t
1093 21 1
A3 .. .. , . 1 0 9 1 2t 2
1495 212
BUT 1096 21 2
7091 2t2
lnr . l" s . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ... lns n 212
m r Pr lr nl, r r .. .. .. .. . . . . . . .. ... tO99 212
2\ 2
Ake clks nrli. ft f.t itaate ta p.a numete i atljtti, ele etat ee. . .. ..
-.. .. . . . . . . . . 21 2
S u b sl d l i \ , ,o l " l i v.- l J,.o - n u m , r p tJt' r .... ......... .. ..,... rrul 272
u r r p sa o ' u a d .r r r J.v ,P " o . ,j , r " l u l i \ /..o to l . ....... .... rro2
L o cDrp r l n u r n 213
....,, 2t 3
' r ,,6 21 4
cu r r n .{ r Fd P su b sta n tr \' .,.
rat 6; i; ; i; ; iii'; i t ir; i. rip. l. iiiiiii. '"iiiii" . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'.. . .1
. 1 1 2215
2t 5
1120 21 6
\t21 21 6
1t25 21 6
7124 2 ti
7129 21 )
1130 2t 1
1133 21 i
1134 21 i
r \t'
1136 2t
l r.)
1137 at?.
I'tadutrh retalio
Pll']NU]IELE II IDJDCTIY ITL - - E HO TA RIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._ ........ rilt 21
D .. . .. .. .. t t( 2 . 1.
' ir ili
. .. It1 1 : t.
,d .it\q r .d tr o tJ lt ....- . .. lt4 1 l.
or rr J r d lr " r f.to r L r h o tJ r " tn , u a ltp p r o n ,r m .
, ,." f." u .t
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze I t4 u 162/609
:.jl
170
j
protrume i sdierlieo oetot6rite t1r") ,22

EYER I ...- . . - 'I 5t :l2rl
tt37 22 2
7116 l. .
Llii 22 )
12 2
1t5i
I ri 9
tl6a 22 3
1161 123
1163
"224
l
116i
l16i ') 2L
116,1
Inl el es . . -. . { 170
cu alte tl14 )) 1
Acordul
F unoiii. . Proaune
,,' - ' 1r)'5 :15
consfruoiii idiomatice 1 1 r - 6 " 221
SOME, ANY..tIO, -i\?NE ' 1 1 1 8 22i
So,tlf .. .. .. lt74 l-la
lnlpje. .. . Ir lt' 22ii
tnhebuinlaP ... .. .. ll8<
Pr onunlie . ... .... 1186 2),
Funcli . . ) t1
ANv i i i * :tl
.. ... 1),-
ln te re b .
lnhebuinta'e . . . ,'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119t
ris a 924
-
^f ^rnN/i .. .. 1205 t8
F or mecomlusr
8/12/2019 P N , ONAlice
U IBadescu-gramatica
IEI,E Limbii Engleze
(TIllI PRONOUN)
OONSIDERATII GT]NEBALI]
,
l) Drtinitic.. PronrrnFlecsr" _parrea e vorbire care ljne jocul unni S 8gz
dt rnUt pcnr\dtenli dl acestUre.
iub.'-,,ri\ut , . r u c.hivalanrut uir rnto.uit de pronum".e numeqle n g
821
llnti .rlrl-z; .nlprpdcntl pronumplui (lnn.pd" sau Prinrr'parl. Desi nu
r . . ' r ' , rotul .3ri.15.d'odf.. ,pa.tn dFnumirp a fi tnrrpbuijr n; pon,ru sim_
plilirar" in 1rr.*r'a <1";,; in lo, ul ppriha,,Finlo.irF n a.c.t
"az dp gramati"a
2) Clasificarcr proDumelor. Se disting d€ obic€i rsdpre ategorii de g 894
d/ l"o1r4dr rnornl l \'r' ra sl'4 i|. $ \o lh'J

o"":ona," I
oo r u )o . nrm. ,.. . ... \o" th,q
/ / t ,o..,m-'r Do.,c,i\c I Inin Jo.rs. l,is \ F r ' i l " o \n
' I onr( ro rr' rhqrr orr
'
., Pmnum€l€ relle\i{c o l s . l " lours l ' . ||:mri. I.rpll. i,sd, oureph,"
lonrs.l\es, lnPn\el\Psi oncscll
ntciptace: eat:h othe., one doitrer
r i.. i . hdr. i h o . " , rh- torma". t h " d " r,
d, ProDn fl. (lenro,,stratirc ' i . .I'r. -lh 'hp last. Ino otl,. rts,. s?mp, su.l
e.) Prorrmel-. intcrogal.ire $ljo? Nhose? whom? $l,i.h? Fhat?

ll P.o.um.le lelal.ive ti sho, Nliose, \rhom, which, $lEr, rtrat, as, bu r
d.h. Jl. on..,r',orh.r.

I ^thrrr. "irr,,-, n.r.r r.
bo . .r. se. Jod. th. ). srrprjrl,
I sunurr., a j I . k ,
sorF. tuv. ,,on4 .om"bodJ. son.,1D.,
I "otri"thiDq.
I nnJDodJ. anJon4. anJlI ng. nobody. n o on;,
I p .r bodv. . \e.)o..r. 4\drvrri.a
3) Acordulprorumelui. Pronumele eacordeinge/\

cu antecedentuliu: nutnb Eipersoand g BZb
i rnl , r m , i. : .a. snc m.\ d1.gt,.pr.
Th, n,,.- Jd aL n //",r, .imo"b,,or-30, .Sd"\n,'r"r ,at-.
ln privinta ca.ulai ins6, pronumcle este ildependent, de antecedant. q 826
cazul pronumeluj liind determinat de ro1ul acestuii tn propozilia alin care -
\ j 4lio 1.l ,a,'r'1;l n ' $ r," ,,,., al. o o_.

T p. t1,nt.. N\, $pr (urking d n tdrt /r,,, rddt.l.
| .o0(p to th/r...1,..,? (.jat. , , e , ( " n T ,.. .-i\on
i . r arrv.o.
Srrc mel lhe rolrd, (ac.t. rrnose lgcn. ob.t in I kne{
4) F . Pronum-tep"rsonalp. o.".i\. ,, rt,.\i\" d- j n iriri au, { 822
iu il. \ . , t s \ . p p r i i Inrn- ddcritF p Fn l | u pFrloa16. unnr -i p,r.oalla a3-a -
' r D l r i .
tl"
sg.) . r ^ p n . .-",,lp parsondl.si ppn.ru Pf a . u n Ft , in,"rore,i\ r_td.iv
"Hz.
1v.zi pa8. 62 rlta L
r?9
rftdl'
r r 4 dre l o r n , d i t p r i r e p n l r u ' 1 r . P "l r u n r o n u m F p m u n r n l i v p / / l r '
on, th ,t 't.):i unrl nehotrrit(n'14,arr plurllulditFrirdcsrnguLar'LcroraIe
Pronume sini inlariabile.
genere valo{rc de
8r8 5) l'u 8 ii. - Formele cu valoare de pronume au ln 'si
adjectiv.
EacepliL
829 \ u a u o r m . 1 J j "' l i \ a l . ' o r p l p u n / d r o J r r : r o r m e l p p r s o n r l e
"i r p l l p t i v p '
pronumele int'erogativ-relfltiv t'lo' cu cazul
Dronumele demonsirati{ s(]:
iii""ii' *a-t; pronumele relaiive that, dr li D&t; pronunele nehot'dritecom'
puse cu some,dny, n0 | erera.
formi de
830 Adiecrivele corespunzitoare pronum€lor poscsive difere ca
acesl,ea. u ercepl,ia pcrsoa ei a 3-a sg maso'
b3l l r m a o . r e l " r u \ i n r . P o t lr f i:
$ 832
s lll"l'1"1;',1
3il."ffi,ii#]"ii,fig:
s 833 ".,,,i11:*i,'"1,:'1"'lh,''hfi?''iiti}",''J;
Dzneldlr: oDe, irst
s834 alc-re: all, any, 43, both1, but, eilh(ri neithef, little much no '
sone. sonelhing, (the) sanc
i 8?t @aiLtulii: 4. botli' bul, €ilhor' neither
s 8:r0 pepa.iliet brlt.
strbsian-
$ 837 lunoliile sintrcticeale pronumelui stnt accleaqi a i aceleaale
tivului ($ 347-35{l).
838 6) Locul tDtccedontului ronunelui' - Substantivul (sau echivalentul
ln rare
lui) tnlocuit de pronune precedii e aelemai multe ori Pronumele.
cazu inse. l fi urmeazn:
por. r"1'\ ft/r'tr'n' dl on'e
\ \ l ' cn lh. 4rl, "
'l"1".t ( _ o r ' l
sl,rr ; r -/ - -at n t . 'v"tJone
FaoE n"r"
I yl o l o r o n , is1 rhr ,,dr i a n t e ' ) a t th' 'loo'1 /i.r'r' la'. r
i:l;".;' o puo. t h a t uau Bpt l a ' - 4itre
s 83e 7) PronumclePorsonale, ososileDi rellexir0 ti ailioct:ivele osesiv

"l'osAtre F.flerit
(Pds.) (cel (Adj.) (]'totu ) (l'ton )

(Ndtudt) )
r n ir . t r r se lf
l1
j r toate Jour yours You.seu
nis his himseu
ss. { I masc. her hers herseu
| 31hm. i[ ils its oslr itseu
t t neutru it
tl Yort $tves
Pl I I toate Jour lours
i r ioaie their tlieirs llcmBervE
on.'s o1$r onrsell
PentN lo.mrlA a.lraroe al c lfonumelo. v€zi S r5l
1idverb sau coljunctic

CONS1DERATfl CEN'RALE
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze I? 3
8) Pronumele li adjectirelepronominrle S 819a

Pronunlie. ,'ornLeati ti forne sldbe
t) Forma leticald /;rn.r tale accelluali) Farna slabil. neaccentuarn)
he /hir/
her /ha:/
n,s
htm l/hm/
htll
/Dt:l
lry ln.\tl fomd nutudrd i tl lqhd ttabd frc.eenld
she lli:l rIdIjl/
/s"rn/
IlAl /ttun. rclatio)t l6P.Unr
thcir - J i 6. . i + r c neand
I la..rl + eacatii
em /irem/
r.her l6etl
us /^s/
rre
yov (adj.) /wri
l1t:*, p.*, n@l 11dne
fuatmdLe
yon.s ij.:zl
2 ) P r o n u n . l " n F n t i o n d r dm a i j o .
,\tt st .Pd normald,
"u o s i r s . r i t a t n . n :f u n n d t a r , , . d t .
* fil{ al pronumetuiesire ronunlat [r] inairtea unei vocalesi este
mur Irnarnieauner consoane.
-
prcnutLe Fi a,ljectia denat6tntic
ttutzt ?ranum. inte.asatb2

3) Pronumclo eflexirc
1. ". lr' hc , tr hd'",.tt,
": s- , J. . /
r \rl | / r t s. l i /
J |. m'r'' .. lf. |,u. ll
/ a ." rF I /o:r"lt/
n xf . r t \ rt|
r ^ , . ' "r ds / J' ,
,.l . .q:, ,.-" .1r\ /, ", , . . -
you-.dr\ jJU.-h/.
In r, ."t\ " ,.d". :r:
n" , nr t \ 7
N ot ai
lly. . ol c gi ; . F un; \ F r . i r aF ii t " Lr on C ol t " g. qe ot i s nr i pt r F . j ca
,
"r oo( " T n
. as ' a r onna . l 3bi Imrl p. r . l ' u , / / 1n ut or \ ri t ua
dd?' ?. . . oa F r r p. \ Fnri Fr e i n. 5 ,r pr onu nlHrpr - \ pr ^ . i ; l p. pnr i al - rrrl
t ui l / , / Lf r rl i i n u npt pe\ preFil
. om unc F : , J F r . r / r ng t t / i . r t at nul n altco.rTii. l . s . F n . i . pi er el es er i oas e
p\ r s ' i o . r adr t i . . r a pbi nt d i n. J d.
mulli a. or i . d. s pr ol unl a f m l | or i do
, p nt r . , } , , . s t a nF l c . enr uar . rDin , E, 6t i " h pr onoun, i ng D i . r t " nar r . t ,
Daniel Jones.)
r .qi : i di , , r i v
: i l , r . pr n. J " m o. r ar , \ . ., l\ r , : 8.
o" ,,. d,i:ii:l".,

illt;rt,"T,J*,i'il:'df;tl;i':"il;il,j: 1rn"nfupr
Qm.:t-e\ :iJ",,.;?,,#i
toarp la 6d o.ierd. s' , r d p n l i t o f Ji n i n r i i . . . t , A i u t u i .
l'i4
$ 840 I. PRO,\.LTIELE PEITSON,TL

(TUE P-0risoNAr, aorl)tN)
s 841 1) Detinitie. -- Pfonurnele personftl inlocuietie un subslantit. sau €chl

valeniul acesiuia. desemnind n acelaEi imp fr persoana
s 842 2) Formi. - Protrumele porsoDale ini ur m it oar ele:
(: Pc nbe. I
'rie, 'nrr
(- tie, tii d-talc. dr.;
pc iinc. te: Pe d-ia,
l: h i, i: pc e l. il)
1 : c i, i; c e a , o ) -
f:h i. e i. i; Pe e l,
(: roui,- ne. tj; ]re

ror. ne l
('- roui, rii l)e Io,,
tn. vi: d ,. Ire d\'.1
( - ei e le , th e n {: lo r ,le i le e i, i, e
ele ei c dnnncalorJ
S 813 Obs et eal i e

Cu . \ ' Fpli" pc r ' ua ' i a I " r l' ul ' r ' t or m J p" r r lr u, I ip' nr '
p '
o; , ; " ; . i- " " r . . ' n, r ' nr , u 4i r ' p' : ' " ' t ir p dih' inl
ium
" . " . ;";i" ; ; dupa
:; p; r ' ^ ar u, r " r r"nir
- . , ' i:i ' " / P
8 844 3) Fui' r lii. - P' o 'rn l' p"rorrrl' it ' ')') tt /' / por I' sr pr onun
' nehot dr it e. \ az i S lr a4)
p"orr^'"t" p"i' "'"t,i pot aYrja Si frrncfia d€ adjective.
"u
s 84b \ulfi.R(ll, PRo\ulrrlltr rilrisoNAr'
$ 846 4l Persoana I singular'
s 84? r'; p"".r"i"]" j i:: lntotd'Ftrna scrjs n lit er n nar e c hiar irl
m locut llr'Irozrlrer: "'l " ' t "
I Ln { l t o_s o' n " nlr o1
r ''
s 848 ll in . r il' r l , u^ , \ i" 1. r dFt " n i lt ^ r r , m " l^ / r ' r r " nr pr ir r ' " t or bul
peot iv J ips ind unc or i li el:
l ' " : , ' ' i T ' ' , , rl k , , '': : C " _ .q,;l'o dr osa , s
T l' , , l.r ' r ,r r . H )' I
to .
llc J o r r r o m o r fo w
.' ur r pr ^ r , r r m '' dF l" For r r ' ' - l s ' , r 1, '

pl* - ; : , ' ia; s L, r t s . r ' or
. r et ut , i t r t ' , ' ' 1- " ' l1r ' l^ r : - Snr r \ r o\ c t r '
vou lv ait ins ' .. (l an1) sorr-v...
'
s 849 5r Per ioanr u 9-n lingrlrr.
: ' : n : u r' r n"J
s 850 d / i'; ; ; ; '-r"i"n - ", n ' '''i
m ele de peNoanaa 2 a llur al:
.. I s L .l Y n r d f. I r r ,la u g i' r ' l
''uu' 1 tt l r o , d r . i tr r r t il' lr n
^, I ls c I la * a o tr lu u r r ar
\\" d", l .I rl nnrh I
,, loun.le arhaice ale prouuntoior de persome a 2'a sint: $ til

{ \.n r,z l:tu) ( ron pers
| t a u . t d t Jr . t . . lP l , , J r '.
'; . i { r 'I ^: " -l , d " iJ. - , r o . . . n o ". ,
'a "r . - n
I o,, h. t t p r r in ) ( p r o n . r "-
t N o o . I\ t " {' t. I 'o : : J. . r '. ', i 'a

r,' I t ,.
'' ] "."" I a , , "
"" -pl .o r 'a.r"l, r i .o ri,.p \ndr- (prol. p^.t
oh p fo,. (rp df. . r.

'l It _"' 1 i ,I ' "' ", "^ r
Prorlnd. fcltc\ir I ss. thlflf l. (rcll.): iDstrli, insat,i (le inti.i.e)
- : lli
;i-de Intirrirc I d. o4'scl'cs lreit.); in i i. inscri (dc ltrierifcl
-{cesle lorne nu sc mai gdsesc iD limba moderni decit in "(tilul literarJ
i,1r 1[e., ,e ;i in sii]ul dialectnl sru in cel colocYial.
c) Pnnnnele de palitele l-, dumn€aloastrn. dumnrata) este pronunele S 869
p e r so n a l d e p e r so lo a a 2 'a :
Io& a.. a mc mbcf ol thc Union of Artists:?
D r n n "in . ' D u n n r J\ o t u | r o sln l ' n . m lr u d l I I n i \ r r i ll'r P ld - r i r
lo & , . , m m le r . o lh e U n o n o l A . L t t , '
(Dumn.deaastnj.t nr.li .rcabri ai Lniunii lrl\lilor Pl$iio;?l
6) Porsoanr a 3-tr singular neutru. - Pronumcle tl erte tntrebuinlat: S 8;3
d, pentru a lnlocui numele .rbiecielors naninaie, pe acel al iiinlelor $ 85'1
al cdror-sex nu este speciticat sau nu intereseazia. precum ,si subst,antivele
colective privite ca un tot, uneori chiar qi numele de persoaneconsiderateca
abstrac,tii:
t r Jn g ih F l. ll, ) o u h ca r n ^
S le lo n ke dat t h'lid
. b d D "r / w 6 a slp r t .
Hc caued the d,s. and t came at once.
The n?ru addresed tset/ to ihc ia-sk bclorc ,,.
She inc; the i; him would sseli tbef wl cn i/ had an opt ortunity.
'tsnnaD e zi t i $ 6 7 - 6 9 , 8 5 , 1 0 6 0 c)
( V
D/ casubiect aiverbelor unipersonale' refe toarcIa timp, orcme Ei distaal.i: S 8i5
t de{$. lr driztes, i, r.eezcs, haib, n lightens. rains, n sleeb, n snows, , thars,
, r is r r iU vh o o l/ sd r m / h o t / f i, , e r d , ll
n s co n e o f lo cki , , is p a r lv'la t p
, r is S i , d n r . , r i. : d o i Ju . y. r r . " sp r ir .
- \ ln a t t id e is n . 'r"a ' / h b st '- ck b r .
1t is three miles to the nexl to'vn.
I r is a lo n s w a v io m v o llicc.
/ / is t h r p € - w e e is in ce 'lo u 1 o lp 1 6 i.
A se compara: S 8;6
1, ,s [: este impenonal pentru timp, vreme Di distan e)]:
t is dark, ir ts laie, t 6 Uonday, t; 2 o'clocL, t is lar. t, is a lollg wa y
Therc s (thercarrJ l: esreGtnt) (: se afln. se giseqte,existd)+ su-
biectul (: il y a in limba franceze;esgir, ln linba garmand)l tntrebuinlat
cind subiectulvine dupd predicat):
?iald is a saden round tle house,
Th* be peipre i the ga.den.
( ve zi ti I 2 5 0 5 )
t y, esle prorultrt
svezi a/,i-d pas. al . rota lji:1, nneod ljil.
r.
'S sr a m , iiia n l r e zi $ 2).
r Vcn
. zis S 6 7 - 6 .
6\eri S 1196.
1?6
857 d J (c u v a lo a re depro um€ n e h o t e ri ) c a subieo alunorv€rbe impersonale:

n appears : se la.e) ,l hJI ppn\ l : sc i ni l m pl ; )
x seens 1: se pa.cl ,/ r han, . s l : se i t r t l m pl s)
(stil lanilinr) t says, n tclh iin d pla), a book' elc ), tl is said (:6e spune)
1, aplears ilai sle Is woried in ihe "litsi ol llav" fa'torv belore
/r seems ie wants to be a nDsrcran.
.// l bo apppr " J l hbl L\l hpv
d Ln\LN r ' r rr \ : ,r 'i,g1 i no, l l ' i ' .sJ
m' F lr '
-1r $r cl axcpd J[
/ r . , avs in hr s . l ool r po, r r\'(r ' p :. ( n l nLl i nr l l i nr ' l
.// t- t r : n , p rlroni.l" no\ . 1, . d, t Jl ,l ll,. r' r n\ .
Ne putem da seana cd verbele de n]ai sus sint impersonale.in caznl de

fald din aptul cn aceastd onsiruclre u l poate i Lleplasrt' i pusa mijlocul
sair uneori'la sfirr.itul frazei. fdr[ ca ir sa ']j'f.'i, l?rbul nepuiirrd fi ljpsit dc
subiectul seu:
Shehas 'orkcd, ;t app.ars, nr Jthein"first
l l '" doIr ''IaI"
s l r - laotorXb'lorc'
T h , v r "r 'l r \ "q , 'o l rr' : l
In:-". ool li r'js l' 1and irlPlig'l
-pnrl 'ld ô
Mult€ construelii tnlpersolaie din hnba ronanir se traduc prin verbul
t o l ', r u n d d i a r i r ' r I j H- i 'i f i u . J \ i n l c u b i p 'r u l i / r limbs "n g l "z i :
i, F "\r. a, J( ,i' ad j p' r ni
" l u- oaJ' ' - ' d
, l i s Fl p' " l - d . r l, l ' ,1 ' . ' uppoi - 4
, / i ' tr,; po' s: bl Fsr F i l os bf r/ 6 l houdl r
, / h n" ns' Fr r I r pb. l
It. is impasible not io lPel erl.Iusiastic or.r ihc last constnction ]fogralnnc in
socialist countrtes.
I. i. r.... a-J
It . ' ' d bd' Lr n- ' l ot s r l dnm br "
' o: . 1
A lew Icos ago, ir 0ds luratl the.c $as lile on thc ]rlanet Nd s
'a@o cd
De lapt tnsn. acesteconstruciii in limba englezi, de ceie arixate ln
punctul (h) (S 864). -lin,
g us$ dJ jn Fopozil;i impersonale n care il are ln €lesul general de: ,,impre'
jurerjle". ..starea e lucrun erc
i is wel/ill sith... I a sure ;, shall lc weU$rih l'oul
Li
t iares llo$' lares
aii\, in spe.ial ca subiectal verbului,,,c+ un nume
S 8ti0 _p/ ci donorbtr
predlcatll lrr nomrnauv:
"$ho is nr'1 'Jr is l/nc."r 1, iB ten miles o lhc nett lown'
\\:har s n. (JonRani)? "1rs a long way io Tip era.y."
5 8$t /l ca subiect al verbului ltr r. + uD nune predicativ in nolninatj' i')so'
1it de o propozi ,ieclative, construclie ntfebujnl,atn entru a sc accerlu{
un subiectsau un co rpleme.t:
/r h I/m. who havc ron lhe lrizc.
lt .ra orerc l.ial \Lho
Lidioe6 uscd lo thal.
be. llrc earlli Llrns round ils aris
i; .;; C"p""ri;. di*olcrrd
I i r : r nd l nr or r n, e dcuonsl r ' . t i 1l .
t I nr m I r.,--nrl . .," 1r'rr n J. dJ- l i t;rrl/rid l'Ir'-
b1r . : pr onun' l " l r on, i ,r:. "l " i i I nl d-
'r "
l " " ap ftur"ri I r r ' ' ' u/ ar r \ r
3 il : rhis s& Aat.

Fopozili.i rdrtive se acordi ln nunrir;i ltAodri ou antcc'dentul prorL:
'Vob ]
i 194''
tradusi cu consiruc,tia romeneascd:

Eu sini acela carc''
Acoto - st r to. rt urd....
CoPPrni' P"" dela ' d'
(Vezi ii S 255",
g, pentru a inlocui o intreagd propozil,ie recedenrd au urmdtoare: S 862
rhz \lep ha. bppn pdt .tt, ) ir do,sn l mlllp'
l1P ds ,li and had a lFrI bad tin. ot ,
I t l / i " n l b . k : l ' A lno m'r,h. ,odld :tau I P a d n " ludr rnLPlk,:
Nati.
1
1, este in senere omis dupd {,s i t,tan in propoziliile comparati{e In $ 863
caro it, subi€ct; inlocuieqte o tntreagA propozilie:
As lil) hB becn nentianed, dl the candidatcs x'€re accelied.
I s i l l help vou 4 Ir. ts r,/,/ lt r 'vithin ns L ' ' r '
ue did a; l,r) s.en.d Des'
H. erprL"'i -im"Pl n o t " thon I:t) 'os Aoat [a" h:: I ' " o l h
Orr team weren't in tlainins long.r thaa (i. teds) necessaty.
D) {numit,Fj prpparotor42I/': il introductiv) ca subiect gramaiical S 864

al unel pr.poririi ; l c ; r Fi subi.c lugi" a ' r a un infinitirr tsuu o 'onslru { i a . u
infinitivul); un serundiv (sau o constructie cu gerundil'u1),ori o propozilie
in apozi.tia lui t:
./l is good oI Jou lP h
tikes me rr hoor'o t. .t her.
-4,
$:hen will ll be lossille /o. us to t2atn thc .esltlt?
1ts tro ute 5u?/rtza.
/r $6 .uulth o;. pnb"'ng 1 ] " .an Put:a4 \1r'' .\^.u h r o r o l"dining
1r nd n.. ssdrv
// orcur"ed l o i ' - n thot it sr"@e l p;' nFth" Jag t o \pt o thtEh"-
i t P t tP
, l, imDal..ial to t.ah-hjt l;,P an €"atn.t ftaot " t
Does , mattcr ahb speths firsl?
tCurintel" .i propoziLiila ri.e cu .arar'rpr.' ursive in .ubie' plF ugr."

- grdmrli.al P' P n./
ala vprbFloral c;roi subi."L
i) (preparalata "ia': il introductiv) ou lunclie de complement direct S 865
p;Doziiional p;ntnu3 anunla un ' o m p l Pm p l r dirpcL un infioiri . u n gF-
"au
rundiv. o consLruCLie u iofiniljvul sau .u g"rur,Jivulrori o prop^zitie redi-
cativd sau compleiivi directn in apozi,tia ui il:
I n hatd ln slzPP
\ralound
"oughl
, \ r " t ,a tpt tk,'a ,, ,v tV J . b;. ,.-1 1.
Hp hasn r t o l :t 1 l t i n to .pDr-toL t ' .
\\', , o,..id,.-. ., d ^ i lJL" /o" trnu .ot 'o a .p t, 1,.1
'j
She ihinks n danscrous ?rotr. saLmmutg tL (g eat.r.
I l r k p i , ,4rr h"i raat " e * to na P ' P o a l
I but ir to vou qhllh.r h? da\ ttBht
Iric.-; noll"irs ,", ; b r ' , b"R att a,t d\' n
l l l od. o l r l l ' l ' h " t " L t " ' * r ' t r ' t t e t4". t 1I P a " 1 ' r '
)o n ' \ , rplr o1 :ttlrt t . . ' P\bltatoatJ
Notd
A sc observaordinea carinlclrr in acest paLlern : tl introductiv, preoedat S 866
sau nu de prepozilie. ste prs inediat dupn Yerb. ar eoRrplementuli rect
, \umii.i i,,,tud,. t 5.t o , t t -r -;.

'Ci (l su6i".lul l o ; i "
" " vd \"rb,lui,. r" rp,, i , ' i i 1 i r ' \ o pr4 oz'r' u. ,,"n*
eiLc prfteratf' "JU
consiruolir cn introdrclit
su conjurclia tru, n.narn de un snbjoncrit,
'l 170/609
l7,J
apozitnrall vinc a i f i r s i t u l froloziiiei: in ri:rznl r i F icompletire irecte, ocul

ac€st.i se alli la stirsitu l r a ; e ; .
a$; j/,,.\il,,,e,1-trnn,,,.,,.r L u t o . t i , , t r , . . . , , n . r i ", , 4
L nrJrlempntn , , r , In..pf,;l il n n o r1 - c r {, are au nceea,lio r n r n a t i substan,
r r-.nF r\. .. u dr.t;
'1 ^ trppu,,rt,,
lo niakf ,/ lti
Y o u ' ll c a lt J r, r/ I t o \ t lt lf s i. ,
Notr lor trt H..s i; ior ir.
To r " d( p. r , " t n .
' I - " h, r , d. , , J o J r . r t , t , "" ,,,.1
i.. t . , 1"
i Sr i \ rJ r, || a .,rp d " . , h. r ar . r r . \ r J , r , r bi , t d 4l a. r r Ji - rn
i l ul . , l n \ ; dr p' n ^ t . r unun - j
i \ nr i 1, " . ' l or pt . . . . , nt i . / t i - . , Ji Tpot r i i . . a. t . , i .
'r .
. , r , , r i n t , . t . . u t F . rnL r r a l .,f r ,. -r:
I. ri6 r: , r, ' iu. ro u "5 : t \ h "rp o id , o u ric k u r - Di. f u rL
I . d n t s ' 1 n d ' ' - a ' p is s Dd rt e -, t "
-$ riu " rc
ki -. r t , i, . r, a L . o ' . ' p t y ' ; 1 " \ , t rn i. J l:
; . . . ln n ru / it u m
' r, . s , t . : t h e , o t
^You
musi mccL himr he's the ..t,,, oi rh. ih.atrB rlortd. irmlo.rantir
No Nonder she'sa success: hc's goi ..tr,'. iIarn..)1
S t6 :l ; . P lu ra lu l a u lo rit it ii : i rl u o d p . lip i. f ". i p ro n u rn "t n J a r, . rro "n J I

p lu ' . , 1 in li' n DA rn ll, n J . i. t o , r" 1 . , i, , t imu J
. lu li' ' . ir d s o r"l"ri l. ' u $ in t rrd p o r. 4 d n a s i p q a "n (ngLtre n zb.u r. , l"t -. d ". in , . u t , , r
in ra r
d e lu ro rir"ri.
. u \ Frrn i. . ^ n i"rp n rr. ri. a u ro ii . n iro rr , . 1,, ., , , u ;i in I irn o e c rg t """
verbul are formd de plural: " ". '
"\e are tut aa,sdd..." (Rcsina Vjctofjnt.
' t d , . , a . 1 , ,a . _ . p , b u r rh : .k . s . d }lr , -. a o L p Fn . _
1
. , I t ' o " - D-r' rd d .' l lh , l r". . t a rt g i. n r r, € , . $ i. t -"' . u t L u r ili, " . u . "". . . ([ l
S 870 c-{zur, pnoltutrllon pnRsorALD
, I " c.e,r c pri\este cdzulpronuinelor e r s o n &t e ,ranaiica actuati lace

o dcmarcatre etS intre:
: 8?1 o stilul fornot. i:ntrobuntat ai,ft tn scris (: Boal' rngl;sD * sritut livresr
s i a p i s r o l . j . r ' : i i n v ^r h ; r "r . u 1 , , '. o l r a l d . r r t i r l t a . g r a n r d r i r l t 6 :
$r
S E72 b) stiLLnnfornal. colodridl. ntrebuintat tn vorbirea cur€ntn si rn scriso-
rile sctise n stil familiar sau negliient.
_ Totu;i, aceste doud stiluri se suprapun in unele conpartimente, sl,jh:
.,olocviat ndcpnrtind chiar forme gramal,icate sen,tiale cfolom inlocuit cr:
nrr.. sau nominativul pronumelor personale1, D€, re, {rc, rr.g, tnlocuit,cu tor
mele de acuzativ Drejnn. ner. us,in, n 1. lrstlel, form€lc coto;viate au crstisi
s i , i . l i rchiar
scris. ' r a pini J c€l
r c r Folicial.
n . c ;n s r i l u l l o r n o t r o r b i r . n o a r a , d r -n a . u r i s i 1 n q t i t L
l Conpl-em€ntnl direct erlus ]a accst

pronumehi it. ' urct esle considerat tn linbR engtezn n a 0?i.
fia
: ld.scori s.fis c iDifiaE mniuscula: He txtier.s hitullf
2 A se obserla ir a,iest crz t. be.'11..
Dnirz. far. intfrline nr rorb;e inainrca nfonunFtli -
' u r l d .i , , a' L. n, . . hn ri . ' . i o, . d D r on- , el u: .
al hi \ l pr ur Ji n " l.i,m t"1 o
t . 1 t r . ' n. / . - Ll t " a , r ' r , . , , . n
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze L nosi m l r oL, r JJ \
171/609
nuani, aclsrcr cxpres .
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze tr0
I - , ul r ' r pn^ / i r i pr l , r pa - r " ' u l ri

'i'rr' l' " r i r - i
r J' 'rr' \'r-
r ' ' . , I i . , |. : n iirF r H , l lr 'rJ J r r ' L- r r '
r uar l r , a . l 1, n ul u: ' ' '
' , ' ' I , , ;
I . , r nne si - hi b ,rrl" ' l p / t , "r" " 1" - 5
' l:\iJ-;r i
",n t,i"-r",r- ^r'-I'd
i l de r , el e \ pus I r r ar s Lt s n- t l . i l i r l u edef i t er l Lt l l r i s l i l u] c ol 01]
l i ne s ea l
l ) l az ul nor ni nt t i r . in s l i l l r l g|a$al i ( ' r l l oD r dl l f onLr ni el e per s onal s 87;l

s l l i i i n c az ul nor ni nr l . i r i r ur t nnl oar el e - s r l ual l :
c
. , / c i nd es t e s aD t f f l : s 8 71
/ rm xo r s on.
Li,.inr. hNr.
i ' t th r rla.v, it r)tiilg
i ri r.i ;i " ,, ' i i i rir lrre a't of Hamret'
-" ' {s r
1,] cinci esle ttrne pt.tlicatir (dupn 1.) '', acordai h caz fl t "\rbiettrrl S 8;;'
(
{r u,de pre'lr.r1r ' u o r e cr r \ }utlt'1t\t ' rL p t n' rt ):
ll i s 1 \ i h o a Jn l l o t r r n i cn d ' 3
I hui m wl e$ { r] ll o
T ' \thxt' , : sspf lor a
k'r g . { l l . r Jo u
prErt;faiir al 1-erbului o ,€ se acor(lii n caz cu subiectul verbului S ETlt

ropulati\.:
/,,5/i\ /: o o"rh o:
1\ 1. _. , : ., l:,, {". r ' , n. ' " t J \',n
''l l
-.-\' 1' nol I \"
:\ '"
\\ ,i rer t i\. r'l l_n I I I \ofl '
\\L btlj,.\,t rr 1,, t. n,/ \ ,
'1 o.i l -l " 1' lo h" h'r' \'
rcspeflali in stiln) fornrLl sL:ris'

-{fcastii reguh trebuic
In l rn l d t)o rl )tto '.j ' rl " '1" r, ' r
r l u r" r r' ' r
" rl : r '- lrpl l i r r 'e \ i r D A r s ll7?
. n p .e : o r i o lorm'rlrr" l'r"l' l'ri HU ir'l
''
;,;,;' ; i ; " ; , ; ;";;' "i' , , " ".t r "' r'
-*r"'nru
r": iL " rr' i' ' ' ' ^ ' ' i' ' " i
i;".1 "i;,; ";;iri.; ' ' u rr .r' r' .r ' "c ri"., n u "' | p ' ' "' ri' i\ ' r "rI"r"i
i,?. ia Iolrr:i icuzatirului i; lo'ltl norrinarivduis
iiii""ii"l*i"J-'-," "i'bintri,x.
iii'i",;p;,trlii., ""t" Itri rerb.sau ind rronunerecartl rn
ifirtitul propozitici: '*'
, Whols troer' (f/r:s) nie.-'
" I n sl e o t o r K r o xl " " : I h t t r m ' '
_ l t r l 'o
" 1 , ' s- o n l r I ' n so r ' r o s "
"see iI ddts htn '
r"
"iare wants vo" on lhc rhon' " "1)h
"l m rhaiil n tvael't thtnl " 'rl
'ill F i sh i r t ( d , . . , r r "
'1-ou'rc alNa.ts liglitirg hiBr'" -/ls 's or /'t' "
posesiv: r i ;$
siu prcc€clirtl n gerundi . n lo.Ltl unui adjc(:tir
{ // r 10 1o'l "'
"
r. ;r" , \ l ' 1r o pP \' 'rr / " _
""{iilti,i,}Wlqi*id*j*:}l''il$*:
ci su i teatril
. \{. Shakcspcare,:s , z L i l ' . l t
/
l ' " nl r u, , nur nt s r ' 1r _aut * . , z' i i " \.n' . r.1r".'\ '' r'rl' I'i
d c. ) u L i ' i r ' r l d F i r sn i n n o r n _ ' -
^ t dn na. l \ t , { dnt nt t ' |ebot n6 , n r i i
1nthttp://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
'o1.ol "
172/609
18C
8/12/2019
MoRFoLdca - ?RoNUltEr;E
Yp' hLLl 'r b' i n- p\ pr e{ a

C i nd i ns i num et e pr edi c at i r uar e s t a pP l r r ' gr r
"'" ,)l-,'.'"i'" r onu ds i ' ' z
i.";;;;"i" ,' 'rir J",,' 'F-n "\' "1 r "n
c u J c o' - i - ' i l Ll t or m l l ' r I n m oJ n" r 1" l :
lt l- 1)
, / l l l i . l v t ' o on
^l on 'l j t ' r ' : ).
' I r ' - s m e " r o r r a ll'" )
a It was ru rc gi':a thc ea'ftikcf lritt' the kels l/"r''lal)
.DLL) | t dL, I
,r ,p ,l r " * 1 " ;" 1 Ek n a ' |' o l - i t)
:
I lthot I
Tr;;j:
{,,::;
Iersiunile cu pronumele 'lo"rz /tlil sau03 apariilr lnui stil mai ingriiit'
prup"zrliileconparatirre; cnreprimul termcnst;
al the pl{l fc.loc'n,l
S 880 , .j
az ula"p., ,- niiir,,,
nor ni tr\: ii,
'. t al t . t - t i l t .n / l : | "' r ' oo\ ' :
;;;,i", . " r l hn, " ' n i'l r" I , eor ' ' ' ^
l l ' n r o" - l 'Jr'lr' r i or o' r r r,LL
i.;,' p, C r ' : l i " $pl
H. nld
' 881
S
l" Jupi ar .'i lia' pronumele cr:onalest€ n acela;icaz ou
"o,"rr*ra ir. rr ' F
" u t,. .n ' i .' ri s .' r p r" rrl n " l ' " p 'oFl 'i '
Scra spunc deci i:
,{i.\ sugLtslnrn1tr Ltr nfur' inteffstifg ihrr }tint
?lkt ltno$lcdse .l ltrglilir rs gold
ti m as 4r'r'
i ratrre rne,r ;;tff tlan II 's
.. . . t: , r; ;. "r . , n, l . 'ah
\",,." i o i ; . rp ' , \''r' h" r D rL '
"ii
882 A s o . , om P|l r a:
t kn.\t htr rcttef Ur,tn n' fkrr'ws herl
I k no\ t n. / bet l . . t l an ll k t r o( J / ' L'
c l &r i Lat eda' : d
l n c az ul c e\ t i c l e nl doi l ' a c r em pl u, f r opoz i l i a ar c i ; t i ga in
verbul onis ar li enfrinat', lic chirr i Finir un hlocurior:
I l . o, \ '. b - | . 1d /, I'i n
i\iczi r'i S 1918)
de primxt
{ 8SJ .U doiler vcrb tr€buie i'iotilea na exp nrat atunci rlod dit€rn
'"-" . " t i ; , ' ; ' ' ; ; " od. s r u c i nd i ns ut i apr br r l P' l c al t ul Pr opu/ - i t i aur m i i odr e' del t
ur ; r r ' a. " . . - i ' r ut r I p" n l i n l ur ; l F v . r l i ^ l or ' r r r ' l r l pf l r ^ :
'u ' '
Ue ts at l$'ortX lcss se'ious miidd l'haa votr at liLleen
C or p. l ' i. t r " Poz i l i s J ai n-
lle is rl. twenlv lss s.ricns minded thiLnvou c''rd ai' lilteen'
At enl Le r
0i } ; per s r ' r al
{o 88.
"" 1 Pent r u a s a c ur oar s t €oazd J .ul
" 0
\ P r ar t t r e} ui en' sonoz
t l i Li € I ruont
Lpt
r r n'
bull' 'flt':
, l up" "o ; r n' r ' i ' " , 4r , ' i ' or r ' pl " ' b
?ne? consideiLim norc ddpctenl tlu sld lconsjdeN rin-rl
ii,;i ;;i;;i;;; i,'i- ii.i" tlan iuret oonsiderl@
-.i"t*t
( Vc z i t i S 2t 241
de la S 8so sli4 slnt lalalile ii Ftrtnr subslanti _"'

'-r".".ii "".g"U;i cele
3 O llpsa (Pronumet'ri ftlrti )'
- 173/609
18 2
Er c eplit :
Sul, \ t ant ir ' , r l I'rtctdti pr onunele D dati\. firrl se urmnresle
jn m od s per inlH,'" t-c\tzaIi\
jr ar eada' r ir 1r lui. ar eeste. Jra| eas t i s ; r nar ie. f €c edat
dc lr €poz ilia t0:
I gay c .Ie o,,l a. . i io tur ldaf l. not to r,, 1dat . r .
S 892 D , D upe .rbout

pr epoz
li,. jlii.pr
bI onunlele i,nh
4.,. oi i. to c az ul ar uz at iv :
,p. \rilh r/rf,. eto.
E rc epl i , :
$ 893 Pfepozilia / poate i urrratn lqide un qen; liv :
Tr j a r . :h l l d ,/ zi ,c i s a
1\_czis i $ 196l
$ 891 .r.,/Pronumelo personal in fazul obi€ctiv este nrlrebuintiat idiomai.ic n
unele irterjeclii din limba vorbite:
lvai: -{delirat? lir lrai spun.:) e ir.l)

rsnra{n1/s::r.rc{
l va i l va i d e m i n e :) (SdJacarle.acule ti.cll
ir 89.i d/ Pronumele perlsona] in razul obiocti\. este uneori intrebuinlat {cu o
n u a n l d d e su e tn sa u p o e ti cd ) i cu r e ch e a l u i ya l o a r e d e p r o n u r n e e tl e r i r ' :
I loid ,r. i: Drysclt do$Jr ro sleep.
Ef t,ad built ,t, i- li;nseut a trous..
Th e ca n a r y o o k l o i r i : i tse l l t n D te .
"L'i1]e slars mat hide r/pa ( ihenBel\€s)Nh.n lhel list..' \'. shakesrare)
$ 896 IOLL-T,PROIITJITDLUI DBSO\.\I,

s s9? a, Plfi)umele personal este pus de obnr€i cit llra; dproape de aniece-
Pr onum " l" 1, ppr r , H nl . . a t h . , h . , 1. / , FJ l oa, r

, . ' r lu/ ii ln. , . p" . apir int . , . Tr " L- r " daim ' r lt iit . nLi, " d- deor i n" - ' pr e 1. .
1. , r t r pb, . r nr " r c a or :
Ann's Diotlc. mored io Ll$l,c. Nhen sn, sas h kirjdcrgaricn.
f\t nrana .ra la grldinjl;i ciNl s-a ,l.ai. n Llster. ci .\na.
Fraza t.cbrie rcli.uti: astlel: "$'hcr $as iD lindcryirten Ler moiher movcd
-\m
\i,jk iord tris brortrer d didi L know Engtisl.
_, _ \Li lntelc. .i \i.lt er.r L,sh arc nr ilia engiezeite.Fraza trebuie rellcria asllll:
''Nicl<said to Lis l'rclri.r: 'I dor't know nnglishr,,l
P e r tr u a ce l a sjm o ti \- . p r o n u n r e l e p e r so n a l de p e r so a n a a :l - a n u l n e h u i e
r n tr o d u s i r tr o p r o p o zi l i € i n a i l te ca a n te ce d e n tu l l u i si fi l o st m e n r i o n a t:
1 .." r t t .d D" o .o . d 1 l L " r o
r \1h n" r' a{ s. . n l l .q l o h ;n . o tr l
"p "
i 898 ,, PromLmdc de peNoana 1 singular'. cind apore jnsolit de pronumele
care se refer:'r a celelalte personna sau la un substaniir. na lr"er€dd, ci urmeazil
,1un as \dl ls I/m.r hlls to go al oncc.
Io a a n d l r n e a r e fr i e n d s
// and Iile cou. lo b.eaklasL arly.
ri rrl L a p i u r a l . o r d i n e a e ste u r m n to a r e a : $ e , a o u , *e u :
lt., ,,, rnd hare nianJ tastcs n cotudrn.
'tuV
. Pn0NUIIELE$I ADJECTTVUL0SDSIV s grxl

{ITIE POSSESSIVf,IiONOU\ {JD ADJJ]CIIYE)
L) lrcfini,tie i rornll. tjfrriti\ul pforumFlri personat.are' ord lorrre S 1)ol
, r,, numi ll' {p o r,pr- p' -'it i rrr r "dl' ri"li re Jp'rivLln^ e'iLr'
-
'i:;",: to"J'r1s; f""'iu i mz
t,',1",,,t " l^' Iunui 'uh'"n'i\'b'| "r'
'lhrscoat's m r ' € ' timp ;i $ ll03

,tdjectitul posesit' etermini ur sub"qtantiv intlicirri ln acela;i
- .".n'i't nu"itut,'i''
Tltis is D / (oat
s 9o4
,,,"":,:":iliil:l?,'lliT;i'".i.,1lii'ii'""$xLt"'iii1f,:Jli*'
t""'ilj;*t""" posesive int urmdtoarele:
i pronunele
I ls veDs
Ii is tu. dog
Obserp& LL s 905
,.,"s{,1.x1?"iil?:Yill'{ii';*?':l:Yi?;lii:";'#"1
i: al neu si d l i l u ) .
ij , lt , e i: Ce F aL meu e -ii r l U u l .
bJ Formolo p . r i al' sdj"crivuluipo'e:iv ra;t" -si i;,?P "rnl inlrFbuil. dla s

906
rradJerrrve_
i n o n e i " z am o d e r n O upd un \ o . c l i t s a u n H i n l c s u b s l a n l t t e l n r
. d u cu u n t . p a n r u a d d o n u a n 1 a o a t i c 's d ua r h a i c 5
i;. ;;;,;, ;r. ;;
stilului: "' " "li
r n t n I o s l n r F o n l J s o n t nrl"4rn"'
nt np"\n,-s,
rai, \ ' 'mi, d d v m; t el t hi " e J ' " t ht lc h c d t t Ft r
, L"aa"
| \ a n l lo d o ll"nJ" in dirP o q n t d J
I d d $ " 1 ' o r n " d b Y m'r ho:
2r IBtolosul rodumolui i al adic(livuluipoqo'iv' DeodrP- fronumelc s e07

* . , f - ' i , - r ' "*[i'-.;-o.a l' io tirn6u ngt-a-(u subsrrntitul cdrcdPnume:r,"
' ; " . ; ; ; ; ; i' ;1; se traduc n limbs rom;nr'u roare ronu'nele sal ad:trrrv'rp
pospcorulur'nd'lorFnt oc
io."siv" rehri'oar la p'rsoano 'orespunraLoare
i""J ri "r*a*t obipcLului ospdst Spreex'mplu:
n i r ' {- s l n r u d 1 r ' a i D d i ar Ddhl
rn"i.s - 1 l lo", I lnr, ai lur' rl" lor)
l: tiu. ta, iei' iale)
"olr i: noslru, nrasl.ri, noitf , noastrc) €Lc'
;ur
i',t"r* g,*'ti,,t l'..' S ni'ioddtlns'dn lr''"Jmnr

"qi:,,r l l r . r, o n u , 'r '
n "'T . rdlmrr\ po "sir n u ' e ' ' i
,, ts 9i esi.s fornil cont.sl' ntr trn loseBrs'
184
Natd
S 908 Ca ii in limba romand. Dronumele Dos€si\-DoAte dre.{ si inLelesul de
..l a m i l i ..' u dc . p ri e ' e n i . sau ..p ro p ri o u a re -:
H e { i l l al ( d15 h 1r \ f v Li r d r ol r or and u- . . .
I m ' ( - no i l ' : t t 0r r ' o, i et * eei n; i c ana 18. " .
(Pentru adjeotivele posesive
ln spocial, rezi 5i g 817, 911)
S 909 3) Gen, umir gipersoani. Promrmetei adjectivele osesive eacorde
i n gF n. num J r s i . peF oana. . u qubs t anl i v ul . s r c dpnu. n,qt p pos eeor dl .nt -, i
''u obr p, r l pn. oJ dl . . , r ' ' . a a. or , l ; ln gon . i nu. u. t n l i m ba f om end:
Me has lel chitd: ii. is n,.r.
Da a.e coDitul cii este al ei.)
t/i? nas i"t chitdren; iiey are t.rs.
[Ea a.e copiii ei] stnr ai-€i.)
[ { dj e. t i l ul s i pr onLr r neJ e os es i v , er " . es peet i v l r r s . s i nt l a D er s oana a
3 a leminin singuLai i.a si pose-sorul sie; ele nir stnU acordate
i c'u obicctu)
pus edat , r / / d, c J r € e. r p nput f i r ; i , i n pr i m ul ox em pl u, l a s i ngul ar , i ar i n al
doi l ei l a pl ur dl j
$ 910 4) oaz. - Desi pronumele Dososil r€orezintn genirilul Dronumelui Der-
s onal . . l r ^ " t ' z ut pr oi . / , , i ' l F pF ; de, I J pc ; r ut ant " : i de. r t ul ui s aul d" . r m i na.
dc rolul j u. ht dc ; l j 1 pr onor i i i a di r r r ar e f r " " par t e r v az i si S 826)
' I t z a ( pr on. , om . )
. w i l l x on l end . l au N at ( adj . ,ac . ) ? t : ny . o4, (Dollr.)]s
l h, . l t t at h?, at l . - dr . r , " r ' i \ j r o. . . I om . i s d g, dr r e. t o. . , bi t , v .
/ ur , t s N v l por l / s or / ad. . d" t . s i - r r i ns t " " . br t t r , . J ; n\ ; / r . . .
- - gv .
l t ' r on. , dar l ns l i ot . s .
AdjFctirului pospsi\. in propozilie este d€torminat de rolul substai,-
l i v ul-C0zul
ui ( . nu Hl p. hi \ " l c nt . l ui o" ^ l ui J t pp t r nqr . 1r ^ . t a ri , u c dr p f or m paz a
t m r up s i nt o. t i . . { \ p/ ;
" \ em ol pl e de r i r , r "u-" i l di " a. pr i n
" ur . i r . . 1
I ' r . bf ^ r gl z J ppa d. l i de : ' d\ p ) o, . i o' y o, " . p. on. . a. . ) .
rlrr b r n ||' , u. r h o. , r . r J t . . , p" p. : ret-sl ook Jr t;s ( pr on d. . t f f . Lo$.
- r
N at i l
. T h" t . br o b. r /,..s r rrar"le s , Ftr J t . i i e. , a un dubt u g6oi i i r .
\ r r p ex em pt a:" /
I m r ai nl , , l r a" ' . , .a r r i . t , n J . at l. u
T h' . o bu. r n. . al t " " ; . . . . .
N. t , i c t , r r . / li ( . , s e\ ?r r , r . t . d- r Lr .i
by t h; H ans i ns eom m i t i ee. N i c i un r adou
{ Vez i , peD i . u det al i j , S 294- 196, : es l

s 911 5) Adj€ctirul posesivfzie Passestiaedjp,ctire).
s 912 d, -{djectivuiposesivnsole le ntotdeaun'1ut' ubttanltu annr gerundie:
This is mr./ stsrer. ' subst.t
Do ).ou mird my smahin1l (+ seNrdiv)
$ 913 , J C a or i c e adi €c t i v 1n i m ba engl c z a,aJ j ec t i r ut pos c s i vr f , c , ' da s ubs t an

.,"F d" F f i , , i ni . nu l l , r f l , ' a, , d , r - i n lirnbr romJrio:
'it,rl T. , , . , al
(Aceasr.n ;te pilirin nad.j
IlaYe i'ou patsd /oh crarn iJr maths?
/ 7, - a' l , r ( ut ex am ennl{ l r aLc m al i c l ?)
186
Pronwnele rlc t,?rnn,'. in-rolaltF antererlentul cntru aI acccnLua.

$ ,21 2) I'ormi. - Prouun€l€ rcfle\i1. ti pronuorele (le intnriro au nceea .i
fornle in lirnbr elglezi:
m \ * l J { : dir : i ns nm i
{
:
Lox l s el l: i er I : l " 9r j
| I ns ar
linRu (: s) I : in rsi
lrersell - se) 1 : iNiii
(
Nrtrd iiserf {: {l : insgli
{ : i
I ' t Dsa;r
our*lvs ( ncl : biine
] ' ous l * s r=rri) : nr _s i r i i
l.
I ilEnshas r= sl I -
I -
l'iqr-
tns'tl
onseu (: r) : ir$ i
Pronulllele refleriv cel de iltdrire slnr sinqurele prollume care. ja

peNoana a 2 a, eu fonna de ,singulal'd ileritir de fcirma de plural:
iss.l Jousef - lp] ) r'ouse1..,
s 922 J) Pluralul dutoritnlij $i al Iotitctii.
L iI :i'i l ropnoLl im
rfl S ri te.l,ipi lrp
l . ocnu1
rm a rl
rF,."
fl F re
\i ldeFrss r"
3 , rA
s ;r:&
4 l fd
q i p,rc
p rs
,nosa.tt
l " t,tu r.loL" ,r.t,,.
au. .
"l inu
i'e oz.rcry elicle this to be ie rnrh.
Ion sa'd so loLru.4, Youf }lonour. (curinte adrcsareudcontoruhi.l
s 923 . 4) Prinrilslelc funrlii alo proo m0tui cflpxiy Fi atc ftnrunrrtui de ixri-
n rc . - rn i ,trj n l i \rp m p .p ' o n u 1 .ta rc l l F r,i \ r.f,l I a c i p j , dt o i .rrF r u i n .d r.
to d rl e ;j p i n d i l d .i rp d i ." ri rn rn rto ri " .F re c a rrru ,i rL rl. ri .rn o .l e s rrr.i n rre t;i n
l a re . Dro u ' l a l o r d , p o ..o ,n n l . 1 .ru a , . l i i n 4 .o ,rq i d o rd ,po " . e r L J
J o ri n l d d \n rb rro ru l i rl " .r .. pun" i n p i J " n l j . fi , .e . ,ti -)p o rfi r" . ,,r." /
rrrn 4un .u i i n r n rr | ,n : t i ,, p n tu 0 ,. tJ .ri l u l D iu r a o p p .t a i t^ ,r t.," ,
d rn 0 l l e m o ri rp p ^ .i b i l p -, rr\ tu l tn v l l -"
f.]r.,,1 i .," r l n ' 1 . P o "ud" o r.s d e , a z i .ri n re " rn u tt
" n a l p r' ,rl o \i v nI rcbuie " to ,i r c a .rrbe i ,
ltoiler ard 1/e fnr inlseli)had carogethlr.
Pronumele rellexiv sen-este:
s 921 aJ la fornrarea cnnjusdrii r.fk::ciw a vcrbelor,:
I ,, a,d'. 6 b r. l \ir \ld 4ttf .
v D r ' r l a o pl.\1 e o i .d st ' , r
' . tnom 4/ \',-L 1,- ,," ,t , I
.Tl' d., ,,.. id.,
l n . I i d P d si n g t r d . l
$ $25 n/ $iL/rr.
) rnp rn" ,F
n u,,; , d " t,.,t;.)
nF l " -rl - rrp p o .:,,:. p .-" p J . d n o n n o z rr:i 1 .
,p \i \ x r" l n 1 " l F tt ,1 c ...i n ;u r..d a r.u ;u 1 ," n i t-r e
l,] a." // | si n ; r n " r ' . o l I s" . r n , J. L b l
I ca m e d t l l | J L ) r D .
\ , \n.ri .1 r ,1" tot _ n"i .oti d. nim".i,
Sh-" did it n hcrclli.
(A lilout o sjngDrii, DcajutatiL.)
"\ ez i i l $ 1i ; 0.
188
S 929 7) Pmnumele refleniv tu comparotii. A se observa qi tntrebuintarea

pronumelui relle\iv cu valoare de pronume personal ln conparalii dupd
lilxe, han i as in locul pronumelui personal:
Hc is l,ol-hcadedi.td n?s.n
S " i . mu ' \a u t t tL A " n J ,tf.
T'r' nn 6 ("ad sn ) r " e . . o s a ' - . . t r .
'"
S 930 limbii8)engieze-este
Iipsa pronumeiui rellexir-.
c a tnhi,ura - In contrast,
pronumele rellerivcuacolo"undeacesta
linba romend, tendinta
nu esie
necesar pentru claritat0a f?azei. \i€rbele reflexive stnt aqadar foarie putine
la nunnr tn linba ongleze.Chiar lqiunele yerbe cu formi retl€xivn, cari au o
rirculalic mai nar€, Fjnt i locuite de pr€lerinld cu o {ormn aliernatild in-
tranzitili:
' ' | ,,,t | 1 r,r,rri r_ "r'n,"J .i |,.th -u ,f...
..u..t. r'l
. -\c,la L 1 r.ia,il Fntiu: "1 slaq€" in loc dc ;ndrc n?a.f". "I drcrs', tI
loc de "l dBs /r/s€l/" ctc.
i\rezi ii ,,Dinie7d .elle\ivl,. I ri76l.
S 931 9) ?ronumclcmoiproce. in limba rom6.6, u eori pronunele rcfleriv

nn a.ai; o fcljunFcsfc e rd\fringc supra ubiectului,i acliuni eciproce
d o u ; rd u n "i nulrF .u b i F . .. Tn a .F t .,/. limbd " n -tF Z j n rr m a i rrrrp b ri n .
,eazd pronunele relle\i.i, cr ptunumele reciproce, ctLreslnl urmltoarelel
eech oth0r cind estevorba numai de doue persoane au ucruri, sau de o
actiune r€ciproci lntro doud persoanesau lucruri dintr-un gmp;
ono another penlru mai mult de doLri pcrsoane sau lucruri:
Thts $'o hierds wjll nol sce.d.l ori"/ nsain lor a lons line.
(C i doi ieteni nu se vo. dai redea mllliL vreme.l -
In o .'"'.1 p . r./"
L p, ' u. r a , " r. " J ; ,oJ r r' ',. -o r i , . . r . t :t r " s' rdu l od . or. ,. 1
, ., .
lr i l , " l'n ',
".o t s | r r . r i l t o \ ' n t I c o o, ri t on.
LU i . , , F y u; . t ut i r r . r t r o. , r . hi r a no$h, ' 1 n N i qi i qu s i gnr aD r enbc c er ea. )
N ot d
Onc anotho esle rdeseari intrcbunri.rl si pentru doui persoane sau luorurr:
Siie nrd L,,r broilrr arc lor fir\n ol ant: an thq.
rlusbard .dd Ni{e (ere siltins Na. rnc alalhn.
A s e c onp&r a:
tTher
5. kncw /lanvl.€s.
t pe , i t (Refleriv)
ns i t r ) . )
T h. r" , ,tu.
n,r ea. d / . o, l . . i r . i , . o. . do. i p" " . . o, J
tSe cnnoneau (i1tut pe ahrit .1
'lhel rnl kncN one antnEr \tte.:itrot) n{i nult d c doun lc.soare)
LSe unoi t P{ x a& r , l l l . l
U r . " l " r pr l " , u i , i r nn qi r e\ pr i m s ' p i , l
S 932 ir li nb, . o. . n.
' ^ i l , r oc a
l i m L" p Lr " z r n i n \ , r h' , r , , ' t r ununF r p. , p o" " t S Jll:
l]'e,.r jn ujr Darl<. dd a l.w {ords. slorl l/ids and Da.tcd.
(Nc'an hnlniL in pot:, z az sp,s cifera ouvhte. ne tu siins nita ei nc-amd.s-
O bs er aa ie
S 933 Prepozitia epune naini.d pronurneloreriproce, u tntre elc ca n limba
'lhc.t t.\ll<rl Lo .Le aiotker.

lvoibeau un1 cu altul/lDtre ri.)
Tl,.\. couldn'L rt.IL hotr edcl. .thd_
lNn_ sc lutcau desr)jir1i unul de altnl.l
8/12/2019 5I Alice Badescu-gramatica
PRONUMDLE Limbii Engleze
DE TNTARIRE 189
l0r Pronumele oflexiv i prr,oumcle au adicrlivul neboltrit. - Panlru s 034

cora' unzdior r^nu"rFloli cdjF'li\ alor n'horar F \ ' z i
s 4145-1151.
" s 935
llr 0ne.plt. ntrebui0lare. un:1[PrF inLrpbu;nLJln ]"sBluri ' r
7'o heoe Lnits vell doDe a? mu$l do it oaacry

?'osrcdl
Eihi; : b at lensth
aneself s ol
theozes.//s
besi *ay bad nanne.s
lo see a c.urtrj
t2r Locul oronumolrriollo\ir ti nl nronum.tui c 0iirir.. l n "onlrH.t s 93{;

cu limb" rom.rru.1n dra p'onun "la r"rl"rir pr. - ta r^rbul. rr, in,b pn ',pzH
lronumela rellexi ' se pvte dupd rcrb:
I lurtrt u / '/sil|| rh d h. \\' '1- J " F . I'al
' lo"el "
1/-d r-i r , ro1 . m ui.lr ' l lorl_ b n
Pronumelo dc intlrir0 "<ep\ne inediat llald carinl&l p: care il ittdrclt€: s e37

I n"sdlf rvroie ure rvords lr tl,c song
rDtr-t;dDut arn s0ris cuyintclc on,tecdui
He had rews
{.\ avtrl ttom de
rc;ti .nidl Unde fnt'.t Vin0entiu
U ut.rhidl him*l[.
Ureo.i Iro r m " J . r " r r r i ' a - a r l , , r ' , i r - t " r i l ' ' ' r \ i n l " J i l ' r i r . 'lin
"n p r'-rl it rF -dl
t r " t " , l i a . E l ' i t ' r ' " " , r . i,, l',r,.,,r' ' u c u , : r r t u l r ' -
_
Jt"{../ |,l I
1 1
ll,
i 'iarr\' prui l'," " r
rf r. r'r,. I l J l p o ' '
r l r " n d d d o j p l h ,\, 1 . - y \ " n t : r' .t.^L-stl
(t','lc sc e:eruiliilc .hre thiat de rrolasoarn
Cirrd n op,ri i'i.lnqiur' ' i |rJ"I l 'onlurii lron.rrn.l" J" Inl;rir" S u:lt
'-r"'"r-i-l .jrl i, 1'o l"ri n,r':i 'Jiii l': e " ' ' 0 1 ' r u .r- I r n l l
cu deosebire preleriin ln limba orbitn:
t .lin it nleU.
{tm lilctl o 4. t'rtn, l
Ih. \rcnt thete thtusele^.
/Cria. dt s au d6 acolo
lj. tired id the |loctr oL rlals st€ had desigtrcd Fm,4.
ll-muia in blo l pe (am .d ,nsrift il ltorciavi l
,\pr r L i_ 1 , , l , r r i . ' ]
L 5a\\ \11|Y fu.s,/
Ii-\n
sr\ vlzufo.ftial
llrr\ nrnl/. e Uaria.)
I\'. PR0]{U}IDI,E ;I ADIECTIyUL DEIIO\STR]{TIY S e3e

oEn DDlroNsTridlrlE PRoN0Il\,1-\D,{DJrlTrIE}
1) Dcfidtie. I\onnnele dt)/)lonstr.ltii,n locuiclt€ un substantiv (sau un S gao
echivilent al actstuia) erprinat sau sLtbinleles, reciztndu toLodaLi con-ti-
nutul in sFatiu sau ln irmp.
A(tiectie l d.emanslrdtlr td pe linei un substantiv (sau un echivalent al S 941
acestuil) pentru a srita locul ocupal,de obiecl ln limp sau n spa-tiu ll raporl
cu vorbit6rui. Pronumelc i adjecliv{te demonstral,ive e acordii n numir cu
subsirntil_eie la care se relerl.
2) I'ormi,. Pronumele demonstrative slnt urmitoarelc: S 942
this (these), rtiat (\hq.), the fond, the 14u.r. Ihe fi4t, the hsl, th. other (the aherc)'
same. suctt, stchtitt, e, one (an4)
MOFIOLOCB _ PRONUMEI'E Limbii Engleze
1OO
s 9tB Cu eroepiia u i s o fi,nc (anes).Ioatt elelalte ronurne emonstrative

ru' l i ' i t t i ' r ; r ' Lt"n'hn*t"o'ir'1 l'
' l \ " ? i a \ " n , r l l " i i l r " q u . F I l d r i a . d r ' prrrnanl rr rr cm r f d r ' F . o ' ^ ' L m ' i
rr'/r .6r.it)
ar-; -P2t.837. .r p" r'r sJie riIrp dpn'n
\ 911
"'
' i) R;0;h;"4 edi;cti\trlui dcmonsttatir' - Cind adjecLivul denoDstrativ
' a"t".i';'l'"1"j nrlt; sribstantive unite prin conjuncl,iile .ln'J sar'L ar' el nu
partei
sc repctn inninter f i e t i r u i substantiv n
lh' ror'l
?n€sd ovs arrt si.ls \tant to
?na, isi,r a3 "oss
t-1"j,liili, l;t,11",#;.;" u.,
":lg:,.-bl:i
Thc atnaieur P rYe.s were Lh. s'
r|,orL in rhe
t iclds
_-'tl.,
".,
' btt sellllir"s afe srldom lountl
IiiinfirSs
"r
s {t THIS (Tl]trSrl), TII^T (TIIOStr)
(TFONU]IE S\U .IDJECTTI''1 Dtr]TO\STRATTIE)
S 916 1) Furctii. - This (thes(i)' rhar (thas') pol li pronumo sau adj€ctire:
mY look ?ft'sa arc mI hoolis (Pronl
.'his LProa
iiii" i,i,,i.'r'-.*iii". -ra;.i
's 7/..rcbooks'ar.mitr,:
?h6? (-{dj'l
are nl.vsns iPion . . ,
ii.j iJ'-r''s"" te-".] dv sons l-ldl'r
itur a,,r is tlai.i ?&'s' boxs nre
'"r "l".
(I'enin ndje.li{c ezi i S slsr
'1tcnlt.
.:rl; C.r\rnlul thdt dre parru trrn' ii ptrn'ilrlp:
;i ;;i; p;;;,^" d,tia1tu en; sraie e aeela.acer' cer, ac€ea a ea'
";,,
tea), f ronunJat iotdeauna detl':
fia, is ml' bol
?ftdr &e ts dr'e'
b) prcnntlt rel.jtie (: carc), ptotlunlAt [o'eL] (forlrla tare) lilat
'tl
(forrm siabd):
Thi6 s ure oundcr do4 thc laFrs \cff Niling about
.) nnjunxlie (: cn) ptonunl'atn ld'ell forma iate (rar inLrebuinlatn)'
l6atl lorma slabn:
He |ind me tna, he had |een lhcre
(l) ad')crb : atit de). pronunlai irtoLdeaunr accentuat 6eL]:
'l'hc sro\t Nas n.r high ia.lllnd inellid'"i otr mloal
.
S rfR Z r - F o r mcenurite
i..U e t r . u m n r . ( a z . " 7
r .azu'rle': ele nu t ' + . t l ,
sint dilerenliatedecit
' / , r / ' / , o " u o ' i n : unr ; fpnlnla
orfl'
'i,r"r'm
, t i; r; u
" ;liu; i :
{ i:l ::: :,, ,,,-, *-r { iij

itti{ ,,, {li:l il:::," r"')[ruu:t lou:]
, i li:l ii:ll
o'"" I tr'"- { ii:j
.,,.,
L " g rI t o o : t 1fr'r rt
llil 1,"
ItB;l,' L", t r i: l
adj,'.litel,tr, rezj I 8181
{l,en|.fl, tNdu&rea
,o,.: .jn aloaP . adje.ri . te nun{ar ax
f runxnlir d r t r t n io nc p a t r r I a z r i r P PSI ,lllilillL Ti.x ,{l'1".,,,""., r".'""
oJr" 1i' tt t L'lt (r '
0", ". r", '-. ', ' 'at
'"'", . ', ; ; ; 11" e s t e lom'at s t c u p r . p o z u,'ato'
'Datilx1
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze l9t
3) I tret'ui lare. - s 9{9

n
u) Thi: (ttuse) nlocuics.j au deterrni.i ob;eciel propiate tin,p sau
spatiu n raport cu vorbil.orul:hat (thosc) biectel epirtate r timp sa.r
spatiu in raport cu r-orbilorul:
T inp:
Tntr t-. Iinc Neathcr oe dre l{ving. (Prczcnr)
a. lhc rvcatlcr (. iad li6t Snndal iTr.ctrtl
"rdr rill De ine (Viitorl
?'no,
Thxe arc \a remarks. ll'rPzentl
Ihasc iete t\is Nords. ilr€tutl
I shalt tatl to rlosa preseni. lviitor)
Spa i a
Who js,nl-"? ( A f opi c . . ) . \ \ : ho' s , , l ar l ( Lr et ar La. e)
/ i u t' r r L' y l . / door ; . Jo . . D p. "r
th . r 'nJ t o$- . t @ p d pi " |i . d. " . \ ' . r .
'prol'r"
jn
Cind se r€lcri la i,imp, demonstrativelc
de lrcrent, iar that, those .le lrecut ran de t)iitar. this, thesc sirt genere l€gate
Cind se referi l,r Fpaliu. demonslratirele this, thcsc desemneazi numai
obiecte din imsdiala aTropilr a lorbitorului. obiecte pe care acesta 1€ porte
atinge.
Cind tnlocui€sc o propozilie sau parte din aoeaslia. his, theEe sini in gerere
intrebuinlate tumai jn c:rzul irt oarc curintele Ia care se releri precedd ine
diat sau urmeazi 1n aceeasi fraze.
Potrivit acestei reguli, ioarte adeseori in limba englezd se intrebuinteflzn s 9;0
lndt f*oseJ acolo unde limba ronAni {oloseste demonsiraLivele opuse,,ac€sta' ,
, , ac ens t a" ( . , ac ef i i a' . , . ac es t ea" ) :
?/'a, Nas onr decisioDat tlic lirne.
lAceasta a last hotlrirea no{sili ]D ac.l non|Di.)
fld, was a lortrighl rgo.
lA..asta se $tretiea acuri doui-rsliptnmini.l
Is rrzr all lhe lrgga8e }ou a.e iakiig?
L, t ^ a- n t o ,€iii.l l . l i"i
\\-1,all r}inl ,,nr '
l.l oti (n,dim usrt .I
?ra, is ny opi[i0n.
a-.1.errro sn, I irna nica
lvhat do yon Dean bI ,rar:
icc $fi s,-L u'i cu dadsru,
- \ pl i r ar c a r c Eul i i r l € m ai s ui , 1- al abi l n n oar ef ar e nl i s ur i r f i in limbarome
ni. este mult miri slricl,d n l i ' . ba c n. ql ez l . 7' r al i n primele doue €r €m pl e s e
r el er n l a un l api t r ec ut ; l n al l r ei l ea ex er npl u s e r el er d l a un obi ec i c f l re nu s c
a.fh in imediat.L apropitft a celui rare l.rrbeste; in ultimele trei en€nple sc
fcfcr, la.iufinte spuse inajntea propozjtjei in care se afln lllal.
?rts is lvhat I advisc Jor lo do: make n list...
rtis €st€ intrebuinlat aic; pentru ci e relern 1a o propozilie explicativ.'
c^te ur/.ca:d. in at:ee.tti lra.d.
Tidi are i n\ A o ni ul t m ai l ar ei i nt r ehui nl i r r' e r l c c i l lrir, l ui nr l u i aceslr)ia
adeseori locul. In asemenea cazuri idiomatice. el scape regulilor. ;i poate lj
1n\'6 at numai p n obrerlaiije ,.i notare.
Lo lelcfan:'\\'har lral:" 1:Cinei acolol (ia distan,tn)l "rnis is
Gene" -,,lii e Gene). \proape oti, incon;tientr idicn tonul. strign chiar.
rind rorbesc ir tclclonj aiii de ie e impresia epiirtnrii.Rarcoriallii tnLrcab;
1 sel]s sranatical {$ ).
109
(.\Vho'stlis?:'. prcbabilpe un ton sLizuL ?oatc sub mpresia propicrii

-\il1 urccna' 'n-
.onriiant.rpdlp dF rn.P3 n l a vorbpilp
S 951 b) This (Ihese) sint intrebuinlale in corela,tieN lhat (those)l

\ hi do Jou Pr"hr' rb o" 'i''
'
\re lour slamlrs
?trs este egai de noliunea adverbului t'l' lidI de aceea a adr.erbuhri
S 952
I'ut rnlr lich.c hrt. and that th'tt
'ir
/ltenlie
Pu r i lii 'o',dim ' " lii ,l u'r pl"orr'rm rr'lr^bunl r% I' onslr_' \ ' l o r
i4;. i1ro, lr.ulir. rr;l',r r\d"/r ' i ' l r'.Lu tr"'t'to1t":1' r stttt4ltn'ra
sa recomandi:i qi fic evitatc.
Se aude 'Lotrsi a,:l€seu. a i ir linba ronlann: this nuln hte thdt child
Ih$. eLc. : on"ti u"o"iu de aiei, copilul acola de acolo) ca o rccentuare sau
clarilicare.
S 0;3 . 7 L ri inrrr,L,or^m"J ' ' . i s t,t ^ t \thl| / ' ' ' s ,'inr Inr'"Lui r " : i
Penlru a se evlta repeLarea
H""h^$.d m .on'- ,' oll.r'..t.,' sJs"l'r''l I.
I r,"""-.o.r t.- -r a le -:. ro /h." 4.a$ -4'_aa]'
S 9;4 .J) Irronunele ttis (thtsN). Ihat (tha{) sint lntrebuinlate li in lo'nl
denonstrstiyelor the l1.uer. thc lbrru:r:
Hc disliksl iolh dnosar'. rnd nanill,,'i lor 1niss rs ruch oi a cltrerne 6 dar'
ri-" r--nt...,1*l home ongalie. ihe c ldFni tlie 'lrild'erl I'ad Nn al
ll' $.,\. i\ ' l thn. th r" $dI d lo\l\' 'ftcs'
'l
Er'cepltiel
La singulrr. pronumcle li;s li llnl nu pot intocui in acesl caz subsl'llntive']e
care llenunesc PosLrane:
\l-. coui.]n.t .lcci.lc brtieeln dre gtl a\\f rh' ba : the trz' \\Ls us innrlligenl' as
ttE Fritt.
l i } p p e n ru i
€ l;; / / 4 i s s ' ,, . ' r n l i n r r - h , r i n l s r e I n p r u n r i d r r ' : r ' l i rdr 'm p
o p'riod'l;44 rrnrrosai
arefcht:l, nnz"n. r"I ppn u I d-''rnt
viitoarc, iegate de prezent ln limha ronand. aceasti construct'tc nu se t'raduce
decit rareo Ptln acesld, accatlal
Th.r is.r sl.onri bfrier. cs.ereîtgs lLn+ Sce you aaain fils di.r x'eck (\_'i-
zcnt) (Nd reledcn de asLezinl._o sllunn'i
(Vintul esLc nlemrc seara )
He h. 1 bcer asal ,ris rvc.k (Tr.ortl she is eoinq lo Sinain iis month
lEste Dleori dc o sipLimiraL. {Se dro; lr Sinaia Lrna4..dsD.)
(-{ losi rlccat siPumina a0edla l
The-l. ,avc be€n norkn,S hard d,s lasl. Iou Fill rcsret jt one oln's
Itu luo,l tonrt" m'nt in Iltrn'1r zllr (\l s - o r c s ' e i i n t r - o z i l )
{ 956 ,\ se observa ntrcbuiilarea 'lje'tr$lor //ti\ sJ hdl.c'rp Lr li arij'ohl

- nehotartt $ 529),de;i ou formn la sinqular. oh dct€rmrr5nurrLcLenprpe-
oade de timp cu sens de plural' prif itd ca un toi:
'1nd\'\e bdar ,"r busv thh -dJ l.r do
Thi; Jormy / i " * u,.rs bN b+ \r"J h1"l on ' o r
"
I' c been cxpeciing lot this taert mLnutes
sau, pentru irecui:
Thst lrst ,rd turntnsFas cndless
8/12/2019 $I Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
ADJECTTVUL r9g
Aceeati lntrebuintare o au i cu alte plurale care pot fi privite tolectirl

Beiterhavc his t{o ound(s) ixty 11 (sau rn.el no*
Did he rcturn t|rtt tbee Nunds?
Thel: coultlha.dtt walk that lst tqo hitomres, hey wereso jred
(Vezi egula a S 2i'5t-25ts ci. S 533)
N a td
A se obsdva lorma de sirgxld"" a substantitului ln urmitoarele expresii
idiomaticel
Wc hare tilcd here n;r seren .dr a lialll coulle
ttp ha, b.-n ,4. , i n ad I d do o.
f) lhis ti that inlocui€-qc deseao intreagn propozil.ic recede [ sau S 957

parte din ea:
She r.it" n, t"r. t t" ut tn" p anat , 6t.l kn o \ , i ; ' L"
I p'omi.o, -: t n / " I d J r r ' l o ' l o r i 'mo'n:e
l
Th.a ntt\t . hanP " anl thtl .)1
lle i,s the;epulation of a rn.^l lrnt 7//, hc cellainlX is not
S) T h i s. t h 6 p si n f^lo'ir' '.i 1a rr nt"iri' s 958

T r i s is J ol , n Sni t h. ? es' are m childfcn.
{lli/^/d }ronri t. JolLn Smith.l (lli/\ { r.eziil tc copiji m€i.)
h) Thi,r (these) i tm Unse) + ta ,, sc traduc prin .,iati": s 9;9
7/,;s ts sliat hc told me. T7z.r. ar. his lliings.
( I at i c e m i - a s l us . ) tIat,' i l,rcNfile (nici).1
,.\l'hioh is 1-otrr or olio?" ,.7/,ts ts il." flior. afc ltis Dftenls.
lcre este'scrrii,t.r n? lai o ) ilalli i Dirrinlii acolol.l
Tnoas hoN ire heard about rt .
(latn jr c fcl am auit desl.e ace&sta.l
,i) *This" ,si'thii' l- pronlDclc relrti{. Toate Pronumelc demonstta- S 960
t i \ F t ul i nJ li ' , r - s r " J a t , o un' p r p, d r ' ^ . , { p, i r" ' du j " hr r : ' l " P / } ' ' si
,rdt sint supuse aceleia,siuzanle:
lvhat is r/,is rno,. I sci?
is a ditTercnL roblem mn that (.tltuh) \\c discussed efor'
l"Lir
nr €1. " \ n " l 1n. b1l l " i n' d l o' k ' r , / &. t nh' . nat " a n l ha ban' h d m i i
n8" / r ha
T hp. ul l ^ l ; " l r n| . , . r . f l dr ' . dl - " , , r ' , i l " l d' av r h - t . t " am Al t
N at i i .
Consiructiei thas. trho ii core""punde la singula? lr, (s au s,it, {tlD: $ 96 1
H. ( 1, . r r n dop. nur ' r , i l o" ol F . p, l, j r , l t lp ne" l ' . 1 i P{ pahd.
7f r ; - , ' n. J o n. . . i r l i . o ol . " g" J ( dl l l ^ F { pdl al . ( pl' s. '3.
Acestor constilrclii. socotite acum prelioase. le slnt prelerete urmiitoarele
conliderate mai pulin pretonlioase:
Thc siudctri nho doesnot submit...
StuiltsntsFLo do not s bmil...
5) Adrerbe compusc. - Thi.s \i, that. precedate de prepozi,tiile after. at. S 98 2
L, t , i n, o[ . on. t . ) . ur an. r ' 1k . . r ' ' r n. ^ ' i l nl o ui l e i n l i nr bd ] i r " r r r 6 " c r i r Sor i
oi i " i al a "u F J v " r ba . o' np. . . , di n a4\ pr bpl " l | . out h. r p- : t r at r oz i l i d ' F . pp"
,{.sif€l:
her . al t c r : al l er t hi s
ili.reniter : alter thal
, p'onunlal p I Jo _ r . /?rur s d,r PP,.''nl l.In aonPdd nou;

: -
ri.,/ ."r.
, rr J. + r . L'. pr0num. . Iarir. pfon Inlll [d3 ].
8/12/2019
iherety - by. hal hereuron: rpon this

thereipon : tlpon that
l,e.Nith : with this
th.rcwUr : with that
9 {-i 3 o, -l b i q $ i {h l i d {e rb c . l n ' i l u l rJ m i l i rr' /' l ' ' " i /n d 'l " tfi s i s d ' r1 ."
J p n ' ^ r" l rJ i \e I = .o l D l ' s i n r a un ' i u rrn l l F d- un rd j e ' l i sJu de un a d r rl
care e\pr;mn lniltimta, cantibaiea, distanla, timpul etc.:
r l . s h. . /t" -r,, ( c a: r , . 1= \ l ' il
1t us 113 ||t u )ni gl ' { I n/ i l l i m ' ) .
P, , , . \ r i , G uu i . ' , l oJ l
( s au a, ) i ar ' ( D i s t m l e)
" &t r aici
fPlnl (sau acoto)l
Th-a $at.r $ds Inor hia}
I I n, w / nr s m ur h, l hal ' ou s , i nd L: - ' l '
'' J
He rvcnt tldt iat and no Inrtle.
Did wc stax the.c rl4, lons?
A te n l i e
96{ ?/,it ti lhdt cu in,tclesexciarnariv (: aiit de...l) sint expresji vulgare ofl
dialeciale:
I s $ r / dt . ol dl
(['li_era aili de Irigl)
$ 9ti5 Trr Fox-trx& Trrn r,ATTnrl

(},IONU}Itr SAU ADJDTIIIV DDffONIT'T,ITTTX)
6 966 {) Functii. - Demonslratjl ele the fanrto l- pLimu) ldin doil pr n::
r< l i n ,l o u c r. ri m i i s a u p ri n ' ,l e l d i n d o r,i g ru p r,ri rl s i ' l ' td tt' r ' u l t.i rl l ' t
o o i ),u l L i n a i o i n do r' u l l i r" i " u ' rl r m ' l ' rd ;n d o u :g rL D U rrrl p o l Irp l o ' l '
sarr adjecdrel
I lrave eadBob's1\ork anil Jan€'s ptekr nk funet {llol\ work) to /r lor"'
iJano,s).Pron.)
' -- ine;"r";ked l.ochooseet\on Sha$dd Ocas'): rn' n/'/' snbie'r Eh'tr
pelsipr, thP10.t Ocd ld mori rp" r 'cdl
$&. \o'p\ J
{ 967 2) Fonn5. Demonstrativele/r lbrmo ;i tfu lalter au o singuri lorm;

InrX distinctie de gen, numdr sau caz:
Cecil dit Alice arc hoth€r and sislet: the .'rn r (C.ril) s youger Uran /E larr-
, \ l i ce l . l N a sr 5i l.m sg n o , n )
p'n t r|| b'1"' J d d ' s' r " ' I
t h b I sa w ' el h o h o 6 \r1s,
"r \ d Jl . ' a5i g. sib l"phm
: . Jp l| . ': , e. ' t L ' h '
96E Demon.rralivcleh fnm". Fli r' /o'"f. tiind^dnua'on'p(not;r ' i l l t]l '
ar
s i te numai a ru n c i ,j n d ser" tp ra a doui o b i " c ' p r. n ' € z u l unpi n u m p ra ri
conline mai mult, ale aloud {iinte sau lucruri, tnt'rebuinlarea acestor dou:
demonstraiive
-- -'ti sste incorectir.
969 fnrrotruintar". \ll dFnon'lr"ri\ul [om'r. ri t "i d"r"on' -1 .
ta ttp r pot l i i n l r;b u i n l a L e inJpp"ndFr u rL l d e a rl u l m o rrl r
-.i ' l " r "u " r:
nv tonat t.athPt .. lobl , n"d ptoi"r d"b)

m:r lomr Dteits { toe i dc.d) m' rhri,
th; fun{ dcin 1 - lostul
in /o.ne. tines (: ne rremndl
l he / dt l pfhal j ot l h; c " nl ur y I a doua l . nbl a' p 3 s " ol u i
t he l ol b, D at Lol LhPnov d ( - ul ' r m r I r dl n a r om uur ul
in r h" : " l ; r pf ds v s { in , , l r r m ul i D t . 1n , i l " l " no6k " r
I r r r p. - dav i ew a . l J F. ' p: D i id p ul r r m i o" r J
' ; on. epl i i
I Sens x am al i . s l $ 2 . Per i r u de' - al i i pz i $ 9- n
perrrir o enumFf;re d mai m-lt dp douJ obipctp vFTi 5 970.
8/12/2019
$I ADJECTIVUL,
lt5
THE TIBSI. TflD LAST S 970

.PRONUUE AT ADJEI'IIVE DEUONSIA-{TrIN)
Adic"rivFle r" fi .s , ( -p ri m u l . p ri m a . primii. primalel i ilp /a rl , u l l i -

m L l , u l l i m a , u l L j m i i .u l l i n F l c ). l i i n d d o u a s ,/1 ,./d /i ' P . i n i l n l rc b u rrrl a t" .a
p ro n u m p i a d i p .l i v p d p m o n s tra ri rFn e a z u lu n .i e a u ' n F rS ri .d re o o l rn e a r
ult de dou[ fiinle sau lucruri. (Pantru detalii vezi S 965-968).
TEtrJOTIIEIi THE OTf,EES s 971

S-{U ADJESIIY DEIIONSfRATIV) (PRONUME DtrIIONSTRATIV)
Forma de sinqular llv ol,{€r": celetalt, oealaltd) esteconsideratdca lnd€'

o l i n i n d u n e " ri fu n rL i d d o a d i ..l i v s a u p ro n u m pd o m o n q l rd l i v .a r Io rm a d"
i l u rd l h " o th ,rs = .p rl s l i ;l p l i l ni e a fi i n d n u m a i p ro n u m " d " m o n ' ra l i :
r n d t" t' + t| ' a th .. ir j. r ' ( \d jl
Or in c r l' b lu " \a 5 . r ' .
.- i .r r ,t? o /fr - . - r o n .)
I. Ak" 's o J p p td , tn ,r LaLp
l n r ir .l hi l in a " h r o $ ;1 n q ;n tl E a h " ,. d a n ' pd lP"on r
SAITE $ 972
(PROr-UIE S- U ADJECTIV DE]UO\STR- .TIYI
1) Functrii. Sazrc : acelaqi lucru),aceeali aceia-si,celeafi] oate i S 973

pronumesau adjectiv demonsirativ:
lrllatrrryNew Yearl" "The sand o yo I" (Pron
Thei irehared n rlre sdmeway. (Adj.)
A te n l L e
Intrebuinlarea pronominali a curtntutui sdrz€€ste condamnati in unele S 974

cazuri ca nclitirari au desuetn,dovedind uneori chiar lipsi de culturd, spre
exemplu in vechiul stil com€rcial:
Wc liave Xonr aelvet and {'ill scnd sa',. at once
Samc poate avea li valoare de adaerb,cn sensul de,,la fel", ,,tntocmai": S 975
In his nbsencc ork w€nl on i'ast E satu.
I leel thz sdne as yoo about teaohing.
Dimpoirivx, loculiunea all tle sdnd (: totu9i) exprime opozi-tie: S 9?c
A lhe sanc, I don't like hef.
Sdmepoate inlocui i a tntreagdpropozili):saa frazdl s 977

They alplied the Dcrvmethodol wo.)r,and I did the saru
2) Formd. Sam€ reo singuri form;, lari distincliede gen,numlr sau S 978
'l'hcv all s:rid the saue. (l'ron. neuhu se. ac.l
T hr r df r p opl " w r ' - d, i . ' onl a i o , o n l l ' p bu' r o l - i ol i_
1. \ dr m ac s i l em ll n. m )
Sdnc est"eaproapc lntotdeauna precedat de articolul hot[rit. s 970
Pentru accentuarea ideii' same poate fi precedat dc 980
3) Accentuflrc.
cudnt€le ter4 sau sef - (: chiar acela, identic): $
This is ihe v.fu saa.r baa I lost.
S' " \ . - r h, . " 7/ . dp. Li " l l I ' ad m i o n p Lr , , i n.
4) Corola,tie. Samcpoate i cor€latcu pronumeleelativ as Y. S 1094). S 981
I Demonstrati{ul sdru poate ilsi clnd este treoedat le adv.r}ul tery: "This is the
19 8
S 982 so
{FNONUIIN DEMO\STRATIY)
$ lrbS I fur.lii.- D "m o r ' l r , l i t u l s , , { a "r q r a . r . r ' r e ' r F l n l r n b u i n t H i J

p r o n u ' : i "l u n i I n ' o . u i o r I po I n t r ' - e i p r o p u / r l r ep r p ie d F n r d :
I knewsnc wasr'l ri8li, and I told her so
"C& she IelP us?" "I tlLiDk so-"
E
' 984 \'erbele cu carepronum€l€so este n special nt'reluinldL tn acestcaz,sinf:
la beaftaid, to b(Ii.ee: u do. to ear. ta hape. o sa : 1o lqpote' to leIL to thLnherc'
S 9Sb So poate inlocui lqi u Adjectir;
tle $ -Etre1,snaod sn rre \e
I xse d t o - b e , r A n , s, i L L I a m o no lorge.
"It ws .old lesierdal." ". . it $4"
i 986 ,So esLc ;i adverb sau conjunclie:

.to Dranymer, so many mnids lAdv
S h e is si r t r e l. t l'L . \ n 1 . 1
I le sn o ke , 'a lm h l i\ , r L )
kr ip t ; o nn l Ib' .t J., Lj |. o\ . ' . , o."d,.
T1e-r i.r
L r . rh d "Jr
4 u n _$l , ". , \ c\ . )
s $87 2) Soandso. Lor liunearo an.l s/) Fubstarl,i set'raduceprin',culare l

\Y€ stayedovcr he \tecLend ilh ihe lr'_ozl sos lsubst l )
s 988 3) So"so. Sr-s, (adjeclil' i advcrb) inseannA ,,a sact ala :
a clcrk she is ro-rc. (-{dj.)
^s sirss o-so. -{d\.
lIe
s 989 SUOIT
(PNONLT]IE S,\U DEMONSTBATIV)
-{DJ}]cTY
\ 990 I , h r n clii. Sa rI a la r a . i r t 'l'l' a - c e r L l { d F r ' A 'a /
"p m 'n p a
o , p a sla j s""p i; r a 1 .3 r e "t c1 r r F r . . l p o ilp li p r ^n u r F r 'i' € d J^'r r \ d 'r n u n ' t 1
Hc Y'as a .lNm man and eell knoND s s"/' {Pron
Sz., rcsulls are rery uDsr$sla.rorJ edj ]
rh i
S
g91 2) Ionnfi. - ,9r.i are o singure forrnn, lirn distinclie de c€n, nunir
I can'i b€a slackersand all sr.li lPron Inasc. i lem l)l ac

Judn music a\raJs (.\dj ncntru ss Doml
's 'tlcornc.
al substantiruhi d€ternrinat de adjeotivul sD'n
S 999 p u n eArticolul nehotarit
d u p i a ce st a : '=
Did vo cver see sz'l a tJiing?
It rvas z.l a ,ine drYl
s 993 3) Inteles.
s 904 a) Sar,t poste {i sironim cu demonstrativele this (thesc), that (tha;t.'
rd.n I l h 6 i , r h a Dq,/l . o r Ji .L'\ine ,n s il, lor '\'ljr ..
Jr . / , I , : " , o n l J r l , , a r ; n - od rLrr' In J nnl o n l F I'o ":'
s 995 b) Sach aN qi lnleles e\rlamati{ (': atit de, aqaJ:

ThF r ' l r r "r i o , ,u u t F "a P h a l , , t a b u m o rlrF '
J( . / . Ali:s.r i .,u
, ':rdu. n, d, l jr , \ ', ' . Jr' p r ; in g r u l L r r ' B "l Jr p J ' r o l
(V.zi 9i S 51')
s 99{i cJ ,A.deseorisar,t nu apare in lraducerei romaneasci:

I t is d p si"a b h o - . u "ld l i/ n lr a * d - : e . '. r ' Jl o "o p r r - 1 "
lL "t e d. d o r iL . a r lr Jd . . r p a JF F p o lt 'r r '"
T h p v \ v"r . a L "d lo slo n ' ll' I b u n l l, / m " as r o f "d l'1 m ' o r
r r iu 't o q i': ir 'i sia . n " l'p r , "' I o : a '''a m 4 '': sr \'
FRONIJMELE SI 19 7
4) "Suoh" -1' prontmel€ rolatiY. S 99?

a) Cinn snch este urmat d€ u,n pronume elativr acesiaesdeaproapc S 998
iDtotdeauna s (: care)' rareorr rro:
l l . $ r .h " a 1 r, i rp w " o d 'r'r' , mi g h i n l .r'l h i t'
\\i \:l ,d \o '''|o n p p " o j .|5 /'l n 'rd |l o u l '|1 |.|l '.p n rJ\'
r4 /, lhph' 1 01 l l , n $ l p l 'n 'l o L J r'n l l d rr \a r po r'
u .l j Jl o l '1 r4 ||;rd
b) Suchus este sinonim .n those \Jn, tlv)se rllich: S 999

Let all slrl, ds t: tl,oseshol want leacc e'ork ils dcicnoe'
i ;,s."; le; a.t, but'l wjll shitlx lrr d Jo r rd,/'dr ( I hoseNlich) I nav'
".(,ik$ "'
dl Srrl &s poate avea Ei tnlelesul ..ea de eriemplu": I 1000
The Sl,alcstore ad{crtised oys sr./, as lraUs.dolls' drums aso
Do lou lnow therc is se./, a piohuesqucplaic os ClovcllX?
5) Such and such, - Locutiunea srr.l, dnd s ,]h se lraduce prin -,cutare': S 1001
On sr.lz and sai a da[o, t sacnond nr.t a llacc
SU(,lILI iE s 1002
{-{DJ00rlr.} (= ascn'{ta) 1003
l're neto hen sr./r,^. iDlrdinccl
(Pror M / (: as€nentnrr.'rrr .\ 1004
He enjoJ.d rcading a lotr lovels, short sto.ies, plr$ ihfillers and nrnltne
oNr, 0r\Es s 1005

(PnoNU]rD rxrorisrR"{rlv},
ltluxctie. On. si .,n.s sint rrrolrrme denr.nstrative Ele pot {i qi S 1006
..,b"ts ri'o ii I2641.:ingLrl"rul n pu" e ri nrrn"rfltil2lSr'pror ulr'n"1rn-
tirit u a lip, i1' n"hora,lt (S 1104)
2r Forori :i lDtrh..- Pro'ru'rFlc r' li on r d r n ircurd iormj panlr S 1007
jrr pri'inla nu'ndrulrrr'
ioaja
-'- Lpnuril..i 'rlurilp. EIP nu ' . d-'Fpbr' dai -^
C; p;;rril demonstrative au urmntorr.rl nleles: S 1008
o,, l: acela. cccn,el,.eal ss.)
ores : accia, cerea,ci cere) d )
3) Intrcbuinlarc. Pronumele one i ,n.s stDt,nttebuinlate pentru a se S l0og
erita repetar€a unui substantiv:
Ic1\e hpf rr'" r"d riLlon Jrd I,pl lhe L,lu o,P
rhd oo( olr I'er,,d glo "" rrd . r in somF,dk o4Pr.
O e nu lnlocuielte ilecit subsLantiv€lecare pot, a 'ea -si ormn de plural: S 1010

SDeak o tlai llttle boY. .he fair o/
L;ok ai thoseplroiosl touldn't you lilt to hare onesike tncm?
Se spunc tns6. cincl subsi,antivul nu poate a1'ca plural:
II'llIiIe coldremilk
lakc lat ieild thllnihc
neat not hot.
lean
Llneori promrmele onr precedat d€ lr adjectiv tu are antccedent '{cesta
este insd eYidenL:
lly littlF o,.i (Puiul n.xr)
O u r l i i i l e o n e s { : c 0 P r r 'n u s l . r )
rl'" \"rng,4i'll" o,q ot dnirnals p '' ."r'imdl"]o_
MORFOI,OGIA - PRONVMDI'E
198
co ?EONUIIEgl Dr] oltSTBATlYE

r01r coNsmucTtl lDlo)L{rrcD ^DJEmlvE
i'l',i"f"h"',"i''
#i"T"f ."tr"u
noi o sr'rna'"dr L
i i t.i -;J ,a ;'
Ztke tirrs//ndl: asilcll-
r' cla"'iu,nm i tu r" r" )
V i i ) i i i i j 'i 'a'":,,."'*,, l:", Am' rmia ,r
Ii ,Ui,." ",i ;i',,'
l#ii"'111''at ^";'i''n:"''"'
i[lir;s. j:';,;1":,"' "iS'"$'1"i:]';,". :"
i*: ;;"';l'l:Hrll'"i1""i35:'i":l;l; '"*n
,rilft tndr, sh. ran ou t
r Sr r al nd o' c dr ' f ugr ar i t a l
*11
't"n
""*;'t *l'n"'"lfi'a'tc@d'r
it Tho' a gaod Laa'
'li.l
tAi reusitl Brdt' rl
r 6 ;s and J
Ir wa c a lwr ls Jol'n ' n ' ld r '
i e .c u lon in Fus. ron tn Jns
'Fii"*,iliii:1;}iq:i ,a,i
a,,a;,i erinc.
;fli"[,.1;
; . :' \' - *"r
"?l,Y';;J;
i : 'l,,,:l il^,",, a hr
1 " " .1 '*." i,r 'p ,,, i; '" '' "t r i '
ii. s" ""a 's"'1"o;'""' ' ''iT;'","'; ;;'r" r"*"...{: io u,ad i, n u'd^4rat r
?ii"ie3l'"i:f ;;?l' ot,i''.1"'";
s1012
.
v.PRONUlrE.-L ,.trr?JR:ll'*t';l'131"*t
(TEE INIERBOCNr'r
;nt"togoli 're f'rr"s de "t
t l0f3 I) Dotioilio'- Pronutr " ts r ' r e 'h i v r l p n l't'j
'\'orbir- u la ""ll'"
p ' tu t'
D r o D o z i l i en r p r o g r r r ta" " " ' " ' - " i ' - i ' O ' r " " r i ' ;l
ixoiimat
' ' 1 4 h t ln
r a dr[sPuns: \lv
.," / i,., ., Lulsfe
,r ' ;r s l'
;ii';;
-#ftfTl1*"ltf-',"-,f:i;i;i ' to lle '
' forl
pe ]ingi un qubsrantivii FFrre:te
Adiectialll ntefoEatit'tl
- '.::ii*"*
nnei tntrebart:
"
*t ** ;;"1 'o'
X:J'i.::':;,t::,"'t '"
ntcroT::.:]r"i";:lt*'""'
$ 1014 2) Formi,. pronu,rere i $djcciirerc
ltlnol (: cinc?) 1\om l
t;n:ii aloi? c''?i ui?re1Tj,xfllill"i::ll',1*l",

""J#"1llr ': Froda'i
s,'paL
\#,:\\ l=:itiil:ili t"fflg*i
"'
lv 199
8/12/2019 FRONUIEI,i S1 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
1iY,n:.', ,;l:"iq,T { "# ':lj,l\T" \r'";:l':t':rl '-'n

';, - ;.,i''l
;- ;" :;' dt"*, I#l;;l"J,ll,ill;iiTi;"J,'".liii
F rl ' In d n ;n B ' L $ o d ''r"o 1 )
I l vn o l
t|n4,'( ',: '\on. - r r . ltl,]"""
ill';;. . "';,..):r;,,cj.J';.i"i:t;.ll,i'n"iiljx.l
iii:; l ,-',n,.7.'oli:,
:: ,',,0'r"'i'"
$ lor b
T bser aaILL
lti de sinsular'
ei adjccti'r€lenr'crosarireot alea sens
,,, Jirol.iiJHi"
i', iii;::::i,l:; i.;,ll ii,i'' lll"li"",n,,, , , "i .u,- dip.L"
.rr
,jr,d inFolci, un srrb.rdnli\ r-r, I i""lura r : ô,i
u nora rr'
" p"":;,,_.pr. a .^ FJ..,n"'\irrl-t
1"*) *h;+ i
" l:l,l.j:";; 1,.1r:1:;,
",,,'i,,':::#:iT";l-:ol;
i?ll'::'i"':
n'o.l,l;1";'l::'?;'.i1,; , ,,";'"',r"a:-,i'"a. '- i '|.rG
l'il:1,]Jl;ll;fJllij'iiii'ii"ll"'
*"1'l l ;l;;i; :;""li l',
i,ilirXl i;i:f ;
,;;tl:l'lrii'"1'''i;r{:
tu ttlt';'n].u.r..
a"2. P ronL,," :i r lj' i\al" n ' u'a'i\" "' o ':ingr,rr l0t?
fofln1. ndit'r .nr ,1,gcr ':i nu'nnr ' P' n r u dil"r t r pF I ar ur r L'r '
',;:f,
',7',' l:i8;:
i:,iH' """ )l-riq
llnl,lni ;;j':rr'
ll"il;
stnt tnirebuin- S 1018
5) lntxcbuintare. a) who (trhascl, Lvlto(n)' to o/ro'r,
tate nunai Pentru Persorne:
' iwno is ihis rnm?" "Un'lc l orn
_iv,l" ."o' î.t? f i ' 4" I I'n" -
- ii'r ,,'"".
:".,; ;" r hp J ri -\ r ulrp'y "rDoud
rsn n _ s..
-w h r'. i s i "- '
rp .o n ) "Th " n \l d o o r I
=
:lT;;o:;'-:"::',;.J; -r1rbrbr'.^.
in' _Tonv \rdrp$' 4nd hrss Lp
-who n.t did vo'r
'.l don liL Fr 'P _tyno
" -: ').0:""':'""
l' Whon: )
{fiT'," :'-',:i jlk"Ji,i[ ]:ir' , . "
"
din'r p) - pr F upune aleepr e S I0l9

J'ff ;;ili
, j which intpr oser i e.ip 'plc' iv ( 'ar F
;i'H i.J"
;,"T.'iJ'Silil,"':,tTlfi:JiiiY" "'i"li'ii"",ilJ,ilTi
sauesr"utn'61 Fpr"poziuia/:
li' J t'"""i";'"rJ
'
Ji;ing;r
w h i ch o l vo u r b ro l h p r" i 5 \^d c fa o n "i l "j
Io L\p Pro n '
t/n r ,t o " i h i s $ Fk c ti l m\ Jl x
w h ;.h ) o t"p s won rh r r3 o - r\o r I
dratr:ns do i
l1|6i.1 You P"f"rr 'ôl
i XflH]i" l"J:'r'";"{ 'datdeprFpoziria

?"'*,. ' r."h,ip r ri'.p.r', 'o
o*'Pff"l",lj'i,i1 '?lh,f
-.1:"J8iJ'fl
lil'';3f'.)i'i;ri#j:"il'.'f,
lI;;lJ'."$,".';.:* **"rui esre .ererarrlurarurui.
"
PRoNUMEI,I Sr lv 201
.", iliit il:i,T;i : li#;i,,f, f iil;i,1l.r t".j;lll.fl:l; ,1;

n - i l u l .o l o c \i a t s ,ri " . p ri n i o r^ r" ,,o
",,;'ii,lii;,ill:ff"1x ?l::,,""1J1,:i.ifi?x:J;ji; i,.r,,,?J::lJ:i'iff:

"
s{ro.ntt
t ut infa
saunat cok.aiat
scrjs)
l l l a t.). ro Nhom ( 9" t 1. . 10

' v ho
prcp.) lor \vhonr.._ pre .) who... ior, crc.
Erenple:
' . r yl o Ji d ,.r Ini, nn ,pr I, pj- ,t.r..r,i.-.-
\^,
I;0" 1j,.; r"iil;sjj, r.;i'rd' ;''r'i'r-, ,. i".
J y , no t t , . h, , ok D
. \, p- 1, .
ii.jt l l; 'l I :,;i,i ," ; ; 'r":,"lflooll;,
' ,,,",'
;'li " _11,1
, l
l;;";' lli;:;
t' l:trli; ,Jil,l
, n .'r. ,,p
lou r.,.oL trdq rhi1t..gol.. \, I' r
. ri $ b i .b " i $ h a t c" n a n ri r " ., m ,i su. r$ t^ t_ tu 2 2 ,. .,r" .,t,i r,,b d ri q t0 Z .l

ln stil,rl o ,,a t. ni.j j n c€l Loloclidt.
' ,r.i
;r"':rlj*';ir#:,;ir.lr ,ili r ;i ,r'i;,in:li'li"

', o' r"u',,,i".i^;;;;;i;il:
;:i;":r"'lij, :;;;;il,l'i:li#ii:i
c, Which Nhose. cenitivul o/ eht.h. ltni o lorma pred greoaie.
re d p .F l . rn a- i m rl rn o ri t,,to c u i t { 1096
u ' i t,F .,,n .,1 r, Dr:
Thc cottage o/ o,,ri.t Lhc sh,ttqi arf grlcn js lton\.
Esto inlocuit,cu:
iii';iii#E,r,,;'ii::1;::
;fj,:;it':::i'i;;,.ili;,,,,."",.,")
T , r P r o o m r 1 " . . t a 9 r , , d v. -
|lr. room .,./i .d .t,-"r..
ir
b"y nin4oq .-
In l j ro g a l i ad i ro .ri \i i n rl i rc c ta . l n rra tb r;t" .a r" ,o n l i ,,
€. L,,rJl A
i s rr\.n l " o g r p ro n u ,,,p i { t0 2 rj
i \p . rr d ' J u IA h tu fl r ,ti rp . _ :i i n u i rrc tc .
; ,t ' ; ", '1""'i;;;, l il;\; ;i'1 FF ' i r Fopro.

-":'iii',iii "p.' ' '''
tt'tal is lhe lran,s namc.
"1;[:"i]
IflBtn) .tid vou rt,E rD.
I t 1, ni l t neer hl r t i i i i ni
"'',u1,,:i:1L;;;';,,11x,,:,i,,;X::,:i;'
"i:::',:::":i,:ix,,lii:tl':ll,iliTf
'( J' r "l"'
,,/.n \,, I _l I rr t,3.n
r \ - c z i R.
Q ni . k c l . at i a.
Scrise ntr-un cuvini fitlo-€r€.. 'xhicheaer) ,haterer)rt pronumele intero- S 1033

sitire deroti ljps5d€ cDlturS. nsc s, €'drr Dtrcbuinlat entru aseaccentua $l{)g4
prnnurn-la 'rre'og1li\'.n,r Fsle puq l n g i pro'lrn":
lfha e,et aadC, ave known he rcason? evine n sc,is:
Wh, canl.l,erd have known th," reason?
10) Conshuofii diomatiee $ r$6
Cd Xou tcli mc @ho'sqho? tEr sr I Lr' I uu 413.',
lPoli si-ni srli cinc slnt c.i dc faF asta?l
lsau ocj dcspre arese Yorbeqte?)l What abaur t show?
(Ceai zicc si ncrg.n la un specla|ol?)
lAluarul notanilifililor) Johnny'sdrawerx'as uli oI ma.blcs,njls,
nsils ard wrzt ,or.
(ti€rl.arul hi Ionicil €ra Dli de lilc,
Itna, ,ind did h€ colne? penile, cuie Fi cn, air.,,.,f
(i,a ce ori a v.nit?) trhdt of thot sat What theh
i] ] i ii? C ci cu a st a ? )
I d.n't know tuhit:h s ehn:h.
(Nu
l]'rafs the Xnglish 1o. lhis? lle kn 1eolo1.
{ s, "fdeoseni.)
t u ls @ n a , .
(Crm s€ s u c la accasta n fngh' ist ic cl se sc d cscu r ccl sa u ( D l ] e
H. 1n111 e nax (ha|.
il\{i r ertlicnl 'hot
dedrNbiuril-" cliestiunii.)
( D a r tu?)
( M - a lu s la r u e n l. )
A t e n lie
In hnba engleznse spune: "Itrdl do -ou this in En.Eli.qh?" Cum S 1036

r . u n , e : l ia ,
In n g l e / F : r ": , ; i n u . c'rnt ." . t ' 'rall
, r , uF n l a " tr" rirri.
i - , u lin,ba omdn.: Hou Jo vcu :.ll hi..
p r i r "n s l u L-dbla ' " Lneli'l,l'
' 'n
YI. PN,ONITU}]I]E I ADJNOTTI'ULNI,ATTY $ 1037

(TtrE liDll\tryn PRoIrouN-{nD -{DJltlrIlE)
I
GE^"ERAI-IT,tr
l) Formd. - Pronumele relalirc slnt urnldtoarcler': s t03n
(,xhase, i|hal but.
eho ohon), whith, Mt, &sj
Ca qi in limba romAnn, oha, trhan. trhich ; trhdi poi, i aLtt pronume inie-
rossiiv., , l r : i p r o , u n , " r ^ , i r i r p . d u p i I u n rr" t" "d ' - . ind-plir'er.
ttl'u',. . v h i . h s , ,/'ol t n r li : i r d j F " i \ " r "l "r i \ F .
Pentru simplificare, relalilcIf|. interogatiy€le i adverbele care incep
cu literele ir/| sini grupdte tn gramatica englezil sub denunirea de "ph-
forms" (forn,elc cu nri-tialele t,{-), a oarc sc adaugi i ftoo.
2) Dofilitic ,\i lunrtii. Ir^nnn,.lp rclativ arc doul func-tii sim tane: S 1039
ul tinc loiul ,,,,ui s,,bstantir (sHual unui cchivalontal acestuia').e- S 1040
gindul de o propozilje alributi.i.n care explicri{ sau detenninis inlelesul anto-
c€dentului;
A n. s.,o1,ur',. a',..1. p"o 1r' dldr,/, t,.o^pusp,'d-.
tii,r','
b ": r ir n lo d p . r , , ' n r r n sin c', r , u ' .1. , , , 't . h . r , , . t la t . , - r sll: l ll2 ) .
I Pentru hadu.crc, rslr (lrourmel 'S till'r 1lrix, ladj.clirc) S 820.
r Ve2i S 190, notr L
I N u m it n n r o D o zit je: r t i. , 'i', 1 l$ jlt 3 l
\ u m il plo 'o z: i, " d i'n n : , u t t r \g i .
8/12/2019 _ PRONITMELE
Alice Badescu-gramatica
MONFOLOCIA Limbii Engleze
06
pe care) (ac ); {'htch (: clruia) (dat.)

which (:
'o Ahica
iij*"*y'*jr'lrt"iJ'J'l;il"'j'xi'i";"?$'"5fl1 ol
n imale i lucruri:
.o''
106l t) penlru persoane'.
* 6 i " 5 ' 1 ip. "arel nom $i a" l
iJ';l#:l*'*"
ilii."'l'",{ir,,l,: ; ;,:;"0
i: (;;; carel (nom i ob ).'o:,
se\fi r -'',' I :
relern mai d€s a inanimatedecii a
"",nl';;"",r','] on.o'r r d'{ sa" \ou's'n"'
r h. pL'o r t ' ' s o o d
+;i1,f*lr:"rut:t h r . n;;iT",i:' h" r tup ol

''I",h"rs
i:l:."r;";-?;:I t/id . v i ' a , r'i":J';^ 'j
soodL]'ro {' l
re r: rne)carel nom r ob
li"';i1" " " ' / / " r J . ^ o " , a " , d , "i j1. ;. .i " , i r i i i ; " . r ' " n ' s hFr'IJLl
,1, ''-;:"i'i "i" ""t*L ""r"
J"1""
T'I
tlutT(:"iftl"T;.',ii
care sd nu); ;"11ii
(nom) ' rc$e'
orn'ninescu
lti"*:*r"';:t:1.*i iil'i:fi'i;$":"''"
s lo52 4r cr irrtcles chotilrit oD
shat ( : cP. c€PA ') (norn fr
* orr'J i d''"m nrs "r rr'e 'r "
;;;;; h"o',;-"d n^ \J' 'p
l,J""il' " v ""ir' '''r
?i:;'i,:""': ";),,"1"{'
OBSXI'IATII
\TEO
s 1053 {?RO\1J}ID XDLATIII
s o'n " ,i"l"lil;1.:f"i;l'i :1,'l: l i.: Xii:,l"J:'J:.i'#il; ilT':?$.

^,
l l . i"
J : " " ' ; : ' : l: r ; i ' 1 " ' 1J'|" P - i n
ronum'rF o r i < / ' c :
ttt"*""**-.
" i:x}f"nJr1i'ii*
'P
il*rUll'lt*:l*+lf{l$liii indepen-
S fOff Zi U*-i Pft' esLe irotrirn cu h' tt'hd' este afatlar un pronume
.
ll.friliifi,ii$" iiil'ttl'"",;i _ decii,?ho nupoarel

ffl",ill,'
s r0b6 '"f"",11,i,,"" r'
jt.,":}","iitr,t;;,;,:'
, "*i"J.,"J'i:i":'lil,l"ll l,t"t;Jl"l:l"ii',i:i;:,1"i,'6.'
" .' .l
" i, ; ll::1
lig'-"rl"'.""';ll
---l.,1;"t
,"
".r".a
r. lcrsonnc cn'd siDt "1.
enlioul'e imP'cutriL u aDim{lesn{ llc'r':
'u''?lJii"?;;;r' --ti*:"'.""i: Trl:,, :"|]jr ;i{,ii.rr;";: l:*l: '

,pirnd,
".rr,d..,.,i:i,",,.ii,":;::ul;;;1i;,:l,l.jg;"j;ii"',.,i,.:i
sr a lrr JcePi 5i 'a7t
ri".
' n "'nt "t "l
PRONUMILE 9I 207
Thc trc., l.arcs il,(tered in ure h.cze,...

The ut. .'//rsd
Los€ igLts shono r the darkncs,...
5) nhom. ln linba englezdactualii, pronumele rctnLi,t whom nu mei q 1058
este determinat de prepozilii decit atunci clnd acestea l precedi imediet.
situal,ie n care prezenla lui devine obligatorie:
She ivonderedIot @hon 'lom lad boqht u,c llowc.s.
Ca i l a p r o n ,r m e l " n ,p r o g i l i \F i n ,n . l n s L i l u l .o l o cvi n l d i o ,n o cL e n l ,..r i l

p r i n /,t . s.b i m h l n ,l u sF o r Ji n e B r u \i n r p l o r p cn tr u ci p r A p o /i .i J s" vi n .] d Jp d
Hr t" n , l r " h a d l " n l h i q skr sh , u d q b i n d i r q

' | ai \" d| .n 'nhtir "4m .' n n
q h , r p ,a on.
ta a I ta r yd ,h a .l O ) ' t.,n
We lrave no idea who c]]ntabol.a.tes iLh @hn.l,l
I don't Lnorr pna he is wriiins dbout.lbl '
Un p o r i r h i a r s i o r p .p d Jr d o tr a p o zi l i p l
"It js rery imlortdt." "To ohr?' LOll
pronum"lrri
n h o e a Jl @ l tj l i n ) o .u i " " { p cb i i r 9 i In l i p ss u n p i p rJr
P p n L r u a sp e vi ts i n l r Fb u i n l r r .a e p\rocn
/i ti. in: r tp Je d r .p " r i l i e ,
Tcll me wno you watrt. (: Fhom)
Ttr " F n n o o n . ( ,th .) tr u .l o n kn o w ,,r e . I \' o ..
A t l } p .l u b ,n ,h o u l d I r :n d b u t C,r a l d : - \h o m
l l A i q np vp r n r op p o p l p n d i s' i l " r . | h o n , O l n ta ' u p f o q .b q r a n ti vr
.q h " a l wa ys n p p i b d b y' i ' i n g b .tr td fp , sh . . tn , r n o r , s" ,. ti d F., " to a .
u^ r- n r o cu ' ip n - r n r ( r e n l
W h o m p o a l o In sa l i S i p r o n u m . i n d i v;d u a l . d " .i 1 p cto r 6 to r , td r a sn ta -
ccd cn l (: h c Nh a n . th a spNh o n ) .l n ca r p .a z n u .) i i .cl F i n l o .u i t. c i p r e tFr a .
l.I'non the ove die youDg.(Prove.i)
sods
(PBONUME
IV]IICII
ADJtrCIIv IiE'ATIY)
s 105
iI
1) inloles. Pronumele lic, cste ntrebuintat: Q 106{l

a ) . j nd anl F. Fdc nt ul. numpt Le n ani mal s"du u n obi p. L nani mat
Tne figers ,fidn he had secn pedormins carn€ from Belgal.
w o i psl pd r nF op. t c. . 41r uh; . h s, l bFl n ;1 I.p,.on.rirdor.
\l lhF @4;16,rnr.& hrd j ust u,n,"|],d, ha t ook t r , " Inor.g
Inndor.-/., 1i"'."",,'l a .' h"Un, o l\i1g,hm.5a . , of ot i soD t heTr JT^ s.
,) cind antecedentul denumeqte n acelaqi imp atit fiinte, ctt si lucruri:

$'e iarled alout the tic"ds and erpoiencpr@hichM had had in commotr.
Tlrerc \r.r€ €r.nrs peorle sh;ch sl.ood oli in oDe,smemodes.
^nd
_. c) ctnd antecedentul, care dendmeste de obicei o fiin 6, este tuat, ca
otrune:
I made oi lrcr L\e eomak shih I rvnntcd my daughrer o becom._
{cr. 5 854)
d) cind antec€dontul sLe n substantivcolectiv g 1101):
Ile had leen listencd to Iy taqe audienccs nt.l had tctr enUrusiastic.
I : lipsa lui ,/,r.

r Un p o r i
| Fn n a n i _ .' 1 " 1 . d o m " s " " .l r a S i s. In r Fb ,,i ,' " a ? J Ia ' i vu t r n r :..[Id r l h a
a l o u n q d " p r r n o L s" d o to l l o wh r r d b o u l i L r d De tb u o Dv.'
' g a l u 6 r .r vl n l u l . a vo fb i l { l a o i n t} u .i r " ,,
.. ' l u i cl p l d n B 4 oa a o a a .o r r i Ta r kl @ n d r r l Ju l ,d p b r u .u l p r o r . i c' o r a r h j ' n n tti l o e l
ta l i ahttp://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
n ,1 4 7 5 - 1 5 6 4 200/609
r0E
mic:
el ctnd antccedeniul se referd la un copil
he Do', shc had seenat the lrospital
'{n" """]a"'t {orgei ''li'}
{cf s 6t' 84,854)
p rp 'Fdenls.r' reca' a):
/r c i n d n l o .u i F S l e i n l rFagrprooozi ie du r"za
'^
,,, , " h" t p" J h" s t l , ' t s . ul r ' / i q6 / pr t i ' ' eot l l v pr oi Pe' sac r r on
".,, o' a d' s d' h 4 a' r p' l ' hr " p I ' r ' r "
ii-oir" )'t / ' ; l ot . r n g"niLir or "na r l"i, ' on-
t lO ar z t ioniiiv . R "lnt it ul "az ul '/
''*'l;,';*1f",:";.i:'^1li';,il:itli;r,:""i]:liii":;i
urmaatunciclnrl nsi i
pii,'.-.ir"'";"4 I,'9""ae o"-" ( 7-il';"1'; oapoalc
iubstantivul detLrmixot stijln
t hrr' ' _oo' // *'1l or o/ rni l t 'oll5J drF$hir^
""&\rsor
I;lli: """:l 1;."i;li:.1i,"''.,
'"' ", "' cazse poate nire-
S 1062 J) Funclic. Wirkn poatc i qi adiccrieelatit) n care
' ""- t r . l' , 1,ar i' f enr r u iinr n c r r ' i p"nr r u . r r ut il
ire ak; ro.rheirr"1.11'" ett".1tiU,";Ji1i,",l:f;"1,llii,f
"if;,i:lt:'i,::il"$i"ii,"d
$e lPfi rlP Plongh 't, 1hc
'grrc
thicL titue 1l
q i n o rri m o d \c rb i a l p l l l i l nrP'pJs d " ^ p rp p o /i i i e p o a re fi x n p o tl
€ " " ,n to .u i ,4l
t' " 1063 r' /" r" ' p o e ri ri l i r' rd ri i'p'e ' /' i rl r(d F ' u " l '
p ri " " a ' *S ' f" " "
Doetic qi liierar), rvt?/ eic i
"'l*i;:llt"l,.,.ll,*,'jfl" i'i:'#"ii;fJ7f,i,lu,'ii ^.*trh€.ir
""'" {ff
$ P lnt ." i ,rqrrir":j':. :.ir:\.:l1*}'il"hllii'j',ll;rrrr
it a hotPl u /rrlliP' \r€ r(co,ocv
a hote,d
'"" llf*.;"
hdd bat lent: to )
;i,fJ,
U,.:,t* lJ,li ::il ETf" iji'i1,,,
s1064 ,","",Ifx1,.,,,,
ll ftrlrrhuirrlarr. P|irumple rFloli\ rlai poat' \nlo'ui' pronumdc
61065
r'""" "t rntit'ai'rP' '0re oupc
uha.,,l,a*..1,' n ts'n"''oi inoint"un"; propoTi .ii
i:i,;4,iri , lil r["* :ij:i["i,ilI..

"u* ," .ri .. p ' r" a b ' ' l rr np'P'Jrd p a r' rru' l :' rra r.e a n l p l j
'hih) il)
I sa r i t t o st l '
rL
l hal " 1- " : . p- ' '
S
t 1066 2) C dz ur i l o in c ar p e i nl r ' hui n ' dz i l r onum c l o
'""" . pl F l H l l " l r onr r m p r " l Ar i \ F i d" ur pbi r p rr ' r r m i ' oar F l p ' az uf l :
i"f*ri
A f 06? a7 dr r pa r r n ' r \ i n l r e' e' l l ' t r 1I ' ot " Pl
ti "'t rh" r - :':"l;i%iYi;.i', lnl. la',.. "*|'
'if:,,i \''' '\",','o,i;* ';;' i i "r ''r
"n"
$ 1068 D) dupn r mcrale]eordinale:
si" rr"'.,1,, ,,,",r, iliil not kno{ wnaL'nrss nedia" mtant
"t.o.rt,rd' (l€ urr adjcctiv r gradut superlrtiv:
s 1069 r:) dupn un subslanlivcaliiifnt
Ii N*'Itu l,ris"/'rrr iv lriarl \re hrd on onr tri]'
H:f;Hl':i:
""i:',i l'33'ii"i{:il'
,*gj;m*rill;,**;,?gt:irliii:lii
8/12/2019
5r Alice Badescu-gramatica
rELArrv Limbii Engleze 209
^DEcrLvr]r
N otd s 1070
D€ remarcat constructia irtiomatjcii de mai ios, tn care prol1umele ha''
imDreurj'.u verbul rFspecli\," i n l o c u i l prinrr-un n f i n i l i \ slun'i ' l n d snte-
, . i . n r u l lui crc l o r i e s i c pr".Fdbt,lF, un r'um"tal urdinal un superlrliv s€ u
uDa din enpresiile he anl1J. he t'erA:
$i" tt" 11 J F hie'o;l\pls on rh" B o ' p l 'l'n"
Chdmoolliol
;i;;;i";ii;":, t o ; i l t
oi'n'. $ P Io' p ' t l t o t h l o s vt" i"p'rr1r"aJe ' r d FGArra l
H " " -';ler .\a. /, /., I No,nrn
--; 'o d ' : P . a t
r."'. i, t"'' pima I m"i" r' ' " . d L r un i l ' b u z r
' l.v ,orrm" , a hrJ..an" "ort / ni rh f " , " . $ds LmLs Tal"" r
iLi,ii't ii.. i., op."r' Ipor ni'F ,,lovpsriri rur La-m r
'4"
T h " " o r ' . , Ens. h bvol. to - anne' / lu l'ein1Fr6 tto Llraf r \ r ' l ' s pr,rJ'
\rr prrPre
, r - a l l l l F p ^ s l ,;5li ' l " r r t Lia 'P.ol Putl;r"Nnodo" Inp'rolor
dP re;tru .le lur O\.ar \ \ ' i l d e l
qh s . ' r /i,,,/, on @ ro"oA t r ' l s I s l
srrru, L;" d,/ d bin" plgl'r'rl" r
'HeF r r ws i/re *ry nrn i. do the job.
(Xra omur td;.al ca sd ,ndeqlif;e1ld sanina d.r1t )
d) duD Dronumelen€hotlrite: all3, \'erqthng, sarne,anA, no nnnP no \ 1011

o n e . 6 n thinS.o n t t h t n - n.thtns.i d u p d rr\'inlcl" D'ttth.1;ttl' h ' t h ot Lu
, 4 / / t . d l glitle$ i . t o t rj ' l , i t P : s. n \ e1r L.t l

l r,t.rhtre t+o, I r r , . t ,..r" n lol
i h'i-'n.oa-l,.j /nrl\\' inrI s p " i n t or
t ' o t h i n e l t h a t l you t l " r\ a l.rr re l u l .
' 1 2. \ o . A o , " ' r good r',\' s. \'LtP 't'ni JU souo ll" rOi
ri. i rr'oju,i.t n, . . ' t t ' , o ' t t p-o tr,4i | , l i n ' I Lno{ l OJ
On np )lrL l .a$ ,r,.,/ b o a l l / 1 " / | n rpd .ol
e/ dupd pronurnele nterogativ trio. penlru a se €fita o repelilie: S 10t2

It'ro wa,si riat rang jllsr noF?
/) dupe construcl,ia nrpersonall t Is. il oa, etc : $ 1073
He wassuren eds Ilme that had rung hin ul
sl cind anteced€ntulEte ompus in doud (saumai m\ te) 5r$stant'ive,S 10?4
unui'c€rind trho, alnt\ ahtch:
I $nll write abouf ,n? 4o?1e and thc eoenLshdt ha\c niade ttre world lhal it is '
3) Cezurileu caro nu so lntrcbuilt.toari prolumelo "thst" -. ?lml nu S 1075

poate ti lntNbuloiai:
d, in propozitiile e)iplicativea.deoarecel/lrll a.e sens restdctiv: S 1076
lIv motl,"r. rn arr:\ed \1sra-Lld-1. 6 n s " \ on hnli4dy
\irhulas. dn /d/ rou raush dL 'vrrins ala's rs nor an cntrD rf
Ily mol r r ' rlldr drrv"d rlr^ho 6 / n ' l Jou a gn- l
tN. " posl .pln;:
b) tn locut unui genitiv (ahose, af ahich sa.u f ',honl)' dat liind cn nu S107?
are formd de geniti{:
T ' F ' . \inrpnl, { i D s " s ' n s " ' l lumour vou $i'l a t p ' ' i d l F _
1\d . " o a l " . p u e: " vrn.e l. oI .rd'_r_ oI h'rmour I
r Il.. , d . | o c . ' L a l . l , ' E . C d i r o ESlpl. u d" _a gdil- ir.lTtc lPslpdpa.dP -d' il ru

Jj,
i::j.,.fre;:iyir ;i"ffi"ri;*r-_
''"..Jii,l;:';;l;iilr:"
\hor..rit," , 1 8 ' r'r l1l
lr ll,:,ii.'r
Inr'. ' '-i' n "
oi lru qhar'sn
'l
rp ' " i I p'
: L i d Dio,,,,,'rh ' l l "
'pl,
",4,1
' \te.c Fcscnt ag.etd "
Car nu llnr alsoli't nfoesa.. reftrtr clariiat.a lrazci 15 ltal)
8/12/2019 _ PRONIrMET'E
MORFOLOO Limbii Engleze
910
le o prepozilieJdeoarece
.r) cind pronume,le eI,rLll'.{rsteprecedat, 'ilx,
.,, oo.rl. ii pr-..,lrL ,1" pr"fo/rln'
r a n, a r . , , , , i , 4 d . "b""1 l r 1 r ' : , ,,1...
" " " 1 ,' n 1 1 " "
t\r lir ,;"'rili"
"i Ji;fiiri:'i,, l;,;';i' "
i\ L s c Poatc \flrr'r:
'fhe t \nrD
$nr imedisi-de lrepo-
Constructn in caro pronuniele rcl lii.t-"
lrccFdste
r'"rbinr'm:i;;':i'jJJl;:l:i;l'il
r"i,.."ii"rirre'
{o 10?C
'
'r:r.iil'r"'i
ln stilul colncli \ e lootF,I
cfl DrppoziLisa r i n ; Llupa r p ' b :
". t t "l
: :"j, o
%
;; Jl,,',t;,1"1l:.(Vczi ii $
'390)
r l T , J u p a num"l' or^prii 1i duni 'ubFrdnLiv'lpp r e ' "d r p Je sdje'riv"
{ 1080 ii n'' rosr" ri r"strins'
Irosbi\",', demuns'|ra""" '""''o''l
iar l,tai lol IPstn.ov: """":;i;";';"
^f€
ii*"xfdffi""1"
4, Pronumelo
g-.*rT"fti'il
"",-'"'
llral zero.lztt - De obi'ei pror'umFlFPla'it
//'dl nu
s l08l
' Fitc rpritnrr n oolliri""J""i"ii" rits" '*bita depersoaa'l
'tna ro ' "ur
" "iijT;"',1:1i ",,,,:i1.,, i1;r",,1
.,1i;,:")ll.l.i
]ill''";;'"tl:"i''{"J'?]l"l'ii";"'"; 1o1
iul€t "r q
m*'
di
ilrb sn':
O e ro a ;*,if
rL l,tl'lll "[",;'b'i:"
i ,0" Jl:ili"::"'J"#"i"J':',::.::i;fili;;l'"|i lX
",,"'jj'T3;
i,i"ulii ii" .:""r" ."1 *,r' " """"i' ioar'' "n'el"rn'ndinjnd
Ih" mod
':,0:""t'
"urentIormdA
ln oo- rr tormnro
['#j.t d' t nl, ;r;:,]:*;j'il H:',';r"1^:';
'" "h ":h;i";i':;;::';1;;;ur"*
.IVHAT
s 1083 (?NONU]IE SAI]'{DJEC'IIV IIEI2ITIY)
I , l n rro l rrri 0 l t rro ' 4hot ,that r' ri l ' Cu p ri n ri n d *i,lil ":9::1"'
{r' "J 0 8 4 r u n ' i ' rn ' l a n rF " c d p n ruul e s r
' ; 1 " -p ro n u me i ' / " ri i n rr" b L ' i n L " a /
'p
'-
e xD r lm A t :
Mdt bclonss o -rou shr'u be vous'
We'lI tell You 0'd' s'e sa$"
o b s e rra l i e
5 1086 Pronumclevhat e$te ntlebuinlsL numai atunci clnd antecedentr'e sie
neprecrzai,.ag:
I doIt l n o q r'oI ro rX
ComP '"t P r'"Ps likP a I'g
'ar
'.u-.r"r
s 08. j 7. 6rr. -r'n rur '1";1d4.'?i1
';r. r064r.
,' "' --
C'oi iiit*l"inl"iia *lati'"lolldr tr *hr'a c0
r C o n st t u ct ia heV h a t csr e
PRONUMXIIE ST 21I
Thot \thi0h se lntrebuinleazi atunci cind antecedentul se referd la un S 1086

;;;' J ," r= ,p " ' ," 4 " bau s l ro ' F d F n ru r
'jnJ
"'tobrip
b i " .l " ;;"rrrcntnat
;;; (Lhnt hicL ,
'.J " 'Fll r d l'
T n p \ ., J r l e ll lh memrng.in lh - J lio r ' J dod li' ly " o ,_ ' i r r o ' ' li 4 lh " d
T l,,;F $ a i r r o r i1 l' m " n t l m il i rp"lon' Lrkp
Thal qhichl he said was no e$s io dvone
P,tdi cste aleg€n neutru. cu inleles de singular fi se $ 108?
2\ C$2, Pronumele
intreiuinteazi in cazul nominativ sau obiecliv:
l y n r r , ro b . I' n . n ,rr o e s " l d o " \o r' rJ m " h i 1 ' l p p d ro b '
i ' )i ' .,,, y o uh .d i rl ' 1 n " .a 1 d l l ' l :d
1088
3) Frmotii. - lt7ftal, n afard dc faptul cd ara l-cloire d" I'ronuJne dupi S
num. a p J n a i ,i . p o d p fi 'j s d i ' .ri r+ l a i \' i n d d -l ' rrrn ;u 4 n trb b ta r' -
" rc ta
tyhar Pti.6 that got were all _"amcd
Adjectirtl phal poate fi tntrebuintat qi exclarnativ: $ 1089
dal l
W
nhdl , { dra
nonqc
l i n€ ns rr
I l ' r " / heal Ll i al ' Ps r
l r ez i i i S ' 11' 6, 011 1090, 28l r l l
, 4t c nt Le
In erclarnalii, pi./t exclanativ nu rcdn cuvtitul ,,t4" din lir a romenn S 1090
declt. atun(i cind acesta insolelte &n sa,slatl":
tYiar dreadful manlers lr e
1C c r t . ' I ur nu; r . r lce manhr,, olirilf .rr€lr
Cincl cuvtntul ,,ce" nsolelte lln d?j..1io. el se raduce priD ad1'erbul I,*':
\ s e ob. pr ' . s 1r pr opoz i Lr r l p' ar p ' ' 1l i n ' u i nr c l F / ' ' r s i r r ' 4l ' ubpns
. x c l a- f l r i t . I n gp' c r F . u6i " t l ul l n. o r 0' r ' u l i ' nbd r nr 3n; or p' F ' l a pr p' l r ' e-
tul.
4) Whst. That. Adescori ronunrclc'F' din e\0tFirlP"tot ccea'""' S 1091
r . s duc F p
gr pr i l l hot D u' r x ot t ' 4' r r '
i n u\ l ' l ul
. . c ev a " . . . ni n' i c r c , ' . . F "
t hi ne. s an; h; r a- r r l , hi r " . or nnu' l pl r r on' i n' qc . . ' p nu , ' r F da nr r n o' or '
rri\):
ci pi i n r r ' at t de obi " . i n" r pr i r nr t I n c J Z ul ^ bi
.4 r 1 d ,,€ h .r " ,.i.n o ,s ,r J . :;:.- ;" .,:,:" i:" lj,l t" " - ;" ,1 " " :...
i o, pa & s ' . br u. p, . , n. pr r r '
,N,, *' ,jlllT"*, n do. b . bao. \ don" .
i^' ;":ij",,;' ij:,# 1 1 -' " \i.i"o ;",:,,.;tu -n .p n ro " 1 .
5 r W h a t. W b i .h . - Il e l a ri r" l o ' " p o L rre d u re r .l i rb a $ l o 9 2
rrrrrn d o ' u l unFl
cnslezno ri n ,t/,d / ' s u p ri n ri rrn , a ' rL a l oa ' F s tpp ' u n u ' n c
:" " ,' ;i i " ' 1 , ' l i n F a ' ? l T l ra rn' " i n s e n trp b u rn i ru n ' i ' i n d
pB p r' c J ;:
i"ro
r3bt-i z iiti a u rm" i" a z a $ h i ' h ' l n d
o ri
l,fid r lc o u lJ l .n d .\r r ' d \tJ s v h tl r tr d _' ' Dtr " P a
ft4q \o' tut rr:t P" ,hi h I ' ldr' I n l nd
6)';What" idiomstic. Pronumele l,al, repeial se t'raduce n limba S 1093
romAJl r"in ..ba...ba " in urn:itoarea construclie: jn
lrnu;Nilh e.lins llnd /rrra,J witn drjnkiiS. th'i \e$ Year hril tome belo'e thev
I ?tdr ,,nt,n estc ocuir IDin pronudclc .r,ar li siil,l colo,i'ial: $'rrsi nc sai.l ods
*i8r.rL" prolozili€ san larb dh accasla
atuoi iitrd anteocdcnrul stc o
"rri"t".
21 9
oel o'r".""*""**-,
Er
t _'0
" -r ; drelu ' laiX\"il' ;l;;i*""J"?' i"ii:"i:' ' ;;:
' ' | t"r' p'
I r Funclii.-' 74s estP
pe c irc le urmeaz n'
' """
"Qhich
u, l ti that'
iIll,"liuiJ"""'i'H'19""1#
" t'" *' " r dvi'1"'1;'nn*''
pr b a u ' onjun Li' :
"' ' """t' ^ ,,"."
'fL'i;"pl;''i;;li,i';'l'l$
i;;' njt".,'r,;,
i::.;if,l":"; sse ntebuinleaze tit peniru
rerativ
$ 10rG
""tJi1":iiJlTi?"iilTronumeie
loe? ,**o*n "JJ,o".o" Fi
' ls riv ' arc lnt c lpqnpgaliv
s 1098 l) iolelrs ' - B ' t c u v eloJ rpdP pronume
"
"""'l""lrrw
" noa"
, ' t ore 3 ' nu' :
J#,*'f'"ffiTit'J#"Ji1""T""x}'':l
,, '^-- u
E10sei
-
jtutrerruinlare.-,-4,,1f
jii,Tii.{iutii"Xgi.Tlit"";ji:il't'*,
I
hmD
" buinlet Si etunci nunrar n
ls l F t F:
' olo' \ rronumF c t aliv bu' mai
$ roo i,, ^Yli::,;'i :'si:;,i.
oo:poirr dbr'mu"n
ii'
bt "5
o d t -'i*"t 'ur
P r b= dc c lr ' numai) ="U ) :
r lir h bov
H" i s . n o rh i n g 'b , r | =. t "p p t ). .
"/*:'""#ilhJfi n;?T"'lu" = a f 6 r, d e . d a ci u
*'"*""*
'
(t) e nantia : dar' insn (olieclie)l:
iour lalk is ldll ol
'rrs
r'A PnoNU)txL rlrJXCTlrELE RllrflTf,
,Ltrlj cIrESTruNr El.trRlTo 'E -sr
s,, ,,,n: .J*:l1"it,"J;.r'","1,.\

relstr
inil 1# *:: * l;i il mlffit
trtD dnc{ Terbur PsrP.
u l';""J';"i
Ii: :'.:',f ; ::*":;'.;":l';;'1
," ". " ",,' " ;] ';' : l ' ""'' tI:"':i:19;';i': ^;1
"o;',;"'"",1
*1"1",1,:i:;liii .n :i'lti'::'ri'YTi 'pTll""x'l'i"'3i"'
,,",ii"":,il,'ii,:
"i:i;liil, .i;lr;,;il:il:i'il
:i,:t,i,'t,['"
ii Du nu are unctie de
onume'
1 Un ri a u l o f l co n si d a ri _ 0P1 ace6H silualie curlniul
.' .lnLi-"lllif*l $lJ;Jril":: " oD,ropriu.
8/12/2019
PRONUMf,LE iI
ztq
pqle
AlAsereanlrp p"rsordl i itufPrcorcln raz'rl 'uhqlaDlir lor'olp'li'F
ti gon.r" 5,i fun.1i" d" iirFnlis orbirorului scu o s'riitnrtlui'
2t Eti-osa ronumelui elatir. (Pronumolo elaliv zero olrr' S I lo l
q l i raLut obt tt'
d / P r b n u m d p r c l s t i \ ' p o a l e f i c l i p t i . r'uD'i ' i n d in
propozitl" din cere la"" r€tl";d" J t rminotirn dn indisf"n'ol)itd
raz;'i. Anpasl6 lip'6 F ' oncl€rEspronpP nloLdFdunan 'r'rLul
d l r m b r rv o r b r r pdc c n g l e z r r o s r u l l r n
i.on.'ituip o.ara.leriqricd
" Th. L o \ $ . _ tThA" I i .l n o $ i. m J - F r 'n e w
, in o . "d . . b o J r lo a w " I n "r " l
'Ih€ iactor we aisited iv$ er.cted quilc rccentlX
Iln loc dc:'"Thc lactory @li.t we visiicd. "l
ln p . 1 ild r n r sp o kp o is mv d a u che t - s
t i" l; ; , t ; , - T i. . l, ild r o ; t ; / i vo u 'lo ( r ' I
I d id 'l t find rhd papFtu $ F r e lu ^lin s lo _ . . .
_. lhP p a P p F) nou_ , n . / l
r lo lo c d ": ] o u r v r P r o o kr n e
, J Pronumele relaLiv n & poole lnsa fi omis cirld este sabie'l sau clnd pro' S 1103
p o zilii "st e p r ylica t i* i. d c'i n u e st e u sc0 sa r i ln le le su lu i f r a ze i:
T h p b o l , n g n 4 r e J Jr p jxs r u w i5 .my neth w
q r n o r v . ..
[N- '. p o a r p p u r a : lh i b o J t n 'r o m p J l
L . r '" \ : sit t h . t u . r o N r ii"f t is o n o , r sJy.
p o A le p - n F : _ L "l . visil lh . I a , o t y r " o n
l\ u - "
T h . n a p "f t id t i. o n_ Ilh p la lh is lo Ji) .
h e pdp r L l\ '{ 3 b lP r s r o d , lJn j
r \ u : ; " p o a r e p u n ": ^b
F
C t u l in F a r h , 'n n CI a lb ls iD S a r dn
t N u "" p o d r e p r r r P : iD l1 lh "r I 'a s i n lh '. - l
T h a n k vo u | o r Jo u r n o r ' q l; cl I r '"ivF d Jp sln r d o v'
st u n ": lo r
EscePlii t N u " e lo a l. "T lJn k Jo u Jo u '
A se olservauneleerpresiieliptice. oarte colocvial€,n tilnite in vorbirea S llo4
ai" care ipsesc |onumele relative chiar in cazulnominativ, dupi
"u*"tA.-
it is, there s, who ^P:
/ / \ t h F d_r brr,l ls\i' \ rclrh"' t"' 'votn Ol
/,' lhp r'..'l In"rl 1'1 l"_' r'ro' O
ii"""'. , on lh' ,'ho_r'q1," sa n ' l" ' lk'n \"'r Ol
Jl / , \ds """'.
rhar \'rJ tnn'k'd Jl " doo" ol
c) Co structii idiomatice. In unele tonstruc.tii, prepozilia ipse'RteS 1105

odati cu Pronumelc
| ,l elativ:
,p,'4u. r . sl , i h l 4ol i , / / lO'
^.'nrJ
lr" . d { l . p r,./,r r t . $ h. i t r ' t 4 . t w)
^
l l ' . l v u fnnw 1 1 , n n"rt in \ttt.hl thP no,'Lq ' h ? r t L\''
Sne d n s r-J / l lon $h'.hl J'P I "ar"d ntu t'tt"r' l\4l
"'.r
3) Loeul Drotrumelui rolotiv. S IloG
a') Pronuinelo relativ trebuie pus, pe cil, posibil, Itngd antccedentdl du'
Neresfectareaacesi€i reguli dd naltere ]A mari confuzii:
IIe took an ar.i.o, lrom the able.onrn he at€ tilh relish'
( I n co / e ct )
nasa, cr catsa.l
'Fr;n a the
fNn mincar
table he took d altr,t ( ii.,r he ale \ lth relish
( co t e ct )
| - z? n plati. prcnaua'Ol\xdird r l , p . n pro'umd.i rFa'iv, P n l r u si m b o l u l

t"l umir-rD
, .,ro spr...srn' srdrarim
'" .T#jiiiil."Hi.i',i'l'"'o;o,,.r',r",t-,..
p.o9ziii Ptht',tidle tqnitk. A cnnfut ol Loht'nPo4rv Lnet'8n'
enslFze m;d"rn1:
74:29|j.
21 4
I sd \ v h c m n n ir ' lh " s ". l / / ', vu 'r L n o \ '

, , - r a d a ". '4 , , . u 4 o s. u 'j. . . . a 4 r r in d "u b - t J ivJl ln . " d o r o t il Jr p r o r . r "lp
I'i the strcct. I saw the man ,ndr vou know

L,,Omul" este ,,conosculi'i mdD liinil substaniivul alropiai de prorude l
ll0 7 D ) \ u m "r a lp lp i c'r \ in l"'" r r " "r p - in . r - n t it r t 'a ( o t t . both. ndny
m o . t . n u f i. e t q o l. sa t . , e r i. , qp p u r 'h ; b i I n "ill"J p r o n u '^lu i r p r 'cP d st
"i
dF f r "p o / ili, "t ) o l 'vh o n . ol a h ; ; h . m si a le q cin d 'L n t 'r r b ip r r 'l
The triv{Tsity sect€tarialc cmp]oyedsix clerks. r"'o o/ sn;n rvere univcrsitv gra'
Hc erpo,rtrd.il lo ns a rnmbe. ol rfccnt l€chnolosionl t.tlrods nos, o/ rrnrn wo
alreadv knc*.
the two sirls. &ort./ trl,n took r.hc loor .1ll he confcronce. poke ol ihe neoessitv
ol ha\'ing a pooling ol e\peri-aioe n farmirg
p n g l, zn nr p ^sib iln co n -
ll0 8 / S p r " d . u . p b ir a d p li b . r o n , in d , ln lin 'b d '
strur:1ii iri care propozil,ia relativi poate. in unele situaljj. s: stea dpparie de
antecedentul ei atunci cind nu existi ambignitate:
.\/.
''I -1" loo tn.
o -uF, tl,t l t n it\d.\ b 'n o 'lo ; rar : lb ^l i_ o"
| Jl' '^n r 'n"r jm i "n
". r 'ld ,l
( V czi si S t,151)
ll0 9 4 P r o o u | | r r lf r ch lit :i n r e p o T ilii. - C "n lo r r n r '. : u lilo r : r a r ", i' lp pr -

D o r it i" t r L b u i" . i D r " , li n r o n r m "l" r "l1 it p ", "r o 1 l I n 'u L P : a , . \ 'n 'li
ie E u ii r im in e in s" i r t sL ila n u m r i ln lim b a se r isn . n st jlu l co lo cvia l. p r e p o zilia
se"punc lntotdeauna .lrrpd verbul respectiv sau dupi complementul ]ri djrect'
The ainting d, ,li.n yor $cr.looling is a Dcgas (itlamatical colect n slilnl lormal
'1
u . , r 'r in \ ir , i. r . i \ 'o u w - f , . o lin g , i. d D g . r 'i 1 lo 'f i'r
r "- '. r '. , . _ s, r , . 'i; , . 4 , - lr 'r . . \ ; |..rr." L i. m " r ', o . . 'si I o r n . Jl
trdditiunal /rrrl
'1 . " : s p . ', r d r ' $ l'o r n , l l5 . r Jo u r 'e r ' , u "lo ^\ b l
lV.zi ,si S 2390)
Cazurile in r,are prepoz;lia sH intotdeauna drpd verb slnt urm{toarele'
1110 al cind pronumele relatiY nu este exprimai3.
lh e , r '" t r o t h ia e , $ "l, l o ', v / o '.
Tr'c aitlor .i it,i rjN-Ihonciic Diciionary is TlIn hol. Dani.l Jones wh.{d]l
Jotr must hare lrcard aD,u,.
pronume.le relativ intrebuinlat este rrdl (dat fiind ci nu poatc
1111 fi precedai
D) oind de prepozi,ti€):
Thc nrrse rho, lhcf sclt /o/ $'as on dutv at U,c hoslital
ft? animnls ,nar wc show kindncss , al€ alsav6 graielul
jn sine
1112 Pronumele ttftdl este un caz special deoarece cuprinde Ei antec€_
dentul. l't:l,ar: that tphich, thar lliid anteced€ntul, iar oliicD pronumele rel€-
tiv.
111e Dacn prepozitia sereleri la ani,ec€dent rralJ, ea estepus{ numai inainte.
Dronumehi pftdr. dacd serefere a Dronumele elativ fttliictr' €a poat'e i pu:;
inaintea pronumilui rrral sau dupiverb (adici seconlormeaze egulii q€nela1
i uzanteide mai sus):
IIe ncv.ir {greed 70 i,la, you sugsestld-
1Ch. Dick.ns, Daeid Copperfield.

xP.onumclc r;htve ttnr si ai nu sht nrsolitc dc . ozilii.
3 C r iltr cu\;^ .1n Dro"umd.i rplar:r z " t o
lDrt;?lJavF rdonrJ ' F l.1
d-Ju,l. Ipiil I L_. ondli i b r ' ' r g / a D blir't i
D i c t i o n n r lonelic .ngl.z il 1-q1r-.
16
pd.nl r - ./o ,} ,, \ hi.h vorr qrrg:pcloil

lP r"nozirrs /a ." rFhrJ l3 Jn -'
n,r pud'a ti lu.i, dF' r ;nlinlpl p'.r rm^lui r''dr'l
we do 'i knov ,, rldr lrc rfnned (cranatic'l ' tect, slil loDDal)
$J. don't know trna, he rclerr.d tu (Slil colocYial)
I P reDo/i.i L /o bA .tcrd d, Jrn | ' pro .u'c,'n r. : '\\ don I I'na'r 'bJt
.i ..rp pu'o. ..lo- '"ld
n rc;r'il"r Llm"ri r1s:nr a pro-
rn .i;.l, n"
Dumclui rl'p.t"d
relativ, iar ln vorbirea curlnli, dupn l "
'erb
:,) Prorumolo ruLrtiv cu lunctic tlc suhsti,ntiY. Fle\ibilitater limbii S 111+
c ns raz nFrm;1..r-dl i idF.uri ,,.noi rr"t.',. pri n.un i z i ' si "uror'i n. I"
Who , Who. uuu rrul rum"lor Ja p'rsodn" ma" anlF it I latr'p domFrrrr' rc
.lc mlrll , uno'c.rt .i DUbli'"r "bisrlr \' r.iunrl- rtl' 1 l"ntirr i r 7 hP finl"s
are o inrrecs.l pasi:a Jp..\4:.1 rubli iirF- inrirula i frP Whr's lV ho af
lV hai' t t h " " e . li " a " e ' p " r a, unlu"; /"' h;'in. '"trt-s. de lE b0blsitt"rs
ehi l^ IottabL B uild,nes, B out oLin In.tdn B ailt n"'t c t.
'
In limba e.)rlpzE " . t p cJr.nr rorJI de 'ub'ta{ iv d3r lro'ru-rFlur ' l'
qi relativelor ln ginete - dovadi articolul hotirit care 1l tnso-te;te:
Carl Sandbufs3,nt.cbat r,,leritnr a xltinele ;ti.i, a ritsllns: "I slau ask thc nexi
b a n a n anFdol"' 1t; th. d .l t]" hut ot it
lynafr. : pedeapsa, cearra:
Snc gave hnn ,tl,afo. whell he did not eat his lood lcolocv
WlLaxnot, p\. -s : nimicuri, fleacud. tot felul de lniruniiluri; dulap' raft
pentru acestea etc.
Tablou rezumotiv :ll utilizdrii pronumelor relttiYs $ 1115

vho' whoso, whom, which, thAt
Pentru inl,rebuiniarea cazului pronumelor relative din limba englezd

trebuie l,inut seamade urmAtoarele doud considerente:
'r slill,l fo,tuut Ju "u]".,) in pa'1r . ll sla'a- E871.872r :
2J .sr a .r ul I'r ot,ozil:F i 'li\" rl t r 4"n lt r its \) ' tfti'otir d - r tr Pid
ii p u;"1- Inr r F lui,.r al t|2;42 ) 1"\'.
"t.'l;n"
n€cesarnrl€lesului)
I. PropozitiaaleterminatiYar, $ 1116
Caz Anr mab
]i o n i tu ti , .. rYh o . l l i a tr
Act..tn . l ]i a tj
Cu p i p ..i ti e '... l l l ,a rl .. p ..p o zt 'c ltltrtl. iNhi, tFrnzir c
C e n .i l i r ... l l h o se . lu \l i' l/l \hns' . .
lI. Propozilia explie:rtivi (rcnoccsard intelosuluj) $ 1117
$'ho(Dr).... ....(1'hiclr).tthatl...
r]r* nriljc who ..., .... prcpozilie \ l'icir..
...rrr pr
$hJ -
..l,eozrr . .. f kl,i"h' who. l,o/ilid
...
L 7 ./|e Zrmp r, AxSsr 8 . l 9 :8 . J'a g . 22 .

i i ,t i i k;,.e n ,l rb ,,;." 1 8 7 s--l s-6 7 ..p o {l b i o sru f $i $ ri to ' a d "f nr'
":
r lu {a d v. cp l d l i v). a r.r .u l trJrl rv; a 'p rr p ttf\t: -tM n 9 s 4 n d w n e r 0 rP' 's 'rr'
"i i ,';
. D ,i i ."t e srecl D ri n s td a st 0 u rrt, d d o tu rc rp l .,'i \e l " 'n u a ,r d p l l i o rma "Pt'o rr,0
.all1 cu ,o sau f,. tn iaz dativ.
t6
I lez um al loar lo br hom alir . il ' ol^ ' \ r J l
(.Animate (;,";;
Pr ' r poz i ia r ler m inat i' e I f nanim " r " -#'
\ r lr i, h -f#
s ho. e lr blll
t'
onr ls " hom , $hi. h r int oc ' r i' pnr in / ldl o r i' r r r ' uz " t i
r o' r r ilFpr i- r / " r / or nF n
{ | alr c r n. r ir p a' r " plr bi) o in genpr e ' . uz lr iL'
i i rle oloieeiomise n vorbire I ol
N ot iL
din 1-oF
11fE Propozil,ia €xplirrtif.i. neljjnd eseniiah irllelesului . este omisi r ir e\ e ' uv r r lp
bir t a t oir r " aU , " ii' i , a\ ^ nr udl " p" r r r ' i " r o " r pli" " t ia ln
i"t*"t" O" a*îece stilul coiocrial erte format drn propozi-tii scurte'
iiiii"i" ri,i':.- "*i. neavindnici subiect, nici verb' ( S2743)'
"i" "a;.;ori
A t enl t e
ln pr npoz llia4 1 J F" i penr r r r pe' ' os r ' pr oaun' " lr in, - ' ' " 7r r 1
"'" I ; " , i" . , " "' t"at n0t t "d . ' , \ ir , r . ' in l; - t r " 0d' " ^ r i r m : , p t ' t h4t :
o ' *ir
" " - ; ' . l t". d, 'i' o"lr
" :|)\'f,'
ii#iiiT;firllJildt)il1.T. l |
ii u'0.,."
r r'lr;'tiru
n-,s, i ^
,l"iil,,
o,uam'), " ..,,-
o.uAp,les
T,',X'"'i*l:li'1,:JXl,iil",,lilli
sne is rn; ('-.sr Nornanda' lras'r.
elcr ootncnv Nav
1120 Pno\uuEr.ll lr,{DJxgIl[L'r, RJlT,lrttl- colllPlls
"" 1) tr'ormi. - Relativelc rft' tvhich 1i what impreund ou ^'tl:lb:l:-1'

qi l";;arlJ".""-" *r'ti'" c*e o'i on cu"actermai general'
i""i"oJ; decti formele simplel"o"'pose,
Unii aulori consideri acesLe orme ca
""'",:;;iiiii,,t"i,r;'"'*Ll;l'lr,x.:ll$,'i"tl',,';,I{f}
liind "oltote"rt
pronume nehotdrile compuse:
'o'"*
"'""'
i'iiiii2i r':.l,li",lpcl o'ricaq tiep qnieL hak'ershesavs . ,
1122
-- Fo n€le compusecu so€otl tthosoewr : (pe) oricinel' rphicl*oepe
" t ro. f I ori '"r s i nl l i l ors t p i dos uet p
i '-rars , 'l slnt lntre-
t" rrga 'buintal,e
'iJ"lnei"
^ ri c ar-l
.i'.e'i"t" vhasoe'c' hichsoe'erSi ahdtsae'cr
"""'P;.;-;i;n stilul Poetic. au antecedentul uprins n ele:
S 1124 .o-p'*
'"i"Ii"" otit)e careJ
rhae'er \- P{mani
ohiche,o l: ari'c tlinld sae luc'u care)
(tdrer" l: oflcc ruc'u ca'c,
S 1125 2) Dcclinare. Pronumelp rclsti\.e comDuse au aceeaqi declinare ;i

slnt supuse acelorasr regun oa ti formele simpie corespunzitoare:
/N,h l Nhoe\€' whosoerer
/cetr )' whoserc $hosesoever
iob i $ho(m)erer $ho(m)soeYet
q 1126 Cazulpronumelui 'hoefereste cr i 'rzul proturmeluli"l1' l].:::":.1'""
ie:
"'--- a" pc'care l are pronumel' alativ n propo?iti' lLr) arc r|c pi
-fU \1 ' L r ltd j,i Ir " ' a l
'PsPJ /' 1 ' l
\\' A n e ' l r o lP ," ;r " $ " l* _ d
T h " r s D L ' o h ' r ' r ' n q ft' l tr tr t )
fl.v s r ' o l o t' o tn ) \p ' ' \F r " ' tu n t )
1lli cu r)ronumelc lrterogatiYe ompnse' S t0rrx
PEONUWLE ST 217
Formele compuse cu acuzativul { Irm sint rar€, {?l,rm fiind tn curs de

disDaritie.
' R;tair1lp ahi. tr srdl'o / /auo.ingurdforms $ ll2?
'vh'thNq. 'rl'at pr':nptra
'i orm'lnr i'\opJ"r 'i o/'o_ $ 1l 8
ô"rpr, Cu
Jr Adiecti\ele elciire comlrusc.
s o o ,,' r. ro"nunolo elArirP o"nirFFsinr in r"buinLdrc r ,d a l j P ' ri \p :
Everv article. of ahoLe@daoiptian. shall be enlelcd nt lhe lcdgcr'
Ithiihqt pat itc tu.n in Buciarest, Iuilding is in Fog.es
4) Constructia cu Eubioxctirul. - Clnd ac,tiunea are ir "speciatun carac- $ 1129
j pr np- i eur , ph^ l nr i r . i r - al . \ nr bul F j r ' I ' u. l i ' " r oJ ul s ubj on' r i \ ' ' u ' 1 l r-
'
Lui nl pJ ; i lorm,rn p. hi \ at pr , r p. . b. i or , i i r ut ui r r on. r r _i r . , u . t , aut d. hnr .
,?igl'l ctc.):
TresDtusscrs. no4,.f tlicY ,.. shall he p..secuicd
tlr'h;lcrr :-o\ anrl s{r. sh will not lisicn to rou.
Jr llte roxstructii sDcriale. 130
-S l3t
,) Dupo o"n', ,i,ra;c,'r. '.,h',1o D€ oitc uneori ipsi: S
I ani Eohs io lrtrr urc camera. ndteret hi .a:t
|t'hale;;r iit .eo-";rs,his &nduct wrs n )sl unsrtisfictu.l
ii ,\diectirul relativ tlrl'r'.r. prrs duri un Pronumesau un adjceti S Il32
ro -
n " 1 ' o ,,.; n " ,1 a ,i ,, r" rr o o ri 1 -l p .rrl ..,b .o l u l i ' ,r' ...' l '
rl n l l
,,odcit de neinsemnAt"cte.:
TnFrp. /.a. ^ "1.,,- o-ol',r 'i i
t.thp.,J .." \r,. ' l : . r' o b'-r d ' i o r L m .ir" inlrrr Lp-dl
e, ',p../ "r'd "i
l,ltoNu]f ti',ti (oriDL-{TITII s 11r|
1) Forrui. C.,n-qtruc,tiile onnneEti: S 113{

at"la isau celt ftre. at)rtl (san cn) tn. se trarluc ir linlbs e glczn prnrr l1c
(masc.),src trlLa lent.). th( ane (sau l,dr) on;cll (rreutru)
'vi, t n p t h a r . t r tdr,tt,r.. dr,rtf..r,.j.f I r ',n'.',r,,
),1 n o d n Jr r r" r J\ l ' r J l r r ' i ' r ' ro '_ ' n
Yor lca\'r zs strnrdrd rrl, cnr b t.iLslcd lot lo l.i yo down
He .4 irtn' a' , ^1 i r' i' " rL
I r v, ^ . / . , ; , l . ct , r j . n 'r'' 'l'll"
'r ' Jr " ' l
Tolr larecl js tlv aut l.r'ntutt dti.I iJ on lhc lrble
(\'czi si 5 s;9 r
2) Pcrsoaa a 3-a Dlural. Piuralut ccatorcorslruclii n linba

uth userglezl S 11:'6
actuain nu este reJ (desuel).ci rltrs. tvir. uncori sir.h Lvha. \: cel
'vl,o
?'l@sedlo liEhi lor tlie }innin$ ol nnolerr l\rapon tPsls ha . \ron tr.oad Popular
-- .l,.r.nlv r n h a f c l i n o l r n i e . \ r o r k ca n t i l l i a | o u l i t
TlLc IIN;un rosscs.s leF old mstos. |nt su.i ds tlqt arc ratrk among urf Dest
3) ,\corilul prort nelor corelatire. - Ca 5(i l1 linba romeni cele doun S llSli
nronLm' ^ r,l J l r\i nu .. " o rJ - r' l rp I dF i rr, 'ap8 ' a Ir' r\a ' l - l o ro l n g
i i n u n ' rrL l .," /u l In " i tr,i d , .rn ' rT , d trrr .rr 1 ," " rr" o i l J ' l J i rre ' ' i n l tn -
pozii,irdin care aro parte lierare:
I/c d, addressed rs was our lea.ho.
I *ant to s-"e nt,z orrs. \ro.k is bfst.
\Ie oDenl€d t ]s kho \ad ahrnvs beetr our friend.
I shnll Eivc it b hnt ih.nl Yoi raiscd.
:l.tt th's; loha(n)l lou s0ni g..cting cads l. \'cre dwaX
i\rezi ii s s.trl
tceste conslruclii sint intr€birin-tate n stilul iormal.
218
$ 1137 4) Pronumelo corela ye Si stilul coloeyial. prorunele corelative xu

slnt. ntrebuinfate in stilul colocvial. Aici pronumete personal este nlocuit tn
genere prin substantivul corespunzitorl
The inaL s'h. addrcscd os Nrs our teachcr.
I $.ant io see *e salttEnt ahase qork is best.
\\",' p,bl"o
'.rl .l|ats b",n our tr'nd,
| .'.lll gir i, t,,,he.tu,)"at vo . ' , ) " i , r d .
"hotnt
\t tl.. r..,J . i i o Jo r r . A , . r i r , . ' . . , . d 5 " L . .p J$ i r .
s rr38 T,RONUUNLN REL,TTIV II_I)EPXNDDNT

( NE I IDITDNDENI RII,ATIID }NO]Y OI]\I
S lleg Llneod aniFcFdentrn Fnrumeirri relativ nu esra exprimat, pronumele

d , p i r d o tt,l i n J F p F n d .n r:
'pldli\
Il:,- i . n . F . . r b \ . , r t , . , p r . I . o , F . l r d Js
wt., | " sh o \ o - 1 . \ , . J d , : , . , \ . r sr f . 6 -
Lou may wrile 1a et.an l: ro him (sau herl irloml lou like.
$ 1140 Altcori anteccdentul este cuprins chiar in pronumele relativ (cazul iur
wlal ii al pronunelor relative compusel:)
I doD't kno\L on01 i tt\aL i, ch) tLc Fanrs.
Ilthoer.r t, h. Nhol is l,on.si. tirJs lis detjts.
s 1141 vrl. PliONrJrrEr,E I _{DJECTIYU|T ETIONn'T

(IIIE INDIITINITE ANJI'TIIIE ]|XD fII,ONOUN)
S ll42 1) Iclinitie. - PrcnrtrLtk n.hotiirit li]lc toeui unei denumiri cle tiintn
s0u ,l a u , ru l r , i rp .- rF tF ri n r,o .l ra g . n e p rp " i r.
.. .,4djeLtioul nchotirit dFL n caracter ragr nodefinit substantivului pe care
1l determinn.
S 1143 2) Pronume ;i adiectiy. ,, trIdioritated Dronumelor rchotarle Dot ti
i A d i " , i \" . {\./i e \p n 1 p t" tei " r,;p i i j " t. l ro n u r,.t. r..p ." ri r.1
$ 1144 3) PriDcipalelc ronume,si adjcctiyenehotirite sinr,:
( d) . . f r l R i nJ . r ui . . i us r F ( 1r . . anum j t r t , l { . dj . j r \ - ?i s i
S 82l l
c af o" ( : : l r e. ar P)
T hp . hi dr , n 11" . " - i \ , n l $o appt p. d. / , . . r r on. l
[ o. t L or - o t p r . - ; " . u, t - dt 1; - oi |h. p" o, t , , - . t \ d- . ,
" n, . r "
erery3 [: fiecare. to,ti ("dj.)l
tufy
J ' y \.rking
\ or l i ng man
m . r n us € pe, \ o. r t l br dr y .
l Le bt pnds?r ef , e' r ' y hp l ds on ok s .
ell (: tot, ioat', totul, toli, toate)
I had seen l dil belore. P.on.sA.)
,1ll thc sl,udenis ere hdc. (-{dj. pl.)
onoa
O n € ca:o nunr
o t Jlunulr
$ n l s nuna, o; cineva, se) ( tg.)
P r i sl t . {Prin )
oaP ddy hc \ill g e 1 h s d F g r r . . ( A Jj . )
r Vez i I l 1?. 1120.

: Vez i ssii {S 811,1152.
I t r , . 9 p" " num aiad. " . , i v r \ p?i
r . 5 h2r , t t i : . or onr ' " t F . or " . l , r nr i t or t i i nd:
_.
\ : / r , i l d2r , 9i i , 94i , r 005 - r c 09, l l 64 I |: i , .
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 2t9
anothd l: (un) alt, altul, alt{, alta;mai ..tncnun(ul)l

O n . ild r ' ' dv d, or ot l ' snr l" d ( Pr on )
\ Vol vo, , l' a\ " d@' i. - dnd{ " ' ldlr
other (: alt, altI, al-ti, alte) (sg. ti pl.)
the othor (: celalalt,cealalld,ceilalli, celelalte) sg. ;i pl.)
o/ p' arc rm{, rr dr. nor n" , --. " r\ (\ dj )
D o n t dk " ll' : . p . , h \ d nu , , / rp" . / . on.
Ther came in o;e alter 7n" o,i4 iPron )
He iech,red on Milton lna olfu. day. {Adj.l
ot lers ' ( : allii, alt elpl (pron. ) (pl )
r b c o t b o r s r ( = ' " ilalLr, , pl" lalleJ (pron. i rpl. l
We harer't lisl.cncd n to l.he conccrt, bul orr4r5 ha .
Someol them $'.re late. n l tlE odere ].adcome n good iime
cither, (: oricare din {loi sau doun; amindoi, amindoui)
"\Vl,ich
I had a oi theontso
ohild do side
d,Ael you oI
nani?" "t,,nc.
n'e lAdj ) \rill do" (Pron)
ncither [: nici un, nici unul. nici o, nici una (din doi sau doun)]
Tti. L'oth Aot up. btrt neid.r ol thent slolte. il'ron i
rlet;.. siofi' api'cared h prlrt i-\dj.)
both (: arnindoi, amtndoLrn)
.BoA arc awar. lPron.l
B o r n c hildf t n { e r e al s c h o o l (^dj. )
it 3 { n e i r a d u s ) (impers onal) (pf on. ):

1, is Uonday, .
rr las go ," sri
vc (- n o i ) ( i n p e r s o n a l ) (pron. ):
I1', can't $'ork ii d'e ar tired i\jorbntd in g.nQaL)
y oua (: pers . a 2' a) ( i n p e r s o n a l ) ( p r o n . )
l-o4 iccl Jour dal has nol bfen \taslql $hcn lDz have dore a goo.l day's worL
t hey a ( : se) (inrpersonal) (pron )

?n€y sai' lie is a succ€slnl ariisi.
sevel:ll (: r,itiya. citeva, mei nulfi. nrai nulte)
lhere Nerc r.t.rai ol l.licin iProtr)
"sed.dl d.n 0rme in. (-\dj.)
mrrrh { D r o . s i ddi, (t ari $C90 601l
mrrrr (pr^n.:i rd.i .l (\'",i $6t0 691/
( { , l i rl l e (pr"n i i adj ., rf"7i $ 676,
(a) (t,rof. qi (\ez i 637)
\ou.rll c w ,a\a r i . r p . turi r . fSu i ' i . LnL u pl p . r ,5r s . i { i t "
adi .) i l ov a.
partc , v reur. v reo. un (o)... oarec atel
, ,D. saY slie is cler .. 11'ron.l
Il. took me s,n, tnne to get l.hc.c. (-\dj.)
lathrs, the othns nu sini derit p.onnme.

-\djeotivclccorcspunzltoare int o,n€. j
I Vezi fi S srt.
.
2 08/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
onyt [: oricare, orice; cevar vreunj rrreunul, vreoj .t'reuna,vr€uniij vre-

unele; (cu o negalie) ninic, nimeni, nici unul etc.l
I havc no money on m""r havc rou eoi onu ? lPron.)
Il she had aze"iea, rhe wolld sir; nie ionl. (^dj.)
ro'l (: n;ci un, nici o) (edi).
Th€rewere zo ltoNersh th-a arden.
norct (: nioi unul, nici una) (deioc)
Pnticncc re hril lo. Bl,aL hc didn'l lilic. (-\d j .l
'one ljlror l
r\:,r, ol thcnr spohe.
sodebodr4 (
s o rx e o re l 1 (: ' rn .\-J ) (fro n .)
Tt,oe is yn@n€ al. r.he gate.
, b,rr.d, rafg t|c b.11.
somethinga (: ceva) {pron.)
Sondrit€ was Frong thcre.
al l r rodl f
, ', j on"i i "\ i r ': {'u o l j ari F 'i "rF'l (p'on )
i ': ''i
D aaubod lsit\ anx.ne ) corne?
Anlladi Ban coittd ha . don. it.
I don'l riirnf ra ",see
t"*,1arwnti
lsan anubod )
any t hi ngs :
'd I ou say re1'a
a, 37r,ori
; nscre: (c Lro nos al i c )ni mnr (pron. )
Anrtjtlnp \s bel,lpr 1lun ill |.alih.
I ..,d d ,i ' i s c c a rrrrn rs h tl e d a rl .
u ,' h o rl tc I
o o ||e c I (: n 1 n ].r ) {trri n .l
;\'dl,ol stoke 1or a l)ng l,ime.
rlo ,nc osFerpd Ure door rvhen I rnng.
n o tl ri n g 6 (: n i rn i c ) (p ro n .)
iV,Di,4 mal,|c6 non iliat s|f l{s gore.
c re rrl ,o i l rT I
(: l rP td l e to ti l (p ro rr' )
e ' e .j o n c i i
T|e lcrturc. spohe lo a,c. r,ly dter th4 lectnrc.
n€.?rrr. Fas Lhere.
e v e rj th i rg T (: to t) (p ro n .)
I ha e told Jou cc,/rni,z6,.
(pentru doari obiecte)3

\YIj.h do lon pteterT N.ith$ I: rici imut)
tnlur (: ori.are) will do.
I
\ : e zi ti 213/609
r/, $ 811, 1187-1r96. 38-2 43.
PRONIJUJ E FI 1
(pentru t di nult de dodiL obiccrei

whiohor hen) oyou .erer?
r{;?: {l_;ij::"iill,ii, ."
1145
4) ,Leoralul ronumclor i al ndieetiTelor ehotdrite u alte I,Ionunle i S
cu
'- verbul.
p."""*"fu" nehotirite u nieics e \ingrlflr " "olc(purrd ormolF S rlali
hi ' . h; n. i h; ns , t f , . r u . , 4 . / Pr . h t s ' i has t [ da : ' 'e r - f p'ILr
i l Frr/
d n ripF'rrr'
s oa- ? 'e'
117'
s.i l apl f dd. d. p r'r"ru lclLrrruri lr liin ol ; " or '"\
'"'r '
'
Ver:bui rbspectiv esLe la siflg ar :
.,,,,,,',.';:,'"i':ii,,,:;"ilT''i,i,',L.,;ll;'i1,1'"";';""''':"il,
o ;-
" - s, l , p F . l:n,1l rr.1 h;. iPmi v r"ao1
" "
l i l H : # " ' , , " r : ' , : : ' i", b
, ,; g :| , ] r " " i'."", ',',J,'nI " ,o r
ng1/ i d- r : ' t a
,t i; r
":r, k ''ma / ^' '' ''r'
ohai.
- in trr eon.s. lllerul
:, ,",j , , 1. . . . t t , ,- : r , , . . .-m' t i l t c r . . ol ll'"
r""r, ut " er, ,t "t '
,:F, "', l:,:l., ' ""d,,rr::,i:.,'1{
[ill.:,:,;:lJ , "b e . r o r ' ' . i , , r ' - b "o \ i r r " t / il n
"'"".,:""1;:"
'l1l'l:'
i i ". , i i ""r i : .
Obseroaltt
11'17
.z Sc oluisnuiesle a sc rxtr€buir,ie?-eL':' his hitn -si 'ilzsef chiar atunti S
rrrn
c i r , d r u n r , , - t " ',h o a r r c r - t ^ ' i | | . "1 " i r i , n n l r I ' h ^ 4 n ' L l p . p ( m a e '
s i l 1 o , r . o b n ^ d e ' p t i - r n i n ' n f ' 7 i "r "r r r l " - 'i' I p u n ' u l l d / l '
' s0u d 1148
a't cina pronunelenehotirit inlocui' r ' "u\'tdntiee d e grn-hminin
nr,l .Lr ur ppt nndl' po Psr\ar FU rllprrv.'.orFs
rr .""r
- l r ' r . | ' " "\ ' 1 , o l Fl ' lr,. d - t d- 1t "' , 1 l r t r ' t b I t i ( ' ) l'
" J i o , , "t , - r , /'
;; t . , r p ' , r "h , r ' r , . " "u i n 1 , r - . , 1 " p l , r r a 1 3 I l n u o n p t " i r "/ . q r; rp' ,l $ l l l r
. . t t . n ' ". . ' * a r i \ F i i p o ' u r ' " ' o r "' p r | r r ; ' o r c t p r b u l l r r n 0
'l'.r 'Jj*
la p l u r a l :
rr'r ' h. t b d _f ||r p u '-o 1
'.i I
At l of bov )
t r" t " Pt " r oo. r orr'r'
'J 'r'"
s"-';i . or 't ..a
C nx l c el el at t epr onum € nehoi nr i t e ( €* / r D odr , t r i l J ot l P' dnl bol l J . unt t unr ' S111' 0
n. t , . . t , . m onet i""t". l f l . r dl . dF . i . " 'c.om"ndi . a pr unum F r e ppr c o-
"d pu-prr sircrlar. sc"'lea sinl l ol u: r ad" c or r
nal e. n" r - . i ' a. i
i"i;li'l"i"i" I f l " i i ,lo" d"
lo.nia d rlr
pii.ol. Yerbulpistrlndu-senln la Finsular:
";
l'll'il,i'-+iiii'ili, it,,'"
':"":*i,i*il,i,1,lr',.;1;
d, onrotre n /hr. $ ies gof g In $orlr
d D o o n r rb 'b' l o l - P ''
.ioliu'l 's
'd '/l
1151
dl Adicetivelc nehotdrito au pronumcle personal. posesir'5 au reflcxiv $
corespunznior acordat cu sub"'tantivul pe ltngd c8r c stau:
tea, mon is oblil.d to do /,is dtriv to ntnef
f ; f t "" sdorr
i ' l 'o h| | . \iin- , ?/ /' ' o n. .p' \'rrnt-4 rr/o/ a 1r' r'r '/ o I n d p u D r ' '
-Lprtl, '
I rPo itl':/ r' r5l lo' r'1l n4r_'onand bi' "l

' Lni-te r.fioi,nd 'al
l". Jlll d rol r p ' r\
''
:h. , h s o. h'i 1r. l r b" J ha'1 1"..
. nr c u r dt . c r , ( f t e o; r i r E.
3c u s l orm f nl i unl L. i S rli0
' I el i i a c tposcsrlc.
I Si adj€clivele
6
Si adjcctirul loses'v.
pRoNUr{ $I ADJIIC'I NllllotARlTE

IIVEBY
s 1152 IIACH
i, DJECTIV ]EIIOTTRIT)
{pROrrjME rr -{nJncrrv nEtloriRlr)
f i" d r F '
6 1153 lt ln t e lo o . \ ; r d "/ '. 1 'i "J ' 4 ; ^q p a n" in lim b r r o m in d
" o n L r a D t ad c d e o sP b ir e n s; :
"o- ""; ; ; . ; ; "i. ' . i" ' p" ial r . . t ip- r - uni' ' e " par t ' dir r ' "n gr up: .
î c respe'tit' ci 'Ll'ituind'unt'oi' r;r; exocJrlre"'
"r"ir'i" ""i""4 'ite a"'g"'"""rit"r" Do 3cle. \p.si ildll',:1"-:."1:
raducpte o a'l lr
nrite ori fn ronnneite prii lol: t)'rltt ta1t tool' Ateeu-\L
"""";i';;;;;"i*;a"iii.ii.
-"i respir,tive: e"rvDodv lcr-'r .nrc) tn.\t lo3.ta-l -J/:iU-
F,,cn ce-
"t";i,i"r"
iitiii:t iirra"t,u;: p€sle or, pl.rurin'lenir'R arcorLrp sr
i;"".p"""
Iaqi inleles':
$ruai.ft]"yri /-;]''".1r1",""
,,",,. li*rxiil#i,llir,".i":]
l' 1,'a o;"
? ' iLl\,' 1:;" ' f' ' i ,:' ,,. ,,. ,
tctp.Jl
"'r i " r" "-" d.' ;r-d' , r' '
;:i;"1ir"il".Fiirixil
F* lru;r;;rl'll ""1"1N":
.."..",",.
l;*;l#'ii"ln:':tl:: fi?i'*lli',.:l iff'x'l?#"'l"liii;'"#iiiiil:ii':j
ol
t\ t1"m
l: ,,uthp,. Ld I lillp | "s "
1 1 ,i 'u''1,\,ri arled pin'i
t l : , i L t : " , J. , : "
Pd'n--tL €'"rv
{ ll55 2) intrebuiniarc. - Pronuntle ri adjertil?j" n-elotbril'e qau rucrurr' rpre
" lrltrebuinlatei pentru un numrr mai m{rF dP doun frrnle
sint
d e o . "L : ' "d a ; . / r n ". tl'hp')t- li tol^'ir 'i \n' zul 0dn'dobia c:
l .T .",;,i',, ";';"rtl :,,,ij;,*

iF;,j,y :,,
l'l:''"i' l;;'':-*'
l'"i,:1,1i,'"1
1i;,1i:il:l :'l :: "i'ir'.-
de un numeral
S lltd 31 'Drer1". Alte irrtrebuin,tiri' -L-tel]/poate fi urntat'
, o u b m i ' l s "u ' l p I l j o r i r 1 r ' r l
-rrlln,l
i :["
"l",:ffi
il'j'i;":'.?T'XF;',". '"'* r
'rhe srar.c ior. Fcei{cs..shr-n1 ties',?r,,ii[1 ilJi ,* I
lMagazinul de stal ldmclt' tr
eN olto dnr hti lrnohed ai thc ornl'cn
"iHilf
(O aitii ta Oo.i zjle tra l'lnzul la oanlua )
cind sint subiecte sau Iac psrLe
s 1157 4) Aoordul ou verbr '- -r-ach Ei et'rl,
" din subiecl. au verbul la "(ingular:
/..a,l o 1r ' d \ i'l l on n r i'
' 'r ' a b r r n"L
lr 'r '
t l, , r '\ L r d "J "n '
"t t t "
o 'u f - a , a tl
{1158 5 ) L o ct cu r in t u lu i "ca ch " iu lr t 'l'o zif ic - L u cu lp e - 'a r cil
" "-" i ' n i " o - i i i - . " p i r r o eJr "n, . l n " im il p r l " 1e Dc ' ; : : ' ' , " 'plrlo- ln1u, pm"
i " L i , i *i ' i , ; ' a i . ; . i r ' , ' i ' ," - - f - i ' " a u 1 . l ' 4 ' i " t ' u b d n r i \ u l
. r ' r e , l j * i v ' r l p o "' i t r e s l "' r r t ' ' ' i l ; l d ' n r L r r :
The bo"vs 'ant to have cotl nis own }all
, f . ? i ; r d m p lll S ll, si S lt S r '

r sp n s A r a m ; t ica l: iin t . n i t lu r r , f l
2'3
8/12/2019 NEEOTARiI
PRONUMELE FI ADJ'CTIVO
.:, l3';:
:;:ili"T;Jt fl,{i5i;:Jliirii"d;illYtlli
\^',,,,,'i^ , '|h"i l
r' r/r"i" o\,' ounl.,,j
$ f1b9
IT,L
rtrrloa;\tslr)
(PRo\rDr'l l'\DrEcrIv
*.*""' me'ilionatees116
'si
ll$*1*
l;li'; "';;x;',;: ;": ';j"'
tn""
"lrn"t"'U
-:
i'n**I li se 'raducc
rin
'inirel"' "inireaqi"- 'lntr'qr"'
"tot" ".oainirave
.,lt"' :"ll,il'1i,"*,i,j1'i\,i,il,''lilil
sjngular rmt't de arLicolul
l;:J;" t*"* ** *eorj re'latd i prin &ll1r
hot;rii
#l :l:,.lriii"*)i",,1'ilil':': Ji'I, ,,"':;,"'ori ". ""
t,ourtriunile arlrerbi'rle all day' all ;;::,' "p,.a
l ' ; ^l "T I i ' ; "' '1"' ' t "" * ' | d1lo-i t rF'
l i'l;" * ""
.",?;\'l ",*,il*;- *ln*ti,; ,;li;,il',li'"1
;li'1, ' i: ;;"'-;'e rpr*rr'''r"'r o l''''''
Iil;.,i'r"::lifii"i)',",i
,;i . , , , p . , p n.c pch'.J o n r F r NL l
i; r f l : 1 " i ," ,
l'li;
u\in,ero,,,^mpu.-,,
l:1,:ii:i;ll,l$.:,l,l,i:';i";.''J';'i:'""[15':r:"'i]'l
;ri;i'Gre,";l,1ii;i1ii'1"1
;:jI;iI,,,i",
iLril,,,i{"#ttjiii-i;is,**u s1
idio'atrcnei
3) forme i eo''strnctii all-embracing,u_nerciful' llpolfrlnl'
ff,Ej:;;":'"::''::,:, ," ,"' ,h soFp. rr n" h'rppi
",,.":l', l':'' ", ",,
tL
"rt'r\{1"'1fl'"i,eh, h" .,\-ot nl,, no,d, ar,. orar' knou:
ll-,n"j,,1',,i'.1,j'",,.
".r.fllf,)"",."",1i""11#.
",,..," i' gi't
{i'l;*,,i'1""*:x")i n " î-
2J
atii anirnalc' cil' ti inanimalo' (Vezi S
**" *"r-""t' 216/609
224
$ 1103 4) Furctii. - Pe lingx valoareade pronume sau adjectir: nehorao

.L vr n l u l ,// a " e ;i ta l o a r . d " su l b r d n ti v ,r u r l " a d r e r b :
, .,1ll )ou l,are to do lor ihc nroment s to 1'atch th." nork of {.hequatiiied turne.s.
Hcf \o r k i s n o t d l i b a d . { .r d .]
$ 1161 ONII
lPrio\.'urltr r rDrncrrv tr_Drrorln11)
S 1165 l) Formn lri irtrelr i[tare. Cuvn]tut ,nr csLeprorume sau adi€crir'
nehotdriL i areo singlri fornn - c|e de singular indiferentde gen,numar
1/ li'",p\'_ ri^ ni , ' ' oll".LJ ,. r ol l :

,19.". ""' ' .
/ ur P- nevP. kno\ r
Sh-" was so shy and qllianass.d, ore.oulljn,t het icclilg sofur rrr hef.
_ aldr
nelt tPronumele si adjfctn.ul
t t n c ar aet erde nlt m in e-tcnplele tu)1i(I))siLt pronutne i ddjecri,
. r dl; n e\ em plul d, " ] a r unir r r l t c l nr onum el
p s r n. l, ut ar i, . t r ; , . , p. t . onat , . , r , , n t i . , l. r t r r r . " , , : ; , " n r . li_b. , : p, m anr ;
cinen, se iri linba iomAnd)1.
S 1166 d,): un oar ec ar e nc c unos c ut ) :
I lf int r oduc edc l. ,a. Prot.Rced. lr on
S f I 07 2J Tnf ele\ . r-lrp ( r m per " o' , il) es t e iul, r ebuinlat apr oane r t ot deauna
n. m a' , r , J ; nr . 1" . . o. . t , - r r . qer , - r , r . J r ' on, . r i" :
" r ' r n, " pr n. , p"
Onr should ahlal"s go nr falk n alllr dirner.
$ 1168 Cu c ji in,telelrrl der;re riai restrins, penlru redarea idcii imoersonat€

s int t , +f pr dr e_ilt c nr m cs i pr on, , m e €ho[ t ir p: t . peiple, hc u,
,u . , u/ i i , Fl n, pi in , , o par . . i:
' " n la p
/'.l,,d"' \ i,' :,",,,.i:n ir t-. ol Li c" r
.r, a, , . 1. r . I' p+. . ,. n" t ,
U.z ilir'I l ' . i s -rI {Ftrins ",,r,t:
I'eapb belie\a lrin 1o be a sf.ati artist
7/ , P \ al sl P q d good \ A'r
TI_ m ur J $ nr o. dr at . d r" , \ ' |
'r. '\'.6
I t e i s. sdt d t o l c a m an l or aU $eat he$'
s 1169 .
/ir, i r npnr . nnar r p. p t rtir i tr"LLi', H ir t r r b r , n. : t pza. Fol o. i r r r
ih-"^,-. r',. ui lrun,'m,.r.ro .rJnr.ti,,,q'".,r1,.le.til
s 11?0 J) ,tcordul cu alte prorlume.
$ 1r7l a) Une (pronune nehotirit .,u l.aloare de numerat) estc intoLdeauna
ol ddl /,. s/,..- i ri.l Inr'.t-,o-. ht \ . h; n. hi n, . t l . t, I
' "ll nr r r zd. dr p
h.r\Ptl. lt, 1/\. tt*q I
i 1al.."bo J' ,
- a,..1 1...1,.1r., r.,,,,| ."t Jt n n""".,t /,,
girl t- roe' l io
i . nd hc 1\.,t-r f ol u r " ar ' 1.
{ 11?9 ,J ,ne (proDune i,npersonal) are fornr de geniriv ,n€'s plonumele
rcllcxi
-_ . corespunzitor onrsrf: ;i
'[o looL ait.r o,c'.f is ,ri.s dutl.
l Pronrme Drscdin id nominatiy.
3 Pronnme l€minin in acuzatir.
a Pfonnmc mneNonnl ,r nominal.iv.
5 l - czi si { 1 ti l .
6 q l r n .l p ' .o l d .Ju n dL a i d l L i
t" n " ,i t . n ,g r
' : rn om pe f.1re F
FEONI]i{DE 9I ADJEC1NUL NEIIOTARII
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 2P,
Notd
pl
, . Orp imppr(onall sr" si uncoria.orda. mdi alcq n vFrsiunea mFrjcanE
ru hp hts him \i hin^41. .tat s'paoru ^nstructie nu esrc
:^l'::ll."l,c]:'")
A se compara:
oa ot r i " wof&'rs.Irided;n"41o. hisa.ti"\"n"nL. lpron. . numerdt, $ 1173
sd n t n d r o a cu r"r'tirih sd t c. ,
uz e r w a vs p d"s otrs"ry.on o u a " h i . g " m n , s. {Dr^n. i m o " r so n d t ,
n , n d . dF ". d - i . . - t r i t . n o a s, . p . l
4),Futrctii,.- Oze poate fi:
s 117
Ue coutrred rom on? 10 Urree.
Oa lJ I JT P $t b u r n in g .
', "
D, adjectiv nehotdrit cu caracter ale numerat:
One 'nto night he wenr io ihc st rting-rink.
c/ pronume nehotdrit cu 1.aloare de mrmeral:
Ozd of them slot e.
d) Pronume nehoLirit, impersonal:
ona shonld play rair.
P) pronume demonstratir:
Shc hnd a gr€en tain ottranl.er anil a s.cv one.
Lan yo sec .hosewomcn? Thc on, jtr bticdjs in mo .ning.
H. $rote a hrndred and fleren $irh thr.c oids.
5) Conshuctii
orPdiomatioc:
ond oll ru , , i i t J- l . \ . d r . t i l s 1176
.wtya'P .n.l .p lo,r.
t lat ait ( - l r " r , l t m , n r : v- . t "
SOME. ,lNI. NO. NONN

{ pno\untr tir -{DrEcr yD xEE0r,iri 1rE)
$ 11?6
_ Same,ang .i nan. tt'r ii atit pfonumc, cit 9i ad.iecrive. {o €ste numai € ltZT
a 4 j p . r i v l o a r p i n r i ' , \ d r i - b i t a . n o i r , r "n r J p p "i * - - . "'
, bn. ot rE wcrc aDsclt_ tDron ", , "0 i . e . "": "; - , ; ; ,
Hc madc son. mistakes n h:s w;.k. tadi.)
I r d \ ""y , I Jo u r d r . , r ". . ( p "o r
H \ t o . r n , J , . h it d r a Ltt.
I travc ,o lricrds ti.re. tidi.l
i:,,, ot ihen carc rtr( me: iDhn.l
Au', thf.e Ft6 zoze. ladi.t -
SO}IE s r178
1) ples a[inld.ti() qi n ticttu. ad:,ce pune
_Inteles. . So,7? ar. lnt accentul { 11?9
.I n
, Fr a
. r.\i.r r. cn
: r sF i lrur dn.uur, pnoLrnir. .'r. r t {irf -Jr
. t d n s) sd u i u n "i , dn r t I I r F . i, r o p d in r r . u n
. . it n t a . . . u n ii- r . , L , n _ F . . , . . n i. t p - . . . p u r in t d J- .
. . p \ o - . p d r r p * . jn 8 . . : l . , n . , a r t s: n r '. L u ; ^1 3 r u n , , i . . . su b t d 'lt ivi t a n t u r a l.
m e , 'r ii Jd p . r . o L ip n ', : . t r n r r r a se p o d r p a , . "; u o p . . i"j. i
1 u,Dlli"': . , 1 .
sr a lr \ e t D st r a ct c. "u
1 .tY- Foqle\ on. cit,.
, Seusg?anatical: attt aninlate, clt
ti inanimalc.
228
s 1180 2l lntrol,uinFre - - i o m P. F' F lntrcbuinldt:

{ usr p*pl';l'lr:
i" j;jfi';n'".
'J ," dFsk:\,um,rp s,r,m,
ii.^J:fi:i"Jl 'tTfl' Tili'''"'' '"',"",
ili;";i:#i "" *''
"itt;1".il:91'i1;*'
Dd_ i, te rog' din h'lnza aceca
s 1182 i,'l"t"H?:1X-ilfJ"i:::fi111'ilr-, '''"' au
in obiectur
"*''biecter€en-
iionate: cttoiarres'
''""-#";"t r:eT#Ht*ed?f
E?l ttidl""'I:
ci numai pentru obiect):
Se spune nsd (lfun intcrespentru cantitat'e'
HJ\' tou got oi r'e re"o nm"nd'd di'liolarip\:
rr:
i;: ';, ,r'.ii"",i d'n ""r rqoma
' r Y
se lace o
urt ucru sause adreseaze rugiminte ori
,'/ tn cares€otere
sug€stie:
sliru I heh Jou to rone cale? {olertli)
Pl'Jl,Sl'
a,$*in'"'
ri:,'i';l;;;,
iii"' ;";1
ru
'il Siij'1,#'T0,1".,
n'"/" m"'":l
',n','
tD 'rmo"r'
b- ) in car" jnrFrofdlia nrr s' rpl'r" la c'''":
r ' a v es 4 P " " d :
lirl 'o'r ' r \ldr) o l' m"
, i n p r o p o T i r r r l " n ' c a r r ' \i cgari inleroealile In '6rP '" 'l 'firie
" l"*
S l83 ; nunil..ltui uu a '
, " ' , " " ./
'--' ' no
rirr{ii {'r ' i i ) a o b i o ' L u l u i :
I n"' , eLa,, s'
\JJi u ;, il :'.\i :"1,q
lro_arx ,".
* ji; l,T';'i]",''
"'l ' - ' ' . ' .
l\r.ioolla "" " ' " "
nu iniereseazd' i numar
Dar se spu'c (ctnd nurt[ru] sau cantitatea
oliectul):
' I nerer bur dnr lio$e$
lNu cumli1i nioioda1e lorr')
A se compara:
i;'i; ;"i;' ;i*.";i,r ?:''JI;";l"'

:l'l' l'l'"",'':: ;"'e14'*
olJ.u sPra rrabo'ilil I \roun rrno)rl
I $L' \' u s' | | m"-v Jor' ni Pirl:
\i l" rr'_ri 'r ''"o lr' Dlr '
'l^_r-'b aprorirr"n:
s l18{ , i flverbi"l in"inrea un'ri ur'rdr' oDn'ru a ararr \trnd
i h . : ; r - { n ( n s r " st a d i n i r B n c l L a ' e s t c a n s ' n " 0 n o o I ' e o p l e l u c s o n P ' 0 0 n 0
t'* xo 000 n licioat
"i3lxut""', ,,* ,t,,r'st" dir Bu0urcll'iale s0 00ir'le loruri' I)lrs "'o
I'r" :l
( ll8:t : l ) P rponnruunsl ri e; l : r ' i r r ' L r l , ' o " ' "rF o l o ' ml ' a rb" ' ianal cr rl F
l uuslj i d' p
bJu nii u "l"
,'."" shtr" rari' ' ; ' " - 1 " pr1rn
':;r;'" i af'
narte:Iormlsl ba'"drnr||'' "'Ll" 'F\'ar"nior^"
""1
iel". .,DU ini",,'P'Ltin€":
{m e .rml s:tl' rnl " ' I
(otr l"/m oi i Inr" frJ'
l" *'; ..r p o J nrmb I l'rr si ' u ' ns lar' ir diridual

'
", 219/609
8/12/2019
PEONUMEIE SI ADJECTNUL NEITOTARIT
Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 227
I $31 se .s d n r t a lp te o { .. r p v a . 4 i.t. .
s r p b o ig l' roF,p J$T- pau , | _ ln i.tp ,
' r .tie ,
4) Funotii..- In alari de pro umc $i artjectiv sau numeral)1 ehotnrit,
som€ stesi adverb S 1{84). S 118
A.ITI s 118
n., .clt, nlo.t"ln..
sr e sl p
ehAn?
o a(:,i tq
r.rcun. reol. ,,^ ,""l """i ,i l y"j i ;;f,;i [,'"i l :",?
i .c,",""o $ 118
;i ;
:1i;:,'"i til:*,it,:l :;1,i,,'*Jj:1,*.pominFd-ca
"d;.;";';;; i;,
2r In re b u i o l a rc . rJ F s ta In tre b u i n l a ,.
a / l n p ' o p o z 4 i i l " d fi rn a ri rF r- o ri c rre . o ri " " l : s 118
$ 1190
n he rons
frl,*:l,lil,i,j*,lxi*;JJl"ifil"*'Ji""
.,lny man could do this.
(Otice btthaL ar lut€a tace nceasl.a.)
," "i1""t "i:'lh*rl'::fill;,:""i:,"*"ive (dupnnesari€) uaccentur

$ 1191
aDv ews? l nre'osatirr rc'ends.
Nesariv)
AT",; i,f" &". Xf;.,g;j,,T,
,, in propoziriile porerice:
T t I hr d d, 9 t - - on. | . ' r u d ai v p \ , u . , . r . $ 1192
r ' ac J ns a\ ea l anni . i i a. , 11
ixq :':id.fiy'" i i,i "li:,t :r:::":.1
, i,0"1 ;;J."r.i:'.
"
dJ ca adverb:
pentru
,,r."".lllrf" ?f':JL"#ii"JJi,1'lil;gli'.r,liiie' imp)aunv ss 119rr93
lli,T:iiFilfl,'*""'"' ': ' j:,",",;J,:.:;;,. l"Jj"j;,
" ";i ' I#,,
' 'r ,
t
I\i" :l ,,1li"ry ;" "i;
,li; 1.,"":
d"J + un comparativ,a n, nu so traduce:
$ 1195
f";"','l? 9""{:,*l'#;;,," '1f":ari,"yt,::jj"
d-) + the+ nL comparariv: $ 1196
t:i:X:J"':,1""t;,"ii;ii,""jii,'1i",,",, ' an ,hee,'o
o,-\a\,,
,;.lil,xj:
lt;ijf derocm aibinedupadoc-
i:Ti',
Nt)
(ADJDCTIY Nd{OT.1.R ITJ (ADJIJCTIY $T IXONU}IE
NONI] $ 1197
IYEHOTIRIT)
1) No este:
( = n i " i u n . n i " i o r a ru ' i ,i n .t J " ,e r' l l i n i d n s u h .rs n ri \ s 1198
,,.: ),d d " ," ti r scu 119
etnrldlentul aceslDra.," " .r, , s
1 .." " _ " ,s rri ., r' o , m
r'.'.,s in
-l o ,-k
Cind verbul ro be san ta lmre clc. €ste urrnat de un substanti\..
cuvintul
tntrebuinlat €ste adjoctivLrlno care precedd sutstant;vut. bace'inii
1V€r i qi g 130t .
, V. z i S p. 1 9 5 adj . not a 1
8/12/2019 - FRONUMEI'E Limbii Engleze
MORFOLOOL{
28
ch ''c)'
*j*'i"*(ans'nough'
t*:t',ilii"iqtr*1".'u.9;uti;ll
ti i:i"*irqi' r*,
ad'era n.ut€tLrnci ind
,il".''" , ,,
';:*,,"
s d \ e i)
:r'n.
r : qn,ok .o r ,im no$
) ou n . " J
ilx"jli*"*iil il{:'ituX,'"1";iit""roi,,1ot
a
n
,."int"u omp
ui
cu funclre de
ln genere'no
a r e rroerpc u b s t s ' t i{ L :
u
" , n o , ' " " ' ' , ""-'-"::^ ; l:
- l' ; 'i " ; , . ; lil
;;i ]::."""'""'"': :l;'ii
indPlPrmi
li?t? ," ';;iTff;.i; l';;,:i; l;ii, lil";l "" ""pr €run'i
"'ilii,;:.llrir ;;"'"n?""
' pr siunc
s ii:islili']J i:t;i$:"ll'nl"l;"-'"sru
"on","u'/',.l"il"1ll:h Fr'Ds
i\, ,)i;i;",1."X:=;"".i,"
;1; ""r1, i,.o,T",ra
A'i
*i:iit; ti" t "";;;;''lt l'ir';
**ti$ffi **,i*:t*l*il:****Jl''1n'irc
i1 1 . q ii" . , ; ; . ; 1 ' 1 ..
"'r ,., i n , r u, r . o a n o :
,,,,rncp
(sg i1 "r",","
no otrc : nimcni)
r i . or. ""n'emba-d " " ".i"u
d " . - m i , , i , un alr ad\prb:
li"Ji::: T:"X'"Iil-i".'";'"..*"n
s120b
*i:;;ru:: i ;::^::;;"i:"i"l :':"-
"1:,1:i;:l.l
':{y.li;;, ' ' ili:;;' "'ir' '
,:i,",:,"
+,r1" ',:;':,';'"
;';:ri "'
,1i11 '"
l:41: ";;';; ,,,"",,." l"l' ''i"
s 1206
",",lli'i ",,
rl''olurn'"3lc
;ii1 i : Li;:';,:
''oon,',"0
u', oro'*r;i
;""#';;
::,'r::;l:i" ;;;,i
,' '"b'l,7 "inl "ino''im-
,";; 1;,i
"l]'";';i;:'
lvezi 1.
8/12/2019 NUMER,ALUL
s, 5
231
7201 9 3 1
1 2 0 8 ,3 1
I. NU]INR-{LUI, C,\RDINT\I, 1 1 0 9 23 1
M0 23i
t2t7 t3 1
l a 2 6 233
2 35
:t35
1249 9J 5
12i0 23 5
t2it ,3 5
7252 , 5
1254 ,3 6
t257 ,3 6
7262 237
1 2 6 6 231
\267 237
r1268 23 '
{tti9 2 t,
1279 23 9
12Sl 23 9
7282 il39
r39
239
240
1290 24 1
1291
1292 2L1 24 1
r2 a 241
1296 24\
tt97 212
t3a2 242
24 t
1306 43
7 i t 0 J 2 \t
1t08 i243
1308a 44
1 9 0 e ,t4
1310 2t\4
7t15 44 4
8/12/2019
NUM E NA L UL
(THE NUTIER,{L)
CONSIDEN,{TII GENENALE
l ) l r e t i n i i c . l - N u n e r a l u lc s l pp a r r e ad e o r b i r p , a r p F ) i p r i m a n n u n r d r S l 2 0 Z
a b s r r € . 1 .D J o r p r r n i n a r e u m F r i c 6a o b i F n t p l o r -
"0 u o r d i n c a o b i e . t F l o rp r i n
Fie and leclee
Thjs is the r,r.4d ol the monii.
2) Clasificare, Numeralele se mpad in urmdtoarele catego i: $ lg08
numerale cardinale
numerale ordinale
numerale fraclionare
numerale colective
num€rale lnulriplicarivc
numerale distibutive
numerale advobiale
nurrerale nehotdrite
I. NUUER,\I,TTI, CARI}INAL s 1209

{luD 0aRDINALNI]TNXrIAL)
1) Delini,tie. Numeralul cardinal exprimd un nunir Jntreg alstracr, S tZ10
sau ur numir determinatde obiecte:
,Ttz, and s?'€nkez arel twentFsi\.
'fhel' brought r/';r9 chairs iiid,.e ta),le
2) tr'omrd,. s 1211
d) Unitnlile (Thc Units)l s 1212
rought, ona.1wo, rrcc.lotrr, ire. si\. sclcr. eighr.ninc.
Notd
Numfalul O (zero)estc nrnit noagilr nLJnbi Lurentn forrnata)..zcro- rgIS
ln r::nl" rti/i . . i O r p r ^ rL n l u t l o u l / t a , a t F t o n .h T V ,
-r..t
30:l (thrtc norshl lFo sad th.. linndr.d .rd hrol
g.i a ,o,gir in ler ex.m.
i-qhc
l 1 d . g . e € s a b o ve : . . , , 1 0 d . g r € e s L r e kr r . f r ,
,) Cu exceplia nunorelor ele|en _ i 'vflre, oelelalt€ nu er&te piI,A ta 19 | lgl4
se ormeaz " adnuglndr se terminalir,1..n ]a unitdli, cu unele modif:ciri orro-
grance r roner,lce:
thii.e€n, Iourtccn, iiileen.
sjrtern, se\rnlfor. ejRlt.a,r_ niiaicen
Nurncralele t€rminate in sufixul -rcenstnL accentuate pe anrbele silabc € 1216

cind stau izolate: aight.:en etrl nl. ln propozilie insii si;t accentuate pe -
'S" D n a t pst , u n , . i ; s, n o ^ " , , r i u " 1 r n | , . )

- norh'ns |,mr : u.oi." to 3." a tt;,e ta nou|h a
. ^ d rhttp://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
i, ,,,i,,",i 1" "t-th, "
223/609
9S2
de un sub-
ultima silabi cind se gnseso ingurc 9i pe prima cind sinL urmate
siantil' sau un numeral:
shr is .isrt?.{ [ i ti nl
ii"": i;'l;:i;t.; i;"3:ii'i'' 1",u , ' nraDd r 0,Lin s' ,
'\;r'^r ne^p '} d Iur oatv
$'n t P P " r a n''
' ltt
$lS16 a ) N rtn ,rc |" L " o L . rfi n o ' ' ' tth ' tn s ) d " to 2 0 td 5 0 sa iormeazi
" sdausindu p l " rm i n € 1 i i /' r l o rrr' l ;L r:
iwenty, t\irti', io;lx. lillv, si lv. seventl' 'ighll' nnietJ'
A re n l i .e
E 121? Zecile si L legaLe de unitnli printr o liniald de unirel
breniy one thirlJ tno' iorlX Lonr, nincil s[
Notd
pcrsoar,e modut de numirare al ztcilo.r. i unitnlilor'
s' ' -'1218
" a " .t"Uncle
' lverse'lzn
i ;" ta l n .rr" 'na r" " n ' t -ro-l$o dnJ rh i rl ) -" i \' € n d
i " ,i " : " i i " l n .j -
rrrr
"1"nint-on"
o ,,p . -rl ' i rr\,$ o : r' )- r\" ' 1 ...' ' n P o ' l ; cu
o n i r" n" l,..
a rl " s u ' rl i n l rm h ; cnol'25 ' n n rd rrl o fH r' i i
plural:
1219 Numcralelc care erprimJ zecitepot avea fi formi de
some dns ol mnsl"erli'ces
' il' ,,
,i"",",".,1 . . .i,r .i\'
4, ,rrP 6r . r iq r.11r.,.,
Sutr.tc. rtitLe i niliounele (Llrchunbed^t the li1rrsdndr' lhe nillions ):

s 122rJ d) hund..d. tNo hnndNd ur'ce lundret' etc
n 1.n. hurdhd : llril
lfo r\" sr ' l rr' l- r'
."'.""''. '_dnd
,. .- i",r'i" Inrli ll"^ n: l on 50' I m 2 m 3 -
" 'l
s 1221 Ca si z€rile. :l.,csienumeralc pol aveA ornrd de plffll:

"1i;,ll,"rl'i,.,;;i""
'.".. i', ";,1,"..l.o"i'0. .
inrre Ple-pflr
{o 1222 Cilrele care io.iicl sute]e' iliile ;i milioJncl' eie se 'li 'patL
i
,i rp u to n u p ' i r Iun r ' ' r ||i n rr ur i n rrru i l b ' 1 r m a i ' ri ' -rp " 1 ;rrl o r
" " i i|i *'2 ;' " :ti "'J f"l ,.la 0 t ::'In -ui .r.
" i^" ,' J. ' ' l ; n o l " r' 1 " " ' r l l i i ' i " r' ru
- '0
S 1223 N atncrtLlc u aflo1rafi': sl.lialnr:
,\a l,riijt ;,,rt
livc nor l't,,
t ",,
:' ',' ';, lll-"'
;:-.. ' '
U ite
E 1291 .l I (sau n4 liliior i'beanrni bilbn (saumiliard) n Statelc ' le
" triiion in lldn'a Briianie
Americii. iar
'l,lli 'i'l1i:ili",:l'::ier't,1.9"
.,*-1- l n^**li::ill*lil'i'";".fil't
/i/," r,, or ll l " -/"
";::,r ;r,';., ;, ,, r t ,il;;t.,i;i,;i,";ii

i1l1
s' r l r r r i l " , . e t r l 4 , ' r h r e € , . , , S / ' l { ) r r e zi fr r u r m
r..t \ rc u 1n 224/609
ir ntin' ln /'rr 'I o't
MtLrea Britanie $ 1225

ti alte ldri ewopene St i
100 : I 000000n00
10r : I 0 0 00000t0 0 00
: .r/oneqtradrillion 10b .= r 0 0 00000000000 oo
.billionlsl : ./one qujrtilliOn ,lr3 1000000o0o00000000 0
:1+r/rzcfou.i
:l F30 zlr o u r i
Cifrele de la un trilion in sus nterescaziinLrmaipc specialitl.i.

3, Formo ..i ronblnr.lii .ne.intc. { t226
aJ \urn,rrl"lp a r o t f . , , , ' , l i / / , FF ,.u pu, or,.,r c,t,ctanivala p.nna a \ ZZT
sr f rr,.,-pJr; u p r o n , r n l i . . p , , i d ' d . . F" uû., .uL,.rrnti drn r r m . ; " t i i n d "
a hallpcnnxo'herynti
l s o n nq , ' 4 " $ 1 . son"n \ .4. Ir,r .
LnreetF,,cFt ofrlrnsJ;
,'."pt"nrr.4Ji. , .i.
.,0np nrt. Jb-\. I . tur: I rn.da
rdr lrnonpdr ac,hrl
l) NuneralLrl huniLreiL este intotdeiula lcgat prio and de numeral€le S 1ZZ8
. a r A JF n r m p . . za ilF sau , in it n r il", x,ad. J . q i. , r r d t , r n d r cd esLe '
" e r,n,i
subinteles:
two hundred a,d siat1.-four
a urousand lirce nutrdred anl sir s.u l.hirteenhund.ed and six
oDc l.housrndond t*cnir ser€n lnnndrcd r&ri,r.&s).
c.,) P_entru simplificare, se obisnuieste ca miile sn iie transiormaie ln g 1229
a l.holsand oni Inndr.d and fir sau cleren tinndral und rire
i- . n l ', 1 s1 'J J d r t t J* i\ . i , ist , , a,t , t - si\
d) Num".al,le hundr"d. tho.t"an,l.n it t ia n p t r . sr n r in vi, ie L i, F t a p lu r jt { tZto
clnd sint lntrebuinlate adjectival. snu cind stnt. precedate de un nu'maral "
, r d in r lo r i', + d il'l""scr. , lp . t lu r . l 1.1.. tp. :(:ue/atct | . ) . cu cr . ] e p lia a d je c $1239
( : . t llr t . , r t F \ a J :
' lT-" n16 lo.r ni nn,e e,, tznrl.,
S.\e|nI hLldred were at lle nfrtins,
Sone hun.lred, ont)\ in rhc lactoB lLrd n.t ti,. set ot qn.tps asjgned to ihcm.
:(r"j,l,/jil"itt'.iihij ,,i ir"i.u'"'iii"i
lliH
\ , - . p l , .ri,l, I , o r i in.. ir
slnu:rnj' . :il',:##;if;,T1,,,r"i
, r t . " t t u t i , F. rr n t i t , , d F. i -, r" pt,rrat,.ind
JF , r ' r r u , , , , r . 1 . . nJ .i ' , | ' n , "
E t23J
' r a t 'au
sau fttunci cind r a FJ
unBrirlclcs
. - . t " 1i"1.^zirrr
nedeljnjt:
'Lnrtands )in] r.ad lhe i ,iflP
. rD.onr colrntry tli rumlcr of o.ls lu|lisli rr.nl.htJ anirnrs ta huntlreds $
'the rlolc aurtrled lo $,tc hu,dreds.
Ti, ..,1 r sa ,^ a. ha .a.t.. at ^ t . . .
(Yrzi i S 1 21. :la,sl
ppq, p , . c o$ I'.n.d.obu.tbJ nr.o"n" ..srd.t,A
o srlrl';t
. 1' rpr'turtj I s'.ra,
r k s D J r l I hDDrn 1. rilp,
.mt.orlt i r rj i.- r. ."..v.,".. . . . 1 .:. r.. . . .mbotrt no .
n.n tror'un ,ri rbr,'a., ,.iplu:ip
Ll s tsSt
'r'J. t,.. r,, .da,t. . , ,
'r ' 5.lol.l t . n ' tt.,tJp . i i n d l d r " r t d r " r.,r.tnrroii timoul
or.tJl "^ .r' rlo", i i i l o . l l] 1,n .,1- rmltr.re tr..a Lrt ni
'\" 1' l-os,l ir. nli , , r",r,.,,8um. . \ o | \t tNntnahu,d,...'t,"u-rnd"
'l: \8"1 l/r rl lumFr rr". cuop//,, too^:. som".ha..,art tru.- ,
jdJ'r | ,.r'dln 1lri, . tu-d) -hutat.d,thi,t.r,d. ,.ii,. ,.t.t \ i_,,.a
sl/d de cAr1i, rreo nl. de rersoanc ctc.i, riutln nrvarjabile.
t t
s r2il crn,r,,imPr'r"rF-,l,'rrlfl ;'il:.'il;ii"r'#Ji

': irfrlli,,ousJn.l "T':"'*;l,u,'l'
uah er" rimPi'
TJIili';l:,"" . on in mv po' k or'
i i' t L" ' a*a"
' '" ' ^
i,"*"t'#"i{"{""'ilitr' ''pTilll'T'
r2r; ./ uirriod''|",sineuful 3J"i:
s' rveasi forrnd
ii"
".;'";
i""i"' 'ei Plurai
unui dlr *::i',i'".T;'J#':"1i.1;'ji#l'Jll
u 'uuu
numFr al:
titree nl:l/;dn reolrc
lirc nillior t{o hurdred
s o (p L i n c l n j ; j \ "/ i $ 1 3 l i '
J h d "d , p , 1 n . t l t ' u a t t o % sr. rl i n g
;l/1p,""'l: -, -n-ririad
'l :i{liii
:f.l'
-, ,,o " . "llllld.i; ,,:,i",:i,""
P n\ of 'ariltdr ",..
1236 ln r tilul ' olo \ rrl "" ' punc $i r" ldliv la numaralul lor' uo' d:
^ o l ('
I ndld ' wo fo" it'
"x' dnl'
thausand ti millio' sint' precedate de nurneralele
Numeralele hundted'
- 123? /)
al sau one'
t r. R On e se j n t re b u rn rcd l r:
B fi 1'l'"in'.t"' "';l:::::,;.'::";";; ) q,p u,d- ..p'nu,'d-,
I r' n ' o " " '
^"
olli qonn' J ' in 1\ " orr)' ror'
e nnPsP gdse'sLcn num6r 6upe-
1940 f"l cind inaint'eanuner uiui precedat'
S nor: d lhousntrd ne hund'eilatrdsirtJ:
ni :
/ " 1 l a J a' " numai P Fnrt rr
iil"fl.i'.'li.'$T'iKi*"Jiiil;"u u'"*-u nine un{tftdndive'
" '-
ii"^' u""n"" ""'-*"*r"* l'""ii,l"il";*
*' i l**'11*'",1ii1$""
limbs "' '
"nc l' r ; ' onr emp^r r nr ' nur n s r uocde
^ " - ^ " . ; : : ; ; ; ; ' i ' n,,1 s*l
I'iii i".*"'r, 'arr J+purlir'du e numdr'rl'sr" '1"'emn€azd
;i; .:: l ::i"l :':l.:1,,*
ll," al,;'",:ir* o,.":o._r
li
, jr "ii: :l l'l ":'i'"i':'"lli1-
'n-,' ''""""r
'' n \'J nP siil co oi u l
d s1 u a n l ' p i n l ra b u i n l e a rr f d ra d co scb l l e
s l2ll 1 n r' r' ^ ^ ' "l a l''Ie ' Jl u ri rr '
n e " $ ' r' r' "r u ' I I ' u n rq ) p e o p l dr' 5 a
'
(Vezi i $ 541' 55il)
A tc nlic l
12rs F,rm, r " i tit, J:l""l.Xir'{;"',r'j1T"li,"':.:il"f"'^
$
" q"r r:
d c t rL f lDre ce d st i ' de rrt rL co ' u '
sinsuri
-:k{ai:.}s#LHr,i,.,.,rutiiir:ri
nt, nduri
ilti'p""'i"['i pini" tn;nt"itui iru 5eani un

strpedot,a icn 'i;; 'i
numfil mllr ma'r'&sdn4i
P -'"'"'
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze r&i
Nu sespune:
lrrndred and i,serl.\' I0ur
lhousand tiir fc h r n d .P d
illi(D lonr liundfed
, Iund.ed atrd t$fniX{orrr

d thorsand lhree trllnd.ed
d m,llior nrr hundrfd
4) i lrcbuintare. \rezi g 1257-1261. $ 124
5) nunctii. Nrrireralul cardinal poate fi: $ 124
o) odj t i t . , i nd
l ej F r m i ni u, , . u, , r r J n i \ : $ 124
oa. hrnp or $rgar js fnough.
' f h. r e w c . . , n, . l eol t c on r ne r o] L
s ubs t unt i a. c j nd ar e v ak r ar e de s ubs t ani i v . i n c ar e c az poat € av ea
-formd) de plural: i S 1946
Wdl. elelen $iih tm ,nes
I soon
She js pnt l@,wrols and lpo sid.1oge1 pr.
t hpr ( " roD thc oJ /orrvr.
* dt Li nt j . . I , J i r qor hr p: - D J . os , r . r r _- /
i r c r s r i nr s r c l r r ' €\ " .
I $ a , . r n- , , ; t r " . r , ' d I n , . nr . r y .
l v c z i i i S 33a. 3 i , 1 33 t : 36t
.l N unr or al ul onc poat e li q i pt onum e. (S 942 943, 1005. 1 1 6 4 )
s 124
C a q i r um pr J . l " . s , r i i x ul - / , . , ? poc t pr \ , , , \ el u€r pd. aJ i e. t i \ . au q

s l s r l r \ : I p- 1pl . ) r r pr or i r . r a i r r i J nl . F " - nr i \ " di , d i or J t i r a, ed ani
dFt nrs ,ub-
u - t 248
num at . pr n I nJ r " t n - / , . r . t nt r F l j i . : I o dni i " r t ubi r J l
f he. ho' f . on. s pd o l pqo6p t t pi | r e, , 8% : ubqt . , l
t i e rs s f l l t r n t ' r s €?t uo.G ubn. l " . . . o. . )
Ile js Jb, olt .l ljis teers.6 {sunst.)
Ile is o.r of ,,s rdab.? Lsubsr.)
ijr N um r r nl ul . ar di nal ii ar l i r ol ul . - N ur , . er " t ut poa F t i r r F . eLr r , t F € l 2t 9
Br l i hol ar i l . r , r n, h. l Ar i r ' E . r 8. i'l l : : i : . l 2i 1 t 2i z t .
^llrl
II. NI,IINR-{II]I {)RDI.ITT, s 125

(TirI oltDlNAl, \_IiltxRAL)
1 ) D e l i ri l i e . - Nrmcralul ordinai indicii nnmeric ordjnea n tr-o serie: g tts l
Hc .amc out rccond i liis cxrlr.
She ut on lfr t/.t.d b.sL (d.essl
2) I'orm[, Numeralele ordina]e se lomrpaza ad:uqindu se terminatia \ 12bP
i,tri n. r m F r r l . l F . r r di ' pl p s c u I . F , hi v r l , nt i i l or :
loudh, sixteerth, lweniy s€rcntl,, l,udredth: the Dt),
ower
'I = n bccut dc painzeci de aDi.
: Are ftslf nDtze.i d. ani
t t h r i f i , s ol t i , " " , ,h. c , t u" n, ^ an J : . a , s e nr t , \ i L: r hs i r r , . n/ r ? . . , - n-
r i el l t , . ht u" r : l nLt e ani i t C r i o i l 9C 9 nl l us i \
: Ctr ri late din Dal, e: colooria|.
i ) . - n" i . : g u: , t I r , rr , ^ , i r e a, ' i . J d. r "
-,,r.
- -\t,ra a nr r , l i ni l20 dr J ni
' : - \ l r . , dt de 20 de i ni .
986
E r c e p I i i: primcle irei numeralei precum 9i nunreralcle oompuse
thsl. second. hird

i'i;it-ii".i. thiriJ seoord. sixiv third'
't c
numai ultimul termen primeqt€ termiralia'lll:
La nu leralele compuse.
s 125a
ll: :H liliif$l'"tl"J;"IJi'ii'J1'
.0'n',,,',0'.,
Numeralcle orLljnalecare con-tincuvinLcle l4n(beit'-thausand'
^n tanl\kn
sau poi sa nu
"
""" .hi;";;;,l"te deeit de nurneraiul on. .sinu de a (ci $ 1237)'
""
aibi decit ariicolul nehotirit:
. nd tL r v-ti-.1
,
i ' r ' r ' l id L' l 6p'nno
.np o 'o'r'd d
\udcrale tu ortogrdic spocial5l:
eigh'h' ni'th. i{cl/lh twoiii'th' thjrli'th' et c
li/ih,
:' l ormo coo'lrur ii b0c:iclc' itre
s 1?pj
t 1265 d.,/Nurnff'lcl"
:i srns ou uLrirnctp oui lirorF adnuglrp
'rilrnrLe
4[h
,n d
3.d 63rd 100th
s 1266 a) Nuneralul ordinat prec€danumeralul cardinal:

The tfs, llD xea.sol tle century:'
,'il lntrobuinl,rrca urnerAlolorsrdiolle I rolor ordionlo'
$ 126? -:i
s 1258
lriil l*l*:i:.1;*: :llr ; :l[:ll'ii':ii,Tl]""iJ:"
' l*,j:x'ld'"X;Li:Hl,".'?l;xllwl;t*:]:,$iiiftl;:"11"i
0"'
'61tl"'i'Jl'J '" .n"", he 'hirdrJ n')
"n cFplrmb'r srl\p'
h irilul oln' idl: Jur'F irsL
E 269 t\ s ' r " r " l n F l " ' i a l n . r r r u l . s r r b s t o n r i v "'ri o
rPr :d:n:14'
" i i ; i ' i ; r " ' " n u " n n r o l " t' d i n 3 l f - " d ' e i ' r F U:r pnunrrr
" ' - " " a i . i , i , 1 " i i "' * " i r - \ r r . - r , , n . i" r n ' l
i;i.J i""e dl numeralul cardinals:
-lnur" the t""d $'ortd \\at (Wa14 tr Tqo)
Rooh (\la( Boah Thrce)
the
rh' 1/"rd
vod Pdrl ar Int 1t')
l" Int Losn \4t'IArat t'rt
rrr'.\.p",/,Icl r\'tdtttutLr sn "t
I F / utr \'l\tlr/ tra-"t
il'" ( ?P { 'r l
thd , .'n 5in
tle -ir-i''ft ra'agraph lt\xr P astdph nlhe)
rh",l"r"d r'"ro \'tdt ; t " 4 'tnr"t .. ,
1ra $o-J i' ar Pa3 "' : ' " " -sr'
lri " 5 tuorn 44 u4 thd th ltaor
'd
*'*iil,i+lii+:*:r'r'#rliif';*;}lt"{:}
ilrll',,111 l1;',i{lil* *: ord
1.1'r
-,:e;iilititti '" 'L
l,-,fllliliil*Jli'i';r;:l
;r"';li':t''J;Jili;"""
2C7
c) ordineasaccesidni{ apilor unui stat, ni bisericii' ai un€i familii, expri- S 1260

nata de nuneralul ordinal:
gitliam the aoorl'i Popc - crode. tlie Att& Borgiai
Quccn t];abel.h hc rtsr, Joln Smith he Zrtd
tL, numitorul unei frat:\ti ordinare eBLe ndicat de numeralul ordinal, S 1261
numdid,r.aruliind cxprimat prin nuncralul cardinal ($ 1272).
5) Functie. Numeralul ordinal poato avca valoafea de: $ 1262
o) alieclitt Henrv vTtr \Las hc first Kine of lhe houscof Tudor. S 1S63
' tnil puero a$r ambeJearticole ;i pluralut terminat in 's:
b) suibstanri,': $ 1264
He 0ame n an casy ts,.
\ e rJ\rs' Jou o lJ / ; J
..P./ilr" n.
-
-ol
\\'€ boohed tao secotds'z o ]raiov.
(Vezi t i S Je5)
s 1265
Wlicn I camehe.. I sas a olild.
l'sr
6) Numoralulo rdinalFi articolul. Num€ralulo rdinalpoate fi precedat $ 1266
de ambcle articole,articolulhoteril tiind lllsn acela ore l insot€qten mod
objlnuit ( $ 517).Nuneralul ordinalpoatesta Si ntarticulat:
He Ieft tor the seaside r the t,.lrlt ol ihe monl.h
He llas the ,,tt..t to oome
A ,odf,n innovalion wB added 1o ibe othc.s.
Slakcsleare's comcdy 'ils \ou Like It" ws pcdormfd on Night
"esfd
ITI. Nf]II{ERALUI, FNACTIONAN $ 1267

(TED TRACTIONAL ]IUUNRAI)
1) Dofinitie, - Numeralele fraclionar€ exprimn fraclii. adice una sau s 1268

mai rlulte pn4i eqal0 dintpun intreg.
2) tr'ormi. - Ffi1c\ia (the Fraction) esie de doui feluri: lraclie ordinari $ 1969
sau tractie zecimali
a) iraclia a inatd (Ihe VuIS(irn'rutrian Fraclria ordinarn are doi ter' s 1270
nnmitarul (he Denominatur, un numir intreg cale araLd n clte pirli

pqole
- n us-€
t , , dimpdrtjt rin \ uditsA;
4 t ; r u t Th. n r o l a r ) . u n n'rr;r inlrpq.nrF srJrs .i F d i n e . A . l a
Dirti sini tn lractie.
- -Numlritorul estedespdrlit,de numjtor pri tr-o linie orizontald sau oblicd,
S 1271
numiritorul aUindu-sed;asupra ei. iar numitorul dedesubt:
: )rrmJ'1 lJ\nP a-l
'r -.t\
tu S.^t* 1t,,,o^;,- 4 '''
F r d , ia s^ p o "r " p x p r i n i i t t i n 'xrin ": lr linba e n g l "z i n,m:ri orul
constddinrr un-nuoLertrl-cardin^l ag,t pin liniuln de unir6 de numiLor, are S 1972
esie ur numeral ordirel, eu semnul pluralului cind este caz :
: 3 : (iive+ightIt
lth.ee qlarle.s s u llrcljon hsl
t
(a thi.ix lirst)
J
ll
31 10
I sc citi "Henry th. ScvcDlh".
t -{
: donr:rbilcl,e de t.cn la chsa a t-a.
t38
12?3 Substantit)ul eterminatde o ftaclie ordinaril se aftd la singular:

g hatt atu hou sau a hau-hou'l
I n "" "a*"'
1 l"e .itette,three qudteis ol o nl:/el
a' ît"
nwn(r'tlul 1 (one) compnn€recn o, raclie
''' ' ..ai.-"i
Substantieul
. eterminatdc
olu"ul n ., dar pcl. .,rir lic la "ingulsr
.jft tnd 3eciteltPdupa
":1''r. 'is.
tntreg, fie ia plural cind se citqte dupi fracliel
ane and tttteequartEr ot)
1 , n* 1^"1" loz anil three qnafteN sau
t ot a ptay 1o""i"a dc, dnd a harl sa\ ane dnd a hdtl @ts)
-x |
plural qi compus cu o
\ 12?5 Substantirul determinst ilenn numerai cu sens de
trdrliF or di nar a oe 0I I 5 l a pl ur al '
t0 + ftilnet*' (secirette: iln and a/onehau /ruotur" sa rea kitbwt'^ andd hdtf '
Fraclii mai complicate:

E :1r
sau ait:r6: :; 30/et
5;;
se citcsc: /ozf ae{ fi'e -1@ai';
reslectiv: ,,{i/rv okr nlnetlJ eren
$ 12?6 bJ F r u' l i o. . ' t nod r f t ' t t n; not F r uai on ) l ' unPl ' r az ur i f r a' Li a s"
( f h" D " " i not Vnn" r ) pdr r ea
mai p6r ' . er pr i na rl pr i nr r . un, a' r m dr r"'imal
prinlr-un puttl
inireaEa a numarulur
-prirrr o \irg'tlli lxno ocsldr-titd de paftea zecimal;
;'i nu " c \ n l i m bi r nm i ; i '
o ii o t5 s; citeq te: (noushl) deci tral rsat point) ser'n li c'
""u oint) wo
?#i";'i#.;;'11";;':iil:i,l"lH,i,'Jl",i'l'ii " e ,,cinn,s aa ix
ejght. '0"
O b s e rrl ti .e
a 12??
-- Nunoratelc rnailte Jr' purrri 'qeciLcscca un singur.numnr' 1Y i,p.li-"]
numar ;r ouprl
' lj".o'" cifra se ite-stPcl ' r;t l{inutele se ciicscca un smgur
'. Ir.l5 lr l\- il P l-'
A se colnpara:
18t s3 (s; tirlire: ode hnndred nil eight]'_scvenoir No lonr trrce)
13;.il . ,1,nP ,'d, }r,ndred nd eis}iv{er'n and 'wo hundrcd rd loi'v'
ilirce housiu'dhs
12?8 la singulardaci
Substantivutdeterminsi de o iraciie zecimal; se afli partea
'-'" irac,tieie sie 0 (zero),qi la plural dace ntreagd I
o""t#i"i"""sll
iractiei este :rnalt numeral:
n . J" n n r \ n a A l , I p ' r n l " n i \ p a t a â" w "'
' 2J dt's \ ; P o i r ; l so i i \ ' , " " 1
fi tt*nntn*tuxu
3) ALte nnmcrale fta.clionare sintl s 127

quarel;1 aharr, r. arvest;+ (rour
i t" "*t, ". ' a
, lr r e F
a q r d l"r o l'1 1 h o L r i u d1 r r ' o ' a r , r . t , .r Jn d a q r - r id r ir . r 'cu . . . . u i, h , r lt
d . r o $ n '. h Jr a d o z"n : t o , r 'n d d '. d - l: " n o o u r d sa n d a r , 4 . t " n : r '. dJ n r t t p o n d s;
H o f f a l. a l is b e lle r t h r n n n n r .
a good-hall ot ii.. t_he i.sl hnll oJ i]]e year. one hau ol it: the rwo hahes oi an apltc;
to go halvesi to do things iI hnh-es.
A t e n ie
Numeralul naffho:f] in compuncre ru subslantil'ul penna este pronun- S 1280
tat I herpn4,.
Dxp&sii matematiee0urcnte $ 1281
+ llus/aDd
- mtnus/takeawav A' X rekslsouared
+ rlus or mitrus/aplru.imlklv
- iy/ t im a X3 x feksi cibed
: iis) m lr ip lie d isd a b 1 It X lelsl i.o lhe powe. ou./io
pentu drm4srulL)
+ (is) diaided bv nl n t€nl lrctorial
: (is) eqnal io/equals i the irtegral ol
+ t not eqtral to/doesnoi equal
< is less 16an
pi lpa4
-r fol : radnf oI ci.cle ts lerDendiculd to
% Pc_. ent
minutc an a.c)
O is an emlty set -acsrei {or
' second or an uc)
rv. Nulrl]|tr.ul, co[Dctrv s 128

[T[Iri coLLtrltTI[I] NUtntjlt.,{r.l
I Dofinilie. ),lumFrslul"ole, iv orprim" id""" nun pri"1 ,lp plural in s 128
^
Jufmd,re srtrguj, .
2) Formtr. Numeralele colective sint: cauple,lair, brdce,span, team, s 1284
yolrc,dozen,score,grass)qaire etc.
a) Numeralole coulle, pair, brace, span, ledm, yoAd numesc grupe de $ 1285
do; astfel:
couple : doi (sau mai multi)3 (neasorta.ti)li
a aupl o se n , n d - . a.Nu.I" a l d - i n l s: ll' Jo L n ; , , , r , 1 . r : . n . o , p p o i " Jt \
| | g1\4 vû d .,,rk aptLP, ( do .r .
^r
pair l.: tol (asorta i), perechel:
n at, oI gloves, a lat oI trorsers, ctc.
\ , . a o : / . ) , a l I o r ""l. d . d r 'i"1 , " Jr d t.;r
1 f . \ ' tr 4 t@tvq P4tl
l'hey wuiked in pai6 Ior couples):.,perechi, pereohi" sau ,doj .lle doi".
brace:,J.oi (neasortari)l termen vtnitoresc)
a ,/a.. oi dor$. of ristols
a,.a.d ol dLoks. of rhesants
thlcc ,.d.c ot parl.idsis
t helf a ctuen:2 s 6.1.anodc onetnrl
terimrtai,ln ci.culalie rri',ter introduc..ii
: ist e m n l) i d . . im a l ll9 t lL
'V
3 Cue zi t i $ 1 t 7 . '
aceastnacceptiuneeshr nxmerahl nchourit : oilira. cttera.
'the lauls caupte: tifua t*eche ($o.tati), sinolin cu rat (e\cep ie).
4 0
boi el'c inhima'ti (res-
sran l< Alrica de Sud: doi coi. catlrj, ci-tivfl '
p;.r i\' inJugr li, lmPr eL'r il:
' '
a s?d. ot hoNes, bto sPdr ol o{er
r inixgaLr mpr ound: ppr F "he: ecbipn
team : doi "i. boi . ". lnh,m8li
r ln labr i'r l plcl:
(de sportivi .i.r , ""1'ip" r "u nor iun"': '"l,ipa
twentY lczm oI catile
\ve .fc ^ tcdm. 1tc rv0.
lokc (:doui animale lnju.Eate; Perechc):
live sol, oi oxcn
mai mari de doi:
1286 b) dazen, scarc.gross'quir(t numesc grupe
do.zenJnzin; (12)ll
l{ r Jo: h 10 tcq hr "lq ) ^ L'
somo .lD:eu eggs, ctrj
dozen (: t3):
a lon{ (san rcunrl, Itoker's, deril's. pnnter's
TLev verc selling eggs in rio:aE
'alt€f's
qross: gros 12 duzini)];sredrgr{'ss: 12 grosuri 144duzini) ternen
comtcial) (ahe1' g. gr')l:
$ic bonshl srx g.oss e6 .
Slie rvante'l fit s'fss ot but 'ons'
li g.oi g-* is tir:elvesrossoL144 dozcD
scarc :20):
ffi r?";r;ia* l'h'i ili,:ll*'r

qair"e : coald (nffe, de 4 sau 24 etc foi) de hirtie]:
The Paler \tas 'n tzrl'r'
col€ct'ive u valoare de
s 12E7 3) luncji€' NuDix. - Nlajoritatea ntmeralelor
$ 1288 "' u' ' "i l ' i ,.,*,. , u , . , F , . r - o r " , r , \ . , L d o L . ,' , r , - r " r . , ' t p :
s 1289 ; ; , 'i; . r-. i, , ; ; , . -l-'. , 1. . n, , n r'-r'li I " -'r'Fr'or; 'rr p'. nn'rorro
r' r'rninlriP
l'r1 -"
. ', ''" " i ii-'. . i" 'i', . r' . 'i d" i r " p " rFr''r" nrn
". u" d p o s' b i rF l n l rmb i \ ^ L n rrn :
cieht .,url.fsJ .l dogs s'Ine d4'" hmdk*'hiels
r,,;t
?::ixX":l;iF1,,:i" ",,,,p
li,,T"r",:.iiil"il'.*lid"
He *as ln.cc s.,f. \:| jnl l.am ol d
tiv coleotiv nr.sinl' ltecedat'e
z]) ci l numdalcle fu.valoarc des )ita
deun/r u ti'. J ' 'r 'r û'.'"r ' 'ir Ir r 'r r ''ad' ttF pozr Lr 'r o/ r r moqr
- al. I .i ,jub'" r r r r ol" obir t"'t1'
i.i"i',.,1i" Ln ctqks
'I'he gxcsts dkd i 'o uie dining room
Thev sto't1 an l tr P'rr'
i--ria-i'i.:o t'i' re'rite do:'ns I li'rfs
s*:iil";-l;;:lllri":.il f, ll:,.,'",
loflr a.ter minati in s;- -
c) substanlii'ulquir e ar c Ia p\Dal runai -'
acerali fornn la plurar ca 51
ai "''""."r"f" brht:, vt'ss sVin .'i 17okt u
la siDgular :
lhree ,rd.e of Pn.s{ rl's
two r.ors or pen.ls scvcril ,ole or oien
t t d^?n
, tJ at \ Ju i " "an" 'acl6
' -\ s e o..pail
.- ; i:, . l" 1,: t", ; r" r J :r
,
8/12/2019 cE DIsrBBUrrv
rlv AliceFrBadescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 241
Y. NUIIER'{LUL }IL-LTIPI,ICATIV S 1290

(TEO }TULTIPLICATIID NUIII]NAI' OII' }TULTIPLTI]Ri
in care cresle q 1291

1) Detiri,tie. - Nxmelalul multiplicatil' arate proportia
o cani,itate au se ndeplineqte aclrune'
excepliaprinului numeral resl'ulnumeral€lorm ulLr-
2) tr'onni.
p["";i"; "-;l:,"-";
- Cu .Jai'gr"a'-"" sufi:rul -/old la nurneralele ardina]e;
l'nfold' a huD-
single. dou|le /so, t\tolold), irille fsad treblc' ihrcelold' lou'1old'
formele laiine:
Cu func ,ie rlc adjecti 'e sint lneori tnt'rebuirlate li
quadmPle,quintrllc, serl'uple scptnplt' octuple' elc
numai n siilul $ 1993
Ca adr.erbe,o rmele 'erninate n -lo&l se nt'il cscastdzi in;
n,"";: t";;-; ;ti;ial. ln lnnba curentn,€le au roFt nlocujLe
a Inndr'd tim's {a s
onoe, wi.c, tnricer .saa .threc time , lou times' te tiBes'
muclr, as nanl. as g.ear €rc '
( 1293)' u exceplia S 1291

Numeralelcm ultiplicativedin aceaste ltima grupx $
o"i'r"ii.l"al,"* ,,",'"c, ftrlc4,se ormeazn unindu-se u.|intul i,1'r (: on)
dupi num€ralulcardinal.
sau dc .{ 1291'
3) Functii. Numeralui mr t'iplicativ are valoare de dlj€tli'
atL.,erlt. J'eiti i .le rdbsldnli':
T h e s n i l r a q F l r r l a ' l o r D ' |ot t um iiljl
l;ll ""i"-l lr i,f',':l;'i r ,';l; ; i,l'9j ,,. .. ,

ti tr i- Lr La' i r 'l' lr\/ a o r ' '
\i,,; r thr , , 1 7 " I U L r ' r ( \ u h s r
r&r" rrb
s" r" l', ' " n'
'lI. r-UMIIR,\LUL DISTIiIBUTI\' $ 1t96

(TTTtr )I STIUBU'flTD NT]III]RAI')
grupe egale d€ obiecte'?:

]i nnrcrnlut ttittributir arotiL repartizafea in
o r e a L r r ; ". 1r'
" r.i .n1h, ". bj 'lr ip ' "
o , b v o r ' " . r*, b v pl '
.,- u tt 't'" L" n ' o v d s d J '
; 1 i; -, ,", ., , . . b.' . . . : n t r n J , , . . I p ilr. r, . i .
ii,.,r"tr", nr '| "'
' n l r r ' " ' l o, r ,, j l n r L e pr '
i ;:. r,.'.i iy. 9'i
i"',0 ,..' " '" ' . o r J ' \ ' \ ' . ' h:hn r'" L'r'lr'' rJ rd'r r
cr.i t ' , 1 nJ s f s d r "\'.v n t n d aJ
t i "' t
I.;t,"; . , i . ' " . .a, b r tv. o,o \F 'I- t o : ' d
l' li , , i r \ds d ta ' 'P"
Shc ran do\Ln Dr.. r/4r {i a mc'
\t'-" N.re sivcr /lr4 fouos edr'
Tnc.e lt.ni ionr sfotrls oI str der €4"'
l Ntrmerahl ,irl.t cste ar nrhcbDintat tn ii'rba cu'cnti tstc inlocuiLprid Dnnre'alL't

j?;""
'i"" s",t"'"ti""r '.,i I )
AZ
s 1297 VII. NU}IEBALUL AI}YERBIAL

(TFX ADVBBBIAI NUIIIIiAL)
1298 Nuneralul adverbial indeplinette functia de ddr€rD qi arard:
a./ lrecventa sau periodicitatea unei acjiuni;
D/ locui ocupat inir-o serie:
S 1290 a t a t" . tti' , th a " t,M . .- a t h - ic ; h 8 ,, t.n " s . a ttu d - d tin " ..
o s a .r , t" .p o , [^ t to s o .tik ]. c r ,:
Th " l" .r io n s to f . P " o p t, 5 Co u o .i' r .r r h :td o ir a r n .r e r t r q o v .a r s .
Uy .l' iJ ir p n .s " J r o I.a v p u n I:n CUlh tF ss a n n r @ I.p , a ;p p ti.'
I I' r v " r o l I Jnu a h u ,d 4 d ti@ , n o t u g o th e r e .
N ot d.
136$ Oncq twicq three imcs eIc. Eint i numeruIe ulti) licdt;re. Deosebireadia-
tre num€ralele adverbiale ti cele multiplicative std-io inl,eles:
Ozc€bitten, ,at.d shy.
_- oste[On"r
numeral " . 1, r . r r . . , 1 adv
multiplicativ er bialpFlt
pentru r u.mssura
ct aratd a ar ald f r c $Fnt
n care d at iiullii.
a ;esou; r +r c e
prudenla.l
1301 , ,,p l arirsi., irsily, sccoritly. tir.lly, eigh y, etc., n rhe irsr (or second,hird, riiln,
e i c.) cc:
Ladi-"s lirsi.l Satetv lirsi.l
.. Tle o,,lt, quesiiunsu,r rhp agcndaweft itfs,ftrl, ihe rotrre o be followed,s@.dtg
th e DL m b e r i m e n r r ..q I. 1 o d l d ,4 9 th , tm n .p u fl o l th " Fr p .d i ti o D.
1302 ITItr. NU]If, NAI,UL NEUOTIR,TT

(TII[ INDEflNITN NUIIER"I.L)
1303 Nrrmeralul nehotrrit eqrimd un nunXr nedelinit de obiectes.Numerale

nchoii lte sinL urmatoarclel
:p " ' d l a o a . /o i h - 1 , san u ." ,,1 d . ,o to ' \,, a t,d {c o to .\.J ,
troacr . a Beotle.ad tnnalt', -.
i4pntqr, .Ir.
S&trdl oi the bo$ in the school had Fo scliola|shits.
lr ' f4 u ,- .| d n r s r .n .. L - g r i.' .,,r o ta d J .
I shaU be lack nr a /e@ davs.

T , j n .r \" | , r ' n dJ F 1 t- tt' s d r . h o .,t s o a . m o n ti,s io w,
A r u a b ,.a fth p a jd n r - r r d b .n t,o " ,1 to n .p 4 5 p n r r h d ,o o p d r a r iv . a ,
conleren,,c.
A " o u tb al n i sp - p :l r ,d Jy i ,,t." r u - ,.r ' t.
,.4 o o / l h e u ,m n k- r p q ,1 i r i ..t $ o .k 1 5.
Itls of rreopre ad come to rhe Ineethg.
l30l l - ' o r m A l pdp " i n 3 ,r ,r c u n o r J d i n tr c d .p sr e n u .ta " a l " , \ a n u m p : ( h a r l
n u .h fu ) 1 ;tt| " .d tg a "ol p
d 4 d B , o l o t ( o l o v.) , 1 ,,{ . r /p n l r / ,p r ve so a e xDr i -
m a r .a .d n r i r ;r i i i n" t.t, czu r n ,r m ,l o r d " m Jt" r i i l a u a l .i b sl r ;ti ve l o r a b sr r si te :
yo . h d \ n o i J" 1 t" o ,t u u .r ..r .i p r r o n s. h a \d r o ti + r ,.d .
Th " r p wr . v r r .n r " n ," 1 tr r i i ,t" a ,d o J.
A /tl l l r ' m o n e yg o ,: a l u n q B d r .
. .p - .5 ,..
Hn. ld, odl 4 ',,.
T ,1| i _
o b st o j r
p4t e.,ad ,,r t,-
d oli ,tat r ,. a 1 t
tra+. o t r
A lo, ol iris assuianoe as du. to ihe su;port his conrailcs Aare him.
r,nrt., estc dcsuet, sau lil.erar_
'rfo n n a fia tla s t. , r s id r r a te p r e tio c d .
S c ^ s e r d n ,r i .r l l3 ,l
4vczi si
$ U{1 ,0 8 ;' b8s.
J 'p, i e, 285).
it;;tJ; u ; "; : ", i ; : , , / p ". m'rd, c o. . 'i v oo. doua
I \ czi 0 2, 2546.
?43
Sens nehotdrit au ii: S 1all5

ii"i''i'""iliii"'f*;ai.;le, colectiYetc insolitede cuvinte ar€expdmd
aprorinalie (r€zi S 130tj):
Wc stopled there fo. o'olt t'"nig minntcs
D) nuneralele (cardinale. colective €tc ) care erprini ciire nari (rezi
s 1308) to the meetinS-
Thcv came in nudlelr
FOBIID $I CONSTR,UCTIISPECIAIJ
qlnost n.artv.sor'' S 1306
1) A0rorimxlia uorcd.i s, ":*frirr; prin: |ltaut.
rhrne iA". on", lneal,erc Lout. kq. rcuthl J oplrr tnotd. .nddd "aupt'', prrn srrrrxul
t rlo:"n. on. ut 1 r u. no, . t hr ' r ' or n Ptr-. s au. i n '"1'rl ll]rnrlrar'
-irl adnugai la num€ralele scurte:
lve s'alked zror,/ua.iy a ni mile
i';; ;:i-,i;"' tw-n"tv nut pq I ook i ns ot a rori - .
erLili-i"r,."i Nill ' ; ' [ soa'rnirs i d t qo hL' dr ed I i
Slie was manied src fiYe Yearsback'
i r i L *rr . o' L t t i n s n' " l i t " oD"r ii " pounds
) l ?e a{ l t " . andi dal , es had al r eady i ni ' hF d( 1F 5P papdr
l-P q LI F I ' ay
t l aur hht t pN , i Lot " l r L' n ol 3 diPn'"
rs,".*i"iil l$ptrrv hous and dd l-r0000 bi "LFvd s ur or
1 j1" brrd tor i l l$"n'v odd U r ot r s and : lnl'rp o ul r o r u ur
. , u, l e l - . i l r \ a) ol ouf m Pn al pnd a\ dnr D q
'ras$
pal 4" pn 1r ut r
t lrdv'r old ior doF 6 ol iim"s nof lo
ln i s \ n l i hp had publ k hor o ruo
4 N\Db af do' n l ot t po^ Ks
l nev tirrl b" ba' i n a dqr qu"triîp4r
iii ;n * t ant n' iq o l par n J o. r
or , v 'i
, , . no. l , , 0m p r o . l d
'uddy on an 0 nL - ' . ad" .
-\\ i,-l jin,c - h, | { n . . ' r ^ : 4' l 4t n . h
2) Depitirea u ei eifre //o/rn.le) se €xprjm;: aeer' marc than'
dntL nore' \ l3O7
ahorc. u|,"a s (of) en.:
Ile is ote. sirlJ
,qhe ost ordr tilenty pounds in weignt.
\ u, n-r" ar l he f l . hi i . l , bt i " ) 4u"' dp _ nour'
r l a , " 't;k'o r d . l a t " n 5 r L l p t ' r f l s l' rl h on oF
'i'r ' s ei ; i .i ol
bn
i ogtr ' i ud 6nDoP a 6 ' r' rh"
a ld n 'r'oir'
Tnf s rr v
'' d t*o minion nriabitants
ipi.,a"' r ' ]of
ii'i*"i-ii"t ii"i"
1308
3l Dmrimareacitrolormn netletiDite e ai'F ntrebuitrlindu_seul inrPle S
h , t n , 1 "d . r i o u s o n d , n ' ' t t t o d t , n t t t ; o n . d o z "n . . o r "p l ' . , r p p r a ' p d a l c d p n u m p r J r P
q i d e celemai mulie ori in forma or d e ptrral:
TIct F.nt iu /,endre.ls lo the conlcrence
i ' : . n d ' t a L sd - d r n Jr h ' l
Hj ; "t;;"r"e; a ral ' " ros rrm . ^ oi'd Lo n'rr'
h P a p p e Jl r ' 1 d \ I o r l d P
' p " r , ' so l d ssr g "d
' ' / l t t . o u ' " t o : n a Y O o rn rurrmong"t':
4 th"u o.d rqa]'o:i : A th'""and l nr '
I na\d o rhurtrl4nd o 4 a l h i n - s l o rl' i l u
ru,addr r .'.". n',,
Tl( n rc s l "* "..j,;;,lt:;,ti
.acP c o n ' p r i s e /
@s or p,orr
I na\c m' lllm dazPn l " o ' < o' t t f i r s
f h ; v f P l lf t h d i44lLIJ n"lo"" r h
i"; o * or n.-.'t r "' lga.
' a orm
P
$pi l r di ni lor Ls g
lla
They had ioitrcd the cooperaiive t ereat numbets
r a nyria.I : zece mr.

214
S 1308c 4) Plusuls u nirusul fa,ldaleun nunir dxt se e\prinri asifol:

on. (t,o. tt|ee, cta.) ko ,tun t: t,c\) nlui (doi. |Iei etc.) mai Dnll, trntrl {doi. lrei
ci c.) i n r l ,,sl
ane (nb tu, elc.) ko t4r l-. l.n) unul (doi, t.ei ctc.) mai pnlin, wnl (doi, tl i
eio.) ln mrnusl
lhcre js,ne ligurc ra. ud,r to. a lhone numb.r.
llr g \F In i' Iillin" roo / . r .
$ 1309 5) Iorme ialiomntice. A se obscrva urmntoncle forme idiomatice:

14, ,tr, on. (: pdnntioull
set nd best I j de lort-A zild')
(eorocv.) Hc's fire foat hnlhins. (: exactly live loot ialll
$ 1310 6) futrchuinlnreaconjureti.i "and" cu numcralele. Conjunclia dnd
rc r, rn t-^ h i || d d fF n rr, . L o r:
S 1311 a.) nunirul unifitilor de numirul zecilor cind acesLadin urmi esLe
yecedat - dtt nu si urmali de primul ( g 1217 1218):
S 1312 a, nun drulunitn,tilori al zeciior enum rul Eutalor aual miilor ($1228)
three hrndred dad on c
cight thonsand dnl Utirtr iwo
nine ilousand lou. budilr-"d dnlt fifi.y-seven
$ 1313 c) numJrul tracliilor de numirul intregilor:
tso ard Urree qnartos
a poued azd a l)alf
li{c hon.s o,l lortv minutcs
fou az.l sirpence liar tn eaftircd curentd: lotr dnd. si\)
No td
S 1e14 In senere irsiL. nu se htrcbuiiloazn conjunctia and ra snlcgo numnrul
uniinlilor de nnmnrul subdiviziunilor aoostora ln (azLrl ini\urilor ale ciror
denumiri difern de acelca alc subdiviziunilor respeeLive:
\ p o .n l l, l :n a .1 ' r ' i .. pour'l nl
n , n o ' r n d 'o r r ' l i o n o ' r n i ,, -
-.
9 .i ]0 (nine h i r l r r ) ( r e l .r i to r a i i r tr p ,l i d b a j o l i ci a l )
S 1115 flonot{
100 p e n .e[p e n s] 1 0 0 p l l
tn Marctl Britanie lhil
Ir o n n dsl cr ti i g lpaund ' stJr r ] l r l n sl t/o n .:
tserliid)t
ealonre tu)neda
t
o i h l fo n ,\ .p r tn r ,.Jl a d ' d l - nl l l , ' o n r l
lt i F,,n y r r n ,l . f.o /o ^.I

r twolclce I l^jrrt, two a i$opcrDl I 1, n4 ptc..
prnc..
- ". f.,1,,r..1 l.wo l hi:l
9r,L.-"'a' '
{L a | ,,,,l. /s /,? ) | q u id fk $ r ll
ti, ttn . 1 0 i\.P Gn ,lq ;r r .t a ^ fiv .r /L € n /tw.r lJ p o n d n .ie , /r la ,s , a
orrds, allala, fivr/i,,r/trventy
t3.8t lhre€ potrnds .ighl,y two p.n.'
'Sa\ hatf past nine ln litubr cnrentli.
,At
Monete 1131C
tn StaleleUflile
r00 ccnts scnta] {100i) : I dollar t dclol (gt) (tun. : dola )
a nicke'l I nlkll
toi ten cenrs a dime tdarml
25c lwent]{ive cents
roi }all i dollsr. fsia'81 a ]ialf'dollaf
$r a doltrf, /ildDs) a bDck [b^]tl a dollar ltll

$5, $10, $r0 live/ten/lwentY a riYe/ten/twenty dolla bill
' dollaB: 1sla,r, rivr/tFn/l.wfltY
S3.8 in.ee dolla.F €iBhly_twocents
TERBUI,
tit *t'
C oN SID ER ATIIGEN ER '{LE " t 18 25t
ndnhiliP 131 255
i".l i,'o".j'i' t r t r b r r r anz'r r \ 1329 236
D ial€zd . . . . r : ,: , {333 251
Pr r ,oana N um& l'r nf ' û t 58
i'i-.i, J"i'":pot.i v'.b au\lia' " ' lJ43 158
-{s rc o1 . -."
160
CUNJUU RI.t
C .\R AATER ISTIC I GEN ER ALI'] '' '. iN Si 260

Inilicslji Detoitieo .. l 13ii6 -.160
Tituputi (ind;catieut) irirr\l t:6i 161
l'ormo r eiltsle 1368 26t
136 6
tSii 26t
ltlGUL-\T ila dilt'za a0Dva ' 1it I ,64

\_ RB
CO,\JUGAREA SI]\[PL-{ 'q' LNUI { 38rl iJ6a
DIAT]'ZA ACTIVtr.
{3 8 1 l6i
NTODLBILtr PT']RSO\'{[N
1382 t 65
I. Indic.titnl 1384 t 65
?tc.entul snnPlu . - ,1 3 8 i 96i
1386 t6 6
. ; "i;",i',;'
f,l"il"'".:;";'" 138t t6 6
6 t
1388
i"j,J"',ii'i-;i
r"ddu,"r"d ndi. ,''."',r- lrl.:
r,niu' p'.?"1,, ,.-".
lll jl, .^: .;.
i:^-1.;,,
ontinur
1110i
tI]06
6
:t 09
iiliJ,ii,lilii,lii;i;'Jiiili cr prezertut {4 1 1 1 t0
I're.:utul srm?ut 1412 270
MN .,]70
t\14 ti o
74t1 271
tLlB 273
7429 213
7431 t7 4
t43 214
t15
211
1445 2it
\t 46 2ia
1447 215
14q8 76
lt'35 277
1461 : 78
ltrii2 2i,
1463 2r9
Evet \i ,ct|, ftenn 1465 28tl
- \ l ";b . | .i l o u l i u n i ' a d v rL i rl p d _
Tn, t ut t Dt r 488 S7
t( 8 ir st
'r 4 4 :r 8
1495 :88
119i1 289
1501 290
l5r 2 :9D
150? :92
1l) li ti4
1528 197
:99
t11
tlt0
0t
Sul, jd, f t i ul . e^Jr t . 't5it
l',
liit
r 5i
T . t ,. " r tiB 3ni
: r , , r ' r i. l tr,.l tiilr t1,j3
:' liiio N03
ln '. r t61 iln'
1i6U 3Ul
l i u a .s 3r)'
r , ' . r ir ' .l 1r 6i itr 3
r _l' " s 1:,05 Nlr 4
15l
1591 3 08
,\r A Y .,.....- .. . 15 ' 30 9
MI G HT ...... 309
t5 3
sIlouLD . . . . . . 15 4 3 09
Fo rme .. . , . . , . . 1595 3 10
ln le le s . . . . {5 9 0 31 0
I u n c t r. . . - ... .
wauLD.......-. 1611iJ l lr
1606 l l 11
160, - 312
1611 at t
I ni i i i l i vul . .. . 1614 3 13
ndicatirul .. . . . 1 6 1 ii 3 13
Rc c a p rt u t a re -. . -
1bI,"
1618 3 14
1619 314
'1610 31 4
t6t1 3 l' , l
t z il 3 1t
IY. lmpcr&tiYd . 3 li
1621
Delini ie i6 2 5 31 i
lt t t 315
1630 lt 6
'163t 3 1 ii
76tt, 3l i
Iorrna ao0cntuati - . {6 i1 5 3 1?
Tra . ln o e re . . . . . . . . - t6t6 31 t
Sllicctll im {rl,in]ur.. 10t, 31 8
Nnrniaea iulerallvtrrur
t6t8 3t t
]IODURIT,IJ ]IIIERSON-{I,O
163,.1 3 19
. rnfinitirul
1640 31
Fo rmJ .. 1 6 r3 t19
f . i; ' n ' d L ' , J . I i, . 1 6 r6 :l 0
TrrI r"rP . ' t ,
16Li 3rr0
l u n "lrr . .. 1658 3r:
l, , i; ru , i' o rn p I 1666 31rl
ln :n l . "l . . li rb 1 6 ri7
\ ru r' \ u l ' r ' n n i : \ ' rd i n r' r : :126
r-, , " . , , . t r. " 5 rb ' "r p r4 l(itii Jti
No n r, i ' ru l ' u a l"i\ ' 16t 9 32 8
\ Lor l , r ' l r , ' r ' ' \ r l u:
16. q3 3
1681 3j1l
| ,i . n t a lr\
"' rl 16Sa 3j0
II. ta icipiul .
t 30
Caatilialii seletutc
3 t1
?6ti.it i1n $t\b.l)

' 16s9 : lrt
llama tn 'ing .
33 1
u c n n m' rc_ . . . . . , . . . _ .
'Iinil. Djatczi
1691
Pot t ai t ' nt l Pt . z nL Eet un' 1i \ l t:t2
. l , r ) gl dr i e ... .
ltilti
240/609
r33
g e rn n d iv n l. . ..
5 1

tarl 3n i
Formt lreevenbtirn . - t 8 28 36 5
Fo rml . . . 1 8 r9 36 i
k,,n.rii ?65
Tr dd- c" t P . . 1832 366
(1osithsrcs cotrjrgdrilor' 46 6
CLniugar' a 5labd . 1838
C onj ugd. ^ l at P 1819
C onr ugar Pdm xLA 1840 3 6 , '
r'orbe r.gulrl. Fi rcrb' n'rerulilc 784t
P rln . ils l. h , P rb c t re rry u rt rre 1843 36tl
C 4r ot i @: ... . .
: 1. . ta47 36 8
ii^p",ii p,;";p"t oc.b.tarnercsltlltc \t"abe1i
"t" l8 rru 3i3
Verb€1.nrreg'Iale .ompr3c r8 4 9 3 i3
O b- , r ' l t t r - l , . l a' r c' ; r l o' P
^ npd . l sl ga 381
Cibra absc\alii to.eri.e asuPN adbaa' nercSutnb ' . -
DNTRTTI] CATNGORII DD ITTiBTJ 1850 3S 3

AUXILL\nD 1851 38:l
1 8 5 ' 3 83
1 8 5 6 3 83
1 8 , 8 18 3
I 8 6 1 3 84
1862 3E/r
i, i6 3 3 8i
' 1 S 6 5 38 6
1866
l | l 6t 38,'
38 6
'r 86 8
1869 38 8
r8 7 0 3 88
TO B
3rJ8
A. CoDjuseo silnprn.. - 18tl 48 8
Diokza a.tita . ' t9 0
1372 3 0
18?3 39 0
Fi , nr i i . . t8?4 39
Ca v e rb Drin c ip a l .. . t8t6 lr l 0
c a v e rb a ia ilia . . . . . . . . 1380 391
Ca verb colulativ ' rN8 1 392
Ca verb modal . . .
lixprcsii idionatice.. 1 8 8 9 39 3
Ioniele .ontase
1 8 9 1 3 9n
TO H-\\'Ij
3 4
A. Conlug&et sinlti - ' 1892 394
Didt.za actieil 39 6
B. 189i ]
Dh 0onjrg&€3
L . a t c h p a conthun 1860, 1867
396
3 ;
C. Formcle ootrtrd$e ,'
1891, 397
I t rn c t ii. . . . . . . . . 1S9t i
C., vcrb prinripdl 3 8
c a v Frb a n x rrrd r. . 'l90il
ca v. ct m oddl 19 5 3 9
.. .-.. .
Verbul .,to hare', ti inrerogatii i ncsa\ii { 906 39
D { l zer o 3t 9

1989
. O( L D . T n . r u t F im p lu . o t r Jillo n a l p r P / "n lir ' contrastiri lractice) -..
99t 476
CANICOULD fi lnlmdilodi rNpcctiYi- -" 1998 4 16
BE ABLE TO. ' ' . t0o1 417
MANCE TO ... ' 0 0 8 41 7
I JS E I ' M . . . . . . 2009 41t
T A GE T . . . . . - . 0 1 0 41 8
ZERO CANICOULD . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . t 001i21
2 41 lJ
19
B E , ] I P P OS E D T O, . . . . . . . . . - - ,013 4 19
lnpcr.tli\'ul Poliielrr 20'J4 tL2O
C o n clu zio . . - . - 4:10
,0t0
( I I l. ) I I ] I Y / I I I GlI T
0 2 { t '1 0
Consiilerstii gencrnlc . - 0 rt
'o r m e . .. 2ltl 421
U o d L L r ilFD jp e B o r r a lri im n ' 5 n n a a024
lnierogal.ia,"inegalia .
02(i
1\l Y
lu D o t ii . . . . . . 202;
htrcbuintare . .
L] r\rjdr mod1l . t0r,
CJ - , r , " Ju , J i l i " r " t 0 l l 4 4 11
2037 L ''
u A ) .tt cHl 1038 . 2il
Fnr0h ... .. .. .
C'N]J,D: N'IGII'I' t0/t5 (t 3
.r[1G9" : c.ndilional 2046 42L
PrLo' rl J j o o "'r 'i
rli;- ll ]' \ : r ' 'r f a . ; ' l lrP' Ll
llt . I i o r o t r lr u . t n V lI 2A4 21
2li2 t )i
(lv ) liusT
ti-r5j 12 t
Fomre ... . ,. .. 1055 i 25
Fonnele comluse ,053 4 26
1049 4:6
206i 416
t06r
llL.'t /rFa . 106'
'11t.\ f . lll:r (
2 0 6 1 1 L'-),.
ML-sf in controst t 4-4tI ra ,1168 4),i
rlt 'l io "not-.t ru \tf,
(v ) ouGlIT
06 1 4r
BUV:ARF..... ,0t1 11:19
1 0 r _ 4 29
xIF:THl\Its ,. ... - 1 r l1 il r 2 9
( l u o r H. . . . . . . . -
vL l S f I \ L L
0 7 6 , 9
FofmlL .- . ..., 2 0 i) 419
negnlra
IntercsaiLa9t
F u n cl" . . - :90711
0 i8 4 9
Ca vcr t a u l i l j u . , . .. 2080
Cr ve r b m o d a l ..
4 30
(vrL) s]lOUI,D
0 8r
Fxn.lr . . .
108( 43i
954
L€j
{ v r r r . ) ILL :088 43r
431
431
43\
432
4,t2
{rx.) woul,D tlo? 433
F u n c l i i . . . . . - . . . .. . . . . . ....................._.. ,104 4t3
Ca \"rb p'in.ipJl d"r cl v 2,Oti 43r
, .. ... ... . :,ori 414
Ca ruxitiar modal .... 2rr4 425
,SHALL (SHOULD). WILL lrtOULD)......- ... 211a 433
,\lte tntrcluirti.i ...... r1t8 43J
(x ) T o rr F x 2t:24 43 7
Forme. unciii. . . . . . . . ............. 2r2i
V e . b l e x j c a l regula- t.,..,... .. .. ..... -. .......
-........ . . 2 1 2 6 44XX,7-
A l x i l i a r d € l e c t i vm o d a r . . . . . . . . ... .. ..... .. ..... 2rg4 4 Aj
(xLJ TO NErtD 21.1j 439
Forme. nnclii . ... . . . . 2t46 43s
\ab p\i.cl trL,zitrv rgLlat .. ....... ..... 11a
modal .. .. j' Il s4J- 139
{xIl.] usDD 'o 1 6 6 141
ro"md .. .. 216 ' 4 tl
Ji.p 2 68 44 7
l .l e l e . T" Jd .i P rr 1169
2ti3
2lia 4t 4
I tL. _ ER BD L EREFr.t\tVt-:...... .... 2179 44 4
Dp"inil:P ....... .. 2180 44 4
Trddunprpd oir lioba .o 1.1.i.... .. ... t181
A l^ ..b, rplprivF t1 lrmbd .r5 "/1... .. .. ,l t 417
lv. \ FRBELE I OVPl.CXC. ....... .. .. 2192 4t 8
Vericlc compleae ou particnli adrerbiiu. ...,...... .. . t193 4 \8
\a L " l P prrpoziLional" .... rt9i 448
V - V E R B E L E I ] I P E R S O N A I , E S I U U N I P D R S O N , \ L D . . . .. , . . . ... ......, ,.... 44 8

v L \ i E R t s E C A R E S E C O \ F U N D I . . . .. . . . .. ..... ... ,' 1
2906
0 449
8/12/2019 Y N R ,Alice
BU L
Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
(THE VERB)
coNsIDEnATIr Dl]anALE $ 1317
1) D€tinitie. Verbul erprimh o acfiunesau o activitate' o stare-sau $ 1318

.ri,i"ii".""p",lfir' .u''it*i"r"'" s"u modifi'ar"J n'i lnsuiiri o a'irudinp
"
P c- .n. l r u . i m p l i t i . a r " n " ' o 1 l e i c r i l n " o n l i n u s t p n ' r m a i

ori* d c u n r p r b . ' u b i n " l a g \ n d p r i n a ' F a ' r 0 si cclelalie notiuni
"cuorinse
t*"" "il,
in definilia vcrbului la acesi punct
in- 1319
2) v€rb tranzitiY -si orb inhanzitir. - Ve.bul poai€ li tranzitiv sau S
trimzitiv
oJ verbul a . J r L i a ' l i u n F s p 1 6 " h 1 n g Pe n , i i l o ra;'rl ' s r p r a u n u l( T ansitirP-
un o b i r . l , nuFil ' o m p t i n t d i r ' t lranziliI'
Verb'.
M.g ts ta1€reil d', ga.den- Frcd js ltriting d l.,l?.
\\.e 30{ lIa c.mrng Tlrey ere enioXiDs d.ns'Ites.
\:erbele tranziLive pot a|ea iliate.d po-tipd $1i74) S 32o
bl Yerbut a cdt'ui actiune etc nu se risfringe asupraunui obiecl esie
f erb
inttaixi\i\ (Intran:itioeHe rral^s: slowlr'
And i]liiv ll'd happilj cver alter'
\ c r l , " l e inp,tsonct" ar u n ; l t o n 4 l " l S 2 l i r 6 r ln i | . | r ' l i . i p s 1321
\ ' . r b € l e i n i r a n z i t i r " n u r u ,ttr', :n p r t ' d | 1 br,.'rr ' I n L r 0 u n p r p n r s 1322
lJ24-1328).
' '''1i c I E
tranzitil
393
r' \ e r b u l l r ' r n z i l i t p o " l " r i i n l r p b i n l a r s s r l ' l 'i 1 i - n p a
"'.'l'"uril. inlN"' d''l' "a
l,ri sr ru "e r"strinsr r ' - p r a u r ' r i ohiFrr' J D ^ " r F ' a_ t ' lrr ipr 'r' e " i r r "
a, liun".. \,rbului, ru di n b h l u l J'uft' " ; ' u r ' ' F ^d l n a ' a r ' i '
veibul devine intranzitivt:
He
He sroods,ood lie he.cmirfo. on (lntr')
siarins a lablc. (Tranz
l l r $ a 5 nr"turg I l o d r : i l lTrom-l
I s.r\rh i m pt;,r',6' dr nLs' a s i ( L n r r
l 'l i a / / ' L o \ v r i 1u. rarir lT.inz I o
, .i rr'q I I'dr 'ldL Iil l
". . '
1r, t Rr r -l'npp rl l h r 0 o'' l' ' m'"ll T ' r ' l
ls - n r r ' Jd\ r l r r '
'l -, mf t , m", . l; , , r
I-'n relb inl^t njt 'J dprit / r"ra. ; / ; t in d r - r a l o l r F r p ' 0 r r , r i : s 132
d) daed este urmat de un Pro unre rellexiv:
D) dacneste
P:,fr,""i,'i"tr";,
1;H,",*,r."u,, ''u
,ff 1,1;#l,1'J;s;ll^x""iti"'ij'"& iJljiib'u
: L n i i x , , ri , onsio"rt . " v p - o u l n " " 6li. il-ali" p r ' vern lranziliv Inhebuinlal
r n m o , l db"o/ "I , d"-t-in, lp Ln ob trp .
-oj.J
250 MORIOLOCTA _ 'EREI''i
prepozi ia urmitoare se intesreazd atit de mult verlului incit devine o

parttcald. 'erbdld. are transformd verbul din intranzitiv in tranzitiv:
t:r.rron, . ydseo. " s tu l p D vnJD o SD o. r i par k. Intr.l
' f 1F t r al . l d i^ ,.;' r/...xan:"n ed' Li ; ns.
r Tr anT
\\" so, t Lnsr an, r hJd t saD d$i ch. I nr . I
\\" 6 l o. , ; oLr . .rpr r p, ( Tr dz.
$ 1326 . , c, dari.ar€ un complemerl,lL

n terJr. CagnateObjrcr./ S2603),care reperi
roeea vernutur .
Ee w as r &er i nf $i t h on. cve oDen. llnl..l
H . p \ 1- ""p,ni th" J. p ot ilr dan kho l , dd don" d good d1. vs $or k. ( T. dnz. ,
Th" , h l d $b l ou" i ; ne a Ldr py l au| h. Tt \ nt . t

s 132? Nunreroasewerbe pol li uneori tranzitieej allcori, ntanzitiae:
I I " t o . u" 4i nL a sor Ll ' , , p tof.ho" r.oai".. l l r , D z d, t r L
E\ ' ur . r on ai . r aa to rn gov on - rrd,rv.. Tr dnr . D a. v ,
'l-t p .d" no r , r'nt r'-"
B r ' br \ t J m i . ; s an I oLr . Iit".,
Tlr
l l " y , . up.
sn""r /, ot r j , p pr dt d i un , ' o" , t pd Li . t abo' , r " r , v" n t dr d. Tr dn/ . ifl \
or-r'"-"",. ttrr,". p6i v,
' j - l F m b' ) , ' nr
HF r a- t i ag har I I nr :is , \ am q. ' l tr.
-o.
Fred rpca&s Enslk] iTranz. rcuyl
Spanisjl is s?,ft.; a gie,ri dcal in Latin Am&ica. tT.an,. rasilt
rle lookcd oD without sp44ii4s. (Inh.l
He took her arm and besan rl d,aln her uD Lhe hilt. {Tr.rnz. activ}
She las Dd€a a,n..t otl hei lcgs sholping toi tlc hotidat:s. (Trnnz. paiv)
lle rds last. (Irtr )
-dll;?s
Ti,is coltagc can s?d.? twehe pcolrte. iTranz.)
Slic Jldqs like a top. (Inl...l
lB98 . . Uneleverbe si schimbn u totul inletesuldupn cum sint rranzirivesau
,",i" I ll,iHir- ad lace F a culalal:

i d e , ' .n.:
She did uie roonr.
.,t dr.
- ot, Ihlt
She sar. me a prcscri.
ct,e{ llTni) The dike ts atrtzs.
'o
t" h"rd
{ ll;iTi.)
I ield the |askcl in mr hand.
Mr p.omise still /rld.J.
: a s Du n -":
, ^ , -,.,, , liL
l(t rmz
r. . ' z..l r : a Do \ c it i: Il-" rds
lhe l" tne thea sto.ll
child;.n l,ruLl.
'" I i , nr. : ; , \ , , dr . r : T|ci.
".,1 nords bll.
| (in lr. ) - a li lin la v . a rc ae lr. )i Tlis rdlls in yotrr lavonr.
I llr. , n z . l : a p u rl, a : Slie atu (.d.i,s orlrilis.
to r .a. I llnlr.) : ldasrr.e1in J
I a trcce i.cct: The nighl ds r.d/in6' lo ib end
1329 3) Diatezir (Voicel. Diatcza este torma pc care o poate llra un -i'erb
pe.nLrua arita raportul dintrc subiect qi cornplementul direct, exprimat sau
subinl,eles:
1330 al subirutul gr:mati,al
(dnte ot i lonte tndeplini actiunea exprimarl de verb
-+ctirt l'o;ce):
I rd.n Dnglistr.
She r.r nrr.
13,11 ,l subieolul gramaticil poat€ sufcri acl,.iunea xprimati do 1.erbsi inde-
piiniti de conpLement\l d.i.recLdiarezapasiad , P^sioe yoice)l
I n,as dagtrE glish ar school.
Shc /d.s lur (lJ n,el.
CONSIDtrEATtr CINERAL 25 7
rJ subiectul gramatical poate in acelagi imp indepliii 1i suferi acliunea S 1832

r\primatn de verb. care n acest, az senume,sretrb tcflexie ( Refk rcftl))11
I ?. t. 1l t:|t:1i
a-.. t . _'"J1. ..t|.
4) Pelsoeni. l{umir. Timp. llorl. S 1333
a) Persoand f"drson./. Persoana ste ornla pe care o ia \.erbul S 1334
fenlru a arita cn ac,tiunea ste nd€plinifi de cel care vorbe$te (peAoana 1).
de c€l cdruia i se adreseazn .orbitorul (persoana 2-s) sau de un ali. obiocLl
aninat sau n8nir nat persoana 3-a).
b.) Nundr (-\ruD0). Numnrul este orna pe (are o ia r€rbul pentru Sl33i
a arita dacn arliunea exprimati d€ cl nrc un singur autor (nw Ar singuLar.)
sru nrai n,urli (numdt ptutat).
c) TiDLp (lense). l'impul ara|; momentul sau perioada n care s€ S 1336
potrece actiunea enpdruatn de verb. Gnnaticr englezn.ca li .rea romeni,
ounoarsteci,,timpliri de bazi"' ( Prindxl T1trscs)3, r,:z.nl. h.t)ut -.i riitor.
Pe lingi erbul poate oxpriua tinpurilor
cu ajutomlaceasi,a. mai
timpurilor perlecte, si nuanlesecundare"
nunile Si ,,timpuri ale de bazi
fJecondal,
Tcns?::l). (A se redea Conjagarea, g 1354)
d) Motl (Mood). Forma yerbald care arati nodal cul]1este conceputii S1337
acliunea exprimatd de yerb este numiia nod gramaticaL n gramatica engleze
se -orbette delalra moduri: indicativul. subjonclivul, condilionalul 9i mpera-
ln principiu. acliunea €rprimatn pri inl.icaltu este reale, sigurn; prin

subjonctia, Jea16, resupusn;prin cond.iliaml. conditionatn srr dodtn; p n
inperulir, parn|ciLe sau sugerati dircct:
I rp.aft XDglGh.lndii,rl,ir)
r ' i s r i { h L i m " o . , p , A ? I n q . b , , . i r r n m . , , 1 . , " . . - . . i o n , i v)
|^ "art,t spp.''t 'iE.,.n t h" ^""rd. ,.on,tiliunat,
î?rdl Englishat Ionr lessonsl Ituperativl
-\cesta patru moduri sint numite nodari pffsanale (Finit. Farns), deoa- S 1333
reco orne,lc 1or sint,legate de persosne. )e lingi persoani. ]nodurila personale
au numlr. l,imp, asp€ct, diatezd Ei sinL pnCic.Ltire.adici pot loma singure
Dredicatulunei DroDozitii 62:llr.
' t l rt:r' rl' .ro,lu"ilip.rion. l". I'r crlnJri.a engldri re"bul ore;i/or.'r" t l:t:19
ptl, tLrl ).ar.
in,t r'nnatc Nun.F;ni1,Forn' ol u I \r I
parsoane, ini inwaritrbile.EIe corespundmodurilor impersonaledin nFfiildg.amatica
Ip irp dp
romene li sint urmntoarele:
inf;,nitivnl, carc denume,ste o,Liunea, larea etc.. o\primatn de verb;
pdrticipiuLprezent,oare aratl o acliune in desh$urareori o siare in curs.
erprimlnd verbul sub forma de tnsusire czultatd dintr-o ac,tiune au arntind
cirounlstan,ta de mod, de timp, de cauzi cto.) in carc se pctrcce acliunea
verbului;
qt nd,irul, ca.c denumette ecliunea y€rbale;
1. , grama'rJ , . 1 it / , , I a. 1, ". , , , uiLt "/ 1rpt p. i. i-. iJ"'dpt ii . , o"-

nd . 1' l, mbii romanp_, Ll. n. P. li. , a " r r"f \ . I n pr \ inrd u F . rrdr", l"a'rmi"i.
r Sens crnnaLirnl l$ 2 1.
. {, . r'mr, I il. J. L; , , f dpolrr, l J, i l-. l. mon, nru \ orbr; , , b m' n u n F -
p + -rnl. 'rF_. p', ni, . '. mompn , l. p\ r{i". ".
t i . , 1, ', nu", dt isolur-. r. . ; , no, i
ropo" , u1 ondnr p r d r d r , r ' 6 . r s a u I . . _, lnr r d aaf . _" 1 ' "
'
l, li , . . ur. , . "os, o". . > i I n. . {od i t . i : - t t rhr. t ; . " t r, , : 'j.
CONSDIN^TII CENIIALE
O bs er a. L { e
Lrnele rerbe lii schimbli caracterul din durativ in momenranl prin adnr- \- lg4?
gar€a part;culei advcrbiale sau prepozitio ale care le translormd in y€rbe
. or npl e\ p. i ns i . l 1nJ u s " . o. t " l c . . i pr " i n. , l ut ul ui . . t i ' . i r r l i . J u r ez ut arui-i
a. r unr r ori stiflr p\ p m at e.
1os.t (: a der.n'r ldlrrativl
10s.t
b tie u (:
(: Ia iisc cnlcat,
s.ura) a(momcnraDl
znce) [duraii'r
t. tie &\\,r 1: a se c i,, a, a se n,lnidc) ( roienra.)
t o, nal . ( - a l ac f ) ld,'rurivl
ta nat'r off (: a lusi) ituomenianl
ta si.t _ (: I sed.al ldu.aiirt
10s . t d. oqn 1: as ear ez r ) ( r non' enl an)
to stdnd l: n sia h ricioar) l,tr.ri.irl
to stand up 1: a s. saul. in pi.ioa.c) (monenirnl
f o s ; t do, v n. t a t or d up au un- or i -i I n, J l - q Ll ur . t i r (r-Jp".tir a s c dad.

o s t a in fi.ioarr) ln t u. r , i p d" r ont e\ t t o r l on4. up r al / , / L b0r s du bul el
la care se mdnlnci stind in picioare); a stanrl-up ieal (: gistare luafi stind
1)) s p p, t t , u l f - o r,m e Lo r u e r l al c . t r I aj or i t at ea f or net or { er bal e S L3{ 8

, _A
or n r l m oa engr c z a at r doua &. pt r t P
h') aspcctal perfectio (The Common Aspcct or Perl ctive,4sr..t). care .a 1849
c\Drimd €.liun"a i-siFi d v " r hul u; . F 1i - i 4, nau noLi nad da rlLirara qi d"
""
b" ) aspectul inpetfectie (duratie nn nnLinu.ttiv ) (Itu Cantinuous ot \ lJiO

Prc'-r s ' ; r , As p* ' ) . . s r c ar al / . d a, l i , r nF a v a" bul ui ,n , ur . . 1u .b se
r epet d. "st"
Acestor doui aspecte le corespund doui forme de conjreare:
. ) ftnjuqar.o sinpla (lhc Simplp ConjaEat;on) cind A0liunea verbului \ 13il
.
I g, hon-" And llc do$n rvhrn I olz tir.d.

Shc nas s/P?r di.
I saw t,€. .onz in.
ThrX ndd tud such lrnl
.c").conjryarca con.tinud (Th. (ontinuons ot prclrl'.ssit)e Conjalation) | ltiJz
oind acliunca {erbuiui este i'nperiectivn:
'What d.€ ron.r,inAr" "I am t.Liins at t.hencH jfr air linpr..'
t hp ho b, . s l " 1i . . . |, r , 1 i . . .r
H r ho. t ,\ r " ad " A rl|l"r-, ,..
HoN lorg iar€ yan bkt tchiaq cotds tjke this? (R.t.tililel
A t enlie S jbg
. _ \ u n ' "l e t e . a n j u t o r . "a u l o n n t p n "t a : r i F . r e i ' l p "o p r i , r . , t "o d r p . c l
l i m b a romdna .progresiv rr"umn, . . i r .r,,./. s a u sFd . . ar, i rFDt€t r o D u
r : r "s , r . . m r re n u e n a z u la i i . F o | a o , o n t i i u a n L m "t p n L t j . J r , n l i m b l
englezeb bc in lrrgrerr insemnind a fi in curs,"tnr "d(:s.fd.turarc, .n Mnti uare,
d e unde:,.lrogress;re".
t Ve.belecompl€xe u oaractd nnmait.rr pot delcni dnrnrivc n htn.lic de cornrt.

00
1:l; CONJUG.\REA
C.TITAOTUIiISTIOTE\DRAI'tr
1\DIC,\'1,'ll 1trl 0Dtcli
S il'r;
1* F*$*f
1;,
ffi.u+;.{i*rrr,
13;1i
ig*$fitffil"xi'fs TtllPtrRt
I \ t ) lc \ T l\ 'I ii,
s 13t7
Gn,Ir rrczeDl{ttui
T im D u r ilr '. o n P u s' ' L i r I L '1, urLlrrr
au ru\iliid,l h tu:flt ,ru ,rrr.itj. I ld t.d"
l iit o r f_i tor ti1n, tlr lrtIl
1 \ili,r n"Tt,r,trli
i
Im*\
l
I
tig. 1
i:61
Aneliza fig. 1 lqi 2
Conjugarea onlini esteun sistem eentrat n Drezent ver; Fi{. 1). pcl,Ltu ( l35S
F \ p r i m a r F r r e , u ' u l u i t a l , l dp p ' "r p n l . r o n j u ' t a r ; x r o m d n J a r F - t r F i r i n , p u r i
tl.tutrt impc4-lut. ppt[,"tut inptu ,i I,"4..tt l ,ompu:. q i ,rn rihp rniFrinr
a ' P.lofai m4t mult r u p"r[ ftul. Pentru prprim"rpr rii'nr-lui
romind are atitorul Ei \In timp alterior acesfitla.oi.itorul anttior. "onjugrr.r
Uonlugxreo$glczi esl,eun sisten construit pe doun aft DarulLIc \ezi \ t;i.')t)
Fi:. 2\. cisl.mul F6tp Jdrp c rlouj t;npuri: pr .b oplr.p pr...ntu ( p. *Lt '
i.rr,. ne d F a | a t t . . u 1 u | ( P n , t t "n v ) .
Redarea unci intinpldri sau a unei st;ri poate li ficutn:
l) fie la prezent, lntrebuinlindu,se prczeitul indicairu,Iui; S 1:J{i0
2) fie la trecut, tntrcbujnliDdu-se t;cntnt indicar.iruluit i fl6t
He knoc16, aaitt a liiUe and iher ot,ns th. doo.. lPrezentl
H. kn.ked, kaited a little aDd l.len oFn.d tht door. iTf4,,L)
.\r..bpl" impuri .int ri'.1nuri ;,,r1,

Dle au liecaie trcrural si ;iitotul lal distin. . expfi-late pr;u r;lllpuri co -
puse.
1) Fati de prezrnt ( Pftse t T,n*). prc.entLl p.rfect ( prcynt p.jrfcd ) I tttjl
A\p|lrni o a rlunp
"r , t - f l u J 1 5 . J ' r ; . t o t u t ( F t , t , ) s i r , , ] a r ' , t . t l .t t F u l r r p
Pcdcct). acJiuni riitoarc:
/ , , . ". d 1 . 1 "1 Ll t , ". r ' . ' t , ' r , . r , . r . r i o i p . . . . n t . tu
toU Ir
' ". - , ' liii' , ; , i, . . , . , t 1 - ' , : r , , . { | , , L ' ' "/ , , 1
E r ent pLu:
X
Yonfir.
Ano$o',li.k
Lrre."/1l
I sl. r'trlre.olLd
..r l)fr ard t$i
itratt.all
e. asain.
Atenlic
Toaj.c recsle limpuri. fiind raportate la prezent. au auriliarut respectiv g 1B{i3
,
, r l'n{n de trrecut ( pasl Tcnse , trccutul pei{l ( past p.rlcLt ) e\prima o 1J64
a, i . . a n l , r i ^ r d . ) , r , ' t u t l o t o d " t r . r L r t t . r , u t t n , l , . t , a s i t i i ' t , t t o r u t -s
-
p, 4 fuli dt: tecut (Futurc Perfett tn the past_/acliuni I'iii,oare:
i.,d,rhd - t.cfll pedect (acliune alr,erioariLrcntului)
I cn u t , i jII r sn o , ld , n r - viilorul lale
dc lreort 1 acliLDi riir.oare aliL
I I sno&tl harc - \'iil.orul terfc.t t 'lc trecrl
I called
Exenplu:
I lold l'o I lail unled .n her and \fodd catt lgdn.
You krictr ihri by livc otlec k I shorrldbsre.ali,l {s ngrccrl.
. T o , ln 0 , F st - t im p u r i. f i: r d r a t o r t x'. ld / . p . / . Ju iU \ it id , lt a r,.p- r i\ " S lS r it

\ lndlcollrnl lfP.nl.
Obseraalf.e
. Arnlele s€rii d€-iin luri - erupr prezontuluipc dc o part€ li grulo irecu- S 1366
pp d e o l r 0 - l o r m F 0 T at ' : t - t b m p. I t s i t r , t l i r .
8/12/2019
8i Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
s 136? FORME VERB.{LE
lloonotnia de formc tn coniugareaenglezneste extremi. La verbele regu-

lat€, care roiNtituie mdroa majoritate a \;erbclor, o si[guri formir - aceeaa
infinitivului prezcnt stil l^ haz:r ntrogii coniugiri. Este deoi suficient se se
sLie nfinitit'il unui verb peniru a se afla ;i conjugarea ui, dao{ se cunoso
urmAtoarele reguli de bazn:
s r 36q 1) lorm€le simple ale coniugntii dedvn de la tnltztltt ( $ 1639);
r^ rrl l (i n fi r l i r) - .4 t1 ." o l l s (i l d i .a l i v p rF z " n rr ' .o 1 r{i m p e rd ti v )
.ntl"tl \i " ,l i ." ti lrc.u sLbjon.liv pre?pni. arri.ipiu rrp.uLJ .dtrir: {parti-
cipir prezent).
s 1e69 2) formele compusese construiescou urmdtoarele auxiliara:
s 1370 n) SHALL qi p€ntru WILL (cu trecutul SHOULD si WOULD) + iofinitivul
sini ciracte stice viitor (modul indicativ);
Tiilorul
I s/d ci1l, .tc. (lersoana 1 sg. 9i p1.)
Iou (lZ orll. elc. (persoana a t'a ti e 3 a sg fi Pt l
I iilt,rul faln ,1. l ro (rtl

I sno"ldc 1, etc. (pe$onn. sg. $i p1.)
you .ro,id .nll, etu. (pe$omaa t-i ti a I'a sg. i pl.l
s 1371 D/ SHOULD ti W0ULD + inlinitivnl lorneazd qi condilionalul:

I sh.uA crl1,.tc. ( eNoaâ1 sg Si Ir1.)
Jox ru.id eauctc. (lersoana -a ti a 3_a g ii pl )
$ 1372 .J to HAVE + participiul fecd ajut[ la forrnarea [turor timpurilor
pclfeote:
Prezentulp ertect l'reoutul pcrfect
portect Viitorul pcrtect fati de trecut

Yiitorul
I rnz[ ],r. caued, ett. I stoall /ure called, etc.
Co dilionrlul perlect Subjonotivul elfeet (forma modernd)

I sharltl. ha@ .altcd, etc.
Infiniti{r pertcot Participiul perlect
s 1373 dJ io BE lormeazE conjugarea continui qi conjugarea pasii'I:
. pr ni . i pi r l pr c z anl , oni , Ear F O . o l i nur :

I an ca.lling, tc .
pr f i i . i l ' i ul l r e. ul . ^ nj u dn 3 pJ " i r "
I a,, cailed, etc-
r Ac.stn tormfr de bazn esie nuoriti 1n Sfanatictr €nglezil ,,Iorma comuni" f?tu
Cotumt Ia itu. The Dase) 253/609
904
s 1373 CONJL{,i,tltE-{SIIIPL-4.A UNUI 1ERB nIEGUL-{T

(sllrPlll coNJUGlTrOrO l' A rLnGU[-\R IIRB)
s 1379 DI,\TEZA ACTIVA1

(ACTTVITYOICE)
TO N,ILL {A CHEI{A)'
I \r I ITi\i r?r\?l\'1?1 rz ,
l)rr,zent ( I'res.:rLt) ler{ect ( perfecL)

lo cau ( : a c]'cmal lo hatc c:rlled = a i i c l ' e m a r )
I'ARTICIPiL ( ATTT]C]PLE )
Prczen\ ( Pftscnt) Trecut f parrl Peficc't ( perfcct)

(alr;ns i: clemhdl calld (: ohen3l.) hdenq .alle'l (: chenlnd)'
\lr'. l : L l N n l L \ l l \ tl.\lrlaAill L .VtnD;
Pt.z$t ( Prcsent) 'Irccs\ ( Past le se)

I otll l.= chcn) I called (: chc am. .hemai, am chemat)
rou call You cnll.d
i'" I h"|
sre I caus she I called
i ;' I'- - ' ir J
wr c{ll Fr called
rou oall vou c rll"l
il,cJ call l.iieY calld
Proze pefc0t ( Present fffed) Treeut rerleot PusrPerfIt)

I havc call|d i: am clremrtJ I hrrl callcd (: .rhematn)
Iou ha{c ealled
slr rlms. allrd
{'e harc callcd

rou lave callld
ihcr have eallcd
Yiitor yiitor pertcct Yiitoml ta$ Viiforul perlect ati

do trccut dc trecut
(Futue ) (Fuhtre n the (Future Perfed n
Pdst the Pdst)
I s/d/l i,all I rn,ll hnlc callcd I snolld c l I siodld hale calted
J, l -vor cl'em' \ "i li
I \ , i. , T. . I "oi . i ' 'hpmal ,,,
f o-\ il|. 'l\ o] si'|''"\ "il"J\ 'o'$oU|d'a|L
I i." | \ii h. I woLrJ I $"urdh J \ "
li_
,r r " - 'e
l$ ir .,'r ;, iljft i;" .lr,t;.,ii" i" ,i;
r".1
r..h//,.dl *sj.// r,av.',r"r *. ,,t, ii" ",
. -, , , t \ o. $ilI 'c{ ll"J l, ' {ox"l ) r r c u d h J'\.' m ' l " d
"r,,',ra
' 'ill
rl'"\ '$il.
" i ' l d. l ". . r. i. | l J \ " ' llqJ lL'J{ull' l lh'y $ouro rJvr 'drrPo
l Y c z i q 1 t7 i - 1 7 7 3 .
-r ' , i ,i - ot '..r". ". *o n ' p r i' ,"' In lu' rar"Jd- d t " u n h i n g u _n l lFs 'l \' rb ' l u i
" r
,, ,/,.\"t"ir" j*t, .,d'r"J"c1,.iuni: asrrig'r. a xumi,:r \i/ila/lr.-lD lun.lie
'' tcu sersut ,,.tutii ce a chcnat" lcesi tinp liDsefl,en gramatica imbii
(V.zi S 1r0r). 'omane
,6;
tl0LlliL suBJo\cTIV (,ttj B.ttiNCTtvE ltooD)
forma Teche Forma Doui
( I ndependentd.c linp ) Ptezet\t ( prcsed) Pertect (p.4.d)
I call (: sn chcm) I cancd.: se .hcmj I l,ad calted - s,'Li ct,cmatj
Jor falled Jou had caltcd
slr. I call |eI I call.d
she t r e lI had cdteo
she
'rJjrl
]\IOIIUL co\DITtoNAL (CONDIIIONlL MOOD

lrtzeloI ( Present) Perlect ( Perfect
chena) I s/pzld have cdl.d (: ns ti ctt.Irarl
you
I'ri I nc t wonld h.rvc call.d
slic l ivould halc ,ralled
ir, I ri I
we sloLld nare onlt.d
Iou wolld |ave oalted
Urcy would }ale callcd
lloDUL TMPDRATIV I]11'DFATIt/E trOOD

( Pcrsoanaa 2-d, sg. ti pl.)
&ll (= oheane, henali)
{Yezi9i g 162 )
OONJUGI&XA CNY.I CO:{TINUI
(vezi S 1te1)
DINTEZA1 ICTIYA s 138

(acrrvu Torcx)
XiODURII,E PERSONAL E 5 38
i tNlT I O R \ I S O F _{VER Bi
I. II\DICATIVUL 5138
( T H I ] I N D I C AT I YN )
pdltif'S. .trlodul ndicatjvprezinre cliunra,si,area au eristen,raS 1]8s

ex pr r m at a i j e l er b Lr r , , ' at , r r { ar " d.
PX,DZENIUL $}IPLU s 138

{THE SIIPI]N IIiESE\AI)
1) D ef i ni , l i c . I n pr i nc i pi u. t i m pul gr am dt i . al r um i t . . t r ei , i r . e_r pr i nr . r t BSb

o a, l i une s bu o s r s r c . o er i i ql r n, l n pr pT r ' , . l n t , pt i r , . H . p. f l , , . , , t . de Li - - , o . - -
, ar es F r pf " r d \ pr bul F " , n" l i m r r s t s ; l n, ap" i n t F , ut - i dut r 0/ . . r i n t i i t or .
i r , . 1u. i v m om c nl ul pr pr pnt in . J r c F. \ ' or Li l onr l .
"ild
r Vez i
S 177t - 1t 73.
266
Pt pz " n' uls inllu: ' " : : " :
2r [nr,n;. Por eoar r a: r : l- i'rloeulit,r' ', -- pi; " a : r - d' ingul r' ' " r e
iv . r l. . , or ' " p" . - " " " " f " - " , n^ Fodn; i
, . , s i ini: - r "']":-'
.... , ' ' r r inllio di ' in' r ' r a:
"" "
,'l:i'|" il"'
i;i'i 'J"l5ti"l'"",i";"li:'
persoanei singular'
a 3'a
Ol nr'to
r ug, r'a.ifL' utL
" r i .' 0 .." .r r .h " s r"ii,r l on' ".i
' "'r""' a i t"t i t" l ' ' ::r :T:
.ii -" - ""i' ui r' A t" :'So
' " -o '
e r a ti ' r i i p l t" a l u l u i ' o ' " " ' " \e
' " " l
mp l c l u ' t' s r i \" p Fn ' L u p' "r'b" ;'
: ti ' "
i i - " 1 u " ." ." r r r m;r o J r o l o r
/a ) ( S e l) : to s.ow - hc sro$r tr l
lo looli - hc looks lsl
to r.dd - h. rcads lz l lo iaai - he ta\Ls tz l
l. bcar - lLe bctrs Lz l ro eve - he cXes lt )
to take - he takes ts l
i'o lliSue- nc
lo clrcte - ne
(b) s sz): he Pledges
to laoD - sn'" aces l,o plcdge - iL fee?es
to turse - he lursos |o l.eezc -
to .o[gc - she .orges
(cj (6s:r): iL blitzd
he orcsYs to blil,z -
to d.css -
to mir - hc nnte_'
to lnsn - he Pushes
to icach - he r_"achct
match he maicnes
to -
rd, { s 95) : ro,ar-J _h. , ar , t r
to l'Iy
( $ e6): he loys
xe saJs to to'r -
to say -
(e) (S tot)'
io go ne gods ro do
- -^ -..-"
( S1 0 2 ) l
' ' ll l;1""- " lrnl"
f/)
;: :li"r H ":f;""
s" r38? 3)Porbotoa 2-i
ta '^::r"*;
p"r'oan? ."u""il};l
i'$iJ:, i"i lt',i"::'"* "*
o
a.Ac€ii ormi it mutr racr si bun-bun
'"i'",i;i"," i;," io,rre
A.€asrucra.leris1,.5 irmDrr nsrcze i',1.'Yll.li-1"^-.r;.i,,i."rctar,iir
i. ,,"'i"i."i""'." a"$q*1 iTl"iTiilo";llili,""lil"lil'il,i'i'
:';lt"
p"r.oan"lpdrn ongrndr' .1
dinrre
a""^rn ' liJ dP risin'iul:"qhi ' ""^",,..*".".s"a".
i""i.,.i d i n j c x r u r FI''ii1q.",l:1"""1:':T
g r a z :1 9 ) ' " ' ' r Y'
i-i ' r ' o r " r " l p o l i r c ti i -n r r c h " r i h
i'""itir" ma c a z i n :\v h a l c n I d o
"( s a u i" mJ i r o r r n a lH o w o o 1 ' " ' " o i ' ;r l i " r - u ^
: aslc'iai asoni (llsrd
1 to a i n ci r l l a i P o l co r ' l or h'o (onomalopce hltl)
- " 1 ,c o&.4ll*'
p"..,,iTi,m arhaic,-I, ri {rialectahsntr iLfarir:
e,s. n r a ss. c- r.Lu lormi
'"', , . ; T 't \ l; ; ir, : j; i/ , "r, , b , irr. ; . 1 , , 'il": ll, ', , lJii
: lXl, ii: l; ;. -.or"
" r ; o, i 'ir
l Lur dr ' oFn'
obr ' ^ " " r : a
::f;il:'r i;::' ;
^ i: ] . " i. . - , , , ,, r,....-rsr
" i' i l ' : r i' aI l: il
'"Ji r : i:i' '"
't
ii iii
i{itl"l,.jtil'i;ifl
lor lou, lladaml" La rcstauranl,: '\lhat \\rili lrou have. sir?" etc. stnL raduse
cu .,Cemai /acl?', ,,Cuce t€ serrescl". ,Ce 'rr:i i iei2" in loc dc : ..llespectete
mel_e".n magazin: ,Cuce rd pot serlil'. T,r restaurant: .Ce )oriyi n ua1i ,
4) I trebuinlaruri pr€zontutui simplu. - Ilrezentul indicatirutui esic { 1388

lnlr pbuinlr t penr r u px pr i- . ' . ir . lun. lic dp, . nr , \ r . dr j in. pul pr . z c nt .
frI -
5r Irmpur trecui \iI 1ur,or.
z ) Ex pr ind f i, npul pr ez enr . $ 13B
. Pr Fz ant ul im plu. ind I nJ J r i' npul pr pz Fnt , ^ . r r ' ai hc , r pr t i t nt r , -
bumlnrp a sa €xpnlnn:
dJ un adevnr gen ral. u ]ni:;ersal an et tnul r ui J. f; ra speci icarei ijmpu \' 1t90
lui, r um il ln a, e. r r z s j . . t r pz . n et r r n- 1. loar ' " ii. . li, " t in pr or c r be:
The Earth rurn.s r lts dis.
jn reed i." a hiend jndccd.
-{ i.iend lP.oterbi
Tlii, sun.;rs irt the east ad se1s $c FesL.
TNo and
Dab'es u., iwo
lery{"3sNeft.
ion..
"Thc child is father ol the nd."
,/ o acliune sau o sl,arecare cartrctcrizeazi subiectul: s 139
The lanulc flor into lhe Bhck Sca.
This tcni /Mlds lonr pcople.
II i ,r \e N q u i,k $ o .1 ..
r c a i\ s lim ' fo s i.
He laees ltr canp out.
l . b b t:d \F s le ju ..t l,\P s ta o t::..c .
u e hos a tb m .
cJ o ac,tirne sau o staro permanentd care cons|ituie un obicei sau care q 1392
este repetatdl (adesea cu arlverbe sau locut,iuni adl.erbiale repetiti\.e. cn: '
al*alf, often. seldam.usuaLll. ca.r, neecrl trhen&er, erent rlult. on qe.hends
\\i, /isnr 1o. r'cace

oa, liles and lca.ns. lProv€rbl
s,nls hlr lltiers brf ai. nail.
-qhe rlccpi iir) litlle. doisn'i nc.
Hc
" L o n d n fd llin ; ,:,.s \ilh n ' \. r " r l. r ' " ..1 ,.1 \r " r l,,
\fF .-Jo ln r Ir
p. j. o .r - r r ' o n 1 " " 1 ,- .,
,s o/r a
$r. seldom ltsr.? in t. hilk's-
Doesit shc u a statl ut kde?
It' \at er.r r.,7cnr.f whil I sa ?
Undc u t-.r.r tl,c tt o.l.l I.r5 on lb. T\i.
Wheher| ",r€ft,\ttta cd,ls, sh0 brings cran.ie rlo1i?rs.
r a i / l . - l ? nu n a p .l- ., r ' ,n i i " ,1 ., ' l.i" ,.J r J. i : - \i,,1

l\p \s e li,r h ,n k r o u ;m a in l,,. \' - l .I.r r ..t' .i,.. t' r r .i../r .,,- i" -
I n ,r ' a ,p :- tl. 1 . h ,lo u t,fu ,r /., .1 L - .tto .tr .. c .r b .r ,r ,.... r p .t. :.. H/1 .,i
r \lr d ir d i o \- .p l dp " d d u ,,flr ^ r d t n ,," .n .n ..,,;. a r a , ir s .,:.t I\ r r 1 lr
E d tn p A tla o n ,p a " u : r ;/r u \i.t,lo r ' r r r J .a i,t ,,." ;J t " r ..J t .l_ ,L \..., n io tr .J
bi m 1 n i" tu _ d in a r " ili" ,l" 1 1 .p .r J .lu ilo r ...\' 1 / p /n , /,.- tL ' - .tb " .,tt, r t t t,.i- - .1
d in p " u u la n l. Pd " ld s t,- r r : ..\m n ' in , r ' , ,. ti,r " r L ,. l.' ,t) ;., t,' ,.a t n .o J ,
tu n d a r , t , n & ,to ftl ttu n E . L . I.d ... . . . r 1 , iu n iu ,r . a .r tp r ] J ., ta .d a t,t.
:.\c - o r z " a .,1 - o I' r ,tl" ,.r . d 1 - r ' r p ti t.. sp
" \r r in '
n u m c r ,i r ir e :e a r s n o n r c ( r a a n lt 1 4 ,n t)
IJ n lo .' n p lu " r ' .- J i,/p ^ n a i p u d .r ,L " I i" .,l ," 7 ,i r ..s .,,r - ,t.r ,,
aFo.mil ninild h sramatic{ ,ic,ent iloatie (ttetutiee Prcsent).
s"Innl.on Ca ine" a: Vorleiti
Londral este nlrmele iransmisi.i TV a RBC.nlui. 258/609
268
q 1e93 d) o rcljune sau o starecnreare oc ln momeniul vorbirii, dar care no

a n ' tr' ' , I ri i n .l In ,1 , rr_ .u rrrp . i n rrn ,ri ra " ri s ti n d :
_\ o .-r" rrL 'ni. 4." ro lrro --\", |/,4P oo'rl"'
ra:",1(rl l,Jn-dsuid-,o/is su rasL that ' co l l 3 n d in her teanr cdn hnrdlv
ihe oihA
Sl,p sirls
ke . ] l u r ) $ ' t h b cr .
" Y . u r si st ( ' . / t s/ i n ? " " N o , sh c' s o u t "
l)aphnc ts l,apll natuicd.
h.''t d. ttt^t.l Yon d?rrc so l6t.
\\'a o.ltnanl.ng. re.cipt oi lour leiler oi cvc date
q 130{ .l o art;u,,e n curs sau o stare erist€nti in ronentll vorbirii, cind
r' .rb ' i ' n u y ' " r . r " r fo ' m H , o n ri ' u i { S l 8 {6 J
'fhey /,.1 old and {oul{i like io see het grandsi,n
I remnbet ihe incid.nt no\t Urai lor n.nrtdz it .
Tl,cy a.e shd Xou' € cone
g 1395 /J l'rezentui se mai tntrcbuinleazi cu verbe de mi;care. care se referd
la un i api c e ar e l oc i n
Herc .oma the ,tnzaf Pr ofeziheer l tCuP.
:
corllentarii, interviuri, descrieri (la radio, tele;ziune etc ) de eveninent'e
sporlive; exclamalji (cu sau ltui ordinea subiect verb inversati):
I r od. c ur l , ' , pon he . l ' ai r r . dn t o Thcrc r4lfts n, ld.l as'a1l
'ttrre a.a th."rtnne. beli
Hcr' ('. a,tu a-carollinglr Tlerc apeats anothq Napal@t
atuitt ga.s yab cdb Hcrc c;mcs m fdtlet Lct\ sneak ouil:
E 1196 gl Dc asemenea, rezentul simplu introduce un citat in mod djrect sau
- indirect, cir,d verbul irtroducti' aie un caract€r momentan ($ 1344) fi nu
exprimx o aotiune in desfigurare ln
notmomentul
saw he air vorbirii:
too much "
l{adletr's dvice n acting .(: "Do
_d
Jo h r ' s l " l l ' " i a ys rt i " .u 'f' ir' nrs n brrmp r ."oP
Dl , , p l l r n r . Jo r r ' a ' . r l . " l
S I39? i i a .rp n re b ri n l a r l n i .d i c a L i i l p ..n i c F , in rezL'ma l p i rs c l o r.sl fi l -
' mal^rii pov^tiril^r. la rillurilp arli.ol.lor.lin ziar.. al legendeloro logrrijilor
din ziare etc.:
O l i \ i n e , , r u o " t d st ,
\i"r.o.* , or', drIup qr. r dd d " ; r l . sl u l vr y.
t:
$ 13$8
S1399 9. E rp ti n d fi tu p u I tre c
a) ( Pr.zcntulnal alir saa ^rtoric H isloriN ar N axratiaePrcscnt - P en-
' tru a'se da mai nlulte aioiciune stilului, tntlmpl6riie trecut'e sini porrestite
la prezent, uneori ohiar in continuareaunui tilnt tr€cui, cceac€ contribuie la
r€liefarea faptelor P01'estit€:
I qenr ir MC, clovd lhe doo. Snddenly a voice .alls oul .l the dalk dd srart'cs
flc. I tcel iainL atd .aD ha.dlv waur'
i ji au il,c Pacn s ri that d'll1 I rcmemhc(d one flridlr': Noihe' ir in the silliltgjoom'
Ot in.o,tt raiii to l,tr lii a 1\hilci bnt nll the ti;ie I /.cr th{t atl is not as il
rd, and yet I da tu roi asir r,cr aboll lhe doctor's visii.
slould -,'"
Prezentul narativ Yerbe

cste loalteserar lntrebuinlrat
reterA in englezavorbitl
a informalii. cat ta forget, o hcar
A 1400 il ln cazul unor care
" l:n dlh). io l.dnr (: r 8lla). 10ldl, ta be old, o uniLcrstand, o tt'ritcela'j 3e
intrel,uinjclz. do prchrintr l'^pz€nt(l simplu in locul pr€zentuluipedecb:
I /o/3.r \rl,{t diy iL wt6.
(t\nr ur.iat Ne zt .ttr)
r Pe o il$lfatiL de Nor: .,In1.,1-n.. t{im si ri colindim."

, , n e a t t a L t : . a p t .-A.nul
cr e tu'jt. 259/609
t /.," d r c \ 1\ bF j d. o n \ir $ a r ' - J tr ' d . B L ,l' d - " r lr r r " r ' n " l lr ' r '
1. i; " ji t ' r . r , - s ur n " , ad. , onJ rr ; , , . r, J , ' - 5r ,n , , , r ' l:\ o ' r " r ' r iz or e
I 1.2., vou e {on the Pdze

l,1m ali.tL t'.\ ai ciltisat Prc iul.)
\u lr " J r /r m J ' \' - e o l y u u r .d " g - '
I\.d - ;v n ' i.d ?; i:.i .r o in lo m ' n \ r ia r J
"
I rn tal.l rau rrp \.rv rr \Y
J .rti to rrte o.npdt l
Llli s-, stus '
1 unlerctand. l\e is a mathemati.ian ol rclulc .
iDupi olt om i4leler, esle un matcmrl'c'8n repurirl, ]
r lv [h e r u .r ,p s d lh ' d .n l o t o \" r ' " n l
:J \F r .1 lL'ar o1-a l\l r r '. u o r r n b .r J lr d p ' p " n i J " d ' .
\li a .,..,. \Ir m n r d d 'i
1. E apri md f i mpul ri i t ar s r10

d) In limba vorbitn, clnd exi.itaur adYelbde timp aiilor tn propozilie' .\ 1{02
implu erirrnnnuneori o aoliunesau o starc viitoare.a.steptatio ri
proiectatd,sau care constriure n obrcer:
'l'otuia*beiiiDs
Term is Jo^lt-. Monddy.
2i -
The past;nan doesn't eall on ,S,nda?
D) Prezentul implu este ntrcbuinlat n special u referire a prograne' s 140

orare nlersul renurilor, al vapoerelor, vjoarlelor tc,:
\1hat tjmc ts ihe nnsic lesson odar''1
\re razd at. livc this allnn on The York trnio is duc in al 11 am.
thc mass d€ntonstration is at 8 a.n shulp Lolnonos'
Profesor Morris is dne io lecture on Frrdag oe.k.
' ' \ n p n d a ,c , . r S u n d o ,iil,ts BBa p " o ;- o r F .
. lL d u ,5 n . . l, s dn a lt ;- h t .o n - ..a t b, r ,t.a s t. ' n d :-
ln L v r r \" t- ' r a ' t" " - .lo tr a a ' a n n " " r ' lt d o
T t" ir is o ,a to H' o th ' a ; .t;' p .tt lt t,a ll h n u r '
D" f apt , ' a. i in lim br r om - n5. pr ogr am ar pdplanilic or " rs au inler c ' ul
er i. ld in ir c / " n1, i' le' Fs . s i t n r r af ul. 1, r ' aliz ar Fa n \ iilor '
Uo r h " r 1 .,,- i o - r ' r r " J i d p D' l \- P \.
.l P r " zA n .L l si m p l L rp ' l A l n l r Fb L i r ,l i l i n p r cp o zl i i tP si u n d o t. te .r ,p o - $ 110
q l r r p \r r l o cr p ca r e
r a l e .a u cu n Ji i o ' Jl e - p p n r u a .xp r i r n a o o cL r u n r s" u
a p l o . .a n .i n i t,n t, Fa u r p r o € p F ( o n " o n ' i l n n l . ' u o L ti tt l u n " ta u sta te
viitoare
Ritrs(S
me2E52):
un as sooa as he ga,t lome
(Telitoneaza'mi oe ta ros, rc'r.si.)
'ndatn
Do r ' L 3u n n l i l th r J ,sl ]o u to . _
\d l.o u _ onr'P nu I o ' " /P " , \
| .h a L u v ,, T\ ." s h " n I c n, s ,o J a l,,/p i n.
tV ,i " m d lr d i,n " l' \/o - ' i .' 5 o " t n o l" m o d a l" r
Il Virian crues on llondav, I'll look him uP
iDaoi Vilian ta cd't luni, am si na duo sil vad )
In r a ..\o u r ,d lh n o lo n g r tb d l- r lo 4 iil.
t, - .' lo n o flo s . ' ' il db'l
D- c J n u ,, ,fr r ' r - , - ' lll m in , n r n m r ' l J r ' r n Lpa
) h " \ili lo o l a r \\ a . n p \' h i r I 'D ' $ .
\d v ' r ;r r jJ d " \\J \ F " /;P
'
ndicatirului prezelt ilin limbi rome i, ilr limba cnglezi' s 140
5) T:raaluoerea
- Se'atrage lndeoscbiaL€n1,ia supra traduccrii urm:ii'oareloroazuri cu
totul sp€ciale:
t ,.o .h - .v A t.r o n p .' p ,o to r u , t 1 r r . L , n l,,.
97n
S 1,l0ti al lndicotivul rrr€zent din linlba romann tradus ln linba englezi cu

' ; n d ; ; ; "u t r , . u t s ; n p l l ' $ r , o n t i n , 'u { S I 4 l l . 2 8 3 8 ) :
r l : . ' , d. p. 6 t l ) i / 4" 1" ' i i l i"t l aot " rnt
- h. 5 ' d. he uds do; ag h" r I ' om \ \ . r \ dd co, l l a r " on" '
1{07 ,) IndioativLrlprezent t&tl,\s cn |iitotul fald de ,'ed'.tt $ 2838):

.t," r- n, " ,,p / t - , u, . ' dt x- t n, m ro com p. l
q 1+0S
' e./ Indioelj(rl prezPnt rdJus cr prerentul au cu ,;iordl cantinuq re-
Jind i i i t o n , l i n . r i l u l f a m i l i d r (S 1521/:
\la: dzc la llinbttre rresl. o o.d:
t + :"'& tr $al . i D ar , ho I d rl
"
l ll i" A:t' E . u a sal k I n Jn hn r '
\
S l{0$ ,ll lndi.atilul prezeot tradus cu ttfrrldl sau cn eiitoruL ald dc tecnt
" nntinttx. r "d r n J 'i i a oa', ,plimbare
1 n s ilul fr nrliaf \S li2Jr:
A spusotl se du.e Peste oIe
ir. . br d p- ' _, j ?H f or n$. l k; nanI . o. r ) sJL
- t l , . , i d h" d qoos or J \ v1l k i d ho' t . l
";ut ,I
q 1{10
' €) lndicativul prezent iradus cu construclid idiomatici to bc Soing to
(enprimd c€rtitudine):
Vrcmease s.ilrlnlrA.
1- The rveath.r ;s g,iig ,, .|aDgc l
crnhesl,e-l'. ievi l.enulI
| | oul : t 'ir'"? : r'
' _P' i, ' " rr'nrrl Jn nu
t - 'sl l l nLdnd;
l ol J h".-l . ^ : p . n"
s got ,'i".i
eo Iri' r a' Idar ' r Ji n i r sl"P dt dnt
"" "troal
" bp', "Irtp
f\l_imi : nl n' d r' o Ju '1 6
.\rn Si nd " 'd '
\ : t ngor n9bi onl r t r ' l
6) Prezo ul simplu n eontrast u prezentul ontinuu. Vezi Conjugare
continun S 1806.
$ 14r T&ECUTLTLSIUPIU
TENSEI
iTIItr SLIIPNE IIS'i
€ llt2 l r F o r u r i . TtF ulul s i n p l r r I 'r c o \ ; n u t , i f o r u d l ''r l u loere p 'r 'u r

" ne e . , . r " Fp H '.rbului /o At. Tr..,rrul simplu ^l v'rb lur rP d| ot .c Iat
meazn adnugindu-se suii\ul -cd la inlinitiv:
, , .,-", |-i I r l ' , : Jo ' nl ql :
' l L:t",t.
,J l . . h. .r . . J Fd.
I pt L, . "i t J: I . o
Trecutul s;nplu al rcrbelar crclttlate sle oarte dire$. (\rezi thta ver-
belor nercsulate a S tE47).
S 1i113 2) Ortogralie. Vezi 5 1?;9.
$ 1414 J r f u n . lie . t r. "rl' rl . imp lu . p ri ' o d liu r, r ' ru n ' l0 rp ' u n rll' l
n "A s rt ttaddd d
r. ' min a 1 ". l' . rr; n n , o n ' , ' , , -n I ttttn t '
tinp ne1tu ", . ir"in
tJ \ un';Potd.
l In o''e rs z u t il lr iJ n Dd ' x ' r irr' 4 ' li ' t u "F st s
re l; "1 F"lF, o n l/ , -p o ro t u d 1 ". Ft t,t t tt tn tnt t\'ot ' 1 ' lt r' p .
$ 1115 D"l t iin J ir' l lc . . . l .au iri rip ' rl, l ' ,pr I F' r" rirn r"rl ;n r-l, u in t d l
"t , -,
le p o r". L ir. a in lrn ' p la ' ilo r t;p ' t t - t I t ,'tut ltotot ' a | t ; s n r"' [ )o rro t iv "
or Historic Pdst)l:
Georsc,,a,...d ai this rnd rr,,d.l ac.oss i lhe Chicl I'ligincer'
rle ,tird himscu togel.lie. and rhtt ontLnued
IPrpnr,r..,jLnrdire JF m r l J" D d r ' ) : rr|\6 1^rdrrri 'i dr:n. dF pr o\ i t r ' .
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 2?l
'limpul ln (Jrps 0.per.erutactiunps xprimati
de verb poate i precizat S1416
"r n urmaroal0Le odun:
a, p r i n l F u r a J \ p r b d a t i 'n p p r "r i . s r u p r i n r r J n r J a t i \ . a 1 : u . s t , r . J o r . llt7
t t xadot c. nA' A. df n' J. dr $er . ) , , -0. t d. t ( N p" t :, nr t t Lj , 4, " .. t ; , n" c' c. t . '
r kpn. , v\ . n p' . . s3u pr i n nr i . p 1l t p. . t v. f bp or i t o. I Ji U , ; I , l \ er bi l t e r af e D r €ci _
z" a7l l i m oul l n l r p, ., ;n 19. 35 a. w ' 4 a. j i ut ttr t,ttt.,41 t hnl t i nt . at t he
':
num nt . ror l t h.
. sb" do. t . Jus ( t..A.
adi nFaur
r . " n, l : t , t hit(Jo.d.t b,
i / ; t t , rt,ast
, th" , t . 4rottt.
Fl ' . 1 tlo.t.,t " da t Lel or c
' J ' t . t do
I called i.here z.,sr..da,.
IIe srw mc fi; nizL,.: aq..
She lolt lor thc Cort.int\ir tdsl ucut.
\\:hcn I $ng u . sr€ rlr9 out.
/. .... ds' - 3D oLc. f l + ocr i zr d hm
I mat r'm r 1r , , a. , i , ;|J
You s€ r. hir.e the otte da1t, r€reD't on ?
' . \ l . " b- l h $as rir. D l l . i i l rn tr-;.
\l .rmc i n ar ll].r0 todrl
\. d , . , 7, I r sal ot p1 t o . r f oo JJr u.
I soi t r i e t e er nn t vpdne, ki .
I didn't sl.cl al thdt Li,li.
: , aa ul a' dau' . r ^11 b. cr n r o - , r , cr
, houehl t l , p t i . knt , ; 1 Tr \ , t o l hp ahi .
The Houses ot P{rliae€rt ir Loridon wore l|llitt d,,atiars petiods.
.^r, printr{tn verb la un timp tuecut (care aparline grupei trecutului g 1418
-{ 1356):
'thet s,cte sains rhcn we ord{e{t.
1 t f . t t had " n "r, . n ry d ho ontcrpdh p room
l i , . ' , . I . 16 \ ?t . oat d: p" it
II- t ot i d t o t h"' . p. . r n' 's
S' p sai d . hp t i r ' . 1 1u- nr ,$ni - U-t w1i
" i " t Iaoi
nusid . .^t,h"
J. {St,tDi oi
n4:ntrt;nes.
t , . onf nr m
. ^ r Pr l ond, nr , m t r r l r or )
_ c.) prjn orice alL ndicator dc timp trecutpreci,s, are se nu tie adverb de S l4tg
f r m p cdu.onqlruLllp c m p o r i \ | 5 : i , f p . ( r . . t h , t . t o s a V. t o t e l l , t o g p \ t a b u t f ,
o cost. o payj to LastEtc.l
h'tuN ,]id yor sa this buruundvl
Tt ry d id ni.. a"h .r u r; ^ ; r / ra , ".
lvas ,nar ihe nilknm ivho rnls?
lvho sa'rdso?
Who ,old yon inarl
1 bauaht
What dtd\is ooat ar lla.rod's.
your teleajsioncosrl
Ho h mu . iJ , ] ' o u r, r4 r. r rh . A s t a c . ls (t t . ?
HoN lons did tie 6h;q /dsr:
d) priq context sau numai ln intenlia celui care vorbeqte: s 142
lt'@ she a home?
He .ane cv.rv dav lor $c€ks.
The rlay pd; teii sed-
,.,t rou hea. that noise?
,'d.e'1'0u aL the nartv?
\ \ ' h1l dd Jo. - aJ/ | ; av n r h" Jr d )ou
Yor d/d, I sc. e tn ttte .lub.
I ner him o, d fntt night: he $as a regutaf ti$t nignhr.
. 4) ,Ilte luncfii alo trocotuluis ilnplu, Trecutulsimplu nlocuiefte rm{- g 14Zl
l D . l nu ) i J" l or . , i . Ld\."b.tr , u ph. , nt t t p. 4p4 tg ti'r.

' i nt . , , . r r t r ui
.*th"tn"t',..., ( Lr,n't^.;,,, d.t
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze . \ nl r i d, " uaF r nt . t , u' r , t Jr cur ct r t dc 262/609
4ngl . r i . ,.' iLf \i r / r . p" . r a I na. " n : , , . | , ; t , , . .-, o-
27t
ff:.:f ot tlt itttttt l-'i nr'ir'r'i'o rirn'j' T"li i'o'a itr

-.nt).t
intlell;rI tl'o1r.r1.rrl:
''\Yhai .,x I do lor )ox?"
-1 rn'd, o '.
"\l ' to '
\J''
:What' i
fDfst)Eilld
.,c YonwnnL
,tat ( ' lrcji
o ialli
si\ni
to me
\r,rbr
aboutT"
ti?l
Cr. l l tirnba omAndacela'(i ro.edcLreuniperfcclul n louul prpr'ntllui)
tnlrebuinlaL n acelalqicop. lustlrt prin rrdJu efle din pnr'nicTtlP e rnal
S l l :3 I))tr,t tu l /rf ..1 .l n l o c u l c n ru i aesteu n e o ri rtr€ b r ,L 8 t en -

" ' r.r.i rn p l :l i ' a r" o u i " n tr.r " ' i a rp i unFi r" p e ri ri i :
l . Lho.r 1,, /.rr,"./ l.1l .'.\' i u\" o L o r r i r '_
d t-. .,.t.r I l t r' ,'pa
".r a ' t st u l e ' l r L d a v
| . cn { l l h e l u i si n o e i , ' r 1 3 v T h r sn o \ i t r t r n
dl S h c h n
.'a\bl J Jr ' l / 1 l o l l " l I L \ o J' Js \ :
i l l . r l a ca b r n l l d c h r i . \ i r so a r ca / , . / / , r w i L l o u n l u l a so 5 r r e r
lirt' de doni zil. l
' " sh r sr i l l sh . l , r d l . h r o $ n u , e b u n d o \ n t l , r r c b e n ' . sl c i lad metl Ha'r's "
' , r r intllni lE llau's)
ltfu.ea cli rom l.ic cliill aool. inairtc de a't fi ittttttnia'l
i Y e zi t i $ 1 4 8 1 1
{l l 9 l 4 tp , ' h t,tt ti ' n r' l u ' n ' n -i ,l i n ' i l u l i n d i r- ri n rr' o p ra p "

' z i tj c .p .L r,l ' r;.J u r1 , n r:h l ' r' ri n p ,l i n g r" d r' " ' ' r' rl Lri ' a u u l o rm ;
J ; rre .,r.3 ,^ n f" rn ' r' i ,rl i i u r' 0 ' n d .r' l " r ri m p u ti l o r s :n l l ):
S 1{2i} t:') (dn|il otunnad

I ntousht tecut si.mpltt)3.
a sisier'
lcredcam i a, o sor,''
Ilc dsn.ll nit jlsr row ho\t Iotr 4?,r'
I I Ji ' n b r ' r'/ J
. \ \ ' n . t r t o , , n "' r "tdr r, ,r ^' t ,t. .,o,tu, t.It f l , , r I J, , . /.
i..t" r"J '...\b \"rl :- i . l u . . l
-
\' l lJ \ r sl ' " 5n
"lr"r' " l d 'd
1 d '" ' "
,:'lr'1 lior' l\'mr|I'J n i ' d r l "
-
." ) (dupn eiitoruL dtd tu lret:nt conform regulii coresirondenlei illllu-
' r+'16
5
rilor ($ 28314:
\l'e rre.c told t,) wait xnlil thc lus .rdr lhcrc.
lNi s'a stus sii {sl,eptlm riDiL .t ta srsi allobuml l
.h r_"" l'i oll1
'.ria " r " , n
1 , " ir,.rr,a ' - ' r ' n l o . . l 'l l : r ' l , , /l n 'o "
l i 'r'l
T " \ ' p : x, 1 .r n D t t J . . | a t , r s sn a t
'p
\.r"r'F li Jn ' i r , i - ' i r ' r l "
'
S 1{:}7 ti") (dapd u condili.ottult :
i ftozldl,rcd.1: sir ho ntuiic (asijsJ Adr'
l C r cd . a r n n n . i e e s/ t \ d . . )
':i
:I \ J.r(.
'- \,lcrome,Thtee
r'..,:, , . . ' i .Iet
ur o d a R.tl l. l ur : ' l d' . i o' - ' 1.
3D f r ; l I ' " l d l _- qt r' rrL i'. rrli l - n; l : I ' l ' r l l r ' / nr ' r r r r l ur o
. : t nt ; , nl J i o' . r , . | . ' , i . . p r'r I r 7r ' i . J u, r ' , : . \ - l r ' r . : ' nJ ' - l
b | " : i- t
noln nl r-. '..d | 't-b' l in | ' r" \ 'lur ldpr;/p-r'
rnr'r'r | :r ' ' r " i t r v"
trDl. "mn
carc
' iusLil'.i r,tlnrla
iTf,ul. ,jmr. i rb. r'l.J 1nl, o nr r, oui , l u n d ' ru uljo
",' ' \o' dd' r' rri'u In'rdd
' i , u t i . : r i r o t . o , r " d i o n4d : l i - n 1 1 " I i : 'r'
..1,'. " tli'.r ' /"o
. n s. b l o . ' : ' o , J l' l g .n
r lor 'r \d'L 263/609
2t3
\\:e riotldi,ro&ldr liltc lo i.lierc Ic @a."lbr a poct'

(\_e'ar |],-i.ca si rriilfm .ii esre Poer"l
: ) ) S lih r l co lo cr id . - P in . icr o g a r e d r lr r "g u la ' o f e sln r 'r lr lr t P r in r l'u r j- S1128
t u r : . in l; r r , o \ , r L ir ' : - i t , - . r ' . r u 4 0 . r r F r 4. p r F / o n i , \ r q - F n 3 r n
rp fn,' 'r "
": , r ' lp d 'n r F r n r 'r \ u r r r lr 'n
. ; n , r . "l, r : , , \ . r l,
'l r in 'n u r d in r 'r ' t 'o zilie
o r u o o li i { . "u .l r . | ". r l r ' - 'u i. ' r r l i i 'l
: . , i, , , t - * . " r li, . . /d t" i t , , t., t::t t
r,t/ mc she Is gting to bc o{$ied so.n
-I lri
/ r n l t st i f , s
fh". dll' rl
ll" , . . t t f , t t , ' ,, . r', ||Ir,^..d',,l,nl
1t.zi .i raria 1.1e c\cnllol.. de ltr I S l lgI'2. jlrl44l'
Desjsur ci r e l l a l e a u n o r a cf i u r l i sn u sL ; i r i tfc.riie e\prinate l n st i l l l d i r e ct

plin prezeni, nrn il1rplica1,iii itoare pislreazi toLuli forma de lrt'xl conlorm
iesulii corespoDdeDlei impurilor:
H'o,t ro F\ s ld- J"
' t:tP?
-a 'r\"' '"a,, g'.o
. r .t. 1 $ 'l'
'r
"' '
6l Tmihcerex in lirnbt rorne i. Din schemclede la 1356 qi 1357-se { I'129
con.iiit:i ca. a trodul i,'djcrliv. noliurca de lrecl]t esteexprilnatl in limba
q l F / d n , i n r r . , 4 n r " r o r n ' . p r b r b ' -'i r n r r m ' I ' i n i n l l i "1 r i ' r l r r ' u l
' ^j . .
t P) 1 t ; s ) I l : { . o r . a r r ' l i nhr I ' n ; ": l t i ' / l l'r'rrF \ . c h 'l' d r l p r r r p :
i n r ' . r i t . i , l i : . I r : 6 l n l r "r . r u l t r "' rt
p , j . ", i i 7 . , 1 t ' t a , - . , .i
' r r r , u r ",".
. c,.p' r' ,p, e. "- 1 "_ i - l ' l r ' d L ' F ' 1 ' r r ' r ' ' l p h r p r
tr linba romeDe.astfel:
ot-'tp t ' "; n t t , ' ' d u 'I p 4 t t h l "o t l p u l i r F d ' r ' " i n r r ' l p b r i l r t l l : l l l
d n , i ' r ", t \ o r r ' , ' , d dp \ p ' l ' (s l : 4 4
rrF.ulp " ' rb 'r n u m - n l 'r
134r: 1347): 'r
' , . 1 1 1 . 1 t li i l t . t ' | J tst t^ ' 1 1 ' l h 'pd
,',,-. , . 1, s"al" ._il
" -'
\\c a,nl to { l l i " r Jf sr e r d a r '
1Nc 4,, .l4r ifri la ttalrrr.)
b) crl inperfc.tul ln cazul acliuni]or sau stirjtor' cu cal'acter duraljv S 1431
(li 1:145) au reprititiv:
Hc sd1 l , cf r i i ' a i L i n s l D u r a l i vi
/.se&a aiolo aitrflin'l l
fLP\L l
' 'l ''""P r d
L
s],. je
;'16 :r'\.'
i Llcrei\( N.avcr l lDu.aiivl'r_ '/
f t o
/ Era ,r lr.11o.{c Drit.n r 'l
l'r'rrn \
,,.i1, /
\\'' 'n 'rl' llri
i l'
'r'd-
Pe lins; aceasta.recutul sinplu e\prinliir'1.'lrrpa cum s-r ardtdt,rnJi S l 32
q4
., D r p T F n l \ a r r \ r i o 'u r '
su I { l4 ll . li2 q , . d lil - n "l
r a d u ic ln ir n b
t"-"ij o m i- i I lir n p r r r r l r n llc r r \ F e f a l:
ii,,i; ,,,"tt ,,"?'.rtcrril tn-cazitl nci ac-tiuni austari anterioare rri .s1433
monlenl
"" "'ii" ad recut S 1423):
cindnoliuneaestede prezent in cadnrl cores- S 1434
ponddnlei;mpurilor)
"i ni,iiira' r)rcztnl
$ 1424);
r r ', . n ir o l, '\ , ' l"a t t d t t t . ". t , i rr" 'l ii_ '^. r ^ L r a ir i.
'n
i n '' lo d ", , ' l "r ' r 4 'r 'ir r r'4 'u \ r o r r
I ln ir r - iir P r css n ir ' r - lr n d ' d in lr "i
:\ '.i I,qd..( 1r:0o1.r, ,'.i,:,r'. I l-" . S - Ji
31r.c t,t 1,. ,t, , "r , ", 1 n ,, ", ,
a.tirni lleente. 'n
anterio. unei
?? 4
143, . c ..cr t'iitrr uL_:n\d noliunea €sto de viitor (in carrul cljle.,ironrlont€i
( $ 2834).
At c nt t e
{ 1438 ,{ nu so confonda trarulrt silnptu cu subjoncrivul prezc,rl cu care afe
formd identici. (Vozi $ 1553).

c mni jon oi in s ubjor Ll r uj s r xu treLurul dupn c,.iu,,Llia
. .Exemplele
ii1 .^r,.
, . d/ r r ur r i. - , a\ pr , , I r qt - r i, . r a, :
It\ linc Llnlil ron qe',r o rr1.
llr fi tirilul si Lt i.ut:i. a r\tjNa .
Ion nrd ,ef.. sav .r.s,.
/lIa i l) in e d i s p r n e _ d r .- i:
TLey \vish llhrrl ih,:J .,r sr. von.
/-,1f l,.t si i. toitr-l redfa i
11. r a th c . h e r ) a d t.t ],f. g ..
(At ' ,o r ll
pt.fira sir s ' ia ,r v
insoarc cn ca d{it sn a. destflrti.)
5 1437 7) Trecut Di riitor.-, Din Fig. 2 () 1357) se vede .,n in.i;.j4liiri?l recut,
ocupa prtrul .jstemuluide tirnl,uri care apartin trecutului. \sadar.pentru
'
rednrcu unpi ,rcliuni anrprioarc ceteia exprinat€ prin i dicati\-ul tre.ut. vcF
bul c Flunp l\. r. r t . t pa[ " . . t pa\ t p" [ . . t t . i" t p. n.u. F. r iun" v ii nar . r aia
d" d. c F1_" x pr i dr pf ln in. t q r r r t r r q r i r " 16, r t .. pur . t) t; ut [ af u t J ?
trecut. (Ftllurc in the Past)l
lt" .b llm ) 1 6 0 ...a ,r ttp , | " .t.t r tt. .,./d .F " r . l\iir o r
\ t - d s t' r . .i o r ' :,,.J ( \ti.,.n ." ," o ,T f,d .d ../
O bs er eq, lie
S 1438 l\it trecnttll anterior indicatiyului tracur. cit ti riilrr..,l fate de acesta
slnt l,impuri constnrif,e n ajnrorulforn.i tecute a diriliarctor lesiectirc.lotme
irnpuse de coresponden,tairnpurilor, care cere ca un \erb ce se'&t''tdn raport
temporuI cu un tecut si aib; tot form; de trecur, ( I 2838).
5lf39 8r fompnr0tie otrc irocutul bim plu i trcrllrrl.ootinu||3. FormasimDla
r indi, r iv ului r " . ut i\ pr im r j o dr liunFs au n s t ar p, , . m / ral. i n1. un m um FnL
dai.irecur;lor_ma continua snger6f.ze o tinuitdtca unei ac ,iuni sau a uner
stdri_trecute. deci ii Japtul ce ac€asranz, a fast desaitirgiti.
Dacd intreabi cinovn:
"Dd lor hEd.abort Lord Nounitatten'$ ragicdeaUi n Ireland?.'
Se poate rispunde cn lrecutul simphr:
"Yes. I /kd.d l.he Dews on tle TV.',
R;spunsul suqereazd d informaliile auzite Ia TV sint suficiente si cd
vorbilorul .on.idFr; Lhestiun€a n, his,i-
Se poate lnsi rnspunde fi a,r trecuttl conti.nun:
" 1 4 ' ./r ' r : ,r - e J d lJ lr _ d a ..i \_ o " b iu " L I "" g r ij I ld m n m " 1 u t d " n td u tu : b ar
" /, r I d " id l l L . t g n d , ,t., ..1 1 ,,v r ,. r i in ^ r o z i o d .r ' .r , - ,..T t,v ,v .r , h t| -
ns r lo ,( i l r ' ,. .r ,.t Ro o l r " tJ y . _ " u \ r ,r t., - .,..t t" " in r ;r p r . io r b ir o r u lu i
n r ' :t.,.1 :1 .n .i ,i" i.
? a .r ..ta s , d o r , o .,, lu J r ;. d d .,
$ 1410 t) Douna{tiuni simnltAne. Dcui saumai multe actiuni re0utecarese
dcsfaso8rin i.olasi fimp pot f; eriprimate rin indicatii,ul Lrecut, onrinuu.
d d .; .F^1 ... r I| tcr FsFJTi s a . un u ., pd l o r l " u ^ m o tu e n t d r t:
T \,"/.la,- Inl^ .,1.
" lu\, ,1 1,'o.
c o q r t . 1 .) 'Et,.,.,
,tt)t
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze ?6
[]rfn I tuned in i.o he lilc o'clockne$s, Ure annoDncer,as cddt,g the nalncs ol
tlrp njrriirq teams. whilc oo{'ds eere ctucrits and musio 44s LeingPlalen.
(Cind anr pns radionl pentru sinilc dc ]a ora cinci, crairicnl r.'zvrn.a nun€le
rclripclor cistigetoaf,, in timi c. mlllimea addnd li se au*a tnnzioe.)
Foartc adoscori ins[. una din cole doui forn}e conlinue este iniocuitd S 1441
p r i n ' r ' .u r u l .i .l t' l u In c^ i d p u n d ,l L A r h ' ? t. F\p r i m j ' u n r i n u i l a l F- ' JU/,ci
i { ,r tt.." i ' Jr " J .o n r i n r i r ,r p o j . ,r ,/. \ :i ' n L l r a n p i l i a a r p r ..:
-\s thc slrow ntuceetlen.a ft-comets lrere Pourtng tn
He ou.ed,an, llrIc thc noist outside @ sro"B in Yolumc.
Dacd insn nu cortinuitatea acliunilor intor€seazd. ci simplul fapi c{ S 1442
acestea au avut loc la ur omcnt dat. l_erbele respcrtire se pun la trocutul
silnpln (N.rrftrtirr ar H^toru: PtLtt):
Th-"1 /ear do$n lonnr and 1 cam€ ho ..
a,t-;& dar in oras. iar eu d,' ,.,ir acasi.)
\itc. tlc livc o'claok ri$s. the enouncer /add the mo,es 01 tl,f cdsi ir the pd -
lo .la _ lo lo n n {. s o il n ' u :. p tittl r 4 . - l' r ' L s o r r n illi .s ' - P 9 ,.P 4
tlu p .i: fl1 ; J ld o r a .r " , ' r ir J r r .r l r .,,t1 u m .1 . 1 r lr " lr ln t h ." i' : ." u /,r ,
r
,o h . :n :. ,^ urdn' /" 1 r " r r ' ' /' \ " r r _ - n ' o .d l
PREZE\TUI, PNIiIJIOT $ 14.r

(THE IITESDNT I MECT]
r' Formi $ 1441

| ' r ol. n| U | p. |t Fc . ' ' a' : in' ' | | r| U | . om pU .di| | | inl, ar " r ' r " nJ
nun r. Ja , s er n' n. ' r " . - " t or n, pdr " u r r ur onr l r ndi"' i' ul. r i prcr^nr l s u\ i-
iiar nlui o f . \ \ E. lr m r dc p. t t : ; piut tr-rl " l v c r buluidF. unjuc al: ,
ii h6 callsd; we hale calledi you IaYe
.alled;I hale
lhey callcd:
la . fou hdt
called, calledr he. shc,
D. Functii s 144
Din F;g.2. S , iL. q. or . . ' or i a pr ez er lulppr f r I la' e par le, lin s r upg
, lF im pur i , ar p rn " " r r r r l lor 1, r ' : , nt " t indi , lt it u' t / i s i s lnr ' on lr uir " ' u
"u
auxiliarelor respecLive.
-rr,"r:.nlul
Prezeniul perfect,erprimi asadaro acliune sau o stare treeutl, anterioarl
,.. y nt p1y ; , lar alll r lp l" qr r " do a r I n' ll lnlPlFSU la r bului FqlF n
" lr in. --
t.tpt Jc t t " z " r 1. pqz . nlLl D or lpil li: nd ' r ' , anr i hiar lr - d' r . u pr F/ r n ul ln
]inlba .omendperf€ct
PrezenLul (S 1475b).
are l,"ri tntr€buintiri /rrincilale. Dl fuaLn:
l) mterioritRtec unei acliuni terminate insintea altei ac.tiuni exprnnate $ 144ti
prin prezen',:
on i,n J " i" . \h n 1p 4 a s /, n d b n a k d r , n - a l{d ' ..d " ' " 'h lJ p e r '
Du r n in ,l . ,lu r ,1 m r .,l d d _ U.j 4 4 .? i1 _ ' ld Juna " i" r F p .
\L liv .. , .n I h t " a r " , t o i \o r l. I s r o l io r a u p ol
tic | n ,) tlu t' ,t " o n l, * l, "r u ,b" u
' ,' ,1 r ,r' dlr l' lir p .m lo p r .r ' .a t b a ' r o' -eJp. a :c a
'd
2) rezultatul in prezert al unei acliLtni anierioare. de cele rnai mulle ori 1447
cu irnplicalii ulterioafe, l}ronentu,sivlr*rii acliunii respeotivencfiind india "r
deaarace intereseazi:
D.ry has broken.
IS'a cr{pat de zi. l: Esle zi, dcci ne tutem scula )l
' E \o r s ie ln d i m u ll a L iP r ic n n i
' ,' ito ' n ,w r o ' i n b tto . :\ta t .t d d 1 , n u r n l; .,.o ,r , u m s a r .Pd"
inspj.at{ din bltsDele 0clc mai cnDcscuie 'l o e constiLuic cvenimenhtl lradi_
duri iitlu). i
d. ialni'L- 266/609
liohal a1 s,lrlriloril{ tr
27 6
Whal ,rs Dfozsn,vou here?

lce te-a a.lLs aici? (De cc ds,t aici? Ce nei de la minc?)l
lvho nas l,tu,\e, the l.caD.t?
Icire o s??, ceainicnl? : Ccainicul s'. sra.r, deci nu putem fuc. ccai.)]
| l"nr. .""t n, In.,n LdJU' .1 p i u rp
d .r ,_ tltu
fF7 .l'a.ut
l d u l lnn frtallou
,/" n r :mta
nunJt.
r ,.u l i(Nu
r l rstun.,nd
.n o ... . r anr
i ,pvtzut.
l , a l i aiar)loul.
. d j n r cioi
,n L U,i
nu diriereseui
.r n r r .I
wl{ l d , . 1ou o j . oPd tt n \i \h.\.
Drf 4id,.hi. t"t"d'tâ (\tomF.,r x'l . r..t,inir'n rr ,.a.d
ctr d a i o std e sch i sd i d ca sL .a .ci l a p tu l ci l e r ca si .r ' a d sr € d e sch i si i i j cl d e a ce e a .sr r cr .
"IIarc lan pastcd.l.heetter?" "\o. I h.eca't ben dble La get a stnmp. tlecryihing
p,ts ctosed."
{ Ai lus sc.isoarer { cutie?- Ntr, n an lutut gi6i tinbrc. Pcst. tot c ra ltrchB.,
"Eao. lot ne t\ti Flcndnrsra" "No"_ "I'd like votr to rnac i ttiem.i'
( cd;Drri fa'nilia l lemmint? \u. - ni vrea i[ rc ,rcztr.)
$ 1448 3) o acliuno sau o stare ncoputfi in txecut care durcazi pinl ir prezt'rlt
(sau pind intr.-un moment, recut atit de apropiat de prezent ncit se confundi
cu acesta)jcontinulnd sau nu ln pfoze.t sau n .riiLor. Se deosebescrmitoarele
S 1449 a) durata perioadeide timp in care s a petrecLrt, cliunea nu e:rtearitat;,

se subtnteleg ;e cuviotele j,pi;[ in prezeni":
She ds redD ll a.longhe scacoastnd nos.,.a alt ihe newbuildings.
t(Pi l In p.ezent) losLpe ot litoralnlqi a vezut oatenoilaconsh-uctii.l
H. hd" b"cn t+or4 to $;d , n |l.mds
lse qiic cA (piDi in prezlnr) a iiitisai ri zece eprize srccesiv.l
Thi ooncertnasa'l
lconceriul ,eszn.(pine ln lrezcnt)
nu a lnceput ddct nu te sribi.l
Adverbele c/cr si nerdr accentuoazd ideea, nu sint deci obligaiorii:
Have rou (r,er) sP€, a sazelle'
l A i r Jzu t ( r e u ,l a l i ) o sa ze l i l l
I L a v. fo e r cr ' l u d . p o p p o r tu n y .
l N,) m d vu r ( ' i j ci o d a tr t;r
) l :j u l l :
5 1450 ,/ durdra acliu]lii e\primate de verb esLe aretati prin adverbe sau lo-
cu l i u n i a d r Fr b i d l c a l c€ r o i | r l e l e s e sL e e g a t d e p r e ze n t a sa u a ttt d e a p r o p i a i
d€ prezent incit se conru,rdd iu acesta), -ca: jffi (: tounai, abia), laielE', o/
lal., fecentlg3. d.aring thc I tlle:e l.rst three yeors (feo q'ecks, LtrJo montht eIc.)1
this last Aear, tlrcsc lhis t|entlJ minntcs, oa Atr, Uet elc.l
He ttds irgt dt:iecd..
lTocmiri (acu, abia) a sosit.l
SIe /dsn'i ,c,u vel1 itsly.
(Nu s-a simlit biDe n uliima v.eme.)
l 2 u r i o c b r l b .so d .l IFU Fsn I' F d s n r ,/ m u . l o l p J.n ,
In u l i m i i d o i d n , a a vu t m .l tft d n In \d l d t.j
\- ft, hr.d u rF.r.h Jou tbi rhcsc ro y mioutir.
,In . Td m d pd u r e .r 0 e m ' n u l ' r ' d a o d ti n ..l
{ 1451 cJ duraia acliunii exprimate dc verb esLe o perioadi de timp indicata
de un adverb de timp nep;ecis, sau de o locutiune-adverbialn (precedate sau
nu de prepozilia /d/J : (far ) sone t ine. some iieelis. sercral ea6, a fart ight,
an h,aur or tpo. a fctr minutes, ([ar) alang rine, ha',long...2 eIc.l
\\c haeeb.at Daflt.l (lofl o week.
/.tinkn cisiloriti de o sntiiLohi.)
r r\ 6e obrlna t.arer-'{ saDDilicai,ive d.
ia 0..retrLdi nerfeci la trecnlul sjrnold din
ultinia tupozilie, ca.c s. fcrrfi la ur mooenr Dri;is din rrr;trr.
? ?
\i tt In"' l \ou: I /dt", l ' Jo r ' l o r r ce i '

i t rr I n l ' n . si l \u r" d' t::'r | '
'1 t11. 'ol
Itd.c lon ArorYz the long?
(li .rtold dc iult?)
{on long nat. lon beea \rith tsl
lDe . i n l cl , t l a D o i ? )
. 1 r p r - u t . " r a ul r' l i u r r " J "\nri-drd $ ll52
dr l n , " l u r ' r l t'.'i , d l P : J- l i ' n P ;
{ l a e r L , c"le r,' ' ; / d p r r n t-'rntl\"rb'duolo ulr' n x l ' r l r d l ' ' 1 r' 4 \ l n r . a
jin l 9 'a :L" tluhlu ( :r l" r ' t o t st t t " " t ' P ch '
L i n o , r l r ' r . . i - , A:
ii,,i'ini'ii,i tan 1e50 tum
t",, (:t'c).tron .Lhov (froinhis chitdhoott'
"f
1 ^\ t 4 b4. n Br'' 1957'
'" 'ir" lui:-
fi n F u r L " i 'li
"au.h'
lle has liaed a\tal- lro home rrom o
tfnicete delarte de crsr'r d' cind era 'hild'
coril-l
a(Dl)
f thrt dlX sh. nds nele. beea tale agail
|l]ni 'n accn zi {ia) nu a riai ttlt.idr niciodai'i l
Atcnli.t
je a l r l L " i n s n c r i l l a l "n l i d r t nu ' i n t r c b l i r ' 1 " r / ' h d d l d l n l i r n b a
en"ltz'' nd, ,1t",tt ftz n t i t]n'i "| n J un v"rb e r" \n'olil dr u-nudvcrb do r'
r i m n l r ". r l l p """"d "r d " ' i . , ( J . . i n l J p J t u - . i d a . ' t t n l a r ' l r o n
{1'€ii,si s 4;;, 2361).
er incerulul perioadei r1e imp in cate s-a petrecut acliunea crprimatn $ 146t
<lo un \ F r b l a r r u t ' t t ' t m p l u :
' "r n . . . 1 ""i ) r ' "r r n , I w born'
tot hdr.
(tni .f/i b*n lrY
prielcn_dcldtnd
citrd evo
n am since
ndsc t.)
she .anc h$c as a .hild rnd nos bftn \titl us erer since
ai'unct')
lr\ venit aici de copil ti sd la noi mereu de
\\'e/,, . ,, I l a - m r t l L r d l S : n 1 J. .
\u a L.rrr up lJ I J" n d i a n i 1 ; l n l u l m a o d - ' l a t r n Jo r
- '
\tp l F I .4 n-r" l r o r r l so y ds n o l " \ F r si n r F L P 'ntr i t r I 9 7 '
, \ . / l @ a i " i 1 pJn : r. d';rn't In l9:9
'4 '"a ' p
r J d r r , r "r io - l. i in ce r . "I p 'lr F 'u L a r r iu n o 'F r p r i'n r r d d 't F r b , F $ 146{
n d it , d . 'in ; t t \ '"r b lA r : n t u t p r / . '. r r ''lo r 7 t o i'i'u n o p e r cr e r o l
'b r " '"n
ha3n't {orPel i}pilg since hc lrss Deen n this room
He l'""t.1 Ji
il'-. ia n'a-:inade cind 3e afla rn aceasfi caderd )
I iatd neler rzdn"c"id
disatpointed r hcr sincc I iure knolr her'
(Nd m-a d""zanegitniciodat'l de clnd o / l
jn 'z@t'
Ne heYc rorled at tho barage
\1'c rat,6edn nish spir'ilsa]l ihe tnne
(Sltiten mnur loirie -entuzintti dc clnd lucfta la La'aj )
\ t n / io i D p "r J r r a , l. \ in r " \ " h u r o I 'ccn m r r r iP d
- . r 'r n f o I i'r r d . r n I i, r "'a " oi
'
d. Prezontul etfect simplu Si prczentlll er'feet continuu $ 1455
, l Lx | c r b. l" lur ' r \ p 1r pla 3\ "' t ^ ma' o inu' r s lli: ' p"' z "nlul s 1466
o e r le c co lr , r u u ". c"n u, ir J i'l""" d A n n 'in - i 'r " d u d " Ju r x'i u n p r d 'r 'u r 'r
iernrinaie in prezmt sau lnir un treoul' fo t'e recenl':
He h.s b..n ,a.ntq llrglisl (lor) l$'o veaN
(.['t..li. eielrza .tc d.r am )
ll. ' v1 r '', r "', r i. f o r n
LD, ' rtd In o lPll,Ti
:li::lllii;"':i'":ii:l;'i1ilix"l-i;il
2; E
i ..' '''|''''|i''i \|
'|:'':'].' ''l 'a -'t',: |a " | | ' ' j ' ' | ' ' t o n 'h 5 '
l^ , . , i d t r t 1 t . , i , r .m tL , rd t 4 ,
- ' ^. n u t.:mr.c f I
S r157 l l L eori ffi.rna continuii t , t r e z , , r u t u j p€riclr \ p f l , , r a LUniirLunrea

unci_aririunii r pr;rzcrtjcv,jriunt :r 1 , , j i t u r . i , |lrott eu prezerrt 1r e r t o c t .
s i m p l u .car.c rat; o acliulp t e r m i l r t i i n prczrrLt:
l1 r , \,.r Jr,.at la.Ti.anr,.rL,r
ttirr.,'.r-.t. tm.,t|", ,dt "bp,../
, n",r" I\ou-tJr,rl
Li,t_ t.i z .. rr.r r p l r ' n , r - o . J
I uD ai.aid I /,ard .o/an 1.our unotr.",,
lTi ani niin(rr lrinzul {iu a nai r;iD$ nnriol.l
$ 1458 ..../
Prezeitul perfect c o n l , j n u u r l \ e r b e i o r n , o D e n t a i e (g 1 3 4 4 ) e d p r i m n
a.,, urr reperaie:
r . 1or, t." ,-"1,/. l l l ,:"\d\ r, th.ia..u"j..
l.t d ,,, r" -"\'r.,r,
,,t- ,,i t, .,, .tr. r " b i . a ,
, . \\c hdt. l,un :lapprrs erfrl r.rtnan $e met ro rclt him thij ,.s5 ot ouf trrigadr.s
roli mu.rjr.o.ii
,o " g ,d a
1l{},,frn.ID
' n.i r l l. carf i am nitilrtit. oi sri c spur.D rcsL€aealizrrli
S r45$ d./ PrczeDtul pertect lorrinuu drl uneoi te\rLrtui o nuanln emol.ioratd:
\,r L .1.. g , r , g I n I i. i, iiLrr. J.r1:
ii.'rr', iarrpi o5la,: :nd ,Lr". -b \ : i d : r d , t . ziu, j
ll. L o t . " - . it . ; , B ut r, d d i n A , I dt , , , r s n { J i n :
(i J
".d-1,titpn1 L r / i u n, . . 't r. , , . D o d . ; J , . obo, . i. l
\ se corripara n contra"ct,:
,1 sartu snnronie. tte hasatut n a svmDlionv.
\r"a-nrut a, , iLni , . n n p r . r . r i l b r . , i, . 'nu in. ; , ps, : r, . i. rd a r. r' simlonid. \,
u n u l r - e , u t . _ t , e n, . , € \ "r
\ I on". , ul a , ' i L I r , j. p " e , . i / J ' . an, rt t r L r".
.
\ mphont . t a. L
, 1 . -. . o s , n o n : p d n r . t bi. rt , , H hos r. : t . ", d s r n , r , h o i . 1 . i, r r a r .
I \ i u L r i . put d . i t p r m nai, t r " J " . t d n
p l
-j . ri o - n ' ' F J nu a ' p s , i . lt - / r bp. , . . rt ; t , , . g a s J l p r J , . i. J F r r .
\i n . d . n r o p u , J in a, . p, J n d u " p r / l . i . n Frpl"r, 1
$ I460 D.narcLe fuz-nr,rl c pcr e \ p r i m i ideeA e anterioirale a l i de Drezenl

J1r " i.tJainr;icuitutc';I.ri\in,d,o,,riru.,ii r.;";, r-";;
\ I o " . F . l ' LI F Jof ll . J Inliturp ""1i,_"ii ",.h;trai;
b a contiDa.itnlii
, 1 t . l i n a p . ' t t t n indicarea FJ. ri, acljunri
r, , iiourunt i ir,rrFbuir tind||-satntdt_
lerhutui ttztntut retel:t
confinuu. care aduoeprecizareaneccsari daci aceastanu reiesenici diir cbr-
icxt. {cf. { 1455).
S 1.161 r/. Treeutul simph si prezcntul pertect

Deoscbireadintre trecurul sjmptu .sjprezentul l,FrIFrt prerinti mdri difi_
' . 1 . i ferrru .r,,.1-,,riin,,,;ni. obi.rr.riir ,,.ri,g"rc" i"manl. as"ln".o.
n , . L c l - z o : r I a i . ' i i , i m i , f u " r "r u
p , l i t " r l r i J " p d . t j e a ,a F r . r u , ' r -
I
, r r . , J b ."t,r r r _ d p r i n , p u f i J F r a n , J t i . . , t o i n l r n b d r o m d n a . s , r " . , u r J i a
, r r . , I l t r u , - l r ] r J o r j u l r l i i e',slpzcn Fis. 2 S 1J57.avindu_"(en . , e d e rier i f
/ . r ' i / \ D r u u d | l , . r o p , . 2 , , i a , , F z i . i n i r i d n c r r r : r a d r r , r ,a . t i n t i m o a u m i n a .
. . U c',mparair" ntrr r r r c n r n l s i m p l L t. s iprezentr perf€ct v a l n m u r i m ar
bnre intrebuiniareaa ( l * t o r rimpurr.
. Trecutul simplu est,e .l.t:tdratulinp netut 1n imbo engleza. ll exDnm.r o
d . l r l l n n , J r p r a r u t l o . t n t r u n t u o t \ . . t p r e c ^ 6 d u n , r o p r ; o a d dp r p ; i s ddi n
tfc.r?r ar_trune ernrn.ltd atnnci s\ fdrii nici a legdturd. t1, rez€ntul-
29
hczc tul pedoet €stc esentialmenteun tinp prcz.nr' El erprimii o nciiLl

ne trecnLA, crie aJ". ..gt urd cn pre erLtul i c e a losl s;t'irliti indr un r?,/rtnt
""ffl"fl*t simrlu inrlreaptn aten ;a asupra no rnllthu rr..ur ir ca.e s a
,<nvirgit acliunear prezenhl ptrfec{' nrn|ra rr. ltatttlui acli.u.ttii n ft:tnr:
I 1,s, mY look len da$ a(o,
,rirmrj,rr ;, /l. ,,.r, - q' , r r , i . -l r ' , J " eo \ " . ' u-
r , d, . . , .t I n . . t ',. d,,r,-.,t;m.,r"".
'.r . " r 1t r " r , r ur dp, ' . ' t , . r " ar , I r ' - r nl . l
I nd'€ lo'r n'v r'ook.
U rnr D-c.d--t r "'. \ l on r , I l ; r J .ii nr " p" P' 7d ' 'i i nr r ' 5' ar i
i pol l - n, d, t r rlo d rrl , , . - ' .i \ " ' pr l Li i I o" J '''i"_'Ir'al
|: . i . hpa- l t I I i . . s on D ody d sr'r'/ / h r ' , o, arril
-l^t
(\ ri l i r n n i , no "ch" r II.l"' l"tt,b
'r 'ldr \ ' , 1
. l . , r \ d a apin' o i I
L'as in Bu.Iarest last l-.tr.
l,\n lost anul trecul ta Bicnrllti (Tjmlnl prcciz.rt: dsr dr' ,\cl'nrnea lII ltgli
tndi iru lrezcntulr n nai sint aon, in Dncurciii )l
i haac \n\{ been n tsucharcst lorl . ycar.
tsjnl (acnn) la Bu.urciti de ur an. {Aaliune recute carc ocnlinud in plezdli ti
ro abil in iito..)l
"rtd you er€r go lo Czcobosloraltia s a .nttdl" "No, I .iil''l.. I onlv r'.4t lo Hun_
St " v
" j ei r " . t v podd' a rn r " h s r , \ d. . " . . t d pt r : opt : \ u. , , , a, n r , s r . \ m , .i
nnas o ddt a r r Lngr i d tlrnl l ac L r'ar71l dp, u\ i nl " l ' d. , ' nl d ).
'tl.r. \ l - 71ho. l o\ nl i a. \ o, l / d' u1l ) r ' P o l l ungi r J '
'- \ a t " . n lo N" am lLi . ndi r r ' I n d" i a rs out ' i " _
L - \i lo- v r - , ] d d n C " hos l or t , al
tctege ,,pin[ In ]rr€zent-11
Diu r"L oo 1ou" \'^tl b . [ . " P La:,A to ttP pi tu"P
l l i . d l . r I n i t , u , r a . . r ' r ' , " J " r^ o u . P i - r n " m a l o g , a l ? ( T i n ' p u l d r ' n r l'tPn_
zat di cuvjlltele befate coins ta tlE lictLtes ))
dard lou d,rc
tTi'ai'ter vour norka Lncreea €ste sata {in prezent) (Sublnieles: ,,Dac[
inat"lrcraree?:
€ste saia, poli acum sn te distrezj.")l
I h . d , d O " h o L . n i B h , ' r s d / i n D l u ; , , . ' t . n : o ua l F . a n . "t
lAmuu,il ..llaD ooid 1lb;.r,d: d lu: C"t. $ilipri'onrFrt ( \ I o m n l r q ' r t D ' ' i za l
de cN'intele Pi€'dd?/ at the .otu41 ,i fad hstttcd .u Pterentut.))
LdJ" ,{.."d riprsh{in; "ll dnsodv in lrluc_ /;r,
,\mlrn7r t r a D so d r l r I , a . a - a l . i cp r . h \ i n d " f';nPs
n.i,ri ( t r n J i n p r P ze n l ' . r t l o -
npnlut 0 tlu l: ,"/;-i.dr. p"rio.oa o" Lin,p or. I"eotu,o " p e ?^tn.)l
"Ilate \it rcad 'Hamlci'?" "No. bul t hnte seen it I sao the pic\n.e duing the
| it:t lliil l - t p t 4 d tn F * . ? n t " - N u , d d l d m \ t zu t t l t ' o t r PrPzPnt)

A m i i zu l - A t. i l m l r a . : m p r ' f " . l : \ a l t l u i t n " t p t u l u : t t -Vow ttqr' l r i i o t )1
She d,, u to lhem and s/'.dr "Why nd€ you c,ru: Whv dn lou sdv vou rveren't
| 5 - a r o r o : d l d" "'s a n t ^ " b A t t r e u ' a , a t i r t : . , D " cF a r i r.nr''.'.Dr rp

r d i n "tnrpli
ai;. t,a p*,p"t, , , D p r p a l i sp u s l n l r u n a n u 4 : t r n o m p n ( sr b r r ' " 1 " s / ' P . u l ) ci
'u
e n i t i ? ' i l
Aalyerbele lo imD inhcbt riato atit cu trccutul simplu' cit Di cu prczentul $ 1462
D c r lc r l. A r il t r o uiul - i' nnl. r ,ll )i pr F / pnt ut . r lP por li i' r F huint alp
I n ur m at or r nl . s d\ er bF dF i , , I p n pr P" ; . dar i n s i lui l i i dileril":
1) erer $i nc{er, recently,slnt, olosite cu: S 146
a) T r ec nt ul s imT lu, c indsegubinleleguv int ele , in t r ec ut ":
"rid vou crcr /tnd o,, the nanc ol the goal kecpcr?"r
"I dtd'- usl relorc I Lfr lhc st{diun "
/ rt;i,rJ drn se 'r"tia lortarul?-Da, chiar naintedc plecareamcade e stadioD.)
She was lh. rreitiest girl I or0r rad
(Era cea mai arrgule rain te carc (fl pd:,t_o .odail:r')
1 (sport) parur {la lotbul, ho.h.i {do.).
{i0
Hc rcrf..er?{kd tlr. o/I,,& tor $tji.h Ie tad n{rn c.nsurcd.

(Nu a /cprr, ri.tdd.d grei€.th telt.u ca.c nrsese .iiicar.)
\ r 'r . . . b r,,anr{.. io oth b. ,p
i\-, /o., r
1l- . r ': r , , / " U | .riI-
o ir ,rt ../ t . . t . ; t .'. q n t t .
Sr{6 { b ) p re ..n tu l t.rIr/:1 . t ) t f i s c s L rb in le ]e gu riirc te , p i I i rn
pfezen- u- :
}1{r, }ru crer llrilcl l.he ler.,itasr llnseun, nr Lrnhsmd?
(.1i ri..inr rreodald luz.ul Emitasii din LcnilAfad?r -
I i. . ,n I.sr in: | l s J . ' r ho r \n qr Jp iof d in., \.,tr ,,L
.r .r dr e.1i r i,ot,r .- ,l no\.'i. t." " ,. ., lr ,tLa r ,r c4,to
I/ r DFr.r r", olh i d i,l-
l);u ttn fast niciaddtil h i\arc.)
$",, Dd,r ,.a or/pr^ uflra i." /,,.,.../ to O,bcor.
/\, tdn .. | . . d " , , , t t - , nr / i J L t d " o \
146i, . . 2) -ldrerhele li locutiunile adrcrbixte de tiDp neprccis care cxprine
i i l eeLr e..pi l i :i a un nl orn€ntdar trcrut sxu p" c," nt.. ci : dtt,dtl .l J.ti LL, et
. o t t.,,t. t tn.\. I tt
) ,t'l ,s tt,,. ,l uJpt...,i n r'uto-i tc,u:
a) T r.t: utul si ,LDl .. ci n,l sc subrrrel ec uri nt€l c ..ol l rdnrtr U,
'-. ,r ,,i i Ju. :,, i i ,,.b., ^ mi .:, , rr i rnpnrt,, ui r:
lle Lyardlr€ldX tircd.
/,4.o deji obosit.)
Trrere p.fe articlis ltill not irfittcn.
/E.aa attiole lncn ncscris€.)
-fhere ,e/a iobs not vct don..
sarctri lnce neildellinite.)
So nu lhinss gr.. al] ris[t \iLh lhe ,,e\Lhjrcddcd corn]e.
atra&
(Pin,'L truoi noii instr{iei se tnrd,a4 t}i.e.}
I p lo nor pv" .vtl' nA .,a" d oi ic I
.Pr '.1a r J .n,i r or lpd- , gr " r .r
L ) Pr . : ntut I. r [..t. r ,nd .p .,,L,nr F t,s ,ur in el, ,pr na r n
pr .zr r r r 'r r Jus in limLa ;ni,r r .4.., t .ot.r ,d.j
Pr ' .." r 'or
.. ..r 'b r i." alr cadr .
f fi rd;u .xrozitia.)
Hdrc yo boughtuic tiokets r€t?
[Ai still ,usn'tbi]etele
Shc cumpnrat aond. (ptni in lfe?enr)?l
lTot n-a e.ni1.)
SIc n6,'i .dne xet.
{\n o rr"n nrcai.)
Up to no{/Bo Irr tl,c experjmert lds De'r a sucoess.
{Pini h prez-"ni cxpcricnla a ac"r succcs.)
14tj$ 3) Adl.erb€le ,si oculiunile ad. '€rbiale care arate o pe oaili, dc timp Deter-
nrilafi, ca: tadu , Ihis tr.iehl /nonlh I gear I matuing,-a.tt tluy, all n{ght etc.
sint folosite c u:
. ) .tr t. tul sir nplu. enr d per ioada d€ i;np sau actiunea €r pfl-
m.rr1 cre \ er'IJ s a lern.Du1t:
I / / . lJf. " o . thn
N-am bliut oldra azi djn'nor r in( (\:orl.so dlti1-amiazn sau s r0 scare).
nealli.)
lt iiinerl tune .
-{ tlouat. rzl. (Xu plaud a n.)
"tui
r,, ' nu si, I.l.Ia numal l.r p.czrnt. dar ia nn Donx ,nr dat r.eclq
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze ii consider.tt a
271/609
Ir.z-;ni .F rtro or .
z
9 81
He h.rc lor a lerv liours this $cek,

[{ 'ds
lost aici cileva ore slltin]ina aee.rsta da. a plccat )l
h ) p r cze n tu l p cr fe ct. Ni n tl p e r i o xd a de ti l ) p si r tLa r l i u r e a v€ r -
bului dureazn cn:
I hdeen'L har) corlcc tbis nosins.
(\-am beut calea azi dnnjnea {.) {vorbeso dimin.a ^ i
'l'odrr nds ,c.i a line dal. Esle
lrzi I tosi o zi lrtrnmasa.) sca,d i inci rrumos
\on hdrc been here onlv onc. tlis weok.
fN-ai lo6t aici dcctt o dalI (plnl acud sipfinlna ace,tst r
In a{ard tle cazurile menlionat€ la aeest punct. ur1de iimpul verbului
r€sDectiv esto imlrus de necesiLatea clarificirii nri,.elesu\ri, r.tunci ri d situaiia
r p i p .r l i r n p " l r Ji n " o n ,p r l ." l F d o L d l i " l p u r i ,n ' .4 " ..n ti fo l o sr r " l u r ' d "
o *b i r " , n . m a i r" r .r ,l n d u se d i .r i n l i a d i - r t, ' l F .l l b i l i r " r Ji ,,' . A ' f- l
se spune in mod egal, tn,telesul fiind acelagi in ambele cazurj:
_d i1p ,o'rPd rard Jli lJ\'
'l-e hnt all d.\. 'r
|e hd rrt " a r t pen
d t L , ''d
ri5 \ ' / .r. s \ .\" lt" "tuF lo liis L;le I :. { [.
4) Ad\,-,rtel6 c timp ,\i oculiu,rle adv€rbiale ontiruttirc slrn epetitire' S u67
p ,n " ,o ' tJ- u ..o *i a n n l ' :j . | - ttl o tl t. ,j u o ttr . tt, q \.r ttJ. t' r a d t.
'.
.: td " 'n s, i p t+ o l t L i ' n " d t' | ' ,q o tn . n o t or t 4 .q ' n . L ' t JL tt.
" . .a n . ' - " s.
.t.r .t,- h fu r n t..r ' r y[o n 1 ,' ,.p t I vx, t.- . n r " , o Ji n i o a r ,r p e tr ' n ' u ti .
o d Jl .) . 1t ti a " " r m t t '1 \. n r l t' l j /r ' i ,a cp L i . sr n r l o l o
' n .t\' .' ) , o t.- . t-
a ) l r e cL tt I si n l l [. ci n d so su b l n - te l e g cu 1 - ;n ' .e l c .i n tr e e u t"
(trecui indicat printr un adYcrb de iimp prccisl):
Our lolk danccsgrout lrcque.nttl toz g.eat alplans dron Ne pertorned in the
r :.h :l a n o sr r t d " d a n r ,r , I" l u l d ira rlr'eori lLd l' dllLl d J- Jm
'r"l
sp Fr l n ,,l c n l a b r i cj .)
In mr cbllillooil, tle olten s"rn, thc holida$ at. trrc scasid'r'
(ln cirpildrja nrea, petrecea adGeori lacanla 1a nare l
A s e b o r . I l o m p l i Dcs tr + d t n th .r h o o o n l b n l l d n
1 u r a ,- l i m ,o p r ..i u r J " - ; in ' r ' i | n a l " d l d " o l i i
" r r
Shc ,st.i to tite in ilrh honsi once'
(Locuia pc lrcmuri in ace'rsil casa
n tu l p e r f e ct. ci r tl se su b i l l l e l e g cu l i n i cl € .,p i r n l n p r e -
h ) p r e ze
I ndr. olrlrs_ tftorqrr slie 1'.s shY.
{A oczut. lnto daan n d .sn1ar.r tindda l
He llds olten ,a.z hoe.
(. v€nit adeseori aici.
I lar. r.dn "Othelld' nonJ tidres.
(Am lazut de mnltu oi ,,Othcllo"
She ds ,,,2 here only otre€.
(-\ iosl aici o sirglri dati.)
i:) (adl.erb. conjunclie sau prepozitie) se intrcbuinleazd cu: S 1116
a) Since tr e cu tu l s; /l a - . ci n d a cl i l r n e a sa u sl a r ca l :i ca te sf r € fe r i
rre loc tntr un nonent (lat drn 1,"..r1:
I ta,.r't scen ini slncehi.aru hcfc {s a child {Conj.)
(Nn lam v,"rzdtde clnd a lcnii aioi, trn oolil )
l r ' r ' ," e Jd \. q i n r p ' c.
r " l b L . Co n l .
tr - r /i ; J ,.r n , d to | . In a o " .
- i ,t 'rl
r
Sau prin fohivileniul tui, n,liri o loculiure adr..biali. o propoziii. (nrrnslanli{ll 272/609
2 S
Tlis line buitdirs ozs a ruin noi lonlr sincc. Adv.)

lAccastt irxmodi cltdire .ra ntr de ;rnr o niira_)
b p, c en t.u t,,' /, i;T].-.;'::'ri,'pr"g .eri.,:;''u"

,pinen pre
(, nos tuld a }rrof.ssdship sinoe1$0. {prp .)
it) eline o cat.dr iL in 1.J50.1
. Ravei's "llolcfo" \'as irondcast last Selrcmt.r, Lut ndr not tc.n ftp.atetl ci\.e.
(_{dv.)
. ( .tsolefoxl' hi ltar.l a loEt dituzni la radio in settembria,dar n a lost retelar de
P,,,,1u, o" ,t,{ s.n.,? bl l.als and bounds i" ce totuation as nr r oduced.C or j.)
'tr oJ., d astor , i - ir eino. t. ,in,l . r r odL. dur ondt r dl
I lr r . t,at t 1s," a- .ip1t qior
/\r n ir \" ..r 1 mu:, J" .nlsin.
c t , r d br r n,n .i. o.,icp. C ...i.
t, br ou.J
'- .
1469 6) just Do$ poal,ri a1-eadouir i telesuri clnd s€ retlri la o trf1jur€ t rccuti:1
c) - adiltainri;
acliunea petrecindu se intf-un auumit morncni, dir trecut. '.impul eramatical
intr ebuinlai esLe tr e c u r ul s iD t p I u :
s l i c r d'lr nF uD iust non.
iui a i.,ir , nr r ad;ed,.i ./
L) : tomni. cltiar actLn:
acliunca arind lLrc i]]lr un momcni care se corfundii cu trezentul, tirnpul
. a]ntr ticnl tntr ebuinlat este r ctentul
qr p.r fecl.
Tl,cI ndrE usi loF &nc in_
I\u irirat .iia, r.z ./
O bser uali.
Il70 f,r '' p.- r bil c . r, " opo/r r h,dt, .on'in tr .cutul b;r nlJ:du D 'cz( t ul
pr ...r 1n',\i.l- j'i" iuq r d ,r bp- nr f- inr licdr pa impur ui r n." r " 'r .,losr n-
;oar d acliunca ver bului, dar dacl r n nint, J \ or biior uLur acealtn,{ cti,r ne este
l.ca ,l- r 1 ..ur enr . u,i" a p.r :o,. ld,r i1 r ." u pl r d r r .bu;nta h.r ,//
s tnptl 1..r tjati so gi'r lleqte A r ezullatul acliunii ln pr ezent, va intr eluh a
pr...ntul 1rt4.(t-
oD€nl trecdt ,{cliurc l,.c.utn lesdn de
You raid rou Itdr't liLc il.. Iox'r., said ii. t\yicc alr€ady. l'lezelt
\rnltt dni ih."r dri lor Urat ],al? \liral na-s sh-" ds^./ you? Tcu look so
[:here dtl J.u .{.a urem? I'rc sc.n them sad and l'0e r€etr l.hem
naplrx.
Tl,. raj sropcd r0r ten njlutes an d The rain lzs i/rpcd, I an so glad.
ihfn E Son agair.
Ilorv dtl rou sroil your dress? \ 1\nt ha@ sou dane fo 'r. s .ih you
I 1,,, 1cn lrl n rc. u.te6 \on brcasht 1t t)ackl
I hde;\'t
"Did -\an h.at ab.ut llelen?" - \\ r t abor h%rAt lfr "\on._SleL (: /,d\l l, r
tl'€ ts.l" r lar bhiror, Lon,lnn
I @, hcrc lor a week-

c,1 rnj o"nlru o p . o . , t , . r r n '. i
-Jpl m.ni.t -la
J t d. \drl, s4 p-.tu g rrd in vjitor.)
lluO a se.A.
LSini aici d. o si tlmln:i. (Staro trccut.i, legafi d. lrczent)l
I herc tor a wock.

''dst o6l di . o r . pl i nl n" . I ' l 1r r ua' un' . Li ' i nd\ d.
. 1n l nLr r n t r dcut deni f L i l d. Drr-
i , , nL, o t p, r oadA iP tiq,r', l-r: ' dr " n' dm I nr or ; . I
'linpul grrmaiical pe care tl alegc volbilorul ir ac€slee\errple - si nu
prez€n,taadverbelor dc tinp - este cheia inteniiei sale.
'O
neiodd simptd pentru allarea iinputui gramaticat nicesar prezent S 14?1
implu. prez€nt perfeci s.lu trecut, sinlplu - consLi ln folosir'lja crior d0ri
ntrebdri ndicate mai jos:
a.) Ere npln:
,,E1est la mare leni.ru o lunll".
lntrebarc l?ds?ens
EsLea.rm la arc? - Da .
A lost s,i z 1.€.&rl - -\u.
Sc va intrebuinla deri uu simplu prezent prezentul sir.tlu (prczent
arc se prelungeste ti in wiilor).
He n .t 7llcs.ar.ld Ior a month
b) Ex:enpl.ul
.,Ijl .s,. l.r m.rr. d dori hrni."
nsle d',m la mare? - Da.

A fost ti ir rre.zt.' Da, dou;-Luri.
Se va tntrebuinta ur timp trecut,care are egituri cu prezontul pr.e;en-
Hc has ben aL tl,c seaside fo. hlo inonths.

c ) E x enrt u:
.,I.ll a /,s, la inare in iunie."
lnttebote navzns
Est€ a.,n la are'1 - \u.
:\ l.tnL L lrccut? -- Da. in iurie,
So va lntreb[inla deci un timp irecut care nu rre legiiurn cu prezentd -
He , . a r n i t lrc s e a s id -"n June.

?. Alte furclii :{e prozerhrlui tc ect S 14?
1) Prezentul erlect nlocuieltc iitoml pcrfcctl n Prapr.il;ih src rdof€, I U73
n cele emporale i condi,LionaleS2853):
I shaUso to nil oflicc w]ien I haee od locr.
{u'1 voi dncc a birou drpi ce coi fi luat ma.a dc prinz i
U t hdeeseenho lcfore roon, I shau ]eare ai jira.
IDarii o rot /t rdr,,'o line la prtuz, roi ll.ca la lora) .inci-l
You can'l go ard play till ro\ haved.one ou. nonreryork.
(Nr t"" poti duoc sI ic joci pin;1ce nu li lci /t it.a,1 1e. iile.r
2) Constructia idiomatici haio got 1: frare). deli a'ind forma d€ plazent S 1474
perfccl.
rolul de arc tnleles
a interi d€ lrc:enl.
ideea exprin,atn dcoarece vcrbul t.i
prin |erbul ld idr'.:
ge.tnu indelhrette nici decit
I.ndre so, a rvatch (- I nalc n watch). (Posesiunul
t n m un cc6.l
IIp 4, 9., , o D1 / , , 1 { ( I I / d . , r-. 1 -\ . (O I li. . ' '
(lra b t ries rr n l"L t rd s c lc x m. )
,\oeftstn construcirie nu este ntrcb nlatd.lc.il iD sli1ul colortial.
284
1475 3) Tredoccrcs in limba rome i. - Prezentul perfect se traduce in

limba romAnn astfel:
a) pofectnL om s in toat€ cazurile $ 1 4 4 6 *1 4 5 r r ) , 0u cnreplia
punct,rlor ^ g 147,ir $i c:
I hnce hishe.l ti\iot4. \1:c rare ust n., thcn.
(,7m teminar.l,. scris.l ll-an izdlni, adineaud.)
b t , u i n d i r c t u t p r . n 'i n n z u l s,tiuni in epul. ln
, l u r , "/ x p l n a n p r "z , n l i p r o b c L : l ; i i n'r. rrir pui r t I 1 4 4 8 ':
I haoekLoen hcr lor a J.ar- Hoe long lare Jou Dcaa
{o .L@s. de un an.)
c) cr ';'iirarul an,€r;orl ( S 2853):
Yon Filt f(l ielter Nher you /,a.. beeD e.e r Ne€k.
(T€ \'ei sinii nrRi Line dup{ ce oti fi skt aici o siptiminar.)
11?6 Prozcxhl perfeet
1) nllrimn o d.iinne all$joari

piezdLiului {-\ 141ii)
:l) llontri ine.lt nee.-Fimat '

r.zultatrl in treze.i inteFsea-
z:', i1r int,lirajii rltc.ioar)
G ] 1l i l .
3) Actnhetr rfti lo.ini,r-o riordi
do iimti ire(\li-i .trc durerzn
z, lirii adrerl r trLnrirhsc Ild'ia lon r.d, 'llrmirt"? ,1; .i/i/ ..lltrnlet l I
, . l nr n i n l ( ^ nN r ( \ 11i i 4)
i, .n erei, ner.r {S 1a i) Ente lri .\ar cliltrned Te- r t t r coi l ul i I ' ei
^ - r r l di
I
i cr. r.",.'t' .;"ut" fS rlll,,i i liici ,id,, rd,"i rreoditii I
../ or n rdYfrn rFrc sn s..rz,i Iuu l{r {lrcrdX l0id rlc ]li-dt n$ N_ruslov.stoa
id.ea do ,,f:ni ia lrez{r:.t :
al . qi dL r €t , s6l or ci c ( S 11r j ; ) ld lori Ml DJsifrcr Xtl? -{i .u,r.rl'o linn u. d
_. t.lgf.gU r.r ll I I,lde slill sotrDollet l/d \ -rm. ru l iic n lrile ia l.
d, (tr un ndrorb .rro o^-lrnni Th ' ,b rn l r, a siq t l. . r"N n . Trenul d s4sii chii. acrn,
ut tnal) iltrol i snr risui dc
(/dn: jrs1, ltlciL ll0s{ i Ye d/ . r f i , L Jou l i t i l l . Nn tr-d, .i;d h nliin
tscnty Dinuies.tc. {i 1116-
..) d' u rdrerb crre rrrt.i o TodxXdi |ad r lnrc da-r. ,\lnri z I'sl o zi lru 'rsi.
t..ioadi rLeirnp reierminrti:
lods , this r€et, ill daI eir. I ldrr uorlrd lPrv lrrd -.1, |(rrl ioarte ntrlt
( 1 1 ii{il, )
1i. r*'nr,t^1i,' rl tltrl I $'Iet tu& rou t(n dl Unde ni /r , lorln ziut?
dsJl
t Viiior'n rnFrior jn liDla ronini. ca si riil.onl
D.rlccL ni linba rnsle7.i. ru cste
d' l aLr , l . , l - n i m r , e, d, . dt . , dl . l nl . . . i l r nq n, n nr i nni / r n of i r , l r \iir,r
\.l. i l l i i d \ o, L, i ' . i r d - .. r i . r J, " ,-' ;l r d' i . \ l' , l n- .
. r i j , . , t r r , L.
nr opoi , , l
d' l r hi r " r"oup,
l'. " , ' u, da- . . 1, j . ., r , l a' , r ai i ' . . . \ u l I . o I ru "
1 r or , , ' i. 1. . , h. . \ i " a
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze r " . i . i r r bi r , r r " dr p, , . . . i .275/609
t d.
86
f) ((n tar) u a{lv.rb .are She ldsn'i trN' Irere ({or) ( ar Il'd /4r aici de un 3n.
Dcriondli (lr fi'nr t r-
anti o '(srn I
rrinaii rorriNlird) i IIol1 lolg ldE votr ,.4, ir Ile cl*d .iii in Buourciii?
pr.7ontj Niic rr lrt.i
( \ 1 1 :) 1 ) ; l,{rd?d
fo. so0c ten$ lie irds ,e., De cllirs mi Gl) I
4 / in a lx tr l fr r ii' J J r j d P tjm P Tho gtdcn /Me ir?r,r.l Crndinr s, nri
/d".u/ In-
t.r m r n x i ls c x noast iledl ln oprili€.
Drcz.ni este ]lr.Lt4l do nr TIle tlrv /mr re. a .uces I'icsa r nrrl succcsde l&
idvrb {.s s l l :
l (]l Treortnl sin, \t \ 1111
lJ ine ri'11 c r iu a d " i d .. li' n l, \'o nrL lirril lifr sin.e Ne ,,.rtlr ii.i do ii'rd n -rn
tP r u n J ft ( s r tr (o0rrnnnrnl mo tui il lalr Jas)-'.
r.20trt. este pr..rzri de ua 'r
ir ,n i s n ,,p h i \ 11111:
i./ m {a lrmrr lreriert. an,bele Iis hetltl ,ds ,.tr botter Sinitotea lui $r a,r,liorui
lofu. dc trczsrt pcrlP.t e-F sitr.e h. hrs b..n t*inF do .ird hee Qia I. tsiile
DriFird ldn 'i tarar.L. the Ml.rs al tle Slirnic
is r151):
jl .n u x dv or b . t i m . ont i - LaE dhr.xs l,ln .d na -.1,r .r.a4 inloldeinn| ol
ruati san rcretitir: 3l${r\
olle& somrii ei, urDi tiD'es \\'c ndf. olton l.er to the ,1m fon od*cori la nrt.
ci., li 14( i ?, { i i b) ;
I liar4 r..r "Ila.r t" s.rc. , rii{l.,Ilanlot" de Dri
- cr. ,ai",tiln*.,t t rtal I
i l]{jr-i l
TRTICUTIIL P]IRTNCT sr1?

irflli r'1sf rnRrxc oli rll;PtrtuEt'rl
1) Forni. Trccutul pcrloct. ;le un ijnlp ,o m l u s i o fr,,n tcu sjutorul S 1178
l rm L Ul i d ' l \i l :1 rL ' u i to H tl L u r' . rt J- II i ' i p i rr l r-' u l Jl \a rb u l u r d e
conluEni:
I l,adcalled; ,ouhadcallcdi ., sle. t lad cau.di se hadcalled;vou llad calledi
2) lutrebuirtare. IrircutuhiiPerleet in g ra n :rl i .3 'nqiezniiro''.punJ€ S 4i 9

I' g lA m , ri d r o ln ;n t" r tt d l lt '1\1 .CA .s i a i' q i rrP tr ' l p o r l" " r " \p ' r -
' ,.a / .ti4 ,: '.
n ,a ,, r .' iu .o lr a .r ' ,: ,l' r l . lr n r lr .J s lr r r l ur m0mpn osr
'n' ^
fre.rt. si se tr.rduce n ];]rbs romeni ln acest caz cu rnai muli ca pedectul'
cu perl6ctuisinplu sau cu perfeciul cornpus:
I kneN Cuv. hl. I idd not r.en l,in s'nce mJ Inar ase.
{ll cunqrca;n e Cny, dar nnl de la cnsebria m.a)
'a zs.,z
ll' 1 r : l.q l o n l^ | ' I{' to ti
\\l,e n tl,.i /../:d r d lo o io r p ,
r ' ,t" .;,,t ..ItL o ti J J|'onrrruJl J r L | u l
' ,,.:i " p " td ' ' i.r
Trecutul perlect irLr-o plopozilic cere trecutul simplu sau contjnuu n S 1480
cealalti:
rher h.d aaLe b " lo t I.d ,r '
I roia 1,,u nt tn,t been iaillin
rdr@ s o _ :1 . s'J Z \o r ' l a . n ' in " r ' lp ' ' L u :r llF J p e ia l{

lu ip r o tr ' u ' .\. o r In I11 "'"1ru Lnru
anuhttp://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze l" \d l" m r o - r J l"
't 'l 276/609
r86
S l48l 3) Trocutul perfect si treeut[l simplo. - Trc.utui pFrfpct .1re, fatd de

t r e c u t { s i m p l u , o l u l pe c a r o i n d e p l i n e t te r € z e n t u l e r t c c t a t ; d e t r e z e 'r t u l
simplu. Ca atare, cl nai are urmetoarele functii:
S 1489 a.,i tradus tn limbr rcmAnn, cu rfrI,r/p.ral, ?.r[,etul sinLlnu sar ,:rfc(rul
armp[sra r a t i c i o actiuoe au o Ftare ncopuLl]r r i n t e a u n i dnumit n r o m e n
trecut, indicat prin trecuiul sinpiu. a durat o pedoadd de timl pini in acel
moment (cI. 1448):
H " , oi d h"S had 0. . / t nF- t f o" $a l . , r r b
r qpuncdr pu5. a 5o- , , l . , a r ' oh J. doJ.
"- "
S 1483 bJ tradus tn limba romAnn ctt t'iitorul antcri.or, nlocuie,(teviitorul pe.-
fect fald do trecut ln propozitia subordonatn ( g 2856):
Thp\ pr , Fp, l r hd\ r , o. l d i om . she, , l r d\ n4d t ; n; - hed \ , Lr ) t .
l f r s; ou: r d . r Lo. i , n , i r , l \ or lt kn: ni \ d1 : a- L, a. t , at t , t r ' 1.
$1181 . , e s t e l o l o s i t u adverbelejast ,r t / i i g./ ( c f . S1 4 4 8 . 4 5 0 . 4 6 5 . 1 6 5 b ) :
H d / kJ i uar , i , . n / l p, \ . r he $r - r r l t d d$d\ .
i h" nl d r i . ' r st i l l nnl ^' , l ns; ' Jou.
She told me slic lddn'l s,., Xou -rei.
A se comparaurmitoarele lllze pentru a se v€dea rolul trecuiutui parfect
fa_tdde rrecutul simplu. identic cu rolul prezertului perfect fald dc prezentul
sinplu:
She @rnds sh€ has bcei matied llor) a rea..
'
{scric .e csrc mddtati de un a;.)
She orcr. she had beet nuDicd tar lctrt.
(Soriah scris c[ estc,'era miriial,l ^ un an.]
de
n. l , s r onl d" n' ) - , i l l b p ar n a r b k h n h. t . _o' , , t
-t.- ,r'.t I .tJ ,
l L, an. " t p si J ",.1 i " a\ i o. ' or l ' r ; b" r u, , t . - r , , / , / .;",f.. " , rd
D
( Danan r€r
dsa sir on
gurdcenli sc l ' .va- or
d al do sl L .t rB. - , rp Ii or
j hJLl c. ,L. r i t,,
, . r n dl | .n,
f , r/ -, i4r
d r ti . st 4i ; rum
t s, . f.nut
ti dc sr at . l
A s e re ma rc a e la s t ic it a t e a c u c rre limL l e n q le z d s p d rg e L iDJ r€ le .L u n t o r-
n ' in d u . " "lo J a 1 lo r c ln ll n ra ru l:
Shc as,ni,ntzb,on lic. wa} [o lhc oemttcfy: "Ioddy her cl]ilil /dl r.ez dcada y.a.,,r
1{85 4) Trccutul peficct n stilul ixdircrt. ln strlrrl rrdirc, . dupa un r.erb
cu lornli de recut.deciapartnri'rd ruper re.rtulujr, rcLutulpe}fe,r nlo-
cuicste recutul simplu sau prezentulperfc.r dil stilul direct:
I . ai d: ' l , r a - | r esenl , 1, \ F, r l h. l d. r \ \ , " r P , ,
| ' r i l I hoJb&' Jr , oa. nl di r . n lh l-.:" \ \ ' r l J ' oLi
, ".r.r , ;:
Sn€ asl&'t tue: "Hdt. tot seen todal's a e.i"'
askcd mc wlictrcr/il{ I nad scen ttiai dar's later.
-qlc
5) lnlocuirer tro0utului leriect cu treriutul iimphr. Pcnlni s; rplii;cire.
ln unele sitra,tii trecutrrl perfect este lnlocuii ou i|ccutul snrplu, spre
eremplu lnaintea unei propozi,tii secundafe ltroduse prin conjurclia ,rtrc
sau ln propozitiile secu dare in care anteliorjtatea dcliunii c-\pr; ate r,1
mod normal prin trecuiul perlect rezulli{ ciar ti fdrn lntrebLrin arer acestura:
Tl, e n r. rn d , / , ( h . t l, . t r) L . . . 1 6k - . . , . , . . t r, . n , . f l
\rj eI he obroitrJ ( . hid obtdincd) iis ii.it.lt.s, ne spint a \r..li s holidar ir rh e
Shc.tLni€d the tarcci Fiil, Lhedoll I lorsl,r (: Ijad lorChtj ii,'r.
(Y . z i $ S 1 / , 3 1
r vczi
\ 11: t . , vel i si not a.
'The Ir,nqe-t LiL l0Nl.er.
3 V. zi q 1156"torr,.".
nhcthLr un.al lr.analifal, dar iorDal:
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze i/ dn. cln,nt. 277/609
5l t nl r uG . -C . f . op lar,
vezi i r g. 3r i 0, f ut { i .
.tlx.tt1lie S 1'18
T r n r tul p |r , ..- p a' " " .i ,u. i .. di qub .n" ';r ul fF ,h. r . a,e p\n'ima
ir " 1.,4ut,.,,/lr pr oo,7:id,or ',i'ion1 .i" u ,, r" nLr - :r buie
^t.r F .utu',oF "'
coniundat. ln linbr r'.,Lline se lradu.e in ace.stn situalie cu cordilionalul
( $ 2 7 6 2 ):
I naCs.€n liin lcto... brt I di dn'L knoir his nnnc. lTrecut Dert.t
ill
it Irnai rd:k.D,hmdarl.,
h.J.,p, nn stilrn
., .'\ts i] cheamri
cum lo,u \ou r c,bton.lr \ p/r '.1
j, i. -. l+
I
lD J, r r'spu.
i\rezi ii g 175:lJ
TLTPUTiILTTIIRTtrCTX s 148
(f n Prxr .ria.ir\nEs)
1) Fcrn[. I'imporjle perfect€ se constniesd cu aiutorui au\iliarului g 1,tE

to IL$'E, la modul si timpul de bazn, icspcotivi urDat de partioitiul trecut
al l c'rhl ui hri eal dc corj uE at ($ l :l i 2 l 3?8).
Obscreal i e
Inl re co sl l 'rcl i n l i i l o.ul ui peri ect.a liriurului pLrl €cl ala de trecut. i S 1Jl,
h " 'n:r:ron,l ,rl ui F rr" rr p" J" opi ,fl -.si ,o." rr..ri J\,ILF 'rrF te rr .,,oJdl .
urmal.e.de un nriiriliv pertcrt iJ. dc alta. e:ristn identitate dc lorme, de;i
sl tuctura especlirl di feri . Cn al l e cuvi nte. n cazulde a1 sesuprapun oue
i rterpreterj :
al confornl hqulii de formrre a timpudlor pcrl€cte, viil,orul perfectj S Il )1
\-iitoflri
(respectiv pedect faln de trecrt ti clrndilionalul pcrfeot sint iorm|ll,e din .,iilrrrril
,ttrrr l fdlri de tre. t sarl ':ondiliaMlul) au\iliarului to IIrt1D ]-
parli.ipiuL trecd al t',:rluL,ri.,ti.taLx:
| | I'o'1 o, { \i r' r /o hotl -,o.t / .pl . l -F c'rr.
\rrl or p l p l
| ,,, .,,4 tr,. I ri r or/a t.4) ) -:t.,h.n i p" rr. r" " xr1
tI-',,] I'rr' I ti i l nr l .r J r. .' o tnre| st pl
\ i i or p" r'l - l , .,r1. rra Ur/
fel rl de trocut l rou l.Jr. (., \'i i Lor i ,i d., trrrt|l Lahaee) +*en
I 'rarl d
(parl. trecut)
| :hould haoe (: cordilional to lLure) + wtLlkrd lpatt.
Condi ti .ndl
perl ect (rruld I'arc (conditional to haa.) -: rutr (patt.
-\o',
t acut)
6/ pe de al tn parte. cin,l trebui e edatd deeade l i mp perfect,verbel e g 149
del'e.ljIe nlodrle. deci Fi SHA[,L ii WILL. sint urnlaie de un inlinilir ?erl€cl:
I sn"l, (dcl.cti\. ia.l6t) haft.att.d {n'liniti pcilcci)-
ron ,,i/i {den 0tiv nodnl) /drd s],ot n tnrlhiaiv reriecl).
l r aJuol rJl\/4 , t. \i " r , ' , Tn,
J, o l ' l . 'l rl'r. '"
. /," / ., lr:;dnrtiinr ii j r\ t r" .rr . . " t , .
"c'
Ideniitatea lormelor de la $ f491 cu formele de )a S 1492 €ste pcrfectd,
cu toati structura lor dilcr'itn.
l,,Propozifia coDdi1iona1."': stt: subo aNta catu coniine if In lraza cordilionale
g tir .
: 'r zcnt. tr ,, ut :ad \ilt,r r ( S r 1.: l
I 1 1 ri, i. ' " , dr' ., 278/609
t ll. L " n rd z. verh rll" \ i. l, D , s, l,' rn h d lir. n rud j' . , n . t 1 t J
.., ,4dF
s86
ln lucrarea de la d, paliru coisecvenle i o mai metodici. pred-are

coriuqarii \ erbului tn qeneial, se vorbe;te de utilizarea au\iliarului to HAVE
ls firr;ar.a /x/l/ror ri';nijrilor ppr[a, .. .Flilal rcpe, dl c^ <tru.l:pi cprute
de ver €le SHALL i \''ILL liiird aratat ln caJrul verbelor del€cLi\e modale.
149:1 2) Timpurile perlocts eonshuite cu auxiliarul to BD. Tirlpurile per-
fecle (prezentul perfcet si irecutul perlect) ale unor Yerbe intranzitive llo
b*om
to sit, ,,o -n,,
o tst. /; do L io
to eturn,lo tini.\/.utn
tseeLc.l pr. o.o.
utreori tn gnrl
form; la lt ent.cure
psraleli. to n'|t. t4 'r t '
rrxiliarul
to HAVE esle lnlocuit cu to BE, padicipiul trecut pfimind aslfel aproalle
valoare de adjectiv.
Aoeasli oomporlate eiiisfi Si tn limba rornnnn:
She h&s .on.. lEa a aenit.)
$\e is .one. Ea a iuit. {: ,'sie taatr.i, de.i poii s o lczi )
Tt e sun br d . : . " , . . l j odr ct , r asa- . e. )
The sun 1r$ ras.n. suuele r\J.isc. (:trd /,tsdrit. dcci nu mai lut.au ve{ea
rnsitilul).
ConsLruclia o BE + participiul trecut, tiind in getlere ntrebuinllta ctr

verbe crre exprimi in mod obignuihaoliuni, arati sLarea ubiectului rezultatd
din acliunea verbului respectiv. Astfel:
Ue hs soue. EI a ptecat.)
(Al€nlia este ndrellati asupra acliunii in sine.l
He 13€one-D tlecat. (: tsr.rl,.a,. nu mai este ici.)]
(-{tcnl.ia este irdreptatl asup.a rcarltntului acliunii vcfbnlui. ,, l ntr nri este
airi, aia ce nu'i poii vorbi"l
Grardlatler hril s.otD old, (irandlalhe. sas gmr'4 ot d
(tsunioDl rDdrtn6?., (Buni.rl tu {),trl;.)
Formele de periect construite cu auxiliarui to BE mai rechi il] limbi -

au reusit si se;entine irl oarecaremisur5. alitud de lorm€le noi de pe.feci
constrriite cu auxiliarul to HAVE, prin laptul cn, deli uDeori aproapeperfeci
sinonime cu acestea.poi fi intrebuinlate penLru a rcda totu;i nuanle care
contribuie la o €rprinare mai subtiln a gindirii. .\sttel:
Tl . bxtier h.s aelr.J.
I| {Un t u l s o t o t , it . l
(V-aii odihnii?
1 the buti.r ft n..J''d.
{SInteli odihnjl,? }'ulcn tleca acum?) I {Untll es[e l.o it.) ( \tr
t silli dau dc nt'oar.)
.|ne1.harl jn the sircel.
I travc hea.d he has /crrn€d. t
(.^.m alzit cn s-a IntoN.l I L \ e , n t in s-dt
' r, l,e s t ra d t . l
,/ Tlis NJ q t h E . a s c t h ' \ s c n m , to
I have h€a.d hc iN t.rurned.
{Am auzit c'1 s-a lntor6.) I lAcesta c.u onzul p.ntN discutafta
i: Esi€ ai.i, il put-"n redea acu .l I druia so intrdnisari.)
s 149{ YIITORUI, SIUPIU

(rrrE slrfrr,E rur[nD)
S 1195 l) Delinitie. \'litornl (The b'uture) etpri,ni o acliune sarro stare care
va area loc drpd momenLul orbirii:
I Loos . h" , ' , / 1 , . h' _d u l ' , n
(Siiu c{ ra aici ]a ora lira i.r
289
l) Formi, - Viitorul sirnplu se ormeazii ou ajutorut auriliarelor SIIALL S 1496

(lq pcfsoana sg.qi pt.) qi WILL (la persoaraa 2-a fi a 3 a sg. i pl ). urmate
d.e Lnfinitieul lf€;e"t al vetbului de conjugat:
I sIaU otrll, ou Flll cal1lihe, she, i will call.
we shsll calll rou wiu oall; they will call.
SH,{LL 1497
(f.f..L 3) SHALL.
g. s r pl.TIILL.
r ' i\ \ lLl - .\,ieasti
lc r s o2" ut;lizare
' s ia3a'tradil,ionali
g ' i lt ' I ;r f or n rr eav ii' or L' lui S
r "auriliarelor
r u \ . or D r ' ) .
, . r or r - . a n. . nc lul 2t . , t " at \ d et ont at , , dtn s lt lt l lar nt ut nc f lq
L' ' s il , l t oloc . r al - ' ri ' , u t or bili, \ \ ' lLl d ir lo' u: r r r l^ J t lr ir c m " ' u' a
a. . , r li. , r ulS ll\ LLin \ ns li pr opr iu- 7is ai , , din' e" \ \ ll at - nape" r ' I uiv
\
i' . : c o' j0. lr lar dd. \ \ ' r 1" . . r r nr o' ir f iF. i lr t or ir or ir la - dbt ilani. ^ r 3 c E
SU \. \ u" lr ali3 ; i C on. n' uns ear t bul r it ani" r . c hi - qin ' r -
" nd" ' agl' z a
esle a doua linbn a-orbi$.
u 1ll. i s ohr ' i- pr r , oniz r " l" 3r , ' " - r s t i " ni n" n r u : a' ir e" ' r r "i c ui de
iuns laaLi , l. c onluz " { s pr ob) an; . - ' t Fl pdP. FJ n' " i m r c i
-t.i., e.r :"n . r 0D o' ul . r s ll\ l. L/ W lLl. c5 " ; n r pbuir r , ar Fl or n' lor ' on' ' nodr
r as ' -
I't.1. ltou'Il ;tc.. l.alabile penl,lu ambcle auxiliare. ,{cest erpedient', foartc
- lr i qi r n ir r im ' r l i J " r Pr Pbr al r p' " . dr n
s e, lLr Lr ' or r ir . ir nr li ' ' - ' lor r
i' laus or , er aLic u" c . r r l, r i r ur , o nou" s u' ' , ' , lF Pf li. uiLeli e" - Anr ; ' e ' r '
I f lbui d t ir ' ^ ddla - olL r lF i r po^ t s 1la 5r r ' ir p a li^ bii lt inpi" t d" t " ' nr r r -
lui numnr de nuanl,e nlplioite ln contrastul S}IAI,L/WILL.
tinii eramaticieni mafcheaze aceasti schnnbare prin iotala e\clndere a
. ' nili" r ului Sll\ LL Lr p. n li SllO l' LD 7 ' lr r r ls b' l" ' ulilr o" r ii - \ ir ii u
ddupld' un " o- , pr om is ' n unna div ar . c lorFn. hplo, lo if r r l a. pl- iA a I ' i I l; r -
'L"
ini J.A.illrau ins " r ls nF."r.m
ebuinLar r t . l: r i"t i i'pr
t r " zI s" nar
nla €r
l o'nbFlur
t . t r u\ 4rir: t-f.
' ' hotrtr or
' t t dinc r i aliii.
r i ir r ar \ ' Fr
irind drept oiteriu flrile dezaventaje adusc de ac€axti schinbarei lnscriu:
I shall iiLL atll { Lve shallltvill call, nt\ mare numer dintre aoeltia
inregistrtnd cind. I I we shall wiII call. cinrl 1,/ oc tpill I shdlL caLl ltun
, S au ircut toartenafi eforturi i pe scar; ntinsnc u rezultate,.coDsidera-

bile" dupli cii se pare6. pentrr prclucrilr€a masclor in vederea menlinerii
raportului SI{\LL / WILL traditionai.
In aceasfi situa,tie,granatica de f&ti adopti tormele dc r-iitor t; de oondr"
lional tradilionale, araiate la S 1496 i $ 1618, ca liind singurLrlp uncL d€ ple
care posibil pentru expuneroa clard ii metodicd a numeroaselor subliliilli
semttitice (oiertonc:.)care apar odati cu oric€ nlodilicare a raporlului SHALL/
WILL, relpecti ' SHOULD/WOULD, rimlnind sAs e indice terior separat,
modilicArile apnruie gra-tie nterl'cnliei stilului colocvial actual.
I th a t n tt' ,,t6 , m . \" 1 ," r r l fo 1 ,, In l ir :

| " r ' o 1 .. '
,' .1 ? i n x m x r i <lilu l Do , r s .L r c lir io s
r - \L r l" e r ,.:/;o I . a ta ,.d r "1 t" ,,. n - to ,. n ,i,' t ' r g r p d Fd'\l' 6 r,l-
, . r " lp .,,,r
. ' -
.,1 . n .m liD- r s .J .,in :L t:i t:1 o t b r " ,:.) , )i
"u lr " F ' r l I ' .t' l t n tt" d i ' n ;d n / dbt ,' l- r 'sp l i r.
DA ,t "
tt d K :' c d a ' a l it " t I n tn o'd \" . /,,/4 ,, l,p ,' r , S ' o l' / \\b l l
,..,,..,4 ,a /. " " nI3 l. d t ,,,r ' i.\n lia p r o ta u ./o j.
t" 1 .ta J , \o r ' .1 .a ., ,
O./j.D. Ox L ttr d t,tr ,x l h Dic r in l r \r
' \\' . l,ll ls .- Ir ' r ' d lr o n - n " f' r ' " J " a ll' ' r
r\nerican ' l-l\igP
of E.slish is evcr c.lled oD to oleni a Nav through " "M.dcn "
ilf. IL NIitl,i' r s t {lj{.,1 r t d c ,r .... te n 4 S , p a g . 9 ;
r tltn n {r .. $ ii:8
" 1 1 . Qlir k .1 . d lia . I
200
1498 4) lnfsles. Viitorul simplu este nirebuin,tatpentru a exprimai

1499 a,,l o acriunesau o stareviitoare atd de un momentprezent:
I-sha l.vill see Urcm on Fdilay.
(li ,ot ,cdd inui.)
15oo ,J probabilitatea nei ac,iiunisau si,iri ln prezentsau n trrecut:
Cononclo.. lease, that rtll DdSt. Thomas's?
(Ta-\ai..,
1vh.t v1i rog, at
a hollahal.o acesta esre rcrdrtl
thc doorl Tbat t,il,spilalul
bc theSt- Thomas?)
children.
{Ce t{ritroi la us{l P.oDoDtl d stz, copiii.)
l r anv nr l he h; \ s hr s eal en he i am . r l ar h1Z Lc J ohD .
r O 0. i \ r F U , . ' LJ ; . " bei " l i a , _ ni dl m dm " l J dJ , l r al A r r . r t ; s a / i p l on I
As \ r u , , i / l ai r r adv 6, , , t uom hr r l p. l " r . s he aoi s l o J b31.
"
, Lt upr c . 11 t r oboLi i , . i l i r r l , r . " ' s oar F a; : . l ' a, ; I a l d: . 1
: t or ul u;
s 1501 5J \ i i l or ul pc r r ec l | 7 h" I ' " t t , ' r " p r l i |. o I or m 1a7b u aj ul ot ul
aur ; l i l r ul Li r o i l . \ \ E ur n' al de N t . ; p; , 1 / f , al al v pr bul t r i de c onj ugal r :
1 shall/$ill hare called; you will lavc cailedi lie, she [ Nill ]rave called;
we shall/sill lavc ca.llrd; you will have call-"di they \iilt have called.
Yiitorul perfect exprimE, ca gi in limba ronind:
d) o acliune sau o starc aiitoare: anlertodrd, altei acliuni ori stdri Yiitoare
s AD r nni m om enl dat v i i t or :
Lo_, J on, " : Lhol l l : x l ar [ i , ; . l f d t _' b o r or upr p' .
r \ : ' a I nF 4r T t lAn. a t . p4: nsd b" Ll . " J i ul I ' i r c. L. i " os i i i . )
tle ial\ lLd'edor€ ihe tanslation bv this inre i.omorros'.
(Nu ure sd. ermine raducereapin{ mliDe a ac€astA rI.)
.rin r r v i i l or '
L 1 l r obobi ; at , o nr " a l i , ni s du " " m i nr t p lic l n Pc uL. j a i n
f n 6r p" i ar z \ i i t or ul p" r r p. t . a l - r ' l ur n l n l r m bl r o" r ; na uu \ i i l or ul rnleri^r
gi esle de ohicci lnlocuit pr Lr o construclic ln care apare adverbul t/obaDii:
'ton oi haec uald ure nane: it is so lanoxs.3
(t'.aLdLil. cd ai d&.i, acest rnner este alii de celcbru.)
Ste eilt ha@ tin6?d.i nr nine o'ctocli.l
(r.ababit .d e; fi tc.ninarl'a r€rntnd phl la ora noui.)
s 1502 6) 'l-iitord f&,txdc trecxt fi viitorul porfoct a.ti de ftecnt (ltutur..in the
Patt analFuture krfect in the,PdJl.). - Acesteasint doui timpud, inexistente
viitorut faln de prezent,
tn
n limba romAni, care au aceeaqi
cu d eos birea ci sint form at e.nu cu onstruclie
prezeDtul, ca
ci cu ti
Itcrdlri auxiliarelor SHALL
;i \\iILL:
Viitornl fdld. de hedat (Future in the Past):
I sliould/wouldau; you wouldcall; he, slie, l sotrld calli \te shoxld/rolld call;
you would calli they ilonld tall.
'triitorul perfect ta,ti de treflt (Fntute P:tf.ct in lhe pd\t):
I should/wouldarc caltediyou, he, she, i wouldhavecalled; te s|oxtd/$ould
Iale callediJou would have caued; h€J would hale ralled.
l V czi
S t4e0-149r.
1 , t 5 si n o t a n . l r D a s, t 8 4
,' zV
C l nedzi i l . t . r \ 1 ; i , . 1 . ' do . D i o b i , b i l , r xr . - . r i i l o , . l p " i l p cl l o xl d F r r ' , i n a io.mtl
a " l i u n " vi i l o . r " a n ' " l i o " l a . n , , i n o m ' .ldl r t , t o t . l - . r . o - a t a 7 : o t " p c; a : ,tri
uh qdedb de tinp eiitot precX.
rln u.rNLr DroD"/i b. \':ror ID"r1,rr.,.,e". "ilJ r o .'rnr,,, , ri n",rio,,
hlrd.",,-.u t . ; : i - ' t . ' r , i n b n q , r '".r,- , r r ' a i ' .. o r u l I n l , ' , t Jd ' ' n ' :
n{: ,.Vd l.ermira llni la ora 9'. ti01 a) ' \ i i
i9
La persoana 1, deosebirea orm$li rnt.e simptul riit0r hreeulurat) i cel _ $ 1609

et pLr . c ic i s t ; in f aolul c d. n . c r ul de t r 1d, t o. l es t c olor al m odal,a; r " n-
tuat sau nul, pe clnd la simplul viitor nu este nici accentuat:
| r o n " o o \. q im llu v ' i ,'
..h tlt ljt.
t r n , v r n l,u m. l
I.,
,l ..tut,u
r I." .1 ,lo tt1 .,,.,r
I,. .. .o ,i.
v r ' ., Ho tJ 1 r
Viitorul constmit eu SIIALL intrcbuirrtat la toate persoanele e E.is€ste S 1510
jn_pr opo/ ir I . p '
ai " ' r u^ , lor r r F duo. , r - " 1 pl" ,au c on. r r u,ljit e " . 1" . ipc ir ir "
hotdrirc. nltn1tc,e,ti li, un anlhI
It hdsbun de.idedhrt Tetstars, ha te used o. flie transmissionf TV pro-
gra'nmes c.oss he Allantic.
Y, ur w il ir . r r " z , i, pd ttst y , u . l, t t t,,.. a r t lns h. t idr v r', fFar.
/o,-.,., 0r 1dI L" pn. x , pon ",,r r.;^,:w \\,,\; r r u. i r dl/ , , . pr , ,
, h. . jf " l, i, , *
,, Cind int enlia dt,arlinepersoanpi droia e adresezi au lesDre arc sc S 1b11
v or bc \ f e.aur iliar ul ,1,r, b, r in: at \ \ I LL la t o0t e ppr boanpt p{ 1507) :
^ " t .
Y u s . ' y U ;//sp-,k,o l, . r , n. r i - ol, v , r \ r ' : ns r H ot Ar ir p
' s ou' . , .l /.o,a., \ o" b, . . i.nc , , . . r J . . t or i:m l' r " ( . au oi. i, - " ar t r dr r t a.
In n o r
"
\v ' ,t,p r j," .J n p
d .lin s lo L h .tp r ." , tr t $ n .l| p f r r itr h " to m p . r \.o id r a
r \r I i. lr p l ,lJ .: p o d l..,i l,a r r p a J m j J - ,r tr .l
I k n o w ll,p ) .' .' / n L L r h p r r iL k s h a r o \F r th o d iffi.- t[F s . tt.r s j.tf,n tll
' ir r .L
( 5 ,u ,1 v o " p .," " ," a p - n l, . a . i :n d F .' ,r i - a r , o r r J t d . ^ d i d r Ii gr u id iir p )
'na
Er c e p i e
]" ,P,i l 9 p e r s u " n ,1 .|r i n i n s u s t,p ,u r ,t p .tp d p .te o n 4 . e \fr i n b i n - Sts tz
r P n r r H. n o r ir flr F r . o. tL .o r o r p r o r b .l| :
I sill tell him $tai I thirk. (Inl.n1ie) {-\cccrr treuiru)
(-\ intenlia se,i stln ce siideso.)
r ..r a , I g o .r r L n o \. 1 o | ." in o i" tin S : ( Ho ' ) " t,c
1 \u v r r a u s l ie s a , u D, d ' c .a | a s r .ir u r tJ
1 \ J ll1 r ,.o u L r o l d . - ,o n J, s . r r , L a ,L , lP r In t:J n " l
II\i loBnd :n i ., \o . Jd | .r i.- I d ,,id .r r F \o m ,n b lo ia r ( A r r 4 n ' n ,u b u ,
Notd
La persoanaa 2-a $i aerpus

3 a. deosebireaormali intre simlrlul riitor necolorai S 1b1t
si viitorul coloral modal ]a acesr capitot std in faitul ci, tn cazul ale "
fatn. \\rILT, este acceniuab,pe cind la si;plul liitor nu este:
Yr 'llr'rtu, se. 1,e.. (Snrllu riilor)
Lrr e r ve 0 e a .)
IIe /l /,t? t u n d e r sta n d . S i d l l u r i i to ..l
a d irtelegc.)
Y o n sa y yo ' r ,, /l sp .d L 1 H,,t.l r i r e l
l S u u i r i i r sr i j " r l - i r i t s- L o r b p .l r ' .)
I 4 o n l , k' u L ( i h p th .r In ,,. t u r to th p l i r st n i sl ,l , r \' i n | 1 1
r \. r i u d a cr r 1 .r u n . ,/,d - o r., ' ' iso
." " ' r p r ,m i .r J.j
lro"r" "i
. .o J ti ., \i ln ,, , r ,i\e tF r ,r o n r r r r ' d : ,o r 1 .r r a ,n iu a ,l fe tl
jl. ' ,.1 .., , ,1 fp .,fr
I.,1 . h is r tr r ..ir n r u a r d . t" ,,.,,a " .a o .d u" r ;" " ,.
2 :.i :,:;" ", '
'ftlsr4's: saielili (le ooniunicalic xliliz{ti in traDsrisiu.ile tetefonice si telev;alc
tla$atlani,ice.
,\" u lr ' ,,. ,. ..4 t n | u .) ,io L to n o a .t u 1 " i d r p J" " in " .,,ti .r i,,.7 i. a.r
.im r flr m n s ,r l' " r t,,' t r ' n a n a r h :.n .i, L ,u e tr z ti I' o r .o n to ' m i" r n J p o u p r r t1 ,,,.
p . p 5 l u l,l,/.,tr .' lF q ' r J l.
' r n r qhttp://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
,r l1 L n r l." r ,J ,/ .n q ..u r ito r n t ie ,tu a t . 284/609
2S 4
tl l ;;t 4 tr" t s l - t t r m . t - da
' r ul
r ol ; t ; J I dl i ' ] t 84 t:ru'
ui i r o. ' e\ pu. r r nai s us . . ' r d" o. abi ' r1 ;i r . nr I r l t ' { i l l O I ' LD .
' uv i l i r r pl
W OUI,D):
IIe said it slarl,? be as rve would (P,onrisiuDc)
(Ne ldsdlut ca va fi air cun von oi.) (Accexr: .utNl
, \ nn L, r m e ' . ^ t l . i g s ha- l d \ i ni . l ' ' r n hp' . u. r ' - . r H ol i r : r p, ,
( Anam . r . pt A- ; ol r r ' \ , ani m ' - l no|D i q" l l t r J d r ' p' I
T hev s ad rl'"i J o4d r l ' m b r o l ' r r r nr . ( I l " / l ' i r ' )
( Au' s p, , "1 ; d' / , . dr ; / i s 1 nu I di c or l i aL ' u. ' i
I krle{ rou odzl.l hare lour oM way. {r'e.sisienlil)
($tiad ci tet ,.rtrid sn laci ce v..i-i
( Penl . u c om pl el ar ea ac es t or i ndi c al i i gc ner i l e, 1' c z i qi 51517)
S 1b16
--- Trotluceret in limba ro end. - Ace*te formi dc viilor colotat' modal,
' neeristinrl in limbtr romani, este tradusit cu rirlorztl. la csre se adauga adeBea
cuvinte ce redar.r deea adifionaln. (Vezi traduce le la e\emplele de mai sus )
€ 15fG Nurnflc .le raliti'J (Voliti()e Future). dat acestui timp penlruJaptul
'
c{ toaie lormolc 'iilof sugereaze, ln maj l]rar. s.|L nrai rni.r-r rnnsur:r' o nrrrllest'rre
a voiniei celui carc:'orbeite. cnrria i se rorbefle .\rr desp|c calr se aorbelte,
este aplicat in gerere numai urmitoarclol] innn'":
I wiu call trc till call
ron sliall call von sfall oirll
iie. she, i slall call they shall cd l
Aoc as t i i nt er l r ei ar e c s t c i nc or nt ' l pt J . pc nt r t r '; I u t i n" s c dm d deJ or m c l e
neac c ei r t uat c .s s u' n: , i m ul i or i ndi pu , i n al : . et l uat e. c ons i f ui t c cu SH ' \ LL
r3{r
l a p. r - oano I . i \ \ l LLl a p- r . ner d " 2 oi i ' L. ' i r p 'u 'lq'r
r J - ' " 1, / P' r u' t ' r nl ' r F
\ u- " l " dc
l s l ut t ol n' ' " . : , " . r ' ' r i t p i ' r , " J a: i aur i l i , r , i
t i i t ar t uI i t i t ' t r ebt l \ e dec i c x t i ns p" nt r u d, , 4, r i i i , l e. irr r no, l ul - c r pus " nnt ' us . St
ir",""t" .*;", ;i este ntrebuinlar .Licl'rr u,rdrer de rt'JJ 1et $ 1i0?)'
S t517 8) i[odalitnli de oxprimare l viitorului:
d) (i.leea c viil,or ur nu cnntim niri o inlli'; h rtod'slA\:iitar ald
ae piizt:"t tlrpdnat' prii viitorul xntplu lsinvti 1:tti r') ti riitarul letfect
(Futue Perfd):
I rna .dll \'otr whcD lic comes.
eoi ch.nu cnni va reni.)
lTe q,tll lat? ndd his balh }r the tinc lou gct ur.
Hc
l1 ' fi fAa,lea /ac€ baia pln{ c. tf vei scula r
'd
S 1518 tirlrl tuld de lrecutc\DriltraL prin aiitorul f.Ltd de tftcut (Fature in the Past)
, i , ; i t ; r ; 1 p. t l . . t ot d d" t D . ; t F nt ut Pc 4q t l , Pa. * t ) :
'n
IIe iold nrc iir teould Lre \erc.
(ui-a slns c;"1a ft tuolo.)
I kner' I sbtld liee gone ortL clore they camc-
{ltiam ci ,,t /l tl..d,in orat hainie dc veni.ca lor.)
$ 1619 b) /t,iitor i.teea de hotbite. promkianc e ,;) exprimat prin tiiloral
"
r ' ol i t i i ( t ' ol i t i t . F i t f e) ( S 1507- 1513) ( c ol or at m odal ) :
laln l.c r rc:r/n:
I ',r | "" l o l r " m n l . h ) P t . i l i ' "'r'l " d d l .
\u f" ,.r d ,/ , ttd a' um li m4' sl p i n . ; ddL'rne l
You slzll /dt" \vhat 'F -rou ,;ll. (Stil lo.mal)
'voi,
( t'.i ao.a L.r cc vei i-o iag{duiesc )
I liitrtut pahct dla |tibtr romannesfe,ca ti in lidba engle'i, rtrmar un tlml grdna-
,t.{, ii sLr ad$ca nrlocu't c\ tiitorul. si}n|ltt.
fald d.e recut.: $ 162

I s a id I l,' r l' r " T r ' 1 {n lj i r ( r s s lill d - l ,
" o(Ldlr ,1 s o
l\m s p u r x r ,tp o u i4 ,6 s a r ltr Ir m ,c ir e s te d e v r c m c .l
j
lromt d 'y "hotLJ hoep ihat thpr |aut.t.
{Le'am lngnduii ol eal aka re @. @i,)
c) (tiitolul cert sar lrogramat) exprimat prin prezentd simplui s 162
' Ih p - , " /* l o r td 1 1 n " \L To d .
tfL o .o x l :,t l xn d \r i t.{ -
On Mondal. I go to Itxcterl add t?r., my wire back.
(Luni nir duc l.r Djcter s{-ni ddrc sdlia acasa.)
utilitdt tn sp(iciaL Ia dtte. orarc etc.,
Tomo.rorv r l.hc .igliih ol March.
(ulirc cstc 8 Dartic.J
The uptrair .on.s nr ai livc.
lTrenul de Londra soseiie la cinci.)
What lime do.r U,c down-train eaye?
(La oe orl tlcuci trrnul care vine de la Londra?)
Intrebninlat in no.l cLr.nt in subordanatele temporale s.u candilionalc

1s2717,752):
You won t be readv ieforc we t dre.
(N-ai sl lii sala lniinle de Dlecarea oastrll.)
ilrlal shall I do iI ar4 6t bach bv dinnei time?
(Ce sd fac ilace ntr -rou
ic Intorci pi 1la cine?)
d) (viitor ctllocaidl - al)liune ptuieclatd) exprimat pdn prczcntul sau S 1522
viitorul continun:
we d/e dtztrg ont tonight.
frllncdn b oras astil sfa.e.l
\lhai d/c yo drins o,r Slniiay?
lCe Inclti dndiDioi?l
I shdll Le coine to the scasidcon Friday-
el.c llneri h nafr.l
Y.u ,e .ci,g liur
'rrll re.i fiit\c.)
(Ai sd-t
prezultoL continu ref€rindu-lc si la Drez€nt. un adverb de timD viitor
este necesar n acest caz sprc a se deosebiviitorul de prezent:
T h a r ' .. r h p e .r l \,r o t, la a l;,1 fo r . lP r F /" n l
-
{litd ld lr i fd c { ( a n jl)
l n ta o h ,,; p .) r .d r o q g n p \r s.
( L ' . tl .. p l- ." r e sl le " " l v ;d dl.,r
. r a r li rTnutr" .d
o dsyJ p r im ||
r n "t\iito
.) rr
Fald d,e r':t:Dt,viitorul acesta este c{primai prin trecutul continuu sru q 1523
prin ,r'iilorul fale de trecut continuu:
Hc said ,c aas ?aalrn€ is holiday n the corntry.
( q .J ,.s i i ii ,J ,,r ,., \d .a n J la td d .)
T lr \ \r u r p ' r .ic B a i' g r o lh ;m o u j' tJ in s lo r tl.$ ? .k " n d .
( .\u ' r i. ,t . ,- J ' " n n tu n l" s d .r i p .b p a .i b lr ) it .l d s J n r d m lDa
I $ . ..1 ...a b p t...,i,8 lo r \- n ic e o n Il,n u - ,.
" 1 ,J
stus cii rl..nr luli I-a Venetia.)
l-{ln
H. p r o m is , i - ..o ././r ., r to r s o .,Co lo ,a r m o d d l
t\ llg a d .:l ,.1 J ir d d n p \a ' ll pFsrp r o jlp la n :n d .)
ID genele.prezcntul (respectiv recutul) eontinuu si viiturul uuntinuu ar : 159,
a, c ln. r .s " , r apr oapra,
' r a, " i. nlel" . . ln n. la bir upr ii \ i" t ; in. , o, J eo. " hir p, l-
sens subtild inlre aresLedoui formc:
1Bar,- tr.r ln SdrcFcl., Anglin. rpnumji pcntiu restigiile romaneSi pentn apclc
sale
t' Devon, \nsrja: fl.trd caled.ah dafind din sec.x] ri utriverstai|
t",,l"it1"if./195f..,i
?96
Pr.:.nlnl (rcsDecliv :'ecutul cantinuu erprinri o d'lix"d holiiritd nai

dlnaizre, tn c Iii.torul cantiiu rr tr':spec\i iiil.'til [d&J' 1t' tl1 unin n)
"rerire cd indepli irca ncliu';ii e x p ri n r' rF
oon ,ine nplicalia \e rl r nrc rn rn l i te
' t'
consecLnle:
we arc .li,,i,tP l{olhcr tomoh$.
( L u im a ia " ;r a 'iih 14 mdmr' rPr'er_rrr'n_drl
wt \h r tL tJ "o :' t ,e \.r ' 1 , llo lh d ' r . o lo ., ( r m p {" r"or'r"
( - {i4 r i' ir . s r is ltr u r I r r r ir g L i a *r g t' la r ll
il,u lm n r iin e o a ir ta niama
\ve are haein a reheaBal at nlrc lodav. "
{A,i avc'n rderitie la ol:r 9 ) {l'rosran i\ofirili
we sholl be haeint a reher.sal in a mirlle
rii"i'i-i'"p'"Llfi" r,i:'t" iii"i:i mi"L". (Deci.pres.trcrt"el)l llnanicalii modale)
:l m u s b " o .-^ to n a -1 4 r..-p .. , o o .: l ' r' l i noJdl
ll:P e c tr .in d ]}L ai9 a ifu n a i:) L ]| ll| .]' fPiUn .la | | ' \r t.' ' l|
e .tln i..n ' " in ]' ' 1" ' | p ' j| - ' liF ' '' | ' ' ' ' ' ' ' r 'ii" ' :a
;,m n in l lto r n pJrle p lu : r ' u l;l tr n l" n "u 3
" cii el ntr' conside.I nicid.ctr'n chcslimft nrrt'istill
ahase'al.enl'a
1 tt;4 t" ta " ra'e
of5' 2
" -5" - ' o i"(ot;;\,t,n
") i' " ' o d ;,' 1 - " .) " f;tn t\t;lt' I " ltu .\' ' ^ ti| :lo t
o .,o ,' ,,d ;n . " ' t,' a ' i" pt r ' t" t 't a ;' r r ' ' fu i t 't r - i '' ,e
g o i rq ,-u rn i a i l de i n fi n i i i v u ] \.e rb L tl u i e coniuglL :
S .h e e ,r - f: q o :' 3 ta t \" o ' n - lr ir I- v - r ' n u lil
\r ehEn s4 ltln r a '
,1 t: rl ," ' " r ' r r | L 1
ioq'o4E,: r ' s " ir i ' ' 'oJ'.
. d _ P l' b ir ' lr o ' ' ili rr" r'
tq n - J " in a
You,'erd soi,A tr sat sorncthins. (I.ltrti') (Coloril rrodrl r
(f.i@i sd s?ui Nc\r ')
She sa. gtirs /o n@e ier onn wrl (Hotirircl (C'l dodrl i
lEn l@&titij tti n" faii dccit ce roir.l
:f dt r ' r lr " r " o J il l
( Nu D,ar t.li fd L rn1t",l8
" u l"sh' tr ' tP' t,,b
r ,,d d ,rlt,1
el ' / ' o lo r '
' In
Iiolidi,i.s a'.e g'rg ro /]. llPasatrn'r ftr' h'rr l'ldoriit noddl){Sitdalie
-\t hontP.
' - ( \c d " \' ' I' ' ' ' n'|
/ 'I
t\ o lu
Y iito r L tl /, t. lo in s ta n ' r s P L Dir l' r r in lP a z i r tt r ' I" r r iJ n n e i fr o l' n z ifii
ci e ste ' i n l ci cu i t u r r :i r n r u l n n tt' t l l i ' ttn tLI ' ' r i l d-nn(ce Yrrbul
"r o
.,rr a.rl r' ni "r'iira r.,.
". || r, i .i r u l i " . r l - i r ' ;n ' p i r - l i i \ i i r n d r '
"J
1l shedoes 1]ui I saX,sllc l ri{n/' me I{). it.
6 l t2 S l t l l i tl r r o t,,) r ' i l ' 1 r sta b ;t" a n t ti ' t ' n ' l r tt noI u
'jLrr'nrl
' B E u r ' ,," 1 fl p i r ,r ; i r r \' r r 'or p l ' ' r - tl " d ' ^n l u E ' d r r tr a -
o u r i i i a r ,,l u i ' '
a " ' p " i ' i .i *tr ;" " .,,e vo r b a ' ..u r r r r t z.r b .l .- ,r € r i ' Jr ina .tL " l S .r " c d +
o se b i r c l e r i i to r L r l vo l i ti v, a co a stn t]tr ,,i r r r t; u r vr L t,' r r t:l ,r r r i 4 c:i l cn ) e va
;;.;;;" p"".";",' care rlorbestc, s:lu dc aceasla in lnlelcssre cu alicineva'-
His noll,.r t"- o ,,om. onorro\'
{lr ro.l,a .{ nrma lui sd tt'd nlnac i
Tcaolicrsiid re (.'e ,o Degtr t oncc
(]'.onso,rl I slrrs cA t€rii. sd,t" "r i edrat
1'he lloNr "l,ightning" (as r, sir/arr lirst
(Calul ..l rlger: €rd ?r,s.dnal l.fre.sci lrimtrl )
,'.,r'-
'
' 287/609
I aas ta tutat thc ne\fcome.s.

turma (c.a sarrin{ mca) st ,6/^Liesc pe Doii veniti.l
T h .t \4 r p \' r ) h r ,t..\ ,.' , $h 1 ,.,L " t t- ,r a s .o o n r , dF rn lrF - Dh o n te l\ $dr1.r
{ \u io " l i - ia r i o .r ., . J a r ,' r " ,J . l {.,d ,j aodla In ,,,r /Do ,d l ;: r d jr .::j
g.) ( Vittar in.tliar) to be ahont inliniriv complet:

5 152
He ii a,,rr ,o la,(e n)r S{iorlrnd.
\(Esti
ou . e. ricelunctul
aLout one s ,au sl.ra
' , m rht , r rScoiia.)
s
l l l r 0; p. pur , . ' I l . ; . t |r . \ . , . l o, m bi \ i dr D J5p i , p\ d,
V; i t or ul un. di or , $t . . \ f r i m c r in . r i l , , l , n o. r i AI pr i n t or m a t o Lp poi np +
i nl i ni l i ul . om pl c r . ii \ r " n" . F t , t na t o br , r bor ; i i nt i ni t i v ul - c om " D l et
€ste tntrebuin,tafi mii mult tn solis, in slilul formal si se reIerA la un viitor
j i m ai apr opi at (- pe punc t ul de a) . ( C f . s i S1525)
9) Viitorul in lntrebdri. - s r52
al SH]\LL la pcrsoana qi a 2-a si $lLL ta persoanaa 3-a exn md s 152
uDeori ti dorinla vorbitorului de a afla ce gindesie interlocutorut (Viitof
^tnall tind ]j.r in ji I so ow?

Mall Iou bc n time l r6u hurry?
fr, i1 rain do rou tnlnk:
,, tn lntrebiri sc ntrebuinleazn e obiceiauxiliarulpe care l arcteptim S SeO
-h respuns:
' - tr ,o ll I s o L m" io$ _Yps v o r .r .//.
j,o p {,.1t :,dau io ip .,l t\iito f v o titi\ c o lo r lr l
"Lpr r, Do u ../- 1 1 \, :. - \n , uF./,a" r \,r o r L o lo ,a r
jjr o r
" -I4
S;/l
l,//.L
rouo usbFp"ib
d l
l, l,, lq
iL . n .r
n p
$ to
. m o
j r r
,,o LL
ll , \F s . l"nou t\
{..\' r " ,,u - r tv iitd r \o jjr ;v colorarl
- .,n o r x tl
' J - ,{d Ii6 r ' pJ n, 'o nFfn"(dr,5s? Io .s ,...}d r / o ,.' ( ,,\r - id a r v o i" .- ,r \ I' u r r o r ' iv
_ 'Iltil she tut oD lrcf ne\r dress?" "\o, she por'i.,, l,,Nr vrea ca..J (\ jiror rotitiv-
" S ft,il.,. r o m " " _ ,\, i.i lin A . J. <he s /d //.. tv r i,o r ln tit;v _ coJorat_.
" lt:i4 h " .o r "' /1'd r o s F n J .,.n h p ,," ,,/.r ' t\ ' or v o t:tiv _
,.o to n l)
_. . Ac t uF l m c nt . i n\ a "F t i l l , l p. m . i al c c t n l i m ba r or bi t n, s i s € c l i t € ac es r e {' t 63l

dr F l r n, i n i nl r abi ' r i "i s ' I nr r c hui r . t ' , a. r , . b. l . aLJ i l i i ' , t r r ; di s . r i m i nar €
( eu pr " hr i n- a p" n r r \ \ l l . l , i n s . . , i " l i n. , gl p/ r am p' i . d, , . , . . 0r c s p bu, ur d
de o, nc r p i nl l , r ani S ' , ^ . ' r ar 1r i l , ur . J pqp\ , ' bp: ' 4s . , us , t n\ or i t i m ba, , , gh26:
"WiUhIoU ar be n' Nl,fD I .all i0morrow-?'.-"\ps, tr;1tirhd\."
(Vcz' ti S I r3i)
. l SH \ Ll . i , , r , LU i . | 1a t o g 1b32
.
r nt en r 3 t , r . ner p r , ; r " r 1 ir " . 1, d, l '' F' c 1, " * " 6np1, s pt r . gr p f pnt r u a se a a
, . . l i l nt r - b3r r a:
,tftoll Lool se.ts lor ionislil.:
(SI.uNlrri. nihie lentN :6|:iscaril?)
Sltolt ltit .am. io iho mccti|g?
( Sl iv i ni ] a, l c di nl i ? s r r l ai an s i v i nd a i ed' nF ?)
,l/'?l? or ,, in tonorro$?
(Ai se'iii nriile ac.sI?l
,Sftali he atl ine table for li .?
. (sa luna riasa pent cinci côane?)
Mall \e ,'2..n nn lor rou?
(Se-9ispilir, '
'r;ele?)
r Vez i
ag. 418,5 1014,nol a B.
2SE
De lapt, tn unete iri in oarc imba €Irglezt'(rc-lirnlr0p. of ic iuli lin SUA

s 1633 r P ln c dr ' dp a
"'"" t " l; J , i si c om m n' r w " allLbr ir r n, , r . sH\IL
"i r uolulijn, l inlo. uir ru \ \ lLl s r r r i r qr " nnim ' 'i :
. . 4" o 1n dqs i, -"cr uaine
Po&ldvon /ild me .o oot seats 'r tonigl't?
{-.tna, I book eats l' )
Do d o u .\a l o l a yl n e l d l l i ,r fr r "
\ in l ^" th
t c td b l e ? )
r l t;l l 'J t8t6 9ilJ}
{Yczi ti
p r s /se ftp l c' 1 r r u r r " x/// u r ? / P l i r l cr o sd '
q
r " I5 i 4 tl ) l vl L L td ' u S H{ L L d r ' p " r e :
l :( ,..tr d i n e " r r c" m " i r r u l l i n r r r b u i n ' " 1 Ir i " " r r d "
l r ,/l I d o l I
frl,ir-t"i, ,ttr, tt" to fte opera?" lYi[ I conrt \iil\ ]ou? will l? ol cou*e
Flll." (ercla;naii\'. ""."ca o relctare a lnt€biirii l$e )
la irce.put ca accelta-
Acestea sint dou[ din putin€]e cazuri consideraie
s-r exLrns
in tradirrionih. Cu tirnpul insd uzarta acestcr lorme
bile r' tii"l':"i colocvial ctuil, nai ales.prin oniirln)ltareu ensrez
i"".J'i"tferamatica
cst'i preleratnconstruclieishall i tvt:
".i'".i"".,r '"a" W lr v P lll I lia r c i o s tll' la l' ?
\Ihin @tll @e move i3?
Where @tli I take Your siuli to?
\V , d , ,i{ / .,r ,y il ir l
l.lr ill u , " \.. h n , N ,4 m ...
dcprirnant
Aileseori,a0easLiconstruct'iewill l / rt cxl)rimi un scnt'im€nt
llc neajulorarei
llHow
so.whatrtl' 1 do?
/r reach i'i in tincT
"il'
What train Pt'r a lake?r
t LL.\\'IT'L
Ilaci 1rr unele cazud inlocuirPldur ili' r ulni SHAIJ' T i1'tl
consecinle errrantireminnrc sc po;t' rrt r''tr; l'r rrrrrLuu
Pentru n1,eles. a 1n:
-e,iii-;"i;a
Sna zo be D tolrorro\t?
II,i &z b. in tonor.o\r?
sau ln:
,Sldil ?o, see
seeher
hcr ai.
at 5?
5?
lYill io&
jnrl.,rl'rntc ca tn:
acerslii schinbare crceftzi insi adcsca anlbieuilrili
s,,1/ "pv on" ro rridmdbrins'rtj ",t \.';.','.,',1"i'i; ,
fill thPll ra$e to I I meeong' ," "',,
sau neccsiti lunginli ln exprimar6. pertru cl'rriiioarrll intrelcsului-

fvezi $ t0r9, t1l5 'retnplele)
1'or":
S 1535 .J WlLi, la persoanaa 2-a sau a 3-ft (intero-crltir)are nlelesul dc "r
"Itjill rcu trke a tram?""No, I trke a btr:'"
rNo 'tll
sllc 4ro4'r'i'
"iriii itre spmtr o me?r'
pur ( S 149a)
1636 La persoara a 3-a WILT, poate cxprima i u siuplu viitor
c zi 2099' 115' 0E8' 074'
li Vr,t i t t aa"it" l"mitate m potitel':, $
r vczi ,i unele exemlle prccedentc.
II. SUBJONCTIVUL s 163

{THX SUBJUNCTIVE)
suBJolfcrn' sau II{DICATTY rREcur $ 1538

Existl o atitudine conl,emporani destul de rxspindiG, care evite proble-
mele
tivuhrimodului subjorctir iie ignorinduJe, fie ncgind tnsdli exisien.tasubjonc-
tn actualitate.
I - n m od J r r . na i. l in. , . J " o r li' dc m ar . ir nnnr t anla. ar p. \ pr im d
ireotitdl"r. n .ontra:t , r t ntit.t,,t' ' ndot j de m odr T r . 1ic ali' , c ele dolr i
aqpc . l" f ' r ndam . r ldr . dl, , \ i. i. 1 , i ur ndn. ps la cu nFpulinli s c dis par d.
m ii , u, " . ' t , . , . npt 4. din, . , , 1r c o,upar ile n r oar odom c niiie,ijnd 6x ar p
pe descoperirea recunnstutrrlui. a raportului realttut.lircalitate, a.r \evole
de in-qtrumcntc .Lo c-\pfiirla'. adcovate.
Este crrl cn wdriLrl subjonc'"i{, a,(t:rzi etust adic; forna BE la toate
lir npur il, 9i l" " . " , r " - . :i li1, - . s uli' r lur ; J . ,per " s 6nx J - b . g. . . a iodic ar or
r uhjnr , , i\ , 1 . a , , , pr r t ir ' , r L, r , r . r n nnu- r n nr pm s ii lir p r r r dit ional. s i
tn limb:rjul lormal, livrfsc. stinl,tiinr, uddic, gazetiiresc tc., unde necesitatea
preciziei fi clariiilii datc do subjonctiy esl.eesenijali. Subjonctivul trsi nu
a dispnruL ca /riodgrarnnrical.El si-a schirnbat, umai veqmtntul cu altul mai
t im l' li. t , i n, ii l" r nili" ^ , ' , lipr D . l r . - noilor pf lnt . da qim plili. r r p. un, , put e
qi dit uz at n " 4, " p, a, in t t : 4 ' . i, l t \ as . , t 1 ; o. A , apa ar i, l. pr i' , , rl
lingt i li . u' r I . r . t ' | - , i) 1t l, r - .
pr ol, r iuluis iu f p, r , \ i r n r 4 . r r ^ n. r
. nu .t, 'i
t ' ; Lt r t t i r'tl nut ,
" . , . ,r' ro0ii' " - ,il' nf.or n. om . pold' r r i- i ' ir pur r lnr
Singur J" r Flii. , t o r i- r Lut Blr . s r ui s ubjon. t iv nr aipn . a t oll, . I
r'rF. Frlin toatp
c u aux Ac€stc ilic nrorme
l nu mai slnt l.' astizi per s oanelp.cntru
substitute s im plif inrcir e.
pentru subjonctiv, ru del'eniL
tntru totul stbjonctivul modern colocvial al liuturor verb€lor, nclusiv al auri-
liarelor modale.
Numai aceastx concellie poate rezolva toat€ complica,tiile e se iv€sc
continru in interpretnrile invariabil necoDclr.rdontele u or cob^truclii suh
jonctiraLe c?ra, figdduite ca aI'JJq d.pd.renlarecutului simplu, ddl na.ei
inlel" * ut at stu;d. sinrd:.n,. \.rl'e'. a) ^x ,
You l3il rcrer go noN.aas t e hc Fent to lcd.
jn
51548) t |tod alnel eiun a diy or tNo. I roxld sooze. ou c&me ith me,elc. (Vezi
conBiderateoa lorne ale indicatir'ului, ar trebui si cr.prime r.alitalca unor
ac.tiuni xra&|r. intcrprrLifi care nu rezisLd a o analizi gramaticah serioasi.
deoareceele se referl ]a ptt.ott san r;llr,.. ,{cel€a;i patternuri sint pe ect
consecvente i glllmalicri forccte daci sinl ini,eryretaie ca expresii subjonc
r ; alp. p r " J r , r / , pdr r l. ( \ - - l; j l5- , 4J
De{id n', - Sprc d.oscbirc dc indicatil'. care exprimi o acliune sau o S 163
sLare , al.i, subjonclilu] crf ni o acriunc sau o stare ;r.edl.i, ealizabili sau
nu, carenu ex is t ai ec il r eindul r lui r c vorbest€:
.t," ,,0 . ...r ,
' " r .t1 J . In li" J .\)
\ r ,,. : ,' i.l 1 .r " ,
'i '1.
I $ish llic n,.r, r,c€. lsubjonctiv)
f-1,s dori sii lic aici ida. nu este.)l
0uardire''rrezenndsurrjon'r'ilur'
ar cu'silereomlr€-
"*t -'rcnre
800
A. TDIPURT
1540
i#l;
liilll."ii
:.1::lH#,ii"ll:1;;li,'li",iiiii
,"'5f ::i,1;"ni"'"f
r0Rll]I l-llcl{x a suBJo_-{o'r'll[Ur
s 1541
s 1542
,".,l.i,xlili*.I"ii"i'"]":ili.'
,"
":'*:::i"""11#
" ::xil,Hll"i,""
l' i"'
""" l, i"',i",".l,"i1l,liiiii,'
,"'," { }i"lil""'";l"if}J'i1.""'
ObserrtLlia
Ficind-se bstraclie *"T;;:]#"1:;,';,::i': :::l$fj""1'"':."""i:i'l
mod ( 'onfundn ornat tu ltrut
i "-'i"g"r''i "ae l' s ' r b i o n c ' i 'n r d r " ' " r ' l ' r n - ' i '
s'r*' -',iili" - l;W ;:** l*l;tllliillt ;l.t,i#I'll,'"',.1i
i :if
lrr,tl.l.
tinp, san rtLtor: Prczcnt
" ;; ".lli' l "," '","'
:,i";;1"l:i:)-iil'fXt:" "1:ll:
l,,,i,,ii,"
," ,i1". ." i l- ;," ,,,,.:, o n .,,,,,, d r ,b ,l
" ',' " ," - 1 ,;:,L ) ;,1
,l': l t ,:l':'; ',;;"';:"f' ";;"':" \" \"or 'ic ':' -
''
''"'" rr.'li'ltiiJl"'l?' iir ,rre sr riimina iitoa'eactrrsanor"tieror')
€ 1544 3) nrere". F',l.''1 "
p' )::l:"i "I ';iH*lrf i'l"+lil"l
" rri,r' o
,i*,rp,',
.,lr" d " lu.run
o'on4i ; '^:n'lntoti
"",lJiX::'il|*:
.:,:
v \ f ol'rt't
;
'
:;:-",r.
s4- s/r' 4
. "I"r'
",'";..
,',
""
-"i;"1.'.:;'if'rr,'"*ru#&Hliiiff:iiiilJ,.:lli"'iiiii"lxi
orAin, o llrurP. o d a r t n l a :
;ru*k*"t;
",$'l;n l*,1*,i:".:T,',1'li;
ip"ffi': ::lfl [)-"',,"'
'' " l,*"lit"ll"'::"tl"i".Tl"'*q.'f"';,T.fl$'i::,i {li'i;"* ou ondilion
atil de elicicnt)
rr" I r- 1. pa-rn In r'rtn'r a'lirrImrn l

'.'""i,'li ;' :i": ilji':
:iil:i"i"),ii;
Ii:: l';'l: "'T-il;,,
ii.:;",;lt:;l l;;' ; tr';l
li\Llili";li"l';:;;:i;; -"'" ,. .
"l:i:i';,
\i. .*1,, ,.,; /,,, ".,iI":;;i:,r;,:',lJ;;,,':,;Xi:l,l:
(co rJu'
t(Noi) am cerut s's',tn'i
"'
armde trrlclearc
i. ';:l:l'.:;;l'ill '"li:':,111"r
i i il"ff";li'lr ::i;r '
"',
ll,i"{:;:.}"i"'l:li";'1"
",,,
Tiiii;'; :ii:::#i'"fi
**d$li*r=lt'ti*,*ivi :ttn#','r'rilli'
SUEJONCTIVUL 3O I
4' lnlr c b inlir e. - \'""hF., fur..ld c s ubior . t ivului enaliT a( t p DL,t;n { lb{6
f ^ lo. ir " in lim l' pns l' 1s m od, n. . . Ejr a I r F. r r nr d in. r : n S ar eleU niie it " -
\ m er ieii. '
)t:.st subjonctit se tnenlin. astaizi D englezabriranici in urmdroarele si-
.
a) i stilal oficial si in ge*re in limba ormala rrnrd (frazeotoei€uridiod. { 1646
lim br j z iar is t i nar lan' ont pr o" Fs ^ li - r bit F . h. edi, . l" lor , -
' - hnr . i el. . l. pr;ier ur ir J - ni undr
' r . , : i. n. - as ar u t in I . J j I or . 1atpr
in eii"
St iinlas
. . 1" i,i
{dre ambiguiLdti:
T h o ju d g p d F a d n d s r Ia l ll' L r .. ,1 p r r " l' " o u " .t n
lJ u d ,.A r n r u l.d r e .l i,u r a r r .i .p i r o o .s .l
___ If ih$e Ddall w can muster, ii were lctter to teavc thc scutf,tLr.esgatterics emtty.
l"Tl'e Tine6" siil ziarjstic)
lDd r 4 a r p d A o r ir ' ..o d .J o tto a 1 e l.t" t- ' - p .,a je ," t,.L - m " d u n a .d r l: m ir b i " s d
lIs lm R{l.r iil. de s c u l tu r .i g o a lts .l
I rnove hat an apDcald made ,o ,he a lcsconcerned.
(l'ro u sits. /dc; dt.l l{ tirrtilc in caizir.)
b) in loezie ti tn prcza Literard: s 154
" T' .l r p " $ i l $ i l l I l . : L ' o " " l , /d r . r Rr " o n )
Tl o u g h sl ' c b € s,,1 u ,q , I \i l l .o n l i d o n } e i .
c) tn unclect:preiii firc, ca. $ 1548
il need Dr {: daci csle neroie)
,a i i so s.tu so Dd t l : a sasA i e l
b€ hal as t n", (: oiicuni ar lil
, , ," i r r ' o ,n ,; ,... . , , t," .,:d m i i , ;i Ju tJ. J...)
/" ,.r o i d $ l \o . m .J i n q o b p r ,r u " , l ;" p , \- 1 A \i . . ' i u n " n o r .i r o t
a s r .r . 1 : c.r r \l r n J..' j .a .u r a r lr )
catue
.L )'L' - - haL malt\to n (.-b Jrie
i .reo li, odoc
. " nt i r " ,tc s'ar
L n i Intlmpln)
un ari
r ' ,D. u i' r- ' tFr r n i l h r $ tl l ca r n l r skr te
{Savini ia a, ci vd lnriLlacl sh atineze.)
s4l,.d it l.osaJ... Esled; ajuns i spun...J,ic.
d) in ixLIcniri injtioase, imye1lii, protesteachem.ntesan n|.. S 1b49
Clfse voul ,.d, tlte iellowl
(irire-aibiestemat I l ii l) (Firc-ai sd ii de indiri.l l)
ilxpclscs Ddhans€dl '
(Dii le incolo de €helluielil)
'fhat ,e hanq€d o. a talcl
(Ce niscocire nnst.L,inicil)
5) Troaluccro. Forma r.echea subjonctivului e tfaduce ln limba ro- { 1660
| . na pri n. onj un. l i '.pri n c ondi l i ons l0u pri nt r-Ln n, l i ral i r u o nuant a
" (\ Fz i rrA Ll, . reapv mt l pl ord. l d $ 1144r.
'"ri . c nl i .
SItsJONCTI\'TIt, MOIIEITN s 1551
SUBJONCTIVUL Pt:tXZ} NT
(rnDSllNl svtsJtNcTtrtr)
s 155
l ) Fo r n r i . - S u h j ^' , r i r u l p r ' z n l € r - o si n g ,r r . r ' ,n ,d prnrrJ loate S 1553

. r ' u j n p l p . a r i ' 1 . si | ' r .,l a r . .l r ( i | , l l u r p l :
, ^ ^^,, L .te l : \o ' r . L h ,str .:r ..,t' ,1
' " " - ' 1 " " " r .0 , \,,r " ,t" .t. r .y,,I^t.
r " *h " J r - )o'r\
r .r .l ,..r .p .i ' $ .r .
- I se - d r e r ,o . \," ;tr r \ $ r - .
t,n u ,rr este orma vechca
lcNoanci a t-a singular,astdziarllaici
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze sru poctici. 292/609
m9
Obs erQd te
,,,,'',,,:i:i,;'ii'l;;;':;;1,;',:'l::l"i-"j;l"T"""i;ii';
- "' rij''
qi a J a 'ins lllrr ri J ' rr"uL'
'lif'
: ;*,""" ):': :;"' h T;'il;':"
u'uot'- \ll
"".,,i,i1*:':i
":hi:*,';"*"'nffi;t"'*ri eTl"}"i: austarc€".
:['i ';; j.l;: l',;;,iiriri;11"
ar'i'
ii:ll::; :ii":1, " ""'-'
': l i'll'n"i'i'ii'fi"''
il:i;l :lli ;"; ll""'n:|,"i
N o ld indioatilui :
Cit"i lq**" corespunde eatte-iii' se inr'rebuint'eazi
'
Ii,:i::ni"t;,1*':l'.;lll'll"*ltfllilTil*-*"1r
'i*:Yill'J if iilil,lJfiiiJi,liT'i:li'"
i) este ntrebuinlat atlt in stitul ormal'
Subiouct'ivul rcz€nt
E 1556
^"4*-
;'1.;:i,:;";qlr-i::*lr:i,.:,"f1"""'*ffii*x;'"
i,,* ';;i; iniica,i'u, ,iHiHl;:il.'Ki'
e"ura s;
'"1,'i:\'Jlli$tJ'ii:'ii
ll:,:':'t r,t 'i|"]:lr"i;
'11"::"1:"
i w i str 1 'o ' l n to cd c * r'' rn H i rrn rn
tA.s rlori 6l iid r\rAlt r l
Sl ' t'r s sl " / a l o ' dn ra Pi mP
"n
":l :":'
i"lijlr'l;i:;'xi'irJ'Yr
i:iritl;ir":rr'':1
ihlil Lim bajul 'ulr. p"''"'o'" dis rinc lia dintre inJ i'dLi ul trtr'rL
$o '
''""' :*iii:il.:":l;n *:*,ii'j:l;ii"i"# ::';'::l;ljl"l'Tii'

€ 165? 'n"'
l.''l nrr l " podLF Fda:

"' :,i '--i"ai' " ' i " " t
l,'iriill:''r'
I::,:"
iii:j i*l r,l j,;::,::,';l
r, i ;,1;l;r:f:;,i :i gll'i:: '"
Ji:;'l:;',',
,;;;"1i'4,11l; l' :r:,i':l,"'l'l:$lil[
Obterv dlie
{ firfi
.'. ll J'fl
".,"tl,:r#"li;*l;;*t :lJl$"ihl'J1"il*i'i
r t I h" $ u r c a o , 1 , d t r r ) rP r"uP "1r-
I t r/le nss Y o" ( i n r r c e l r J D r )
""' ""'*il*;:*:r*:"'?tffi[r::i;iitY *is$"""''

Corect, ar .tr tntelesuri iferile:
i.6rt ?resqzn
liupoai'e
fxffi,i:l'ltl"l'r$r*
"-" ;i*n?::ft""*#
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze a0s
T r a d u o o r c Su b j o n f t i \ u t p r c z F n t , F t r s , l u . p I n l i n b r r o m 6 n d p r i n
c o-n. 4l u) n . r r v u l p r p z . n t s a u p 'i n . o n d i {i o n s t u lp r a r F n r : S t6i8
I wish I pft vou.
(.\t dori s., d rn rocul atu.) Conjuncris)
S. pore he ddft, /
(tnchilui€ste-li c{ a' dnt.) {Conditional)
rl' p rDf we . irlg r rI p s . b j. c r' {c o lo c v ia l)
{t -^ -a r i s t ic h imu m s u o , . t L . j , p "o n u n ; "". n . " \,
SUBJONCTI\'LTL PERFTC'|
IINRItrCT SUBJUNCTIVE)
s 155
1.1Formn. Suljonrtir.ul lpttrd t-r n sin-ur,j ar,.,,tp"ntru todtp p.r- { tSrj
l:iTlt;: il'i:"lil;''":lJt,{
;:1,.)i"t:ioji,;i;; "
;i;;a;;;';;"i;
t"*n{ j"}XtX'l:f"hlgi,li,."
1l jir,ih"}"ilii1iii"""
. * {i"}X13"fl;1i,\ltT#ir;}iiiii,l}T"}f
Subjon.ti\.ulpFrtectexprimd "'
o adlirn? du o,tarc contratd
,^-,.3,.1ot"'"" \ 156
Ea poate i:
rc iunii rcu s jrii exprimo,"prin r,rb.rt din propozilid
_^.ô)-antptiaMd
J'rrncrnals:
I I " rL rr. . t , " I a d -o t , , . / s ^ . , r. t ""{o h is d . t r.
A- dofi I / o . r a . i, J e Dp c l, j, n t . n n d . o t , n "ir. d,1 , : i, L { la r a lo s t . ),
"r, . 4
b-) cu un verb ta un perfect.
I l \.simultand.
d hod1 e -. lll , 1 r q u rJ , s h o ph " @ "lr h a r. t , 4 p . ddin
. timp or. principali:
Da ra o t h t , . 1 In rr"t . . -, re . d r i , , ; , , r, 1, 1 , r, ; t i. , L iii", . . , ,
3j lotrebuintraro.Subjonulivul e attt ln stilut 5r156
sau literar, cft si in cel ,"-u,;.,""""1"1- ,'j,."''"ebuin at
4) Trad_uccrc. Subjonctivul perfecl,se rhdu.e trL timbr rumdni cu g
ur jr n.r ir ul p"r f,r ' lb63
r u cor ,,tiqiona,u,,r r "",:
I wGh I ",r u Dd,z th.rp:
nad
(_{r dorj rd lt /os, acolo.){Corjutrcriv perrcct)
Ii he tdd oru, he s,ould ha € como
IJ,acn b û fi ttiut, ar ri venft.) (Condiiionalpcrfecr)

0bser ealie
DLl,€4 In pr op"/ilia.on,liLionald. F ntr .buir :F azbu .ion.u,tr trotlul .
. rr. A rp rlll r o p re s u l, u n , .. Ft , u in lli"a t iru t t r ru t , i, x , e
a r I i un nonsens-
B . t) tT RE nur NT A nx $r INT xLD s

.1) lntretrriDlare. Suhjonctir.uteste intrcbuinlab duld urmltoarele S 166
"I
( ",,|X;lili,'".ili,"
;.q'":,tl.,;,'f,i ht,;; ," :,;:I:jiitl
r or " .1;l,f;j;,*i;::",11,
,,9iJ';:",:.:,,:,'\':i:t .':rt.,,i;,';o'nr".
"llJ "l:l ; , "tr" ;: ll:
";ri:"''iJ':; "i,,
,'ii::'";::i':t
:',r:r "
i dupnverbele:
s,ru,se {: a lrBslprncl fi ro /tst (: a dod).
I
Vezi pag. 314, 294/609
m4
1565 2) I[{elos. - Subjonctivul exprimer:

ts C C n .l o i r n a l a ' r r r o p t" r " ti n tJ d u p ;.a s .i / a s th o u g l ' a tl t' r
" o n p a ' ,' i .
l h o n , th o n tl , th a n 1 l ' a t l r o p o /r l r r l F co m p a r r l r ve j :
" cY i n
\o l n p r r ,P d tc,1 a I I r - P 1 l i | l r d; l
l ) Ia a a n ,l l r a l F0 zi"l i ri ' um a r " i o i p l i l i
Ilother used id hert me 4s hoqh I hn'l ben n l:trtle girt
tral, ca cum a'i i iost o ietitl.)
{ltama
W L^ md h . lr F . ' d pfip i4 , ld n ,/ o e ;u P dLv h im c F r i
-s rng f
tlr Do i sF s n lr m r i i.f;' il d e c i' dad d r lo ' u r
i s l' o u ld r q o ir J I:l- l" lr J r a fd r lP 'n'a so 1o Tpd s
( ,^ ?pF t" _ J " a r . r un r o lr ,r '
t o n r
dF " tur s r m a r S r a rPa l
'r it" o ' " ' m p o r ta n L lr ' a l
In c d s o r r lln ' $ , Jo " h o u l' l b F lo ld lh € ttu lh r a r h " r d ? t/
l/' /h o ^ l' l L in is n o r a n "
' " a a tla t \o r
'th ;' p " " r " n ir i" ' P Un ' d q ir a r ]p v $ u
r l;,r ,r , d ; b " ;1 ,. ' [ is p a s ^ u n d d
" t" " n " i
t 156? bJ o concesie, upi eren i/, (ercn) thauEh,lncveocr'whaleoer'w hichewr'
' phaeaerei,c (in propozi,tiile concesivc):
So D. il I Conte c'o
(Fie Nllalil)mag
r,t.i ia ti"lt
m' rd l'e'
f" - r t' a g h n a h 4 ,1'" n z,,,l J
q i r " , - so - l dr :rlJv"
g l .i l_o
r ch i l r ,l a ' " dt l : ' n ;t d .\ | _dr m i
j t;r m .n .r , .." n r l " /5 1 r r & p r . J. Do l r n ki n ' r . .\r h d i j .
( [, l u l l u ro. a p r r l J. d " \i ." \P ' nJ " r d l r p b d ' l u n a t' r e i
".
E*n if iL qnc ao, this is no eaFvmatier.
rchim dacil ar ii asa.nu cste u u utor.i
i /r ," r . u " v Da . . $ r s n d vp .JI h o m r o d n yo n e . A fh a i c].
( O ,;ci n p r l i ra i Fl d p " i m e a ' a si n r r r o d ctipo n r m e n r ' '
(ln propoziliile condilionale):
s 1568 c) o uconditie
l l vo r m o l ,l " d &real&,realizabili sau
// " o n p .5 r r r o u l dso o n "nu
l m ztL " B i g l l '
r Di cn m a m ' r a df p r l " d v' n i , a . d r .r r j a ' m d r 8 r r u ' r u r r L P
i r vo u r $ r t" .*, r i r l r s, ' l ' F $ o u l dsa p o F.Jr h i n s'
roal"r
{ Di cr ' o l i r t a d r ., l d n o i .Jr a vr a g ti j d ,1 "
l I r o t h " d a P t ttP r , Jo u $ o u l J h a tP i ke d he o
( O ;cl i - si ti e ,n o scl t. i _ a r i l l i cu l , )
s 15G9 dl o dorinln (in propoziliileoptative):

I sish 1 @de a student againl
t]\q do.i sn fiu iar sludent.)
Do
( Nun r j \o\rue L
a vi
s;islaou
i u nl otidu ?
3 )so n ?
'lhev I iilpd thFI iod not .on? so iatr'
(Doieau$ nn l, vcnit aia ltEid )
shr disne./sl( l,dJ 04, o d)nc.r'
d o r i rsd l i l n'J dr)'
i n o ' ' ," " r i to " .a " " .r ' - so u A r Ii
$ 1.;io .J o ecxlama,tie, o iormuld retoricii
Otl ,Dr iL 4dlc lossiblel
{r\U Daod ar Ii losibilii
O[ | /l'r hc lldd .oae yesimd ] l
{ \l ' l S J ti l Fn i I e l i e r j )
vehemente sau nu :
157r l/ irnprecal,ii, proieste
,.dl lhc fello}'l lio,g it alll. ..
"pi''"iiii (Lrs-o ncolor)
"" "Ltt
1 Dil€rihle tntelesurialc suljonctivului slnt o'donrlc a lla b e tiL p P n ttu a fi n a i
Iesne
'' consnltate
I : His matner. ihoush slerq was noi unkind-
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze .3{5
ai,.sd tr,e manl t/os/ l,im Confaundin\l

(li.'ar blesiem.t si-r icl) {Duc{-se . naibalj
1;o da wil,h \'od
i Lns - o al l i l s a u C um n sn c f f d aqa ev al )
r./ o indoialn: $157?
I doubt if he l,d r. iArlrii.l
{[Iii lndoiasc e .rr li ic.si.)
Cl. I don't think he's n. Ulxlicativ)l
I h" J , l u nor b" r i , v e l d, I ' p p" , ' r i us6" g. _. i 0. . ( \ r r di " r
r l i nu L( i l r . - r i c t ur a dr l i or i-c i ndl i . )
i . . . t s gei ui ne. ) ' ( I ndi c { t i l l
I, o presupunere (in propozi-tiile condilionale etc.): .\ 1573
1/ l.his e true, he iB a clerer man.
l D " / d, , J . l " . a, dr ' + r . - bJ v l r , ' l r d, , p: , ut u 5p. ' . r nom J r s l PI i l . l . Pr pl pnl 1
s u r onLl |\ r t r nD . e\ pf l m a o ' rr|
,tarrose shc dalL.i here ' n,
ilielipuicitc li ci ar leni aicil)
I1 shc c/' you, sle would go in lor mediciDe.
lD.rcn r ii ia locultnu, ar siudia medioina.)
S/ r r l . 5i ag hi s r J . l t di t 6" pa o , 8, uoJ : n l J o r hd\ F bppD l dd'
{ Pi , upui : ad c " a- i " J . r r f i l . . t 1r u, na J . nJ l i dr i i pl r ut bi np?)
t) o propun€re, o sugestie, un lndemn, o cercrc, un ordin: s r5?
I l " m r v eJ , t or h" m . - r , ng / i i l t uur npl . ( \ r hdi c ) ( . ol oc v .
" b, l depl
t ( El ) r l r opus s d s e dm ne edi nl ) . 1
I r \ J " s r ggps r . J l d, - e g, ( l s ppc i m F n" . s on. \ ' hai c ) ( . ol oc v .- s f r or U g; ' , ,
( n. J pr opt a c' r n s d , n4 i , l ec l i e de pr ol r . . )
Soneone omd Irde and stag/
(Sd
I t isvine cin em aici sI cint€l)
requcstcd ior union memberc,oy uteir subsoripiionscsularly. (Formal) (colocv.
( r r " ni bi , " : n, 1, , t - l ui s l nt r u' r l i . d. l i a. hi r Fcu r pc l ar : l r l r c or ' . 1l i i l e. l
j,) un scop (dupi rnai, in afiar t hat, that, L.st) lln propozi ,ii]e finale): S 15?5
'a
Hc lut in an attlication /d, Mafy re accelled o ereningclasres. Arhaicl (colocv.
I \ I t r t ' o. p" . i c r \ 13. i s d f ^ r r ' r ni r 5' d u" s ' r l5' " ' 1.
T . . \ s ouonl I t l r go, / , - / aJ , " l , pnar $J r l ' " ddr k ( s oLd/ n; l l o. "
\ , r ' u. - ol . " r " , l , l . . . r ' i I U r dl J . a rb d 'n' , - p' i t r ' i
ur
L- \ -
lil
Sheoe.rred14,
tenrcreshetpn cst, ornfcar,
D€caught ro bea
the stonn. raid, to ear).
[(co]oir'.] $l,e cas al.aid sheu,g/,r le...l
.|i1570
{li era teaoi r{i nu o pdndl lorltrna.)
lJ o ttrare: Sl;it
lr ' ' n g Dc d . l tl l
( S ,i iir r o u lli n r r i le tr itr lll
In afarn de cazurile mai sus citate, subjonctirul sP mai Inl,febuinleazi;

a) ,i u p i .u n .l ru .l i i i F i n ,t" r-o n c l " i l r' l u .p tri r ' t: 't ;s n P .-n r' t t l i ;6
l s ru s .,r,,a .7 . : ts F ,L tL t rs l r ,1 " 1 ,. p o ti b t t . i r i s d /,i /a r.ru ,/
shaner, attLlnut. ar unfoftunat.). l ts /tg rt (sau wrcng,proper)2,
I i ' ? " .r q l' - r o l' J r u - o P ia r .t/a ' o r t' Ia tld b
' tr ,b .i ,J ' l h"up " ld ,,o t" - ' o ,
s - .r .. . ttr ,. .j I
rli,r d oitf ,/ \frame-. ,,t 0,',,.. lll.,,/ a t,tl oshna":,f pf1 .

ln a ..s r . , .j" l' l r lr u au n" d nn, ,i,,n r i ./.r +.." u .ir r i' ' .. ln llr - u ,h o t a h jn g " .
wh d t d i.v 'p qhamp rp shoul4 I' a . go L n lo r h J n l. n " . r n.r kiDon"$ '
,T o ll;A ' e s le " o r r r ' ..ii "
c " r .' r b to li\u l ,," o a r .. s r n l L r m .lF d P.o r tu llid r ld ' .
exprimt;1 satr snlrinleleasl 1$ t 641.
400
Notd
It A (hi\h) tims estc urmale de subjonctivul prezent:
It is (hiEh) ine (tlrar.) ou /ere n bed,Nan_
lAr Ii t.ehit (dc nuli) si te culci.Na .l
lin t lt rine lou sro,,€d Dlavina?
\.dr li r md .l .. r;;midi , r t;d, d r
It \',is hish t i n z \hd /pd

f oJil.s;ai qroLrn up.
mh;,iull,1 ; n i , r l " l . ' \,rsr , d.
S f5?9 n, in construcliile idiomaticc iarl bctt.t, had mtller. wauld rather, \pould.
sooner,verbele had,Ei oould tiiDd aici la modul subjonctiv:
You nzd ,€ir€. srdd,,i o ],im.
(-{i lace mai bin; sd i vornc$ti.)
\ l t "an hd.J Ht,r plaa t-dt
rT,rt m"d Jr fr,.tpr" sd 5" j n i , p" o
dq. / it ..d | .,
r,./"
I eauLl, ntho \\e acckand..t at $iDdernuc.l
(At ptefetd sii pet.erctu sthliiul d€ srlptiLninn la llindcrmcrc
I 4tA..o."r \ ' o u " d d " vrn m. )
(At ptefetu sd rtt cu minc.)
$ 1580 sulJo^-cTlvui, yENBELop, ,\uxtl,tiRli IIoDALI cL Dolrl foli\lE

ct1N ttty . EHALL.t ILt,
P€ntN studiul complet al verbelor auriiliar€ Inodalc, vezi g 1930-2178.

Prc ztnl 1r.cltt
(modal ptezent + i]dltniLiv prczF,rl,) (nodal trct t - irrn,ili prez.'rl)

nas call ( toil€ trei ntgnt call I toan] r.i
srd call I p.rsoanele rr,rld call { Dc.soanele
atl/ call I
Conditriorali sulrjonctivprczcnt i pcrlect

Prezent P.|fect
(modal trecut I infinitio prezent) (modai r€cut + infinitie yrfett)
could .d I <\n\ti ha calletl. I
miqht.dll I lo.ric lrci mighi do. .alLzl t toai,e lrri
should call a D€rsoanele shonlil /Dee .ared I pcBoande
sauld .u lt - vaxld hd)e catted
| I
Obserealie
'S f681 . 1) A so obseNa cir modalele au aceea,sio rmx la indicativul trecut, sub-
jonctivul lrczent si c.n,lilionr rl prczent, dec\ o singnrd farnd.la tr€i nortu
{ 1582 2) X{odalclean rn limp prezent sl .ut:, int t.:cut, tleci difnenla rle
apare la mod,ale, are sint urnato la ambele timpud de un infinitiv prczrnt:fonn,i:
(o sineurn formn).
t t l d - r 'p , jI b r , - \V,,n LaLe r'; h,t,o.-r

nali., n
'F n ii '. , r ', r in \ . ; lJ
p.,,.u grLt td. p o . r i fo.,iirrhl
'aI'hELak '.nro..,"hb-,n",,t1,p,ro,,.
,\chool". tabirili n regiune: fi iom ". , itll't
o r ) i a;h ftJ1tt 1350\:.ra;nlet .aulal
cale dse 11712 18141 , Rabe soklttu l11i t-ta4t).
,07
l" s, h i m b . ," n ,l i L i " n r l u l s; ,,h i n ,,, i \u l 0 r ,n d L n l fp r r ., I v p t1 .,1 .

s d " fu r fl s r r n l ,
,l i l - r r l , i r p s sr u r r e , u r u l r n l ]Jte l a .( , tu t r b L tL ,i
' i n r i ',
lerical. auriliarul moclal rlminind acelagi in ambele cazurj, ca arcn disi,inc-
ti \.i . a .e sl ,o r d o u i m o d r r i :
e ," o , . I sl ,o u l d : d r { r e"b' u i l - o"n l d ) t fi ' ;' i ttt " Jr r rr
")t ;i ,' ..." i r i 'r-'l
PP Prt I L ," i ;. El c p i ,' .d F,i , I
'rP"" ' 'd
.." ,j ," r. , I n ,o u l d (: l r e "n i ) - $ o n l' d t: I4 t:i ,i u r p r t:- h a \"

. . 1p, I ;:,' " .;,1 r ,
1 , . , 1, . rgi . ., r, p. , , . , l ' r', 1 ,1 I i 'h n .
I'ou 3no"d r,ll thc t.utl.
(-{r trelni s:i slni adealrtri.)
I wauldntlt. talk to vou than dance.
{-\i lrcrera sa siau de vorba etr ine decil sri dansez.)
-\o onc .olld haeedone1L nore competently han rou.
(-\_ideniD u .r li tul.ur. Ia.€ .u mai multe comleienld dccli tine.)
You 7rtsn, Idre .one soonerl
(,\j tj pulut sir rii mai dcucd.ll
Pertru celelail,e auxiliare modale a se vcdca situ€-iia la liecare rnodal
rn p a r r e .
( ]. CO IS RUCTIII,N C,\RN INI,O CUINS C S UR J O N C TI TUL S1683

ln iimba englezn contemporani, cu erceptia celo. citeve cazuri aritate
la S 1i44, {orma leche a subjonctivului e""te nlocui€ p n construcl,ii formatc
cu ajutorula uriliarclor: UT, l-A.Y,N IIGHT,SHOULD,W OULD, rccunr
qi pri'] infinitia sa\r ndicativ.
lxr 168
1) nornl. LllT + infilitivul incompletl lormeazl un echi\.alent al S 16Eb
subjonctivului prntru tostc persoanelc - singrrlar si plural - cu rrccllia
persoanei a 2 a'9:
.^ n r ' ' ll,IIIi., I' ' ,il ,l
v ^,'- ,,I | l.l tp t
u s r a | : lc r fl,L ,n c .L
Obs c rral i e
LDT esieur ai de un pronume n cazuldcLt.zulitl
Lel n4.and,,, go or a * alll
llon't lct a€ sceyou again:
Don't ct'r st.rft yet, v'iil you? s |
Ld's noi slaft yet, rvill Jou? 'r
2) inteles. Consirtcl,,ia Iormdtd cu ajuto|ul auxiliarului l,El esie S 15E
lntrebuinlatd pentru a exp lr)r o propu ,ci ur lndrnrn. un ordin indiect.
o presupunerer concesje:
Let Be sp.att no$l {Protuncrc)
(S,'irsorl,cs. cu acuml)
,r, so lromcl (tndcmn)
(tlai si ,nlrsrn acasall
I,er'r /d, bysonesbe iysones (lnd€rrn)
( fl { i sn l i Hr n l .ccu tu l l )
l lnfiDitivul incomnlet nu arc l]arti.nla lo .
, La peNoanaa )r-ase Intt.:|[int:a7i] itur)edtirul, CaZ deoarece c€s]a exlrili lrl
l0ii
Jtt hin statt \vork ai oDce (Ofdh indi.c.L)

1Si1nr,eapi uoul imediail)
r?r her dft'c thc motor boat an.t lle.e rv ill b. u rilidenl {&csnpunercl
(Numai d .onde.d ea baroacu ,noior Ei se r i,Li,irlr)la rn aocidert )
t d npadpi 1) o' |t , ) l'\.rr
' { , I s o, ' r , l r " Lo ' r ' nj r o 1\ r I dr
i r nn' t i l
' n' 1. -
. \ u ' r c d" , r : , d. 1- d, p/ " 0' . oul '
l ' ; al i t
$ 1687 U ordin adrcsat dtfecr se ertrrimi prin jlnperali\', persoana a 2'a
(s1622-1624).
$ 1588 3) forma contrasd. Let's. - Let rls por1,€ a{ca sau nu forrni contrasa
duDi inlelpsuiDe care l are n intentia orbitorului:
'
,/ .;n .l ."ilul principsl /, 1.r are toati lorla sa de 'erb lcnical (: d
p rn i i .. o tn s o .1 . l ,..' p a ..p n l u J l ;i r,. J r^ r' . b r.a l o rr j ' ' o r' l rJ i :
'l'ea.her.llease, l.i a6 go on a trit bX ourschcs:
D./ cind Lllf este insd auriliarul unui cohiYalent,ubjonctit'a11, .de'i
neaccentual,
vcrbul lexical: tornla contras:i cstc aproope cirligatorie. acccntul cdzind pe
l ' i l l f" on rrrl
( H b. " . n " S, ' ' ,
" . i 1\ ' ur
(-{ se vedea i exenrlnele c 1a S 1928)
g Iirfl, 4) Forma ncgativi. -LPl's are doud lorn€ n€gatiLc:
.Doz] lets (.olocv.) 3 u u
, er ' r z or . . . nai c ol l l .
D,n'r lcr'r wait nn rim. Cft going
z.r's not 'ait lor l,im Bttlef 3el g.ing:
D aL' 1l
Zdfs , o,et 'do
s , suoli
a r . l i ra l|insl
l l r i r i s l ( ool oc i . i
S lt1l0 5) Acoentrare. - Lot's. - Auriliarul DO selv€$te la acceDluarea ulrni

c ons i m em l nt ent uz ' as t :
" Sl , al l $e har e c t nl i i s l t ' : or s uuc r ?" " O hl d , i c as l '
$ 1591 lrAr
M\Y -f infinit'ivul nconpleteste nltubrrinl,it n 1]onsLrucliikithivalonte
cu subjonctivul,pentru a expima (cu o ruanli de forrnalisttt):
a,) o dorinln sau o urare:
Yo. r 1- . , , n . l t r , ] , u , . r onJ
t D i nr r - d: 1di ' v - d" , r ' odi . bol n \ ' ' . d r , " r ' i r ' I a I nr l ' : rr'i
,l o temere sau o sDerrrnla. de ccle mai mulic ori dupe conjunclia llal,
s au s ubi nl el c ; s i . l r t r adus ou modul c onj unc t f v ( m ar c at d€ c on'
" \ t ' i ' nEt i
j unc f i a s d) :
I r llraid wc nar nir* lhc sisnpost n lhc dark
(Uic tcamn cl ru aotn pntl,t ved;r indicaloNl futio lc lntuneric )
Don'l, so (1or earls lou ?,av r,.urri, ii thc stomr'
{Nu pleca,sd nu ic lrindl n'ttnna )
I hopeJ ou nay , t l i ghi .
( s pD r t ai dr ep i t t . )
c_,, n scop:
I lravecomeso l.J'atXou nay r.ll rie thc ne$s-
{\m votit ca sii-di slui vesi.ca.)
's 1585, e28,

2ctdyfi.sh,g. qi coleclivi rl. .rasltstus:.a.'
z (fo. 299/609
t€0) ncs@r il con{frdlF
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 3{19
.1, o concesie dutn ftrtt.re,". trhatercr etc.) saLrabsenla ei:

F o ' ..,- m ' r ,,r I a n J l:tF \a .. L a n t., r to o \to " ,.td t,."
r o r i il d . .r n ,., I n p . I ol , I t.,1 ,
Construclia cu \'tiY se mai intrebninlo xr:l :
.../ in comparalii (dupd as tl a: thaueh):
Shc lo.ks,s i/16 lbulh st\. nda t:tu
(,\re acNl cti fst' sata i plin8i r
/J dupn constuncliile it i: rossi.l)b..t is trcbul)l.. it iN liLllt|:
tt i pofiblelptobableitiiel3l[ ar. he /,dsr &. ttr.re.
lrhte losinil/prohbil ca cl il lic arolo J
( V .u i si S ,0 :6 2 o l l )
rtrcHr s 150
\{IGHT ale acclca;i |n(l:ii c a Si 1.\Y ( g 1591): +te nsi ftnosil ,r frazele
ln careverbul di trropozilia rincipald e afln a trfcut. sau tsrl,ru a suqera
o starcde ucruri oarte problem$ticn. i c&recaz rre rol de,qubion.ti dutn
llat erprimat sau sublnl.lcs:
Shc l,enisld nerer kno$ lhessag.riD.Do r1,'.1
'rtrn€d
(Dorea (inu mai tic ni.rtudaii c e tlorla.)
L. t il. did ^ , " i. s , ' " : h r',rk I.m,"
' "/
( lti" .d lJ ;c i " ij, r,..
," p u r .d .l L \' ln I.1 ,..,r " ,e p n l .n r ' ,
1 l.p 4 l \n n ,ttt l , r l_ r " " n,i
( S d r d m ' r d ai - d , p r a ' i
'
Hp ,to " F d llF s l' u ' " r .., 1 1 , Ia l- . lDr p l no ,o r I lc .o
L\ ln " r o lo d D.., , , .l n . :, , n : t,,a l1 ir , - 1 , ,,
Ii oas lossiblc (Uratl hc /rigir trc ihere. (D,' I n is ld$iil, ,nar etc.)
(S€ r 0 o lo .l
lu te a sd lie
O bs er " a ie
d) MIGHT intrebuinlat intr o irazn a circi profozilie princfualn con-
tlllo un prezeni un€ori chiar si ud trerut aratl circumstanlea ciror reali-
zare este foart€ problentrlici:
I kn.w Jou arerer, busy.bnl I Nishyou ntgl,.rrd hcrc.
( il:. ." .l r o d ,r .,u la r .1 .,r " n r .,i,L r ..d \,,r i,j.
r l" e ,6 itr .,id s . ,r i8 r l 8 - to " t in I,p L o o J - .
( li p - a L4JmJ -. n4 .' n tu ld , r " ' .1 i i . td i...)
6J N{IGHT {sishes.
infinitivulmiaht
pcriacL exprinra o acliune ner€alizati:
hae. seen
She he ai.
lDorcitesii le li vezuf. k].r nr 1.;a vii?ut).]
At enlie
Ca auxiliare care formeazir construcl,iile echivalentc cu subjorctii-ul,
\ 1. \ 1' .i lt lG I TT iiau pi" r dut r upr in. " l no; io ol l npr i r I a t ur al/ : i. , la
. r lp nai m ul or i. r ir r r u s F r idu. jn alr , , im h, , . , r in, Lr , ^ n; nd c\r.r;
" a' r pda l r l r ' , ,1i" , 1, onl- \ r s au l- in
t r . d poqibili
" lFd d. d " n: iJ \ ^ r bir n-
r ul, r i) nub. t pl' . ubt i1. . u s ue. . ii i' r 6i-
" 1c " , r bjonr t ir ului. nr r . r " . " - c bi.
ruhri modale. chiar ;i tutenlii n€r€alizatc atc. (Vezi traducerile exemplelor.)
sHornD s 1693
1) l'orllrtr. O alti etr-lrcsieechival€ td cu subjonctivul. dar inrreluir g 1594
tatn ti colocvial, oste accca formatd cu ajutolul auriliarului SHOULD la
toate persoanele.si impurile. ;i la ambeie numere.
l sau .: te li prtui vode.t".dn d siftalic
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze sau conntrn int.nliei torlilordri. 300/609
,,Do.et1e
310
Se folosescurmitoarele corNLructii:
pentru a se exprima prezerrttil sau viitorul - SHOULD + infinil.ivu)
prezent;
Ienim a sc erprima treoulul-SIIOULD+inlinit;vul pcrfccl.
no ' , lis ob hin /".t Ir 6" rnl") qdbjon. li\ )
('rhar'
{ \u , i n d ...l t1 ' u r ' c4 n u sFsr ' l P r d
les,hc shouti be an]ry- (Prezent)
Don't
(Nu li djsolel
ne$cJllntor,hin rd nu se supc.e arhairant)
l t I sl tu u E " 1 e r y. I l Fsp ' r n ( l i i l o r l
( Da .a \ a u m ' r . i \.i " \p l i |'
, '" " ,p d r d yo
Ir i n l o o .\i b tl h d tt t sl ," r l d h o .p .- r b n g r y. T- .u r )
It" l " c,i n n u l i n l a ( r JI' a l Fr ' :u p r r ' a l ,l u + ,u p r ' tl '
$1695 2) inteles. - SHOULD. ca auxiliar utitizat la formarea unui eclivalent'
-
al subion,iivului, esta intrcbuinlAt uDeori pentru a arlta cA o ac,tiune sau o
stare este problematic{, dar nu,si irealizabila:
' tl \r .1 l h a L tr tu ." t ti n . i l l l l ,i ,a o r i r E m " u p / r r ' o 8 i \ p m Fa r i n 8
( 1 , ' d + r ' n Ur l ,l d .u 1 \d d l In l i n p t' i .sp u n p sl _ m r ' l p r o n e zp

'
S 1696 3l I'onctii. ln lirnba cneleznmodernii, atii scrisi cit Ei TorbiLS,con-
- str(Lctia u SiI O UL D i nlooujps ; forrna veche a sub.ionctivului n urmxtoarel6
S 1697 a.) dupi il tcst, ar f.ar, tiLI,ut il,

Ifbt stouLl cane, .thim lino\t tlc news. (Presu un-".e)
{Daol a. li s, ainn, slune i restca )
c csi r l .h c" d 1 .c/. p r r o tl ,Jl a ' ' ' Jn .( S ' ^p . Im e r P )
, ^ lJ \''n"n l
lLL.f "/i lorrl" s.r''5 'J s i 'iJl
Lest Ne (shavlt 1(Scof, tc'ncre)
(Ca rd nu uitim) l) torset
wc dare not sli. /of /ed. she sno.ii, a'ara rp {Tcme.e)
(Nu tndriznin sd ne m\oin dc tcanl cit arc sI se lrtzcascit
dr1i4a r
, B h i l . l , r ._ m r ' , p n r .p i i \ i ' _ Jr F
S 1598 ,) dup[ fsr) r/ul, peniru a cxprina un scopr un ordinl o propuncre sau
o su g e sh c:
I rm rvrilins thG so rloi rou shoulitact accor(linElJ soor)
{iti sc.ju aocaslaca 3n prooedezi n conserlld )
Tiie olrre6 s{re o,d€r$ hnt tlie nrines/rtld ,. floscd (O in)
iPlt..nii a dar ordin e7 se i,tiide rnina
Io r o l " s;" 1 l b .l r h ) l-1l p r n i .r " l lopn"r' a'ii')
iPior'trn , JLts'ed, sili )
i l u p i fo r '
€ l59C ' .i i r tr " 7 , l "
r' r
' tp r i ' r - " ,r r r ." I " : | " r i n r o L b i r c i \p
t.2
i u n " i a tfr a t a \p i m a l r sa u .r r b i n l J- r ... i ,r F.- J l 5 J- : e to l ts.u s^t' -
t
su r p r i - t. ,' n n i 1 J1 . t.) r , r t. tt ic . 1 t J ' .tr o sl n n ) ' i t ts n o t l r tt ,tt,ts
fo r ' Jr ' ,tP J;1 i ' t. prnbobl
i ,r i r : r " " " .ttct, "nit ' n t:n t ' i r :. p o ' si b t p \r ' : -
I' A ti , n l l a t tt,. q r t" l i u n ) . tt t . tn : 1 't t' ,' . tl ' t i ' t r .r ' ' n n
J an iorry (rhrt) lon slould sal/ so
(rkgret cii st,ui accasta p .h a 4 d I' a ' s" ,
S u .t, p :,t l h ' | p
"pi n o
n lu
o tlr 'l'"r,h
" pJr
r ornL
lrio
: )n .l ' i l r l
( L e 1 ..1 4 :lJ 1 r l n u l a r
i t t, r " ' .o tu r l l , r , yo u / L" l J ,r ,o l } l r u l h
L E .t" n .r ' Ji ; ' u n o $ L i ' r F\' ,u l l
t xo i Ip a " r ,l " ttttd . sh - " h .u tJ 1 " ,\. re r_ou e|p.
e d ., Ii i j r " ,.,r \h r
It,a .u r ;r r l j Dl ;" , S "nl' " 'll
l IDsdiptie p€ nonum€rlul eroului necnnoscut Tl). Ct'Iotalh" de la Lor{j"
311
h sds olt at te qa6ti.n (Ll,atl sli slould ({i& ihe.e.

{Era crcl,,s si nea.ge t jos linil acolo.)
l, i s th ;a h t tin " ( ' h r ' ) l' . .r .z /d .p i^ bq .
l{E lJ r , buJ i," 'l' mul n t' , .
d,/ in stilul exclamativi t€toric: $ 1600

Th{i she no,U D,nd'eike tnis:
{S.ise poarteca astielll
"Do vox tike it?" "1 shiull thint sol"
(li i ; r ac c ?- c r ei l ; i edl )
\or sh.attt hae lEdtd them lraising lLinl
(Sd-i li auzit lludntdd l l
Iesterday in thc $lfeet, vho ./,dl I sce ut llJlll
(Ieri. r)estradl, e cine eo ved? Pc Narial)
€i in unole Dropozilii sccundarc condilionale. in care ac{iunea ardtatd 5160f
. e po- i i l , i l l i n r i i t nr et e c on. i J ' r " t . , . l . odr l , pr ubl F r nr i ' i ' r pr opoz i l i r pr i n" i pal a
pndl " , ol l r nF r n r nl r ' 3l r v . ui ' . ondr l r onol s PU un l m pD r a f i:
. t ps t oul , t , nd I t i l l l " t r " t t t a\
(t l1J . l \ J f gan. L. t .zt1pd
, a"t npo
o t
'Jrl. qt
l . r J pr nLpong l l
ShnlJd, e @ccpl o t.cture, theJ Nauld be inteteste.t
(Dacnar acceptasd li i o conldrinll, i-.tl inier€sa
r hn 4d h. r t r C Lp. p , t L m t t , r ^ u, . t , l h. s , . r pl rr)l
D b, . J s ' \ J t ; t m ol ' r . , , r " 1r un. . , . J . r l pg5ur d. u" " r r l a" ul . l
f) pentru a ar{ia o conccsic, cind subjonotivul exprimd o acliune (]litodre: $ 1{i02

I $: l l s D e. Lmv ^ N l . " . , 1 , h^ ut h " I t hor l d r us h aL n" .
1l o, " pl n" , " i . . ' , o s r ' ' r dd. , " 1 f i . i r . / , nc r. n . r
H or . / . f hat d l ' ^ : t ot t J hor t a r d" . h $i l l n" v r ei v p I
( u" i . . r d' T . i t . ' r J . d d" s uoi : . nu r ' nLr I . ni : odJ
W hok t e. D at nt s . / , , r ' / J ov . s h., $r
; l l l s . nm
' a i l lu |
^ 4
( O r r " s . s pun" p; " i l i . i . d, ^ v ds p n" l ur J " i r j ; l'or
i r de'
' ti'n
g,) h unele propozi.tii comparativc, dupn as if' as lliorgh: s 160

I[ lools o' ilwe snoz,,, iss otlr train.
(Ni se pi.e oe arcm si lie €r, l..cnnl.l
n) in ulele propozitii conparative introduse de cuvinteie lidn (that): S 1604
It is bctter sl,e nozd..uit:, hc.Iailings now rather tltun (that) yon sl@utd o an
nuttitrc no wilh ihem.
m di b' nF . , s J T . ' l p i i u i l r I b. um dq r l , . onl ; nui 1i l d l ol dr d
i Es
T hF"rbp s nol hi ns r i.d" d sdl ' k a.n, " . , / t d, / har' rl pot p. haLl , J - u . hi
di - pl J ' " n i I n, r , 1 . . r ' " \ n" i pas ' . J " ' pr epl ^.
r \ i m i c nu. i
TOL]LD s 160
1) Formi. -,A.uxiliarul NOUI-D esl.r intrebuinlsi iu lormarea unui $ 1606
e .L i \J " n r rl .u h j o n .ri ru l u i n u n ri Ir1 ' -rro rn e ' 2 -r;i c: J l 8 dmbdc nunera
9i la toate timludl€.
f \\O U f .D - i n l ;\;ti ru t Ir' " L t -\f i rn " p r" r" r l u ' ' r \ i o r' l
1 \\,' U l .D i r[' n ' , r' ' t rl .t 4 \o ,i ,n d rr' ru L ].
I $i h rou mald stt doFJll {Prezenl.)
f D e c c u s l ai j os l { : I t d. r i 't s l ai j os . ) ]
I wish she trozil .otu tomorowl (Viiiofl
lD€-ar veni niincl (: Ii dori .d vin{ mline-ll
I vish you ,"ozd na'e rdez himl (Ticcut)
{sill Ii Yiztrtl)
l conjunclia ,nd, nu pdte li omisi aici 0a b ctempld pr.oedent
nt
S 160? 2) ink€huinl€re.
$ 1608 a) $OULD este oloijt tnodobi$nuitn stilu]coloovial upa erbu]
l o tti .h - n l r u . , , r p r i - r o d o r i n l i r , d l i Td b i l d :
I s;h r o tr ( ,& l d ..ti ' e a r l r l
t( fi fe ) ;r d o r i sd i i d e vr e m e l Dc cen u vi i d e r r € I,c? ) l
S 1609 . 6, Cind insn dorinla exprimaln Psrt reali.abib. se nirebuint€azn uh-

l o n cr r vu r p fe ze n l :
I Nish yotr tel€ h.rcl
tAt dori sd lii aioi (d&r nu es.tj)
Obs c real i e
S 1610 rr) NOULD pcatesugera l nsu-si dorin-t5,at ai,unci xprinn o dorinl*
ireali.zabild,i ind ffmai de un subjonctiv:
I Qoui.l I ('€rd Woul.t, il hatL mL bce| sol
1-\s dori sl i lju Xoul
tn locd tau.) (De n-ar li lost atal)
s 16rr ,i NOULD cu valoarc de subjonctir-condilional, xprime i voinln:

Wnat ,odd you nd'e me do?
(Cc-ai rea sd lac?)
Look at it as I r'ruld, I could not see hc ditferenc€.
todcun al fi p.i'il'o (: at Ii uui s-o piYesc), nu lutcam vedeanici o deosebire.
1619 IN ' INITIV UL

s
1r iimba engleze modern[, infinitivut inlocui€Fte adeseori subjonctivul-
El se traduce de celc mai multe ori prin conjunctivul din limba romAnl:
I s\Jl l a p tu p 1 - \ l ' , | ," Ia r .. ( S u b j . r n a t,.tr n J ( e r ' m a tl
I bhdll u p p l r l \ ' o l r o b " Ia l - . ( In .i n i r i vl
1 U,1 o i scu h e \fe n r . cd & t n u l n i i r zr r ' )
H n Ir ' l î " ,r n l 1 : i 1 ," d o l l d .p ' ' l su L . p _ /n l ) ( - " r n ' d l r
l l F i ' l l u i h , .,,.1d ' i t to sr .o k. In r i d ,tv) ( " o .n r 1 )
l .;u l u i , h ' h a n d . i t hF;d 4 ? d cu l ' j . p - 7 ,r o . " ,1 1 ' o l o . d l )
(RidicaL ina oa ti cnm ar li voit d vorbeasoil
: " " n ,u L s o u l tt.a t. o m o 9 l p p d td .l [.]' i tJl o n l : b j ]l to a n a l '
S l tf sn Fi ks i u d r 4 b pn e d r d . In l i n i ti )
(Volbiile tarc ca .".i ie auziH.)
rle closcdone evc that he nfsnt i.d beiio. {Dchiralcnr subj.) (tormal)
H. cl o se d n e q t' c,.." .e b e i ta r - l n l i n i ti v)
1l Inchisun ochi ca .sdaadn mai rrjne.)
Thc childrendesovc thai. hex.n rld 8o o the icturcs {Echiralent subj.l (lormal)
The ohilitrendcreNe i, so lo tIc piciures (Inlinitiv)
{Coliii ru.riin sd se duca a cincmatogral.)
ohl that I sn d D, youns asain. (nchi le'li sulj.) (Iomai)
O h l /, Dr l o u n g i sa i n l ( l n l i n i tj v)
{ ,\h l i d l i u i Jt ti n r r i )
s 1613 Unco subjonctivut stepreferat initivului pentru a da o nuanlndife-

ti inlelesului:
SuDposehe distance@d.e re milel {Prcsupnnerereale)
(lnihipuielite-fi oe distania .r li o Inild.)
SuDposehc distance o ,e onc nile. (Presnpunere erlA)
(sd p.csupunem e distania esr. o nfle.)
318
IND]CAT]VUL s 161
Subjorctivul, a 'ind majoritatea lorrn{rlor moderne denfice cu aceieaule
indicativului, este nlocuit de acesta n loartc nrulLe cazul in stilul col.ocpial:
I r v i s h ( a s l r o u { l n l o c de l d / , J o u ") .
ISulpose eeasryonr aUrer ir locde "]rc ele yonr atho").
shalluphold I loint ol vicwwhcther e onmy sideor not. ni o d r'wheth{rhe
,, on rny sideor not" : pcrinal.)
He does ot o.L poetic ltloug[ he s a oet (1n I o. dc "allhoxgh c . a oel" ==
I amai.iid he otll r.lale to. theoreninSiglit (i n I o c d e "l ad airaid cst rcbd
late_.."- perirnarl
Deoscbirce dintrc subjonctiv n,dicativ tiind irsn l ndrmentald in g 1616
-si
ceea ce prive9te tnlelcsul, sint cazuri irr care subjonctivul e preierai, iiind
prntru stilului (S
rec.saf clariistea 1557).
n I:rfttITtrLAxx
In aftrrn de .rechiul subioncliv. c'1reare o singuri fofrnri. areoa a irlini- S 1616

ri ului incoml let, 9i cares-anrerlinul in unelecazuri n lin$a englcznmodcrnn.
subjonctivul modar,, arc dou; innpuri: prez.nt Fi pofect.
l'ouna veche a subjonctivului cste pu,t;l folositn n limLr englezi actr.raii;
rd esie intrebuinl,atn mri nluli in Statel€ Uniie al€ h stilul r:oloc-
vial. scris sau lorlit. cu e\cepiiia cjton-n e\presji -\nrlrricii.
iiliomaricc.a disprinrt
aproape cu to1xl. S-a cnli,rut 1n hnLa scriEn n diferite donenii (literaturn,
t)oezie. qtiinln, tebnicn, ziaristn,n) si 1n slilul olicial ljuridic. l,arlam€ntar,
ln nroccsc-v€rbdle.nri de seamnetc.).Fiind iidcpen denii de tirnp, forma
reche a subjonct vulrri esle ntrebuinlati in propozi_tiile arc so reiori la rrl..
timp. prezpnt. tNcul sau. rii.tar.
Subjonctivul prczcnt fi subjoncl.i\'ulpcdect nodern sint folosite n mod
r',rrent atil ln stilul colocrial. riit qi tn stilul formal sau oiicial. o jn scris.
ln aIarl cu
de unele
oileracorjunclii
caprcsii ixc ($ 1518.1579), rnde"q menlinut, qi de
ronstrucl,iite las if, enz, if. lest sat'r:,, drirg,. ridl etc.
( i( 1564)l care cer subjonctit'ul, acesta e-ste nlocuit:
a,/ fie prin ind;cattu. c\t care are forme comunc, (onluodtrdu-sc adcsea:
suhjanctiaul re.ent at inilicatiaul trec t;
tubjoncti.rnt,perf.ct cn trcctttt pttfrict:
i,) {ie prin construotii ornaia ru ajulor 1 auxiliarelor liT, }I\Y
{\rroIIT), sHotir,n.$.oLrr,D:
() tie Wn\ hfinitit.
IDtrebuintflrea ubjonctivulLrid o precizie i o subtililaliido ,,lcles a ro
nu poi fi oblinute prin indicativ. subjonctivul liind preferai peDtrLr erprim,r
irnprobabililate, rctic€n1I, indoialir, r)esiquranln, presuturere etc.
1 \ 'e zi si
S 1 i5 6 .C o n sid o a t u b sl. a ld a . d (, n u ii xliliza t a d . s. a liia r fi in liif b a ju l
, - a e ( : b e r o r ) r d r a io , , o e r io i r ' 1 : io r lc{ r j 1 : d e le a m lst r ". 1 is, - r . ', 1 n r la i
z,rnt si destul de fo.nral: {d... sa,tas -= excetrt. ul
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze f.ri 1: n' aiaft-r liu €\l p1jrl i tii 304/609
'lc.
31 4
1617 r l. coNDrfroNALuL
( TIIE CO \DITIO N_ { L J
10f8 1) Conditionalul rczcnt f/i." Presnl Canditianal) e ormeazi cu ajuto-

rul aux rl i . al orS H OU LD l . .p-r o-n, , | : -. :i t l . r i i \ \ -Ot 'Ln rl " p,'. oJ 'ra
a 2-a i a 3 a sg.9i pl.)' urmate dc inlinitivul prez"rrtal s€rbuluide coxjugat:
I should allr you vouldcaUrihe. she, t wouldcdl;
w€ should alli lou worl(l call; theywouldcall.
Condii,ionalulpreze t se traduce n limbaronAni cu acela;i timp fi nlod
1619 2l (ronditionihrl pcrfecr (the PerfectCand.itianal,sc formcazi cu ajut.,n
aur ili" r . t or s H or LD , ls p, r . I s J . i D l. r i \ \ or LD r l" par " . a 2 i -i x . l r
s g. t i r ' 1. r . r n a " de jniinit ir ul p" t f " r , l \ " r Lului dp . onjugJ r '
I should aveealledi ou,he,she. t would avc callcd;
$B should hare calledi you, thcy s'ould have cal€d.
Condi,tionalulperlect se traducc tn limba romend,:u acelati tinp ti mod-

1620 3) Conditionrlul rerbelor dofectirs Inodslo, - Condii,ionalul vcrbelor
CAN si I\IAY aro s(ccsli formn cd Ei tr€cutul lor: COULD, respectir- {lGlIT,
urmai de infinitivul prezcnLp.nLru condilionalul prezent. sau de irlinilivul
perfcoL p.ntru r,ondilionalul p€rlect ( S 1580 1582):
L o u ' J ,lll. J o u c ,.lt.,a lt:..p sh" it.d lt: \c o ,.o o " _ ,,
' .,,
lr ' o u o n r . .a r : )
I .orld halc califdi Xou conld hale c,lleili )
h . , s l,/. : l . o in ,l h .d i ld ,l \ .o , t. D4 t4 l
$ " ,o u l,l.h " r " .d ll d :.^ u ,u ll ,,d , , I.d . " \ " o .U l' a \o J
m iJ l' l .1 ll:.) ^ L .,ie l ..il r i.ir
II .l.. ' .c r r ib l \C- .,.- ,." ,,
l )" .1.'.s1 . i.:u r s ' ':'.
mrr -",
I I m i sh l } ' t..1 l l A l l o L n ' i .l l'\ ' .1 - J h " .Jr . ' Ti S l ' l I
I r ' r \ .r r r l u \ co ,n . D l e .t
i{ n ,g h r h r \" cd l e d .j .l l: . I S r ;.- \' I
I called
OUGIIT redi el insr.rli 1.1e", dc condilional al modalLrluj I'IUST. ulrnat

d a i n fi J,i r i ' u l p r cze n t p e n tr u , o r L l i l i o n a l u l p r czcn tr sa u d e i n l i n i ti ' u l l ) e r fe ct
pentru condilionalul porlect:
l I ' u g h l /o o Jl ' : Jo u o u cl " o ' l l . ' . J. . ir o u g r l o ' ,l l l .^. " .- .- - ,
I \ - o .q h l l o r JIl : J o o L " \' l o " l - l h e ' u u g \l l o 1 1 ' l
o u sh tl I o u g h l o h J\, cJl l " d : yo u o u g r to l ,a \' .Jl d l h ..1 " . i l I
I o u g t.L'o t1 . ,1 ,r e r \ | n a ," L I
|t $ " o xg h t o L d \e .l " d : Jn I L xg h r u L J." .1 l l e J: In .y u u g n t J
10 nale .allcd '
{ V e zi i S ,0 5 i )
S 1621 4) Condi,tionalul oilestiei au olitelii. - Condilionalulprezent al ver-

belor delective
nalului modateesie
madesriei adeseorin trcbuinlat, entru exprimarca ondilt.>
an politelii:
CouA -ti\ tett me lhe tin.". l]leasc?
wr ,i tl r wa r , . r l , g ,. .e r J.
e InrnuiLslr ','l V
I' I- o l u Io u .a " l o ' a c' mow ?
You sll;zldD't.do ihai, you lino*l
O&sn, ou lo go lor fl Falk in this wealher?
t tt..u u lJ ,r d s r d to m r \q ." .n tr r
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze i 2 a - - . fo ,i.1 r n tr b ,r in :.,r 1 1 ,'305/609
l/i
r ,.r .
n e li..
8/12/2019 CONDITTON.ITUL
Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 31 6
A se compara ac€st€ orme tn conirast cu form€le indjcativului:

Caz r.ou tcll me the tiu,e, please?
,"s ivalch the gane on 1'onr TV (set).
Do yo oare or a shor ionight?
M&s, you go lor a walh in this aeather?
IV, IMPERITIVUL s 162

lTirE rlrPnRATlvD)
1) Doiinitie, lmperativuleriprimidile.l un odin, unindemn,o sugestie,$ 162t
o rugeminie,o urarejo recomandore,n slat. o dorinli, o anenin,tare) con-
iesie €tc..motiv D{intmcarcnu are n senere ubrecL.
gaee jt your oinL wirl

tr . l,he .hild alonelr
N ota 1
Subjonctivul a t e . printrc altc l l n l c i i , ; i pe rcelea ale irrrporaiivului $ 1694
(Sl'',14. 1547. 5be. lii3. l-,;;r. Aratar' ldSlClJ. dar nr aJr"' l"d,r'rl-
pers.ranr a 2-a. oi l/di€.l. la persoana1 sau a 3-a ( S 15814, eeace il deos€-
begte de imperativ.
2) l.otmi,. Inperativul. pr;r insnli Jcljnilji l t r i . nu poJte J\eJ de'jt S 1626
pprsoonq 2 asingDl0ri, rtutot. o rr.il"r . , a . , i d n J i , . i r d, F p , a i n l i n i
tivului incomplet(dpci tiri alr):
Diel nln ntalp- ro1'l Ha . a cup ol lcal
]]. 8oodr, all oi )0uJ
N ota 2 S 1 62
tlnii eramaticieii consideril a inrperativ si lorna de subioncti\-con'
struitr ru imperali'ul uriliarului Elr( s l5b4)si \^rhp. d un ;4'tzrdttr
drla, LJJrpbairprqoin"i0 2-?i ti $ rn tntt"rutt indi., r { "lres-t t"rr^dn, i I
si a 3-a). ,q.ceastI nteryretare ru torcspunde nsd nici remnilicaliei moduri]or
rt n
csi tpf tp .tl)i .\ n ni m
ii pp
I rrdddt il \l 'u- l' iFi \ pt n' i nl,rinn b
J ru nr oom
r d; n
i nJd. / r ' , 1 . " t s u b j o n . r i r , r lLn u r d i n
Nota 3
Yerbele defective modulc nn au inperativ. nici nu funclione&zi ca auri $ 162?
liarc ale unui impcrdtiv.
3) Timp. - Imperativul nu are decit prezentl trecutul lipscste, iar $ 1628
f n r m a d F p F r t ' . 1 ' . r e un i d i o m r a r . . " ;n :
Haeedan6 '\llr l) (l'erminli datil)
1barc the chitd.alone s l.ao. I lct llk chihl b. : las{ colilll In l{cLrl
r looi ?rr, I : asculi,-Ll^
p o o r r u lr5". rTn. r: , 'l, d"auni. b n-. i'1", -1"m im l'"ori. l . r d ' r . ' lr, n, . . u
ni lp-, i, luDLli"d"il'l n, id rorl, l on l', . , , bun_ -p 'rdlu, . r | 1; nd. I . a, l9 B"G. . d.
rit t ul u'. i r'; 6p, uma. r5ui d6 de. . , . . . r_idL. : . . Coni1b, ir-. minlF: a; ood , . bun'.
-. d (h'l,J
r, unl-dr. 1"l-, Ll'Dol. o. rsn. irpu raât r. 1l"i: aBadnnn. h o r " lau b" n
'.
310
S 1C29 4) Asleft. Diatezi. lmperativul nu are asl,cci continuu, nici diatezd

pasivn do(,lt ln cu totul exccplionRl:
'r1od
\.n l Id , - at r t t ' sl hd di nnpr qh" nl ' 4c" r ' . nl
,, u I | ,. b; d,,;s pr.r.i(h, E I
l T. Ca..-l
"i
rc rcpa.e.l1
iI |. dfescd
I'asi ] n
""n*u..d'
I bc scated
I be oomtoriedt
$ f63O 5) Im iratiml ncgttil se construieste cu auxiliarul DO urmat de hfi

nitivul inconrplet, chiar in cazul \erbelor to be ,s] o lwrel
D,"l Ddso sdtisl,l ,o no,so home 'etl
,o,L nareher in nowl Dan't do thrl
voit lnarhaiL
stilulpoeticsc
: ntilnastc i torlna dri DO, carede azi extuluio savoare
Crll no, thysell a slavc o manl
Fiel Charitll .Vezfrn,, in sliie.i
O heart. os, no, h1-mhreF
r\tun.i oiud in propozilia imperrtive se lolosettc o altii negalie decit
adverbul nol. la formarea constructiei negdtive nu s; inirebLlin,teazn uxilir-
rul DO:
l'.r.r say diel
,Ioua ol you goesa\a- l
NabadsiNa ne sl.aJsbchindl
Formclc do subjonctir construile cu auriliolul LET, i consideratede
uDii scriitori ca inperativ, potj sau rlu pot, sn pr'im€asri auriliarul DO lft
forma Degativi:
donot/don'l.lei r .all sdz ct menol call. ctc.
Formele negativc conslruite cu auxiliarul DO silt, ccle ilttrclruirlate
in lllod normal aiit, jn limba scrisn,cil Fi in rca lorbit;, chiar pentru verbele
10Le si ta harr:
Don'thr
,oa', ld,'rn. ke.pyou
liomc yetlron your Forkl
so
,o4'l l.r her De a bLfden io ]oul
Do natldol't tct theni la,e their oirn {.yi
Don't lets do srch a thingl
&r's nor do such a thingl
Formcle nesalire conslruile idrll auxiliarul D0 sint iDtrcbuiilate iD
Iinba literard oii in stilul formal, oficial sau oratoric:
Let ts nat *ek ralD areuncnts.
-I-c, heN uo, Z,dnkind lo her.
,., s normissseejlg rut exilaordinarJsi.unimana.
S 1631 6) ,q.lto nt'rebuinFri, Inperativul mai est€ lntrebuit,tat:
$ 1639 o, penlru a eliprima o sfidare,o ameninlare:
JTPrp n^\'. 'f 1ou , d n
Goi,rr.bnllou. ri q l,.t,le..
"
rCitaicdcIt. Crunmat of Conlenpatat Enslilh, i.)2.
QniL, A
sW. 307/609
shakeslearo, ting HeDy W.
n ) i nt r o. t r f ot ' z i t i c . , . u i Lr t s l f s . undi l i onal . i i nal s au c onc es i v . ar t es ea ( t 6J B
.
nr r i . " , . r / ] / , . pr r oo/ r r r r f l , i t . , 1r " , dr - c upr i r ,l- ,rn iIti."ti\ . a. un i m _ '
r r . " r , . ' an r , . . ... r dt p , n , . t pr or er h

L , l , , i I . g" t , r t . , ." n, . i J t { r , , I ni . , .
to, fruit and keo ltt {Rectalnn)
(Mircafi lrucrc c, si tifi sentitot ,
abne ud se mr toior..Flt
Lvlro sli r. cr.n )iinctl
I I \ or k / P\ {i v " r r . l , r l hs ol e, l r i
,i I di c r r , , n. . . , . 1 . i \ ' J , pa: , d, , gJ . .m ; nr u ,
", ' - r
l - d f Js r ' , , n r, u , , . . . r o J . h . . n ' o J \ -r LliL
(u1.r .r .r. ro"ti , . , , \ " r , . o n . : n g " cr d i " , . J. , o t - , , , r tLt ,..
_ 7) lormr acee hratl. l ornla accenlurta a imperurivutLri se L,rnst,ru_ i l6J,t
i e l t ,u .," r' .,.' , D o ,,,r,., r; I.2 0 1 :
l)D stoD snireltinsl
, o ha*
,o l.t lrc s-a-" ou homel: a ot L* ; r k el
8)'I'raalu{rere. Imperativul se iraduce lirnba romend ot. printr un \ l63b
S,or hrt noisel Nu mai taec zaomot Taci )
IJeWier) (1ati "ttai )rinjntc Jrat iristil.| -
,,nl $orryt (N -Li taoo grij )
. " .9 ..:.u l ' i c ,ru l _ i m t' c rx l i \u l u i . b u p ,,Irn ,-0 m ^ ,,i ,n rr td Q rb 2 .r,L r,i j q J r;J 6
' ro trn r:rp ' .n , " ,trv u l n u i rr tI s p n F r. u b i F .t.
L \i .t" n .i .i u d ,i r , rn , .u b i F .tL t. (o ,
s a m{]nlrnut puternc afcentuat: ", tri .,n .h d |n iinJ ,s i r, -" s a r.
d.,/ pentru elitarea unei conluzii;
,, pentN fl ie atrage at.rlia persoaneiadresate:
/ r' ,.,/u l r, l . | .r .r.t' .r. .i m a i F n rt./, i ,rn , .:n J
p rF z .r,1 .' rr)rF .r.rtu l F m n ,l p .rz io n u d n l i , i h" r.," te ri .ti .
" i v d n F c x p ri m s .i _ rs .,.d rp .
n e rr l u m .rn . L rttr,,r" s ru ,l i .,r,o t' i v i . r-n J rr ... d u i o s i .
," n a ,r 2 .a :p ro " r" . S u U i " " :-i " ,r-
r' - u n e r" ,z u nn u "e p rn rriu
;:: :i,,il1 ;l;illl,"
Er e.i mp l e : 4,- t.u"-t ut

. . o) L ).h:t You r,-t &lrh . . , , . J. d $ i , t , , . , rnd uod. L e h z. n e
11,1,:-, il;T,jl",i',1q"l.j",';:' .dseIA1d'd,?-'r', ; 'o ,
' ,1 ' - . \,.r l p .
;,.'l;;:il 'r'e a tpv o :r r e s r ''' h rp on
r r r ..r r .. u ,\.. . ," " 0 ,r ... " i " r ,,? l ;,l i "
i I Do n I J4r \.TJ \nw Lo.r d go jon,
r\ r , 5e, i j l : t \ . , . , p' m r ol i a, al r t . d, s . L
,i^\ . \ . - r . . ; pe( J l i ; L
",
\Fvtsr ,nr n ndt y,
\ u 16 p , . . . r d r r,F.r , . , ' " ' r . " pi , ] I , , Yj . ; . p , : , ar pr . j au, i n r "
. i d" s pu. : ,
l j o ' , ' I av , h nr J t onr ' y o, t r y t hl t dnd J o. l t s e" l
D d, l s r t , I noa, " . r J f r l n 1l . , . . , i . ar ur , r , r i , i _i . z : , epi 1. . i i
l uc r ul ) l l
L l : e zi si g 1 5 8 3 .
i i l , : , , , p , t r v. r o , / r " . . . . Jo JH . t 6 h . . . . f . " . . i t t . t S L , l n
. . " t a r u r ,ara,
omporra . . , t r ui r I o zi , , i . i . .
{An,h ,ilrlrri r l & o l t u ; s, t d / . t i l s, . . n i u h f i U . i 1 a ] . o o t .
31 8
1 ., t, ll' ,jr ld J jo n ., /o / 1, .' ' .' ' ," In - :p :

lr .: c L Dlu lr n n " c " .,1 d r ' o lo {l., nq ,il Hd i. n 1 " :1 / - , d o - m i l
; lr l \' 5 \p 7 r . b n ' ll l1 .e l
\o v a " , r . r r ' o , e ' .1 i s o o lb o r : l' /:ld ' r u l:
' r \' '
ln ' ,' - L d " r ' .,- ii:" r m in -: l." 1 " .,u ,' d " I.n p 5 r ' n " ,
'lAi ili te nriiti dc aioi.)l
slat dcstdl)j
Confuzia lJrtre subiectul unui inp€rativ ti subicctul unui vocnl.il' poal'
li' evitatn dac6 se;cc
considcri
lnP r accentul
r " g" lilur or,
. t n preiulr ii locul pc care tl ocllpat ie
I n p"uroz;
" , 1n : ' , tI
norm"t, . uLi, , . t ut t,r.." J . r in or . las nr pr - 1i" ur il r , " .nor ir ia
" J
enunliadvnl, reguh resp€ctatn in cdzul imperativului:
Yo& conc herel
DtzDY, on't be alraidl
Subiectul \.ocativului are un aoccnt distirctiv - /allrr*c- 9i, ca;i ln
limba romAni neavlndo topici fix;, Irndtr stn la intPputul, Ja nrijlocul'ru
l, , f ir ; i' Ll pr opor iLi" i.iind d. s pdr liL r lr r r ir guh d- r ; s t
n,r, comeh.rcl
C^ n ' . ' p r P . f? ./. r l o r r p
Co .r r .r - .3 o r .d , Bo./
I'oz urerc, where are you lrom?
'litddtes, let'6 have iccc|cam no{ i
Let's hrve icecream now,' .'niddt€ I
lG37 10) Nu [taret imDerltimlui. - Im]raraiivul neadnd decit o "(insuri
formn gramali'caldsi oiingurn persoand.'a2-a. este u ul dintrc modurile cclc
rnai suateptibile de a fi.,coiorale" ln cele mai subtile nuanle printr'o multi
tudine de mijloace. Cel mai des intrcbuin-tat este inlanalia, care. asociati
, r pr ir : r ' r si gp" t iLo.po. lF par . ur J e o I n' r ^ ds J gur rd. d" I a lor r ul ,,,"i
as pi, r .J ur ; i " " m c r in1r ior . r ni ta mri noli; i. o; . , lu d . " u s , , " \ : ' l
, d, I . Sr,p doa rvar r\',rd. om, - t ukrxrinaslons.'sy.uli\er You l r'. " r,
i h r t a g a i n r n d _ I' l l n o ck" vo u o y' n l3 c a d fr tl ,l ' L l o cl ' tsr ,u i n d Jo u fo $ i ' b cl n r \\r
,ltttzd rour headl 'itind the step
Cu asocierea uror cuvint€ diminutivc, ap€lalii afcctuoase elc. - carc
sd temper€ze duritatea imperaiivului;:
H.. . /i d J;" . $ .sh \o r r r J' p s: Ho ., \o u " , d ' i r , \' $ ' l : r ,,/n ; 1 1 ' " d o a - l
i o r sr l l o L " .d r l fIJ,..;r u l ' " r " a n o l d l i l o m .,h 1 l /) o L .' i l o ' l Ju u p i " ,sh ' r l " l
$ r n d o $ l - Io i , L i o ,i t d o th a i d g d i n l
Dispozi,triili0iale (:Tiesemust,
booksI'o
d.dBE -r- nfinitivul
feqzif.d teading. ctc.):
Thcy a/" not to Dd ,'t4 awaY.
,^ o s m o k ' n s l No P a r L in s :
$ J lk r n g on lh , A r a ,6 ,a t a lL o ..,J :
Park\ng ptohibited in ihjs arcal
IDperativLtl este forma ideali pentru provcrbe li recl rle dati fiind con-
crzra acesiora:
L o vem e ' .Io * n r v d o q l l P r o r e r b l
Ttu b.for. 1n iust.- {Proaerbl
L o ;. m t a t 1 ' " l i r 6 l i o o i . ( P r p r l ,
Eor
,i " .ohuit drd
,./ l h e $ oAP?,
r ,d 5ltl
ti l i lRtclamll
s r b sr ,.i n .i :d r . ." . { F.,j ,r ' 1 ,
P i l zp th " r ' o i vr r d n d J o .1 16 " 1 r l ; I d .v ,J' \o r r r i r ' ( l .e ' d m )
LV e l i j i 7 7 , p r o l o zi ti ae n ,r n l i a ti \i .
r V r zi ${ ,) 7 \o r r l i \,1 .
3 Cu \i 1 r ,l ,u ,1 r F- d i u l ,r l .l r i
r: i t vo u sa u .. ( Dr o n o zi ti eo n d i r' Ir i .r a l " Io r r .
i ,,r ,a l e ) .
mp;o,:,: p;"bdsirp d H. Q , i " | . r' 1 t tadr n- . - . : r
' \n;.'ip
o lL yon lore Dre .op. condilionali'].y.,' r,usi love n'X dog too
-
81t
XITODURIL E II{PERSONAL E
$16s
IN0N-FINI'I'I.J 1]TTSOF A VERB. VNRBAI,S)
I. INFI\ITIVUL $ 163
( T I I I I I \ F I N I T I VE)
. 1.).Formd. llorcd i rtj n ;ri \ ului erglezestcparticula or, care Dr€ced{ q l$4O
opocpDr'.l a s ' rp l d p .p t-tr
^ i o r-p r" rb a l e
Infiniiiv I ro have .altod
prezent I /a chc al perlccl 1 (a fi c|email
Nu toale verbele au in"q i,rtiDiriv. \erbc {Jrd inlinirir Jeri si /.ir.d t 1641
p.o.rli.'t 1 \9 rn ..rIi n ,r -:.rr i ttt.ta r r,tti ti o tp ,,o,,o/". \,^ i .a . Ji;t: "'
C A \. \l A Y . \l l :)f. O U r:H f. sH \t.L , \\ .L , c t,.
n rl i n i l i r couplpt i U .o l n p tp t. t"
ro
, .. p n rl l n l l n ttL , |,.o :i i nrtrt'
fi n i l/t.,
ir rt, e J r[i nIni titjr.).l
n i rin ."
u tnp,rr.,
rp .a d ,,.,r r;ri
p anrri
r i.u
v Ltd
l "q t6 {l
Ia rd l -rl .u l r to . n tm tt ,rl ,rtt,' :h " " n p l .t (In " a h p t t" tn ti n ;ti t" ),.
2).Aspect. Diat€z[. Timp.. Infinirilul arr aspeLt arir perfeuriv ( onju. { 1643
g i rF a 6 i m p l i \,.i r .i i m p c ri " " ri v .o n j rs rre a .i
rrmnurr: prcrpnt.sL D€rlc,. " ,,ri ..J ,,,. m L " l ;,,,i . r" ? " ,l ;,;;'
Diateza aoti\ri
Conjustea simph
10 c an. onl .
L: r . r em i j l r ez enl ) t(o: t a
, art iecchem
dl t c datr)nt . r . r i ec t )
Conjugarca ontinud.
io b. callnig (InL lrezcni) lo J a\ e b, r ' n . , l l i nA Ll nt . r er h( t )
( L i .rcmrtl
Diotozopasiytr
lo I,n,r pd {l,t t r ^ z. n t , ' o L d vp b p e n i d p , t I n f . r , . r t d ct J
t J l.nprnit ( rfi i^.1 .hemar,
d ) Infinitiwl a,elasi jmp (prezent, recut sau viitor) g 1644

r . , $r \ ' . r D ur c i r e i"prc:.nt,erpr.ima
l pr pc P a:
'the nake (tud,1e r qilt mane) hcr taueh
to fao (au fiLcut-o a o voi ta;e) se ridi.l
I can (coltd or shal be dbk /o rdeclearjv
tPot (am tuiut sau loi pnrcai sil riid cta'r.t
l l , l l i ni l i \ ul ' , \ pr i - a .i o
, _pr pz , r r oat . ^ r \ i nna
i , t odr , Ll i d" s n" os s
v er D ul ur c ar € i l pr ec F dr :
we nr?d ro .aA tomonorv.
(sperlm ce rom p t.a reni mlin..)
1 ptutuis.d to tetutn L\e book aL oDe.
(r\m flgndtrit cI voi rcstitui jmediai ca ea.)
. ' R F gr " i m J , l 4. i I , - , , " 1p l n r 1, m J , r ar om t n. 1.uD dr r d' l , t as , qr F r d" . , nf . ni -

: D . nu{ i r d" . . i nl i n i v . l u e- , om pt pt r i , , i nl , ni t i \ Lr r t . . i n. om p' , . . 1nt r " i ui n-
r r |r . I ' r m pt . i r . . , , nt i n ir l uns - dF pnnt no. n gr J i , r . r 1 r om dn) .
' , o . ' -", r t " , . , ,
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze a\t, 310/609
;EO
1615 b) Infinitit'ul petcct exprimn un Ii]fnl) ankriat aor]uia la .iarc st rclc.:

r rbril precedent:
Ite habes o hdee one well i. his work.
l{Lll spern6I li oblinut }ezlllate blne in mun.a sd.l
Sl,e dl, roo eariy ro hare tu t tl\cm-
t(na) a plccat prca dcrreme oa s{'i li lnlilnit.l
xor
(Vei piu eant to haec
roi rrobabjl si ti iai..,4d 'ou lessons
li teiniiiral.itdnini pn)regoinq
lcctiilc inajnriode
bcd.
r te du0c a c lcrr..)
l(i4(i 3) Troduccre. - Infinitivul lro traducc tr linba roneDli r:
a) in[initieul. 1n timpurilc si modudle in comp nerea {rnrofa i lrd
( s t 64e):
b) ittini.Iieul a timpul corerpunzntor:
?o dD js human. (lnl. prezcnt)
(r\ gr? i e6te omencqte.)
She s loo sho.t sighled70 ,ar..(..r xou. (lnf. t.rl( ll
(n$[e prea nioale a tc
]rertru li viz t.)
c) ca n ju n cti r t l a i i m p u l co r e sp u n za r to r $ 1 6 i 1 ) :
want , gire rou a lresoit.
(vreru sll-ti d. un cadou.) Conj. rezeni.)
Hr scems o ,14re old vou the tNtlr.
( P .r e sl ti l i sr r u s d e i { Nr .) ( Co n j l.e d fL r )
d) gerunziut:
I heard liin clos. l.hedoo..
(L-ain auzii ,n.l..,i,i ufa )
e) supinut:
There is much ,, d" in lhe hoNel
{Sint aiii de nulte de n.,t ln castil)
f) un eerb la un mad persrnal lnlr o propozilie subieclirn sau rcnlfll,r'iri
d i r e ct,i r :
j ' r r i" ' f' tti l l tt 1 r " v' _ r r ' ,, 1 ,. :u r ' '
' ,d / " .l ,p o { . .' 1tt;. . 1 1 f., I, 1 ,.n . ' i
S , d p u r p .: I.i
'n"r'
\ . Lno\'l,id to hdrc rereieed bonu lor l,is Drrils. ico,nll'litil
LSlim cl (elj a trili1it. o priniL lenirtl mqin,le s.l..l
1r;l; 4) Funolii. - Intinitirul esle d, 6.r:d a conjugirii erglpzf. fL,miii
$ ,si.,lorna comune" (Cotnmon ltorm, /o/,rd
Basc.). Ca atam:
ii l{il6 a) gesin timpuri si moduri idtnli.? ca iorJn:i cu el:
Indiatieul pterentt (i.oatcpusoanclc, .u crccllia Irfrsornei r 'a sg I I
'r{11,Jo
Intnqatiuul lwrsot\t^ a t a sa. si Dl.l: Calll
I'o;tua @che sutjoLctilulet: lao)ie lersoanele) call, hc call, et c
S I {;40 D, pr€cedflt de un auxiliar, ini.re ln coiJrpunerca urnnlia nor rorme
I sliall .oll; yolt. he n'ili .oll, ric. (Viitor)

I sl \a \l h a r c.a .d : X o , h e wi l l /m r ..a l l .d r ..l t' 1 \' i i to rp e r l e cl )
I sl i o u l d .d I, .r .u , hcwo u l d .a U, i c. vi i to m l fu l i l l e f& u L fi .o n d i l i o n r l u l tr r e TP r t)
L sl o u l ' l h n ' p a l l ./, y,,,, h e $ l l l l d r d ' a .a l l .d l , l .. i l i i to r u l l .r fe r t a l l r c.u i u l u i
ri co e d i tl ,' n Jl u l,e r l e .l )
r T lo lo .i l io l 5 p ' l_ /,o .1 ' ln l,n ." ,' l . rrt tt.a .lp q [' 1 1 1 1 p t.d 6 l
d :d a h " : .- ,b i ' \ J - lr ila o ' I t' h " t- - ' .d a a L
(Complcti''i dirccti.l
I \_ e z i $ 1 4 0 - 1 4 1 . 311/609
822
165? jJ introduceo construclie rclamatiad:

?o ro ,rsuch a thinq to youl
r S a - lilp u n a a ) s c. ; a
ro ,hnl that Bhe s olly a clildl
(Clnd ,e sirdeiti c[ nn a decll o copill )
S 1658 5) htinitirul incomplotse ntrcbuinleazd:

S 1660 d, dup6 werlel€ auxiliare9i delectivemodele,cu excepliaverlelor to
BE, to HAVE1qi OUGHTTO :
I do ,hn* tlis is wondertul proaress.
lGesescntr-adever od acesteesteun prosresninuDat.)
Ze, cveryoncd,rdzd o his work
(S[-ii vadn liecare de munca ]uil)
The nroiect ozld Deworked out iD thc Dcsisninc nstitute.
(Proi;ctirl ar lxt€a li elaborat a Institutuade Proiectfti.)
I tuh, se, thcm at once.
(Trenuiese'i rld imediat.)
They decided
(Au lotarlt h.y schimb
sI lacA poeld ifo exp€riences.
de experi€n 6.)
Hp wou.dn dd.p:sd , so t o r n y a cp .
(N'ar lndrlzni sd'ni spund aocasia n lai{.)
\ o u , , . d r n o l g d , lp r n lhp.ro ,)et
(\u .sle ln r d n p vo ip Askln g liir o co lt a )
S 1660 Dupe verbele o BE, to HA\IE 9i OUGHT se ntrebuinleazi nsa nfim-
riv.ul complet'.
TheJ d.d ro 6e na..i'd ne\i \roeL.
{Urneaz{ BI se cnsetoreascl dtinmha viiioar€.)
o ,.
(I TnrdeJ"
b u : -8 o
r 1l
m r dfuib L 'a .lro in
lo 8d is.
n rdh*"dninoin
r Dpin g.
r lJ.)
You o,Bftr o d..ct' thP prolosal.
ll- r € b u ip / Jr r p b u . i J"+ p lr p r o p u n e r pla
s 1661 bJ dupnverbele a maheqi to HAVE, clnd au sens auzativ:
Thc nees ndde ho ./y lor joy.
(\'estea a leculo sE puDge de iucuri€.)
I'1l ndq. him a,rq.r lor his carelessness.
(An se'l tras la respundere entru neslijentrauj.)
S 1662 c, dupe verbele care erprimi perceplii senzoriale: ta fcel, to heor, to see,
to obseree, o perceiae, a tratcll, to behaldj:
I /c, him s,@,wh.n lii s tramcs'as uttered.
(L an sintrit tesltind clnd j 6 a lronutrlat Dumele.)
T u u n . d 'd t.pr.r.a, un ih " . r b Je cr .
( { i a u zil- o o r b : n d n I g ) i- r a "- a. d lI . lp Jiu n r . )
She sas him .,me hoDe-
I(xa) l-a rAmt renind acasl.l
\1:c rdrl€d hcr pin the mal,cx.
{Im umtujt o eu jDt€res cum a clrtisat meciul.)
I ,enerdshc sun .isd f.om thc sea.
{r\n y{zut soarele esdrind din nare.)
rto HAVE este urmat al.il, de nrtinitivul comll€t, c1l
ii dc cd incomllet. (V,"zi ii
€
' 1903).
Clnd ,, dol. ,,o . . o d rS li - 215:r) slnl vprbF r"$rl,t". F I F spar
{$ - 2o-:13,
rmdtpd"ininilifLl'ompll.Ai.rdd..i.d"a5rsilLd ip iformFlelor.ompus.-lnturrnd"
lol dp i n i i n i t i w l c o m p l E t
3r,6pl,/.1psrpun \proa"ndiTdnr ili/d' j i s l i l u l n,.mal,lihErsau.olo.\ial glum4,
clnd e slus pe u i.on cniatic: "ael@ld the bddcl", "tcfirld my maste4iecel" (el.c. ,,Iai.{,
privifi..'.1
393
d, dupx trei vethei to bi'li tu lrl l(verb l€{io.rl) : a lerl, a pefnitel i S 166r
Dfueori 1o helpt l
She bad, hnn lc{r" IIs lessons
(l-a spus se-ii invcle lecliile-)
The ohittu.n woxl.ln'l ldi me g, odt
(Coliii n au vntt sn mn luse sit es r
He nrr"dd m. .",ss oter'
{M-a ajutat sn iuversez l
Form.r pasivri a v€rbelor Jc ld h r662-lLi63 ,si a verbului to ndkc \ 1664

($ l 66l t ps t e i nc d 'rr'Itari d. i nl : ni r i LU l a- , ai r:
She sds heat.l to sin|. 'thea ode bi.l.den ft,1 l€al, thcir lessons
(A losi auzitl cintlnd.) { r , i i - a sp u s sa Li i n ve l e t e c i i l e . l
He 9ds sc& to @tu. In my childhood 1 eal nelcr ler /, so nl oien sal
{\ Iost 6zut venind.) {ln collill,ie n-ari lost niciod.li lesai sir lltc ce rotrm l
Ane eat tudde to.on*,n
(A lost licut,-r si consnnia.l
p) J upa ho4 l . ^ u nLr l 4) t dt t t ho' bt ' na' t l d su t ' r ' r pt " rr"rr S l t i f i i
r dt h. r t han. s aanpr hdt , . nat " t hon. , on t 4^ t ) bD t . Lol h; nt bt t -\"1
S\c nlthi s,ov in tonighl..
'ould si sica acasi rsii:rsead )
(,\r trelera
I hntl, .lter gt noN, it js gctting latc.
(-.\l racc maibinc sii ll.o acun,,s-a i-lcu ilzil l
H" .. .aa,'". d/ in J olhilq
' ,t t , , t , " . ; I. F
.,. r , r 1 , " , , . i
-r
Ruth- thdn -*flr,I aottd so.net t\.IeaLisr'
6t s,Ii.. mai litic miL d,t0 'e. dcDtist )
li
lDecii
t .dzu,r ,tu, lFric@ J.t. rvoNls.
( \ u t o t d cci t si m cd cr sP U i . )
6) Inlinitivul 0u rilYerl intercalat (Split Infinitive). - .t1,lt lnltrntfe S 1666
astenumele at ln limba englczi ntiniti'uLui ntre d. iriirui nr i componente
s-a intercalatun ad1'erb:
ro l i l a ' , -
In ti n i l i rl l i i n J ^ r' ri ' l rrd "
"n ' r. ' d ' r' on l ru i p 1 l .
.u rd .,- nrLd n -p .,r .J ti i ' | 1r"prr" l i b a j ' rl ' ri , ul .' r n -:l i i .n . ' rn J a
I,rt..b ,ri n ta rF ai ..rp 4" t ' rr r;-, \, r' ' . : rd n .e , r.1 u - i ' i a' '. 5 ' l u .i " r" o -
mrndar; cra a .zr|n" ,.i .i h .l u rr€allil
i .i r,r-' .JU i r. ' r,m .' r' i i l r\' rru r. o ' rt,l :
dwn 10 s.I to lnt /"119 lo aplreciil.e
... .. .. ........ .n i s |ru r-'o re g rt.t,
Is noi t o s i i . L, i t hodi gr c ai ar s l m ent .
l l nt s . el t l J , , l i nd qnam L i ' r r s l . a$. . . ;
Exisie inse situu-tii in c e despnrliraa p,{r'tittrLei inhtitivului dc \.erbul
nr opr i u. z i s es t p i , ' , \ i r ' br l ; . ; n . p . i 0l J. ,r' i ' r nd i nf D iri\,rl r'rp u' n, - r dF ' rn
i oni pl " - r . nr di r p, I r . dr " . d r p, um . " . . i - . r"r nn- l ' tr s p"r-t r" r - c hu1 r" '
l Formcle comlnse ale verbllui rd riJ shi umat{i dr n,rn,itir conpleli .,Hr nds
nol bid us t rrdt \rcrk vel." .rllilllrir rvc.c ,idd.n ta .ank in to supper' \'f.bul ro
l , . r t l . c om r us ro l / . ; s l c n'"T}e nat l nt oi dc anna e D l n, i 11r ul t l . t : 'Hc s P sJ , 0. d) , l i
.nc ,o sno&r." "lle I S o.|idd.n d. ro .,m. ag{in "
, ,o ndD noaic fi n.nat ri dc nriinjiinLl conrlet: ",,/.1, tt b ia Lh. roon "
'Cu ciccltia verbelor r; dar& \ita 1.h. , tata sirt n.mrL.. la di{tez.t p3,riral.dr
Da.ticiDiul
' rr 7crt.
a r " o. i J " . t i , t , r ar , n. . \ r , ut , . r ' l t , J r . , r J . i .t 'rJ ,1- , i . r, i . ul
'. t o' r i . r on ' , / , a t " . . nod. - / / d, J i . '. t r',t :t'
I r . onl r F l : ô
5W. Slrak.speLre, tnntlr. t'r; ..l t)enn\rrit.
421
D ec t j\ . : . , c lun i . inJ . pr in s : , " r " 0 " J LF' b" lui lnain ' s J dupr i, lliniLiv '
: - ar . om t r " m i . . ou s - ei lngr r uia nl" laopr ' r " \ t ulur ' Spr - a{ om plul
They mei to e\lress Urcir alpreciaiion-
"8din
lni' le. ul ac " s r " i on6lr , r . lii nu" " l" . lar . ud- \ f Lul d: / t , pullr d" s F o-
lpr i I iA a t Fr hul , , a, I ic ld inf ir ili\ ul t o " Lpr * s . l n ' 07u1 lr r d dPa; , p t pler s
la inliniliv, tn linba engleznmodernn, numero$i scriito preferd conslruc,tia
cu adverb intercalai,
Thcy metinhturlnd asLfelposibilitdl,ile
lo sgsindzP,rrs .hciralpreciafion de ambiguilate:
Tot astfel:
IIe sLed me Al4.t7 o lorward [c lrrce]
Pr oD oz iLiar t " Lr es ir rD ent " u d: r l ps l. apr bi4ul,Lir , d/ y p' r r r nLl pt " r '
m inx . , r ' " ; bul ar Aid. r s i nt iniLir ul o "r,'rJ ; b. / ad\ c rb,,l , r J i a il' s ps r c
lc r b' r l dr ld , le o. plam an' ul r i J ; r a' r //o lar lLt r d t hPpunlt C at ' t t ) " " ia'
'
c or ec t des t e:
He osled ,e t, LindlX /'rd.d lhe pamcl
Alt€ exemplc ,Je Split Infinitiee:
?b sloslx rrd.t thc lorcst's hadl S0o€
\ t 1 I . L5" r ha I uo\ F" l , srrirt i/r,.rtr I n\ , nr n. or '
I I'i. l, r o ei en , ,"/ ol ri' q l ul : on
"l:.J, '
Ir is Dot nfcc$rrx r, Iufi€r tris, xlon lh€ sx}j€cl"
^
Hc had becn kno$n ,, morc thor .o?,P.nsdrd or it lattre'
l' oar t e f r ec \ ' €nt i n er glez : ram " r i,dr i ,\i r, en la?a- r it r r jc d ic l, udL' '
. nr . r r r c li. ' int i' , i' it " li d i i n Fr , " l€r c . apar al ' lr pp il' . " lSr anip
' d\ ' r b i m " i Lur r i
f iinJ r nLI ebLr inr at d. unii di' llr p ' c r iir or i. r | c pind ' hr ar ' u B) -
ini,ercalat" Roberi Browning
ron. a; numit sii -tat posinfiniLivuhri
; , p; . i" ib; r ir alil. " cuc x radverb
r im br Fm . i . or F' r 5 ^ ai c lJ 15. aum di
St
'inier
iiii * ant s -'i
" par glnd r - gulilc gr am eir r " lo.
166? 7) -A.cuzstifi cu infinitir' - A se observa n contrast urmdtoarele doui
Dropozilii:
ta) | rnnt tr "it L nn th" 1t ' t t
Il t Lor \n nt'rir'l llrntnt).
Propozilia do d ?crL'e .rre au dcelaii subiect'
^re
(b) | qant liet to sritdt on l,i,e lgnt
(Y.eau ca e0 s; zrftdi lumiria.)
ln acesi caz avem aceleati doui verb€, fiecarc cu subiectul propril' lr-
iire v€rbul Dredicat raant si infinitivul to stritch care urmeazA a intervenlt un
in €. uz ali\ al t " r bului pr edi' " t . " om plpr r el
" om ulom enL ir a ' qi, , r " idF. i
c s r n Fs lp ot oddr i s ubipn' ul r t ini' iv ului ur m dlnr t / o $it . / / . Nu c u / / , )
iodAplinc s . . liun. a int iniliv ului ta s . v ; t 4 ' \ c a ( 1, " )
A" . " s r d ' on. lr " " li" c per it ; . i lim bii " ng " / - nr r m i5 d. ur 11r \ ' u. . r r '
I i' jv - ( , 1. . u. dt ir " t h t ; [ ; nn; r ' ] ;i i" r m " r ' dinr r un " r npl' | - c nr " di' Fr '
c ar e es t F olodir d s i . ubi. " ' ul un" i inliniliv ur m ir or 1/ x s dr ' : t t r J t nt lt (
ar ' llr l. I i- LI . nLln" t r " lt ot ; r ob; t i lO bj " l . onpl 4" nt \ ) -
Alt i- aut or i , r oniider iic n inf init r Lul djn ac t s is la ons t r nc lie 'e 1'n|te
rl|Jrt tti complement )irect compk:x (Conplex Obiecta.
I wa L her o ll'e ta to the railio Bucharcst avelength
lvr€au (0aca) sI puna ostnl de radio Bucureiti.l
r G.G. Bvrot. Poens.
'n.C. Sh;rrili and V€.non Bat\retr, tobneu's End.
' n u m " D.d ,( a r i v - a o o r r .,' d J" ,o m n l Fi r p o d i r F r l Di " , u b i p r : 6 2 ;2 6 .
fn Ca n d i n a . i \ \' r l i l " \sL d \i . I n L l l h Cr ' " n o - \l ' ' \' r ' l C- 1 p r r r '
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze B2t,
Tr'"r/ . . \, b. . r ' , 1' J r Lc r .

' I U r ' ' t,tL..t.
,
'\-"-aud tldl l.isdalJ,,r.r d, n,ir".'r,,,.-
't{;/.l
$:e asked lor r/€ s,tc l, ,e btuught .n aI.we
1l n cend c. i cl . gi , no sd l i c adN { i ncdi at . )
His ca..l.$Dcss $ill calse ln, b be tupore.l.
{\tslijcn-ta hi ii va ado.e nustrliri j
,u .|,
r r ' . . i\n. ,rizo,dt
uri\un"
ul i p'inl,
uouz, . i';i\ii- " ,. ',, pJi - 'rrrpbu;
J ir nr
^ , ".r..p, n ' r pI it i. , | r ,Fbniu,
i c ut ui\
, , , ir
" u
lhat ur r , dl. i, l tn ' \ ljar ' 1; , ; i rl . er , i . r r b, - r ' , lihr , ' , l- . , 1. i" . , , t * L- 11' " ; t
s" er enr plr r er r i^ n. m di . us . n " , " . r r t r . i , r I , , , I
" ons r , lpr , r r im ul
fi redat prin lraza neidiomalicn 9i greoaie a eir.i construcl.nr ste mai ipro-
piatn de limbE romanni "l \"-aut tha.tshe shotrld nc in (to) rhc Buchale,li
rravclength". Propozitia subordorat' "that shc shauld. rfu in._." este rrans
Iormai,i jn ,,acuzaliy cu infinitiv" astfel:
sxbieclul propoziliei. s.t€ (noln.). dcvjne nir (ac.). con,plenenrul dne.r
al rcrbxlui regeiieii pr'orljfatul ei. rhaul.d. unr in. (lerjre iniinilirul /o ,/r,
in: iar conjurciria /tal nu se ,rt,rierprjmn. Se obljlle astrel forna nraj concnn
i rnai alefii:
I Nant /Er ,o ,r,c itr...
ln a. elaqi nod. pr opoz iljt iuf llel( , nr e:
T}iJ didn't c\tccl rndr i rd.r".r lorll i,. $ol I sn.c.ss.
Tncy di dn l , e\ l t r r i l l l s t 6. r r s /, ,, snlh l s . ccss.
- { ce Rsti .o n str ' u .i l i e e r tr : i n r ,r .r } r u i r i l ,r tnd u p i i n u n e r o A se r fr L e , dinrre S l$68

ca r e p r i Dci p a l e l e ,q i n t
d l vcr b e ca r e c- \p r i r r l o r l ( ]r ;r r n . o p e r n i r i u n e . u n o r d i l l : l o d csi ," € . a
erpett. t.t tv(nl b trish: ta &lb(v. to let, to p.rniL ta sDffer (:ta permil); k)
recomn.tul. to .a,tn.d d. to ardi et|.l
t .ati.:.rctl.tou /, n&'r m. n.tt.r lhd urat.
l\Iil ailepliDr rle l. tirc sti mn cunosii mni bine.)
Slre l .".,r |ra,i1 ltaut., totue ra.:k.
(curind a.e srl lrea . si te Intorci.)
I nr'| ntton lhbts t. so o, lilc i.Iat h tliis lrouse.
i\n t.i. l.rnil.e ia lui,uilc sl contjnueasttcth accasu c stl.)
LIe
1 t4inhe,itd
\ I) r e s( r i s i | o intepttior
i tn ' cr sl l ntt, lI)e
n a aten inr .)
l i se .r tlc eienn,g.
Thc rianaAcr tdct .d atr .rquir r. Dcmala inro thc marter
( Di r cto Nl , d a t d i sfo zi i is,l se r n cl r ctcz i h e sti u Dca )
,) ve r l r e l e sa l ,cd o sn n l u r i fi se n ti n e n t : ta ft.l .to h e a r . rD s.r . 1 0n ./ti ce . g 1 { i ti 9
obs.,t'e. to p.rttirt. b trutch: to hate. ta d.isl;Ar. to like. to pr.fu et,c.:
Thcr f.11ht .hr.tt. to hetselt.
i\u simli|.o ftind pe iniunlrte I
I henrd he Leb .r .
( \D r u zi t co l i l a su l l i n g i l d .)
\]i
iL-anso(, iim puDiud
rezut rt,s o/I ec.1]iorul
rnd Ld,? Urc form. pl..ind din c.mcrn.l
I lurcd ii
Th. .rlt.l aaxhal the ,trd /&r€ iis Desl
lcopilul u iri cu I,rirhea lnslir.a d.ii lrr.ilsea clibul.l
SlE d hate otr rat to trtite oltan.
(l-ar dislli..ea grozav sil nr i soii d.s )
rA- r o r n r ' i .' i r ' ,., . l .,u l l l i ( p ,., r u r r ,t., L u b i ,r : tr :

I..h d l d i k tl " n n ,.' . tr p t. .,o $ L ,,I .r n i ,' ; t.i tt,n
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze \./,r i " ,u r n .L 316/609
E0
I'n ule the foar) ta be hot.

(lli-a. pucea ca tnincareasi lie iierbinl€.)
\\e shrutd prcf.t lpJ ro 6, less sensitive.
tAm prcioa lca eal si fie n,ai pulh snsccpiibi]n/sersibill.l
1670 cJ yerbe care exprimn acdviinli mintale: ta essunte. a beLieae.o.onsider,
to decktr?. to find, to gu.,ts. ta imagi t, to intet|].. ta ju.d|., b knotri to near'
(: to intend). to suppose, to suspect. o think. ta untlttstand ctc.l
Tl\.y b.lie'ed him 1abe s\nAle.
(Crederu o'i este neimurat.j
I a1. t d' , c ' /oi",pr,,,, nJ Jd- l , r ' dnl .
( ( : on i d , ' , ni . di i os' '^l ndi L' r n p" i . n
'
I opcncd tl,c erlelope and faunn it b caltai \cv tear's g.e.lings.
(.\n dEcliis plicnl ii ad gesit in cl lclicited dc \nul nau.)
I haoe \c\er ho6 L hn arol ,. slaok it her rvork.
t\u ttiu {c ei) si li losl lr€oddtil ne8lijerld in mnnc,-r
\\'.'l' . ' ' ' o. Idn n"a. J h"'."t",tp,/
(rt .-rn ' 1. ..,r",cr.r di av . nt " n. i 1 . r toni,.r 'lirr.r'..lldllr
-l \,,rtpnn'r n4r Fnt . p, 05.
Hc unde,:1aad
{Dutd a ,r ,. i c.a
cit n4elcscsc,ca ddnce..
dansatoa.c.)
1,671 d) rcrhe de nfbmdlie, nerylie, d.eclarulie etc.: to at:Atto$Ledlc,h dctl.[e. to
dent, to lmna nce. lo stdle .1c..
D\ct)nne ddlavd hnn ,o i,. quililied ior l,is joh.
(Toii au ali,rat .I csle .alilicai. pentfu nunca hi.i
D Le danr nL. statement b haee ban hisl
tA fieeduii Iell cn alirmali{ dr a lui?l
T\c t)rii.ics tunounce,l the nlur la haee b4n s\:.n.*.
rLr'ti. JU rql r.'l ,.1 , :., ir."." -r su" ^
1672 .l unele verbe ca: ta b.ar, tn pta"e1 a repatt erc.l

Srbscql,cnt rycnis p,orld hin t hdte beenwrong.
tEvenihrntele unnitoa.e dovediri cl (el) nu avusc$ ,Lrcptate.l
The srannnar \aok rcp. ed this ntistahe to h. tt\rltc cotnt@n.
lGramuiioa s,"n rla aceastd sreEealll ca loa.te obiinlit;-L )
1673 fl unole rerbc u,nalo ,le u complen€nt pretozilional. A: ta bclan? o,
to care ar. to count an. ta dep.nd.an, ta laok for, to looh t.. 10 cII on. ta send
fot, to uait far etc.:
tt beLnes to HeLL Lo d<ide jn ure matier.
(itlena lrrb i. si1 d€cnll aceasli chesliuc.l
1 .l.n r care fat thit.len b,cndr€ ljk. thai.
(Nu-ni piacc sa se loafii coliii 3stlel l
I d P t . ht " /. d l l ' " _i gl ' l rr ir..
( ci , nl ez r. cl sa l r cccdczc i n nod j ust . )
\\. /€1, "a , / rr .1,e r or or 4n, sr r r: d( . ' r 11.
Lonl , ' " t- r'.-ir.o\ 'rp.l na n. ud o' . sl Jf .f.
Send Fn c n La ie l)toulht roun.I al a\.c:
(l\imit-" s,-Ln adNi indati nias.iDa.l
\\e U Mtit lar h.:r ta tp.aI lirsl.
( vonr ai l epl a si r or l r . as. ai ca ar l nt i r . J
lltil 8) loJrstructir -.for'r substantir (5Ltu Dronu re) + itrtinitit. - Lon-

s , u; i, . , , u' " ii' u ir r r ir r ' r r - r - lpa' l ' ; . dp pr r l' ^ / i' id l* r d. "
1' lr ' ; , r r ' l r - r l- r , ' t ' . - f " z iLiur ' , t n oL, n" lr nr ' , " lr . u' r r id" \ o' lr ir . ,r"ru
iot Ii ilcterninaie de un ac''zaiir- decil piin inlermediul un€i prepozilii:
I \oti [at cNrlarc 1, gd a l,h.atr.] ticlift,
{Spe.au ua toti si caDct. hilftr de teatru.)
Th. .ll r
. l ghql : a- sa,
"Jor' ' l n5l , ' r l e ' i.u'f.
w
T h " v sp r e o u i t F co D r " n l l o t t h . , : a n t a ' L o a l i . o \ n L a t r".
( L l r ; u l o € r t r r l u l l d m i l i cJ , ' . 1 i o r . i r, l e Jg i
"ingur.,flprJ r
Pentm obl,inereaunei mai mari concizii, aceasteconstruclie inlocuiegte
o p r o r o z j r i eq u b i e . l i v a c u q d u f a r d ; l i n l r o d u "r i \ J r a r r j L u ' i \ d r . o m p l a t i a ,
, t i n a l a . o n . a c u l i v ap l c . . si c s l c u l i l i z a r i i n m o d o b i , "r u r rl i d ) p i , o n -
- u z e i l . mpersonalecu lfterrl sau i.tt is (inl)possible, nec4rsarlJ.difficalt,
sLructiile
eas1t, ight, ercn$ (un)usual, (m)connon erc.l:
Jt scustomarJ/o./rre oDe DcacursionverySundaX.Subieotiriinapozilialni )
(EsteobiceiDle se organiz€zeercnGie n liecare umn'icn.)
t h re r s pd'ch .1 ra(sor ru r, iip on. Alr:bu'iru
rLli,rolo Ln p' : , d i J r bd .
'r sJ l- lnlinr.)
l'll arrange or my sis,./ ,o rdft? ou to the conoerl. Comple[iri]
(Yoi aranja ca sora mea si 1€ nsoleascaa concert.)
His nnovalionmlsr la\e bec FrJ importani o. rneqd\-sa'eu. ta tuie ),i. o hill\ly.
(ci z.li)
(Inovalia lri lrebuje sil fi losl loarle imtortantil tenlrn ca Sazela de perele sli o
elogieze tlt de mult.)
The Itonan mosaicUoor unearthed rl Consiarla was on \ie\\ lar cqdsane a see.
lFinalel
' (trodeaurde mozaic oman d€zgrolaF ta Conslanlaa lost crlnse pentnr a fi razu[I
lr It ti,me ot the h;Uren to naq, "nch. (Dupn eonsiructie Bpersolalel

(Este vrenea siL a cotiii d€junul.)
Tl'ere will bc noihing /of 9oz ,, say. {Dulii consiNolie mlr.monal{)
{Nu lci avea nimic de sr)us.l
9) Nominativul cu inlinitiy. Ac€asin oonstruolie con"q$ dintr-ur in- S ll;75
finitiv care {ace parte din prcdicat Di al ciiei subicct coincide c,r subiectul
rerbului predicat,:
T hds : / uds l r, a" d / 4. n9 IL . : '-, i1 -t-if".,
" '.
fara i fo" J./
'
,'l[J (" p',." " l' i,'lp]i-l
In gramatica €nglezi. inlinililul arc in acoasli siluatic functi€ d e nat?e

pr.dicatia subiectir SubjectircCompLunenll cr. S 166?, 2;24):
d, Construc,tia numirii ..nominaiiv cu iniinjtir" amintette corstruclio { 1676
..acuzatir u iniiniti\"' (g 166? 1673) ci epfezintn arianta acesteina d i a -
t e z n pasivd.,{sl.fel:
| | , p - r rp..tr.d n , n " (\, . .,r i l l\; b a.,i\')
-r rr.pptd . .J nni " ' t i ,
' ft ,o )J ' op.)
lfe rre.e e\p€et€d o r, ihere in l.in'r. l\on'. cu inl.) (Verb lasil)
(Trebnin sI lnn acolo la ljnp.J
Ilrcflono supposeil i,r /o 14 r Silled acl.or 1,r cr inf.i (ferb aclir)
lToii il considerru u aclo. 1,al€ntal.l
, 9" $as s uppos ad a . j g, |" d a. t or , l\um r' \ - , 1 n. . .
(Er' , ons l der r l ,n a' l or t al r nt at ) "r
Do you ttrfenddts rredsuf. o sdcz.e higher strnd.r ntr Jo',r glodsf {,\,r. c inl.)
lsoopul acestei ni$ufi .sle si n asjgn.o rodNc dc calitate r.ioar{?)

IB,Iis n.nsL.e intrnilerl ro sd.r/€ a l,igher sr.andardof lonr goods? Non. cu inl.)
lAceasu mSsurdare drelt scop 6ir ii asisure rodnse de orlii{te s,terioarir?l

. \ s adar . rnrbelp c,un,-fJr- i3 I ' ' 3 l6;l ". r, r'ln'l li u, m . ra d-
, . i , u1ar i , ' u i nf i r i r i \ - t ' I fi in o,irF ir d- un.rrr l i . , . . non, i r . t i r ru inlini.
tiv". bineinleles ru €xceptia ac€lora carc nu p,rt fi inlrebrinlate la diateza
pasrva.
r.\.".r" , n. r . d. l i ir'rr,,ru,J . , . 1 r ul
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze , r r pn, , , v i l )urr , r \ . 318/609
"i
38
S 16?? .. _ Traducer|a .rDllxt predi,:at #.\it de arcasri con,<trulj io e Iacc in

lirnba roninnd ir modul urmnt0r:
a'J cu pasiful:
He r..i to so home. Tt\c Mte i]..n L td be ntlustdrus.
-ds
1-{ /os, rd:,t duoindu-se atrsi"L.l (ENrt cuhrs.u i ca oan€ni hnrDici.)
a"/ cu o construclie impcrsonali:
T r , dlt{d. ."a, ,r/; a , r d , ,"./,ii.". . Jo
t sp . / l oubl J.
,.pr..r, l. T/ Lr ' r - a " " [ t " . p ] . .... "-.t\.n\ , i \ r
-4.,e,'r:t
(\'ezii g rrs )
Infinitirul clin aceasGco st.uclie se t€duce in limtra romAnd cu:
a', serunziul:
l'c $ds hr ar Ll o o/ . , re ( l oor . 'Ihe housr iras lell t. hdr( ttenbl,al.
r-\ l,'st au?ita .s?rl:r,, u\a.l (-c.a simlit casa .rtrcnutrndu se.l
a" , c onj unc t i i ' u1:
H€ r'asn't erpectd ,a l,. suoh i It \r{s m.ant r, ,i r.dl
., (Nimeninu s a at i et t r t c a c l s n ( D , al i nal i i . i crr s . i t i . . nnn. l
a"'l un verb la un n]od personat:

sh c $ i s l r l i p \ e d r . & , . a t a b t p . I l e t d b f . n kn o $ n r , / , . l cvo so r l .
r j . , r p Je J. ; p s, , , . 1 t , . , b i t , . j. .ti"
" 1 t 1 : cp i o cr t . , ? t , . , b i t . )
S 1678 b1 I r al ar i d" r - " L, l p l a d; ar - 21 pa. i r a ,
" at " r - t d { t C ; 6,
, on. r r . r . , i a
. . r uni ns l i , d i nl ; nI i - - , r i pui l . r n: ol i : i unpl p \ pr b. i , ,
b') iliateza acIl.'e:.b chance, to happr:n: to appear. ra sctn: ra prcee. to
t w nIIe out \ - to pr ov e) et c - :
lr.ppens ,o tzo.e Enstisti.
(Din intlmllarc tric cngrezeire.)
ftey sccm€d o haeeundererrodhe tostiotr.
(Pnrcau sh ti lnteles situ.tlia.)
,rne ur ']d oar ro ,e a li.s class pitoi.
ise dovcdi a Ii trn piloL de elitfi.
___ D"l l r ec u, r ; i v er bul c opul at i r t a r eur m at , l e adj ec t n e. , , c er t ai n, s ur e

Iik.lt. unlikela erc.:
lld is strro , ,. laic as dstrrl
(Sigxr cn a.e sn lnilrzic oa de obioei.l
Aro ,lav likeix to hare ha-d rhe lV .rnnoutrce,nent?
tEsle posibil (ca eil s{ ii anzit anunlul h telelizor?l
5 1679 t0) Acordul infinitiflrlui. - O ffoare destul dn f.ecverte consrd tn acoroui
gretit al infinitivului cu subiectul respectiv. Astfel. este gr€sit a se spunei
To l hor odghL, l o$. , . dc . " j. n , " s . dr J ' ,
t a 1-,,"tr"t . t o" 441.E
. 'o t , I n d n \ n n h r m o ' r r i . ""anm.-
ntiatl -,
NLr ,cuno-stinieleemeinire de Eramaticd" Lrehuie .sn sclio bine,, si nrci
,.sintul unrorului" nu ..cste intotdciauna vesel,t.
buluiPropoziliile
prF,li.dl spre de mai
a ti sus
€,o'dattrebuie ret{cute. lie $chinbindu "ce ubiectul ver-
ti cu infiniiivlrl respectir. fie schirnbindu se
Io .u l i n l i ' ri ' i u l u i suu l r' l o ru i n d u -" e n ti n i i ru l ,r, o fr.to /i ri F sa\,ndhra,
astf€l:
Ta srite qeu.oneshould avea thorough $owlcdger gr.mm{r.
.A L).
' .\. d l' , on lr",lin 6rFtir,l o' ',urnp)tF l,.f,r:t',," , ..in.initr DF
3 r J- . | . i ] . . ' n p j . o r d l t . o - ' , , . , l p t 1 r . , , o r . " , / " . , s. I".ai tl,r.rnEa d
Il lr ' ' 5 ,r - t, 'roro're . o r td _ ., o g r ,,.n ...,- r .d ." .,,,t. )e .

i 'l',,. \" , s r'. i .,u ^ tn o \1 ." th b. o tjo r . g .s
\ srnsc or huDionr is essenrial iI(e qotu e oe a qa /s

sa .
ll) Ilelel er larticutei infiriti\ate,
$ 1680
-dl lltr o propozilie s ,r' ,.a
n (ar€
L i ,,, i nrtoun
.i ru i
sau nfli mrlrc infiiilil.e care sesuccedd i 1681
I u tri ," i n u m ,,ip ri ,n u i n -
:"
rrnSrl
.j rl
." :.rs te ' i e p d i i " i r],ta re . t,
l fc rr,l a t d . I' a rti , l a /o ..
lh J ,d . ,l" ,l lo
i" n o 1 r r .i \a I to or ,- r ,
. it :. t." t - r to ./,.i ,n - " .,.
'r'
P a rti ri rrl a n ti ri ti \u l u i se rerDtd aruxcr r|o :
d'l i],finiti1.L,1espe.,riv reluic accentuat au conrrastatcu un,atht;
.
lI' ,ru,n;.r \\.,nl r, , o .o " r t rr, to rd . ., L rp , ., o a j L , th " r,,-t\.s
h /,// b L t u tr..r.n .
Il- t,, - .I' u ' ." . r o ,.,a .Ir t i .,r o - " d .o lr .,r n ,. ,.,,,.
a"/ lnl.re nfinitivcle aresesu(.f€rtenreNin n ra j nlulte cuviite sauclnat
constfuclia ntrcgii propozil;j e rtc compticatn:
_ ile islid l)er not cDt) to lo,/i |,rd,gh je . os he liad branght. bui also o co'..r
$liat srie didr't arlrovi {,t.
&r l I r r I t , . i , , , i l i i , . , i , , . , . pur . ur i t a t n r c b; r i i n
. I r a?. . t , , ht , p. " . ) , q t 682
I n 3' F s F p\ r r ; r pt ' . r 3. , . ' r n. r i i nl i ni : \ . o. , t i , r t i / abpm F nt i , r p" h: dr J o- d\ F r . "
bul l i ps ef t e:
" D i d h e N ant i o c om eN i t h ns ?, ' . . H e. t i dr . i s c em , o. , ,
( -{ vnrt sa viri cu ndt? \u plirea si vr.a.)
" \ \ hv J i dn t J ou s o u. t i . n, \ \ . ' t \ a\ no, . t o( . d / , .
r.)r d q 1. , , ,
i, p. t r p. r r J l ui J ; r m l I \ - am . \ , v oi p. l
I-don'i want 1o sit lor the ex{n in Junc, bnt I lare,o.
{Nu .ean sn dan examcn n iunic, d.r ircbuie s,o rac.i
I ' ou , l on ol . " y r ur D am nr q. n . t r ' . r , , , oug. , / , .
d. . ut r i t , t , nl i . . i t u' , , . i i . I , b, i r . . " 1. , . i . )
' ) u. i r
H " J l i k n r o t , ' i , I t dr . t r ot o$, b. t h n s . s t ot d Lo / 4.
i r . , i . r a r r ' - ul , , 8i p. d" i \ . . pu. \ 1 . nu. , " j
" \ \ ' hy d J ou I . \ " J " " l r , l a, \ ' _\ \ d- | oot . u po" . t , o
. e ii' i i r . i ?*
{ D e . , ul d v
You. } l,e.
s dr
at of pr J i n Ni or u ibr ebx
qi n.r J T Ji t r ud d. r dni 4. , . .
i.\r n p' r t ul s d l F . i o, . i p' 1, " t " n,'6 , r , l d, . ar i \ " ut . l
Pr " z c , 6 pi r r i . ul . i i nt i ni t i , J t c , " i n a, " , . r . i . ; ' r " 1; . i t i . d . \ r . r " nr a
unr r | . um t l r m pnl dr F ni in nr , i p. / r'i r n. " r i " " r a. d. ?r ui r " t , . r i l F , " t , . , . , , , t
I 2j I D f i f f i f i r r d f ar o or pr i m i r r oput . . D Lr d 1, , , t , \ . r b" . D r t a t . q, a. h, l t i bS
, r 4[ Lp. ) . . t a^ n,
t onur . l p. t o, al l . n. r . 4, . . t ^ - u S
-
lt.t, t at t n l os ] o|. , t . . i nt t . p- $u; t ,
I nr , i r r \ it ( dr p F \ pf l ; s , , put s e. r ar r s f or nr n J _ ubi , _i i nt r un
m od p' r c onal . l e; el , 1. \ - r bLl . unj J n, ,,r,,/. .
a. ps T r . r h ps ' e t d t or . t " , I n, tful r . r dF
i , , .rppr
, t Hlrx: \. j r. . , , r r , || l il J
, : \ dl _n at r , " s , ui ad
, . t , . , . , i
(u Ln\ r i r l r c . , r n i n, l em n pt c . ) : -,
I'll .all o,d asA him myself.
(-Am sii tr.c sel nilrel eu insuDri.l
1 ,:r , : tp , t,.: n " i .' .1 " .jr n' 1 r ,,
;., un . :,,.r r . tin r ir ' ..
" ....ir .,
tgaxd aank11,. hd s,ankd.
lJat
33 0
I'll ,inq lEt ur drd retl her the nc\ s.

(-\m sr-i telelonez ca sa'i spun restea.l
Cane a l pldy qith theml
(Yino sI te j o ci cu .i i )
You oucht ,o comea\l see s.
(-A.r re6ui sI rii si n€ vczi.)
Cn dnd eet ronr hat .rnd coatl
(Du-te ac-li ia hai a Fi piliria.)
IIuttlJ up and. tnrs, Xour workl
(Grnbette de-li termin4 treabal)
Es c .p l i e
Infiniti l .d.p "rpt;nri srrput sc rncnLinelun.i .ind varbulpredi.st
i ;,p d a .i t.o l e me n ti o n a tea $ I6 8 3 :
" .1 " la a l l r n o d u u
It makes s so halpy $'hcn we so ,o sdehi m
(Sintem atil dc ledciii clnd ne ducen s Yedem.)
1 cdlled.t inquire, but ro one waB n.
(Am trecut sa mi iDic.cscz,d,lr nD €.a nineni acass
:tt- ,,a p p " ,J . osA In " n o \ l $ d ,.
($-a orrlt sn nit inl.rebece nai fac.)
He cautd'rcaone o sPe 'ltnnY il she'dr told hi to .
ts-ar li putui duce (sau s-ar li dus) la Fanny dacl i-ar li slN eal
l a d n .)
1684 13) IntiDitirul negatir. - Locul negaiiei care caracterizeazi un inliniLiv
cste inaintcu i initivului:
"To be or no, to De, hat js the quest-ion'
I told he. it was a mistake no, to t ll Jan{ the truth
'or you no, ,o hdeednsamd bY a lrosn was signiticaDl.
I|\ ior them to 'l.ecide t nat (to d€cide)oD the subject
s 1685 II. PARTICIPIUL

(TIIE PARTICIPLE)
CONSIIIXBATIICDNXRAIE
A 1686 t) P i rti ri p i u l l rri \i t .omparolit 0 granlali.s engloziqi [n ro a ro m tn i . -
' cramsti.a l i m b i i ;':lez" d i l p rd to a r' |. l'lull de gremalica i m b i i ro ri n a rn
ceea.cep,riv€qtemodul de tratarc a larticipiuluj, deci ti a terminologiei res'
Dectrv€, Dreex€mDlu:
d l l n ercmari:a i m b i i cnglozo " t.t' e n rL i d" pottiipiu ( Port;";pk) 3c
da un intelis m fl i l"rs d".il in sran u ti .a limbii romcnF,deoare'e" l .uprindA
o rm F l p " rri ri p i a l " : p d rl i ;i p i u l p re z c n l p € rl ;, p i u l p F rh .t q i .p e rti c i p i u l
'irecut
o d l p sub ambele aspecte,pc €ctiv
,\t rmptrfe't'v' bL a ambcle draiezoi eF
m .n u l ..p a rl i " i p i ,- din g ro ' " l .e ti r" omendara drcpt corespondenLn grams-
tica onsioza ri m a i orn.nul ,,p a rl i c i p i u rp"ut' ( P o rt P a rti fl ' )l
v .' b d l F : p d ./i
,/' i n L r" m A ri ,r l i .b i i .n
.ipiut pre.'nt ( PTesentP articipli) qi Serdnlianl s l -," F \i q l - d o u H l
(GerandJ' o rm " care, degi nu se
lslc'd: sne ldd (coloclial).

Sau: ",\sk lim ro ;otu onll s4, me". care este f or ula rccomanda6 lcntu e\itar€a
d p z d L ld b lp r o ,,u 5 lr n p r ' r r .L n tu r i' u h i i^ lin i.i\d l.- r r p F tA r p 'olusl
^ t" .tu td ,fo n i 1030
c u r c n tu c liia r i ln s ffk . V e z i ii $ 1633,
Shalresre.re. Hdmlet, Ptine of Dentuatk
'W.
{ P..nume nasculin fdssnl.
deosebescormal. au lunc,tii dife.ite. Se atrage atanlia cititorului si studieze

a .p rq t; .hFcliunp , .o d tu l L tu n o l i t i .r-l " :. unda p J rti .i p r,t p r.z , n . t,rJ a p ti
IA i rF l u rrri i l a H l r;b u ;1 ,L ,p r.L rn ri ,rlour'i ;n F ..r qr .6 td ,a .t:.tl n ,ri i " u ' .;r' a
l rrtrn g rr;rr' l i v u l r (C tundtpnelrz'.r i g"run/iul roma'Fs,;
, J :rA m A l i .1 ,l i ' n b i i FnslFTp r- tn p o t.i " :t;d p rl .t (P ,,[. P d tt;.;rl ,t.
.
ln gramatica imbii
dJ
lc lrdeplineste gertndilrl. €nql€zenu eriistd r1rodul ,sup;r,',, ale cirui lunctii
2) Diatezd. Timp. ,{spcct. ln grarnaiica linrbii englczc.pa(icipiul dre g 1682
dou" d i rl ' z- l ,.ti \d .i pasi\aJ. r" i ti m p u ri {o rF r" n t. rn l u t s : o e rfe .t,s i . tn
rrz u l p " rri " i p i L rl ..i re r" n r. dou; o .p ." .i rp"ri"" :' .i i - 1 .-rt,rrrr,.
Participiul
T]\IP
Diol.zn e,,,."r
st,pr,li a ,-, ,
(: pornind) (: lornind)
harlng been startcd
{: li'nd pomit) (: pomirl (.= liind I]ornit)
0bs.raalie
Partioipiul trecut al verbelor tranzitive ar€ tn generesins pasi,, iar par g 1688
i i ri p i u l tre.uL 11 rFrbclor ntrsnTitivF'"ns o .ti r. F o rm , p a rl i i i p i u l ui rri c u r '
al verbelor rcgulai.o este aceeasi irfinitiv + ed_,),n ambile cazuri:
O nc ps @ ' pd l J r l i v i , t hr " o $as no . t oppi ns n, m .
( O dal l po- , i , , n, , mJi put ' a or r i ni + n: ,
. d- l l " d ox s ^ , om , by p. p t oot r t , . n: 6. rrJin.
, C h. aol J r . t - ' t F pf r i r i . .-: i t ' r dl . r " n. l J , . n; dp, e. r
T OTi,UA IN
(TIID .INO T'ORNfI
-ING s 1{i89
divtllr (G
Dotrumirp, ln gramatica
rund.1. ubs'anrivul vprbJlrddilionald.narticipiul prezent,c"run- ( l690
Ei d d j a ti \u l re rb a l au p ri n i L , p .n rru
bimplifi"ar". rumelp .uprinroror: ..torma n ing-. pentru ftp{ ) c,i ,osr,
airu au i."Fa i form6 errildta rn sulirul -,'rg, "r d-os"birile intrp pla sinl
loarte subtile. De faptlnsn, substantivutverbai-era o varianti a gerundivului
( S 1748-1749), cu distinctii Ioarte controversate, ar adjectivul verbal re-
prezenta o funclic a participiului pr€zent. Pentru ac€st mdtiv, in lucrarca de
fali chestiunea ormei in -ing va fi tratati in raport cu celedoni forme prin,
, ipJl-: parLj.;piul prezFnr i gFrundi\.u.. roblena sub.Lantirrl rriv " rl ,a t l l
d.4pad d d j F .ri u l ,i rp rb s l fi i ,,d Frp,rsF n i,SdLurd t"rma p ri n c i p .,l o "i -
pectlvi. "u
'lllei-,'.1rx r iD.odop'dr n. 1,1""r,,i, d " d d pr . C /

J , " . n g l . / t . l a i u " n a u t , u t ' i Jd -,,
a p a r , o n . ' l' rr ., tmi i.or rud, iun t r n La
-dod
"omi l'.;a"uoabi . , d . :' 61i e
, u, .n, d
e r l li .rgJidI" . i o i , . F . Tr'n" r.
a a u i d t u - \ i . t a a l n q - m Ji " d
r . l i n i . , l l -i n e r , m b l i , d l t d , r / d / t E;.a\t:t,n o r -p n h . " m 1 r ' i c. J: . d " d r o . a m b . . o .
ar n rimba nsrez{ncttoatc i considernt'

neistent 'zi
,, Jilfff$ itii:illt 're
Bt9
A l r T i u n . D i a tc z n . A ri r |rrti ri p i u l p rF z " n r..i t ri :" ru n d i i u l a u d n u ;

' 69t limpul a rti ra s i l a q i ri :
frF z " n l si p F rh .' q i d o u a ' l i .t.z "
Diate.l actird. calling (prezentl harinq called (pc.icctl
Ditrte\e .lsied-. beins-calcd (piezenl)- iiadns lreeir crlled (perlcct)
s 1692 P-TBTICIPIULPTi,DZENT
(TIIE I GTBUNDIVUL
AXD THD ODRUND)
PNtrSE\I'I P-{RTICIPLI]
S 1693 1) I'ormn. - Partioipiul prezent si gerundirul se construicsc addu-

g i n d ." ru l i \u l -i rp l , i n l ;n i ' i \ :
to see seeas
5 1691 1) ortogratic.
oJ Yerbele t{rrminate ntr o consoani precedati de o si\grd ncalii tlc'
c.ntuatd d,rbleaze consoana naintea terminaliei -ini:
to bc'gin be
to fo. gPi - lor 8innh3
sctt,"g
to Dre e. - Dfe'fPfltns
to ;d nriL id nittrg
In celelalte cazuri, consoana inali nr se dublcazn:
to olf-"r - bflcring
lo 'listen - listcnl:r4l
lo de r0u. de vourtrg
to d.ink - drinhing to fc main - re'maini"6
E rc e p ti e l
to ivo.shb worsl,ippt,s.
Cuointelecompuse etminate in p umleozn regula de mai sus aplicat'
numai la cuvintul firral:
io ( " r n ' lt- lid n J p p i;
l o h o a p {h i0 - h o _ - \r l' i[p i,;
r o .o J i' r - lid .s lr p tr ,g lo ' a I i o .' bo ll- a d lp r r 4
DJ -l fi n a l € s te ntotdeauna ublat, oricarea r fi locul acce ul ui:
.,, ,.q u .' t -- .q rl l l ,,E t, L | l i l tu l ' ' i l l t.g
lo r o in r F l ron ll , ro .o l r o l - ' .n ' r o lltr 8
lr .' \;lli, "' lo , gamLourrj
lo lr a l:l 'r a 'n|' ' -
io an nul - an ndli,rg
c) -ir devine intotdeauna 'idlt:

to bilouno - bivouackina l.o trallic - hallieLi"s
to mimic - mimickiug to licnic - picnicktng
d) 'e mui {inal cade lnaintea te.minaliei -ins:
io hare - having
lo make - maktrs
_ ,n p . n.B
Ex c c l ti L :
do dye - dyeingr to 0rnoe - canoe,nS
hnetug
ro srtrg.
tu eye - srngc'"8"
€Iomg . to hoc - snoo.4g
Lu iinsP - ting[e)i,g to toc totn'g
to queue - qu.ue g
c, - i c fi n a l se sch i n tb n n 'q:
lo die - dri,sl
to lil' - lXins
to tie - tting
- n r .i n l r . , tyP i ts J n Jl I- \' l s,n d r : va g ,a g
' .\- " ,o n r a r a :,l r l i n g l .l .n x
333
[)' ] tn " t ' ' ,,' " n L rn - ' ,1 i ' r' " ' rr' i b ri e i " .' :
to inn.r-' - arDolr,g lo lhr" tlalrag
to crl - crXins lo obcy obexlng
3) Portioipiul prczent fi gerundilul. '- Din cauza formei lor ideniice, se $ 1695
t" .e € d p s F o rio n t' 7 i e i r p rr i ,i fi u l 1 ,re z " .i g -ru r,d i t. Di l i n .l i a In trn
" "
o ," .' " 1 " rti de ro rb i ' n e ..c i n - ' l u ,r " i p o r' s n r' 1 . F o a r' a p-1 " a u o c i q i n i 9 i
participiul gcrundiv
fu nct i aiferite. Deosebiriledintrc prezent ;i sint urmitoa-
aJ functiilc granaticale: .q1698
j r. \p ,h r \ io"t-
I' x rfi ri p i u l Irrczenl ' ')" odi .t;r .i dt u ' l t rb
s
g c ru n d i Y u l " c rb ' u \rl ^ a r ' J p
-u h .trrttr.
Primul s€rvestepentru a calrlrcdun suhstani,i{ sau un verbJ fll doilea aa-
np,rle acliunea erprimatd de verbul respectir:
t ,.. r .a " d .J t.3 .r.i l d -.r, (r" r' ._ i t. I
l\r l^ l 'uh" o lr i ' ll' r'
She Fent aNay .rli,s. {l'a.t.- ad .]
t(Ea)
T h, r \ leca tInslnd.l
dr / . An \ ' r t , , . y , , / i , . C ; n t t . 1" " 1. I ar t ,'l\ d .ml
(\. l r dau, i I n I nr l . s lli b' J r i r r I
- ' r'
Crltzg doesn't h.lp anyone. (Gerundiv- snbst.l
(Plinsul nu ajutiL nimdnni )
Il'alltzs is go.d lor lhe herllh. (O{undirl
(lleNnl cste snnltos.)
a' ar l " , g- s t i c k r ( C onndi r l
( : D l . s t on)
a (,olntB dictionarX (Pat. adj.)
(: nD di ol i oni r . m bul ant l
, J i nt r ebui r l . at p s t r i bnt i v . pdr t i c i pi ut pr ez ent i; ger undi v ul s e daos ebes c S 169?
de c el e m s i r nul t e or i qi pr i n a r c r Lt :
subsiantivul precdaal ae ni p.lrtil:ipiu are in goncre accentul principal,
par t i c i pi ul r es po r i v I ' ul r ' r d dr pa u. . pnL pr ; n. i pi l - au . ' ' unddr :
s ubs Ls nl i i ul pr " r " dat , l . un s t n, t ' J ar e in g" n" r " ar " or r t s . " unds r . gp -
rundivul respoctiv arind accentul principal:
Psrtioipii prezente (: adjective)
i\ lbullying tman t he, [ . i . r t " i ns r v c nus
the dmtng Xear i dtntlne conmenn.lJ
an '€'tns
r /auiq judsment
srar
r mrtg s l ai r c as c r tar.rtg library
lhe pos'us hour
a nalch in 'sotzg ronl€. Lhe detoetipinel weins cotnt tie6'
Gerunilivolo (: substantive)
a ,adi,rg-rcsort
thc _ cdlrgtrg Lriidc
oonr
â ,4rdsrng
t-^rn8-ro(
a lrsng-par
a
(un'ledrt4 cerulio.te
ceriilicrt ne abetrire a {sraliune 6a:hea.dsau climate cl)
un-;' icoll
r Cu v in t .t ,,d /ti,r
" .t, d ,i;.fu 1 ,1 i,. d d o 1 6 r F ,.r a .fb n a t tF n ln r a .r - p p ,' c
i:o tt" L lo " " a lti4 a ' .,i
Cr In iu l" d ' i' s dr 1 a .r s l
:n tr e b u in ln Ln .b lo n L l. \u r n l r n r p lr "
.i€ m n lu ;Dp s l" p in u r m ' " J d t li\,' 1 r i n ' r ' r " r lh l l.g .r I A r lr ' u m .r c u L ' '
" d ld .
lotelese tn cxcnphrr ufmi'ort d dictioNtt that ealks.
Ttuile ln curs de dezvoltarc-
x ^ :
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze - : 324/609
334
1698 c, Parlicipiul prczcnt poate fi prcccdat nunai dc conjunclii, gerundirur

de prepozilii (91734).
N o td
1699 ln uncle situalii ru se poate preciza iD nod incortestabil functia urlui
ourint lermi at tn -ing Si anume, dace este .or$a dc un parlicipiu prezent sau
de un gerundiv:
Ll\e Hanging Committeelpoate fi: comisiapentm ,,alegere tablouri]or"
(geru div) sau,,care alege ablourile" (parLicipiu pr€zent);
a haruesti.ng achine lpoateli: o masi i penim ,,secerat" gerundiv) sau
,,care secerd"l (participiu prezenl)l
1n ascrneneacazuri, un criteriu concludent pentru interprel,are astc
acceniul ( g 1G97). \stfel. ln diclionarele engleze,cuvintele citate la $ 16)7
stnt consideratesulstadlive, funclie indicatd dc acoentul care cade numai pe
form.I in -inf.
1?00 PTIRTICIPIUI' PN,I]ZNNT

{fIIt PLESDNT IAR TCn )
1701 Cflraoter ti fune.tii. Participiul pr€zent are pe de o pArte laloare de

verb, pe de alta valoap de adj€ctiv 9i de adrerb.
1?02 1) Ca Yorb
aJ are forme verbale (timp si diahzn):
calline bcins callcd
haYiDicallcd haYiig been cnlled
poate de
6../
S l c $ r n t fi detominat
r $ xy l .u e l ti n g i L r tlun, adi.erb:
i P l e r ,i n z,n n r e t )
Haoing spahel conainchely, \e
(Cum vorlise convingnhr, a a t succes.)
c_,)poate avca un complemeDt direct:
-a1d"zga l.rrge /dntls. she tas very iusy.
(Aylnd o lamili€ ntrmeroasd, ra loartc oculate.)
Eaains l)een oafi.4l a pti.s, his work was reriew€d n all the paleG. (Posiv)
(Fjnid lremiali, lu af.a lui a fosf recclzate h toatc ziarele.)
1?03 Avind caracter de \erb, pariicipiul prczcnt cunoalt€ urmitoarelo lntro-

buill nri:
1?04 o,l lmpreunn cu auriliarul to BE. Iorm0azn tonjugar€a continud:
Don't dislnrb l,.rl Shc ir ,eo.lin,i.. l'.czcnt]
( Nu o d d a r j a l L u cr P a ? n .l
She aas hdenq a Nalk wli.n I ncr h.r. {Trec t)
(Se tlimba cind am Inilhit o.)
They rir, 6e Elelhonnry \ery soon now. (viiior)
tTrcbuio sn tele6neze oarli curind. (r"-area f.ijd.)l
1?05 D) dupd un verb Ja un mod personal alaLd cd anbele ac-tiuni sinl, Binrul-
Thc dcnonstrrtio rrrt on. tl,e crosd .nc,ft,s. t\c children stngts.
(Manilestalia a conljnnat. tuulli'nca a.lantnd. coliii olntird.)
lle slaad laokiry at $-
lS1.itca pdrindu'ne.)
l Ia innba ronaae, inli.p.ct{ca dat, ln ac$i oar diier-1 e nrbrprclaf.a .nglezn,
denlni.fa adoltaii tiind ,.o src"ditoar{" l: a nasiril ca4 s.ceri).
335
cJ poate fi intrcbuin,tat in construclia numiii ,.nominativ absolr'tt" $ 1706

( g 1723):
The lili. ,'lj[s out of orde.. I had to Nalk ulstahs.
{Liltd liind-deteot, am losi silit si trrc pe sclri )
Th p fo Jd h a \i DS .a wn d .d . p P wl - d b l " - 1 " d ,i t" o n . ( P d ' j v]
tS o s.JU.'i ' .d r d tJr a r J. DF 'n p iul r o n tr n u r r u m u
d) poat€ tnlocui o inLreagi propoziliesecundari: S t707
,' u b . ' { i N' sp " ' k ' t' u fv'
- str i . u sb e l î r e .' p hsd n o r i ;h l r d
S .r i ci r r j r b i n l l " l .p . s. r Ji " r o b i e ,l i
We havc decided o reoryanize our dai.v f.lnn' cicuns&nc^ alla@ing : it
.iruNLanocs
' allo$ . _u
i A n h o t,l r i l i r P u " q a r :zd r - r n d n o J" ' r ' 1 dn ' r d r tp r e a vr r i l o r J" l a Dr " '
dacr nc vor pcmite coDditiile
No td
Partioipiul prezeni intocuieqte o iutreag5 propozitie secundard, ln spe- S 1708
, i cl d u p a - " o n j u n " i i Jc ( 0 t ) th o u P l ' . Q h ' n . + h ;b e tt- l
Th o u i nS a i r | o n to r " i \l J n" I ' s ' " Jti vp ' a s r r r I r h o u g h "Pw' n l on '
{ D ;i TFr g r b Jrd a r /i . ,r r
l l " o $ d .i o n l l . d r o l . i n r ,{ a P d " ;3 ' wh " n 1 ," p b " s" J
( Un ,o r i vi n t h n o i L i n .l tr €ce c i i r r ' )
She read (ntie dd,tze {: whilc she atcl.
t(Ea) cite.r in tinp ce mlnca
2) AdjcctiYelep r o r o n i to d i o p a r ti .i p i i - p r o zcol o si n ' . ' o n si d e r a l F In $ l ;O q
" d i c:i o -
n d r Fl e Ci g r d m a ti ' i l p a cl u € l p . d sr m p l p € d l ' cl r vp . ' fl l Fr r u l .0 n tu a l .l r r n d ,r P l ' 7 4
pp cr r p o indeplin'glF u n .u ' l n l sd u o .o n q l r u ctr ' Llp a J d F' l ' 8 r a ' p _
i r sti ci l e a d i e cti ve l o r obignuile:
---'- *'g*a" de toiparalie dxcdeslecazul: $ 1?1
"I
o m u :i n q lldm'nB i n vi r o r d l ' n g sl i m u l Jt:n g
p r a cl i n s In L " r p sl i o g sr u sl j ng r ) fl r J- 1 S
He is nol, am&stDshaD I c.rn te]I.
(Nu pot spune clt esi,c e amuzant
I lound her d? tust i\tere'ting pe$ol I had ever mot
(rrm gdslt o cea nai interesaniil_pelsoanir e care o lnl'llnrsem 'eodatl )
D, pot fi Iolosite la formarea adverbelor respectiYe prin addugarea su- $ lTll
lixului -ly:
dzgni4lY
He
(Dl answ€red
rd:rpunse lzind.)
We looked. undcrclandingiy at oach othr.
(Ne-aD Privit cu inleles
au funcl,iede alribul sau pot face parte dintr-o construcrie artici- $ 171
c)
pialn cu lunctie de atribut:
tretine Mi" ir /rirs vL tl
i i a tJ;" c n " n " tn p 6 ..,,,1 ;9 pldn"'
ln" " ;" r ;g r " n r d l o n tta n ;a g .d " t' r
tl ,F b o th ta s l i l d r a r lhe r ,Ir ' 8 sun
Ever:r'thing s in eallt€ order. (ln starc de ruoiionate)
'fhi\ is x la €/.ins maittsf.
In e o ( tr r - - ' ,;,s u b l i c h1q r ' r .a s' d .u n :i d " r U)
T1 " L i " . sm i i i r s' $ho s . n i l i n .j j o tu P l i l 4 . s In v ,l Ju g h t" r '
Tl - o r p i so m Fo Doin si o S $no b rrogrnglr ,4 I.
r Vezi,si echivalcnl.ii ad ectivali l $ 7,"5 78?).

1 : un bi'rrbai, cre chclciie.
3:o v iz iti s r iL b ita .
a: aviorul care aiciza {sar arcrizenzll)
33n
C o n q l ru " ,i i l "o a rl i ' p i d l , c r,,/;n r c a h o r' r' i l r, ri n < i h ;,/ , // sin a l i i b u l "
.lc subi,' r,loi;,ri, r".spi"i u .0 ,,r' ri ,. d.o;i""; repr"zinra rapoTilii Ft€'ita
atributil.e.
S 1713 dJ poate fac€ parle din predicat l: adjectiaprcd;mlie) |
T l py dt r t ant i . r I n uJ l dn. o \ J nr d pr " 4i 'aliv . r b: . l i \ l
\ \ ' . ' t ound h, T i " 1\ J so , . g. \ um a . . J r . i\ oo " " r , \ ,
t 1?11 ll) Ca sdrerli. DalticiDiLrl Dr€zent are lunciie de conlDlement circumsta -

" t i al , poat e t ac . poi t e t l i ni r - o- c ons t r uc l i e c u l i r ncl i e de iom pl em ent c i r c um -
stantial sau poate determina un adiecdi.:
She la down r€8dinc, icirc. de mod)
t v h" n; oi l . t - t o t hp' t ' 16. ' r n' t i s 5on. C i " . J p l i nr p)
-iIo, l,.inq;ode/sd,/ *ii th. subject, e did n.L undc*tRntt the lectu.e. Clrc. de
]9eeus ploling n,. b be in the sht, she snould no hare nsed that to 8. lcirc.
. { k i ; l v s ni I t os , . h" r , . r ' $. , . , ot l t I r on- i . . . C i r , . d. . onai F
T I p , ni l k { d" boi l i r c / m / ( D al pr n1: I ur i l'' l i \ l
Pul on yolr heavy oat: it is liercins rold. (Determin{ rtr adj€ciiv)
s 1?r5 CoDstruetiiarticipble
(Psrlicipial Phr8se )
s1716 1) Acuzatirul 0u psrtieiliu (,tccus&tieeoith participlc).

s111? d.) Verb€le r€f€ritoarc a simluri - to /e.'1. o hear. ta listo, to see, a laok
o nolice, o obs.jee, o parceire, o s,atch,1o srr'?lletc - pot aYea
at, gi
ra lo behokL,
in.gramaLica romend, un complement direct care si fie subiectul trnut
parircrpru rezenL rmaror:
I trlt re child nenbline.
(-\m simlit copild lrenruritrd.)
Hn w al . \ ' d / . . aai , , g.
{Ne lrivca eum venenm.)
I can smell &e ntlli Da.ntn6.
(uiroasc a lalte ars.)
t;la \ ' F.r p. , r i . i pi u. . ^ , , . i da' i r i ' , g' " m s , r d l i , nbi i r l gl " z " , a f i i nd un
nur ' e pr o. l i ' " r r t ; bi ' , i r { . t . $2. 26, . r " , r " " " 2; i r np. ui ; . u " uhi F , r ul l ui
o c.rnsl,ruclie echjvRlenlA cu o propozilie compl€tivd direct;:
I lelt th. chil.l ttenl'litls l: lhnl the child was t.e'nbling.)
t I c s aw het c om i ns = i hal s he $as c om i ns ) .
I c{n smell sonrdhs bolnlB e rnat sonDthing is burDilgl-
1?19 .) ,\ltc verbe urnate de un afuzatil cu paftjcipiu: l, catch' ta find, to

:et. to har.. lo imdgine,10 heep, to l, aa|. Io s.1. b slttt etc.l
\
"u t i nd n pd4. i ' lor )' r ol i ddt j
\ l ' ga. . l : I nd b r e1; 1" ' ' l p, " i n \ " " J nl i '
Thts]' ept n. "' d'oidzs {ror) an ' F nl
hou.
rr
ill ru ilcul. sd atrcpr o o .)
I can't Isre n?' spotrt,s flJ chil{l.en.
{In o rot llsa sihtri rezgiic .o iii.)
l^rgine tue sun bathinc on the beachl
({e vczi rre mine li'lcind bdi de soare c lhjal)
r ln gramalien onnni. in aceeaii onstrnclic: .Am yiiztrr. venind", lo.mn verbali

esle considemu ca a ,fiDLfuloomllenientului di.ecl 327/609
.,\'enind" .,o".
, t ' n' 1" \ , r L" . l i n o, , a. . a. 1r b{ or i e po t i u, r , , a, F ri . t c u, i nf i , , i t i t

r $J 6r i nr . dqr , uo" r rbt r l as . hi ^ b. r " J pr nr "l ps : i nr i n: r i r ut . " , ,i " r i t , o- c i une
s 172
, b. t a" t d. n" t i L, nF . t u t ,
' ; " p . pr , n, l pi r t i . i ni ut . , r s , r i s / " " " . . i ,. r";. ,/.-
I l r uo ln t ur s Lu r l anl Pnt dot :
I have ofter scen him .ra th." race.
lL am lnzut adese.r islnund l= cd dislnta) .rcea-rri urst.t
l _\ ; , r r o* i ng or " r . \ r , r " n |. ' \ ' hi
Iirdld\dm 5r''da':aJ t . 1 \ i z . d r", r"
, , .r;." ], t u.
r J ,, . n,t .,.,sd..1
-t. , , d" , . . , . , . r . , r . _
'
I heard ''ou rcdi to him.
tTe-amnuzjt rorlriidu i (: cir i-al rorbit.il
I hFard ou rrdl.,rs oh'o.
l T .am ,u /,1 \o"biid i ( ,In d i i \, ro " ' i .J
2 ) \o u i l rl i ru l ru p a rri .i p i u . 1n i " F a ..d
" o n .tru ...i p
d F n ri .. i r ti .
l .r ro .r;n .].s u L i * r,l \c rh ,rl u i p |p d i " a t a ,J i o t' z .rIa .i \' a -" r-,o ro J s td 5 u b :" Il
s r;21
u ru r p d rrrc rp rr rFT 11J.a i l i n .o l o .l a .i , r' re H. tF din p l ..i .i t , a r,,r,.
p r' d i .o ti t subi .t:,' (, . S 2 ;2 4 1 . L^ns i a ,..- i rtrp b u i rt.,r; ,,r r, "bele
p rp ri m ,r
'nSa re
l ;l 9 r..i ftpt.rp r" tipnlt.
i i ,rs
spnzorisla\
trp ,o p r.t" .tl ,l€' ,r.
-u
v ", rbpur"l uru
i p- rerid i ..
"u :n c ti
.oeri,t,ta
t ,ta u n re
. ,"rb,r-
e
zat;v cu pariicipiu' (g 1716):
?,'?" ,r ss a e o o d , i r C J ch i ' l f - , m d r o L . i n ; t \ o n . .u . . . . t \ rb od.i
'On l lr \-/ul a l vi n d u n r o l i l d p l d . n , )
: o m , o n " a a t r / / - D r a sd ' , , g J i h i ' d i , . , t r o t r 1 i n r \, , u p d , . \"rn , i\
r(-rn \a \, ,r or rl qdl\.n.1 n ro 'l d. d ,1",.,
5 1 " sa q [ e n l n . t : a . t . C l o . r r ' a m " l \ o m . . r I,drt r\,.b L.,i\
r\ l05 m . 1 t " . n n , l n | m ' , , . l ..
"u/i ";
l1"on- L.ard h. a?ai,r:"8 \i.r n d ^. r \ , i 1 r p ' r i \dr..'i .
Constmct;a mmiti ,,nominatil- cu DattjciDiu,, aninteste constructia 5 r?92

.lnominativ cu inlinitiv.. (Sl6?t). d€osebireadi;tre cete do;6 forme tiiirrl
aceea;i a ti d€osebireaintre,,acuzativul u participiu,,si.,acuzativulu in-
fiiiti1." ( { 1667):
. \ D od, oa' l " d i l h l - i f l e\ s s . . . n, o/ . r . ? t h t an, i , r ^ - t . ' i , , r \ . nr . c r ' ^ r . l
. r'i.r,r.lr
, lO ba. , ; i n, i F l l J . u 'lu-l
\ d/ . i l , , 1J
" i pF . d. t d, l . br F
l / o, r t o" 4pt ( n rr pp r. \ i .
l)rrair,i;1arti'r , r5ro1i.t itu.,\,,1t ,.,d |
. ltq...,t tL.ot ),;.I.dl
3) \ominatirul ahsolut (Nominatioe Abtatulc). ln cordructia numita { 1?98

..n o tri ' rrl i \ un p rr i ,i r:u p r-/" n r.l rtr-L u i n rd ' i ' ,.p t-n u p n t d r u r, '
rcrb predicat, ^ bare
-n lca
L r'subieit
. un norrjnativ carenu este ;i subieciul propoziliei:
\\'. .h.'ll h1\' a p.n. n n i 1 l . r o a t . , " a t r - I , p , ] . t t , r c.
. l i m , i i r r b i r . i J. si , l , r . i , . J, .- r" o.n
'fl ' : . r "
h t d r e t . n 4 . : n B sD - l o b . , , I n , ' . n ' \ ,bt ,o,pt .
'Cot: ,n I r.1, p u r p d r, . . a od t, ,.". ,
'li. ',rn '
fl,; b,:aCU,d .,q4l. up p o I o t l " , \ t i t , . 1 , , , n t r - . , _ " r , J,
I\".r.d i i l J n 1 . . b , l -", ,u 1 .' t u n . l l 1 r l , r o J. u , . , ; r n " d. .i
'
_.4) Partioipiulabsolut l&srlaie PurricilL.:
). - ln uneleerpr€sii urelrre. S 1?94
ubiectul ariicipiului rezcnt ipsestc:
f.au.t:rs lran 4n..,.r, n .
Ii'"p'ndJ rnii e. m, .ir du.b.p.,' / I. prn \r,.rt noL
"
c. : p " a t t r s. t h , r , - u t r - 4 . . , t .r . . t , r . t
r V'n. er o, 1nl ti l t n g p n p i . , r . r F l . t , d , . t p . . n r . r . . ., , 1 o a - ,
H i s so l k j . q , , i ] , p e o o d . . a n : i , t . . t \ t
L . l u ^ f d zr I , i p , 1 " r o . d J, d ' i i . . j . . i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze | . .,1". 328/609
330
c, poate li lrecedat de nn ddj.ctir Nsp-eiasau d0 un sabr^lantir n cazul S liZI
IIis plasiag Ll\e iano alter Jdnd's €./ornlzg on rhe riolin ad.led rterest to i.h€
l i pl - . i l d. , nr J t l , p, ' n J dn. t " l o. nd a pr " . ut , t o Lu, . h t J Li od, " d t t , . l
pr ogr anurm . r nr , . \ anr . )
3) Alte fu ctii.
Gerundivul e mai folos€sre:
o) dupe o pr€poziliel: .\ 1733
173
s
I a m I fF d o /s i? x t,a . A n l.o r ia s th r l' o o s e , I lo o k c d .o u r L l.
( lI.a ir L s r tu r ti r lr c ln ta l.) ( P a r e s in d r .r s d . am IIj\it r m p r e td r I
i r " $aj puni nha.Ilar bp; r E a\ o t hdt eo' s r ; , h. ut
r\ I o" ' t 1 t . ' r r " ni r L rJ s t nr i r z i . ") ( S" r i l F l " s . dp t a- aui
. ; r 'ne.
hr i , l ^ nL, d / o |d. . . { . ept i a dF l d a" pr s r ; r . s ul " al un. i . t nd p. p D dr t i Lut , l

i ' l i i ni r i v ul ui . dpoar . . p ps t a pr i n d, t i ' , i l i a ur m aG < t c nt i ni r i v . ln . et ; t al r a. 1.
znri insl, ctnd are fdnclie d,eyepoztlie. este ca insdii urmata de rrn gerundiv:
I am l ook i ng ur ( r r d o s e€i n" o u.
( Ar t et l , , 1r n, r db, Lar e . t t F 1: ei . )
;he is used r, sLcrins on the corch.
(Dste oi4ruitl sn doa.mli pc dormezli.)
T hPr : s r ' , . D l i oi l o r , , ur
l\:m"ni . r r .'. o
" , . ^ ; , E in t hi s o, D a- t nF n
oL'p t1t d;"d . 1 tuir.r' .
\rci ,.i1stJ 5,.;d
ll dupn unele erbe: { 1735

abhof disconiinue
.rdmit dislikc,
l9'rcy spend (tine, morev)
lqget, omit:
sile up (: slolJ lostponc suggest
h, Ll P, irr.f,
l , a\ c l , , ncl
can(not) : l Lni s l ' t propos.:
help rcvrrt
SltP.niaus ka\ins nr Huv can t lrclp orrns mv sister?
tlE il ri p lr r P s r n i tr L h n .z e .l C um poi s { r i u- i , i u- n" s i i r a?J
I h J \a Itn ;s l@ d m 1 Ie tte r . \au kap PpeotinE he samp mrstakr.3
lA ,n r ,r m ln ' t d - /rsrcr ,is
r s s c r is o ,r P a .l lf ac , l €r eu . , c pr at igr es ei l i l . )
She p l,o s p d e o " u r ] p lp tjth in c as rL uas.
lDa a \ e i ,lF g iDd sa la s e ta tu t a ;a , s c a fla .)
'rm
1 rcttuertber h.arh the aoise.
iNi-aduc {minle cA am auzit zgomotul acela.)
lNi nai al;rqall
ir l" ...a ,r _ 0 .,' ..ilk a t,an 1 d ,p - ,J d o ,r J ,r ,..r m i..n ..j,o .r

^ l' - r .p , n r im " ,
l r r m a ,i
to r r \.p s r 4 \r r r r ,.J .u ftir r r ., . .\1 ..1 a ,. r a tt,;| a .r tt ta tth " . i.s o tt d o -_u ..
. J ..r .d 4 r .n d i\" 1.d ;.n in .n iti\.r n :d ( J:lir e d c d r u -
" r o " . r n s ' . , o s h In L a .p d" I l- 1 . ( .r I j- 2 n
r A.p a',.. | ,r J In .o n l€ ., .r ' ''Tn J t,? p .n e x a ttp e .., n d " ,,,.r r " s p .,-
..J .., r d i. o d a -- .,_ mp- :
J r n .o r r r r .ir d ,,h iu ,,r .\ ... p a r ' .it.. r s t7 t6
I::0 r ." b .l ; /. p I d ,t. t" . ., ..' . i.:.
' ;l 330/609
El0
t? :|6 ,./ l e ' u \i n ta .i ' (trr.i i :

' l rl a u n aqotth.rhile),
bus ,l;ke, tuat. thd i:;. tlbre ir, thae i liLtle, thue is nuch, thete s tu,
there ras. n is ro soatl. (it is ) w usc, it is usetess, tc.l
The / ate busll e.t){itEnting tlie *c mei.hods.
{Sint o cu p , r t icu c\ p e r i m e n t r r ea noilor mqlole.l
I don t lccl ltner 6,i,9 ozr Lonight.
(\-rm ehpl sll ies din casn astl scui.)
Shc looks Eaf ..ytq.
(\r. . rur.. 5 r ' s. r " s, p l ' c
ll d inj r , J, r " " j r l r r r ' - l / . 1 r'll
( t r " . u 1 l'.u r . r ' r r " r ' d r i d r . . u r . I n r ' r , r' f: llrn.
th t to,rr'lr q . . c% . vc . ''o'rro b .
-Ei '
\. l ', ,jid j ..r ti a ,nJ plj,'ir 'u rr'-. . .
r|
'
Ih-|,t. t, ,o, 31gl\|J d'|^|,5 ..\ Dn
'r1 ,In tri.rrir,rnr,i4 ,d,
l"oli nil
-,
rYo k€ slol?i,g lLc.; Iou shotrld make her talize her mislake.
(N irrenloiu rosts-o rli; ar t.ebui$o lncisi inteleaE{ n a g.eiit.)
1737 4) Fu tlii sinttr0tice. G.rundi{ul (saLr construclia gerundivaln) are

in genere uncliile sintrclice ale subslanfi'ului (.\ 347). .{sttel, el poa',e fi:
S 173t d, subi€ci:
gilit,s is his best ela\ai.ion.
iErcusiil. pc os sinL enl..ucl ccamai bnnn ee.cace.i
S 1739 D/ nune predicativ:
Her great,Asttleasures grtzg o concqrts.
l(l.a mii m]rre l;tcere ei rst. s;is4drcll a crnc.rt. I
i i 1710 ./ complemont irect:
Harc
l T e ai vcu
' l i ' s icirPn
i de r rD; r t ?i
y0ltin ?
'
S 1741 d/ c om pl c m eni i ndi r er t :

I c ar ne . eLLy ea. hat s i r r Lhe oi t r pc i i t i on.
{A lipsit loarLe u in .a si ciil,iB concuNul.)
Do vou nrl iike E,tn anvilherc fo. the wc-"keod?
(li ;. plilcei si ;erBi rndevn li sliryit de siptaninn?)
S 1742 €/ atribut:
I don'l like his way ol,trizs.
(Nu-mi pUce leltl lui dc ljaF.l
$ 17{B /./ complement irc,rnrtnnlialdup{ o prepozirie rprimind modul'

l i m pul . . 1, r 2 n r or ' . 1i . . l ' . '
'.
\ve \\enr ft oittutt riasias i.he rorL-door .tl. (Uod.)
(Ad jntmt l{rl sd sunlm la uta ditr faiiL.)
Oz m-r.?edfttry o [er. she ag.eedai onc.. (Tim ]
(Cindan lorbii cu ca, a iost im.diai de {cord.l
we 0duldn'tsay a wonl lor taushits. \Catzl)
(Nu puLeam cDatl o r.orbi dc tife f ridcam.)
Fol ail vouf sle eDias o badlv. vou rL" elw.lysactiv-'. fcorcesivl
( D es id ; r m i r r i dc " I ) r os t , er i i nhf l eauni ; c t i v . )
S 17i 1 5) C or undi v ul t i [ os es i { el e. - C t nd o pr opoz i t i e s ec undar d di n l i m ba
r om eni c s t e t r adus i i n l i m ba e^ gl ez i pr i f t Lr - un get uf l di v ( $ 1752) , s ubi ec t ul
ei €s l e pus l n c az Lr lgeni t i v 9i pr ec edd ger undi v ul :
Zrl letng late was fcmarked rIron. ^dj. posesiv)
(fapt od a Intlrziat.r lost conentat.)
I Snocu Barundivdl eerp.imat: "I leel itu

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze a cigarctto : lik-A dottug {r cigarelie)".l
331/609
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze att
' l h " I d i sl i A p dr ? d ,s s,e i i ,{ so m u .h . rS r n p o sFsi
( L e i 5 p r ,.e d ,.j r o a L - r . n d i r d ,. .,,r .i .1 " 1 ' " /u l
"
. A .o d sr d .o n \' r u .r i . F- tc d h j n t,r t a ,." ..r u ..i n J.Jb i e .r - 1 " ( " to r
d o u n \cr b e ( p r e d i L a t s i g cr u ,,' l i r ) d j h r s: " tu ,r .i
L u , L r J d . .n L l tn o n h L ,.o d o ta
( P o i , i i si g u r l cA \a r r n i )
Th nF
I vm ' c i sn a
u onrFl i ,.
,C tropVd.r
,r,','pJti I,r
o u."
, ;-,.J
;\. ,, i n,l p
t,," To u,rnl ' " i n F. l n A .
:r Fm
Cind tnsd cele doun verbe a ,e l " .i s,r b i " ,r p u - p .i ,r l ,r p b u i e + \r r a l
Inarntea gerundi\.uLri: " u
I .\on't lile editin .
(Nujli place si asicpt.l (continne ;d iiDtit)
A se co m p a r a l
Ilj r ou nrind sl,/,r,,e tt" .t. r ( : r h F I i,im , n
tr rr D un ir I n. hr ' 1. ur r ' )
D _ot oom i num t hd t " gt n. r nor: L. bi . i i Ji er rr
(Te sup d daci i t nLt ' i Ll , r r 7l
l ye st.IrFd l uaghag. tStrbrp, r or nunl
{Am l ncet aLs. i ndFm l
' nai
W c: r onl pd lh.lr /,r'8l"r',q -"bi,. , di t , i"
{ LP- an I nl Fr . i ssJ mri rnr,. D , . I.dn t d. , s1 nu r udr rtdd.)
*t:, *i". pt o,po 4t 4t po..si rnumodc rii,,l" crc.,rpri n".. g tTti
"- -,-1
I nal nt ea\'" gcl
': undL\ ul ui I | r m d poses \ '
l .olrrdn't hel p l l I , t EFi e t ot ehn _
'
I N usi nt vi nokt d; ; d \rJg'.;r,. . du \Jm prt .i 5.o,mirrnii. te I riJ./
) nJ m avdop" nd
onyor
1P, , t r i si gur c dzi JoLr
vpnir ki n,
t rtrpns. ont nB- t,td\
I tej.l
Substantivele ne,rfr, intrucit nu au cazut posesiv. pdstreazd tn aceastd g 1746
onstruclie forma comunir:
Nn o n po p p o se d { p r d %6 " ;,j , ,.r i .d u ,,l
r m p o l .r \,1 d l i /i r i tr o i € ' .tr l o rm .r p .
we can t rely oD the ueoth.r rumih I.fle.
I\u n - p u tp ,n b i zu i ,,,- ta p r u t \., In ,b u n \,,1 ,.
6) Semigenrndi0ul t' h " l ta tf.G e n ,n .J a r F,L .,r j p d r ti n p tr ) . TFn 4 i ,]. S l ? r z
.(
aa ca
a cr u l oarfa
ma 6 frf'm l ) r ' e n g l e zan r b i t.cste ca " u b .td n l i p l p , .h ;a r d tu n .i L r n d Do L
o E csi v5 . 1 6 p d .r r p zp fo r m a .o m u n ,, i n a i n tcs q .r u n d i r r t,i i :
f.d o n u n d a sl d n d o u , .o ttr o e ua. p p 6 u ,B t,ap r o p o sl ( o t h i . . o so r k.r s.
( r u r n Fr p g p o zr l ,a o l Fq r tu r l u td p r o p u n e r i l el .u r p d a , . o t . , i e u l Iu i .
l l .a s.. o b l ,g "m , h y a l l o u 6 n d ;n eo Rh sr I sa v.
( vi r o g a \cl i b u n d vo i n l d a tr l r u to l j i € r r n l i L FFd cp .p u n .)
A l p a a i Icn d i n l d fa ce .a S i p r o n u m e l . p e r so n a l e s6 n u a i b 6 fo r m d d p
,.
d l p ch \ p o sp q l \. .r cA - srp 5 str a /p fo r n a l o r d " a cu za ti v:
Excuse tu vdq n,ng.
( l a r r d m , .i i a m ci sca t.)
FaDcynim b?in"' o pa.lvl
l ci n " " - a r ti 1 .r .p i d t { ci .i .1 \ n r d ) d d p r r p m e tl
i t s n n u sea ss.i n { to b e d ve i .
,N 1 r " .o sl si n . d J.p m d " ' p ' d .1 m ta ,,t,.d ,,,.
Their work prFeFnted haa benls prcsefi.
{ \u a u p u t r l ti d . td r a p A n u ,J d , r v r r d " l u .r r ./
;IX;J
substanrivero,
en.ru .minahv,,ob,ed,,
332/609
r ,).
Fo.ma aceasLa erbali. care aDintette construclia gerundn'ului prec€drti

r l e un posesir'. ar care are s-i itrctic LLe a r t j r i p i r rprczeni.a primit r u r r r "l
'l "s n '; : n 'n d 'v . l r , r r F b u i r l , . a l r r i e . t r '. r , ", , , 'a 1 r ', "r , r a - . j "r 't ' "o r ^-
te de la S 1744 1745dau o n uar :i forrnal:l tilLrlui.
t7{8 7) Grnrndirul fi substmtirul wrbal ( l'r,rbal lioun). Unii gramati
cieni fac deosebire ntre gerundif ii subsidrrivul verba), degi ele all aceetli
Gerurdivul arc nu uumai caraclerul unui substarti\', ci Si pe ac€14 l urur

vcrh. pe ehd stdstdntitul re./6al €ste un simpiu subsianrir'. Fiind o fornla
verbald, gerundivul preziDfi caractere de verb, care lilsesc substantirulur
I ..ra'
' r L . l r - r u o u / i . l 0 f p l i n 'F r ': . r d : a l "/ - d . \ j i p i . r r , . n o J l '
^, z "rd - L r n i d r e r L gip o a t pa r - a , i r , o . r ' t l r r "" l r , . t ", i . i
"p , , "r . l n . ' "a
cile s,rbstanti.\'uluip ropriu-ziF (aftifol si plural)r
ll. l.dd h.r ahoul n,.v i?rnq l.en ,narektl belatc.
(,\.f rornc vobal.: pdre.l. ii pasi' l
1 don'i. understrnd htt le@in€ eath/. I- a'J.\ )
r' ^ n c n c t it s x ro , l (+c o mp l. d i-. ,
Sulstantirul verbal, ncfiind dcclt substanl,iv. poate avea smbele arl,ic.,le
ti lorrnit de plLrral. poaic fi cara(,terizal de un adj.ctiv i dctcrminat, de un ge
n lt iv (s a -\ o n a u p r. t o z ii, io n a l)
T p . r, , , . "r , t t "r, . rs p ' \ . "r. , o f r. r. t rp rlt d lin g o lt . I . , n rr. ^ t . . : d j)
Ir , , d {" d l, o l, i g n in g . -n t r t \ , 1 . ' . . . rt 1 . , . " | / / , - / d u io s s , . '
lo l , rl s Fn ili rrp p o z it lo n al s a . , t ri
. r \ , s " a \ lrll "r . u Din a I s o in c q n J t c lc p h . rin g s .P
'r
1749 Substaniirul verbal a (lerenil, de faDl, un adeviral, substantiv :ri est€ con-
sidoat in dio,tionare. €nenple:
ca al,are r sul'insdupn cun reiese Fi din ur
lerrin8s ti,oarele
i o z lirlt l) l- rc s t u ril
s|rp 'ng nfnxmrnrngs
1: n{rt) (t{nnn nrnti4 (: letreceri)
, "rr, d ri. t u ) b u ^ -u a . .d l. : o r
$ 17;0 8) Geru dirul cu intel€s pasi\'.-- Gerundivul €ste uneo intrelunrlat

.'r i'.,,1.. o. \ :
'lhe chlld needs aoline a[l..r {: neing looked alte ).
Tl,e room wanls d,s,i,g (: dustcd).
rs ihc ethibition s'ortli s€eins
being
: being s$nl?
S l75l 9) Trailuccre. Gerundivul englez poate fi tradu in limba rontenn p n
a) geutzin:
On seclnsUicn, I waled.
(rd.tatlu i, le tm liiclt semr cu mirl.)
Shc ans\rercd I nozdtzs assent.
(Rnspnnsc ,nd diz ca" alirmativ.)
b) suhkLnli :
I€dding is {n instruct\'c pasiinic.
(Leclutu esle o djstractrie nstNctivii J
Shc buNt otrt in a lit of ..ytLg.
llzbtlcni irtr un dcoesde lltrs.l
.) infinitir sau conjunc .ia:
Ann stood wilhoui. rooî,{ at me.
I I n . r s t lit e . t lnlic io a rc )re re ame rn i e s n mi p t ie a * ii. )
One o.n't Lclp lining thcd.
a4il
d,) ti.mp perconal intr-o propozi,tie principali sau secundari:

There r no sauins wlLJt h" d. Li o
l \ dpodF ni " " n; s i l - ' - c . pr . . n5l J r " ir . . r T ppv - ds p r ' or pu" l l.
I rcmcmler ,rrli4s he Uic storY.
(lmi amintesc a i-dm ryzs lovestea.l
, i " " nt : pr t nd; $ 1752
i G , r undi r r l F r a. J ol t tn /rJi/J r S 174i - l ; 41;
{ I 1747) s i nt r eds r F i1 l i m h, ' | . ani t r i nl r o f r ol . . un' l a15 ln , . ' -" r
cuvintul in cazul posesiv sau acuzdtiv devine un nominatil': ' , i 1i e
Io / dzvrelizs withoul thinkir( $as a nistalrc-
{Fapiul cI at /;spazs llrii sl te gind.tti a losi o greteal,'r')
He was n't aware ot DaL'' adtahitlgh\m.
( N u- ; i dadea eanao i , dn u obr t ua. )
I don't undcNtand ntm goiag home so soon.
tNu inlclcg de ce f.rl d lldcar ata devremeacasa.l
10) Gorundiyul ertect. Gerundivulp cricct exprini o acliune,o exis- S 1753
i€nli sau o star€ anterioari aceleia xprinate prin verbul predicat,:
r( ll e. c hi
r i o. i l rcJl lhnnLl
t ei p: .l di ' ; \.'l _I /hat
c aD dp i,./sd"
L"dPn
l t t ltos
. tbot ' . or a
I wonder€dat his iarhs dd the initiaiive.
{M-am ni.at ct iniliati,a fwese a tui.)
ll) Intinitiv. Particiriu Drezont.G eruniliv. Deosebirea intre infini- S 1751
ti v , p a r l i n i p i u r " z " n L ," i .r u ;d i s " p o d ta h s ' r v rm.j b i n od i n u r ma l o ,r p l -
exemplei
H e s r , ppedo l o. l c bout ' i m . { l nl i ni t i v )
{ S. a opdt pt s i ' t r ua Pr i v i m uej ur )
H e s npppd, " ok i ne aboul . i m J r d c r t l ai ai ns . ' H ^ \ v r ; n" i t i s : ( P1_r . r p/ P^ l
{ S s opi i l u, U ndu e m pr ej ut6r " \ . l am l nd: "C( Cfer ' um os \ ): )
undi
H Bs t oF pedook i ns bor t hi f f 6D dw . nl r LI J I .
{ A l nc ; i al d" a m ai pt : \ : l , npr r j . r r i r l l er al l
\Ie cdtue a talk to Urcm. {Inlinitill lci.c. dc scop)
(-{ venit sii rorbcascaou ei.)
se cane talk;q to r\eal. (Part. lrezent) (Clrc.de mod)
(A vcnit vorbind cu ci.)
I r pm . n' b" rd / o a, t o Em i \ t . , I i l r nr r i \ )
t \ l : - l m r dx q am i nl os a m i dJ . l " I l m i l i d.
I r em " r nbp d s oi . a l , o E' o v s . t O r u d; \ )
l l l r - dm aJ usJ r i i i r L;c r / r r d ai n dn l' l l d l l : i : , .
PATIIflPIUI, TIiECUT s r?5

(THE UST tsINTTCI}LE)
1) formi. - Particirriul 1.IecrrL lerb or rqulat. se formeazX dnugin- $ 1756

du'se terminaiia -ed la infinitiv:
print?d {: tilil:rit)
Participiile trecute ale aerbelor ercEnlatc e gftesc in lista de la S 1847.
2) Pronunlarc. - Terminalia -ed se pronunln: S 1757
a) [d] la verbele terminate ln total.i sau ln consoandsanardr (e\cet
.lnd -d) |
to carry - raued
to xang - nangeo
to lxalil trarelled I tre ]dl
to dire dined
to disoover - discovered
l Yez i S 1 , not a 2.
&l {
Dl ffl la r€rbele ternin arc n canso&ttnutdnl (exccptin(l -1, :

to tist - askcd ld:sltil
to n a ss - Da ss.d l l E :stl
io ar f" o p . " .p r .
t. h ;\ h *' : L L rl
to f-"tch -- lriched tle{tl
r,) lldl ln verbelc tefrniDate ll i sau l:
ro add
io h rnd - addcd
handed I adldl
i hendrdl
to ta t - ta i l e d I lajtldl
to start slarlc.l ls td :tId l
l?ar8 al Cld p a rti u i p j u l rP tu t a devenii cu aderirat a d j d i v , tc rn ri ra ti a

-.d a ,d i p c ri .u l u i . p c n tn r a se Jiosebi de i c i rrl i n a l j a e rL u l u i , e s teuneorr
pro un-tatn Id] oricare ar li sunetul preccdent:
an ns.l [ -{d3,d]:nonrn
my ,,ror.d lbr ].rldl $ire
"l.he l€ss€d
a ..dDDad 'blesnll
lr4brdl Danoze1"3
iacc
nr .rooia, t k kldl neans
. .".sed I k.:srdl nuisanec
aosscd dlsldl lersistcncc
rJ a o r
a J'€s" ' ' Lr "
'' ]P " ' id lr i ll i hor r
the Laicd l'ne,kLdl tru lh
' ' A A t' , r ' i d i| I lr p 1
,," P d n r lr | 1r ,4
p ia n a d lwlk ] scandalr
qretch.d L ft\\dl ir.aiher, ct c
L r r r d a r ln a :i .J {i' 1 ..;n l in l^ p h u ir ' l0 r ^
"a r - r li ip ii r " lt' lp lF r r Iin s l' d
/ r ' ." " ' ,; ,l r J l . .i r ' o r n - - L r l i i " ' " i r l " J " m' i ' ' r ' r i Ii ;i h':
' ,,r "o
lle had dlcd I i iLll ,onsidfralh
\l\ o .in - r o r $ " r P ' ' .,/r " d I l.r ' F b ' r
:r ,e h " . .r o o l./ kr .k l h .r l, r ' p iin - . rhprp o -
'.
H l' .tl t,J d k" .l r o n d lJ l h sl 5 l" p " o \' '
" lio
r l..o . d o a " ,,d tJ l i "or "omp r :r n " n o \'
'' " lt,* - i' a s ;t ;l,e ;o ' \'
r s
' ' :t' o r " .
" "" il
llJ \e t.u l€ o a ./ ': lo r ' r l" nl
Hd \, J t \o . lo ," d ' t^ v d r ; . p - u f..- io n
Il' .I' i.d " " " d r r q , i.r itl h " r 'l oor'h'l l:
,l ln m l,d e \r e Dtio n a l. in p o e z ic . a tL ln c i c in d r in a s a r i m e | l\ll o c tY te r -
n i n o ti r -, i. ,l ,i a r s i a to n aa p a rti c i p i u i u i n tre b u i n ta t erbal. sslc neori pro
n n t;tJ l r,l l . pr.,nunl"rehltid de obicei ndicatdp ri n tr u n accent' ra ':
", " ,' i ; Iilh lw.n ty tffn c lv d g r tr .s o n h is lr c a d r .
1i69 3) ortoErafie.
al lerbele .ormiraterlr-o consoanerecedrin e o s insurd ucaLi c
(n|aitti tl\tble^?n onsoananainLeadminalioi €l'
to rre I.f tfe'lcrred
Lo de mit - de niitt.,
to rc gfet - fc'grctl.d
r \' .zi t 9 1 . r o tn L
j si
r r n i l i ,i l l l i a .e .a i i p r o ,,ti L i c i h c \o d n r i s a g cd " ' e r .l :r d l ,dal se sl u t' "a n
i ' ,1 ,,' l l " :;i .- ' .' ], .t" .J - F' ." i - r i i - ' ,,,r ' :8 r o e .,o o r ' l
r o n ,l" ,or ' , .." , " :, p " lp li TL ll- d t t' n l " L a l tho'd tta l8
t" ;, /' t : Ll € r liia i.." b' rnrli.m
fl. ' r
.lln' ' ' d i..
i $'. Shakespea.., 'the Ttdgc.l of ]Iucb.th
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze t45
ln celelaltc ezur;. on"qoana

i nald nu sedubieazn:
l,o sert sfat"d lo o.der o.dd.l
t liang - hangrd io lardod pnrdo&d
to thickcn -- thirkctr€.1
Er c e p l i a .
Forshilpcd.
0bservalic
C.ui.ntele anp N t,erminate n ? urmeazA egula de mai sus aplicatd nu-
l.r euvtitrl tin'l:
| | or 5 Ll r p I or - q\ i ur a, r , . Li , t r , 1p Li dnann, r '
r, -
. d Ji pp" , d bur ' , Lo| | t , : i dD p" d
" i l pJi , , ^,"t,
DJ -l final este l,otdeaunadublat. oricare ar fi locul accenl,ului:
ru ,o t - "g u . ) l t ". J .o " |ri i..r Jtpd
l o | \ bl - ri\"ll^, t o . on . o - cul l r ot l a. l
1o com rel - com pell€l to Eimbot sanibolld
to t.avel travelled
to a; rul r; nnth.,
E r .eplic.
un par{llcldd.
cJ t d d € rin e -t . A l
to lilouac - tirouacl€.l
to minic - ninl.kcd
io trallic hauick"l
d) a findl trcraiat d. o consoand se schimbi in -i:
lo (,r]' crLtj
to carry carricd
lt pr.c.tut de 0 roral.i se menline:
io llel - play..l
io disobcy disobeJ.t
eJ -€ mut final carle inaiitea terninaliei -ed:
to dance drnced to ii. - tiet
to stdlr -- shi .1 to dle d"kd
4) l'unctii, - Pa.tiripjul tr.cut se intrebuinleaze: 1780
a/ 1a ormarea irrlDrilar ptftcte ate erb]lor (dupnauriliarul ro U\YE):
II huvc secn I shat t hal e scenl
had seen I shoutd hale secn
b) la lonlrarta tunjugdtii Nsirc (it\)n auxitiarul to BE):
I am s-"en sh.U le scsn I ambeine c€n
I ivasseen lct nre be seen I \ras beis seen
t) ca adjectie:
lhc rrouts..J eFard long-/o.s,rcDmemories
s,td€d nissil€s iet piapeLledp]rane
^
Cu funclio de ad.iectir. participiul trecut are si grade de comparalie:
decided more (lecid-"d most decided
sh.ken mofc shaken- nost shak€n
(V c ri q i S 8 0 {-3 0 : i, 2 ? is )
5) Tr$dncere. Participiul trecub se trAducc tD limba romAnI: .a 1761
4) qt participiul ,'.'.?zt atunoi cind are rol de adjectiv:
irp , , , r/ , , p b {r ( p "g ir, . r. rr"
d I ""t ' , d mJ n t { u r o 1 ' I n ' . , 1 ,
1l,arncd este pronrntat
b) u tintpuL9i mod.ul espectiv. atunci cind tri ln compunerea impuri-

lor perfecte sau a diatezei pasive (impreunn cu auxiliarul ctnd € cazul):
I l,aaes.en ,i (: I am dzut. il lazni)
I h J tl s , n }im ( : il \iir u s P m )
|\ '' Jl \l/ l i"
'l)
-{ se cornpara:
lle is
l,as onci fi I. (-{ m l i ri i i 0 d c a n i .l
H. s"'s liitJ. (-\Itrgc c ir) d{i ani )
s 1762 PAETICIPITIL ItrRFENT

(TfIn rEBr,.ncr {RrrcrP4)
l?68 i ) Iormi. Diafezi. Participiul perlcct este format din participiuJ

plezeni a) au:iiliarului o II,\\' E . urmat (]e pariicipiul recut al 1'erbului e
(onjugat.
Partiiiipiul perlect are diatezli actil-i ,(i pasil-;:
hrring be.n called lpnsi\)
1?li{ 2) lnlclcs, lunctii. -- ParLicipiul perrccL expriln:i anteljodtatea unei
, {i rn i .: rr' l ' ;,l i n ' ;ti ru ," ri ..,,ru i ;,.u m ,r. n i , l i rp . JF p u 7 , " .
l n rrr' : " i ' r-a .-rl ,r- r' r " \i - a .n ri m l ' : r" ;r' i . p J : rra d ,r' ^ p ' r1 -
" F --
tr-un timp perfect trl iDdicativului intr o propozilie temporalii ori cauzaln"
sau nDrlr-un gcrunzru:
tttrins liritlvr) l1er \|otk, she $enl oDl.
lIr1pd,.. ia l,rnind, Iu:rN . a iciil. raz Ea a ir,:it deaareu l;i t,ml.d."r lulrd.)
:l: ' o , ll' I | 'o l- .. h , " - .1 ' l
D .f. ., | .o ." d n b ., I.i. ,t, ,.,r e 4 .ir .p .l
Tl,f corch hu.ried t o lhe stadirrnr. na'n,g rptu r,ld lhat hc $'as wtrnicd. (I'asitl
a.tp,rrdr-is. .ri cra r.roie de 1. anLrrorul alrrgi la strdion )
Pdriicipiul per{ectare ivnntainl rle a da o mai n,areeursilitate s i i l u l L ,l
p rn r faptul cn iilocui€lte o i ntreaEnpropozilie.
'
1705 3) lnlocuirca tarti{riliului prrte(f r:ri participiul prczcnt. Llneoli. jn
locul parLicipirrlu i edert se intrebuinieaztpnrlicipiul prez€ntpentrLr r se
r\pri,n.r o a,iltune cAle a lre,,edat i'nc.liat ocliuner v$bllhri prcdiratl
:1.rnn,s (: liariis ,rrri*dl at dl oliicp Nrl.r oli|I. I sl,)rped o lookaL he waU
ls.sind 4\'r.inc suzi a l,iNn.n'.om lril sn sartJ de re r.te .l
,,r J t;r i lr a n g c n id c d l th e ii.e r t r ,a ll. s li.lorivfsc
o l,c d to r | $ r t.
iln ir in d n r s a la d c c o lc o t..A n ii r n s .a n n lib o .l
,\a jir ( t h a r in g s a id i g o d d l,r e . lr hIL lhc lousc.
iL 'indn ir z n r a b u n :i. l.c i.i
s r76G r, \RTItPrUt I .r SI\r

LTrrn llSSIrD l,lnTrtrrl,|)
17t;'7 1) Timt. --P a rti ri p i u l pasiv urlr lorn tn n p u ri : prezeni r"i perfert.
1?08 l) l'orm:i. Parliril,i ul paslv esle fornral cu ajuLorul p a rti ti p i u l u i
trezent. e".pectjr edect.nl auxili rului to BIj. urmnt, de fariicipill tr .u r
al vrrbrlui dc coiju{atl
],cing callcd (pr.zcDtl haring ri..n .allcd ipideru
( liir d chcnall
Prilr tcmrrnul ,,parlicipiu" st, nyltgc aiLi si gcrundirul, acesta conlun-

dildu.so l o rm a l cu parlicipiul trlzent sau p e rte c l .a tj t l e diatczaartirn, ci l
;i h cea pasird.
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze a7
3) Intrebuinrare. - A se vedea lntrebuintarea DdrtrciDiului o&zenh € 1?69

p rs ;v l a S 1 7 0 0 -1 7 0 8 . p rfl i .i p i u l u i p .' fo .t ta c i \ l a g l ;C 4 . i s r r s e ru n ,i i .
ului cu lnleles pasiv a 1 1750.
Participiul trecut, al verbelor tranzitiye are senspasiv cind est€ ntrebuin-
atlL l'erbal, ctt si adjectiral (S 1688).
CONJUGANEASI]IIPLA,I. UNUI YERR NEGULAT s 177

TO C,ILL l{ CHFt\I-{l
DI.{'I'I]2,\ P]\SIVA
{Passrv orcE)
INtI\ITIV (1t?L\'1?1IZl
Prezelnl ( Ptesent) Pertect ( Pcrf.ct)

to be caued : a li chcmat) to have been callcd (: a li lost chenrt)
I'IIiTIC]PIU ( JANT C P ,E
PrczaJr\ ( ptesent) Tr€cut fP.rst_/ Pefii,ct ( P$f.11)
being called (: liind chemat) cRllcd (: chematl haring bcen calted (= Ijind chciiatl
MODUL I\rlIC-{TIV ( ND IC 1TM ]IOOD

Pfizan+, ( besent) Tre1Art Pa Tense)
I dD callcd (: sint chc al.) Lrds callcd i- erim (lusei, ui, arn losu
you are ralled Jou werc orlled
l ui
s he l . s . dr . J 1 ",. , " o
J "j l. "
{c are calted wo $ere called
Jou are callcd -vou
woe oall€d
th€X .rre orlled ihey Fere call.d
Prezent pcrfcct (betent Perfect) Treout perf0ct (Past Perf.ct)

I b. n r dl ho ( d , r o" r e5 m d' I h/ d o" p1 . dl . . J
"vp
. \ J J . , r " b" - n , 1l l F J . v , I ' a, l b" an l l l q
n "r
s'@t
I I/ l n. ' l hd s i P, hJ l D - . dl l o
irJirl
rve hare heer called we hail bccn called
you l,ave }cen called you had been callcd
they hare been {.rlled thcy had been odled
\iitor (Futarc) lriitor perfect (Fntve Pcrfed)

T &or' o e , Ii ,n " r .r .' Is lr llh a v .L q n .d r lp d l - \o i t:io - r l' ."
' r ' F ,l \.\o i
Le'alJei $ il h d r p b .n ,d lh ' l
]' ,.\- JLU
h. l h I
s lp l {l- b p ,1 ' l" J .l- ) s ill l' " f. b
" n ,a lp J
,u l I
rve sna, bc called ' r sna[ have been ca]led
\r.
you will be crlled lou will hare been called
theyhttp://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
will be called they will havc bcctr callcd 338/609
348
Yiitorul hli de tre0ut Yiitorul lerf€(t lati de lreeut

(ltntwe in th? past) (Futur( Pilt(t in lhe Pnst)
r sn,"l.l ne orll.d (: voi ti oheDut) I sl,z/d l,a c b.rn clll d (: roi li l.st
o h e ma rl
Itd rrolld le called . u *otrI./ |.ve li.etr rall.d
nel hcl
-r"l' l' , rd I' Is,u'||'\'L..,,|.J
I rl ' , "r
r. ../,atu t,. f.lllcrl \rf rn,all lr ilf l).rr riilleri
ron Nould l]c .iallc.l r.tr * uld hir. tr. r cnll.d
thel \rrxlii bc ialld ther Fcnkl lrdlc bcfn orLlled
\lOlI_L SLITJO\CTIV (St,RJ{t,\t 't IfE }IOOD
lornr:r \e(he Fonna rnoderni
(I llt'?t"tluttit de tlnt) |rczc\\t (hesent) Pttttct (Pcf.ct)
I l) ,iil].d I \vo.e r,rllpd I l,ad LJeeic.lled
( si fi tusl chetuai.)
'n- tou liad |c.n .allcd
, rl
. h " lIh
h")
nt' sh-" I hrd been crlled
ir I
Nc l,ad btn called
aon hr d becn o. l l ed
t her hi d l ePn cal l ed
trol)t,I, co\ I1loN_\r, (co.lDtTlo\.1L aoD )

I'rtzt\rt ( Prts.nI) |erfrti ( P.rft,::t)
I rl,rl.l bc .al]fd l- ai Ii chemrt) I sn,rld ha\1 boJr 4llcd (- .t ii losl
r"on $rntld |e ,rxtul Jon \vonld har. bc.n callfd

hl
. I P ) \ nxl d b sre | \roultl bire leer callerl
,t I 'll.d rlJ
\r. J/e,/d ]tarc lu called
Iou rLould l)e .alled ron Nould have becn orlled
utl Nolld rc .alled ih,.v {ould huvc leen calLd
ODLL IIIPD}I_\TIV (1tr?LB4'lIfE IOAD)

Persoanaa 2u sg. Ptrsoana a 2-a pl.
bc clllcd 1 : liichcnat) lre alled : lili chenrili)
OOIJUOAR]]-I P,lSII.tr CONTI-\U,I
( Ye z iS 1t 9; )
s 1771 I'IAINZ-{
'17i2 Dethritie, Diatezele snri vcrbdlc indirn

st
1ii:|
raporturile djotre subicct si corDplementul
1) Diateza attili (ThL ALtire I'oice).
catcgorii Sranal.icah
direct. care
Diateza a.l;/.i arali ci subieclul
prop.rzilici esfe autorrl acliunii €rpr;natc dc rerb:
Cathycalledyeste,dar o see o,,.
liil 2) Diatcza pasini ( t he Passir. l;oic.). Diitezalarir, aratd ci subiec
tul propozjliei (subiectul gramatirdl) u estc autorul aeliunji verbului, ci cn
El sulern acliunea al cdrci auto. fsle complenr.rtul direft (subicctul logic).
vcrbul c tranziLiv:
8/12/2019 SIMPI,A.AliceDIATEZA
Badescu-gramatica
PASIVA Limbii Engleze
Complementul b the usuaLm&n). t lr|1r"o|pl,nmt d( dft,r1.Doate i { 177;

Fxprindr , nd,.'" inJirpen.dbil i ,s u l u i . dar rn genern i p s e .i ' .:n .p ..i H I '
ln limba englezdmodernn:
Thc tracloN nad , en o'drnd&Lt in lhe $irter Diortls.
T h e I o " . so vi . r o F r - r , . r . - a d t t t t . . . ; g t I.
3) Diateza reflexird, exist€Dtd n limba romani fmi 5 dt. te in,brdri. se I l7i6

rrd e . / ru t n ,J s p tft. a u l h .\ (:JouNth hp .tta -. th ;;s tl /l ..rp a ri r J p
ra ra n l i , ,b s -no'"/i i r, i r L ,o d rî .o n .rd , .e i n ^ \i :
'1'd -n t;. r\;z i ;i S Z t-r,,
0bserea ie
Ilumai tfb( le ,.dn.r;lipd. nchrsiv celeprcIrozilionale S 1319, 1325.2195). $ 17i?
pot avea diatezi pasivA.
. Tnrrp moJurile j tirnturil, tunJulnrii sitnpter pot ar.a Iornre pasivn. S l;78
Lo fott.t,t.ot 'onttrua \n.t, numAt r,- t,t.,l i tF,ttrl ;nJttat; ,ldi. nrc,_m
Fi ptp'"ntLt ut rn th .t/,ri p o r a t" , ti .rm i . p r..i ' ,. \F z i ," 1 ,-tu t t" ta i t;q 5 /.
4) Patternul diatczolor estc: S l?S0
. a) la diale.a .dctirai subiectui i r.erbut predicat a0t,i\. (ev€ntual prc-
c€dat sau urnaL de complenrentulnrdirect) { ionptementul dircct;
, b) 1, diqrp q p rs ;r./: bdbi- r,rl r-r' b u t p r,.J i ,." r ..rv {F , rtu s l p re
mdar .s u urn.rr JF o ,,T l -n ,a n rut ,,d i B .,
" ,-n ,,,..t ,o " tt.m ,n ,,,i u.
agent.
Erenple,.
Diokza o.tirdt T\ro rofessonh.r\f c.nr-" o {clcome hcir toreisn oleaocs.
TheI ar€ s],o*nrg tol' the risjro|s he nijw 1,.li.i.ectrnjc'buildinss.
Diare.a asied: Thevisitorsafc sloNr ur. nei Potttr.imicnnildnigs.
5) Formarea, onjugirii l6,sit'c. lreccrca de ta r:onjusareadetn.i la ,_en S l78l
p " .i ra sc to"c in moJ,rl o o tJ .t,F t.ttttr p rtu l u i e , ri v ,t-ri r.
' rrn ,l rro rr
ri n .a ,,u l n o fl ri .l i \,i .u b i .l .l r"p6r1u; n " :r,1 .\i n . (F ,n ru " tl .o m n "t.m l 1 6-,;../
1
(ln cazul acuzativ) pfecedat, e prcpozjtia D4; r.rDrl d.tir este nlocuit ;u aurii,
liarul ,o B-L, ld ac.lasi. inp,rt )rod, urmat, de 1r€c I-erbului
actir: Jnlrticipiut at
I tn--" J i .o I lLl I." .1 Lr.. j . m a .r i .,.r \d ..r \d .1 . \,r' \
' - : t ,,a l n t
| I " ' t.." -,.,,. .,r i , m t...1 .
l t,ai"*.
' . - ' ' _ . ' _*''',, l It t f/'',h
r v.
\' r \
,'o L"e t ' h . \ q
I "" I T".:\.
| .t ,e t,r I \\ ,. h-. btt.t|h u . ' . .,Dtt,\ . r , \

t d(-..ia
---'-'--. t e " r " t | | id . t,1 bta,.ht
.n
1\
|
I r .,, ."-
, / J T i \ t , ot p l . ' T , h a, / r . , , t t ' . . n" $ . t \ ,pr "vr i
I " _r' .. , I T ' " . \ - h, d. - - . . " . " , t . , t h" r n d L
'" j , ^ - t < r - r i l / J / l r " Lp r n l " ( r ' r nr r - \ , t : \
- ) |. . t ar b . du d \ t I n r h. m n" n: 'bJ , - . r , a. ,
|
I v,;,- ,1" I +: ' i::";:ri ::::l:i: j',""b;\,: 'ipi, ,r'
I,,Clnj,usarea simpli" esie obiinuill a vc.Iului. in cortrasr cn ,,corjugr
'roDjusarca $ 1?79
' z( . i ' , l l , t u t b l i n d t * ' r t o l r ' , - , l . , o n r p , ' n , r r ' r l d j , Pr.pu/it J n.,1- udr-

71 ,omp n"nl .l inlir"l. ' ,' .r ..'rl'n 1,d.1.
" h " ahttp://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 340/609
s50
sh'd'{ {Md Ihe Fonc or linnPr' \' riv

I v,.. 1",'t t" *,, { I l,:,:,,'""Ji d, nnpt SonS @"rd r p sodadpdby hi ai l Pdsi vj
I l i t , ot , ene. t l aL I Thev ha, e dueht l he l oacher bel or p n, snt t ) l l . l \ r l i vl
" no&l d
I dp t ua; t 1 Th; t hi . t , hout l ho, ; b. . n. a; s, t / bJ do$. r Pd. i v,
x, r L' J r' it 14\ pl o' nFJ
| . oh, j ; i anot pr ct ent 1: h" , r " r ' ur
I -' ' | | " haut d b" " . cu" ed il I e\ nl ol , l ed { Pi'\'rr\'
.:\
1 f I'd, ha,e cattet i^ a iJactot iI I (had) needcd one. (Activ)
I Canditiandt petfect I, S d.cto qauld h@c beeD ,n, 10. il hclp ha d been necessa.y.
I I {pasir)
r | | Fnc li c \\a o . L . d l , D t (\' r
-,.
1 iii. i i " ' i ' ' ; . '"; "; : ": i"; rt l; ; 'h rP"", ',
'lrn.l'.
'' p*1"
I s,07, ' { :Jii:::,i,,liif;.i;1,;,:,'" ,():l,l
I t ^p '- i ' '' { ? : o ", i i , "; "'i ; J ') :a o , p . , r , , r d . i .
t'It hr - at i -,
i.rl;-.. r l - cl n, " . " 11 pr . ' l A' t : . 1
| | sdbi o " tr) \ L" t n* 1, . at bd (bl m r | { t J. i f J
I Indbn'; brc:ent | \\'. rfe /'e1,in hrr. \( i\ l
I - "', - 1s i " b , , , ; r "; , . / D) L . . r a , : .
I- | ln p r, , rc lp t , h t , p , . , llrp ' . r\ , ' i\
1 rt , . , . it , t r. n rp ; " L ": . s l. teo Ly n Lt.'si ,
"
1789 6) \'erbul compl6x. - Ctnd verbul act;1'esi,e urmat, de o pariiculd adver-
b iila s a u , , 1 " o t re , p n z ili" la d ia la z a p a . iv i a.FSlca s in ' pu.e
' o r, ' lilio n a ' ir.
rmet|rar, l:lupa verD I
cu ptlrticuLd. ad.aerbialdl
\\e sh.uld nu th€n oz first. {Activl
\he:i aaukl be tial, an tist by us. (Pasiv)
cu prtpozllLe:
Thev d B s re d t i, s ro v o r. {] \ u t iv l
\ o i ate t ' . in s a / , . . 6 iP * rr
she ndl loo&;/ ' p o ' t e , h im. (\ c ii{l
fle he,t bun tooked. fto (by hc..) (Pasill
r' rb adt rb ia t n fut y , 1 ' o -; 7 e :
"r Ft t ; "rt d
I m6i, da awda rtn it. (-{ctivji
Il mrlst 6e o,, aQa Qtrr. lPasi\a
No one oan rz, zp ;rn hci anr lorger. {Acti )
Sh".cn.t be ut ui eilh any ons;r. (Pasi\'t
1783 ln limba englezn sint frecvente formele caraclerislico tle pasiv ale unor
verbe prepozilionale al ciror complemeni lipselte:
The eerc ldugh..l at.
(Rldea huea de ei.)
. \ t , (i / o s sp,t / , ".
(S-a l.rimL-dupi un tari.)
Qt 't r\e b. spole\ k?
(Nn i s e poaie aofbi?)
'fh€ snm couldn'l bc accountedat .
(Snda n"a lutut li juslilicaul).
\te lan beins attended ol
(Sintcli sovir?l
j.n .d5y , ,.
I'i tt .4kt;, tt,;.r"
L]. , . o mL l
" . 1 . i p \ p . , . i L o r lu ' ru ri-. 341/609
"r' , :
8/12/2019
SNPTA, D:r\TIZA PASIVA
361
Lds na& an April lool ol

(-{m fosr pic{]ii. de I alrdtic.)
An agrcemcnl aas arttre.t at .
{s a ajuns la o lnleles€re.)
7) Vorbul aetiv cu doui complemeDtc. Ctnd un verb actil' are doun S 1?84
complemente,nul direcL i celdlalt,n direct,completuentulirectde,-ine ilese-
ori subiectulverbuiui pasiv, conshuctieprelerati ln limba lii€rard:
ch"
' th . ph " t?
4d.d ' l" n { $oirm p l. in d :r .l th " p t:1 I,o n o l. d :r .1 . lA c r i\l
l,1 ,,o a L /" a ,,o ., l: :n d i,., b r | " r . {fi" ir
"rbprt
\" $ n l //p ,;r ,in a r h d - pion l" n r Dl. .r lit \ 4 p,p r n ' r 0 t. ,lir .l. \r ivl
,,r p ." , L ,r .o q I, sJ n t to thpn ;,r ; B, dapi6n To "n.n lt. in d ;..) b \' .. a tt.
tP " " :,
ln a"es c a z . c o m p lp m .n lul i' r ,lir a t r d m ir " .d st€rp i| | p r o p o ,iL in p a s iv 6
jn pnglprd
ti F .l, n u lllil lim h J B .to tn q l Do ' tr 1 d r tir r " iin u tl.
In unele cazuri insi. in special ln limba vorbi'ln. ad€seori si ln stilul fol- g 178;
m , cotnplemenlul ind,iect d.e\ina subiectul verbului pasiv, complementul
d;rect rdnlnlnd ca ( Retain.d AccuttLtite) (- acuzain re in;t):
^rarc
Thcv \re.e all s./dbBnipr.
(Li 's,a acordat$anted
i.utu.or brrse.)
The children $ere otfercd t.es.
(coliitor li s a drt Inshetra6).
I n'as set an inl.ercsting dsn.
{Mi sa trasat o sarcin{ interes.rrtiL.l
You hare been atlotted d sh oI money.
(Vi s,a alocai.o sume d€ bani )
(h {i b , r j- ,1 rhd /,r a P J , re.
( \.' f s u li , d c itd lu r .' r .n ' .o to .
' fh F Air' so n s .o o lu l l (nr r ,r ,,
i ,e \,,- . 'r
,[- " . " t .n " L P \ L
' Principalele verbe active al ciror complemenl, ndircct poai,e del,eni
subiectul verbului pasiv, tn vrenre ce complementul dire.rl estu pestrat ca
atarc. slnl: d.coril. dlor. tLLIow, ward. c.Lus.. ammduL dcn /. giue.€ran\ leaee,
offcr, ot(la, paA. p.jnit, protnise. efusc.sau. shot\,) pare. t.ach. tdl .Ic.
8) \ierbele to bid, to make, to $ee: o $atch, to hear, to feel, to lct, care $ l?SG
la diateza actiTi .qint urmatc de infhiiivnl inconplci (: firn particula to),
cer a dialezapasili infinitivul precedat e t., (' 1662-1664).
9) lomra iDrporsonnli in limba rornAnn..sepure", .se ace", ,se rede" S 1;B;
eio. esle edalA deseori n limba englczii rh acelasierb la dialezapasi\n.
subiectul nce-rrLiiaiind .romplonren.ul n;l;rect al icrhului impersonat sau
subicclul ropoziliei compleli\-e irectedin linba romAn6:
f,li s-d orrr,Icfma: I rar i/roi orer ihe iarm.
Ii ." z dar un oimet dc cconomii. I ias stretr a SaliDg Book.
I s-a dcotdal ordinul l\furcii.: He *ds dq\t,tuI thc Orilcr ol Labaur.
I s u v,s cd snrt aiei : He rra3 r,L l rrrs here.
& e,e sttrd€tJilo. sn trinite ceroilc. -= Student$ .e /eqzied to scnd iD tl,.ir aplli-
Ii j d .efur si .i inm. : We q,c/. art.l lo srng.

^\i,.?zn? oiL cl) rste (un) savant. : He tr Joi.7 o b a stiolar.
\1 r ' l - ( ' i) . , rJ d T ltp .\ ' ' p b,J " .4 t .,\
p tl,j" .ie ,
1 .1 ld
I c u fd s a' "ulr F odr d c tu b e r s .n lJ . Ix \a .' .a . ttp a . J | o ,o r | " .\, Ih o r l
.t o L a ,t.: lilm r l r o Df,o c 8 . a .
' .i:q I r .,p .l.,lJ o , , r - . T tp Ru m a tr i.n p ir tu r e
i< ..p o .l.d to lr i\p s lh ts A o ld m ts d r l -
'n
,q.lto onstructii mpeNonalerailuse iu pasirul in limba englezi:
Lrtu a tti tu da sedtua alinv€nlia lui este etooald.
: h qiU be rcali..d that his i .nl.ion 1s omelious.
\u sc paate nintni bizui pe er .
Sr,. is n,r ta bc Nlied. upat.
-
85 2
CiteuLfanne uzualede pasfu:

I a n ( sa r L d u .l to l d ( Ni s- a sp u s...)
(F{ ce l.i se spune.)
I aus r'., (at the station) l u r ,n i l sd n ,a i d d F l d Cd ,d .l
I .ras errtr to rn.le$tand... l l l i sr d a i a n tcl e g e ...)
I (as sn,@z o the door iAn lost condus'Dlni la usll.
(U-an lacut si jstrpt.)
arc &anted dn the DhoneFl , ) v6 , inplJ pL.
It
-{orts { sa u o ,a slsa i d ...- i 5 e sDu
bure
n e l a l ... fl r i t" to n )l
It ts { s.tu ,.s) r n o ? sn , a u b cL tt,p t... i se ci e d e t.i .. -
To be callal tnr ,P ,...r i 5 o n ,,D;d ,n d tu r u l a \p n , si r i d i u p
sclsoarea.I
The horse is ro 6, lzr. (Casa este de inchiriat.l
Wl\at is to ,e done? (ce este de l:lcut?)
1788 10) \'orbele o HAI'E, to BE qi to cDT pot ti tnrrebuinlaren unete orme
sp€ciale u nuanti de pflsivqi Inlelescauzaliv:
to H,\Irtr:
\ \ l ' .\ vo . 1 ,,, yo u r .n c" .
I r ,.' l onr'irl J. d ,, ^ a . osh d du.A
" ssr
ti t,"
i u .,r
d ldogr ,.i psi - - i tu Jr u ." ;trtJr to ti i
He /dl his tfouseN ,fas€d. 'r
t$i-a cilcai lantalonii (h croiro.).,
Shc nad a drcss nat .
Lqi,a ricut o rochic lla croitoreasi).]
Thev Ao.1 hrir slo\.es lcon€d.
| ) ,.a u , u r ,l l d t n i a n u ..;t"l d sp i l a i u a .r .l
l'l1 nare rou inoo thai l'am a qua]ilied Norke..
Tin sa ttiji cI sint munciror ialilicat)_
Jim nad lis rline /,iia,t d.
(Arionul
Adre pilolat de iin a tost
the sec.etarvdn,o"n.e you.dltumar.t
(cer€/oerelisecreaa hi si G/ve aDurte
Th " g n \Fn ' n n l l d . to .d d $ o r t" r . t.1 r ,r /j ,l t \ r r :, L r .n tfr .
n ,n .l r u .r " : 'nr rr o .tJ,a".d a Ir d r r iintd
.n r r ,n ,,t.,r .. ,,' n , r .n . ' o ,i .
{ S ' d ,u l
to BE
Shc wanted hfr dress to be madc nl hone.
(\roia sn i se lac{ rochir acasi.)
. Tlrrr' u"d, md a .1h" to bp Lrculltt. nh$q to t. q,rot s" t. and p{-t\thng n bp d.4.
-
o {o r e r tr p ( F d d r n g .
{At' comandnt sli sc aductl u t.xt. sr1 e uanjcze flori totul sii lic gata inainte
ii de
fu GNT
cd, lhis done quicklyj
(Da si se laae aclasta rep€det)
I\' h " r p d o .1 o . xp r \o Jr s\o p sa e " d e d
l Un d e ti i l d r g h e n i te 0 r cp a r Jti l
Y o u n .st sp l 1 F ttd .to r o . r .J< do
(Trcbuie sa te ocupi 5i se rcpafe traotorul.)
cvo n r 1 " . a .1 i n - i , r p sr e tn d e p ti n i r 6 d p su b i p r t, , i Je fl l l .i n e va ,
. .l r r s+ .r "
rulpnlJ '
S
d i ' p .1 . \, e a .' u to r m e d p p a si v b a r rua.ti
r n r ' r i l r e l .d i I| .o n str a Da si i o b i sn u i td ..i d F co m p l e n r e n tu l
d u ca u : ..a L l a rsd - i ta cA . ..a Du s o c .i n cva
s5 .i f€ .d " r h .t ( e ) [o ;r p [a i r ,: \r e tf;,.) r n o ,h p n o .s.n .
O bs er r d ii
1789 a) ln caz:..{leacestea e pasi\, inr€rogalia si nesaria v erbutlti to EA\E
i r lr c F c u ojulor ul aur iliar ut ui D r ) (( nl0 . l9lJ j:
\\'l'ere /idyou lrlc }our drrss made?
Th e t d td n l h a r tl ' e i i sl o r e s cte .,n e d .
SOPTA. DIATEZA PASIVA 35 C
b) \erbul to GET n1ai poate fi utilizat li cA auxiliar al unui pasiv: S 1790

IIe o, &t/ld durinr the $ar in nn air rajd {: waskillcd).
' r ' . p- bo\s, .,tl.{/,;,o",nc , r J in t h" . ie Lr I \ as Lr uenr l.
T t c i' - . t upt ; . t , - ; u ai" a- . y s m r n' ' \ / r ; s hips r - , hedl.
lI t r , buinla' Fo ir lo, r l c ux i" r ul, r i BE aLluc c , um e
" u\ ilidr ului G EI
I ir " s . , I n plem pnt m r i Llinam i . or t F\ ' ul, r i.
11) Verhe
forini activi,activo cu yelorro
au waloare d0 pflsiv. - Unele verbe intranzitive, degi g 1?91
de pasiv. Ccle mai caracteristice sint ardtate
ln urmitoarele propozilii:
S n ,i l \ 0 h y so n . r | . r a n n u l b p d r L e Jr . $ 179
" ) Hd m .,r ' q ;r l w,l h m u sl ;tu { i s e o o d$ h " ;4 /ta n $ i l ' r n u ,r Jr d ) .
Your skin /crls smooth {: is smooth s'hen lelt).
\e l o n s d o n ; / o , { . ( a n ro l n e :r o ^fd
ThesepiuN don't pal casily (: canrot be peeled).
l l :. a cu Tcl r l h i l r ," ./,r a ' $ l l I
Hi s p o p m r i , i l l " l q .l \- so u n d ; ' l' l..n ," l i;"
" i sh
r l u m e Jr .
u h .o r i . " " d d t.
Tlre rottery s€//s$eli l: is .asilv soldi.
T, i i coat
His ;.l " d had
t.i n Fd
a sr .. r r { thal
collar l d r ( lune.l
r b i d,oq't
h " \i ," n qas" \tAium€d
I,.
: dosn).
The silk is suaranteed ,rash (- can be \i']lshedl.
You wlu lird the dressped. $ell (: witl be wom a long tin€).
( V e zi s i 5 tt8 t)
D/ Unele verbe au adcsea \ aloare de pasirla{orma contiDui a ver}ului: 1793
Th e co tta se s h i l d n ,a l - is b e i n t b u r l t.
th " .r .{ i e r . a ? b t.;:" I a r p - L " j n J b ,u " ..,.
l Th " r p i r o l .h i ' /o n g is b ing do-n"
Hn .a m d r o sp p a h a r r o . d a tr c I tr d s b " i n s d ^n " ) .
u
Thr peabl odo,s.o
k r er "r ri ,/i
Fsu p p L m tn i { . a - b ,i n s p - ;r d r .
,j a :l s l .fn g .i n te i l .
CONJUGABI]ACONTIIUj. A UNUI VDAB REGUL-{T' s 179

TO tX CAILL\G (A CHEILI)
DI\TIi]ZA ACTIY,A.
(ACTIVE VOICE)
I\ -INITIV f I]Y,FI,YI?'1r4
Prer,ent (PNse ) Peficct (Perfect)
to be calling {* a chen.) h, have beencuUing : { li chenat)
IIOTJUL INDIC.\TIV (INDICATIfE MOOD

PrezentrPresent) Trccnt ( Pdst Tense)
I @a calliDg (: chcn) I @ds canins (: chenam)
sne I t calling
re callins
"1'ou
t to ctoss dinst the igh^ : a trare.sa pe rqu Dereglementar.

/
'Pentru studierea acestni enomeng.amaticat
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-englezee?i g 1796.1805 344/609
CONJUCIFEA COMINUA 36;
DIATEZA PASIVA 5 1795

(P A S S I V I V O I CDI
IIODUL INDIC-\TIY (INDICATIYE MOOD

Prczout (hesent) ( Past Tcnse )
TfiC].tt
I d u beingc d lle d _: s in t c h c mrl) I (cs being called (: €ritn c]'enatl
rou arc bong caued Jou \rere being called
slle beilc caued slre I ,ds beins crllcd
l,s
we are iejng called we $'ere beinEcalled
vou are beins oaled 10u 1ee.cbeinc called
ihey are b€iis called ihey wue be,tis callid
IIODUL SUBJONCTIV (SUBJUNCTIVE MOAD)

Prezerrt ( Prc.sent
I wcre beiry caUed si liu chenat) wo were b€in8 callcd
fou were beinc called : you were beirg called
ie , s h c , t we ri b e in sc c u e d Urey werc ben'g called
CONJUGAREACONTINU-A. $ l7s6
(TEE COXTIT[-0US B PBOGRISSIVEI'OBlr)
ll Formi. - In limba cneleza, spre deosebirede limba romAui, existd $ 1797

o coniusdrF umitE ,coolinud car" eiF to0tpmoJurii" Si impurilenonjugirii
rerumqi .rLavd orme pssi 'e
(a.tiv6
{ l i q i riu excep
, . Co n i u q aiar earlicipiuluir.
a onlinuas - I o r r n Pa z Eu a j u r o r u l 3dlP.onjugdri;
u\rlrarulu' o tiL la
toa'c limpurii. ai modurile, rmal de puticipiul pr"z'nt al mbului dP onju-
qal,:
o be soins to h3ve been soins
I nad }c€n soing -
I an' soms
gonS
r was
I have beer soing I should be going, cte.
(vezi tabelul conjugdrii continue la 1794)
0 r e ,2)
spp TrBd
. L r o coro.
n l i n u u . In
o aljmba
t e p l prom;n6
l e l r e r i mimperfectul
p u r Si
i r r o d ufiind
r i a l F singurul
. o o j u g ; 'itimp
i r o n rcare
i n u c $ 1798
p n s l e z ; " I r a d u c u t i m p , r r i l a , o d t i l f . o n j u g a r i i i r r l l o .d u p i
"i ' "u m u r m r s z i :
Limbs englezi Limba rom{lnd
Conj garea ctitd continuii Canjugarea actiod
' \ ' , n' " 1" l " Pr oer ocsi e. or onu po' dl t t . . , , " f , 1n4 l . , g- , , d oJr 46. l tl
1, Jnb. pnA" e. r \ 1r odt nd , "" p" ae^ - " o: i . r{" t FI ar ' . ttt1 ' r r ' r a. t r r n/ 3-
'irl ' . p o r r n l d: r 1d i '
r odr oc. ' ' , . r sl ; , A, l i l n ?r r l d- r . r \ I l i t l . a nsl " 7 t o L" S,
/ " . us. Fs l i . l r Ji , ai r - sr r " Q pd. r J. oni , q. ' r , i
w l http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 14 rn dl d. " l d al i t"tl de\ [ i 1 ur n. e, t 4
346/609
Limba englczi Limba romentr

Canjagured ctied continui Conjueueudctioii
Prlcct mpl r
IIai mult ea lerle{t
Viii.or fall de h.cut

Vrtor pertcct la .l de rrcrul,
cun,ritiunrr
I i;;i#
Subjonctiv- lorma veche
{
{ Diareza
asi"I { Il$i::11;.."""Ti'I Indicativ lrezent lasiv
lndicaliv imperl.€t pasiv
.(Pentru ilustrare a se vedea traducerea ex€mplelor ce urmeazi pind la

ef- lr t ilul r apilolului. )
1799 3) Fuorlii. - Conjuqarca uolinua . or p lnbpbuint at d pFnrru € px pr im a
o arliun" tptipohtrd ln dpsfo-luarc in /urs, sau o starp ;mparcrd pr;st.ntd
ln m om " niul v or bir ii s au o c ur s ul unFi pFr ioade atc:
A t ia.
I, atu qtiting t letlrt.
o sc.Noare,)
tD4"L
S h " h o d 1 " P , la i,s ir l r o r J \..h .
tzd.da lolna\J d; o s6lthini )
P as i . v ,
The tracio. is beinE oeethaaled,.
{Tracio l .s,e ln re'a izie.)
A p a r lv n i io r p ilr " r s /,r / D.ia a r lr o ,h th e iln l- .
{Un u i g .u p dp a lr J ' n :is " d .r id n r d :.u l.l
1800 Ti npuri l e de bo: i al ec onj ugnri iont i nueprez ent ul ,ec ut ul

ti vjjlorul) cxp nd acliunean desl5qurai.e-la mament at (prezentrrecut
sau viitor) sau l\lr-o perioadddatn (prez€ntd,recuti sau viitoare):
A C LA.
Lookl It ;s ro;ntna.
luirel Ptaud.)
S r r n as I' n r n i n i .o l l a n d , l . I s," i s,," /,.s n ]- h r o u r h : n o N.
IS r n Js'u l l n S .o 1 :d 1 ' a ' u m d - .r ? d l a P vB o L t\.t
Whcn I cane in, llrey kele its,eDtns o the wea ier lorccast.
(Clnd am intrat, a .irdz buletinul meteolologic.)
S h p xo r / l i ,s p a p p r s l t d l h r o o o n .
tl D.| d o .d " j d i h i r ' i i h .n d , sd r " l o d r ad d p d - a m i r zr
He oi b. t.aeellins a Deva at live tomorro\,.
t(El) ra ii ln drun apreDeaa mline Ia ora citrci.l
I thdlt b. rcadias in the \ibrarri lor a iew davs vet.
(I/ot mai ctt la billioiec{ incd limp de clt€yd zile.)
1 ll r u u h L p lt6 d 9 l u
I J u m tr ,b a r a
) ^ - d . r i r ,o r r I d d tr .,r DF v o n . A n c tjJ r , / 347/609
cel
m d i r c ii o r a i fo n d a l .Dg l" z i
358
Cottjuqareri :ontinui
1806 temporarn n desiiiurare lu un mo'nent dat sru intr-o perioadA

.Acliun€
rimD reb3zr
I
I ror s contirul I am callins I shall be callitl8
.{c iune anterioare ln desf65urare nt.-o perioade de timp

--",";----],1
r r'ao ren carrinst shall rre bee$auing

I
a 1806 4r foniuqarce :i 1n1'lcsul crbului la
' coniusare."o"nlinui'oulioui
3r" douJ p J'oojugdrca
rti c u l 6 ri l i l i 'drp
iirupta'
il dpo'rb"'" J' lnlpl'3ul ul
Ia coniug.rea sirnpl,i:
a ) actiunea sau starea e primat[ de verb estremomenland a1f,cmlJorard
Ji ."ii'*^ se alln in rcitinuarc la ur noment dai sau in cursul uner
perioade de timp.
' ,llâ".. ctnh acliunea lerbului nu la inlruni acoste element'e, a va li
exprimatd prin oniugarea simqld:
I a n L o d i n S h u kP , D " d . " I n E n sl - r
Jl , it" p" , t r " - 1 , u . 't p l ' Jl p z. : r i \m'
'rr"
n mnr' or'tFfina'?ntM'
m e n t rt p o t "l . t m L n o . r i t r i o r r . r n o l l
I'I f.dd Shdlesre*e in Inalish
; i r l ; k; " p , ' , . n : . n i t . r , r t " . N. 1 n , . d n u o r : r b c rn
c -, I n m r n , s\dke-
i r to r
' i ri rF
'"
" c *L ,i " n
i ' ienglez.ite.)l
i ,i ,.,"i i ' :' " .n a s i ni r" ' .r' ,' n a rmi :m p "lub,
spcarc
In ex,rmplul hr care s a tntrebuinlat prezentul simplr. ac,Liunea u se
d.esfd-:aard \ ac€l moment 2r. .rl,r lcrnlrrdrd.
'si
Alte exelnple:
l ' o D l F r l p $ l n 1 " Y 1r' l i r r l
r'r n l , o " i l r f i n l n lnrit".J r " f ' r Jr L U n g o-
O " : n l t l . d ; r ' 4 cr n l l i xn i ' 'pL
netar.)l
113ri is i/-?if,3
f.Ua;ia doa,,k. ldltLuntd cslc ir cuN i tenpofa l, tnllul liind linital la momcrtdl
prezent: Urria se poaie trezi odclnd.)J
\ \ . e . . , . r r l u r r r I : F n c. a l th r n i \ i " . i t r .
i . n i r yd l a I n i v' F r ' l ,P'rrn,dl u rill p-I'rSrli: r'r 'u a
l lddn. 'ulrun
I n P r e ze n t . ) l
H c , . r r i l . r l F sf e r d a v.
i'- li.'.,.,it,, i"ii Gii"iir iern'inatn iiviriiri lntt un donrut t"cut deieminat l
H a 'd r"'"r lh r" - np l r'r'l hirr'
f S" a, - , i c l m l ] - al l' i nt i l nr t { \ r i i unF t 2. z f s lr 'rr' nr om ent Jt l r t r t l l
" 06t
i p ht li,Pt rhp,p
" i ) l r rPr
Lo "i"-. , , ^ o i{r' ,. ' . n . al i a " J 1 , , ' r : ' " o l l r . i r r . r \ n l r ' g Jr r i l l
. p , ' t . . t t J: a l l . . f ( l o l l h , . ^ v. Jr ' .
fl.dztc'l iNolo ilc"tfei {ni: liinindouJ flrnrelf se lJ o slarc trslti rr ner*ts
lihaitr t d;'i.;,iccnruhd 'eterl
ideea dc coniinuitat. ii Fecizind conl'inuarea in l)rezctrt'
p o a t e ti vi i t o r 1 3 0 t . ) 'i
S
I nrct rnY ooulin: he told me he na4 a,..sr, his bror.he.. \tho rvas wcll agarn'
fL;; i ; i i i n j t p c' " ; i n , l m e u m i - d 5 p o , i l :i i t r ? 3 , r i r h d t ' l e ' a f t e r a r r u m sr n a '
L o s. 1 . l l ' l rf rL' . o n P . ?a\ 4n'o t\tntlatr\ 'n'i 5l'r" lu rerurn l
8/12/2019
coNJuG-{nnA Alice
coNTrNv,1
Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 350
I mll nry c.dsinr he tdd me bE haa laer nr.stng Ljs bnriher Nho was slill Iar l.om
[L-anIntllnitpe vIru] men; ni { spnsce"ii trs.tjeu tle citra limp) iratel€. care era
Incd dtprric de { li silnlios. (Aoiii,ne r.oufi i ,-"fdrnindr,i. nicrioara altci acliuni tre-
cuter ide€a de ca.ti4uitatc este accentLlatil.)l
I ridll ldd Jou tonionoN.
lTe eai eedeanline. {Actixne viito{rc.)l
This fime Lomorro* I shattbe suinc some ricnds.
lNrine ra ora aceasia'ot 'ededldh sd.ed.tnitte prictcfi. (A it,Fr ra li ,, .rB Ia
uD dat ajitor.)l
'nomcnt
I tlDuld sa there jf I werc you.
tM'dj.izd€ acolo dacl af ii ln locDl tlu. (Timp trclimiiat.)l
I 6nodd d go;ng here it I w€rc you.
L A s.fip e d .u n l n l Fr .o l o d 3 .I a i i i n l o cL l l i u . i Ti m t l i m ,l b l a m o n r n l u l p .c-
ze o l i 0 c1 ,u n e 8n cu l s a .n n .l j
pi Ptrfecliv ti imperfectiv. -.Conjugarea €Dglezd..arealadar, spre d€- \ 18{}7
-
oscbire de conjugarea romAnil, doud Bpecre contraii:
astccttlL (conjnr:d.ratdn ii.) i
aspecLul mpertectiv
Iierfect;t (conjngafta conti.nad )1
I6n I oxistr I know, I uDde$tstril,
Elnt,lomreverbale carc exprimi ficcare o singuri noliune //,rl.ti /rir, ca o clapn
de pian al c5rei unic sunel poflrti in sine clar. holirit, decisiv lncepul,nl
si sfi$iiul.
'
ln ronrra.t ns;. / or, sirgl,'s. an eryin2, .uo"i,,1.;q: shott . s p",n:
y or . er \ pr im d " , iunp0 r pr b, r lui np r ht t , , t . . d uo c r . u: r 0' F. l, , np. indp. o
s ing1lr S. o0r dd e lo un " r par la c " l; l. ll oblinp o gp ; in' init , d, ' n- ur i
nuan_tatece se siing ireptat.
deauna Acestc elccte apa4in

a prezentul numai
ln carc lormci
so atlE continue.prozenLul
rorbitoml carc nu sc limil,€azi jntot,
actual, real, ln
eontrasi, cu prezentul eteln. ireal ci se poato prelungi nu numfli ln tre-
cut, ci fi lnl.iitor, chiar di.colo deviitor. deoareceexpriirr] si actiuni sau sttui
fdrd slirsii ce se pierd ln neriunoscut.Forma continui deschide drum lars
in. er r ir uiinii. da f r iu lib. r . p, , ul0jiilor gindir ii. " t i. " nr F, . r . r i. , r r ilor . r m ini
lir ii. r " n, Fr ilor .nt r r iliilor iner pr ir nabilul| , r- , r epa/ , 1 at r n. f pr ; . olor ar a,
Incdrcatd de retin€rile sau de inhibi,tiilc i'orbitoruluj, caro pot fi numaj intuite
ti nu crprimate.
\o1t aan't gainsa\ray or good.are yotr? : I am alrai.l u.)
Xou
You adBotng way or goori,s iil you? (: .ngoasa r.scind datr cL1nt.o
ducff.a liitorului
-on't In loctl n.ezentuluil.
In s- r " l h o | | .h o ;; In Fl r r d L r n r t i - . I - o r r h \ n , g o o n th " t r r j p :r
l l - . " i r i ,J h r s E n g l i sl ' r 6 a ,i a s,u < r \ l .- l l e r ' l ' " v, r o .r i r t b r sh r g ' t tp .
G { r p a n l b " .Jo ;" e \r . I Jo ,r a r ' a - p d ' ,r } o .r i ,l .l
"1'll bc kaitins on ure sea .lk. Dad (: so hurry)."
' Y n .i 1 lb p o ttn e , r \l i \L r .i Ir n S ,1 b ch o o l tn S .p r .1 i .r 1 n m .b n d hs
m r d n i . .14 to r p j v.a i r .t m vo u r ta ,n ,i d n J l - o \r Jn x .,i ,, ' .l I pj - \. r .,,r F .n r tJ q h ,n
yo n k g o n p . S ti r u p r h e i r ;, \r l l r o u . Dd d l
6) lltc caxa0tcristioile formci eontinu€. 180
a) Viitarul calocrial. arc n limba rornand este e\prinat prirr indica, s$ l80
tivul prezelt. esto edat si In limba englezi ot prin indical,ivul rezent. se
la forma ui continun S 1522,1524):
She ts dtutns h.rc toniono$'.
f{Ea) tu na$ aici miine senrl.r
l Vezi extlicare.taeestor e.nr,ri la 13i]i.
:/o . S
d @ d : p e n h x t,,r cr ,r r
l ) i n Ta l l ,,l Cl l d $ cl l , .4 I n l o sr e tu L a '..
36{l
e. rii ofl fdld de treout

Tot astfel, tdicalitrl hccut contindll nlo-cuieF
' ---- (tt"Lir" ilt rhe post) d stilut rmiliar ($ i523-i524):
I tol.l him Lds t€d'in€ fo. ihe seaside thc lollowing dav'
it-i^ Ple. li inafc ln ziua urniltoare')
'l',s "t
o in'"n-
{ 1811 b) FormJ cunrinur ' o bp;oin.. L un infinili" .omplel-'\.[imi
qdu u n t i t l o r t n p d at tl tJzD)i
l i A p.ntru viiLor r i i ' o t ; n t , n ' a n a l l
IrAn
on d:es;
ao;nn Lo
d .a$ ,sr
"k"J;
h Jt
F zJ "r
t riu
om : doeoacum
r o l lV : i'o f ia '"n lr o n a l)
narnrp
'You i lo r in t e n lio n r l)
n F r l .d your oame \\
"eieo:ne
(voiar s,r-o, slui rumclr d tale )
p '{ p r im d $ o a "liu n P hoLdtitd in o in t " sAu
$ 1812 c) V i; lo t u t r cn 'iF L , u m a i noate
. "r e ir e lo c in nod natnol ( $ 1522 - 15211:
,\",11;:11:lJ':r:,ll' f;::;l :l; d

# iic.ill.lil:: y;..',.
.;ij,,i'1''':
r,"';,.ii '.ii,:i i, penrr r .Jt. nnrma n"
'nr,rnjm
Whrt rloil rou ,s doi,g tomoro\?
* idri n nod norDJrrm ri4p:l
i,li "; l'1,"."."1:l:"

rL:"ui iii,uirri r iacl r"i'
j"i i
l.i:^l;,ll5ill';;;l:,
N otal "i.f n l \ ; n 1' por ar prima.^'ii"r,i iilo?-rc'
A.tit pr"vnt ttl or t t., t |i I, " 7 f
:: ;l,:"lJl 1i"9,;:: lili" i';r l J ,ui'i jf T;'i;;'lpfili:l:il

sdu de
r" i " r . a , i" \ ' . " m - ( p r Pz " n t u t i n p l ' d " p i 1 d F l " h o l i ' i n d u n - i
obiective:
'
imDreiuriri
Rli.:,:iil:i'.'.''o':'t
h is p 'p n in shp t s o , d , t r:"ii""i;i,"1 il,lir;ii;:l:
3 r t is o li ^ t P r e '''s'r D l")
lAst{-s€a.n; de ser ciu la birou ) " ':'i\:i:";:'"*''
[|];# rliKf ,":s:.ll :"lixii"'H' "*1'lf*"i"{iiff fi '":'":"
5hp k/rps up her,ir ips J'a| hos "rq n r t U o n J ' v
;i:it
t P P a '
""
. t
:
tnptu)
" ""
:i:'^,';i"'
;1,:lTm:ill;ffb1;ii" ;"': ;T .
E t8fl
-,,,,d I Vi,nrut rcnL;n.tu p'Lp in lr 'b r r ir r ld r 'i p p r 'r r u € , q a lo r '1 u lb 'u mai
' r n r r lr , . ^n - id p r clip . d isf r cii" lr ' I o i lr "l'd | - U s 'l'r L F r :
r'h€n trill votr Nothe' &d 'ontng 'u b see usi
so ' n'
'ln a ll $ e D ? s€ ebi,; vt
8 You
i b" ,an n g ' r t-
i\ ' 'i, , ill r o d r
So lo n s lll b P "a 'n 8 JU " ( "o u r'
1L' ic edere e L u r in d . ) :
viiiotul simplu si
Toate ace3tc tormule sint' mai pulin abrupte dccit
d e ci r n a i P o lib ico a se .
e rr b ig r i 'r :
7 l: , r r u ProPozi
$'c'll 0ori rerl ha'd
\'1nnr. , r . . / a . ro n . p ' . r' r':.1 " r. , ; . r: : . 1 , ; " : , i r, " : ' l i l .; . . , r.
;;i;;il;l;' ;r r . .r ir;'ifuir ,lrlli;:ll:;"r;:;"

r ;, ti
ru'"'.'"i,i,i.i:l?"',1,,,11;;;'',:;;;:',li?,".::i:)",,i
th srlut ftn,l in ( ' n P r r n i i l i z a t colo.vial, P l p o ' l r
"l:;';r:l:i'll
i'*i" i i , " i l t. r''d Lm"Dinliror'
'.'rn o
CONJUCARB CONTTNUA
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 80t
care poate avea:
fe') tnlelesulu nui (,;ltrr pud (,lt: shall).
tyor, l&./a toarte se os.l
dat ri-(e") inlelesul r,iitolalDi eolitit' (,tL: s,itt.)|
lstnten hotdililyreh si tuden toarre scrios.l
ambiguitalea va
decll o singuri interpretare:
dispir€a daci aceea
se utilizea_zii
d.ea{ttor iitorul
pur: continuu, car€ nu are aici
We'll ,e ,o..(izg very tiard.
.;:: d arp caracter rnumcutan ( g 1344), oma conrinui expdmi g l8t4
^-,, {]. llld
aclrunr sEu stAn rppetdte:
?, Yd b"l, noddinE.b he :raat rtF morning.
drapp,,g thin$s $riF I sns dah.p.
r.l C u adrerbp ra: dtrq4s. or ,r t. "an.tin\ott . anst,I,ttg. ,ryauolg,
rLsuolllJt,.. fn rm i .nntinua.,.\pri,'l o rrti u r,tssJU o slnr^ ;...; S -:,8 t
.; '
mereD, care constituie un youobicei: ""p"id
ar" ok,rr
,1r.r"u I,ri ,.4 ..) mn.
".otd.nc
Don t bp /o. ,,pt luttins oL
r r u am t nb r n" r . u. )
T\?y aft .ontinurllu atrujls.
A- l nl r una di l c r r l i r ' r - "
He x,as cons,anrtggrrinujns.
(Era ner€n ncrnnlu;t ) -
N ot d
. Daci I'erbul nu arc caracter mom€ntan (g 1g14) sau nu

este deteminat
de nici-unul din adverbete e la g t81b, nu poate ai.ea ormd
exprrDa o acl,tuneepetati sau un obicer, conri;;;-;i;J
Nu se poato spuDe
I r nal , . . . ?pl d e Sar r r d. . \at Lr r oonaLr hLr l av
t p , d. Bat ng o t h. I ns t i t ut p , et do . "
Se spune corect, lntrebuinlindu-se forma simpll pentru a s€ cy;ta
pleo.
l"4f 1,fT ,:" 1,:u,ii{,1'liJl;

g;' *" n'*
laro {erbntDu o:rtc aveaaspect ontinuu.
llr,""lfi': I
I nr r F D U U 4r r ea I nr m F r , on S 1Sf6
. i nup r r - , a ,6 s c , i uned . . a s t ar e€ dpnu-
*l Existd *'""''i";;n;';u#";';:,;;;;;-
1,,1:J::'",::1",i':lT'.".i 1Ji-;":,1'"u
insn verbe carenri pot aveaaspect ontimru, au situatii carcnu
pF r m i l t nl r F bLi n ar ad t or m pl or c onl i nur
U""O"t" nu pot aveaaspcctcontinuueind acliunea or nu este rece_
,o""J) S l8l?
@ "'rdm //ous lr u m \{e a , r o 1"5t.
lri u.'t.s d (lear trand.
,,," 1 " r .." " ,..1 " ." ," ip " " 1 '1 ll." " :" ^ ;" lta " ,n ;tr o n\.s r In E o s r ... n ic j:
ttp j s trr tn g a .tc a r h a rd -. p e n tru a r, ti u I|a c p rl u l u i nu c " i e te m /o ra
'j rA .
*zi qar.k,A cnnna. al cor'.nr,rure rrsrsr e.ir,,ure
* uture-as-
"'
30
5 e p o a te l n si sp n n e i
Tl ' e .l r ' a ,' ,,s l o r ta q sm u o l h l Y .
H; ; - *i ;i ,e r " n ; i i ,r c*: d ;o ' t ' l r ' tr fb h i m
Dc' r l r u .a u tu b e l . a .fi tr r r i si n ta m p o r { r ' to ' o n l F\te l e r a sp P ' ti L A
"--'rti * zj'ie: "where ari uau tioing?" clnd persoans €reia"i.esie .
ntrebarease aile inir-un lo' ln mod lrecdtor. chrar dac.a.,qeoere
adresati".ir"l
iooiol p""t"usitx (de exemplupcniru studiipFrlnnr strdinaiai€)
anenm ' it 'lv heredn
uou li' ' " : ' r ' Lntl nc inler es nr n - J dr e. a " r
" 2l Pc nlr uac eluir r not iv upol dv Ft J ' p' c r ' or r r inuuv er bc lec ar Per pr r m A
iii" it ai, ' * ' , , " , " " d" pt-pti; tnn;rt" inJ " p' nd" n' P d" ninla
",,rii,i,".
indiidului. equPr a 5r or " ol nu poat odP' r a' ' ond' :
4) sent i ne t ut e: aal e (- a l i ne l c ne r i a tr cvJl b ndr r cr ' t' l i ke' o" o@'
, a;"iii.i i""iiiit,'i i"l'":',;;i";'",
" ,; ;it;":; t=' a {se) upa'dl' s4tisfv tc'
t8l'J b) d.Liritatt nta,o F -t;d b t hi nt t (thot.)' t o t Fposr ' t o
to oe,F. t o b4@P
ro*'- @ kN*. to inia4 ta a"or, b tuti r' r.tunb?t' ti lo'E4 to s4x''
o r 10 ,ad".std t' 14J to r'qt "
"i"tt,
c) pe"ieptii
'uiq"i ", seazot ; d . : ,' f eel ' , 1a hea\ t o s@, b st ut t ' to sol \ d' t'
6 i oaL I i A; \: a 'a r Ps" nbt P t
'mdJ"r) au r nsut i r i tetatio. peF
189f d) ee, bet e I esat e de. obi ect e cat e
1" l'td l: @ contoin ', to of t4
belons' tu catup *' ; ;;,L"'. '2n:i::- '
r o posi"*t.rc,i*n.u D.s's. t/1naal ua t;ntf ) ro / esn (rnrr'J {c'
'oit,ti t'o'"..
cdt P t u suspt " aza id"pd J bpead'
at i e 't"nPordr':to
"t
d"*ita. """t'"
ta pt Lat . b aJt t b. : e, , l:r lo^ ll :p: ".
t P.efet it to the old on e

I caa't undeitaul what vou are snvtng'
I see now {hal Jou nrear'
iIr on
Irrd
r sirln"
io |dos r Jt \ ". h' i r : i
1J; a_m Io I Jl h f
She aa green eYes: she ts a " o' gs witch'
N ord
t8'.fl ln eoqlezaolo.rialumodetod,'rbeled" la $ IQ'l0 c-ar€^se aler5a pPt'
-- -
" ,"ptti "nlri"ie, sloL e obi.ciprecedatee aur'rliirulm odaiC 4N:
l l n l i m Du l u n e i P Um n 6 i o P r d u r e ) :
ddn yoir t,e the birds?
{Auzi P5stu e? )
I .dz src the acacias.
lsimt
b"n viuDarlumul
see thesalclmrlor.)
lishthouse too?
(vezi'9i trr ferul?)
| .on und.rslaod \our d(ticulty'
(lnlPles dilpma ltr caro te ani )
Modalul CAN, ca orice auxiliar, nu pdstreaz&calitatea de verb no9ional
ei nu se traduce aqadar n limba romena ln aceastdsrlual"Ie -
' C ons t r uc liaait €r naliv d. d-rdCAN. es Le oLuFi nc e pr eler at auDmrr:
Dd you tuo. the birds?
t s7;11 h€ acacias.
I lndztsland
se the liShthouseoo.
Your diffioulty.
S 1824 Apr oapF oat ev Fr bplem enlionat e a S l8l8- 1822Por d' " af i t ?l 4, : 1'
' i\ un, dat at unc i s ans ulor l' x ii' al s e s " him ba' deeaJ e " par m anenlSdr s pa
rind:
-,p,,'**-,r,-a I ua hatins { d' liun" ind' p o'
1r ai" ^ "
dented-ee n d noaslra) I dn iooi 4' 'l3r "nn
",;,, " it li; ${ #
363
to tlcpclrd : a dcpii.lc tl4 devjne,.a onl,a le)':

\\e he.lepdxlin\ isau ui /a/r,all on rt,u lnr lhe y,ats.
4, nl p rir.^ r' r"rL 1,. i
toharcpier(leideea de .posesjunc"sidc\ine d lud (. a brtr. a mincaeic.):
To hdre Lea, a rrfn'k. r wliisla:
\lhrt rili \,ou lar., Sir?
to hrr. a Ialli, a s$i,i,. a n. . ,, 1)rrtI. r sniol<e, lr|3I. .tc. iuzi ti S 1se7)
to mind (: a supAra a lua in seamn ci,c.) dev;ne,,a avea grijd dc":
Do rou n;n.l ny smoLirs?
(Vd'suldld drcii'fum.z?)
\ever ntnd what Clara sars: no onc nids l,er.
(Nu ua ln seane ce spunetlarar nineni nu-i de at.nti c.)
Wl\o is nindinc re childr.n?
{Cine are erij{ de copii?)
to leel poate i tntrebuinratp€ntru a exprimao starc cmporari:
He is faling mnch bctter no\r. {Verb noncntan)
(Se simie mult nai bjne acur,.)
dar atunci cind s€ntim€ntul sau senzatianu sc imitcazi la monentul pr€zent,
3e poate spune nomar:
H r lpic 6n int rpbl n Jou. r\.rh durari\,
ur rnkresezr.J
Tlo room /,ri6 daml. V,rb ou"ati\)
(Sa sjml. . h oddiaarr igrrs ,
"
Ho$ dorrFra
tverD Jou/,,1shq,s^n,body
vj p ls Jou a,omplirr"nt?
to hoar derine .,a audia'r; ,,a asculta' (lec,tiile etc.):
Thry *+. hotiFg J uours"ol tmtur.s.
(AUo'au n.urs.)
I-uB h?ara| him l,;s psor..
(ll as.ulldm sJ \id dlcJ;l:, I.clii,e.)
to look (: a ardta) (stare emporare):
\ar orp I@hin9po^,1.r - p"ikJ, pe.'k,dJ.
(Arrli .rm rJu, Prri pdlid.)
dar numai (- a semina cu) (stare permaDenti):
Ycu look like an artjst. Wlro i.e you?
You aook ike yolr mother.
tsemeni cu nama ta (la tnllliFrc).ll
to seo derine: ,,a s€ lntilni", ,,a vjzita", ,,a conduce", sau se lntrebuinreard
cn prcpozi,lii ori ddacrbe care ii schimbd tn.telesul:
"How ts Chfis s.r,in( on?"
"He's oX., we;re E;lns lim tonight."
TnFs t,* vatn6 hn siC\rs.r In",il).
n FrFsaD.. rn or..,.l
| Ncins het ra rnr do,r whcn yotr rary.
(o'tdsconduccan a uF,l cind ai snn;t.)
\t ho i s."r',g \lothnr o//.'
lCn" o nJ.." I. ldni Id S" r :l
My hlsnand ;s r..t4 ro the rickers.
lsolul neu arc srija de iilete.)
MORFOLOGIA _ \/ERBUI'
304
exprrma o srars
to smell (verb tranzit'iv) poate fi inirebuinlat pentru a
iemporara:
_ e das . 441. , s ru _
'
r_ n lJlrr'l
. [" mir^" ur
dar s e poal , c s pune num ai :
r'hesc floivers dDul snel? (\'erb intranzii'i{ dufatir)
au mrros
{Florile
The nark snel, {sau '"s/ sodetr vith the scentol Llre incs (Verb duaLiv)
accsteanr
itlr;ut e.a Inmifesmat de pa.lumll teno' )
1825 \-n '
'; e ailJec-
,\ccleasi erbecarese etffi la percep,tiiteenzoriale irt' tlnnate
t;tc in loc de adverbe: _ ll' n r r1'L d)
' fl. Nl' ' 1
mmLpd g d i on r'1nr t" t "t a t" n t. .J t "
'tr-e "rodsl. smPi^ va'datut. I d-
L J r r b s $ o r l /a is ' \r " ( $r'n rPrr
" t(vczi '"oIL76e)
ii 5
"rnporâ-ri:
lo ls6lo poalF i lnLrebuinlrr pFnlrd 1 "\primd o siluaLie
c ook o; , ;,s,". s.r,r, l, l :ll:,. Tf i, l i,i.'"Ti;,verb.mom-nr1n
{Euddhe.si gusiososnr nPr
dar se poaio sPune numai:
Thp m F i i r' r, o/ g " .l i " . {v"rl d rrtl r:r)
c ,.- n n i,.r .s i d ir r ' ro r
The litre sau doesn'i il'?
(\ inul c rcrn, 'u'drs nr i air?l
Uor5n ll' b " ll r k ,t" - d il" ,.
\u g i' l r''ul ' l+ e r ' -1Prr
l o a l F n ra r-
S i (o l u ' i rr,l u ri r" r r' b ' l " r " u ' " r' ' " Ii o l 8 l 6 1 8 1 2.' rr
a i L i i i . " " i a i :" r' .L ,o a \.p 1 Iri p o i I' ^ n ' i u u ri e L u n s ' b i b a ' p .s rn a n rr' 5
rd ,,;a ,u m s -a a rd ra l m d i s r,,, fi " n .n l ru a ' < p _ i n ra u rn l " s u h rrl p s4'sPa
s i rrl
.o i ri ra t. poFonald' o rb i ro r'da'i pr'Llndu-3er maLmuLta nrFrprerarr cp on-
r" ";1 ,' ,j ., -l o o,rtsider- ' . j F e i o .r" fnarl" rdlinat sublilp pol oblinp
ir iiir " ,l- $ ,'" ^ " i;r ; ilg ,a " i r o itr i r le Y ib ilp lF'u n o s r i^ ''r l:
.D d r s i
'in d enirua 9i puteangadu
3" fi""t""fr"* *- i ri ln-suFil i iito l limbaengl€z6
el lnsugi asemenea baieril
Doni, exemplo.Palliser, deschizindbrusc uga' ex-ploziv: What orl-earth
a story for
."" o1u J.tooo*.T to be doing?" - Lady Glencrjra: 'i. rvas acting
il"Jtv loli'gi it " Nici un procedeustilistrc nu pxie'a comumca
orui tiupattl '^;^r
""4't" tnciniarea scenei a care asiilasem noi' .spectatorii' deoit aceste
i q i p " rm i l P a u i b " rL d l i 'u rp s u l i l " g ' i ' n a ti " s l P '
" " ' 1 "''T
i .' -
an t,t' tn you v"rv rrJ'h "t am lotine.vo:l" ,' I l n ,h -: t' .i ,: ' Pi
or.dp nLardi"' .
forne verbale ab'r - s ai l i z i * inuabil fcrpcalFil rigiditatpa a\prrma rnFlprr-
i i i f. n""."ii"i""ito' - sr ruusiu a sparea ipsr.lp pFntru a
l i ' tL i ,l , i in.tabilul l 4 'ihi's Aba.PA tt' et" ra'lsu .p ri n rr o simpla
i n ti ri p ' t sub
i o n .rr' ," ti . " "i""*uri,
' e ;;; 'fem'rul p'i"tic al xnui s"n imFnturnan' abia
am"run:rroa6o_rbelor. o rti t , r' d " ru e' - a nu cvaa
l sq,ccr rra.tumal dDtce.
,: lcntN cei nenltai
Vc;i se.ialtrl Tv "IuniLia Zd ts€.", dula ronanele soriiLoNlui ctgtez Anthnnv
?r ol l or e l 18l - 1s 821
r. T l " : s 4boi , 4t t l \ l r r r r pr " l " l o1l c . .oman lostbclic alronnn.ic. 1ui Eric
-
ilowbray Knjght
866
18e2 CI,ASIFICAREA ONJUGARILOR
183t
" -- l u limba englezn xisfi lrci conjug;ri - curtjugorce.ldbS' 'onlugirea
l 0 r. i i o n i u sr' c m i \r; rrr" ' n deospb'' i n p ri n l o rm ' l e inu'can-
'- '1"
u l u i rra .u ' .i p a r' i ri p i u l ri tre ' u t'
fc3f l)iooiug"ti" (Th"ll 0l: t Eorm"l^ ptir''ipah alP
'll't;n : s d i i r' l i ' A l i ' u l l rp ' u r s i " n a rrr' F
'aniq'LtiaP
rc rb rl ,r c a " re o ,rl i n s ' c s l " i
;i;i' i;;L i' 1 ";' "* i; p r"' o n ;u ;rri ' ,ru id ' a u / r ra ' n tin jt' v
s u ri'
t.rbului rc.p.criv. ' iu'a pna'a s";i",s Fc i"ua re
nu aorigine gFrmani'i ori lrJn'pzd:
to l€arn - leam' - lcam'
to PaY - laid - laid
se face prin
1336 a, La majoritatea acestor verbe' adiugarea sulixului -d
interm€diul literei mute 'e-:
to call - callcd - called
(o P l a Y _ P l a Je d ,
- PlaYPd
roPped roPPPa
to s'op -
c 1836 b) Dupauncl" consoanF. n g"nere upbco)' nilial surde:"y g:]".tP
' ulixul d a devenil . dPobicci recedaLc srurt8rea ocalFra oa'rnll:
"urde,
to mean
to sleeP - slep' - 9l9P'
ro leav; - ler; - lelt
to leel - lelt - lcl'
$ t83? c, Cltevaverbe a cares-a adeugat utixul -d sauJ au sulerit qi modifi-

carea ocalei adacinii: sold
to seu - sold -
to teu - told - to].l
lo buY - boughr - bougl t
t o t hi D k - t l ouah, - r nougr r
C oni uc aneas l abb e l e ac Lual m enl ' e i ngur a f oc r l ' c pr odur - t i v S N um F r oas B
pnm ps c
v er be t a" r i _au dF F ni l l ol al s au ps r i al s l abp. ar t oal F v er bel e- . nor
rreii.'"e. numitd tn prezerif lg ulatd s,'ed, -rd' -ing (\'ezi exempl
"lala,
$ 1835).
t - La verbele areapar\in
S f838 a.esler
2) Conjugar€
onlug€rr _la:rc
v.ro.ftu
o. Stonq'oniugotion
."gi-n' geimanica . , .indicfllivul.trPcut
c oF
rneaza . i,bic.i prin modifi'arei voc;lei nfinjtiuului ar.psrticiJ'iul,tre'
_"|lsau '2. dispdrul nso a unelp eroe:
prin addugsres "Jfixului 'are a
to lall - letl lallen
t o df l w dr " w - dt a$n
io get - got - s or ( ar h t i -ram er ' got t eor
t o ; i dk " - i Lr uc k - s ' r u' l l ar h s t nc k en)
l r ec ut
S lsJ 3) C ooi ugar os Ei f l A f 7l " Mix"(l C onj ul at i an) ar c - i ndi c at i v ul
" l r F r ur rn - n
t er m i nat 1; ' ed ( ' ar €c l ' r i s t i c a r onj ugd- r i i s l abe) i ar par t r c i pr ul
sau -€n (caracteristicaonjugnrii ari):
- sow€d
- swelled - swollen
d U m i l p s i r ual i i di D s Lr i r ul _d
'I SuI i r ut r s . a d. z v ot r r t oocalei
Cu sau IArd moditicarea rtrddcinrr.
, d.n. arnaic, atrf. : englezaamerican{.
-
307
VERBE REGULA'|E $l VERBE NIIIiEGULITE $ 18{O

{Ri'GUL\II AND IRREGULAR VEIiBS}
Slnt considerate sgulato toate Yerbelecare au indicativul trecut gi parti-
ipiul trecut, terminateiu sulixul -ed. iar nereguleto, oate celelalte verle de
oojugare 31abi, tare sau mrrti:
negulale:
to ask - asked - asked to cau - callcd - cttlled
NoeCnlate:
to draw - dreiv - d.awn to learn - lcamt - leant
to fall - lell - lallcn to lay - laid - laid
to lccl - leli. - lelt to lcck sou:lht - sought
to got - Cot - Cot Lo sow - sowed
C.lteva verbe neregalate au Ei Iorme p aralele rqulatel unelc pfutrind ace-
laqi lnleles, altele cu tnleles deosebii:
to ro r 1I lerrnt -- learnt
tearn.d learned ) t: o in'rt"t
t" 'un {ifiif"a : if,,'l"o )
(: a varsaun richidJ
"o*, {L"l8"a -lliig"u

Pentru acesteparticularitili, a se vedea mai jos lista verbelor neregulate
si observatiile ateiente ($ l8i7 -1819).
' Marea majoritsi. a Frbelor din limba "n;l"za 'inL \"rb" .rC rl d te i 18ll
verb*lenou .rP rto t sparlin a."s Pi .JLpgorii. :l tF l :
aproape oale o
to telesrsph, o televise,o pros.an{dc), o compule,o computo'
{tele)phone,
rize, o radio, o xerox,etc.
t o w i F L, s l : a l r dD l n: l P Pr i ' l r adr o)
ru m ol of , o l d. i i : a m " r s " c u J LLom obJ ul . u l d\ r r l l
r o s r eJ m r.i l J . u. , ond. a ' u c dhd c u ol ' r r r )
lo . r npm al o* r . nh r . : n" m al ogf a[ d)
t o s t r eam l i na r . ada o l i ni e dF r odi nJ m i c l )
ro s.rvi.F i- a of " t r u" €ul om oD i l t c . . d . i l u, . a l ogr i j i l obr l c t r -
dintea olienteleietc.)
t o edLer or ool I d, , i pp. m " dbi l i r a)
pi D . d. pr i n eondr . l , r : a i n" l dl a o c oD duot d e
lo li;t" r)errorJ" J , bpo" i , t
l o. , Lom , ' d a v J l r or i z a) dt t ni z 6, , , Pf r
v '. ' r of" i' ". ar
nr or
' u' p"
e, n,
nl lrom i : r l r m . J i x at i v pet r t r u p& el c ', )
u pJ
to x{ay (. i radios'alia)
Lo,ddj; i r.dnc':lP I'r'a rd'lio)
ro st ,r .' . eD r auD a. l or m r r e s au o ac t r i l l h r ol ul
'\..' tr
lrrnu atl
PRINCIPALELI' VERBE NEREGULATE $ 1842
l n n .p :r.r' l i i l ' I'r , l.n ut i r .F Jp.lL varbelA i m p l P .precuo $i ci[eva

\Ar6p .o n t.,t " tb t. I l ,,r; t). d b caror forn. pri^cipa.le ilerA ds
c ." l p d , rn ," - i tr' .r" i n ' rs rr , ^ " rp u n p rc do r.
" 1
Pe Itu " rbcle neri:ll.latc tirnpLr\e a se vedea $ 1848.
1Indicativ,,t rccnt si narli,,iDiul rlicut nreslo. ube stnto/rog,a/iat € orfo.m r€81t'
j i o, l " l a S r-i . : i pr . \ pl ' , : ' J Lnph t . ut " ph' w d-El ui s el .PN gm nuw l ,anPI AKd,
tdripd, l1 t-,o1, t. olontzpd. t+44.t1.
" :n a" ot oA "r l , 358/609
'a F
388
$ 1843 Gna-xR,,r.LrT-LTr
At ent ie
fal In limba engleLe,archarc lscarara ..perimat', ..inr.cchit' (oa si tn
limba romnnn), dar tatuti inlrLtrdnlai cu ur,cie sensuri speciale tn
lit er s t r r i s ar diilc c t al.
( b) lner
buint,at et ss\r
rLol- ' r pi'.ad
ol r c r e, ni " l" . io"aap.
i , , rt,;rrLrrrn
, - ir : . lar . i".ipiul
o d" pn ni dr r p"
ecruLln, r p-
r r ipir rl
at,,nr "bol.r',
trecut, ntrebuinlat la construir€a orm€lor r€rbale compuso (I haie lcari,ed,,
I shalL noeLeerned ,c.) n contrast crr participiul trecut lntrebuintat adjectival
(a laafilcrl man).
1846 f../ Yerbelc care au doui form€ verbalo paralele cu acelaii lnteles. la
trecutul sinplu i participiul trecut, au o form5;egulati (terminaii cu sufixul
. pd, Ai 0lt a ner p: ulr ' ; . lor nr ole pr eoulr . F inr pr Ff , aLp n er s l z a br iLaD ic a
iar c ph r ec ulat " . ln nns lpz a mpri"rri-rvez i B. eiuir k .A G r aniar ot C onlem -
potarA English.3.65). Dic-tionarele i ceienai cunoscute rccente
nu confirmi lnsh aceastdasertiur, . J.drnaticilt si
1847 TTIIPUIIIIE PIiL\CITJ{I,N AI'X TXRBEIO& NJiRTGUL{III
. ,. . . Trtcut Participlu
lnluo ttu s inplu r r " . it Traincerc
i a locui {arh.)i (lit.}

I a rlmlne, a sta; a
alide alodC iboder la'lard, c b.ud- orleudl conlinua; a attepta;
{
asoke {:l.l[i" r""",1,"'*-k{:l|.:,"}rr

Ir s Im n l l i :, w.z, b i :n l a li
{ffiii" Ib.o,.:, bc:nl l a n i i te t a su p o r l a

lcat beaten lbi;t, bi:t, ni:tnl
bn; orr br's dl ; ; '#, I s 'n.
t ; : ; ; '.
begin bcga Iesnn lbrrg,n, h s3:n,br snll
rent bent: Ilend, bcnt, hnrl 1 a iscj ptcca
berelt I o ripi hnilalr a
[hrri:Y, br relf, br .elt] 1 i i r $ i ,a r i { r { tl n z.)
b€seechs basouglt lesousht lbrrsj:u,br sr:t, br'sc:l]
betr fbet. b.at.betl
f bid I a oroona, a spure,
J ll9,"" r rbrd, ,d. r,dl { a l i .i tr , a o l cd { p r cl
[{ i D' e cl i [) I ili'ii"ri,tr t fbrd bed brdnl I l J l i ci tE ti .)
tr.nnd, fba d. baund. baundi
bii.e bit bitic , bit' ibarl, brt, branl
bl€ed bled bled lbli:d, blcd, nlcdl
blcnd blcntr (]it ) bleDt{ 1i1.) lblend, bl€nt, bl€nil
l Pararelcu fo.na nd€guhra, existl

Fi o tormil regulail, dar dil€ril,I ca Irletes sau
l n tr cb u i n ttu p .V e r i O b se r a i i i6
_ i819r.
s I.zi O b se A i l i i 5 1 8 1 9 .
Io r m a b e sd le ;r h i i .i .
{ Ti m p u l fp sp ..l vtu p r i r o r d r F' ,r L .].tn sl r d i r L t ' r p b ,r ' n l r L J.n r A ..o r m a r o r p g I-
lal,a fijid ;Jra,Jeiist ice ensLrzri lit.iarc.
36S
Trecu"t Parlicip;n
Infinitir stmpln TradLlcere
lblcs, blesl, hlesil
Iblar, bht:, blcunl
Lbrerk,bronk, brc anl
tlfi:d, r,r€d. brodl 'lf i desic. a da nastere
hing ]i, a'se lnnulli
iuild buiit Lb d, b t, brttl a cudi
Iba:st, .:st. ia:stl { a.,btrcnii a crlild a

bouSht tlar, bcrt, b.:tl
tken, kudl
lko:st. ko:sl. kosu
canSlt iketl kc:r, k.:1.1 -
chid3 urd, rtlardd,
JI chided I chidcd tijard,
'ijrd(n)l
I chiddens
[rJu:2,auz, rJouzn]
J creft { creft .,-. .,, I klelt, Lleftl
1 " " " I ldd v , UJ U n1 a (se) despica, a tlia
I (arl.lit.)
cling chng lkl , kl^ , kl^ l
tklaud, klad, kkedl
lkrst, kcst, k st]
[ti:p, ]c€pi, heptl r se tifi, a se turjqa
JI ffe$:
afh.l {lit. ld€sprecocot) a clnta
tlnt, k^t, kitl r tfia
{ dxrst ide., do:st, deadl

I (inrechit)
ldirl, delt, delll
dng q's. d.€.g,cl a sara
iiid du' , (lI d' o/ . nl
td..:, dru:, dm:nl a t.asc; a dcsem
drcmi, dremt I risa
drink ldri:m,
L Linok. €0k. drnokl .,b9"
torarv. (lrJU . rllvnl-
id$el, d$en, d\?ltl d locli
ti:i, ct/eri{suA). i:lnl n nlnca
Iall fell flcl, fel, lr:lrnl a oiidea
lli:d, fed, iedl a {se) hrtui
llil, lelt. leltl a (se)simti
lisht lorght IoL,glt lidr . lJ : I . | :l , ' jd L a . . a s p r' olJ
[ti'nd, faund, aund] . s is i
lled Itc d lfli:, lled, lledl a nrgi
llins flung lflrt, flll, fl.lr1 a zairli
flv" [lar, nu:, roun] g.tnl a zbura
loryot lla ilet, fa'git, l. a uila
Lfsserk, o suk, a'sc taDl a grlsi
tl.iiz. irouz. 'lmuznl a lnsl'cta
r T r m o u r e s p a ' v a r es l o r n l r ' e a l a r d . l n . i . " l , ' l r " b u i n a In s r A , t " " m a
p "rp-
AUlatA iii(i .rurctBsiic;, FriJalez€i it ide,
: e z i O b s e r \ n 1 i3 1 8 4 .
sP1'al Lu l.fna rrr.nld d.r;sr.r
)i o r o - m . r F g a l a t d . d a r d .i r , a i r ' . 1 " . s a r360/609
\
a?l
Trecut Pdrlicipiu Trutlaure

I finitit'
rcnd .enl l.end, rcnt, renll I d (se) {'pc I fcsirins

c ipa (nanz .) de
I r s.Dc
ri( I ridl ridr t.'il, nd, rdl I ,r s au de c era
rrard- r,rul. ndrl
ru'rg i r l o . er. , r l l . '
farzi rcuzi frznl
i lsel desriou
rirc rivcd rirfna lra^', rdrld, 1
" \'nl
a Ulia cu lonslrlul
is i:, s c :, s irl
tsi:k, sc:t, sr:tl
sold tsel, soutd,seuldl
Uc'k, Iuk, Je'kJnl a scuturai a tredura

shall II@1, udl i,rebDi€ (fi auiliar)
shear' shca.ed
I {t.hn.) tJ,adl
l j rd , I Pd , JF d l a rirsa (lacrini e c.)
sneN shesed f Ja n , i u d , I JUn I
fJorn, cn , Jcnl
IJU:,JJd, JJd] a potcovi, a h,o[]la
shos' showed tfu:t, Jct, J.1l . ararta:a sc vcdca

ihed,'tred,'Jrcdl r r u t e l n l , i i i . u st q i d
I i n t r a a ses t r i n g e /
o
shrinkr shrank tJrilk, JEtk, F^ kl {( {la apI)i a e,iia, a
s€ coar
shrorcl sltrn'cnr tjraN, Jrouv, 'IrNnl n {sel spo €dt; a reria
tJ^t. lrt, J^tl
sine sans surs.
lsril, se l< . s^ kl
slew slain
sleDt slept isli:p, slept, sleptl
..: r slni
slide l s l,ddc n tslard, slrd, 'sltdnl
slina slung slung [slo, sl^ , sl^ ] a azvirli. a aNnca
slink { slaDk slutrk lsl 1, slnrk, slûkl

lsl€ kl
I (ra., a.h.)
slit slii slit [s]rt, slIt, slttl J a (se) cdpa
lsnel, sDeti, snteltl
tsnart, smonr, 'smltnl
tspi:k, s 3uk, speukanl

tspi:d, sped, slcdl a {se)grnbi
spell fslel, spclt, speltl r orLogralia,a silabisi
tspend,slent, spcDtl 1 a petrece (tim nl)
spill spilti slilis [s]rl, s rlt, sprlil
Paralelcu forma nere$lai{ cxistA o forme r€gulatl, dat dilcritl ca Jnlcles au
37 S
TrccuI Partiipiu
Infi itia Pronunlare Traducere
sp'n j span rar lslrn, sp^n, s ?.nl

tsrr{enl
spi :
spl lsplrt. ltr l. si,] tl a sclipa
spoil spoili, a (se)si.icai a .{sliia
tspred, 6]rred,slrcdl
sprung lsprr , s r€]r, spr^'rl
t (ensl.an.)
siiv staxt:{arh staid:Iarh.) x s i, a Inmhe; a opri
lsri:1, tiul,'stJuiJnl
a ,6c) ipii a (se) nligo
sta , si^t]
[s|l]].
lstr k, stDlk, st^lkl
-: - | sttrnklrr l Isi^ kl
l s t r u : , s t r u : d .s t N : n l a rnspindi, a presnra
lsifu , rtrand, 'strrdnl r mogc cn pat mar
I a s )lori.a 6eltbi ctc.

Glrrn., sll,l,, str/l,l { a raccgPva; a o€sco-
I pcn ( eirol, aur ctc.J
lstnr. si.r'r. stra,.ll
lstrarr, str.u , htr,rnl
lswi:p. sweli, srv€ptl

[s\rl, sNe]d.'srvollenl
Lswrmi6Feni, swnml
llilj, trri, t.rtl a nNata (pe ali.ulJ

a (sct rnpei a. snsra
tell told ftrl. truld. l.ul,ll I
tl,ougll t0r k, €J:t,0J:tl
l r ) r d ' \ ' .0 r a uu\ .r'.0urnr v n' l
I0,JU,0ru:,
l0r'si,oDst, €rr"si.l
a o ca {ln pioioare)
rwern, {ri I
i;;;krD]
a (se) Frta; a dura
twi:v, Nouv, 'w.n onl
lwed,'lredrd,' "drdl
tw,: , wcpt weprl a tllnge
will \reI t$et, rvet. fttl

lwt, srdl
l\tlrnd, waund, s'aundl a ierpuii a inllsura

lrv.:k, rc:t, m:tl a luoai a lorja
Irr0, r^ , rall a i.lnge; a stoarce
irart. ront, rrtnl a scrie
8/12/2019 OBSERVATE ASLIPEA Alice Badescu-gramatica
VERBELOIT Limbii Engleze
NIREGULAI,E E73
V]IRBELE \ETtE{iU[,ATE COMPUSO
5 1848
, C i te \a v " rh ^ .p re ru l d t- q i n t i .1 " r p ri n a ,t- rq .r.,Ju n -r r.re ti r ta unul
o rrrrF v rrb .to d rn i p ta ,.rp fl n .prr i i . ., ,l ", m -i s ,r T r" .rrr rt s tq rp tu i L ,a c ti ,
plul lor trecut sint rdcnrice cu acctea ale verbelor simplc
tdto:ite in
Bxemple de asemenea erbe sidtl:

3- lo ar'",o,'_us" ,.d :. rh1 . , t rd.o .ttjl
Ia(k-: h, br,rDn€,'tjr|k.//rer
fre-: ra becorn?, cfaq. bt pi,l.. hei,ld . beser. erlcaN. be.st,et,,berttitte, betdLe;
DrGd-: to broad.ds,ar
loF: t a n t b co - t o " b , d . , j c. , r j , , . u , . , .
rr rntall
irter-: to inter0.drer
mis-: to nis8ir?. misne., misld3/. misl,zd, mkspclt. Dths/ezd. m;rdnc. nis
to arrbi.t, anLdo. olrsro',, out.;.1d, our,,rn, ourttu, out,,ea.,.
9l :, to o\,prb.or. a\"b..1 of L,j/. o\ r.drr. ,,\",.a,a", B
\ d r , p d . o \ , r g { , , . n " r / . 1 , 9 . o . r / aô\ a- .t ^trtdna.
ta , oaerrt4e, ovcrsroor, ovost e?, orc.srr.dd,, arermke,
otetlkra@. olernorh:
to rcbuild, rt:pd , *lak?, rebeon {let,n.), r.,,tzll
to tDb"tut uDL,td. r,-Lt,ta. u..,a, un,..,, . n x. i i . u n t d . c. u n t d d e . u n .
teott. .a4totp. LNa , 11 E, u n ; n d :
u . d-o r . f L, u,d rr,d. J- r / . . , , .-.t ,t d . . u 1 a t - t t , n d " " xo , ) . n d , . " t , r . u . d e r l ? r -
uod r4. undp- ', .nt,T". .nd.-.t/. k. t : . r d " a kp .
' J.
trp-: ', t p b p . . hat . .t.-. rt.".r
siv-:
si f t - : l o si " u . . , , r:'L: . .. .1, a.'.
O]]SNRTAII'I 1SLrPX-I IRBXIOR ]YXT,XGULATf, S 1849

Ahide. - Formele nercgulate sint arhaice5si rar intrebuinrate in lite.a-
ru r,J .rb u l i n q J )i e . " i n tra b ri i n l s rn u m a i n i i ,n o d ti L " ra rd
n "onLFmpordnJ.
rn l o c u l L .rn _
tl l T b d \o rb rl i l ti n t,h ,o n ti n d " to s t.p . Lo " t,j a i n , o s td u ,
t^ t , o p . t o L vo t t l o t sd u .u / o s' r a / . t a p , t ' L t p t i l h , to t ^ t . t a | p .
_ lTr ".wake. awskstr.$akonb. tldt" l p). wokr.noki, ookpd esLe

i n trc b u i n l r' i n limbd v o rb i td : o x I+ .. o w tl h p n . a h " ., l i m b d ..ri .a .
ol.. ,p: t' I g.itrng t.tF. tn
l j m b a vo r l i r - I
[ 'lr s rls lo b"
- o L P d ^r t -
I l - h n u o r l d \ " " m p d L o o xa l ? r i d . i , ' " n .
r.mrrd L n.'r ,s r"pro"d
{ h a f s. n sF o t d u L v.
I It was a nojsc " { ,ijt
/ " , "r,d ,ratuD thc dead. -
A|ake ql awaken sint prelerate ctnd sensul este igurat:

tn a*ake o t]tre ealitiesot tite ,o oean?susDi.ion
. dpai? to one,sdanger Whar an adftenr,sl
rverbele simple ca.e iolrll tn compunerca erbeto. din accasH ist{ stnr initicare
zY€zi Obsovalii g
3Ycrlul este drnaiii.18, 9.
. _aPamlcliu loma ner€gLjlirt5 xisti $i o toimti rcgulaid, lar di{eriti ca trleles sau
l nt r r l ni nt 0f e.l v ez i O ns uv ar i ig i 849t
' u,,"i .' o,r:,' rbi n"'
,i ,l ,l ,l l i l i i l i :j ' ;l .td,. .F r:m d' nun^ rp."nqu,i
"", At 2t : r , t . A. )i t or m , n. r " at 1r r , : + 6, r ' , . . v r / i t i . r J \ r b. r orr"r
|t \"dc ) t . A* li
duc n tr
",t s hi l g1r t 1r e. c t ar e a 364/609
- al , . n
8?8/12/2019
.1(1,./1.,re n gcrefc trelulul r€gdat cind este tranzitiv ;i neregulat cind
lie (ioie.n i . n } e c a u s - " o o f u h r d d n z f t e , ihid.

.|eali.n i ttulicn t;nd si fic intrcjruinlatc numai l,rarzilil :
lle \\as (orrulzned l' ll,c Dolse.
llcar
Eorn are
(: treouful 6orr rircbuirl,at
niscut) este ,ri doui forme de pa|ticipiu tec\ft: barn \i tur e.
cu srrH ldsn, (firn IJy):
lo bc Dr., (: a sc nari.)
He \1'xs ,D., i^ l9t6
IhL i. l , l ' r " . t h - . / . o f J i c o , r " g F , n l,
tor"ne (: nnscul) esie ntreblinlnt cu sensarlir (sau pasiv urmat dc ,/):
Slc had Dodrehim iwo ch'ldrcn.
Uc had tNo daughlers orne him Dtl his s'ile.
Borne rnai are fi tntelesul de..sulortat. purtat, transportat":
This cannoi be ,o/ue.
He Fis ,o.r. on their shoulde$.
-4i.bo.,d traiLic has develope<I onsiderablX.
ln limba vorbifi, ,cdr (: a purta) este inlocuit cu lo carrV cind iDsenmne
e duce in minn / niini / spinare un obiect, care are oarecare greutate. de la
umbreln, n5nugi, p nrie etc..pini la c€lemai ma greutsli(lnzi lncdrcateetc.).
CI. io bear : a av€a 1a suprafale1a purta etc.: The door ,ore a notice /
his name. The lctter ,ore her signaLure.She Dearsmy name.
cu to Near : a prrdo tnbr{cnminte incnlrnrdnte mnnusi
,,_Cf. 9i / / /
Boholdon. Part;cipiu l,recub arhaic al verbului ,o behold, ntrebuinlat
arum numai ca adj€ctiv predicativ tn limba literari, cu lnlelesul de ,,lndEto-
rat, obligat. recunoscdtor fa e de ...)":
I wasbeleldeno hin ro. lis kindness.
Bond. - Vcchiul participiu tr€cui Dead€d u este ntrebuinlat decit adjec-
tival si numai in expresia on bended,nee: (: cu genunchii plecali):
Theslave as killed becausee had not ,ezr lis headalld asked n bendcd ees
(Sclawla fostucispentN ce nu iqi plccase apulSi nu cemscn genuncli erla.e.)
Forma participiald contrasi mai noud ests lnsi preferatd 5i adjectival:
| (r' Cu l a t ) . t.pi l p ri n mo d rt P c l . ) numd ro n . rF t

--- -. -
nq(are
\rniegulot1(: a l i p i i . a p ri v a . a de|osedal
I An accident n.aoett]'im ol his wile.
I rUn ac.id.nl -a r.rtit. olia.)
l'th" b*.o'"d r oripr $as In moun,.,'E.
t (Mrmr, c{reia moalte.t 1i r{pisc fiul, e.a ln dolin.)
I To bc ,€/c/, ol sp€e0h. l reason,ol .n€'s senses, l one'spossessions
(\r. .np rJl. a+i pi ,d, r":ina. Jri p;erde ver.a.l
norocurai.l ' n i n r i l , : a
- | 1h" lJos / , r / l him ol "ons.,ousn.6".
I (Lovitu.a il llcx slli tiardl cunoriinia.)
IrariiciDiul ,crrarrd cEte lnirebuintat
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze curent in sensul de ..tndoliat". 365/609
Partici:piul (i prepo"i-
OBSERVATN ASUPR.\ 8? 6
Ber , - F " r m" l" pci r cip" l^ r " guli'a ,p//pd. Dette.l, lnt inlrrbuinl,ate ade-
€eori tn engleze britanicd.
I Lid. ,tut" b i J J a / J PU 0P. ordona,a i n" i tt, A corrvooa)
\.h;r l. L'i,J. i ' dli i ' " ^l.r i (prel la licirlt/ie)
\\'. /,. r 'r .;, ,1 r r .L.
(Le-an slns n.aptc buni )
i waslosi Dtd.Ltr
chemailo (sru
dinnrr'
ilvitat) ]a rrasil
lAd
the rtddru Euests
(uNalirii inviiali erau numeroti )
H a l',/ f I0^ n'r ''p' ri _
n p r: I jiri
i' rb . 1 l' n l' p r' " llo l
lI
Yerbul esLe ntrebrinlut numni in limbajul forrnal sau irLscris. iind lnlir
cuit in li $a vorlriii plin ta say, to tell, to order'
To forbkt (: a ilit$zice). comprisclr \qbul lo bid. cste inttebxi[,tai nrsd
si tr limba vorbiti.
' Bite. - Participiul Lrccut ,il estc intrebuinlai asliizi nunni irr:
Once &rlten), t$icc shl. lProrcrll
Bourlden. Participiut tracut arhaie al verbului lo trr:n.le sto intrebuinlat
astdzi numar adjectival tr erpresia:
dut\ I d 'o 1 - , , l l ''b l : m 'p i ' d , '
'a
l t t "id. " , l t a i n P " o"lJ lu ool J i - r I ' c l 'r d ' r
llroaalcast. Accst, v€rb dre urmiioarele formc:
broa.)cast. road.ca:t. road,cast.iil;za| astdzi atit tn sensul general de
diiuza, a rEspindi o eic., clt cu sensulde ,,a radiodiiuza"' iraff-
,,a prin radio":
llite ;Lire" Di "a
The nels \ts ,foadrds, lfonL Nucla.cst.
btoatLcast,road&sted.brodtlcosted' (radio) a radiodifuza, a transmits

/uiilizat la lnceDuturile radiofoniei)
'
B oucbl en. P " rl i i pi u ,rc" uL ffLai c al verbul ui 1o ,l ry. i ntrebui nl a
adi ecti vi l ei di al ecLaln onsl " za'meri cand S pre .l eos" bi r" e baught' artt'
ci pi ul trecui curent.bouE ht?nrr nuanl a dF ..cumpdrata p16val i ede duzrna'
nu l ucrat de ml tr6 i ngdj i t" .
C yod. - Pafticipiu trecui arhaic al verbului to cd.te (regnlat) ests

lntrebuinlai numai adjectival ln stilul poetic:
Participiut resulai cdrretl esle participiul verbal intr€buintat in mod

-in liroba scrisd, ctt qi in cea Yorbitl
cureni atit
Chido.- Acest verb este irirebuintat numai tn limba scrisd i este nlo-
.cuii prin verbul lo scold.
- ln lirnba vorbitd participiu trecut) esie mai
Forma regulafi ;hid,ed (ir,dicati'r trecut
{rscv€ni lntreEuin,iate decli cea neregulaH. Si
eifrsaa, Cloeen, padicipiul trecut arharc, este tntrebuinlet numai
ediectiYal:
" a cloeenoot (sauhoof) cropeuimber'
Se folosette lnsd adjectival si forma cleft:
a clet stoL a .lett Palaie
Acesi verb este rar i l,rebuin-tat, st[zi (cu excoplia parLicipiilor trecuto
3?6
{'lotlc. - Form"1. nFrFgulai- lp indiceti\ului trp,ut si parli.il iutui

\a D s i n r .l i ' Fr a n s J u r r h x i .p . .u .\,e n l i r p 0 ' h i p i u l u i i r e , u r j n r r c -
.( l o d .t
Drrrnrdr ,rflleclrvar:
l\gttL1 lad vire.lrd walts jron-.ldd {adj.)1
Narmiy.ldd .ltd in glory nn iron./a,, subst.ll
fo s r [( .;n
r r r ' nt.z .n r " d h t) I
i
d ,o .r ..
l i e \- 1 ,r " n n :u l da .o s ,
'pcrrldr)
Il .o{ m. i \l iltinAs
l l ,o .l .l b p l o r " i ' ,\. i n ; d II' r Fms o n ' h p tL .
l'ro$ a g i r .:u r i : J a " p r " . o o i r a , i n L J . \;' b v l ,.r , a .r z i a p r u d r F
l r ,l o l d a i u ., r . ' r l J l . Tr p ,u r u l +./.5 ' p ,l Fr u p ii i n tr p b u i n td r n l i t;r d ,,r i a
Dumai refe tor la chiatul coco_sri.
Darc J ( h 2 0 l o t ti n p r y tL o t) , € i n d r i z n i )
S 2l2i ) ( t,3 u l a t) { - s d p " L ;d ,. s ti d a . a l r r r r u n tr )
La trecut, verbul a.e trei lormc. asczateaici in ordinea frecventei ntre-
b u i r r ,o r i i o r : d a r ,d . " a m.,i h p c v L n ta : a r " l l i r a r o r a ; r r s r .a r h r i " ; ai i r " r a r d .
D i r c . - \' e r b r Fg u l a l , ^ l i mb a c n q l p z a . r e i q d i .a r i v u l t" c c u t d r r s i
p - r l i .i p i u l l r p " u l d /r ;d In to r i r n ta a n ,r i .s n a a l i mb i i .o g l " z e .
Drixl. DtL,nl,pn.t" un pirtiripiu 1ra.uLI|r pbuiDtaL umaic.L JiF"riv
a r l i b .r l i v . d r ,/. fi i n d p a r ti " i p i u .r i a l t i a d j ..ti ' p r .d i .€ 1 ;v l
H " \a s i n .r d " r ,tp , s r a r p . d \r n q r ? ,, to o n u ,.h n J o ,mp ty s l o ma .h .
Sh $ae dfuar.with I'appines
D$ell. - In sensul de ,,a lacni". to d,q'clleste inlocuit tn limba vorbitE
ptin to lir". Formd requlaladrFrp , este rr '.
Ilec. Fly. - \r€rbul to fled este ntrebuintat in limba scrisd. iind inlocuit
in limli f orbild yrin ro run nn 1 s"i ta t 4 l d,ro . ln ra , r o t u \-=
-rest
Fl p l n J r a b u i n l a t u m" i l J i n fi n i r i v s " u l a i n d i L r r i r u l p r c r " n t. ti n tu r i l e^
r r' p
g .u
i) re iild
l p d . l p d ale v " r b u l u i r o /r ..
I p l ;n J ... P€ r r i r i p i u n " r c g u l a La l v e r b u l u i r Fg u l a t o f.,;r ,,
l Tu q b l
^
rnrreDurnlar, umar a0lec rvar:
Their emarksruzgir ritl rnalic€ urprised e.
Gird. - Formeie nercgulatesint intrebuinlate md rar decit,cele cgulate.
C o l l o n . Pa r ' i .i p i u tr " r ' r ' bl r " r b u l u i ,, a. i r r r e b L i r ,l s l I' J m1 i c J j a
r r f€ l l n l i .r b s p n - l " z d i i i - r , p " ' ' i " i t i ,r r r n " u r r r .b r l In e :i .r a
^,1 u r c .' -
I e - J ui |. n,,.rd- f or' L
P.r o l h p .l , .,. . . d J . . \rn, .r
sc gdseite si in cornpurere ca participiu trecut al \erbnki ta foryet (lor-

EaIIen).
(iraycn. Pdrlieipiu ner€gulat desuel al verbului regulai lo gar, (: a
grava, a ciopli). Inirebuint,ai nirrnai in limba literard sau tn poezii:
ll. ras srd'dnon his menorl.
0.dr.r irnrges.
( ta r l o t) i c n ,,,/J r a ,
, oBsERv^Tr
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze a7
Hcarc .1 .., ti i c t. | /t p u to tI r .r q g, r..rrtr

a rr.r u m l l a ; x a r|l ,r 7 l r..u ;4 ,t ri l I,o ,rj ,t s .n .J . rti .)
Uer bcsom tcorcd Fith sigts.
th. shjl /-re Ire anct,ur.
.IIp w i t;i ,,u o D ^ ru t. a .i ^ p ti ., J ,ttb .," (p i ,t1 1 . I.m ." ,,u rb u n i :

u n d r, .p .1 . " ro p l r , r,.. s p r" ,l -o s c bi rF dF /o sdr {= a t.i L " u f.ra s rrtu .r.
r l .i l a 5D b u .; i . r d o b o ri . P a rti .i p i ,rl ,ffr I ra , tt..L tr,\.d p s l . In J i rJ r i n tra _
b u rn l a t dectb fo rm a n e re A u l .U i .,rr:
n " h d d .,tp r, . J u l ," a a l I i . \\a y rh ro u s l I.p to rp -.
r)r 1 I rra r .n l r n prd rr" )
/Jcttn. esle si lorma padicipjutui tntrebuinlat adjectivd:
The toudaiion was made of /€.,a ston..
It was a rough rQz statuu o, a nan.
H j d c .. .l ,rrri " i p i u l . l j i d .s ta i ,rt,a L ,ri n td t si a ..a z i , "u o u .n a rri
'p,uL
n u s n l r.d p .u p l o . Jn tin,ba J i t,.,,,rJ . Hi4d.n N i ;i i u i rr" ,.rt o b ;s ,,u i i . eiue
l n tre l ,,i n l " t a ,l t .rL .l . , ' -i s l j F .rrl J j '
\Yticre havc Xou hidden the key?
I{neel. - Formr:le esLrlate intt trebu;riatemairardc.tt ceteneregulate.

. K ni t . -Tr-, r ul
'i t ",.
t i , i pi . l t rp"ut n: . ut ar Ln: * l I t . | . i nt f ormet
l1. "L, l F.n'r'
nrrFb, l nt r"Lr.
d, .iln'|
t s. i rjrr'"'i \ rr
od "Li . , u: nui
t i :r., rr.
p. ri: i , i pi ut t F. -l i r. , nu *ri c s t e
wiih nnl,(iedl bfoNs closelr. it scntcnces

Parlicipiul trccuLA ni upde.tF p, rl -ri i tr .azut obiectelor tricotate, mai
t l -. c i | | d nu Fs l . i n. ol i - d- U ', . l ' t prmi , . J nr.
Lade. - Acest verb estc intrebuintrat astezi aproaDeexclusiv ca termen
l l u r l a j r" rrc i r, J \ a. al ^ r si F t rt o. -i t i | | t i mbd , ur"n, , , u , -rbut ,o ; r,
€rprcsii p-n ru . pl pl
{rFg, rl d consacraie, dl l . d n. . U ri . n . rl H '. d" u. -t e "u\ i n - . ornt , us ,, 'r de
ca:
a veu taden ree
trcaly ad?Druses d a r t ddcdLuses)
a haJJatc4 ony (d a r a lorry oodrd itl tray)
P J c l i . i oi l t r", , rt / r'd n (= i n. i r. br i . , , po, drrr) E ra o Lr, nara uant a
y ^ . . ": l i . $l i dal prf -rdL t ot n-i t nt t . d. r. d; "r" l u, rn . "ng i ; u-. r s au e
)nt rFnLul ar rn x rnhn rteriri I
,
L 9 ." .... L"orn | | ' n tJ . j r\" t..t. F ru J i rl €ste participiul trccut
oPvcnrI a d ].i .tr\ :
a leoEd mat a teonEd ?..\trl L tl'." i.aa,€d Coursel
C l . pronunli" c ,i j . ' i \ rl u i l . j r," .1
,
/.a rr? r l r:n d i ' .t d L \.:.t4 l ,u "
to rl p to r \.rb J l e
I ' l J :n ti
t?8 8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
Pa ni\,iul neregulai lir tsle inl,rcbuiu,tat mrrnai vcrbal gi, ca al.arc. tn

lormele adjectivaic onpuse, d:
l,) .lrrnira'dlp1 .ui\". r'nnJu riAvd.u olJn'f. apri'si /uo

"l"
felinai aprrn"r Fr ' . forn.l. prin"il oh l e airui t b cin rFgulari'
-
1,, |
S\n " /r(n,
L u s o In P.d ".
l,nr Ir,Pd ^.loor.
rd r',",
lf c lf . P dr r i. ipi l t t qut mot t n , "1" r r r ar hr is r n n' r ' buir . r ' ' ' ' 7i
D ur nai diF ' i\ . , l, r or or it oI lnn"t ale. ". , l' r llaobi"r ppc nr r u npir c a. ir ur a
€ste ncvoi€ de temperaturi inalte:
m/idu glas mauea ton
Lo t or m- r e. , ; ' npLr ilnr un. f uc p dp- r - J - , li i' poez i". n lir er at ' r r a
' , , ,
r , ' r ' b, r r nL. r r c pr . . rgrrra
r ec olului l \ l\ l"a "r . , lonr r . €dps P . .
urc ,,,1,.n r.,nnr ol sorg (A C Siiidrurne)
no7lr4a.suncnts ($'.S. Lardofl
m/l.n pa$ion ( . tlar|h)
Participiul trecut regulaL ?slldd estP olosii la formarea timpuril,} com-
puse ti adjecl,ival n c{zul subsLantelor arc sD opesc ugor:
The sall had ndt d \'a rhc t r'
nelkd bnl.t(r tuerlt sao*
teltal ice rn.ll.d wax
lr o\ c o. t ' . , r t i, iniu rrF-'rr J lr - i, . i J i' ' , "l"l al \ "r LulJ i r . ular t a

nir "b. . i1lir H d- a ; \ dl ; ' , nc "ir l r r r imLajr l jur idi, t lr o-
p, . o' F I ipn'rnl:
nunlat do F di) .
Not r.oi,,. ( .lipssf l,rt,rle ljr.l
'lhis is a sojfDl.iii(:.lh rm €n lact.
Qrrit (: a pleca, a pirdsi; a 1ncet.,) e co jugi ti regulat, to qttit. qttited,

quittcd).
'F U' ldJ r it alr
I r i t t "n t p1. t t . \ ' it : u r er L. J '
I "; d ' par ' i"ip; u "p' . t
nrs }een ,.dridl.D n.rv tur a lcar'
H. N.s rtl ol l,is old laliLs
-qhc
Formelo principale regulate frtddcd,) sint raro.
liisc (- d se scLrla) u o lnl,rebuintat (lrcii ln linlba sc sn ,sie inlocuit lrr
f imbd \ olhir ' p"in / ^ t , / r p. n enh4 ' t t . C . r r ' "l^ ul ' lp . r 1- dr i' ( d . pr c
s oar e, ' , na. r . . i "dl. r "ir ebuinr J r i ln lr ; b ' or bi' '
rodrt3 (adjeotiv atributiv) cslc lntrebuinlat nunai ftferito.
Roast .nds, ,, $,rLi ipiu r,:ulo rl r"rl ului to t^n ' ) t-tp tt ttP'
ci
l,,ir'larl alie
tor lr l^r',,arpi
alinente rin'nurilor,umn'i.-.
decit carnea: p -'1,.' '.1.'r-
.odsr F.at /oa.r Lcff/Dork
{: oirnc lriltl) i- rriptura de iaci/pom) 1: ralr iriptd)
rcdsred hesl rl-s rcdsr.d pplts
{: casr.4e triiite) {-' n'.rc .oaltel i: caiea ]Eijiti'rl
Tlic l('l llas been .oasrcd.
l :
8/12/2019
oss.nr. At tr Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 479
^sLPra
Ilotten (: putred) iir1. adjocti\':

rrr'r wood roudL \tit. r ror,t solint{
i: lemn putrezit) ( rrtrcte put.edc) (: o s ,jiefati rutredd)
-
nou.d, (- pn.|rezit). Participiul trecut al verbul,ri regLrlat 1l] rd (: a
putrezi), are inlr?buinlaro rrerbaln:
The wood has /Dted as,ay.
(L€mnu1a luirezt.)
1n stilul {nmiliar, rollc, eslje ntrebuinlai io mod obiEuuit pentru a calilica
tiiDlele Di lucNril€ de loarte proasii calitate (: lanentabil. mizerabil, eroaz-
r;c, afurisit ci,c.):
{ .Drrcn l.I
forP4 lveah€. to leel ror.z
,,r.2 bo.oushl ntz Ro\:
Salt, -,\djcctiv intrebuinlat pentru fl areta o insulire:
sa/l meat
sdl, lnilc. to \reep salr l,.ar$
ParLicipirl sah€d este i,rlrebuiniat atit adjectival (nunai cu tnleles
pssir3), cit ti 1'erbal:
s4lkd ne,t (idj.l sdl,..d ,utter (rdj.)
salr.l he.rjns ladj ) solld pork (adj.)
Slie hadn sard ihe neli. (Vc.lal)
S{y. - Say, pa3l _si a4 sint singurele verbe cara au trecuLut Ei partioipiul
trprlrt tcrnrinate ln ard. Cel{llaltc lethe, ca plaiJ, t/ay, au lorme regulate tn
n1,d (ploq t. .to4otJ tpn tr i',,li 0ii.'rl rr" ul ;i parr; itiul lr"",rl.
Sorin.'- P"rrr"rpli r". r n"r-:rulr, rl '"rt,.l'ri to sc\i. i',rrpbui,,lrl, aLl
ca participiu 1'erbal. (,iN ;i ca adjectil..
iad sarn a Intion on nJ'coat.
-shc
ShrDen. Pflrtieipiu trecut srhaic al v€rbului r€sulat li) srarc (: a

forrrra). ntrebuinfat isldzi nurnai ca adjeetiv:
I loolted rt his ?nis /,aP, hands aid ryondercd.

ShayeD. Parlicipiu trecrt al verbului regulat ,i' sldt. [ = a (se) rade],
lntrebuir ai adiectival:
smootli s/d'€n cl,ccks
r 0lose
-Vrar.a l{F^
.tra{,rd arc tntrebuiniale vcrbalii. adi.ri sqvcs[o 1a compuncrer timpurilo
tlp hrd lldr.d oll iLis moustacrrc.

Shoar. Trcculul rioJ". este arhaic. (.\ezi shom)
Shed : a vnrsa)oste ntrebuinlat pentnt ,.singe",
;iL ,lrcrimi':
To lled Uood 1. sl..l ierrs
. 1. . i . , t ,, r l ' i" i ir' n rr ,,1' l',i.,,m"vtt t').a

r^rr 1 ,.:i r"1 .r. . , , n,.,in, a
" o l 1,
i' r d ,n..
"t. t t : lB l Rttt l ".i'-'rd-
. , i .http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze
, I
"t..o,, I o u |..p-/, nr,j , r t , , r t 1 r n , , n370/609
L,
t , . i , ' I ' " . u i , l r, ll l, l.or'l r;/.r'.' '
-t.,
Este inlocuit cu /., spill penlru alte lichide:

To sptlr lc nilk Not a d.ol rvn6 rilr.
Nuch jnk has b n spil, about the nall.er.
cu lo rorzil lo sI€{r peniru ,a virsa" (: a voma):
io rontt blood lo ,.nil smokc
The volcanos?.rs iis lara.
Shcdded (: ad{postit), pariicipirl adjectival regulat.
Sh0n, shewsd,shomr. - Ortografie arhaici pentru s,tooj shotruJ, hoq,n
I lintr . n4.lulotl ( a sr t;r u i
5nfn0
\ 1E anz. gutatl ( e lu.lnr ir ln .p, cial n engleza m er iean
The sun sloro brishfi'.
He sltnd his snoes ":eryday.
Shon. - Participiu trecut, neregulat al verbuiui to s,{eal, ntrebuintat
altt
ar $r bJ.,1l
uncr num ar (si
a adjenlir el.r cr
par cr F u orDor
m a :r ee lar r .h or J | iinlt folosir d ar eor i$i
,He has tua,fd {sau ino.a) the sheel.
a 5,t Ir lanb s/Dftr yool a sno., crownr
Cu s€ns igurat,nu se tntrebui.lrazn deciL orma slrcn (: privat de...,
deposedat e...)atll verbal, cit 9i adjecLival:
sn,rz oi strcnglh,o l lower, ol moneX, t'r.
In tetrnici se tntreluin-teazi numai lorma regulute sl,ca,.€d: fiiat, fop
ecai):
The bar \.rs s.,4a.ednto .qral lenstls.
"The pressure assl4d/ad h; rircis."
Shrink. Participiile trecute sinLshaDA irrtrebuirlat ca participiu verbal
i ca adjectiv predicati\., _si lrarArr. intrebuiniat. ca adjectiv atributir-:
Tlic coat has sn'eri ni the wrshing.
Thechild's h&,nen sau sn&L{/ cheelG ad aled.
Ile looked at the sl.Lnnez cloll,.
ate Shrire. - rar

slnt nlai Verb arhaic nlocuit prin lo conf8s sa.u a absalec. ormele regu-
intrebuintatc.
SiDk. ,Srn/r €sle uD participiu utilizat, ca verb ;i ca adj€ctft, iar sanAe
umar ca a.Llccuv:
TI €J ] iad s &nl ihe oat .
t&trft in urought, in slee , iD d.bt, in vice
a senl,a ls au Ln.(./ shi srri.a eyes
a suz,ldn (s au ezil rock s&n/rtr cheeks
r sa,tcz (s au sLznl road a sxn/.€uwreck
Smell. - Formclc nereguiate sint mutt, mai des int]ebuin.tate decit, cele
Smitc. Ilste arhaic, cu exceplia participiului Lrec.ut s itten q,ith h?r
Sodde[. Participiu trecut dcsuel,al verbului Io seethe2,od, sod(d,en)

adjectival, participiul soddenedal yerbului rcgulat to lodd€n
- a imbiba cu api; a rbrutizn) fiind intrebuinlat ca verb:
Bttt
SoN. I']arti(ipiul Lr.rut rrqulat este iitrebuin al rnai rar declt, o.1
neregurar,.
i\poio | (iri. ne.t.rutot r- d se lrdbir
7 (tun;. r,;utdt) (- a dr."lFrr)
They spcddown the strect.
1ierydedal u ) i.heersine theear, he trar|i., clc.).
Spell. liormele regulate sint intrebuinlatc ln scris, formele ncreeulate
Iiind lnsd preferate atit 1n scris. cit qi, mai ales. n limba vorbitn.
SDil. P a r l i i D i L , l r F . u l s r i l (: ,.uio.') esl" a r h a i c . dr i r i l r recut
simplu i parri ipiu) oor. .i In ;nglezr am"ri,ann.
S p o i l . In sensul e 0 p r a d " . o s p o l i d - . s l e n u m s i r . g u l a r . n ""1,1"1,"
Bensuri ,,a stricar a avariar'etc.) poate fi atlt rcgnlat, cit,,si neregulat. tpr;li
este foma intrebuinlatrd adjectival:
Stay. - Fornele regulate sint intrcbuintate ca forme verbalc. Parti.i-

p i L l t r p . u r .,old F:le i o r F b . i n l a r I n c,,glp/0moJ,In" n',n i , b . l j - r i \ . , u
jnlplcsul de,,asczat.serios, ra1": "
a s/d peNon
Ca formi verbal{, particjpiul stdid este pedmat.
Stink. - Termen vulgar, inlocujt. la propriu, cu to s dl nastll (sar b.i..l).
to hate a bad st11cll.'fotuqi ulcnla lui protestatarn i concizia crplozi\.i i,au
nnrit nrir de circulalie reducindu'i totodati din vulgaital,c.
Stxe\y. Participiul trecut reg.ulats1,"4rr..1sle nl,rebuinlat,n1ai af dcril
fol'ra neregulati slr€tl,n.
Stricken. - Padicipiul trecut arhajc al vcrbului Io slr"iAd: a lori). a.(tizi
intrebuirlal, nu ai co adj*tiv si in uncle expresii consacrate;
sri.leD jn lears ranic sr.i.i?n
I imto\ ir.' u" rr; i- ..t "irs dF €n-u)
(: n'grozil) (=. cu muslr{ri de cusetl
uiunders,"z.ft
lovil de trlsnct)
1:
,.ttr&./i este pafiicipiul htrebuinlat la lo$rarea tinpurjlor conluse.
String. - Participiul regulai rtr"irg€dcstc lntrebuiniat, nunai ln cxpresia
slrinled. i|slrumcnts (: insirumente cu coarde).
Swoat. Termen vulgar, (: a asuda) intrebuin-tat mai nult ir lorma
regxlald a yerbului. Dste iniocuit in limbaiul lngrijit prin 10pcrspire2.P drlici-
piul trecut, rcgulat streatetl, te qi tnlel€sul de ,,erip1oatat":
sreardd children
Sriell. Participiul trccut sedld, a inlocuit aproapocu totul forma r€gu-
lau s(rrll€d, care mai este Dtrebliin,tatd numai l]] cnpresia a swelled. edd, i
The)-h.rd s, .lL.dc\lcnscs.
(Urrllaserl chelttrielile.)
Se spune lnsd adjectival:
a s,rorczcheek stro?lrz udgct
tcaf srrrreu cr.s
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 'r
. sroll., rivef 372/609
38t
DIFER{TE C,\TEGoRII DE VERBE

(VEliB CLASSITS . CATXGORIESJ
I, I'ERBI]I,N AUXII,IAND s rs5

(AUX[L, .RY YnRBS)
1) Definilie, .,\uxiliarulestcun v€rb careAiuti la consiruir€aormelor 18;l

verbalecornpirse. a auxiliar, verbul igi pierde, otal sau pa4ial, con-inutul 'A
noliona].
' 2) ,q.uxilidelen gramaticaenglcz5.
-{uxiliarele olosite n granatica S 1652
€nqlezislnt:
- aJ suxilirr€le
tfitu ra ( primary Auriliaries): to BD, to HAVE, DO, S 1s;3
I,ET:
,J auxiliorefo odale (MoJal Auriliariee: CAN, l{AY, SHALL, WILL, S f85{
\ I I J S T .O L] G I I TTO. \EED. DARE, USED TO.
3) Auriliarele engleze lnt nDmjte Anomalous r'initcs f.4&ailiarr ano- $ l8;5
sau SoeeialF inil€s i/'4'utlidr, sp.;ol") dPDarprc,atori a mri l"q
",ale)l
, o l ; r i c i i d r n r i . " e i i n f l u . r r "i d p v ; t b i l o . i e . u p r a o r . e l " q pd F p ; - P d r i
"\ , r r p
Inartp prul' de tipul p'pvalen 6 l "onjugurii Florlalle erb..
4) Foroele tersonrlc (The Fintte Forns)2 i formolc impersonals /fif S 1856
.\'onFinit Fotns)3 rprbolor au\iliarc sinL dupi .,j'r rrrmarz;:
t o "n c p "r "1
. ( , " ) a / p ( . i m p l ") ( f i n i l c s ) : "r , , . a r , . o i r s . o . r . ; l ' o r p , l t o . , h o J ,
r
a t 24
d 4 . , l ^ c \ . d d : t ; t t s h o t l .s h o u t A \ r t l l , r o u l . J ' ' o n , "a u l ' t \ n a ' t , L . ; : t ' : n a s t ;
ou:hL ot nee(t., .are; used, o;
,, 9 forme {mpersonale simple) (Non-Finites): be,beins. btcn: hat'e.h(*'
it , ;)hadCele do,24doitg'
d€ fornedone. rerbale anomalc mcnlionate la S 1856 Du sint toate .q 16:,7
slru intotdeauna aux;liare: to BE poate fi;i copuld ($ 1880)sau verb lcxical
fll existenlei : a fi);to hale poate i verb lexical cu sensde.,pospsiure"
r , ' r r r a r s r u l i n f l u , r : c s "n , a n r i ", l ' . o - r p l P n F n r r r l i r F . r "1 r ' i l i n s o r . . .
r \ 1 8 9 6 r : o r ' "J a , o d o h , t n t : . i r ' r b p l "r i c c l n g u l a r . , S 2 1 4 1 . 2 1 . t 6 t l .o
r 15.r).
". ' c "i v . r h l , \ i . r l n F r p H , l a l
rr) ..Vcrbc detertivo'pstc ntrmele rpzervaLnumai autiliarc.lor care nu arr $ l85S
ioate foimele: C,4-N.dOULD; MAY.IIIGH'I \ IIUSf i OUGHT to; SH.lI'L,
SHOULDT WILL. fiOULD; NEEDT; DAREa, USE D to.
Uniigrupul
numai gramaticienisconsiderd
verbelor delectivensi ca liind auniliare anomale sau speciule
(S 1940).
Obseroali.i.:
l l ) A u { i l i a r F l em o d a l n r r a u l o r m p h p F ' ' o n "l " : r J i "5 n u u i r l i n i ' i \
p r ' "z "n is r u 1 e r t e "' .p "r r i r i p i u p r p , / p n r 8 u I ' r r r ' t . n i ' s e r r r n d i v i n i "i
-odul
'
(2) to BE, to II Ay E, DO. LET, N EED $i DA RE por ti si werbe exicale,
in oare caz Dot,avaa ri fornele inptrsonale. 1ctca vetb neregr ato, cu modili
care senraniicd,nccd :i dare ca Yerbe rcgnlate?i
OUGHI to, USLD to au o singurd forn6,
{3) auxiliarele
indiierent de limp tra?, sau de }IUST,
persoand;
I otu'nal: $e7calt.C, anornalil. nereEulst
r \ ' o zi { I t 3 8 n . | r . h p t zl Ji f - r p 1 l 1 d : r rp," r" i ,":oMp.
1V.ri l - l a - : 1 3 1 0 r n ? , " so a d l u o si n e u ' i l o r r n l n ' r l r u loal" lripFrbo'nrl_
S
acind nu slnt lrrbr lericalP r.qnlat"
of CanEmp.tuty Lnstish.
"R. Q\irk. A Cd,ttuar
:t84 MoElor,ocrA - IEEBUL
."r"if)ti:l1Tf"|iu..',Tlill:i:o:ulettini."s')'Ernt.indicaroare
demodJ']m
,,,,'
;i;,:'1,':i:.J),""",iJJli;
l:i"; 'tillj' ";;i
ifiL""i?:X"
i tt:rl,i1
i,i6il?,f ij?:
;;;rt-*.
r aacauc.i "'"j:,,
.;"::; :
""r'"i'iii,""i'i
r i,.i.iii,i* #1f"T:1."f",,
i""lfl,{$,,"
. . i r at I nay s t eep i;,il,j,-itt_
. , . t f , at f
"rs ljarc a natj ^y,"."a
S 1860 8) ,\uriliarcle se oot aiuts si reciproo a ormarea
impurilor compuse
*r\elor prLncipaLe:
6,i1th@e beeaenin$ le
i{iror pe ccr.corrrnuu)
-r_r-e
l Ll rcare es t " . nt ol dF - una ur n, , i L dF
un i nr i ni r i T s r d pe t i nqa H A\ F.
:l ,i;"li*-# ;*, ;ir :: ""fori.,';',,'i

, , ,\,\f \ L (cdre in
n. 6. pas t n c i t uar i t sc qr e i nr nr , r o, , , - , , " : : ; ; ' . . ' : 1?. - . , 1- " ",
?L:i I ";:'Ljf
dP rolosi' Pid'J':ttite" ion'
sins:r" rormp ",1i,$llr
" '1,": "'.,
:*ii"l, ::,'#
cI L i Jcr st .
hf,;';.ii,: *,,xtfj
prta lli HT.,""ii$t,:"e"
su b j f t p i p r j .
i#:
" .- ,) lorl* n \ilisrc ri vcrbc prirx.il,tlc. Toata \erbelo
:' \ "l . p ri n ,;p a t" . l u s i rtn rl u -.i In b.pqr ,i z .o ,rl rn u tu l "ur.ili"rp por tr
notionat (h i ;.a t).
AM ia
i1.1.'
:4;,:r'liffi"i:-" l,:,{f1i-"t"jr#,:;.:"
" i. ,,/r .,v ou,r.
;','-,,.,,,"): ,'r, ii:'&:il;.i"ls"ffi,l,i,,i",ll'",i
,'.i11.:*
S 186:1 10) Funclii. - 3"i::"
Verbele auxilj;:"":*1,r,**i,"",_i;,.
""n"t".i;"""i"' to"";r"",'"T""il;"i1liff:l,il:l,fiT,iili;,f'3riji:ltH
' ,",i ti*rl*:lHi:";i:iliJi";*"fi:lt ;; ttgy;l"pertr
0", ,i,iffi,",rl,i'J"1liii,,nj,'Ti,î,ilr,'lliilii,sl
u
,"'l.irY;,,Jl,l'"".ii;i;",iifl*:,,l,ii:;i:gi,:,
**"t""",i a""""""ri,ri,i
l.rrare lepetirii acestuiari aiuti
ili;;l*;;";riii,","r,,"
J":i.:",i'lf$i";,i
ll, i'1,, 4."-"ll-,.., .a"hn - t r:n;t"t.
i igi;'fil; ;itrf
r*^
Tit";iTx,lit"ffi,il1T5;i;;
.,1c
;;,:1":*y""*,*x|".r
'""s1 r, maruim .rii rn com*nu,A rgria, oarr€ lreciarde
"'"*'.iff;;1""
' \ ' €i i q r 910.
385
d.,/ LET - auxitiar modal: un echivalent al subjonctivului (g 1584-

1590) imoerativul indirect.
"/ MAY - aur ili0r modJ : un ..hiv dl.nL al s ubionc r iv ului Q l59lr .
// N IIC H T aur iiidr modal; un e,biv alpnral s ub"ionc lnului( I5q2l.
g, SIIALL - aux iJ iar mor lal; \jir or ul ( fs ld dc pr "z entl per s . . .s . r i
pl.: v iiton,l v olir iv ( lal6 de pr c z "nl/ r os r a ppr dodndt( $ 20791.
i, SH OU LD aux iliar modal: v iitor ul tc ' 6 d" tr p"ut, p"r s . I s c .
pl.: v iil"r ul oli' i fbln de r r p.uL, oJ l' p"r s oanelntonr lilion"lul p"r s . I s se.i
ti nl.,: un e"hi\ "lF,,r al s ubjon.Ljv uluj.;dilior s lr l \ olir v ( r oa.. p;r s oanetpj.
;./ \ lLL - au\iliir modil; fiir or ul ( f€ld dp pr Fz c ,r ) ,p^r .. J 2- r eia 3. a
s g. 9i pl,; r ii' or ul r oli,iv lfala Ll. I,r D z Fnt) ,oc r t pr r s or n;l.i pr "z "n,ll tor -
' npi lr env en' . i\p: ur .c hiv "lFn- 0r .ub.ion"tir ului g 2095J .
j, WOU LD - modJ : \iir nr ul fs td d, r r e.u ,D F.q. 2- d s i a
J - e..q. 5i pl.y ; ,iiLor"ur ul r.iliar
oli' iv lH la dp lr ".ui lLoir " p"r ,nunal;) i ondition;lul
( pFr s .12- d s i a 3 c . s g. si pl.r : r onditionalul olr r iv ( .oat- ppr "oanFle) ;r F.
"ulul lor mai fr ,.v .1ts tiv a: un e"hi\il"nl al s r r bjo, ir ului S Ib05 - l6lt) .
llJ .lu\iliir olo ln inl4ogalii, n.s alii .i id r i.D u0.ur itc iour te. { 1
Vez i i IgJ e, 2:118, 9tJ , 29J t, 29i" 2qi6
12) Caraotoristicilevcrbelor auxiliore. -. S 16
a) \.r bpl" d"te"' i\c modalc - .,44. l/ll, I// \f, s H .tLL, IVtLL
.r ;.OfGH T to - ou a0 a fpr s ^s ,ta 3 a s . u nr .z .r r ulL,i.,,/;J r l .c . ur d.r er is -
lr . la.r z ui' r ' Lr or .alor ldl p r "r L". in,lus ir ro BF., , u H \\ E, D ' ,
"i LEf:
ihinks is
ri l l
USt, ,o, iind un trecub,nu are n mod nornal sufirul -s 1a ers. a 3 a sg.
D / C u ex Fpliu aur iliac "lor o H \\ F.. \[[U . i l \ [ t ] r , , , in .nptpqi-
r ua ii { $ t3€i- tr . i,i un r ur iliar l^.n,- ,/. In .r ,;.,in, ,,pr - r ,.., nr ."^qr -
tis n"s ar ;\i . i r a"puns r r l .ufl ,u "',,utunr
r l L\ili- r ul,r i LJ o ,",.^ r , lF Inlo;u
ips " lic i p.ntfu ev ir ar .d r apas r ii tur . 3 I.teJ .
Intetuealia tuturor auxitiarclrrr se fa,:e prir irvusarea acestora cu
..b') tul
'-s ubiec ( S 1939);
L' 'lt (.\"-
fuase utia pr
: nor) e in adouc
aux ilid/ (ar
g ".lCig).
' ,aL,J liF r ,, . . t,r in ' ,tit,:^d tor n,ir nn-
b"' I R 6puns ut s at pr in r FuFr ir id "r ili.,- ul r d ir , : r .1u n' J .,r iv .
( S 2956t.
c/ ,a accentuat, (Enphati. Do) ru poatc l|sofi auriLiareLe madale,.
poate insd ajuta ia accentuarea lor cind nr sint dclectire nodale. (S 1920):
,, ,. quietl
Hc zltd la@ anothernus oL reer.
,o d, you. besl. this iincl
Do ler ne go on a llt-drive, to Scoilandl
Drz'r tcr me keep yort4
.1 ) \u ri l i a r"l . .i n ' si n g u ra l . larba .1 rF e u l ^ .n p n "d o ti r '.a n tryct, d tcl p -
l a l " n u n u n ri l n l i mb d vo rh i rd ..i si i n .^ "n ,p o L rr" o tr;i a l . i rrtn rma l o ,unde
aduc o nuant-i de inl;mitate.
1\xiliarul DO este ntoidcaunan.mat de nn iDfiniliv. ar

:L \r"p l 'l : /a ,e ,.o "'..h l n t USDD ronu are ntidiiiv.
,i ro a t.
xIJ4 ":," p '.u r.i i n ri vi o l | rl Jco n h ' a ta : ,"i , l l ,i o p i n l n qn :Ji a .,,o mo b rl
. .http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 376/609
de la acroDo.iutde sosireDini ln Scotia.
38 i
e) Auriliarele intluenieazn chiar si struclura conte\tului, locul unor cA-

tegorii de adverbe j;nd ljxat in lunclie de prezenta sau de absen a auxiliare-
lor. (i8 2297 2299)
l|li; t3) l'orn)c tcri i lormc shbc f.tlrong and 11:tak Fort,.s). - Auxiliarele
au, s i c ir ac t er js t ic i onjc €pent r u c 0r e s int plasate, mpreund_cx altc cite].a
plrll
adjec tde vorbirc
iy e,s ubs t armonosilabich
t i{ e c hiar et c . articolc. plonum€.afartc,
inLr o categorio prcpozrdupi
u. conlunc nr
lorna pe
care o iau cind sini acc€ntuatesau u.
ln conslruclia (patkrn ) Iiu\bli englcze.ac.entul tonic principall rerine
la inierrale de timp mai mult snu 'rrni pu ;n egale,dird astt€l o inprcsi€ ger*
raln de scandare-AccFnteleplincipale crd pe cu'intele absolut ncc€sare n1,,'
l€suiuj. care ar li, prin analoqic, cuvjnt€le inlrebuinlate in slilul telegrufiL,
adicir: substantirelc. adjoctivolo, ycfbclo, ddverbele, numeralele,negalia elc.
Iccstc pdrli de vorbire i i pislreazi lorrla lcxicali, ncinlluenlati d€cit,
- C uv int elenonos ilr b; c ec ar e pot ev ent unl ips i. ; i m odilic d or m a dupr

eurn sint: &d.rnl aie (stranEforit2 famn rarc) sar nedccetd te (*etLk forrns
-- lolma slabi). In \.orbile, afesl,emodiliciri stnt inpusc d€ necesitat€a e
a se pdsira c1t m:i egali timpii dintre silalele aocenLuate.n trc carc pot exrs-
ta una suu mai multe silabe neaccentuale, au nici una. Vocalc.le acestora
capdti atunci forma neacccntuati, n care elc sint scrd,ate dup[ uzanle acccr
tal,a (vezi Tabclul C), pornindu-sc dc la un sunet neutru peste care se poale
, , . ur l I n- , " i1. ' - n- n [ . . r . J . u] . \ ar l" ' ef ur 4is t dr r d. u r o ul. i' r pr " , , n. '
.i p\ a. uns odn" . Cu c it r o. ir pr " n r i r . r i, la. .u . ljl dis narm- i
q, , np
' . ulr .
d0pinde . . il" b,
n ullini insst ant
. - r] niar
ide r is, uv
lunsi rul
. lnr
l0 r. dr
Fgr1
. tri iniel"
s , s t c ;pli,
' r er
al Jcini ' pt pan,
in li ii
r n.i
bazai pe accenlele .onice, l cunolli Ei care poaie fi, in ccl mai fericit caz, r"€r"
sau"lir", sau ntr un cod pe care l recunotti din obiqnuinln poiiunple golLrri-
le, s au Ln , ; s puns ibillt ;ipoli t ac eapel a ager im er a m int -siale.s au c lLev a u
nete indistinctc. 'murdbled and manqlcd voi'cls and missinE consonanis':'
br uiat e gi de pipa din c oJ f ulgur ii , s ialunLj " ) ou llr r o\ v up t he s ponge" ,
adicir te dai bdtrt qi abandonezi dDgu}.
lSli(i trl r$belulA InRBELE AfLuLrARn: FoRttD TIRI taoRrID SLADII

$ iI
Forme Forne tari
artagraficc ( accenluate
/;,rm/
?re l9:l'
re /rJr:/
bccn /bi:n/ / br ' / .
/{on/
oould /kud/ /k.d, Ird/
dnl
do
/ dr d/ /qd, / ..
does /d n :/
id^zl
h.d / r&d/ / h3d, ad, d/
ltlezl
t,a e i havi
I E\istd si .u.ate s.dlndala. care nu alarlii insi $rbi(ch,lui aoeslLri atil.ol.
: \Ir"ilb l n t . , 1r l n a o, r r r l . 1.
i \ um i t r l n l on t i cd a. t ual A)tsi/o, /rr I
' J: 1
l €nis | l i : n' s .
{ Cilai de A.C. Gimson in alt ionrexf
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze {or. a.il.. ri.3), lnra ildicarea sure€i. 377/609
L. o:tti .'t r r :rr"rl.i i,, ir,rii1 nr ' r t d unui . l i nl l ,,rp." p-onrili
38 ?
/Iol, Il/
wi l l N
t5l Toletul r- Itrltrt.tllr .tlrxJll\lllr FoR]tEr,rr AI,IR]IAftIti co\TltlsD 13{J

-{
1'n /o m/ :r {n:
'," k*t /\\ir*, wr*, Fo+/:
u o uo l i ti r t, i, t. ) r r l
//,.a ,f. d a a r . D,J+ . d r + /
'' ,' , : i \, l ,s\. d o A : ,.. ,i ' i ://:
"i
snr's /l /xds/,:
rzi; n's,ttln.r
/,ts/: thn:ztl
'rndr's
(.(hEn. t*iv:ii : 0h4.;s i\ ..zil :
(1'l"h'|.1:|-th.|''..'
,, l \t :b a r r :/,€ /o r \' ;i e /\i :\'
tr r ' . ti : \ . i i € ,. r d r r .
' ,1l ,l l : l ' o d . sh o u td , o ,i r d r
l 1 ad: h ti :t:..t, J ti .a .
' r
i :1 d . v,.d a: , to i d i .,.a : .t" L .t o .J
' t ,,) l : si , q h ;[. : J / t /o r ti r '
ne' ihlJli stb'u Ai:rl..
il'll ltt\l: ee'tt lv:)l:
lou'tt lj\t)l: tlte 'tt l6ct1t.
16 ) Tolchl C- YI]RBILII AUII,IAIiX : IOltrILLD NEG\TIVD CONTR\S| S 1E68
ain't lc)nll = an not,arenot. s not, hasN\ harcnat; rrecycrt tD SL]A: ronsi-
g rr'"
@e|t
,.,1 a l I " u l .l
tat:
,r l 1 r L .L .t- :i .n .\n 8 ...' .,Ja r i n r .n .t,
lat^1l:oh
," - r I onl hr: L m tn v r| ,r .r , .,r . ,r ..S .o r r ,:h d r .ta
lo " m :L r J r b n d 1 | | \1 s"m lid . n lr r J .\i.r .r i n \ r ir i.c " r .r .,r r ,
I r o p u T iliie d , ' tu r :\ .€ . i ,F n - ,r ' .- . I j/r ? r a in .ll 't
m " - / ld .n r .o ,,o L r ' t.,,,.,o / |Jqnt n.
.auldn't lkrnnl.i : atn,t hat
.tat.n't ltn..nlt : darc nal
dtdnl /idrdrr: dri otud frl nu c finat/ : did n,,
dn" t d r tltt ,t,. c r n d _ n u r in d t d " @,
tu ,t ' 1 \r t. J J n .d .n ..' ;,,1 tn . n ... - d o ,.o
du'nn t l\ta :s r tl: drLt ln r i.\tN)
h d d r ' ' lc r n t. h r ln " n l,r " a t n u " tin .,l h o J ,a t
t' o - a lh a tn . j." /,' r l ,ln . tin J l h o s ,tL
i,,p , h u r n l, I.c ,n ,i r .r tti^ . .n u " no t
, n ) / r T n ti ,z n u ln d [t] r I c lin a l/: ' r " r . ,o /
tu o r .- t tn q n t p .' r n " t I t,i ln l.I,u ,n l" n u n 1 in \n jt,J
n l9 ttn 1 In ,\n n L t :,n tq h t r ot
n,s,D1l mnsnt; m/-sn ciDd tU nu c rinal/: d&r 2, ,
I ' o .k " ir & l. .ln i d a .tr o ,r p in d i, . p r .r n .r u Du , " tr n 1 t , - . . p 0 - o . ,, r in il

' p ." J.' .aatil ari
\,."
'i o \, .
, .'
5" . .n
.n --, r n a- ir:n
n o
4 u,nn.ie i , o nn.u
.i ,r \' ..
.nn: :\\" . re
" ./ ,L
,L oo n .. ;..r r ;ir r;;is n t .' i \:
tr 'ns $ : \\.
ddr, lrescnt /... rv, prcznl/.
: Cl. ,r cu ir's.Vczi 1800.
\' ' is .h o ..d o ,.t r d lr .i,,,l1 d " .r m " l d F L n p a r ' i.iDjr 0 - /p o sd'rd- 1t c
JlF \o,b
F \o ,birirpp:H
: H r ssool,sl,8 n o
n m
o "
m .H'
" . :in
H r t" ' h r / .,r , \- /" a s tfln d c -Lur m
l" r m
lt uJtd
. c
u r ,,rr 'ti, , ipii''rl
n I,i
a
,-
' irpl c .' : tt
tr ' ssg
s 8g oa yto
a
lp p
r o
tom
mm"aa ( ) ( -uhstt.,b
r ;e
;e /:: \\l'
\i l
\it,a-,a
a r
lr
r ' '
r r
p c.' :
" p c .:,/ t:ttt t
t: d o
o
* )c.,
c . n ,:u
"
,,.:u
, E E ,r ,e i
h . t:k,?
l:lp ? Wt,r
W t,"ie
i s t- : d
t-.d a .,t-t -
a .)
tr n r c . .r ,r td .r I .t. \t n ,, ih " .p - W l.a t- .. 1 ,k ,.? - \\h 1 t ,... tr la r ( a u m " s F r ./
i : " r ' lt . - $nF- "
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-englezei' / " " ' 1r us J " ir J ' 378/609
. l, ' f j, : , ; Xn-
88 8
ndedn 'nirilnl. ni:tnti rni:dn, rni:tn cind [t] nu c linaU :_?red no '
a shtn'i I .rfti'crtn/ cind ttl nu e firal/ : ,&stu no'
shda't l(],ttl : shau no, /t.el. fl, lo, ir
JouLln t l'ltr.l,Lrl shauld ut
u p tl ) t t l j u :sn t::t,.' n a t Dr u IUn l a l ,n d n u n L " m d ' r c/,- - u r / i o r
' ' a .r ' , / $ u zn r i tJ:n c n d I n u P I n tl : r d s ' o t
aeten't l'a:ntl. we.ntl : ae.e nat
qon't w.un clnd nu e iinal/: zo ,
|oul.ttt't lqaul|,
ltwdnl: qoutdttl no t 'til
IO F\l j ] CO \fl A ' E Cl P ffO 1 \t Tl n P t' l \L4

da ldn:|, does d.Lzl- doD't /d.unt/, d0€sn'r 'duzntl
shdu not llet t\1tl- shan't llcltnrl
rit rc, /wd nct/- wo 't /w€unl/
catmot / kBnrt/ - can't /ks:nl./
nust trot /mr'6t nrt/ mustn't / m^snt/
use(d)n'i /'ju:sni/
(dum1n't da:snV)
s 1869 l 7 l \cr b e l e scm i d u r i ti a r c - \e ? i ve r b Fl a r r o d a l ' S l 9 J3 '
$ 1870 T0 BE (.4. Fl)
s 187r A. CON*JUGAREASIMPLA"
(SIMPLE CONJUG,ITION)
I}IATEZA ACIIYTI (ACTIVE VO]CE)
INFINITIV rr,{r1xl"rIrt,
Prczet|'t ( Pftsent) Perlacl ( Petfect)
to be (: a li) ro ha\'e be€n (- a li lostl
PARTIC]PIU ( ' ATTTIC PLE 1
Prczer\t Present) Trocut fPdrlJ Perlocl ( Petfect)

beins (: liind) bccn {: fosi) havincbcon (: liind, dupi co
\r n Dl L I\Dl CA l l V t1 - \Dl r 4 TItE M A A DI
P$ze (Prcsent) Trcefi ( Po,st T ense

I art {: 6inu I qas (: eram, usei,an fost)
f tl
.d iv p P ? " n ) q i lo " ,r ' r ' lp b .a :r g t i' s im p r r l

' r /p , d , D.r h .s 2 d Dg .i.l r o r ' .m p o r " r ' r n u f.r J r lr P r J r b llu In s r L r r l
s iDr lo r m " a ' J i,p . .s l, in e n g lT a
' n lIo r - i
Prezontporlect Tlccut Dedoot

(Pr(snt Perfcct (Past Perfcct)
I lave been {: atn iosll I had b€en : rrsesem)
sle had bcen

I
\iitor (Futve) Viitor perfect (ltufitre Pcltict )

I sna[.be (: voi fi ] I s/@ll ,afe been (: roi fi lostl
rou n'ill lave ieen
n-P | ...
si e I s, r be sne Fnl harc beer
I
{e sna/, }rave b.en
you mll lalc been
they will Ie they wiU have lecn
Yiitonl fati dc trccut \riitorul perlert fn 6 de hecut
(Futwc in' the Pdst) (ltntwe Perfcct n the Past)
I snotrd be (: roi li) I s/d&l.thave been (: voi li f€st)
you lvould have i.en
Iet
shc I would e n
€ t"l
'e I $ould have been
we rnoLtd hare been
you would hale been
they would hale been
TIoDUL SUBJONC1v (SUBJaNCTM IVOOD

Fonnr voche Forma moderni
(ind€pendenfi e timp) Preze'lt ( Present) Peflecl ( Pttfect)
I be (: snrir) I w€re : sa iu) I had b_ee (sl li fosi)
ht l. hi l
i n F I h Jd b ccn
they be
IIODUL CONDITTONAL QOND]TION AL TIOOD

Plezeft ( Present) Pefieel, (Perfect)
I siroulds (: as ljl I slouid have necn (- as Ij los0
you wouldbb voD ilould haYe }4n
she I wouldne shc l would la\e
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze lreelr 380/609
390
1872 B. (]ONJ ]G RliA CO\TINLTA

(r'llE coN rI\1]OIiS CONJLTCATI0TI)
Dll'r'nz;t rl(rTILl ( lc t I ri: Mc E

IIODLL r \ DIC\'fl\i (I)iDIC.4ILr: TVOOD
fr\\zent ( Prts.nt) 'ltt\tnt (Past Ters")
I a,, }fing ( . sinLl I nar l i ci . r a i. er adl
r,,, I
ii
i\1,
itJ
.^ 0."
I
i\Io lil, ajtBJo\cfiv Is ui]J ;:'ic1' r't: )ta1D)

( Pr{s.rt)
I Pt.zQAt
wcreLrPirrl: sr-riul
I ou r vef . r ' i fg
I . "l
shc i w.Ie r uis
{e lvere lr. 'g
l[ sc(' beirg
|,ltc\'we..4 Dcln].
(rezi T(b..t ut6i

C. r,'oRllELE CONrll,\Slt \
1873 I 'u n . l i i . \prhul /r/ p o J r 'l \ '- u p 'r n 'i l "l L \ i l i ' '^l 'r r l 'l i \ 'Ju
o,l l r t n r ' nrr u r , , J a u r r ; n l i r 'r i L " r l 'l 'r ) '
', 'n 'r '"2 '. i n d
18?{ 1) Ca icrlr lrilr{rilair este vcrb le\iral cu senscnjstenliul:
a):a fi, a clLnl]: e
70 ,4 dr not ro /r., ltiat is tle qu.stion
{A Ii sau { ru Ii, a.,rrstr e intrfbrrea l
I urinl<. .he.olore d,,l
(C, ri] . l, c c i. ris t . )
Hc is the Si atfst lot l, l,hatcrrr oas
{Esre tl iiaj tn,reioct carc a e\isiat '.eodau l
:
ll (+ un adverb oli o locufiunc adverbiald sau prepo:'ilionaln) d fi'
aua Lac.a se afla, a se:dst, a sk. a Lacttl
Thev z'i, rt ho c iu tlic €rcDngs
l,r ". nl , b. . " s' 1
He is on the llall.
(F c. i)arLc din lersoral.)
Y.uf biho ;s l,he.c, ll- tlre door'
(Eicioleta la estc rcolo, lirgii xtt.)
T' r d . onJr dl on , ' \ i | 1L
'
( I r - m onsl . , al i dd J\ ' , 1 l.c rtfl i
$-Icn and $llce ir th€ mcctrngl
(Cnrd $i nndc ar. loc tedinia?)
rLi.,l'.. i .s. ,r"il ' r l l i r o' i dl '

' 1, , I . u" i , me I onal , "i n' , n, , '
nr m " r LJ. 0" I l r u. d. ' bl r ' F. l r u1. " Jpot r " i " pui / Tl l i n. Jar l lrlolr'lrr' l r)
, \\. ;hJ(\ , t . , uaaLt . t t Pt ol D , r na4.
rR J s dr l s. D , o(
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze _C nl i l " rgo"rrm-' 381/609
apl a l / / od'
39
Iith.. rnd mother ,,er. ,to*rsr.,rs.
( Ta l .r si r j a m u s. .r a u j o s.r
' l h e r e ; i l i r c g a n te n u u r d th e tr o u se .
lIr jurul crsei sc al]l o grildilr rrumoasrr.)
The niitk t.q n ihe trrd...
(Lapt l se gisci& n, ce,nlrli.J
t" i .. D,. h r ^, t,5 t .
. (Si.i /esrc/se uflli ajoi d. o rtrtri ilrragli.)
c ) = ..1 Ii , a se d u ce , a e e n i :
H" ,:o ..' tb " . ' o t: | . .
r \i " ,.t rr ,, , t ..n \.,i
Has ht) bn, to s.. Gf.r:el
l:t r.st pc ta (itu.ge?)
I ndd Dcaz ov* Urc muslun.
ttuseseDilrin tor mrzcu].r
A lie lor l)ovcr?
(uos. la Dov r?)
dJ Verbul le:rical to trc poatc avea idlpcraliyul iormat cu DO ernrrric g lE?;
penru acccntu:rrc:
,, ,. srnsi etr
,r tr ,t b d s o s e n s itiv c ,
., Ilentru fornele contrs$e -ezi g 1gii7.
2) Ca rcrb auxitiar {orrneazir:
dl (+ l,artiripiLrl prczpltt) conjrqarca conti.nud E tt-gi):
s 187
s r8?7
T, i. , hi J . . . , 1\ ..,.-r.s
..,.
L
r\ li r ' r r b , p in " " 1 +.r J
/,, /p"r4./,dI.i"-o. vs.m
,. ,. ,.t ,- n d . n r ,r l
I L t b ., 8
' ia ,u r ,,,.,r o tr .
i_ \r ,, s - t ,tL l In tin e .)
E./ (+ articitriul Ltec"L) conjugdrca pastod (g 1781):
Slj. lrt.llion|d
s 187
askiiA ,, D. mei.
- 1.1 cl.Ionrr rngn(l si rnjii cineu s_o de ta grla.)
H^ , tt tp .n p t d ir h ,r o .,p s d s d ir r r 'a....r c h r s .
\r , . ' L o a r . J J ." .,.\ r " .,/' p . r o ,u
Trrex {,cre .alt'rt as..r.
(Snrt Itcca9i, i( lost'otrcrnati )
tuecnr) itnrrurik) .rfe.r. ale cltorva verb€ ntranziriv€ g 1879

rid3j,-'I,"*l"ipi,,t
i i Jl a J r .n i l .? l
I aa doae to the $.rld.
lJ) Ca rcrb (otrhtrir., facc tegiitura intrc sub;ect ,i num€le predicflti :

1860
S M i J a sj .g .r . S
lEsle ct'rtireati.l
It Jo - r ..
" .' " \. h .r n , \n r k.u l l b .. - .r .cs5 r ..
. r ,a ,)
You r.e eirh rodal
(-\i lenil. de'renc :ri.l
I $astAle : cnnrinle,
iniclcpt, cu l,un 6 m .
rhttp://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 382/609
s€bni'a =. sensiril
8/12/2019 MoRFo',ocIA_\,.ERBUL
39
To $ o t k i 3 l o . b c r o n L r n
i,r '':i"i i"s"im"a " tr m"tt"it
Ec , ot Ld b. as $nl l io comF r obf P
bi n" o1 v i na m Pdi s L
il. i , ^ ,
'"1
constr\rclii:
Se atrage atenfia asupra urmitoarelor
.r) (+ dnumite adjective): a se s;mtt':
1-:i:lfr.,'iijr'l"t*'l*l#*;l:::";'1""''l't'l'"1fii""'i'tl
a fi-Arerit etc etc )
virstl' lormi' culoare' misu
,,) (+ substantrve care se reieri la
-
;1"*..,ir
i;,;r,,: "jl;, . "'
)1i,.,"
.1"',],'ii,,"ir,, )ll-1,r""j}.",,
"" I
A r e d o d i ze ci d rnr ",r
"li"r,llllr,i',jl: ;':"''
i;t -;1T..',.i?:,i:t' ,";"iT',tir.:,""::'".
-
["J''fi't*:xi; :g';.jlx;1;':t'i;i"%'JlJl;lT'li
l;;ill.,,X " ".""
ideeade viitor' aratind:
ltltl 4) Cd erb modrl (+infinit'r\ul complet) xprimi
i iil d, un I r pr s r nbiir L n' c r ior $ 1526r :
"
f,|ii#:"Ji"H"5,'#i"l,l",si"iil?i;'"cir{a' isahoii'it)
H;,$:,r'"T:1"i';l."J"llf"i""*,'r
ostr
h::l+'lH "ll;l;.tt,f fs3'i'5"1?iT**"
Urtr.(Lt e infinLtl')ulperl'ut"""i'i,'Jitf
(care
sc reieri la un fapt'ci
care nu I avui loc ln tre-
S 1883
cut sdu 'hiar i irr vDior:
lixnl',-- .'o^
i#:i"':,'lil"i'i&'"i.1lf
dar ,si (raf):
i"'li'i":iJ;'li:"".:'li l?t"l'li'x; rurn'cnL'Inr'r

g 188r l, o b l i b a l i " d a l o r i p o r d i r r 'd i e p o z i r i '
T h. \ ' of t t o f t ^ i ' h t hat J t on"
lTr;bu,ts ' i . r n, i np ac c as t J meorJr'r
:ll:1":l;l;r Jil,li:]li:'1",$':'":'i';';-li';"
.,.'
i.'"';"'i"i"l,i"'?ij'lli",; "' -''n'-'i"a
.:iil;r
' ;j, '
,1r
l11ru""; li'll'
l;il:l l l li'ixtil;""""" r
fi "
s 1885 cl Dosibilitate:
nouse. D t," fe,.h./ lrom ihe ro rd
'tir,"
1S lorte rFnge r 'as:tdrn_loscr'
'lil;l:^'"'"
:lri"ii i ?.:l';::"1;'"i'":ir
393
Tl,f tunn.t, x.rc lo b4 id.arl;pd br rrF nuBb.rs on therr b,cts
.Il" r g a lo ,:: u fl d s i tF d .ir r :ti.a ' tid u la n u m e F h dn p " lp a r p
How @e/coe ,o .r,ss the In'o il the.e was no lridse?
(Cum lutean Lralersa riul dace nu era pod?)
Ticleis dr, to &? dd iL the enl. ncc.

lrlil€lele se poi oilinc ]a inha.p )
Thcre is nolhing ro ,., /orc abort il..
lNn psre ninic dc ld.ut in a0elrsti clcsltune )
$'hcle is this ..co.d] ,c /,rndr
'o
(Urde rori. li gnsit a.est disc?)
s 1886
You arr ro (dft acrls l,lie sardcn to.each l,he entralcc.
lTrebuie/este ncc.saf se t ve$.zi griidina ca se iiungi ta inr.arc.l
Shf is Ir Ddpmis..l lor hcr achicremen .
(lrcbrie/moite sa fie liludrtn pfntn realizare. fi l
rl in€'itabilitatc, so3rle: s 188
l ..tr i " l i I b l rrl a l i \ r' Jd p r r .r ,.cn d A n r d ,o /, m \' ,,- ,1 {
_ ,n r r q r J"
r .r e n o h r i r a n
r f a r la n o d ,r i ,. .' i- i:t p ir d r i i- tn ' .
o i.r p r ig ..d d r d . \' b d .,.- .i 1r r .
lo a til 1 ia 1 a c fa m a i J l' F ' tid r :' p lr t, n ;.)
Lds trca€r ro 3., tle old tnmblerl $n Inxse ,rsain: il. $as rettticcd bI an llr ro dati
. {Nu ar.an si nrai r.\ad ni.iiodaG vcclrca c.si rrniatn: luscse tnlocuitii.n nn njoc
,^ ' l,r l." i,,id p .' r d .\ nl lo n ' . d .J $ , d ,,p r " \p l

lDL p .J ' .r o n .a o l ' ,' .. .- r .i d i fo ld ll 5i , r ' il' m r ,r o d d r a .
5) Eap&sii idioxatice: s 1888
L - I I b b .n L , DP . ,.,a r lp r b o l
. s rt i e., l. r s,'r rnn astl.ll
ur.r. ir, tlicre o.c (: este,sint)
There rill Dedancirg. {Se ra datrsa.)
Let na rrr (Lrsi ,mifin pacel)
.t llos ts shr? lilo nai la.e?)
I $ h a i t.( sh c i te ? l cu m e sl € e a ) ? l
Irh.t is to bccone of her? L(lesc (ra) fa.e?l
l\\'
:l or ,€
i y .es
s i t sh
i i i 'ato g o ?fL l ds€
t...? cxm
e l t} e bciu ...?
r cf i ;J i)L c d i ca ? j
U'.ife lhis lcltcr aDit&,'/ r? ill daI ahotrL tt
(Sc.ieaceastl sc.isoarc i rn pie,de oate zira .u eatl
Wlrnt's ur: (Ce sc n,limDlii?l
\\'h.t In;? ydr Dc€n? r;r lC; toznli ai n,al Iiio,r?)
6) Formcic rontras€. kzi si $ 1867 1868. r $ r8E9
Cuvint'ul la care se alipelte, ca u srfix, forrr a rontrasd a auriliarului
toB,Prau a ncCatilrice il insolette poate ti. practic 1'orbin,l. oric€ parle de
l ' o ' r ' ft. n ds r n i o r r n ah s h o l i d a r a l tr L

..,1
Th e sL r e e t & Cso a ki n r i r l s o n o u . r i .h l .
' Y o u , /fd i i r r n l l i , ,\ i r cu ;,l A .-
ZEy'.e rNu lired.
?rer.'s no donlt ali.ul, it I
?n"..'rs ihe m{n 1/.2'l. arfaid cl .
I Eo.d :
x.
ii ,.hregistrar-d' et c
r ,n ? - p n i,a " n r u a r .s r r p " - i.r l.1 384/609
in r .o o ..i\..." \' ." ,.r ild ,a u i,:u r n ,,n iL wiu l
81ll
ltt,s r.d: ntlll's yotrru? \rhal .,/,,r's J urs?)

-\nd r/,ats lhrl r1
./' r , n .L th . o d { l m n r o u l .r
,t lr's Ur. nudla rl vod. lursts t.ri€ht. Oft'r dissins.
n-ii, sr l.he B,,r in q.;1 ari ivhai'sa ic?
tl'l,,.C-. In'nc5? Illr'i sfu {ono61
1 ,' s n o tl i l r g to $ ,i fe n o m c r b o u l .?
Cone on: terc'r Hrl.n.
i . r tt.r L .u n Dt.l l I: ,' ,j D, i sr ' i :.p
-\ se rcnarca irsl .i tfurrlul rinpln al verbului to r. nu ,rfe lormn con-

tras,-, ei d nu o ncgatia. Nrg.liia orpdtn folna contrasi cir.l u lnso .etie ttl
LiILa tatl)itii.
O t:se r ta l i i :
(d) I'n nat llsLe. rfl('rnl.i1 fomr€i / ai.n t. iE aftn't I ? lonai uin't I
( S 1 8 6 3 ) . d ttl ti i Dd co n si d u a i d su b sta r l d r r d i n a m b e l e c,r zu r i .
fl, l ornele ncgativc cailrxi. .rL, verbului lo BE al /ori aspecte para-
],"1e.Erceptlnd pu*oara I (1 ain al arrin t I ?, adt I )). crio douir sr'ii de
lo r in c u z ita L .e 6 in | :
I ain l
Io I' r t n o t,
he s, s}e's. il s no t
$ c ' r . n o t, lh .y le n o l,
Practic rorbind. difefc la dinke ac$tc douir scdi 01tc ncqlijdbill.

1890 f.l) it'u ;i its - Be arie deseoricnnfuzie nlre aecslcdouarorntcj proriun-
lor r iind at eeali
lia i/r:;l rts].
is (riorl cuvint? cortrftse:pronume nlrutr,r+ vr}b) .. (rt sar
ea) eslc; ilr (un singur cuvint,: adjectiv posesiyneutru): (rl) lui. (al) ei.
ltsl T0 HATD (A r\VE.\)

1892 ,{, CONJUGAIT',{ SI\'TPLA
(SIMliLn CONJUG.\TIOr")
IJIATTIZ.{ ACTIT]I (ICTIyL L'AICE)

tNFINITtY a /,\7 /- \1 ? 1 /r J)
Prezam\ ( Pftsent) Partc|\ (Pofat)
to harc {: r areal ro lLalf hrd {: r ti avul.i
Pq.RTtClPtU (PllRTrCrPt E)
Pteze t (prescnL) Treeut fI,asr, Perlet:l; (Pofect)
harins ( . avind) lad (: avu[] havi^s had (: avind; dup:i ce a avrr]
r"And thal's hal " (ton cntesorl.l : [i cn asill basl.r] s a u $i rstr.i [ot.
? a t,t\- /,4 a 4 t- ) o tt ..,1 : /;. i,1 4 " l.' r . In L il.
..th o - .....- ( . i. 'pifls r p ..,Ri, ,r h : .' \\ n " L r o " r _ ,b . ,t., .
a n _ ld fr ... == ce e s t.? W - h a tit...? ' - c e 0 ? il€ lr o lc s ic s {n o o u n iL ln : r c ?
./..," : o .,f r .r ' ,' r n " o n u 4 la r o .,r .n r - 5 0 5 ' r ' . | ..u t- o n lir " n g lF r l
a n u m r lu j z r it.i tr J .li ln n ,ifo lo q ia qn ac J
' W h " .l,p E a n " . lt' h J ' - ...) J r .L ' l iin J l- .m " d r p " r ic c l
{q t4 r . r ( 3 t. - ,- r ltk h ^ s ...:t
'- 1 tn tq p t, L ( o a 't o l th . L tr ].r n ' J ) .
lt s ;h ,.t 385/609
-
i95
\lOIrrri, I^"DrCAr'I\' (INDICA'r-IrE NOOD
t(z e:tt ( Prts ,:nt) TteLxt ( Plst T ense)

I l,ad l- a ca , . , a vu i , a m a Ni )
rf
lii II ,,,.'
il, it l.
J
ll,i] l : , rd
Pr{,zer l lcrlc.t Trccul orlc{t

I Prts t'r Pa i n )
I l u r{, L I i (, ah a\nt) I h,,d . ,,l i . .r ,is.s.r ,)
it, i
\iltar {lt tur.) fiitor Fcrlect (Iuture Pc[,11)

i sl{rl halc 1- .i rY n) I r Ldtl ha\c h:d 1: r ( ili ar ull
J.{ riil lL r Irrd
l,c
sh i $ill I'arc
'r shc i '1ill h.vc l"r l
llr cy Nlll hr vc lr ad
Tiitoml latil d6 trecut 'l'iitorul

llerlert lc1[ dc frcrltt
(ltuturt: in the Past) (1'uiutt: P..tfttt in thc Pan)
I stualJ hrv. {.. vai av.a) I s/,dl Lrre hid {== ci ii {rui)
I $r lld havc |a.L
sh. I Nclld bare

'i.d
\ vc. \ i o a l d h a rc n u d
Jon w.nl.l have nad
Urer wluld hare ha d
IlUOUL SUUJO\.T l\' |\t t;.1t ( '1tt D r lOAD)
liorma re&e nou a nroalornii

( I ndcp ndentd e tinp ) Prczcnt ( Prcs.tlt) Perlaf"tr(petfad)
I lad had {: sn i r' l}
irj it)
3$6
] I ODUL CO\D]TIO\.IL ( CI)ND T 1O {AL ]TAAD
ltezcnt ( Ptesfftl) Petlect ( P.tf.tt )

I .lrald hat (: ri a .al I rl@,1, havc had {: ai 1i arui')
y.u ivonlli ltate
s ht nrnin liat il li. I"",,n ,." ,"0
il, t j'rall hivc
\.e ,r r/ro,,l
N. I hare had
rl,u ieod{l have {on $rul.l htvc lud
tl,"v rrould hirc iheY would lralP had
] I ODUL r\IPrlrfATrv (IM]'DRATIrU 'UACD

P et s oaiat 2as 3 P.rsoandu2tLJ)1.
liav c l==r l oolt eil, el liare {- lLrrr, iLoilili )
hali t of li i l)
s 1893 ]J. CONJUGATTE{ ONTJNU.\

(coNTINUOUS CONJ LtCA'.t'ON
nrlrxZ,f. A0TrI.-i. AaTt rE rotcE)

I N -Ili l1'I i r/r]ia1Jl?1 rt )
Prezen\ ( Present) Pertc\.t ( Petect)

ll nf liv ing (, - a , t eal to hivc been havntg {: I {i atut)
IIIODLL INDICATIV (INDrCl'L',Ivr:MOAD)

Prczetrt ( Prcsent) Ttoc\rt ( Patt Tense)
&lr,tihsting (- e aln) I eashavins : eu avermr
you ,gq havins
rs, I LE'havirg
yotr are hiYing

lh€v rre hav'tg
Prezont erleot Trooutperleot
( PrcsenlPcrfect) ( Past Perfect)
I haae been haling I had been haviry
(: etr
"shlrur.
otr hJve brPn navlng You had }een havnq
I'f" lo^ r.." nu'"t sh€ l had )cen hav'ns

ri l. .F_
we l€vc lecn nr vr lg \re had been laving
tlri ybn h,'vi q{in La ing
ihFl l, [ r gG e, ho ins
You
fher lad
hirdleen
}edrhutirg
haling
YiitiJrut €(rr"rdleJ Viitord portoot (Fatrtre perfect)

I J ldl/ be \ \ ins (: 1oi ' leal i stuil havebeen ariry (: voi i avut)
\'ou s|rL ne voDwiU havc been ravrn8
'nav'ng
she I will bi havirg sne lwill havebeenhauns
i[ l
qflrql'€ sltblJ 6e'l{lttrns ii,e ia, ru'rc reen rravrne
80 7
'lriitorol t?ithdc trocrt Tiitorul lorfoct lllti trecut
(Futule in the Pdst.) (Fu lu r, P f \ t ilt t h '10
, Pnst)
I snoz?d rehaying (: voi are.r) I snozll laro bcen harins (- yoi ti avuu
you wonld be havirg you would h,rvii ben h:tr'ing
she l {'ould bc ha ns src wonld hare brn halins
y'c alodl b-aha\ing we sloalz,
i havo bsen havire
xou nonld b€ having you world hrve reen havj;s
th-Aywonld bc naring ih.]. rvould haft lccn h.vins
]IODUL SUBJONCTIV (SABJUNCI]YE }IOOD)

Form:r Yeche l'orma moalemi
(tnd.epenlLentd.e ti,mp) Ptanol:'t (Present) pertcat ( p.rfect)
I rc haliDg (: si am) I wer. harjns (: si aml r had becn harins (- s,.Li
ll:u Lf havtng yd rrere r., ns I:u lad been ,"uiog 'outl

6 l r e r' d' i"s ,' r"s J b " " " ,"r"s
ib' ih" " " r il' " h
sp h ? r r \ i ns w L( Fr p he\ i ng \ . i , ; d l . " n , , dv; oa
yon D e I r \ ' na Jou w d. e hl vi ng \ o, r hbd o" p, l havi nc
r hdl bp h r { r ns r p J w . . n h1\ i nc i h" J r d | . " pi nJ. : r i 3
TIODUL CONDIT]ON]IL (CONDITIONAL MCND)

Prczar\t ( hescnt) Perlect ( Perfed)
I i n r / i / i r _P_l €vi ng : ai r vF, )
vo, , w o r d D e navl r g JI osun wo
o rlluI ld
' d acre
bee
hno eanv ia
v j;sg: d s i a v d t l
sne wdld be havinc sne io \ r | e e n h a v in s
i lu o d li
we snoedbe havins we stould have beenhavjns
you would e having You vould ha € been ha Ds
aheYwould be havin:A they would lavc been haliis
C. FORMELECONTR{SD vezi dDdg 1867)

Funcfii. - Verbul ,o ,{apepoate fi verb principal, auxiliar sau modal: S 189
1) Ca vc.b prinoipal (+ un complement direct) cste werb lexical qi are g 189
urmetoarelenlelesuri de bazxl:
aJ exprimn deeade posesiune au de apadenenrd: $ 189
YoD nara R good name.
The door ias a lock-
They nad I mutual aid lund at thet facto.y.
,l este sinonim cu ro pdt sau to ta&., cind se referd la substantivele care g 1897
,
d € n u me s c me s e , a lrmp n L e€ t c , :
\Yill you ldd someb.caklast?
Do ro rP d n o lh p rcup oI ip n l
t, t a Dn jt ; n g s in - rt o n J l).
You ""n t to I ' a . " n d j y o u r I n "d c in ;
oxght ag^.
"o m" ' in
I l nl Fl . u_i r - n" n i onr ' . o i Tr l " i ndi ^ d i i
poai o I ' ppur zar . ii 1 . adnt cast u' . r ni- an" m h. C L" st i n a spm , t r r i . r i \prir-
t ol
:4 / , n. l ar r r br i n al i r l i m ba r cr l na i n
a. . r a. a" ur i , tr"bI:" t r adus n. i n ,o / . o(
*Do
5S 8
i l or " v'rI''Ic 'l"II'rt'
l\lb "/ rtl'r de s ' r Lr r an: r ^ l F ' J r n ' " a' i /"'r'
l or n" T d I nur ' r ' 4 ' ' - "
'r"^'' ' I S i l l r v i i l o Lot "
\ , . t der i \ . r F ' " |. u- '
i;';;,;;:';i;"',.';;;;i;,-irtiiw,'rona''ulatr
" tuu.qh run li+liiir:-l1li1,l
;lroat'e 'erbcre orespunh
sinL radusr .t11'
acest'eornre
; ;;i;,:;';;,;;:"" crc
riu' n\are)' sta
i""""',"; * iJei" f race baic rr cadd)asesc[tda iolac' ."
;;i';;lii; i;;;'tilrj, " . r"^ p"t''" e r' e ".piirLr-Ln rid'a' a^llllibl'"
u'r'' a..rnre
i,t.*" fi a.;,,,
;;1;;';,1;;' o l;ao)'"ltu""
automoiilul, suu Lrbiclrlct"
".rade,
a se a funa' rtd
a 'rrilge
I un pur oe sonu"
a alrli etc
\ 1899 2) Ca rerb anxiliar
$ 1900 d) (+ Palticipiul t)lllrut) lormoazi tinrPurilc Perfeolc:
lo laoc crllcd /td( ii: called
I /r.,e onllcd L"i .alled
I slllNtd n('. ualled
I s ratl i,r'e rilLd
r" p N ^ ' n -' i u -:r d ;r --" n '
s l ru l L ) r' t,1 u r' ' o ' t' o ' s " :J t
..' :r* r' i r" ,,' . rn r o r" r r' ' l ' r' ri It" r-: d n ' ;t intercalat
'{ l ;8 rlint'rc
l ' r0au:t'
''
U.rYl 15-'e rlral itnediJl' dr) conrilemcntul dircct
"*. ,si partioipiui trecut sau infinrtrv:
liar
i tlar€ .ldanal tnl shoes (Prcz'frt loleltl
rli-am curliaL icu lDsnmii sheicl( l
I lnt, dI shoes
l\li ad dat gl.nrlo'rcd4ez
l. .nrllat )
Slic /,al hef Nf'tL r?farfud'
$i u nrhlit mina l
//arr llre .rke Dtuulli' in l
sn r i , i D s i sc a d r r e t o u l l )
'l lrc al]I)liouts rx"r noring tlirir mcmo'J t'slcd'
lcandida rlor li se t.slr ,trcnorta )
l\: r'l d"
lt r' 0 " : ; ' " o lf r1r"
,t " " t : s" l . b g , ; l l d
'
lalel l&l h.r biogle rr'l€n
i l o i n ci i t a | u a t l r , - ' a r a l
\lc lolc to ldre rtrr hntrds tom€ to s'c tr s
ii" iii"i,'i',iirt r.i"t-ii Dostri vnr{srincrad{ )
rr t i r , o'" no I r ' r ' r ' : an^' \ r f v ut ul
\.: . b r , ' J r - \ r / " . r nr o" i ir' ' 'f 6: l ' 1r n]
\ \ 1 , 1 $ i l \ o' , , lril cr ' / o " l l 1 6 o o l l ' ' o " d s5 t r
E P' J l'r
""
{ 1902 ll) Ca Ysrb moilali

(: trebuie):
i iil; n1 1'. int;"iti",'t conptct) este sinonim cu llnrsl
llr shofs $ill nao€ o bd mended
{Pariolii m.i \rtr tfelui relarrlr'l
\ \ , . . . 1 i / / n|r ' l' "l' 1; h' ' dl r i Lu' l_
\ r r I i . 1 i s t unas " . i qLnl r ' r r uonr a.
Yod don't iot' r' ao vet: it is onlX live o'olo'k
li'u trehic sI pl0oi ncl: nu e dccir ora unc' )
(\:ezi i S 1901, 063)
A sf cor'P.'rr:
,i[:i1i,i,]"1i"T,ilJ'ifiJtl"'i,1'xtilll :i]l'lif;;*o-,,,u".r i, os
pcnrru
l,olir;i airl;i).
j'ii\r'''*'
i i:ii,'f"' i i:"1' x::i"^"1'"iiliil ".da,rcrnari'rir'
. DJ S rbjonctnUl tr ?pnt bxd urmat do comparaLireledr ," sau sooncr. S 19Ur

r r - ldv pr blr l o' t , t a" , , t ) . . t u , , r . r , - , r . r 0, , pl, r " un inf i. ir it in. o , ut et . or_
neazii construcliile idiomatic{rhad be(t€r, h$d soon0r,h;d r&flrer, had as soon
(. . nai bine, piefer):
\on hattL.uetd. sonethirgabout l.
(Uri bitre i r.oeccrah aceastl rivingaL.)
I1r0 ''u'cr/ lt '' i^ lh ,
'" h 'r "ou,
/r',. df . ' trJ, i , i P , t i , , o ld ''l
I,r 'ddiin^
W. nd., s.otr ,dtn thc dishncc.
"s sl1nc ducem pc jos
(,\m prerern liniL acolo.)
Ct. cu I QouLd.l'd atho s^\\ jbn as soon. (S 1579)
yerl,ul ,,to hare,' in interogalii cgs,tii.
fi $ 190
I l u r ' ,l r d F i n ' Fr ^g o ' i " .; n ,Jr ti H \Fr b ,r l l o h o ,,. t,o 1 tr ,.^r - r r - j au
"
n ,r , . r " \r l i ,r Jl DO . , ,n l u " m u r r - p l o r L Zl n r F:
"'o.
1) DO zero. Nr se dtrebuinteazi auxitiarutD0 (: DO ,era)t .\ 1906
clndverbul I,\VD
" ,a) este olorjt ca au\iliar ta iormarea irnpuritorter s' t90?
HdN. yo| otene,j t\e leftat?
(Ai deschis sris.area?j
\\'e hadn't scci itie Dcrv actorl Xcr.
lrioil u vrizusen nroi Dona rirrto:r.l
b) ciLtd {ttbrl to ho,veexprimi pose-riuneasar aparienenl,a:
s 190
Ik\'e loe i\ r:i]arctLe?
(r\i o liga.e?)
I kr.zl rn)- ldcnds jn i,ouf rosr.
{\u an trieieni in .raitr] drmtaj..)

C^l u \i d l . l l .\\' D p .r . d F o L i .p r i ' ,.o l i ' d F v,r u - t l d l ,,i r F.i - . n i ^- Ju l
,n r r .i n u .l n o .i o n r ' ,.r Iu " ^tu t d F:, 0 ,," n ' r a i d " - , d " r ,,i s" .i J. . . , u
do " ' n r ,l i \n " i :,,i 1 . p "flrr- .1ia
- " , /,,,,.
\S l 4 ;i ,:
'
f/ " to l so .' ' i JF."
1\ o ti q Jr J,)
| " - r . sa '
.\, a ,,, p | c" ,,r ' .t 1 i ." .. n Jo u - r o $ n .
r ,r d ,.t r ;r m i .a t ,
c, clnd verbul ta haae paate fi inlocuit cu l, ,d..
r l r . tl ,i . .,.r o r ,," " ,,.0 0 ..,1 .. s 190
q r ' J' a " l t .' L ,r ,i i ' 0 J, "lo' ,,r r k,."
' .l v;j
s. I j r ,/i 10 ,."
, 5 0r a
,$tu
o .r
r k.r i . r ,.,....tb
d to t . to r to r ...,
," t,i .
f J l ,o d a ' ,6 ,r , d n l u l L b o o l . , ttr tb r Jr J.
, ,
(Nu.rveru dnll. catrlir(cli ln lirti l.een.l (- Nu erau r lre oi4i .chl nr bibtjoteci.)
2) Se folosegte auxiliarul DO:
s 191
.--gl oinrt verbul ta haoe arc altA inirebuinl,are decir aceca arirati ta .s 1911
{ 1907 1909 ti e6te sinonim cu fllle verbe. pierzindu-si asttet inloiesul propdu
,,1 the children /dr€ a nic e \rnch? (- to €lltl

\\' i ,l.n ari,o , d
H,l tl ,/JU.
a ,.h /rr L,'.u
J1dut r' ,,rl - ror
h .,o j o d,o
. ta L l o"Jr .n /,
I d .l \th o ,p ." h r ' o .o - .. ,,q ,I h " r " .
wr;,tJ JUt h o ," | 6 N,1 t,, o Jo - ' p' lrd,,,tt, r o . n o J o n .... ,
d u , I \o u r r ., \, u r h .| h o t,i : ( tu d .l , J Jo .to r tu l o o k a .t" r t
\\ ." I . td \" ) r ,o to o ti .t. to s" t ,.r . o , i n e r r _ .\1 ,- :l
sn " d ,d ,i l d f i ,,r b L i ,t ,,. ." ,. to ..L so r i ,o .p lo p r ...:r r /td r " . J /" ir
ve zi $ 1 9 0 1 )
DL . ' - r 1 l $ ,J: l n . " /" ao r o b .o I I r ' ( \l u .L
r r td i 1 i h Jt " r o o n . , .o b o l t,J" u .
{00
$ 1912 b) cind erbnl to hare se referi la o acliunesau o siarepermanenid au

olisnuiin:
Do aou olten L,ra colds?
,o i l P v u su r ' l \ ftd ' r m u si " n i h 4 P \4 n i n t"
\Ye d,;l nate'enoueli hockeY D Nnre..
II thc slror./,6n) ftte lhe booksyou wan1.. ou nav order thcm h posi
Prin conirast. cind t0 idr€ se refera numai la o ocazie anumiti. lipsa au-
xiliarului DO (D,0 ,en) niicn aceaste itua1,ieS 1906):
I i.a \o r ." r \o k " 4 ttP tt a"o'r'r pt u h u1016rrd P ir ' lh " "a'n
Ho \b \c , e o t i t m r s r t, r ig I 0 1 | .h pT \ .'
\\' n /- n'o ih ' ( a l' n g I r'o'nr'-
ln enElezaa rericanli. rorb\tl to haee {ormeazi lntotdeauna interoga}ia

ex ' apt i' , lind ' / ul lr " ' dr F. 1o
9i n" gr { ioiu r iur o| ul a' r r ilir r ului Do. ' ins ur a
i{ . \ v E .. ' r nr ; " buinLs r' c aur ili. r ra urmcrps r r r pur lor p" r r " " ' " r.^ r r ui) :
Do vou
I d ;n , hidtc
a " aaa \oiqarette?
._ " ,r 1 \o u r lo $ n
lls l ,.,r /,;, ndr", r :d l.' .ld ' " " 0" r p s i' l' ilv
Acenste ntrebuinlarc s verbului DO s a eri,ins foarte mr t qi in Angha

contemPorilni
s 1e13 TO D0 (A FI\CE)
1914 I'unorii. Vnbul ll] do poate fi vcrb principal sau auxiliar'

s
$ 1916 li C 1 \ or h nr iD c ipil | ' r " ' lp H ' m l i uln" . / b D"r c r nul ' ' i" ; p
,
v er belor r ir r l" , t nlo. r I ' I r ' r ; i t" rn- DO r ur ili. r i' olo u- de i' r a' r a
s r ii
lF
necesard (aczi eremplele urnntoare):
d./ : a lace (scnsgeneri4. a indeptini, a realiza a se ocupn cu a er€-
c uial a termmir:
Ho s ,r ' o ) n - .. u j ,, t.r r . tr d . . i u J:
\ \ r ., r ' - P o, i r o r .gn o s , \.e JU. I r v.
(Ce aci retn? Dqti oculatr)
\\rhat /oa sht d, ior a lirinC?
ire?)
(Ceocupalic
"Nrat /id r.u do reslerday?" "I did mvj^roonr'"
(Ccai lacnt iqi?- Ni.am lilcrt cual' carntrr'l
You /doeDl don.a hrir Yct-
-vour
lncil
l\tr tc-ai lieptar{t )
; l o " ti . r ,' p ,1 ' .,.' 1 , $ l l ( fcp n l b' r
e\e^ l lr_d I \ J " _n'a1ab l ' l a bL' '1 1
I \ "
I'll d, mv bcst. voi lace tot losililtrl )
\ l,cn in'Ilomc. do as rh. Rohans do. (Prolerbl
l Acfst re.b cst,, uuxiliaNl DO. Nunai hlinitinl lo3 iscrjs ai.i cn li1_"'e uNive
*t,.. 1 ' - r :,..,,t i ' 1 \i .l .i l r " o m 4 ,L v r b r ' l u i / - n ' ' ..o n s r ' .i o \' r l JI'
p"'''',"i/i,';i'; ' ll l;'r.':;""'iii'll:r;p.l^''"*,u'-
, j" ,1,3d1;l l' tl Hu r ' l Trda b n t:" 4 " 4
lls te o :r " D, o - r Io s l' r t ' n ' lr \d
; .: "j;",b'li":"F:
'
';,:r,
'"i
"1'' : 'r' ';, /".";:1",': 'iir,l
:;Y;T,'."":;i "ol-'lll
:; ;1,,;;ii;i,,',, ; :i ,ij";: ,fl"":;;1"\ i ' li 'F.j::i;#r,''"lli ;;.jl:l'r'
C. I t . S aL .1 ..e i pr./ nljirri l'r:i'. I Id d" i x r '
t to ,li one'shan': a se picniiinr, a_sia rrnja " r " \ p r pnNI' a sc coala
6) : a conveni, a {i poirivit, a fi de ajuns (ln special la viitor si condilio-

.,
"lYill I dol" said thc sardener. .I'm sure vou win.,'
(Vh con n? sptlse$eaina.ut.- Stnt siguii cI da.)
'I h i sb u i l d :1 s d t, l o l o r 1 d a v- n u r ) e .\.
A " d \ti r td i r"i r . d , I b r n . p . r t" u . , . , ,
't\a\ qill da
{ Dea j d r sl r \st{ c to l P o l i tl e ca l sa u d i m l o tr i r ,1 :Ue r sc, b i r E :)
l ' .u " \' " d ,) o u - ( ,Il , r o p .r l y 1 h .t x.n t d o xt i \l
Ni " i " .tJt L t" ' r . i .u ..i r - DUr ;.. j . 1 m r " g d r p to c)
cl : a r e r m i n a ( tn B p e ci a l a ti m p u r i l e p € r fe cte ;i ta p a r r i ci p i u t tr e cu t) :
lYi,cn she nas lrnd. we,ll Ao to bcd.
Onc nore sandirich atd I had dane.
ne.rlore ls at ,are dozd, now It is gcriilg tai..
I hdee dane \\lth tanl
Have soe d,nd $itti me oomtrasses?
His N.rk loae, hc Nent io see. liln.
I:trelln.gnn ii liali dou'. (Pfoverbj
2) Ca rcrb :iuxilior
(+ infinitivul tncompret): $ t9t6
. d, ajul.i.Ia
-c-or-st.uirêa
orm€i interogative. Degaiive si interogativ-ne, g lgti
satire (g 2913. 2920, 2936).
D l inlo, , ie" t e Ln r lr \ " r b. p, nt r u c \ it ana r - p- t 6r ii ar plt ui , pr nr pr l, \ t C t 8
nu, nir d" unii gr " . lr , i" i" ni . . r r . m por lni nngt oz i \ C O D I i t - t ; , LO D / :
\\ n r lh u ,g h l, r r s o r l| " 1 , 1 6 r ,lla s 1 p ,,..
' ' Dr to u f.a d 1 ,h i.? " Y 4 . I d id '
" \v r ,J I r r .r jo i" i r .o m o e ' iiiu n - - Du r r i,.J d ,r 4 ,-
d r s ,r'o,-rd. nIm t, d r ' 1 ,1 he'he /
She dj,ln'L Mos.ire mc, dtd she?
Y o ll ,1 .,lr ' p ,II,r o n tl, td r ,p , \n v ,. .a - Oh . L :l tr d ,,tt
\\p lh o .g h lh .q ,.lo r \.- r - ,- .,,.r .s ,u ti.5 ,t. " ,Id ;,1 :
* b a , h o r tt .
c.,, este tntrcbuintat atunci clnd. pentru a s e Ja mai mutta \.ioiciun€ si S 1919
s lilulu; . . " i, \ pr " " 1?a or Ain. , ohi. nuir a d. uv in, et or , €d\ 4b; t -
eohivalcdtul acestuia) iind adus la lnceputul propoziliei, iar auxiliarLrl
pus lnaintea subicci,ului.ceer ce dti un ton nai ioimai conrexiutui:
Novcrdld 1$r suchsjro.tsmnnlikcc nariour:
WeUd, 1 rememr,,r
Odly {'hcn im.lld
lie called ont n.tice him.
're
d../ accentucazddeea yerbului pe lingd care sE (Enfia.t;c DO).r $ 1990
He do.r looh kindl
{ P a r c n t. r d e r n . o m b u n .)
,, be quiell
(Tlceli, ra rosl)
We ra]lv drd ],rv acrv l,ard.
' Tp r si E r ;r a n i .n r " i , ,t tn r - a d " \tr r ..,r ' . j d ,u :r o r
You saX I wasrt thc.e, lri I dtd go
{Spui cd nu eram acoto,cu trsl m ail dus, re asigrrt)
"l l,ope ou don't nindl" "ilut I d, mind_,,
(Spo ce nu le sulfu.i - Ea te il5eti, mn supir{, te asigur.)
,r comc iomorrowl
(Te rog, vino mline negreritl)
3) Pentru comp ara_ti contras ivi intre v€rbel e to d,aSi to make .rezi S 2200. S 1921
I DO este h aoest caz puiernio acclntnat.

10:
ltrt TO LET (A I,,{SA)
192| Frl]lcli', .- 1'crbr,l l, ler esie iltrtbuinlrt e3 \.||b ptntiiipul sau parlixi
auriliar.
1991 l) Ca re r) prirr{ripnl
a, : a lii-qa,a permi|e:
lirfl
L/-|li vcm.a n bel
d l c,(Lasa.'tri ln lrr0 l)
l l c 1 , , t | . . L 0 g s l o o so .
- / - . , n t h a l c r cu r r n s$ d . t orrrrl
-I-rr me krow irl,.n yon $'rnl li) colrel
w e m a v so i I t h c N f r l h t r ' \ r i l l 1 . , n s
'l r , r n q r r r i / ; r n o . r c i n
1,., sl,r'tn,g dogs licl (r'rovtr]r)
.r.d bXgo.es Le ltgon{sl {Prorc.li)
,j :r (sq inchiia:
I s,as ookin; or a hd6. r, 1er. :dc incLirirl)
It is rYhI tilc horGr has revu Ll
lll; :J r." \o , a u \i l i rr, u r ' .1 -.r '. i .,,, fro ru , i r ' ' ru l a b i ' i i \ |
n ' i n i ' i \-r i ,,' o n p l p r IL f 1 ' u ,|, u rc ' r" ;" i IJ l u h j ^ ' i u
"if 'lF
tui persoana I fi a :l :r, trg. qi Pl :1
l , , l r . si r ' l i s t h i s r i g h t ' 1
D o D ' t l i l o n ci l , r h € r F o sh ck j , ' st n o w l '
///'s hrrrr,l-'l
I ) o i ' l l c, n r c . a t o h v. u h e r c a g r t ' l
D d n ' l l e l s si r r g n . \
Zer X b fqrrl li) Y. (Uat\qr^Lie'l
To Lll L liild un lranri-
S l0.lti ti v . eito
Crzul compl$metrtLrlui
urnat a nilLnrnlri
de un plorutne LD t. - cazul lcuzalil-chi|lr
sru sub\iintil-ir 'erb i atund
cind o1estcaurilirt:
L e , n . t h n , L l I sr ' t h . a d i i . ?
I - r , ' s si r e n d . u . I ' o l i t h , s i r L | c . 1 o u 4 l . n b
Se atra:lo tenljr asupra rc;clii F w r tr 'le 1 s I'unc cpsr' ^n lrlcrncnt
n .z rl n u ri n r i ' {' ,b rrrl r' n l fb I ri u " -r' r" r " l ;" u r ' b r^ r' ' ' :
'i n r . . l ' a o h n : 9 .
Let nt' and rre 8o
1 " L . 1 n . r d 1 " e sL a f ccr f ci l
i l a r o n e l s. e sp a n si } r l c o r t l i . o d i ssi o r , 1 . 1 j t b t i r s
( " L e i i t 1 , . r . ' f st e ntoof.utl
1927 Inliiritilul dulir rcr;rul "to lst". \'erbul lo l,l este urlnal' la diateza ac-
Livddr ir'finitivul nco,nplet.]r 1&diiiezr p-rsirn cljrd nsernlnn p.rrmte')
'n
i n grn.t,) dc inlinil.ivul complel (1tlil3 l 6 fi t):
1 " , t. .aath r,1 r' ,. (\,ri \
t.f .,..- r,".p.tt..d.\.a\ i.L.,n d.{r -\
19rB Ifornel€ contrasc. 'Nodalui LET, cin.l c::te au\i]inr, are o singufl lor
rn i :rL c c l rJ l r: /,1 r IL , r, F \n ri i r,o un rnl' n in " rr' " " ' u r" rb u l
l ,i i ..,l /o ,' ( .d n rm ;r-J .," t" ;,r r. f^ r1 , o r" r' l in 8."d l i ' i u ' i '
Zc,'s have I strinl lluxiliF)
r / / a " h , P ' , o l ' r l : r ' 1 'l ' n o "
rhpr. "d-.l,/ lL| r',r l' D Jr n e ' g i . 5 ' i n o l '
' " Eo
1 t-rDii ulori coNi.loe aoosieornc eonsinile .ru LltT ca iiind la modll idlcmtiv.
li"l'd",,,i, ,"'jl,:"..:l' "f;:";'::l;jT,ii ,1";t.'rr,"'"t'i' s;:;i.',1

I r o D o z i " i "li
' 5 cr , u l j. """. ' ' ' . . i" 'r, ,i ,:. " D : ' hr ' , + r t : .
r' rr'" , t n' c ' i D
; "i: , j, 1; , , 1. ,
1 ,, r i , b d j ,l oln \: | .i n i .l a " \F' ,r ,:. J" tu r - p ron ,,r \,,b

' ,- " l i
r r ,l u i L E T." o n - i J- r .te u \l o p 1 .,tt. ,.l r i .,Fr ,' - .n :..r ti r ,t: L r r l r r ,o -
l o cvi n l :
Zctr, t- lriml go :
1,eln I-- tijcul spcak ouIl
Pentru formclc contraso, vezi Ei S 1867.
Do a ce e tn a t ( E r n p h a ti c DO ) i r .e r b u l o l e t. DO d cce n tu a l n o a te i n q 19 9
soti ycrbul ,o lct, lie aiesta verli lexical sau modal:
Nother, d, l. r us gc }ikins in the mourtajns this lrepk.nd, I|.n ard rrel
"DitDI. shall rve go surf rjdn,g lodrr?" "Oh, rd, Lr's/"
slltt,[. 1tr[1. nt]tY.

Acesteauriilirre, iind vcrbc dofeclirenodal€, slnr tralat€ la capiLolul
verbelor deleciiic rnodalc $ 1930).
II. I'ERREI,N NEI'trCI'IVI }IODILE s 193

( IIO D- \L DE FE CfM - \UIl L l l Rr ItS o . l Ii D tl tO DA L S i r
\:ERBEI,E }{ODALN PRNARE s r9i1
{ P ItIM IRT IIO D- \L Y DITI]S )
CAN. IIAY. }ILTST. OUGIIT. SHALL. WII,L.
1) Vsr',redelectivc. .^.ccsl,aerbe sint numitc defrctiw deoarc|.c ru au s 193
toatenodurile li linpurilel
d, urmitoarele verbe au nurnai dauii. onnrl
Ptezent (Present) 'lt.cut (Past)
corld
m.y mighl
shall should
srll would
DJ III,ST qi OUGIIT nu au decit o singurn fotme: aceea de pN..nL, it\-
trcbuin,tatn nerri ii cu rclerite la tecut.
At enlLe
Toate vcrbcle de{dctivesinr trdz.itire, complemenLulor djrect fii d inli-
ritivul care le urmeazd.
2) Ycrbo moilale, Verbele modale stnt aslf€l nrmit€ dcoar€ce au si S 1033
ltrlllatie tnodald': insolind verbc care nu poL fi decit la -
nrlinitivs, ete
j oasi un rol aproapeasemindtor cu aceia ll ruxili arelor pro'nodrl
priu'zise, exprimind
al.1,l.oCalildlca, iLEi itnpula*rbului dr:pend.en,e olo.Cu albe uvint e, n propo-
zlrmc:
I .a, lperk, you atgli, go, clc.
verbele dependente pd.r/rii go, neputlnd avca decit formd de infilitiv ln con-
stlucliile cu vffbclo modalo, nu pot reda ideeaexp naie tr Inod obilnuit, prjn
l ii gramaii0r englez,'r ceste ..b .r dinrrit. lrmiri durn nubi: )lt.tlal Delectioe
yetbs,.Mo.lal luitiar r.rr. (ullimul, nume mpro .ir, accsti reliind drci un 6pect al
:,ualdr :
..caf-Ae ftie.,:r ra un mod .sfadral'.a1,..Diliannral linbii tumdne itoaN
.onremp,rdae rblirat de -{{radeniirR.I'.R.) Vtzi si S 133t-13n0.
r \.r l r ' ,r ,,1 " 1 "nu I,r r i u " m .r ' d .i ti \: \" r b ' r l m o d l l 6 l u " .6 1 l
/p " ,/. i d r i n l i n i r i \u l u In r l u r .. ..r D d ? r ,r ' r
{ V e zi { 1 3 6 . 394/609
t04
i n d i c a i i w. o n d i {i o Da la s u b i o n r l i r . Ao e a s L a(lccn
r o Cr l d e s t e e d a t n n e x e r F
plelc dc mai sus de 1'crbelcdel€ctive regenie C1)r (i,r(licdliv) qi \{Ii}HI (in-
dicativ trollul,,conditioral sau Rubjonctiv). €rbul defrotiv rcqcnt,sffvclte af*
dar aa;nd.i tar norlal.: spra crc,nplu. chidr darn acliunea bi fsio roalir si ar
trebui deci erprimatn pril indicativ. ot cste pus La modul condil.ionelsau lt.
subjonctiv pertru a se ariia cd acliunea a care sc refernverbul dependentLLI
Pentru funclia modali;i aceca cmporali pe care o tndcpli csri pistrin-

du-;i totuqi propriul inleles. verbclc module. n conirasl cu aeeleaauxiliere,
stnt considerate 'ra semiauri.liar .
l93l f,) Colrjugarea erbelor ilol€ctivo modale.
Prozont,Yiitor Trecut, Corditional i Srbjon{itiv

I collil
Xou
he. she- i t coul.l
conl d
rve conld
Xou ,jould
thel oould
f,I&y
Preuod 'Irecut, Conrlilionnl i Subl{}nciiv
I miSht
he, shc, t miih t
Uust 0ught
Prezontl Prezent
I oughl
le, sle, it ouiht
ihey ouslri
Shrlt
Prezont Trecut, Conditional i Subjotrctiv
I I
shall
6hall
ru' ,,
shall
will
Prozent Troeut, Corditional Fi Srbjonctiv
I will I
they wiu
. compuseah aLrxiliarelordelective modale primare vez

-Pentru-tinpurile
961.
s:1940,
Pentru subjonctivul si coldiiionalul auxrtiarelor detectir.e modate, vezi
s 1581, 620.
Pentru auniliarclc rnodale secundarevezi S 2069 20?:1.
4) Oaracteristicilenrriliarclor deleetilo lxodal(. Auritiarele delecrive { 193b
r u Jd l i r./'.br..trtot|otrtd.. ,8-,:,.
(t.d dr lJU
drd". , o " r u.mu
s din,rrprnr.,
toltot. sp . i . t t . / , \ p zi |
d, sinL dctcctiro: nu au irfinitivl, pdrtifipii. qeru,,rli\ sau irnpcrrtir.. \ 1996
i "r d o u J d i r l r " F t F , , r 1 s i l r , t ' t t a ) n t . ' u r i . i to r ; r l p t "", . r :
Pre.enL 'l rccut Prezent 'l rccut
0ould 6hall - should
da v might *ill - would
must _ ougri
,/ nu au irrrmil]alia r la persoana a 3-a singuLar a indicatiaului ti l9Z7
lic maJ it slall

h e ca n it x'ill
c/ nepLrl,ind nrno singure prcdi, atul, sint lntotdeauna urmale de un \ 1938
i t I i t , i t i , i n . r n p l . l t l . . H t a r . t u . \ . f p l i a l u i o 4 h t . r l t t p a . 0 r . . i n f i ni r i v , r ] jt p
precedaL e p.rircula l r:
You ay si, dolr,. Ii ougbt to 0o.ft.

d) Iormcle )or intercgotir. )i rpgarli,pstni conshuire, oa a auritiarele BD q t9B9
si HAVE, prin inv.rsdre€ uhi"rrului , u moJalul Drpdi"r ului. drci ldra in -
terrent[a aur;liarul&i
Cdn she do ,O
it?
( S ]918): I .dn'r scc soor.
Ma | ronP in' nh" ndu ,;,"vou b, , s. y.
. t n d l l I h l d , \nu a u . u o f Y o u e,,t"l be lote. -
ter? I rna not lic ilo\rn.
Wttt l o u tinE nts rp T h . v , r / t ,o, N " i l n o $ .
OuBht lo , " L i ( . t . oul l,:m: \ -idCht not ro $ Jl k L o m p .
"p
II. AUXILIAN,ELE DETEOTIYD IIODALE

(MODAL DEFECTM AUXILIARIES or THn MODALS)
s rem
.h_ aceasti categorie ntrd uD numxr de auxiliare disparare deosebite S 1941
toLsl de rpslul rerbelor din limba pncl"z.i - rarp, 1n d"aursul ndpl,inqdrci
9 i , b u c i u m a l F i o r j s l o r i i . a J p i a , d u L l r F p r d r d i n c a r a c l e r e , r b m i ni n d s r e z i
unele cu doue forme, alLeleou una sinquri - sau chiar numai cu o fttnturi
dF ormi - ti rouqind u supmvieluiasran mdsurd n carp u izbutit .a sali.-
f a . d n "v o i l pd e e x p r i m a r "a l e o d m p n i l a r . " l F i n t r e b u i n l a u .P c t r u . o m p t F L a .
rea Iunc,tiilor dispirute, s a apelat la sinonimele espective,dindu-li-se stfel
u n c u m u l d " f u D . l i i ( v "z i C o l L D , I ' l l C H f ) . a l t t a l ; l o r p r n p r i i . c i r s i I n c o n -
t r a c l "u C A N , \ 4 \ Y , I \ 4 U S T ,B E l o s s u l l A \ E T O d l n i c "c a s i n a t e q o d c .
yerbe Rezolvarea ambiguitdfilor astfel create a dat tns[ aoestor iaqmenie de
alLe sensurr cu implicalii foarte subtile. Noilor auxiliare, eminamente
colo.rialF, i s.du ad;usel Ff..Lp nblinulp prin miiloa."l" soccitice orbirii:
noditi.Sri sinld.lic" Ei so,nan'ir",abrcvieri, onnc nootraseesr"ntorisrireo-
d a l p l o r , a r c . n , i n r o n r l i " "i r i r . r s h r , , . p t F m o d s J - l p i i n d m o n o . i l d b i c p .
' lLotlat a vortad i.fin :t;o, totlr'- b . a", to mau. to 4,sr. /o or4n,. adesea nr ltriie
r d a l ' o J: d r r l i , s n t t o t a t ptoadb, n l f : cd l d ,r tirnd m n r i Inr:n,tivut ri.
it06
1042 ( D C AN
-\
CONSIDERATII ]]NEIIAI,E
S 1913 1) Fol.mt, - CAN [- a (se) putea]r, avind numdi ddrd forme, face parl.e
din cntegoria verbelor defeotive.
Cele doun iorn]e ale verbului sinl,:
ClN - forma dc ,r€:en, (toate persoanele)', nirebuinlnli ,sieu rorerne
la /ltrrr. (Vczi S 1949)
COULD - fcrna de rr?.d, ln anunitc litnite, erprinind ;i rinorul fald
(le fecut, ca d.ilianaLul i *tbionctioul (l,oate prrsodnclc).
Aeesto ormc sint npmatc dc infinitivul infomplet (' |nrn puticula lo)3
,\I eerl lri Inic.lL depcndent S 1938, 1933).
S l${,1 2) lloduile unitersorale ii imperson e. Modalul C,\N. ca orirc au '
liar delectiv modal, nu arc impe.aliv, intiniti\', pariicipii, nici gemndiv.
$ 1916 3) l'ormclc oompusc, CAN, neavild infiiitii' $i participii, nu poate
avea nici forrne verbale compuse. {tii acester, cil ntodurilc ilnpcrsonale
carc ti lipsesc({ 1 44), sidt lmprumutate de la siionimul fi situ BE ,\BLE TO
\" -i | 1 9 .q ,. {t].o .,/,,: }o T l o B E \B L L .,u B l i I' \4 R fl rr.
Inlocuirpr o,lalului C\N fri n BE ABLE nu se poate nse face d.cit.
atunci cind acestedoui verbe sint p(rfect rirozi c, odicii atunci cind C,\\
irN€amni ,,a putea" : a fi. in rtare (1'ezisi S 1949).
S 19.17 4) Pronuntrare. CAN se pronunln:
umnluat lker): foll:ila taro (vazi $ 1866);
nc.LcccntLrdtk en. kn, kll : forma slabn (i'czi ra1866).
CAN, fiind auxiliar, este n mod nottr\al n.a&eduat ln contert, accln-
'1,
tul ciizlnd pc verbul principal:
You ca4Lkalrl o to sleep ow.
Al1$e .an ionl do 'r to kccl sniling.
D/ CAN este .Lcccnhmti mod normal tI1 ur.nitoar€le situarii:
- cird stn singur, neurmat lmedi4t de un inlinitiv:
c1r_{ kenl is a modal d]]
"cdn ikanl I'ou tell mexhere slie s?" "O1coursc .4n t kenl."
- int€rogati\.:
Shccan't s.old you, ddD korl she?
urmai de n€galia not (lolma

I .a4@t necontrasi)i
I kan.il tell Io his nante.
- peniru a exprima un protest, contrastul sau o co.irazicer€:
llc can'tdo afobatics,but you.az t kenl. {cu onul ur.:ndpc co" n'rl).
adDrirdtiv (cu tonul cobortnd pe silaba finali):
You. son oD konl .rctl
cind, liind lnsolit d€ un adv€rb de timp neprecis,preia accentul care
revenea ac€stuia (vezi S 2298-22119):
You al$ats.az lrk@nlind thc dsht No.d n a crjsG, az'r lto:ntl yoa?
Youncv.r.aa 'k€nl .eu
r Dc lapt. ac.astl tr.rduccrc, incract{ h ]inib.r romAnlt. nD esi. dc.it o oonldil,e
iidislr.nsalil.i, deoarecc CtN nu an inlinitiv- Ons(rmija este va]alili pcntru toaie moda-
S lr 4 5 J 2i s 3 .: ' r ,r ' r i a .. L ' n . lo r m T .l1 r il. D nlq,

D\v r ' - i.o n d k ) ttl .d .iDn ' - u',hrLk|?nsr
lr " r ir i n c a r iv ,n ' .' n a ,.i " o ' t.1 ( ) s t 'ot
s ln r d r h ir r , ii in i.DL in x r - in idbd ronrFmpornn.'-, ",mJ, d,al'.ral r i t ,' :lu t' u " r r '
iniinil,ivul .ur plct.
'Cu erciipiia nodalului o,snt ro, c4re esl.e ntuLaleduda n"at dc
,'0?
:)) InlerogR1i , i nega,tia. Formele de interogajie ti negalie sint: .s 191

aidn /Joulri rsl'.ji lNc/lou/ihcy
I/ro i hci r,./it^yri/.ronlrrerzn,,r i l€^.tl L.eLl: .rna .onnasn:
',atr'r lto 11'.
ti) Flllltiii. C-L\ (: a pul.ea, a avea posibilitatea referindu sc l,r \ 191
pr(.?nt s\ tiitor) arc rmntorrde lunc,tii principalc:
aJ exprinn capt(i a|.. .onNte d. priul eft, pu.tinld, i.nn. intckdualn. I l95
tmoruld etc.
er . a. dr c ptt:atdctt:ri.tti..d,cli de durati
ul. c aliiic nr ile, ijloar (-, a li ctrpabil
: eleetc.): de ccva, a a\ea l,u-
fnogrtiv: d nu putt:o.: \tr')t1..i\
ircapacitatc,nc put int i. im po3jbilit ate t c l:
I ar n old o orn rne bc.rs.
l' h r t r o n ln .d r : a lg o o d ) s p o ., .
ih c $ ill d o Nh a t s h . c a ,.
( y in :ir | iL ito s o .in :) " 1 1 la t a d a I d o lo r nudad?' ( Cn c e r n p o l s r r i? )
C.:z aou curv il{ i orrhr urr Ure st.N? - v .n ,
lI-" .da'r lrpnd ilic punr 1u... nof irrargc llc i se-
Urrori C-{\- porte reda (in fur.ilie do intenlia vorbilonrlui) Dio ca]'a(itclis-
ticn trecntoare :,,Iatn de c e s ini i s Lar e aneniil" , , Se nt imple un. c r i. ' ):
Jrrc .d,, Lr. r.rr obliging Nhed si,e chooses.
| .o d .i.a , c fl.c n b e r e n n lc .lin s .
Thc crossing Dr .r Cahis .dn b r.ry rough al this tim. ol (UI:) year.
III llat .dn lc llril,ly l,ct in lhe snmner.
,.) es le s in, r nin ru .,a ti" (- ft.rn.n ln limba gcrmann): S 1S;r
H. .?r play lhc ..11o iLc a lir,tuoso.
His studcnls &n rfd bcoh n, th.netic scripi.
a j d n .u skr t.?
To ,i r .a a sFr k E l g l i sh a t a l l .
( V cr i ii r o ,l t,j r tI 5 19e8)
.) .xrrn\n posit)iiiutl :. dcci ;i deilarlie, presryan./c (: UAY)4, (negatir: l9;9
i tpas bilitat t)'.
Idith ca, cornc rith rcu on tour t riD.
C,n i t b c th a t yo r ' r :,l l .r r tr i e e r l .h o ,?
She.tr,', Lrum..ried. had no Bcd.lilC rirC on Id lingc. ycstffdaJ.
\\'e .d,1 give r , rr,atcv.r -she uic cost.
Th cv.a n L ,a r .,co $ i ze d h i tn . h e i E h [s tr e o i .
"Do; plfrse..d, yox rrescribea pick-ie{p lor poor Minnie? Shc's ccling so dowr'
j u st r o r l "
- .n d o u l
d) tn limba rodritir C,tN cxpdnn in mod curent, pentru prezent ori S 1953
viitor, solicifarea sau acordarea nnd pet"risinni (-,. Xl.\\ ); (negativ: r".lr?:.
inte iclic), inloc,'ind .rstfel modal|lI'L{Y. care pine la al doilca rnzboi mo -
diai era considcrat, in limbajul cult, sing urul acc€ptabil in ac€asti siiualic:
Formulele obitruite slnt:
' a n . l r t' .' ' e ) ,1 a n . sa L - Y .u r ,r j ' ,:
" th ' r n o \v A g yi 5
d o i r c l , r r o o L ' s r r . t " d J , ',, d l l \ l 1 l " o u " b
' - l .,r t, o ;;. " . d u ,,u ,n a .,J.r d
i g Jr .,o e J., t," i r " r ' .," /.
I ,ls
. ,Dl,
i L q n l .I' p ,o n ' ,,' I.. 1 1 ... - n n E r a d | d, ' ' r '
o D r o J r " nt - t^ a a n t.t d li u n o ' n a m d b il,.L . 1 r d .l 'r-'b'.
-
tn tr u n c o .i " ,,;.. ," ' j ,, l .| .| n o ." a L A \ - h p. ., \\ L d lr r ' l
,,€ste cu ndevi.ai....", ,,itjc lntr {d. tu...", extrinlnd admiralie luperlnlirA pcnt oreali-
s ;.,a r L .t1 d r 6 r r ...,,b ...u t.,r ,v t.r ,.,,o ,:.,c o s d " p - r a r ,:j" u \F r b ,r ,- o " - m ,
fJ p lu r jl tr tr d o .r ' o l r l' r r ' " d , ' d m " _ ii, In ) r . \n .." o n lu n d r r r jh ' p .o p l la u a .t, a l
/,t4 r ,..u b .l.n l.li\ p lr ,l n o to r L i' u ,u a p ,a p l.. p 1 . " o Dl.s tJ p u " .p o p o r ' :
" th . p ;a p te s of th " l: t o n ;.;e le lu m iil
a v \\ I p o".ib
,' l;/'
lir J ip /i $ 1 0 1 2 : A \ r r m i5 .n r s 2 0 3 r . 398/609
108 MOEFOIOGIA _ VEEBI'IJ
CoD seevou a nonent? {ton neut.u - cel mai frccvcntl

Co a i l I se aa o u ,l o r l a m o i l p n . r l o n m 3 ' l o l i l h o sl
,Ua , I scc v;J l o r r m o m e i : r o n 1 i o i .r a l . to _ m 1 l l
Yofcaa so;o*l llomuld p€ntru a marcasllriitnl unei conleNalij cn rn itlerior ca
vl$tii. rang. i.eatti social[ ctc.)
De fapt traducerea in limba romAnn ilustreazi aceste nuantc:
"Caz I smoke?" (= ?o, iu]na?l "You aar."
"Co,i.t I smoke?" 1 Imi
,4r plka luma?)lumez?)
pcnneti "You .42." .a'."
",tta" I snokc?" l: sI "You
Rdspunsul; .,Iou can". acelali la toate irtrobirile, inclusiv ]a ,.llry...l"
si la,,Could-.?"' este simptolnaiji pentru e'olulia viitoare a rerbului CAN.
tr{ai edificator este ri.(punsul devenit clasic. l,iios. nu lipsit de urnor, da t
adcsea a intrebarea'aan I snok.?' i\ apaca Al1t€belicl, atunci ctnd sc tnc€rca
sA se stivikasci aceastd invazie a verbului CAN. coDsidera€ sloppy l:
"You cd,, youlg man. but J.n ndl not."3
M-\Y noi..." esi,e rcir intrcbuiurrat in l1lod curenL pen-
l,ati,enrul ,,CAN-..
tru a se sublinia o siiualie eontrastivn indicaie d. context
Dc lapt, evolulia verbului Cr\N, depafie de a ti sirncit limba €oglezi'
,l u p a ,u r ' .i r p E r " ' d i n .p l - ,\t,s. i .' o ,,.r a n 1 u .tb i l a
' n ;i " u .. ' Jd ' ,sJr
i n i .l r ,i i t" u i n r r e " r m " r .i .d i h - n :r d :n r r . C\\. n " t,i ,,,,r n j ' i cr o l i n v^l l
si XrlAY. mai lornral, 9i mai ,,respectabil".3
1954 (D C 0 U L D
CONSIDEITATIIE\]ERALE
t955 1) Pmrunlare. COULD esle pronullat lkuttl lorna tare i [krd] lor
Ina slabi:
How could t kudl youl (foari0 rocentuat) (E\clanaii\')
I:le sas as nioe as .,,1d lk.(ll be.
lt56 2) IntcroErti:rsi negalir. --
. , / , r/ r,u/ h p r.
l \,u l ," " n l "r. / i , l \ , . ro, r
.,n r ' ' ]t
[,' ' ,' L i\ ,/r d / d l]
.r tu n . i i . - L UI I D tn fl F F\p r i ' n ' :
a) tru:dul simplu (PAST SIN'IPLE) al modalului CAN, in nnumile liDi.
tr: irqiuse do cclclalte unetii {le lornoi COULD{:
\\h:n 1onrg. Ned .otrd slcak Ercnch like a Parisian. (: capacitatc)
| ., | .a .1 o 5 \" p ,o p d J. { J r l )
\ . ., - , . . . . , , / , r r f,J i u .: ,0 n ,r r ." ,1 d . , r . t.]..
,1 .\. ,r 1 d sl , s , n .,i r _ o o ,i b ;l i l i" r l \' l m .r '
I .::a o 1 . L " t' " ' " i t .n | $ J o l l r . " n " t.. I i ^ p o ' b r i l Jh
\ - 1 \l " .l n " .i l l .' ,1 r "
t.' y( n Ii a i d " .u | r l d r
i .r .j . r ' Ti " r n " .
I 1,rr in,uiLt :i nfcliiF0t
3, , l,.,rl , / d,.,/"n p dl l , r :G . i Lp. L1n' . U po' . i oJt t C ' qt . ht , . L- . p -
a ' r ' zi l / 13.
; sni (jip pn'riLat lskiN sau f.til, ultimn fin,d rro,'ulia nor'cgiaDn adoptatiL ti ir
\ n| ; i n
p: t . / , 0, 6. 4, dh \ p.\.:/ l aa , t. bl
\.'''.i -i \'-i1 A. at o' t a,
' o' ab' e\ . . / s " - . . . / s "
m n. t . : b' . ot a' . r ibi. r on" " r " ib'
399/609
, i, , . , , , . : : u: ; ; ; j1" . , ,
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 4{0
D.) CodTd + i"finitivul perfeci al verbului dependent) ajutd lalormarea

trecutului pe ect al verbului lexical:
Irp d o v qas p o -i l i \" \o u a u l tJ o tl d n t h o \p M t h " t.
l ,o u i a h a ' e @ /d J o r,' rh a r m \s " l t. l p o ;i b l i l a rn n ,rp a ri z a ra ,
cJ poateexprimaaiitarul ^t4. de trecuta l modaluluiC ANI
, o t ld
T
o l'"r
p n ; sr id lh e \ : \ o t u L t r a l h p lp u s m o vF in o n ] r ( n d a \ kp a l
t r ", Jd u , a \ t d lo "t d n ': nne t r h ; , 1 4 r t se a L .
d) ajutd la lorniarca ditorului pcrfect fald de trecut aI v€rbului lexical:
Hc lold mc lrc .auldn't tossi\ly hdre canc the follo$'ingweek..
e) poale li condili.analal lre.?ezl sau poate ajuta la formarea condilidnalu-
,di pcfcr, al verbului lerical:
He coel.t 1= ar lrteD) ra&. more erercise:he's (: has) put on weighi. (Conditiona
p.ezenl inde end€ni) (posibilitaie)
Tne). couu.cone l thcy sa, Xou. l.lL.r in good l.ime. (Conditiolal tr'reni corelat
cu subjonci.ilul prczent) (losibililat€)
ra tL J v o u Ic t m l rf" n \ $ _ L o n J ,n C a ' l : E 3 n v l o m u rro $ . C o l o i L i o n
' 1 ..
rF r" r;n d L s p i J \ri o r, rD o s b r,|,., r.-r,- D o t:ti .o o .'
' ft,p r' a u td a # a w i ,th ,\to 1 , " ;.I ro u r Irr" r' 1 :m fo ri h " $ .d d :n c .rc o n -
d :l i o n d l r" l . l ,o r.d l .r s l l In ,; u p r " ,:l Io .i b :l .' 1 " 1 r,,." . " r-J l i :J -'
l v e z i i S 1 tj t0 )
f./ poate fi snbjandiauL modtLLttlui LOIILD d\1pi\'. l, s .ppose. nagine. as
though, I t+,ish etc. ($a 1,580):
// o n \' l r.' \u " .i . t' d . " , d ;ti r (.: r, n .ri \ , . ." r.a ,,,1 F ,' l
It \o t .o u l J .o i a n a . \a . 'a td ' o n l i r' L n d l o ,,/p n l , i d r. \o u f
nxnte ' ai, .o
s u p p u :p t v -td .u l j n .ri \ p ", n r n d r" .d l .\" -k .d J rl o o ,rs -l \" .. sh r.
vould vou like to lro?
l i \i s l ' L o U ' r' ,,,. rn rr i l h p o ,.
' to ' i " r " g l d s $ .1 " " )o -
l D o fi rl J )
i . Ie n l i .c
Subjonctivul erglez sc traduc€ de celc nai nulLe or; in limba rominn prin
condilia al; deci identilicorea subjoncl"ivului rrr se poa1,e ace conform tradu-
ce i . c i c o n l o rm fu nc l i e i p e c a re o i n d e p l i n e tte . (\i e z i { r5 8 i )
g_./ nlocuiqte t,'lr.3/t'l&l C:\\ ir stiL l i./tdirctt:
(La tcl?fon):
I sond€red l xou .oLrt l,€ar e all rishl..
{Ua htr€bam dacd mi dz:, |in,,.)
,\1il diect "cat rou he.rr mc rll righi?"
They askcd us jI we tholshi Fe c,dd ftach an ufderstanding.
, \ "d , r r lr 'o . 'l , 1 i, . 1 n o i'Jp d ca o n p . a d l r '; . r o l lr l 'r p )
S t : t d t t ". t : "L , o : o u r l'in t \ 1 , d , r o \ a n u n d "r ' d n lin s.
h) 1L eacltlnalii:
Ilorr dorlrl sh€l (CuIna ptrtrt laceaia ceral)
r I next w€ek
{illrl ariicolul holiirit d.) : .,s,'L]rtdnina iitoar' lutiL de nonentnl
r zent |t\ cnre se afli'r rorlriionrL:
lh r b r r t s* k u "m o r o a r r '. a J'd d . . d , a r p r m a m o m r 'iu lu i r r "/ r
8/12/2019
{t 0 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
t9;8 CA\. COLILD. D ,{BLD TO

(sTUDtU CON'r'RAS
TV)
TI}I?UId II CARACTtrRISTICI
r9,i9 C4\"
l-olna C,\N erprimn:
19{i0 1) trrezcrtulm odalLrlui .\N:
Uard .a, Ddke b.auiilnl li.ie.
ar.rn she trc]ols to our chb. and rr1 nol, ]ravnls niet her rctl
Ld i b | \ ' H -, . . \ e- \ n' , . r Jl . H do" . nr l , , L i r , , l : . . h" .
\ \ J. d rj,, l . ' L J' u l . , or oJ, - l r ' 5 s, i ng l o l . our \ ' i l ' ra r.
'r"la
1961 2) T&rut l modalulii ClN, flI,uncj cind C-{N €stc urmat de infinitivu}
pel.fectal v€rbului lerical dependent, Cf. 1957 b). ]\eeastd construciie dii
;.icnrui modal noliunca de f.i.al, colorati nr glneie cu eea de nesigJranfi,
rle irealitate. cdre aparline modatutui rr:genti
l Jor ' | 1\ h" d? ] . ar " bp" n d t , t , JE\ t s. h, t o. k" . t t . ,t ' t , n hc. - or
t-iz" J- ' , ti. . l rd J n d br but v .,irt".t . , 1 / t
[ln acesteexcmpte, ornele (can)hat'c bccn, (can) haae :'an. (:anhe (harc
',
"o , ' f o r t i f i d d J , i n d o r d | , o u î l
n) " I t t . , , . n [ ] n i L r : . . . " I , u r u i i . . . , . . . . p , r r , . . t s r i q ". . . . 6 / . u "o "
' t , . r - -i r i r ^, j 1 . . : . . n u p o . l , r - I r . q i ; J r . . . . "u ju . r i \ L l
'.\ptiminl txisiluranld, ind.oiald.l
1't ., o:
" ,r p..t.,i.., .8" i , s, . m p Ln.
t nar i p { o. . o, , \ , u t r , i n i .,rr
t, \ t d\ tr tl;,/,rno;, n. . i a. dr J
ro, l o, Aa.. " t""t d. r , o, hpn. dd \ . r i n_. , t ( sr bi , l . l
tt t or : t uI .1 t t or a nt t I r a,.'t | t 1, .
'l) t ho. , ', I.
ot A r ' r l l ' e p.'rk,,r. t|l .,rlmr" ibli
\.t t...t?.r," - , ?us$aLi
n- t ] prrn p ., . r . r a. J. , ' 1" i , . a. '
"" [i l t i . bi n. n: .
106:l COULD ti \|AS/WI.IRL AILD TO
Functii
l9ti3 1) CoLTLD qi trecntul simtlu. - COL'LD este int.)ttl.:auna orm.. intre,
buintatn pentrr r.cdatea recutului si rllu atunci .hd c\prime pcrnisiun.)
kdeseati) pa:ri'it.itatei oritin(l este ceite nc utrr:ponaoltl ti.mivitar (Sc-
quenceol f tnsts :
Topsy kn.q she .,,1d do whotevcrsl,€ ikrl. (p.rnistuntl
Lolld ihil gaurt m{n l. .trr lrttrt {posibijii,ai,ir
ertri exolamatjr)
. _ 't hc_vold rrc lhey oau,u lir€ h Lordonbccansc he cosr01 )irnrgwas ao high.
ijlil indirecl im osilrilitate)
I 'J r i l 2 r l Hp a . i l i r i c dc durntj. l n r . u . i t p - \ F . n r r l r r i t c r . i -- pr:n
..;1..1 ", t . s u t
t r . n atxnci
su;ire decit . t , , t L t tcind
t I \earS l qo
este .,0 r_ L Ut L D l.)d.irati.
ruractcrislit:d n u p "i r " e\;I]tni
p , r , _ i "n rr ""- . i t , ,
ncinteruptd.
detit rnxear; si pentru r.zr, timp:
<
" 1 . a" | Jl . J. r . ' r ni n6 j r s, ot o .,n;. . , op. r r ot
' - t dr , r . , .
( t , p1 I .F
' i l 1. . hi i ( r drJLt , , . n" , r tr oh, r p\ t , , , ,t i or , 1\ 1. . r - hp , . m , d dof 1. hf r $ r nn, r , ; .n,it"
rror.. l u- 5 \e ' - 3nd t , , " ge
I n,,
.onuBic ln cazrl oliectiv, lntelninl{t in loNl nonrinativului-a.
Iortri 401/609
{te
nrire cireulalie aetunlah Imbajul coloclial. (Vezi S 88r).
r
:) liE ,tBn il - rcrliz:rrc prirl {}lort. Cind inse verbul se r€f€rnh o i 196;
r(rili.ttc i/t. rntt, oliiruln prl;lf un ,/o/1,Ci)ULD esto nlo':uil cu rorma Jli
\LIL.E TO (: a ii in sl:,r.; a rcu'\i; a izbuti), carcmcrcheazi ..a un€i dt
Iicuhdli inrinsr:
( i . ; cD . d s d r l c i " ski ( . a f . u i i t ) s r , t . , a / d ski l : a h i ( p o si l i l i l a t e ) l | . t i . r
wner shc hrrl lrad some coa.hins.'
Innnn sas tolrl she .rrll lri\' Lhc lase on lhe trble. lni ire uP a, a sla.t
and 1 1 , , d r l a t o t h t h c 1 r l l l o y3 , o u l . I r ca ch o i t l d t h i l d l cn
'd." tui t co d(i e s' 3 t D
\eri iii 5 r9 ) 'at
4l T0 \l- l{,{GI - PL:ntru atrcnt'u:rret dilicultltii eforttihti depus sf S lttli

t,rtrelnliflorzri erb|l t0 ]L'rN,\GU (: a r{[fi , d izbuti: n se d.l1(Iirct) n lo
cul lormoi COLt,l):
It N.s v.rl diLrlt Dd rrn,ing l,ajd hul Fe iererurel€ss no,/r{.d to rerch iioni ii
r putting li lol ot.\tfa w . r l r , N e D o n . s. d t o l t J o l t L h c d ch l o D i l i e ca f
5) ts.8 IBLHf0 ii ]IA(AOE T0. Aceste formr, c.Lrenrrcheazn {, i 1 16?

pot fi jrtrchuinlaie la toaic tiinpurile -/r: r?1. 1r"(.al r
realiztrcdiiicilir.
ritlo. - \'I,\NACE chjar jn ro'tlbijratie cu fornrclc oAN ,: I'OL:I'D (lrczoi
si r:sDcolir con4i.linr.tN\ rirf.dfr h /iilrtl - situati€ r1 crrr pltona.'nrri
:'can ivLnt:i' uorlribuic l:r ir.rttL,utrrca idei;:
'\ | . no' . : onl , ' il
' ul . / h ,. l ;/ r'l . r o" "l
' , ' Ll , ' , p: . n
cu refornc lr \iltln) tut,tds. a $ocd Nliile Lo .ome
c-\RAtl 1'ER I ST (l t .s 1lJ{;
1)'COLil-D
\{rgrtirut COI]LDN'T po.lte li inLr{rbuinlet ca negalic a anbelor tor- )R 109
nre siWr\S,UlLIiTO- durlalntrebui lareal i in accst az rebui.
mulli\ atentie Dcntru ca el sl corespunili 111oate detuliilc- De piidd. tn erem
Dlu ,l . I' pun. ul 1i1 pro' 'r ' r' ro i " " i r' ,' n"- ' iFi LOUI D \' l i n l u ' ul t^ rb u
t,r B E .\fi L t: fO (..,u \1 \\' ;E Iu ) or .o ,. i ru i ^ ' ro a rF . JaoH'..
COULDNT nu irdcplineste condiliiLenecosarc: hart b.n dlle nu estc
negatir i nu exprimi crpacilato caracierislici ti continue
2i 'Lfu)cut. rimrlz COULD poaie i utilizat l n propozi-tiileegttire (S s 10?
19691sau intcroqatile ,:hiar tn cazurilc ln cnre WAS ABLE TO cste sinEnr&
forni
tocuit. afirinarivi posibild (i 196;), cu condilia insi ca ambii ternreni in-
i inlocu;to,;- si se suprapund perfect. ( S 1946)
l{. clinbell uD to Ure top ol the irec nrt..zld"',5dc [Ic ]ake.
co,l.l he sec he lakc slien ne.lntbid ul io the to ol tlie lrec?
Co,rl Jolm hrve a holidal on FridoX lasi.?
Ile.ouldnl leel hrtty iD tt,e to{n b..ausc he {rs loo lonPly.
s 1r7
p" i n . . pr oN : i . r. ,lFgc o'i' e f r opoz i l i e ' a|n . " pi l ; d r ' s nE
rrtiv dai or i t r D r " z pnt pi , r nc ; ph" l i dF \ ut bi r p ' r u . bi ar € un i al l F t ' r ol o
Trrii ru . " n. n" q0; i , ndu Lni , , r / , r ' . rE 2C 33' :
anr l hi *, I w d' " m l l Y l ong ' liPd
1h" l ol l oql l ' - d , i I di dn l aF J l l , i gl r l and o\ t . t n- tA rt
'thc:i cautrt 'a i G-rjnesalie) sce throush the mist
-I,,'r"."i
,.t"-it" YerbclorCoLJLD ii DE AtsLE sc supraptrnh acelaii contelt,
.(e ir tr r r t un { em t l u dr rrcsl.grn
do" u. . , a I rtrtr, 7l l: t n of , r )
" 1l l D t . " r " . l b, r . . / l ) ub' r ' i , l i \ n. r J b: j , '"frn
{19 MonFot,oorA
8/12/2019 - wRBUr.
A n h . r $ o m a r , a u t . t s. 4 a p t u . . p m i n . g " p ) b p t a u n d .
1\atod,t p-onunr n.eat\ ,ou)d rnda-ti.d hin.
HF .o'rd tler 14.. radr ,,F1riv ,r tmp m,t ref.
l9i2 3 , P r cf e r i n l i . - C i , , l t i m p u l t r i r . " I n , r, l i u n F " l D r h u t u i F s, i D r e ci
z- l l p r l n l r u ' l o d \ r b d p t i t , p t r . . . u t , x:" 0 rdF. st t r d o l J. t a sr t , , k. t t o d a q ,
oeo, ",a.,
WAS ABt F.TO r rurpra. orrnp: OULD.',r".
"s
" -, ",r .; i;..;i-i";:;,_
r ur . - \ u, i Ll p/ at r r F db: 1. ",." r bF I , J p , i , r p , r m ur
" " r n pt eo, . . . n. 1t i , r . r i , t o s dv
pr.crs:
. D l 1 l r g s a b t 'a i t i st on o, h:s mi,.."-inr o t.pt tott itorr.r. to.g
l r . l u r r r F d d i e i F p o n t , d t . r 'po p' nt it\Jp r
r.jan du. ,rt"'^ | p , o \ p h i . D , ; . o C . " p ' r e $ , . n h d . i . . r ' . , l r s. t i i n s i t o n I . s.
. D . l . d ," i s l e p rn te ri n l d \i s td to t,r< i l .J tp ' i . d ..n ,, a n " ri a vorbi o ru tu i
tr mar a l F . ,l u p ; d i l ,rF r a d. rn tp l p . p -\p ri n j ri .
(Vezi si { 1963-196b1 " a r.,rj s r In i rp .-tp doud
l9?A. 4) ({rt LD i n s ti l u l n d i rp .t. T n rrrn .p u ," 1 ,,r..; d e " ta ra .i id i n s ri trrt
l i rp .,.i n .e t i n d i ra r s i i n re r.. drn s ri tu t n ,ti r,.r i " ,;i a t." ;,,1 0 .:.u i i "
o,rrlFtor €rplpasi mod;fi, ri inerFnrF " " ),i
( s 2834 2838). -g1ltitorconspord.niFi tin purilor
CAN din stilul directdevineCOULD n srihi indirecr ;i invers):
S h p s d . ' . . , ' yo u , u m F w : r h f t Jr d , " c. . " . , .
Ir n"nd 1
sh p , si " d n . . i 1 | " a u t t t8 a $ i t r h p " o t " t i r m e n J i i u r
(Vezi i g r95rs)
1e74 0onjugflren modalului C,IN1
Inlinith :
having bcen able to

Iniliefltil :
can {an/arelis able to)
coDrd (was/$ere aue 1o)
ha €/hlls iecn alle to
had leer nble to
/o./ fall de prlzcnt J p.s.nr can// shall/will be allc to

t pe./c.r shan/}ix lave been able to
J ?rc.€n, corld//should/would o ablc i0
10, Iali de trcclr , oul d c oud$, r ' Lh \ h. ndr r ' p o
l p- 1, .
Conditiodl :
could:/iShouldhvould ii allc i.o
coulds/,/should^voul,i
ale bccn able o
cou]dl/r'wasiyere able to
' P" , ' l r u rorm " r pr bnl ^' ar F i r . . " b-D odat u i Cq\ s-.t folosit sinonirnll snu BE
ABLE T O ur m i t dr :
s Inlinitivnl al verbuhi lcxical dependent.
? Inrinitivnl trezeni al verlul,i
leical deiend€nl. 403/609
Frlect
4lE
IIIIPUL, \'II'I OR s 1976

lntmtluo$e. - In rortrast eu limba romnnn. in structura limbii ensleze
existn dord alitudini temporale r.rndanrcnl,ale a le de nomenlul in care 6eafli
vnrb:lurul: I' falt dr. .rclpnt p 'l' o pr'l' l, l l { d e l r c r u l pF d e a l l a .
. r ' u d , r . c p r , l l F . , in br. n.a r,a .'i FIF or.jugdrii
.\,,
- . ' ',ndn o - l a 1 o r
sinl constluite pe doun axc poralclc, pcrlact sinrcl,riceti logioa. conlorm unor
reguli reunite sub numele d| cor(slantlenla rinpurilor (Stqur:rtcc,/ Tens.sJ. S 1976
Pentru aprofurdarc, vezi Schemaconjugnrii g 1356.
.q.c€stealirmalii sini ralal,jle numai pentm gramaticr aFa-numitn
tradilional:i, adi(; s.,cca a stifiiui formdl sau livrcsc rsi snrt modificate
din te ln te nrai ull h granratica rrfornoli sau rolocvidi arluali.
'I'IIII'UL \TITOR .i CONDI TONALT s 1977

\N, COULD, ED ABLE TO s 1978
l) Faln dc momentul prezentin carc se alln vorbitorul, viitorul (: posi- $ 1979
bjlitate) este exprimat prin:
al CAN (indicativ prczcnt)
D, COULD (conditic,nal ppzent independent)
c,) SHALL/WILL BE ABLE TO
"Canlcould {ar come o l,lnch ilh us. 3ay tomonoF?"
"So ionxl I'crn'l.." "Iiow atroui h€ day alier?"
'Ii;hl, T i , a r ' l l l r r I n ' , ' l r s n lr } o . . "c o lons.'
_- \r\o. u .d,.
-d f f ;Rd rLJ. . 'rr'o
'or _ lh
- r r , ,f.\l l.tsl
t t l xe
r t ; nl,i-
a \r"r , I as,ueidJo
$ ru , hsp
F r' r h " rb
lyF , p) "Jr
e . 'p le 0 sF ? "
rlnaliza gxomplelor preoedelte.

C d modaielc CAN ;i COI-LD €rprimn tosiz,iltlal€ ti se refern la tiiat, S 1980
deosebirea inLre acestedoui formc verbale este acc€asica si ln traducerea
respectivn in linba romeni:
a) ind.i.catiNulr.:,r?t (C. N: pot, puteli ctc.) exprim; o acliune sau S 1981
o stare de lucruri sub forma unei inl,rebdri sau a unei declaralii precisc, erme,
b) ,ond;liaratut t z,ht inJ rJFnt tcol LD a: t L 'a. a1i pureael..) S 1982

inrrodu.Fdo,ri n.,nn:pJ;l-'ilar irr',r.iturlir'p. zir. c' .JUisi o f o r m u l a mal
politicoasd dectt CAN, eventual cu sondarc pentru aflarea pdrerii int€rloou-
torului. (Vezi exemph S 1953)
AITCf a n n " d r ; t t o t , ; rl . o n , i'io n a ] ( ' , t iit o r in , r t 1 s 1983
CAN - The Joncses canlcdnl comc to ihc "Peolles Maich nr. Jols" lonoF
r.s.- $rher .az you hing your proals lor relision? Why .an'r
you do it saoner? (lo cat€goric, precis)
COUI,D - T l . . J o n , s s , o,rd , o_m ' n J olher^ddy (,o,di.ional).- I\l,en ould
rox
ro"ld,,brrru, \tuyo da
r proors
il sooo: rDrl rr\rsroD.
l o n r a i D o l i c o ) i i' rpr il-d:np.l- Could
Jou l " l m ; J v n i t i \ ' t . 2 - I aul,J 'dlrp H I n o u l lomoriosa { s o l i .
. i ar' m. no i',ud:ii. sonddrp)- 1 - 1 " I 1n , ' , / . o I s.p \ l u trow
(ton crfesor]cl, blt hc.ould (condilionalj ionro.row, ans iime so u
r:
- { ll t gpounds)
5 (live
h l. l OK .
(slanc)
41 4
S 1934 ., SHALL/WILL ]lli ABLE TO cr.primnun viitor nrai precis.ad€sea

mai dcpnrtat de prezent, ugerlnd ntcrr.cntiaunui lapt internttdisr de care
Ya dcpind€ ealizarea cliunii indicatc dc verb:
I . t r l r : l t U b" r t l . t a . " du I $o. k d, n, h1 r 1rir ".
T h \ ' / 1 ' r / 1b
I sn; /i,tlll'll be able to se; yon oi Tlcsdux. (snln,lel.si sint .cnpatl tini at n0i)
A tc n l i (
r93.i fdJ Ci d posibititateRiiLoaft pste n tunrlia ,1. ut)a.;lolt :t n'l l , tm '
prejurnri, iar daia indicar,e esle desemnati printr un (drerD d€ timp aiitor,
S1T,\I-L/NILL BE .\BLE TO estrisingura orml po$ib n:
Don't $di-v aboul Jcnlyl \\'her shehis ieln ln Englard or someLnrc:,shc'll
&e olle to lass tI qualiling c\a all righl..
lni,reb.rinlrrea formei CAN in aceasti sitra,tie ar insemna permisiLtr"'.
$ 1936 ,J Cird tn context nu exi3l.i nioi o indicatie de viilor, SH,\LL/WILL/ LL
cste n g.ncm singura ormi preferatd.
S l9c7 liilorul fa l i n t ftorrl (l u,,tt tn th Pa\t). A '.sr'' fnr: : p\p'in"
t.ttrL ' tt:n i , n'i ru rb i rrrls a rl n l l r.I In o rn p r l . t ' l i I /.,,/. C F IF o .r;
lormr de viilor se deosebesc rin auritiarctc lot: ,iitoral fald d. Fezent Esre
S 1988 ronstruit cu aurjljarcle SHr\LJ,/LIII,L (doci prozcntul rriliarelor caracteris
ti.e viitornlui). iar tiitorul f.4A dc trecta u auxiliarelo SIIO ULD/WO LILD (tr{r-
cutul auxijiarelor respecLive),n toate cazurile.auriliarele fiind urmate de rt-
finitilul lerbul.ri principal:
I lno,r I I| l t$r ii l l /, o//. o nrppr r||dr. d"din.

I Ir,
t s l oul d
I Lnc N I I $ot r l d , . d/ & l o m pF Lpr s'Ji-.
l , d.
Aceste c)icmple stnt valabile la l,oaie pcrsoanele.
5 1989 COUI,D, RBCUT SINIPLU.CONDIJIONAI,
(PREZE\TARECONTNASTIV,i ITACTICi)
Scopul acestuicapitol €ste sprofu daroa unor date cu caracl,ergeneral,

€rpuse n capitolul precedent,pcntru limurirca dificulti,tilor Ia prima vedere
ireductibile.
Cititorui est€ sfiituit, si nu trcacd la citiraa acestui capitol l6rn a-gi fi in-
sutii incn, tn delali , materialul cuprins ln capitolele S 1940 1988.
$ 1990 Ceanai dificild problemi p€ care o lnttmpinn studentul striin este egaii
de funclionnlitat€a plurivalenG a rnodalului COULD, sursa complexitdlii
ambiguitdl,ilor suNenite atlt de frecvenl ctnd strdinii folosesc imba engleza.
rCAN sc relere h viii.or. (S 1949)
I a a p t F p . . l l r aiil i m p . l i m f . r l e sr . . , n e " p q ' i , . 1 ' . . d , l r i I sp a m r J i.d n'rll .
-luldp
3 l/: sl d / l s. r u p l , l ( r b r - v. )
. d snlxld sau porid I,rb.Fv.J
-
COULD e:1,c lr prillripal uu trccut ingridit tu anunile lilnit'e, nu nu rai 8 1991

.1 . i l t, ul , ;.-ta t.,t. r,..,;, t '
"" po"lr \l ,ri n - ei ,i i to ru l 1 .,:da t. t,t. "an.J
p r:rn t;)t' t ,d u " \1 .i " t,.1 ,.1 ,1
" l ti ,r t.t - rt" ,i ' ,,1 r" ,. , ' " p rrri
,r" ,"
respondcnla l.impurilor dar pontru cI ti in sfereleaceslor scrsuri este su
pu8 un,Jr mmeroase tabuuri Di l.er|felnri conplical,c, care ii dau subtilitnti
numite in limba englezi or.r"1on.r, ar in linba romend cu aprorimalir -
subin-telesuri.sugesl;i. ;nsinuiri. inlllicaiii.
P ' ^ i .-o ri i p n :].? i n p l .,.r i r ' t ^ ,i . 1 In rrF b r:i n .,r,i rrp c i t. r r^ ||,,i q $ r2
C O I' T .D , a , u, .to t tt r4 u t;r I t' " .- t.n t) . .\n ry ,i r t "| .,t , r,\; rp . I
|' ' |n a U -rA ,|,' |;' |,u |' |' ' \|u n ' rp 1 i r' ,;,' ' t,tl r,' ' r
bazd a trecutrrlui simplu.
W. Stannati Allen. arLtorLrl ncia diltre cele m:,i aprecirte lucrnri rrrc
tice pcntru uzul studcnlilor striinir, meriione:tznnedumerired l,xdeitilor
care,cilind in rnarualr: iL onna COULD estc r.cut.ulsau condil.ionrtuln o-
dalului CAN, lntrcbuinleazd COTJLD firi disc€rnnrdnt i tropo'iitii ca: "1
" a L tl J a.'ny " rrn ri n " ' i o r. r' r v ^ ' rrd -,o . l .o \,tj ;tt^ h ,.,.u n rr r' .l
rd l l d ,l r;u ,,1 r . 1 .,t,,,t ,i .i r m \ r,,.rt, ,,,, It." r ,d ,, .' ,: t," u
Iormelor
'1.'v corecte: ,1 t\\ts (Lh 1.o assr11rexanindtion Len eir|s aso.'.._.1 r.rs
t o ,o .ro l r^ ..,,r..tr\ . -t v^ o h t. to r:i .r, n ,\. n,u r, ,,.,
' .. " i 1 .,\...
H .V . r-,,n rr, ,1 .,' rg r' : B r I a .,tJ l " r7 ; : /4 /,,, r.,r' i i r, . ..J rrr. u.
' l F r. d rJ -l fu rn i ,l rp d 1" h ^ u " a . T i r n ,,i r" -p ..,rs u .l d ..,\./.,,." ' p
(or irdrag.l) tc lrrnirh LI e horrse.' I couldattcnd lLLk:ctu"e' . f, r.r Lo n lecturc
i I th o l u tu ro ' .J :,,r,-1 .. l i .o ,r r" l .r .s l " ,rrp i 0 1 b .tx .t
$ ,." .b |" 1 o .4 r;.,i ... .t r,o n ,t...t ,.o ta tt, t..tt t. ti ." ,r" .-.L ^ $ .r.h \^ l ,.,
t
g u b ,l l d i ' 1 ' .| :^ t .,\' l .u .1 L o r;v h l o trl l .,u r. . N . trf..,rr ,1 .., r
pr.J,p (ieorqa,
p l rl ."Ilr i,. r m u ,1 t'jvcqt
" .r i t.r'c',nditi0alrl,
s ti \- u r -l " IL\'. ..,td
"ccrierl
n t tnco; ld;Jon,,t:
. ,r rs \" 1993
1 n .t.,1 . I " -r" , rri
thc tututs (: nu a_s uletr). Unlikc "i .ruld do il", ho\Iever. L mal. rFler to thil
past aod ean "I triai ta da it buL failrd." (: Am trceri-at, drr n a'n rcusit
. Pcntru a rezuma ti cor,r{llcta conslaii Le celor doi autori menlionali S l1)1){

, (a) | coukl dn it (condiiional alirmati\') este o ..nodrsld. atirna_ti€ .= al
putca s-o ad, nuan a de €zitarc. esiguraDld au _,modesl,ie,,fiind ntrodusri
de nad l. candil,i1nal.i rcfcrindu-se asadar a yiitor, nu l.r l,"r.ai.
(L) "I $nli dd il'nu poal,e r.pim0 /r,.r/r/ sinplu afinnartvJ,.it in S l rr;
\i l t,' :' p \o n 0 1 .. .|p u .r r' l r,i s l ,l -
'f - ^ ,r" s r" n .l " n a ti m D u l n r {\r/i
..S r;l u n d i r;; : tz C u i . -/ ;o u td do, tn t..:u i -q ta /,.. C \N ) /..
cutnl simtln.din alinnolia " r,d "1
.
can lo it" cs1,0 '1 ' ,;
nas $lil6 io rlo ;t" ( g 200:) qi
tu "I coul.ddo i.t."
(c) Neg \i^"1 conkln'r , i," somenline,:irn rnodificareaormoi. ,) am- $ 1098
bele cazuri urmhtoarc - pe care si le numnn I si 2 , modul si timpul vel
b u l .ri n .a s " h i l ' r1 l u
- ' u n l u rrn a ri n"l rl ^ r l u ' ,, i -i p . , v r' n ri ' I' n ' i n -s ta r
.l l u b l l d ,e p ,,l i \d . \;|p l t "auldn't , p n " r- t' l l t
-" ' ,a ,t," ,1 ,i ' ,i i '
,
n \u c ; p u \mt" .'l nsre
u r"
tr"a J+r"nh,Jri..n d lLrrr-.^ r ri i to i .a ' r \2 t;n d ;rc 1 ;,, t,.u t c :;,t.t,,
L o t;r\ n ." m rF ,r)i l ). p i p ri n .l ,r..ex tri r.u r. L;n
,F \ru l . i r d ,' i ' .rr" rl i " o fu i l o ru l u i . i rJ i ," ,u1 :i o i l .d F ' t' ,r.tru ro rn .,
COULD l rr cazul n spetn.
1W. Stanna.d \1ten. t,ieins Enplish Sttuctur..
' H. \'. Cco.ge,707 Jers,ttuiian ables ,r Sr.rtcLts l Lnslish Teach1b'a n.lAtj'cn..".]
MORFOI,OGIA _ VERBUL
416
199? crx/coulD
$r
lNLoculroRll RESPDCTI\iI
q
l U o d u l u lC \\, a v l n d . d u p s ' u m a ;z u t m u l ri p l " .e i u b ti J " u ti l i z a ri 1 i
pfln'rp cor'
numardoud ormappnlru a Ie nxprimn'au sugerdF''a l o l o s rr n
form coosiderallilor Fxpuse pini arct l ' ' o ri l i ' i m i l i rri d i n i i
P e n rru a .l i n l a u r. i .i ,m b i g u i l rl " ,J rF ,-r\i n
f" " -i ;;' ' ;" ;.t;,' ;, ;" ;; i rd eo, o rr' rl I p o a ' - l0'nuLi " rpcurs' d " i n ft
'iu
n i m p a l n m o J " l F L o r .\\/C O l L D s " u l a a r- ' o d l l rl ' l r J c p m d 4 a L o J rp " ro r
d e mai jos:
r A \ B E A B L E TO { : a l i r r r sta t, ' r ' u i L l
i 3 )'. ')i " '3; l : , i , : 'i i #*l " ; : ; 'l ui p" ' ur '-. . rLi'i dJrd a'r" " ,
Bl I't.,c.E'rzl A b9'" ' .',1,n , r,'r ,'r n 'i t a 'lF'luru'|n' p l
"1
iFj DE
iGJ zERo
SUPPOSED
cAN/couLD
O
iH) Imleratiwl lolitciii
i "lFs
A L .6 l F i ro n i n ' 4 . p ri r l o .rg a r.us rrr u b i l u i r-s p ro l ri t ru i .l o r
p n q l D ' re
rJ u " o m a r" h o g ' l i F J; ' u b ti l i t" ti l ' m u ri n d n a " p l H fi j rn ' n' ^ n ru /rrrn
s 1998 ({l gn \BLD TO
lnirabLrinlalea acestui auriliar esLe bligatorie h urmeloarelo cazufr:

s 1999 1) la itllocuirea modurllot irl,pefto dle ce tipse* nodaluhi LIAN r\stfel:
t,r ti n ttr " l l ? /€ u r to h r h l r
l i kd a l - .' \. b " n ab'"
L'.:.nt : being rble
n a n i ci u ' l . I1 ,e cu t = l e r n r l l .
I p *h t I' b \' " 3 b n ' l
eaumlitxl lsal -rg aorn) - lei^g anle
binnv uscA r i,d dDl, (-- inlirilir'l to do crossword uzzlcs at liglLtrurg spctd'.
ii'ii:i',;ii?i| r: e.'ii " i;6 rorm")o rr.h hiin n rris vo'k rs h'r srear''s
'airs;I,
2000 A te n l te
ConsLructii a :
IIe's sor.X not to cdz 1'o sce ]'otr
'one
com'
sini eronatc, C,A.N eavind intinitiv care sli ajute la fottnarea timpurilor
puse (S 1 9 /t4 ).
N o td ,
r'a) tsD ABLE TO are oarLe rar, sau chiar deloc, orrne continui ori pa-
rn r a ro n l l p
" i v . C o ;rL .u .l i i ra ' l a ," L " i n . a h l . " ro Io m "
(b / E ro .o l i c .r" E i " o n s r,i s : I ' o n " o l tl Jb " a r' l o L l a o a r" -' s l F p l ' o
nasticd.
s 2001 2) la formarea Linpurilor conpuse (S 194[i);
$ 2002 3) la tnldturarea ambiguiHl,ii creat'euneori de multjplele acccptiuni ale
Iormer COULD:
41,7
/d) c ind t it npul r ec ut es t e ndic at de lr DL, , . r pl. m entle t im p pr c c is a.. 2003

t t ( l. r , t . t o. l. r t s d, . ) . us l v 1; . . t t ; o, t 4h. t h, n| . , t | n; . ) . at , r 1; , s ot t i" n,
eic.. .,irre ar facc lnirebni]tlarea modalului COULD {.= treeui) pleonastici.
dcci inutilii:
Ion eas dble o hav. a licnio on Friday last.
. / . in c onlr as lc u:
,lotr..ut/t hiee a ricnic on }riday last {peraisinne).
i :t00
Caultl, exptLml intotdeauna trecutul cind. sensul lui ertc prni.siunc.
f r l c ind s e r eier i la o r ealiz ar en t f e, ut u0 r c z ulr at L r , i L. r lnc it . t i \ 2005
, un in' r c , al unui . f o' . " , r el L' r " i F" r ii da plor r ur i:
C.\\ : capaeital.contitruadrn limite tenporale
COLLD=_clr.ciirte contnrun n trecrt
\ '-\S ABLD TO - o .caliza.e au mii nulte, dalorit. unri ( nrt s,ruuci s.rii d.
D x em ple:
IL ilas sleelitrg, bul, I aDld o rercli nI o1fi, in lirrc l,) rurifirg mo:i oI i, .
'r,as
' r\6 .
sp4r l EnF' i 6' , . ' d "o r o. . bt" | . . . . I n .i t, , l
' / 1, '
D . i n- L l i m bpJ r,t' rhA ,'lJ 1' r l r . lt I
^) t'lr'
D n. i i g t he day_I cout dr ' t 1i e. t . \ r n jd tlie crdp " h;l lr,;rnse ot t l L. I f l l i d i t,
lJtt t &s able to slcep at niglit onl in the o eD.
liom Ure vindow ol liis raot^ lr' .auld s.c as Iaf is thc l,Lln,. t.sibiliial.cl lsinlJlil
dcscr i cf c I&d et or t per l r u. i i ngfr cr ui ui 11, 1. 1
c/. in contrast:
I lew er t upon t our . r . ololll, c nloi. l. n( I t as Lb t o r ihc l. l{ . lr i he is t an( .
N ot d
C ind am b€le crbe. 1. \ \ fi BE I BLE To. pot t i int r . hunilale n ac eea. s i 9006
s it ua_t ie.n lim ba r or biiii lr s l. pref er atC--t\. orln,rBTI 1O, dac dnrr
es t cobt iqal. , r ic i, ilr l r ons ider aldm ai f or r r Li s i dc r i t olos it i
^ I I LEm aj m ult in linr -
J : a, <c r is d, ; i r ar in oea 1- or bit d.
1B) [AN-{cE 1() $ 9007

(: A FEU\SI,A IZ])U7'I
)
Eslje adesea ntrebuinl,at pentru a redar mai. aft.ntuat si tn mai m Il
c/..1, aceeagi o,tiunecle dificultate tnvi s[ ca qi BD AI]Lll TO:
\i p a l :h o u L p d ' r r h " r ,' o tl l o p ,r Ji o n , l u l \.F" l n ' r ' h o , a d i n to ,
p r i n l r l l ' .l d sr l ( r .r " l r ^s' a n d ' st n a ,.a E' r d o si n 1 1 , r ,," " i r " " t" r h o t J,m s
leaving the oihcf compctito.s si.dpl-vnowhirc.
(c) usED ro s 200

ln tocul celor doud fornc de treoui COULD si $ I\S/NERE .\BLE TO,
cqtc pr€lerat in generenodalul USEII'lO. chiar atunci cind din cont€rt, se
nlelese clar sensul precis de trecui aI lormelor inlocuite- Nu trebuie uitat
nsd on USED'l'0 adaugddoui noliuni noi: /al se referi. dacir este cazul, la
I nts.l nord3]1.pMxme masc nr .
:/€hc I
1-,n.tlu) ortosraliat asllel in enqlczabriianiei, dar h americanri.
tr ' r ' I" ;.r r :m i 1 i n . .' . ,r ' : In Ja b n h .d u - : \..'',.r.)
id . .r :l \ :
I \ r :l i r l . . , , t . . l q u \ l P i , ' "
' Jr s, ( = a b i a ) a d l cr b .
t18
o ac liLr ne0u ^ ql, , r p. ar p . ons r iluiFun, ?, ; , i or i e( le t " . t . r ld ln. lr p' ul: ti

c au o s ' ar P ' ule
r ' nu nai er is t ' i n
ial-;-prlrrtl tt t.)kJ uha o a' liune ' or "
-^.--r'""f"Iinvorbirii.
momentul "
p""t", modaltl LISED I'O s' drtoraqte fapt'tthri cl€cest' verb
*; r'i"til flaritate ti cste mai coiocvial declt BE ABLE TO, care e
"O'* {ormal:
mai
Romanilln, ut iris llortd-
an lleiore lie $armsly
l,as norvgoi ]\leo and
s€d treeds
o rrile his
]rusllnp.
etlers n beautilul
S-ar putea lntrebuinl,a ;i fo rele:
-A.lecs'ore his lel'Lr'fs "
]\lec .ozl.1 Rrile-
Alcc alld to wrilc
't4s
dar f or r naU SED IO c s lc c €aprrferati in v or bir e n s pec ial
lPcniru USIiD TO (detalii), vezi $ 21661
S e009 (D) ro GIil

. \ dr u 1' l" ur i " t " , li, n, ' " 1 l' lF d' r r J r ' uq ' C \ \ ' COI - LD BE \ BTl'
' lO , llA\ 1G F: loJ . 0 r , , , l, , " az d I n, i nr ul l' - d dilr r ulr ; r r ir p r pr r r T
'i 'r':
r,1. ll'o tlo\\ r ' d Jau nr nng. t ."t . 1, , , t tt )1
" d; ah:
",,n, Fr ' dl ' hkpl :
' ' ' 1. n. r \ l.r,'e,n l h doo" s, I rr' / d' n ' l n| sr ' pI dJ
q, \ 7r aa ,t n t lJl on' , Jour r r an' i loi
r{.u.;:1 i? Fo. l u' i J pr i nal l r ' ' nzbr or . r)ul
2010 (E) ]IAItcA zERo (zEno M.ARIiER)

$
Un slt. DrorotieLr d,Lru exprirnarca unci reu;itc in trecut esie simpla
ir r r I buinlar i 3 r . ul; lLr i ir nph s r . r a pn i ' r J ui n' t lF' I
Sna r J r d " l ./ / l n rr d/ d
Ai rc time ol th€ hon({rv ' n 1 "
{af,n tl,ere dr' f, ne.,/ or morehands n i urong r s( rro
arca. ui youlg .trd olii .drt la lhc .6.,.. and the balilc wis l'hus'or'
A ce a sl i r e l a i a r e si n p l i r a Ir l t' l o r , fr r a tn tr b u i n l a r o d .\ r e u n u i - r e r b '
In -
IIA NA G D sa u B E A B L D TO , p e n tr u r o a fca r ta e xr sr a n l e ru n P r d r tr cu ]1 Il L
rjinse.estenumitn n granaiici actualnZERO }{-A'RKER \['{RCA ZIIRO)'
Existentaedverb;lui roDtribuiensn a accent'uar€a
d cii
S 2011 (Fl zltlto cAN/couLD
i{odalrne CAN/COULD ''ri pierd uneori conlinutul no I91al'^de'eni'}

aslfei di" se'r'ia"riiio"esimpld,auriliarc cu rolul de MARCA 7'ERO'a apt te
se eflecu n trad,rce"ite or,ispunzdtoarein alte imbi inclusiwinba rondni
; ; ; ; "'C i N uOU LD r. bui aomi . e. 'po. rl s i u€ i Fnpare n s 'npr' r, , n"i
cind modalele AN/COULD int urmatcd' rerl'p cBre p rtleti l'r sf lur''
€tc arc scopuld{'
o"iiuititi """"t*t" p"rceplii senzoriale,tiri afectivc ;i '
' \,n nr .r"e., id,:, | ,.: ol 6 ar ol hr pl -f/rl: l'" l -' '
'lrpJ}ir '.I-a""r- 'r'i"o'
CFl. rprirdlrpro-dF" ar i nul pe J. L \Pr 'l ll\NAU'
laklL.
'- Ia'.h tuu:: adj. .li:hnl.
;i,"i - ii"a."i,1. ur I bi s " . \ 1t p\ t Jao" l on r," 1,.n u a 1, ar i lrnri: r"
x th. Dhtnt.' t ao;.l"rmPn am"riiin : nl r ' l I n l i n' L r ar i ni pr r n ir" ' " 7J. 11 lr' l"
' oliri Lr orm'ntl-'
,l, gr"TF" r.1,i,r- .:.1' .Dor"'rLa'arnr'lLr'lui"Flrrd'Jl
11939- i 94; 1.
.\.zi S El 9. 1081, M r 0 el o
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze .l1c
rx,a-rca rczentill in nonentul rorbirii. in c.rntrfrstcu numit inrlel,trstu

trr:.nlIl
t-.an\ etld*stdn/ \\)\aL lrc talking ato t..
(Nu nleles e vei sn lon apui.l
.l toJal ulCO ULD . , u n n , . " r r n e,.t"ri m oJ,r,, t . . ^ . " h i r .. " . . ^ , , , , rru I
\u rb r'I. p p . . rp l l n r"r, h "a ? ;, p stp l ^ ,.1 ri zd t tn tre cU r:
t askedmyselt t he aozlits€ (: undereiunliirvhnt I irrnt.
(G) BD SU PPOSEDTO
5 :l0
.u p p o scd l o
. I.)u a rc o o i
, p tF m€ r .u b trt. In tp rd i L ti i i n rrd d u .ti b ;l F rttr^ b i ; .r n
rP0 l o l rl r.u l A E .n Ir b l a m d ,rr. cfrc rre n p l ,r "r;t"i e r{1 ,,,F, s,rs",a .
l ,,..i t .n u ; i rtri s l a i n trrrFA
IArd 'rrrn 4. n ,p rb 'i r In rr u t| ri | . s "
"Jrri I,o ,, | .', s-fl . -t.,.r\l o mb n rr
On l y".
Alto eriemplci
H 6 o n .tsrp p o yd o ,Jo r l tri "\1 rj ,J 5 r,',j to , t, \ ( h o ..d ,t
r 4n luPPoscd ta to lt:
)
'tal
r d) nu in' r ; ir atfibuLiil. m- lp: r u
".t^
{ b) / - s i Ingidui( or )d. l"p n,r u ,r , hu;- , n f- . .tH r . .
'
( Ii) IIIPER { TIVU i,POI- ITI,]TII s 20
(; \ .
fp".h. t.. v "onin. on,t t t , . Lr .l,.j, t./6. ndL. ;t.,"r r .- ter z .,o
r ..ep' r . ,tp.r
r or br"li
la l'santr
muddlului : \ \ | tspos ;bitir J l.r . ;.,,j- l , \ . . , I fot".i L
,n Imha u a r a 5U .],.r 3.
' u .r ] i p" , t . , n ,nni,iui,ur . a4r iuni
\r r âr p. { .onc lr u.,ia.u moialul C \\ pv it.. ' ;n..t r ..r .,r ,, r i,r . di t"lor iat.
Innr pnr mppr c r Lv ,r turrr ".r s i \ii or utui .ti,:, r .r "r r r _"r s 4dl1 r ,,1r ".
u z r - r ar J ' r l. .ar o r u loqi 5i s inLaotutiij.qr r r .' i,.,t.. t,r r ."m",r .1 s ir r ;ar ii.
L\"mplc s r allS p"".ur ind.r i:.in tum"p .t,r ' ..r it"r . .r .,.r dnLt,r i . i"
In1r e. n Lr r our i. . la.r ilii in s fp. al c. : _ai
"
( Penru caitarea unui rcfuz)
"We .du sce a}out that tono.row.,'
(Ind,icalii scentce)
T ', ] '^: l d l.an .Jou r,/.si,sin t.o.r.r.:". I n r . . , '. t d t..,t,5 a.tJ +,
, , n
. fn r buinlar p, ,onJ ir ionatutui r .) t .tJ ir t",ut r ii L\\ i n ,oJ uLe

por ,1.1.. nv i.r lnd ndi n,. i.pn,r ,n,. r t Î|r i. r t, .,r ,,,r tui pr i,r
..t
i,
n.n^rI:l hr.'rnr Fa
t' l l p/r r dr .r
notr tt,.olqi n,,.,r Fn r tc .r ^,7r r|
dilional. - .,n"r , r r n,lul ,or -
Tn imb3 \or bili.' ojul. .i d. in.i.". J - p,,,ea n .,,tp\,..i J in c e
r r ' . mar r ppr obar or .ic :nJ mpti, "j,,r "r
d{ iile nu .r o t . . ur n"i C \r
:- - r r .) r pz p n tB 6 c r ,r am; t d € . , : t H , . ."nur
n, utr
Lr ^n1l,r
. r "l.r ,l,r
l,ir ,r ,li .i,^r iAl:
You aozll gcL hrt rclo.t donebeto.cgoing ,ornp,rurdr,r
Jon?
"nom.n . F n tlnps r r .; in tin,b, r ,,,,;n, r or hi . i , n oJ ul
,.l) efs nt..a.elds i
u\i|i ;r ar i a..pi.i Il"\ibr tr ar c , dr ".tFr i.,r a
, i J I [ ] i , ; l l f l i (] l : ' l ' , ; , ' -n ' n " " ' | ' n 1 ' ' rn | i I " ' n n " | | ' | n J r
""'1"1",,(:lT,:"rlff. J;t:r .,,i,,' " riuris:/ ,, 410/609
CONCI,UZIE
fj nt'e'
2014
,.11,,3?il.?;lllfilil,f;?":iili"i:)"i;',i3:mtcnlimitqnu"po
f' . , ":ru ; : , : rii51i, ffil:l;1;rr-;,. ri,,riil'iiilr'l iri'r;1

",":: ' : ; ; ' : , :l:, ; . l rj i , . , l : ; ; r, , ; ; ; , + , , x, : ns,
, . , ,i . , .
li,h,I o',:;:-il:rXilpi.,,,:
iilt:tru:*lll i*i:"i"1 i1":,:;#;*il;
.',.::*J;:l
:;iq";",.,
( 20r; z) Rerslid ouLD , lf",),"ri;*;i?", ,"::?t i,rdicaliireorlterir'uru
: l;";g1,
- i, lpiii:tl5
#ft',i;ij-,#'l;^
"*"*"
s 2o1u
*l;+ r;"17;i
lt"ii1{
u i.lni
. .'
',5i#*;"l.
t' e{prrm. s'
tn nto.d snecial:
""'",,o
S 2019 A s e reline
:f
' u'ld :nL':i;"::J'"1'"ri'Jx
t i;;jilf ;l'lijl#) ilitrr*
l'orir'D'
ormei
ot*"t"' lJ'*inl'anrodurai
;;
't" ;T ii:r1i'Ji:*;-J(dl3;"
i"l' '"fl'..,n' 1 \asbr
rirmati{'
"""',i "ii;i1i;lr;J*::*li:"::l
: :a' ;,;"' :
-" "";'Slqllji'i31'J'll'i::r
Ultl;:fi "i'"i"1' iint'rcu' r'"i
*r';q+rl4li{11
TO jll- , _ \ B l, [ .
"hi: "sii"i}:
p , t p PIFtPrat
(UD }IAY/IIIGIIT
$ 2020
AIIIIII_{R il0Dr\LU DnFn(Tl 'll
CONSIDER,\TIIGENl]R-\LE
s 202t
s 2022 1) forme'- l{odalul lA) ('= a pulea)are nunai doud orme: l'\Y
''{l'.lri"."',roara,p ',"'j.li;l;i: l: :;',;i:;:\:;ji;

:'r',r'
""" "'--1.i.' i"t"'i* l" t tiur; '/ /luii 'qrprul i ' r r " i' ' ";l; rri\r'
I",f,";;':";; l:;;;i'i'cr' 1i-in' 'i u \'rb
Ffs r ,L l i e z " r n srnt Jrlarie
z,ayfelst Imdstl, lolmelc ler'rN 'r,l nlr\
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 4ilt
l l l CHl . l n , . . r l r l ^1 , n , ', r , n , t , , - . t . t o r . , , 1 - t r - u r .
- n a r u f l l l . l r - i r lF tr 'u 1 1 , t l o r t t n. nd ^\ Dr i m a .
Ittl.tI 1 t - , t t . , o n J l t ; o n o t , , i , r . . u n , li s . r b
lor''trut r . r bl t t Ll t t t A, . , ut 1n, , . t.rb" Lt..al. t t pp, nd" nl r .
. -\rnbcle lorme pot fi unr.tLe de inf;nitirul incomplet at verbului lcxical
(Pcntru conjugarea acesror verbe vczi
l 1934.)
,rnitcr\o ntn . i
,.,..2,..lg9,llil:
v , ^r sr \ Ur . r n u . , - n p p r - r r \i0rtcrsonitc.
I n t f i , r r , \ .p0r ormot0
i . i j 1 i i .n .c,,npLr.e.
i H. r ", t \ ,Nt.,,Jt-tp
: . , . , . . r ". i :],r
iu n u . ". \ , , s . o . . . i r n t, r F U, r d r U| ^J ; f l .p "r . n , r . r l "( . . .
,r n u , P- o '"a "- l o r . r ,
p . ( p. . -i i ta , t F
t , f u. ,,. t | i I , . ' r i L_l p , . acpe. t i vp
a/ (BL) _\LLO$'(ED)iPFjilXIlT(D) (pormisiune);
b/ i', nrni r]r. ir i:liras possibte,al (posibitirat€) \rezi si 2031,20J2)
|
Trrlo , ir, a ll\ . \ i \ lt c T, J . ir. o limFt F t , I nu tâL. t i f j, , ,.
,
-^ d d l, l,
' ' , | \ r' lJ ' r . l jr J L : o l' , ri.
^ n r.
3) Interogalia 6i , Formrne de intei,ogrrie
- 'trrgalia. 9i rte deqalie slnb ur, i 2091
o) D{? -a ro n , 1,..s h c it , s f , },ou. ie J l?
t),I t, l,." ",,.\,,..,,.,,.tt,Fj r. J, a. nnt r \ . ,
,, t,,r.:.^ntr.5.rd,.r,t. li,,,
trr.' ct rn I r ' n r ir' pl qj . z. I i f , ' r . t
i ) hi sh l l r n. h. . sh. . i t, { c, xor , t hcJl ?
D, 1 rJox, l)i, sle, it, we, Ion, lhey) tuisht nrt
lnishtt\.
. . 4 ) t I \ I . t I t L J I l '\ i ( UE) \ t , L U\ '( t i D) T O s i n t intrcbuinlate qi coloc \ 909
v i a l i r l i n , b i 'n q l F z . , u , l e r n t
lrAY s 202
Functii. lltY loale f i:
q t t , ' "r
s 209
\ . . n J o ' , t t rt t rr, . t t . , t , t , . . a 1 . . ir , . , r" .s2 j: i p j, , t rFa 7 . ,p ro n ri
. lt
n o liu n a lil j. ,
.s202
- r' li, , I rrrri i "0 r0 ' . -. t ri\ J t Fn t j, j" q ; "; "-. , . i, ; b ; ' ; ;
. ' o n rr, ' I a I n . . i r. - a , r "rl . ,1
", t ;
, )", 1 i. . . "' ""-'
. l) sinptn ou-xitiar l suLjonctivului rt. r,rt)t:k;r'atr, prcL.um,sidl p/,- \' 90:t
pri i t u, i u, . D \ l \ \ . p; , / i i , d. r. i , . . , , . 0. r. , i , u" , , p, o1, i i , -
intrebuinlaro ""i i ; ""ri . '"r".
1).Ca :rrxifid nodsl. 1I,\1' ,1-u1l infinitiu pre:cnt expriT,n: S g03
u) f rn . . i", / . , , o rd , , rr \ , r ir, , l, rJ l rn pr./pnt qdu jr iit o r lro r o , -
,.. f . , , . i Zu . t r
rrilo c . r, r. t , : . ir, , , ro -a t i J ,,n4 n , n n , : irt n i: , , , . -; i, ; '-
^ a rp i
r1 u . \ a t t , rt , t -t . , . , t ir, , . p b I in r. , r ir .p,"actiu t . . njrr
t
;.t
in rp rd i, iit p t "r0 lF)
,, ,.,o ,,,
I, -. , , " D.o*, " . _ , ) , r, "j, , J .
n - t d r rp r rJ rh p r as h
1 1 . . , . 1 , r/ at
ro , . . i , , . , i. Ln, n J rn . t ro r L rs . n r. . . , . "l, o L r, . Ira../..t,L o a lp mrn i. .
lliri;""tyl'i;"1;.itT.L};:}*-",,
-,,,;l1ir,liii,lJli,1,lll'f,";;"{;ljt:lJ:.
'"i,'J ii*.+**+;,lL
s 'f 't: 'fliitttl
49
Anunluri oficiale (ton foarte formaL, impersonai):

No one udy ross cre lsau 'dltsir on lhegrtrssi sat-scrr'tr No P6khgcanlfu' Gatuge
grounOs ,or be vtiteil lJ th; lublic (cl tt connast u ta
rrre castre
-"V
-
D og- oV l , l r L' n r nl o r'' I ' r k onl ' u r " "1'
:039 b) losibiliLata in prezent' viitor sru \rct\fl', Prcsupun're:
Ill"
" " , aal
^ o,b " ,J' rnna
, . \ . \"Vi
o' , bd
) ' J . rr rr\'" P'( r.rn' / Pnr
n
\\'ho hay Jou be? (: Crne i lt hr?) (Suljuniitul nd , acoentulndnocrtitudinea
c onl , r as tL Pf e: - nl r l r r i t r i D r )
'lhe \Lc,rtherorecastsavs t nav snow tonorfow (Yiilor)
Wtere no" I lind him? (Viitorl
il;l;; h; ;t b; h;;" ;rv linic norv l: 'loatc sosi dir clillrn olipi ) (viitor)
90:13 2) Ca simplu aurilisr i.trebuiilrt la iorm:fea unui crhiealental suhjont-

tioului unor virbe lericale, NIAY erprimd spernnlA,o dorh i temaretun scop'
o nrare, nn ble$tem etc, lici, italitatt:al
I h o r e l.u m',/ I'e r ;l t
we .i ti.: r ,.' s ' n o ,i' ,' /h a L ' ' " o L r ' ' ri r s o \n t
\fd n l lo ' i J ir o . \' u t4 " In i '.:ou ll' r ' lou ' ' " J ro'
I
,{Dr fl r r l il' r r r ,{r m ' , b ' In m l
n 4 4 , tn e nesi nran sr r
,u d i rou lc a llJ In lo'rr s o Dl . ..
'll:i;::i,r, :ti,i:'J:,i;l;';.'l'l:,i,1',".,..',,u",,-,
lvf Tj i 5 1591i
A se observa la traduccrea exomplelor precedenle:

a) lipsa intelesului propriu modaluliri IIAY (acesLaneavind aiei dectt
rolul unui sirzplu auriliar);
b ) n a r o s r.l ti " n e t;,t,1 ''l o; n j rrn ' ri r . :- Irrr i rrL a Io n ri n ) l d l rJ J u ' e -
den'ndent din
" Cierbului
rea r" " ' i " ." i " " l i ' ," ,.:i .," .i ' t' i " " "'nsl'rzi
"
' L j o n ' rr\u l a p rr' rrrs' l i r ' l e a u x i -
l i a rrrl rl \Y a d rr' u n n t' , d " t^ r' n rl i rr n ' l i s p l J ' " a q l i z r' n F i r{ p p n r' u ' 3 re
s :n 1n o p r,.rF \i l d l p i n .n g l a z aa l u J l J U ' \' " p l rd s ttl L l u ' u rrn a r'
s 2034 3)
d l Treout.
In rrra Jp rrF " u r \l l G l l l I l ' D ' i b i l i l A rc ' n ' p ' rl ;n J c x P ri m a
rp ' ' rl ' u l
s ,035
d p .1 t n a n u m i l - l i n i rrl , o .rq l a s c r" ' l rz e a z i n ' ro ' l u ' i r,d rr c . 0 u p 3 ^ r' \ I'
nfinilirut pete.t al verbului depend€nt:
Ii",-?Jij';;91r,1,: ;,lsjj":iri,,:,:11;l
\J r'l|.n
i"*;::,,r'i,"Hl,i.*'r*",,
"icoilg
,ro r' -. g""" i o zirii"i: s"'
-"a
,{ se obserl'a cA nletcsul asl,tcloblinut este de ir'rdl al verbutui regent ti
nu de perfc(t, adici nu de anterioritatec
, Vezi \ 010.-:lrl,3.
s ntult ;lL, bar de noa]rl.e
'i:'."j;'. ,,i1,;;,1',1'i:;i;),'
;,,11': .rn\ : nLm. un', an,on.i
-l.i.ill
,;llli:l'i:,'iil:ii:'i*1:r;tllrtt'''t"i;:'.:'""ii
r r - r " da I' n t p ._ l I l P\Pr'rnr
"r. 413/609
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 42A
D/ M.,\Y + infinitieut petut erprimr posrbilitare, robabilirato au pre_
i \g0t6
\-
: : r", l, ln ". i: il"": , l,'r,;ur rir-r; ;u nFs"ri\c' nu
; ; ; , j , ; i. i, ". "
I n a J Ia i ni " /.r .' . o a ,," t,1 .t h o " tr d o y R.,t t,.
p
I,o .' tn .1 n . ii .u it ,t r m u F Z : n td t.t d . ,{ ,l ...
H#3,',flx"i,,""Jf"",i,:,;xi *t
" r u .,e ,,
Jly"1",i,1i:"^,iir"
]IA Y / l ItG l IT
s ,01t
p,",JJ,llf:'ii '0
:;t:ll',ll;'lliili,'^;,i:ll'"jti""""1;rl:
;i:ii;";lil,:.il,l';lilr,:"1j",,r,';'jt; "i,ili 'J,i;;;]i.;,,i",1 ;,;"a
rnodals au ra si.,plu a'xiliar a poa
no,,",,,i,I,'.ttt"" ",11:i-"I;l'it"i,--riiGut. S
a tar(''
i).i]J,i,,;::,:::1i,^',t:iiill;;il':\,tti'f')""6flini*i
\o one no smolc $nite Grannic s l,ot
'".',iT;:'.1;i"I1:it;:.ll,,,i,, i ilil
..,,"Xi,';i,;;;i;:'*;lii':'i,riii,""ti'l'1,'ifili.t'itl;,r"
., l , : ; : , i , i',,il.l l
' ;
, , 1 ,' i
, l i l : : : 1 i ' ; ' , # . , 1 , , r , . i. i
:
n le lr s rd D.L r \r .r " X i
,,".1i1,'. ,")11,"))',,:::;,'."':i;,;l;:iilE'liil:lr, l,;l:.ij,',
l r a r p c | | td e . . . L l i r t^te c r 1 ' r .\f i m r t l " /r ," a /.
($;-,.)"it';'l:l;,Ti:,lj,,"Ji;#:;j#:'jl*;;*:T;';',i:,
'n
.""Jn:1:Ii;";ll "i, ';,,i1,1 , ',p' in,h
,"j,i,J,-,i";.,;i,fi,;'.,.,
p
tp q n L :,,,p1 " 1 .,,,,t," d ,,,_
,jti,,: ,i l',iil,,; i, ; l : ; i : i , i 1 , , . , , , : ; . , . t , ,i) ;1 ,::,,:,
iil :il,l,";i'j1, ', ;, ,.i; sr, o,erpo, .,,r, m' ,,o.
p?rl"o" ,',"?,-Jl1fff cazurilorrpuse a purrLr€ro d/ \" 201
,' ;fJ':i:,"Jll' tl
( p.rm,.iu'r
ljlli'", , "1 ; , ;,,,; :,,. a b,,,\r(;r,t ni,'r'; o
"'; J'',
i: i;you
, ll; l: '
, i:'lJ''
1 '":
\ , 'im4
if # ': .a;";
:''n
li: '. ""i
i'u ": in
ou at a toosc rd. ,risL play my TV to. I cr,ansr.. .Cozldr? Oh,
,n.nr,"1,,r." ""n
3) M lr lf lT : c undr t ior r al.
Zo ti
,i r r ic iir ," ,- z , r .\p r in ,a . b .; v . \ \ . , o o ,,t,,,i,un,, 5
a r .',;ii"
n ,o n l:,,.
r r d ,i,r iFu r A \. a d u " in dr p tu ) n u o r l,t .
1 " 1 i,,..:,j. d.,.,," i
t tr lp r o b a b r llta t, L h lA r l "
Il, o tn ,." { n ;8 /./ . r b"
r t " \r ." t\ t." r E o r I,t" a d \" r :
I ti' 8 .r Dt bt ir { n .1 r n tB h t n o t .o n .. r J ,l
--t
l*r.t *j; .tll,ti.",l,;"'")1"T",:.fti1',i:;i;1,.,i:,;,'

"'
i; . t iJ : l'; , il, "''orDmi P' " r r ' 5 i o ' r ' l " '
.Etelt
"'l; : , Tli"
stat -.asl)et{, dc ononrc ilnr,,,r tjt , spe0tacol cic.).
D) I'entm exprimareacorditionalului perfect' IllGllT, ca 9i X{AY,

esicu'rmaide i.nfi;itunt peie(t aI.terb\\Ii depcndent:
b') l.on ndu ha* atked her rvhat sle up ro
ilrhel,i cc r../deca dc gind 's//ds
si raon.i
fiur.ot s-o
b"l \o\ mieht r4r. dxlftd \cr ithat she qas/ts ul 1t
f,,it ti rlrzis-o inirlbi ce dddla.€ de gind si lllci i
,A.cesteraze pot exprima simple alirmalii cu plirire Ia acJiuni tr€cuie

sau pol conline ln plus.un rldn adrcsai int'erloculorului, mai puternic accen-
intenliei
iuiin fr'.)'dectt t; (b'), unde aparc numai ca o sugcstie, conform
vorbiLorului.
2016 4) Propozilia pot{:tioi, (the if-clat'*' l. o \'rridrt'i ' srF tontnrr in limba
enElozi aAlon.li{,eleIGHT sauCOUI D' csiPo lroplrzrlrt s'currrlrr3 car€r
reeentir are verbul Ia modrrJ ondilionaL.
Pniterrul ac€sl€i conltruclii este deci urnlnturul:
I b , Fn ,l -' i I In p r' 1 ' u ri ti r p ri n " i p rl " ' F :' n " 1 r: ' o n d i L :o n a l u l

I t r p i o p b ,i ti a " . u r,d rr. r i l ;/a " *r: "ubjonc'ivul
linba romenl ambele propozilii sr corstruiesc ct\ condilional\L
A tc n IL r:
cind subjoncli{ul englez
20{7 $i iu afin situaliei expusemai srts,adici at'tnci
cste inrlcpenderrr,, l se raduce in gcnere cu eirndilio alul in linba rcmenn
It Jrtt tuishtlcoulde n lh. Chdr. \T'd gel thc riSh'" ise ockcll ior onr show
" -"ioii -isl,r ror once ome arlv omo..ow lt's DnkIs Lnthdrv (snbjon'li inde'
2018 5) IGHT : \'iitor la,ti d0 trecut flcrr, r. i'r In' Poslr' - lIIGllT poate
err;rima li viitorul fale de trecut atunci cind acestaesle cerut de un irecul
plecedent r cadrul corespondenlci impurilor:
Shc tn'o shenianr return 'hen€acf he tlFl
( Stkt l sc ad P;tca tntoat9 orialnd @ dati )
lle rdid lie nisl, st lor thc State E$ninratior nr lhc Autrnn-
i:= st i'r putc'aprezenta) peurisiuc i Posibilitalei inturllc)
s 9019 UUST N CO\TRASTCt] NIAI
S 2050 1) Imb€le modaiepol exprima ,presuprinerc'r'drr eie diferil p rin nu anlele

opuse pe care le aduc acestui conceptl
N{,\Y exprnnn,,presupunere"i sugerirrd in lrente ce yUST
'rrigtranld'
flgercaze prahabil tate certd
Slrensralll' Iecps ate hotr|s:shendv still be at ier work (?rcsuPnner\cettd)
(: '"si''" ii"li)"""" t" t,"il belore liilnishr. ccauser,ch{s a lut oI $orr to set trrrorsh'
:l,e ,r ,.r s l r r b ..r ' - u $ , il o cu n l{ .lF \" '. ( r * tn u "
S 90il 2 ) l ft propoziliile egative, ti t I1A\'it qiUUSl'Pot"\primainttrzicore'

IIAY aste in. i foarLe rsr folosit dstari rn atest scni Ll'cul lui a lost I'rai
,lllft jo.ftey : ucnrntator de trorran. ile dGcnri li r{dio sin t.leliziune

426
de modalclo C^\r si IIUST, care si tj aDroap€ ntotdeaunr tntrobuintate tn

mod cureni, n rdspunsurile a lntrebdrili und; apare MAY:
i . l l - 4 r /I r ' 1 . . J" . | i ,,.1 r,.F\+.,n:. \..)o,,
.. , , / . sa u D r ' sl 4 r J. S h r ssJo t a b a d
' U c. . i , t " i . " : \ r vl . g " a D ; , r , d r h p . l p J. . l / , r t . . o i ^ , n g / . . ' \ o . ) o u . r ' n . r . sd u
n u sn t ) . t L s r n . n r o o r r r r r J.
(r\') usr $ 2062

Anpst e rL n"p ar t" .l rrr, r r q
" ;o r a I \rl i J r" l o r J p fF .t re m o d rl e . I9 4 0
1) l'olm[. .\urilian] I,IUSI a'c o siniutu ftrrru. \IUST (: si"ebuj, $ 205e
tr€bui€), iolosiG l a prezent, unrori i ln lrerut sau ltr viitor:
She s siudJing rrd b.eiLus. iren .n. iPr.z.nt)
(Siudiazn cdosp.nr.ru ,i,..aete.l
You nesl be hrrc Niiliin thc $eeli. (\ iitof)
ITtebrie (- Na cbui) sil lii ai{.i .anrk de sli.'situtslptnmhii.l
I{e did n ot troublc o studv hardpr haD ,c n,6,. ITrccuu
(Nu iti di(d€a/nu i,a dal_osl.ereala n strdieze inai mtlr deail b.I&iaid trcbltit.)
H' li r . l l , al d l hr pp, LJ " l h, 1p, . / . . , r , t o. t l ' 4. p1s i dr , r \ i : t o" i a' , t " t r ec ur ,
<li, ci p, ' . r; zi . ,, tr't ,t,hLut. . a l , t , d l r mar.
I gu.sscd e ntrr hrre sc.n Ion. (Tr.cul perlccl)s
tAd lennil ci1 ell ,.rai. s,-r{ li rnznt.l
AtenlLc
Modahrl lIlrST. n0putird e\pinla (l.cit prez€nlul, nu poatefi tntrcbuin
9at 1a recuL sau1aviiioi decit nurirai aLuncici4d din contexi(verb sau adverb)
rciese clar ci este rorba de aceste jmpun:
. Hc (€nr i.o llc 1'all \rhoe he Dus, tut up i.rr 4cd,t s ral1-gaze e. lviiio lil,.t,re
/ ( a r ' r " n € l d l l , l " 1 " . a d ; r s; a t i . / . ^ i . a d r o r t p t a 3 so t u h , , t a . , t n a n n r e ,

, . ' b - o . t a t t. t l . " p r ' " r l Jl k i o n , b o L t l r . i cn o va ' : u r '
fIdli, la pftrccir, d srn.,t sl-mi rorbcas.i despre inovalia lui.J
Ln linryti t.cat. rnodahl r{USl esre r,trpluinrat i l s|F(j iD t 1ul rn- I Z0;l
d i r., l .1 ' ,s r.u l l H r d l d , j l u i l F rm c n ., r . l - , u i r r . j I j r l u /IF r.n r^ ,l u ,F
ceeace rostcffo ori.l si lunai find.ttt. r'orbitorul " Fau scriitorul.
2)
a, l'ormc'c
Fornla (le roulpusc.
l.eculifi lormclo .arhalc ornpuse int, mprumutatede Ia {{ 20ib 9056
l i n u n i m " l " 1 ,, l .\\t. ,rr t.. HLORT tCLD) u n i n ti n i ri \ c ^ m r.t*t:
I ld./ to go u'o. rT(.iut)
(A nrbuit si dnN rcoio.)
'n.-L
\ sh a L l \ . f t b t a horre. lViitorl
/ f a r . r a , i i r r , i n l n^, L
, ca sn . )
li I had 1r.cn in. I shallt haee ba L ollirrl lo see hin. {CoDdilbnall
(DacaL t li losl acasai. /t tehn si I i)rimesc.)
'lO BE OIJL|GED 70 i'r1. .uieste verbul I{UST numai tunci cind
acestaexpdIni orllg.,li., ll,\vE TO atunci cinrl lr{US f erprimd nccesttare au
obligalie.
a'l :.had
{ su l i j o i . i u l )
5 Tjnp i.edri trprirDal lr.irtdrn inririti lrecut.
2037 ,/ Condi_tionalDlmodahlui MtiST ,,ste redat de obicei prin modalele

O I' L ;H I T O b " ,. S IIO U L D (l s ro s ,r t,F ' s u a n a l F jS z o 8 ,) . i ;fi n rri ru t r,re -
,-n l . p ^ ' , s - -\p ri m a p r.z p n ,u l ' -rb ,,l ' ,r , ri ra l ..o u p l u s n ti n i i ru l p e r-
'u
Iect a1 noesiuia, pentru c-rprimarea recutului:
\ , r a' 4r t a\ hoLl d o, J \ , o h- r , c onl i . : " ndtr , r " z " nl
\ r t , , i i ul \ . 1 \ . or b, r i . )
st\e aryht f.ishtuld h^\e )islencd o Jo . {(tondilionutpe.tect)
(-\. ti ltunn it sn ic isculie.)
205E 3) Jnterosrlia fi n{:Batia. Foftn.lo de inlerogarie Si de neqarie sint uF
t t , t - / You , r s l Lc , i l / t r c r \ ou/ t her

/ r ' , . h. . r $, J ou/ t t ; I n. , ; n t n+ ; , / .
I mr,sr4'rmiss dy triin, m4r /t
20;',9 4) Pro u .larc. \'UST se pronuDln: accentuat sau inaintoa unei vooals
L, r s t l : r s ac . i er t uat l l nas t , nr s . r D . t . ns l .
2060 5) F undi i . , - U U S' I ' enpr i nd:
u ) net.sitate, datorie, obligayi.cabsolut{i (: a trebui, rr€bnia. a fi neoesar):
ln l j nc nd l r i f t i c u, , 1. , , p , , t t r t ' t t .
Ln{sr lieep my word.
Tod ,,rrr seu er bccansc hc is il].
\\i ,rarr'r lcare bel.ii srJint gooC.Iltc ,o e ffIbodl.
lr | , 1. t.,- ,r I..r
Cu aleasiri r.,.p i(i. fi,rm.L n. i *rt i.|krolatiri a ULlS.l este
uLr or i l \ U ED nat s ar r dan' t i doc s n N I t l l l ) . c de, r s ebi r',.rl,fllui
ea i i . i l l ac c s t c az ,
r deea df nf r os i l al e s au ohl i s al n' nu es t e n] l s ol ut n:
r lh r .e 1 . I ,,r r , / .^ ,,k ." a t , ,r
'| r / l\ 1 .7 t,.r ,J tl\.' fo)' r tr ,,, tI,,.' t,r m J ..lj ' l
. i / l It' S f mnj poale cxprinr \a1 obal)ilitate. rc :tl t)u n .rc to .luzie
Shc rsd I ir slf ,,?s, l)c at school.

T h c I l.lt it o n o e th .y z 1 6 ,ljiv c .t,n in I h u r r l..
tl,,L s / l,a \c b e e r lr ida x n ig h t w| c n I tls t s r w tiin .
Forna negativn in acast caz esLe dn'tl.unnot.
l1 shc snrt.r. sohooli h. ,,arr ire 1. honr..Slit.anl bc anywlrcf. lr_
L&st harc seen,im on I'ridarr'.t.on, hnre been D). thfr duy.
.) ULrSf estererbul cel mai uzitat, p€ntru n a\yitr\^ a i c. i er.iceri,
intcrdicli.i si prahibilii ati.ialc.
You lflul lhe doctor ai onae.sli. s l,Ncn a kcn ill.
Yo /,rrt'nG, nere. oomehcre again.
Hc sidlrlr mrst nol, ser. lhat shabl)r-seni.el cort ol liis.
-
{rhej lialiis rr4, Ir. on berored[k.r'
t l a r i , , s , i us , n. r D ar k nc r e.
d/ I l l l ST c BLo l r Lr ebui n, t at n pr ot r oz i l i i l e af i r m al i v e s au D egat i v e q i
pent r u o s c c r pr i na s ol i c i t ud; r c ( i i l d s e dau s f at ur i s au s e f nc i nv i t al i i p e un
t on s i i r ui l or :
T " . 1, . \ ' r , D q lo . , _f dt p ' b I \ o, , / t ao. t or , m D I v nu- l
\ n. l , \ ' . r , , . 1p. . r 1, " : 1. " k . . . a' . - t , ' r r t |. , t . , " n. t t hj i , . , y 4r l Lm t r . n.
I - i r ef pool$l , f n J on a, c l hc r e.
r Y o ri
-\u E I), s 145.
z,{ i.ohtl l liE rr .stc lnt..luinlrat d.cil drcn Ntc .rl,a nomaid c uniirile un€i
z " T lL t:7 tu e " :":th e ' Ia t.Gd tlq - . c c l.tr l s a le r ic de a r t,,- . o d e r ii d r lr Londra,
fo n d a i.i ( te S jr Ild r I T a tc (181 -1894J. li1 {n lfo p in g le z, a l c ftr u i n r m e ll
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze o n ,liL . 417/609
127
6 ) M u s t z o ro n h ro ri i l i e ). -{c frs th l a tl ..' | athaicdl o',sti n clipsa,,nui S 2 0 (;1

yerb ea go. gfl sau alre verbe silnil| care sf inlelcg usor din coDientj (ja:
ae ntbst atruy: \r. ulust go u ,\' tl tJ .
7) lIllS'I Nnl]OS : ttebur. tapbat. rrfresie h raro IILST este vcrbut g 206:
modal deiectiv (: tre b u n r. i { ,.rd r (:..n e a p n ra t ) c un adverb.
trIIsT t( co\Tllisl cti rr,tlB To s 906

a, Si }Ilimia aceslor doui verbc cxplice intrebuinlarea auriliarrrlui .s 200.t
IIA V E TO ca inloc i to r al verbului l l rS f i tr c a ^ l rrl tu ro r .)m e t.)r obatc
mre i,i tipsesc a(cstuia'l
To fo lo lir .jlc n .l .l, \n J L - o .ll. ' :t,.n n ' l.n \,r \ r o .g l,\ ,r l,- . - r ,.1
\,' r ' ,J r d " " .,., i;a ir .r ' ,lt \r ' J r .' . lr ,,r t n ,L t;\
Di.] .t," h .. t, t{- L ,, tn ,.ta " ir i.,,t,r ,; '
.F c r r .d r r n :t- r T r ,,,,r ,t" r o :, \,
T .l x ttth a ,p t,h .' ," .r F ,,r b ,,. ,., l,v ,,in o m o s . \,i L, p a . \
I' ln n r i\^ r .,. J, ," 4 ,..,n " /, " ,d I d Do a ,.J i.L n o ' b - in l lo fl t,a r r ,iL
' ta h a \,4 o p a lo L f o"l.r n .r L In .r ' 1 .L o r i,r . l n r ,:r ,. '
D) \{l -tS l rl S H .\L L /\\IL L IT \V l l ' l O . - l n L re acested o u i r a u \i l i a re S 2005
qi inlocuitorii ior s-au rrc:,t fu Linpul runr era 1i t1orrllat deosebiri se,
maniice cu nuante toar|e sublile.
s H \L L H q \ E tn ,ti t-r" *n s i b i t .t I {I p ri n n u " n L . _ n _ p td ..,r_ p
c a rc .o s u E 'n d z d o b l i g a ri i l rrc " o n o c c .F i l s l " J n " l i u n rr s ru i r" ri i t - , d r. o
. rp o a " k .' l r n ri l ro s ' mJ p a p " r ,n . l tu l . l ,g

.L h a \ h ogo d t _ b u 'o ' l ' -s
r o r r r d n stca o l
- I muslqatk all nisht Logei mt worL donc.(O sinrpti de(laralnincc0lorl.I. cu reterire
TIcy sill/shali nar. r, ,rg me , new drcss or N.w Ycar's Eve lwtreitre.Ujcy ikc ir
They {sinllJ) hu-v aze Ine n€s sl,o.s . . (o d.clariiie intoaiile)
.) Fnfind U \\'E (COT) 'lO g 2066

"ste in gcnere obligarorie cind se relern la
o stn ;u u ,o :;, \i i ' - . i n .o l r ., I u ,, r ,{ i ' r n . t,r m 0 .- n .. o b i tr " i ,d :
H:r .t- L A o t | ' p l yd si n ,.' | ,.i r n ' o n { :r h n ' p o ' ,i g h .,
*Hr '
o t. t- u r ) ,f l o " 5 t' a .1 ..,1 t /u - ,,r . \' . r ' ,' . to o L u st '
d) EAt'E (COT) TO ti tt(ts't'. Forrnele onstruite u IIA\D 10 g 2062

6ug€reazd dcscori erielnn. in 1'rcmece MUST exprimd obligcit€
Ln hrtLlor -oHisalie
l&fleu rrt.:
" \l - .' l h .' n n r r , l o l l . " r 1 " .. A .\, \,' r ' o r ,t.r ' r L h . r tr r d r v.
' ' \o u l d .; , o u . .. - L r r . ,r .. I .r , /, t / ,,, A o " h o n r ., t." r " J..
a p P o i n tm , t cn d I .a n t p r t i t d l t. ' ..,;,,' " $
ltt.rsT IN coN tAS'l cu NDnD 5 20ti8

Un alt auxiliar oarte u ti l ra tn l o ru ;L o r l m o d a l u l u iM U S ' t e s tc N E n D .
Acest 'erb, avind doud conjrgnri paralele (g 2146), are ;i doud sensuri care
diJ€rn. deci si ron,torteri diferite.
I /.nat. nx in*. mn,-L
. df;u or n granati.a engte,i. ei aulnai o lartui1 nrechitd, ot\ri
lnrJ . h u ,r ' l a ' Ar ' h l .,r ' r r j a ' , r i .l , ," l .
I Vezt ii S 1056,
'1 '
'la be th. linLit : a Intrccc rrils .a. a Ii irsupofiabi].
428
d) Ca verb lcxicol tegulnt, NFjED insea nii a attea nlroie de, a necc\ita
si, posedlnd oaie modurile 9i timpurile unui verb regulat. poate e\prima unele
nurnle care lipsesc modalului MUS'|:
\ . ./ r L a i J n k .o r a "d 1 Y . . . h , , r / H , r/ i-" / o 1 , . , \ , , r " r \ l i l ' .'r,r' \ d r . r . '
^
' . Intlu.".'","" .n]o" Jo , , , o . , .r".,'..i.,, |i ,1: , ,. p d (
.Lr, -1 'ld' -.
- t ) si n u s gor ro l: t.'briFl
l b l i sa
1 1 ' sg . l i i i 6 r a r F . I n d r , L - u l \".,.'l: .ln t . t . l \ p so ta,r
",dFo. ",. ..
.)u,
mJ Ldrb-f 't.rdsndrlr- n r j l p Jr I . a l. lrir"..ng t " r \ i . ' J" | ,.1
1 , . 7 . . . r i l i o r m o t l a l . E E D i r . . r , r r r ' r l' o l t : . o t . , : - ' l i i . i . . , ^ r i . e
r'^.1 d F t F' . . . d " u n a l p ^ , n , p l ", , a l , , l u l L i t , 1 , , 1 , r r o \ r ' l l D \ "? i $ 2 1 5 3 r .
Trcbuie tusn insistat fi aici:r-supra unei lnfticulnrit:i.ti c.ne nu aparl,ine
deciLnodalului NIIUD si nici unui rllt v€rb:
.\'Ztr, ca rerb mod,al.nu poate i intrebuhlat in fop.iliil. xfirmatik,
J e g i"p "r c rn 1 r "1 n z i 1 i i l . r , r o r a q s ' i r , i r . "\ d r i \ e . "r r r L r ' p . " 1 r ". n p ro
p o r i L i a n l c r o q d l i ". u n J j r m 1 r n s , r . r ' " r r u r r . u l u | " J l i r n , ' l i r . . o : ; i r t ' r c n ^ -
' / i l i i l F l i a "s l l v . . . q r p l n l o . u i l , \ l l { i . , r i "r i ' "". . i . ' : l l \ \ E
'I'O, SHOLJI,D.O UGIIT:
u ' r ' r "u n l o
",\'dcd you go?" "Ycs. L,usl " (dd Lad7
Shc needz't conic, bnl 'h n{sr.
Esle insi litrcbuintat h propoziliile atirn]rij\e in cafc se alli senlire-
SRlii car no ant', scarccL . ntdlU, n.*t. nonc etx.:
I nevcrne€d .ll lLcrwhrt to (1.. shc s ro cllnrn',t.
( \ : czi i i $ t d j j
g 2068n (t') OU0Ilr

,{.est rerb laoe parle drn catfgoria auriliarelor det€oti\-c modale.
1) trormn. - OUGUT are o silrgurii lormd. ought (: ar ttcbui), folositd
la prezent. Pentru a exprina ideea de hecrL. orgrl este lie lrecedat de ul1
r.erb l{ treculi. fie urmat dc ur infiritil perfect:
,qe.rnracrt o kno$'net[e..
Sle eas .old hedryntb sing.
Hc o&sn,, /'acd otuhomcb)' non.
2) Intcrognlir lii nega,tin,-- Formcle de inbcrogalih ;i de negatie sint ur-
rniioarele: a , a r l l A o l n F sh e ,L s"/ "rl
I r". /r.e/she/il $ P. lfI ouLltt ,"' toutltt'. ' )
3) In,telcs. {rugfttexlrimei
a) obl\ali.( moralil t:tIn co stringcresinonin cn shoald' : ar trebui)l:
Yo\ auehl ta do this qtriclrly.
\ou rn dd do lhis quicLll.
1t oasnr ci to be alioned.
Il r/Du]d not he allowed.
Hc oustu o halc iotd nie cl o.e.
HL sno/ld hile tolLl oF n"ior..
A u e h t "" n lt Ou sh t 'it h . t L o h '\ F g o n "'r llo . o lle Je -
Sn u ld llp J I 'o '/ ( h o . lln l O'd v , , gon u , ' o 'o ll's '
j. d n . n . p r o r ; u n J- . u t : n ir i. f . . ? ,Jr u n I lla r f . , n I r e n n J. r r , . b . i . i t i. m a i
'
D r cve zn t o rs. - Lib d m r i m u lli m ir le . l
-
'gO,Sri or, siRerlnd n slil n).nal. risl. rdfsfr nrloruii, l; la {orbifr cu siionimul
ObseraalLc
Urnat de un iniiiitiv perleci, rerbLtl ol,glt arate ci o actiunc sau o staro
TlIc proofsodsl'/ o harc lfen co'r'cleil long r8o-

h) vobahilitdtc:
T'il'lJ.i',i'i,i, 1""'"* leen ire -v o1v

t^ltI'i"JIHb iJi,TTflil:dii,LH:llivnaunecositare,ogic
t'"";1,1;,, d" si-rlu'
,. .rr rr"l'uirp\p'i,n, o ohl,clri".m ^rdli
i l o r
'l"r"r'ninf
r
, l r ' n ' i " i n r i d. n l0a" ' 'rrr1:
"orsriin 5. "dJ '^r"l'rzr'
u, t I l # J ; ; : . : : . , 1 ; : : l ' i : , ' i , i i " i ; , , ' ,, " ri n " , y ru n i d r, .
o l:"0'l r' r
t,, { l,i:,'1;J"0,','.3i'
"";;,ll:i":,:i.'l'i:
IIlrBX DXTIICIIYI'
"' '' " "" $ 20{i9
' ],TIJ
Tol deleciive sini ,siurmitoarele-forme verhale menitc si atragi atenlia:
e eamil s 20?0
iibnlv,tnf tr'" + ".r1' : pruclenidj : Fifi atenliBege-ti
't""tL"?Jiill,
- pizili-re ehotii ebuzunarer)
n,"oo""o"rsr
persoana a 2-r'
\rerbul este intrubuinlat numai la imperativ,
s 20?
$ 2072
s 2073
I l$iFiir:,",,1
r,"."'. ;;,Jr ;r*lr:;i".,liil.*ivl'.'""i
-,
- r l ' i " u l : quo'h luorhrr" P'timar'
(VD SHAI,I, $ 2074

m'dale $ 9i0)' s 90?6
.\, asL erb dfp parle in-calFgoriauxilisrrlor'l'h'tit' s 20?6
.i. o"ti. - r;.but 'rol orc dounr onno:
tonrpprsoan're
ij."ioi*oq"ti^ ri ncgalic iocrn'l"o e nrcrossli; i dF nceaLintnrur'
ii:lir;'l::;li.(::"i';'LiJIii-Ji"ii,io;.""'n s 2077
mdtoarele:
'i;,',, r,*,,',
;ffiiiill$llii*i,ri1iltfii:
Prcnuttlidt lezi q 186C. -1R68 - . i vprb au\iliar 3au $ 2078
C. f*"1t. - S,d/, (l inf;niLivul n omll'lr PndtF
'"'"rIlu,"l'*u s u x i l i a r f n r n ' ' " / a Y i i r n r u lnur r t " ' u l n t " r m o J s l r : s 20?9
i,iirrri , ) i t ( r u tL . [ , i r p . r q o d n r ' l s g . i p r ' r r S I 4 9 6 l l ' 0 1 \ :
;;'""": r'"i;fii- ;:lT'l''' i-l';,1;^l'i;l';IJ

"',
i:11";;"'
Yiitorcrrec'r
fiiiL"lxl'ffigr L",,l"l"ii19ii*.rlil"lri,ili,["'Ts
**ffii1,'miiu*,,,ttl'.yi11r"1,":il;l,,llkiit;kl'il
430
L) (,iitoru\ t)olitit' (toate persoanete) $ 1507) (colorat modai):

I tell yon I siall ,.eai tlie s1l€ed ccord. (lloiirlrc)
11i' spirn cI sint liotilrit s;l bal. rccordul de rjlczir'i
{ . s/ . 1 1 / o , r I (0rl'
lTrebuie s o laoi droi' . i .srun o at.)
i l Jo . l ' . Jo l Ja , 8 , , ^ l l | g \rn.i'(dr
' r e , , ' , - Jn " r ' l - . r . r ' r ' r i r s' l - ' r 1 i / -J p rorrrP
lD".'n. ")li
\ \1
u . . . ll tAl (ga' lrior F
, d. ,; " " ".L' .s' p ' l
I 'i 1i .r -' $u^ rrk ' "I r l r llu' ' or m " i ' r_Pi : l
Jl i sF
Tlese Nl.s r/n,l ir, in 1or&'till Jure loDli8rlie lcgalaL)
(Acest ngulunent rilrnE lL rjSoarc pjlll in itrDi. )
1r ruu look ihrudsl, r\ar boor. aau shalL nLd Ll)edatr vou wart. (Previziure cerid)
, D i J\ , _ : . i ' i L;_1"' . \ ' i J5 , l1r 'J 1 r p J; n ' r o i p
""
c) subj\ndirul (\ 21)')).
2080 2) Ca verDmodal tste inLrehuirlai in limba englezdconlenporane in spe-
cial sub forrna s/rr"kl (S 21J81)
$ 2081 (vn) sH{JULn

s2082 l'un(,tii. -.5'ro ld poate li auxiliar sau Yerb modal
9083 1) Cd verb auxiiiar forneazii:
a) ditorul f.1ld.]e lrccut i ditarut P.rletl i4.i {i€ fec,l (persoana1 sg fi
pl.) ($ 1502) necoloraLnodal):
I knciv r/@zllsa.him. (Vjitomi aln de rt.rt)
(itiam cn l roi vcder.)
wc r/@uld ote drL.n.d x lilc o'cl.ck (\iitorul le'fect laln de trecut)
We
(-\msaiil
spus il ne r. nrtoarue ind a ora oinci.)
b) ri,itor l ealitir fald dc fc,tlrl (toate persoaneleS 1514) {modal):
I lold 1'u,,'r.1" 1 / , , . . i , ' i o - j o ' r | Jr . b . n e s' l H o t l r i r ' 1 .. 1
l l . Jn . t u : . I n r ' i l ' d r " r r J; r ' r ; l ' n l ' r l e n t r u n p g r ' JP n \ r I
Hethn..neun.,r'r.r'\ h,rl, ad m )"* rlillhd) trdrPla.ghv A n n : n l Jr e )
(ti dlma,r:'l Ld: i .i'u \ur',p,r . ') 1. \ot ri 'ur nl J
'd'"'r
\ t r n \ i - t o , . 1 - . / . . , / o t r . f o - ^ . . \ i ,, . l r ' , ' r 5 h " Ji ' r l d , L \ ' f r o m i i d n '
l sa f Jg I l" ,J d 11'l d"i15 rrr'r-r'1 r'mar)l
'' P E n o l ' t u n ' n O r J' n l
ir"*.',"-o Fui"pa"l'. rti"" /r'1. 'doi
q Jd d 6 0 / ,'1 , i \u'ir'r' \ l ' Ji e 7 " r l Jr I ' t m d r u r '
"''i'i -'lp
']'r,-"v read the siholastic 1.or sroeid /d lictddd into lbrcc ternrs (Obligaiio iega]li
(Au'citit o[ anul tc.la. vli ii imll4it jr t.ci trimeslle )
c) condiltonatutp ersodna ss. Ei pl.) ($ 1618-1619):

I s ho, / / eo \ i i l . t . p L, o nl l ' ' l s i r ej ^ i r ' LC ol n pr ' / " n
( \ l - d. du; \ 'rrz D ' r . L' Ln1, , i 'i J, : , , l o, . l l J u I
' '
\\,it:shauldh*e sp.ken \adn't $. leen so s}y {Cond lerr€ct)
irlm li rortit daan u drn ri lost alil.lc timide-)
S 1583'1 593):
rt) un echiaatcpenta snbian(:tia
Ii is good ihat iheJ rlio,l.l ft.op it- (ComlleliliL directi)
( n st cb i n e so f t i c. )
l l d ; . Jn l o o L 1 r L r , l . l b l ' p . l , L I r ' l l s" l l _ r o r ' . ' - s f:rdli
.\u s. u i J l Pd r r'{ 5 d ) i n r l d :n i n d a l l
'
t t i" r t e r l d t ' u b | : J, r ' i s r , r , d , n C 6 $ r . l o | p l Jo . L n o w C o n Ji l i o n l : l l
tDd.a""l'1 iipuLLi r " | . " l i l - i l . \ ' i i l d J' \ t r P . l
t. j sh " , h o 1 l d t , a r 1 : . " a n r b o u L . i - l r o r o r : L n e n I n n l cd i d J w o r d { C \ l d m d i r \ )
l r J, l i i . i l upbptn a \ 3 n s' l r p s l u r r i b 1 - \ u l l p o t o r L l )
'
w h r / r , l , r l l l o u Jt t d I - u n \ i ' h h ; n r r F r o r i i '
( D c , . sl n i r e ' u ] 1 , , , , ' i t t l e cl ? )
43 1
" l s 1 l { n i cl so n c o Cl u j - Na p o .e ? "l l o s sr o u l d kn o $ ? ' , E \.ta m a ti v)

(A plecrl I)rniel h Cl',j-Napoca? D€ u^de sr"r iir eu?)
( \' e ,i i i S 1 5 9 r . l 5 r 9 l
2) Cr auxilixr modirl are toate persoanele .si ufmdtoarele intrebuinlnri: S 9084
,x, ( : tr e b l ti e , ar tr o b r i ) , si n o n i m cu l ]l ' g tr i ,d a r cu l n i tl e s m n i sl a b . e ste { 2 0 8 5
'
r d c." o r i r r .j .l q .,l J r ..,u sp r e r .l r - i . ,i " n n sti u i p .l p q r .b ; r e .o .
' ' .r ,i
(: deett
i r e b u ioe )obligatie.
: Shonkl (.: at tfebui) este n1ai ptrlin categoric ca
You s/'dli d, von. dniy. (Obligaiie bsolutl)
tA1 sl l.i 1l.oi - lrrniic s{ l.i-ldci) {litorinll
\o\ shauldd. Iou. dutr-. (Obligltie niorald)
(,\r trclui siLli laci datoria.l
'l liey s/@LldDot azgn s. l,)ud.
l \u a. l r e b u isn .l d e a i j t.l c ttc.)
,\ll is as it snorld Dc.
L Io t,,l e sn r i n r (: cu n i t..b u i cl .l
5 1 o " 1 d s- rt 1 .1 , ,' \F,., \ n \, r .r . '
s.- t ,." n .." , 1 .,Jn
" i \ ^j r ,, | .a m ..- u t \..r o - .,,
Shat d+ infinit;rul €ft.l erpd,nd o obligafie sar o recornandare carc g 2086
u a fo st i n d e p l i n i tn :
Sh. ."n,zld narc rall€d to hio,.
(r\r li trebuit/rrebuia s[,i yortcasci .)
. Shonln a nelLlic+ infinitituL p.rfcct arate dezaprobareaale de o ac- S 208?

truno d\irsiti in trlrcuti
'll|e\ shouldn'thaeec.tue so taL.
(\u a. ti l,reluil sI vini aia de tbznl.l
D, exprinn o pte:iupunere sau o prababilitate:
TheJ snouid c in by noF.
[-{r trebui si iie (ptobabil, t siirt) acaseaoun.]
A r e Jo u l ô ki - g o r yo u r " o d l .1 I i /D,l / r p i n th p h 1 l l .
l l l i i d u l i h d i n a r m i ,a D,l 1 F n /n l r ' u .)
(YXr) WILL s 208

Ac€st vcrb fAceparle din categoriaauxiliarelor deiectivemodale( g 1940).
A. forml. Verbul pill are dou[l forrnc: S 2089
0,ill - prezent (toate persoaDele)
oonld - trecut (toate persoanele)
B. Intoroge.tiafi ogo,tia. Formele de interoga.iieti de negalie slnt ur- S 2090
' ' 1 1 l T ' to h F s h " ' itlL \" Y o /ttr P v :

I jo u /. - 1 e ir /$ e r n , h" r ' ttl o t tr a ;t) .
Pronrnlare. Yczi $ 1866-1E68.

C. Functii. Itil, porte fi rerb principal,verb auxiliar sauverb modal. g 2091
l) Cr rerb priroipol, tt;ll prate fi defectiv sau rcgulat: s 209
a) retb defectit) : a voi, a dori, a-i plncaa): s 20e
It shnllbe as you 0tl1.
(Va i a,iaouni yei oi.)
I tfh.r) :,t lr,rdl n tprro.,,,r 12.\.t .,t t'h,t)) uould{./,, t r d . . r terio.r1l a
21s._) slnl ioln nrharp dlalr a r'r.' n".L" x m . i J.r-
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze tn sd'r n - l ; l r l p r " i d . 422/609
132
Conc when you eilll
Sav drat he ptll, I can't ieliere l,e djd riglii.

(SrnniL el ce-o vrea, nu lot medc cI a procsdat ust )
209 . ) .,€r, refllldl. coniLlqatca orice verb regulat Ia toate modurile rimpurile
.i pc r s o" nnl" . - qir nn" r i I nlir ; li\ ul on' oi. l . ioJ " " t a c uz ul:
D 'J: a
"'"a
It;liins and '
Nisl,itis afe not urc s.ne.
(A dori Du e acelrri hcru cu a roi.)
You mnst rill to gct bcttcr.
{Trcluic si rrci peni ou sit le taoi binf.J
lle Nbo succcsss hru wrr lo it. {Pro db)
(CeIcarc''tlls
ro'rtie c,, rdevnf.[ sir izblndcason ti izluiit pe jumiii0te )
0 ,,) : a l n sa l r i n te sl a m e n t:
He (illedr his cbildrcn cr.rJthit'g he losscsscd.
(-{ lisai lrir tcsLdintDt opiilor sai tot ce avea.)
2095 2) Ca verb auxili:rx:

a/ Iorme^zi vijtorul fi viilo t pertcct persoana 2 a ;i a 3-a sg. i p1.)
($ 1496,1501):
You pill se, ),ir tomorrolt. (Viil,o.)
(ll lci vrdca miire.l
ile eitt hae. teaht ihe ness by then (viiior lerlect)
(Probalil cI ra li aflat gtirer lini atuci )
,J formeazn yjitortrl votitiv (toate persoanele) (S 1507):
. L
(A um
i , i nsl,u nr ol :ul | l; m
,' .d Lre
i Jd c llao nl ."
' garl.rr r. eInLtr n lsr
i .e i ' Ir ' l
Il ihal's whatyou aazr.I'11be herc ononoN (Pernisiune
(Dacn {st{ vrei, an sll liu rnlile acolo.)
I Mn'I ga Lo bcd, I am not sleepy. Hottuhe)
(Nu vreau st mn duc la culcart, nu e sonltr
lYe otll s?e o the luggage, on't (you)worryl (l)romisiun€)
l \, n ' ' r ' i q ' i \ d p b a cd r ' . n u li I " I ' a m i ,
:' r i l e , o - ' . sr .a l " v;r .) o .JI P .r r sl e n l l \
,E d ol \' ;r si d i n ,1 st. o _ i r " - d i . r r " .l
(toate pe}soa-
d.,)ajuti la
nale) S 182?) : construi{ea prezentului lormei lrec.reniaLivc
Otr SundavDornires.he aill olten so to the rhil.rD,oDic oncerts-
lDuninio.t"dimi.e.ii (ei)s€ ducca.leseorir conc€ricleilannonicii
S 2091i 3) Ca a,uxilillr modih
S 2097 .. a/ pe,stre,azir dcea de ,,perseverenld" hiar in cazurilc n care noliunra r1e
vnior a oNparul:
I ' ,' r 4 /.o p lh i { n p .o p l' sl pp
' 4 . :n 1 l r ' L ,. d in n .., i in d lJ m u lo ir m p
h u r i" i: r a ,. ir lo lo .n ,
Yot ail haee ' '
(l'ersiFti sl faci"cc rr.i. / lnt;rdealn.t 1,-ci ce \'rci.)
Tl,erc arc nroDle dro :till canc tatc io the llieatre-
lsint oamprd aare nu lor sa sc lasc de obiceiul de a \'oii ihziu ]a lcat.u )
$ h r /r ll v o u r ." \" f r s /? a lo $ h d l I lL Y l
tDp ' " e n r ;' il, s ,i n I J " u ll: n :" o d d , ' " . .t .1 )
I a ,tl : un l.eJanent.
{
l ou af3 niseralki. I aoLlda be you.

(Eiii rcfcriciii. \ nr,'d sd liu ni locul tl|u )
It',rlli ii were l.rtret, Subi. oond.)
i De r r r i a d e vtr a i :t
lrbz&, thai l.hefewere cv$lasting p.acc 1 (Eubj. oond.)
( e r t l i l a ce r e tr i c )
Itr,zl.l: now lhe trlt $viIL misis .rzld tdl.
l h e i f wct g fa st o n n y h a i r 3 ( S u b j .co i d .l
j ' ., n - l .' ' " n d p r o o ,r .y W i - . r .. o o yo n ;. r b j ..o n J
\.to ' L Jte l l :.u r n l r b u'it" - Cp
,,tJ-
r -L" ro' .L n r ., r n r .r .
210E 2) Ca vorb ruxilior (f infinii,ivu ;n
^,mplet) orm€azi:
2107 . a) e;itarul t 4 cl -rlecut i ditotut petcct ald de rr€da, persoana 2,a 9i
a J-a ss. si pl.) (g 1502):
Hc pronised he dol,t harder this year. (Viiiorul tatA dc irccut)
''o&rd ci v.r lucra mai'mult anul acesra:)
($ia luat arsajancntul
Ik\.^h *o u tth a .r g .tt' o m A b Jr .p r i ^.Jn .wd n th r .. l vi i r .p d r t. tr l ti d d l r .f.J
tu, m vd rr iJunn JU rcr fd dJd.g. piDt q- ,l r.i . a.olo.)
9103 b aiitorul tulitie fd,tii Je recat ( toate ersoanelc) 'g 1514) colorat no dal)
I promised roltd ra him. ipromisiunc){Viir.orul all.rc trco.)
(AIn lrgiduit on voi trimi.)
\ye said wo ooltd l@re the letter |y the iide ho came. Inr€dtie) {Viit. ert.
fallt de trec.) ''fn,,4
(/\rr stus crl vo,n ri scrissc.isoa.ea t' 1 ia vcnirea rui.t
Ile aovldl' siag it spiLeot our insisronce. Ilouriret
{riu a vrtrt si oinle, ou toai.I si,.lruintanoasht.)
S l to xr .td p ' d d t " h . \.,1 n wh p n L wi r r p 4 r o .t" r n . tp p r n - tl i i .l
r P r f" a si stu i e e l d v:u . r ,1 1 d vo i d r .1 1 d o r m :)
2 t0 1 , . To r tp i m p l i cr ti i l e a r ;r ta i e l a g 2 0 ? i r - 2 1 0 2 p e n r r u ve r b u l .' i si n t va l a -
Ii l c si tp n tr u l o r m ,r wo a l l , tr n n sp u se n sd l a tr e i u t, i a r p cn r r u i tu str a r e a to r
pof servi acoleasi exemple, cu verbul la trcclt (eould \nioc ale sitl), Astfetl
I r.ulltrl,to to od, I \ r sn' L 5t eeD v, tlotArtrc,
{\r dn vflr' ' 1T1d r. l'..lc,r::u m i + r , som n. )
rY" nkud , . r nor ro be, r E- \ v r,./d s, r i o Lhp uoodo. . , t ' f om i" i un" ,
rr-1n 5| . s 5l n I ,tib1"orfy.
5f Je p" nr | ' , 1 n^ fo )r ' . ut 1 noi de bj j 1j . . )
Wtr"n Jou w Fr d rll yuu, ud. i dgo ort w h. t r evar I s. i d. ,t pr r evor p. l J)
( C l nd. r ai i ohl v sLdJi ai i di i di n cd" a o. i ue dt , r spus, r . l
"J
t
2110 c)
Y o ucondiltonalal persoana2-a.sie
,o ,r d l 4 p u s wi ' n L h ewo fk i l yo u co3-a
d td .sg.9i pl.)
Co n t.p (S 1618-1619):
r r z.)
{ Ne - a i j u ta n m u n crd a ca a i p u i e i .)
IL .? o u L r l4 p b p e n ^\tp | y o r n d d co n e h p r p . co n d .p e r l ,
( A r i i ( o st m a i l i d e d r c,l r r l i vcn i t a i ci .J
d,) v\ cond,ilion.tl cu inplicaliiLe ,iitoruld[ aolitia (ioate persosnele):
J_pozl d sdy r hi s: yo r 1dv" i Tt r uvd d gf r dr . dpJt r l r el y.
l trpburo si mtturispsc (: rr vrea sI spun acearta) cI ai prog.esat toarie mult in
ulti,ra y. em o. l
| I hD p Bir"a j , d r ' o ti k ,r i n dny . rq". , nr"nli")
' oat
{ . \ yedn l" sl . l i d I I r 1 or , e cdz bi t , r t . ,
JI nd
2ll2 c e . om p1r a In . onr r lqL in, r . Ldin: dr al v er bulni a, dnt n?au -
. ",, a -
rndtcatrvpr ez enL) u ac eeaa m oC alului eor &l ( : a+ v r c a- c or ldiJ . ional
"You don'i q4ur o." "I @atd t I coutil,buN can,t.,,
I Proloziliile ,,I q.uld lhaL iL ee.c rfte."
el ice conplciate: "I polid that thf..
iProporilio l @r l
3 "lipli.J: now rL t h" ' nt l , .
Lnsupr l psAbel ur or nLi u. M at M . L, Sana.
43i
A se compara:
I / . rU l' 1 \ " I , . ' L r o r I n d d g . 2 l' . rp lp s ' . i L t u "u n ' jir: o r' .
. \ . l: o l l: r d . ' n ' l. i, u \ r 'L. r' b . : r . . . p , irr, , ". u l
"r r' . , d t ln , r. r /
I iro&U hae taid ior l.hcdaniage. Irtentie) (Viitor rolitiv)
[ -\ i ji p lllil d a u n c ] e .: a rc a d ln l; iria s -o ic )l
I I r. io rl, l' \ r b d p I ' d rF o u g , " . \ ' . rt , mo J . l
l\ I ll) . ' r n t r L ir s 1 li J i i I
[H(t ] ]s.orll
) a r ii hato ic i. l hcr . lsimph conililrior{l)
n J s t . been
iV e z i si g 086)
/,/ ajut.i la oorstruirea trecutului lomlei frecvc tfttile (toat€ persoa,,ele) S Pl13
.a1827):
lhel' ,,zld olto go hikinq.
i ilccau adesforj e-\cusii pe ios.)
f o" n, dn, J ,\" h" . l , ' o, r . / , nor . op1l o us
l / , F I n. , i di r i . \ dr . J ( . a . , . . voi J r vo, l , . d$J/ . " r oi . l
II/r"ld
3) poate ti modal
Ca auxiliar siorplu(+
auxiliar sau auxiliar
infinitivul modal (: voia).
incomplet): iq 2114
n l JlcaiuietiF nnsrnr.lii cu ilorl,7. orma de oferti sau (erere poliri, . \ 9u 6
oJsJ pnn e\rlarrr d:
I l ' or , l \ oJ , a. p l u- i . . D or I , a:
. \, Jor i o . " i ) . d
' l " . Pd:
l.l'.uld you nrind postins Lhis tor me?
, Fr i t e r oA Lun > i D n" ; , . ast a t d oo\ t J I
f".,r d r dnj a sa. . . ,
(Vezi qi g 20ee)
,, tntrebuinlat, in propozi_tiilo ondilionale cu sensul d€ ,,a voi,, intro- S 2116
o cerere S 2100,2761):
I - r u - "a u t J ae h
. D a' l \ r p. r si m . m di . z, p" n ru pr Jm pn, s. a- puL; r s. i I i du J dr ' dJ" " . . r , .
._., toate pcrsoancle) e\pri|me prababilitated: S 2lI?
l\Iotlie.w .nt lo workwhen $'asa babv- po.&,bc tlirccat the ime.
illama a ln.etut sn uc.cz.cnd er{m mic.Si tot ii avtrteu Ici ani pe rtrrot.l
I don'l kD0w who it lozu bc-
lNu t liu c ilc a r p u ie a i .l
I thougnt he Qo,ld lia{c }ritten.
[Am crenlt cit iprobabi]) soisesc.l
I r"\ , rs r' d d I n o . \ o r h ro . . _ \ , . \ , ir u , / / d "r"
l\ i, : , . J , , . , 1 . . . h . r' r, , " r, r, i r. . |. i . 1 | . j | , , n . ,d d " , . t , , , jn o . -
l la tot ce esle c lru.[].1
SHALL (-<rlOlrLD),W ILJ, (\\:OLrLDl \ 211

,lltc irtxebuir{iri
1)irln propozi-tiileeonditionalol,slro"ld {h roate Dc$oancle). trddus i,u {' 2lIfi

l i .6... . /,/r,poztt n. h;utpn al I ubr'or iii, sucerind rnprubcni
't,,,
in mai na.e misuri dectt subjonctivul verbului reipecri\. (.\ 27?1):
Ii ile postman/DLld,rtzsie p.rccl orde.cd y posi,ny sisterw orlil et meha .
ar
_ r D / - l f r , ' of ul r' ; i cad' r , p, r m \ J' o. . tn" . Jr pt - dm Lor nandr r pr inpor t a " nr Jm e,
, r a. e sa- m r r r r na r m edr ar . t
lfroloziiia
condilionald stc o slbordonat care exprimn o eondilie (S 2?i2). 426/609
4.lG
Y o u l ,a d ti o l a ki th . t) o p m o sl ,o N t to tl c cd i i .o rn .,a so . sl o l r l r , tn
(Mai |iDc ri hr loezia si i-o areli rfdaeton,lui da.ii s.ar lntimlrla si iic acasiL
.\l a u l J ' ^r t,o tp 1 i l r o r ,l ,o u l ' l ,n p p , ) o n r r r ' .Fi \.n r'rc
i l ,a ' ' ;." r " .i ;i .m i a n " r o r In ,,n :.r ' l i . - '.
I shall tcll l,in mr nlans or tlie ho[]a1s si,,/d Llieoc.asiondf,:5?
1ii voi nnleriiLli r"roiectelemele )entru rcanliL dac:L .af ivi , umva p.ilcjul.)
,q. se compara:
She ronld let rno kDorv l Ann ddlled. subi,nx Litul rerldhti .4lll
LlDal mi-rr de dc ltirc dacn ,\na ar rdii.l
S h cwo l l d l { ,1m D kn o { i l A n n s/@ zl d .a 4 . L n l fo b a b i l i l r t. a co l n l r r r r i i lS u l ) j o r .ti v
l ( l i a ) r i a r d a d c i l i r e d m o a .. n r l h p l a .a .\r i 3 i r h i .l
2120 2) ln DroDozitiile onditionile, ron(esivc' relatirc F temporlrlc, sldll,
i rrtrn b u i ai l a o e t" p c r.o .n " 1 " . l " i d " rr .1 " \i i l n t P U r rS 2 3 6 n ' .
2l9l 3) I Nould like. In gramrtica lradilion e. vcrbele Ia lik?.. to ctir':, to
ptfcr, to bcelud. to ln incliietl, to ind it h.1rd. Lc ailatc adeseoria persoann
i l i rr ,,r,/d ri J r^ rH
l l n p l " p " /i i i i otr
Iikc,'Linutrt l - ' .".I lwould
i L i o " 1rt[pt,
., n , pI u \rauld
. u br:
du glat], Irl lo d finds hitohard
u l J to saa
etc. sinl pleonasmc.Se wa spune deci gramatical cor0ct: 1 siould lthc' I shauld
.o r. | .houtJ p r.f,r. I .1r''u1,1. 2t4d. l, u tl h p d i h r|t lono'J t
l n ..i rl ,i ' u " ' i .t t' ." l n h :;td ;t' , 1 r" 1 td y l t e r. .i , r i n ' n b L i r: ' -
ln mo.l turent, con"qirucria ceastapitrunzinrl chiar in corosponden a ti.rialn
a unoi edituri ca 'O\ford University Prers'.
2122 4/ fo m l l e ti rp l o rl i r0 rl o i n l ro i l rr.c p r;n l h t" . \' r' l F p It' ri ri i "er
u L j o r. :' u i rl i .' .h o tt ,,ts h u u td l ,' l ;a " t" ,rr' l i n l n d l .:;//. r' .p ' .
,rt ,r' rr' rr
ti \ ' ro , d de
verbului. J uixemnlu
t,. {p L ,r,dupn , ,recu;iniele
.u q p --0 /-io. be i r' anions
1 1 ,r" " . (- aa dori
rF /ufoarlo
ll " ,1 rL r,r'
tnoli') io
tlcmand, to d':site,'Io expect, o intend (intcntion), to oftler e\c (+ thst)
I an anti.us rhal Lhe ti1hi Inan s/i4ll b. selecl.€d or lhe iolj
li|e d.emanndt that av cilldrcn sftr&rl be \tell looked altc..
\\' 6 . D " ' h a , ,o .4 | o \ r l' r lr l r r r f p l 4 -
tt t..,a - d " .ltt' ,,,t," r I In ,^ ,- /u //b ,.t' r r ,,r ,^ . ll' ilF .
l t \- i) p a, t ' ,n .' ,n ^ o .J .,- .1 ,]n l- i. ' .1 "
l" F o r l1 n i/e r o ./.- /,n a ,r ./b " td ' itr ,\r l' .1 \.ll,n " o r ' l .r l- \' ,5 "
T n P d r in L {1 ,. o ,a ,r " r d ,n d l .lJ r tu o m " .h L ld a t
' t- '
O b s e re a l te
1n l ro p o z i l i i l c u rrd ro € r.. v"rbFlp o hof' to I o . /o /f '.
rP s u -' ' ri n
i n l l u .n ta re i rc z u l ' a ru l u i .s e ,o q .l ru i p c . . I a u x i l i J ru l ,r//.'
I n r€ (th a t) ou ''ir rone.
I /ed. {inrt) iL 0'lr rain.
$'e .' e, (thal)shc ,tI gel throughcr cxam.
/,}. se compara:
I e ..,€ .r L 1 l v r ' r - tr n ,' o v i r fu lfil r o ' r r n - .J e ' .
tT a " tr r r P ' d i i i .l. r .' ,r ,l,t: _ :u ll,l l i \' r ' l' lp la lin 5 i li Jdpi
{ngrjamenl.ul.l
Wc dr?c, (thatl slic ( ill sei llfouqh hcr e\am. _' Proba}jl cl ra rc ' la
fAo ,;p..r'ntr arc airi nioi o llu-qiln asulr{ rerullaLului.
2123 5) Propozitiilc irnle oonlin uneori fornel€ r'ubale s/rcaltlsau porld:

Wc dn'i.lcd he cete eqnally, o rlar no one turtldconllain {riohilaleni subj.. len'
tru ca nidcni sd nu se plingi.)
Slit nui some low;rs oir iour t ble so Ddr vou dorld lccl rr.lrome$'hcn xot canc
lE,rhiralent subj. Viil;ul lali dc tr.ctrl) i oa s., h' snnli o{ l. lire acasir ind
4Zi
(\) T0 DrriD s212

. f o f iI o . I u Drlii.
\ . f h u l ro d a rc a ' ", | u . ; ,
; ilp p e c d re lc ird f t , lin "s i, . l-l e s t , :
. , ju s d ri n1r , t "t . d rt d t,L. s212
1) rc rL L a r. id il t g rla l, t ra n z it ; v s a u irt la n z iliv : sau:
' rt o u i' t 4 r. 1
t . t , r ' , , , l4 l , it "rp , \ ' rl"lo r
"n | a l" I tnonatL,, t .
l) (: j, Frb lc \ i' . rl r, q rlrt a . e rrr' o i' . m, , i . r. , , t u d t d p r I f n r. , a . 3 Fa ra - s 212

l r, . , d i, " i' , . p rr. u l: . . r rn o r , z ' i-. . . " / -. . . " t n h u n ri. . , i . riJ i-. . a , t p .
li' l . b ' i\ r . . . . , Tru \ o o ii, ,onpo ' , . n . . r t o o t " I t b . l t t lrla t :
. r/ , rp i' lt rn i r' . 1 p r^ c lr' , 1 " p . rii, rli t o , d a t . , t^ t o , . rJ ". J .
,/ :,re sufi\nl -s la persoana a 3-a singLrlar indicativ pr.zent
s
da'€s: \ 2 98
Shc d,,/cs o ryalli in tlrc woods bI troseu.
c/ arc lrecutul reguldt terminat cu sulirul -ed - dared: s 212
\ o lo l\ / d "t (ro )s 1 r' a n r' 1 n _ h.n r' " rJ mr ' x , _ x : n , -f . , z r, l
Th \.o. /n o ri"r . h t . "id . ro . "rit ", d r. . u ro . .
-n . , r
Jl .f. p a rri, jp iu l . ' , ' rin rr .u . u ri\ u l -ed , / a r"d - si $ 913
u rr, Fl . o mp u . . , . o n s t ru ir , ru r, " nd t e rn u l u rir, , . u i re rL r"l-l"r:
He hasihad/won'i h{\'e/&,cd i,o alprole ot such lal niociless resolurion.
eJ formele compuse alc v.rbului lo dal, pot ti urmate atit de intinitivul s ttr3l
cit Si (mai rar) de infinitivul iuconplet:
No o ^ p ld d p re rJ d -. / t t a ) t o lt . t o ' i, L c u r rt t s o n t , c J l n . l
. t k o t l d t rc (b ) r11 r '. a rt h .
Sheqoukln't ddrenot ta k e,lft \\.r\.
Hc , o s da,.d r, L t rd n r t h a s io rr.
/, €sle conjugat c u a u r; liRru l DO ] a f o u n € le rle in t e ro g a lie qi dc ncga i e:

Hoi do Iou ddl. rioi con,. heN?
Tl"\ d d , 1.,.,u n , r ' h mL . , l r
"t d
\\ h.\ djJ I' d," o \ q ' . . .. l'
' , r'
I i,,-
/ t , r
gl..pdme.sieaun;li:rrul dc lntdr;re D0 li cii tnl.rcuitor penrru evitarea unei $ 213
You said hc wonldn t, bu1.lic dtd la.. mii io $'ritc l.liai lertef. lidr't l,c?
He zra..s to swim lo i.he sl.nd. and so d, I_
I drD'r ztdle o swirn to tl,c ishnd, nor d.es t,e.
2) Caverb alefeetir odel, ranzitir sau ntranziriv,
d f t ir J o rma qd p € rs l4 d . s i rn rrrr' , . I , , lr rn i-. ,.a a \ "" are
. u ranlelesut
ju l . , , amspaiinstab
"u s 91e
/ n Fg d lir; ) . i t , r, ?:nrn . a d . , ri. t i. ilF A U\ ijid rp l^ r J -le , riv e
' , , p 1 d ".
{r_./ re o singnlii lorDi - darc. urrcori ;i dared la trecut, dar atunci se $ 213
un delectil.;
,, nu are iilinitiv. participii. nici inperativ; slB
c,/ nu are su{ixul -s la persoanaa i] a singular ndicativ prezenr, ndieari-
liind asadar:-
s213
tft. she. it .|arc. ddred
, 1 t e L lic
a ) For 'Ld art ,Jujixul s lr per.oa,,a a 3,a singular esle pr"c/'rald, penr,ru S 2138
p rn t . ra : 0 t 1 , . . n
rro p o rr(r S d lt t o s 6 u if i rirp & rrrl r"rf l. si ada-
Ho{' dd.a }-ou cont.adict him?

FIe l@e not/ddl,1r rnsw."r he.
438
2139 frr) Dsr€n't este lorma abreviaH a n€gativului darc nr, qi poaie fi ln-
tr€buin,tatn pentru a exp ]nfl orice timp: ?r€:cnt, trccal san viitor-
21,10 c, l orllla y€iustn durst - t.eLutul Fi subionciivul prezent la toate pe}-
soaneie este€vitat{ in limba engl"zamonerna. ,r rr.iepgia trl u l u i iriesc
9i n vorbir"a pcrsoenelorirsrnice.undeeste ntrebuin aii tn specidln propo-
ziliile nasaln F bsu cnrdilionale:
IIe d&rrtnot conc, bul I did. (Tfccut)
It sheduru,w riic, shc$ould do t. (Subjoncli )
In limba englezx actuala. darsl este inlocuit l. mod curent cu dar. Fau
dar.d la indicativut tr€cut gi la subjonctivul prczenr:
llorv ddl, )ou com. in $hcn I was out? {Treout)
llou,- liad read nJ school repo . but .l@c/d) not tell Fatl,fr. (Titcui)
Tht:\, date(d) noi sperk lo h im . l' fr e c u i)
11 h c .ld .r l r n s we r . he s o tr ld d o ii. {s u b jo n c tiv )
2111 d, rUodilul l.1l?E nu csle conjugat rrr auriliarul DO la lornLclc nt€ra-

gativi 1i regative, ci prin inlersiune in Irn)f.zi ia intcrogatiyi, sau fu adlu-
garoaunci negatii n propoziljanegitiyar:
,d.d she say so?
Hos daro yoo write sulih rrash'1
lle .tar.: nati.ta n t oI)eD yotr. lcito.
2142 .J cste urmat de infinitivul inco11rplet,:
He dd.. noi so home now.
\ot darc sar\ lou rre risht?
(lDdrdztrettii,r'spDi.i aidrcpiate?)
21.13 f, este repetat in interogaliile confirmalive si ln rlspunsurile scurte:
"ltc du.€nl scnd tliat $irc, da.e l,c?" "Oh lcs. he ldf..;
2111 e./ este umrat imediat de adverbelcde timp neprecisdlttay.s,nero) some-
rtrres (S 2299) si de adverbele asimilaLe cu a&sLe'. (almast, hatdly' scar-
cely etc.), ru precedAt de €le, cutlr esle cazul celorlalie verbe:
ch d .- ,P /r ,J ll.' g ,ir ' .
\\'e date.l not afL.n.ross th-" sl..eel nJ oursi]res.
'lhe ddr. ha t bteerne r{' lcar ol Nrking hnn.
O hs c r e&1i e
ndf J t , " i r n: r . ; r " pLU i nl . I r, . pe. i i l i 1 pr npoz i r i i l ' i nr , r " : a i r , . r . e
t , r r i . " . " ol di ; i or s r . . au . l uui , , r i r ' , d: , r i i pr - / ' ' r L. i . ' r bj " n ; i u r , r . . rr ,
. l us l \ i n. pl - , i " e, nr , r i n r I g" i i . , : t . . u. ] t . t . : r . nob. l t . t . . no on. t , . 1 -
I r " 1, , pu/ i l i ' . I i r 11r : \ , r , oi . r " r ' , I,..r' ' . r i - p n. l - ^ r ' , r r F bl r - . r ,
.i r ,' t , " r - f" ,t.," - - ii l " î ' i
'' 1 214"'. t.r ' ,r ,u l :.( . " a ,,,/
Ncitfur cun. aft ert:.
A secompnro:
She darc r,r t.rke out. Ure b.i[ n) 0,is riin. (Dflfoii tnod.l)
i\u h,dlhaFil.e ( - sc tcd) se scoali lnfra e plo.ia aceasta.l
Shc drcs n,, darc io take out.lle bo.l nr ihis rain. (T.an7. reguirl)
lNu hdrlzreite ('d are .u.aj 1) si s..ai. r{rca le tlo.ria ac.asta l
Shc dd.cs me to take o 1. the bo.t. (lr,rnz. rcgulat)
iMe deslide s''r scol barca.)
- ' r dd'.r ( r u r d li oul my lour in l , :" ( lr n ? i {,' j 1 ,1
( In d r l/n " r . 5 .o 1 lt b .,r .J t" p lo .,ix d .p a .ld .)
'-ni
(\iczi ti $ ,165)
'A,pilp d .,u ) v ." b .." ir , im - .u n , do-"rr ' .- p ta la b il. t,o ,l" ( d d r .r b \

ld a ,n .t a .il ' " ' i;h . I' r ' l i .r e 4 tlli.)
'
43 9
(xr) To NnDD $ 214

lr For m e. Fuu. ii. ( . ' r o lur r , t u n\ d p d^ ud
" oniur t r j o, r alelc : I 2l18
o naddc c t p Fr b lp, i. dl r r d, , / i, i. r - ' lr l r ' s r u aur ili. r dFf " . i, v m ojat t i ."
alar P ar . ln' r ^ buir lJ r s . ' r n lr ul o, i1I l" poz ilir a. r bi lr . " 1" n" v a. ir e Fau
2) (la vorb lelical tranzitir regul,rt, ro neel arc lntelesul: ,,a avea n€yoie S 2147
e". ,,a-itrcbui cui .a ccrt', j,a necesil,d', ,ali necosar'( i prezinti toate oarac-
eerisj,icile tuturor 1'erbelor regulate:
a , a r e su fi xu l - s l a p e r so a n a a 3 a si n g u l a r a i n d i ca ti vu l u i p r cze n t: s 214
She ,E.ds the help oI l,cr leuow students.
They med ur jnc,nli{o to study.
Tle cas. ndcds jrm handling.
6) trcculul a.e forma resulati needeil a Ioate persoanele:
'l'he lvofk zrd.d qreat care.
$ 2149
Wc zc€.L{t sleup lelorc rnJrthirg clse-
s h c n € c d e d o ir c r .lr in d e d to d . it..
., parLicipiul trecrl esie nadf.l, pariicipiul prezent neening. ar partici g 2150
piul perlect haring needed:
H.r h,:lp was urgenill nceded.
Il hid bc-Ar .r mucli nnd..l tessor.
I' d € li,g a d o c t.., r v e s r n L l.r J o h n .
Harils nided a'\ npcnLior, l ,e hid been ote.alcd on in Yienna.
dJ esle conjugat cu DO ia formele interogatird, negatiyi qi S 2151
-auxiliarul
eccentuatl (Entphdti? DO)l
,, you zedd nc now?
lllch p doesn't
r d ,J " r 2neal
" ,1 Lanv
oJ ai.mril
llo $ m { fnvelopes.
,:r , . d r d l ^\ .
H" ia lr jl d p ." d , ,,,,n r 1 ' ,. . J o ;s ,
Hc does n€cd a good Lalking to, docsn', he ?
?J esteurmat,d€ un substaotiv. e "ehir-alenLuL rccstLriapronu'np. e g 2169
un' lii. . ub. lenlr v r Fr balr aud. I nt ini , r ul , o. t l- . dpc i . . r or r iple, om pi. . -
alc a. p. lui v Fr b c in' ur , nnl^ d, i, hni r ul . ^ at l- ' :
I ncc , rcsl.
Don'i. vou need l,cr?
The pocrn ncdd€d ewriting.
IIe tuerls ta be lookcd aft.r.
She heeds ta stutlu.
WilI hc nd€d d so baok?
3) Ca auxili$ defectiv motlal, NEFjD estc ntrebuintat tn spccjal n pro q 216t

intarydtir" i n,sat;r'. st- jnrpl"sul r.,a/ np,rsonoti,;o fi nAdi.-,
r . obt igs r or i, r - . .J , r . bur - ir pr F/ inru, ar a, iar i. t i, it av " r b" lof dFt Fc _
al nu dre sul;,rul s la"pcrsornaa 3'a singula ra indicativuluiprezent, 216{

ugar.a 6.esrcr ofrne rlrntrl
I n-"ed we reed
you treed you need
hc, shc, il neud thcy nccd
He neednof troublc hi seu to come.
b) tecntal aft iorma neeil la toate persoanele: $ 2166
Lold hid he z,ed nol telll a rcbufl.
r\ll ih{ t we n?ed ay was "yes" or "no .
, ) xt dr ;n f;n ;ti r p a r l ;.;p i t. n i t tn p " r cti ,'
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze $ 2166
430/609
440
2157 d, nu este conjugat cu auxiliarul ,O 1a ornele de interogatie qi negalie:

Yotr ntud4', go Xet. d..i Jou?
r1.cd 10 speak xorv?
Why nc€d slic stay iiomc fo. the holidays?
He need naLlneeln't siot ton1.
$'e n...1 norln..dz1 lry lor ii no$.
Forl]]a negativ[ coDiraseestc needn't.
9168 €l este urmai
'l'..d
delhe
leare Io.
Jou
infinitituI
counlry Lncampletl
l,odaX?"
"No. I ne€dDl." ("Yes. I nust"f
| \ " e d n t t - t t \ o t ' o $ h r r , p r $ F I . ' o \ p r r h p r p sL l o t o r r . \ p p r i n . n l .
i P n . , t h o r d l d b . h p l p d J i n h p r s u d ' d r n u s.
\on needt't hdre Lutied so.
2159 f, esie repetat l^ intercCaliil. canfirnntire:
Shen..d?1giye an mn€.lial€ ns\vef, sne?
"cd dr
ll'e n.rdn'l tra$late thc whole artiolc. n€ed
2160 Cind nsn verbul NEED estesinonimcu IIUST qi H,\VE TO' aeesra
(must) l inlocuiette n propozitia nlerogadve confirmaLivl:
"I.u nccdn't go to the linrary to rcad thri book, nrc, you?" "Oh Jes. I mlsr."
s 2161 g, esLe repetat ln rdspunsurilc ncgatiee scnrlcl
",\'.e.iJou work ionighi?" "We rcdd,'1."
ln rispunsurile afirmotit'e sc\\r|e se intrebuinleazi insn trIUSTr
"-l'ed she ecture omo(ow?" Yes,shemr6r."
{Nr se slure "S}rentrd",
tvezi ri 5 :068 a)l
2162 h, este urmat imediat de advrrbele de timp n€precjsdl|ays, otlen, neeer
$ (5 2299) ti de adverbele asimilate cu scFstca falirosl. hardltJ,scorrcltJFrc.):
I n . P d h a l L l l l o u i o $ l l ck\ ' I $ d s.
sh , r u n ) n , . . I n , 4 \ " \ l n i r e l r o r . ' ; r i n .
' l o t vp d h a l \ d \ " \ vr i ' l r n . ( - \ ' p , i r p vo i si s. r i i . '
S 9163 iJ NEED are ca sinonime verbele to tean, (: a at'ca nevoie), o.€gttr.-

to be in na(d,of,
s 21{;l It,\Rll 9i Nltljlr
Douil .rerbe car€ se comportn identic
I He ddteslne.Is b ca11., :
\ Shc aaNd,lncated to Eo.
J Does he darclneed ,i ti^1t?
\ Did she dte lnead to tlo l
J He doesn't darclreed rn .x\t.
Nesalie s\e didn'l datelneed o so .
He darcn'tlrcedn\ cau.
I
I Hc daes d@alreed ta Lal,.
\ S\e did ddrelneed.o so.
| | H c l d n s n - d s l o ca l l - d o A a r h e ?
| 1 sh e d i d ^ ' t . t * e l t u e J t o s, ' . d , d sl r ?
I I Hedures/n€€dstocall and so do., slre.
I I Shc do.sn', du ei,ecd ro gn, nor dler l(.
r Nu se poate spune: "Yes, i n..d."

, to ca,l nre i n,lclesll de ..a rizita", .,a [.ccc pe h" e1c.
Concluzio 5 21ti5
l l n' L' 1t a' '
D | R F s i \ f Ll , f , , ' 1'r'" ' ] i n rupr) r f t 1r nqn|t
r or ' ? '' r r ' ' J m-
de- , . . - ", i, - - r ' ". " i , ' u"r r " I iln
",
r c ol oana t ' al , ac es l e doLr i m odal e s i ni
to toaLc sitrafiilc indical''
r:arucli:risiicile acesiofa lsroonJuqarc
.rical.c rrr /dt. lcoloana ('r.]' ru
^Y*^Ti,ill;"
{.r11:1.Td.1ri" ::i:11?.(.?J,
',i l"xlli:Tt^1"il
,li
r , e" u- . inelLrLr pPzfrrt e rm' irL
, fj;1'
i,ii*+1 i:,
' rl
Jiill.;r:i[fiil:
il**,,lii
$'r" 1 "-':.tl:.:T:'1.::il:i"l
ain "i,"t""r" -*'o'
i",ltlf',i,i;1{6'lt'
o,'u,,:,::,#,", ::,:;; ";u"'t"
Jte'i"l" *"1ino,"r'i,o"
;:,1f ;i"$ffi
'"-t";tiou (: a a'-.ea tlrizneala, curajul; a rlesfide)
ITt",i;;/ffi au aimpersonal
X"Jl"i)i"pr". o"r (DARE),
d\ D E D ) :
-*i
D\RE 1 a inJ r ar nira s ' ir ' ' u' ' F t il
(uen i: ti nevoie,necesar; rebuie)
^
s 21S
(xID USnD 0
Auxiliarul modal LJ-6D ?O est'ecel mai neregulat dintre S 2167
1) l'ormi,. -
r;,'"rlii'lti';i''ff;'ii'
:; :',:,.'
::* '#:l'.* ru;'j;; I u*d to s" them very olrcn'
(li ledeao toartc dcs)
trtenlLc r
".",,:i;'x" i;r:i"l
i:","ii""rir""i".';." fl Jf;l;,'
l J;iiHi i::'rl'
lllijii
t'"*"'
"":'i,r,'",.T.:''I,Hl'iT;,;"'r";T:li.
t' l;iJe-indica'tiv2r
';i";#:l li|:l[:li';"*l;"?J; ;:;i;iu;
'""'"''
lrul;nli:;lSll;::;:l;ll'i';;;l?Lli',ii,iilJ:"'*'
"t JTJi'"ri"Jtn;i;;""":r.
*trii:.'iil":;:il:'1,';'i1r*"'
i ;l$r*;;"-lii:?i iir'? ',' ''|'n

i,.,.a,
;#;;;1.]i
prezclt al acestui verb
\^ use(l a eo'n estc o lea'n' n'Iicatimr
--ttftG;$.{$.1"11'li
2169 3) Intelcs. Traduct.re, Ilodalul U, ,411?O se raduce. in limba romiai,

ou imperfecl.ul,uneori (ln functie de coni.ext) cu perlcctul compus:
lle rs.d 10ship unch o go boal.ing.
l-\d.scori x nimd la lrlnz ca sii se dtrcna ean.taj.) lmlcd.ctl
' ' ." ,l d r ,.,.i ,n ,J,,u l i A :. , r r r l l ' r j ,//o
r cl u l ' .sr r . ta ' o .r ' :r - i " p " L t " . ,' .d ; n .i , l o ,o ) tn t tt .t.
They Gdd ,o w.rk he.e.
(Aa luctar aici.) {l'jdlc.t codtns)
FaUrerzs€dalways ,o tcll mc lr,at il a thins js worll doing. t is sorlh doing \fel -
lTaLat,t slzna@m{eu ca , a&i nn lucru ro iiri sI ije In0uL nreriii si fie ledri.linc.)'
1I'edeol. omrus sad inpe.lect)
In genere nodalul USED TO arc rrci semniticalii de crre trcbuic se so

.tinir seana tn traduced:
r .,u r :
2170 a .\l r r i i ' ,r i
" " l i u \. i r ' r' / r n fp r " .,, r o b i r o i ttr i a r ' r " ,," r i
,i n ti " t.tu 1 . i 1 r ^ e ,,tu l r ^' h ;r i i I., a ," e .r ,.i u a i p . IS I:D l O p - t1 .l L n ,n
ou trFcutul lormei l.eovenlative'. t)e care il jnlocuicDtc in Limba rarbitd (ri.
chiar in scris d.rcn scriiLorul considern cn foftna frecr'enlativi arc o sonoritate
prea livrcscn) |
.\s r cltld. I .s.l ro ./..a,r ol irr all lands. r.- I dl d..a', .1 la.oll lands
ih coriliiri-" risan la 1n,,, (i Jndeu-Lrtatl 1In,I,.rIc.l)
\thcr n, the eolnirT. Jou e.r.d o go to le,l re'y eatry. \- obicei)
I1.l.Ierur.l ro tell nie slod.s l.o Irrt rLc to sl..f. (: aabisnui)
217r /' ./ .\tr i ,i A i l i u i i ( sr i r i ct,.) .o n ti n u e . a l e n ti a fj i Dd j r d r cl ,ta ti i a su p r a

tr p , u l u l u i , , u s:u f.,r a u r r i r r d i , i to r r l c ti u p tl r r r r t. d e o a r e ce S l ? / TO su g F
reaz; el insugi liusa de aotxali|al.e a acliunii infi,rili\.ului tlependent:
\ Lsedu knaa hct.
(Ne cunoilcam te r/€rn'l l
At Oxlord lic zs.d ro lne in diss 3
{La Otlord, lccuia cu cliirie 1n orai.)
Ara i o: cl s6d /. Dc a swc.t rihild.
l^v.r er{ ur .o il Ilojrttnior ln ,i;L , nrri e .ot,il, lau nx tiai c Iicintrilo.rr. ori ltu
i r l r . q , n u m .,i r i m i m i , ,l .str p ' 0. - \l i i n l i i se fi cr i r ,zd , l a u n m o m e n l sr u o
p e r i .d ' j J) ', i ,tu ' l .l
'lil
lve?i si in coDrlarll.ie u lr{utul siDr u ii I)r.4',1tr1 pc.i..l 5 lqot)
21?2 prezon
?) aalnrlia osic indrcptati
unui adverb asupra
de f.inrjr trecut nrlreze
lrxLul lului in dar
tnglez, .onir.ast cu tetuttll.
necesar l a
in cel ronre'
l l c r e e \ b .l G r l h a n } e zsd d o.
(Sc sintc aj linc dcslt inatnrc.,
1 ,,' 9 .a r " ,' s.d l l ." y,d ,o /
(Lucrurilc nu mai stau oa e
' Tr .p v r ." ,,u br s" rl " r " n l .( 'rdne.,./
,i ' .. " r .,d l
r E r d ti o Jr " b ' r n , rrt r ' r p r t F -t 1 ,,,4 ' t' :)
I
Conte d. SfaiClr$tcrlidd.
adrfsat liuhli169,
silu d.li,-,c. ilcirul diplordai
lL.1t.'s. ti cniin d.1ir.',
Dnblioanr stat sil)Iilip
18901 ilomer Stanhr e,
' ['o.na l.( lverlaiiv]1 ar. h hr u,1 io,\ili{. l 11Otrl,l) n/i/,,rir tn toatc p$soancle,
s g .:it: :l- o .1 ,t..1 .. 1 ,. t - r ' r tin l f Ii,
r 5 r - .1 . " t- ,r
- l/a /r ' c .' b - ' \ .L r .i\' r r .l l J ,n a ,r r ,,r l .,' r ,,r - d ^ ./. r n ,o ii." .' .
d p n t lr r 1 ," ,r .,s , ,r , A a r .o n i.r ' lr r ' ,r n l o ,;i' r u r . r ,' ia p ,r r ' 1 L ,r /,r d /A . ,' r \I' l nor,
ln colliasl .u ll.db k 1 dc oeranitli ' r.siej Onn)€,.iti.s, nnmc dai. rnivcrsitltilor
m o ,l" r n , .t ,.," o r p r o lt J it" - r \ ,tr ,. I a l . i\n .:' .1 1 t,r \ ,
fu ljr ,tit .1 , ' t- ih
s r ie llu l l r s d .L tr .. u r ic n tJ r ii lu f t n
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-englezei, 433/609
liERBEl,l'RElLExlv'
acliunca' sufern
c'ire indel tinelte
|rfali |it srbr|trul
Prolrulr1€i€ ell(]Ii\.
{ ecLerecestera:
r.l,,ir,".,l::iijf,,i}ilLll'J,lilii)
: ^\':l i1""i""1:i'f :l"l,il

:illl,.i"i:'i"'i
l""' 1j""':.:''.Tl
"'ii;';;:i-:;:,,lll
,l:lij: """:l
.,,' "j 'l
i ""1;I:::ii,; , l',,1r,,: 1j:';;'",jll
;:,1,'illl:tl "l:'l't''
n''''.",'n
:li i:":'il':; "nt""'i''in'
Llli',.iil;i*l:::j
'* *i**ji-*lti"."riiffi
"::i '),;;;; l:
-*-i:"lil+i:i'lit*t:ln*".i*
,,l ":'
"1:''''" ";::':.
" rii;'"i:ll1
:,;ll,ill:1,::iii*i,"
lfjrTiitl",'h"ffli;so r amrl
\l' jg*lt'"'*;"i"i; ""n**
"{" un 'li' rbu\-r
i9]'i"""1iii1"'ii'#lli"ns .' r-,,.,"nps,rr). 218
4tr"
ii;,r?il*i$li:-i'*;''*{r"rir': '
I;';I;'.f,H*i
*if rri;i;;1r''"'"1.;';r"l"lt:'iil:;i"ii'::i'i:iril
x'fi;1;4;[IiLi*"';;;:l"'""i;i:;"d4i;
,-i l'i: ,h:,":l .,iil' *, iil,,,,*''
u',.:
j1jiil;';:
; :i,, l-;,
:rx ;r:'''
i ri''r
tqi#,ft*ft : ;llil ,+ll;"'"
::.;^;
,",r1:x'"".
,i#1"r,1;,
l'tl"t+ "f#'flX;:^'ii1'n"
"o
d'
i'rrrii'onrne'
G*nati'|ii
I I't*l*1"' lXl'"l#i::':"#'i'"*J'ilif','ft
& d&da cu sucoesnl i.

{: she D,askd ot hrr ruccess.)
Jd stntrd inDiit_
(: u e l. lr u s e t e s s . )
l] u r", \ . "f b , s rn u t . i o . h i. , o p it u u , s . 4 rl. . 4e r1 , 1 , ir1
\' "p ,,.d1 pind in \ ,1.

( lt e , i, . 1 ; , 7 , , p
L n rh e t o p . )
2185 .1.,/yerbcle refle\n.e c(,cntird din linlba ro emd adice acelca care arata
, i jn s t A r. d s u L ie c t u lu i qe p , o d u c c o s c h imb a re o rra d u c in q e n e re n liDb a
f rln \ Frb n rn ' ri, n , r\ p s a u rr t a : t o . v . ta b "t u n , , _ v t o L.
' rrFz 1 t rin -. 1 .
& d je c t iv u l re s p e c L iv :
a \ F , t rrg t e t ): h / , ' u lin lr )
i \ c jr' g ill' e n i h , d t € L rn lr. l
a sc ,^nrcsi io btush, o ;edde; (itr \
,' ol a f u d ", tr
a o b /'I"L,r d..r-. L n r o . . \ : n i p t.
i. rl8lr ' t" ^" o n p 2.t e " a . . b p t,
1. b"a-. i t l e - ^. 1 b" al
J.. n",;' .. g- 4r rpodq. b p,.t,-" t.,-

"
'_I\o tu.rnd. ,, b " . a F ? L,,r.J,,t"i-. 4.
{..t,t,.
218ri r / r . e r b , I p e f l c \ r \ " t u fmnumete n dalir in limba ronlanii s i u L o a r t ( ]

": r 1 l 'j '' i n l i m b J
lz,ri ir r u n a l Pr u r n \ o l 'r c "n El , / a i i i r d i n J ", "r i n 'r H, r i r i \ p . r r d , . z i r i \ _ .p r . f ^_
de rn Jdtiv:
. :
fr lao rlu : r, na.ft
tD ( o.r/ o,csc/f (reflexiv)
{i l.rrnzitivl
. t tenenbu \trarzitill
b l i n. . t o nnoei t , t r t hhk t t anz. \
-: t o n\ a kor el p. nni i : oa t t an^ t i r )
: t o t ouah ot , t o j . . t ot t \ " r L phnoTLt i ondl
t o . o' r t n o1\ . t t r r " " L od, i l , i t o?, l i or ,l
Pronurnole efleaiv neaccenLuarn cazd d.atir posesie in limba romAni

s. lraduce D limba eDgtezn rintr-un adjeciiv posesiv:
a-si puDcnrrnuite ,o put.an .ne" stor.s
,' j ,i s$,o'
.r ] irp' . ' 'ol
opir r l 1t . ,rl
, pr r mt bdr
" " a. 1, "b onr
, 4r\ " one,
h; bJ s. t i l t \ . \ t ot t nl t :
r it scoalc piliLria ,o take aff oae's hat
a' t t,iia dcgotul: - ,D cu o e's fiaEu
S187 l) r.erbela ellexive pasi,c din lirnba romArn se rradue n senere lr linbs
englezdcu pasiyul sau cd vcrbe inrranritivo ru inlcles pasiv
iS ljia, 1792):
-: The book hG beet tound.
,\? .o"stria o casl A house n?s ,.ir* azir.
PrllvAlia re d"i.,\tde la ora 4. . lhc sho') or€nr aL fotrr o'clock.
Iai,i o stori c.r.e se ..o/r/. ase rai.) ll,rc is a rloth lhal cr./r .asily.
-
Caladtl nz s. tn.nide. : Th. l nl ( , t r l snzr .
2 la a . :l v a rl-a la Ft l"y i\ . n , p f s , rd l. J r. t imb d r"r, ; ' li s ^ t rd , t r , in c Fn Frp
in lr, , h " p n rl, / ; p rin r u n p a "i. s . . , r p r; . , rr, , . \ "rl. rrin J , . , lio
r, ' , , ' . ra r. ' - i, . p ' . . , S "u b r. "t , r; t
t r^ n u mp ln J t . . t . o n ". , / , . , o -. , . I ' o ; Ld,.t. I;87J:
\ < 1r , . i . i . st F n , j r , s
, II".. u o r h, , t or n _ t D . , ) i \
',a
.1. rdr. .rn c rir.i.
l: It uppeare ihrl. he js here.) (pron.
417
\u se r',1. niciodall-
i- L?. nclcr .d4 rell ./
3.: .rcIle ct. a lost lilnal ln Scolia-
( . 'l'he t thnlk it rrs lilmcd in ScoLhnd )
jntranzitive singure sau S 2189
ft) rerbgle rellexivc rt'ripr.)rr.se traduc cu vcfbe
ns oliie de prorrume eciproie (S 931 932):
IL lh u a ti G t :1 u
,\l.mtot'r '"im r "rr,r
\Io l' |.' \o r ' l ' g ' r ' ' I ' _ rtir
' ll
/w 8 /./
" Li I ' t:P t
'rL
ld .cn.,rt si se l,Ip?.,t to.rlii ziua
(- They qzd'./ and u(A' n I? {ll d.r"l
r ld n - .le s i n ;iL .i m ' . 'e i,.d r i n r L r ir r I
uy ilo; . nJ
In lrmilia o.shi ,d iarim.n t olii
i: In o n .lr n il" f \r t r ll l,r e o tt o @ ttE r ' )
,{lle lerbe r0flejril ilin lim ba romnnncirora. in lim ba englez , e cores S 211)
pund verbe iniranzitive sau tlanzil,i\'o:
. sc ulrnd. :10 tdlBltatch fi e
a sr rrrolia =' /o uryla@k, to .otue uP ta
a se aieza
. . rJ. .
-id 1 ,. , 1"r,' a . t.
Eta tl r.Jatr.
i sc desrirli : to Port, to s.Ptat

a sc ddrc ' ta 8.
a sc ioi.si du to Lsc of
a sc sirdi to "nka
think
ir se srribi : ta hot) uP, ta nake haste
a ic jiorrri .. ta rcs,t;e, i' detemtiê, to .te.idc' 1o u1he uP are's mnl't
a s irlornra : l. tnqztrd
asei b ilia bbal
{ se lndepilrt. ta rnorl: as\t . to learc
r sc triol. ta L. mt:laken
i s c n r tiln i
r s . r r iil r
a se oPd to stoP
se Dlimtu to tah' a Qalk
a sc ilinqe - to .onptain
a s i,"egati - 10 €etlnak. rcad , to ln Pare
r s,, ieifaga ' t. rctie. to 6 nhdras
r s-" scnlda . la ball@
: to dPologi.e
. se si.Iili : ta rettle
a s. fenc to feu, to tie aflin, e&
-
3) Alt e Yerbc ellex iYer limbe onglern. Allo atemp)o c rerb" r'lle\i* j :l9r
1r ,hr nba sr /" /,/ or " s ' f r udle. l 0l' lr nl" f i. a P l F upt r - dp
"/"' ; l, zI i r s t p l
s . ll' I r llr : t,n s ' l) ( a J ur ni pr pr n ull) : ]a o{ r ' t ot t ' t v t t t s l
t | r . r r ' lt , n, m ulr : ' pt o\ w n' s " 11 ' d la' c ' 1' r r ' r oiJ id\ : / ' J r '
r 1r ' I 1" : r d ' u- . p. lr ) :o t,1 h on' : Pt l a r . 1r Li' '
un s ' l t , " , , , s i1 '.p "rF
gur J e' c . : "
li' r r .ll .' l\ ' ,.l' " ' r ,r ' 1 ." " la l lp t t' 1 1 L n ' 1 1
' lJ
IF\' r AItL f' u n ' Da r r t ' l' i/o ' I r in I' d r L F n l r r r ' - ' r ' r ' '
Shc ,rod. nfls'lf tll ovolt{lnrF lile 11i.1
i-cirgxril "*a imlohdaii. nin|nrd atit de tiult J
lle klt l,inntl soLrl
q d o im , n' 1 L s r ." b d F I' lt
, ' 'a
s h e to l/p d h " a 4 t 1 a /. " , b r ' n u r in r lp ' r u lllJ
_ ir L lir ' o ,r r " r ' r r J r e ? u - l.l' s d b lJ e lo a r '
. A r ,' L :l l:n r ' "
:r tr \ 1 ,. ,a t t .' n r lP n :.1 r ' . lo d e i l o \' r r h P r r a ll " i' ln r .
J I o l i " I il" : lu l or
- ,,i, r ' ' i i l l; . ;J , J o r ' ,li J in
1+8
s r1r2 IY. \'DHBNLII OO]IPI,'TI1

(collPolrtiD l'nRxs)
S 2193 1) Ierbcle complcxe cu taitiouli adrcrbial,i,-ln linba englezi e.i.ita .,

l€grilure strinsi intre unole verbe 9i adverbele' care le llrm€azi. asemene
ycrbe fiind consideraic.pentru acest moliv, ,c/rc conpLen (5 2208 2210):
Ue
\ " was
rc / oircd
. . andsar. zI climbils
l' lo : -t i and 6, o// rtatrJ
f 1 ,Lrl.li...
J ,.
, \ P c d l11, I . . rn I n rr o r.
'the curtain per, r and the lislils rrcn, door.
IIdr., o,r1 Ii's sti e.y.
S:1191 Un c lo v e rb e c o n s t ru it c c u p a rlilu l[ a d v e rb in ] i pot f i u rma t e l, rio d , it ii
,
sr oc prepozrlu:
SIp . , t " d , rt rd d v) , ' t 4 p r, , t t , ; t \ . ".
\\p / o o ^ . J , a d r. ro rrre rl: liim . , , | . , 1 h .
Th tao J ra,:' ' lr. r ip ; r, L. lF. . .e k. J i . . , . | d i
H r. t ' . o / , I rrn-. t r s o rd .
I ntd,
' "t "r,p a a t . . ; " ' r, -i. , L e r, , o r 1 ,' ,r Jma
J \ . , "k .
ls " | -, l' , ro p "ir' i t rin r, , / o r .- rr, . n .
j
" i. uJ F- t "r , r . ' n d d , r : ' , 1 . o pu' u p . r. , - h t . -r,
llr\ . n J o $ l"' D d o . . r-n . . r, t . , J , 3 . j; "
\l'e ,/.r,.1, {adv.l 04 ,o (rioul prirl ) ilic \ioanda.
S 2f9; 2) Tcrb0lo pr€pozitio alc (prcposi.tional t'erbs). O categorie Epnfte

{rsle formati din unole rerbe atit de strtns unitc (\t prcpozilia co ditio|atii3
care le urmeaz;i tneil. in anunite situalii (Ia conjugarea lrasivn. spre e\enplu)a.
prepozi,tia tsi pi€rde funclia ca etare si face parle integranti din yerb. Chiar
ca pronuniie. prepozi,lia apare ca ur sulir dl verbului:
tr
y luggrge had bccn atlcad.A o Fhco you ardred.
Tl,e .oom had be€n ired tD.
SIc was ni.€ 10 l,o,t ar.
lI€ likes to bc /trlP@d ro .
Acesi€ lcrbc sint nunite tcrbt TrcpozilionaLe.
(vezi si g 227E)
s 2196 T. TERUELE uP DRS 0\A LE S tU Ur lP E RS 0NtLE

(ITTI?ERSNAL OR UNIPNRSON,TLYERBS)
2197 t) \'erbtlle impersonale sau unipersonale au pronumele it ca subioct.
( $ 855):
i, drizzies n lglitcDs t sleets
r, Irccz€s i, rains i, snoss
tl ltails t dews n thundcN
S 2f98 2) Lnele verbe unipersonalesint,urmate dc un substantiv sau dr: un pro"
nume personal lr cazul cuzativ sau datil'r care cstc subieciul (in cazul nomr-
naiiv dcci) r'erbului personai co.espunzlitor
It shans n .,, )lo ha\ F hpr l \ al .,, b. i . f \ . r b r r ' nFr 5o' r r r
t l ' 10r n. , pr d. . r m dd t o Ld\ ^ 1, u" \ , d" , l , a; Jt J. l L\ ' , r i i , pr " ur Jt )
lL bchues tut klal..) to crptain herseu. (\:erb uiipersonrll
t: s/.e (nom.) ousht to e\plain herseu.i {\'c.b pi.sonal)
r Vezi S 1325. 12t 8. : i 3 1.

r N . ai ; j_:--::-..
ii par : .1" 1tr r bi ah :r:"- ::crj
3r ' ' For ' : , : pr r pnzi l : , i . " . ondi t i ' S. '
o; :.{.:
.\'z r\.,, . 439/609
$ Lt 9r 1; qr .
3) ,Ueseerzs,n.rrirAt. desrieLc. it. (: illli Iare): ,nt:trrt.tl, |t.,thoulht | zttg

: irni pnrca) trecut sinlplu, sint 1.erbe nitrersonale. ronutnele nreaflindu-se
c az ul dat iv . iar r ubiec t r ll t neliind er pr ir nai. ( \ ' ez i s i i 20t 1 2072)
. ln$ele ex e' nple nent ionat e (2) ;i { : l) s ir t des L, et e.
rL liDnBD ('1. lt sll {]orFI'\Dii. s 220

0 alerrlie steciali trebuie dati nrrn:ilo{rclor verbr. care se confundri
. l r l Jr ( i n l r ' . n p l e c,,l a l ) ( :.r s . i yi . a r f;s,a ) :

flitr:ui6ia nces a?,r' $hilh rctrderid r,) pns.n.c itidispcnsiblc.
Ir r ? r . ( i n 1 r . n o r o g r l a l ) ( : a sc S l xr l i , a :n i i r l i tu ; a fi r si Jl ) :
S l c r .r e sl o $ l y l r o d t) i j c h a i f.
i o txi st t.It:.ti t/..e g r l n t) ( : d r i d i .a )

tle rui*d l\ts hand to l,is tsyes.
/d r /r .r n f. ( : a a si g i r a p . r n r e va p ,' i n c r i ,,l i ) :
I d..rl.e you lhat clc.Jl|ing is all riglL.
1 .' 7 u .i cu r a l ' r i n ' l In n .,,t.l :
To rBz.e "success l llrf curf I'ox mxst so to Jlrlh.
t. t e .r c \: a a r i g u r ' a l a o so r i i Di a te l e i si $ r i i r i ) :
l\a tFu/.d .rI lin, {g{irst {ll risks.
1 , b o r N* ( : a l u a fr j i m p r u m u l ) :
I Ninl to ,orr,.r r norel ironr hinr-
ti t ul da (,rl imprumul):
-. la
I l(r€ l,nt hirn a ro{cl.
io /?o a faco (scrs g,,neric, concfcl)ll

HoN do you do1- To do nothing
' l o l o .n c' s l .sk. To d o d n e ' sh .i ..
" l ,e n ( l m e 5 0 tr l " " \o tn i n g d o ti g l "
t . t u ' l1i ,. l : r r a { ' . a fo n l e i ,l .i o n a ( so n s ( o r cr ft) l :
,,a r . . r i k€ l a h 1 ,/a kss.
.ttare ho \'ttita Ll,e snn s )iDcsl Prove,D)
l i ' s g o i n s o r a n i $ ' f' d b .tt0 r ,,d l ., /o r h o m e
to . t:t) t' t ( p s e a ti e p ta l a ) fa n d r r i l ,d e o f th t: n i n d l :
tr n a i t fa t ( .: a a ftcp ta ) [ t d u i tu d ( o f th t' h o d a l :
I sl r r l l r te d l o o l o m o r r o { , b tr l I $ o r ' 1 , i r i l l ) r ,r o tr i l r o l { r l r to .
/i r / 7 / , ( .= . a h r si . i l r se n e r e d e o p i i m cj tti r T.
'|lie.r /Ll belorc the .o iry stofd.
t( Ilu a zbura (.lcstre pasnle. avior etf.: (lig.) a zl'ura. .r tugr repede,
a sc r cp e zi ) :
Tl,. t'ird /er aNay when I went ne{r.
H,, /&q to LordondeN.:
I t ' s q e l i i .s d a . k : I m u si /l " .
l r r //.r ' ,r I' r i n a r d g .
l lirlord?trt . oomir{f ti reiedirla restie(,l.i ;1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze t ldmdn d. \oal. 440/609
460
to f k ) a : a c u r t s r ( d , s p r e u a p i ) :
T h e D a n ' , b e l . d r i n l o t h e t s l a c kS e a
1 a ir|:'aIa llPlA,rnP\a):l
' "0 -e"ai l:
lt .l t;al-h b'cdu"" I ).atp / a'.rr'hp lantuJ/' orr'I rl'-"' monrlrs
i;""
to teach t in\ ia lpp F\a). a l'eda ru mJrrtiP\l:
O u r t e a r L r I ' r s l , 'o '
r r
e rv l"is u" Lr,gl'sl (lor d J'Jt nd\'
to li" tit,tr.t tut. lnin I a:p ,rl a. a .'a inrrr's':

l{e alraYs iier do\x sil|r ruDLl
\\e \rtrt"ro I r $ner. \F /"9 on l)' .o. i'
i ,itl,laid (: a punel a alsoza tr'):
to laA (.Ja'17..)
The ]rrn r,rs cgg .
\vho toid ihF tabtF:
l o l r s e n u : z l (: li.rrl"):
r
I ian iin,l m r w a 1 l " l : r ' " s l r d ' l o . ' il
< u ru L p ' e " ' l t r n ' g ) ' l ' l :
r, luuse,ld '1t' a,lF7l*sa, o,la drun,ul: a'lrbr ll n
ki"c r6irr b.t a lir ld: ,i is mu,h roo isl'l:
/l. aoo;dn 'lu:snl €sle Preferal.)
ta rcmember (: a- i aminti):
to rtt ind \: a aminri crLir'):
.u $firo, pl, s" rn.;41 In.:
u I don f.tr/,6"r
l o r e q t s : u l ( : a c urs c )l
I i a s ; , - i , " ' t r s r u , o ld s n i , t .
to srll fsrul (=, a samEna):
Thi soiver was lo@tns .hc seed
io rir'r Is]:l ('= a tai.r tr tPfnnrnlrl):
T h e ys l " . d l . : d 1 t r ' r F ' s r l h l ' g r a r ' ' difli'rlJ
, o s il (: a sta ios):
S
. h.h e , s l,.im
, t t ,b:
, ; ls
a rcnn a iIlni Jp i t1{ t l nbu\
r t n' on
n z i t il\h'i) n/ lld' lr' J r' z
{L-.t atezat nlre cei doi bilie1ipe crtrapca

'd
ta slon.l - a sl,a n P;doar€):

He \;s too $'cak ,o shnd atlo lLis ilhess.
to stda l-= r sla. a remirl€):

lie is he Lido loitl
"/orn';'u1
Thevsra?rd itn us ]|le
I drin t i\dn. '^.r'4. b I Lp :n. leJ.
l, seal (tranziljv) (a aq€za)

Pleaic. bescated
Our libnrry sears .wo hundr.d teaders.
to speak : E vorbi (in sens l&rg)

aJ a l_orbi (persoana sau persoane'le cetelalte ascuhind)i
l],a tcl€lon) JonessPddntnc : Aici ' Jolr's)r
jp€d& to him, he $ill ielp lo
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze $1
,) a vorbi (: a articula cuvinte):

He could not sFdl ior laughing.
She oos spcd/itns hcaihl.ssly.
They sprai English well.
lo tdlA (: a vorbi)
dJ
WeaFer-"diî,s
{orbi cu ol eineva, a that.
this and conversa:
I couldn't ird lnJone l.o ,arl to.
DJ a vorbi despre u subiect unui auditoriu:

He r4l,tddo us o lhe subje.i of the collectiriationoI agricdtrre. (- to speak)
c) a bt.fi:
She rill dllr. whalerer ou do,
lo lellL (: a spune)
a) lntatJ aunaurm"t dp un "on,pl'm,nt ndirat e\prirnal du sublnleles:
HFald h".l'ildr'n he $as iking Foo ord \rdlk.
He,,ld (us, hemetc.) he newsol Toly's.lrrival.
,, introduce foarte rar un citat.
lo sd33 (: a spuner a zice)
a) nu are complement indirect in l'orbir€a indirectn:
He satl le wrs . worker.
D.,lesle verbul cel mai des ntrebuinlat, cu sau ird complement ndirecta,
pentru a introduce cuvintele rostite de crneya:
H€ sdid: "I am Nick's brother".
He sai.l to met I am Nick's Iother".
A se compafa cu:
He said he was Nick'sbrother. Slil indifect)
He tald m he $as Nick's bro le.- (Stil indirc,t)
to srri (: a-i sta cuiva bine):

Sho.ts zi, yort.
to becone : a-i veni cuiva bine):

lled br.onds h€r.
You. Itat is YcrJ D€.ontns{-
to fil : a. se potrivi, a-i veni cuiva bine (ca mnstrn):

The coat doesn't /n, it is too tigl |.
Thsl i 6 r p e r l p f l /t is rJ ts lrnrit)
\o / t "r o
i rrst i s n 4 " . . a r . , . ( - Prbr)
r o t r d r l (: a 1T€a):
I pdz, to taik to you.
r-{nDete verbe au
ti alte tntrelesnri,aft nu inire hsd In cad.ul problemei inonimiei
ndi.ccL reslurde la intrebarea .cni?', 442/609
'ComDlenrcDtul
s Com Dlrm .nrLl
4i2
to (ragulai) (: a voi, a-9i er€rcita voinla):

'rill
As wc /tll the nd wc mustL'iI1he means.Proverb)
t' i l l (principaldefectiv) : a v o j ) (S 2093):
Ile |nal rill noi lrhcD he na), Fhen he etll he shall liale It.J tl'rovcrbl
to rvis,t (: a dori)r
Ltrl I kn€$ who shewasl
i, gon.lcr [ \'^ndr*]
a) + (tt (: a se nilluna, a se nita de):
I doadd.at vou. courage this is dangcrousliDbDg
Tnaf isn't lo be eondered.i t.
b) (rranz. fdtd prePoilic) (: a se intreba):
| ,o ,d P . \h J lh P \ d ..n io r n in 8 .
She @nded.i Nl'at his nnme was.
t, odndff [ Ntrnda*] (: a rntnci); (f.,'lt) a se indepnrta:

The eandqed abont aiml$slt.
Hc eaatlerc,t /rcn rhc subjecl.
}.ORNIAREAVERBELOR
2201 (foRr[AT]oN ol' VDRDS)
ln lirnba enelczi. verbele s-au lormat dupb prncedeeJe bi5nuite erpuse

In c a D i to l e l e ,o n ;J d l . (F l o ' l d l ren i 4 i d c \.n rb i rc l n ' o n s ' i n r; 6" ' o rr' ra l 6
existenla urmdtoarelor catogorii de vorb€:
2202 1) rerbele primare sint, chiar rdddcinile verbelor pro'renite din limbile
caro au stat la-baza lericului limbii engleze:
to come to givc to look to PaY'el.c
S 2203 2) rcrbele tlerivate, formate:

$ 2204 d) ou ajutorul pr€Iixelor sau sufixekr (alixalie: '4 fi:ration , di'\re
care principalele sini urmitonrele:
Prelixe:
sb.r, xs-, silJ, l,e-l. cu- eru-, r- for, er-l, rs:
lu ,DJ u .l. lo o l,s lA r n , o /L r ' tl.o g ,lo ,/r u d g - /' a r l l L ' fr ln l 1 " .' lr L ' l'
to " p l,ir t r . lo ,4 r a r l,lo ,a u p . lo /a " b .' r ., /" .q ' l.l,,,n a \J P l P/ r " r ' 1 r ' ' 4 n lo r r .
l0 rcnew, €rc.;
ouhl, ove.l, undor.l, up-r, NithJ: r o ,r P .l ' a n f l " ' r d ? - l ' J'
to o l d o .l o ,/,l a sl ,l o 0 4,r u n h .r ,l o ,ta ..r n ' o o ' r sl FP l
to ,,a ." i .i - a i ;, r " ,,d ,fl P p d , i o ,r h o l n r o r ' l r o o r . r .,r ' d r n " i //d r ' ' $ "
o .vn n sta n d , e l c.; "r'lorJ
* : r lntal {lin c \lni este ,on 1at r lnai ea lrti rocalc li mili inailrlea
nnei oonsoane.
\.e b ' e d s tll d o t,,t,t iJ \.r b ,..,,, r r p o r ilii ln lr L u ;n 1 ," " ,r tr ' ' i\, ,l- . r d d .- ,
,r .s r n l r ,l' \" lr L n r L n la lr n d r J ." _ ir . lir " b r a n c ln /i \1 h 6
anlonimiee:
dc-l, dis-, n-, mis-:
10 deoode. .o delace, to ddlect, to d.tdm, to ddll{Le to dislike to dt soNn, to drpci.
lo u,Lrulror, lo znco e., io r"do, l.o rzisi,arj. to Dislake- to ni lNSt. etc.
sufirc:
-en: 1o blackc,, lo gtadden,o heigll.cn. o lcngtl'n, to lesv,. lo \rid€n,ei. :
ny: to clari/y, to e\emtli/g,1.o rcnchjtv, io mumi,i/r.1o splcchi/y.lo lcri/y. ctc.;
-ize: to lrulalir,, lo.ochnfyt:€, to gener.lt:c, to nionopol;c. el.;
-ntr, -esc0r er, -te, 4e, +b: lo ex..o bate. o a.qui.5.e,10 glntdc. to sl)arhl€, o
cl r.\F. lo punisn, etc.
6l prin modiricarea vocalei rndncinii (rpoiorie: llowel Grad&tion): S z)nil

sing- sorg sirikc stroke
( ve zi s i 5 i sr )
cJ prin de'ivarc regresivd (BarA-Forndtlon), formhrdu se lerbe noi S 2206

din curjnte cirora li s'a suprimal, o parte eronat privita ca un sufix:
10 bany-sit bdby sitt€r to housete.Ir ltousckeePe.
1.oburgle burglar to hze )^7Y
to diagnose di.ignosis to pcddle t,eddlal
l.o cdil edinr to renniis.e renilis{iencc
to grovel grovtllirg to am \ampi.c
3) lerbele oomprse, torrnale din doun (rareod maj nlulte) cuviite scris€ $ ?9o7
tmpreund sau unite prin cratime:
10 backli.c lo dcadlock to stosawry
io iaolspr.e to gan,s.)' to str.ll'ang
10 broadcast 1o rosedilc io tiploc
10 buttonhole lo scesatr lo NaJrrY
to .rossexamine 10 sategdard to whilcwash
1 o sl r .a m n n c
4) re,Ilele comple\e, iorlnat€ dintr un verb u.lrat de o particul{, adv€rb S 22{}8

la origi e, sau de o prepoziJ.ie.scrise s€paraL, dar atciiiuind n tot indisotubil
ca inleles /a lcricaL ito ):
a) ftrb + a|t)ctb (particuli adverbialii) ($2193): S 2201)
to }ring rloll to kcet otl to staxd l)J
. to call up 1.o isl.en n 10 lake oi l
to draw h lo rjng olf lo take aNaJ
to lade oul lo scl, otrl, 1o lune in
to gct on l,o size uP io ltun out
b) vt:rb prcpoziliecandilionatd ".rb prcpo:ilio al) (S 2193)t S 22to

lo charge $ith io lislcD io 10 rcly oi
lo come bJ to liYe il to remind oI
to depend on to look all€r to tdk about
lo laugh at lo objcct ro 10 {l,ink ol
I dr esld de l.pt pL"pozilie ttrcbuinlaffi ca prelir.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze (Vezi l]i8.453, nola 1). 444/609
454
2gl t 5) locu-tiuuilo yerbalo, adicd echival€ntii rerbali lorrrali din verbe urmata
de alte pn4i de vorbire, cu care alc,dtui€scun tot indisolubil ca inteles, intreaga
constru.rlic puttnd li ln gcnere tnlocuitl printr un 1-erb simplu:
to catch hold oI : to seiz.
to come to naught : io lail
to get the betier oI : to deieni, lo oulwii
l.o hare a joke to joke
to tako a dislikc'=
io : to dislihe
to tuke io ir sk: to r ebuke.etc.
2:ll 6) Sohimb en categoriei gramotioele (Coneosion). Un fenoDren carac-

'p" j. i.. foar r F |a'p;lldiilr li'r bd engl" zi. F .l" tr p,pr ia unei pir li dp vor bir o
lr nr r o dl'sor iF gr ,'ns.i" " ld oi" . C .a mdi tr - r pnla e:le intr pbuio-
"'
larea aceleiali forme atlt ca subslanLi\i. clt ti ca verb:
S Listantirc PdtF ale ALte pdrli de
tfnpuLuL vofDLre
(lo (to) back (to) dr y
{tol }adse. ( to) ey { to) itlle
{to (to) iinscr {tol lcllo$
(to iiol ioi itol l,eid lr ol aouble
(tol dowr
ho) strin
( lo) hos (to) stomacl 1to) furiher
{to) hound ool near
{to) st'oe r tol Lovcotir { to) out

, itoi t'eitoc itoi sh,nshr i
(to) sisht ito) lxnch" (to) sltush
2213 Tendinla ac€astaeste atit de puternici tnctt qi astdzi slnt coniinuu creat€
a,l'hoc Yerbe noi:
Shep6 los,e$tzs n a llane bound o. SouthAld.a. (- to act as a hostcss)
I in pnd 6ldr i l o mv lldl. ( lo qo bv ldxi)
\Yc dccided o no,.l tr,'and n; ,, and pu, whcn it \\rs wetr. {: to sLPcpi hotds
rnd ntns, and dine at pub3.) 'r
I askedLer o ma.ry me. Shc f8n,-no"d. : to say all dghi,.)
$:hcn.ver wc meet, \e m1jdeapf.llo*s me paironizingty. (: to keep sn"vnlg m.y
d.r . fdlow " .)
It orr na,odsHe.od.' He out-.olue.lZ ota.
"Nay, De, me no buts, oller me no objection ."3
"Hcre you a.e, Ih. Griltitls", he said io CUde, tho $as ralher lleased rvith lhis
The doclor wunled to help her, but shc up atvay. (:8ot up ald ilent awav)
^ntl
Sle ods ,lt.iatasi away. I'I opay o/, then. {: I'lt co away)
Don't Jou lt.:ie ne.e
i .tau.aLr\ dli:at C a r , : r a . l B o ( . o ' . t r : m l p '_ u d n o . . b o i 'r o 'd l l - id I dda

I r , l r " t onhrp'l"Lt lotr-. p_r
a l ii n
ml n
. idz,J .n l aH)pu;D l orri ,o rl ; ',
Jl1 m, roP, -i "i a
i runn>ui r , snos'L
l "lz . \ n 'l r o m a r d i .
.b tJr.h a lin.J J L d , f i t o |. 1 L J n . h . i r , i t r - i d " n t i t i . a r . dl, . l r u i bFrl .1. ff
'i prr\iznt pedPJpbJc n l l n r r c i .
'J . K . Jcromc, Thr, e J I h ; n o Boal
5W. ShakesDea.€.Hanlet. .ince af Denmark.
a M. T\ a\n. A Colnectitut rdnkee in Lina Arthut's Co u
:Tr,. Dreisfr. Ar Anktiun Ttoa.du
. R . L j " w " l l J n . . \ o n e B t t t h I 'n ; l y H e a ', . \ ' rb,, rtdd,nE m - . , u l I 'g l n a t
'u g e r 'i / 1
e Seriai TY l'aUiser" dau roie st mi spui pe numel"
Adesea asistim la o lncercarc de dilercniier€ tnlre substantiv {ureo q 92t4

d je rliv ) s i r"rb , I n (c r. a rp . . ma rA A lr o s . b imb s re dp c..pnr Fau o Dro n u n t ia '
ip
o rt o g ra lid r"mt n c ; , "p r-c i, p ln a la mo d ilic a ri d p t o . md d in . a
accentuate.
Schimbare d.c ac.ant S 2215

(Substantivele _siadjeclivele : accent pe pdma silabd)
(Verbele: accent pe a doua silabn)
Subsrdntie I erb Adjecxi, Verb
'ac.ent - to ac.ent rabs.nt io ab'sent
-
'condDct - io con'duci abstract - to .b'stmct
contrast - l,o con'trast .ompound - to comrpound
d ig P s t - t o d i tesr 'ffcquent - 10 tue guent.
'dislUlnt - 1o distouni F€senr - to pre'senl
rc.ord - l.o re iord 'subject - to sub'jecr
'il|rnsport - to trans'lort 'suspect to sus'pect
-
Maitficdre de pronunlie Orlogtafianeschimbatd S 2216
(Consoanainale estesurda a substaniivsau adjectiv si sonorea verb)
Subttdntip Verb
- 1o abuse r' b ir: z t
closel'lausl (adj.)
- r.o excuseFks kju:zl
Ereasesri:81
- to nousc'tmauzl
- lo mouth lnaudl
lerus-" rerF:31 - to r€tuse lirfju:zl
u$ tju:sl - t o u s e t jD: 4
lnt$ [tru:o] - to betrour lbr'troudl
M odificar@ ortografiei rcd.d nud.iticarea prondnliei s 2s1

(Sonorizarea consoanei find€)
advic? sl - [o advire zl cau - to cal.?
dc1i.P si to dfris. izi nal/ lo lial',
c h o i"e \ ] - to choo{ zl Ielie/ - lo €lier.
grief to Erieoe
reljet - 10 rlljere
shelt - 1o sheb?
tliie/ - to thietz
rroo/ to lfor€
b c lh lb o : a l t , b . ' t t Lbptnt j ra / n I i: 0 - t o . h . , ' , , ii o /
r' -r/ r/ b r, 0 / I n b,pa/n?/bi.b/ r. p , , l t i: 0 ro l. p / t r' id
, I n ll k l, . 0 / t o , lo r/ , p , , J u u d $ -d rt ri: 0 . F$ rd lr. ri, r/
slass/glo:s/ ro sh,./slerz/
3 rd . . lo re ' / /
ro . . / r^
t ro
/ : 6 /- I n lo
S ra
. Prelu / /
7) Ye ele imi itire. - Nunarul vorbelor care ilnita surlcLeL€ onon,a- q ZgtB
- Onomotapp;u/ (s l" lo a rlF n rrc lt u a :
' n a rp in limb a
to babl,le to ounch to s.u r ro souetch
10 bans \o tiz. to iic.u ro tfiklc
to click to giggle to shjsh_ to ritter
to chail€r to gotrI'le ro sizzle ro whack
to croak to gurgl€ 10 sllDtter io yap
466
sau, p ilr relluplictrred sunetuiui:

to , i l i p - c l o f io lrgjr8
10 llaw hrlv to Poon_Poon to tnr(k)'to.{k)
ro tL.ch i N lo F u l l r u l i
O altd (,ategorie de verbc itnihliLe t t'r ace€aa verbelor care sugereaze

anumite
'ni citi:
sau. Prin reduPlicare:

10 lrnrrJ s( r(l'. ro sllillX shalll eir'
Crealea rle cuvin|e noi i n i t a t i f e d i r s t i l u l u i urt p i l o r e s c d e o m c enpre-
.\ horsc luf//Pl doNr ils nos. r I

.\ tis v;rri$ t i " " h i hon,hd rt
"l-lr1A.h ,",dD L ' ,r'r',"r''
-t. ij,,'rr "",
2::19 3J H e d r r r e r c . lr t , i t n ; n 'i 1;pl'In;) i)'n;lc|r" ur'ii prrli dinrr'un
cu\irrl r.lp loFrre rp' (.n15 in li,,ba -rr:l.z; i'r "pp, il i1 /rlrlp nodclrF:
lo I iL Li t r't
Lo lcnd 'n l"l, n't
1, , r ' , . n q r o 1t , ' nl 1. , l ' r n r la ' 4 ' n i n r $ J v r
l. ' s p r r l to p^4 l" lhnln lu P/ v/ o; "rlrr'
'1t
10 tYPc ':
'Yl'\Lnler
,f20 9) Yerbelo tel€sooDa.te p.)rtttutnteau ltordJ ar Blends (S aol) - Ca
verbe, a,,estecu1'lnto stnt mai rare jn limba cnglezn:
to .hor1l€ r chncklei
lo ll t rr'(lhllF' {snori : ' r r r i '
lo PI P'r. o u r o (imirJr n u P r . J ' " ' + ,
lu l d r r l i s e I 'i ri\ r' l F t d k k v : l i o n )
1o gahmt)i (gallop 'j irilnplil
t 2221 10) Yc$cle noi intral,e elatiY rFent in l i n ' b i "nclPza s i n t /rjxjdre;
qulr\'rl r la.pats'ana
l r € . u l u l s i n ' r , l u$ i p a r l i . i p i L r l r p , u r r r r n , i " a l t s t r ' d t r
, ' , - " . s x . , , ; i " " " 1 ; t ; a. i " ' r . r " r a 1 i " 'i n P s " l i cqe' a n ' . r u i " ' ' ' r r . u t i l i a r u l Do'
F.l.si;l r rnr,.P gulilnr '{lograti," 'arc prrtps' v'rhpr^ reeurdrPl
t o r. , , 1, , , , adio(els. rJdi"ing. rddioF. l.
t b. . mot "rs. n r o l " r r n e m o r o r ' a l
1t o $oot
n ' Pr l\ . t o m o l u . ) ,
t 't l' l, \ ise, l. lc\ lses. if lt svislng t "l'\ is. d,
10 \rro\, \cro{es. \crox'ngi \cfoxeo:
i; trti;.-btr.. irri"a, otng-, lo oka-',otrvs. okiling, okaved'
lvczi i l 181't
I Curjttele soise.nsiv, din aetst..s.rtple. m exisid in vo'abdi'ul englez consa'far'
. Jj"il iiii"*,,il
ii:{ri':{n:,t1':,i",#,".
iilrr,. i..;srr',;.
t . , r, , . 1, a-; p r ' . n"ro; , . '; r i iady, adj. t 'l\ ' L P r b ' . _ d 1 ' i \ . s r r b s r a n r r v
8/12/2019 ADI]iNBUL
DD|I-\ITIIJ ,159
CLASIT'ICAREA .C.DYDREELOR . . . . . . . ._ ... ,rr4 4i 9
Cla s if ic s f AJ p r\ o n lt . . . . . . . . . . . .. :.:2" 159
L ra s ' rr' irF0upa -. . . . . . . . .
46 0
4ri4
a6i
46
468
469
t rt 3 4 i(,
2,283 {r-lr
22aL 1l
2185 4 i1
LOCUL ADYXRDNLOR 2288 4il
Adrerlote mliliotiie - ' rr8 9 47 1
A ilv E Dec s r. ile t e mid rc rDc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4291 4r2
A d re t b e le . t in ? . . . . . . .
.lq'., "1.q" 1rimp

, ml' P Ppr-,
"
rn .. ........ t 95
301
4i)
423
A . le e t b e lee n o rl. . . -. -. 1303 4 i. j
P la s a rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
, ld v ml dp mod s rc p r. rd t r rp rb rl. . . . . . .
lil l0 4,"'1
A , rv ' . h . , a rp c J ra f rFriz , a rd I t a rt i. : p iu t f , iu t ., . .. 2Jt/. 4 ii
h lln e n la d € p la s lrii d ri ] mlu i a s rp ra n t e le s n t n i . e s t u ia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 4t i
, 7 . le . rb e kle a c , . , . , . . . . 2321 4itt
& o p o z if i o cu | | le i n u lt 6 e d re . )e . . -. -. . . . -. . . 2323 4i6
I o c u l o lt o r c d e g o rlid e s d e r}e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2329 4,.
Ad\ pr bFh nr gi t i \ p. . . . .
. \ d\ pr br t . rn r n, t ur , t r \ p . . . . t330
,331 ii)-
)
dlobcle in.'d-qir il3 l2 4 ts
MonFoI,oGIA_ADVEBI'I.
t58
,L lll
2333
Adverbel€d€ lntlrire . - 2 3 3 4 41 8
Partinia adrerbiah. - -.. 2342 479
e a " " i l O . ," * d P i e .m i n an l i n i l i ve ' 4t 9
l n l i n i tr l u l . u a Je P r b In l ' _ ' n r r r " '
2348 41 9
2344 4 8 0
2350 4 81
sdYorb6 3 p € ti* lo . .. .... 2 3 5 1 4A7
2352 48 1
EIse . ,3 5 3 48 1
2354 48 1
2355 482
2151 48 3
2 3 5 8 48 3
V O RB IRE .." .....,.. 2 3 5 9 48 3
II. A DV E RB E CU V A L O - { RE A A L TO R P ' { RTI DE
2360 483
\III. CITE V .\ A DV IRDE S P E CIA L E
2 3 6 1 483
1?62
P;1"*. I" t,.,t.f 2363
2?64
2365
2 3 6 6 48 5
2361 4 85
2468
2369 484
2370 4 8 5
The .. - ... . " 251L 48 5
2314 48 6
. ....... . ... :
v M u th .
?Vo?or..... ..' . ' 2371 447
.{IIYXRBlIL
iTIIE,\D\''ERB)
r. DoFI]{TTTE $ 2222
Adverbul este partei de vorlire carc d€termini sau taracterizeazi un

ozrb, rn adjectie sau un alt ddlrerD:
lve'll idea somc €nnjs his 3ltemoon. Verb)
Her school-repo.ts hishlJ sa,ls/d.rors.-\di.)
He sFaks English etl 4?r. (Adv.l
Loculinnile adjectinle sau adoerbial,:, tac;un fi altc p:i4i de lorbire cu
yaloare de adj€ctiv sau de adl.erb pot, li de asemenea deL.rrtrinaic sir carac-
terizate de un adverb:
She was llteralJ ottt al brcath. (] o{r,iiune tdieoriril;'L)
e saw me slmost to rn, dool. (Locll.iune adt€rbialil)
0nll ond boy in our clusshad to bc hclpcd or with his wort. (Nunleral(u lrloare
de adj.l
He went stmkht hoae. (Strlst. cu valoarc dt ad\'.)
Adverbul mai poate deiermina:

a) n\ substdntie sau un ?ronar?d:
OIrlY dzz wns abseni. (Subst.)
"xyen drL, Ijr"tusl" (Pron. posonrl)
The initiative \ras mGtlX /kb. {l'.on. pcscsirl
Plietiea.llXer,ryrnd had come. iPror. neholi.itl
b) nn participi.u sau rn gclrndit:
She add.cscd them in a lerv rell-cros€trwods. lPa . lfeidi.)
I hare ahvars knowl him ro. a slotr-slealin . )outh. (Pi . lrezent)
,.teir8 dstrgc.ouslt s his lavourite lasinlle. (Ge.ntrditl
c) m inf.nttie:
Shc w.rnted ro srd., $'ork imD€iti8telI.
'l h 'v t o f:n .l r' tte r".
'{p 'rl Pd
I n i re r.o u l d /4 ,.c g rscPn rl l Y
d,) o Iropo.ilie sau o ldrt€ de prapazilia.

P€rb 5 sn? aill be herc. t,Prcl]oz\\ieJ
It rolled slmcstun'1dnu faot. Prrte de fro ozi1i.- comll dN )
N otd. s 22:3
Adverbole care nu caraot€ zeazi lerbc, ci altc pnrli de rorbire (adjec-
live. adverle, participii sau substantire S2222, 25E'i i) stnt. numjte ddtcrre
calificatire.
II. CL,t SIFICARDA AD\DRBDL0Ii
Adv€rbele pot fi ctasificatedupd /drr?d sau dulri inlrl.s. ir ?r:l

1) Clasilictrrc luoi torme. - Dula formi, adlerhrte ne inpafi, in: ad- 222;j
v e r b e prim orn s nu " l - , p 1 , ) . b J \ p ' 1 , . d r i t a ' F c d \ p r l , a , u n " : lu'r,rt'rni
adverbiale.
46 0
222G a ) ld t o b e lc f in a r ' sint lormo simPle:

la t F lr st ir I rl
h lr d û
$ P ll r' t so
( 2249-2254)'
222i h ) Atlwrb.ledetit'at' provin rlin diieih pnlli de vorbire .\
c;rrorri i s-a adlLrgrt un prefix sau nn sult :
sn r ilir L 8 / , li.stlV
,' {onn
,L,i,rn*r"ds P..ttscu/
mai multe pl$i d" Lor
2928 {') Adverbel€ cornpuse irt formate ilin doui sdu
birc iontopite (S 2255):
i1{'.r1's howclcr
nendlorth lndoors
heroby no\there
valori de adverb:
2229 d) I'oculianitc 1ttt'arbial' int grupc de clrvillte clr
i,;i:rlii I li,'t
l "i :*l;; r'":il:,i;l;;ii
i- i i:l;,
;{* l:.i,l';,;r,r,'ii;li ;.:g:li { iil, ii
;.': ,;r:,i";i "l,f,l'"'
then. to anil lro, uP rnd do$tr, ctc
"" :::i'"Jii:,,*iii'$;:f;:'t;*"t"*':'"-'i?;iliui"'$
At secing hc notice. I
she srote to ds/r lo .
11. .^n\e b .ut al tnc
come flnd sil .lov r,
e-mpad in:
$ 9231 2) Clasifioarc ull inleles' Dupd nleles' adverbelc
i zz::, a) adretb(.e tinp ('tdetrhsof I;ine 1, carc'rat{ tirnpul is
:i'lde.::,
pund nlr -"Jl:"*
cDJrP
" - - "- ""1ii"; ; "' i
i"a
"' i' ' 0 " "''r' o ln' us ir "r " sr
' ar P
"P l. r 2 (: t indr )
., r. 1,, $,rdrdso ,, idy.h r. a,d'|rv,lll.-ii:.,;1."i:"'":l,ll,jl'il.,illii
f:,
' l""ll";,,il.il'"'l'li;":"'pll-'i':,1:;'\'".-':
i
i'i;';;'
i#:,ii,l*xr"Ll;*"lr"n;t":.*k'";.;nl;,ii'i"Il"l"iilil:
*'itrr i n a
sin"PomAim4ounLr
vFar o r
"$3sll.'i,i
r$o r" ;
v. *a,j r"."'io" 'r'' '" "o
" 'i,,,"" "
Ad"-b.o[ tl'|nn+) o axtr arars moJ']l ln 'afp '
A 2233 Itt anvrbeJ ntorl o'' li la
Derr.." o .cLiun" "d,r ,n . ". " 't'"i; o iLare in"r;irc 'cr" [t;slunLl
iotrebarea or 2 ( : cuml):
so' somehorv'isurel
badlv.cerloinh.dflberaiclv,cnsilt' Iast, kindlv' preltilv' slowu'
u u $ ll $ i l ' g l v ' r "
't*i ','tt. lo.ul un J F' se^ tt-rcce o
$ '-"-
22e.1 c) adecrbeleexisil
lac (Ad'ol)s
o stare'ofo PIa(),
jnsugjreptc
carc €rala
si care rtspund la inirenarea
" *ri#"
""deunde?l:
-"" (de)
rvherc2 ==
l$':',xilTlr,il,:rhl.l,r"";"::"Jiil;.1ixl;.'fir;ii'il'\Li
;':1 .t, ,I l'lln':Ji':
l'';':':;llll;,ll'""li
il;ro\n'r ' so n r $r'prr' Fr': ':
"''';,.';'
', '
"';.;.:';l'lill-':
ri\hp
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 46 t
d) adterbe de & ra|.sa& d,e scop (Adtrprbs ol C.tê, R.a\on o, R.\rlr,, \ 2985
.d 2 , l su s.o p u l u n Fi d, i u r i . . l r i ." u l ' ,.u .;r i ,j " . r .stu n d ta
' ' F,' r d l ; r ci
i n tr e b a r e a 0 l y? ( : d e ce l ) :
Lonscquetrlty. eroe. lor thnt, lor lhat reason,/pu.posc.n prrpos., sdi so Ur{r, rhat.
r s d r y, l h e .e l o r e . to .:
?) direrse aLte ad,rerbe. 223
a ]. etbe ,ccanrc-ricCanc,:ssirc daerl)s) 1 s
ho{'eve. (: totuli), sl.i]l, Iet, et..j
adrcrb. dc ft.ct'enld sau repelilie (Adtetbs of Fr.:qucnct and Rtlcriian)l
oncc, t\ ice,_ nree iimes, ctc.; li.st. lof rlt). tirsilJ. secondl}. iirdly, asrly; qain,
a lo n e {- o n lx ) . c i( -
ad\rbc i/ieragatire (Intetrolutirc Adufis).

now? Nhen? s']rencc? whde? whelcfttr ? \thitheri, shJ?, .rc.
AdrerDelc e mod s€ subtmpart n: s 291

a) adrethc e nlitate (Arlaerbs f Quali.t : s g:te
b{dll bcautitully. elrelleiUy, lairly, thenl.lr, kirdlJ, ntul.y. tprtec X, wcll, etc.;
b) ad|erbede cantilcle sat gtdd (Adeetbs of Ahrount ar Dc7r.j:) | S 2239
r o g ' t F " ,d s ,' ,.r r | - o n tv , .o ..o le i ,r . e n o r q ...,n r j\.
c'vb/...
o. .... d' a1l.a m o
" 1 .\' .6.' .d
\ r I.
r p n a tr . 1 .,r , ...r m ,r lr ,, h ,| l, h ,r d tv . ;r g p t;. i.t . tp .s . I^ a " ]
n o ..h . n p d " ' y . u n lI. d ' lr . t- p tr J d i. r l d .,' q lr " . r .r th e r ,s ,a r -
.- y .io ..o o " \l' d l - u " ii.i" ly , o o p r e d . v r J . v lt. \r h o tty .,j" .:
' r tt- r li.
.,) ,Q*.1".4:. nfitmo_tie,. prcblhitilatc an de nesdl;e Adrerbsaf Affir- S 224

'nultnn. PfababllLttt of .\ c[nlton .l I
y " s .,in l" a t. d o u tj . $ flI' . u o d Du b .p d h . ." r r ,r n r y . r " u ty . v p r ilJ p t..: m a y b p , p 4 r r d \" n -
. p .r ' u p s . p o s .r b r j. o F ' b ' b r y . r ,.: r ,d lr . tu , n o . n r r . p l,.: h a d lJ ,
d) ddeerbe e precizaxe au tntdxire (Intensire Adrcrbs)1 $ 291

J ls o . n " o q ia lb . p \,n , ,v id .1 r ly . p \a , lv . ja i r - r o c m a i,. o r ty . p u - r i" L Id r ty .
" h i1 r l.
r d J Iy . s m tr J . lu r tJ . r o ^ { io ) , d t tp a J , a t n o s t, " t,.i
e) ad,rerbc c.tftctiae ( Restrictbe Adfttbs): S 9942
only, b'rt (: onlyl, jusr {: onlx), eic.;
f) adterbe erplicatiae (Er.pl.anatorltAdrerbs): s 224
as,namely, ch as, hat is (to say),etc.;
g) adl erbeexclamatire nxchmatorll Adcefis): s 224.
horvl ivhail, etc.
So 'hat:' lvhat does il malter?
D'na, en, shrms and sickness is r€tu.n w as d.layed.a
h) ad.verbe nlrodactire ( I nxroductar, Adeefis ) 1 $ 224

J..o - J:a g ' y. .o Dc^q u e n r ' y.n co n 6 " q u " .. j r o \p vr " . ' h " r p fo . ,t d DJ r r 4 . .n i n y
' ." tr n y ,1 r ,a " : : F r u .i,) .,n L rn ui d a , " h i.r r . - " / 8 ? " - " d . Dr l- / ,' s
" lr ' .
P ' s tttft, L h .t s h ? r u s c ^ n e '
' s . /4 . .1 r i ) i ,, p .i , u ,,.to l,
" a u ,$ r ,
' HJ ]J n . tr ..J lo J i, l\o r ' d Di.r io n /- r _ r /4 r r ' '
t62
s 2246 III. FORM,IREAADYERBELOB

g 294? A. AD\'ERBELE DERIV,\TE
5 2248 1) Origine. Adverbeiederivate provin din difcdte pturi de vorbire:

a) dit\ subslantit,el
besid.r badi)y
atra be,itui ddtly
b) dlr. pnnutu:
lere
t hi i hef
dicre
() dn\ atljectit'c
betaa cleaAy
behind nosrly
d) di]J n meruIe:
/t"tr)'. d,tLl
iwice secantlty s,z3ty
e) din pfftiipi.it I
' 'Jnt't.d1 61"' 4 l'' i t1
ttulAP\tl "Pr"o.i
' dPpo' . l l /
' or " 51.
f ) dn). he adrtbe
belare ldtely /b.4rard
lieloLA ne6tl
$ 2249 2) llotnaxe. ,{"dverbclc deri{ate se formeazi prin addugarea utnri

".
sa/rr sau a unur |r./tr.
S 2260 Sr i l u l - ly . C . lp, nbi m ull" c dr pr b" . lp r r nd ) i . ir ' v s J e t i- r | p duil .
'
lp. At r , nunt l" l. , t f lir . 7r s n, l1" " ) s . t or m aa/ lr i ed; r g r - " ' uf ir uh, i- / y
At enlLe
S 225f Cuvtrtele terminrte ir -14 ru stit intotdeauna ad1'erbe. rrcle iind 9i ad-
- jec l, lr i. ir Ls t e, ial at uc j c in, l s uf i: iulc s t € adiugai unui s ubs t ant iv $ ?92) :
a dniLu pllt t a ftiet'Jly gest e
monthl a Lcnel tor\r
a rrenly^ccarnts
nrgazi.-" a lituL\t t\int
led.ly rXm{,ls a s'tly old nan
S 2259 ortografie
Suf ix ulJ 9 c s t c Adnugat r r njor it ; i' n' i. ir lor iJ r d r Li I nr ndif i, re 3 nn-
m c i } or nilialc . Se eir agc1o " qpec ialr enr ia iuPd c duu; ( dt c s ur r L P ur r nle
de obicci ortogralieie greqii:
a) adjn, : r ir . t e er ; , inot " ,'r - , ( r , uenf eplia eulnr aliej l. t r c c et lr t e dc o
. . n. u. . 1, 1 td.'redli d n. r " i i n" l
l]nnillei.e complctel/ u..- lur.ly
ljn.- lird?y sii.cf. - sincfLjr
,) diliettilcle l L, n, i r dt c 1o ' l pr ece{ 141, r o l . ocr l i au consoaD a I dLr l l r l

rr' celde al .loilealcinrl
la fornra dverbjaliun I lilrrrl iraiul adject.ivului.
prrt e di r s uf i \ ul 'l t / :
fq rl- eqdalft/ gfDr,rrl- gendallg
'1.
Itiiihn,I - iiliturs Igrl- lpgall
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze {ia
Nodilicxri de ortogralio sulerd urm{toarcle cuvinte: S S963

a) adjectivele crminate ln Je precedat de o consoandpierd nceasti ter-
minatie lnaintca sufixului Jy:
lrobable-probab?3, simllc-simlly
CiDd inse terminatia -le €ste precedati de o vocaii, -c mut final se
menline:
E x c c plie: r v hole dr olly .

DJ adjectivelc terminate in -ae pierd 'ocala linald -e lnaintea
suiirului -ly:
c) adjectivele te.minate ln 'll pierd un I lnaintca suiixului J3r:
dull - duity tull - lullgr

d,) cuvintele terminate ln -r, oficare ar fi sunetul prccedent, schimbd pe
-g tn i inaintea sulixului J3t:
day - dailv
gay - gail '
E r c epl; i:
Au ambele orme:
dry - drtly si drsly
shy- shily 9i shrly
?,1Adjeciivele terminate in -ly, ca frien"dly, o elg, timely, eily eLe.,nn
pot lorma adverbe p n adXugarea ulixului 'ly| din motive fonice', tin€lily,
sa.u aneIiIE iind excluse.Ele au deci adverbe fonnaie prin adiugarea unui
cuvini, aBtrfel:
iD a friendly way at a timely momcnt
Adjectivele terminate ln 'ly, care formeazdadverbe de timp, pdstreazd

aceeati forme:
.. I a dail" DaDer @r4F r He rame doilr.
Mrerq p:ap"1
1a 1 S,.e lvrcrc r$ico dail .
-"eit1j
Alto sulixe. Prulixo, Adverbelemai pot li formate si prin adeugareag 2264
altor sufixe sau a unor prefixe:
sdtrolo : .lona .$rdG) -wyG) -ri o {, etc.
l\eatllahs out@a s strajghiaoy lenglholse needs
sidelous sestoar.t(s) sideaags iikeaisd novadays
helitolo: o" be- to-
dgain D,fore taday
alooi 6?neaih ,omofow
dflame Dcyond ,ogeher
r s" ,rrdp fa..r,lnnnr i p r r h " d b i t rfi'br

t . xi l i t . t o f a
C o m b i n a l i a su n ch l o lrt dl:i i nhdi " 4ddFl iza "
sr p a b i l i .
464
2265 B. ADVDRBELECOMPUSE
di{€rite p{rt'i de vorbie:
Adverbele pot li formate ti prin compunetedin
A.1). Ade.
lorUrrlshl.
Ad.o.+PEP.+Adt.
IY. CI.'IEGOnII SPf,CIALEDE ADVFR'BD
$ 2266 ADVEIIBUI, $I ADJDCTIVELE PREDIC{TI\.E

nu de un adverb
Uneleverbe ntranzilive slnt'urmale de uD adiectiv i
(5 76?-?68, 2517):
p a i n i u l r o u g h su r r '
ll o
o /i o
, eo/i ' ualw
d tu| al /rtdi n P / r e l l J " r" 'l''
ro sn P l l s{ P p i r / n a sl r / so u r / sl r o n g e ( r '
p rc
l' co o d / b F a d I i f u l / p p t t ' / b r r aprn'g p '
" o d ' d b : l t " r / d e l i " i o u s/ 8 o o d'/iso uf
to /dq.
AD\iIIRBD CU,\CEEASI FORMA CA $I DJECTI\.ELD S,A.U

$ 225? ^"' "'*"siiisriNrliiin conlsputlzAro'rno
sau substantivelecores-
Unele adverbe au aceeali ormi ca i adiectivele
Iunz;toare:
Don't {alk 60 ttut.

lr wiil go tlt Nith him
l . an l s t a] l onC ._
She NFnt ead'Bh, natK
l l i s su r l i 3 l P r Y , e r l d o t r ' '
Wc weni, not.
Y.u nnsl n..ds olPY Jour Parenrs'
th; ;dst ol EqlaDd Tliey t.areUed e@s,
" *"* * ****

" '* ' " 455/609
4i6
ADJECTITECU DOTI,4 OruIE ADVERBIAL]I 2258
tlnclc €djective au doui forme adrerbiale, una identire cu aceeaa adjcc-

tirului, cealaltii forrnain din adj€ciiv prir adiugarea sufixului -ly:
- }ard. hardly
- lasi, Iastly
La unele ad\.erbe din aceast; categorie, ntre cele doui fornll] nu existi
deosebir" " inl'hs. .i n,,,nsid. lnLr"buinlar.. ^rmd qimpla iinJ adnreori
I r.l p ' d l i .i n d i n l F l " s L l" s l e con r-' . p ro p ri u au l i g u r.rl .l ag r;d u l .o m p a ra l i r
c i u .u p p rl a ' i v , l .r,ti n l p )p .o m p u \cfi i n F x p rF s ;i l p .u n s ds,l p s d u ,l i o m 0 l i .-.
i a r l , r' m l n -/y l n l o ri n d ,,-s N . u ' ,.i e i n d l n l ;l e q u lc s rpa b s ' rr, :
T o ..:r //o ,p lo r r r p d o o r { lo ' r l. d p r o ip e ' . ( Co n .r " l)
, /o . In y r r .ir t b u r ./4 .r r t " k in . ,Co n ;r p .' . lP .o v e r l,J
'l'o war.ch crosci . To go .los'ly into thc maller. (Abstractl
To be ctaseu .oD.erned jt
{: indcaproape). llbstrrcl.)
Slill wntem run dp?. (con.ret) {Prctrh)

To $'ork de-",Dnto tle nishli. ( 'i8lf,:ll
To drink d..e . {Irigural)
U . ?t l ' on" ^ n. l . r . ppl / i r l pr . s l l . I \ Ls l r " , .
T ^ go deer l nt o t hp n' J l l er . ( Abs r r aLl )
.6asi4 said l.han

Dasl oê. eas go.
done.
(Idiom{tic)
{Comrraralir)
{Provcrll
Take il cass lldiomal'c)
As aai . & a s D os i bl e. I di om at i c )
F . n qk ; , 1. . 1 l l s r hp qd, c l , s r , dn go. ( C om pdr av . s un" r l ^ r i \ )
Ilonon.s qui.ftlye ollo*ed.
.tuick-acltng qut.fr-gro$ing qlt.L-selting
Alte adverbe din aceeati categorie $nI: dear, d3.tl ; newi nealy; pldin,
plainhl; slow, sloela: thick. thi&ly; thin, thinUl; tight, t{ghtlu; tvrong,
s'rongllt eft.
Obserealie
Clnd tntre celedoui lonne adverbialc u eristi deosebiree tnleles,ad-
verbelecalilicative3 u in generc orma ierminate n Jy:
deeply intereskd, easih/ rn'l.tsloo.t, aeatlJ nanied, d.ea y bp.loecd, thicQ ctad. eLc.
La alte advelbe din aceastd categorie,deosebireade tnleles dintre cel€ 22;

doui forme adverbialaeste tnsd atit de mare, tncit unele dinhe ele ajung s[ S
erprirna chiar sensuri contra.ii (hald, hardl ). Formele terminaie ln J3' sint
r C d c \ Lc D l i a a, t r " i l or r . i l : r r " . . dr u: r ' l r pl r ui nl dr i ddv r r h d1. t n l i m ba . nc l . r J
. " . . . m nor dnb.o nor r d" ' i ni 1 , l p . u' i r h: \ d\ . " 1 . l I ol os i r nr ol dpJ x n: rs l p dr ; l y .
, ln atarnde ca^file aretaic. adlcrbnl qzt.fr/v este ormr eeamai Irecvent nirebnin-
1aili.
3 Vc z i S 289.
406
tn g€noral trebuinlata cu sens igurat sau mai abstract, Si sint mai d{rpnf tate,
ca lnteles, de adjeotitul corespunzitor:
'lhey dispachedhe TV set dt.d io th," sorke.s'club ( direct).
'fhc si,hool s dtfrdlg oplrosite (: eracij.l
t'n conirs ditull, ( im.djat).r
,t Nlytsiie snid it, shc knew she h{il been risht. (- IDdai{ cc)
lIe 3l$aJs lr-vs /ut ( : ',,r.1).
H nar'dm ( dll._u"l
Your work is /otly /oflysood (:" l , id.stnl dc).
H , o u l d $ork I ' - d { "ob"r n,l . d E " .
H" , o , l d /,"1,/ r o r \ ( b l . { - o , .
The Dlme$ a s l l v n ' c n i l l l: sxsl.
I s.ls ,{rB/./,n ;c". (
' n d (: ",. " ,. imediai).
Jus, here, ih, br Ure door chi{r,
It is j,sr ihe book I edt (: to.mai).
Jrsr once, iusl a little {- nuorai).
To d.aljasls wiih somcbody : just, dr€pt).
He $us jzsdy punished : pe tuept).
Ite came ast {- la u.mal.
ld"//j/[:..,tI\
h"v i,,.,hcv nio\a d o a .$lr-]ruilt llat. s(rondlvL
h"as, -tfls,11ro"ineJsyrprm(
h e vb n r j h l npw utn;r',14. nd
,itin.,: ttnm"idrl.
Il Nas dre n the altemoon {: thztuJ.
I have ot se."nher iar'1, (: ln ulrima em€).
Ho \rs irayeuing llslrr (: Ierii lttgaje).
He has {]waYs reLrted liings l.snd {: uior).
s h e . ' o o d ,..d" )e r i . p r-- aDrod0r. nsa). Adv J p l o 4 l
nh. rd.iy brok,.dos irh.n sh " a $ u; { rprod ",. tldv. d r m o d )
Hp ir?r,ys.lpv." ( . o,",r. s.tuini.. g r o z b v p...)
She sinss so rr€,ril.v : drJtsat).
I s"i' .ig&, o I n p bo, o m ( , U r p p l ,d i r a t ) .
You .Judgid
He iumed islrlJ(: (:brusc).
sloll lideJ.
They will ne here slDr E (: loarte curi'rd).
Alte adverbe din aceastd categorie: clean, alaai\ly (to trash clean: a clea.rt'
Iu "lressed ch;ld.): shtrp. lharply (2o lo"k sharp: tatutnsharp: ta sprdk sharp'
/d/, true. truly (ta sing ttup: trut ;totc[ul): w i d e , w i d o l y (to o p . n
"uJP:
to traQl *,Atl ; NidLl kna|n ) eLc.
Atenlie
2260 Se atragp rr spe.ial arenlia Jqutra urmcloar€loradverbe.din|"Iecare
unclc m"nliondr. l; $ 2258 ad"s"i "ronat Int.l.sc dp in.epatori dFoa
rece urele forne ln -1, diferi cu totul ca sensde cele simplei
. / i"e , r-: m", l; at , I at PI u I r"c nt)
/ o; i4" :J rt ut o"J lil"n , -pc^bdbil,
hd"dl \ - abia. d'lar) ,.psantlv : , n d d l d . numridF. lt l
hishti i: toaie) prette - (:datul dp; .oloc,. sirasnic,
gro?av d€)
sno.,rv - cu.lnd, n scu.t tiDP)
N otd
Dircctl
nefiind es\epronunlat
utilizatl cu sensul[&de
rcktll, de r,
tlirect, da|r-, (: drekl4,
sraight formr I drept),
ro4. direci, dr€kh]
ci in Jnod eovent cu sensulde at once (-rom. nncdial,) i tncn ti mai
F nLru dosbirrrd" r''o rll'pd|' r"".s Lr.r 1l\p"u

I' \t' z :, .2'c",
: 6 . rp; srFl" prprnt . t r. n rdFi. , a d i d . n j , J r u 1 ' 4 i a " l F " r i q r ' r i . 5 ' . m i i
derilrtal,'r 0a tilel.s.
46?
frecLentcu sensul e dr soozas (.: rcn.1^dati. ce).lAstjel, n limba englezd

\orbiti. semantjca cestui dverbeste ndical.i si deci nleleger€a i usuratn,
qi de pronuntarcaui.
O b s e r t' a l i i
aJ ln culintele compuse e iirabuinteaze de celemai multe ori forna S 2261
sjnpla a adverbului:
a qrick gro\ring ll.tri nc$.dis.orer€d tenitory
a quick-lo.gol,ten enrark
a lotrd tickinq clork ./a.: ledl eleoted.membe.s

a .leaFringilg voice
a llat-looted loson a rewly{cdded colpte
DJ Pentru o mai mar€ flu€nln ill stil. tot fo rma simpll estc lntrcbuinlaln S 2269
adeseori ti p€ntru gradele de comparalie ale ac€stor ad 'crbe, chiar atunci cind
forma gradului pozitiv este terminau in l,:
i?zsi, snid th.r, done.
I c.tr't sncak .rv Dralna.
Th€ dos barked ioid,r.
I'c wtnt sl'(d.-
Yotr r aut.ft-"/ han Ffcd.
Couldn't l-ou put rou oase led.c.r
lle slotrted ,o&da,.
\1'c walhed (zi.irs, {or rlr'r.rrl belFern hcre and t},e park.
flis motor iike came rlo0dsrol all.
Prin €xtcnsiu a, sa tnlrcbuinteaz i in lirnba engiezi vorbitd formele dc
conrparaliv .si superlaliv

decit lorrrla ale
in adjectivu)ui
lr: rcspectiv cliar gi tn cazul adverbelor
Hc *.ites .l€rel"r thdn he talls.'
ADVDRBELE PRONOMINALE i lri3

(PRONOITIfiAL ADVERBS)
ii6re rtlr.xre
i 'li"s rc
lnLe4gaLit. who?
1) llefinilie. - ,ldforbele din aceast.igrLrpnsixL numiie ,,pronominale,', S gguj

'
deoalece pdr originea. functia qi tnlclesul toi se aseamdndcu pronumele:
al provin din rdddcinile pronominale h, tlLc wha;
,, lin locul unui cuvint (adverb), al unui compiement c cumstanlial
sau at unei propozilii. ti leagi propozilia subordonate de regentx:
ile weni abroad (adv.l, iin,r, he Fas scnl. at n €\change stndent.
Lct's nccl. at 12 r'.lr.l {.onrrl. ciro.). rLhtn ure marn;qdin D.ride is ove..
IIe ?Lt up kb hand t,prcpozilic). &rs stolping th€ irallic.
lvpzi. pentN ilustrarc. .\emrl+le de la
: Ir.$'. t o$1 r, .1 l]idrior{t af adon En€tisL S 22tJ.
rlsos€,-er arz -cst,3
1108
cl ara$ nodul. locul ti limpul in mod rolativ:

t,1ru ndici:nodul in functic de situalia rezLtitatd ir conte\Lelc.
here i ther€ ca qi pronumele d€monstrativ thir si lhat aratn locul in ra-
IorL cr persoana are vorb€;te; aceeati nt.cbuillare o au si adr.erbeJe ur:o -
strative ,iitr./, hcnu. this Ei thdt;
thither, thence, thitlEr. trlgttce arati locul in raport cu un ali loc ntcrlir"
tl,en aratn timpll t {unclie de un rnonent tre(rlt sau \.iitor.

ii 2265 2) Clnsilie.rxe. ,{FemeneaproDunlelor, adrerbele pronominale se irl
part in ur ril"oaftle cateeorii:
$ 2266 a) adt'trbcdemanstrutu,eirerc. Lhcrc. Llrn. i.his. hat. thus.
N atd
In stilul colocvial, this i thrt sint adrobo denonstralive atunci cird
sint urmale de un adjecliv sarrde un adverbcareenprini cnntitater:
rnis {sa1,r,;
I know u dd,l hish
nu,l,. thit
,lts {sau ddr) l... er..
he Noa't le tlic.c.
The Ftrtcr $.as do, higl.
2267 b) adretbe reLdtiw: horv. Nhcn, drere
2268 c) adrerbe inxxogatit.: honl rvhen whenccl Nhcrcl \\hither? Nhvl
2269 Asomelleaatllerbalor, D lunclie de raportul pe cere l e\prime, adlerb;le
pronominale 6e impart in Drmdtoarelo calegorii:
22;0 u) odr'rb. d j,r,i,: noN. rLc,.. shcr
2271 b) ddftrbp ttp ln : llclf, ll,ere, 1lhere, bither, thither, \vhiiher, h€nce,
ihence, whence
2272 c) ad.rcrbcd.c rrcd: horv, thus
22711 d..) adrtbe de grad sau cdntitute. rhis, rbat.
2274 3) Adverbe compusc. Unele adverbe pronorninale, combinate cu pr€-
pozilii sau cu alte adverbe, form€azd adl'erbe con)puse:
.. t4: he.e.tlrout(s),c nalto, hcrcI}, herein,he.eto,he.etolore, ererpon, ere-
r/d.e: ihcfeal,oul(B),h erenfter. herely, thoclorc, i.hoclrom, l.hucin, lhcrcol,
thereon.hereio. hcrcriion. nd€willr
//,"r: *'hereaboutisl, hercLX, he.efore,w h€rejqwhereof,w hereon, bereto
,,rd: hercetorth. enceloMard
r.iez.e: lhcncelorih, thel]celoN.ard
,n n r : h ith " r tn
2275 PARl'ICULA ADVERBIAL,{

(TIIE -{DVERBIAL I'r\RTlCLn)
2276 1) Dcfinitie. - Particulele care lnsotesc ycrrelc crrtrlc.re ( g l?81) srnr.

de fapt, adverlle.deoarece le detefinjna. nstrumenrc grnmaticale
parLicule "Ibp. Aceste
sint numite mai orecis adeerbiqle.
22?7 ,{dvcrbclc cari servrisc el mai lrecvert, drept Darticule adw€rbiulesint:
obaut.axo . b.t"A. .rr,'n. n. all. o". o.,t. ,r t. ,tlt ,tr.
2278 2r Partirula4drorbisli o ro0lr.r.r I p.rrlirul; prcpozi i0rrrld. \."leaii
partjcule pot, avea uncori ti funclie de prepozifiel (S 2195), egind werbul de
complemcntelo ui;i stabilinrl asl,iel arutrjte relalii, intrc verb gi comple
Dentele acesLuia.Ele sint iD acest,caz numltc particul€ prcpozi.tionalc.
t Aeav.bu.k il out slit nruai adrerbe.
zV e zi S t3 8 r .
8/12/2019 PANTICULA ADVIRBIAIA
,169
A s e c o n p a ra :
A d t ' t rb . PteNxilii
He came inro lne rooni.
P t r[ o n v o u r ] ra l Put You. hat oz the tLrbl€l
I lo o k rn rp r. f J n d rc s s . She ookcd l? the slreei.
Tli-v $ e t rl / r, , lL r Thet $'cnt dotrtr hc hill.
put o// Irr tril- ' lL n n r. is o// lhe
Slie 'his toitrt.
Y,:rbele din .,oloana sthgn "qint lerbc conplere oo stnrite cu ldrl;.tr/?
adrcbiale; rerheb din dreapta sint urn.Lte dt trepo.ilii cc iitrodu. 1o.u-
liuni
' rrtua:.t1ianal..
l n '""t o , 'i " - , i n - a . . , , ; n r ' I i n . "t '. 't 7 J o , r ' v / / d Pr F 'm i 1 d r b 't r L t - -
mind . '- l . , l , r 1 : - t o"a \ ". i r '. to I ", t on. t^ t o t t / t . t ' . 4 ,lo't'. '-
" ""' "lT
Do l l i l l l o u i l - u d l r F \ p r l , a : i n o n i r n e / , 'n t r ' t o a r 'r " n 5 t 4 d 1 ' s t "
i o d . s t , n d . t " r i a n a t t . ) . Et F n u l - . 1 . r v "r b u l l ' , u i n r 4 p u r n 'J i d r . p 'r l r r H
torn.r a , "1 . ^ ^r . l r u . l i p I 'r 't '^/ i r i n n a l i r on t u r 'r h d l t t p 1 t n 4 t .
"u
d.o$n to dinnff. otl ,f," ril nu arr nici un scns ca aiare A5adar at$te lornle
sint. ( onsideral,eodt€r"re-
l n . o 1 ". r . , d i ' d 'F a f r r l n . . d . p r "p o l i r i i l a ", " u' t p . '1 . "n . d l 1 ^. c "
\ € r L u l , l c c ^m Dl . 'n " l . l r l , r i l ^r , , 'i r , d "r P. - i l . ' 'o n 5 l r u ' r r f r F p u / r l r 0 r d l ^
i n l "l l : i b i l ": ; a t , l 't t '. r o o n . r 'o , 1 '"t o l l . x p t h . t r '1 . d 0 $ 0 r '"/ r ; / / . l o l t t l "p o : , 't .
Pr i n , r r r r r r F r . , . F l u 'm , , t ^t p r 't o ) t t '.
3l 0rdinoa (nrirrtelor in prnlozitic si acceDtfl:rrea or. ,\cesiea sint S 227
a l t e J o u d c r r l F r i i , r p ' o n r r i t , u i " . 'a L r l i r "1 J i l '1 "n r "l o ' 'l i r r t " p . i u r '1 "
adr erbialesi ccle Dr"p^zilionale.
L "r i r u ; a d i n r i ' I 'a r l i c u l sa d L e r h i a l i i t . 'b J - i 'p 'o n l i l S i n
"l . i n . '
,f p
i er . iaa ls iIlna b\ rol ri n
bai rlr,. ru Jnrdc.spt rrir,t,i t iual "u na,da\l "r
d dh i aol as..pr ru'l'"o .d/ /rr'tdd l 'r
\ "'b
i i r 'l "rF,"upf i'o
n lnuul unrl i ,
urmetor. Particula advefii|^tit paatc clecis ta €i la sfiryi.tul ropo.iriei, cu accert
1r1I inal pc rerb:
The rln€ takcsoll 'at ht
SrYii..h n rthe light.
I np l i r . ' : s ou.
A.c you going l.o rdng uP?
Urhen rvill hc 'be in ?
Parfi.ula Drcoozitionali alF t - a dirins 1 g ') 'dd r \uLstanti lsau p.or"- S 2 28
psla
p r a p o ? i i i aM a r l s l l s l i r s i r u l p r o l "i i l i e i c o n t o r m r z r n la,.P,,udl
m , 1 "o . u "r e 1 l d "l . r n 'i I r . p " c0rp l r 4 r ", d d ,si ai'e p i i l r r l u i Lr oi al o" c.lnd
tial:
\\'r Jre roins ,oneru 'L,us.
sl,eLo.-shL h ut fot /o/rl0 pound"
't p oui . \ nu ar 4 oo[ , . 9 d, F d br aur J.
Lpi ; n
\ \ ' ondr r . ul t i l ' r r . l W o \ a' il " l D v"
Th m JL r ' ou dn l Jl i ; ng 060, l i " n l i l \ \ ' dl lo Jnu $dnl hi m / o"
( Vezi ti 5 , { 5. )
llaioritatea Darticulolor adverbiale au aceeaEi orme ca Fi prepoziliile

'corespunznioarc, u exceplia urmitoaretor adverbe care nu au ti lorme pre-
pozilionale:
' e \ . d' q. o' ha" t s. r d
, , . . , n\ , r . { q) . , . " $4dL- l ) . . Jr .
'rt
4) Alto tategorii ilc parlieulo adrcrbirlc Llna'ri L,ariiculrl lrlverbiilF S 298
r e p c , i d e e " \ a r L . . l , r i u r . i t "r ' z , 'r u r r ""i n l f i i " - 'r f 'o p J 'u I l ''r r Hs '"
inad€sul verbului r0sp€ctiv:
4?0
8/12/2019
MORFOIOCIA - AD 'EBBI'L
Alteori insi, particula adverbiald adaugi verbului o notrune noua, c e

dilerd ades€ade sensul verbului de bazd:
to come 10 qo away
to sivo back
'n ro hnock iul
Numeroase particule adv€rbiale schimbd cu totul in ,elesul verbului:
to pui.up
(a intela)
lo give out
2282 Foade inter€sarte combinalii se ob,tin cind unele particule rdverbiale

slnt urmate si de una (chiar qi dc doud) prepozil,ii:
to lut zp d, a hotel, to giv€
,Ime "1 /o.lost, lo get o// u/ a stop. lo qet rfl iktrP(.ts
{2 rdrer}e), to rcun.l. o on. wny lilp 1\c.1, ddlFrb + lr.loziln l. to .lrrtrb
rp on to l\e roor {v€r + adrerb + t prcpozilii)
$ 22EE T. COIIPARATIA ADYERREI,OR
1) Formi. une)e adverbe, in special ad{erbele calitative. au gride

cle comparalic ca qi adjcctivete. Comiraralia aalverbelorse face tn irodul
ulmeior:
aJ adverbele monosilabice,precum Ei advelbul ed,'ly, pdmesc termina-
liile 'er la comparatir ;i .€sl la superlativ:
late- lat.r - lates,
early- earlic.- carhes,
1, 7 adv , r b, l l . r m i naL. l n - / r . pr F c um gi r r / dor r . t or m F ez d c om par al i t ul
, u aj , or ul adv er bul r i z or , . i s r s upr dal i Ll . u , , os t :
cl€verly- more cle_r€rly- Inost cl""lerly
n, . Pr y m or ' nr . r t - : r . os r rr pr )
s . I don - m or es el dom - m os t
" " l ] or i
Adverbul olrrn are ambele orme de comparalie:

J ottcncr, olicDPst
pn,
"-., --
'"
I morp ot s o q r o ttP n
adverle lormeazi comparati\.ul qi superlatirul neregulrl. (,a
fi adjectivele corespunzntuareS 666):
Pa.iti" Compd.raliv Supcrlatio
ill ' I
riti. e
nxpticaliile formetol de corritraralir fi superlaiiv stnt acelea;jca h adjcc-

tive (S 672 ?20).
COMPARATTA
4 ?1
LrcmPtc:
' l h , , i ' i s rJlu"d his p o q r v . t u ' P r h d D hpv d i ' l Jo F
l'ou |:I \] mc onp I'enod(ar i ' J r '
S h e $as L i ' r i r a \ - \hen aro'€
l o u r (l.d \vas n o s l 5 a l i s l a ' l o n f
, , r,,,* Jid. 'Fa\':'
i,:,,1t ;r):;"D;;i:i.ll:..,
2) Ortogratic. Regllile de ortosrafie slnt acelea,oia ;i pentru adjec- $ 9284
tive (S 661).
uneori o propnzilie $ 2935
3' Uoun romparitilo. Ca'i l1 '"7u1 'djAcri""lor'
icomDarsri\ rparnl 'pl"'1orr"fotnFfiindunil'Dlrr'orrJ'rnclrJ
"o n f i ". '
i - "."-i ,i . , "" * 'rrJu'" n r i n din '" ;n "e n r i ':
"r a . -"lipI fc€l the cold mort a\'l mote
(Sint ldgtl din ce n ce mai muli )
\\'e iikc lis atlilLlde ussand ess' pulm
(Atitudinea ui nc 1"' din ce ln ce m
'
Alteori, doua comparative diferite. precedate de adverbul se gdsesc S 2286
p i'iit p ': n ; r cu lo t \ un m m p r r d r ir . ln liF
''e'''r ' propo-
t n d iu , . , n r o p o : it 'i A '
a'i' mr" :
;it;:"i"';;"[;;",1*;1ie s" ira.ruc'p rin. "u 'it m"i 'u
aiirzir
ft ; ii'mil".";llilxli:':"x""i1*"'::*'""'"ia
rhidL" bourn'"
I F r" r," psrpmdibi...,
3i.oi"iri'_,*,
rcu,,""s'nd,,r" "'";:;;,jt|PU,1"ii';,
rtr"JdtdeaJv"r-
ln un"lo 0zuriun sinqur dvFrbn grddul oorparativ min r:
iJiomari'1:ii moi a Lt
fr"r tij,"".r"
Hr hdd i^t.l';"1"r
h" ubv o nP.rivhLrri' 'r- ro,enjoi"l'i"li'li"L:l'Tlr,
'u
In drcptul rumrnrr cr
.u admirabrrd.i
[(Xl) ridit r rLl]inul-
h " t t " ' t o t it
li he NJs nod " L , l d shJ rnpv likpd him " l' ' h '
rrmtoFriru drirmar rbir'l
ib:;l;; ;;;.i ti
AtenlLe
nearer)' greieah frecv€ntd S 2287
A se eviia drbia, comporatiu more nicer, Iess
la lncptutul studiului limbii engLez€
\1. LOCUL N)VEIIBEI,OR s 228
A"A'DVERBELE CALIFICATIVE s 228

par(i dp orbire da'll vcrbele.
Adrprbelo nalilica'ive doprmind allr
q...,'.-"a".rt" p.'..dn i n gencreadjcctiv"t" sdverb' c p"rri'ipiile
sau substantivele pe care le oaracierueaza:
:he i s , + / P r l l r o " r Y ' \dj'
i1','v
rrro"
{ 'ir
r " rt', 'i, r'?'A?a
/ ';di"1"?ous
- -'r
o- Il J r t{Jt l rt' r r l
o ,ou. <ub-.
1," is o.J,
pc care tl i i 9990
llrceplie: adverbul anagn, care se pune d' d cuvtniul
determinH iS 2353, 2683)
r $'ali. \ltirdan, D"n-?ur^.
472
s 2$1 B. .\DYEUBDLD AREDETERI'T\,\ 'DRBD

S 221)2 nDyrRBxtxDx TDrp
Penllu slabilirea loclllui pe oare l oeupe adverb€lede timp in propozilie
c s t e necesar ii le impnrlirD n:
S il2t3 1) adverbe care dau o idcc ncpri:r ri desple tn:lp (ndyerbe de tnnp
ncprecis):
.. ihr.ys, ever. n o. l.cqncnl.lJ, oilen, si,ldom, r ell, g.nfrrllL n$ral\, on.e, €ome-
udes' soo'. elc':
S 2291 2) adlelbe care arati lr€.ir timpul (adr-erbe de timp precis):

J e s t e r d a y , l o d a J , l o m o r f o w . t onigl't . dt t rigl't , la51 nighr/ $epl r'rir, nt h/ y err. ct c. ;
lI r. , r Jij . r ^ . I r s s r ' ^ . "t , . : , n t t r m, , . rr: r'g/ ij, I noo. , -\ , nir, L. , , t , ,
S 2995 1) ,\dyerbcle dc timp nepre(is sint pucf:

S 229{i a) tnuin.a verbului. cind aces[aaro o /rrnd.\i,ntlri. cu excepjia verbuJui
lo r,e.pe rare il urmeazi:
\1'? / n go skrtins r tl,c winr(,r.
Th€J' ",,n lerrlt the tuy.
s i' n " " i1
Hu' s.as s,on tircd.
Er.ceplie:
Cind verb l /o 6, esLe ccentuatr dr.crbuld e timp neprecisl precede:
"She s ni. "'She anrags s iri in ll ,e elenhgs."
S 22$7 rorna
b-)compusa:
dupd prnml. aar;llar (inclusiv sl l-orhutui to BE), cind verbul are o
un uuxillar:
Ne sh.ll dr,/ lorgct yon.
'l huy h.d o/reu aticndcd il'e erening rlisses.
I hrve rdf.ly bc.n l.o a iirst night.
\\'e rre dlrarls sec;ng Ureo-
doltd sdu tet duxtliarc I

They shall sooa have head aboul lhe neN salellile.
He has seldon been seeil in our club.
NJ son {ill,/,.a hrve becn goilg l.o university (lor) a yea..
S 2998 Ert.?lte
Cind auxiliarul trehnieaccentuot,dverbtl de timp i\ prectdd:
.lou
say haven.rc. gilen her a ihongl it,but I ol'rdys lrare ookedafte. her.
S 2299 c) d.nrii tn vtrb dtfactia modaL:
He can n...r go o sleeDiil,out lirsi readirg d haii an ho r.
Y.u m.)- rraa meethc on Xou. ay to s.hool.
OLsetadtii
\erbul C,\N poate li li precedat de ndverbeledin aceaslacategorierceea
ce atla ge dupn sine acccntuarea d e i ; :
I nerer 'coulll reciie aDJthing
\or1 alqay 'can r.ell rvhen h€ is hapll: lrc sings al lhe iop ot his loico.
Yon ,€ra .in ldl $hxt rnal hatpcn ncrt.
4t3
ldverbele noe. Ih.tt. sotnctimes.'oon nu rrrneazd intoldcauna regulile S 2400

preced€nte.ci pot fi puse ii la sft$itul propoziliei {acceni "(]ab).sau. fclltru
o acc€ntuare nai put€rnicn, la inceputul ei:
l shai1ro,' rtlain the csson.Neacccntuatl I e i,ncd',€s . ones on TL'esdnI.^ earcPl_
I shall e\llain the lesson or- (Slab acccn' tu'rl)
tuil,l tre comes on Tuesday roae,iner. (Slrb
n'o, . I sl,aUc-rrrluin h€ lesson. Accenluat acccniuut)
I /kz kn.w lhc tNth. (Nla..eniuall ,tonc,tnes h. |r(ttes 0n
Thi,y Ffre tndn liljng in the .o,trttrI. (N{ $'c slall r,'z s@ yor asain. i\eaccfnl,ull
$'eshallsec lou aga 5,,z. (-clabaccu,turl i
iHlilliil d'. rshba.oenil,ar) J'oon w€ sl,all see rod aganr. lr.cN,tu.i
'-,'
? lEn I knc{ the l.rtrll,. {\ccsttuat putelni.) |.€ni.)
2) Advcrbcle do timp precis,precum qi lalr i tdrly. sint plasale dc obicei :( 2301
la s|n',situlpropozilriei:
q .
s l.. ". i,l1 lp .l t,f- r 4^-.J,u .\o u , /ir " '
t, ls r ' l' , 1'. o itr t.- ta " x h t. lld r ' l d' r ' 1 im //" j, /..
| ,l .ll r ,t h r ' t.\to t- o r . T h " J r ,l. .p .r ' ' . l . " ' "| , l,
Iie is le r r in g .a ;ly Io s.hool toda). ' L
Cind shi a.centuale. aoeslt ttd\'€rbe sc pun la incclutul propozilieir $ 2302

'Ioddl thc NhcaNal Rnt olf .emarkrblJ $,.11.
'I.rth.( hP will be h re, I an slf..
Idk rt li8hr ne N.s slill ha.d at his bools.
ADTHRBIT-TDII OII S 2:lo

1),\dvcrbele de mod sirt I'use: $ 2304
d) durti ,crb: s 2:t0
lle dranksi."v.
I had walked /aJr.
I kroN slie crn sin9 b.autirnl .
b) dupir cotnpknent. cild verlut ar€ un comthDent scurb ir cazul :c2306
I uscd that wo .lerirlut ,y.

fdilcr h,td litkcd Io het kin ttiJ.
Cind insl dcrsl tbnplemnt $tc plt.a lu g. ppnLtn evitaren e\-entualclor S 2t07
contnzii adverbul este pus inainle satr dupd wrb:
He. il4,rly ryal, hed he gamc rcak corer.
'l heX hrd t .irten dd../"dy.
r Yol r ;
\erbul nu trebuiedcspdrlit de conplcnu:ntulix dird ( )sb9-"'): s 9t08
Ile speaks nglisl' l&cnly.
Hc straks /l?.,/V Eoglisl.
DespnrLileavelbului de eonplementul direct csie ustifitatn atunci ri d
d.it.d toarte ung;r line prca depflrte dc verb un adlerb care
"",nn'pi""i"t
nu il poate prec€dar $ 2601):
The ictionot gltoilla ighleNnad ap.s.d ro.e./atrd.s..u.,l,zureNizi lnnksp.ssing
I i-iil.l ol.lXi," ,' u.u' tso\|,:,,t cit.. osit,.ntA.1,,,,s.

8/12/2019
47 4 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
AtenILe
2 3 0 9 A d e r b e l € c a i i t a t i v e - ( b d d l v , b n u l i f u t l t:ru
"r ' e l ln'a
L n tt'l ' a ' f l u n nl @l'
t ' ' l ' , inr,ar
ntl. '
n;. t4. \v lt, pt' / l r r|F''br trY t'11s i "arp l o T']i:-orr
onp''
t ""r ' , ' r d e L o ; o l P . n 'n r u l d i r r c ; rl l i m b a r o m S n d 'r p u n d u p n
' i ^ "L , r i Fpun' e
[.]i,",i al.:;-i ii, fi.r,. '"gt-s -c
-in F ilo "" h p r $ o r L J"'s ''"ll
isa t b a 'llu l'
llp lu J r "n dEnglbh
P r "d n p p P 'r L P d u t t lu t t ll
Tliel sDeak flz'n'Y
i kiow English re' tul'
I like Youi hous€ nrc,'
'e'Y
cur€ntd la studenfii ronAni'
S. l]a e?r.ldurmiLtoarefl v€rsone incor€ct['
locul acestoradverbe n limba maier$e:
""'"1i"li"il"""l"li'ae I lnow t€'g Qdll Dnglish
I l i l r F +, Pr' / r I o u r n o u r . '
'flr E n g l i sh
) "P'ik l/P' l / Y
q 2310 2) Advexbelede t\od precaddecrbul: dilrtf o

,j'"ti oazul obiectiv estoltng stru ciod consta
i ;;i;
propoz{,re: "*'pr"-**iin
l;'i31'"11,'''".
ift :%:.1",".",,"1",'l:,liiff#i,lj';",ili
construclie i ijni-
S ,ttt cind complementul irect esLe n in{initiv sau o
,rr",OU?
InP hn'l stokfdllv pro ';"J lo 5l-udJ
ro
I Dottidlo;ta ask"d tin bn ' lrerir'
do
Tine\ ce ai;11) kner
You rtnPlY nust 80 wiat
nos to
N oId
t nplo JvPrb.,l" modal ceror u' '"ro in senorJ dlp: l":l "':Y-9:uu
' '"'"t' i i,*t*tUttt
E 2313
;li;,:;,^,";:"1i,"; ,:;";,,:i:"':'
,)r,i * " ;;t' ,i " i z z 6:r.z ns ' z fv ri'i J i i ' . ," ' ' " ' " ' rn" a ' rre' bc
'lti'i"r,""" iiiii"-"i is r
p;,,,t tin np*tnnh- ; i frind nrrebuinlale drn "'rr-I'irp' i- : F lc s ' n
in r , - € i, I br . ' pmn, r r . dr r or' - ; i; ; ; ; i1; ; ' hiar ' lir "i ' r r t d s
h#a*:'"""l';"";;tilii.::l':tJir
\;Lcit s i coteaoiicmodul n cut " -' rur oni ' ' r" "
i ,;' j ri ;" i ;;; ;;;.;i ,i ,-i ' ' " " -i * r' i .1,. r' 1.r-s r.r.
a ccst ca z P e a d ve r D '
A se compara:
l:: if;"'i',fi'3';1li'i1"',Hl
l:l ::l ",1'"iiL:',l"xT;,1':ili,;'
i'ii::',9i',;i';::""T,il: lfff"Ilil;;r;TJ;"'l"Y'"#'i
E 23f.1 .\drprl"ln d " n'oJ a/i'a"t trltt l'ordlu tt t ' n'|dtl'1 2 J l 6 J
pr^boLt 'r\:'
:
- " \ e r L ' r l { \ "z i i
" , o ' i , t . s o t - t J . s t t u r ; t . , ' r r , p ' l ' ""i ' ri
He dlrDs, orgot [e loem .
i,l
ii:"'lt'lrufi,*1";l;1";:li u*. " ,'."*''
ii8lliil"*:"
I oLir. asree with Yon'
r inlst .;drlv go no$ . . .
I lrzlSrbPliete lou are g[r'
4i;
Obsaren ii
profouiliei: S 2315
7r^.r" acestcaclve e sini puse la inceputut
"i,u""",
; $:;'il,i;":,''""'
i;xiY;'"j,"lf:ili:
llL';';l"li:" ilill':lt''."""'li'; n
'" ' "'""
mod crr" precnd; *rbul rS 2 u7 2Jl1' 'e"-ur onr''r,r5 i" 2;llti
-\d"rbrlp dF
:'Jt,f'' ruii:
r"Tl*[i"i*;jll:1""1";;ll' , li,i;,,'i:;': ]i.;i:''i;;
d u p o 't'" tn " l ' n r o d e l e
'' ";, ",';,; ; nr" " *i,od,,iz"4
i i i 'r ,i ,. 1 i ." t.r " 'r
l i i " " " ,yt"i,Tli"Tji ;:li i "''
n subqtrntrvdFterl
fr a., 'Lr' sugereaza
l.;i: li,.;1";"tf
ciniul:
' .\..,,,. Lpn4;lr, o^. tJt.tJ,' i or. r "b'.us(.choir
" $ilt .nor,, onr i1,o 1,.,.r,_.
,l'i'.
i,.i.'1,,i.,ii:";"Jli.n;ii:
l1 'f,ittl ',;^""t
h.op
l,ll'Jii
carJatLllolPtl.Potn ""'^"':'""
ttt hotnl t"utllJ ttu n d ',u:"rr''t\ l" au
;nttu'n; re;J ' p i'd'J r-s;t"rJ
sr"n'J
, ,, -;;":;",,i,: . s"t'I
t'a", rd{erherc2318
rcstoi,'
" iliif",it rii''ilr'.pi][* 0""t ntelesului
d'supra
i'd ri do timP).
de r'"it-;"* pozit'iap€ cam o ocupi: S 2:|19
" J-*Jl" i;i schirnbnn 'lesul dupd
:i: #ij{ li-fi; r'lT'li\;ii:i*,"i'T'1,""11d:
lI:ff, fi :'.F#,-,?i"i'liii"",'liTi"r'r ::""
I ril;;l l;-ll **: :l.-?fii?'j,xJ"'i;19"'l#'il
fl ili,'ifl i''l'11;**
"r'
f *""r,i"L"'.jff5l,'i"l
",";,;p ,",
;,,i,L$;li5li lii;i_i"Tlh"
tt is ron {: Pr') old
ll. ri cold ro' {' loto'DI I
$fTiilill.\xiilltr
Al.nlLe i"r.;,,*$,;l:#;,r;: tu1 "rbul
F'lF to1'l- i 'l'orl 'nl '
t , " ' , ' r , .." e t i r J e \ . n r u , ' l p l " ' o n f u " i i c eJr''i nrrr" 'u\rr'rp
..,L'J"".iL,rlui nrHidLpsaru.rci Irrd n rrdrd 'n4r
..ri' l" i r p u l F a d p r F r m r n r :
',. " ' l " t b u l (adv de i'i ) crme up t'o ioiln
rlY aunt wlo had boer ill /"cnl19
relerl r€c'n|ly Trebuie spus sau:
Nu este clar la care curht se
becn li up to to\Ln'
X aunt' \tno nad 'ame
'd'?nds o 1o\rn 'c'n'iv
irl'l'out' wrro raa een iu' came rP
n'1 | 2320
l i r " L a f o r L i h d i ' t o s l n h a t t J t ' t ' tr"t4 l u ' t 1 ' ti " r " 7
br 1 r '
El' r'ebui"s' Pr'' \''nt
,,'L i...l. 0u ur"t rn ' ) r t ' t
1'roi'o'i'h 'rdn
",i;;^ '|n
4
O*aii, *ri l'""r€r, op ciL, Position f Ad@bs'
'
"* *
4?6
r)p ut i t .l t r n i u ' i ( r 2 l 1 l i ) . ,l a r t- a u .l h d csP o fi n e n i l p zr co l o ' vi a l J ' o n
qe shot'cd me 1l,c inesi s.lool I drrosr ev€. saw

tlenrn: tle stro.rcame aimor, the.tF linesl sc hool erd srN'l
I r ,a 1 r .l ,_ \ tc" ,\h o t. sJt" f i . j ,r c
( p ,n .r i l l l ' r tr ,r /l y' r ' " ( h o r sa .r i n h' j r g
' \r )
\\' r . t u t l tn n l l J) I' a \' Jn Jl h ' n E o sr y i r ' l ' " m l p r '
,F l " r u : \ . \a I' tb \F , , d / p /y to r h a r d t .r t h r n S o sJy' l
I ir,-",did it ro. a io\e.
lpcniru: I did jr ius, lo. a iohe )
\\e n ...1 / h o " ,1 o r r ' 1 ,sL ' ' o l l ' /r
r .n r | i t,. ti ,t" o " ,r ' i a l o .d ' h s,ch l i I r '
I o'7,r Nant to bxv somemilli
(renliu: I \Yant td luY o,l? sone milk.)
Oull u , I a * t p o l .a i i ,r r m e z' ' u i n l Fl r p .. d r P l - ' l ' r e r l i ' r ; ' u ' ^r ' d i -
1 i a cd i n l e l " su l v l i c cl sf:
onc Nord Io.
Iintrllce o,1",season
and I i(tcls
.n oi l o
Y.
T" n t u n d - .r /a d .t F l r | P r i P
2321 rrDlEftBDr,n Dr Loc

Adverbele de loc sint pu'\e tlupiL ucrbul intanziti" \i^ forma lui sinpln
ori co$pusi) sat d.upd utr'mnpleite t dirctt t)ri indirct:l st:utt:
He {enl lulor-
'l he can't have Sone /or':
Ne uscd
I was io meet
ia]]ling io llcm
mol}cr/,e/.
l"4mrairc'
Cind in,qe "rrrl€rrentul l1rteprPo /ang. in lipsa n ei snlulii nrsi burre'

m ai alesat unc i c ina adv er b{ r l s lje' s . u| t , s t e nlr " \ ' €r b. s ic or nplor nenl
^ . FSt a
5h t,ad sent n,D. lhe lJooks gilen her by her motho.
\\c nsed to meel i./c aU ihe girls ii du. class
N ot Zr
2422 Pcntru accettu.arr. rilv€rbelede toc se pun ta incepu'r prcPozilici:
-ddr,,Ne used to meet dailY.
-1, l,n. ererlonc is lrapll.
2323 PROPOZTI TLE CU I{Al \IULTII AD\'IIIIRL
2824 a) lntr-o p|opozi ;e cu doui adverbe,unul de 1oc si allul dc lirr /r'cir,

adverbul de lot {ecedd pe cel do timp:
I rm sonls a.l (loc) ono./or' Linilr'
( l i d Dl .
$ e N€ n [ L o De l o cl a sl ? c f t
shc $'nt lier soi ,,'tu. n,rne. (loi, scs,€rl'y (1inr ).
2325 b./ Cirrd ir$ir adverbul exprinrd nr2recis tinpul. r'1esl. rrr,rdl de ndlorbul
de lor:
Yotr Nill na'er {tjm ) come /Er, (locl r8.ir'
Ne r n e n ti tu p )we n i ,n h t { l 0 c) .
Tlrcy are d/-ass (liml) a,ray lloc).
I Vezi q :ilai-93t6.
he 'o; far r.k : {c or,linei .Drintillr in .F.rlli bcat norr. ra4 e ntoari..
8/12/2019 PnoPozr LE Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
c,) Adverbele le timp precissint puse ntotdeauna Ia sfirtitul prcpoziliei, S 2ZZA

hiar atunci .ilnd sint, DsoliLedo un alt Adverb de tinp, care jn aeesl caz e
r ec ed :
t n ,t" F ,n E ,,,,o tu 1 - - i\. .o n - t;tp \tin p n ,p t.,is t ta d o o t r li,r li " ,i) .
I s is h o ' , h - l ' .,,, r n " /y {lin p r ' p r ' n tr ,} u d - ' ;s ( .:m r ' i ) .
-\
- h F .lls n 1 - r s ' ,t $ o r l,in d h 1 \ttn y n I' ' " ,is l r " ' o r r p ,,r " /' r ( lim p r P f." )
r1J Ctnd propozi(ia col\\i\a daud. adverbe de timp precis, cel cu slera S 2327
noliunii nai mstdnsn il precede pe celelalt:
Lr | s n" Fr , ' r , ou / o, I s f ' r ir ' : r an. J l nn. u { ( J r dnailH q1l.
\l p b h l r l ," n r d u \r ' l " o m u n i \' b i ' l , , J , , l sl Fr i r sl r l n b i l r Jt ,,. G f" r i n ,,
Didn'i you scehiD oD n. :l,n (slc.:l .sl,insnJ dstzodl (sf€d ai large)?
el Cind tropozilia oorljile lr"ri adyerbe (de loc, de mod ti de tilnp precis). S 9328
acest€a sint pusc in ulnritoarea ordire:
1 ) a d ve r b u l d € l o c; 2 ) d c m o d ; 3 ) d e ti m p .
- p $ .r I' a p {hl o
\\. p ,Fsl ,,.ratqn a,tq
:I;r .l t1 . L ' shat,t\n
- a i l t)".
a
" l ," l l - ,.1 ta t l m v,t) l ti n r ) .
Cind adverbul de timp esj,o n?ra;s, ordinea advcrbelor csic:
1 ) a d l e r b d e ti ,,r f:2 ) d a 1 o c:3 ) d e m o d .
\\n , /r u c r i ,n p J l u _ n - d o a i l o , sr d tTJ n ,o d
Tl , sl u d n .- o l r , ( i n p t" o ,U.' ' tp t, tu ) r tl t:n ]s l ^.a ' J)
LOCI]L CAfEGOIIII DE ,\DVERBE 232

-{LTOII s
1) -{dvcrbclo cgstive. $ 233
a.) Adverbele negalive se supun regulilor adverbelc,rdo rinlp nepr€cis,
arlici, precetllr €r6al in forma )ui simpld, dar r.in d.npd o BE, drJpi duxiliare
6au dP./€ctilelfm odale:
sle ,,4. Niled so that ne .ould neei her l..ili.
It,p J s' a r P r ./ u 1 i l ,. sr a g ..
I J , ," r kn ,' u
" r ' " r o m ,d n L ) r h .s" o r d ..
ThtJ have ,zrdly sren 'me yet.
lSh,"may
he childret
,e,c.(ould .(.o/rr,s be
reconsider at sclrool ow .
e. decision.
l./ .\drerbul peredd infinitivul, participiile qi imperativul:
âgativ
\l f u d - n sb .l :d m p r ., r o e o i r ' o r , 1 i n q . l n ti xi l r \
.\;.;. b " ,,,g ,b | " r o ,l ,. l ,' . j ,6 p ," tFr l J. h p $ r s " i g .r l r p n - u r p d P a ,r . p r p /^n .,
llis lroposal $as unnel a.ccpicd, tu. dc.liDcd, bul, s xndlr coDs'deration.l'art.
J.rer lrit the .hild otrt or Iour sight (Iml)eralit)
2) ldrerhelc irhodur{ire. Lo0ul acestor adverbc este la tn.e?dlal S 2331

sar
puseioarl,e aproape de tnceputul Fopozi,tiei. Cind nu se gdsesc aici, ele sini
Ije dnp.i sabiccl, Iie dupe vtbul ltical, d.uailiar s^n dtfrdie:
| o L . p , j t . , . 4 u t s d o t r , or r " p , , ? ), I , i r , " u r ' \,,r\ h ,rt fof d ,l"gr e".
}l"r'p .., I r took up a l€rlnical rar..r.
Af .avse, fat knorv she I{s nckr rfp.ated hcr mistaLes.
'rlie bov. l,-c,.,.. ioryot lo lock the door.
\otr crrre{I me, tlEt.fo.c I t:anP.
Tl'&e is. tn d,y casd, no news yet.
ThcX worlil, rl#c/ore, c.iticize t he negative asplcis ol Ure crse.
1 , .r . o t .' " fk ..ta y ll" r a , r tl . r ir h ,
4? E
233S 3) Adycrbclo noiderto se despart de restul propoziliei prin virgule qi sint

puse fie rlapd subiect, i e dupd. rer.b cind acesta are o lormi sinpli). .ldp.,
auxilite sa.r defecliae:
\ie, thercforc,c ceptedheir te.m.
TlrcFrench ailvaymcn's trike,noferer, aused grentstir.
Sh€was,ar uDy dra,a hardworkcr.
Theyhad, aay,as , collributeda gr€atdeal o th€ *cces ol the periormance.
\\ie may, Nnsetten J, discusshc coniroversy ow.
23:|3 4) Adyerbolo ale rtdriro se pun ltrgd cuvintele pe care le determiDel
-Orez hildren noN his.
H€ never pokeo me.
"0€aedzme ol havinsmisundersl.ood
She usp€cis e.
Ii's eQ€n o.se o lie anout t.
t J" n h p t r Jo . so u d , ' l b o^'imp.
,1Lo lrcd saw il, s au: frcd salv it, alro.
T h . J . d m r 4 / o 4 n t h " m o f l r i n { . a . . T t r y , a m . i n t h " m o r n i n Co l . o .
lhp
Sl L Jr u u l d , 1 , ; b p l n u \ n mLr si
h p a / so u m t ' o - n l , a. t n
l op l }sFo so
u Lnoet , t o w n .
It is eca.tl,u tite.
He rle'ays aauies out his dutles er@l|y.
O b s e rs d l i e
Adverbul de intnrire fiind un adlerb de nod, atunci cind determind un
\.erb se conformeazi tn eenere regulii adverbelor de mod.
$ 2334 5) Particuh advorbialtr. \ierbele conplere (S 2192. 2208, 2629) sint
exemple de verbe cu particul{ advarbiald:
to go by, io kno.k out, o pul on, o rlog ut, to send way, o iakeolf, to workoui,
2335 d) Parbicula adverbiald a unui verb complex tranzitiv sti d&Id comple-
mentul direct atunci cind acesta este uo pronume personal:
H , " i i JoJrh .,t:pur r ,,.l
L I I i ' l rr ,vh.tr ..on,,
Shedrove hen our.
$ 2336 ,) Ctlrd tnsi coinplementul djreet estc o altd I'art. d, ,r/Dr.€ decit pro-
numele personal, parlicula adverbirld il poaLcp/r,da 3au r,ra. larn niri o
schimbare de inleles:
Let tz tho clrildrcn LcL hc children Dl
I'll ptrt an my hai. I'll pui my hat oz.
Takeo// yoursl Taltc yor.s o/fl
Clear a,ay liose nngsl Clear ho6e hntgs 4ragl
N a td
$ 233? "Let th€ children inl" eLc. esle forrna coa rnai uzitafi. In genere,ch1{i
particula adverbiali poate fi prepozilia unei construc.tiiprepozirionaleurma-
toare sau atunci clnd nu lordeazd lnpreunn cu verbul pe care il insolegle
un v€rb compl€xr particulaj care ost€ n acest caz un adverb, se pune la stir-
titul propozi.tiei:
I brought he child i=- ito ih€ rooml.
I asked he visitorser.
t"To askup" nu cste n e b conplei ii deci nu se poate spune: I asked r tho
4?9
c) Cind, complemenlul ie.t $tc lrca lang sar atunci cird este lnsolit $ 2338
de un atribut lung. particula adrerbiali p.rcrdri complementulr
lve looked p l,isnameard addrcs.
\\:rile dr'rz a lcs'namcs,
Shc enlo// thc greeting,n.ds ril1.n i}rai morDing.
dJ Dacn verbui arc do A nmpLemcnte.ordinea lor esie u nEtoerea: S 2339
d'.) sau complementul indircct. fnri prepozilia to. despnrl,evorbul de
particr;la adv€rbi;h, complenentul direct l'eirind ln acest az dupl pafli-
He'll $rile you (conpl. ,dif.l ozr a pres.rirrtio (compl. ir.).

d"J sau conlplementul direct. pus dup[ particula adverbia]d, preced{
complenentul indirect. car€ are forma prepozilionali (S 2618):
Hc'll write,at a p.esoiltion (cornpt. t.) lor yox (comtl. ndir.).
€, P€ntru a seda mai mnltri vioitirrDe tilului printr-o construclie xcla- S 2840
n, alif i. a, r Flum - , 1d. i f ar , lilidr i.par li. ula ad\ " r br ar 6 . r " r jd
proPozitiei: l - in' " lulul
e') a/p Jou go l c".) atp climbed he cat.
,o"n hc went on all foursl ,oan sent babJ on all lou.sl
o// jt camel o// can. ihc buttonl
O bs er aali. e
Cind subiectul esie un pronume persoDal,el yecedd \erbi, vezi exem- S 2341
I , l' le d. la pun ul r' . / i is r , lnd s ubi. . lul . c la o alld par lp dc \ nr bir e. lo. ul
lui s p bf la ./rr.t , qb [ \ - z i a\ e" p] aleda ld pu' , ' r ul / " ) . ,
Uneori virbul poate chiar ti$si:
,o p z Rith ih e ta iio r s l o// rvith rour booisl
Oer lrith il l
6) Adye*ele c e al0tormid infinitire. -,\dverbnl std i]l genere naintt:a E 2312

inlilitivutui:
I uscd dhays to go and seehef.
S h e .te ci d e dn .r .r to sn o ke a sa l r .
r-.on ought r.arv ti) speak Xnglish in .lass.
Regula trebuie insi aplicatl cu attnlier deoar€ce adverbul detemine
un.ori un alt, cuvint, d€cil infinitivul qi lrebuie pur alunci lnaintea cufintului
deter inai,. r\.resta este tn special cazul Terbului l{, B-g + url farticipiu tre-
cu i sl l u u n a d j i ti v:
1 1 1 ttti En r o ' h o ttq tr n " n ' tl o j J $ n " I' ' n d - \' I r o l , /,/1 ,,m p l o J d .
\\ ( n " s I n In l . u r .o i l "al .o fb r d n L r $ o r L .
lle did not erlcct yor lo bc so ddllrl n(erested nr lris loerrI.
7) J lirnfirul co edrcrb ntcrcallt (Spl'r Infiniti*). - (Vezi $ 1666).
R n c a P r TU r ,,\R n $ 931
\ , lr " l ul t r ' " da rn s pnpr " , r r ir r ' r l n- " r ' " ,1 l" Fr m ind u' ljp' iv ..1-
r Lr b. pir t i" it r iu, \"b. u \ ubidnt j\ ).
Lr c e ii:
o) tn^4L c{" f us dupi n, li. ' t ir . r dt - r b r au r , rb:
L) 1u Bl:. oLJttiaFl" :i d l "tir 1, tnodol . inl urma'p d" rnrjorit ' "u
adYerlrelor;
480
c) adverbcle de lrr: si de Dr.J stau dupe \'erb sau dup:i cornplemintLtL

direct sau i direot ssrrl ipreeertl sau utmeazn nln vcrbui cind cornplenrtn-
t,ul cste \ing;
tl'.
dJ adrerlele i? timp ?r..is (tod.r4, tamorros. qest.irdalt. I1,\t ni:ht,
(]afla. sint Pu3r
nelxterenine, n the mami . at ntgl, €tc.). precunr ;i ldlr ti
l{ slirDitul propozitioi:
einarticula atlverbialn a wrbelor rcmplNxe rdn:tl;" poale preced;t
rau uim'a co'nplementul direct clnd acesta€lte un srbst'arti\" diI' iL rrrmrizi
lnlotl0auna cind este pron me lersonal'
2341 ,\c(loNTtARE,\ ArlvERtlEl-oll

iafc €rfePli:1 'rl
Fn.indu-s. abslriclie de ad\-erbele aliiicarir-e1 'iu a(]\ crbel'tr
,ndagL,precedn ntol(teauna cu1.inlul calificat. in (teiul rrajoiitilji
o,, a'"u:"';nl verbe este iniluen,tai ile lo'iul ocupat ir lropozilie de udvrrl)
Sr t r i r r r r r r l , û l r r i p " . a r e i l "'u t 1 0 I 'r r r r '"1 L 'i s n r r r r J '"r b ' ' -
o i r . r . - r ', , "'"f o '. "'u '"r l e l - s r i r 'i 'u l l r n p 'v i t r 'i 'r 'r n 'c p r r r r r l 'i . r 'r r di l n r r "
|ezlltat 4"'nlrrarrrt d€rrc\pt r'iie
i,'sL|erbrlr in pozipeprrverlala, aie ca
de adverb' .
Astlel, Penlru artcnturrc:
2:|45 r) atlrrb t " J " t;np n pr"'s -'i d a'od. u'" 'l'i'ruil ln d in lt ] | t Y e rb c lo f .
r r ". f r F l 0 l n 'F p u r r r lp r o l t n r r L r'' I 'c i n n r 'r 'Pr u Dr "'r u r t 'r _ s i s in l . rf c e n lu . t t e
propozrlre:
n' r' ^ r m h I ' i' $ ' rL n r' ' rrl u rn n \ d ' le li lr
-\ ' , . rI ' a J 1 , "r' rrp. iliz
, - ' mp , t J n in in l' "J r' r, r' u n \ ' l\ ' J r' rr"
rr"i""i: "i, , . , ""
rlirr" di,i stre row wlrt slie sas in for' {Ad' de n'od)
lo -Bl''
2346 b) (uloefietc .1. timp n?pft.is' carc in mod ob-i|lluit stau dupr-r
, l"n r , rn a u rilia r snu drFi ' lp f a ' L i l' C\ \ ' (i' f ' I D llr ' r' i' n r-J f ' "' ' "
l;i,,r "' t'r 'r .h'tiu'sr " p" a t'r b t'' \' r h ' 'r r r' .r r t\ili r ' ir 'r ''
'"Ji*
nrti- .-. .""'
l cei l i ,' l i n bi i enubze. l'rr'r i n'rrrrr"i ri rrrr'"
i dFFi - l F ':
' ar -
Thoe is ,€t.r anY stlt on ihe lallf
Ther. ,?t r is arl salL on tbe tabl'
Il $'ds donc as il shonld a?rdqs h'
Il ltrs donc rs it alrrass 'should i
tle ..uld ,. e. \arilc loet
He ier?r I orld Nd[. ]roetr]
' l r \ '' - un i r g is l \ oucr ' sl ' " $o 'l I ' -' ' l l'
5h" r d. f l r r ' 1i ng s l h" ' r er ' 5l P"" $i r r l l ' r ' i p
'l htJ r.c dllrdgs rn
Tr "r , a '' /
'r ' "'
€ 9:t4? c) ult'd)tIP dc kr' de tinp r"1r ctr 'F l'uir l' L'r"putrrl lrrul'/itic"
- primind h felul aoesta nccentrrli
r\r. lorc (loc). ahra)s cll litrlier th.'l in rtv olherpLai''
t pf . r l oc' . " r vl ' r ns i s i l l r i gl ' r '
''ii.,,,iiii, "i \'"p p;" r'"rh'r ro'dm' | F \" or urrJrria;"
Z/ Pr (limP) lr ' n F' o h" r nc
P. . / di " l l , ob, bi ; r al ll' a' l l Fi oo' r
) A , l{o }e le . {re . a lilirI a it jc c t iv u ,a d v c ' t t ' , p rd i' ilii t i s lt J a n t iv c i$ : : : s '

' c xd ti e unc lc rd v . . b c de ttod (S1:1131'
4El
dt to tt;,u l ,to d ,, i a l :r fu n a l d i rc -l ' u ru l p ro p " ri l i " i a ' r-rr' u l c i z i n J s 2348

: pe \r0 r' ru " s rrl u l trr'
pLr
" rn i T " rl i ' u l a . .e P a p d a u m " re \rL o B r' l r
rD,'"z t'enl the lrC and o/l $. all slarlcd-
oz, Yougei nowl
'a'l, {id do'lt he went.
Ciod. Dentru accenLuare. dverbul lrece la inccputul propoziJ,ici, deseori $ 2149

are loc qi in{€rsiur€a rerbului cru subiectrl:
.\ r .. .do hF sP'n r'Jrning l:1 " rr '
Il,..e :to u d ll r bor brdvF a n tl dp ' In r n .d ,
t,'t .t th" hoi N"hFd a lttttq gi d
' //,. m u - , \o lp ' a r p Jnd nor olhetwrs'
LOC[IL CITOR\iA ADIDIIRE SPECII\LE s 23;0

1) ,A.lso.,4lso se pune inaintea cuvtitului pc care tl del'ermi a: $ 23nl
He iB also a teacher.
;-e"l"i'ri*it" a- to include n e\celence I desffiptior'" o Goldsmilh)
",iir't
E ri \l e In s d l o a rl " n ,u l rd i b p rl e l P a i n l rc b u i n l u tc ns ' rs l u i a d te rb nu
n u m a i rn l o rb i rp d o b i s n u i re ,.; 9 i l b m A ri i s .ri i l o ri l i b P rts l t*a rc ' rpeazg
.i"i"-i'"-lig.ltlti. 1\iezi qi alte idrerbe similare $ 2355.). Se spune n mod
tl s h o lld n/"o b" a d d " ,l rha h b'mdnolg_'dl pra'ria'Prl'"riFn ' ...

lAr lr p b u is { n r a i ddlugrn,i Fl p s r ' 'rn on' ' u m u lr i "rp'rrpnla llr u c ' ' dr'l
Thev also enioved it $ho rame Ia te r '
( L e ; p la c n t" ii a te lo r a , ate uu in tir z ia i)
Amb i g u i td tt:
I ul s di s . ov p. pd har hPw as un ol d hi - nd oi I ni n^
r ar . , ri p" , r i i . t ' i i l " p" onum c p | 6i u ar ndPs ' op' nr ' ru l a v F r bul i ' ov d" d
(= am descop€ritde asernenea).]
2) Elso. the, adverb auadjectiv,esiepus n genere 'Pli subsl'antiYul'5 2352
pronumele sau adverbul determinat:
When the iloor opened, could seemanI lhings els''
There {as nothilig ers,w€ could do
wlo eir, nas there?
Whcre .Ise may I go?
3) Dnough, tro gt se pune dapd adiect'iv,adverbsau verb: 2353

-\
Tli5 Ln l 3 Eood aousi raon
You lra nol nF,'r ,r ,u g n lo hFa' $ ' li.
f,uriotr'l\
It is h a id "nouAh,
lr bsked etuz8n
(Vezi ii $ 683)
4) Genorslly. - G€nerall, poate fi:.r.,/ adrefb caliticativr 6,/ adlerb de S 2364
timp nppre(isl ./ Fdv"rb de mod. Dupa lunrlia pe ra rc o indpnlrreslF sP
coniormiaza r.gr'lii advcrbclor e pc.tivp:
d) .ind cslp ad{rth .0ti[;"oti' ln'F€mna ..i n gnncrJ" l= c rodpc de
.a tre l o l i c t..) $ i p re " e ,l a ,rti n tu l p F .rr' l l .c rr' l ^ rrz F a z a :
a writer gc,r.d/rgesleemcd
48
,) clnd esie ad.ecrbl.e imp nepr"ecit, rscann[ ,,h general" (: de cc]e

mai multe ori. de obicei, nd;obrG) i este pus jnaintea verbului daci acesta
are lorme simpld, dupi to B, oii dipl auiiliare sar d€fectite:
Tlr"ys n .m l l s ,all h re on c,r riJ
\ \ . a t P a L t ?4Uu t n
I ,an r" ;p rrl tu ndFrsr'ndDo(.D ncl'.
'G .*,;u u ,I i n o " m r | .son. A ."n u 'l
c€,efd[i
slcJking. I h. np$ do xmcntarl li]nrs a,e t€ry (nnt h) appreciatcd. (-{cccn-
c) cind,eslead.aerbe nod. lns€anne.,in general" (: din punct de 1'cdere

general, n mod general, n total, 1n ansambir: opusul expresiei.,in special")
ii este pus dup.li.rb. dupa cnrnplementuldirecticurt, sau la sflrliiul- propo-
zi ,iei:
q n . *. ps
'lh" tm .) ca - ..a l t '^ | | l n u f,.
t,,i r l s In " fo th p t - .o n 8 4 p ' L l l l J.
A se compara:
Shehelpsgc,€.a/ly n lhe housc. Adv. dr mod)
(Ajul6 . am 1a toate in ca6e.)
i h 4 sp u l d /tsL p tl s n rt . r o u 5 . { \d \. d- m )
{DP oLi ' i d j u l d l D .d ' J.)
2355 5) Only, Conform regnlilo. gramaticale, in stilul formal, adrerbul
only l.febnj,e d preceadd cuvinl,ul pe care 1l determinn sau sd stea cii naI
aproape de el. Propozilia ili va schimba deci inl€lesul dupi pozi-tia ocupatx
de adjectivul sau adverbul only:
o\ nel ya we
n l " ll oo oo ke
l " dd,lLvo
youu.r Da
p d :n
i n .i
ti o
ngc .- ntruurm
mabin' oart;"
.n si ma"bnlioJlu lrli.n P d l .
We loo"kcd ,/y at -rour r,rintin? (: ne-am ritat mmai la labloul teu, nt fi la alt.
\\c l o o ke d t yo n r ,r l g r l a i n l .j n g - l a si n g u r u l i x ta i l o ) .
In stilul lormal sau lil,erar, aocasie reguld este incn r€spectatd aciual-
Engleza antebelici nu cerea insi ca onlg se preceadd neapdrat cuvirltul

la care se referca. Aceastd libedate persistd 9i astlzi tn limba vorbitd, rttlde
pus 1n generc nainrea verbului principal sau dup.i un subrtantrv
only este
sau pronume, tn ,elesulpropoziliei fiind aratat prin accentuar€acuvintului
la care se refcrd ,nly:
$re ozl, looked l. rour lainting {: numainoi, nimed altcinela).
llp a h ly ar u ' ld in l.n g ( - n d ^ fi a lin s la b lo u l) .
" o lp d a I'
wp o,ly loolpd 'Jour u in lin g ( n . la la b lo r l € ll.ui J )
$n o a ls lo o lr r d b l your pa:.r'ng ( nu ;i L g r J \u r i
W p lo o t,d u l ) o ," ' p J n ' .n g o ,l,( nu r i r a d li' e \d ) .
Conshuctia din limba .rorbiin esie adoptat[ adeseoriqi tn limba scrisd.

Gramaticianul englez H.W. Fowler considera cd propozilia constNiti cu
only conform regulilor gramaticale moderne este de cele mai multe ori n€na-
iurali gi pedanfi, qi recomanda rcspectarea ordinii prescrise de gramatica
modemd numai atunci cind construc,tiadin limba vorbili nu esl,eclari ln
scds. Se va spune deci. "He anu came a 1{eck ago.)'t "I anLUasked he ques-
tion from habit."; "The addrcss o bc Ndtten on this side orly." ei,c.
I Cuvintul oxrg esie aici adjecl.iv.
LOCU C1TORVA OVERBE SPOCIAL
,\lle exe]rpie:
f ^ r , d. l a t q , l nd, . p un" l " , umriJ- m,nt d d ' r pn di n \ ns t i a)
TLi. ro i.l lrp"- otr 'ln li.d,i" f e .lrli e t oi t . r l " )
"il
Il orll I knoy tha $'lio1e .'rtb,
Il onl, be would comcl
Il he would onr, comel
You only sa$' him on.e.
He a, / rhrle
I o,l, . ai l ed I'rc t\'i.c.
J livcpcncr
(vezi si S : r 10)
Only poarr fi si adjectiv. cu lnlelesul de ,,singuc, sinqular sau plural. { 2356

. 1n, j l, larmir," un s ul ^ , , n, i \ . , rr'. p14nu .. qi . i at ur , , i i n* i r r eu ec es ui a '
( "a '.
1070- 1071, 23; 5) :
rny onl3rchil{l her onl,/ hope
He s'as Lhe nly one missing- Onr, she can do tlis.
The onls l.icnds I had liv€d in the country.
Pcntru only, conjuncli€, ezi $ 2431,243;, 2448,2L61.
6) 'Ioo. Taoarcnrleles iferit, upi pozjLia e carco o(upa n DroDo- 2'67
z i' i": dana n r "J o un s ljm iv . a' r r n '
", t r "r b, , . er m a , , pc ": "; la. n F ur -
heur €. i n. aam na . . d" as m . n d l ot : , l up;
. . dp a.F'n.r,or- in-J. nJ ti rn
substantiY sau pronune:
H| i s r oo vonn( : re.r).
Ther sookt ror- ist 't- rrer
t l e ] s y ouag oo : dc a; em ene )
T' J . pol " l €s l r oo { dF a5e " n" 1
"Sr. i" y our s i s , a. . " l i ndr ror.' - . 14 odm . . F d
"l like jazz nusic." "Ue r,o. (de ascme,ea)
. (coloov.)
7) Ivoll. - Well precedd adeseaun participiu: $ 2358
well,known \re1l-meaning
well eamed well-pteasing
well-done .eltNishing
VII. ADYEBBNI,D U V-{I,OAR,EALTORPtrR,TID E VONBIRE $ 2359

Multe adverbe au aceeati ormi ca qi alte pdrli de vorbire:
&) d:ide, beck, beyond, nside, autririe etc. slnt..si substantive (S 390);
b ) "n o u p l ' . i s t . ;ns;d". itt'p. ,,u h . ont . outs;d, r..lJ Ft..stnt si sdjp.-
t i v e (S 761 762, 2b83);
. ) olon9.ba. do.w. up a t - . s , n r pr"apozilii{ S 238J,2405,2425 2i2bt.,
"i
d ) b { a F . o [ ' "t . s l , ] ^ a r , . q i n r ; i c o n j u n n l i i ( S 2 3 8 3 . 2 4 2 q , 2 4 1 1 . 2 4 , 8 1 ;
e_,)he cste si articol hotnrit (S 529).
NI. CiTNY{ ]IDVENBE SPDCIALE s 2360

COI{PIRATE CONTRAS'I'I\T
1) ,\go. S i c c . -,49o. adverb sau adjectiv, stp iniotdedunap u s d d p d f i 2361

c u v i l l J l p e c a r F l d e l c r m i o a .E l 6 e r c l c r r l a u n n a m p n t . r c r u t , i p e a r e l
consider{m in raport, cu prezentul, pornind dinspre prezent Bpre ecut,:
\ . mpr o's o o . A d v . r
He cam" /r;a,;"p l s d c o . \dj j
481
Sin.€, adverb, prcpozitie sau conjunclier, se referi la o perio&ddde rin],p

socotiid pornind din trcout spr€ prezent:
We mct her asl.vear. but havenot seen er sr,.e (idr')
I l,a \' n r r p ^ n l.; ,iD" \o n ' ,it. {P q p .]
lt r s ll- r F " \L k s s in r lh F n d $ lla n l r r lb d {o r li Lunl L
.SiDc,ost€ oarta adesea nsotit, de adverbul care dccenl'u'szi ideea

de dur at i: "tr
,eel st{z wc lirst met wc hire bect ih€ .loscst lriends
{' 2362 2) Before' n tront of. - Befor"ee refereatlt la limp, clt qi Ia spal,iui
I ns c amns, nl nd t urr. i . . i nai r're
I hadn'l sccn him ,e/orc {Tin'P)
(Nu I mai v[zus€m Pinn alntrci l
A t th r Jl r n ' l i n g r l a e r .l ' p r P P r " b " a i . b o l h ' l o P a n r lb p h i n d u t n " r ' r ' b o d l ' i p d l i ' r )
.L d d Fb Jr . d ;_" r ' ' u I' a n r i l n ' d l d r r ' i ' r r l d I;r ' :i n ' i i l F c r m o l o "
ln ftont of (loculiuneprcpozilionalii) e r€fern a spaliu ;i inseanni
,,in Iati": Thcre $as { lree ttr trnr o/ th€ lrouse'
(Era un Pom in lat{
':aset
6 2363 3) B csi d o q .B cb i d o . B r .' d s ( s' l v' r b 0 r Fp u zi l i e ) n sJn r n ' pP linpa
- ' i
(aceasia)", ,,tn afard de (aceasta)'. ,ln plus". .'x e\ceptia" r nu trebure
co n fL r n d a t u 6 Fsi d " ( p r cp o /i l i r . ca r p l n ' p a m n i .l l n s6 ..fl l l ]r u r r " l
In the l0rder ihere sas meat and.hecse, and nothing Desid€s Adv)
(ln clmarA cra oa.ne ii brinze, nimio altceaa
'si
B e si d " : tp 1 d n d J,fk. n o b o d ve l sP' d ,n " . \P " " p l
l l n a ta r i o " fr .d ti d p Ji ' k. r " r ' ' n r d i \' n I n i r n ' n ;
Come and sit lcst& mel (P.€Pl
(Vino de stai llngl rninel)
6 2364 4) Bui. B d t. p r o n u m n r e l a r i t. ' o n j r ,n ' l i " ;i p r " p o zi l i e ' ?a r p S i r u n " " i c
"
d p a L l v" r h .i n J p stp ..i n o n i m r t o n t4 . ,Itp t ( a b i e . n u n r si d F' i l ) :
Ile is Dzt r heshcr-
(Este studenl Jn lrinul an alia.)
Had Lr, seen herl
(Numai dc-ai li
Sle js nothitlg 62, 'nzut-ol)
a sillY girl.
(Nu'i declt o latl Prostula
$ 2365 6 Ilireetly. DirecthJeste adverbde mod sau de tinp.
Mod:
dJ : djrect, drept:
H-" $enl dtlatl td, .ckttrl to ihc loiDt
,l: ex ac t :
Thc housesas dt.eddl tdr\'ektlrl oplrosit€.
Timp:
Leave hc larcel thue: I Nitl olcn it dn,c,?v I drekll] coloclial

In limba vorbit6,directl?'drekhl poate i 9i conjunelie : de ndath ce):
I will ring hin ]rp dt.a,l/ [ drekll] l've linished mv lessons.
1J;n.. nai are i ln €lesul e ,ileoarece" "Jtn.evouare roe, nolhiDg lsematt€rs
' _ 1097. 404. 428-r4:1,2lr 6
' v lz iz is{l dpo.
3V" abinap p. onunlidinlr p l r) ii , / S t2:l- 2160
CITEVA SVIRBE SPECIALD
6) Ha lly... whe ..' - A se obsetva urmitoar€a

construclie: s 2366
iarlrs had he linished,oncz his f'lher oane
H a r d l , t . . .c s t cu n n a t d F a d \ e r Lprunar
ul nu'lp 'ons'ru Lia l'dl cau //'dn'
.e con.tnripste ncori n moJ - ' "r ' n frazd
rlisr no{' are d o u d interesuri S l46q): . . S 2367
. . . - -c u
= in m o m "n l r ' u c l l o ' l "a r { ' o n ' l r u r r
a) R . l.u
ti uilm Ptc n=ntut
lr, "' e F l
PPrPtt): 'his'
i";if'::*""?iii $.::lli ;"""1'*"1q1'".ri'orme?

\ve noec urr
6J: arlineauri construit ou trccntul simpl&)l
I saw rrer ids' ho-
este ulmai in S 2368
8) No sooner... ha . -.\o. soon'r. fiiril un comparativ' o n j u n ' 1 i a i "' :
{'su Jp nI9i iru
' n d l lllIin€ ' h' idr t "r 'b1 tut l a h''rait l r ' d | | / ' l ' ll'' 1 r ' l p P u d i a n ' r { ''
l r a z a , l e , n n i u nh r,J 1 i| a'ldrl"J
-\o "oo,.pf . p ""
r l "r "n i "g" , "y s i ' n rh ' i o " t r a "n ' : ' n
"
traduo S 2369
9) Still. Ytt. .\tit rltll l]lt sr y€' slnt adverbe de Linp care se
prin Lincn". Deosebirea dintre ele este nrmatoar€a:
Siill erprimn dlrtatd, conlnnlare:
I im srrll hn8rY. \ o , , . r , / l o se r n - 1 i\ c Ir
lui-e jncd oam€.) L T . i m d i lm j d a t o r e zi t n l' l'e n 'c )
yl:t (: inee, pini acum sau pine atunci) se r€f€ri la un momenl:
lri""i1';i:'Jl ,1";:' r\}11],-fi' iil' " " " .'

1,"";
By rr. im- )-a'r r 'hFr' rhern$onrrrrli,,
gr a ' o r n l,li',t;i,::. "'
l F i n a cF \' i i l i r n q 4 a l u r
A se cotttpafa:
Hd i ' , / l l r t P ( onlrrrrdr I
l l a h , , . 1 1 q , n" , 4 I D ni : n P r e / n l
237o
l0r Tbe. J r ' o "r " ' r n "o r i n r r e b ' r i r r L a d . a L l ( c t b ^ "r r i n ' ' i n d i n ' o L F - ' r e
u n a d i p , l i \ s a u u n a r l \ "r ' b n s r a ' l I l ^ m p a r 8 ' r r r l / J / r :
?'ne sooner. nd belto'
i"-,i': i'#i"'i:ffi""d t'
is I h0iI \rected
1t) l'here. - Thcre tsrel
s 937
it o 'l n e i'\ '- 'lu sl6 p r o n u r r L cr ; I . n lo r m d , ei slabn | 2372
t ) n a r t i. u ln in ir d u
t t n d st t u t P u t
ld J. o ; l'si il, r n b u in l€ 1 6 le in r cp u lu l u n p i p t ^p 0 7 '1 r '
'p r e r liciu l 'n u s p lr a d u cF ln lim b r o 'r d n i:
- '
Tnd'a3 s an enard bov ai l}e door'
lliste nn (omisionar a u;'i)
l", F r " 1 _ " l$ o b u l"n s m r b sin gn Jn u r o 3 l
1 1 ; 1 : , - . u , i n a b r , 'il' r "1 r l
;i;;;l,,li'J:lil.1i,,'| i - "l ; l i , : l ):';. ", ; ' , 1 ' ; r. . r'.. A ,",

, 'n.,
*, '"; ,j : "; , : lJJ,l ' s,1 1r
^.','
"" 1 : , i ' , ""' i
onll remuins tor me to hx again.

(Nu-mi
"re^. rhmine declt s,' ncerc din nou.)
I l.he ittle lLonse rrr lilcd an old lvoman.
(In olsr1i," oouia o bttrntil.)
Tliroush ihe doo.. ,ft,rc ente.ed a litllc bor.
(Pc usd intre un neiclct )
7r... shall come an eto.h e'hen man shall conqu{ inlerplanetarv s]race-
'
lva reni o €poce n aare oBul va ouoeri spaiiile interyianetare:)
?lele happens o le docior n thc audience all
(Din intimplrre, exisl{'r trn dodor i" s'rlll.)
( \:e zi i i $ 2 5 0 2 . r 5 0 r - 1 i 0 i .2 6 1 8 .)
2:t73 b) (r.betb de lac. accentuatr proDunlat ln lorma tare Di tradus tn limba

r o m ' i n i p r i n ,r e co l o ' r
$e lound il rtul,. '?zae s sraiiiudc lor youl
{ r , n g i si i .( o l o .) l,\str i r..unoitinli )
7 l cr . sh c r o m e sl
ce l i r e l l
llaro
A n u se co n fu n d a i :e l e d o u d l o r r n c:
'Thre's Lnizl xour liag: (-{dr. de ldi)
{ l a ti - l i se a n i a a .o l o l i
't het.'s n.zl t rLrigon the tanle. (Irarti rilarn'irodu(tir,',1
l E sfe o se a n l i pc n a sl )
? /kr e ' d e .] co m cs l i ttl c si r i i l A d ' .d . l o c)
( l u ti i r co l o ve n i nd o l e ti tn l )
tdcl .orcs a lilflc 'giLl. {Pa,i.nxl',. nl.tudd. .ivil
(vinc
"/'c.d o lcl.ita.)
Thcro poate li intrebuinlrt cu ,unlele sensuri in accea-sipropozilie:

?,{c.. t deal (adv. de loo), dr.e are I diral nrrticuli inlroduclival woods.
(-\,iolo siil, r,-tduri.)
af.l,lc.ol ilaLU.uD iDt.ocn.Liri) Lro dolas ,r.e I d:Jl (ad . d. loc)
"7€.c
{Snrt doi oiini acolo
s2 3 ? 4 1 2 ) To o . A d r e r b u l l o o r r e tfe i i n l e l e r u r i :
s231i' aJ :,,de asenenea' si sinonin cu alrr. /oo fi;id lnsn nd faniiiar:
l l e r ,o h l d j o i n e .l l e l o o l b i l l l e u .
$ 2371i ,./ :,.prea", in cire cnz estesupus acelorati eguli ca;i adr-erbul dr3l
(s 2377):
,' ) e sl ,c n tr o b u i n l n t o u u r a d j e cL i r sa u u n a d r e r b :
St,e is r,, 6,sv to cd'n.. (.u un attj.)
tt i s b a f b r o so . ( .u n r a d .)
D",/ inaintea unui participiu trebuie sd fie insoliL de arrci sau de ua

adverb sirnilar. cn $eatlu, highlu eLc.,
He $'as ,ro g.edily ailmired not to iake noLice.
They were ,o t uch atpacialed.
( V e z i fi S ta o - t1 r l. 13a7)
c, : lnce, pe deasupra:
He wasve.-racli{e io. an old man,and a sick one,o,.
ehEvA -{D xRBx sPrcr^r,D 48 ?
13) Ver y . lluc . h. f €n, I ' r s o e l, e ingur nr m ai aLLie( t i\ r Len c r adul q 237
p^ z ir it s i . llpc r lhr iv . p" " r i, piil" r r - . ur F in ; , bI : , r " r , €, r il" ut i ; i edv ; bFl" : -
L c i q , ..r j / , i ,,. { A d .. g r d ,t r o ,i :,
T .r a r " i r p ,.r \ ,L o :- i tî . t s . A4 r .a J.Jo e r td r ,vl
H. g r \" m e a .,1 1
" a ,p n tt to o \. t- l f r - ,' r l r ' r ' b u ;\- \o )
Y o u .j - " k l P d .r r . \' l \.)
' /,
Cu comparativul ;i cu participiilo trectte intrebuinlaic predicativJ very

este lnsoiit, sau inlocuit de rrdcl sau de un alt rdvcrb care exprimi gradul, ca
far, geath, highl , ttuitc eIc.l
She ert frerv, ,.uch betld. t.Camp{I4tir)
L " a i , n L .h Fo r . q - .h - n \,' ,,. { Co r Da r d r i vr
Hi .j o tI i r /,r ,,o r . " -to q pd ti
;j ,. r C,..p a r - ti .r
l j l o ' r l d b F,r ," r / n .' .r ;d .i t.." i i i L r a ,." .,P ,r ' r r " ,u , p ,.d ,a :\l
l l ' s,,s P d ' l ,/ : ;to h d . P d r , . p r d :,a ti \,
Th " v sp f" i .:/" 1 / ,1 " .,r . P a r r . r r " r i r o i o i cd L ; ,
H . i ' a " 1 " ;,- ,,:- ." ,.,,. Id r r . r F,J ti ,u " o r i r .'
A se co m p a r a :
HP j s r ,, t,l ,t' a tP ,l \,\d i .l
H" r b a u r \ J . t \ , . \ t r L ,L ,.1 .ttu 1 d L ) r " r . r e . l P r r t,
Ci n d .u b .ta r r i .u l ." u t," r n u m ' l " l . r r " , u t . r r .r a

" a ' . i "p"i F n r " p d r i .i p i L l
a .ti u n Fa vFr b d l a ,1 , In i l " .l c n, F. /. p d r ti , . l - r p i n - o r r i J" ,,r ., .a u Jp
', '
Th
HF " b'
J\ nhd D" n .i r
/,P'il,/
p r .o
4 t rh ot ' t.a
l j ) .r p,
t,l.
tr ,,.n d kj o l .o r m .n i o g .
ll,4 lrol) j $rri. t,ptyt F.4. .",a .t b ,.i's.
ln caz contrar, o.rg insotrF.ste ingur parti(,ipiu] l,recut,:

Ilis erpressio, \\as aer strptise.l.
Iln lone Fus reru dnnaled1.
De fapr. mrtrc f dr ij, il, jj I nt r c b, , inlat o t r ibuLivau d€y er it adjec t iv esi S g3?8
s lnt . on. id. r al' , d . , r J r - . \ - r ipl . , n . i dljF" : \ d" , r ' r nlod| r :
Jt 5' i ' \ 4, . ' n. d ",o.d.,".b'.,r, ,. Jrl.'r ", L i.rdrd.tpl. t l d15. d. r.r15 pd.
flrpnsro, Drpd rtrspl. $o rd. . Lc. :
. anilsi.g, oJing, dazzting. irritallng, limiting, loitug, .Ili8ing. li.irg,rryirg. $'oF
Se v a s punedec i:
ttd i- . .a,t atttg;."€
p :.n. , \,tj
_it rb. \,
tou \0I potl d \l
tt- a^'".,.', oit.;.,j ro \ou' lPd,'.,...,
I it,o,td L, g,p,,.t a b t ; A d | )ou $o.td r , "rr. tr,. . l
lle {rs rely l/.dr€d l.o scc me. (rdj.l
I an, pdl9 rt.l. {-\dj.)
In rezumat, cind paiii|ipiul trecut ar€ fun.,tie dc adjectiv, este insolit

rhd are f;nclie d€ verb, l ]si€'irsoiil de aarerbul na'cfr
3a1t gfealll . 'ery:
I
Vezi lLW. ForYler, 1. .n.. TcrI. 478/609
; 'OTFOLOqA _ ADVEEEI'I,
488
9N79 Afrain, abne, alaof, preoum9i alte adjectivo Pur predioativerslnt lnsolite
- de adi'erbele tg murh:
I an eeN nuh al4id it E rru'
She wss'eag na;l alou
rV€zi t 763-t64.
PREPOZITIA
I p:q
2 3 8 2 49t
2383 491
23a4 492
492
2386 49 2
23At
2 3 9 0 493
2393 494
2395 494
2396 49 4
2397 495
OAT OF
24t9
2420
7421 507
2422 507
242b 50 4
il4t6 5t o
2421 5t 0
PnDPOZtTT-r
t l lI0 PRIiP[)s I to N)
l ) Drti ni ti c. PreDL,rilrn .-teparl pr nelleribili de 'orbj re care stabi - $ 238

pni i un-i
eB te nLmi r. r" l al i r 1d" pur: i r. | 'f;'" . .i " . ,t" ; p ' r'.l l nrrF r" r1
nrooozi ri '., 1' i -i np" r" l nr" l .i l '" r' rr'l pp.ndpn. P " el ^ zrrr',' i n r"
i 'ri i 'l " ur" nu..' " pl -m.,, dF " -er" r :i u a 'i rrri " u p rr'' J'l rnl ^ zi ri F
d..l l i n,f'" .nd ' J ,l l F rLi d. 'u.l i I
'
lh" l .L o r " . ' .\' l'o/ li '
| \" lL / m\ ' ," ir h n," . ',' lD i''1 )
T l,c examinal.jcns tn liae da) s. ( T imp)
C ,r \inr 1, o/?, /o :i /r .inr p&j, /ir ii: F IF H r . l r Jp^r ul 1i," ,. /" 1 Fi
desk. ttr ,i studa. ,\ .i I'r , ,/ar 'c. i u i'.1 t','r li J" D r " po?:r i- . i ls' | " "
din sintagniele: on mV desk. to th. stud1l. itt fiet d&As. care sint complelnenie.
C ur inttle pe cer e le leagi lr .pozilia sinl,:
d) cuvirtul de care depinde ti care o praccdi;
,) cuvjntul care dcpincle de ea (.untit i g|o],at'\ta englezi,Ihe Conple
n?nl\'af the pr?p.)silion) li cafe este prer+r,lat de prcpozilie:
IIe sloke /o tlie r tr .
Verbul slonc esLc cuvintul de care depinde prepozilia lo, iaur€n cuvin'
tul car e depiD ded" " 0.
C ur ln ll ,d,- r r p, Jr pr " t /ir iJ Ir " ' " ii JI - ,,b.r an,ir . un ad;c r :\'
un verb sau un advirb. iar cuYintul preredat de prepozi,tie €st€ un sublrtantiv
sau echivalentul afcstuia-
2l Preoozitic. ,riunctic sarr adTerb. Eristi adcseaconluzie intre $ 238
Drp Do ;itii,o n j;n c {ii .i'.,1 '" rt,'. r a r,' m $ i n ,,ll u ,i L n " le in d .F'rF : r ' l i
ile vorbir. au "."FA-i ur".". f"n ru s l^ dFnibi rrFbuipi 'nslizAm olul
lor ln propozitie:
I md , t b . I a 4 'h " d o o - . r P r p o / i . i )
lp n,l/"/te l s 'n l on my l,o.iLldJ. ConJUn"lirl
wc have m€t Delo/d. (.rtdrerr,)
P rppozi l i a r^ ti rrporrul di nl re d"i I' tmc'i ei lrn"i propo/i ti i .drr nu du

ae.casi unc(i . si nra.ri ;d (u'r subsr" nti r i i " tri bu'ul l 'ri . un.Jdj F ai \' " Ju un
adverb qi complementul respeciii', un rerb gi complemeniul snu eft ).
Conjunclia ea-rndoun pnrli de pfoporilie de ac€14 i el, sau doud propo-
zi-tii.
,4dperlul determini un singur termen ;i anume: un verb, un adjecliv
sau un alt adverb':
\:\:emci her otr,. tutrclr. l'ri .)
\\:e \rent lo tlic lheatredi"nr.1ou.tt ns. (Conj.)
\1:e eii a short line ai.t. (Ad\'.)
I aniled eelo.dhcr. (Pre )
Sheauehed t m€D€lo;.-sdi da$ord {Cot:i .)
\1:€had ncler seennnn Del..e. Adv.l
r 481/609
t anplpn?\ttn i |a n t . l i t r n q ^/ a . o m t l l r " o . '. n ' l i n r" \ 'e l ' :i S 2 5 3 2 - 2 5 9 3
40 9 MORr.OLOCIA PREPOZITIA
'l'her-" vrs no one thcre bu, nre. lPfer.)

The erginc was old D , s'orking benutiiullJ. (Conj )
SlrB vas Dzr an amateur. (.\dv.)
I had not necn the.c siz.e the sp.ing. (P.ct.r
I m st so sr ,/p Jo u r r r sl ce tX . C i L j .)
Th .r h .' vp r p \p r h p ,r d ,,r 1 ,4 stl e . ( \d \ )
complexe
2381 sau 3) l'ormi. prepoziliona)e:
loculiuni - Prepozifiile pot fi simple. derivate. compuse.
a) prepozilii simple:
iy lro,n
b) prcpa.ilii d.eri"o.te
ulong bclote dside
c) pr.pozilii conpuse.
trton (l.oughout
d) ptepozilii conplexc.
accordingo as to iNtead oi roundabout
alongwith beca$eol out ol up to
c) loculi ni pepozilionule|
at the la.k oi in licu ol
by meansoi in optosition to
by the side of in spite ol
lor the sake ot iD Ure €Ycnt ol
in front ol in the middie ol
2385 f) Fepozilii pres(urtatel
o'clock a' 1: ol)l ashore e (- on)l
dkin t. {: of)l aioot t. { on)l
four shillinss d ta : onl day
2380 4 ) Do u A p r e l o zi l i i .i n r i n l r e b u i n r sr o u r p o f l i r yd d " d a $ i cu l i n t a tDn r i
, i n ' l u n a si n g u r d r sr p i n cu l i .i cr l ; p " n i r u d r cd d i d F" r :
Tl ," b u s D6 sFda n r l I j u m DFt o " /o | ' ,p pld lorm
They e\lid"t"d thF rurnilirr' lton undP; th, Nin".
She shouted /elz dnoug lhe trees.
ThPcp wPrp hedgps ouad dbout him.
The tablcs on tha terrace were close o each oi.herbut I squeezedtr 6e,aeenhem.
The coitase looked out oz r, a garden. (Verb complei + 2 p.ep.)
(Vezi ti 5 1618)
238i 5) Cazul i lormr euvintuluiprocedat e prepozilio. Cuvintul precedet
de prepozilie td ln cazul acuzativdaodestesubstantil'sau pronume, au ra
forma gerundivului daci este verbr:
L ct u s tr l k r , l o u .
She was looking dl ,'€. ' ' i l ,I
You arc iord ,/ sn)gtns.
231J3 Un€le prepozitii contribuie la lormarea altor cazuri Astlei, prcpozilia
of lormeazn eniti'ut prepozilional5 281). ar pr€pozifiile r, for' of, fton
formeazi cazuldativ prepozilional S 307.308, pag. 76, nota 2):
Tlrc cover ot ,nd D,o/i was a seDsauon. Gcniiir lrepozitional)
G\ft it to hitu (Drtiv prcpozilional)
llmc c{cltio prcpozitia o. ciDdcste pariicula

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze nlinitivuhi, c.rreesle u.mati dc 482/609
un
ni n
LOCUL PR'POZITIEI 403
H o b r o u ch t L [ . L l o $ r . / , ' , r U t " , / . D r l i r r { p n . z, l i , ' n a }

H e t o o kl h c r u , 1 6 a . kr t o m n a r i n J p u t i l ' o n h i 5 b d . k. L D a l i v p r . p o zj l i o n l l
Stop that row, I bes of wb {Dati p.epozilionai)
Ciod are a.easta nLrcbuin arc.reporilis i a IicrduL conliDutul nalio-
n d l $ i d d a v F n i ro .i m fl d p s ri i u l o .u tu € [i i n l rF b u i n l a l s n l o e u l te " h i l o r
terminatii dispirutc cu Tremea.
O b s e re a i e
$i in aceaEii situalie, crviniele preccdate de prepozllii - 9i anume $ 2389
boak, him, Marg, au, ho - Elr,\ tn cazul acuzativ.
6) Locul propozitioi. ln lirnba scrisn, in siitul olicial sau lornal 9i $ 2390
i n L o rb i rp d rd m a l i .rl " o rp .td . p c a p a z i l rar" b u i l -.d n f...d d A i m .d i a t p a rl " d
d e ro rb i re sau l o n ' rl i u n e a e c a rp o i n l ro d u .e a . n rn g l .z s d n tu a l :i n s d . u
ro a ,a o p o z i ti s p u ri g L i l o r, n p ro p o z i l i i l a n re ro g a l i v "s a u a l ri b u ti v . i n ' are
tp p o ri i i c ;n tro a u .aun p ro n u ' ' r. o ri i n r" ro s d ri v a u rd a l i ' ($ l l 0 q ).
irpiimau sau nu, pr.po,ilia asta puRd ^ dn\p muLl
rb urpnt lu stirtirul propozi i"i
r.i p ..ti v o . n ' r n u ;a i i n s ri l u l i n to rm s l . " i .i i n s ' i l u l l o rm a l v o rb i l . uneori
chiar i sois:
The child l,nd,, I lookcd dlr'r w{s i l.iend's.
'l'henan fdid, I s'as .llitrs you drolt (: alout whon) has come.
sart is on;, w; ot't do siihiut (: that without which)
,/l o is _his}ook Dr ( by $homr_-
I w l ol i s t hi 3 / o. (: f or F hr t ) ?
,rne"e is she /rom (: fron $here,.
Looul prepoziliei nu poate li dectt la slirlitul propozi{,iei relative sau
dupd v€rbul acesieia in urmltoarele oazurr:
a,J cird insolette pronumele elativ r,ldl ($ {064, 1078 1079) sau as
(sr0e4):
The houso ,lar Ne lookeda,
This is the samevillag€ds we rod€ s in JulJ'.
,, in propoziiiile ln care protrumele r€lativ este subinl,€les:
That is the iactorv section lhrtl you were seni. o-
The womatr whol I was ookins oiis lhe wo.ks manas...
prepoziiii Etnt de strins legate de verbul precedent, 2391
Unele
n ,\m i t rp rbprppoi;liunal condiiionate
S 2lq5'. In.lrattt
nu msi nor l i .onsidcrslc a elpmFnlc $
dF l e s d l u rac a re p r*e d u ,u ri n tu l i n rro d u s .Jn s'pastds i tu d l i p ,u n i i grama-
ticien-i consider{ Cl ele primesc de fapt un caracter adverbial qi sint privite
,a parli.ulp rerbule uqc drpd tetbul nr rare lar .orp o'nun.
T i n l n d spdma " p ^ ,,i l i ds ...l n r p ri tr.T i l i i . u n i i a u l o ri a u p ro p u q . n .A z u l
,1 " ta l a , rn to o ri r" r n u rn " tu i tp ,.n re l n z i l i p .. u u " o l a d p ..p n s tp o z i l i c ..
Strtnsa legdturn dintre verbul precedent Si prepozilie apare ln speciat
la diateza pasivn, prepozilia tiind aqezatd n acest caz la sfirgitul propozitiei
sau inediat dupn verbul respeciiv S 1782 1?83):
llis pfonise is not to bc depenrled o\.
Thc notior aas aANcd rr]iot.
Take {wrv the tclcvision seij ann hdE it seen tnl
He was bcins ndde tnn ol.
she ({s /dlt€.7 sDout .t lol.
BaI'I larcs r,tag /dad lo.
t-tnaputt..r. rq,rri pprr. ol',',1",r. ..r lr.r,,.,n5p'1' .., 1.

/ . f_ r ^ I se kl l i i n d D p n t f u p \ r u r si i ) .
sd .http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 483/609
C o l o cvi r l , t e l ; r t o n l l csl e n u m i i . ' l i r ' r o : ' .
_ PREPOZITIA
49 {
8/12/2019
MOFOLOCU
23gZ In unele cazuri, prepozilia care apare a sftrtitul propoziliei a rdmas

a.ll"l dal,oritdaplului ir pron0m"l" .rs onal"€rp urrra nu mai ,3lFFxpri'
mal In limba pnole?d I.o ' l ,a d . p e n l r u a sF c\i l J rapaliria:
Tl'is is a hou6e omlortable o liae t4 litl.
lvoe the histodc docurn.nls worrh \tasting time otel liheml?
She is good to look rr lherl.
\r 'ere h€ cllildrcn dillicult to take care,/tiheml?
to
I necd somoihjng to look lorward litl.
2393 7 ) P r cp o zi l i r .o n d i l i o n a L i . \l a j o r i ' " tn a \e r b " l o r d ;n linba p n g l FzS
ca. o puL. t; si;g eLc.. poi fi Lrrnate de orice prppozi-tie ccruia de complemeotul
To lut on th€ tablc, und'l thc chair, ;D Ure culrboard,otal the ned, €tc.
to sing tz nnglsh, on the siage,,o the public. /o. somebody,€tc.
2A94 Existi lnsi o categorie numeroasa de verba, adjective li unele Bubstan-
tive etc., urmai,c numai de anumite prepozitii care nu poi li lnlocuite cu altele.
Astfel de prepozilii conditionate 6lnt:
gnalitied./o.
slnpii}J ,l tn
t\ € zi fi S tto )
2395 8) Propoziliilouzuele:
abofd lreside(s) till
aboul bet''een
abovc beyond on (- Irom)
altel lul (- crc.pr.)
lry
agarnst conc-Armns until
alons{side) despite
amidist) . q-1r
.m " n E r sl J d n n n g ..
.i .cr r L r n g )
lelor-" l.om via tlarol

i€hind in, into
below inside sinc€ (- de la. din)
beneath minus
2396 9) Introbuinlareo prepoziliilor. - lntrebuinlarea prepoziliilor in limba
engl€zdeste o chestiune oade dilicile ti subtild. Se zice: "to abound in re-
fined expressions",dar "to abound pil, fishes"; "arnoy€d aDoat a matt€r",
"dar at intrusion, n il,t applications, by complaints"; "to arrive iz Pali6"
(un oraq mare), da. "d, Dover" (o localitat€ mic{), "dl Richmond (o suburbie
a Londrei), "astonished at his daring", dar "rg his d€ed"; "to belong tnlter
l h e h e s d i {.g ., a b u o k . d 0 r' ro .o n c b o J )' : o b u rrl i ^ rl h i a ,o s o n s . d a
"to burst ,r1, laughing. inlo tears, ,rill, raqe'; "t^ .omplain irDozls thing",
dar "o/" sau "agains, a parson, /rr an act"; "to die /,'or, (sau o/J a \vound",
dar
'gled"o/d lgrief", "Ihrough eglecl" t lact";
th e ridings',dar"ofthe "displeased
"object t aafdinst
thing",he
dar "ti,ill, a person",
appointment". ar
'1o l l i s $ -^ rJ s ; 't^ talk oboui sau d/ a p e r.o n . l"r -on s bubj,.l . a r" f d
matter"; "il, Lhe tircumstances" (reierindu-senumai la situatie) ;i trndcr
th€ circunstflnces" (referimlu-se a un lufiu lndeplinit); "to compare one
thing or person lo anoth€r" (pentru o simple afirmRre a asemdnerii), ,,(';lh
another" (pertru a face o comparatie mai ample, stabilind asemeneri li, ln
mecirl. deosebiri).
INTREBCINTARE^ PREPOZTTIILOE 49 6
De cele mai rmrltc od. tntrebuintarea prepozitiilor in linrba englezn nu

corespunde ntrebuinldrii pe care o au in limba ronarrE.
40) Excmplificare, - Existi verire, ca ta get Io :o, La ooh etc., al .6tot $ 23e?
inleles este complei schimbal de prepoziliile snu nari,iouleleadverbiale care
le unneaz[.
(Peotru o trattlre contrastivi. ln acelasi imp mai cornplete;i mai meto-
dici a chestiunii, n paginile ufndtoare se va arita atlt tnlelesul adverbialj
cit fi cel prepozilional al cuyintelor citate. Ercrrplclo fnrn menliune speciall
conl,in prepozilii.)1
To get: s 2398
to ge, nto the house: a intra ir crsn cu dili.nllal..)l
to g4r nto tlie l,.ain {.. a sc ur.a in iren)
to a., in a word {adv.) (: a qunc. a nrtrodu.e un ouvjnt)
1o set orl the grass (- a ple.a de te iirbii)
10 s,, olI a traitrla bns (: a colori din tren/ruiobuz)
to se,
ro ?e, or a hoNc(adr.)
oll easily t: a t:desciileca)
a sdpa uqor ttirtr o litualic oiiici)l
r r
lo B " / on " lldr lor - ( J , obor i p p . , n)
to ./ oD $ " ' l u:pth"r ( J J \.1 ( . ,e lntrlec lr:nf t nD,cutrdl
r o ; a otr r d J \ . ) n - d n . i , ' . r ; m'tg" bi,r F - du r b . , , d J t u d n l F o 5 l u j t ae r c . l
"- i
How are lon g.uiiLg ott l:ce mri faci? cum ili llergc?)
lor p o u l o l l l ' r ou". .aijdin.d.1 ,,IJ L l J l . . , u r iol,nl' I
io i d our ol il," r 'in I d din r "
to gc, out ol trouble {: a scilpa 'obon de necaz,din incurceluri)
tro sdi orcr a diilicttlty {.- a invinge o dificultate)
1 , , r " , o,cr a r a 5 k ( ad".) ( a s l . r - i o pma J . ' l F r l i n i o s l r , r n l l
ro or { .r r pr ."" . i r "veli dnr 'or u"p_i/A, '
ro sa e r o t . r r n : l l , ' " . sL{ Jr i"p I n . I n l l o r i l
lo s p r r oundJ pr ohibilr oa ludd o inlnr oi i . l
"
toi'd r oud a p"r *o t i . o n \ i n g d r d . , n e \ ; pnn a b i l d . l
(o s.r ll,rouch su-t. " D ,nJ{luir ul i i) j
' l aJ,er
r o;"r tbr outb i , n
' r , r , t' r "ul i s jr dD cn, -
.r e"e
1o s . r thr ouEh oi a billl GJ .) L a lr ir tdr lampnr ,a t i \ o t d r ( dFspr e o
' lo g.r lbr dugl r ime I a- ?i r r e.p l , m p u ,
10 set to bnsiness - a se apuca de t.eab{l
to set tosether (persons, hinssl (ad .) l: a lse) aduna, a (se) sl.ringe {persoane,
lucNri)l
." I se :tl;r, opac
to Rs p€lr np
up ( a
a.1r
d v .""
l l: d) s P v ar r ir
a ) ur d d ( lnlr .un d..)l
to s€, uD on a stool (adv.) (: a se mca pc un scaun)
to ger up a plal (ady.l {= a pune ln scenl o p'es[)
To go: $ 2399
lo A , ahouloa" nor k ( i r .dpd. d.
o 8 o r r u f d r s o" , ' ( 1 3F r "r- al, 'u r ur .F'rr a
pdhi)
to so ItI (adv. ti p.€p.) t: a l.ece {pe llngl)l ' r n i r c )
to Eo down {of a ship) {adv.) (- a sc scullnda)
io so dom soneiliing (: r coborl)
tl o s o ii n ( ) d\.) , i D t o ( : a i n t . a l
o s o t r 1 , , .s o , n " r \ ; n c a d v . r a i dr u.a , 1 " un lu r , f F t i ,
to g o or l ( d d s ) {: a P l c L a ,a s. l i n d e l
lo so olt rr-. srJ| F..)_ 1 pir di ( s , . n d pL ) l
I l l "rbple )i nrpnoTiliip dF p i ^ . onlinL1r" o'nt n'rm"i

"{ mD if rrJri, E'e n u "oui.
zeazl , nest iunei. ceia. e ar I i : m. osrl, : l lr. . rlf ul x. : e. rei xrrt ri
MORIOLOCIA FFEFOZTTIA Limbii Engleze
496
10 s o o tr la d v .) {:3 c o n iin u a )
i; i; ;; l;i" .i i;r n in P r e F n - a s ' s p to p ir d " Ir a n i. J m ' " s F p e It a n i)
lo s o o u t {' J \.' ( 0 .iF F i: 3 5 a s lr n g p )
to eo oui oI l: a reSr)
ro A o o u i o l r J ' h ,o n I a 3 " d " m o d d )
ro Eo o r 0 r ( a h o d s Fe r . ) t a ,z ir J . 0 " r d r in J {o c d 5 J ' " ) l
ro to o r c r a s " a h ( d r p fd " a . i r P p F r r n ' u v r n r 4 p l
,o s o o r e r {d d \ ) 1 0 |P F r P m y ( a r r P ' a a In a m l
ro eo ltr o tr lb d Dr r ' i ' a - ) i In a P r ,l,n i dd i r J l to lu ll o tc l
i; ? ; ih ;;;- " r iu ' c ;;n o n v '. e r " ) d r ,. tr " r a , a ' s u r o . d ( o * te m o n ie
to ;o lh .o u lh d pi ' " ( r \" ;u la o b D' d lir
lo g urder rJd' I d r s ' u lu a d d u .d P ' 5 d P d l ,.
r o s, $ ilt,1 e - . i\\6 t a s " o t \r i u v r d /t ts ' u r v a l
to in r itb o u t {: ,' e lils i d F )
2400 To look:
lo looft ot {: a prili)
io i"'r, (: i s€ uita lm €jd.; a ciltnina situalia' a se mai sindi lnajnt'
'lo'ut
d c a dloe crooi
id e ) slter somcnody
-i {: a ]rrivi tn urma cDila, duln cineva; a lns'iji de, a avea
(rii.L dr finerJ)
- _ to /,o A lo r ( : r c iu la l
to rooi h (;dv.) (: a iace o ririle scurtl, a lrecc pe ]a )
lo /o o i in ld I a .\i- r n t. a ,r y m r i)
ro /,o l o tl ( 2 lo o k F l' . i a .:i r :d i I o , h :i ( d " pe o ' a " l' F l' )
to lo o L o ( a .o n \r ' 1 e r a )
to ?ool on iadv.) (: a asista la)
to aoot out (adv.l I: ti atcnt. a nrga de s€aml)
r o lo ,{ o u l o t ,J s ,n d o $ " 1 .. I F p r iv i lp F ld r e d s r r n p l' l
i; ;;;i ;;;" a: a nes ur a e rievacu prilirea, exon'ina; rizira o casr'tc ):
to /,,ft llr o u s h . J lr ir i 0 ., P fln l
g tiJ a d ; 3 n 8 ii d P .3 s u lta r ' g }p 8 : 3 s ' b :2 1 ' rp P a
. I.o /,Dl to {. a u \P a ' r n e \a :
a De ta r I r n e v a l
-"'--l,ir,il
.ri (adv.) (: a privi ln sus, a'ti ridica ochii de ]re o carlc etc i a ceula'
io'tool up (a $'ord, an address) ('rdv') t: a crura (un cnrint ln diclionar' o ad}.sa

in cartea de lelelon eic.)l
lo loon trlon (: i considera)
24.01 PREPOZITII AD\ERBE OTIONI\{EUZUAT,E

s $I
,{l arate stareape loc (S 2403,2424).
Io arata direclia \ 2423).
/, ars l a s l s f Fa ru mi s . drernt r-uo o. r$ 2409. 4l l ' 2412t- - .
/ r, . ar-l i J i 'p. i d di nal s rdnaunl ru du ran't nrm"reaS 2410-2411)
$ 2402 ABOLTT
Ile lalsh.d rt'ort il. He ilts .bont ro sp.dft.

lEra pc
Hare luncrul
you da a vo.bj.)
any moDct slout You?
She ](rkcd ltout ler.
( S a u i ta r h j ' r r .)
He had about 2,000 books. (Adv.l
Ilob has snoken: Nc1l. e,la, ilort /o ? {nvea v.eo 2 000 de ce4i.)
{tsob a vorlit. Xi }ine, tu ce laci?) It .aDe sDort in rhis waY... (Adv l
Come omorrow rlrout this lincl {S-a lDilnllal. astlel...)
(Vino niine can pe lr ora asta.) 'l hev took Lltrta dou slout. (Ad' l
They rowcd rl,out ttu loê.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze ( Fe i " u d e se d n i [ i ]r e tn a l i l ., L te486/609
nnl
o
497
8/12/2019 PREPozltrr 5r svEREE Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
At' s 2'1oB
l:
Vcfte si adicctite rmatede prepozilio
. ^ ",-', :".:. ' .urpri"'d."rislrr"d
rL artr. o-io o sdze osrurcbr'o rdr' o noi a
"
l'i;i11"1;i;i;i it'""t'o s'at'o thro$' o $onoPr
l: i;T;r:
at:
Localinni &tuerbiale u prepozilia all' rl i arr
st once, t thesameime'one t a timc not't lrascni'
"r,"Ji, "ri"",,
st war, rt a loss' si l'he iop nt the centrc' et puy

sl night, rt sea,
E x e mP l e :
I rln st 4 losr whai to do
\r'. do,,Pd st Y..1" (Nu ilin .e sa lac.)
lN; ;ni; Ijt l a fnrt l
'l..-,::",::-:" i n a s n a ' k sr a sna"h b ' t
3 She is good l .h'r booLs
-p u" b rubso
ljJlilLS
snstaie i;";';r"'t'
mpreunA "1 Therc is a house3t ,ti" Dd'A
Ileei mF 3t rhe s'dlronr lXsle o case n slate l
(la.ma d c l a gareil
BtrT
s 2{04
: B erceqlia pre conj )

\ '
H e sas ros' but o" '
lEro nennltim l
u.t t ''"rt' r." ,",","it';"".""
LIrru r"' )''rl{^1"":,
/ d r ': n_ar i I o si a lu r o r u r r'
I . a n r o r but sr n g or jo ] { u o n r 'r
( l\ u lo t s; i nu t n i de n u 'u r r E
2) : unai (adv ):
{l""iT,: lfJ"Jii''";" wo, s{wbutotu

3l : rdre sn nrt (pron relati{ negativ
rl'er ;l n" .n' rur kno$: o l'" dihnrprnpn''
4) : ddr (conj).
You askcd ne o comc'but I conldn'1"
$ 240
BI
1) :.le (precedn omplemenlul.de gent)

It sas $ritten W nv '{rrt''
(comptcmcnf instrutnertal):
2) (cu un partioipiu prczent)
won g^'d m:'rlrs bt I'r'r I
5nr
r " i | i , , r n o r " b I n F'rcllirp
I I' rrn r " ' r r ' r" -
I e\trr\r'L m \ s F l f Itr sdatrE- , ,
Sl'nnrn0
Lui rrn ' .art i ' r t a r P
'
*,{""qiFr}i+i,*'sllill*"1iiflii.lr"Il;)illxi'rcchrlr')o'ddrica
493 MORFOLOGIA PRIPOZTTTA
3) : lirydl
l\e Eatbr tle fire.
Thcr'siood bx /kr thrdughher mistodune.
4) : dnpd,
\1trat time is iL hI 1/ob eatch?
I could cll nho he is Dx r/d ti.'lls he hns.
ir " r/ ( u ru .1 d . In ' .L " i l :
I am allcr i.hanhe br a /oor
To buY lour h thcpauu1.1
To die rJ tEn€lg - a sc slinrtc : a nuri) cu nrc-"t ll.
6) :?e l a (aproxi'nali€) compl. circ. de tinp):
I shall bc ba.h bI nine tl,a^.
7) : ca. pe. trtn (cu denumid care se releri Ia mijloace de locomolie
;i Ia nediul prin care se c6litorette):
to travel {of go) y trair, bI car, r ]ard, bJ sea, tI air, etc
a) - pe linSd.l
She aent lty me $'ilhout a looL.
9) : pe acola (a i v .).
Sle rr.n, hY iumnins {n air.
Thencx'sriidium taJsor,€w|erc I i: prin ntropiere).
',€dr
l0) idiotuatic.
How did vou .oe iJ this money?
(Cun ai ajuns sn ai banii aceitia?)
O r p Dt o a . In e y g o ' up d Dd " ft l h e L a l l .
( l n u l .l l € u n u l s.a u r .u l a t r i d L p d r ;s.r d l r I
I lived by rylert
(Triiam sinsur.)
o l r l l l h p r .r r ' q sp s a sr o r h " p a r r o t O p h Fl ,r h " $ 1 sLr /,- rLp m o J to u .Ii n g .
Di n l r a l o d l p d { r i l Fl e d i s' r i d u i l " In i o l L l O h l i " i . Fa to 5 l cu m u l r ce a m Di
To i o Dsn tJ.'
'
910ri roR
Verbe rmate e prepaziliaor:
to ask, to blame, to care, to compensate,o e{chan8e. o leave, to lona, to
look, io scnd, o set out, to siart, to ,ait.
1) : pentru, del
Write this lor turt ,truI
I'll ,D&rle yon lo. some b.€ad.
It?tots that thitrs lor
The exhibils is
Tortoise*hell areh.d
lor for
rtld.maki4g combs.
Thc World Council or Pddsc.
2) : d,attuprepozitional:
Uary sent this book fo. nc.
' l o o t. p a u n d i i ' //L -puenni ri rr u

r, d r o d su r e d l r i r l l " r p v" zi g I3 i ' , r o r u r i p r e -
ze Dtl n d n i n l p rFs i vr e so .r tr
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-englezeiorr. 488/609
8/12/2019
PREPozqrI tr -{DvrEBx o
Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 400
3) : ld (d€stina i€):
He l.t lor ./dsil/ this mornins.
{ c l l i . J t l r r ai i as t . l z , d, m i i r ' pat a. )
Ate o llt Buchorcst
{Merg€li la Bucrregti?)
refe tor la tinry i distanld : de sau netradus):

He \sas D lh.re lor atrout ,ro nodrs.
Slte had becn rcpadng Lo eran lor /er7rs.
I }Jvpr'. .q n Jorr lor 4 /,,g ':trllor o1ps.
Eor pt le( ar uu d, s . o' ldr ' l 5r ' r lr ' .
-)) : in ciudu, cu toutc ac.sleaj lolati (introduce un compl. circ. colcesiv):
Shewrs a good childr, or aU her lit e nichs.
Io. al, rhd,. he should hrre addrcssed inscll io nc.
ror a,l yor sdy,ve ieel snre h-Are ill be an improvenent n llris conducl.
6) : de, din c(Mza (introduc€ un compl. circ. de cauzd):
She sa5 repling ro. jog
Thc Litlle g l Louldn'l see Io. rEes,
\Ve couldn'r go io slccp or laqnizs.
He cnn't sleep or ,i? nois, of ihc rain on ll,e rvindows.
i I dr' pt. .o fiind I
I look lim tor o drc,o..
He was conter ud tE a thief.
8) dupe o tnterJrlie:
{zr.d/, Ior rhe holidays I
Splendi.l lor yn
On, lo. a slass ol ilt1er
9) cn Dn compaxatit,i
"Do you fe€l anv ,tu ,.ref lor his mcdicjne?"
"Oh no. I am tu ao.ra lor it."
It was a.harye ror lftd&e|lo lsa|rne ao*L
l0l + substantiesan prcnutne)+ infinitio (ac. cu inf. $ 1674).:
ThPr p as no t oj lot Ann t o plou \ . t h-
fi is impossjbleot het r' so'rh.ie.
It Fas quite plain IE eleryotu o see.
It js (not) lor hin ro de.ide.
Ior n?rDot to aor.t hard now, belore he e{ams,s'outd be a mistake.
r l) , t lor ( : dac { n ar li iaa n- ar f i I os t ) :

]}ut tor n,. {saunereil lol lor her)Be shotrldhaye prelerred le seasid€-
12) : (cit) desprel
-4s tor ntn, h€ chos. to becomea stulrt man (: cascador).
, . 1 t or r / r dl, " ll ' alk aboul l , dr " . ,
You may see or youroeil{: siDgrr).
For mysetf, or ms ptt (: lni.ucit m'-i r.ivestcl.
60r
8/12/2019 PRIPOZITII 9T ADVERBE O
4l idionatic:
1"" f i;'.' " Te)i"T:1""1
i t r r i m er ( : r a"1't ,
l f em
i-'i"L1llit"r
ll tilli iil'lii*
ln he ev eni ng = ' s ear ar ' ,
lo tle
ln t he skv
s t r eei
i: l l''
: Pe+rls t r aor r
il li,'l'"$llE ;,:'lffi i x'i''

'
it ['.#illt,:'"lYi";i];,rl*:'
ll *;'ll,'''::l*r ":::"i1""i::
I
i""'"'
rr'"-il,i^ l" l' rr'*"t in srr'l \dL '
S h e F i t r . t E r r a sr ) i A d v l
Illro
s 2{10
l'crbc urmarede Pr'lotilid inlol

0 lilide to impo't' to make ro pour, io s a e. to translate. to tu'n
to change,
conc'et)z:
Fdril prepot;liet Lo e|\ter (sens
ii."l,lil,lfjii"'1",)'"ri"mi,,,"'r"
ll'.'"llil,,Iii""""loTlli'i'*
"*"'
tN. lNTo s 2'll
["**.'*
11,;"i::,i'xl:ul":"11'1"".,*'i",T:"'J,,'x'"li$
'",".*.
1"";i;;ilfl "9lil f1?;T'i"':'l;'il,:,J,':;",:''"
gf"',li;n:"-'&\T.'itl i;:i:,'"iH ",#:'a"^",,,
T[i,[#if,ir-'t':iliu'"
T;;*'
ffll'],fi"*,:T ' if:'fiii'."1il"%'rt
h e h o u se q d s l n 5 r g ' I . . '
i,;-ii'i,1"'111,.'jr'-''
IN. OUT
s t11?
r adv ) '
0ul { ddt . ) eql . c nnr r ar r r r l . l ui . i n
l nr o'
t ) ut ot Ps t e c ont r ar r ul l ur
:,i'J,"iili";",,l"i"Tii
ll)-'il,'"'
J il i'i'"';"'l'L'-u o'
'""#'
:flT'"i^'1,*il"" ll;,; "" ""'
o/ rln? - i sosi mrlt
-
,;." ," A" t'ne - li\ la ora hotirriinl ro Da ' I/?'tv
',r.. * " d
inro6' ;r's iu'o
'"t '1"1,:"$,*:niA ,u s:l;^d-b:,1.r:. 'r ei
i*o ren4'n'i.;,:î,:;:;,:i.i:';:L:i.r
-*"yr22 ;ili{',itii\
502 trronfoL{)ciA REPozrTI^
2,113 o'
lerbe, adjutitc .fi snbslantiw unnalc de prepozilia olr
o i' a .i . o c o n .is lr , l,' d ip . o I lg , o r " , n J ,r o - p " d lt.lo b u ip a . o lr r " dr'-
ro I k . b r ;" 1 r , lo \ia r n ' , a p iL ' :.,ir p x l, u " - ir ' u .. ,' d p l' p n d n l.n ilir io 'u" 'p
iible.i tossessed ol; in sFar.h ol, tc.
l) geniti prepa:iliona| (9 2E1):
Tne door ol r.hc od sas ajar.
She is llle $iic ol ( do.rol.
2) ld dale (precedn numele lunilor):
Tb,e rqi.h ol Septetubet.
On the first ot ,ne non,ft.
3 ) - din p a r te a ( d u p l a d j o cti ve ) :
It was v.ry itzl ol her 1o com€.
Il n w.f,,, o l h i m
4r d p td u p a a d j , c.i v" r :
to ic proud ol lond ol guill.y ol, tircd ol, alraid orJ eto
5) : de, m (cu nume de materii' de elemente compon€nte, sau referi-
toare 1a con-tinut, etc.):
' 0ihello had a .apc ol gold on .
It sas a box ot car.lboord.
It all came down like a house ol
clve ne t rtp or @ffee '4.dr.
Il e , e ye su € .i /,l l o I i ca B .
glass
His was f"rl ol sheny.
6):tn (dupn i uri acad€mice):
Bachclor ol Aris.'
Na6ie. ol Science..
Doctor ol i[edicitre-
I h Jd r n o p tu r l u n ' r l ol kl l tg ' :m n y m i n d .
He Ra s a man o l s' r r z. ( a i tu i i )
- r ,s/? d d t su p p fr , h p t h i d n ,g h e a .7
8) : de la (provenientd):
I }orowed a few shillings oI /,tn-
"Ol all chemisk." 1:,,La toale famaciil€".1
9) - dintrc,
He }ocame one of l,? re6rul'f erening srLddnrs.
l'he tallest of d ,o"s is mv son.
the, nr atl qonen, io bchire ir such a rvryl
1/. .o,6,sr or a corsla dini ,o .onsis, n = a corsi,r b.
3 -
c" t o {.' t 2a196.
- Vezi r : o r a l a sg si n sl .
r l-ezi si q" pir(2'r'o
I t.,{- til'ru uriviNitar ccl,iralcnt c Zi.czltd, tz /iLerc : Racltetor f Atts)
6 M .S c.( l [a ste t.fS ci e i ce ) a l do i ]e a q r a d tr n i vcNi ta rl d u r i l ? .s.,i n A r yl i a .e ste
larn cohirtdeni n arte liri. D. ii1t. llai. Daotor Littafim) : Dottot af Luctatute, orcs'
Dundr mai d-"$abn titlulrd de ,ocrz, din celelalh inri.
' th ' L h t;- a t /p r | n /m .s.i .o m p ' r o a d i n p ' ) r ;.u _ n " .r a ;. 1 .r ' 1 r ,.7 i .d u l 'ira' dr I'
m i a ,i .
ne
.,n d h m i i d , n l o d " l d m d t' d ,: a d n l In j tr u -n4 m A - ' o r r sr ' r ' n i n 'ahrp
' d
ti d e .i i n A si d e ce a i .
8/12/2019 PREPoZTT Fr svERB o Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
Alice 50 ,
70) pcntrr accentnarel

?rd rnr.col &r wentbJ bus.
tome aa, aU ot /ou
11) idionaticl
Ile .d,p ol agel hsl. rltitli. What lias bcconie ol l.rl
Tlie noise stoDDed dll ol a sdl&n. S]rc is ol no a..olz',
\\'hat do you_do ol d.\u :tala Il \'as oi nD t,?,r,
'li,c .al cemr ot nr.//.
OT F s 2{14
I) dcpdttart (ddr.):
IL is a lang 0a olI.
The rilligc js tt\. rLiles .r\1.
2) despdtlirel
He c/, olt d sample. (-{dY.i lle putte'1. lt his loots. {Idr.)
She to.e olt the rase. (-{dr.l. lou nustn't. Lo^ oll tour book.
The leaves dit olI the tfees I sro,i the mrtr oll. (Adv.)
?'dfteolt your hatl {Adr.l I ftno./i.dhim oIl his chair.
She tool. oll her coat. {r.d ) ,t0i,.I oII rhc lishi.l. {r\dv.)
Here is rour orange tahc ?'L.n oit tlie waaer. tie radio, the
on ihe peell (Adv.) Tvl ( A d r .)
3) : a ( Nl ,y ( :d e a i ci ) :
The lhief nadd otl. (-\dv.) o l t tn cr .r n I ( td a .)
o{otul a luslt.) lPlec.rrli In gorM tuaF.)
A p o tf: O tl $ ;l r l û { \d r ) T|
r l ol :Lkn " " o i l i " d o l l J " l ' i ' L " n ( \d f)
r P l ,€ " a L l " d i .i E d i . Ir l " ." r " l r .i ,' ,u n p u i .)
lI son .dptcd ot sere.al ldzes. {-\dv.)
([iul meu a luaL mai mu]te Pen'ii l
4) diecrsel
Iz@e ofl talkitrgl (-q.dv.)
(Taci, nu mai aorbi )
Th p q u n $ o u l d n o l so o d d n d l h a h d ,e a n a wa .r ' A { \'
{Puic; nu s luat loa ei Lelurer€a fugit.l
play is oll. (Ad{.)
It-
e r e sa u 3 e o a t l o a ca .i
To be lAdv.)
{A fi cu'.J]'orl.
dare de nlnd.)
oN.uPoN 5 241;
Pr eD oz it i&n p"tc s inor ' im a u pr ppoz ili€ tron' rin .arc pos'p i lnlo. uild
in anr oine ioat e ac c c Dt iiie aip.A l.s.r"a uneia sau 6 c Plc il; llc es t adic lat e
,1. eir f oni""au de uz enia. upon iindforma maj rara. lnr r Pbuin alam oi alps
ln lim ba s c r is d9i tn anunrit. .onsrru.Lii diomati'p. n Fs t F orma
sacratd qi de neinlocuit 'arP 'on-
uloo.mv word
dnce ur;or a tilne-.. (: a tost odati . )
Pr€poziria upon este compus{ din p (in sus) qi on (pe):
She ot rPon stooland €aohed ut or i.h€ ase n heshe[-
1 a am of agc a deveni mnjo.(a).
,V e zi p a g . 5 0 5 , n o ta 1 .
604 noR.olocrA PRtFozITr^
I'trfu nr ttttt: d. Pr(P,rrtlt1 ortl

to qc r . oi dl , nl rr'r' nut r ' l l o i_ ul ns , '
'
t o l | \ p . ' o n " p \ a i| : . U ( i i ' : ' | ' , || j } ' ' | ' i ' | o n 5 o n " |" " l ' ' '
on his suocAtsi o oarN otr lrdv ) a h{dc
H os 11 1o 8ql i . . on s l l o' t el''hr I \ d\ 1
\ Vl ' al i s At i nq on in lrrP? 1\ ' 1\ I
t ) : pe :
There afe atplls oz Ure Lairlt.
Lie do\rD ,, lhe sdial
2) : (a se tmbrnca) o:
Shc 2, on her sto.kinss. sho.s. .Pzll on ]'our soilts: (-\dv.i
(gi-a lus ciorapij, prntolii, lil,'Lria rlc l

She tled on h€r dress. ^dr'l Shts ad a r.d l.och on. (-\dv )
(Di a Incercat rocl'ia ) f^vea ( e ei) o rochie roiie.l
tlrc Fore flbber solcd sneakers on tur
lte
i $i . buckl.ed.L
a l n. hei at chis bell.. (idv
or donul .) )
i(Itr) lurt.r lenisj ir i.ioarP.l
The l.rce nds nd icaYes
( h m n l n n a l e I N n z. l
3) Ld d.ale
l r nl l t ni r d' l av l l Fr " i i ur ndl nl o\. . l|Ir" r ' a hor r dr J on l r ' 5ddl
, \ l r ' i J / i " i u' r n î. l d or 1: r \ l J r l i n | 5" '"
'/;r
i was olr on t l i e t l l h ol Sepl . em l ' I l c l t t l r e t ow r roD mv farlPr's-r r i { a' '
ilr-"i,-*siJtilt s " pt e- l " i 6t { \ m r l r as ii or r i dl l as os iPat ' t t l di nr )
on : r \ av m or ni ns l e nd, oo
i ii nl' r"or
u modr
\ n'rer
pL
' I nl _. c i . i n, i n" ' i .
' r Lnoas r l
0n nr \ bi r l h dJ prol
I a 'r ofrzi la /"r'' In'i P na'
. '
on Uut da Y
(: I n z i ua { c eea)
0hs er adl i e
SlrF d" ^ . pbi f " ' 1" l i " ' r bo r om ; nd undF srrb'rJrrri pl- ' ' * i"""'"':'
D l r l i i l p z i l . i nu s i nl in qF nF r " pr ^ ' P4J l e pr - |oz r ( ' r ' i nd 6r au s t nLr ur ' rn
. i ' nb" pr F f nT ; l i i l a '. i nr r ; br r i n aaz 'lF
d irr no'l rl urmilorr:
" ngl . z r
o xia ila in , P na' at r E l d Prrl/ 3t . ' -:
' l , l t J- a m i J/ ' in 'tP o l L t t a o a
nuheoe ne rtar rrr ro ii = in riP \{tr
l a cr ' m a i u l zi l e i : n t d a yb r a h "raul n r r r n g " trqr lLr '1 r r sn r '
ln amurs : nAhtatl
Î
.\ 94tB Preo€date e un atribut, aceleagi ubsLantiYerimesc nsi prcpoztlta n:
on o /t8 mordng on a s,a?'v nj.sLt on o sLnnr-cYoun8
on the nigh[ oI Tuesd.J, the {st ol JulJ
I vl zi
$ :qilt.
to preiuil on - a corviige; /o //.'dll oror : a jlling.i r, rre,ail asatnst a
"
f . zi st a .
t) t,a:t so a t P b a t t lot d ,; "PlJ
.Lorrl rnhnt n,,/i ro1rlpdri lirnodroa"na:jlr'11'/ri lnl"o ln'rn';lr_ nIro
1 F n l l 7r i l r , p \ r: o ' " d n o r " n a r n tnE'
no,pt, o" riru. " " ; l l a o u " l ' J l n ,r n ' b n Pott
,lminiror)
""" "i1ffi.,+fii-'il';"" r' crc$rde..cnr',ss"am. uri aprin.rerca
8/12/2019 Alice
O Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze ;05
PREPOZITII 9I ADVEREE
(nu se iraduce':
4) + un Cerunziusau a/r sxDstanlit
o n t 'o r r r r l r ' n o i s P I j u m p P d o u l o l b 'd
i ;" ;,1-''i " h" ; t,rn n,oi e ;' 's ' 1m" 'o l i s\"
5) : asupra' despre:
oo rl' sL'J€'roI \ork'ng somen
tle sroke
6) .a ti nnare:
{'o utrt lr"ol oo Xftl on (Adv ).
il,,i, .i ii""a on rhrr Pds:age:\rv )
\ulr
'$orl: (\d\ l
L,.r on i{
7) erprimn o at:liane n cursr"

The Dlir rs 6till oo' (Ad\_
11,. Lis}ls oo' (AdL)
i,. i,." i- " r €I n rh" ilinitrg toom {Ad
i '" 'i ,,i , i ,"-t } ct" l i gtilt''t l In
( Ad]
d L ) bP Jroom\d\')
.s,r/.1{ oD
8\ idiamatic:
nn h,ot , d m " r g " , 'u p i 'i o r l I lo wall
';,i.;.'1il'+;. *'' c6a rLh
l';"1'"",lT,l
li ir:ll
$ ; i"l^'il. [ . h ilTir, dorrd, 'pd'pardrraddrumuLui'
31 ili'lXllj':'"'"' i" d"bambru
on th. ','nr r ar J ( : dr mpor r 'vr l
":'li:"' il"inl,",1u,
;l l;:llil, iltl:,;il. '"",,,
a h \ \ 4 t ' \ d r ' r i n dn ' P r '
" rr'i .j hr
OUI s 241
' {lrDvERF)
t) Mother 'as out'' ".

l] am3 nr tra arrsN l
I u , r l o t r ( s h p n | . d $ I 'i n r r n l p r 'l f room'
i e-" i 'i " i i -, " ;i r',. tl zur i rrrnnd n oddi P
II\ buok s out: it 'd'4 out yest'r'l 'v
( Lar lca nF a d r pr r ut r eD
2) Lanes6" d,.tud out in alr difc.tirr,ns.. o" " 'r ir F r iir " l
- Ju
ii;;i;':;; ,l; ldr r se '1n'ir i 'n
3) Blo, oui ilie
'andle "
(Stingc lumlnareal)
Pr, out the lishtrl
(Slingehrmjnal)
The lishts ,efe our'- _"
( Lr mir 'ile er au str G F
?,r r odl the lig} fsl.
?,fn out the Sr s tr cr
-r.^",,,'"r...'',r,,'".,1ri':l'lt."tl,ll,,.i{ril:;,,J"i,f:'it,:'.."(
the ishtl T he i E l ' 1 s
'f l
iE llccale E plecaG in 495/609
MOBFOLOCIA _ PFNPOZITIA
SOIi
nu, out this senien.ci

(Sierse cu snma a.casiir irazill
C.oss out thai linel
(Taie rindd acel.l)
llv coat is dor" out.
{Ha n t an li-e u z a t i. )
I am iol, otrt.
(S ln t e p u iz a i. )
4) fi'.i|e otr tlis dictaliorl
{T.ansoie aceasie dictare )
I can't nale out 1l,is $'ord.
(Nu pot deslufifn 01.'sca.rcsl cnvnt.,
.Sp€anout
t\iorbeFte {cu oce) larell
(B a g rid e s e a mll Fii r1 e t rt ] )
S 9{18 our o}'

1i - (afard) din.
He rtlrl otrl ol tE loes.-
lletrls .te dug ott or the eatlh.
IIis violin has got out ol lune
2) : d e ' d t n :
She agrccd o it out ol ntad,dss
3 ) - ' dintre: I .hosc {o piolu.csont ot r'rdnrv.
S 2119 ol llli
Verbs urnai€ de prepozi-tia i particula ailverbiali ove|:
bloNoter,gile orcr (- giv. upl. tookorer,eic
T, r". d f f J g s . , q 6 1 . . , r' rp r n r' n ro "m. (. \ d I I
(Tra ' u ra - . is lu lr' ' li l" irrlu ll I
' "1
I hail Do more ritien.e: I s4t. orer waiting io. her. (-Adv
(Nu am maj rvut .ebdarer am renunlat sl o ai alrepl-)
/ro& orer your lessonagainl
(Re lc z i' t i le c lia l)
l) . d P o ' ' t p t t ). o . u P t . r. P s t
The ceilirg is orQr n haul
IIe jDmPed orcr ,nd ldln
tsecutoren's eF.trlns oYc. his contempofadcsNas established nlJ bX p j: :
2) : ma t n n lt d e ' ? 6 r, (o c if re ):
Th€ old
There woDan
were orer lras ore. s€'dnr?
,(, lizad.dd eople in the lall'
3) : ternti al:
The ,lav tus oter. ('\dv.l
lly prtiace wiiir her tr orer. (-q.dv.)
4) : inr:oact, incolo:
10 sec he Bi.az dam? {Adv )
Won't 10ll corrc orcr
Hrnd ii orer to thal. manl Oru lhfuc (."idv)
8/12/2019 PREPozrTn r ADVERUE nor
Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 60 i
TEBOUGH s 219
Lhe ook4d ltrorgh lsau oft ol) th. îular.
Prn,i e iercasrrtl.)
,lljcy tr.ivelted thtoxitt the ..uL:rt/ ine.
(Cilelori.a la 1rr' .)
l,o trarel lhrougLtu air
(- a cn]{lori o{l-aa {eruhi.)
I eol . . , i 1 l l r ous
IE h n, 1 \ ,
([1i rn terminat uqo. lucrul.) ^
H c . ddd l r , e book l t l ous l r . Adv . r
(Citi ca.t.a de la incetut llnir la sliriit. )
He carne ,, throuRl wjtl ihc rain. (-{dr.)
{A lenit ud dc llo.ie linil la piclc.)
I an throngl s'ith ii. (Adv.)
(-{m sri.iil 0u ace{sta.)
I am throdgh with Xou. (-{dr.l
(-{n lern'inat cu tjnf.)
TIIROUCE, AUB,OSS 5 2{21

f {cro$ Hc qdD, scros t|e ro,rd to th houscoDpositc.
{: pestel ,, so ocros (adv.) {- a imveNr)
I
I throuql ThcJ rowed s.ross /ll. la^? ald walkcd throush tl,e /,8s,.
t (- prin) (adr.) {: r t.rvers,1 rlsliDdi
T O' s 9122
yerlre ti (djectiee urnnl.. de prcpa.itrcL o|
to adupt,
trast. o agr c'. oo.ttach.
o orrespood, fasl.etr.to belond,
o gd, .o ind.
to hrst{, io c.irpare
to list,n. ..o.omert,
lo objcct. o con-
o pal alr.eDlion,
ln p,,i . lu , t.r. ro r,.,n il . l. pr.1,, - r , r . Jk, ro i , , o l u r n , t o
$r'ln dd.qu'l .b\rr. r.l.r'or.I i, all,. i"bl .i-l .p,lro,.Drp ior
Ez e mp l e :
1) :la (direclie. u verbede mi;eare): s 2423
\fe drove to 1oNn.
Tl,cy b.ought iL to l.he arn.
2) f nn. . . t o (: de l a . . . 1a) 3:
s h, r i d l , I I . . t ur . t r ot u, , \ p, t o r r hl I I i m D t
l ' , s ' r o hul dr ' i r ' 5 l r oD I nJ - l ' , . , . p o \ uur e.
(Dbtstllll
3) daril prepozilional:
Giv€ ii. to Ken.'
A slal.uc was .aiscd to rft, m€mofy ol the loel.
4) :c" (dupn un adjectiv):
Be ttnd to her
He ts o?e, to everybod]'.
l v e7i s i { : 101.
" io aei"i ro a thins, wi,l a person.
'tobetongro - aalarlinej to belong tr: aface parte din ("th€ lile lh€ wire le-
l oD s ' d i - ). ($ 23l i j l .
r l c z i 6 t 396
5 c u. . . p. bl d, o nl qLur . k adi . F \ e. , o l l ^ l Lea. o/ ' t " oot . o/ \ al i ous i nt " r l r et d o nr
. \ F z i Fi q 2408
1 r.a lkenl didinutiv mascnlin de la ,t€zn.,n t kenrol.
8/12/2019 MoBlorocr^- PRlPozlTD
608
-r) : sye. (lupij (precedn un substantrv):

To 4 s, . p/ r ' ' Li l . ' r - sa' I nabl " l o hi m
' n' qer
ShF l ans lo ,.r ' ' r ' l o' "
ii-i" i,,;i t.i- i. ,' i,ishryns,r,',\. p. ur' ooL
6) : drrrit ( uzicn €ft ):
TheY dan€'l to l/F nrst' the or'hesl'a
'i
?r lt r at i ld: r li, r ( jndiiind d; r ec t ial:
t r et al d i p: t o ,t" ,'^r ot Engl ' qd
8:) idioi atici

Sne wis tuen.hcn to tn€ -sit' She QoAd o a n€$ lil.
Sc d€tiette lr o vial.i nour'J
1A I ost udi l i Pi ne lr Prcle ^
l{e $as bn.nt to //Pnrn S h Jl l I tu l ,r 1 ,,n o \o m e so r r P l
{A n, ur i t di n P. i ci na u6ur r l or l
i i .a l c sr r vF6 lc P u l i n i sxp sr l
It Nas to uo otd,,. I l.old i,er to ncr t{ai
(\ ascrail lu nitnnr') (i-an spus D laie )
Bdbr cr i eJ i t sel L l o . / cPP ?aa io one.ishc. {illqu.)
come.
(Cop,ldt l d t ' l i ns pi n; r ador n' r t l (rle prind
Fiird prP'pozLltel
,, kl, soneboilX a sio.Y,
li ii"i;,i,i,o ,::"11.,'rd" ar udt'rnd' o pr" i^n'
Hrp.ri dltfod.li,q rp l to bl
2421
Inaintea subsianiivului honre,prepozigia o u cste c-tprrnaia:
io P.,le lome
Lt se menline tnsi:
2426 ul'
l) : ( in) s us l
l l e r o \cd u l ' ,n ? .n € l
sii,:.:L:li'
Ir i .r P r n " h,ir
' | ;:if,'nu,,,
0 ' P /" " ' ]_
i,lj,i# .o/, up o o , ri,, cs Ldv
"a- ." In' ' rN d "iri"s (\'rL
ir,, i",i'a'lHilifi;"'"'"'
E. l i l cd u"phl s Fi r s lArlv I
s," ti4d dI lrr gl d' s {\'l\'r
2) erprimd aProPicrel
I *ollPd rttlo lP bool i r cof l ' " (Ad\'1
Tl" ("_J';t" ut' or h" m r i n nl r dl ' p l 1' r
3J : ciilre oru." &pitald, ll LrersLtatcl

I I n' go ng nP o r c' ' a (\'l\ I
Shp s. nL rp r^,o". \^".:*,",,
" In s. ..mb,f..\J\,
Jpl'r"l',,u""'',',
: 'Jl.lr"""i'.i
; r',i':.,j;i:l"uiTilli:: J :;f":'
, *," p,'poziri
:;,ii"",'; ,);'':"li,i?1"' 498/609
up hilt. t P ( t het st oqe
8/12/2019 PREPozrTrl ir 3\DvtRB o
toc
a) + s,dl) - (.tnosciitor, verya\ bin. prcrdtit,

IIe is r'.ll up in English. -\d )
-r) : ter/ninat, canpleL totul, dc tatl
Time 5up EaerYlhing s rP (\dv I
F: d ln,|id'Pl -T ulul s ' r r 'i
lor d sanc
a li ,sdl:w {or\ av ) ' '
'lhe
e d dA'olF r i' lol .l '
r \u ;ai " nin:^.le'a.ul.
lodr 'r ,hup. l o up, I','ul up.ir 'r ool r l( \'l\
'l lJilr .'r r l" lul i jF r lgp'lr 1 1r r 'r r n'l
L r bar dlr r l
6) ,erbe up:
t o g e t n p , u s tand r l' . o jr mlr u p ( \' 1I Pa,t x D r our tl,iig" l ( \,11 )
( : a s c s , u l a . i s ddr e I n lr lr o ' r e. a { lmpa' i,'t,ii .1 ) nedr file
' s a D I'aceli vli baaaielc.)
ro
(: ,e I till lule (-{dv ) io ro,r u plidl.s (Adv.)
a dezridl.ina
a s1a in'u roalte.r) l.. lrlanle)
to ?i.n rp som.thing (Ad\'.) tu dig up.ut ol r nP ear lh r \dv )
(: a ridica ceva cil2ut) l:. { ,,atts dir I'iL'r int sinir 'dl
I ad' . uo n li,k c t. ( \d l io s,t up tbe iirc {-\d )
{ , ^ ; dat bilitul .und ,tor r r lr r i
t o e t , . uI lor los r \dv .) lo r"€dl uP lAdv.)
1 : r r c nx nt' l a n s oan s ' r r a 1: a vortri llai tari,
irn obi.ct. soroi.indul Pierdul )
7) .4 sc compara.
I .2, mv turser.
(u'an 1"diat a descl )
He cl, ut the meai intu snall rieces. l.{.lv )
(A leiar loatd carEa in bucitele mn:i )
I /iaad thc jt's
{An u'nPlut .aDa )
I / l t c d uDm v s t.,s s . t d . )
1\ii a n , L i , o t l i , L ahdful ' ,na s ns
Horses .ed on g.ass.
lcaii se nr{ncs.i ctr iarbil l
I an ftl uD $ith so nuch light ntusic (\dv )
(Snrt situl de atita muzic{ uioa )
Wc use coal io heat lhe rooms-
(Intreluinlem oirbunj pentro a lncnlzi odeile.)
-{11 he coat in the cellar will be soon 6d uP, {]\dv )
(To1icirirnnii din pivnill vor Ii ln cudnd lsminrl,i.)
I ate nread and lntter lo. heaktast.
I(-{n
ardmhoat
uD the tline
b.cadcu
onuni
the de dimineala
table {Adv )
{-\rn nincat ioatn piin.a dc pe DasA.)
8) Dircftel
bhp .,tr r F sl" F liv Inotning I J \qr i/
h.,oa, ir l' r o np.', l .a" " d Js dpr opd) /\'r vl.
Lhr ,r a" uD u'n mp n" a. | - Lx' J" p I 'lL'.8( ilule or 4nr m'Ll\oYi
H" btur pt,, t I'asL r $hpr l|dn,- d adr '"
61 0 MORTOLOCIA PRIPOZITIT
S 2426 rIP. D0 w:l

Ilo$n este oontruriul llri [p:
Go un lAdY Uuslai,sr. Go dorn (-\dv.) Do{n$tairs.r
He \.;n r p .l,e h i L UP' r llr . It rolled dom thc hill. Do{nhill.:
un ih' riIPr
go ( A d r .)
to gxD
an o triin
n l (: L .n d n n niel
care ( A ge
ih .Jstle c.tilali) I d u rdnotrmJi ,r
d to( :cl,l a
L racl j .Ica r ; d j n c.p i i r l ) )
( A d j.)
Stand nD (-\dr.) Sit dosn (-{dv.l
r. so u h P , u d is a lJ _ {' n r I - " L. s. d o m ( h o m r l ' e u n i vf* t) 1 ( JL j \
- lo : r p a r ,l si n i v.| sj ta te d ; r e r m i n i
so du. lJ n .4 1 5 i b . , r lF \a .' i .l' . lp n ' ; 'rni-
a ,e in ( c p e c u a n .ile ( lu n .{ic d c wsitaiea; a lleca ln vacanli (in fun.9ic
1o &e rdn, ilorn (- a Ii ermatdculatl
Ile t.irlkd. rtt at thc sky. l .dv.) iIe loorcd ilom ar hb [eel.. (-{dY.)
Tale up your pencilsl (A'rr.l Take ilosn what I sayl (-\dL. l
yo u f d .sl tL
1 i./' u D th . b o o k l {A d r .l ? L r i t d o sn o n \d t.l
$ 2197 wrrH
AdjecLiye. substAntiye i 1'erb0 urnate de prepozitia \r;th:
to L . '. l L .' r r r ls il[.- im ' ,r . lo .o m n d r ' ' . lo .o o p F p , lu o n i" .
.o \ir , v J i d ,o .: ou r o | | ll.r o l,J r r .. ;p u u p . r o " +o n i." .r o L 5 ,, 1 , Lopy.
to s u n o u n d . to to tc : a g IJ ' ,.o ic e r n p d , L a n tHi, id e n tic a l, p lr J s F d , \ir ii, iir r l.5 .\n onJ_
nons, Fcarl riUr: irei stlh llood. pe.spiration, tears; s] nipathy {i1h:
(: Jealiln dc ffis) (: roru de NsiniL)

$ild {ith harpiness
i: ralid d€ ;paini) (: neltn dt ie.icitur
'lhe dog Da.ftd with jol.
(Ciinclc ldirir de bu(lrie.l
'lhe laie rvas s'.er with Ure sceni ot acacia.
l'tsea cra iDmiresmntil de tarlu,nul sdl.inilor I
The decision licr/.cs/s sitl him-
(u hoft4te.)
It is tooi,.g nitl .ain.
(Pioui .u gileata.)
colin is sraving siih fatler.
{Colh sti la tata.)
Hc hrs ,.e' nlth us llor) ten rears.
lEste la noi de zecea;i.)
She s r seoreiarym r a firm ol lawX€r .
(EBiesefreiara a o lim[ de ayoca-ti.)
I lelt a messagettth ihc porter.
(-{n lnsat rorbd/un lrilct la tortar.)
L tl s tr r tp ,l o q p o ' d d r ' & I' i . fr i " r ' n " a r ' n $ p n l l o m 4
tL ,,l " s;e u F.r a r r f " p r r " n i Iu \r u n u l u o a .o " .I' u P :) ' p l .:,' l
tlit]J all htreselia

(Cn oatl cherfulness. sI. copil
i. .ste un is a rieori
child at8r€u
times
dodillicrlt
snfotrt to) lar '? sith.
r l e zi Da s.5 0 o . n o tn L
r l . ,o ;" fu " t.,.L n t.u sp d o str ./,J" .. d u $ n r ,.r .d o sD ,1 .. r ." r l d u .,, i , r .fo -
zilie: dosn f,n?) .i,ats,-dorn /d?., hi , tro\^ (1h.) ttuse.
: V e zi E t1 t2 - ,3 9 6 .
' ,,,,, i .- d cl j .tl : rr ,.l e r l : .r sn si n a t.l n a r
si l i l l e r /.;' ,t:r se d e o se b i d ;r a nu fi d c;r co r d o i i d i l l e to r ni :n n u l i d e a co r d cu )
6 part
a thilg, /ron a person. 500/609
tl 1
CONJUNCTIA
q
D P I | n i1 i". . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242A 51 3
F o lm d . . . . . . . . . . . 2129 53
EuocliP )i .lasifi.are 2433 5r3
aoajunct iile @odondtoMc 2434 51 4
Co^jurcliib 6aL locuti\nile suboldonatoarc 24tr0 51 4
AlLe p;rli de lorbife iu valoarF d..onjun4rip 2151 515
C o n ju n clia , d vF r lu ) i p r p p o / ilid . . . . . . . . . .. 2451 516
Cuvintele
u vjn t e lede
e lp
lpsdturd
g d t u r du.inalp
. in a r pd
dp . . t o m J in ..ine
p .tomr in C ' 2458 516
Locul conjunctriei 2459 516
CON'ANCTII SPECIALD 51 6
2462 51 6
2463 517
TiU. U\til 2464 517
Thdt. , .. . 2465 517
2466 51 1
8/12/2019
C ON JU N CTIA
(THE CONJUNCTION)
1) Dotitrifie, Conjuoclia eagadoun cuvi4te sau sintagne, cu aceeali S 2428

Iunctip inta"thd. audoudpropozilii inlr.o razd. on;un. iilainl nr ar a-
Father a'd molher are at home. lDoud cuyinte)

To b p o r n o r r o b ", t h a t is r h e q u a sr io n .Doua , n d q m "r
Shpca m p a l co u ldn o l sp om e . { D o u I o r 6 o o zit ii.
I sh o u ldb " happy / I cou ld o D iysp p € kE n g lisli v"ll. ( D o u , p r o p o / iliil
C o n ju n n f ia n u p o a lc u n i d e . it p r o p o ziL ii r sr e a u o lcs6 lu r a d F id e i i', 'r e
,
e r e . L \ u se poate sp u n e l
Father b at home dad I learn Englisli-
2) Fo.m5. Conjuncliile pot, fi: S 2129
a) s;mple (Sinple)l
alter, ad, as, bui., €lse, l, till, wlicn, while, why, etc_
I hearrnd,you arc well again.
\ Y e ca m P a r lr sir " r o u r sL p d u s . o.
To kn o q , lP ; r o kp + sit p D r s . g ir [ .
L) compwe Compoann) in doua sau mai multe pIrli de Yorbirescrise 2430
S
however,notwitbstanding,oth€Nvise, nle$,
Shecannotsiag n the choi. re.a&se he hl]s no voice ro speakoi .

He was there, ,na,€/ofe € could rc.ount, Io om benefia, hc proc€edings t ihe
No one could stand he., dlrn &gli she vas quiie pretl.y.
. c.) corelative .(Correlatiw), IormaLe din. doul conjunclii, inire care sini S 2431
r n t r o d u sa p r o p o lr r ir 3 a u p a r r r cle p r o lo zllt c:
if
e it h e. ,r. ,... . . . . ., ., . . ..... . . .... ..... . o
t lie
r n boI.h ... .. ... .. ... .. .. .dd
n e it h e r . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. n o r not only ,. ... .. .. .btrt a l so
wheth€r -. .... .. .. .....or
His lctter was ,"r,,, alfectionate an?, kird.
f h e operd ii n o l . , inlprF6'in" a 5 i ' i s $ . ruDc.
Vo so;r. hd ne lrlL tndn I rfl'..j
. d) l,oculiuni cnjun4ional" (ConjunctionalP l,'dr.r./, formate dnr dife, g 2432

ri t e p ; rl L d F v o rb i re ". o mb i n a c , r . o n j u ' r. t i is a u u p a ri r JF \ o rb i rF .
lnireaga expresie vind yaloare dc r-onjunclie: " 1 , "
rcr us say
on that accounL that is why
I was 11, nd, ts .rn, I came lal.r.
She augheddr rno4sl, he didn,r care.
3) Futrctie i clasilicare. Dupa funclia lor, conjuncliilepot ti coordo- S 2433

nat/lare sau subordonatoar€.
514 MoRloroc coNruNcTr^
2434 d .)Co j n n c l i i l e caotdano.toat(

la"ot.lu'ot' ;r I aatdipot:n. ut'jun t ut t ra'", lû pt rli 'l' rup"/ili'
. u d " F l " .i r^ l -i rd ri r. .0u d n ,r n. ,o r' i L rr ' " J r" t" '
'
Conjunctiilecoordonatoare ot li :
24Xi o t iupuiot,t, tt vp ,].' ,tr ' ,t t t'n tta'ir 1. ' , ,," i',,'
se adaugi o alta: "nJ '
oro. la. r... turlli.", {' , . r'o l - ' l'"n r'l , { l hol'
d v n L l o - , ,lr I
b u t t o o . e t c.
I Eol, nD od Nrlked .I 1
ll; did not tro$, nenld' riotrl{l ,e gn.ss the rels tr ol orrf atLil.tdr'
2'136 b) .1dt.fta1in ('Tdteftutit :). cind expdtnn un contrasl:

l ) u i , b r r t l t i e n . $ h d ca s, \ L } i l c, ct c
\trrv is intellisent ,el lazY.
onc ol t he strtli;s $is oI miirtle rlicre{r the orlj.r \trs i $'od iarjjng
2+37 ..) di*j nclirt: (Disiuncti.v), .ind tsalrirtrn o dlernatiri:

o.. clsp, o. elsc, olhdrise, eitl)€r'' or ct.i
Itun home .t ortc. clse Jon Nill lre lale
EinLi lr\.\et o / mol,lio Nill b. lfrc iomo.rotr
2438 d) condusirc (1u.1tit't.), ti:ld e\prini o coneluzte:

.lcordinglr, .onsequentl-v, ence, or. so lhen:j thcn . ihe.elorc. or llal, rcaso on ll|at
accoxrt, rhrl, is \rhr. etc.
I lorsot to reiurn thc mrsrzinc nare hs displ.asure
Yo afe nol rcad]': rh?" 'otr a.en t coDnn8?
24J g 't,"rDti.,'tirp t f r pbnr m a) . . r n. l s pr t " - l a "xlli'"r'- r r n" ; 'l- lir,rrl
as |-.un. dro.'rpi urt . _. h " ' a . r ' . n ' " 1 \ 'r''\'mnl" r

i i b i d D ' " . I I u , sd r . " d ' , s, l ' . ' I i J" l ' l ' 1 . i5 l"'L r o c1 \
''
arumcr .rdicl). etc.
r D".at p I r,'r I l" 8pl a d-Frp .
I d o r k n . ' r":.4,
\o ll I'd\.logr\, I t o u u J- oi)or'" r'r" n" forrr'ill oI'Ll'L
A 2440 g )t-.o n j a n c ti i L sau 1o(a i ile I u I' n r d o tt u I o a r '

' "or
lSuii,l;,ot, Subor&ndting r:onjunctiins ar Phr.Ees l€ag'l propozilitl
subordonatl de rcg€nta
Conjunctjile ei'. subordonatoaresini I
si toculiunile
S 2441 a) tlc tinp (of 'l itle), cir,A iniroduc propoziliilc tenporalc:
a l r . r1 r ' . r l ' . d 5 , l P l o - d , J; r . l \ " r " \ " r ' 'r''" rll rlr' llr' \lPn \ ' r ' \ r ''
| 1 ' ' n | . | i |n l . : | ' ' h " | ' m p a sl o. g ' ' o i . " o o ' ' 1 . | L'
{Penirtl exenllc, rczi S :r71i)
S 2149 b) tte toc (af Pl.rce.).cind introduc propoziliilc circunrntanliale dc lLr':

rvhetrcc,lierc, Nhe.erc., whiihe., as lar ds .[.
{Pertru .acmple, lezi I 2t2:)
S 2443 c) de nod (af Ma nt), t:\l,al iltroduc Uopoziliilo modale;
as, as il, rs though, so lar as, et..
(Pentr{ exemPle, rezi s 2tt4)
.n i " o o . J' r ' . l o - a $ i r1

": A . l \ e r b c cl l u n r L i - l:' d L r ' n ":
5, rF aor r i u l t . ; . "r ' 1 1 l t , l , l r r : n 1
. : : , r t d , L ' . , t ( , 1 : n i [ l
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze 1 r l i r ' . l i Jr r n r 503/609
. P . n r-r . , 1 , prolo/ li.i -,rb.,'donJ .1. i ||"ginr . t n r si "
d) dc c.tuzd (ot Ca$c), clrcl introduc propozitiile cauzal€: $ 21,14

so. rccanse.. r. n orv Lh.rl. €eingth.tl. since, tc.
(Pfni.u f a cd p l c, r czi S t t 3 0 l
e) de scap (af purpo$t.), cini introduc propozitiile finale: S 2,145

h orderhat. or ca.,lest, oas. o ha[,.ic.
lPentN e\em'nc. vczi $ Itrll)
f) contparattucaf Conpa.rrtun), tnd ni,mducpropozi.tiile omparative:S 244G

l h i n . r s i f . i s . . . s n o t so / r s . r s, e t c.
(l'{tru e\emple, Y e zi S : 7 l l - 2 t 9 )
c) "Mi:;t't (of Conu'ssi.on), ind introduc propoziliilc concesive: S 2.147

(il)ll,outh. eler ir. ho{cler mtrrh (s rx \dl), n' spile ol (l.lie ract Lhafl. trol.wiihstlllldnrs
lPenf , e \ e m p l e , ve zi $ : 1 7 J5 )
h) condilionttc (Canditiondt), cind introdue prc,poziliile condilionale: g 2448

as onEas. i. ii on1J. n (o ir.ion l.hitl. p(r'nld ith{tt, ]]|oliding.sn oss. ulposing.
(PenLn rclrple. eri S ztit ,:53)
i) ,:onrccutit'c of ncsatt), cind introduo tfot,ozili;le coisecrtive: S 2{{9
(so...) t h a l . su l J, . . . l . h a l
(PdItr exDnrde, Yfzi $ l t : l t l
j) retatiae ReLatik). cird intmduo proroziliile elatirer S 2{50

(p,o|utu t . l d t i e ) r h a r . $ h i . h . \ r h o , l s
(ddjectie rctdtie ) w)ros.
(ddeetbe ikun\: ) {s, when. whee, \ri,J
( P e n t i , . r e n l l e , r czi S : l t l r a 2ttl)
k) subiedift (S&lie.t (:Lr.ns. Conj ndlu\). cin(l inl,roduc propoziliile S 24;1

subi.'rtivci
ihrt (= , l
lPcntru r.rnplc. ei t til'ji
I) .ot .dir. (Obj(t Ctau:c Corjundion\). cind idtroduc propoziliile 2152
oomtletivedirecte:
lh a l ( - ci)
1ltatrtr e\emple. rezi $ 'ri09l
tn) atibutirc (Affibutioc Claute Conjuntians). cind iniloduc propozi- $ 2463
t iile a t r ib u t ive :
t h a l ( . i1 )
{ P e n l e \ e m p le . e zi 5 r t 0 8 )
4) Alte pi.fi de vorbire cu v:rloare de conjun(tie. - Printre conjuncliile $ 2454
subordonatoare se atli _siunele pnr ,i de vorbire (pronume, adj€ctive sau
adverbe) cu valoare de conjunotie. Acest€a sint:
a, adjectivri ;i pronumele inl,erogative elative: S 2456
thri, whifh. xho. \rliose. whom. {hat
(P.nl.u c\cmple. rezi 5 700, 2t(0)
8/12/2019 _ CONJUNCTIA
MORiOLOCIA Limbii Engleze
616
2456 ,J toaie adverbele interogatiwe elative:

as. how, sleD, lhere, x'l'Y
(Pentm ex€mlle, aezi S 2?4r)
2461 5) l-onirlnctia, deerbtrli prepozitia. Pentru deosebirea intre acest€

p64i dP Yorbire. 'ezi $ 2383
€ 2458 6) Curintele il€ logi,tur[ rtmato ilo 'Iorma ln -i[g"l. - Acesk pnrli de
- vorbiie se situeaze, a funclie, tntre conjunc-tii i FePozilii:
ait.r, b€to.c, (erer) since (- de cind, I till. unti1, s'hen, whilc' etc'
si,?P;ng lod-ay, I $'ent lor a walk in the park
'\iler
Belorc soi,a or,, I rrng Jou P
I dpfid d rd. 3 d sltilc,dni,s { o r }o u
s2459 7) Loc ooniuc,tiei.

r eluie puse ntre cuviniele
s ziCO i) C.onjuncgii i'localiunile coninnclionale
pe care le unesc":
Go ozd talk to he.
(Du-lc ti_i lorleilcl)
i sa$ F,cd as P€l/ ds AIc.
r L ' m \azur i l p. l'r"d ' l r )i p \lqu
l. d r d . , / d s { l e l , 5 J \ F r c d
, t , rt u . "r, ; i \ 14, u I - J m \ ' z J r f " f f ' d 1
Tn. mollhr. , , lP / , ldr I n p s o n . s J n ' p d J r n p ' o _ o n r lo'n''
\ r o : J i a 5 ; I
a \ r I in, ms "'. r r i u l v o i "r ' a l ' d n a o i
Thd molhef $dn. r. l . ldn. lo nn'. h n n F l " r t h o r ilFsun .. , i, , t
J r l r J m u l r v , n \ l o l n J d ' a s . ' r l lin"d " a s i \ r n i r' r r u r e ' )
, ii""ii"'; , "t "d
€ 2401 b) Coniu ti.it. L.)relati'1.. ,\mbii t'€rne i tr-ebuie atezali lnarntea
culinr.l"r lar" a,r ar.isi tLn.Lh sd', tun'li; simildre:
t l''ot ". 't )
't
'\ 'nat a a $ p - i n l " l r g P r r l . r d r g i l r J ' d d ' a r s o Pht 'i''
, t orlJ i1r, ll: -i. n b u r s i r " ^ s r u d e n ' " ol I ' i I s i ' s /r r'
iri;i' "f ( '
"", "
$-e hclpcd 0,ri 1o bring ihem u ond advised then (I t'oIect )
ii; ;;d-l"ip;,i G t.i& then ip a,d adv'sed hem (c o I e c t)
CONJUNCTII SP ]CI,\I,E
9462 1) Like. '{s - Acestedoue cuvinte nu Ee pot lnlocui reciproo ..

li*p. idia(li qi prpporilie, raraasFmd,aican Lrenol;unisau obiecLa
exprim"r.prin ttdrud ifiire di[Pri'". inu poalc i urmat dp un verD:
She is ltke IPr noda {Adj.)
I t Fet ike Yo, (t 'rel, )
l] e N o r k e d l l k e n d d ( L ' t c l )
i n r r p a ' t i u n i sau slarj e\prim€lF T'nn
-Js. .uniun.li.. drali sscmrn0r''a PrD:
..'1r", t1 ..'-. d".r. rrroldeaunu urmslS Inu neap;rel rmpdrall d c u n
L.€l rs I d,/ \tlr^ rpF
d " l u d e n l (con-)
ll. rehor',d s:f np J r,.ild. tconj.)
lF:l ; jj:l:,:;i;^fii;i,il']ax'"i'J;1";j'"'"Tl""ar.
e7ipj,np,",.d.ra
2i28-
2t 4. 2454
3 Sens qramal,jral (S 2l
."l""i.ii;-ii:i" t.""" .p apri.r conjun"iilo r coreibti\P os
SPECIAT,D
CONJUNCTIr Alice 5I?
8/12/2019 Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
2r ll. Whftb0r. , / f cslp lnLrebuinlsL n1'-o nroporiliP ondilionsli' s

2463
cp arrprna-
, v r p l , f , l n l r - o propozilie nlFrogali\a nd;rerlSt uI''lP prcsupunc
tivi:
- r l he obrrin'sooJ murts \F shdllbpnradp Yor'ntPion"p"'
V.ii aianL t s vh.thnhp wasan a i ' p ' l o l { o t nor"
',it
conjunclici
Ades€ori tnse conjurclia i/ este lnt'r€buintatd qi ln locul
'
t) Till. fniil' .i"",t J"ud conjunc{ii ru exisr; ditcrFnL€ F nlF
lnlrc e."dr' s 24M
r".. Jr*il,i'iG'." ,""i" i" "it' dicto'idepufonia 5ideuzanla'
"'l'itott' p s r ep x p r i m a l d 2465
4l T h e t . - C o n i u n c L i c/ l o / r n g F n e r F u 'inrrrnsi 'ub- s
lDtplpa.a. u dposebirc n limb" vorbil;:
\ou old mP /idr r,Pwe hplP
I r h i n l l / n ' l h rs a grFal srnBef
:,r tro1... or/or' lnlr'o trd/d "ompus6 in dorrapropoziiii egatire$ 2466
.""",1;;i;.'', J;;, conr.inee ohi'pi n"golia or' Uneori rrs6 lnd p6{rrc
n p q a l i c ( i n l s.urlP sr. dp.r. r o * a . o " r r g - a 1 i ed i n ptima p a r l e p e r < i s l 6 s i ln
c e i d o - a doua, cc l o l o s F s l e si o n l , r n . l r a o r:
He do€s no, speak. nor docshe read trjnglish
t did r,, sce o. hear alYone-
as"m;n;locr''
l n m o r l o b i r n u i l lnss- ' o r " l d l i a . dp faLc lnlrF " o r j u n l i i
a n r b e l e n e g r t i v € suu smbcle p o z r i r a e l
r e i i h e r (latr n o i ) n o r
rvezi $ 1 0 2 6 .
8/12/2019
I N T E I t JAlice
I . iBadescu-gramatica
0l I _. 1 Limbii Engleze
fr Hc 1\TlltJECTto\)
ll ll'li'r ir io . ., i, : I r r \ . . .
nr., r L , , r ;
t.tir.:..ri.,4......\.t,
,.J,l-.,1 r oJ
,, r i. r r il s 2167
inur - r i , t . , t " ' i , - , , r ,r.r.rr.,t ,.,r ,,.
t u l p r o p o zjlir i.
I n le r jcclia ( jle lll'n ld 1 . r lc , ) ir su ln sau dr n,nrnut r r t . r lr ir ii.
2 ) F o r ln i. I 'lt e r jcr '1 in Io:rtt li: 9{tis
a/ un sfuqi.t ( s u r n a i u lt l') ( ia lr e - \ p f ir n l- r f r r in r | | r e . se lz ii e lt r . . 2ltill
r d ] 'e sca zl u f e i a lt r l) r 'r so a n e i u n in d ct r jr . on ra]ur fr(j.:
, \ h l Olr lOL h l l\ ) t r t t lr ll L ie | t lt f ig h l
\ h sJ I lt r llr ) : llst L t t t it ) lr it . r d L r r I
1,, u,,u1 sau nlai Inullii f l1 - in t c lo l( , ln a r o | ce ) ca r e jr n ii. : rstneto s r zsl)
mote
s 2170
- u n e le le ca r c i, , si, le sc u ir lt ' a cr e t izll) lo q i. , c rusea. riiut. ftuieriiul
e t c. ) , sl. r ig n lu l animalelor sarr zs(inrote d;, n r . iil, t i, l| ', , I ] iu r it o , I
llcn l Ih lLal \\hewl 1,[.{]
I n n r { vo \ I ll, u l llia o N l r n r T ztCr.Lool
. n&gl Booml ( llir lt t iJt 't d o r g t lh li t t r | \ \ 't r ir l
c/ o a lln tarte de lorbire ca | c. t , icr zin d u , t i t e r icr [ i. a p a slr n l ,\ 2t7l
numHi n \ d l, 'J'p a lr , r i\ S,I'.1 r , , l'. r r ^n u m - t'aloafta
-. \ , r lit , r t . , ir , r - r r r i\ | si
'. 'r ,
rdvp,b,l,
nume e.k. l, .:r(l.a\uti.t'r
r r e h '| | r : 'r - (l::xt:l.rwtoru
., i1 r , r t , , r ii . . i ,1, ,hi,,r rr"r,irp ra,...r,r.,r. rn i
, tunt/$. protlouns. art.jari.e.l,. rcrhi or
r _ o r se n sf l \halt Goodt T.o brdt f.n.1,l Ii.t or slr a n icl

€ t ll Wfll. \.11. \retlt \tf]] lnd goodt nitecdt \ lr r l
Oo . d - b r l l{ . r \ r r lll
l, ) o t r u p o zili€ fu earacter cxflamatir. jn gencre e t ip r ici, i
$ 2172
Looft hetul I sar \ :hrt { sh . r le t '
\lhat a p ilr '1 \1i,lr. rPverl
UDele ntrrjuctii sint steriiicc nnui io,ba.i ercld'rrl.iv. emol,r{ si on S 2173

atare sint. olosiLe n sp0cialdc tirnri:
Oli, derrl Oh drir l
Dcar rFl lrfrr Nl
Oh bol,llcrl
oh myl
, 'ltttnrn1,,:J., 111,1, hon.' nt.t, u,\.n,t:., Int ..,.r ,-t m,,r.\i,..n,.",.Jr,.

"l ti Ll{l '
I ll f. l,,ln,. A trah.,.1 ito/',n I::18t,1' g i , : . .
-t
SINTAXA
(SYNTAX)
624 S1NTAXA PEOPOZITTEI
s lrs
Aco.il'd predirstuldi cu subierlul 25i'' 54 0
Subiectecu 1'erbul atlt la singula., .it i la piu.al t5t 5 40
S u b h ' p .u v.rlul nrlmai . l i t r g u l d r 2554 54 3
Sub,P.l".r v " f b u l umdi ld p)u,dl 2ib" 5l i
S u l i P c l " om u,".... 2i66 54i
IIL PA|.iTILE SIICU\D\rtn r\LIi TROPOZITIEL...

AtriiJulrl. . . 2582 ti48
DFtinili" .. 2583 54 8
Pro,e,lP. d. \ptm r. 2584 58
, 586
D€linitic , 1Bi 5'r9
1588 .']19
Ac. rd . . . . . 2589 550
Condtruciii apozi ionale 2590 55 0
t591 55 1
C o D p l cnmp rnDt ul ul i n; ". , t . .
f onpl ti;94 551
D l, n'li" r ' dra. lPrisli i. . 2595 5 51
,)a91 55 1
P . o c F d p d d F\ rriT. 'rP.
2598 isr
Lo. ut In nru ,,/ili,. 2599 5 51
coorn ' npD
Cotnpte l p-mp i lcrn ... .. .
e nbe,nnl r u n 260:l 5 51
Comihm"n u l d i r a r " l i n u '
l ' r p " b p u o o L l ornplpm4n dirr.l .. .. .. .. ,605 55ir
' 2618 551
Yefbc cu doui' complernenic: i.ect qi indireci... .
|o'4Pt?n, 1606 558
'.tut 2601 55 3
D"t inil: " . i . Jra. Fri. li. : .
P. or. da J" P\ p"i . ldf l . ,60 553
Forml | , D FluinldrF. . . .. .. .. . 26t0 553
V e r b , d d n u , . ooplFnpnip. 2618 5i5
Con. plpm"t r u l r p l i n u ' 2620 556
Conpl.wr,,l pP po:; t;onal 1611 i56
Definitie...... 2622 556
,623 556
Intrelnintare 2626 55 1
2626 55 1
,618 558
2629 5 58
instrumentul . . . . . . . . 2632
2 631 5
55598
,63t 5 59
2634 559
2635 5 59
2636
5 61
26t t 5 61
2645 5 62
x646 5 62
2647 562
5 62
26{8
t650 563
2651 563
2652 563
2654 564
2656
2657 56 6
2658 510/609
_L q. :
lmur shllulului 2665 568
L L o . u l o t rt b u t u lu to n j". t t ro t . . . . . 26ri6 568
\d . . riq l a rrib u r a l lro n u me lu : . . . . 2667 568
A d i" riq l d lr' b u r rl 6 u b q lrrliru lu i. . . 2668 568
P a it u o rl . . . . . . . . il6 ? 0 569
SubsLd;tial Lu mdi multc calL:Ldtiv 2615 5t 0
Td b d . . . . 2616 570
Cduri sPP"ial" ,680 511
IL lk u l a t . t b a u lu is u b s t a \ t iru t . . . . . . . 2684 5J1
I I L I n -i a o t b u t u lu i t u ro d in o l . . . . . . . . 26A7 572
Iy. L o c u ld t . ib u t u lu ie . p lima t p rin a lle p d t li. L e e a t b irc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2688 512
Lmd .omploDortului 2691 512
Co mDlp mFn t uiral t 2594 572
Co mile me o ru ln d irp d . . . . 2606 572
Verb cu doud complementer ir&i si n'di.eci... .. 2692 57 2
Irootrl oomllome ulut circunlt8ntlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2694 572
8/12/2019 srNT-{xA P ri0P ozr?rE r
(SYN'I"{XOF THE SII{PI-E SENTENCE)
CONSIDERATIIGENERAI,E
1) Detini[ia ropozitiei. PropozitiuTtu Sentence,heSimple entence) 2174

..1. o.o' nllni, ar p in .ar . i\F l; u n ' insu.t,ptb l a un mod pr alinoti\ r S2- ,11r :
d) tle 6Dtks h a lacio.r'.
/./ \\' /,o/ n"\F - D l b;' or ' .
..) I .annot go none no$.
d) Da Eant Lo l.akc a t in the debric?
./,\iter " o\dn' ir s, ihtsv,e"r l.{ J bsd.
Se atrage ai,enlia asupra faptului cfi i'€rbele ,net (in er€nplul lJr, go (in
€xemplul c). $ant i tuhe (in eremplul d), sau dizizs (in exenplul c) nu sint,
rerbe la noduri predicatilc: primul participiu.
inlinitive. iar ultimul esl,€ n gerundi.eslieun urmdLoarele
-. a atarq afeste orme rei sint
verbale,singure,
nu pot lorma propozilii.
2) Propozitir noninali. In u elc l.opozilii. werbul poate lilsi: S 2475
DarkncssQnict \o ,nov€nent, o soltnd. o light anywhere.
llrlc.t bless.dsiillncss
i\'€zl i1 5 t8ta)
'1, fla{ifi. rcd
I'r ot','r iliil,'r upa nr clo., D'r p. Inr plpr .prupurili- pod- g 24?6
lF li: .n'r ,liar i{i. in i\;. d,r hilali d. ,f- r olir n 1.iF \'lar nb-
^t"ali\i. 'r o s
1i{e.
unuia)fapt,
Propozi.linenunli.lti('d
o declar a,tie tc.: (The Declurati()eSentence) conline enunlarea S 2477
I dusr gel.np no\'. (Pozil.ir,'\ll
Dick did not comcycslc.dal. {\egutivit)
(TheOptdtitc S.ntenc€Jexprimi o urare sau o do- S 2478
. b) Propo.ilid optatird
1l{}' yon have lons and latpX lilel (l,oziii n)
li onll lh-" In'e $?{ih.r didn'i l)reak j'6t rowl lNegal.ila)
c) prcpazili.aintarogatiadThe Interngatiee S.nrenre,conline o lntrebare: g 2479

$'here did
Doestr'l hcvou wo.k belore?
whut I l'ozilirll)
rnderBtrrd sall? lNesativd)
d) Prapazi.l;a .ubil.atiir (The Dnbitatirc Sentence)exprimd o indoiald: g 2480
I mny see ihem today. (Pozil,iv{)
P€rhaps he t.ah is '[ in yet. {N;salirl)
t) Prapozilia. inperatied ('l'he Imperuti'e Sentcnce) exprim{ un ordin, g 2481
o ru g l mrn t e u n sl a t e t c. :
Go home no\r lPozilivil)
Do n r b . . . : l i i . . 1 l (\ "g Jri \ ' .
f) Pnpozilia ewlamatiod,The Ex.clamatoru€nrenceJxprimd o stare

Af€ctivi: S 2482
T h - n "wl y b u i l t . rh o o l . h u u . " a ssu , h a t o t rr b u i . d i n A: Po u rr\ i r
No r. $ b a n rh a r ki n o l h p r: \ e g d ri vd l '
I Paritie: .a e nu coniiDe o negaliei oonhl.iul negati lui. Vezi ag. 20r, nota .
628 SIIITAXA PROFOZIT1EI
2483 P.(RTTLE IToPozITIEI

(P,{IITSOF THE SDNTENCE)
I. CONSIDERATTI DNRRNI,E
S 2,184ti si Clasiticarcarou)zitiiloralupd
t?ld sd.|'d €..'altati1. Etxuotnli. Ca sltucturi. propozi,tia oate
'rdddr $as singirg. lPropozitrie inpli.)
It is , ol[- lPronoziLic imD]; l
Il ihr purk tnd;tr a smJll boi \vas usl.ilysinging a litllc song o his Inol.he. (I'.o'
poziti. dezYolfatal
- ' lt is too cold lor a lons walL this morning {Propozitiedezroltau)
d 2fEs 1, Pr or oziiia sir r pln ( lh?Sinpl S,PiFr ""r .onsu numai d;ndoudp6r i.
nunitc pniil, pin"ipdlt al€ propo;iliei.Accsteasint,subiectul i predicatul.
S 2186 at Subittul I fhp Subi'rt) p l l p lu'lFa de proloz ilip c atP arata 'ino s5 -
" v irs es te" c ' i u n F ao r i . . d t l d ' i n ; r a r p i px prim atl p r i n p r e d i c a l u l e r b a l , €uc ui
is i r r r i h u i " l n s u . i r p d . ' i c a r a . l e r j . t i ,- r c r p r i n a l d p r i n num Flc p r c d ; . a l i v
Subiectul ooaic fi'af1ai Drin tntrcberile rrt2 (: cine?)sBU t}a/ (: ce?) :n-
uodts e inirini"a predic aiului.
ln .rernplele de Je S 2484,cuaintele "T€ddy" Fi "It" sint subiectelepropo-
ziliilor simple rcsp€clivc.
t 2487 t)) Pt.di"otdl lThp Ptd;"ot,) ps lc parlc r dp ptopoz iLiP arp "lribure
" s ubio, ului o ac liunp,o s t"r. s au o ln.us irn.Predi.aLul oale fi afJ aL rin ln-
trebirile re /ace2. ceeste? an curn rsre.l subicctul. ln exernplplede la $ 2484'
cuvintele "rlas singing" qi "is cold' sjnt predj.atple propo;i,tiilor simplc res-
Pectire.
i' 2188 2) troDozilia dezroltati /?,te Camplex Scntence conlinc, pe lingd su-
biect si pr;dic;t. I piirlil. s,. nddre ale propozilici. Acesiea slnt dlriDrrul
tL conrpLemenluL.
S 2489 a) Pd.rlile principale ale prapoziliei dezaaltate.
Subieolut si Dredical,ulau ln qenere acetali structurd in propozitia dez-
voltatd ca si in iropozitia simpl,-(vezi S 2484). tn exernplele de propozilii
dezvoltatc de mai sus (S 2484) 9r anume:
ln rh^ park ods Ja s m dll or hJ . lDs lit a liltl" s org o 'is m oth'r'
ll is loo .old lor a lonsq,rk lhis norning "ingng
cuyint€le "boJ" $i "It" slnt subiecte, ar "was singing" 9i "is cold" sini predi-
{ 2490 Numerosi autori eneleziconsidcr'; nsd drept subiect Ei predicot ni$te for-
" me nrai com'plexe,numite snbied de:t'olLut, eipecriv predirat dPzualtat,Epre
deosebjrede-subiectul prop u-zis i predical,ul propriu-zig expuse mai sus
' Struc iura ac es tor [orm e es le urm aioarea:
8 24$l a'r.ubicctul delroli€l /7rP ronpl't Subjc't).onsld din subip'lul
pripri;z iq lThe Subj-t l h' Sinpl. SibjP t. alltat m ai s us t$ 2489) rm'
Dreunl
' cu atrrbuiele
ln nrim ul ex erolu 6ale.
d o propoz iLi. .z ollaH r;Lou $ 2489), ubiF'rul J -z -
v o l t r t e ; t e o r m a l d i n " u v i r i t " l . -a s m ,ll bov ,s prFdeos ebirPdc s ubipc Lulpro
priu'z is . c arec ons tedin s uls tantjYul bov ". l n aI doilc r px €m plud ' lropo-
;itie dczvoltaG citat ($ 2489), subicctul este simplu, "It";
{" 2 4 9 2 a i PPd; a11'1 nt'ot Itt" t alfl i Pt di1t"J 'upir,dF rol ro:lul
p r o p o , i i i " i . a d i . 6 l o r . " . d . n n , r F l t ss rbic .rut ins ori' d" p \ ; n ' u u l ' l c l u i s t r i
- ;t 0
buter. Pre(ljcatul de^'oliat esi,e ormat din predicatui prctytitt-is llhe Pre-
d : . t . T J , . \ ; t u p . P" di o,t l \ 248r.1,r I p r " r , n j . . r i \ p n r u . , t " t " l . r i Lo,1 te
1.r,'" r,li,^, . lnJir,, L prppozilinndl. r.rLm.ranliotr.
T rrimul pr-n,plrr d" prnp^/ilia dFz\,trHtd(\ zidlrr, r,:,,ti,, r,l rlez
^ l r " l , . 1 ' i '"p k o d " sa. l u s r i l J i n g i r . . J t i , r t n . , r , : . r i . . o , L r ' .
r 1 . r t l , u . , l i - d " pFdi,"rul I , r o p ' i ' rz i ' - s i -in;inc .
l n r l o r l . , , ; ' r . ' p l . L S 2 1 - J r . 1 , r ^ d i , i , r l o r T . n t t s t , . t - . i . r o . , || rol
1lonc'$ k l l , ; " m o r n i rg . . p r n d, osrhired . p | . d i , a r u l p r o , , u . z i . . . o t d '
'
b) Pdrlilc secundare ale propoztliei de.rottate. S 21gJ
li ) ltib| $tp p.irte.r dc p'onozilie carc califica sau det.,njri n un sub- g 249.1
slarrrr sau un ecnrvaleni l aatsslur..
l n l r i m a propozitic d " z \ o l t r ' n l $ 2 , 1 d 0 , . d j c . , i , t , . r , r . t r r r ' "
: i I ' i s a i r I c t r i o u i o . - s n r a l l r a l i l i r i n d r u h . r " n t i r u i - b n \ " . .ti||la r r . r f i , , n l
subs a n r i \ u l - s o n g , i c r -hL' d . l . r n r i n i n d "ub"tentivul - m u t h e r . Chi"r .i
.,rti,olFl..th. . . a - slnt.onsid"rs'e 0 t r i b u t p ,pFoLru a d" p,jm;l
i "rînd
sub.rsnrivul prrk' i a r a) d o i l o o o d a t { i s u b s i a n t i ' u l . b o v .i t.
sLtslanti ul -.ong'. 0rtJ d.
In a doua p r o p o z i l i c d e r \ o l l a r e . i t a ' d ( g 2189), e d i c n l i v u l -tonq . i
d r t i . o l u l n F l o l a j l l - a s j n r a l r i b u t p l ps u b s t a n t i v u l u i \ a l L . i " r , _ J i e , , L i t r ; l
demonstrativ "this" este atributul substantivului,,morninE'.-
b') /-on.ptpn"ntul srepdrtea dp propoziLiprr" derpirnina r r \erb rla g 249i
un moo p r e o r c a l r v au n . p r p d r . a t r v ) . n r u J p . l r \ cau un €dvFrb.
l n prima prnpoTilia Fzvolralo i t r r a ( g 248C1,L \ i n t F l " - i n t b . ps'k .
" l o d , y . l u s t i l y ' . - a l i l l l e s o n g si -lo bis mothpr" sint complnmprrrp. n r
doua n r o t o ? i l i " , l F z \ d l r " r , , d 2480, .roo , . t , , o m p ' F 1 , n r ; t d , t j a , t i \ u t u i
"cold',_ ar "for a long Nalk" si ,,this morning,' contl€nrcnre.tepr;dicatului
"is colrl".
[. P-LRTILE lirN0rpAr,n LE pn0pozrTrEr s 2{96

tPRr]atP{L AnTS F TEI StYrt t-E,
SUBIECTUI, s 2497
{TH]' SUBJECT)
. Bau
tiv 1) Prorjeilee
pdntr-un oechiralent
oxprimare.- Subiectul este exprimat,pri tr-un subst,an { 2498
al acestuia:
a) substantiv:
That s;rt is very dilig€nt.
toys gcn€.ally hor great aptiirde lor rcchnics.
D, un pronune:
&B came vcstddav.
8, , I uho, l' t i \ r s qdri'. in8, he, ol1. , 'ipse.
l{f t o is t hri n'ax1
Th€ man,1. came skiing witl, us is a tellon Fortcr.
c.,,un adjectiv:The ,linl hale slarp enrs.

dJ un numeral:
Ipo onh camc.
The /tr, slopped lclore the doo..
1 PFDI rr dprdlii v-. i H. E. Palnr r, A Ct on. , nat rp', . , E, ; / , "/ , . Carb, , d(p. r928.
4
5 151. 456. 4/ ii -i04. ji C. f . ut . . rt di lt Cnnrr". \ . s Yorl, , t "i6. $ 4t . i1--5b.
5t0 sINrAs PRoPozITM
e) un Semndiv (Gerurul,) sar, u substantiv vcrbal:

,Snoltns s consid€redardfnl. (Gerundiv)
The .cdlt1ss of ,nodcm toetry w e lrell alt.ndcd. (Slbsl vcfbal)
/) un participiu trecut:
Thc /dlieD corcred the ball.tcticld.
g./ un infiniiii':
/o i1 .otd $a. - 8, , , . . 1 or r ' , 1 , " . ' l ' h
"d. / ,
to run ata tôtn r'sP 'iL'lily ) ôsJr'li_
t) orice alt cuvint, intrebuin,tai ra subsiantiv:

"Ur" is lhe contrrrv ol "do02"
"li"r n.ans "first ,t:tss". crccllcnl."
l, o construclie cu un iDfiniliv sau un gerundiv:
Hotv
,tlbq bat
ins to d.epit tli
buttts the nN ttleafis thc
sighrs tho cit
mNin\sobieci oI pri,srnl dry $'.ilr'$ In otrr 'irudLrJ
nct job.
IIis haoing .nol,iatcd nt aur iorh has mcurt much lo us.
:t99 . . : )s u b i o r f o m t , t | . a o l ' r " u n J . . ' , h j ' ) . Dnur -r,t ,i ul''

' n , r l l " 'r'-
tivF(qa,'prhr rlF r.'"r,-.r"ir1 uni'e 1.ln and..): t11 t..ot,t'.l.rmei/, ul
subicct compus:
Johi atul Ired a.c nr.y lricnds
Ihusics, chenitttJ, arit\netic' as s'.tl as ttu Yaclicat dPtliatians afthe:e scEn.cs.
arc bcing taught at ihis institute.
To be at not ro b. is llamlei's problem,
2500 3) Subieet dut,lu (Double Subject). - In stilul poetic. dome ul l,ututur

licenlelor, se ntilneqte uneori o lormn de subicrii numite r,?]i..r dablx Aeosta
consie in repetarei. sub lors,i pronominali, a unui subn,ci substantival
Ind lnisadi.larstu i'ed sith no other hought
Thrn io love and be loved bT me
But ozr io'd i, w as sLronger bi lar than the love
Oi lhose wlio wcre older ihan t .
Se alrd ^ in q D F . i a l a l F n l i J rst rrf d d. F: ci f o n ' , c a t e F ' e ' ^ r ' s i d 4 r ' ' r 1

i n . o ' " . r , r in l r o z a s : r ' i s : r s a u v o r o r . o . s i . d r a , j p l 1 r i r n " . l , s oercqFrld ln'r'nrd
la inceputul studiului limbii engleze.
2501 4) Subiootgrem$tieal sou tormdl) i subieot ogic (Gtumnatical or .orr ul
. r u h j a t and Loti"ot Subj";t . . Un"l. p r o p u r i L i i or rn doa, FUbic'rP.
d,i s u b i . . l u l p t u m t t i " o l . a x f o r n o t , .ar" cqtH u b r , . l u l protr^zrlr.r unq
d " r a t d i n p u n ' u l d . v r d e t F "l r o n . ' r u ' i , i c ' a f a r i , d l F F r :
D.) subiectui logic, adevdratul subieot al propoziliei:
It b dangerouso di,r nerc'
["It" este subiectui gramatical sau forma], iar "to dive horo" este subi€c-
tul logic.l
(Vezi i 5 86a)
25nZ 5) Subieot liptic. Snre deosebire e limba ronand, unde subiectul este
adeseori ublnlelcs,n l i m b a c n d l p z d u b r F . r , r l u I ' n d , c i p s i d i n n t o p o / i i P .
Aoeaste ndinle esto€ l l L dp p u t p r n i . d n . i l . I n u n "l p ' o n q " u . { i i i n ' d t e s u
r , a l , n o r i r " c fJ Z i " L d o " i g i n "
' / l p r \ r l L u d , . al J a . , " 0 l i " . l p i n l " . b L r D l a r 'oo
u?am di i ndl l e'al i r 'd_" arordur. i n{i " l ot l dl l oydi . rpn milisoî. lr(" l o r r d o nz " d ' J s i g ' l
Poe, Annabel I2e. 515/609
'8.A.
PARTITE PRINCIPALI ALE I'ROPOZITIII. SDNECTIL ;IJI
biectul.€ste. ut at de la locul lui, s a recurs a o particuln iniroductivi penrru

, i . u p l i n i l i p " 6 1 i n , " D , , r u l r o p o r r l i e i .n a . c e r , , , . , t d J i u n s t d , , r r 1 , , , , , r a .
rJ .orlqlru, i - i r h t , L' (th p dr. t t\ rxzrritp n ..r.. .ubi".r,rl s- . f r . , ,lup,i
lerbul predicat (ri 2505).
E\isi.n nsri unelesituatii €xceplionJlcn ,raresLjbiertutrtsreubllrt{.les. 2i0lt
ur" fl , hrer impr,rn;,u \Frbul
. l J i . propozitin are fonline 'u. . l r cimperativ rir: (Irersoa,ra Z-r) (N l t i 2 ; ) ;
Go homel spe.k ouderl
,/ in unele expres;i oncise in care i psesre ronurnele r (S it6.J):
I {lll w. it c 10 her dj (ir) / odrs.
You x.e lanif ftaL lit is) rluat
Shc stawd thfre ldrser ,ion tllt wa,t nera*atu
H. nccdtr,r {orrv aa titl d\u.as his .:tufu "
Srak io |iln rs soar os (ir is) /o.$rd..
...),ilrl ,luui pI, li,drn ,,,,i'o .onJun,. iit" u d. bu . t,,;th.....n,,r

. a r 1 t h , r . . . a rA,r d , p l a s r , , b i a ,. a . "ts, 'tian n .liin,l rFn.tar n a dnus prupo/ili_:
$e wrnl. in orl (wfl sai dowr.
H " k r ' o L d b r' F , loo. l, "r hpr , t rj1 o1,r i,l
\ 1, . \ i. . i" , losn , . - , srt t s h , l , at t r, , , do, ur .
Whencver ""it l, p. you rte .nher pra.risn,s
I call, Jou. ridnr o/ {totr {re) going ro .
d/ in limba vorbirA (S 848. 2825):
l l u p e t ', s ' " v o x \ , , oI L: / l'npe t o I
\ " v r "\ -. h- rd Jh, ' / n"L"r \ , n 1r, )
Seer I oz s e e ? )
] \ cf vonsl
1 - D o n l broi t hc \ or1t . i: . 4 don t know. . . l
f i ) suj,iedDt orm€I,'r orhale naFcili0atire.-. SubiecIpoi avcd nu nu \ 2i0l

r,,r' \Frbpl. J ur ,,.J r-,lirrri .. i.i Lametr,-rt. ter,-pr4ica,ir"., urrr,.r,.
infinitirul sau partiripiul:
P', isubie.l- non I workcd hard r, ."r Itrt treztnL) .osts.
/,.. . 'lhi i t n,t a h o , " . . a; Lt /. _ l ro r Letvr
l, sra, llll / , , , . I lr. , u, ", r, or
". . t . : nt oSr.
, . I 'r, 1, \ 1. Vr"r . r. t , r I om , ". 1-r i d n , l \ , p. .
, , , , , , . n, . , "t , 0"0 't . . ri. , rl
I sa$ f t . r s, bif . l-u, . )1 g, i/ , 9, 1, 1part . p . c z c n t ) .
7) Thcre3 is. - ln unele cazuri, jn carc subiecrut se afln ctuDe rerb. Dro S 250;
"
Io:/itia rPspA i\d " j l p intro,lu.s d e "1p.'";u ;'np i ^ n i l . th,r..i, Ut,.r. i r " 1
psrp lqirr). sF ci"etlF. .- JII;1. in , \"rbul ,u DFn u a.LFrop,rtxri .
"r
?tu e is n n'odtan at tre u0o..
?kfe oe ihr€e novels here, on thc shetf.
f-\ $oman i -rhrpp nuvelc-sinl subiF(ta -i. ri-are stn' pr,,Ji"arc.im-

p l . . -lhcrc (,.1',d rp.ed6 p r b u l r p d r r , ul; intro,tui.ti ;, iar:at l h p d o o r . ,
".tc
' l h p r e (ddrprb) _"i o', thn shcll .i')t cumptpmFrt" cir"umstdntidlp ,t" toc.l
I
Si . rLul , , " podr l, s: . lin d, . dslJ , on. t ru. lia: -. . / o, ap.
. '\ . Fsl sulF. l Jl iorm"i r"rbalp n"prcdi. drif ", irdrplinesL; jn propozilie un0tia de
. ornpl€m€nL dir. . t
3 Pdfli,-ula in rodurliv.l r/.."" a iusl lu originp adrFrbut
dp tor ,r "F. , ar- Di.rardL-sl
I n r c s u rd4 dpmon. t . dt \ . a . " n " u m part , o r g a n i ) din cor, st ru. t s / rp. p r C a ilnrF, Doao
i m p r " u n l ' u a r \ e r b , r r d / m u n s r r u r i v , . r i ? ,@
p \ fi t : - r h a r c i s n o n n e l t e a
I:1l.iljllll
SINTA).A PROPOZIIIEI
638
s':,:,'',: .,lil,';"l'::
\.fa.,.,o n, Lru.ri^ l: :""Ji"t"l 1,.'i;;::";
,;:,i,.,i;,:;i:::,: t:i:t:,1,i,"" f" '[i;îi]r"a",ri;',i.
"n.dup'rorb in ''''n o're
if;; ,2'"1"i;r: mP 'i'",: 't'ii"l:Lo'.rrm
i; : . , ; ; '; '. ; sh. l d'P '
" 'o
ff# *4j{.iitilr;T r"'"," ""'"'*"

ll*;'* :r'll;Tll"'lltll" li''i'?l; " " "'-
Alenlie
construcliile:
Se fflce adcseori confuzie i tre
dl tEre ts $i
$ 2506 ' -B
2607 b) thqe ue lr tteli arc'
,x"l"lii";e
fi :rr,:i,jl:r :i:j'{'r.ruriirii ""
ili ii,:l;:'rl"i;"
l . i I n " p p , r r ' r l n p ip r o n o z i l i L " o a r p ' F
mr
folrna verbali.,,sint":
ti;iit{{ii"Tffd1^ "}$;'*::'"lr.s"i'i.'1":';"1ili'
ma'| inJint'a "'bul"ir"'inl-'":': 'll::f"
i r ' o r i r n u l'xemplu us
:*:l"i"i"r;i,"liili;:;;r
'lt;" i'i"",iiar:l
:lr*,:i*1.:j
iril;:,,: llr*ilr,ilit{il:#::iir
ltli:;"ill;:i':it';"11'l:'
i;;lii:.,iff'#; : li:l
i
ilii:,ffTil
'h"K'il;;l ;;;i qs'g
l
"'n
ilrtiir
'/ 7" ;a;4
a,, on'
sabir"'r'l
illi"T";ii'T" Ti.f
a;^ iiniba cngl"'; va fi thero aro:
"'i.'r;"r*
g'Ai""f ltf.i, " ''
Jik""dn#""
g"ti"Jf"
il|ilJii'l*:'?),';Ti
xxiti$$tl'f"ili'i"iii?hiil
-' """.,
.,";**n'ffii
" fi *""tr'J:.il:i:iJili lt,ilJtil"{l}ff:{'
roa 8, ";i *lr".p;i'-,:*:1;"'l
s"'"1 ll,:i,',1.'.'l"l,l:l *T|l'""jl:'"
ffii.r"J;:;f.,,"'il'iilii',T
fTl,lrl"*:i:lllii:m:li
cind ste f iili
nu
ubi€ciul
?lbi'r';;;;; ;;;iv'
3i x"lili*i:";;l#"fiff'{$
serunorv':
i.nr;i:r
i*:SHii#r'l\"j1,
":'
" "'"-"'-''
;':'1" "u';;lifr
ix,:',';"';;:,j;; l61i
;' "' ""' " "^''
I V e z i li 5 1i:ri
r'34
8/12/2019
SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI
2614 PRI]DI(I,ITUI. \O]IINAL

(I'HE NOITJNAT TNEDIf AI})
Predicalul ominalconsis dintr-u 1'erb r€pr€djcativ. l1 mii lerb copu'

lativ sau copuln.i un
S 2;15 Verbolc rPulrtirc

U'ink(in ) l't:tbs.Copnklli'c Ietbs at Capulusl
\ - r n u l ' a p u l " r i \ p . l . , r n \ - r h ' d r r p r p t r r r r ' l r r ru'"1 "rr p0rLi"l " r ' l i u l r r l
, ' . , r o I : r l . r ' u i ' . ' ' e l , ' m ' a p ' F d r . a r u l r n " i l r " l " / i : i i J " i r ' u aJUlorrrl r'ul
p r " ' t i " ' i i ' n a " , , ' , 1," a r- i r , o r a r ' i r i ' r r n r a r p r c r l ul ' o p u l " t i r
",,n'"
nu rsliid€ sniE totator'ci are umai lurclia de verb de eg'i"urnnlre subiFct
' num€lc urecliratr\
"i
in srarintjc" engLeza ler'rnoliunii de rnljcat linrtl mai largd decil' n
gramati;a romann. qi numirul verbelor copulati|e este or mulL mar mare'
\ " t i e l . D o l s ' r r r dr"pl ',rbP upLldritF:
ac"dsta un(lie sinolirrele
a ) to b6
llri: to'fa/l - verbul
(flat. cdl nai
1l, a prey. intre6rLin
avictir, etc-).aL ouhhld rlonf, tasl. good 5i guihless'
L r u e . i f . r . / u r ' r h " l n l - " ru$, F r , . , / " gou'J : ur' c" l /'
' ' t i ' i " n Jtc.).
" r ralluable. j
., fonA (high' hrt'
,/"u' r.,,rre.t. alsc.D;ic"]"ts..l eht useless.
it, .1, n r,"r (Nruh,l, .rr'1, / o s,/ (quict lisht. etc). 10rror. 10srondal(mf b)-
solneborl{.coueeted, ast. f;n. etc.). elri.;
bl h, tretome u .ilo|rr,'el" )rit to $m. (slLort rue etc ), lo gcl (angrv,
, l a r k , huns . r u . . \ . r h i r F l . , ,4 r o h a ' l r dr\' nra ' r ' \ '
-''. l l " \ ' ' z r '
/ , r . / 4 . , ,dir l , l ' 1 . lhr a "Fd
. ,tr t
tn t n l r \ . r i ' l 'hur l P l . ' . )
'a
lar n ( p a l e . r e d . s o r , J e l"oni
l o \ r , er ') tr httr nr l ( ir nP \plendr 'r , d r r nF I P x o \ '
e r c . ).,/ errc.
u cuntllr uc r u sr r Lonr r r r eruei : r lo o n tL' h') l'1 tu k'ep ( an) lline t i l '
1 r ' r g h i n j. s , , h ' r . t t . : . t . r . ) t , t i , t t n ( s . ) b e r . s l . r n ' l i n g . ,r ue. e' t ) . 1 0 . s 1 4 , I ' n t s o
ber. trire. etc.l. otc : jnlchnt'
d) t{) seem (u silonjmele lui: ta dt/:ar' lo loolt ltlilti"ult lirro ill
r'
r : ' i " l l . . t ' ) . ' a toou \ 1 " : ' r , - nJ i j ' r ' 'r ' :
d" li '. : l l ' ' . ' ) a'
./ r l i l ' r i l r er bo: " - ntl " \ " ' ' 'iilri utt
r 1r :r b i a u t i f u l . c l . v e r , a l l e \ t ) o r t . r ninn\. ' t ' ) t o f i l \ " i { d c a d - . ' J s \ ' r"\'-
'pen'
dor r r r sfai':, ir l s o o d f o ditir ) n. e t ) 1.' h.) pp'n 1 0 o l J l ' l e euiltl"ss ir' es
t e r m . e l . e . ) . t a l , . a t t o l l . eI (
It.n.lL.
,illi To be.cind estc efb prhcipal (: a e{ist'a, se alla' a se gdsi a alea or
clN (S 1874). oah rofini s/rgrzrpredjfatul ,rbal:
l. ' har D?n 1'r " . r'r"i \ '"1" r' L ' prrd \ "rbill
p-rd
r / d i; t , 'dl i" ' r ' d . , '\ t f ompl
kr'1 l'" .
1" , .,- -F ' r " u 'r" ''rt lr L F " ' ''n 'lP
'''l. rI ll iornr'. -. r'" I I o4 r ' r lp_-n \ "rbr'l
'r" " r - p a', / l ld"r4""or I 'ornp r r r '
I n-\ ' ttt .' . p" d \ 't ldl 'dlr'
't . '1
, ii , . -" r, , , r e ' i \ "-t a ) "Jt I
rd, , ur. pl. _ . d. ri, npl
' , '.
\ . '", -r'"" , "rLut ui t , D" , pruar'e rodl- \ . rbelr " lulali\ e l o r li s i t crbc
t , r, r. rL'. 'F. s . erP. u irl. lFqUr"l'inrbat s i i n s c p s l '€z pul I i, rma 'rn ''rrF
' pre'li
i'r.,ir':'..' \,,hsl. ldi"a 1 ' " t fi atir e:
Sn.h manners do not ,.@ru a yotrng grrr'
Iherything srus very iasl in th€ jrngle.
Thc noise ,a 10. hou.s.
t l v Ipad , 'terr
, ' " , s l , . o I S p l up.
l l ; r 'o" r unr ins i d c t " r Jnd fasr er '
8/12/2019 PART]LE PRINCIPA Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
PROPOZITIEI. PR :DTCATU Ii3'
^LE
// citer .d ver b. intr anzitive in special r ele car e e\Dr imd na.r :eDtii 951?
ser r zor ialn d"si lr ",li, r tiv, i'r mo,l ubi;nuit, sin unp^r i niotr r . ,t" un;,1 '
je, ir . condiJ"r it in a.F ql o,/ nume pr .diuar iv dF nar ",.c, ljtur i d. semnr li
,alir r "r b,r lui fp.pF , iv. opoulr ;n1"1" r .n ul din f \ pr bplp or ,,,tob",onp:"tl
'tttc be.t c.ts act ha t {: is ha.d when lcu).

That stcak smelrs
Uis descdltioD of aood (: itt\r
sr.ag se-"nsgood when
saunls too soodsmclt).
. be a. (: ycms too good tI ltr.
lound oI itl.
'rhe wine tr thrt casL rdsres oe. l: is sou rvhen rasrcd).
A b.ceze DrooJ o,, (: is coot as il. blo{sr.
Thr ink tu nr ballpir lrt.s D&c (- is btue wLcn it dripst.
'lhc sun srin.r /rr (- is hot F.hen L shiresl.
-{ se compara:
S he elt r ,nrny tNnnr pral.l
S he elt nX [n,r (.od]pl.dn.l lo see l it lvas all rislit.
Thc lila. snrellssni.,r lNume Dul l
Hc sdlls
'l'liis sXrupl/7a lonclr
tusi,s z{s4/.i(iorirrl.
1\unie tfif.l
d.l
IIe $1r) txsles .:r.rlthi.ng \.oa\pl dif I iircs ol .verJthing. iprorerbr
0h:creali;
al V erbele copulal,iveti verbele.Nimilate cu €le sint rorstruil,e cu torma \ t;18
-.
adj.ctinlir ti nu adverbiah. a L,nui cuvint:
The {ir sndls sueet N:*.etla).
tr" 1..'5 'tl Jj ntr ,lv.) (\q $ r_:.
Tl'c \atpr rJn oln \nu ,o1,11 \
Thc sind bleri hat lntr hottv\.
Hfr lftaih canii .lur ati hcat t,tr de and hmoilu).
,./ Verbul copulatir esre archl,at cu sabn.ctul lui ;i nLr cu nunetc g i519
predicativ:
?lkir greahsi trco.:clpdtiah at lhis rnomcni, s thei. cra s.
The Last ol tn .arcs hc. plans for th. liolidajs.
?re most interestingtd.r',ar ol thlr tugranrme q,as Lhe ions.
I hr I'-st i' n ,{r I'p ,,,1-r,l ;. h D,"nnal
Ttt"4.-" rt In\ .i.n,;r. n" r r r . ion nd p.rp4 I Ld\,. n.ro,.
Numelc prealicrtil S Zj20

(Cornplnu:n| pred,icateComplemcnt,P redicati.oe omplenentor Prcdicatieer)
1) Dcfinitic. Numple.pr edicd_ti\s Le ar tea de pr opozitie ar c, r npr e- S Z Sfl
,
pr c4 .ar Ulunpr pr opozr t :
The rifl. ,as (dod pt..l,.) out of onlt (rrumepred.).
$.ho ts (mod rrr..d],o;dftd r/k fl,o (;ume ired.i?
. Numele predicatil poate sta pe llnge un verb copulativ la un mod nopre-
re (mod neprcd.i d 8.ddadr" numer.ed.) was one of r. .eqllirement.s.

tetng
"o (mod nepred.) i/ d (nunc pred.), she went lo }ed.
2) Pmoodee il6 expdmare. * Numele predicai,iv poate fi un substanti.v,, \ 2S,,
un adjectiv sau un advcrb (ori un echivalent al aoestora), lmpreund cu deter-
minantele respeciive:
1ID accstcaz, ?.cdiratir." esteszDsrnnrtr nu adjeoiir ca ln ,,predicariveComplc
i
8/12/2019
6t 6 SINTAX^ lRoPozrTrxr
lIc is a s.l,l0
She cdlled tne /D /.i.,d
D) utt
I l i s t i nv.
V' o. i J. r r " Fl 1L I
Sh," tud.d otrt
' h to be eorlebadu
,o ,,|cft:tLl3
ndjeeiir:
He had g.own ord.
I ldud it /&ll-
She oolis ,acrlY

He $as /oLrd in tnc line'
It is gctting la,e.
$i€ lound BillY tz.
11,nust Io da"
/J un pronun€ sau adverb interogaiiv:

Who is it
f/ia, were thel?
l1o, i.. You iodaYl-
/Ior oid ls ronr son?
n a w n u c h 1 i t h is t {P e . c c o rd e r?
No t d
l n o r o n . z i 'i i l e : l 1 , , i s I o u r b i r l h J d j - l v / r 'r ' s a s J "n n y l e l "
p r e , l i a r ; l i ; r " tiind t 'r b l r i n "i p o l ( d . a '. 4 o d sp arlal b d r Pr D'r P1 l n ? r
r o c sr nr
li q / , , r " si.nl o r n p l c r r n r , e it.umsldnliJlo dr l i n p r p s p e 'r r r dF
nume preorcailYe.
f,, un infinitiv:
His g.eatcst lcasurc s ratz''
She stands to ,tt' 'o
ThcY ap €ar to unde\tatut-
n . , lu o s e 'u r , d i vs a u u n Pa r t i 'i Pi u :
llis hobbJ s h ''o s 'a p i i a s Ce r u n d i v l
:hF q P n l . n s t 4 s t 4 g . { P a { i{"z"nll
rour Lh'' L lorl6 I allPr tPdrl tr"'ur l
i) o construc,tiecu iDfidtivut sau cu gerundivul:
,e{
fnl','l:i,1fi"'i 'l:€'l;,1' );,e thF,;Eht
jJ o loculiunesau o construclie repozilionald:
She Ds tu's'lf'
I lclt''as
him ou, oi so/,s.
JnilY had sro;n inta a fine sfl'
pp
2 52
- "- "3 3l f a z . - \ u m c l " p r "d i 'u l i v F 'i i n a "e l a l i 'r z cu s u b i e 't u l " l ''a r u i
. *a i ". t i t - i o r m c a z i s u t i '"r u l r e s p p l l i v p n a t Pf i l n c s z u l n o m i o r l i t s r u o b i e '-
' v, deri r r u o r "l ep r "d i . a l i v s e poatp s f l a n d o 'd srtualu 9 r anume:
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze poarc l
521/609
PART]LE PRINCPATE A'E PROPOZITIEI. FTDICATT 637
a) N u n e l e r)reclicalie subiectio ( S u b j e c t i . | eo n p l e m e n tE 2 5 2 1
san Sihiectit,c ,rcdi6xte). - Numele predicativ care lormeazi predic;tut lln-
preunA cu un werb neprcdicativ intranziti.aaclie sau lrdn:iliti /dsit se relere
ia subiectul verbLrlui 9i ca atare stn in cazd nominati\':
Il. (subicci.)s 1/ner lnume red. sulriocliv).
loa ,"ubi"( r look r ) oadp" ^ un" pr "d. r ,bip | \ ) .
ls ndipn {"ubF"l h"t ut t p \^ uap ir eJ. .ubi"r r v :
Th" p;en \6ubi"1 t
/ , sur i", I i s s.lr ins d" i r nr nP pPd. subiP"liv) .
//" .juhi.,.r sp;ms,1;/" nunp pr ;d. subi,ll\J.
/ l"ubi" ') r " I l,ns.4 Lnume r .d.
"ubi"d;\l
r ,[a r dt .ubi" r ] l.pr / d l l ; x ( num" pr pd :
'bi'r liv) pr
tutse .r bipr t , , on5id l d l t " , our t i " . @,k4,[um" . ed.s Lbie iv .
Notd
Num elepredic ativ raportatlauns ,rbiec tc ares eafl[inc az ulgenilitpoate 2626
s tft jn nom ins tiv n func [ie de c ontex h:
n'.e.]'s
ue q'assubiect)s
cerlainoI t,s tlE (snbiect)
b*t tr.tk einssne/freP
(numepred. subieciiv). nume red.subiectivJ.
I l n p r i m u l . x . m p l u . 6 u b i r c l u l F . r p n u m r i a p 0 r e n t n .s z ul q " n i r i v . d
f i i n d - d p s p r . o n s r i l L r i l i n . u b F r s n r i v u l s ork f -Frc d s w o r t j . . a r e sr a
tn l n a l d o i l e a " r e m p l u g n r u n d i v u l b e i n g a r i n J rJ rJ "terul
"omina[iv.
unui substanliv, este nsolit ln mod normal de un adj€ctii'posesivl
b) Numele prcal,Icarit, obi.ctiv ( O l ' j e t t i r e PrPd;c atP a u $ 2 5 2 6
Ot'iF ;rp aont)l,n"ni)3. \ u r a l p p r n d i 'a i u , arc I o r m e o z ap r e d i r au l l n '
p r i ' u n . , u urr v o " b n ; p r e J i " . , t i \ t o ; z , t i \ ) 3 F - l e r a s un.om pl;m orr 0,. s rd
'
in caztl obiectit'a i ca atare se ala in acelafi caz cu acesta:
I lound 1,, dir I iU nurF r'r"''j. Li.,riLl.
rle s uo.os ed"orr'l
r ,,.;m o,- u., €ar,d ,.um Dr"d.obP, ir).
\y F th;L nt t". .oniDl.D r.Do/,ii,;dlrs r da ine n u n " pral. oLi.',i\').
n '\ h p h ;U ? n ."o 1 ;t n i ) * o d ,t n u n " r'fFl o i i n 'r:\l l
C o u l d n t vo u ma kp r' ,(u mD l . ,l t . : t " o p ', n u .n p n d o b i ."l i rr.'
I l h o u g n i //,i "4 o Fp l d '. l o b p n ;;, n rn r p r d o l ri ".l i r
N otd
Gndiwl trrcdicalir poate i nnmp predicativ attt, subieciiv, cii Ei obiecti{, $ 952?
, p o a r - n f . r i a ' l r l 1 . J L , i " r u l \ ' ' r b u l u i p r p J i . a r . t c i l d un
- " l l F c uv inrc p
c om plc m c nt n c az ul obiec tiv :
I t " p l o u ,.b .rrt q , , si o r" (n .1 r'p r"l rrb i "'i \).
I /"€ ,o i 7 l "u l re ct \tr,o t B.tp a a n - i r-, .u L i '
..r,L tte 'i\,. n rm"p ra l u q l i r.
l a o n l l l kp u l d r, mn l .Jr. ", J' o n rJb .tt.t,L .e ': i i \.
l l .b "l "\-i 'r".o . r o rn p l .,l " t,. n.",p, i a p ,i -.l |tn - r4 d o L i ^
4) \um€le Dr0dicatiy$ suhiectul, Deoscbir€adjntrc numele predicativ $ 2628
si suhiect este nneori greu de ticut. deoarecenulncle predicativ p.rate fi tot
a t i t d. binc s ubi€c t. ar s ubie c tul lune predic aLiv :
Zrr lsubic.,l.)t ,ntr deatett t."d (mme Pred.)
,v de@at ftiend lsubiect) is Drc (m re lled I
l |.to n l u -:.1 , uL" r . ot "p a L o 1 ,,|_ t', d..
T"b "tr". t" /"- Lpr i .. t'"o '.t.t L n ,1 r'n 'J..
1 "ar is zE'. lof,trl htrcltritrlal.i cn.cti in sliiu] coloclial, colstihinil o a}rlare de
| r . . 1 1 i i ::i i :r"st", a d rIn ' i n . l 'rl ,o -
^rl r* r'rn 'd l i .d r."1 n '1,
\
" "r' rn -to -i a ctr ;i .,.rq r... i r ' , , a -u b o l d ma i u .
' .r=. ,,a^..a...rnr ..;,r j' ,r.,'.,:" di . i. . n rL "L ..'d "6 -
o ' .'.. r\.j i ri rn .r' I l . l , \ ''1 1' ".5 / r", r'l l J "$ '"
l p Jr.i
U ri n rto l l i o a sr.i ,sa .l a rl i n f"tl o .i C L l i Sl i l tl ( i C n rn e .,l , a n ., C ]I'l l € r, o .tr' e tc
638 srNlAxA PRoFozrTrEr
Pcntru a0esi,m oliv s€ obi;Duieqtesi se considcre ari.fl partpa . :'

zitie care precedd erbul copulativ, , i n n n e preni.cdtir &rl.a di : :
care il urmeazi.
S 25rg 5) \ur ele p r e d i &r t i vfi (omlleme t u l (jreunstintial. {- r r r ' :
predicati\-poarc i ronlundal ru compl|mentulcirrunrstantirl:
Vitikr \as silLing r /,rLi. i Nu Dr ercd.l
l\.erbul {//s sitti??gu r l i s i n g u rnkjca.ci. in aceastir ilualn'. -
niln cu r€rbul "t o b e ". cnci :ickv nu . . s t e t € ao s ". . , i , . . i l a , n r s . .
.{tadar otiuliiuneaa t t l c " e s l e ndispensabili{r i t r u rcdarf i n l - : . .
dcci indepline;le unotia ( i e n u m e predicativ.verlul , ls sillrr,: r - '
fazul d r f n f n predicativ.l
Vi f l i . f r vas si t Li ' g ar t hc r ar l l i t j or i pl . . i r i . t i e l di . l
L \ : e f b u l 't \ , d s itti,rq" : stnleajos) poatc orma aici ritrqlrr 1, ,

, . Un d es t n t o a . r ".La m a s i ". "- {t t h e t a b l e ' estep r i r r r n i a r c
.rdrl;J JF lu..l 'r o n Ul "
'r
sr \ c r s nt h. " Le oD an- v suhj c. , l . . onuhi ng. l , i l df . n. l \ une t)ttl j
I Ve r b u ] 1 o be" ncriind aici rcrlicativ. cnci ntFlerulpri(ln a l 1 , , :

,,a r', ci,,a cunoasle": 'r o b e a t h o m e ") . a t h o n c ' c s t rn,,me r f e i l , .
''t o b e " r 'c r b topulativ.l
Shc is ahvajs at h.rLe i\ Ifu, fvcnnll]. icompl rirr rle lur
"t o be" ( : a se alla. a s e gdsi)poah. h acfst,:az. sii ; : : - :

si,rsurpredi(,alul.
lVerbul At home" este acum conplementcirr,rnstantial . -
dpo€rece nspunde a lntrobarea .unde s e Snse$te a l "l
s 25:10 P&trDIC,ITD Of RIISUI,T
5 ,5:tr 1) I)€lidlie, Numele de Pr€di.al€ ol R€salr esie dat fornplil]i ::

arati consecinleleacliunii i.Erbului determinat de ea. complinire carr :,
sidcrno e f a c e parie din predicaiuld€zvoltatl:
The
llnriiâweUnu /.dd srldapidry.,
avea pcnl. cI r..dsc.J
Th€ vrii,ing desk aas bnlea orttt\-
( Bi f oul d i ost s a. t de l , ot i . )
Thc trilor ,zs ronr iackct too ti8ht.
( Ja, l , el a 1r est e',d,id
pr ca; t r i m i { l cnt r u ci a$a a l i o, l o ooi l oN l . )
\l'e'll ,rc. li.r con'e ho.r,
lEa rre si( \'ini ai.i lentru ra o ro,tr rdnce noi.l
S 9632 2) Procedce le xprimaro. Ata num;tul h.d,irut. of llrsull t : t e ; '. '

nlat p r ; r t r - u n subsl,anti\'. n adjcctil.(sauu n echivalent,l rcesioral. ; l
rerb. un intinitiv. un participiu eLc.
rl-A Nas appoinled mdnaset ol tlle works. (Subst.)
She 8r -a thetn to Jou: l,hal, makes then yoQ.s nos. lPfoD.)
\ \ i l 1 \ , r r . r l F, ' nF. boi . | , . gi . . A/ . Adj . )
\\ e, r r " , ; d , , ur t r . d, Js r r : / / . - . . \ r L. ;
, - ' " I , u. r'r e, , \ ' . o, l l i Jr l r ' ul . i , ' l \ " r bi , ' 1. 1
| . , . . ; , t r ' " , i" dr 4q. t . , " . ut , u, D r , r " l . u/ i r i , , n. t "
IIe plr.ed lhe documents iu #e,o/;. ilu,ir tunt adlerbialir)
He was obligtd,o lls,er. (Inlinil.iv)

'rhrt sei him rhtnnt,g (l'aft. prtzcnl)
I d,,r' tt" ,, hp Lpt, ,,o .;,,g r,i. .n ti\
\\-' l l I'a \. l .. n .i \^ a tt4 Jp .l ,,, 1. .l ' ul
3l A.urd. 7h, PrrLliurt u/ n,'r/i poal,ej raportat a subicct , t a r j . ' ] - g 2533
t i r , P t . . l i t o t , at H , ' , l t J . r \ r 1, un rnmplemen' di'r.' l O l . t , 1 t . . f.,tJt"qt. ot
,rytsnn,e had gurn stir.r isulic.liv)

'Ihe sJEnket soon ran drX. (Subic.ii )
ntr /nif {Iite. (Obie.lill
-\g-" hrd h,med
Thc h-"rdr,,he drove /'pr lndtic, (Obiectiv)
4) Dinteza rerb lui detcrminat, Yerbul determinat de un Pr.di.,?rc S 2;31

al n..',lt puJ|p i ."ri\. pr.i\ s,,,r "fl":rir:
You had better ol.r llie door trid.. \\'e rioullh't l.i,trdt. mor€ r'omloftablf.
lvhr , malr,r hfr so l t.? W h v o a s mv r a n . r y s. r h o e a
Tnis coar Fill n.ct yon N[m. IIr;ds dri'€L'out orlis nhrd br l.hcnoisc
rcrb reftcxra:
\o\'tt ntatn ILLE.U hmrs. shotrting cn.luragome^t to olr foolbdll.rs.
rJetr..r 1 t riim slee hnnftt Botrer.
Ioh^ ate I'in64[ Bitk.
:,r I orc.Irond0nluI lixrLa oru:lni. l r crd.rd i ' d r^-',ir., ..mnlFIIan ,( 2535

l , r l . i ' , n s a J ' n r r . e ' . r t " r e s p r r ' , i r o i r . ' d r . m a i u r d .' s i d . p . d ? . r u i
I,raLi&I( af n.s,l/. ' ru deoscbirc, ci srera noliunii legate de termenul englez
esle mult mai largi. deoarece umele de Prrll.dr., o/ fiesdl esie dat unor pnru
de propozili€ cu funclii sintactice loarl€ diferite. -\stlel, dupn cum reiese9i
din exemplelecitate pinn aicj. Prellicatc of Result poate fi ln gramatioa ro
rnini nurn€ predicativ. ornplene , dircct, complement ir0umstan ial c
loc. {le mod etc., {,ireumsianlial consocuti{. i, tmpreune cu verbul deierminat
poate fi traduscu un rerb Lranzitiv au inl.ranzitivetc.:
He m{dc her nls eil., l\trme pred.)
I ll .sk hinr o mD?.1ibmr,1.li r . )
\1''e ookher noru. lcontpl..i.c. dc lo.)
Tl, . rl, ulr r- hdd L n p 0 r ' d bt up Cont pt . . ir. 4" 1, od)
H $ o r " i , l him. "ll r a , l a t h t r b o r 'ib i)ln $. lCon, pj . on-, rii\ l
she the roon rcdav a ptetlelii. (\'erb tr{nz
sor his coal o/ / (: al scoal. ). ( v c . I l r a n z . )
I la, ool )
{on arc atot itls rlt,Df r.d thn'nc. i: a sltlbi). (\r..b intr.)
Pri rDl0-{rr -{PPoslrlYn s 2536

Lnele \ethe pr&li1tit c au o tomplinire nnm\1"i,P ledicat. Appositi.tr lrt\
substantiv, un adj€ct;v. o locuiiune prepozilionald etc., ades€ori precedate
de conjunclia ds. aldturati ca apozilie verbului predicat. Aces| Predicatc
Aryositia. a"at ,. n frincipal, star€a n car€ se afld. s-a aflat. sau se ra afla
implinirii vefbului:
subiectul in He
monenlul
}as a jol as actiunii
sord,ur-
Shc tliei aL okl tuoman.
sa.ah camc in hapl and e.pectant,
slrc was gontg to be eligagell as Luts. to a si.k.hiLl-
Hc $'as )orn ,i,h d s,7'.r tpon iL hI Muth.,
t {;uvirtcl-" liliiritc cu cnra,ile.. aldinc siDt /€dt.d,es o/ nsrlr
, : sortil sl 1ie bogat.
8/12/2019 IROPOZ4IEI Limbii Engleze
SINTAXA
W
6 253? \CORDI l'RLDIC\tl LUI Cl SURIIIeIUL

\\D c r PJEC TI
\OAEI:llE\1 1'f \ ' t l ' B
tn limba englcziYerbulpre-
{ 2638 RegulA euorali'- Ca,9i n linba ronnnn'
' -"' aicat "',"oid; ',' subipcluln n'rmir si parqour't:
":-"':i;ll
?f,:';:i"%""ih1:
\umarul .ub.tan'irulur u r"l d" s'bi
; ;bt"s . dPos rp'Frr lim b0 ens l"/a
s" ro'si'l'rd l:: t"../i",1:
' t r" F\i rd 'ubs ts rtrwc u' Inrrna
dp la;r;;;,' p r ' ) d-r'u phrral n\prq-s ubs rarrrrv P
:; rx,:liklItr;l{[i'
a"'.ioqrf-, 1p "7i" 'd'l int'l;d" ,s i
kir;.lilrr ;i"]:"";'::::',,,
\"'bu, ",";"H"1"t"
L,,,,ri ,,
;i :lii;l:::"iil..,"ii"'i,i;;'',
ri ""ri",i;;"".." . "'"s",'jJ
Verbul Preriicat se va acord ' u"l'.
, ".:iil:l,illi"i.l"u"'ill"l;.
ln FlPs ul 'es ur3'
tit $ la pllrlal
S 2539 Srbiecte cr Ycrl'ul atit ltr singular'
l o L ' ; t r ' prrtu " 1 " ) { S , l 1 l r,
il
I I S , r b " l n n ' i \ F l ' 'olc c lrtc l " / / / 'r''
tru ; 'r"i"il'r,11 l: ili"ll .rl; s"ii": ':l:l

tru
c t t i a p r u r atr: , , , " " ':" " ' : : , i l ' i i . ; l : l " l . l l : 1 1 r . i n g u r r r . , i r .p r u -
4l C tter a substantLl,p r nir
ral {se"'s fdr'P?s i ') au prove enla regionali
5) SubstrnlNcle aru
($ 1?J)nu*"""t"'n 's aro
'ot]o nulronr,rol.d
$
cu tnJel'-s e Pluralr i u 'lr'il' rl' s'Jd'-?'rilh.,l'er'r'
brace. aaprc' o"i' i''i"' trost' hcad dlr' srcrc' elttt' lahe
1230-1233);
s '" ,".""t,,i1i..,rit:,#il,,i':)rj
ti',1,1';"
,1. . ittion er(:' cind-si't',nuncralc' Llesi eterminate
llnus(tn(t,
u,to'" ',s,
ji,,;"r,r
;"*,:'1 p
) ii"t a n'J" - r n5$'FJ r '1r r
ln r ha 'n'"' \'r '"
( o$n a tntttta' ttaPtP
a
' 2 6 { f b l C , r t i(ni nt "l' l" a ' t p l d u a ' l t v s: p a ' r ' J a r '; d 1 - i . n u l f a i s i n eu'hi nr n
L ,' "' "uf1o0r -rrritP I ' o ' l r ' l ' '
m :.
'
;;; r; ;';;;'n'lrii;,r:fj,i'iii'1,:lill"l"
s i r , l num pr''l-
"|| '"'Buf
f"'1ru'"ft 'ind
";'" sr4;r'"'n'|;1r? c
?'":l'"1i",Ji', l,.i:
ft ',,r, i;:'J.#.dji;"'fJ'i'l,lo" e care
all' - rracliile au rcrbul trcorclat r substanti'rul
- 2542 ll dFt-
q 7)r n:ir
fracfiilc.
i:
E,tr 'r " td''l "'llj
Li'i"l'"J'f' iE;;iJ':; 'i"lt a','"'
'n '' '
T$ o l ti rd s o i t \ t s l l a tPt ""
;fr'e. r"r,*" *a l.C llandlord' te'vdav Jenteaush SprhenEngtish
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 6{ l
ACORDIJL DREDTCATULOT C
r Vo i d
fie chiar nlerior mrmirului
Penlru ori.e numir csre dP.pege unitatea'prccedd in lntregrme) uD'
pluralul b.anuneralul
I Paiil oro onit s h 'll lof it

'dt
Se spune lnsd:
I Paiil ore idL snil s btll for it
verbul la singular sau la plural: S 2543
8) Numter. - Acest substaniiv are
o t la sinrutru cind are nlelcsdc 6insulsr:
' T; ot Norl*s is on thP inc'essP
,,,rerbul
^"nbe,
;*;::1"1.1""
lf.?fl "lJ il'::;":i'f"i:;i":lil:'
si ^l#:"1**ul';ir
este a stngrlar'l
plrrrnl:
' il 'l,-
"' ptu,ol cinrl
*'t''are ln{eles 'le I'r"aJins club'
rr" join"d
i
, Sn'i:l*"*f l,l',r.ij
^"-t* " t
:ilrlifill;i
lil;';'11
''"".""'.'"","1,1''":tl;i*
: 1i;;il;:;.i";;;";d,r Jearri.oruro hotddt'.1
..".:ilxislii'i;iliiF*l'ilrui:ltl'tni"i".:i"i
no$tc lnsemna: t 'utIosin|utotl
'" tl i""^ tfu*n 1 ' numar superior l ' vot lrl -
"' prssins thr bl'
'-;;,."';;j.;t;; ""' "' rri i"nt ior rhc Î
cpi nsi mrrlti cel' mai mullo Ifari idecada cn'-
I)t lstns "on.r"t)
j. - oe t to
p"i"t'r| "il vturat:
n".i ip,i*': " '
'''"' 'il::i1'
1"llii:,#'"119'i',1";1"
+,lHi],i{"i'
:*;irjtUl,l "; i;;T"',1'T.'
Ji'::i''i]lHl
..,":*lrs"
te sruoul sau melnbrll aceslura': I o'kmPn'
'""" r", ho'.'o'sL' s
ih.;,;ill:":.:l"lt"#",;ldll"
''J'':"f
lf';l,1il",llJ;';1"'
,,,,,i%;;tllli#ny'l;";.i;l:'if,
-"_'_-'
n..r ol the tD?{' /os bcen d'mo)ishpd
),.ii,,l,pxt llt"nio
l.,';",rJ?lx' ".
ii,: ":'Chi"ilr l l:'#:l"ffi"" *"
";:'1""'"::l;'rr"'i'#i'"lll;
s .aa
I I) .rsfost sood, .or.sfe,t
"' I
"tu
l:":#"i" ":1,]fi1"'ll';:i.,'Ji';
,i;"1.i1;";iilli* .,:,li
i"":('"i*,'";Zilii;ii.i^,"T1',
4 f?',:.:.,L.f"i':1,'";'fi,"t'il ::;l'ii't;"t
;:l;;#,;lltF s,udr fEogr,s,,
i?;:li;x'";';i';.'lify",ifi:.fit;{;',-;.:;'
Fo lc.' rP .t,.'l'Itajo'il'J"'
b42
S P;+? 1 2 ) U o r e t h a n . I o st . A o e sle cu vin t e pot a ve a le r b u l ld si g u la r sa L r

Ia P lu r a l:
o ) r o , in . u t o r . r r . 1 , I p r , , Ja u f r i. li"sa , r u n , , r ir | , Jr . 1 u a 'F l"r , .
t le p r u la r :
Ur)r€ h{n r,,rc r€nr,soI l,hc glass a hroke^.
T r i . , . . Inu"F h,t.. P,-,ah i a r I
Uo.L ul .l, t rro ti,,rs ,ia, m ld.{"d
] I o st o l l h c . d r g r n d s l o sl . l se r
b.) Ia pluraL. iNl sint urnratcdc un flural:
o P' n o tl-
llo'" ldx d,? ,n d, n.tded l^.r
\1,.: a., r'r . i .
S 2;rS t3) Heaps. I Lot. t,ots. Plenty. -{cesle cuviite prinele trci fiind
intn,bunrlaienumai n linba volbitn. cu lrtclcsul de.,o multine" -. au |.r-
bul la.ringalar ind sint urmate d c ur riuvir)i u ,<ense $ingular, si erbrl la
p/rudl cind sint urrnate de un curint (,u sensde plura]. Atit, la singular, cil ;r
la plural iubsta tivol. determinanl€ int precedAte e prepoziliaof:
Th(c tr hcaps ol tood in llre Urder. Tl]ot ir lots r0 ldc ir this lo(tr.
Hfaps and li.als ol .ntldcl net. or t.he Lots ot p.arl. .o,a. herc elery dn).
Th r',. 1 l . o l p"/p" i a , , l n s, " th"r, r' t l r ' l \ o ,o,,7Inthr..

There or. { l o t o l / r l n g s I can do. Tlc^lr.',r /1.- rrp g"inA t o t h .
'pr.id.
S 2519 i,i) Therc is/arc. Ilcrc is/are. Accste loculiuni. cind sint urmat€ de
doud sau nai multe oufinte legato prin /ind, so a{,odii dc obicei cu priinal
.urlnl din enumerati€:
'11\'r'^ ( boule.
'fheft.d,rn,ns o n la\ tlal.
d n e Latrd
n aDd|ao ihrce
glisses on lhe trblc.
tomal,o.s n thc larder.
ll.. ;1 b .t .,r'l rorr t,r.tr'-
t- r u. a - o t . d n d i r-r;rl 01 mJ l . 5 k
Hctr tN the ftt\te5 and lhe ras..
(ltnd irsn sLrbstantivelc din enumeratie fl)nsiituio rri tLnsatnhLu, st Lot,|
nandd pluralul vcrbului, ehiar cind enuneratia incepe cu un singular:
Ttict. ttot a tall." anrt hLo .nzts on ihe porih.r
Hec o/e his rcat drd pants.
Th{c o.. n. ,ed. no marr.csr, Do rill,(J.
S 2550 15) Pronum0l0 ntemg[tiv-relativet.

S 255r a) Ptantlnttte int erogatire. - Pro,,umele ha. tlhi:h |, trhat
pot avea.ierbul atit la sinsula.,cit ;i la plural.
I i trcbiri. trho aste de obio€i ronstruit, cu ring&/arl/:
"IlD i s comirs o sle us oday?" 1he Smilhs.
Il'io d{r rt the p.ttJ?
Raroori. af din celn cemai treclenl n specid n l imba lorbitn. intilnim
;i forma de plaral:
"l/lo sir on lhc branchcs?"3
It'no ar. {t tlie l{}le?
Ccinsiruclia cu \,erbul la plural dupd pronunele tl,,bo sto insn in generc
elitafi. tie intrebuinlindu-se o altn construclie cu acelali jnleles, Iie irodu'
I P cn lr r a lle d cla lii,ve zi H . \ \ : . F o { le r - , r . . i/ . , "\ d b . r ", :

: IlntN allc delalii. veri lL\\:. owler, ;r. .n._ "\u rber"i "\\'lal.."
3 W. Iiipdran, Fin Dislish Boak.
544 SINT^XA PROPOZITIEI
In- .' a t h "m i 1 b , J r' v

rlfa,r a poet nar sung the digniil oi work.
/ . r t | ,,y "nd lp . s g it ro : , rir : n 1 , . ri. 1 . .
F.."e, llosr.. tr' . Lldd- o l g a"s a .\Jrp ol JprinJ.
"\pr ".pt
S 9566 2) Suhstantirele cu lormi de plural li inlslcs ilo singular:
tr) t1 s. npxs. sh0nb|.s. sumnansii ,rip.Par"dis S l?8):
,, num"le dp ttiinlr si obip.t'dp stulJiu "rminatp 1n .i.\ (ortrcnatttt's
dthlpt,".. l"rtrar;.s.math.nat;$. phon.t;.setc.) s IJ0 .. 124);
.l numele de rcnr; cu lormd de pLural (drazgrts. ftlrelins €tc.) ( S 130d,
r23)
dJ doui nufle de ,oli cu forml de plual (mea-rles, arqs) ( S 130 ,, 120).
$ 2557 3) Substantiyglo cu form[ de plursl care fac parte dintr-un grap consi
derat. ca un tot, ori lormlnd all nume sau un lirln tle carte, aJ:,erbrlla.singular:
' llDe . t u U; , s , a
ved , " a rJ ir p "ir. .
1\to cups of ,ed ts not enough for me.
Ihc Warc of Oe'
Tohanlin{'s th. laur,iczlo&
Rosess ihe,tr;ds"
st ggletsbctween he houses
a lavoudle oI Alan'l . Lancasterand York.
Tx.saniev's ,4 gaata s ,tl.t n s" n s won wo.ld-wide ame.
\atd
Numele de cnrli care cuprind cuvinte ca: Iales. Sto es, Sketchcs, Nates
etc. pot fi construite qi cu verbul ia plural:
Tr.geniev's "A Huio's ,S.(?,cne,"ore $'on worl d-wide fanc.
t . . , -b s "I "r. t "o r s lr rk . s p . a -r. p d ir phJ,ant re ld n g .
< . ' k , . f - . , ' \ o 1 r. t . o t . i t r\ o u rilF b o o o i npb.
L)fukpns ,\otds" u/c amoDg he ne\v relriDls-
alr,au.cr's"-\meri.an
Canlcrtrufy ?o,es" a.d delighl,ful.
S zji5il 4) l{umeralele i numolede mtrsuricu formi d0 plural. - Unele nume-

ralc |i rrurne c mnsu cu iorm[ dc plural slnt privite ca un lo, ti au terbul
h singular:
' | \ \ t . o mn . ' r' \ l' rp F r ron
'
i.ive porrtds tr'l.oo nuch lor tnis.
?'riJ lasl lcw days al1 bJ tuys€Unds been lery lonely.
\ most intercstnrg $'o monUB /,as pa$ed.
'Ilirre ,rdr still iFo hours ielore the sho$-
ll tsag.c.atrlc
:1, a good letr miles
tl'rcc hoursio rasses
the next. yirlage.
quickly.
Do givf ns an,r/Ef ten mjnrtesl
(lie z l t i 5 2i5t, 54t, 9561
S 2;59 :) It is - un pl{r&rl. - Pronomele il inhebuinl,at ca subi€ct care anuni[

qi icccniueazi nutn€]€ pr€dicativ. fiind rrn sinqular, are verbul la singrlar
c h ia r a t u n c i c in rl ru me le p rc d ic a t i ' c s t c u n lL u ra l:
,Ifs ihc rilinas t
-1r s nry.n/ldl.r who look arter m-" Nhen I r,n ill.
1r
I lrat s isenf,y
ll\ e h . ltllatl.tas
L d a lF Uralo
i l, ht|e
c y$nexl
c rc \l,oN
a iiin g. lo f ,
11 nas tathet dk] rlt,n.f stro wore dnsing ih. letl.
lr lfdr )or all who werlr there belore lie othos.
(\ : e z it i S 861. )
S 2560 6) )Ioro thsn orc. l,ocrliunea rrore tllun one. deqi cLr Dieles dc plural,
rre verbul la singular prin atraclie, on€ avind inleles dc singular:
Ol his u ils, mare hat one has tnitrenut a terhni, l .r.ec..
646
Subiocte u yorbul numai la plural $ 2561

1) Substantiyelcu lormi de singular$i tn.teles 6 plursl, S 2562
zl/ FolA (: lune, persoanc,amilie) $ 148)gi prople :lume. persoane'
rarnilic) $ 149).
b) Fish.Fruit. Cind aceste ubstlnlil'e cu lormi de singular au inleleg
de plural : peEti.ructe). lcseconstruiescu pluralul S 162.147):
..1.. he /isn f.esh?
Thc / n a,e/d rccn.
c, Subsl,anLivple onnan, aat. hote, s?.il (: artilerie, infanterit, cava-
lede. marin d), deqi cu formi dc singular, se construicsccu pluralul deoarece
o u sens col€ctiv) e plural (g 147. 110)
2) Adjectivelc li participiile derenite substantire colectiv€cu sensdeplu- S 2563
ral ldrd schimbarea ornei au verbul la Tlural { g 750):
Thc ngltsn naca

Th-" missii|A speciul ense l humour.
Qez I€$.
'L'henart€l o,/e p.csenl, n g.cai Drnbc|s.
3) Nonc. Cind pronurnelenehotirit zrne se referi la un subsbantivcu S 2564

tnleles de singular. el are verbul la singular:
"Is thereanr salr elt h thesrll (iclhr?" \o, there s ,ore."
ol thosewomen ar ,n, ore hc rvasooking or.
^',ne bn1" he btaoestnal des€.,er llie Damc ol hoo.
Nonc
Cind insi pronumele rrrne se referi la un substantiv cu sens de plural.

In limba m o d "r 1 6s p l i n d c \arbul a,or,ls. .u pronumplp d,?? d
l i e l o p l u"n
r egl .l "rhjr d r d d . 5 . i a g . , l i r u l a"J
r f i m a i l o g i ":
Ir'.neoI thc Doyr /€here.
Thereaete utu ol mv ffl.rzs nresent.
",rk amory he ra.ltcstiere ara non,ugly, so adong Lhc uL thereate tune old.."
(Goldsmith)
4) Onoor Tr{0. - Loculinnea,n€ar'tod(: vr€odoi)are ntotdeaunaver- $ 2565
bul la plttral:
O^l ana ar tqo of ihe m€n a.e against the p.oposal-
'lhete arc ane ot tro ihings we sLould lik. io iuy.
Axenlie
Loculiunea d-i- substantiv + or lpo are ades€ori verbul la si .g&lar:
1qard or xrc is sulticirnl o conrincchi .
Subiecte ompuse $ 9666

1) Subioeto rito p n "and". $ 256?
a) Doud snbstdntirc u forlrii de .lingrzllir nite pdn conjuncliaand au $ 2668
verbul la plural:
Both ind -ft"tcndrdexceededhe nork normpd l.actor.
7heha"tmandgirl Nerewail,ing,oc.oss,hc t.cct.
b) Doutt 'u]^tunlir cu forma dc slagulor. unitc prin conjuncria dnd. re- S 2569
f "r i n d . rs e r , , + ' i i n l a e 1 i s s c "l a l i l u r L . s J u s r \ r d o s t r i n . u n i t e . a r ' 1 -
"- . i
_telcs ncit, ugereazn n singur obiect. au verbul la singalar
Th-" {dl known nusician ant pairtet has lc|.
Brad ahn bt et i \|llar I p.elet lor tea.
8/12/2019 sNaaxA lRoPozlTrEr Limbii Engleze
646
ace€ali ersoanaDsc[-ar-
lcuvintele "musician" i "painter" se eferd s r"fereau
i; io"l .ep't"i, 'ei' douasubstantite" t pcrsosnecosts
ti"al,i
;#9i ^" ;;;i;;i; piur"l: "lnc wett-knovnmusicianand the pant"er hote
leIt."l
E 26?0 i) Gerawl'itete i substantLu.ele erbalecoardonaterin canjnclia"and"
' -"'- *" aceiorali eglli {$ 2567 25ti9):
Asanineaad fltitiI E a " e ldugh'in rL"el"m-nra'vs'r@'
"ootornr"r"a Oprundir')
/sub'r'v"rbJr"l
ii?)"iaiii Jii';;;,',ii, oir\p odp'b s tini'\"d
"
verbui ta singllar:
S 26?1 11) nfinitia elecoordnate rin conjnnclia " an(t" auinsd
oui'
?o si, up ata' dd tiU all hou's,andsd'ul at six /'qswom hio
E 2672 , ) Sub.tontiut u famn d" s'ngutt pt*"dd Je do|a ""'T"il'll:.d- dnd
'"' r' Drin orrjun"Lir
" i,",;",'.ii"'i"1;;ri;. i;';;buinLai;'"aJi"'ri' "o"t"r"
Doate aeea ve r D u l:
qLF Je ringular
F ) l^ 'tneutar. dd' i id"pa '
plur :
e''') la plural' ilace ideea este de
i $ XXt\f j";';l'?j:J il";" t?fiill
"-'e)
;l9.'dlil'l"''r
"?";'f
t
i,; :lll';'t?l lH",Tils#i"lTi"i,*',ili
a r"d
l\otiunFc dF p l u rrl c'ro Indi'"ja prin r"p"lar"d0 rri " o l u l u i : u p Â " nd
re
,'"Uij,ll"""':i:':,,1"'",i';,'="n6'1 6 r" i t ri n v ma ' h i n a
.Subs''r'ri\.ul
i i ptt' o ptu"ol.n p'i"1ul rnplu lin p ri ri rra rt i n " o l u l u i rb o l ; ri L" rp i r' ^-
i.5ti"""'i"i ."li''t."tiv cu sins Lle ingular' ar al doilaaexemplu pnrnr
"" 'ar prodnroamhiguitar'e efiin'l dar
lFi.t'iJl"li'ui"" pi';;lutui "mu"t'nrcr'
i -. " . . " dodoue'aud* n ai rn rrl rpdsini dF rp i rrx l i c e (c rrll
'"i1,rerbut
.tn t ra"dd suLiP4aP n it' pr;n conjun"lia
{ 25?a l) -11.'l,t::,1'J-"t n I o rrl
c l l b s rx n l i .'p a q rn g rl s r o 'n't"1'u;||''"''"lo a rr"ad"s-';ir'palarut
pi"."r"i'i, tii specii in propozit'iile nterogatile:
,i';l-*" * *
{ "-:'}n#l'if
ii:i:1fi""1'"i::
PlurattLl esLe nsd de asemenea oafte mult uziiat:
Hd'ea'e You' baga d umbrella'
i S 5/'e)
{Vezi
t 25?4 2) lrouli Eubiect€ lt€rlrairro' - Doui subiecie unite p n conjunclia or
" -"'' ,', eu subiprlulcetnoi aptaP'ot1i
""'t"i".".Jar ,otts or toD is coming
tnao or herszsr'rs re roe'
''s heor his sisters n ihere?
e'€ inc larenh or the son o comc?
Notd
alternative' ci simple
Locuriunile on€ot loo I a /r'oldor tQanu sint subiecte
oi"""-l li o*i unui :rlt capitol( $ 2565). nor"' -
"p""t'i"
it Ifool ."rri""t" legetoprin "eithor"' or"' "noither"'
6 25?6
ot la tr'nsalar'
i;;;; o,) Ctna amlel" s"lieote slnt la s;ngular' erbul este
-
R'J'|i:lll"r,l;"."'ji#^*?91':.';'litthaeffateuthe'icar'
ACORDUL PRE TCATULUI 61?
. i/ O"a un subiect ste a-pllrralSicelalalt a sineular. ul'iactul u tormA S2527

<leplursl 3epune nalotea erbulut, are Fa.ordu u,ll
Dithpr6hpof th" otherci.ts .y' d.cid/d to swopexoFriences.
Npilh.r Lout norny Doys E .bildrpn n kindprgarti,n.
gb?8
, . c) Clnd subi€ctele nu rcprezintd aceeati persoand,verbut se acorde cu g
suoredulcel mar aDfoDral:
I : i hpr y ou nf Mikp6ar q'r'ico of t r hp nr i . . .
N " i t 1, nor @ l ar s . ar : F d oi l r h" nriz".
^lBrk
Este preterabil insd sd se repete verbul:
lii hpr you ldJ. r'r prir', or,tr. Dor" t,s ir.
N pi l ho.Dorl Aas hF nr i z p.nor / , . , r s p
4) Suhioctele rmoto do constNotii ntroilusopri cuyintel€: $ 2579
as kpll as, besdes,n uldttion to. likc, hkpa'ise, :"thtt a'ith. ,vith, ond
nol- x""lt. F cl
ti persosna but : ct\ suh,.r.
t primul , liaj.6ul or.no?esst{ni ind.
acest-,onstruclii au v"ibulocordeL n numar
de spt. ncidFnte:
P_dd,as eel as Hdcn, 6 rv.lt u? in chemjst'y.
y o , as s p. as hf, @" lirr rare
lvo od Lesidcs hpm pos in the iields "sinrn"'s.
, 600& f poc m s ,n addi r i on o r ov l oy eE. y a,s pnl o Dr nl , nL.
lrarilr.lrkp n" r par enr s .s . s p, di nghpr ho . t ay s n t h" m ol r nt ai ns .
?oly, togetlDr with his friends, i; having Englilh lessons.
Datr wilh his brotheN e lelt to. thc coirnt.i.
, { l l bul he t s d u hi m , ar e Er e. ' rwalk"b
.4gn,s,but not he. sisters,@ae o be }lamcd.
ft? ndtugcr, no lcs than the clerks, ori@s at the office prompt to h€ mirute.
Es r e l ns d pr el c r abi l s A sr r eppt a v c r bul t n un, l p c az uD i , ar l n al t el e s e s e
t r eac d ] t nge v er b s ubi ec l ul c u c ar p ac es La s t e ac or dat l
You r., a lirjl-rote swimmpr.and so ir hp
T h. m ot her @ oul , and so er e r hp hi l dF n.
Du /4 lPlr tor the ro ntry, and so lua his brcthers.
Maud eas lo be b,amFd,but hpr sist.rs do. oo .
In addilion lo my floseB, a r@l o/p@tu ,a spnr to llarrhi

Li k e_hc r
,-ro rs I'aBng
dr nlEn
s ; gbjh
C f acl.s€orc
i r s pFosplhor
ndi n8r rLvithhis
hot i dr yfriFnds.
n t h€ m ount ai ns .
Dd, nar lctt tor th' @untrr $il.h his brorhF.5.
),ro B lhaD thc clerk3, h. nonag.. aii*s ar thc otfire prompt to rhe minule.
,. .5), o.uI uhioctoe Bsto rin not ooly... ul.,,' au verbulBcordat u su- $ 2680
olec\Dl tel mal aDfoDLal:
Nol onlv I, bDi In? P,.ntr /tirfte ir r,sl I to helD ou.
Not only h". but his .i.ids /./,6 dpcrdF-do rak. i.;ft in rh., ompetiLionsor rhe bdd*0.
Este ins[ preferabil sd se repete verbul:
N ol .onl y I di r l i l y ou,
. . . Nol.only h. n's iccidcd r i 8ht tto
o hpl
tJk;p parr hut
in rbe
s o comp?truoc
&s s I n. r ndclor
hnrth' badgp,bur 5o 4e ,
his tuiends.
6) Cdculolosritmetico. ln calculeleariimeticese tntrebuinleaz{attt 2681
..ingularul.lt Eipluralrl. imba nodprne lnd rpndinla pre luratacoto ndes
rxisld oltprDstivd.p ro xem lu n nrimFle ou" cxcmple e rnai os:
Tro and two is lsa u e,) tour_
Ten tines touuiakds (s au nai., forry.
5tE
8/12/2019
SINTAXA PROPOZITIET
Eighl ts lwice fou..

Two lrom si\ ldac€s our.
Tlree ts contain€d n six lwice.
Ten diYided y live ts two.
How much ir selen times fen?
Wlal, aP twice three?
III. P,{.NTILE SECI]NDABDALD PROPOZITIEI

(sBcoNrllBY PrrTs oF rEE sf,NrxNCE)
s 2582 ATRIBUTUL
(THEATTRIBUTD)
S 2683 Delinitie. Alrjbxtul €qt" parteade propozitie aredetermini un sub-
sranlw sau un suDslrtul l tur,
S 2584 Pmeoileo o.oxpdmax6. ,{tibutul este erprimat p ntr-un adjectiy
sau printFun echivalental acestura:
aJ un adjec liv c alif ic s lit :
There 1asa line pajntins on Ute wall-
I have met the torclt.itchild.
bJ un adjectiv pronominal:
This is m3' molhd.
XaerJ woman has i.r oru worl.
dJ un articol:
T h" r p $i " , n, . . r ps F s hor t . y .
t Lan ne rhs .un ehin,l lfu i.
' -ls
dJ un nuneral:
He has necn away /trd days.
I LL€ the aat h t r
'nr"d
eJ un gerundiv sau url parlicipiu:
lle wrnt€d some natoials. (Goundir)
',ridns
T " , f t , r y , ag b'rrl6l or ' r , pu he s - P' " . 0" r ' i
Tr f uU " i ; dn" , , 1 , 1, i lP;rr r,"u
-,,i
/) un substantiv cu valoare adjectivalil:
A mcsshoy
That's meeting was callciL.
the ,r€ztns class.sstartcd.
gJ un substantiv in cazul g€Diti\.:
Our cozuty's outlul. ol l.ract.rs h.3 grown to a great ertent.
The doo. ,/ n. o//t.e was opcn.
/rJ un iniinitiv:
She l'as the last pcNon l, ldr'c.
llare Jou noiliing /o sd3 lor Jolnell?
i) un adverb:
'Il h F
" vi l l Jg " r kl " i - m j I , i " , p l " P .
m . ' n n . Jr d a o l h " . l . n d\ardrd iL, St-L ].rir.
j)
o apozitiel
-\n cditionot Professor, a.s'sPhonetic ictionarJwasbroughtou[ in thc Sovic
UDion ome ime ego.
"Popev., ft? Sailattuun,"r ir a lell-knoFr liln chari.ler.
1I'opele (:cu ochil Inllucalil.

ltpp^tl
PAF'TID SECUNDARD ArI FEOPOZTTIEI, ATRIBITUIJ 64 9
A) o loculiune pr€pozilionald sau adverbiald:

lhe Nom on ,n? igl,.eae
i the srudy_
This is atr out-of.tt ptace.
I) o construcl,ieu paticipiul prezent : o propozi.tieelativ[ eliptici
$ 1712) :
Th" Airl lsho isl ktu"IirE ot thp doot i, Dtptr\.
T h p r ; . lr i q ". d s \ t h a t a "; ) sN "in E . , p t i- h a ;
mJ o propozilie au o lrazi consideratda un tot unit,ar:
q h " d ld h . " s. r \ in t h o p p t p a - t u . L u| , t .
.0,.h a .nrh.ron $rpsl ,n_s s-nrural.
He rook€d onnd fiih a nlc,t,am ana-aren't-you-Etad o+eemesofi ot air..
Notd.
Un substantiv poate avea mai multe atribute: s 2686
sow l,rohen ald lnn\fire lay in onc .orner.
]ls liltle Jow yeaLold, gi.1 ii v-"ry naughry.
APOZITIA $ 2586
(TfE PPOSITIOX)
1) Dotirritie. - Apozilia este atributul substantivall care se ieferd la s 258?

a . . e a g i i i n l a s ' u l u . r u c n ; i s u b s l a n t i r u ld e t p r m i a s t .
. . I n l ' e a p o / i 1 i " i i q u b s r a n l i v u ld "r e r r i n d t n , r p r , i c l 6d F o b i r p i u n r a p o r t
,la subur'lonarF: lp s t a u n p r , lali plan r"i numci o . u l lic.aruia i dcrFr;ina
.alir.lFa de dFlFrnrincl ;u deLerminanr':. '
l n . d z u l a p o z i L i "i . e l F ' m i n a t u lp r p . "d € d F o b i "F id p t e r m i n a n t u l ,l F . i a l
d o i h " . u b s t s n l i r ( q a u F . b i v d l . n l u l ; "". r u i e ) r c p r . T i n t d n c F n F r F D o T i t i a .
2, e l a r i f i . a r e . \ D o l i l i s p o d l F t i s i m p l a s ; u d "r v o l t A i . s 2688
o) Aro.i id siF,pla ( T h "I l o s a A p p o . i t i o n J p a r oa l , s L u i t dd i n -
l F L n s , r b se n r i v ( . a u J o u a ) . l r i n . l . g n l , a i n l F l F . F u b s t d n t i \u l d p t c r m i n a t
s ; n "a l n , l p l i n s u g in i "i u n , l "' p r n . i n a n :
Graham G/€.,, Conrade Jac,tsoa
Urdc Miss Kellu
- J n . 'sun
Fr I n . t a ( a " r . lôl Ddiipl laa.s
Ddd.l, b'.81. . :t Lrdrue OtiJi".
a kttua .@dtr" " rr,. nnn" ol .ac,utl
th€ tliver ?toDl€s
ure cturslegs Inn.
n u m t . si r
lhe advob ,drd.
Ihe cit of lbndbL'
b) A p o zi. lia d . e . e a lt a t ii l l h e L o o se A p p o sit ; o n) co n st i d in r r - u n
s, r L . le n li\ i F u r ir de a r r ib u r p la lu i. si F S l. d a f 0 p t ; , h iva l"n 'i cr r o lr n p o r i-
ljp r p la t jl6 e xp lica t ilr o lip t j. u I
Rarnes, wlro s) di€ nd.nine tuon forcndn. as otir jlsr bccn appoinied o his job.
Ir.utn,, ls'ho is) ,zr /oD,e. eer. ls an old nar row.
. B , r "n - ( h o { , . t t " la n o h E 4 t ir h , o n o , . t : . t o d u l t h p . t h . ", t t u r J. o r - g h to r \ p
rI' "in,al
t { i n l F u n " u b 6 l d n r i t f d u "n " . l i va l " n t d l . , p su i a j . . . d"t rmindrit.
rFsIrP, ilr ,lnd acFstpJ Fristr
, Gtahatica linbii tunane, Itdihra Academiei R.P.R.. vot. II, 2r3.
.E\Fnpldo a p o zr i r i , a r d . l nm a d p \ . p r . n d l . / /, , , , , , b u b " t r , i ru r , , a n fl d a t e r -
nin; Ls 2i8:).
.Construclie numitl
..genitiv alozitiv" i$ ,r8).
660 STNTAXA PROPOZ]TIEI
2689 3) Acord,
a) Gcn. Numd.r. ,\pozilia se acorddn gen ti numercu rufiDLul d.ter-
Juae anaouda (subieot en pl.), ny st,re.s (apozilie en. pl.), havc nol reached
I/; (subieor l.l, nomdnians ,pozilie pi.), have sreatly dcvelopcdour indust.y.
b) da:. - Spre d,:osebire de Eramati(,a ronani. unde apozilia cste in-

totde;una in cazil nonrinativ. unii gramaticieni eqiezi considiri ce apozilia
se aoordi ln caz cu subsleriivul determinatl. Astfel:
Adhi nt s \ , bq nom . r \ ' pl . a" J r , , t : . . . . ) .1"r"'r J \ " r , . l on . T 'f q. , .
T F ol l n6 r . nd\ { , I bo L- ' . . " Sn, / ; p d' D Ln. p o. n; . . . 1, " ; t at o" o' o : s t
t"o""i"L
ilT"lt ,n,, ."" t ri. rohnso' tt\cbutch{'s iui,ozitir Edlitir)'.
l s c ntm v . o, . l . J n ' ' . ndi r .da . l / / 4 ( o/ i L" l ' l ) rr p ' .
l.n t i - r , ' r ' " t a l . t |al pt i 1' , i _ r " t o, l r ' n r ' " . 5aa ddl . r " l " , i ondl m
. od, i nl d'
l Ji D oz .un
hpr r \5au
' ,Ll
- dL.
| D rexoTlliorilli
/ m ?l I pr . d " . J r nr L" 1i l d; d J t ' o/ , i 1. . r t .
^
\ . - r s l d i nl F " p' ^ . . n ol 6 ui - qLF r , " a nr i " l : n. ' da 1o- i . d . i d^ un. - '
v en 6. . \ poz i i " . r t ' r / / er r r ' d o pr oD o/ i : i a r pl r r i ' d . l i ol i . , i . nu poJ l . . d d" ' i L
l n. a, ' ul nom i na' i \ : i i l i nhd c ' gl F z i . i n m od , u l ot ul at . . pl i onal . 11 , ,"r1
senitiv. Ace8t lucru se vede clar dac5, rclutnd eremplele de mai sus. se comple-
ieazi propozilia relativn cu ptulile carc lipscsc:
I sr a . l d a I o n p l . n l i r . l J J. \ h o " m v, , u s, , . , o " nn n l l ' p , r ' "1
l s" n r l l ' J, r F o / / d .,ol.indi" p P n o I l i o n l l . J. . d u d d r . p _ " p o / i l i o 4 'l . nho-r
- frrlh;ioDi .,d$,n"/,+r d . . d . . . ' t l , i " l , \ J. . l Jr S e \ h i pbuild:n tlottti6
'omr
2690 4) CorNtmctriia pozitionalo, Pnn extensie, gramatioa englezd olose;le

e \D re s i A ..i n p n z i ri o rri ...- i paolru a l rp p a r' l i d p ro p o ri ri "'au ' b i r
r;p o z i l i i . f i ." " .td F rp rp " i e , u l o r,rl ..a p o z i tG -"ra In l e l p .u l d P ,,r"
' l p prrru
o fl
i i n i a ' ri " tn'r" " o n " rru " .ri , d a o b i .e i .on.F U ri v p . a r- ru s 6 .' )i t,n " ' i ' 'l
stau in acelaqi aport cu alte elemente din propozitie sau dh {razi. r doua
consiruciie determintnd $i completind pe prima"':
IIc sarc us hisp.otuise conpl.dir.) ta r"d {inlinitiv n alozilia .odplementrhl
/r .ubi" ' g.' 1J rs kindot hio bpta'ine iL. ,idr lc.nsrrui j'ru d: alr.
subiertouo rn doozitia"l ui irl.
/r r.ibi"' c'o r , :' " $ls u,uJl lor hin to spp4d l.: holidol|. hiq; E \ cn li "
i n f . n i l , { i l e . su b i " , l o . r h n i p o r i l i J 5 u L i p . r u l u i s" a m a r r ' 1 1 / i n l r o l u cl r v) .
S h t h o r sh t r , o r f r ti' ipi ' h o ' sh " n i J n i s" e d . u . h o ' a P D o t t " : ' r . o rti 8
d i r - _ d l a Jp o / , l i J . o m p . e m . 1 ' u l u d ; r F " l i r i n l r o i l r ' l i r l .
{ V e zi t i $ 8 6 4 - 8 6 6 , p a g . 1 7 8 , n o t a 1 , S t 8 r 6 )
1 .W. Forvlerard F.G. Fowrcr, The Eing's Enqlisn, J.c. Fdnald. llnglith Ctan'
Mt Sinplified elc. l r'1
" l n. n. r . s " m nul qqi : \ u1, , / s r . pdl aua" n ndi l ddpoer r i e, deol - . - _'o
c r ac " a) l J or nr a?' unr oi r u. , bJ' i r i i ul dpl r m i nd' : _dl J o: n. on hpr , r t " S j
2531, ez i s i al l c t x enr l e l J l t 2- 53.
- u. . pt r u: t d- d, u, : .r.
" C az J I-Dori ei r ; m o. ; . . ut u, i ndi F . t n. F ooT t t i onat ps
0F , l r , . l podr " i J " u/ . r r l \ dr " apoz i Li l F ; i ' ; o, , : i , l " . aaa, o" dd: , . u. ont l m nr r l
i J f . i p. F poz i l i " . s ar , l - r i \ uldd. a c onpl " m " nl l P\ r p uar m pr . - nb. L pr el o?i l ' d ' / i "rl"
exemple la $ 333.
avezi allc cxcmDlc a 5 311.
6 ?hE A tu{ icdn 'C.ua e' Dictio ary. "-\ptr sition".
P-4RTIL SECI'NDARE AI-E PEOPOZITIEI' COMPIFMENTUI'
CoMPLETTIDNTUL 2691
orn- S 2692
Termioologre. Partos epropozili' umiLensramali'aromind,
or.*""i: a'o"a "oumili1n rain€rhaanelcza biat.pe'trucomprcmrn-
"," onlru omplemanrur
i"i ii.""r,'i"ai*"t 9i prepo/iLionsli '4d'"r"'idl 'rrcum-
Etan-iial.
A le n lL e t 2698
O"nu.'i""u Camplenent din gramatica engleza nu inseamn€ ''comple_ $
..orrrl"prFdi.sriv- au
.romplinirc r"dicatir""'
.",,,: ,,, l,nrr" orrrJna.
"i
u
-L. COUPLIIIrUA'rULrBX* 'u*
(TnE DrnDcr oB'tEqr)
aractedsti:l:"9:l,ili,ff*X\,fi::t"."i"T,1;"1:t*'0,:1:
. r) Derinilie-qi "tt
j F,,, ifec,
B:1ii; :li"::fl" ll":f i:;,i:'r:;.;i,i, p; c;.r.,, o,np,.
"'ut r"uzati' raspunde $ 2696
C o m f l c mxphnol unl' i2' .\" pn"u. ran.P' p."p-i1i'
la tnrrebire:, ) u " ' a l' n r: ei
" 'rrl. 'F
Uale Youhad 'a J"t?.
| r'
Y ' " l " r d i Y rrr ' r ' 5 l r '
"J\'/F
;;:i,.,'il ,.,"" ,,-
'l"lt;1,;j,",'J,i.-iilnl
hcv rvanted to go io a shoN ",'
ilX".li*#"jHii""ii"ii rvirricao rre ishtjry or heir ishts'
de maijus' S 969?
2) Iroceilee il6 exprimoro. - Dupa cum sevededin exemplele ssrt prrnrr'un
."-n"r".;.i"i p " a ' " tr e.tprinrt nrinrr-un srrb'rcrtiv
"serundiv
. , f , i i , " r " "sau ''rl ei *' 'r'u i i rpr"nun"
' " r participiu l'recut et'o
aoj ' rit "ubstantirrl n u m ' r d l inlinili\'
2698
"---ii r""a"i*. Conplementul ciirect din gr^m€tica,engleza orcsp-urdê$
t:Tl"ti""
: '"*'l'$i",'J0,, ;,;""i::' : "; pi': li"# J; l i:i
l""#;^T.1
o'
""i, 'n . r"if Ti:" ," ii,Ti;
",'*;;=':,i:Xl,'
""a""
o r e r r o o 'h . t o r e st t b l' t o r '| sist , t n sit ( e t 6
i i n rl i r' de qi azuLui o i i ' din l i n b a ro mA n a :
" " . " r. ' " -" ' rr" l I saiv ntn (Ac )
vlzut (Ac
{,-am ) )
:fr (i'ii;lou,,nr
i(';'iii;T"Til.iii1'" : to.,
Ai'i be,om,. I \ ' ' vo,.
C u l l d r " . nPaL ; l i 5 rlp l r n F I D r r ' l
Hrs rnsrdr ' u n r I l " a 5 Y,r \' l
ui n lid plr'r'r iudr'l
tlrdprn'ul
pe $ 2699
,1, .o.ul i0 propozili'. Con pl"mer dl rlire' *.pune daprr erbul
e ' i r 1n mnd et Fprron :
c " ' " i i J " r " . " i " a ' i ' , f i ' " r ' nL, p o . ' " ii JespctLit
Hc made verr) nts s/.'cn (comlt dir') on the spor'
lntrc complementul direct' i verb pot interveni:
a i un comirlemcnirrdir€(i: $ 2600
";:"ii;;i ';;;l'; ';';':"- jl;.':" l odii

)",""',11 :
[""1:,1-:w1."1:vtr:."jlffi:ii'fi1'",;i:*iiil'"'il3i'$'i:3]
65' STNTAXA PROPOZITIEI
2601 D,) un complem€nt prepozilional sau circrmstAnlial. ori "a Predicatc of

Result". atunci ctnd complemenLul direct este lung sau dctcrmirat.le un atri-
bui ori de o propozilie relativd. sau cind consfi dintr-un infiniiir-:
. . I know rc srorr {vp.b) u o{lone.in hk altice \compl. ndir. prcp.l a postca.di.om I.

orr.l n n a r.w \ro.oso r 3 rr (a r ru l
I p"t down (yerb)ou,tu "_g dDl€ Predical.c f ltesultl th. box (compl. ir.) tikan lrom rhe
boy {atribui).
$ e spole aboui tlrnijltg trerbl i4 lneedl.Jencompl.ci.c. dc locl ihc ilowcN (conipl-
dif..whhhhadbp"nt.nd,dint.p;r.pnt,ûspsr'roxEntrdrint I p "o r, o / . t i. "t J t i.
Tlle d . o ry *J. h "in S r-^ b it h b r, o t ' nt : r' ) , n t , t ia D ot
c ir. d p n o l, S iils r' o m' r-d , r. o l , , , h , r r"n il, ir' u ' . - "ro . "o l'l
He kissed aerbl eitl catd ips lcomr)].nBtrumental) his son'scheeks comrL.di..l-
_ H"d a id rd t e "^ b i, h : h "o ra t h . t is , o mt , , ir' . , . "lo , ro m l rp .or;,,1 Jr,
,{ceasti intercalare a unor pdrli de propozii,,ie. cliar loartc lungi. FStc ne

cesari ln special pentrlr cvitarca e\-entualelor ,ronfuzii:
\ v c ". . "t , lp J \ , rb lr; rn llp B * at ", t t k d . , t p, n1t.t .-.4p .,.,1 l, I n \ id . r, n , , ir, rn l
d ir. , s p D l, v 1 1 " I.ublbn,nF o irs " . : ib u r.
A s t ' ; rn "in : h, t a \ F; ' "rb . mp .r. irh ' ". . t . -. t ; . ,, . . 1 t a l 4,;.1,.4J. h.h nt tn,.
yoar8i. "o d p l. ' ir d . . 1 . ' , . r' ru p u / r rp lrli\ 1 r. I F | onpl. ' . ' " jx - b r' ; ' h l
, y rn e mc s s c n g . rd i, rb u t ). ' '"
Dac[ complementul circumstanlial, cu subordonata lui, uu ar ii lost irf

tercalat intre verbul predicat qi complemeDtul direct al acestuia, iraz,"le rle ma i
sus ar li avut cu tot l slt sens:
jDvilatn,n
We
He accepted
{Comphmen he "rp rm: nsent
I d" modd bX the
in a.;.1 J/lublishirg
v p rb rl s rr.house@ih
/ ttt. greatestuasut..
'
gaye me thF ettu just broushi by the messengerith dn..prcssioi.f jo shich
node hih loak leatr ouu;r. (ComlLleneiiul ds mod-determini aici vobui ?,irsL.)
S 2602 .,,1 pariiculelc sd\prbjok care intrd in compunerea verbelor conplexe

($ 2208.2275-2281):
He knocked e, (adv.J he ashes@m 1. ir.) f.om his pip€.
Rins &p (adv.) he telephonexch.rngccom I.di..).
(Th(
S 2603 be intranzitiee
5) Complementulntern aolnateilcct
oot avea un comDlernent Obiett
dirar a(eeasi
.tt ru\atirp ).
tdacirra ti,relpYer
tu r.erbul
(uneori dintr-o rndncinddiferitl), .nmlLpmcnt , a* r"i,eU j,lppr \.rbuLnl.
Aceast[ parte de propozilie csto numili ,,complement ntern" (Calndtc ob-
ject ar Aca$atirc). iar verbul respeciiv este considerat n acest caz 1'erl lran-
I dreaned a lo\e1.t dftdnt.

Shc orsl, a hard Itlr.
Thet' lt'ed a long aDd rappy til..
Delir sans a linr sozs.
Ther sneArd a terrib6 sn€/l oi burnl oil.
tsaly snir.t her sweeiesisntle.
It was .dtut,s rvith bi8 {tro?.r.
This is a mcmorial to the soldiers tho dtal a glorious.led,/,.
She alwars goeshcr own ('dr.
Hp 1 lo lin s /,4/: b o "in , r I
- I isahsi'$errr rd . P
"a.,,2
rncJ
(\iezi si S 13261
2604 6) Complomertul imot relirut ( Retaine.lD irect Ohject). \-ezi S 1?8

7) Ycrbe 0u aloui complemento lirecte. - oltei'a verbe pot. evea doun g 2606
cotrpiemente dir€.te. ce€ac; constituie o dificultate pentru sddeniii romen| -
datoritd laptului ci. in lirnba romAni. unul din acestedoud complementeest€
adeFeori ndirect. Asupra acestorverbe gramaticienii nu cad de acord; se coD-
siderd insn in genereci urmitoarele verbe aparlin aceeteicategorii: to an-
stter. ta enteat. to enu , to fargi"e. la hear. 10 equcst, a saee. o strike, ta teachr
Wc an*verrd ldm (cod I. dir.J "rDs ./&es,trnrc ompl. ir.)

fae lconpl. ndir.) -am rilruns la multe nt€r.irt (co nl. indir.).]
H" n r i d r " l I' o m l l . Ji ..) Jo u " su ," " .r I Um p l d i r .)
, t, (' o ,n p l . n d i ..) o vi d i d " r " q /l ( .o m p l .d " )
\\" r ,, A ,\cJr ,, l ,u n t' | . h p r " .Ja ,. s ,o n ' DLo i r . .
/ ,,,,p i r u i " t- - r n i ,r ' ' ' r i r/o d ,.. ,,,n ,1 ,1 . 1 r ' a .p a l i p rq \' o n p l . d i r .l
Shc auslit ne lconpl. dir.) &e dtfure, (comtl. dir.).
I(E.r) n lco'nll. dir.) a llviLtraralldl-adl (.ompl. dir.).1
8) Yerbecu doui (onplemerte ,dire(t indircct,,. Vezi g 2618.

i
a. couPl,rrritcrLll, rNDrrincT s 26ffi
(THE T\DINECT OBJNCTJ
l) Delinitic -si caracterisliri. - Complementul jrdirect este pari.ea de g 2607

propozifie esupra cireia se isfringe in mod indircct acliunca vorbului, in sen-
sul cn aceasinaoiiure i s€ adreseazd au esto ndepliritl penlru el.
uonplenentul indirect std in caz\tl datie si rnspunde a intrebnrile /to, S 2608
n'han? or nhotn? ol trhonr to whal) a1(,.l: '::Llilpcitru cirle?de ]a cine? pen-
tru ce?). El porl,e drLcrnrina verbe tranTjtive sau ii)tra zitive. subsbanLive,
adjecft-e (sau e,chivalenlele especliil'e)ti intcrjcclii:
\ \ d, sJt r &, \indr \d h l, rl i n, . " J o o. r
\\l'r',l ' ,
n /.,/ tolbrrr'r C,'r'rr'1. - pr;no/i r on' l
, .; | .., , r'h Jl p r Jn 5 10$: t on,.. r,tr i o nn" , i uo pt inoi . pr.por'iordl
H m"loC .ô$ ,/r?r,r.ptosrs ineur$.4,mll Ini,r D r , uoz , onJr
r ..,\- b ur ' .,./ d,,;.;, iir lo',, Cornfl. in.r'. p-t.r'riu1 ,
Tlr ,,., r,., ;, .dl,fl," li, Lb. .icl, i ,l lhr irjrr.d. Comp. in,i". l,.pn/ ti.,n.,
H i, al- \- ,o';" lo.r.rrotrr. lô rl. In rrr r,. Do r t i onl
H/ r,, toitt; Iolldrrs. i.mpl. In lii. p."p" ,tru i I
2) Pro0cdeo (j clp m$rc. Dupe cum sevedc dir encrnplelcde mai sus, S 2609
complenentul indirect poate fi exprjmat, printr-un substanl,ir sau prinir un
echivalert, al acestuia (pronunre. adje{rti1' substenlival,, numeral, partjcipiu
becut substanti]'at ctc.).
3) tr'orml lri ? trelui rare. - ConrplemenLul ndirect arc do rt fonne in $ 2610
lim ba er glc z i:
dJ complcmcntul indircct f;rn prepozilie;
.il complem€ntul indircci prepozilional (constrLrit cu prepozilia to, ra-
fcorr
JaflFornafd.rn
a) otr san ol ).prapo:itir esteceamfli lrecventi se ntrobuinle azeatunci g 2611
Si
cind compl€mentul se afln imediat dupn vcrb:
Shc s.tvcJad he. tea a mornedtaso.
I r.ili sendnin a sir€.
'x\ ' r bul ,,rln\.1(J'.\ l a t F. h) bt )i inlirrlra'n'in1,1o,.1 ,omDlamenl, d, p. &.

lr pxpm pl p, r.enl"lp tir,5ritp , u rUir F r Dr"zintd cornDl.m.n ut indrrpcl. ff rrlo
tiperik cu liiere cmsive.trvlnaul dele|minat de ;omtlementui indircct resp.ctlv.
8/12/2019 SNTAXA PROPOZITIEI
Clteva verbe nu au declt complementul indiect lird prepozilier. Printrc

cele nai obisnuite se Afli:
to do a fa;our / an horou / a service, [c.; o tlaysomejrody aise iai., otc. to reach;
t o s a v e : o s p o r" \ p n s / lb lo u r/ mo n "y / r. o u L lp . F' ,
Do Ja@ a favour. wiu vou?
Reaohze &,a tliat vai€, pleasel
This you
Can has spare
saved k.
ifuanccdless xpease.
lcw momonls?
2612 b ) Fo rn a p r' p o t i1 ; o n, t 7 l a c o mp l. m. n t u lu i in d ire c '

"s ' e I n L rc b u in t s t d :
D' . ) c in ll . o mp l"m"n t u l in d irp . l d Ft a rmin a u n s u b s t s n t is , u n a . ljc "t iv
sau un pronume S 324-326, 330, 332)i
D"J cind nu existd complement ireci in proporilie:
Wiu vou sDesk o Lec, now?
on h;r holidayssheniote ro md every day.
b"'J cind complemenbul ndircct se afle a hcepuiul propozitiei;

Fvpryone
L D'nny spedls kindly.
To uhonaid th;y dppi | ,IYto did lhcy apply lo?)
ror n'B arn a rnP praaft.
D""J cind cornplementuln direct esteprecedatd e cel direct:

I sprl n (roDpl. dir.) ft ./ nr. {.onpl. indir. pcppozilional) l, on.o.
Mo r\ e r b ro g h lh F quidebook L'oopl. d ir. ) / o . ; r L ; o mp i. n d ir. p r€ p . ).
E xc"pti.
2613 _Complementulndirect pronominalprecedatde complementul irect i,
poate avea ti forma fdrd prepozi-tre:
Do n ' two rrJ aboutJouce rl-b o o k lTh p y ; U g iv ? l V,u wb Fn h . y a J p h ro u g h il. h t
He insistson havinghis micrcgr;ove €c;rd baok:8iv-e ,lin aadhav€ donewjrh il l
Iy hat is in the hall: go and ietch n ne, pleasel
2614 0""'.) ln cazul unor verbe care sint urmate intotdeauna de comDlemen-
tti inil]nett prepozilional, oricare ar li i"cul acestuja. Pr;ntrc ccle mai oiisnuite
v e rb . J in a c Fa . t d . a rp g o rip -p a lld o rn i o a rc le :
to communi.ate to leave
l,o yield
\yon't rou exDl{n' ,o nlr how rou did it?
I iriroduced t; au ihe hie;ds I hrd.
\Vill posL "oa ,ne allirntns /Drs. the lett€r I lert nn my desk?
Th c y-vou
sa id , o n c : "Co meh o . l"
we s u g . . Fs l"do ; n J na\v bd ns in in p lJ , , q .
Tra n 6 l. ' r" o" , , r, n ll . , rln l" ro , ' l' 1 v rd.
-, . I
rFor m , , nr Fl ozi l i n l l , r ' r l " l l i l ni l J. u' ol u a{ . " D \ i ol ur r n t csl e nar r i i . nr , pi pnF
l u: ' o pl dj i t i i k on son t ao ' \ r j u, aor " , l 1. r ; d/ .
PABTILX SECUNDME AI,E PROPOZITIEI. COMPLIMXNTUL 55 6
Complenentul ndirect este ntotdeauna recedar, teprepozi ,ielnd nu 6 281

fsrc.in:olir d€ un .ornplpn,ent rrerr {rcri in sp"ciut erbei. to tisien, o seem
qr aIelts Drrare. drF nu ru .omptFnrent jrF.t).
Complernentul ndirect al urmitoarelor rerbi esre agezatde obicei du?d g€1
complcmenlul illd:
a..ange ' to finbh to saJ..
'o
to suggBt
H, s_llldfrarSe rli,Br rrompt. dir.) /ar-_r@ coDpt. ndir.l.

r_l_on you ocs(r'DpJour rrp {.ompr. dlt.) l.' J {fompt. indir )?
\ ho s ui dr , v ey our no, o' . D o, r om pl .di r . t or y ou. ( c onpl .ndb. l ?
I fiDish.d hpr ?sdy {codpt. di I lo;h4 (compl. dir.t.
$ on I y od I nt f odur e ou. Dm,,,krcompl di r . ) r o u. hom D t . r di r . l ?
\\ h
1hon4v er . ai dd
buSgps r Fhd{idd hom
s dns { " . rl .t oopt
. dr r . r o, t i h , c om pt .r dh. ) . '
. dir . , o o t oD pl . i ndi r . ) ?
Cind tnsi complcmetrtul d ect este lung ori este determinat, ale un etribut, Q g1 ?
3au de o. pr opoz i t i e t r i bul , r v d.c om pl em pnLul ndi r pr r il pr c c edd ( ezi g er em _ '
pr , r p de ra S2bt 4. unF l c v c r be dr n e. el gr up f 6c l nd par t e
t i di nl r e c el e enum e_
t at e l a $ 2616) :
I f i ni s hed/ of t ur nJ i r . , he
' ( om pt .lidien c s r dy t r om pl . di r . ) - gi v , n y t her F ac her at l i bul ) .
n" n {,ompr.'dir.)
coopr.-i;di,.) uu $pr; €tl,rs
,"
"lL:;l,r""l?fiifl$i,
^. ,.R; 9 s.rgS"'t,/o ou "ornpl.trdir.lft,a,r,a {iomtt.dir.tJougdreus propozilie
(yeui ,i 31e_i26)
4) Vorl, cu doud eomplemente: diect $i ind.;rect. \€rbele hanzitiv€ q 6lg
ou adeseorrorJ cornplcmFnl.. nul dirF.' gi.plBlalr ndirc.t:
I htrL in {.ompl. ndh ) my na.ti,rost rromDt. ir.).
Joho (nL.@.d.ompl. i.t to is bN p onn:ish l;ompt.ndir. ..pozitionst)
o
a,,l Complementul indirect este pus imediai dupd verb:

I'll lpllJrl.n compl.o di..t hn 'ud rcomDl.t .t.
\\'oD JoJ keppu rcoDpt.D dir., on?oni compl i r.)?
,.6/ Complementul itrdirect este precedet de complementul dircct tn uF

maloar€le cazurr:
D', cind complementuldirect este pmnume penonal:
Oiv"n trompl. i r.\ {/o./ in r.ompl.n,lir.D relozitionatr.
w( Ddir.prppozitional).
"pnt r/.rn rroD,rt. ir J oah trierd.sturi.pt.
.omplemanlul ndirpft tprepoziljonat)
, l':,) fl"d srp ung sau tDsotjr,
Tlfv 6enr /pddjag.ods djr.) lo , thrir /.cids lrompt. indif. prppozitiotra .
hls f'lr' l.ompr 'rompt.
'rtt.) r. tne ncw rtzdtttunt lcompt indir. prepozilloDrilj pre_
--.. 1.. ".:.3
b"' ) penlru accintuareacomplementuluindirect:

I setrr he rord {compl.dir.l to hin tôt to wt) tto,npt. ndir. pfQozilionst).
b. ous hr l F s p % p. r s c om pt . di r / or t u nor orhvs i k. . r m i
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze i D di r . f €po_ 540/609
55 0 SINTA).A PNOPOZITIII
$ 2619 Printre vcrbele cel mai des tnsolite rte doui complemente,direct qi indi_
recir se aflii urmdtoarele:
s : 61lx l
2620 5) Comllement:ul ftlir:'ut ( Retdi.nei jt)jt..t). -, Cit\tl un Yerb acLir cu
dou:i complemcnte direct si indircct) estc rrirn"rtormat 11verb pdsrv.s | pot
pr€zcnla doun situal.ii:
a, sau {omplameDtu}n direci darine subiect.. o,nplemenrut irecr, ri-
minind cu areea,Niu ncfie i riind nunriL n ae.si caz ,t ltetaincrt Diect Ot)j.:ct
(complement direct relirui) :
A
Ddli\
.i\ . i,
/ ".u
/ , br ui"
i , , $ ., o.o ld
lar ,l,". om ot .t i.x r.r.i.
.;., , td, "D:-
r / a,
.t , ., npt . dr . .
Ob j.d ) .
' - r .h
,) sau cornplemeirtul direct devine subiect. complementul indirccr re-

minlnd cu acee si unctic si fiind numir tn ace t caz A detuined In(tirectObjp,ct
(cornplement,ndirect relinut) :
A a li\r / ,u b iF t b r o n e ,r i, ,o m p t .l- tto l h .,.o lp t. in ,lir r p p n /il,o n d t .
tr a s - \ //r s .Dl i' ( r . ,o L 4 h /r o ) /F lE ta ;r y d ltu tn r to h ft) lb y | .L e ) .
( V e z i ii g ti8 4 _ 1 7 8 j)
$ 2621 C. COYPI,NMENTUL PRXPOZITIONAIT

(TEtr FNEPOSITIONAI, OBJE(IT)
2692 1) Detinili€, Conplementut propozitional este complementut Drece_

dat d€ prepozilie ciud rispundc la o tntrebare care cuprinde prepozilia respec_
lir J I t r onum el. . v l, op. t t ho,
I l d . e 1 A n f e . ) t h - o L p h the popi. ,, .,," $J6 g o h . l o, e " . , - o"r h , t
tr .h - u lh lh a t d d - . :r .r r ,,,r ,., .' io .,.
wa a t a l.r n g ) d 1 ,a t h 4 u E h ) x d . h i" sro,a
1 ..,i" ,ndE ,*
_ a ,o /t/J ; | " ,,
7 ,[? / s ,F .- o r p a n : .l t.,J ttr i, .a r .. \1 p s r " tlln
tB t wh a m wr p r h " y d 1 o 1 ' p r ' " d ? .., to l ,h o a s ^ .f u o u . ." /,...
f \i.:r i n a r l.l.to
ta " ,. wk o \e ^ r ' t,e r o ^ p a n iln DJ .- l . r " ( F tllk in E o /." ./
Shc was a kind wile rD ttn.
/?o pti.n was shc a kind sile?_
cota.e. Who was s},c a kind wite b?)
2623 2) Complementul prelozitional lii complomontul circumstantial. ComDle_

menLul prepoziljonal (prepasilionalObject)
mertul circumstanlial exprimat printr-o nu ln,utrebuie confundat cu comole_
iune prepozi,tionala
- { pr;po-
sitionaL Ad?erbial). Deosebirea djntre aceste dour comptemente consri
ln faptul cd circumstantialul aratd circumstanla de mod, iimp, loc. cauza
e1c., lo care se petrece o acliune (S 2634), deui flispunde la tntrebdrile
puse lentru aflarea complementelor cjrcumstantiale. A;este Intreb{ri, sprc
d€osebirede cele aritate la g 2622 (pentru comptementut prepozigionall,
constau, ln cazul compl€mentujui cbcumstantial, dintr_un adyerb sau
COMP'-EMENTI'T' 637
8/12/2019 PARTIIN SECUNDANE ALE PEOPOZTTIEI'
flh)r etc (cum? cindl unde?

o loculiune adverbiali l''rv2 Qhe 'vhtre2
y;)f ,l,lj*l'\i{"f"'ii,i:iii';i1
:j;'lll'i};:"1:"1'i'l"llu.'",
un't
(coorlt oiic dc nodl
ir" .""' i.u,i,iq 'a't g'*' ra*
faao,vas Ic lalkingrl 4 o ' r-p'rr' o / r' o
t l " l , ; : ; " : l : ; ; i , : p' h" ."' ^j "' l ; ; ,J, 1C io,nj '-"
o r,'1 i : . ro
. , , - "i i,.",'' 'Frinr'
"
{ C o m ' d r r d +aJ w r t l ' )rn ' ' a e n ' /
Atenl .1
r€pl,rtf1l1::H;;:T;i?l;::ll **
onstru.ti.
-{eceafi li,::""i';"J;l'"S::1
:.1';';ll: ii;
:,;:l': t:ii,i"ii;il,lill ru i'.,1;
i ,i,::: Lnirrnsrct
d". Itrn.utmsrP ln functiF 'LF
TheY dincd tfr' '5,1116'

'tnn
1 " n;t.h.th' D"at" l iI
'o ,ltillnps prAtozili^'
;" ii:,1:.'
.5"1,itI'
lli::i;""T';,ii;*1
l,"fi,tni,Il"tl t;i]i11,{Tfl:
,'itht
r n daci intPr€scaza,undr a u luat
/ , r c o m n l " r n " n ' r i r ' u m ' l r 4 r d l dp
ro""a; 1..tt'i,"t' did t'hpy LlrnFL-l
acelagimod' tn Propozr,Lra:
ln -
H" is an th' -Da:l t WorlFr
*"';T::#il;:1i"11'$i:,;i:":?"i:'":";:I"nlili",'J'*.,s
'"'; ii{:J;l:;;:l,,n,o" f ,//,'r' she ,vnrlins':r
'
26
n'iran.
;'iTl'#Iii:;" i:msl*i:r?i'ist'1" "'"s*xiii e
'"ii l.n#5it".r$i*'i"l;11[]ft:hi1-l:il{i;'.:,
fllil'##i#'*"'
*'1"]Sl'
''
iruii;r' ;uil"il"';'',"''o'"''''"' 262ti
este oonsirlerai fdtd prcpoxi'ltie
4) Caz. - ComplemenhL. .pr: o.ziti3na1
cazul ecuzatrr 3 or''
i i c a atare sta n
a l r r r a ui nu poale i 'omplempnt r e - 5 262
g:trl.$'#iilff r": ' l' l

Comolcmcnlul i r F f t p r i n l n c 5 9 t
"" oTi")i:i
j'h:i1""'i'x:1'
($
j;:r;1,u,r,",.'
13194. 325)
2594.
u cauciuc)
Iuoc fdto.e. abre ialic) : Ddc&;n,ostrhainidelloare imlgrmeabilizate
668 srNrAx_\ PBoPozrrlrr
2628 5) Complemonteu douf prepozifii' Unelecomplementeint introduse

d€ doadPrepozrtr
I look th€ look ftr'n o/lrhe sheu
o,,i I o o L ; i o u l o" r o ll ' lip ld s
"l, r 'n g _ . o o n i
A Se COmpAra:
Tii{.:;il lix'"i%;"Yi:l "h'J'"l': ,3'i'J'l;'

; . "v sp n r o n , ; 'i, D ; i" ", r n . \ \ er . o m p l'
J;il'"]1
' u lp l
'I o n Jl",""- "'
p r . p o r"-"'
TlIil:li i f"'f r\i'."*jl"l':.1:ii'i',]li, '1''9T1' ',,,' 0.'o'

(vezi qi S 2386J
-- ",
Con'
2629
---- 6) Verbele compleie cu particuli rcrbal5' ile origine o'herbraltrl' -preporr-
otemeirtul pu. imediat dupi part'icull nu estecoDsidemtcomplement
pdrri' Jld ed\erbialdnu r'rc jn a'rsr caz
iiiiJ.,i 'i,i,pt".*, a;rp . d"oarec"
l, p,irl"lil;",'ii," ram fer'e inlegrania in vorb i cara ransror-
"a r "
m; u; verb ntranritiv "'t'.rbntr-unul rdtrzrrrv:
Ee sefi, il ke ktLet af inttudu'tion
y',. c s, / o ' b e ' d 156'he roo bu'v ar rh"
iih"i;, ;Tr;;i;;?.;; 'lvas 'im"'
Salon"-slnt cornplem€n-
" h.letter ol introduction" qi "secing hat Jear'sci
t" di"";;;.;;;'*; "in'r si 'lorfr"nu sint"prepoilll, adverbe care rac parte
organicd din verbele "Beni tn" ti "put o//"'
A se compara c u:
: '".'i'll :i .r d."*
i;i':''
Shc Putl.T':"'""t:;l,;:.'.'i }.1. ,,:";:
mc ofltuY ?laz
n-a oonvins i .cmtn ra uotccrul mcu
"-i"
f(Dat
p r "p o zilio n a h in qi
l- / , a l'lr P r " \ ; - o l/ mv p la n 'in ' "o m p l" r e n t "
'rf ifi,li ;:::" ";'p;;l:xlu'p*po'
,6s0 ''"i11,:".:ffii"1:'otl"li::l'i; inherent o a beginnitg
He nul.ur dtn {llthc
'lifft'zlli's
rne gdrd"
Thd roo; looks out on
She o o } e d a b o u t at hs t h t ld r e n
$:e wert on lo ,r" ,..t irem on the rgcnda
l- P u t r r D . - lo o k n 't i', 'k) o k a b û t ; i w "n r o n b ln r vo r b " '^r p l- \ ^ 'o n
u r i"* f , t" - '| 1 , , r "s1 ', 'i. - û ' . - ib o u i sr "o n qr - t ''o m n r p m n n r F r P
"r "'i- " "r ii " r e sp ' r i v b n 1 \ 1 . o t g : l . or l :"
l"' "i rii#
. "."i,r1 h F l e x l "iirt"m
i 1 [ ": "t " ir z d i. t r i ^ .
"o n s t r r , i i e . u
prepoziliilc $irL r ' "p p "r r \
"i
i:fo.1. ..to.l.
";;.4 ri
(Vezi i S 2208J
{ 2631 7) Terbole propozitionale. Unii gramaticienj3,considerird cn prepo?i-

" ---- tlu co',raitio.tate a"e pa"ue ntegranti -rlin verbul de care depinde (S 1325)'
ila o astfel deprepozilic ca pe un complement
i'" *i"".i, *-pl"-""t"Iprecedai
prepozilional, p" conptenarLt irect De exemplu:
"i "n "n to Iook &lter thechildah
Ilall is too old
ri rri s utU t ^N h nt t '; - la l: n e ":
', t/" .
\\" rtll.d orcr 'n "b o d lr
' '
1 V € zi S : r r 0 8 - 2 2 0 9 .
t ve zi si q t3S3
I Ct. Cr'rmi, cr. dt., S 63 B l ft c
8/12/2019 AI'E Alice COMPLEMENTUL
Badescu-gramatica
PUOPOZTIIET' Limbii Engleze 560
PARTII-E SECIJNDIiE
,"^:fr.Y":1:;)";',in;""\8"::J";::Tl":#f::i"'T'
','i"#[1; ::l;r;r:ii^"3#'J
:"t1.:,i]-ii, :;:lli:13";i:'ll
i cg a t. p ri n p re p o ri l i i l " -a fra r'. r'sp F'l rv "a l r "o vp r 'l
Th P A(l "rb i o lof Aq e n 'yond $ 2632
8 t C o mD l o mo o lu lo rg o o t fi i trq l ru me n tsl
I u;",u;i* s, :ff l: ;iulfi;i*;: :'sl*',l;;l

i: a" cin"ti sat bt xhatn "4rs2 = 'u c'?):
"'-j#"1
Tl:;l;,"Ji'llf "r"'
;:li;l{-iJ#'ri,,'""*p'
+',:* ,1"r:.T';;;';fl',l'#l#il';*111.""','
D. colfPlxlrrlNTul ouicuMsrANTIAl S 2liBt
(TEE ADYERBIAI,. t'EE ADYESBIAI] I(ODIIIEN OB ADJ rNC'.)
1) Dotinilie. ComplcmentulL rcumsl'anlial st€padea secuDdarne S 2634

orooozit.ic arPdptcrmindun tqb. xn atlJP'ttr an x^ onoero- - .
- rn
Cs cleterminantt verbului. omplcmenLul r
ir'umql'anlLal ala 'e
r',p,.i-l';li r"".i'p.modL.1e3i:ilfi:l:i::[:f,i";i"fftr":tJ
",:;,*:'*ii;rml"n:,"I3li;;l;iilJi,, m e , zi,,
do tnsu;ire:
il:#"1;{ir*fisihi+$fr""iiti*4sln' mod adi .
ii;L;:iliirr;;;. rcomir' i... dp '-
l,Ftr"Ttiif:i;i['*ciu*''""$ na
:';r';*] unerep.zit
'
qi o In tre a g d propoziLie:
Complemeniul ircumslanlialpoate d cte rmi n a
He came o seeus simllt ,€euse ha eh ike it'
oeiprimars.comp]:ffi:tlrT:*:lXlil:ltJ:li".,til1:i
2) Pro0odee $ **
l;;i:i i"l"ri",, ,.,i.
.: ;;r l, '; ,i, ;i;ii"ifr ,. o "on'r ''u i' absor ur a' rou 'ur " P 'r 'F r bi€r t
::'T:.1 ,l:;;:ile,['l;'"lJi:l'J
sau prepozilionah ek : "-"" ""'
Tl,cv rorked nad (Ad erb)
s hc $c nt nt n' LS nb"t arliv )
H: ; . ' i; t ; . ; rml : dr' r nriv n . DreP
I nn aLl h? 1A ' x z dt r\ . ' ' lv r' rDrarl
''n
'"; " mus'|rv' n in i'a:oncon5'-u'(r':nri'
"Ziiu,oifrii' ",;,rii')Ii::^-"
""'"")jrr;;,1,t;;; ;i:: ,[.:f.'l;
L""t:l ]l,;:i"'ri;il,l':ill" ,.
i;: :'l',?l'i : *:,',,1,,11;'
; 1,,'"": ' -.
+. '";'.,1"" ".""'''
cste constnclie p'e xemllu
e ine,atiitoar-"' "nomina'
.,*, i,X""iitlii'j"f11i,-*ti
SINTA)iA PFOPOZITI'I
2636 3) l'tasifirarp' Dupd n€lur, impr'juririi p' 'arts n arnid' cornPlp-

mentul circumstantislPoate i:
a) complement c cumstanlial de loc
6 l c o m n t . m . n ' n i r . u m 't J n l ia l d " l i n 't r
..7 compl"mentcir.umsla"lisl d' nod si
'ompJrdliv
d) conplement circumsianlial de cauzi
el comptement circumstanl,ial de scop/{inal pr€supuner€
/j cornplenent circumstan-tialde condilie sau
SJ complement circumstan-tialconcesiv
263? a)Compl.menlttl tircunstanlial l o c (The Ad'ver
'l e
b i a lof Pl a - o i d . t t o "". "n , t € r d 6 l u . u l u r 'd . sF p Pl r '. " o 0 l i u n F .sau p u n "t r r l
d . o l . "a r e .d j r p r l i " l i n i r a r r n 'i a ' liuni d r u F l i r i El 'd "p u n d " a i n l r p b d r i l P:
'i unJp i n 'o l r o d' r r r r J p 'p i n dL r n d ": ) l
,rint lront
'r h "r . . 't '"t l 'o r '',
He \-as in the Nh n
ii"v *" g"l'g n lISgo;oaia
\ h. i l n / . oa / o' a? J" . J" I J ) . on l ' " l ' Jrerr pi 1"
\V€ could $a1k ds /o/ ds r/r srdrtoz
2638 b ) Co n Pl c e n I l L l circunstrlnlial r)e tinp. ( T h c Ad '

S
-
vtbiai of ?t,n;) arafi tnnpul in carc sc petreceo acliu-ne au exist'i o star€
El rdspunde a lntrebnrile ahe ? since |hcn? till *hen2 (for ) hae lone l:
clndl de clnd pinn cind?pc cindl cti tinlp?)r
H€ a,ri\'fd v..",,rddl
Thcv ]i{Y€ becn here itz. Mou'aY
$r: lvorled dll ldr. ol nlsn,
The n'€euns was adjouined ta tle fattan'nry 'h
He {as hee ttt) a lottLisht
lhey hare co c to Bndarcst /_o' d Pecr'
$2639 c ) Ca n p I c n e n I t t t circunstanlial ( t e nod ( T h e t l d o c t h '

ial of lt,tnnei). n cnteqoria iruia intrii fi i c d ln r I a n i a.l d I ( de
' '
*oa) corop'oratio (The Adterlial af Ctt'?palrron), raLnnodul ntare
se niepfine9te o acliune. arc ]oc o -(larc sau apare o tnsutire rlispunde s
'ftoo Êl
intr€b ;ile : ? hor*'tnuchl hotl' nan times (: cunr? cit? dc cite ori/):
Shcw.s smiling d?ltlY
H, " r pdL. [ : l ' . 1' l : 1 or C t 3] i : t n ar.
' 1on' t
"" ' pal uni . j L" al &, t t ' 1: ' o, h: " 't h
\1e lhanked Lim t./v mdr.
Th i . 1m " I non t i n'
2040 d ) C onpte m e n t l ci.t(umstanlial t l e ca.uzd ( T h e Ad-

S
-
cerbiaiol CanieJ arati cauzi unei acliuni sau a unei stirj El rnspunde a in-
ircbarea for? trhat cause? : din ce cauzil):
Shc conld hardlY sPcak /'f t'dls
$re $€.c sl.ift ,td @ll.
I said noi.hing baause of soz
c ) Co m p l . ? 'm e nt l t l cir, unstant,ia.l de .sro7.sou i'

S 264f .f
nal (I'hc Adeerbial f purpose) arari scopul ner actrunr au ar unêLrarr'
El r;spund. la lnlrobu'e- n,d/ lor; far lhdt purpasP:'t= 1n 'e scopi)l
He $1ol.€o/ taru'
I am hcle o orl ro voz.
ii'6,iii to o g6"a ^p..ssiol, Ie wasotr his bestb€haliour'
^"t"
cLtcunslanlia'- o' S'unt

f ) Ca n p t e n e n t u l : 9 ' , " 1arati
: ' " . . : -1 :
condr'
o, u"p", o'", ('1'1rc 'lt'efi;rtl ol ConAiionor Suppasition)
"' " u ' t rr" l l l ra ' l u n d p " i rrl rrb' r" '
i t " , " * . . " . ' u " ' rr" t ' " o d ' l i u n " ' a u . n r' l ^'
an whol r cn d ilio n ) (: I u ce I o n 'b r 'e i) :
;f
'::; :::::#::;;' "
'J:TJ:i:"lllJliilY:?:
I{/rl ttri, I shall gei Urere n time
"r,I
e condiliese recunoaqter11.*":".:U
Circumstan ,ialul t*"1::"]:::l:
]rar usca ex€nr
itt"a"sn de conjunclia f Propoziliile itate
.'
"i."""ritl"
Dle poL i inlocuite siiet:
m fanct s PetnBs'on-
I cannor go anlwhcre if I don't ask
ir'" rat""" ;f ste s not.'omPette'tu @tcunBtances
atu tucku' sha11 et thcre m ttne
1f ""r*-.'.irit
) c. np .n:'n,.a,:l::,1'# : 1.1i,'"r,."'
vrrbrul l Conn:sion nrsti un oDrrcr l"i"':' .tlfi ,''ju '""inlrebare&:
irni"atJ" *"i',""""'"c iunii lcrbului prcdicat El rnspunde a
'iia'"p,u" in ciuda cirer persoane
,f *hd Petsa (at ':iatnstdncc)? [:
(sau tInPrejurii):'l:
lhe cold '
I Nmr to ihe ioe-hockc"rdrt''h ilr s i'e o/ dv tile wl'o Nas alfiid ol
ij ";i." '
':2i.";:""
t*1,
,:?,:1,;::. I
; r r ': t o n o "'i'r g d l' -"
Whaurtt
l, . - '- h t ""t ' \; r " lF llr '
"
r'^ coNrLli{nrrn
x. Ar,'tr 0EnsTl[']il Bril'xJiITO_lA'll
cat€ S 26+4
Atto catcgorii de comptem€ntc' Ca jii in granatica romenn la
1) I
n t 'if Jl1 '' p l'i ii i'"l'o r h d "Jg 0 "u b im p r t L ir i ln 'p e "r '
g o . iit - , 1 - ", m p t
" ^t o " i . " u n ' l ' n r dlJ " m' d r' rr' u t"l'1"
"o.nt.."n' utul " x p ri n ' " : "':l"l::
1"."" a ri " . r ' " rri rn i " e r" r1 ' ' u : e ra ' r'd i ma n un' r' ' rrn ri '
'o-
' ] . i " ialoare
sreutaie, ". eic':
:hr \as sood ot t t boat to pl l" tp d1ip
ii;,I;i;:.,:i,l;;:;,-llTJ;*l:I"Ji . -:,"i, t '|"-'

ih" ;on had sone-up dds"€s (G'ad)"
i;; ;;;;;;" '4or L ' F
"' Di n'n
r:
Tlr: ola " ."d ur .l t"o sl'a'P I tlP
if r:il .t"r;: ,'l:ij;

l ,i,j;;r,jr
"Y;: vd r "a - \ 0
; """; ; : : ; 'p r ", "- " it . " so r r ', d a r r / o a r a "
,*,,:;}l"ri;.1,;;llJ;ti'l'i,r'Tf":l;1,i"il,11,:l;"::l;:ljl
h u "': S :621
rn , .r. p n sr a ? i cp o l"' o m p l"m 'o r e r n r t '- p o / : lio n a le
rruruiemod
;Ii:"*fn1,-,"*';"::l'(#i'1T,fi 1i1frl:;lT,0,"{ircu'st*tri
SINTA <A PROPOZ4'IET
6{i9
2) Complemenhrl omp.|.s The Componn'lAdaerbial)' - Uneori comple-

2645
mentul poate fi dublu sau multiplu:
ShJ l ls P pu rl t"'F ' t r r Pl C onol c h dF o"1
ne {as l ur ni r s / ds , "'rand e?r ' r c om pl 'irc de m od'
irno a,L;v, a*ouog or n"t oeeA? Conlpl circ de tin )
"oni"g
3) C om pl e$onhr l romplax ( 7h' ' om pl " r O D i el . / - " C om pl F menl ul c onr -
264G nl . x es t € donum i r " a der E dp gr am at i ' i F oi r c ons t nr r t i i i or iormalc Llrn
'ilivs
iomplementuldirect sau prepozilional,mpreune-cu:
d./ infinirivul participiulD razpnt au eerundivuln ronsrruclrrlP -a'u:
tOz'lr au a"uzaiiv u pani'ipiu- $t716-1720)-
l" l*i"ri"iri" tq t66l
". xp led n" l,o English o }'er'
Ir{ lPachPr '
\1.ehesfd n"r 'rop €t thP gar" 'dit
I cd 5"e fPd @frtas in hi" slndy -
C an I r el v on ni s bPi " g ac l v odaJ / -
You don;t mind nv stuking, do You?
DJ nurnelepredicaiiv obiectiv (S 2526):

We consiilered iz d t"v intar$ting olil tu41'
Do o\ li'UeWb nilk hot?
c) Prcd.icale/ Resal ( S 2530):

I wash€d sdu'ePat cleal'
He c],sed 'tu
thz li'l tighr'
$ 2647 Iv. ORDINEACUYINTDLORi PBOPOZ4M TOPICA)

(0EDXR Ol woRDs)
unde ordinea
2648 1) F,oguld gener: i. - Spre tleosebire de limba romdnd'
plas'i'6 lD1FlFsulesprinzindu-sau usu'
.utintelor lo Dtupozilie stc odrtc pnglcza €cte o
ari""itu' r"i-a"r flexionareale limbii l n limba ..carp
"i"t" cnaliri"a', ordinea
limid Alp foarjp rigids raporlurilFsinla'ticF
'u\inlFlor
ai"i* fiina;dicate ln mare mlsuri de locul acestora'
2619 RcquLa
"""i"t" 'enerala. ere rebui" In genFrFFqp4 artj lrev''l' "" l': il-' d,: n
-" tP to l " ri n tnt"tPs n'u liP d"spa\itP OrdinFo urrnrcror
," " r,.i i "
" ri.jr"e , i n l i n i i n a ri . urm;loarFs:
" " ;-t' " ;;i ;,; de'
oruoozirip
' ." arriburcle ui r0 rri b u ru ladj"'rivals pracedindui atribu-
'"' substantivala
tul -il urmlndu-l);
urmai
,iio"l predi.i?/,pr€cedat tle complementul de timp neprccis i
dp con'll"mpnLul ndire i i d" cd d i rF ' ti
lr'np precrsi'
.l LomttpntPnt,tPrrunstan ;ol" de loc dF mod, dc
, \r. cnnsr,ind
nd'r \ 35iriu"'1,1i;l;i;"',1",*"t;,l"lL,ij";-"","u-l.
", .,0"'_
: lim}l ln cared
tnDd an4rrt.d
'
sr,l';:ll,:ii;ux.r:, ill"n"ll ,r,tii;;i"i*1;'"'i1?"';Tiil
,^,,,,i.1i:;? 'nf;:,i:,"',"i ;:ii""';"j;j; 0i""'
.ill '"'","[]ilir.'iiLit.r*ri,"r
"" '?il"il,';"#$^flJI"l:"'";ii:''i"J;il';iiliii " *-, sFnilivrppo'/ir'o
8/12/2019 ORDINEA CUVINTELOR TN PROIOZIT]' Limbii Engleze
Alice Badescu-gramatica ;6iI
Orice schimbare care inter ne jn aceasti ordjne modificn rflporturil'

.i' la. i.- ii. Llpci. i lnlel"sul l,oDo/iri"i
2) Atcentuare. - Icceniuar€a unei pirli de propozigiese ace ln gerere rR 1i5{}
obiqnuitt'
Irjn schimbarea ocului ocupat de ea in mod
3) Iiitm, - Riimul specitic imbii engleze.prin intluenla pe care o are S 26;''l
jrr
asupra accentunrii cuvinielor, delermini nare misuln 3i ordinea ac€stora
iD propozi-tie.
-ASL{"I, cum €st'epronume}e personal tindc sn
cu nt mai scurt
".
ocupe un loc rnai spre ceniml propoziliei. in vrcme ce elemenlelenrai lungj
- substantivul sau un grup dc cuvinte tind sn l;e aDez''tespre sfirlitul
p r o p u ? : i e i . ' n r r u c h i l i b r a r p aa e ' t p i a -
Shc put on l' .o4, OIf @ gol
e said-
"Comehere",
"Come lcr€", saic tha man'
4) Orilinea (urintclor. - In rletaliu, ordinea cuvintelor in pro|otilid S 2652

en nliadd estc, n gcnere urmdtoarea3:
a; accentuat; ,J aiributll adjcct'ivai (inclusiv subsiart-
"o,"pt"-ent"t
tivul ;dj€ci,ivat 9i substaniivul tn cazul genitiv saron); c, subiectul;d, atrt-
butul substantiial (apozilia i atributul tn cazul genitiv prepozilional);
,/ ompl"m'nrul ,'" limp n"pr''is'"au 4' nud:// lFrbul nf"oi r: /con-
pl"n.niul in.1;r." riarr pr-pozr,i"r: ft/ onpl"rn"rrul Jirp r: ti nurI lc
predicativ; j) Predicate ol Result; t/ complcmeniul indireol' prepozitional;
i7 alte complementeprepozi,tionale; z/ complemcniul cirournstan,Lidl e loc;
nJ complementul circumstanlial de mod; oJ complementul circurnstan,iial
de tinp ltluratel; p) compiementul circunst'an,iial dc t'imp precis'
(Vezi S 261 l
b propozilia intoogati'rti ;\ierrbe o modilicsre nunai in pozilin subicc S 9663

verbul predicat, ordinca celorlaltu perli de propcl
tului, care €stoac€eali
zilie rdmtnind nYeNat ca cu mai sus ,\stlel. in general' oflli]]ea orr\.intelor n
r,roDozjtianLeroq.rti\d qteu r m i t o a r r a
d . / c u r i n r u l n r . , o e , t i v : l r r u r i l i a ' u l ' u u ' ' r b u l 1 ' r i r r 'p a l ' o unFori
'":i
ta hat(:; c) airjbutul adjecti.al; dl subiectul cu ai'ributele sale (aqezete n
ordinea aretatl rnai sus); c) complementul circumstanliai de timp neprecis:
sau parl'icipiul verbului princi'
// verbul la un nrod nepredicativ (infinitivul
pal);gl complerncntul nclirect (inrn pr epozilie) etc (ln continuare, vezi mai
sus orilinea cuvintelor ln propozilia enunliative )
jil;..
iilr:'i,"'it""iX'"?", de,neuenstischen ' \rj'oktrrora'
pnche, eipLts,1e31r
.n,'",'',rnoo,i..ui,.' d,p/iT
"'il' '{;,1tn"::l::"e;-fllii:;ri"l';,':'1,llL',1,'
' ' - i i : " 1 1 " : " " 1 ; f ' 0 " " " L ' ' . 1 oo Jl i ' , ' : F d p 'd s , 0 " r r r , | , d,a'
l s 2295-r300). ' ' - " , , ' - , ' . ^ ' , r
56 4
8/12/2019
SINTAI'.A PROPOZITIEI
ORDMEA TIIYINII]L OR,

{ 2654 PtloPoztTI_{
Coool- if. do
rir; rcDimh
;d d. tod
t) (sl
.Pronu@d0"hE" sts rioi odnpl.n€$ dilei iilidlivuhi,,to t*t.

'l
OBDINNA CUTINT]ILOB
2655 PROPOZITI.\
8/12/2019 ONDINIJA CUVNAEOII AliceTN PROPOZIXAE Limbii Engleze
Badescu-gramatica
lN tll,oPozTrD
NNUNTIATIVA
Fi;i'' '6"
(ir0
to dn tnr'ak, I'hitut)
Ndt€im l..ne' tldi,
I
(conr' $'ci'tn)
I
IN PROPOZITN
INTEROGATIVi
aomll itrdn.d
tonortur lcLa dc iinpl?
tddl (&iribut) hdat tiN do
in ts (strihut) lii.s ( tc dclo0

mi hhibur) ndning (.ir' d3
*'rYsk 6' a' k DrcMdr'

l3:*31:I"*rt::rr,i'3ii*li} iii#iilxl1i::"Ti1''t
56 0 SNTAXA IROPOZIT]EI
$ 2656 A. I,OCL]L SUBIDCTULUI $I AI, PRLDIC.\TI-LUI
' 265?
$ 1) Suhiect+ predictt. - In mod norrnal. sul'icclr'l precede verbul pre-
dioat in urmetoarele situatii:
al tn propoziliile alirmaiire Si n€gatire:
dr" lsubiect)@ ateoliifs (predic.t) n l.hcp{rk
Neilho st.te subiect) cored redi.al.)a soal.
l,j t n D r onnz i r i i l " i nr ar oqai i t . ' ar F i n. , I rrr rrn . u\ r nl i n c r ogs i t f ni d
w hi l , ' , ho, nu h. t , o. v " on1' r ' ) i ' , nu, ni r d' i v r S r 028) :
' 1, 0i ,
c/ t L D r opoz i t ; i l " ; nt . 1ns r ' i r e i ndi r p, F \ S 23o1. 2951) .
2658 2j Prciiicdl . ul ' i ef l . : \ er bul pr edi . l pr e r d; s ubi i . l ul in urmi
s
a, tn propoziliile intcrogative (cu exceptia celor de a g 2657b lqi2657c):
t / a r t ve r b D r " ' l i " d t t 5 l . r b u b i " ' , o n 'lF ' r _ r 1 . " :
,,d {au\l iirj h? \"ubrt I ' o L d l ' o i : vl u d " S a l
conlin o urflre sau o exclamalie:

DJ in propozi-tiilecare I n i n r i v' l o n l o v i l : r u r d r ' r
L cd r d " i p ' : vm o l a l J 9"u (s hi", '1;p
r l o , v sh o : l s. a - d \"rb p|di al) | ' ,,d"s 'uli 'rr: lEr'lamrlr)
jntroductivx lltoe ({ 2505-
c) cind rerbut rste pr€cedat de particula
2508):
Thp". is tptL) oD /n;a6 "ub:", r i1 $ldl ju 'ar'
\"tb) r su b ' " 1 l o b J i n ' l r 4 l o r p n
'ath:.g 'on'dtr'
l n D ^ o o n ri ' i i l " . l i p u l : -l n rh F gsrd,n Irh p ' rl s " r" l l o *" r' pa' i"u]"
i n j ro l u ' ' ri u t,& P "drp "ubinl"l.asi. E rt,ri ," a r" . Hcr^ n'a n' d i o m ' l i ;
d/ rind subiectul estc uinat de o propozllie atributivn lungd:
rbr||pFn-lb rom nl"xl P'l * h a k a . 1 d 4 L d b a ' . Eo " i rdtia'
HLrF-o "odenat
t , t , h" Lo; : ns ot r , . t " a- - . or " . t l np. , / i l i r . bul i " '
t hat I " nt P[ a'
'' i'ii;;iitm" o. . l ' " ' t t t ur ' 1 t t bi ' o t ' ' . . t t p" " t J v '
,rilcs (protozilie atribuiili).
., in propozil,iilc condilionale jn carc conjuuclia if este omise (S 278;):
l l / €f r \ , 1, s , p r ' . 1i . ' r 'Fr", s l ' \ \ ouJ . l \ l r l r obl / m
//,/ 1 \itii" '.lir'lrv\mi bdt u' d. ' $ot r " i I ' ar - i ol d rr'rnprp
\Las a semmar looay. rdrui s ubi " ' t
/ / In pr opo/ i l ; i ' F . r r - . or l i n uI imD"rl i v r eeJ l i v al ' "
t \ pr l n, s L as t i i c ol o, r i al ) ( d 1636) l
, . , l al \ ' l i dt , w u D ubi l ' t dk P 1f i n iv s dv ' (' rd lo li l l
, or ' t dl \ l ' 1r , , au " t bt " c t . bc l n. e I n nr l i \ . u' \ d l"r'gl
pF nt r u a s. r J s o m ai nr ar e v i ' ; ' i unp m ai ' U l t r pl hT 'Lil'rlui'
- / ' l r ' d. -'i
upo/ i l i " . i n l ubr pdp l a l o" ' r l l . r : i aJ u' p l di , . Pp&/ / / pr opoz F
"llrpirli ' 1. ;
l i ei . nbl i n; ndu- " " n t l ' l a. . pnl udr F i l or l
Lucku is th e man \ h o has such a wilel
,iui;@crc
J . f und dor theao s ov
14 hal ef r.acher addrcsscdo
r J or ' c ur 'd lim us
t ] . |l u hodh" ; ? u' $h n hF ur n" d o ou" s i dF
- r , '
Doo"-6.nt thi Itoa et t dnd off E stutedr
r o " p l i ( S 2 1 9 1 , ' r su b i " ' r ' l 6 ' l ' " I u m xi i l rn'i'nd' bi"'-
' . 1 \ ' r sa r o n \ ' r L u L i p d r l r u l r a d \ ' r b ' J n r \' rb
,ut +," uo irt' . n a . " sl ; d z o r { i i n d . u \ i n r P l ' r ' r r n o :
, su b : p l u l ' sl F u n r o r ' r m p . i n v' sa r P a L - r r'r t p r U r r . n u sp p r o o u ' P
,
" r ' " 1 . C l n d -llni usa p Jr l " uld v" r b n l , _ L u b r q r Pr D
. ; d r n . a r u vi n l " l o r f i i l J . . a n o r m a l l
8/12/2019 11{Badescu-gramatica
CUIANTELOR Alice PROPOZTTIE Limbii Engleze
647
ORDIN'A
g'l ' iJY, ,, '"):f

:': 'Ht'"iiTl
iYsJTf"'f".'f
"f"';#i':::;#lf:":,ii;1"::r'i:I':
ObseroarLL
a zuri $ 2659
a'leseori.ln.aoeste
s' I Auxiliarul de htarire DO esie.ntrebuinlai
"r;ii:i'il-";.if,îl.ti[l
, ';'Hr"-""J","ii"T
1"1#[tJ"f";:*"'
"
.'m'si" rins
iilf#:i:iftijfi{i"'#*i1}':""*rri;i:;.hn,he
"oo"tw€u ,r, tu ftno@ is shortoqnings
a' to bed /t dtd in th€ end'
'*'n
ii;"'Tl'.xl:i:1"i
?i;'#::;
p"ir"-A -*p'u"a li invcrsal' u vcrbrrl:
"".'fl ;1i1J"f :":lt'l:i:n""i#Ti'#
ffi:"':,jH.1#'t*, tff:"",iil^"'
ffit#.*:rlili:"". ilY.{:"#i''
n versarea ubiec- 5 266r
i.I In vortrireadireol'd' nile ritmul frazeicereaileseori
tului .iu verbul de declarotie3: - who hdvP
"\ e6 . s d i d t u''lor t hough l v e n ' v e r 5 o " n it . I k t r o s o ' h P r s
::i*,;;,i;'{fl",lill., a" "",, t p',nv'
r"i ":" .q,,*a
ao lh." r.Pli?It th" Brc'e"
:$t'",-::x;"It,;i" :l1llr",r,l1'
*
li. r'll,
f'Yffi' " "v
ot r all sLd€s
''No. no', , os
EtcepILe
se poslF d'e ctDd verbul de S 2662
Inv"rsarpaPrcdi.ilului 'u subiectulnu
'drcldrstreeste rntr o fo'm6 compusa:
_ \ e" . n? / . ad s4rd, _ l o r r h o u s h l v - pnPvpr sP"n t '
'rii", l i+v a"s: ;'P or rh" o\?t hndP 4li*d
"i'rrl'riumulat'ive $ 2954):
i) tn declara-tiile s 2663
'The cnildrctr€rc lunetv " "S9 ifl, r" '
we mu5t qo no{, dd so mr4r Jotr4 -
; l;*":l;-""l;'i:l'". il'f,11,3"j',"''"
F:xt.nlLel
esle fiinle sau S 2664
Ct d subieciul celor dofd- propozitji- dfimdti\ a' p r o'ac€€aqi
du'c:
s u b i e c t u ru
, . , r , ' I l ' i " ' i " . ' i , ; ^ ; *" ' " . t ' " t ' i i
'1,.,..1',*-,1y't,.'
*lt r' -
j s S.tting L l a r k - _ts" r.'r r:d..'h"man Son'.i5 'a:dIh"tirl
-
: ;tllly",1ll;m$l:"-i"):Jp'[irlffil,i,liT,]ji,i;:"iill{'1'.'i-"'1',#i.'
- nrir " nD r o r P s '
'''" Tii)''11:l'.r*t E ' r p r ' r , d r r ps i u rpa ' : " d i n a r ' " r d o r ' r' L
Ph'@ti. B;ainst in EnstistL
5S8
8/12/2019 SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI
s 2665 B. LOCUL AI RIBUTULUI
$ 2666 r. toclil, ATRrBUlfiLUr ADJDCTTI'aL

$ 9667 l) Adj_eotivultribut al prorumelui, In limba englez6, djectivutest
px. pp r d pr onr m Fl or
nr acat dr r d T' r onum e. i u ppr sonr l e:
T|ere $ds soruboda sii.l rheri.

H . $i i r r , r 4l i " i \ . i r y ut r n/ .
Did onuthn .r.iiia LiDDenr"
t ho ; 41- b; h^ ' " d liir d bJ r. F:r . I I . r r .
"i'
Et c e p l i e
Lucktt lou
She ookcd o urious hat jt was selessor/or n€ Losayanytningn Iny d€ienc
2668 _ . 2) Adjectirul etiribut al sdrBtantirutui. - ln limba englezd, spre deose
bire de limba romenn. adjectivul prer€dd substanti.rul pe iare il ialificn:
l.hc nt.. girl a /t€ €vcning tf.ry ctrildrcn
Ex c e p l i i
s 96ii9 Adjectivul esle pus dryri substantivul calitirat:
d l i n u ele titulatud;
Al am J 6p, adl \l ni st t I l . , ; D . ' " , , ia" r J
Co .rôt Genqal NotaN Pu &7t;
Licutcnanl,-C,a..dl Pr€sirlint r. i
l\l^jnt (i?ncptl htit opporc\l
r ' , ' \ i m . ' sl F. r , ' €, e/ , I hat p; ; ' unpt be
Lni,A] r etunt
-qoricil.oPc,rfai
SecreiarJ-G,,.ral Pael Laurcate
Er\tay Erttua inaty cousin-Rcmdar
,./ h cileva denumid gi expresii consacraLe:

li$t person stz(ald.
third rrerson ,lald?
"Captajtrs Coa;d' .o"s"
"Paiadise 2,s,"
Asil ,Vtn,r
tJt6a
Jon sMdiot
m.nar \sa\ Minat.)
\sa\\ malat )
\ tudjot \nnz.)
B ninat (ntz.l
th€ adjeotivc t-pl C ftat lnt\z.)
c/ ponl,ru a scoate n r€lief adjectivul:
thc onlJ rcmedy posiirle

ttom rimes imncmotial ihe best inlcry.€talion prorull,.
The.e
' ' I l oq Nare
Fl l momcnis lzfo.sr,dDle.
l hr ' y aqr r cj over t hi nss
li qas llatted pire and sinDtc.-
''Tl,ose rnuskei'eds ot lnUicity, .lc'p
tlJ cind adjectivut este o porecle:

Peter he C.cd, Charleshe fdi, Ilan urc ?€/.iDtc
r Ve. or : m i r . 0 . vdr i pnm ar l : \ ar sal
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze var l . pl . @qt a- genh. 553/609
Ardinaton, Death 7I a Herc.
8/12/2019 ORDINE^ CUVINTELOR
IN PROPOZITIE Limbii Engleze 56 0
. d, clnd adjeciivul cste forllllrt cu prcIjxnl d- (dftane. aftai(t, n dt)e.

o.l'd\t. ntirp. a:t" t,. utoA ..j (S ;.rll:
"
\\ i h p r p s a u /." 1 ' p h il,l io o l.d o L
T lf s . d n ,:r ' / r o r d .' " d h Lrd ,hp
ln ihc sctling srtri I saw a in|e;sh- ar a Fnrdorr.
/./ cind adjeci,irul este nume predicatil'. in care caz cste rtupi verb
iau dupi complementnl direet. daci acelJla existii: Dus
The crop ,16 1t,,.
They (oiNnl,red thc DIar dull.
PaiiL ttu tabl ati; '
,qh. ,nad. rn, dr.ss ho k 1 .
I la\t\d tre chit tn:n asLe?."
') ir r d e d jn tir u ' i .n lir ,.. ,,

tr . u n .' r h .la " .,r p J " r u n " .,r d
lilr ln e n \r n r .. tr n t' . r n n /n .]r c t ) :
Tlic roon, \Yis Len leert hish
\\,
rLP r,k r nLs \\c
o tu m iI le ittr tP u
r .,..n tu x o Dld
,d .: I.t .
The. .rme to l.hc neettlg rpo thouehn stunc.
irl cind adj€ctivxl are un complcment:

i teachef /'trd r, alt
a m.n qo h af th. nane
a lnpil drri,us tt' harl Dqtkh
a voran fnt b ktutt at
;L house ld.sd.,o,s, to h.ld scrodt fahities
i, cind atribulul €st€ o locutiune

adjcctivflli:
'rh-"wonan iu d.f. is our sm,etrl.
Ask the nan r n, l',sn.
3) Participiul. - $ 9620
d) Participiul precedn substantivul cind are r.aloare adjecrivaln, dar it g 96?1
urmeazn clnd cste verb. adici atunci cind sc referd la acliunea insd;i:
tooli away lhe .rytrs balX. lAdjectiv)
T1i€$ mtn. .fytng. told me hr. sl.o.y. 1v€rb
Sl c wo.e a z',Ls€d cxn.€Bsion. r,\dicctivl
The oowd. ona.".d by the m.nkeys. i{u;hed llelishi.edty. {verb)
D, Participiul urm€azd suhstantivul in citsl'a expresii consacraLes,nde S 26?2
pnstrcazA ncd. in mare rnisuri. caractcrul 6{u verbal:
on Lhe .\iy atpainted
on ihc nighl /bll,( /,g
c, Pari.icipiuL us dupri substantiv.La gi adesea djeerirul n aceeasi 26?3

l. oz ir i' . " . r " , lr iv alpn ,u u p- opnz r licel. . r iv a:
If "arpri n ln r m o " n n . . " ,r ..n n lla i,t ,,,\ s s ,n ,i ,r ,l ir .' s 1 ,.1
to o .o " .p 4 t." L a n l r o . 7 ," /,/,.r n r ' 1- " {t,r ,t,r ,u 5 to n ,u r n tr "
lin g ,L n d wo n d c .lu l...) .
lle told m. alont lrre sr cne /,v.lr'd in his b.ok (: {.Iioh ras dc .rttred h his bookt.
1a
/Dr : nrisuri ,le luisine (desliinlaln) : \t ii.l.es Nn.4i t:tn.
a ,J a t 4+ rd I ae ld F s r in r d t" ,.9 t.1 n ,
L lr u l- ld /i r r , i 5' r,, ,r'" Ji J " ,ir r .' r . Dd {r iu .l Ir m " ,r / j.L ,L J L ' \u t ,.r n a ,,.n .
b r a t: ,.t,. " t..t. p ,- ifir ' tu o r r e 5 d r tl .r ' ,
t,iF
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze ,- J d a .J ..\.m J ,l..." " r o J r .5 p u n .- - i 554/609
tol,l rdlth'. .^ Lhe olla,inr iiv-|t ctr
8/12/2019 ORDINEA CUVINTI '-OF TN PFOPOZITIELimbii Engleze
Alice Badescu-gramatica 6? l
5) Cazuri speciele.
a./ Adja ri plF all si bolh se .onformoaza,gu,ir ad Frbplor - limp $ t6q0
n a p r c " i q . a d i f d s l n L f u . p trr;// a v p r b u l u i ,,1 d form; sin'pl5).
"
Aat d apd to be, tLuxiliare i defectitel
Thc tonrists all .ltnbd up to lx" peak.
We both atte\ded.lic end'of-tenn ceremonial
't1Fv o- n t p " o c i . n i rtr r. o-\.
\t\ :itt5 . * P both k-"1 on ch,,t r.
Ttic kids, ndd d,l seer llLe ncw pnlpel sho$'.
\\e nalj both .in lhe .hildren round the Wt't4. Tree no$.
Cind subiectLd estc un:ubstantiv, adjectiwele all fi rcllr pot sd il gi pre-
A l L . b k i d s \ a d s e e n h e n e $ ' p u p p e is h o i v .
All (tha) Luti'ts .,hnbed up lo urc pcak.
l i a \ F E : "r tr n on
'lrop:
A se obserra I ntrcbuin,tarea prepoziliei o/ pentru a(entu ilre

:n d $ 2681
H r l l , n s ,o' l h " | " l i J a J i f i l l . 4 o t h -
All af hrn na.l tanr nonr. 't
Be nt\.et. boh al au
Batl; at tbese oss;riintes must bc considered.
,/ Pros6nt.A cest adjcctiv 1si schimbi in9elesul upn locul pe care il S 2682
ocupn n propozilie:
lve ivere6howno e. lhc ]Dsii|ni-" y tNo ol the ?r.s.n, rrzd.dr (: sl.udenjii cinali).
All the sradc,ts resen, : sirdentii pr€zenli)go in lo. sports.
., Enough. ,{ce""t adjectiv prccedi sau urmeazd substantivul: $ t68t

He hasn'i gof ,,ozsl crteience (s .xpeienceenoLgt) or ihc iask tnt.usted to
^n
Th€rc sn't cn,agn rt,e (s at trine enough) o gotound,Xoushouldbuy sono no.c.
(vezi ii $ 2353)
[. LOCUI,,tTTiIBUTUI,UIU3STINIIYAL s 2684
1) Urmitoarele alribrte Fecedd subsiantivul determinat: s s686
a./ substantivL adjecli 'at i
a Qood
/t/e w o oire (: ua ioc dde
d (:lemnc c lcmtrcl
locl
.
a gla$ €Je { un ochi de,stioul
{n rv.-glass t: un monoclul
lll substartivul in cflzul genitiv saxol:
i,'rr i o , n r . r s o u l p u l o l n " ' . n i n rr .. g a ' i : J { . d d ' l j .
T .ttdp.t n o - r d h 1 \ r r d p o o u * d i n a n tr b u i l d i n ; .
2) Urrnitoar€le aLl .b.ote rmeazd substantivul determinat: s 2686

d, rpozilia;
Unole Jdnn l.lL carly todrl.
Jones.o,r ncd apptenticc.s a joll)-' haracld.
Itead tuom -\ct Oac, Itcene Ttro, parag.aph ntrnber rhue.
Dl substantivul in cazul genitiv prepoziiional:
The witrdo$' o/ tur roon wrs .losed.
He rvas a{arded the Order o/ Zaro&..
I &td tulti: r/F ltdr - puitimea
5? 2
8/12/2019 SINTAS PEOPOZIT1 Limbii
Alice Badescu-gramatica T Engleze
2687 III. IOCUL ATRIBUIULUI PRONO]TINAI,

Atributul pronominal, iind un adjectiv, estepus ln limba englezd ndintca
substantivului determinat:
m lrle s .1, phrases
oa. imp.cssion . omdsilv€r
,/.is (sau ,1d,, lesson ahdt jo|
the the lara./ No.dB trhich d,ay
tdncr lsau
{ 9688 IY. IOCUL ATNIBUTT,'L{JI I]X?IIIIAT PIIN ALTE PIRTI DX IOITBIBD
S 2689 1) Urmdtoarele atribute preced; substantivul determinat:
a_/ articolul:
She recciv.d a micro-gfoovc ecord as d p.esent.
Ale s..ll serrioe stores}'ere open otr Sundays.
,, numeralul adjectivat:
IIe linish€d nis Nork in /i@ da15.
This was the s€.ondday-nurserx nilt in tle village.
Hare )ou a doLDrd cdmom vacanl?
$ S690 2) Construcliile echivalente cu o propozi,ti€ relatii'e atributivE unn€a-d
substantivul determinat:
T l ' a, bu\ l \ \ , , o . 1 , &" , i. r t r , z e { i , ne" .
Tl,c li.si nan ,o ( $ho spoke)was the ohairmnn.
T ' pi . l ur 5 | l t at '"cal
a^ | i, t h: . er l l " t at r al l t"rrrdi s .
l oi r k , , ok ol J n. \ on' " o ui - , " , i , 7, r g up idr l bs r ni g' r .
2691 C. LOCUL CO}IPLEI{ENTUI,UI
1) Complcmcntol dircct. Vezi $ 891. 2599 2602, 261E 2619.

2) Complenentul indirect. Vezi \ 891. 2618-2619.
2692 3) Yerb cu doui tromplcmente:direct i indircct. Cjnd un verb are
doui co plenenle. unul djrect i celelalt indirect. oricar€ din acestecomple
mentepoate i pus naintea eluilnlt q 2618-2619.314--318):
aJ cind complenentul dircct prcccdi conplemenlul i lircct. acesta
are forrna prepoziliorialn
Ig"\ru?" ,', . tl lI ),, laurtaq ,-1t, rrlrr ,'""to,rl:on. ,
I ro.gtt t d L l 2 t , , ' , i t l . l i r . ) / , " r , , d ( . , . , " 1 , j ' , i ". l . , e l ' / . i u a d l .
lJ cirrd cornplerrrentul ndilecl. precedi complenenlul direcl.. prepozilia
cslo omisi:
I ga\e nE ha (fon, . i,dir.) r-,.(,i/ iconpt.dir ).
I aouEht iniron,fl. ndir.ld' s;r.rrl 1.;rrl. ,lb.l
9693 Cind unul din cele doun complemertc cstc ur Zr.)rr,,/. pcrvnoL. )ootl
snu estc ,r?cdialdupi \*h,
Ee srioe.d kr l(rttl. indir I L,/ rary l(nrl. dir I.
phalosraphct
Wrc ho\rcdn 1.,omtl.lii.l tu the (odpl. indi..).
Cind nmind un conplenentelesint pronume persona)e, omplementul
direct, l preccdil de obicci pc ccl indircct:
\Yeshos.d (con 1. n.) ar,i l t (com ].idn.).
s 2694 D. I-OCUJ, ONIPJ,EI'IE\TUT,LII

lIRCUIISTA\.''f\ L
Penlr locul complementelorrprimate prin Adrerbe. ezi S 2288-
SINT.A.XA R,.{ZEI
r1
CONSIDERATII GDNEIiAI,E 51 5
D"
r ) e[n
nmi ilar anadzcr zr i ..... . 26 5 1 JL
R.,Jr
R,n o rol rul'ud'"d^'"' o
ooo rr d
d ^n
^n ii rr p
p si
s i d F 5srb
r bo " d u n r r . t6 sr i :,:5
Etpmpr,ta plrJzdl 2 :0 i _5
IL CL A CIfII T,t\ P RO P O ZITIIIO B 5 I B O RDNNV II: ]- B I\ A \\L O
Cr I CU P A RTIL T L ' E \O RB r Rt ... .. .. ... ::0 4 576
fto p o zi l l & u D8 t ti r o l d ...... _ .. ........ ... .. .... 2705 516
I' r o p o zi ftu d i e cti r a l d ...... .. _ .. ... ...... _ .. 2 Jr t Sj ,
P r o l o zi ti i si r i o r b i sb _ .. ... ........ _ .... ..... ,r 4 s7 8
P r o p o /i l i ' I m p o r d l ,r .t1 1 - i: 8
l ' r u l o z.l l , l r u tu d n l i a ' , d r ' u ... .. .. 2 :2 t 5: )
l ' r o p o zi i i a i r n m stJn l i d l ad . m ,r d .P r o l o zr l i a
. ,l /\ 57o
r r o P o /' l r .i 1 r ' /d 3 2710 i80
P r , t,o ? i r r I n l l J :d , d e s.u t, ... ... .. 2731 5 sO
fsp ,/:r i a ,u .D+ u l \i .... ,2 7 3 t So r
r r o p o z,tr a o D.c. 1 .. 2 ti ' , 5 ,r l
. 2 - \0 58:
r r o r o .I ,l o fl .r r r n a r \.r .. .. ... .. .. 2-12 i8r
P r ô ^7 i l ,d r p r i ,d l i r d .. .. .. .. 2 :4 t i83
P r o J' o r i l i in ' n Ji l o n Jl .: .... .. ......... 21i2 uo4
r i tl 53t
Structure 584
Cuvhl.ele ntroduclive al e tr o l o zi n r i , o n d i l i o u l r 2i 56 5aL
l L ' n u r i l e ,r tkb u i n l a tc ,t5 r J 5 85
Cb z u " s t p ' i l 2764 5 8d
.o td r i r ,a r _ >r p r o p o /i u ln r ,," r ,. . . ..
s r D.J o n .li\ l , | . " s.o n d ilin ' propo/
2768 58 7
IllF " .u - .r h _ o o , i\' lorJlJ.F
, idn' Dr o o o r ' r id.l fo
inn d ir o n a ld
ti1 .L ' r..' n , :...
o d l, .. .. ... . t7 716
,,.i 5llll
Ti t' r l i r I., d ,,.n o n .l.i... . t,.8 1 5 88
O" d ,r " a l," o p o ,il lo . . .. . ... .. 2 JA E 5 S9
P .o u , z li ,u r ' io n J l; in d . n r .I' 7 S6 5 89
l.\' a i, 1 .a in tr u ,' o l li ,o n d i.tn n d l .. .. 21A1 5ll9
P " o l o z il ., lil n d l' " lip lh 2188 5 90
"or
-t\l F,:l i9 0 i 0
o n \l" u | i ,,,| | | i,L ' , .... li91 ;90
T r d /J u n d ' lio lb lb d p l\' , r i., 2794
ll' , p n /i .' d lir ' o n d r i :i r ,r q " ' |. .n p ' ," .t.. 2793 59 0
r ' r o p o /r r d 1 .Id r l o r ' .' r ; +r p ' o p L Z r ' .o r . . ( l 5'Jl
t l r. au
CL-{SIl'lC\RE-\ PROPOZITILOP"-cljBOItDONATE RI\ ,^;\-ILOCIE
| AI I TI LE Pr ioPoz I Tt EL. . . . . . . . . . . . . : 795 5,J1
f.o o , /,lir .u b i- , lv b . .. .. . 2 :. 51lt
lr o p n ' a n - r r " \, ..... :8 ^ l 5 '
lr c p a /i) a a t l,' i\:... 8o i i9 2
P " o p o ? il ' o 1 ...1 'i " J 5 9 li
P r u l ' u /i ti ,' ,
rormJ rnliil r t8 1 t
l ' r o o z l i ' I,r .p o zi l i o n a l e t8 1 3
I\'. STRUCTURA FR.{ZD] ,8 1 9 5 4
Protoziliu ind.pcnd.nl.,t 282t, 55
Ir a za { r o d r l e r i .. ..
,8 r t8 i 966
ir8.r9 56
, 74
:L
597
59S
9831 5-a,q
283' 593
CORESPNNDD\T
F . su 1 1 . . . . T I M P U R I L OI i 2A34
1836 600
Ketnra ..... . t83t 600
R e g u la I I 2838 li00
6 01
2846 60 1
A ' l i . n r s , m u l r . n P qdu .on5p . i , . 2A41 60 2
A, . . " 1 n t , . - i o d rl l d l l e i l . . . 2848 60
, \ c1 ju n eilo a r c .._. ..-... 284 60 i
ni'ii,i,r 'i ri.,jri-iri" , t850 60 3
"'r"'c*.,t 2858 60 4
Condilional\tl t8t3 60 8
22877
876 60 8
L STILULD I R D C T DI INDIRECT 1878

Definilie :879 61 0
T r a n slo . m a r e a slilu lu id ir e ct I n slilin d ir e . l. . . . . . . .... - 2885 610
Ca.uri speciale 6t l
P.orozitia nlte.oEaiiYn " ' t39r 611
P . o ; o ziiiae xcla ; a t i\ - n . ... - .. ,894 6 12
r r e iu t ir r n a t d e t'.r e z€ n l ... ... .. .. . . . . 2895 61:l
slkn r w iu . . . . . . . . . . - -... 28e6 611
modale ,' 9011 61 4
verbclc
Nodul m defecl.ive
p e r a iiv .. .. 2905 { jl{
r 'r si n o - " '- ' 2906 614
sd xsit e lt . . . . . . ' ' 2907 6lt
V o ; a iia ct e . . . . . . . . . . . ................... 2108 61t
N o liu n e a e viit o r ..... . .. 2909 6tj
YII. I N T E R OGA T I A$I N E GA T I A 29tl 61rl
I n h o d u c€ r e . . 615
I o le r o sr lia .. 2913 61 6
2914 61{t
l, \ p m o d d l, i 3 u \ : 1 i. . _ 4 r "E Il \ vC . D O. L lr T . . . . . t918 61ri
2920 61 :
N e se liB
\ crb( ..... .
e lPri.dlp 29t1 611
Verbele to BD, to H]IVE, DO, LET ii dcnttivele modale 2923 61 i
Altp ptabkw L [" aaP1rrPe't:P 61 8
C u v i n t e l e de negalio ... - . . . . . . . . 2 8 6t.q
Du}la negalic 93 0 6 18
Senrinegaliile 2 9 J3 6 19
2936 62 0
Int€rog8tir esrtirn ,937 62 0
:938 610
62 0
2 9 t4r31 6 t2l 1
in t o r o g a t ir e. o n cg t t ir c . . .. .... 1949 622
t95t 6 ll
195 6.1.1
In.""oC1'a Fro"i .. 9 53
i1 1
:t955
6. di 2956 62tr
'nsul -
SINT AXA T NAZ EI
(SYNTAX OF THD SENTENCE)
I. CONSIDON,ATII GENERALE
1) Dotinilia frazoi. - Fftza (The Sentence)PslPo i rbinar. de propozifii S 26$5

care exprime o gindire cornpletx int._un toi unil.er.
d/ I noddc d and 6m i hd at hF r '
6j ' l bos , h" r . F s ""r ot limp t o r i s oonFdi J b' or ' $ ' d $ho \ a n; ur of
onnressus will b€ sweDi ikc leaYes."r
'' ;l .rom his bedtdon, whi.h was on the irstlloor, he co .t not seeRhat the childr€n
did in ihe garden whcn Urey weDt out to plaX.
(Coonlination dnd JaD- 2696
2) Raportul
ordination). ale coordorarc
- Propozi.tiile 'si dcpoi
din frazi suhoralonaro
it: S
a) &ordonate (Caa nn&), cind. apart;Iiid acel'ia;i categorii, se afld S 2697
in rapori de egalitate intre €lei
b) suba onate (S bardi.nate) n€le altora. cind nu fac parte diti aceea;i S 269i1
categone.
-Atit
coordonarea,clt fj subordonarea e ac formal fic prin ir'.,laI'rn€'e S 2699
( I udap.)sitiou,1, adica prin alnturarea propoziliilor firi introducerea unui
co.rini de l€gnture, iie cu ajuiorul unui cu.oint re Ie utft;te.
CuvinteL de legnturi poL fi: conjuncliile coordonaloar€sau subordona- $ 2700
toare, locutiunile conjunclionale. pronlrmele sau adjeci.ivelc;rterogaLilo ori
relativ€, i adverbele elative sau adverbele cu Yalonre de conjunclie:
I L Jn p . I I ' \ . |.onqua"dd J- \ r t'rrrefd
\ t p a l t l i kF J h i n : F q r " . . L . .lux atuor-
T L v m e r o a d i a l kp d r ' l l d r . . r C o r i . ' u o , d o , l o , ' r " l
H c A t o l r su , o h e p so r . m i m . b - , / , F h o h a d Jl r p . ' l J s. ' n i r . ( C o " _ u l o " . l o n t o o r " l
SIe asked-me @/,, ine man was (P.on inte.oglliY)
Tnev told me Ure storY tnar I had forgolten. (Pron rellliv)
$.e ;ondered ,rnosd nlDer had be,,n read. (Adi. interog.tirl
I don't know on'.e tire-sed.tary has Sone to (^dv. relaiill
Coordonarea e poate face atlt intre propoziliile principale. cll' ;i int're

suborLtonaLelee acelaqi el care rlcpind de aceeati regenti':.
3) El0mel1tel6rezei' - Llementcle djn care sc compune ittza se numesc: S 27{)l
al propozilii principale
6l prcpozitii secundare.
pst' lropuziijs $ 27oz
a) Propozilia principatd (The principol ar lloin fl.lusP)
crre ronline re rb u l prrn"ip"l d i " l ra ,,. E" nna'c'\cJ'su nu un in:' JFplrn
b) Propozilia secund.ardThe SuboftU'nate Lrmdl est€ subor(lonatnunei S 2703

propo;iiii ;umiid rcgrnld, carc Poate i principala -qau altn lropozilit secun
iarl. Da i ndepiinesue unc,tia unei pi,rli de propozilie a rcgentei saLr nire
ge,stc ntelesul acesteiaori al unei fir,ti de propozilie din r,'geitii:
llc stoke sloNll shcn hjs s ee,h \as bfoddcist
1Ch. Dicliflls, Thc Cltin$ (Three Chrishat 't\n$ )

,vczr s 1103.
5?0
l' H .paA- : t "t l' r' p d rp p ru p o z it id o rir"ip "l" u I n L "l-s d Fp lin : ' ' l' ' n
n rs , "/ , , ro s b rc a d t "t t ' t r p ro p o ? iiid "uburJondli , u lu n c lr' dp o mp rc '
"p
me. | . ir' u rr"ra t liil lc limp sl r"e Fn r"i l
\Vc did not ask jl he was { good spori r
p . ' p p ru p o z iliu f in ip "l". a l . . F i in l"lc ' rrp h u ; c in Ur-
L lV p did n,.t o ' 1 '
r' xr o oo4 rd | F rP n rrr' ' a l
E il J . b r, o o rd o n s re ' u rn lt re rrt d
Fin(ling l.hat he had ' I loryotten to iakc 'his p ^ ri. ^ home o lcich rt
. ai he retu.ned
' H Ft t ' n "d l' . n 10t't,i t'tu;n t ' "h ' l' l lo t l " . t '
"' ' p rir"ip rrr: 'ho'
L d t : . , i' n , a t F-r Uo o t d o n id ' rrro l d F, n ' n ll"mP n r d ira ' | ' l \ c rb rrlL r/ ' ' r' l' n -'
din principaln.l
$ 270+ B0P0ZITIIL0RSUI}0RD0N-{TDRIN
IL CLTISIFIC,{RE-{
A\A',OOIE CUP.tr.NTILEE I OR,BIRE
l r ' , r r "n . r r i . "n r - l 'z a . r - l o z i t i i l "'r r L n 'l n - "t - 'i ' | "u r i ' d u p i p r t t - a
d c t o r b i r . a . 5 r p i t u ; , l i p ; r ; d c f r i n e F . . s l i I . r F '- i r r p i r l i n:
,\. propozitii subst.lntieale1\aun C Lautcs - subordonalclecare tndepli
nesc fu-nclia unui substantiv;
B. nraoatit,i odi,a'Jut" l 1di 1', l4jPa;41 rbas"s) -
. u b o r J o ; d r ; l F ; d r " i n d "r l i 1 e . " l i r n r l i o u n u i a d j e c t i r
C. proDozitii ddt'erbiaLc Attkrh Clausessau Adt''ibiLl Cl|utes) - snb
or.do atile - cari: indeplincsc unctia unui adverb.
,705 \ . PHOPr r Z l l l . \ s l I J ST . \ \ 'l l \ AL A

(TI{E NOUNCLAUSE)
SuborilonaLacare indepiineqte unc ,ia unui substantiv poat€ fi:

$ 2706 l) subiectulu nui verb din regentd (propozi,tiesubi€ctive):
Whataoudo s no .oncemoi mine-
IthoLeier sae s,gs is $i6e
Thot lau shtuld soll so A surltisrng
regentn (propozilie predicativn);
s 270? 2) name pr(.(licd]tit) li propozilia
He is ,noi / shan neeetbe
She made me Qnar 1 an.
5 2708 3) apozilic ptopozitre tributivn apozilionald)

The nN5 ,nar ne eas aoode.d the State P"ize(are as rn agreerlle sLlrl)r]sc
ln. " r vus d L" n' r , l t dn: h rs i l | E hr d und ' @od u' Jot "
I Jon l l hi nk : l l i l " l r / l al A" bP dr'
'tl1
5 2709 4) complenentdtrc., (propozilie completil'd dir€cln):

I r.old hin frndrl I aantad o do m latt
H. W]€* ahal I hdd sdil
{ 2710 5j cot plement prePozitional (propozilie ptcpozilio aln):

He thousht ol shat his f4Loe'aatke$ hdd toltJ hitu
They list€ned to shat I hdtl b eU
1L tt a (saod) s ",: a nr .legc de gluna: a li trtr nr oamara'l
8/12/2019 cr,,{srFrcaE a PlroPozrTlrl-oR
B. PROPOZUIA DJECTIYAL'{ $ 27rr

(TilE ADJECTIVEcl'\rjsn oF ADJEcI'Ivru' cl,-{usE)
detprmini prin
Subordon"La are arp \Jlo rpr unrri adiecri\" i 'are este
un subslsnlrv d'r u1 p r ^ r ' n ' r ' rndPplinpsr"un lia d" a'ribul s i
r,rmdr.
propozi,tieatibatiad (\ 2a0i)
o Ea €ste introdusd Prtnir_un:
( that not)l;
ii dt q)ho' tphom' khich' rhat' as' -
""i"]"f '"t 'a'
"*"**
bl ;drectil rclativ fulase):
ad;etb r.rariv (r'h n nt'"t" 'Nhu '
"; n p"opo'i,i" relati.vdLdeterminariadl'
/""IJ"rilin
"aj""ti"Ae "tt"
A t enlie
cu alte subordonate:
Propozi,tia adjectivala este adeseori 'onfundati
d ) ProDozitie alioctiYald ar propt'zilio suhsttrntir&li'' L]nelepropolit'ii S 2712
ii""""r""a"'' "u o"opo'iLiir'
"JjF'riLarp:
",b-iJ"i;;i.";t
The pronise at /'a'l remetuLeted a late was now useless
'io'
o 1lc' csrc o prot'ozitiradjecti rla 'sre deter-
l'Ihar tre haiL emcnLbcreiL
hgar, prin pronumcl€ eLanv
minn"substantivul the prornise', e care elte
that.)
that thcv Mre gathq to /'erp n . relived
her holes
Thc ttonise
"t:#l-iii:";#:l lt':#':n""'.*^;
."".*Jf "f,-$:x,,T
prin conjunclia lhat
N old
""""l"J;" f :-1ffi":\il*""-l'":lililL
^"#':"x1ii:T'l'J
","i""#lf :i
i";ji;"1*l*;:
li' ?iilJ'irfi
",,1""a"."'^ r'l;::l;"
:' ";i:''':;'::"":
psr" o lropozilh 'ubrrdnlivilS'
D) Propozitioailiectirati 8&u propozitio
adverbiali' ln frazele care S 2?13
t}il'.*:''';l::rrlff n:fi-inri tx,''

ire ,,i." 1, i,.rF..ur.i'"
propozi, ^1 'J:#[l;il. J,]"*::"':l; .;X;
i;11,;:,;':llllll
ll"illlli;Jill"i,l;"J.
'#,; "",""""rasropu,
ropoziliadver-
""""#:$;tttti'ff1:Silatd este unaid e'erninari,ii'ecind
h;ali e.te ex?IicalLed
l V e zi g 2t40-r741
'] 'e zi 5 2t42
878
8/12/2019
SIICTAJ<A FNAZET
2714 C. PROPOZITI,'\ ADVERBIALA

{THE ADVERB CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CL-{USE)
2?16 Propoziria adverbiald este o suhorJonati carc tndeplinest€ funciia de

adverb. Ea "orespundF rot^7iLi"i ;r r,tlstontiat" in ;ramalira ron.inj.
2?16 ..Ca 3i adverbele, propoziliile adverbiale se lmpart ln urmitoarele cate-
gorD1)pnncrpare:
propozilia temporald
2) propozi,tia circumstantiali de loc
3) propozilia circumstan,tiale de mod sau comparativi
4) propozitia cauzal{
5) propoziria finald sau de scop
6) propozilia consecutif
7) propozi,tia conc€sivd
8) propozilia relativ[
9) propozilia condilionali
271? l) Propozilin emponld ( lhc Adr,rbiol .lou.? af linral rispunde la
lntrpbdrilc ri"r? sin".,rhcnl lt ll ||l4n? (lat) hae IonE? ct.. ( ;i',dt d"
. indl p; na lnd . ; r r i- p: ' pFnlr u lt t im plj. Ea es t e nt r odus n n p, " ' , " r p r in.
oltff. bqaft. as. dinc g. an,,. till. until. qh"n. tahnptpr.,rh;t",;h;tr,,
'in.".
now (that), dr (sau so) Iong a.s,as soan as, hardly... ehen, scaftelE...ahen,
no sooner... han eLc.
d, I shal] go ic the licin*s ohzt I haee finishzd qo*.
H€ shall not come herc ahile I an aqau.
qoli,
As tahg as gou aant to yon $.on't feet uselcss_
,.) I should latk to hin ds 5oon as I sar ntft, if I w€.e you.
c) Ilanlh/ had. h. cohe hrtue rtuz he was recalled.
Ih.t hdJ : o-ptu Jtn;.h"d d* sire *hen rhe eu srs arrived_
fio hod l':pattu h t,:n /fi;" / rp;ret:Fd my $ords.
"aon"r
0bs er aalit ds upr a er em plc lor
2?18 aJ Ctnd verbul din regenti este lfl /iitor, verbul propozjtiei tcmporate
esle ; indiolirul pr"zpnlp;nlru acliunile au st6rilpsi;ullanp, sau a pr". n-
fin perfect.cind.acliunea sau starea din subordonata este anterioar.i ac.leia
or4 regenna. (Vezi i g t850 2853, 860-986r)
2719 D) Crnd vcrbul din rcJent.ip.teld .ondilionot, crbul propoziri.i Fmro-
" al" cslp d 'ubjon"tir. V.zr ri S 28 18)
2720 c) E ard.lyg\ scarcelg lrit \rrir,aLede when; no sorzer, fiind un comparah v,
este umat de lDdn.
Clnd.hd.rd.LlJ,carce?y au na soont se afl; la lnceputul propozitioi tempo-
r ale, v pr bul ps . e nv er . al ' u . ubi" " lul.
ln acest ip de trazl lexemplificat la punctul fnl], subordonai,a uprinde
ambii membri si loculiLrnii:
he was recalled prorroziiie dncilal{)
Il@dly had he comehomeelea (subordonatd e mporah)
the suestsarrived (propo,ilieprincilali)
They had s.a/.cly inishcddressingii?z lsubordonaHemloral,'i)
I resrel.ted "1. ords prolozifie rincitald)
No so,El nad I sloke to ljm daa lsubordonauemlorald)
680
2727 c) Ll i ps a r t r bul ui in p r o p o zi I i a . on p 0 r t I i I d
\ ' pr bul di n pr opoz i l i a s p. undar 6. dr ; . on; r i l ui p al doi l pr t " r m nn al un. i
comparalii poate adeseori lipsi:
H p i s m or F s , n" r ous nd,
Itjs larenls ire as old a, nind-t;.e]. " n r: s
I don s r ' eal , s s oo, l Ens l t o s dot r J o, .
T Ley dr t m or " : ni c . l ' g" nl - , , t an hi v ar ' l f
lec is lceling bcllo iodal ,,,aD he l'aslr - tos, . " . a,er,,i.
ln unele cazuri. etipsa verbului poate crea ambiguiidti, care trebuie
tdeturate prin repelarea hri, lD special in scris, unde lipsesc mijloacele
or al c dc l am ur i r p c i n: d, , ul ui : ar , an1. i nr onal i F , pl us g" s Li . 6 eLc .
272A Pr opoz i Li a om pd. s r i \ d el i pt ; " 6 F s l F , ea m " i t i pc r e- nr a or m A de c om pa.
He is more jrduslrious than lou latel.

'
Thev Dlav q.ll
aq P r ' , | ; wr
II i"'h:" jarh ldn ^ no",.060. ..un L ominsoul.
Ahe &oner it arc1,
rh. natu isl,-,r,
-i&re"J'lo;
Ae'er it jsl:
henie;L\r tsi.
t\|a
\-prbul din propoT; i€ ompflra1i\aplifti"n nu poatF,ns; lipsi d e .i t tn
c a T u l l n d p s l t l o rr, b s u " l n d a ri t l n rF g p n ta ,' ti l n s u b o rd o n a l E e a fl ; a ,c -
lasi lerb.
(Vezi i 882-883)
2129 d ) J n l o .u ;rro p ro ra :t t i ro n p o ro ti " . P ro p o z i ti s
.o m p i ra l i \d i n l ro d u s dp ri ; c o n i u n .ti s ,rd n p o ,l e ti u n c o ri n l o .u i l d n ri n tr.u
c o n a l ru c l i p u i n frn i ti ru l .c a :. e s tpp r" i e ra l d a Ii i n d m 6 r s c u rl a l

lou " o u ld n ' l do b"ll"r lhbn l"d'- lr " d o n " j n ,,\\' ln s n i/wd 1"// h"r alon nlq
Th€re was notling the child disliked mofu than ,r:ra, ar. l,nme br l,mscu 1: thair
qhea he ndyed ai lome by hinsell).
2?30 4) Propozi,tta auzali ( The Ade.rbial Clauseof Causear Resson fispnl;ld"

1a tntreber € {tru (=, Ior vhai reason)l /rom ehat &tuse2 (: de ce? din ce
cauzd?).Ea e.(te ntrodusd prin as. because.incer. wherea.*, n that, nat tha1,
for the rco-.on hat an the Ero nd that, cansidering hat, sccing hat9l
I didr'i go to the bon' n e btaa* I was ied.
r ;,e
.o n sn:d
up" i;n s ia tts 1 ,o ," n o th ,.n :u ,e " .tu L 4 " r . Is n a ll 0 .,is t.
thdt t.p rc\p|dA s, /, r .n hF teFl $ F ltr
- ir ,,- n o L r
2731 5r tropozitifl inale rau dc {o l tTLF tl t rbiat atauce f Pdrpa'p) rt).
punde la intrebnrile tty (: $hai forJ? for what purpose? (: in ce scop;r).
Da este ntrodusi de that1, o lhat, tn aftLef hat, Iest, or feor el,c.:
I gor.up early rnd,T na / be in tihe for schaal-
Sh. l ll al on"p ro that .lb nitzh k,"p h.t ot pan m" .
T l , " \ i l l 3g" m $oul dn I p r . s i dr l $i l nou' i gni , l " ,t or t eor l a. t ; r t l , p
' " " ha" t ' le a
r l n a" " as ' a pr opoz i t i l i 5F 5r F l | r bu pr d, d, . c l l b: ' . 1 1.

: P. . i 5l i i r pc om andr l i p" l t pr b, l ui num ni1 r n. i , j i d r r "ssir sd 5- r l l d r n a, r ' ai ' mo
9i mod n, ambete .opozilii. n limba curent{ lnsl aceasin ecomandare x e6t€ cspecta6
t 5 8831,
$to leatu alone a lisa In pace.
-
: In stilul olicial si ju.idic.
. "on.;d*in6. rpi?6 ttut .. ,t"t lil|'d r'..
? rar : .i si.
CI]ASTFICAREA PROPOZITIILOR
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 68 I
Verbul.din ropozilia inelC st€ n gcnerea modut ubjonctiv{ l5?5). { UZ8

ûe r-erc armurie rr.tn8d. con6tructicu inliniti,tl cslcprcfarald ropozi_
lrFr rnare, eoaneceg mar multd concizietilului:
I gel up early ,o D. ir tims lor sohool.
Sl'e left ot once ro /r4dphcr appoinrmcnr.
w, wFren ' l.t to start witlout a guid". nat b e.t lort tn rh. tao.t.
6) PmpoziliscoDcoculivdThe
C
,. daje,/ ralA,con3cclnla Au ezultatul
Aduerbtol
ctiunii
Clause f R"sultor
in regentd. Conspruti4 \ ZTgl
o estentrodu6d
pftn uw, so nar, lso'.-.) kat, suchL...)h at, ut:
Nrvpr a scck sop6 by ,[zr sh. h.sn t @M ,o s.c ur.
Ar fasf.morninS omo.60 iatu. naa d b k tt 6ntineow h u r n . u .
rnc rclfnS wds so, good /ur i *.nt to sa th. ,ta d.anl
Hr mcmofy sas su.ht ,hat h. rcn.nbtud a ldce 6ni si-|.
, oov.r prs rh+ Univr|sity Librdry ,urr rnanb.. thaold lib.aian
Atenlie
... ,So,.fiind adverb, dpt€rmind un a,ljrcrir sau un ad,,ert tin rcgFnti; such, $ Z?g4
runo?)aolecnv, oclermtnoun.1rA9tdnlrr
Propozitis eoocesirl (Thc,tde.rbiat rn resenti.
(lau'se
,- ol Contession r (oncusite E 2?16
Clarrp', sratd mprcjursFa car. nu o izbuliLsA mpipdi.ea. iuneasau sLarca
drn regentC. ceasldpropozilie stc o sc.undard itrodusn prin: /d, )/lrouqi,
atbet\ as4.but,.ven tf. ev.n thou.h. fot all. in spi. of. if.'ho,|Plpr. ihoe;t,
qnttneaef. wnate9ef Qtt. I
'rhnugl.sla is nt f,i.hd ol hind. I hnvr r hrsh t'sR.d rlr h"f rtn,li,ati\r
Itddsotu dd she Ies DpoDh ikc her. ,lnili.niiv l
f ll I o . n . on thFO.'i.N . T . o n r r ir l, lo u ? r , 4 r / / do le d a U ixh t . \ t n o lf a t i\ r
F o t a ll nuso u ,) sh d lt d o € s I iin k r il. r ln d iL e^.rtivi
sh , . o u ld n bF e e lt t sh / r ie r S u t jio n . iivl
Hoaa?, bk ha no b.. h; JrssJs
| $ o D I a p o lo g l. , . 'h a t e e ryo r '', . drin,ts
. time for . n, s hook Sul,ion, ir r.
so . I n d : ca , : v sr b r o n . . t iv
I h Jr , kn o $ n h cf r o r y"€ r s. b u t"4 n .t ,a t e h o t ie r d s.
Propozi[iaconcesivtr u este ntrodusd ntotdeaun& e o conjuncliesau 2?36
,
o€ un Dronume omDus: S
Sh; ught Lc p la it . b | r .h€ w r s like , l v c\ kvb o d v.
L"t my Ftarepvet o v n8rdrs&I,. slol dli,Jyd be a k ind mo,h. r ro rl,, ,. .
'aas
. Inversarea erbului cu subiectul oate de asemeD€axprima deeucon_ S Z?32
R . rt czcn
jo n ct iv h o to "r it ho
t cu . ir- ch a
r d lcr o wviit
e ao"rrUl r , r 'm . , v cl. L r n r g o ; ng . t n , r n go n S , . , JJ. Su -
A a n r , p r e l& J. s a so r i slo t m e "r y p r p i"n ll
Bun a "t sl, pn it h -'hBFt r, r"o ' "o r n Jn s l, ca r . . iu b r o n . r iv
u ld r b - s h e r c n iim . . r S . . b , o n "li i- i: i;
O b s e rra t i e
Yerbul Inl.rcbuinlstln propozil,ia oncosivd stc a modul .ndicatiol tnd.& 27Bg
sc Flerda o srtualrF.reald, a la m-oduluDjon"li/pre?enr.orma eebe au -
c o n s rru , l DrB c u s ro u i d . n 0 g o rrmz t h
t nPd)c o n l i n " i mp l i c B i a d e p ro b l F n -s t i . ,
- ";ffix*l*i,"::i:hm,f(i:|i:lit:l "1i;"*."*r;,;,,"
3 d,Pn : d€si {6til tormat). y
I Prcpozilia conc.sivr care contin. @
r""'6"""
{: detij nu InceD.. u acp.bt.iconrunctie. i
cu un substaDuv,un adr.ltv, ur verb sau un ndvtrt,
5Slil lorbal (conline subjoncl.ivut cu LE.t).
. c: o r icu b , o r ict t su b jo n ct ivu tct . n o r a4 d . m r i E u s) .
T Y e zi_ r ie . t e m p le le+a - . 1 2 ? 3 5 .
6E
ireal sau o presupunere. n limba romdnd ndicativul se traduce prin indicativ,

iar subjonitivuJ i .o n s tru c ti i l e u should,i n a y (n4ht) se trarluc u nondi-
L i o n a l u l .PrezFnLa ubionclivuluidd slilului un to n fo rm a l , l i tp ra r. dPsuct
chiar. atunci ctnd subionctivul nu are forma moderni sau nu e inlocuit cu
indicativul:
Thotrgh l,€ d'.f6 capc.icnce,he s very competent. Indicativ)
{Dr ' i li lr r s " r r c a \p P r ir n l' , p s lF to J r lp
A " h p ,v " i s o 6 lp " n h o L s y o u ftu 1 h,b "" .u ( S' o
uT p "Io
b j. lprnmr d
Ir .v .r ' ) ( r o r n i. lir ' ,d r I
to r i, r , d . /r d" .p v p f, prp r d al )
hvcn lhough the hotBo on fire, he $'ou]d sleep ihfoush it all. {Subj. prezent)
lCh ia r d a ' a a. /a a lo . .''/./,
s J . el n r i d r d $ l4 n ' d .)
You m u s r L lo y o u r r a s k pvpn ln o u g h y o r .hond t.d il h .itl. v
(T.ebuie si- i indeplinc$ti sarcina chiar dac{ a' ti s,t It sd pdr.t'Subjon g.ea.)
\Yhaicvcr you tudy (s au ntst) say. he irn'r .isht. (Subjonctiv)
Orice at sratu (s au @tp&,ea sp,ner, tru are dreplale.
2?35 Elipsa i n propozi iac o n rc .i ri i . e i n d propozil;a non."sivd arc acelali

subic"t cu p-Xen1n,u b i .c tu lsi p re d i ,a l u le i pol lipsi:
"n ,Bn lhc

Eo@eret wasl ct;pplel,,
unlikel lit aete),he
thewas leading
thins a u3etui lite.
happetred.
The weafher was pleasani., aenl if Lit aasl cotd.
2?40 8 ) l r o p o zi l i a r cl a ti vd ( Th e Re l o ti ,' e r h u *1 i n l r o d u s6 d e u n p r o n u m e .
" sl a
u D a d j e cti v sa u un a d vp r b r e l a l i \i . o r p r i m € L sd u b u b i n { e l € .
5 741 Cuvintele care introduo propozilia relativd slnt:
prununp r,latirc - wbo, \vbom, wbicb, \\l L a l , l L d L . a.i
a d j ,tti ,,p re l a ti r, - w b o " F . bhh. wbal;
. ad.vefierelative-'$hen, rvhere, why.
There soes lhc nat Nho is one ot ow ablest .oaches.
I can'tan$ler lor a child lda, sau whoml I hdtdly knoa.
Hp h a s a n r m " th | lt i " la a o u ..
She did .rio, (: that shich) she coulrl h heb.
Yo may takc such sleps 6 you ttlink fit.
Thal was tho honse ehose t naIt had, baen Stutatu-
L a s r y p d .. a k r I in Nh r h ) / r n r ;ll, I h a d ro ltp d p in bed.
T n J t io .n ;r , /r .. , . i' r $ h iih . "' , r d - ,id ,o is tP ;\ d d a p
T r J l ,{ u ,{" ,- t:" r .a ,o n lo - | 9 h ic h t he a u k ta t d r r ;n d In i n"prinS.
Pronunele, adjectivul qi adverbul relativ lac parte din propozilia r€lativd:

4 ' we pr o o q r .ll h d J th 4 d ,lo t l,a h a d b * n .h o :e r Io , th " .\J ifs p o t :n p i" tu f?
'
,; f1 .;,,o r t' h o n ) r lo u l@ ," .n p" ,s \" r \ gaod in lh - l" a d in g p d r l
lln arnbele exemple, "the actor", aniecedentul pronumelui lelativ, fac€
o a rl ;.l i n p ro D o /i ti " n ri -c i p d l i , i n ,rrp p s re ,o m tl a ' n F o td i rF c l (p x p m p l u l l
iau subiect exemilul6 r. P i o n L ,m " l . el"Liv a'e parue i n pronoziLia uhordo
n a ra n .a rF e s tpq u L i o i n v o m l l u l a l .,, .o m i l c m n rr d i re ' i p \P m p l u l r 'l
P ro D o z i l i d Fla rD pont" l l d a ,rn ,n o l ti t ;au ' ry l ;" o t;ft1 .
2?12 Pfoiozitia d c l e rm i n d l i rA th . n .\t,rti r" R p l o ti fpatou:c) .s l e numiLa
a s rh LD c n l rJ .u ..d p l a rn ,i rl ]- ' n ra F d F n l u l a u . d c n ' i ti ' n .l u -l ;c u a l tp .u v i n tc
ea servestepentr[ a deosebi.dc alte obiecte similarc, obiectu] denumit d€
qi '
antecede;t. Fiind absolut necesar;
ca atare, nu este dcspi4iti prin virgull de rest: tn €lesului, nu poate lipsi din frazn
Tl\e docLorhat ou rahs up in thematning as come o seeyou.
She has seet the land rlrrc otahlc-ttc.s btossotu.
Il.o o o /i i J ,,,;,r /; p r o p o z i:r p" _ L i.,i' d . d'o1r"'o

' 1 " u n i d u lo r i
r " s lr in s A ,;1 " 1 " :' l' o " lq p d n r lu i..tr ttlp o u la " r p lia Nd P 6 liu n eori n u m ild d " r ..ip r r r il
: S e n sg r a n a tic a l: a tit lii,,le , c il9 i lu c .u r i ( $ ,) .
563
8/12/2019 CLASTFICAREA Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
PROPOZITIILOR
propozitia .ltll.'S.I";ii]j,l"l';
er*minati)1.*,: r",,""i :.pricr- ri4l
;;' '," cs'i'ndispensaL'd
,",.,1""",,ox11111"",Tl1,1"i1'"111;,3r:l'ri*;;,"
lll),*iiii","i ina*. vind *"j.'::tl l'"'"1ii"il.'J#
-*;.:::Ii:il:ll:
l;",ir,.in",i" "ru "'"'a"n''t
::;i:l: xl ::l: ',;:ljl,'jl'li'l';::t''*
liru:it*:-:Oiri,l;l::r"rurr:t;';
;;'^f ''"'Tl'llr
My r{ile, rno ts catuingL'@tar'
$ill }c lleascd to scc Jo u
o sr? /on' coordo-
il- principali: -llv \fift tt'ill be pleasea
""*-tl" is c('ning
"utu"lo-on'"ono,'1'" relatiYe p ncipul6' coordonsfi cu A: eho
'" ' a delichtful week'
t n**U urrough Proguc' *ha e I s1ent
i - i:lli:ili:ii:,:'#Ti'i"'"T"'1"9:i:i"'?r.';'
*",t (= snd thPre sprnt )'
'{hp'r'
spen'i
a't;:iia

""
.,. ##**rm"xtlltxllilTfifi"ilT.il,$::i;iiilf:
;lt,'liintl*'"l ji:1:"i:ilii]*:$,:",r,T"ri."ri:
s
i i:,r "n
dcnl$. l n r ar e caz inlr odr r 'e o f'r opoz
":;':;t",';f*'
)l""l,i-,,i1',,qi1"",1;l':::
ffiT.Hlu:", i :i:"il'i'i
lil;;;r"ixi::"i:'i;l1;;:;1'
",""1f;;.r;il*i
ioor donatecu ant€ccdpnr ur '1. S 2?46
relat'ivl
Propozilia podte ".
I *r 'ltv ^--,-ote rplativ \

2?47
.,, #rulf ;"1;,:lllli;'#,1,1$*;'"f,

;fatrjbutivdr' 5 ii:
-lr:
r$ 2;ll): :
diilli,'al()t i"'"'tin"ri'i
b) "rn'r lt" iSiii
;*?*r,*i*.'r
,.".,f1.i##*..-fu
d ) od crbi la (circumsrantialb)
.\ 2760
I lliSl'i"",11'Ti
'"T."I 9ili?'l**'.0"'n
"\;;,; k';;",::".i'11::;
cu litere ctrrsive
scrise
I a^" nnt atr ibulive n ldJ pr opozitiile clr tir o principalr. i8r a doua
"h' ri"P":;:iJ;;;i": ;"i." "'Jrt'i cauza nliuniidin

scoprrl i.l
e ad ectiv
" " ""'"
684 srNrAxA FEAZET
2751 L, li-nbd Fnqlezd, prc dposFbirp p limba romAn;. ptopozilia relalivt

r l e p a i l a d cc u v l n l u l p F . s r e l l d c t e r m i n d . a f d a c c a s l ; d c s -
Doatp.ls unFofi
q i p u n c l u a u ee s l cc a aa d P ( -
bd4irc nu duF ls inlcrpreleri ronale cf. $ tl08)
vatd:
''They met som"P@Pl€ lt?t they had got insiile'p'ld said hey had been hero
l' o r t h . e e q u i d e r s o I n n hour' '
il"o"iVrrr1aflFd Ar@ B o P vn r i d d vo r r l " t ' m i ' vo t l o sd t d la
lon' been attdched. 'homheioi
,c. ttezd had come ahotu I had. knaqn as a bog
(Penf.u alte detalii asupra propozi,tiei elaiive \ezt Pronumcle rclattee'
s 1037).
27b2 l ProDoziliA ondilionali l h' AdrPrb;ot lausP af or rondi'
'ondilior
t t a n o l l t o r ; p t l i a t a r o n J r l i a d , d c a r F i r n d ' l l i o i r e d "p i t r d F a 4 i u n c a d r n r ' L c n r 6
P r o p o z i l i a o - d ; l i o n a l d e s p u n d c o l n ' r F b d r p AD t h o t "( l s t l : in c p ' d z i ) '
27tr3 Yerbul dil propozilia condilionale poate fi la modul indicaiiv sau sutr-
I ndi.,:atit)l in praryzilitl @ndiliondld

, 4 t . 1 n u o Jt - , h i n g " g o si o n j
' Jo n
\ o ( | . y" . 1 N \ @ : o Jo t : ,, O.'"i|,"r".
'r "
Unlcs ltau slaP taughrnS' 1ta^
S ubjont:|irul. in prapozili.a candi[ionald

I sh o u ldst r . i slu d ) in g il r r e r c . u
I t t o u h o d o . o ". \ o u so 'r ld u n d r . Jn r -L o yr '
t io , i t t "", b * " e ; : , d | $ o u 'd Jr p - o r . e L ', d sJr k
I , lo n . n o \ f l, " l Ja - L n - n @ il . o uh d d r '' 14 '
f P e n t r u d e t a lii ve zi in co n t in u a r e F t a n co n d ilia n & I d ( $ 2 7 5 4 - 2 7 0 4 ) l
s 2754 rriaza c0N0rTIol-11,,(

(TEn CONDI'rIONiI SEr-rnNcD]
2?;5 l , s l r u . l u r d . - l - r J , H ' "n d i l i ' r r d l n i n t o r m r "i "r m p l d "s t a o l r o z h

. o j p l "x a 1 . c a r F o r r . l r J ; r , J ", d p a t i :
aJ o propozifie rdg€nldcon-tinindun Yerb legat de o condilie;
p.opot'ti" uha art t a ;nJFllinire
d e p iAn,r Joe i ' a l i ) o r "e c , l i u r , r r d i n ' r"r' -"' ^ "\
r r t' '"i. m
Adc p'aoirrrdd"u
i l ibr o' lrod o r 'rbar aer l P I u n r r r a
prapoztlie condtlionu.Ld\ 2752).
2?66 2 l I'uviolelp rrlrodu,{ire aln pr,1'oziti0i ordi ioualc ^- Propo/ilrA 3 F
, o n l i n A . o n d i l i a F . l . I n "o J u ' ' p r i n u r ' ' J o a r ' l ' ' u \ r n l : r / ' | 1 n t ' t r ' a r "'
on iarulition (thdt), prorided (s ar prct'}iding (thal), s'l?pdse,s au rupposlns
(that), unless,dr long ds. so lang u.s,aheth.r.. orercl
It uou tot tiu { r do l r o u ' b v j
i t i,t,t hod r" r j r . . . i ' o t d 6 'v" t ' l r n d p p i ' "
"h"
In .a . lou shoutd stur ms, \-ou'll {ind me ai lioNe'
.h. ; . n;te.
I i l, oj " lu l . t u c, , i .e. . ,I,., a d , t p "ro. ,. , ii ., l.lp " .l'. N'Jtt:ar
.lrr'lr ' l th1 bo.L bu
-; ,'1^" th t ;P n a v: " P . L t t h " "
1 , . : , ' i i " ; ;-' " | p i . i " ' . r* . , ,,n : rnd
' h , 3 o a " u ra '.'-
aL" u P o a t u k o J 1tt tt n
\oim,r 'on.o '
\\" i " n r . o . 1 , , l 4 h " r t P , o4t"s
I J.It. JeMn.. Tht.e )Ien iL a B.ot

'C o $ i, i8 u r e r in cip a u 1 $ 8 2 t )
u adm'
3 70 : r recunoa'ie.
FRAZA COND'TIONIA
L r '"o r i o r o p 'ziL ; , r o n d ilio n "la r u r q r p in lr o Ju ci d - . r r in '"1 " arltate $ 2757

m ci . u . , i p ', t ; r '. 0 ; i f "r a r - n ' p ^, 1 'o zi i n ', o n d ilio n il- l
Datt h,t t,;' to::4a il vo,, d"n x, p I',n \di"ng lnd p ton crl l l
I il ipdl. oo,'],'na p f l n . i l n i rn l i a o , 1 ' n d a p r i n i l d u
c j d v o u u 'ha\. 'o>aJar o ' . l J . o t n a t . . a u P d o t thp La 4 . t u " ' t
prrn'un.urr r r ' o t r ' J d r" ptn
{, Is. n on-hJ. 1ol Jlpl l:n Pl;,uu"dondl;
3) Modurile intrebuirtate. Nlodurile verbelor intreluinlatc in -fraza $ 2?58

condilio,..1; subjaul; ,l InttP'
indi dt;'rl. lnpa.tti ul '.nl;t,onolut '.i
"rt:
b , r i n t a r "sx , "i r o r m o d r , r id , p i n d . dF '.'1 'arul r . i l 'ru i r . a l al r "' i r i i I e r
bului.
lntre rnodurile ;i tinpurite verbc)or predicat din cele doun pr.,pozilii
exista de obicei concordanli.
a) A c l i u n e a reald C l n d w e r b u t din p r o p o z i l i a c o n d i l i o n a l d $ 2759
cliur" .du od-rilF int'pbuinldlF n g'rPr'
c rao_r "i
e i rna limbr
o , mmnn\.
f t o t uindiiti,)ut
t'robob;to,
i l c u b o r d o r . a r i . ; o t i , , t e a r tnp t o"rt i rnul .l
tn regentE.
Cu excetrli.Liitorului. care de obicei nu se ioloseqie n propozi.tia (sub-
ordonatn) condi-tionali, Yerbul predicat. atit in regenti cit i in subordonati'
poate ii lfl orice tjmp cerut d€ ln.tet€s:
h . . .1t t.,,. hd 4r I b. Ii r t " e / " n r
tr p"",Frl
)tnp,'t,4..o rr'r' " '"""Ji \\ h d - d . \ o \ PrpT nl -'rrl
'rrso " l i , , . t o . ' t 1 l l ' " / " r ' \ l01
,11
rl
I /,n;iim ' h rino. ) "r,. -'o,\r'rn-
Ijouid,..,", /,o;lo\i.,' b"rr''hish ' ' l - " Z l n i l4tfd r r
"l,
' tt r \ ' .1i.t1t " " . . t p art 4. h'- dl /a n''r {T,' pt'z"nl
. . , , , : " , / d,lo.'o". ' "ra,ur)
'.
I tjk i Trqu
lr 5l - /-Apd vou o ..i, ,rl1 .Fr', /P :rr I l r " \r'lo")
lr,ox{,.o.'in(F1.t1rd.ctonrlo.lhi. " l v
lil lor m" r P r ' r n l mpPrdlir
It i" r h p i p y . s l rd1i, ,ns i. u nor' rT,..' i,np",dliv'
"d ] n l { u i ' d l r y I ' J Jr nos lr-'L
lt tt hodot [ ; ' . t ' h " d r r ' , rbing ir "1
-\.
II'Joan li;dn't lzzclrd bclor€ youf arrival, snc *ta probably jotz us in the dining{oon
non. (lre.uij lerlect + vinor)
\pro. p. loirp "rcnplnle d" n Ji (uc .onrin lmplira ia ri a.liunpu 1 F r -

;or.id"mtl .i ?larF dp nlpF
bului e s ' " " rpersoani:
r.ola p r i n laplLrl € fo'' raporL0lS ' a
locutor sau de o alti
ll " pnjoJ. inu h ' o " . i l . ' d i o n ' d s p " o p l " or Jod s a J l
Il you ldv. " o
r€d, n,m 1rs Iou s a y J . . .
It ie d.idn'r &eiee my lctter {as J.rne saysJ .
NoId
Viilorul lepuitnd li intrcbuintat tntr o propozitie s,rburilonata (S 2850), $ 2?60
n r o o o z i t i o ondiLionrla 'r p o a l - 'online rrr i i i t o r : a ": ' imp P q l - p d a l lrin
'pre).n rl i r ' l i r a t i r r r l u ; . "u orezentul rS 2852 2F:Jr:
I vou r,-{ 1,"- 1. \ o t r( i l l l r ionr ' r o1l l o p . ' ,'le"
rD:\'-l".d
bn. \ ' l l qel l r e p " i r " i r shp l , i d ' s { p / " d ' r l l h q . " " l i o l s s " l b J t h r \ a m nF E
t \ a o b f ri. t { " m : . rl. iro ttr',tuas lod lnrr'i-ril" l,r' 'l {Jmiolloril
'
| 10 cotueaut top ta cotuea't (at the) ta? (of the tAt of sucds'ful catutidat.s) l: a
primul/triD'a la- conors).
reuti
680
8/12/2019 srNTA:.A FRAZET Limbii Engleze
2761 Pr.pozitiile,cunditjonale construite cu verbul Fi nu constituie de lapt

-_...
€xr
',ptu la reg,rta dF mai sus, dat fiind cd pjll nu este aici auxitiarul viito"
r u t u r .c r a r a n t . t o s u ls a u d " \ F r b moddl , Dv u l .
I . b h i ' l b- J r J . , l u ' i l Jor . v t l . o r " t , nr-
rtr \or n . e " u t r o s . J , o f d . d , " 1 , o ; s d m 1 m , l i L . z . )
qtry a l i p t o n 9 n " . r o . \ v i
you rll onrJ , .1r 1,," broJd"J5i.onrerr.
; r'ri stli oL .tr. v,.i a u l i ,oo..rtul rddi,,di,rart.J
2?62
.h) A r iL n , ir "d 1 d . - C in d t - r b u l d in . vb o r d o n r r j F xp r im d u
r . lr u n p , . a / 4 . d ^ ii. r u : n , h it u i. d n , r , r , 1 i,m o d u , ijF in t r p b u in la r e it n , cr n * _
ln n o lu t l 1 "A g q n t i . i sd L jo n d it u t in su L u r d o n st d . a st f p t :
. o n . j. t lo n a | .ph I nt t r p g p n '5 \ _ su b ia n 4 ir p r p z"r r ( su b o r d o n a t a )
.onottonat p r l . / r '. g a n '5 ) _ su b ja n a t u p "r / . "1
L . u b o r d o n Jr i)
@auld@epr at onoe t you ire, what iL was alt abouL. Cond.
^-.,_ \Yo\t .e2. + subj.
You.oozi, haocauepted, t once I you ndd t@/u ivhat ii was all about. (Cond,
p&f.- + srlj. e.t.)
r\ se conrpara contrastiv:
,ahe i .otrp f rou a sk t r e r . A . t iu n e e a le l
c- h " o u ld N h p i r Jo r d sk"d h e ".
A,, u n F m a cin a r . lJ
sh z e o d t d hdrd.,@ ii Jo u h a d a sk"d h a r . t \ . i: u n . L e r "d t izd r r )
f l r r d i ,o ' i v u t p{prirJ o d . , i u n o f p d l r . . u b j o n , . r i r u L r . z e n L o a c l i u n e
PI€rrpald. 5ublon.lr\.ul Frlpcro o.riuno F .ali.otti.1
Atenli e
2?63 _ .Indicaiivui trpcut )i subjonctivul prezent, avlait aceeaqi ormel. dar
,nl€lesurr drlentc,F nu
d r r L ubordona'; s l e trcbuip
n d i ""t nconlundate
d . mooul antre
r b u tele.
u i d i nlnregcnro:
Eenere.ormfl verbald
ll
"h
sd;J ij 6 . t i . l l o d : , a r\ r"..r. i n . t i . d t i \ lr"ru|
rDJ,a d s p l ." od. , " d , 'l "Js. d /ar d i t r L , . n l i p . , . \ , l i u r F reJlbj
Il sd;d . . , n noukt L " r s t i p . S ' , b j . p r " z . o n d o.p/.,
t D a' hc"^ a. sput d . t d D n-.'r 'n.i.. q,liuno
i"jj.rr
-,sra.
fSubordonata i,online in anbe]e cazuri acecasi ormn. dar nu si acelasi
m o d . trimul"dz \ - r b u l f i i n J l r t n J t . o t : r t , t r , - u ' , i n , i d n i t a l t c \ r r i o r r i i r ; l
p r c : p'n
n t . . "| . 4 t l J i l "r ' . n a . i . irr Iun, rie dp n,ud,r. n t r r b L r i n r a tt n "r - : p n t . i ,
ir?rimul caz egenta iind colstrujld cir nilicativul,in at doiLLa,.u
u;ditiol
Uazuri spcci:rle
2761 . C o n , o r d a n r r r - o d u r i l o r t i r i m p u r i t n r Jin trazs n o n d i l i o n a l d S 2762),
dF r r F q p . . r a , d n rnJjur'rae a , +
"z u r j t o r .D U m, n r i n F n u n , . t a i r u t t i i s p "_
2?65
, d , Subjoniir.ivuluipi'fp.i djn subordonatn i corcspundeuneod condiiio,
ndlul p/..rnl jn regent6..mri atcs arunci clnd este nsolit, de un adverb cu sens
up prez.nr. rr'. not. rt,..i
-tt11. t p.,t"nt
It i ftddn'l r,s, nv \ratch,I sho,tld. ow hd,e one.
He @out.t, e \ei il I hdd\,t aske.I him not ro comet
l?66 .,b o onliun.r . . r / r in rFqenra

. . 6r r r r lqLborJor,.'rii.
-1" Jin t.Jrr , o.Jitiun,li p4r F\pri
rpdl.t n d ,i poL i l d i n d i "d t r v n r e t p ta si t a s u b i o n r r l v n
-cr
subordonati. r\cesta este n special cazul subionctive-lor cdnstruiie'cu auxi-
r C u e xce r . ia . L r u lu i , r , ( g
1553).
IBAZA CONDITIONA'-A i8 7
liarele *,aalrl (cind erprimn roinla. inren ,ia1) i rloxld cind exprimd o p.esu-
punere ori o irnprobalilital.e accentuati sau cind cBte sino;im cu i.erbtrl
ought2:
I pauT 10 talk io t-ou ii rou .dll toDro.ro{'.
He .an visil tlie nrusennr if h-" ',oald
no ltl, like to .
l l sl'" totld ntl ,^-- .hr.,;i/ /,"/ /. gla | . s"" h"l
Il \, r r/,'1 r .o I'om, no$. \r|\ aa\'t ,oL . q .a
") \,lbele
. |l,iilion. .lin fr0ra
i in r'npnrJ ci ,undiliunal; t^r rprir,
o .. iune r'old -j\primd
i'rdi n, ti\/
,,ti,Lne ir,otu (prin Q
In .ubordon;tbr " 2?62
l,,liuldl:tpta so I,y,r.'J.plt 1 .or " i f Jou.rJ Jou dr. n,' ,ominc.
1) fo0di ir,|lilul )i propozi iasulrordonaH. Spru d"u."biro dF tin,La Q 27n8

d. unJa moJul "undilional . p Inrreb"ir,ls trrr ;n rFu,nta..rt si in
'o',,;
subordonaia unei lrnze condilionate. n ljmba cnslezn condilidiralul nu doate
l inlrFb-i'r,"1 .le.l, .- ,olul , \.pp,r^rHr In .;bordnne.J car. prprina o
.nndilrc. ;
",1^ nlo,uil. dupi .r.m d \ "?ut n,"i ,u. ( S 2?b2), ttin "rtbi"ni,*
a,erte fiir.l modul ..rp expril,d fe,
", liu,iirpel"..\.
condilionalul prezenl este inlocuit plin tubjonctiaulin.ubordon"ia:
preznt
"and; ^n4tutJ,.tt.,t p.,a irtu.,,i pri,,tbtonai,,ut p.il"r
Pentru acclasim otiv, unelepropozitii "lati\c core srEereaz; condjtje E 2?69
eu rnrLul la .ubjon.ii\ $i nd la ,ondirion"l:
l_mdg:n-b ing lld.psld,l ir' J book t^dt r., ir : $pr"r I.ird-rjtal
Inhip." I o.JrtFia jl l'. lubr.pd'o.ft
0rscrrali.i
{,J Propozil,iile ubordonate onditionnle.olstruite Lu shautdsi would, \ 2?i0
dup; un urnpar;. n , r . o r s ' i l u i t s tsx.cplii l € i , " 0 5 r a r , g u l E l
Should S 2Z?l
a') Il ro\t shauldmeet liirn ($hich k higlly inlrobabkr, teu him ro come home
I l .h. , d I,nh p F s h i , h I r " r r { u " h J o u b o n a ( " p l d J f r . I wi dbkh . l o t e
"n
S / . o / 1 7 o u l i n d i r D p . " s s 8 r yo i a l l nr. J s h o r l d .dJ i t . d h n n F .
l J l o / a . i n l r - b r i i n r a l a i r i ls l p r s o a n r a 2 - a s i r J . d I n tr o p r o n o r i l i " s u b -
o r d o n a l S . o n d i i o n d l 5 . p e t p s"bjantttrut r. r b u l u i sl,a// o i s u q e r 1 6 z 66 s j 1 r 6 1 ; "
fodrlF DUlin probabila sdu o prcsupun ', inprobabil" p"ntiu ( dalri
s-ar ntlmplas4...) $ 2119).1 'ii.or
a") It yot sttoutd : ousht)not sit up so ate, why do yon rto t? S 2772
_ J'ftould,sinonim aici cu ongrt (: ar trebui s a u tr€buie) este subjoncrivul
verbuhi modal s,4all js 2085).1
would $ s??3
I .r ould b" c.a t x ' o , U " \ p o u n l o u - t:r, q- :1 ,,D ar.,rtF,
"\' l l i f r a u n o * I o r d ", .' 'r.i1, . i .\, ,.,-lprlJr.li r n i r .,r :,o. ,n tuliir,.rfF 1r,tor
II yon ooLrd jusi. ster inio lhis ofiice
aji eoi.) re ros sI intrali o clite In acesi birou.l
IlDace
iI s|e pozll only lave st.rled iD, hcr.o]d \rould iave sot bel,icr,
iDaca a/ /i rot, nudai se nu iusl din case, Ie{ta i-ar ii rfrrcui.)
r \irzi :77:i,
, vczi S{ 2085.
I .= daca dr
ftrd nc lacn o \)2i11,... (inltubabititate aceentu.riiL).
r daee |.6?ie si l. dnci acnnl ac61. ... l: au€ht).
-
SINTA:<A FBAZEI
588
,".*'1""""Ti:,,oJx :'ft ",hl""tl'i

";';T;:f lil"lllji,Ti[i""ffi i;iT]:
p" acesta a auriliar rnodat : e voi) q' tg"9i'^",","J"'r
"u-iili"i".rl i"l"""." "re drept tonna d" politcleprin Fxcelenln5 2r Lt
"i."ii""ii"
2116).1 "o*iaerati
un caz
ai') Propozilia c"ndilionald conshuiti cu viiLorul consiituie
anal ,q S 2100. t61)
2n6 ;) """pJii' airecti poaieaYea n condit'ionalndependenl:
""-pr"ti"e
I musi nquie f it edtdn't "nltJ$i|'a,tl
"ebetterronnil,?,
l" t" r.""" vp*'.iti"s.
i1:,,i*:l"T':,'l?'i,,ir"ii;"?
u rondjlionrltr propoziliarin(ilrli S'rb-
2;76 5/ Sulrjoo.livut rslorrsdc i n l r o propu-
" i o r ' " , i ' u l p.'1" naori nrr"bui nrc ''u 'oto'r' d t ' o i r d i l i o n r l t i
;itrie principaln:
ee lris'l'e'a
',t'1,1 ..n
",jr; a
,-" I
;",
-sho'rlJ,lb' "orll|0rhi
r n " p,,'i i,,a , - so" o l,' b p I r nur be 8ii"n 1 ' Jll '
''RT " ll1,.:l*,''i, propozi :,"';:'i".13;*:'*
ia
"HI"liT";"'-'
0) lnlclesulb ul,jotrclirului n
E 2777 .loldil:']o"l'd' - -.,..^^
o7 Suijon" 'r,l pr" "n/,ir, ropozi:is
i zzzs 'undiLioDdrn ,lP|"lTi?$ll'"'l:."*
d U ' u i n p r e r e r r l r i r i i r o-.
r ($ l5i4-1r57):
o drdre magrnarr.c orrT€Drrd
i/"#,fi j"?:""j*.f ti:"#L")
"3-Ji'f,t,viiliJ$i"J1"
D) Subjoncti 'ultcr/e.t exprime o actiune nerealizatd
n trecui (S 1561):
s 27?0
Hs l? srt /o. th? tatotshP hp qor'd i3v" $'1 J
D a .d rr Ii .d rJ:d a , l d b L r"s a r Ir o b \'n u ' o
6 ''""
2780 . ) Fo']|l ,,t i v ul uis l s 42,es rel rrl rpbui nl 0rs l npropoz 'trB
')P ' a s ubj onc lziarisri"
" r'.olui;i''iai". pailamentar' ticial n slilul terar
"o"alLio""ir'i"
,"i:":"'iif:trJ'sif,T'
:ij",";.:*jH'i::';;1,::*'?sTt'jiu,i
It it bd so, lct then do lhei' Iest t'o win vou aplrolal
$ 2?81 ?) Timpul n lleza,conililion i'-

{ 2?82 a ) Prap.)z Ll La r e t ' ) n t d C o n d i l i o n a l u lr€z ents e'referi l a o
" "" rjtoare, condilionarur effect ra o eclrn'e
" :;i*HT:"::lll,t**. sru
r;i:':i,,
i:i k'n, {i1il;i r.hr;l 1i"ii}";;;
L t Propu ;l'o oiit.Lulndu-s c n a rtem llu,v c rbul
S 2783 'ubordor
/or"t-rc o.'ral.s uL'lon" r t ur "rPrim d a'rtFl rim pullnpropoz ;{is s ub'rdonart:
:;;,i"i'.i ,hn,.,.
,,,,,i :li,:ji:t;',ii,:lfir.r,:ii'*;*1"i,,
pri,: ima'i'r')obi'ir P ar o i r " a
.,,t, ['i'::;i:rl;;.,',: :,1 -"".'"l;:'r\;.'\f
:jl":)"),:"i",'I",":11,,:;i;;",,....,ot h Fry, h 'nr,aa, .\nd'
g 556-,ij5.1).
i ili"lJ#lli'.,fi;,i11;"'
FRAZA CONDITIONALA 6 89
I L4d Gulj. prczoDi.)limba scdsi ti vorbitd)

eiitonrt J tI 06 (irdicati tr€.ul) {lim}a vorbiin)lr
e io r im 4 t r '"io : I I . r t o , / db . A l, t t J ) a t o d t r o r so a n . l lliiD b a s slsi vo r b illl
' t /p / p , r , b . r 'r - u nt ; : n t in ir ivi r iin b r s. n slsi vo r b , lr ,
t 'o
th r ".hLI f- ,,
l i n : i i , i ", p . r ", 1 I r a d b p t ' u b j . p . r "t ) ( l ' m l d s . r i , 5 . : v o r l i r l )
Obsett'atie
Intrebuinlarea timpurilor 5i modurilor tn propozilia condilionald difere $ 2784
ln iinba englczn de [mba ronani ln urmitoarele cazud:
Limba rom$Dl Limba englczfi
: i n d i . . p f t ze n t : i f r or. ( 5 2 7 5 9 )
eiitot petfect: dac{ loi li lost : Fte:pht t'afe.t it t rlaue ,r. ($ 2760)
cond. iiett dnall. li :,ut,j. pre2nt: ii I /..c ($ 2t62)
.oNJ. peicct. dicl ar î fi losl tubj. p*fect. il I ndd Deeu (S 2761)
-
8t 0rdin0a ptoloziliilor. ln
irsza ' ondijionala. prnpozilia rFgFnl, S 2785
p o s l e p r F c e d € a uu r m i S u b o r dF1c
o n a l ai . C i n d r p g p n L d r e , ' d ; . a , e d srirgulu.
ta iind
ordinoa ormalaa pre"FdpnlFi. o u dpropozi ri u sede.part prin
Clnd, inse, pentru accentuare, uboldonat,a stedeplasati astlel ca sd preceadx
€a r€genta, se despa-rte e aceastaprintr-o virgnh:
You {ouldn't meether l you telt now.
ll you leti, tov, you rvouldn'tm eether.
9) Propoziti8 conilitiodald nalepenilentE. Oricare dintre cele doud pro- S 2786
pozilii.are clcdtuiF.. rora.ondilionold o a t e i lntrFbuinlata .i odependent:
Principala:
He @uld like o see Hamlet".
Would JonmituI otcning he windo\r?
I qould hare doneanytling ior you.
S ubordonata exprinind o dorinln):
If I @rtd only ski aEainl
Il Gco Poli,i'only n;a. youl
Il he lod only D&Dherel
10) Inyersiunen in propozitie 0ondilionsll. Conjunc,tia / poate lipsi $ 278?
din p r o p o z i l i a o 1 d r i i o n J 5 . n . a r p r r / ; d "p J d p . o n d i l i o n a l ps e r . d a t d p r i n
i n r .iimp
un i s r i - osimplu)
o r d i r i i sau
. u v idupi
n e l o rauxiliar:
.s u b i . " u l r F n i n d d , , p i v F r b{ , n d a "F s t 3 . G l a
Aceasti inversiune se poale face numai atunci clnd propozilia introdusd

de conjunc\,ia / ooDline ulul dintre verbele ta be, ta h&e, muld sar shaukL
In lipsa acestorverbe 6e nt.ebui leaze auxiliartl dLC.'
This wouldhalc no inlortance r./. ir n ot that he kneiv he regulations.
llo$ finn l}r land. dp. d ip r"^ , r a sp d i r 6 i . i o r l h " f i r - t ( i n" l
{ € i € t o sr i t e , \ vu n l , l"ou
Jo D a n s\ cr ?
L h lit r r cir c s ljn r r r il, r t ( S f i5 0 _ r s5 ? 1 .

'I n \ r r 'd li , , io ' . \ lu i. . / p . u - L b i . l . l. sr ' r , r Jln lim b Jvo f b i. 1 , i1 r 'n \ 4 r s. r "c
indicatimhd {S 1i56) nu rsie h|tbuinfutil.
'ras
6S 0
Had theua l, . n l. lh . v co n ldca m no u i,

. -god n i known Engiish r-"11,heJ would have been able to read Shaw in the
- Caua she com. Niih us, wouid you takc ho on our e(uAion?
tt.outdw a , n n " 8 . "o r s h m , p lr b sr e t m r kn o w u t o n . e .
n id / kn o s f , "n ' '. | . o r ld r '. d r l's p o e m
{ 2788 1 1 t P r o D o zilia co n d ilio n & la cliD li( n . Di D r o u o zilia co n d ilio n o ll iI-
-
r r o d r ,se
(dacn s - ,refern
l . , o n -la
' i ""1 i . 7 f ' . rsau
regenti: "l i p este
.i v . r b u l ca
acelrqi , d "", Ina lrcgenta).
. s i a . s i " rSp
o 6objine
". i r i ,ubi*rut
asticl o
9i
construclie clipticA:
I should ike to har€ Urepi.tu.e tl til ill po$ir,,.
T h . y -ay p\ rj
ling:' d l,;g r : i / t h n ' . o . l r . ' d o n , n ad T F now.
Do cae.vtl,ine vor cdn. ,/ li i.l ,e.,$,"/.
-./ Iir. pr;vediu;M,stu;-'r,'rn" iamera niislit ie exchansedor a better nake.
s 278C In propozi,tia egati\.6 hiar conju cria ;/ poato i lnlocuiti peniru a se
da mni multd concizie lrazei:
But fot lou l:it iL hadn't leen l or you), I should hav""neen ost.
llithout lv fathzt (: il il, hadn't been or her father) she would nevd have sat fo.
all her eaams n llre iDlDmn.
iJndss (: il it ts n.1.) canfi.tuedby lractic., lhcorJ is laluetess.
S 2790 l2 1 4 b if . C r q i . o n ju n . lia 4 lo "u r iu n F a a - s / n e r e "u b io n "r ir r , l si

s'p b t € o b r p lr a lu s in lir r b a r n r n r in a cu , o n d ilio n a lu l. P r o p o zilia r p sp "cli i
esle lnEE comparatiii ($ 2724) qi nu condilionflle:
TIey look as jl they nad toothache.
Yo iehrve if rou pef? mis1.essol the house.
'rs
She ale as it she id not /rd a meal lor severaldays.
$ 2791 lirnba
13) Alto conshuctjiconilitionalo, Condi_tia ai poate fi exprimati in
englezi ,(i prin umitoarele constructii:
tt lou n lo) s p F h i D . l F h i n lo ring mp up
' u l J lhlpp
" h1r
DacI s 14t.mtl1 sI I vazi. s t / t r 1 4 3 1 T i l d p l u n " z " l )
It you @e.€ o ,ec l,i,r, icll hin to ring mc upl
(DacI ar Ii 6[l vezi, splne-j s{-mi telefonezel)
Aceste constrlrclii sugereazeo situatie mult mai pu,tin probabild dectt

subjonctivul.
S 2?92 14) l'Iaza conililion:rlf dezvoltatf. Oricare dintre cele doua pir,ti ale
rnei {raze condilionale ($ 2755) poate avea alte subordonatel,sau lntreaga
frazd condilionald poate Ii lngiobate lntro ti fraze dubln'sau multiplds:
If t hdd the morelJ \h1c\ I lost yesterdayas I $'as going to s.:llool, couldbuy
n *I[ I h e ' o o ' I n " e d . ( I r ' , / i . o m t ' pxt dp/\nll ' )
'
Hod he bained Ntler he iirn ca'rD to tsucharest, hE @uld tue haae bee| iL farm
afi sorc ir f u , t h " hanpi., l;r. l F e z J J u u d l
She iriid to mini,nize roui drllpvement, nut I knon jlou coulrl,D't aee obtainetl, ou l
dtstee, when \an wer-A {i collegei if lou hattL'l wothed ha , rat\ I do aplreciate yolrr
eitod. {r'rrzi1 multitli)
S 2?93 t5) Pr,'t'ozitiacotrditionalf$i propozitia romporal{. Acestedoui pro-

t o ri j i i p o r i u n p o rio n t u n d o rpr. a s e i n ; s e a n . 1 ' r n o d u p p rt i . i rl . u rn 6 i
de cuvintele care le introduc:
My litr.rcgirr didn't mind bcitrg .pdmandcd ro lons ds no aneelse as prctcat. ,Con
dilioDald)
Nothing can be done about it. so ,ong as she lives. (Tem o.ali)
r f o r m ia J ln s. o " ,4,,, i- , zt . , T p lp r r .r u ( $ 2827.
: C u duua n r in cio a le o lr d o n a r e( 2 8 2 8 ) . ": 1 S r , r t r i- r ip d l"
C. l" isd u n d i m u l p in 'ip r l ; o o r d . ; la .
{$ t82r,
ERAZ^ CONDITION&A 591
ll vau . o - " t u v , you rnish mFp hir. Condi.iondtE r

ll h" n t h"t. he sutl"rrd a-oDF. oI shyn.,.. i/ n? JiJa ,. hp wds eor-v hp hJdn l
seer lLrr. TcrnoofalJl
l6) Propozilia oondilionald i propoziiia on.psivii. // nu in,roduce g 279{

n u r n i i p r o p o z i ' i acondilional d du t F 1 o r r l 5 . . i t i p e F d con.esiva:
I l h " h o d l t t l " b " a u t y , s t p was so kind ihdr
E v . . y o o . $ a5 1 aSrppmFnr i tr hpf arlv1n,..m.nr. "vprrone lit .d h"r. rconcpsi\rl
't t i ha o s t o & u n ,
"hp
proved verr ablc. (Concesivi)
III. CLASTIICARE.{PN,OPOZITIII,ON, UBOR,DONATE N,IN s 2795

ANALOGIE CU PiBTI.E PBOPOZITIEI
O altd clasificare a propoziliilor subordonatp €re drept crjrerju funtlia \ 2?96

pc.€rp s.FrlFr o lndeplineFctn rarJ. cor.spun.6loarcuict,ieipr;rlitorpto- -
poztliei irDlr o propozitie. Exist{ astfel:
1) propozitia
2) subiecl,ivd
propozi,tia prcdicativd
3) propozitia atributivi
4) prcpozitia cornpletivd directX
5) prcpozilia circumstanliqli
6) propozilia prepozirionale
RccunoaElFreo u b o r d o n s l pp l a . F cu aiutorul
"€ r r ' L "r u l u i propoziliilor
€.eloraqi ',lrabsri l o l o - i t F1 s sllsr.- p proporiliei.
'r(ilor
1) Pmpoziria subieciiyl fzr€ Subject Clause) S ZIST
carea)ndpplineslp
Ptopozitialunctia
s,rbiectiva estc oaipropozirie
dp subrca substantioald
prodi, tutui S 2705,2706)
dirr propoziiia prin"ipal6. S g?98
drn .arp cauzi scpasla rn urm5. drd pr'm0. nu arp n l p l p s p p l i n :
,rhd she hauEhtf it c..t emains mystery.
Ho@ he d,id. it is a sc.rct.
P r o p o z i l i i l e 'riqp.u liLers c u r s i r p q l n l p r o p o z i t i jsubipctive: r e m a i n s

a mysrprt . -is a qe.ret slnLpropozjtiiDrin, pd; .a;c nu au tnletps eplin.
b.,/ Propozitia subiective eshe nto.lt edprin: S 2?99
conjunolii (i/, that, ahethel, whether...or)
, pronume.;i adjeetire relative si compuse (qh.), d'hich, ohd.t, ( ,)hoerer,
adverbc cu valoare de conjunclie (ho,t\',when, s'lLte, whlJ):
l v l , a h 4 h " tas / i p . r o " @ r p " o , ' , 1 immlr"nr'.
Y ' h i h port l . p " n " , l d ? i d 4 nJs nor daidpd.
t v h u h " h a d b . h a r " d :r su"h a * o o . . d m " I r i r r i . d t i n s q u " r y .
.e alla dupn \ctbul din rFqrnra, pslp Q 2800

", CinLtpropurilid subin, iva
in r o d u s dde pfonumih il. s u L i F . r u l o r m r l t r "s p n , "i , n a p "i i q i a , u"a
r u; a s .
gns€ttet.Propozi,tiasubiectivl este consideratd n acest. az adevdratul subieci
(subicctul lagic) al principalei, It f;ind sul)i.ccrtl8r'analical (sau torr rd),.
{ r is impo-:l,lr 40' tL " t i u l d ho- l ' . th-p
/, is v"rJ lnpoido h " ^d h o r " / a t l . J a,
r LvJs mDitrrlrl ;[ -] hrh
. di.ln ,anrc.
t ' al
r P , o,ru rr,li.Jr, a a,". ..r, v , , i :" : . i 9 | ) .

I l1tr "u u"li,, , I' rril J-i r . J , , gia,na,ird.. re/i I : int, 8c4.
l'J "ubi u " ' .
699 SINIAXA FRAZDI
,qceasl.e onstruclie este olositd tn limba englezi actuali rnai mult d€cit
.er de a puncrul 10./. nal ales r lnnbar.orbitii. Asl,{el,Irazele itatelapunotul
(bJ .rnr Inri l ni rFmdi drs sub formd:
1t troved imm3te.ial qhethet he eds th* ot tot.
1 , \ ? 5 n o L d q i d 'd p o t t h. : h a u l d t l o
I. b . . d m ' , \ . i n r a r"ih ig. ht r e - ) , h u h . l o d t . h o \ . . t i n s a h a a .
2801 2) Propozitiapredicativf Camplement r Prcd.icatiee Ia se).-

2802 fz,teo propoziliesabstantbald a\1alljectirali
d.) Propoziriapredicativdeste
c.rrA ndspljnesteunL\i^ de numeFedt aril1 al verbului din regenti. Velbul
psl e
rccpnl F i un F rb.opJl dl i v,,arD. i n,prai na fu prufo/i l i a p'-di ,rLi \;.
alcntuieqte prcdicatul subiecl,ului din principali:
T\ar is 9hat hc
t sq{cd 'ai].titt
r/d, the ban^s qqe nood.d.
It loolled as t/ slk ha.In1 bat tho. at alt.
js", "it seemed", it, looked". Nici una
lPropoziliilc principalc sint: "that
dirrtre principale deplin. Propozi,tiilepredicative stnt: ha
said". "that ihe river banks \. ere looded", "as if shehadn't been here "what
ai all."]
2803 D./ Propozilia predicatifi esre inttod.usai tin:
conjunclii fds. as if. i[, that, trhether
pro ulne ti adjeci,ive elative cu valoare de coDjunclii (oho, ,"hich. ,rhat)
adrerbe cu valoare de conjuncrii (hotr. who\ ',vh.rc. .vhA)l
Ii looks dr i/ the eeE tteepiae.
$'e coNidered Lhe.i parerts shaukl Lc.
'rhat
The monent I like best s altet I so ta bedat nishl oilh dn interestinE ook o rcoA.
Triat is /lv 1 rceo ca aa hin.
28( 14 diiilild,
c) Dba
L,];n4;o lntt, saptopor
obilnuic;tc tti,lp suLtp.tir
se considero . t; .pl
propozilie pr pdt.atiep
subiectivn fiind un.or
subordonata caroi
precedi verbul copulativ. iar propozifie predicativ5 propozitia care tl urmeaze:
1 haL likp ,bo npr subi ,:\d :c I'or ,hp :n l" or pJicdr ivar .
p.'m;t o g" r
.T har ,h. npvp" " { s. t, u ni F-t di cubir 'tiva' s shb s1" sJy.
lpr eo'cuova,.
l"How she sings". '\hat she says" pot, fi tot fltit de bine propozitii subiec-
tive dacd se inverceaze ordinea propoziliilor in frazi:
Hos'she sinEs subiectivl) s what I like aboul her lDrcdicaliynl
What shc sa-yssnlie.iiva) is rhat she never dreaned oI geiting such a rice ilat
(predicativi4.l
(cr. s ,528)
2806 3) Propozili$atributiyi 1f,t€ ltLributlec Clause).-
2806 a/ Propoziliaatibutivi l depline.ste u nolia de d,rir a pe lingn un sub-
stsntiv sau un ptonum, din propozilia egentn.C uvtntuldeterminaide pro-
poT ilia alr ibul; a .ate numit ontp p.lpntut pi:
Xyerv toudst qhn catu last qeei Du[ uD at thal holcl.
The icws tnd, h. has su.h an tnt;esrinZ ntuaationspread ike wildtire.
l"Every iourist" si "thenews" slnt antecedentele ropoziliilor atributive
respeetive scrise cu litere cursivel.
2807 b.,)Existn dotr[ categorii de propozilii atribuiiye:
ptopoT i ti i l c dl rti & L. .Jr" s;nt prupozi l i i arri bul i vF rel .rti ve:
pronozjline substatnivdlc,cdre sint, propozitii atributive apozitionale,
..
adrca apozrln.
Penrn propozi\iile atibatiae ad,jcctiaale,zi g 27LL,2740.
r Peniru nlmFle predicl[ir. vczi { 2521,
na v.
crasMcsE^ PRoPozrTlloR 6S 3
Prapozifiile atributiocsnbstanlieale\ lnt apozilii'9pe lingd un substantiv S 2E08

eau pe llngd un eehivalent al ac$tuia:
| .t on -ht I d:d :t tn n^,on.a"n-'l vo u "
4
'rn, L bou \." arirdpd lu P . l l. 1," nan ihar" Lik nnl ttir:t
' . t ,to
r , . ecetlone
on elanrla
Pr of u/ : i r l J r ' i but i v " - p^ z i r i " nul e i r ' l i nl r o l Ls i n e' ner ol or i r ' u i n-

t r Lt t F t . . :
t , t " , o. , , t l , o' . i . n. t n r'. \ ' hpt h
Her lrcounf ol ha| the Wiater lrce Part hatl Saaeo// s''rs roy lunnv'
d,- i\i,sr,t./,{, I d 40 /iru $ds llin'sJ
t nl
\\ ''r" o rJpJ r|'P thP
' "'d t o 8a a1 t t t r
I' PIJ P e I hatJ ltt t Nt h'
"/; lemLt' \o"id h"tdll l ')
T : r, ,il.m rl.di"'a Po,a""r:elo
T r " I nhq t hi'a o bp ; t L i s ar'
"t,rl":e 'l
4 r P ro o u z i ri a o m D l o l i rnd i ro c l n ThPOI'i rl o u ' ' ). - s 280

o, I' r' " o " z i ri r n ' i ,p l p i i ra d i re rta a re l u n , i u de fo m o l F -" -rl direct al S 2R1{
u ' ,r,r h ri rrn . pcr'onrt au imp"r"o'J:
"d
I don't Lnos xho np aaa /d 3 L{od lrEon l)
T ' p v sd n r " d t o i e e " h ' | h " , l t - o s t h " r " o " d / . ( \ l o ' r ' r n p P r d ' n a r ' '
.tr"" t ' n' erybg L hat th"t "'e a hoPpu auPle '\IoJ imtpt>ondl
I I Pri,uozrtia ,rompletivd dirccG esle ntrodusd prini S 28lt

. i i l ,l . tl i t | ftt. nhah )
". iu. p. l i \ - rlri / i / l a r h^ ' v har ' J ' L' n'
pr unul , l ir'l 'r- r r l oor , d" ' un: u
pnal I
r ' l r pr l - , r r ' l ^ dn d" o, , j ' , n. i i ( t , " t \t"n r h r ' J ht ) :
l l p $ o r l 4 f p l : [ ; t 'o t . " P lat t'ir' ]a t'ok lo tnP "-oet
I d l n Jl L n s :h" I'al t o
Tlipl' .oiildr't |clr - h ahoe
t th. thin| "eas
rJ rlDne
ile'aski,d m€ slan I had ..tLP
I don't undustand phy slE llocsn'l dgrc onh him
N a td
Cihd introducp l,ropLrzi ii-utnpttri\€ djle(te. conjunclia l/ldt este n $ 281
i o c c i a l \n .ri l u r rd , i l i 0 r
/r, " r- r., \p ri r,a l j . rr
I hored ffiarl he qauld ee mc
Thci $'€re c;r nccd thdtl sheQns ryht
este inrieosebicuzul dupn verbele; to belieee' o hear' to rnagme:
r" tn iAcesta
i .i o p ,,' r,.,o " " n n ,t" r' to ' i tt tu ." " .ta s u rrp o ." 4 th i ' tl ku.nd.rst0nd'
Coniui is th a t ru .s l ' r' i .i o d n . r' \p n m s l i d L ,p a a ts h t d ra tn P r'
t.J ,i ;' /' ,/" \l o .u ri u n i L rm a l e d " u t' s rrL j o r,' ri \)l
' n a n :.
I / ; - , 1 , h"r I I ' ad no' bp" n uul ol ' i . d. r l ' c . : us L '^ s
'J t a . at u "
" r e \ at l \p :'lnnl r I r l l " d ol F r nr v s pl l
h t.' oiin d, ; d phol os . dphi ns dbv
c t l k s t t t ut i ndt p4. pr opo/ i l i s . ar F " onli nF " om ur r i . J r aacs l ao. om pl c l i \ r S 9\ l J
di r ec ui s ' r bor d" n ' . r v " r b- l ui , l - d a l dr dl i P : i po ' " I i l n' o' Li r d s 1u nu dc ' ur r -
Slre siid 5h? +o 5,tingtta.P

hone@- trtP
- - tB' Nt'ot had JanP o'J rho t?' th?
nau v
\\ ir dnrD - \o'r 'r4
l;Fn punislPd/ -t4
,rlp. prliils
"ho'h3.1
I P.olozititt slbsl{nlilala cstesr}or.torata care ndPlrlineqteunc ia unui subslaDti
(S
",ol)""u" LlLriiiiia apozitiFi, pzi S t 87
, i;-\; pl . . " , . i i r ' I p' r ' r " : L nJ ' d i r t p- . . o/ : i j "' om l l pl j \ " " dg' t r '
694
lExempLnl I: comunicarea €produsi este o compleiivd direote.

Eremplnl II: cornunicarea eprodusi consta din trei propozitii comple-
t;ve directe qi o aiributivn.l
2814 In stilul diteu, propozilia care conline comunicarea este o principali
coordonatd cu propozifia care con.tinevcrbul de declaralie:
'roul
_l don h"r".
r r,,,s $hriim,
dor'. vou so ak uDl .Doue Dn,ooz:iii c"ordotrale iu\tdDu,p.l
""in.$"f",1, -,n t t aon . " ' . ,T,,: propozr ; Dri , ir, ' l;
oorJona pr'm"hdoua jL\ldpu"r)i d rpiraoof,ro,,.J.rpn L, l;in.','tunlidd?d-
".
Atenlie
281; A nu se faoe confuzie Dtre propoziliile complctive directe in stilul indi-
rcot 9i propoziliile incidente sau ddiugate la sfirlitul unei traze, fdri legituri
sintactice cu restul lrazei:
I know you havc a soD.
proloziiieprincipald o comllclivi di.ecti.l
t0
Yor havea son, krow.
[P.otozitriendepend€nt{ o prolozilie dnryain,i.a legiluresintaci.iceu trim..]
"Thcsc, bclieve, ve.ehis aciuil words."
l"Thcscwerchis acl.ualw ords" p.opozijiendepetui€niil)rI beli€ve" incident{,
IlrI legilturi sintacticecu .ina).1
2816 cl, Propoziliile completive direcle sint uneori anunial,e de pronumele

"i, i'rtroductiv" (prcpdrdtar or Introdn:tarlt "It") cu luncj,ie de,,complement
protizoriu" (Pro,,isionrt bi{ ) tSSCi SaG, I'ol'oziLidco,npletiva rr.cra
liind .. tFl ln apozilia pronun,cJui (S 2-,90/:
\ve don't thjnk if likcly ,ia, hc was da a.ta".
They i'iU scc to it fi lou get Uou. d,ue,
You mny rery otft nM qe shal.l take patt in the spotts,lEtuanst tian-
281? 5) Ptopozilia circumstantiali (Th. )dttb;dl. ClduscJ. Aceastn propo-

zilie este o subordonatd odre Ddeplinetie funcria de oon|lement circutrrslan-
(Po t.u detalii,Yezig 2634)

9818 6) Propozilie prepozilion&li (The hepositionaL Clause). Prop.,zilia
subordona6 introdusd de o prepozilie are roiul unui compl€n€nt prepozilio
nal ( s 2622).
l']ropozitiile prepozilionale apar,tin urmdtodrelor categorii:
I d i d o l o o k L t .vh.,t.h" , r d 6 / u r J i , , C o m t l " r i { , 1, " " r r . z i : i ^ l " ' r . r
Jrds ttr v h o a e v a r t " d r o a r ho ns:rirv. (comol-livJ
i",r,"",frh;v."^ ^v'rlrion 'ni
Tne boy lou ooe tatkntg o (- to om you wcre talknrg) is my son. (Aidbuljri
ritative)
She has no idea ot ho s t do t. (Al.rilrutili alozilioDah).
$ 2sr9 IY. STRUCTURAR_{ZDr
S 2820 Inhoducerc ti termirologie, - Pentru cunoalterea aceslei chestiuni, este

necesari ldmurirea terminologiei engleze,care. prin analogi.t ej cu termenn
gramatica)i romAnr$ti, asomnnntorica lorrnd dar cu irlelos difcrii, poate in-
duce n oro.1ro e e.i eo dorescse sLudieze cestcnpitol sinLaxei.
ETRUCTURA FRAZEI 616
Phrasenu lnseam il,,Irazdr', ci,,loculiune", ,jsin1,agme"., grup de cuvint€" g 2821

(care u ouprirrde n verb l a un mod personal):
lor mixing cocllails
N-u se poate aplica numele de "phrase" propoziJiei eliptice care conline

un ver b subhlelas ($ 846, 1131,2825 etc.)
Clrruso e numeElepropozitia ca elementalfrazci lhe l,lain or Pri cipal S 2822
Clausd iind propozilia principali, iar t/rc 9.crnd.ar or Subsidiarll Clausapro'
pozit:iasecundar:isau subordonati. Cuvtntul claase nlrebuin at singur, Inrn
calificativ, inse;t]llni,,propozi ;e secundard".
Senloncc slonumeledat atil propoziiiej n,tependcnte (adicr ropoziliei $ 2823
.a rc n . l a , t1 ' r- l i n r u l ' r? ;,. .i r ;j tre T c i n - s i . Ir, l u rr,l i p d p
" l n ' u ra rra -
z ' . g ' a -.,ri .. F n F l p z d ,r' o a .' r u rrn e ' o a r" a ,l o s i l i " a re :
lj l.heSinItL. Scntence, e care o voln numi ln limba rornenn,,propozi,tia
independenie";
2) the Compler S€nrarc€. ireia li vom da numele de ,,fraza complexi";
3) theDoubLe or Conpound.)S entunce, e ia.reo vom numi .,lraza dubld" ;
4) Ilrc M ulLi,ple errdncd,cireia ii vom spune ,,Iraza multiplh".
. lr Thc Simplc Seolexcc (Prcpazilitr independ,enld) upriide un stng r g 28t{
y Pr " D r nn m ol I ' r dr c al r v l
I smt?dd t h€r.
JolD and L,ar to a show esterdrr.
He dtll ,uy pa .r and a bno.l
Uneori verbul chiar subiecl.ul stnl sub tn,telescr 9895

ii Hap?y N.a ycdt I $
"\lho's fhis lor?" "rvr."
Janglish potuL. "$'ait..ssl" "C.ntns l"
,9taLdiLEaam rnly. ll-a .incnLr. "AL ore ares,?tear ? (C.Dduciornl n
t eal . r u c l . c . l aut obuz )
"May I spcak o Gcorg ?" ".tpedl "I kno{ somes.hiskX.Put raL tiglLt r to
t ns . " i l ' r t el el on) i i n. . "
ComplotaLe, accsto propozi,tii el i pt i c e ar f i :

I s,i:h lau a H.Ur)' N-{L Year.
EnAlish s sr)oken ,r,. I orn cornng.
?n.E ts llanding roo onlX. Ae nkte an 'nara larcs to pav, if so u
1t Qtll pul loD dght in no time.
Li n Lr pngl pz bv nr bi l d c ^ n. r b l n s p" c i al di n d" , r , . 1. a pr opoT i l i i pl i f t i , F ,

1r c hr . t " pen' i u r J t i di t at F r -i \ i oi i un; €pD . " r ' . ^ duus r i l uj ui . - l 11" oc onv er
salie caracterjstici,, in care nu €xistn nici o singnri propozilie complein li
ni c i un v er b l a un m od pe$onal :
.,you l,"a i4C?'.
"About noon."
"In whose car?"
" J ohnh. "
"Wel], nice trip.,,
"Thanks. See Iou ne{ we€k."
r r ; t u | l , ar rd , s Lbcul : . qur " " r i bi i I l , . l un f " l d s l i l or . . J , dl d m dl a
, H. Shetter,dioft Crh /o EffectieeEulish, \;e\\ york, 1955, ag. 15 .
696
2826 Propozilia independenti poate cuprinde si verbe la moduri Depredicative,

sau pirri de propozilie dezvoltate:
"The rank and lile sanl ro esrarltsnsocialism,zrtlt:tns for rhis pu.losc alt the
dcmocratic mcaDsand possibiiiti€spoa by tle p.evious siru$1c ol the pcople."l
2827 2) The ComploxSertenco Fraza canpLed) esle raza compusd intr-o

ptopoztlic .ncipaldsi una sau mai multe subordonaie;
" c v " r y Pady Con'p."D ag ndd r"\p116 lhJl rhe demand for so,i.'1,m. l,ghting
soriJl 6trinS- up eldr JnFw hoo l 1 ' .dn- J d ri.p. '
"m,
lPrcpazilia pincipald: "Dvery Party Conferancaagenda rei'cals"
Prapatili& subord,anatd;that, the demand for socialism, ighting social-
tm, Bpringsup exer ane\l' frorn the rank and file",. (Propozit,ie completivd
direotn determinlnd verbul "rcveals"l.
. From his desk,whichwrs raisedon a dai$,hc couldseewhat everysl.udent ld
in his scal wheD tle le.ture on .
'as
lPropazilia
.Propozilitleprincipaldr "From his desL he crdlt see"
ubordontLte.Nhich fas r.risedon a d ais" (propozilie atributivd
determinind substantivul "desk"): "whaL every shrdent drd in his seat" (pro-
pozirie substantivali completivl dirccti, determinind yerlul ,,see"); "when
ihe lesson ds on" (propozilie circumstan-tiali de timp determintnd yerbul
"did..].
2828 3) Tho Doublo or Compouril Sentence flrd:a d.ubld) e6te ftza cl doud
propoziliiprineipatc.oordonsle. nordonrreJ cpoale ta"a prin juxLspunere
sau prjD'r o .onjunc in: , opulsii\d frrd. not. nat ontg...but. dtso.n.ith"r...
ar, noy, theb etc.), disjunotivd (or, else, itheL.. ort,
(but, howet'cr,neeertheles\ stiLL eL)t ca.uzalF\ otherwise, adyersatiyd
for ) sa[ co.dclnsi'{Fâccord,in|ly,
so, then, therefore '.
He now had his desree,he futu.c open€d efo.e him- (JurtapunoreJ
we sat down aad ;aited. (Copulatiie)
Yo 1 n u . l c ^ n o ( u " r . , u bp.Jr". Irisj 1, i \ ' ,
1\. ,..,11t I Jr lfonlir. /,, \ou +' rp ,.. I \,t\"-s,rir.1
D 'n- g' r /o' I m o , inl ' . rr Jou. r^dLr.'l.1
I'n grilling hutrg.J, o you'I] hare to ft,ed nio nols. (Conclusill)
Ambclc propozilii principale dintr'o frazi dubli pot, aves subo.donate

\\]rn l nnd.fsl.n,l mv meining, John ]irked ai me atrd lrtrghed. as if [c ha d
nPYPr lLoujhi ol it himscli.
l Jnhn winl- l , t n' .i ' L F' l AU g h . d -F' n trolozrlii prin.iprl- 'oordo-

nar-, u ajulorul, oniun, i"i.opulrrit - H | ; -\\'har hûr.d. .roodm \ m " s n -
ing" €ste o propozi,tiecircumstan,tialdde iimp determinind vcrbclc "idnked
qi "laughed" din principale; "as if he had neyer thought ot it himself"
cste o propozilie circumstantiale de mod determintnd v€rb€le "\a'ink€d" qr
"laughed" din principale.l
S 2829 4) The Multiplc Sortcn(c (ltrun nuLtipld) este raza cu trei sau mdi mallt
propoztlii pri.ncipal.e coordonate, care pot avea ficcarc subordonai,ele iorl

a)
He li.ril cod. irto ihc Lcin.c hall and was ookitrS o. his sif., lul shehad aheady
lett,
I Labaul ,Vanthlu, prll 1951.

2 thc tunA ann litu : mNele.
507
lFrazi cu t/€i propozi,tii principale legate prin conjuncl,iile fi Dat:

'rnd
A. - "Hc had come lto the leciu.c lLall";
B. - "(he) s'as looLins lor liis Fiic";
C. - "she h.rd alrerdy lelt".l
b)
Thc dal I mct her, sl$ \rantld to book scais lor "lting Lear", and was going r.o Uic
r h - Jl r ' l o s- - : f rad
. i r d l i t o i m i e sl k.,r"o. ogui rl d
i tsF h J, J. L,
"\"rin".
l . ' JlndJh \ h . l ow""o . isL
i d lsp o s d t ro
o ba 'or'"rr.
th- b , o$fl : .rtrd
h
s^ " n , l r i l l i d n l d " ,h" a l t p c I ' d d " p r . s Jd l
lFraz:i cu t€; propozilii pdnoipale coordonate _si inci propozitii subordo-
\. - Ptupaziie ltin ipaldr "slie raantcd o book scals or Iting Lcar",

.t') l)tur.iie erba.donati: "Thc day I rncl. )ier"- ipropozilie circunsi-anliatddc
t in p , ca r ed ct e r m in i e r b ll'\ vu le d "'d in t r jr cip a la r \ ) .
ti. , I'Npoziie ptituipaLi: 'ishe) rvasgontfr o the tleatre to s-Ae" coo.donail cu
.jncitala A prin conjnn. ia "and"l.
. ) t r clo - t , a t ': ' . : " . . o L il ; p l ili t r o o . r l d b u b . lln i\ , '1 . 1u r ul
J" . o p l " , , . d i. , r"u ba al -r a r 'lL " o. . n L n , i" I r . . lu . . lp 'u m l'. p livr d i, p . r d ) .
C. - Propotitie ptincipdld: "I asknl her to come jnstead to a coftert" (coo.do-
nali cD p ncipal€leA ii B. ii lcgaG de B lrin conillnctir "nut").
. ) P m p o r i : , u lo "d o - o : "| 9 h i I ' J { ". "r o l r n - r J. s: vir . g r r d l F vp n in q D r n n o
? i''. a . lr . | ivj| J. . | r U | d ""r ib u | a | . u | r d n | | vU '''
.") Ptuporiie szrodoaad: "$'hich was snlposcd to lc thc bDSi ol the season"
{ D r o o o a i lld it u t iva lil. u r o l n p 'r t r i} - ( . '- su b r r - t ivu lL i "- co t r cF r t n u m i o r o o o zit iF
a L f ib JL i; 1 , o ; r d "n Jlr . - u l o r d o n Jr a p r in . o r r u n , liJ '4 , . r ' /
. " ) P t o t o , it i" sd b . n la ' t d : "b t l) id n a" ll' ld r ""r d d h ""n so t ir "{ p r o o ? t iP
Jd vp r l Jl. i "x r o - d F . o n spcundare
sxbo.don:tJ p l"m "n , ir"., r1m b l1 n 1 l . o n . 5 ir . o . m i i p r o lr o / : lip o n . p "i\ 'i.
r'ropozitiei
AN.{LrZA I'RAZEI S 2830

Pentru a se analiza o frazE. se proc€deazi n modul urmitor:
a) se sulliniazii ftrbeLc h ltali car€ sjntla modurilo redioati'e;fie-
care verb la un mod predicatil. aparl,inind une; proprziirii. numirul verbelor
subliniateb) se d.cspartwa indica numnrul
rcpozilitlc diD propozi,liilor;
carc fac parre verbrle subliniate;
d/ se glsesc propoziliilc de sho stiulorre .si se inl,itulcazd prolorilii
p r i n t p o l " r n u t r "L u i . u i l o l r u u p r o p o z i t i i r i I i p r l , n u c u i n l n . . J "p l i n
'l
i i "" i n r e g - . i n ' p l p . u l o r ' i : . i n d { r r z a "u p r i d . r n a r ' n - l r "p r o .
"i , t ' o "a o ""r a "
p o z i l i ip t i n c i o d l F . . e1 r . i r l p o r l , r l J ; n r r F"l ' 'ld ' . l r ' r l p q d l Fo r i r . u x a pu
nere (aliturare imediain) sau cu ajutonrl tlnci conjunclii coordonatoare;
d) se cerceteazi De ri , suba onatele$i sc raporteazd iecare dintre ele
la cui'intul din regenia rcspcctivi pc care-ll del,ermirii se stabilcqte astfel
functia pe care o indepliirescsi deci caraclerul denumirea or: propozilii
substantival€, adjectivale sau adverbiale. cu rol de ti subiect, nume predicativ.
a r r i b u l , "o m p t . n . , l , J i , a L i ^ d ; r p . r s l r l r "r . n z i l i n n u t . i r , . u . n . n l . t r p r u p o
, , i 1 i - . u b i ". r i \ d . fn d i , d r i , ' a r ' i b u ' i r / . ^ n , p l r i \ " J : n "r . , . i n d ; r ", r 1 s . . J D r "
pozjtjonald. circumstanl,iau de timp, de nod, de loc €tc.); se arate modul ln
tPn,p,.i.i1
t o , ) d"'"p in" I n d . t d j i rr.p . . v"rt,tp $a, -.,:19- : a.L o on
c" l . l a l l " d o u d p-in.ipdlr roordona .. n r Ind.
69E
care 3e aoe snbordonarea aid de r€s€nid sau coordonarea ntre subordonate

prin juxtapunere sau prin cuvin6 de legeturd; se indicd natura ac€stora
- dacd stnt adjective relative sau interogative, adverbe rclative sau con-
junclii etc.; se aratd caracteml restrictiv sau explicativl al acestorpronune,
adjective sau adverbe etc.
nu.narul,gi "rura prolnzitiilor.pre,Lrm i hlul lrazpi
. "/ lc,ara'6
N \tr U PL I} ' IC AB,D
S 28Sf t. rBA2-Lco;rptDx,l
(TIIE COMrI,EX SENTtrNCD}
SI analizim unn6torul exemplu:

. Il I m lreeneai Fridey, an go wiih you to that frl€ndol youlsx'hoseibrary
Analiza acestei raze se va face ln modul arbtat mai sus, astfel:

aJ Yerhele a un moil prealioetiv am. can, trant - trei terbe la un mod
prcr]i, ti r. rl c c ihei propoz;lii n lr azd.
,) Propozitriile:
(1) If t an f4e turt ltidalt,
\2) I .aa co with loe b that fuiend of vouts
\3) qhose lib.dty I so mwh aant 10 see.
cl Prolozilia prineip:rli :
I can sa eith sou to that ftiena al lJouts
d/ Propozitriile utuordonato
l ) tf t qi tr4 nprt FtiJdn, lprcpozilie adverbiiu conditionale, trtrodusedc con-
j ' n. l i d i / l i d a ' r m i l l nd " " i i J l ul r, B, p" j D " i r ' r )
*hrs. t uchu 'lro
l:) I bro "t so n o , ro de .opori ie adjectival4al.ributivn,de c.minird
srbstantj\ul tie,l .li,r ,,fin iprlir. dF oarr csl.c eCal4prin adjeotivril relaiiv resrrictiv
e.,/F raza cuprinde o propozilieprincipalx cu alou{, ubordonate. ste

deci o lrazd coEplexi.
$ 2832 2. TEAZA DTIBIJ.tr.
{TIIE DO[itsNE OE COMPOUND SBNTENCA)
Se wa analiza acum urmdtorul exemplu:

How.v." ilrl" sucl,;n $" ldd rtra r ummpr. e ovpd hn in\ (ubin v Lheake-
a n d l " t l i r o n l y $ h " n o u f h o l r d Jy . u m ro al "nd.
d) Vorbole s uD moil proili(ali\: hu1. oftd. lpft..c,?p oatru \erbe l a

un rnridpredicativ. pcip$iru propozilii n lr0ra.
,) Propozitriile
(r) Eoqera lit e suBhnE e. hdd
12) ee loeed, the tinv cdbia bu the
$l o s @hen ou h4tda catu 10
r Vez i g
p€9. 58r , not a 1, 2742- r t 43.
5S9
c, Propozi,tiiloPrilrtipale
cu B)i
n. -- qe laoed the tiny cabin h ,le ldic (coordonatl
copulativl dndl'
B. - (ee) teft, lcoordoliain cu A lrin 'oniunclia
.1,/ ProPozi,tiile uboralon:rtoi
,.,.".1;t
itr1l6,'"Tlk'
#*f iil;:x'li,$i'T;ii%il":*:",iJ,ili5li":$T""
d t onlu n aF holida "a,nP o on 'nd tlropoziLi" dverbidls empor€ld
erbul
-h ,
i",.Ja"*""ii"-"a""*[,i'.;-';1";*,1" "onjuniri",ufr ii J.r"rminlnd
ldr B)
' din orincipula
, f""r" rp.ina" doun propo/i1ii p ri n ipule u subordoDalFlcespec-
tive. Este prin uimare o frazi dubli'
3. IBAZA 'nULl'IPLi $ 28tt

(TBE iTUI,TIPI,tr SEJTENCU)
Se va anatiza exemplul urmnto :

N lr c m ' d xs €nd
\tr p | P v .r $ p we i' l lh p o a o J o ls . b;ng lo ld \" $ p r ' to lk lo r is lr '
lu;i l5' ; i:i'l":1#'.";"'"s;::l,i:;1
:i.]'"r;*:F;*."1;li:i:;lJ"n,:l
|'rn'ed
d/ Vorhotclaun nodlrcdiralir: n l ' / 'v te 'v'l'on"d sang' 'oulil'
pr'4
- opl vcrbo. d"ci opt propozrlrr n rra /a
had ,one upon.
D) Propozifiile :
lt) lYh"t.r.r 'ft e.nt'
izt tt," o"o"onLs, beinq bA, *ctconed b'
\3) ttttoL) ae Qoe fotkto'^t''
14\ (theu) sons,
' ' I
i o-'":
;. "'
\z;r,' "' ;k rd,'':;
',:i::
13\ *i:l ,tr'Y-: n xpectedeat,h r o"
ro,,he disca'ery'
c.) PropoziliilePdrcipnle
i. - ii ir"*"", biing told,Qetcotneds (principaldcoordonati cu B
si C);
"'i. legau de C p n
'' - ftn"r ) sang principaldcoorilonate u A Pi C' 9i
aonjunclia
- 'C. copulativ{ dnd.)
prinriprlacoordonat6u
l,n":r) danc"d ufi int r'stinr atk dan"es
ptin a'?J)'
-\ 9i B. 9i egold . ts 'onjunclia
d I ProDoziiiilesrboralooatc
1:,'ii,,",r, w' ''rni (propoziti" dv"rbrald e l^c iDrrodu'a rin ad-
,*t'1i"Pi",i, ilFrermini;d"rbul din cr'z:
- - O 1 1that)it' ,,'er" olklorists 'r'l'on'r'l'ompl"liva dirF'ti introdusd
p ropozili"
o'i"
"""'1i,j""iiJ ir','ii,ri' r"iFasir i dFr-rr"inind 'rbul 6'ing
iol.rl din A1; "',1"'i""'ji",.'
I Accstl snborilonrh dete.nii I ln acslaii imp;i te'bulLl dit' lrinoipala B' coordo-
600
d"' ) that ee could. urdly reca\],alL he material (propozilie adverbiald co -

socutivi, introduse prin eonjunclia subordonatoare ial ;i determintud verbul
dancd. ,Jin C)r;
d,"" ) (Ihat) ee had conc rpoz fpropozi,tieadjectjvald at butive. subor'
donatd prin juxtapun€re (pronumelc rclativ restrictiv t/rd, fiind subin,teles)
ti determinlnd subsia tivul na,rertal din d"'l;
d""' ) secing hal ee $ere taa .o far the unexpected &Ith of our discatery
(propozilic adverbialh cauzald, introdusn de loculiunea conjunolionaln sub
ordonatoares.cing l,tat ;i dererminind prcdilatlrl couLrl cco dil d,"').
,, Fraza este formati din trei propozilii principale coordonate i cinci
propozilii subordonate.Este prin urmare o lr:rzi multipli.
v. coREsPo\DE.\T_{r}lPUnILoR
F TENSDS)
[sDquDNcr]
2635 In limba englezd. impul v€rbului din subodonatd este, l generer tr
strtisd dependenli de timpul verbului din regentn. Aceaste dependenti, nu.
m td ,,corespondent timpurilor" fseqadnceof fenses), a fost regl€mentatd
de reguli rigide la origine, astfel:
9836 lioguh I. Ct d r€rbul din propozilia regent; cste la lre:rn, sau la
pre.entulp.erfectj erbul din subordoDati.poa.le ila oriLe imp (prez€ t, trecui,
sau vrlor]i
I sae hat you a/, a good girl.
We ea',I to
I think know
shdU what
ate vou .ttdnext
a hilida:r' then.
ye€}.
I |a'e toldyN Ll\aLi. eds holding prolessorshitn ihe UDivcrsiiy f Leeds.
- .\\e.haee\st leotnt hat sha s (sau as, in her oUice nd 'ill sed oa as soor as
sne o$enaaged,
rs
s 2817 B p g u l aU . L i n d \ "r b u l d j q p r o p o z i l i a r. g F n r d s l F o J i n r r . \ a r b u l d i ' ,

sllbordo.ll p u e fi la or; t,nt,tf,fi J /tt,r tS 28-0 2e-7r'
Sl . ott ..s il wc rzntsn he .
1 sloll kU her nhai ne ftzrd dane |,sa1r .id).
rrentru exc€p.tiile la aceasti reguln vezi $ 2859-2E72.

S 2838 Leguli III. Ciod v€rbul din propozilia regenta €ste la 1r.r i. sau a,'6
jn lcgaturi ienporali cu el,
fornd de trecut, v€rbul din subor dondtt, daca stt
tr€buic si Aibir |ot larmd .le trecutl
I @aratu4hetn while thev ene Dbrins chtss.
Lli rv.ibedm lcu privire;) pe oind"j";," $ah.l
I th4uaht ou nod old hPt sha ,ou ia"/.
lC r t J; D h 't Ji oi sp u s e$ t i. )
3 1 u t , t ? 'sko dln t r '. F d , E f t 'Ld r , o r n n d n Je do r lp r , ": / p .
Ll d a ra t n , l g ". a - a . r zko sr ii r r u r r . . lp p lr - u p ir r iu . J
$ €- a@re,on
ld h e msh
s"&sc.,{@ (ea)bra e ( h eacoro.l
r '.
t(Noi) /i
I prtmised I poLld tume it I knete ot neded nc
\Ti an filsiuu cn eoi eeni drcil ,oi fd c{ at ncvoi c dc minr.)
I dnided I @uld t 1.o eeyou befo.e q enro my holidry.
t{nu) dn nod.r, ca voi incc .cas{ tc vid inainted€ a pleca/ si1llec n vacanll.]
t.o-tti" ,,eierminin aceh$ impqi verburMns in principala , coordo-

,ur, :ftT,n
CORESPONDDNTA TIMPURILOR f01
I npor t a r
al Prin termenul ,,formd de tre..it" sP ntplcse in acest 'Bz nu numoi indi- $ 9839
( " t i f ; l r ' " . u' s i t r p. ut ul pFrfpcl { , u lormFlP d' a' pt s c i c on r nuu ' or ps pun-
/ a odr F , . br i . . r i r np; " u t r |od' r [ ar n' d' f c / r " , r . at i nd' u al l p ' u\ r nr a
'iri
ot t r i t t dr ut la t r " . r / . c d viilnrul f dLi dc ' r aL, ' . s ubj on' l r t ul lrczpni i r ' on-
ditionalul prezent. inlelendcnt dc i leles:
,./ I nu .c uiltr . l ' r r , ' r r r u l p n r t F ' . c ' l p u n a d j e L i v care inseamnl S 98{'0

. . 6 ' , "c . l ' n n l r u i r i m l p-.rFnl tr'.ur slu ri'or - ii ' d
ternlfnuhi,.trecut".
tixccpt,ii ld RecnIa I I I
17l Cird propozilia s u b o r r l o n a t i n t r o d u c eu n f a p t l n d e o b i t e c u n o s c u t $ 281r
verbul ei est€ p s lalrezent salt rlllar:
sfiirliiic rcod
saununirirsd
the paler vrnabit.
that ne{ t.ecstates ., consiatrllt rleadlg otr hf m'l ol lhe
He
tt'otl'tiv,,."-
,ota l"r tlc rton,icerfrg- ustil n stiicnce.\iall th lrce ol ihe eirr'lr'
I l,.rr ihai a l.iend ii nced s a l.ie .l indtcd "44gc
e- i ndepend- r ' t J " $ 2812
i ] , Lr n, l . i' r np / i ' ; d " r r Lor ' l at . r d. tilrp l"';r-nii c '
r : m pul a. l i uni i di nr . e" nt a v , r bul : ubor donar ' i poal c I r puslapr'r'/ slu r d
riitor I
I dillr't sct on wiih her bccrusesle istr't Ir.ljable. 'oad dlrlJ
5nc @ l d h p lrdl h4r ldlr'r
h a r / o l'il ti d- Jv' p _' o/ .m.<8 "r h "r .
I t r r e lx "r : o m u ,
.) Propozilia aiributiva arc verbul la oricc li ? cerut' de inleles: S 2843
t11\"lL sa n i n d | h a l i l i o r l r i P . I J han bPP'h t t n ' b i m Jl o r o'F hef hlon
ld'a.ng,,;Lllo P r l o r l l p si i m u l u '
I / o , " j l o q . t l a . l sl u / / a ' \ a Js. r m a l , p . b A , F
I naod alwars /ornd jn he. caample
d / I n l r o D r o p o / i L i . o m n a r a r a l "g r a d ' p r i n 'pi pr uc'l u p r i n 4 r ' r l l r ' o ' S 2 q t l

n ' r h o s , o . t "i l d . i . "r b u l p o "t , f i p u s " o r ; ' r i a r p d a r r L c i "s :
She o'ddhersisiermorc hrn sbc ots o. /tll eve'lo'? ne
si" 1","a 1". si"t"r * .uch as she o',s or Pill ever oecme
e) Clnd fraza condi,tionalderprimi o si/udlie rrdld rtit rFrbul,din"r'- $ 9845
r "r p 4 r u ' u o n l p r ' s I J r a
s - n r a . "i t s i r "l d i n s u b o r J o n a t " o r t i p u s " I d o t r L P
1 . "r i ". . - "' o d " r e e "r l i l , . "o ' ; ' p o n d ' n l " A ' i ' r p u t i l o r '
(Pentru exemple vczi S 2750).
pro-
Face excoptie illoral, care' in genere.nu poatt Ii intrcbuinlat inlr'o
pozifie subordonatn (S 2850-2857)
CAZUIiI SPNCIALtr
1) Stilul nsratiY. - ln stilui narativ, toate ac,tiu ile care se dcshtoarE $ 2818
simulian sau consecutivslnt la acelaqi imp gramatical
a) I'oate acliunile Prezente:
Sh€en,r'.sl\c e$ibitjon room nd .'.tt?s'10$eher apprtoiation tle book hich
8/12/2019 She oDnedouDd, sa,e_q. n,w ho
Aliceo,r
Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
sirtirg iX rhc tjre, ,r€2,Dp an.I spft, io her.
c) Taatc acliuniLe riitoare:
I s/'dllgo ro Bnohmsr, /,g;srd.as a sru.tent,dr,ndleciues anil g.r a d.gree.
E rceplie: Fleribilirareaimbii, . prczenr upi trecur, 2841 2B45,

S 2847 .. .2) Actiunj simultanesau ro[secuti\0 n heeut. _ In Iinrba enelezn. ,:
\ r uni r e. pF r . r , c ul p brmull"rr.. . nn. F . . t i \ i n l r _" ut s t ot px pr i m a, . t oa. c nr i n
,irci
, i: :ur
: :ul
1i,al r F r neaz.apru F , r oos ab,dF
r n ir bs r omdni. nd". n oc aar i ir uali",
l r pz ent uL:
". , : : a ' I h,, liim I roruhiln ron ,a, i]L
\then
ictnd I ath ,nitnit i-an spusct es,t otnald.)
I /i,rr you a".e lrere
(stian ci esti aici.)
I dsizd hcf nnt shc sdtd Ia.tin (a, astecn.
l\m intnbot_o d.u mi-a stus ct\ MafiA aadrne.)
$ 2846 3) 0 actiunc arterioari attera se €xpuma:
a p.rrn t uentulp ertcr,dacnverhuldjn propozilia regenrd sre a p czenr
-- l a l nLor :
Eau
I sa Lhar she has Kn .
I sndi,g, to Lhe hearre and In tiie lertormance dJ already r.gtuz.
b) pti[ trecutul perfect, daci verbul djn regenti este la indicatil.ul trecur:
$, d- , u. 1\ ' er , t ' " , . r t , 1t . 1, i - e, .
Il:hen I .ane h.me, src na.JbedL undins lot an ho\tt.
T ot u$i . c i nd . \ i . t ; J nu; s au , : r , ut . F
_.
€clrrnl.trrclte. -
nulner lflmnl \.efb esLe a trecutul , . i uni " ipedeci,
1ut anp, i nt F r i orliinrl
celelalte r F r , r ,la
.,l
r ndt . ar r r ut t r eLut :
qt h. r n, / . t / . i n | . " r , p, ool nH . a Jns"r.
' , , da1l Lot . I np
_ 8\e betieeedhehadsc.n hid rrainins in.c_st,pn hp Fi:",teiiir," p""";",, r,","
dnr l r , , . j " r . 8 n, , r t - \ : nr . f . . or t , , om p" i , . on. "*""t
.' 1\ lnr a t r ] 0" d, -r"re t ool i ng ir. pri.rs pr opor i t i " , - s r s s L pr " d. at . - . ,
a co i r r . . i n r do, r . . . - s r l i t nt r - bui nr r t r " , ut ul ner f c . l p_nt r u c on. i oc -
r "nr ul s ir n, r t r an"r rF t "
' , c , ; u, , il-
c.r |' t F r eq. t "r f r i; "r " pr in ; ,
"r t r t n. '. ei
(inp rnaprupozitia) nrdr;t,rser;t
, da . r r . t , ar , F i 1' " . , i dn s nt e
upnrali,inainre pr i ^ r i i i t . . s i on,
"i;ri;r ,,., _. a
'n. a veni ; r,i;titiee""
.e ar tr tob, non.F,,.) i /in d ,1. i (tr^pozjtip) .,.t tu.Fsa J p,AteJt Fr
"..
.a rua.ap i rr. tr.o t.-r' (r. sporr, i tn r d. idrno najnt_ d. s ri t" . tn ;tn i ,.l
. ) .nnn,,iitatut ptP., rrprp-, i . i;torutp,t*t fdLd.tp r /r//., ;nd o d._
l,uro \' ,rn a rF F c ta ,,r.ri u un . .n ,.i nun^n d h L \i i ro r r\e i g l 5 0 t r501,
2853,2E56).
284$ 4) 0 oc,liune iitoare fa,ri de at1,a e exprimnl:
a) prin t'iitor, cinrt.ierbul d;r regente este a prezcnr:
I t,a?. | .],olt ..". \'au as-tn
She nrc(.s sh. ,r'i rd,e io aitend ,c graduation tesi.iljty tomorrow.
1 ln propoz'liileseou dare
h oa.e oare ii jnircluiniat vjjrorul (g28I0.rs5 2sr:).
CORESPONDENTA'TTMPURII,OR 60 8
b) p.jln aiitor l fald de trecut cind verbul din regenti este la trecuti
We urLdtslood they would ting ns uP.
it'" ni tn""snt ni **a r, ruquir?,loattend h' festi'llv on he tollo{ins dav'
2850
5) Yiitorul in prcpozitio suborilonatd. Spre deosebi'ede limba romani' 5
Y. ppr ii joc ' . trbut nu paot "
ln lim ba Anc lFz 6,n at ucpr aa. unFlP ardta P ndi
p
oueo or nij ic v iit or nr r o opoz it ie uLorJona'd.r 'nr ar li ' im pul 3aun odul
ilin r pgen' t i: iir or . im pFr J liv . ondiLion' l ' l'
Verbul din subordonati se afli:
iitoare alir d0 pmzont s 28

-A.criunca
285
a) \E indicatiaal?,'e:cr, (tradus crt aiitorul ir limba ronenn) pentru $
se
a exprimao ao,iiune'iitoare in raport cu momentul pr"e:ent n oare
I shall never oryet hcr as long as I ltee'

lNl1 o voi uita clt ,ot ,
'Ir,t
Fi n s m p u p wh e n l e l l a Y .d s
lTeliloneazemi clnd sPua r./n',d prcsa
I sho ld l : k p ro b " p hin it hd @4ei nest L
- w4 in nd "rod-"
ir i iiii" i: l' io, r " ' r .dd r J n"' sip
-,pai
ctnd $ 286
b) Ia prezentat tfect (tra;lus cu tiilot[l dnlerior3 n limba romini)
regentd:
rcliuiea .riltoa"e ilin subordonaii este anterioare aceleia din
| - , d l m a k " m v r r p o r l q h " n I h n * " o n P :' t" d nv | 'b cord ur lo " i' $ o r l'
ito i i;;o F r ;m r J r d u p l ," .m i r i tt 4 ' a ;a a t i r " P ;' u ) r J ' r d r p d d e
L e t m . k r n w J s s o o n a s vou d ,P & P ; ' d a r a n s {" r '

p"init s\u t';P";'i) ; s lun'
ii",j,iit:"'. tî,ia * ';; ti
I s h o u ld till s t' . &ds ir n lr P d h P r ' n ' a l
ir - ' - J vii. ; f i-tr".ninot
pi' s lu 'a ' +nino m d' a
";i
Aeliuno Yiitoare a16 do trocut: s 28
a) la. indicatiaul f€c.rt (tradus ou 'iitor 'l ln limba romene) p€riru a ex- S 28 6
prima o ac.tiune viitoare ln rapod cu un trmp recdt:
as he c'me to ille
\\e undarstoottp .jncipala) w€ sfto"id cd'him (resenta)8s soon
Instil.ute (sllbordonala){
fn"pi r"pt"""i"., \t eotueerleanilatt ce ea 'dz; la Insiitut l
"rt an inquifv F33
The t€it-"r with llre w.ong ad esshtd bcel detaitad 'egenla) until
Dsde lsubordoData)
-"-" oiod se tn'lrasdcinevade ea )
ri;"J'i*J"* iii,a-"a s€eit{ rusese eli'utit rinn 'o
nexi lime I c 'Ic'I {sub-
i pas eaing o ask him to Plav his ncw sonata rescnta) he
"" d a J \i ;r o Jr p " i n d r o i
,n r ' ' " . de S i n d si l co g sl m i ' :n L e no ' l u i so n Jl l
d1''.n,ru
:i;*,f'l?i;i'it;:l;ti ?,'l;,."' ru n'p- dp,upoli,"-".
* ..c'Ji;t.l:T$,lir"'"iiii
l ,"i*ilI ;:,."rjtyf"r"l;t,i|il;"1";
it,i:ll,i:
ln I tr iL iito r u lL n .la . to v in te L l- r p ln l' e c u ltle r
588/609
8/12/2019
60 4 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
28;6 b) lA tnutul pptfpct tftdlJ' tu ;ttaru| un',r;or1 n lLmba omdoi) ctnd

c.liunpa \iiloare din propozilia ubordonata sLp nrcrioare cliunii din
enia er: 'F
A n r n ppd lr in "ip a ld r h e o d lJg o : t o ih e p i. t u r a s f F g e n t a ) u h e t rh phsdd o D e p r
n o m e w o r r {su b o r d o o a t a l.
(Ana sperac{ sd rd dzda a cincmatogralcltrd ii d fi tsnitut reclrte.l
- I taeo lprincipala) hey aoutdcane n, Fege ta) if theJ hsd seer rny lisht on lsun-
{9tiam cI @, tnr.@ acd mi ,o. /t rd.z,lumiDa ap.insd.)
9857 Urmetorul abel comparativ, ef€ritor a intr€buintar€a iitorului tn pro-
pozilis subordonatarrezanrind nul dinrr" rspe"t"eleplirarii prin"ipiului
, a rp . i a a b rz ac o n s l ri . i c i rd z F i n s l e rFr p b u i ; l u d i a t n l . s o rJ r; s " b "
madin Fig.2 ,S t356) . nde6ro5t fin"lpiu " atldp\pu". "u
Tsbel
2868 Viitorul ln p&pozitie subordotrati.
(dupx /, Itll, unril, when, s ongasj as soon s ete.)
a, Indicativ pretent (: liilor) a, indicativ trecut {: viilor 1a { dc 1rc.ui)

Is,{"@ I.ea mkr lorgcr hu as lonS I ln# I @zldnerer fo.get her as org as
(ttiu cA nn rai putcd s o uit cit loi

t.ni.) lfti.rn cii nu loi lutea s'o uit c itroitrti..)
6, prezetrt lorlcet l: viitor -lc.,l.) ,, tiecut.terlect (: liito. pcd.ct lati .le
I t.tl yan I qi\ so onlj. \l,er I hsro I lod you I qrrld so only $]lcn I hsd scen
(lii s;un ca,oi rl4.d numri duDdce tc t T io n sq u s r a i p l, L a duDJ e e
roi ri inzut.) r o i l i r e zxt . , ^\ ) m n i
s 285e E rc e p l i i
\riiton tali de prezcnt
a) Ptopozi|itlcatnpletbd.. btctdpo^1e veaverbul ;i la viitor:
Iou I ll m rou r l d l l A , 3 l o l r . o , a n .rt.
llmi strui cli l€ ,Pi dr.. li on.rd.J
I c\lccl that Jou sialla do vour dlrt .
l{9ieli do la voi sr1 'r frccii datoria.)
I $onder il shc nara Ur.. ninutei$ readr.
(xi Int.eb daciL'rtll
va alca tfocesul-vcih1 sat;.)
Slie doesn'i kDorv wh0n she sill bd back.

l(Ea) Du ilie cind se va lntoarce.l
lVFzi
rviiroful S l 4 - i o \ , n,rLa Pqreciiv
tr. d. rrr.. p , r i " i i tnr,bultir in J . . F f , s r o p o T i l i € s.cundda pq r,
ci ca esle o compl-"tili dircct{ (S 286r).
sVrzi 5 28s'i 7qe _l . a o l i qo ) . r i l . l
di""c
| \,7i S tl2: . -$a s r . l / i o o u " d . , .'v .1 srit I d
s V e z i 5 te0t-290r. -r'.
TTMPURII,OR 606
CORISPONDENTA

"*
iiflii"':?j".Yw2riy,#"t::":"";
,",,?,ltr1";;:lli'fi['ll'*i,hf
'".''dil:x'i:* .,"'i:"
f **ii,li*li"rl$=ii: "::, "^""'"""'
"'d:tlliniTf i:f"'r*".t$,
h:il;\
ff ffi i *,.""
":;r:lt#;'L *^
i:"'ll
'."'"iiiiffill;"":"*:,r"?l':ff r f lliitr#Jlfr"l:ilift
"'"'';;;"fiii{
j',"',"{"ffi
ffi 1i9ffi 'lr;;
;1.;"Ti"""if:"li:',,1;
ioaccastd.'stcsoriasi? u t^nt
In proporiliilo :"1;"iil;
l"f*lrijlr,ur
' "- ,*iirtfrhtF,'1,"ffi
# i[irlrir"""'*';:i'
Durilc €ratate la 5 z6ru-z6oJ:
g;:ifr;T,iit.tlt
itx: ,,nn* "sxr,H{illffi
1."'"n*,,,,
fiiif#*l;ififlrf'f;$r*;**,,,,''1,,,*t,c'm
:"$.i:ilire'"E
ill*,rli:.;::1"ru"::
r,:h?;?,
tr
'-'t**$i*1l*il}j",*fffi
'"'"ied:"''"*
lui al doiLoa:
qf-$".#f"1i'i
'1i"":1il'lii' "ri5ii'f*l-i'""'
lrl"'t"""';ilH""T,f
;"lil;iii"iql; iit,'"ili-)
:n*.:*lli;lu"""1'1,};;";i*3 2{t
,r*i,:'i";":lllllll"x,lfii*'il ihu,"i; :xictnddcdtuie'te
ormaes
il"Ht }"Zoi'i} "li"o''id{i
f ;'il1lf"gi,in'J};1"',"; st€nearr')
ccasu
*.^*
:,il"l:'i;'""lilui:^3"i;\lili[;
i;""nr**ii;;tx*:t,q,,.,,,."rTrr"f
',T''*'
;"",,",#il-l"Jilrffi
1L'"2i
I ;: ,:;"
" lr;,''i ,li'"$113"'"'
rvezi
:1tiir'ri'I:.T'slf;{
*:*T;ii*ll$lii.'J;511,1..rffi
28{' nola I
600
2863 Yiitorul ord do treout

Iceleaqi exceplii sini valabile qi tn cazul viitorului fa,td de trecut, cu
rezervele [cute la S 2867 2872.
2864 a) Ptopozt\:.acompletivl directe $i pnopozitia relativd pot avea verbul
gi la viitorul fa [ de tracut:
e 10 he ancot. Comrrletiaiir€ctl)
You
(Ui-aislus
told cavoe
dt rd
houlilrso
l' d,.t la conccft.)
I a \ t , 4 . t ^t ( t t a t ) rod sb o r ld ? o vo 1 , / , , J co n t t " i\ i J r p , . t . 1
, \ t , p la n d . la vo ; sd ' / / J, 4 ; da oria.)
I wonderpd /stu would, [^va theminues rcdd . (Comp].inaidireol;-r)
(U4lnrrelam dacit (€a) a aecapmcesul-v€rbal lta.)
Shedidn'l loow onaz sndBhotrld sauwoulds) c 6ddl.. ComplcUvn i.ect{l
l{Ea) nu $tia clnd s? ed tndpota.l
H . w is' r lro l p J's o / r / , , , r , so u ld do,, /4" r / n n . ". t R 4 l': \ . 1 d r , ib u r '\1
llE l) ir e r n . u iu l dp "n : "' p io I g llu r i. J t - lu l in "', p n r u , i r . p "p i_ . ' I
I(chemasen
had callcdham.rld,
hc poftcr ',nautma
care no'rln tae
sd. o tle lusgase-Relativii
e ocupe e bnsrjc.) final:-r)
Shesaidsne ould rclu.n ihc books vhichshc had read and ont.n shoul d l"n bo ott
to othe. cdde6. (Rclalive lina]{)
(Da a spuscA va restitri ceriile te oare e'a citit ii crc eat i apt,i mptunutule altor
citii.ori.l
We {ssured thcn we Mnld subnlt for discussidn l,alcvd protosrl l&tr drFrtj
Nhonld nrhe{. {ItelaLiv{ atribuiivn)
t{Noi) .an asisurai cn von pune n disoriie orice prop'rnelene vor raceerpc.iii lor.l
S865 D./ Propoziliilc cotul.ilion&Le, oncuioe $ temporale pot avea verbul ti la
viitorul fati de lrecut:
I iold you I Nould let Jou know at orce ii /,r $houldieone ta theofficeLh.next dd
lConditionaH)
tTi am spusca tc loi anullaiftdiat decil in co. c,i et a veni r doua zi la bi.ou.l
We dccided hai eeeu / sn' slouldsgot a /dtl,f. ndfft, sheshouldn'L c scold|d. Co n
cesi e)
lNoi am hotirii, chiar da.i nu a ollinc noi{ dc lrccdc, sl nu lie m'lslrala.)
T Fr lo sa il r l, r " rn? n, v B h o u ld " lo p . . T e m l, o r J
"d n r 'd
( r o i. u d d j, . p l r . o lo p r n i. "-'e
r ; l , r sl I n ir so , r 1'
H..n Jo " h , m n4 o . . d y I , "r . , r r . t , '] ?'t o u t d , D . 3 ct r ro ". ( T . m t o r , l. t
"p
lr lilr se l, "r . r f . + lsL . da . o lo 'r ''. vo . l"im i "d ' d "1.
28tt6 cJ Cind verbul .'oaLJ are lnlelesul de.,r voi" sR11 ind alcdiuictte ,,forma
ae politele-. el poaie ti intrebuinlaf c.r t.ns rle riitrr in propozifi; condi,tio'
I la li ( $ 2 7 7 3 ) :
I lh u u : lI . lo u d , n | } . r lr Jin it r h d 1 4 , l/- 4 1 me .
\ l. d r 'r q r n d i m , \ o i Jr , p su i. u l". 'F 1 1 1 . ', . t ia , r , d p ""n p .,
-r
i said I shouldT c gratel\] il yo\ eoultl .onc.
lAn spuscn voi Ii recr{osrftot nactteeliaeed nabilirar,asi vcnili.)
:lVV czi S 5 r2896 i r. :8 7.

3 V e zi q 2901-:902.
a /i,d/r, .a.e di aici dce.tde viitor pu. icl- $ :319), ronte li nrlocuit,pril simplili'
cr f t . o u Qo u ld g e011
t V e zi si S 2 8 1 9 .
6 V czi \ 2099 2100.
'r / , r . / . p \ t r r n r n d a r 'id r d d l r "o l/ 1 "'J, p ' I lr g A
io . "d o . \ r r o f , \ r r i r " .. "i1 , ". 1'jlo r r.to/
i. . . "p r o r n r . ir 'a
n lo( $, . :rli0 : t - t 6 .
""
8/12/2019 CORESPONDN''A Alice
f IBadescu-gramatica
|P('RII-OR Limbii Engleze 607
Obseraalic
Nurndrul propozi.tiilor n care poate aptu€a viitorul fald de tr€cut esle S 286?
Ioarfe mulf redusprin laplul .e forma dp viiuorpur conslruit6au shtud h
toate Dersoanelc oate i conlundalacu:
aj un echivalent al subjonctivului;
,) ought+ infinitiv.
Penlru acestmotii'. in cazurile de ambiglitate, 6e olosescalte construclii
care sd ldmuraascd ntelesul. duDd cum se va Yedea n continuore.
ln unele dintre exemplcle citaLe a 2864-2865, forma de viitor con-
struitl (u slanld la torte persoanele ar putea fi gii
a, un echivalent al subjonctivului cuvaloare decondilional.caresdaccen- S 2868
tueze deead€ mprohalilitaie ( S 160{):
\Vcasn.ed hem hatve rvould ubmit or discusion hatever ropo€alh eirexpdts
(\-oi -amasigurat Avom )unc n disculie riceropunere . /t sd acdexlcrlii lor.)
I lold rou I rvo ].l et you n.w at oncoI hesnolrd one o the oflice he nextday.
{Tj.ad spns n te roi annnla ncdial docl el & fl sil eiuda doxazi la nirou.)
Wedecidedhal eren I shc iould , a lailurenarl. she honldn'tbes.olitcd.
(Noi m lrotl.ft 5nnu fic nust.ili chiardace 'r. inttn?lasdau obli^d orl ile rte-
TIcv wante.lLowait therc lntil the snow lozld s/oD.

tvoilu s{ afl.ptc icolo llni ce (ar fi) sd. @ n\ts;'alca.)
IIe made p lis mind o slay theft nntil hesn /i.l /a ytr, to.-
liEl) sehonri snsteaacolo iniice faf /i/ d re ,.@td dupn€l.l
Pentru aoestmoiiv, ln cnzurile de Ambiguiiete de acest el este pr€lerabil S 2869
ca s/mrl.t sn fje jnlocuit, la prrsoana a 2-a 9i a 3'a, cu rvou?d lnd verbul prin-
cipal are tnleles dc r,iitor pur:
\li issufld hem$p sould ubdir ordisussion hatprpr .oDosal
hpircxp.rts
@uU nah - ori," nropur.r, or Ia"' . t iil,,r pu.)
J f .ld lou I s1,uld Jouknowrl orleif lF@ildNh.to th" olli.. lh. nextdaJ
I ddaA rd reni, lvi,tor pnr)
\l c dp.id"d lhal e\pn iI sh" @ould a d luilurp mark. shp shouldD bp .coldpd (- d@,t
nr m obtin.r- {viitor pu.)
. They rvanted o wail tlere unlil the sno* rozld rro? (: phe ce se d . "J. {Viitor
IIc nade np trismind to star there nntil he ,orld Id sent or \: p|-I.n e * @ bituitc
d pi ol). {\riilo,i r,trr)
lnlocuirean,rmelorde la $ 2864-2865 (conslruite u sftoaldJ dn sd,- S 28?0

janctioulcn lubarc iLe@niLiltanalle propoziliilor especiive uan [ de con-
ditional'z:
$re assur€d l,rm $e Noxld subnii. Ior di$usion shateyer proposal hei. erperts
(l.um asisuat .A am rnnc In discutieoriceprolun€.e d. /a.c expe4ii or.)
I told vou I would el.vou ktrorvat oncc I he.dn, to the otfice he neat d{v.
lTj'adspus oi tri-ai d; imediai dc sl.ircdrcd cl /. dii a doua zi la birou.)-
\fc decided lat eveD l6he so, a lailuru mark, sheEhouldn'tbc scolded.
(= . . . chiar dnce nu o. orltre o nofi de tre@rc,Gl nu lie rnuslrata.)
They $anlPd o wsil 'h r r r n n r il lh e sno$ st pffd.
l: - . . llnd cc 4. srd nrnsoarFi
lle ma{teu }is mitrd to stny therc urtil he i'c.€ (s 0 u ds, ssnt lor.
( : . .. p in l ce r-d ,.tntr. dn 6 el.)
t 1568.
5 rr62, 211)'-2180.
A secompara:
q o u kL ct o t kn o s it h e so u l d co Do . V i j L o r o ti ti v r i i to r p u f sa u
....I.l o l d yo u I r
l l : . . te @t a a u n tad e r r o d m i r { ssu@ @ F sd ,i ^d ) sa u .o n d i l i o n stu lF su b -
Jo n ' v- co n d r ' o n a ll ) . . . .te .a t a a L n p d 0 r { d r o i r a u i n d .r l
'
I told you I @zld t r you kaow ir hc .tould como. (Viito volitiv + un cchivalenr al
subJonctrwrur c^pntutod mllobabilitatea) \- . . . tp ,oi anu^14dac.a , lLsdsind.)
. I. rold yox I sould let you kn * jt ha cM6. (Condiliondt oliriv + subjonctivcu la .
roarc
uo :conorlfotraf : . . - k,ai a,unta dace 4f Eni. )
2871 b) ought+ infinitie ll 2085)l
You l.old ma yot shbuld Eo to lhp cobcert.
{Mi.ai sp'rs cd e rrrli se . duci ta .oD@rr.J
Shesaid shewould rcturn rhe booksshe hd read and which snoatd hcn 66 rur to
other rcadeN.
(Ea) a€[']s.a va .csl.it i ctul le pe.ire tp cittseg ca .,o' t .buir e\ tir apoitnptun.
tdk altor citir.ri l
2a72 .l n a ce a sl a ;i tu a l i e , s,f.r r l l dp u ti n d a ve a S i tn te tcsu l d e ,,a r tr e b u i .., ,,tr e .
-Dure (srnonrm cu ollgll,rj este prelerabil sd fie lnlocuit la persoana a 2_a Ei a
3 - a r t wo u l d a tu n ci cl n d ve r b u l p r i n ci p a t e xp r i m d i d ce a d e vi i to r p u r :
You l,old me you @dd ao to the con@fr.
{Mi-ai spus .1 ,. ,pi du.t Id ron, e"t.)
Shesaid she woutd .eturn the book she had .ead and which @o&ldh6n ,, td4, to
olhe reade6.
. . . . tl E a ) a sp u s.Ji a r p sh tu i J4 i h p " ( a r c , ci r ke$ ca F @ ' /i a p o i d p fzn sr a t a u o .
2873 6) Coodiiionelul.
2874 a.,/Pentiu intrebuinlarea ondilionaluluin fraza conditionald are ex-
primd o sirarlip ireaLi vczi \ 2762 2769.
2875 h) Condilionalulndry?rddr.Yerbul subordonateinei rcpente arecon-
ine un-condilionaln dependeDtepune a o formdde trecut (i;dicativ tmoui,
vltor tafa de trecul,etc.):
| @udn't kno@ |hich ol th€m a6 hcrc.
(Nu6 rrt caredint.eei aici.)
"sr,
I sh4LU think it slad.d coovincinc.
alt ..rd, cAsaadconvingeror.)
(ry tou thint t\p oH Elk.l?, -t taLun't sdu th.y t.r..'.
t( rczL A EInt at"ntdti? Nu a.e p&n. .A .lnr l
ll_o-J ou r,rd. J ou {,rld rat\Ft I didn\ lpt t. a ou's. ?
( vr p i
Shesaid " d she@
sp ,i tl ld
a t 6e
p Qhe tght neducrCor
f..asa u d d r .; so r 6 ? raJter
.o ook
. he chiuren s hcn they.@ to
l(Ea) a spusc{ @ /i educatoareandicatr pentru copii atunci olnd @ rufs.la gcoatd.l
28?6 7) Stilol dirart $r ndiroct. Regulilcdp mai susse apticegi la rransfor
msreasliluluidireet n sti l indirect:
/Da.i ShJ said: -1 an boff | ha'd boLsit Lho watch {rh.tl I rtzlt &.d.'
rr4zr./ rDe sord snc eas sorrJ she ôr
4d trot ,ozair the watch trhat) sho @4A rrd.
(V€zi ii | 2901_2902)
2a?7 8) Cotrcltrzie. Conjugarea nglezd esldEurlndu-se
( i lJ5ti. 359), seobserva-e rfcctul aBlolismntreutilizarea
edoudaxeDaralele
ndic;tivutui
pre:€ru a reda.reanrimpldl'tor rezeDte
ti lntrebuintaloandicatir,ului eru la
-
'V"rl I :got-rso:.
r V e zi g 2 8 9 6 ,2 8 9 8 .
| \'ezi ( 2t7:r
lXlli;'ilf,'h"iii##;;t.:;'*"t uncchivurent
cnt'u ubjon'ti
ir
"i'"ri1'.
8/12/2019
CORESPONDI.\TATIMPURILOR
601
rp d s r. d j rl l rn p l i ri l o r 1 re . u r" . a a rb "l e i mf u t i J r, ' n 1 ri d l . d v i r4 d . " l rq i ro l

p p n , ru mo n e n l Fd i f F ri ' " s i rl l i n d l n a c " l " a t i ra p o r' u l i i p ml . d l . ' u . e l --
l a l l " l i m0 u ri l ra md l i ' a l " d i o g ru' p -sJor-i p c c l i a Cn rF " p , n d " n \ r i mp u -i i o r ' a
ri d c c i u rrra ri ra i n . ' h " n a d i n -l ri : . 2 (S l J i 6 l . i n g rrr. r u , i l i z i n J . ri " . p e n t ru
rc l a l 0 r. , j n l l r. p l n ri l o r. o ' , l i z u l ^ n 1 r. z " n L . L i mp u " i l d i r q ru f . Dr" T " rt u l u i
t . o l o . , n a , l i n i n e a r, rr p " n i ru c " l s l i ma l n t i ' n p l A ri l o r o . . , l i l . . 1 ; l r, r. " , rl . i m-
p u rl " d i r l ru p r rr" u ru l u i (c o l o J rJ l i n d râ p t 6 1 .rr' r" n " l " . l o u ' g ru l " e ri '
i n d o , l " rn a rc e i i . n F t d : i . l n p ri ^c i p i u .n i " i u n rrI o rL l . mt " rd l . d e . i n i . i o n -
cord:rnla (cu coiectivui pi cardil aduc rcgulite dela$ 28J6 2837,2E41 2845):
Prezont Trecut
LeJl lou I sial, srd', lfaitiirg onlJ wh€n I tah) o\ I shoultstatt rtaining olll $hcn
sprmg.an,.
(ti Jpnn .i roi t ocle aui..cnadclrtul (Ti'z,r sr6 cn,oi ird.r4 otrtfcnamentur
rumai cind r.ni prinr'Llara). Dudri clnd .d rent rrimivara.)
'(
SIe .\"s she foz'r goon her holiday }.tore Slic r{td
Iclorc shrslrc
ldd o&ldL,.eu rou.go on h.r h.liday
iStunr cn nu n vacanfddcclt dupn f,4 slas cii nu r@ p/..4 in lacanln decil
'o.pleco nnli ce te ea i a.ut. )
He ts sufc lhat his Diotute.whcD t is tin- IIe dG sufe ihai. his rJictr(, wlien it
tr/rd. ./,all D/ttg him the success e I's ,.., finhhad shaLI'J ''ts t\ln rhc srrcess rc "'ds Qd
Dd€D oltlns lo$rrr(l to.
/i'sre aiErrr i rabloul ri. c rd ed i tetnindt, fEr.r sisur Ci talro\rl hi. .inlca fi tetnnoa
ii ra adlcd succesul e care il drkdr,6 cu ti ra adu.esuccesnle ca.e il asrepk, s au
ll olra?d, tu Derlbddc.l
lvlienever 1 .oll on her, she is oor.kias, \Vhenevef1 .altul or her. shc rds (ornlns,
{nd sars I rnd re a sreat arljst 1vl,cn s€, rnd ,s.d to say I snddd 6a a s.eal artist
oldef. I lldll then rert mr reward i I lare Nhcn I sor oldc.. I rnould then .'uI mr
rmll,al is ltd as she do,s. r.\\'ard il I ld, as hird as sle di.,.
lori de olLe ri me d4. la e.ro s,t.sar.ncrin(l {Ori dc cilc ori -..l?,
,td du.eart x ea o Enrcdm
im, ,rdn. ca oi /i un mnre (tur.,nd i hrerlld si nni srlacd ci rlt tt nn Darc
ir:z rirar. lmi u;i.rrrld aiunci isplata pifl r Lrnl r. nr.rc. lmi ,.i 'alor"
' D i . ;
nace eai Ji luctdl tol al.lt ile scrios cum i trn.i r.1"plrLa ,L.i ' . , l, /?'.,r rol ilrl
do scrios.un l,afa er.l
,tlte €\emple tipice de corespoldenta l,impurilor:

"I di.rr't lno,'cir.tt
f,,N'd/re,iu \'ou ajci'.
e/. here." Ol coufec
.,lifcftc tds."
ci s,nr."/
He rioegnt i thc rcspoisibilityhat aolld .Ie'rl'eon |irr *'hin lic 4,r..tl upo his
t( l) ses,ndi n ristunne.ca arc i rd /et.ai cu.l tu l,.d ,t Unnir trona r sucjnii.l
"Sometimes slie eorrial, (indicati{ trccut - drocut i:ioric) ior fear the
book (lrnld D€ ort (viitorul pasiv lati de trecul) and sh€ d (: \,rorld) n€ver
&c al'lc ({iiiorul fatd de trocut) to r€ad il agair. She iad onoesldr/.d (trecui
r' F rl e " r - a n l , i o ri ri l " l . o p y i n g l h e b n o k . S h " r, rr / (i n ' l i 1 l i \ l | . ' ur -
i re , r' i s t o ri " t r4 o \ n i b u L ; l i s t b d J l i ra n ' l -t L o l " J ' y ' . / -/ , , \ rrF . u l f rJ . i r -
enterioritate) llre copying traulC dD (\li.Lor.Jl ald de trecut) it. llut she ,iuri
l i / " , t l rp . rr p " rt a , - a a l . ri o ri l . rl a l rrp . . . ro \ i n -) l h " l wl | F r -l r" : . . ,
(i n J i l i rl rF u L i n l o . rl ri r' n t u l u i t e t r, l " t -ru rn - rl , u rl o n J rb ru l ' . , h J o a U
l},rrli (viitorul fald d€ treout) hard aud buy evcry sinsle book lhat slc lilic.i
(indicativ trecut in Iocul viitorului fati de trecuL n subordonatd).'r
illneo.i sc ft,tn,'tr de teaml c{ se e@ ,iid.t cartea si c.I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze ra nni ,etca s.o .ttedsdd
594/609
niciodar{. lnc0Duse odat{ sn o epi*- "a o cafte a ci ii
voia atlt tle mttlt;ii a,rri ciL.
s 28?8 yI. SILUL DmnCT

$I INDIIiECT
{DIBECT AI'D rNDInXm s?Ytx)
$ 2879 , Definilie. Curintele attei persoane ot Ii reproduse levorbitor in

"1)
5 2880 a, Iie sub or,]]& nui citai,, ntocmaicum au fosL ostite:
.t'ddcr
Tfe rittle loJ said: ne@ oryets tuxtitc.',
$ 266f , , ?, / . lip s ub oLm r unei r opoz it ii s ubodonat calir ec t nui v er b c n: lo, . r 9,
10 eu. ru tppah, 1,)obsert)c,o r.tnark,.to dr-gue,o naintai to ta dccla;c,
t.D t'ut, onnur n. . p.. in, t at . , t u o4..nult."rft,.o r.'n,it. o ,
, t oro tn\tru.t tv 0. ^rsert.
r t4 r Lt , , nanJ ,
th d|r,tt. -.
a\ h. I a d. n, ond. 0 n.t..;t t a. t " . t li- r o q, _, t iun, n o,,
strcr. lo lhink etc.
Tiie itflc IJoy dd ru, /,rs dthn n&o foryatFa\t totscts) ptumise.
S 2889 Reproducorea curintelor cuir.a 1 forma iniliaU se numette stil dic.J
sdu rorLire dirctd. Trarspuncr
snt trdrr,.t 6N u ' r Lt r e tn.ttr, .i. alorlrrr.r o propozilie suborrtonaiiise mrmcsle
$ 2883 Ve.lul care introdrce citatul (S 28St) sc nume,sre ,erDde decturalip
288+ In sft1 l dll., r. cu\.jrt, L rpprodusesl r inclepcndenrc :te erbut de riccla-
.
r 01r . . , t n s , / f t / , t t dt t \ t 1ns A. . , u\ I r t c t p pr uJ u. c J . pi. . z ir l d , r pr Lul
I nr r of lLr ia. ir b| | t . au \ Fr bFt n, r t r r . t , i ' ,p, onf ur m pdar " gulilor , of , . o1J " ar p l"
r n_
lei tjmpurilor.
2885 2) .Iransformaxea Etilului dircct ln stit irdtucct sc face n morlul urmltor :
ghilim elc lt i. par - iiFjnr . oJ u" e, onj, n, l: r adl. , r , " " , r e; , 1; : ; o; l ; ; m b,
, ^
s uur D I Fr Pas d. n ql. r r D t in t t . r ba r nr bt t S.
, frrnr
pn" I r " onr t . . nod- . i. . .i r F' t . , i\ p. Tr , , um ; i adj_r r ir nt c pos " . r , ,
-.
Fr nr orT"Lrr "c , r or m pt n. or e. pLr / J t dr , J p f , r r o- , c t . a 2- a s s J ; ij- a, i| l
Iunclie d€ tnlcles.
2886 Cazul . - Cind velbul do declaralie ffrc la rrrLzLnt. inroul r.erbctor rrn
Irazele rcproduse rimine ncselimbal. i.ot neschi'Irlare ra-i" ,i .rJ ""li""r"
oemonstratrvc sau advcrbele din lraz:i:
(p;,.) tte .,J o m j s i. , " : - l
( t t.di.) I t p
' < l l s n r rit r rr Jt l.p d, ,, . o i i L r
fDt. ) Tr p lil rJr i n .,j j -/ ,/,// r r o$. g, , I,.r,
ttntltr.) tttntbtrt Jni,rr. l h, | , r i / / no$gito,
. pnr pLi Dboo^ t o r. pdd
hk l ook ... .
o r eJd t 11
2887 Cazul L - Cind yerbul de derlarftlie rst€ ld frcxr, timpurite verbetor din
lr r z nle : ppr o. t us p i, I t nlu" uir . c u r ur n. t . nor .ptr za ;;i; ;t" i;;;;r',i,,,.
As t f el:
delino lns calkd s at calte.L

ati lsat is) caltins eas cauin
dcvine |cte .alli;s
ha,e lsan has) .attE.I deriDe had, .albA -
hore h a s) b ,e nco i r r
sd u
ltdrl .aUln devinc
x{mltrc had
Ldd tccn
cutt.d.aUinq
delne shauld sar eould
dcrrne a'aukl s ar shaukl
.revrne ha.l to s xr muxl
1 \' e zi
t: 5 tsl t M .
NDGI'CA 611
8/12/2019 STI'U DIREC'I 9I ST]LUI]
9888
care €xpriml dpr''lierca slnt lnlocuite S
Acliecli)elc emottslrari/di ad'erEek
a'nnrrat'd \srhl 60 nlncuir't :
"r "i'Ji. "".. "".r^ ...\ llEt
hetu cu thle
Ezenple:
' i,i.]i''i ",".;i 'i| iilx -li ii;"' ,'"

l;i'#,1 ; '
;li,l r : ;ll:':;ll; I;i{,:J1,:"ij
nt'-
l?,;;;'i'"',.j"li,iil"il;'
, ir1"il,"'illardltte
ii';,';'i'Tix^ v "; t"o "
ajci se men'tin osi dacn tnte-
Toate demonstratitelc li adverbole
tesrll or esie nceleli ald dc tcze Ll
r" ri't: Irr'r'lo' \ ["rclodiy-
/ Dl. ,ln lhe onndtri l'cl n'sli "
:i . a',",no,,a,.
iill'li:i:"il:.:l;;;1,;i.i#l'Iil:il'r
l;;:;:,ru',;"'.i :11;"':;;li':jj, n.,'In " hdr'0'
e.r.r',.r
I;ry;
Lpr hc ntDerorond'co'r'i' ' *' jo1
'"*"Iiau. r H sdid h"vd Itr s-r
illlit*ltt tt,t't,,i'ti;,riJ"lff:Ti##?ll :' l'""#"T:-
1"li:'
i$288
"' citaturui
."",*t:"lr*;lii:';: ?ililx'Ji:$IttTl*',:1,;lli:
1,%rl jli'Ilil':i'T:'"
i'""'":"iJir,.:ili;'j';'ff
illJ;U::1.
Cnzul . - l
Cind lr:*.r"x-i:l;s;i'l"'l'"'"';,.
verbul de declartlie este a liitor' iimp uriteverbelor X- 5 2890
'",alJf,vtt"*'i;;;;'1|3;:f
t\ll neschimbate
i"Bx,1llliittr;":lrJrii;ifl,lT
CAZL]BI SINOIALU
e"""?""",Tlxii1',?'{r":,riflii,li[if
}i}:};;}
i:q":i:'#}i1li"
iar v6rlul ro say, care o rniroducelr
"
i.1nt to knar. \u\ilidrul i0 or0
o
es
omrrc:
:'lJl.';':'.
il';{:'l'ti't"d"lri""i
[,?[df":xrJiiTi#ill"":lJ#"iii
'ihlii: :: Y"' # #tixs1"l:"1'""'.i:ii: .
61 2
2892 Cind nroFozilid intcrogativ6 Jnc€pe cu un pronume, adjectiv sau ad1'erb

i n r ^r o g a r i . a .p sl s b p m p n l i n e l n " ti l u l i n d i r ' .r , co n j n , l i ,, //.e u th .tl ' ff n ,-
mflifiind inircbuinlafi:
lrtr., I said to ml*ell: "It4., are tlie childre ?"
(Indi.) I wontletedehcrc le .hildren N€re.
/Dt ) \\- , sd i d :" l l ' 1 o ( r n ) i l Io .r a l . l o .' r . n Jl ,- .1
( In d :' ) \\- , i n q .i r " Jt1 o ( r ,) Jo u h d d l a l kd l o Jr ll n a i .1 ,.
artl.1 Sh-" r to lhe little girl:''Itlnl lorm rre you in?"
r//ndir.) She Natried o kno\r (Iar torrn h€ litue gi.l iras in .
( \' e zi i i $ t6 5 3 .1 0 6 )
Obs erral i c
2893 ln stilul dircct, rerbul propoziliti inicrogali\"e recedi sulieotul. ca in
ori "" pr"puz i l i , r pros rl i r. . : l ul i n'l i rprt ns d. ropuz i l i auburJ onal
J rn, rrrr. r\ ; z i si S 2l 5l i
)emA i f i i nd', l . , ogal i t .s t '1\ . . t tttr'.
9894 2) Propozititoxclamatirtr. CiDdpropozilia eprodusie steexslamativi
r-erbrrl e declaraJicstc nlocuitcu urr altul (arc sircupfin(lir n,tclosulndicat.
de exclan\&tie:
/r t., S h e ..d i do i l r cm r " J/) l e i d I L .i ' s g o Dr a $ a l kl "
(tntli.) With dn ea.lamatj,no/./'r, sh. asfted to so lof n Falk $iih lheni.
On. ) ''llhat a nice roonl" she exclrimed.
1/1,dt., She dd,rtr.d lry nn,e ooli.
2896 3) Tre(ut urlllat aleprezcnt. - Cind comr.icarca idcuti tn stilul dir€cl
conline un lflpi indeoblle cunoscul,,Sliinlific. u r.ersalvalabil. sau consti-
(S ndicalil'ul prezeDL
tuindn,un
din" obicei, ..
nuni,1r oril1l.
o caractedstird
' inp r r r il, , l aa,
subiel]tului
' ir . . . t . ' ,,u 2841).
1. c c " Lr ar c . ,t l" ii ' 1. r al. r
bilit r ie in I'rezerL:
frir./ The oclurer aid: Thc eleotrlnicfain ncacrn{/trs nistakes."
f/dil.) Th lecturer a:d lie electronic rainnover nad.nristak€s.
lFormn uiilizald in special n limba englezi lilerflri. dacd \..em sd repro-
ducenr ntocmAi gindul vorbitoruhri Xn acel nomcnl.l
(Ldn.l He sa ihc clccl.ronicrain nerer,ltler injsiahes.
[Formn intrebuinlatri iIl special n limba rofbitn, accertuind ralabi]ita-
tca faptului i pra.cnt.f
9896 4) Sholl. Will. Conform regulilor gramalicale sidcte. ln propozi,tijle
care redau, ln stilul indirect. cuvint€l€ sau glndul cuiva, se intrebuinleazi,
indifcrcnr de |crsoana la carc se rafcft, ausiL{arul folosil dc aularul twintdar
ln stilul dirert. Timpul reqrecliv se conformeazi hsi regulilor corcsponden e
timpurilor.
Stil direct Stil irdirect
s 9897 V i i t or par
ShesaJs: "l .nd.rlnot l,car lfon ny 6on or ShesaX she nol hcar rour 'cr s.r rd .
'noll
I said: "1 sl"lllrlaytle ]r'ana aDd yo Ftll I.said I ..n eld llal llc piano xnd yau 4,o&l,r
Ha thoughlr "I rLdll ask her to mnrrJ me." lle tl,otrglt hc sl@Lld sk ], cf Io maur' 1,im
S h csa i d : To t ,tU l c l i r cd ." She old me I (orld be tt&I.
Hc sa i ( l : S l ,c ( t/r h a \c g o n e o n r c."
lle said hc fllrld nave goDe romo. 597/609
8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 01c
StiI direcl, Stil indiroct

V iitor aolitit $ 289
I said to hcr: "l a?,'i. iorglt to wrjtc." I promisedher I eo&ldn't forget to $'rite.
S h e a id : Il X o uq ill ir e l c, I e ilr le llyo r l She told me that jI I strard helD her. she
lhc lairy talr iou want r. heaf." ten mc lhe fairy iale I iranted to
^,Lld
He s, o: l-ou inau hcar lron nie ,elore lIc said I riould hearlrom him l€lor€ long.
lorlg."
Tlrcy said: "-sl?.V,all br rniardfdl" Tl'fy sai.l s|€ s/DLld bc rcwardc d.
C antl ional s 289

He said: "l rolld fo ir Jo si.rl, ast I]c 6aid h€ rorld come
I t r le r o g a t ia S 9 f i0 0
jl
Ile asked"ll'or'r
I ask€d: nlt': ".$all Ihave
sl.ak a l0driher?"
k \itli II.i :rskedme he slartd
I askrd rhrm jf ih.y (ortlnlsFak 10 ahrr-
hale drink
Jou
TendinlRactuali de simplificarert.n iuc tnsi qi aici, ca si la inlrebuill- g 2901

tarea au\iliarcJor si(ll si rill in l l.fribiri (g 1831). lla nu aduce modjficiri
l n , a r u l r i i t "r u l c i \ ^ l i r i \ , L n d , L r t i l i z "r ". , ur i l i o r e l o rs / , o / r i i l / 1 , , \ p u . d
n.i in-inr" r'l rr" r'5'rlilor gr. n,..ll.rl, .lri.l. t$ 18 6J. .rp ron'orrrrl
tcndin_teleimbji actrale. In cazul viilolului pur insi, auriliarcle acestuiasint "u
I n l r . b u | l : b . r . r i l u l I n . i r , . r I n m o d u l o L i g n u i l i d i , i s r d l / l a p F r s o a n a.
d i i l l J p , r ' J n r . ' 2 - a . i , , 3- u i n d i h r "n r , 1 . c "\ i l i a r u l i n r ' , b u i r r l J r1n s r i -
l u l d i ' , . r . . \ s r h l . t . - n ' r u . , r c l u i p . , r n p l n l edc m a i s u s . r r l i - n b op n e l p z aa ,
lxal.i. in "qpecialn linrba ro1,lld. se rlrobuinteari in mod curent urriitoarele
Stil dirert Stil indirect

i' iir or pt t r s 200:
/slnll Ja persoana , r'ill Ia persoaraa 2 a gi a 3 a)
Sl,e sa]sr "l sla, noi. liear lron Dry son Slles3Xs lie not her. Irom h€r son or
I s. , l: "I r f t o llp ld \ l F iJn oa r ll \ 'o x ' / l l.srid I srodd'rill

play ihc tiano and hc ao&&l
b in A . "
lle lhought: "I sloli asl h.r l.o ra.,'J nc." lle thotrghl hc oodd ast )icr to ma.ry lrinr.
Shc said: "You n i?l be tir.d." Shc told nc I snoLd h lired.
Hc said: "Shc rUl luvo gore homc." tlc said slic Qo&ldhave gone home.
They ihongl,i: "\\-c rlalJ soon . gojng on T|cv l,l,oucht irel r'o,lJ boln ne uoinq o
a t o u r o i ir slcr lio n . " lo r r o l in sr . . t io n .
'
V iito/ rolitL,
a loaie d,i?l a toalc pcNoaDel.z)
Lsnou ]rt$oan.lcri
Shall slilul dirrct rimine.rinll in stilul ndirect.
Il-ill hr slihrl direct rimine o ill ln stilul indirect.
Se ra l,i ri insn "qeflrna e regulile {le corespond€ntda timpurilor.
Exemplele de la $ 2898 renin, deci, neschimbate.
lY e zj S 1 5 i- r 7 - t 5 0 3 , 5 1 4 - 1 i, lI
s V . zi $ 1 5 0 7 , i1 r l- - 1 5 1 3 ,
e14
8/12/2019 srNTAxA FAzxrLimbii Engleze
2903 Construofiile rezultate din dorint a de simpLilicarc au insA dezavantajul

de a fi uneori alrtriguc ai, pentru acest trotivr .qlnt condamnate de puri$til
f D " . J T. " j. r : ' . \ \ " J r ?r ' ' v , . t u
( In l.t.)
" t , Ln. \ . - r np r,,1
lt e r - " \ In " J /on t h .\" t,r ' r 1. \
llyill tntrebuiltst ir roes[ caz potrie sugera un .riitor volitiv: ,,nu por
sr rc arum'.1
lrLnzurTliei' say hey slaa'l hrre lutr.h no\t.
flzdtl,
fFolosirea auriliarului sroll clarificn situalia: acum se inrelege ci est6
vorba de un riitor pur.l
Tot aslfel:
fDtl.) She s:113: "I rldii rol htar hoLn rtrr *nr "
f/,.di;.J Shc s;ys she ,pili llot heaf lrom lrr. s0n.
f ly ; ? nr l, I nlr . buin' ul in J . " it " ] - npl, r r 1 l, ul t , " , n" i r ld' l r r , im pu"

orea
ri
gr-,nctj,5le
de
sEmrcsulile
" i aib \ . i ,l 1. , strictp,po,lte
i, il " i' . 1 av eaqi aic i inleiesulvo)itiv: ,,nu
'
2001 5) Yerl,{ik' dcfootivemodf,lo. \-cfbuh delective trodalc sc corto.meaz5
acelorasi reguli de mai sus:
Stil dtect Stil indircct
He said: "Yon .d, cone I'ith mc ii lou Ho seid I .o&U conlf \ritl lLin iI I lilted.
lik e ,"
SIe thonglri: "IIc Da, be right." Shc hou3ht he algr, lc .jgLt.
I sridr "You nds, work il vou want to Eo rn I sa he na-"r rofh il lj. $,anhd lo so uD
to (1,h0) niraNitv." io ( l h e J u n i ve .si ty.
I snid: "You ,/sr do you. homework-" I srid hc rrlsr / ras ro do his homeivo.k.
I said: "She oa6h to know." I srid shc oa3nr o know.
\'erbelc ruusrs)L ughtrjmjn nes.hinbate la tfanspun0rea n stitul indirect,
"lulna pra/, n, - Fr r r nd ad^ s . nr j r I , n t u 1.. l.,
'1
290; 6) lllodrl iqrpor,rti{. - tr'lodul mperRtiv de\.ine aliniti' in stiiul indiroct,
iar verbul de declaralic esle jnlocuit cr un aliul care sd erprimc un ordin, o
rugiminte. un slat:
(t)i.) fie said i.o \ts, "Co and rci'[.,ae ]ra.k againl',
(Indir.
) She at.tcted t\s to sD and ncvs r, ,,ac bt.L asain.
/Dir.) Helcn soid to ne: "CotN a1], haee an i.cl"
(L1d.it.) trele bked,|ineit d n to haee an icc with I'r.
( D:t.) T r' " " r o id Iu | " | : Da 1 t a " \' ta \' .t b d .,- ti" .\
' ln -. t T " d , I o ti.p d l q no' to tD - . l,,r r ,a ,1 " " r o / j..r /t' n I d .i . Fn.
7) ycs.sino sinh nlocuite cu r.erbe de atil.m e (t.) accept, o agree, o ts-
se tt to dns',per thc 0,ffirnoliae etc.). respccliv de negare (o denA, o refuse,
to rcjeet. Lo ans^,t in the ne1atioeeLc.).
fu,.) The\-sd/d:Ics, woa.eco'ning."
(r|.t;.)'ti..f asreett6 con .
frt.l We sztl: "llo, wc havcno leen lhcre."
(Iad.it.) \ye deri.ctl h^\,iug boen rhfic.
9907 8) Sny si oll. - Cindverbul os.ry,care ntroduce itatulr areun comple-

mcnt indirecl. el €ste nlocuit cu lo tcll:
(Dit.) ;\1t:srid t nc: "I want ro\, to sins Ior me."
(Inti.) st\t' toLt ue hal. slrc rvinte.l me 6 shs 10. lier.
i \,r b l n ," ,) o ,o l ." ,.d ,t.r t v..,.i 5 r r r j o n " ti v- r r ...u r e .d
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/alice-badescu-gramatica-limbii-engleze n r p a ,.Ju i n d i599/609
" J.
ti ve l ' fp .cn r " . C Cr a { ' , 5 at Bil.
STEUL DIRICT STITI'- ]NDBICT
FI Alice 01 6
8/12/2019 Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
9) l'ocntirelc t.i)l.aiti l -I',rtks anIt Ceftle 'n", ".nA lri'rd:i" rt"(' 3int S 2908
jJ" J I p li\;:
a - ", . 1 , , n . : ....1'F r : : l o r i l , | | . u i n " . " rP Itd"u
tL, rl.", ..il dn \'li
'a,a\..1",'lsho\yurr
,i..:,:' r', olr'r-- "dr^sho\ 'r'n"'p)'li
(Di ) "L.at trer. J.ht," said 'rl.n't uPsei' c'1"
((tJ nol' o ufscr nfr'
a/,ri;.,r I {:ilrii Io)rr. d r;.r.tttt
lur \'rli ,nox ,ld \iir,'f '. f: vttti p n t i n p r . "l o / i l i € s c "u r rra S 2909
rr r//'1?rtrr'3
{ { }-,1)ei- r-1..r'.
": ' r
| ',,'lur J ' r "' ' p'r' 'n r'd
i.rhut,lir' . l ". l r r i i " . ' t e li t r . u :
t lr , t H - d r l. - l l'""l'm \ 'n I y@ 'r h o m F '
,1di r\t " I o u r 'l , ' \ 'r ll) '"r 'i 1 lP n L r r ) r 'P 'n o n P
, , r , . . , r ''. l l r ' d n $ r r 'u ' u i'r J lba p
iii r '" r J, 'r ' id o , u r o sh r l
;i '. "
": ) '
'lr e b u ir a i', Jr l: . r 'n t o n lie nl sl€ cia 1 r r t r e t 'u ir 'la ii p r u 'r u r u 'lo r d e p o r su ir r ir S 2910
i ; l- jr \ ixe r I r r . - . m d , r r , 'l". "u r i I ll o r , f r r zii.P c"t r u J. ' "\ r l ' ^ 'r - i. sp
i;i":"i,.;; .un. ,"';' .,,t'.'. -ru p,onun'r, ' r a r i r , ir'1"1û1.
ori rai srrbsl,rrtiv li rlritot ln parantczn:
t m ct {
/ D ; . I Jo l, n ia jd r Lan ) e . . InI b r 0 llcr w clit l'o h e I slc o l M a n . 1 \ t h er e
lrirnd ol mi e s tL.ni I likc n loi."
r "\ 'o u ') id | E b t ot P r r d d h "n lo r r '1 "0 1 lla n '
It t Jv r
r"'lId , r l $ om/ . , k, J i t u r . , . / , . o / . d - Jn . L isa u j
"h . * ; ; ,l,, rl,,t . ''l{ ' h r | a d b "n lu | l l'" \ l"r 't n "r r ld
ll , r 'r p r '\ r "] 'r
lr , t r , , a t . , '. . - l ij^l, t L , d Jlo r . r / c, , , , )
IL,r.t: - _ , , r . i roh r '. : - r : _ \ o 'r ''r "h 'lp ) o 1 '\ '5 n n I Jr n g . ir d a "
; i; : - i , n.r r '/ r r i 1 1 '1 o h r \ F" U 'L Jn
t T ''i; ) " "i
/rif.I t'r.d srnl io hio: "J h.rd Lrcl.Lr. o honn:
iZ"a;l'.; r"."rt lnl,l lit" tt,at he a 'red) hrd bcti.erqo home'
TII. INTENOGIT]I $I NEOATII $ 291
I\IRODUCERE
(Peniro un sluiliu eonrpltt al accstui capitc,l a se consulla,'Indicelc alfa-

bctic", pagina62il).
Peniru forrnarea nlerogali€i sal rr'g 1iti, \'tlbele se tmpad ln trci cdte $ 2Qt2
gorni
.\. l'erDr le.rir?lc, ru fu.clie dc vcrhe prircipalc, carc alciiui€sc marea
majoritate r lcrl-relor imbii cngleze
B, I t "p . t , n o t . r'urni l i "r b e '1,' i ' l - t 7 1 ' " 4 r o L o t a u ' u t Sp ; tl
FiLit.s-). ' . ' r t outiti'tt' 'l [ 't, ] ""1 t 1 ".
- t " TO
put"" cal,egoria (IO BD, TO H'\ E''l O DO
Ll-I)C.tuirciic,rrcaz;
,l rcrbec^dirr
autLliat'. '\ li
2,1 lnul u""t e il categoria 1l (t)\RD ;i NEED) au 9i funclie de /erDe
prlncllaI. f uLat..
1 I sle o f M d n I xlt . d a il, t r a d it r ir e in su ld e b r ila n ice M a r cr I r t a n 't e i lilit a lu
^"'lijiiiil"il"-r" s .r iro,8ii.
8/12/2019 IN:TEROC^TIA Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze
II NECAII^ 61?
C. ltlt H.tl L:, DO, I'81' s 29re

'luritirnclt
Be
Po.itLr I nlercgalia
i,'j:.1:.:",T;.","" : fl,.'#,niil.il;'il'1t'io,y,
**l
i,'r gos,r.n
ror ,?, e" ", n.JJr.
ror ,,,*,l"i"i i#L,,"i:"i"i,iJ,;""
""".",o
J n'"ddr/ Autiiar tor'
,lflii.ri:-,-.1i."
At(nli r
,^,.8tft#riiiil ARE 2,25-

ii,T'li,i,,'],;l,[:'i,;4:T1'ni'1'*,,,
2145 215:J
2134.N iiLD s
NtG,\'rIA $ 2920
( T l l E \"D(;-\TM F0ltN)
o rmcaz;€s&liA
r vcrbrreelioare rtccrlal,,*,#,ffi,]fitl":1,1";""ifi "nt
:.li;,;i't t;iiiii,t"i"
std inr''liar 'lrrp.i ubi',11i 'ste urrrrir
a" .,;,""ill,t;1,|t.',lll'* ;S;';,:f" ,
I srlrd r sonatr. I do no'li&'t' n'ir€.a sorata'
1;1;r,.j;l;,rl. i ii:;".::,,:,
{i:;:i:l ;;,\:i':i,':i:";X
"; :i'i:;,fr:'il, "J"iilk':
n:,iff';1,"';ll,*;." fdre interven{'iaauxiliarului DO' se S 2$22
fo.^. n,;"*lt"
mentine de negalj€.
rn srilu) Pr tic: aleituiiii
_fhos' i l l ' lh ' r'
' J sr.ok \at. I tro tat l br'oth' ?0r thy nrm' -
'
"{'lio tlou alt I l'nat
It ,unr..s zo, $10 I€ 's'ôt"r
"l'.il n", cur l€asi""r
i';'Loi cl' nu "inl
C n . , t r u c l i i l , 1 " n^c I P r p ' n " t k o / ' n o ' /
pro0oritii "uhtn
e r c e o r i i . , i I r ' o r ' , z r r i i . l i n ' ; . . i ' l , f b , . l ,r,r r ' 1 ' r r l i n r l L l u n o i
:1,, l t' l i n t t h i ' ;s I o t u '
1.lcs,: | ' ''
"'- ro H.ttF. Uo. I t:|]:i doforli\ol' nodcle'
rf. rmt,rrt
-, V"r,',i" 1,,BE:
a BE .i ,t'irrlitrlc mo,lat;. Pt' oziriil' ' are 'on\in retbtrl . $ ?1':
29 r
J r " . i n " o ' I u " " n ^ g a l i d u p i
i" r,f + a l : " , , " , ; 1 . , i ' 1 " i - ' i i ' , , , r i ' i \ ' -
l:crrrtl toBD
N qatio
I an nrt al home,
'flov ,u.., r,,h,?.cu 'r Itomanian
The1 r.r. ltoflan'Jr'
He ir gorri.lor I \trlk . ll. i, /,tis, i goir's tor u lvalk - .
]ou (.r€ {rr.n i nrdri 1,ru./,,. ,otr"e..n / grvrl' a medar
1\:.zi S 191t.
: 1 1 ; ; , r l ' . , i I ;i r . d n d n . ; n "I , ' . \ " . ' , " , u r' , , \ o r r ' A r r H , r i n L rd n " r a r ' F i
Dln.l ir toii, it t :r,l r-r' . '' ' J-p-nl'tli
' i1\ j,.,. .t'F1r" tl t: ' r1":' I D tnan
6 (i G BJ.on. I o.r"s'
; i{"iitt"ji';11i rl." r NB.ruof ra&c,h.

61 E
s 2e25 b.) V"tlt l J l '1it

t. Jo1'
I .an oornc riil Xou. I cunt ut t cI n't . o, nc {illt y o r -
I t e miJt n. rat ilht a t n o t \ P il
1n t t nust r't i u i it L l o N n r ,
He ,ugn, tu have ktrown. Hc orsn, ,&rtn,a', to havcknosn.
We snutl speak to hd . \\( shdtl aotlthan't spcak io her.
She ,,orld harc lisl-cncd. S\?. tquld tutl(ouldn'l harc llstered.

2926 2) Yerllul ,,to IIA'['D" are un regi,n specia] (S 190; 1912).
2927 3) Locul rregn:,tiei. Nega,tiase pune tlupi primul aux;liar, d inaintea
rnodurilor inpersonale:
Ho ,rozld ot have elt. {ork undone adhe not dt 1U.
Noll4rl4ss"44hp'r"r,I h | {pd r' rr'. bp. i l l d \ d v .
{ol/r'o",;syou n;n .ld lnr.^'li/ -r'o.\., af;.'ri\p.
Nerfi ,"odd.as, bclore, Uic nclodji had bccn liitle kno\rn.
I wanlcd you nere. r, rr'ln rgain.
ALTE,PROBI,NUD RNIIRITO.IRII T,,I.NTGTTIL
2928 t) Crri t6le do nsgtrlie. - Cea mai irecveDli negafie cstr adverbul nol.
Cind dupd verb se aile un substaniiv, adverbul negaliv ,rl estc ufmat de
adjectiv;] nehotirit, any, oinil este cazul. sau este niocirit cLradjecrivut negariv
n0 l: n'I anlJ) '
\1'e har" children (sau D, d,y uhildrfrl.
1'herearc '@
no llowc.s on rour dcsk s a u nol a4 floivDrs).
Iltc regdlii siill net'er,no rn.t noln, notliltg na,xhere,Q itlLotLI, eitlrcr...
no\ nal, ... nar .1c.
Atclic
S 9929 ln protozi,tiile cirp conljn te nogalii dccil adverbul rlr, nu se folosetto
rrl).ilirLul U ld cons uir"a lorm.i n-r ir- x vprbuiui rrJi"'rl
She aats m €ncou.agemenl o sLatrdup .r'rd rtiilc.
I adld. soo he. nowadays.
Nobad.rlno tu ol th.\t, ^rne evef rto.k.d in our ofiioe.
We head @,it4s lrom thcm to. l.wo dal's.
The DaBsbook./asnrolB.d to bo lound.
H€ lelt lho party drlo&r srXing adyihing i,o anyonc.
,q.ceastie gulese aplicd i in cazulsemin€galiilor$ 2933)
S 2930 2) Dublo negario.
o) SDredeosebire e imba ronAni. in limba englezinu 6epoate ntre-
b u l n L u dF"il o stngurn n a 0 1 " l ' l l r o prolorrlrF npnsrr r' urI u a a s r a . a u 7 a
adverbul not este omis o de clte ori in frazi er.isti o eltl negalie, fie aceasta
adjeciiv, prolurne sau adverbl lerbul r[mlnlnd in forma sa afumaiivd:
You do no, knorv anylhing about chenistry.
There has bccn no tr.rin si ce the 2.30.
IH€
shall
did dre. beh.rr"
zo, find ike this
anylody in . aeain.
H" llrnd aoba.tJ d r no ^w) tn.
S," /.e.a dv \in.i hPf.
a i d zone. " i
Childrd I "had
Many people an rern". sing uo. dancc.
' : an ' t r"d t ut l n p d n ' t j o j ir ' l o \ v n . t d u D ' . n l v F r b . l 4, . r. plr, f l, dnd n " " " s l
tai.ea, €ste siDonim cu zerii Fi cind lni.cbafca cs1,oordulatl oa la pag. 016, nota 6).
IMEEOGATIA ST NECATIA 01 9
293f
Construcliilc u mai multe r€galii rcprezinta n gpncre lormi d{rexpri- S
n,arFin'ullJ. \r' ", p r u , u rr,mp1'lc de n'oi sus urrni'0-relr lrnlo l rr
q i d- q inc,pitorrrinirrr'plFrrprc'uu'rno
inroreLLe. lrl:/al, ' . - ""i -den ii
r ; d . l .un.rr.. l., r,'1"'irr . l i n l:rrba tumlri:
You don', tno\r norl'Agal[rll cllcmistrX.l"ora",
(Nu itji njr,ic djD .hinie )
Tt rr rd., l n r" kJ,n :'r' tlr 2tj llr'a\t)
r\u m i l , s ' r ' i u1 rrpndupirr'rLld 230)
He did, nat l\d aobodlJ n (Incarcct.)
{Nu a gisil le nincni acasai.)
5l p t A c f s , l n t u t h i g khhtt -(tnorett )
fllr.,) n i ( i ,", a m LL n , n ' rodfir nrmrc -
Uu^\ D a r ' ,a' ' t r , j / " . . i t A ta, )an " t l @ 1 4 1 )
r\l'i.l rr''i' r"r'l'r1l n'r oiddqp/pl
D] Cuvintete r.iI&u'... nor.. t l nor stnt nega.tiicorelativecarepol apfuea $ 2939

lmpreuni in a,rtealcrP ropoz{re:
, .. , , , . r . f \i F ,u ,hiJ.. n. (( arc.,
ll
-i,,it.,,''.,-.'' n ' n s - l " rr'rdl
. l S.nrir.grliito. Propozilillcc "r n ronlin ' u \ . i n F c u .inlel's otr^'um S 2 9 l l l l
npsaLi\. . . ' adi'; i\'la 4/,/- ii I'v (iIrIe'p'larc l'drrr'^rur npnnrnrrld''
it i o
Ll. i i ; ; , ,r''it. a . l r - r l , "l " t'ori"1';'or'el't; sau ronsrru'iin
""i
tonii r " ttn' . n p, I a\pa \erbul ln lorrna nFgsrr\'isr s"'nerturPF"rro
';n,rj aoi^.i\\,1 o n f
esl;,.szlrl'. t r cu formFlP ompu:' irF 0 . t u r u r 3 :
Ile lirr& hew hcF 1o t.lk t. anlane' oanvthing xciling r 8o d"gal€'e nlercsting'
lcatect )
' ' i . , * " 't, /" pat,l ,n ouf bocrJing_l'ou.e.$r'ospn' 'or $ a r L 5 o ' v ' l ' P ' P U r did
r nr':r F sJnd l
"^,,ni l i - i " r i " t t i t ' i{h^r rr s, starno i
sal (Incortl) r'oFd
I ;i.L1 ndpdy ltnos'
llr ttirln 2 i . t u . c . s r slrrn ) -
I ,drllv l ^ e w $ l o l t o s J Y {tor€d,
I can t l' lD /,r lauel $ha1 | spP h F ' l ' : n d t In orP l
1 1 2 l o t sJ ,2 rr4 ind v,rl Lollnrl ). .
| " r , . j ' I d,rg ,g $l'nr I s " t ' " h l l troft t)
Thfv s.n', s.o/.elrl lisic to lou to fln'olt"/
/N; ror rs{lh d.,,. de lile arnd l-
lhey \rill s.,,.../l lisl.n 1.o or no\" {Lol'cll
'th., o t u ' a I : r'Pl dr', n)L a n y n o F r/nolet)
lI r ' t t l t n t l r r ' I r r ' ' ' r ' ' r r--ul I
It:.. t, ; n p ."I-Js.\'ul l/r' /l
i nnlrr.l cu lirrbi romSni:
\ -, ,, ml dr., ir,
li iciad.ad irl t\ \rtir nin.ni (frcj nPgrrr4
,\o or. elcr cI]lrc (0 ffsati )
1,,.u, n't"": , / P" r I n""dri:l
n l ' n . \ an, n; g" J . ' , i U ' J Yl
\\' r. ,, , ;'\'
co r ine q i in $ 2934
d l ln r r lc ca zu r i. 1 n lu n cii. i d e in l'lt s o lr o p 'zi1 iF poate
lim b a "r ^. , r a r '. i u, r ^g . li drr r "u i la l'sr r l o 'e sr ^r d p \ r n e
"lu f i
,tuare.r
. r , o zi, i')
scn 'n .'l'u lu
| nrJu
n |PJl11
in Jo | edl', -lH
"1a
r n''"'|
u r ucUr i . U n c| r l| . | 3
ll. ,r.,1. r" , L "r ' r I l" I 'L : l la \ " r n u sn '
, , . o r '- | . r '_ in a ' r Ar a r r sd a so m
1 , ". : , " '\ \ d lid r . , r ''" 'r '
oI lhJJ'ear tlac was aL erst .nr lloNcr in vasc
.Contririul ncsaiilubi.
8/12/2019 NTMOCAT1A Alice NECATIA
9TBadescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze 0l
....,r) *tyy. ro (: ni(i un. niciot,none(: niciunul,niciuna) n propo- g 2gl1

,lrlrrre neg{u e
I havcnl zny s6[ers.
I havo ao sisters.
Siste.s, I have nrnc_
A n y , I n d l a r d d e l o l e l € s u l p e c a r e i l a r e c a s i n o n i m a l l u i s o i n e n p r o p o z i - g p [2
_,
J r e c d r e c o n l r n o r n t a f o g n l t a .o p r F q u p u n e r a s L l o n c q a l i r . m a i t r r e u n l n t e l e s
el sdu propriu_.{: orico. oricarc). Cu acpast.ia.capl csre intrcbuin at
;i i D
{uopozllrlre 3 n r m u f i 1 e l
.1,, apprenticecorld do l[is.
(oricc uccnic ur putea faco aceasta.)
Give mc a4, oI rtrc noyelson thni sh.lt.
{Di-mi oricare di romancl0de pc raflul {cela.)
Itight aay ultlor hav",lrvpd lhis stnluc.
putil
Lu ii o r i . i r r s a r l p r o r i s . u t p t . r pa c " r i r d s t n r u i c ? i
2) SoneDody. omsone..Som€thill9. omowhcre. ,\semenee uvintelor S gllt
somq anuj no se comporl,[ i lormele or compuse.
_ a,l Cuvintele. sonebodlt, omeonq omethin$ oncteheretnt lntrebuin- | 2St4
gate in propozil,iile firmativei
Sohcb.dlbo@tut knocked at thc door.
He brouqht me roedina new.
| 6haU tnd it smtun tu-
6J Cuvintefe a^gbocL . anyonp. anVthing. aauwherc q

0 l l l , l n . p r o p o z i l i i l e i n t . r o g a t i v e . d u p d o n e g a i i e t n c c t e n 6 gsiot
e t i v e , c l t F i l n p r o - - 291;
Intrebuintab
IOzrIre carecon9rn presupunere:
Did a^lbodslonlDM tnffk at thc doof?
He didD )rins mc onurtirr ncw.
Itrou can tind ir d.yat?4,;etrd it {tol Be ar once.
Notd
lntocmaica 9i adjectivula ry (: orice,oricare) 2942), ronumele eho- { 294{t
lEdfe.ompuse u acpsL uvlnt au intelesulo r propr;u:on\lbodui anvonc
(:
slntoricinel,anything : propozitiile
Intrcbuin ate i in orice).anyohcre : oriunde).Cu iceasta acciptie
firmative:
A.nvbod lanwrecot d.h,reo or"totd the consequ.ncest Jou. .arslec$ess.
nnou oo anvrn.zr lor vou.
we can takir pitk d,ir-n you tiko.
',
...,3) Formelenobody, oono,nothing,owhoro,stnt ntrebuinla0en propo- $ 29{?
zrlue negslrYe:
Yob.dylno on knock.d al th. door.
Ilc b.ou{ht me ar.t;E nrw.
t s h a l t f i n d t , " q h p . " , ' t rm a t r i i d .
Obseraalie
Ctnd cuvintele some,someboilv, omeonc,omethinp, ottei,heteae sfl{ la € 2948
Inceputulunei propozi9ii, egalia nu sc formoazdd;c[ cu antonjmFle or -
r soruDode (mai lo.nat).
{colooviatl; sro@
8/12/2019
(naL,nond, nobud . n a a n p . ath:nP. oxh' P ). .n d"-a doua lormA d. n, sa '

j i o , .o n " l rL ri .i r n o t o ti 1 n . p u ri d l i i n tfl b u i r l s l " :
Jbnd neighbouN canie. No ncjghbourscame.
,tond of tle neighbours amc. -ivon. ol the neighl'ourscamc.
.9ruDod?/s.r1.oncnock€dal. ure doo.. IoDodrlro on, knockcda[ thc door.
soma,liis was missing. .Yotlt s wis missing.
.srtlra Jntreldnliirii aceslor clrlanle, vezj 1176-1105)
(Pcntrr detulji 5
$ 2949 ALTT] FORI'ID DE PROPOZITII AFIRITATIVE, INTEROGATIVE

SAU NIiGATIVD
2950 ngguli g€nerdi. - l.a bazatuiuror formelor de a acestcapitol std rcgula

g .n p ra l d b p a l l p rn " h ri " o n s ' ru l i i l o r i n ' p r^ g d l i \c q i n " g a i Ie :
- l . rc B E . b H ,4 V L , D O si d e h , ti v e l e n o .l rl a s i n l r+ e l s l ..
lL celelalte velbe sint t iocuite, clnd este cazul, cu auxiliarul DO le.
acelasi timD si mod.
2951 t Iu fe ;o e ,i l i r diro.ln i i n d i rftl i tlh D L t 't und Tndtr' t Qd'stion)-
- (V p /i g 10z6-102;. 26s3. 2655.2891-289J)
Se atrage n mod spccial at€n,tiaasupra ordinii cuvintelor, care, n irlt€ro-
galia indirccti, nu este *tsald. ca tn irtcroga-tia direct;:
\Ire do 'i knorv sho th^c nen dre lti n\ \ho arc thesenen).
TnF\'dqri- d d;din' \. r l prorcs' - ttn L o tt h o d r o t d o b .J io 0 s .
r o ' ,.1 ; h o r ,;u L r ," ,r ; t ri , ,,,. ,..
Tcll me whdi ln t/ aan;ts aDd low old ,l'ds o.e.
o n l i ru ri \[ ( t]' p .ap[;rnotiuo In tF ro g n l tJ
2si'2 c o D J2J Intcrogllli
j rm a l i \j i s l p , o l o ^ r,l r rrc ro g i l i v J ra re ro re snu'riiorJr.
p u n d pn o H- rc u s rp 5 s u ri
u rm a i o a l p i ro n s l ru .' i i din l i m b a ro m i r,a :
Co n llr r " J F h l" J lr . ia .i d r a ."
- TIF PosJJ is J o u r " , i5 i- l ;,l
Ea consth dintr-o l raze cu dou6 propozitii: prima propozitie esteo crnsta'
ta,'eJ t doua o intreb&re.
a) Constat4red est€ nlotdeauna n conlrasi cu lntr€barea:cinal
consLaLarra albmatiyi. lntlcbar€ae negativi, ,q i nvers,clnd constatarea
negativd, tntrebarea e afilmativi:
You hale a son. ioe.n', /oll
\o u h r \" n" s" n , h a ,, - Ja a :
Slie is in, lsD', srcl
She isr'l io, ts sn"/
b) Intrebarr:a eslo alcituiti numai din verbul predicat, ubi€ct
(un pronume)Si o negaiiectnil o cazul.
Subiectuleste ntoLdetruna n pronwne €orespunzdtor ubiectuluidin
prima propozilie:
fliu r is a beauty, isn't sndl
,anieisirl
wasn't ill, was /.€/
Lu. .ldss didn't couect €noughsorop ron, did t?
L is still .ai ine. isr't t,l
l\an af the eo;keB go to evcnitrgclassfs,don't ,idyl
I I{o adj. Fi r/@pron.slnt o.nllc nlgativeale ouvlrtuluisona adj.Fi r.on.ncho-
Hrlt).
t q cp st i 0 d r n r o n o z:l i dn l Fr o q r l i tr ." ,r i :p u - : p L " m ,a zr . p o d r l i Du m p i tP -
r j tp ^ d i ' " c> i u l o r i . Fi r a r L eJsl i ,- r p .l " I ' r
n ," l Fn p
" l "7 sQ d a t.:o n n l u i n l r o g l i aco607/609n-
lirmativd.
INTNITOCATIA FI NECATIA 6S 8
Esceplie I particula ntroductivi\ )tere,are se mcntine n ambele

propozi ,ii:
7rl. arc tro asi dowr-rrainsn rtrc momilL3, re 4/, I
Predicatrulc orcspundev€rbului din prima propozi ,ie,si anumo:
4) \ "r b r l r t u BC. ta l l l L , D O 6 i d - [ , a i r , t . m o d r r , l i DrimaDroDoziria
B F p.la ir J m J i l n b . - b r r - : i . , l i n i r i v , r l du p a r l i c i t , i u '
imin insi n€exprimate: 'n ""r t u t u i p r i n . t p . t
Sl.ve ts a physician,.Jfr tr|?
L "n r . 1 o t .t lyiig , ( ", , . ir rj
r . . " i. " t . .- h r t - ", / ir . p i4 , d ". . '
Y , ir ',/ 'r
'l- \o.i
'Jt l ' sd . in ; . 0 o o k. r o 4 , i, : .
, k n ^\ , . a . , n t Il
Y.u. t{DilJ d/ru,t strit o. r"atr, Ia th.rX?
\ ; 'L , 1 ,, / 'a J d r , u , r p . - . I n p r : , r d i , i . ', t . t , .
b) t '. "| . ld l. " \ . r b F sin t r l^, u ir ; . r r u \ it i. r - r t n J t i . L n u t r e s_
pectiv fdo sar dodr la in.licalivul prezent, .ttd ]a indicativul tre;ut): "it im o'u t
Yoll,'rlra a ]rook.d,'r'i vor?

Dan ."r,z/is n3ti;h. d..si't he ?
Thcy ffar to a strow,dtdn,t rh.X?
(ct. s r911)
(7I, nlt. .ri at
_ :rn fnlorocnlia elori'll Qttp.tiar)t .o-jti rtintr.o propo- { 29Sl
z r r r c F r o g d l r v j . o r a nr u t r ' d p r Ed p l d p t r . ] q t u n . , ; i n d n u r n , i e x c t a 1 1 a t i v d
( r r J d u s i . L . . . \ ; . 1 ' . . . \ d "v u r , t t t. \ r p ". I l r o p o z i t i " d r " o nucnrd r t e c t i v ;
p "o r r r r n . . r. , r p r i m r d b u "u r i . . n "r r . r l L , r , r i r : . u r p r r n d "c o . , m "n i ; . a r "
ln ru-nctLe e rrlrona,Iln, eslL.Jerc, "1 c . ,
r
T n r F b 1 r ". r r , n "i ,
tivi. fi negatii'A dace protozi,tia preccdentnd e , t p d r i r m , t i t s , Iepnetaiivn:
r u p o z i r i s- r "c . J D n t , r a r i r m r -
"Jack s liere." ls Ie? I raa glad.,,(Buctrric)
_jhotL'nr''r. L r h l s $ o n r "r r . , ", / . a ; . " i u r l r n | . r o . \ m "1 i n . r r o ,
''You o o v , . r 1 i . "D o L P . r . . r . . . , r L | r d r ")
"H J r ' 1 j k n o w d r r . - r s . O t r . "d o ". 1 r . r i i . t t ". " l \ " i r t . u m i + . m "t r i r t a c F r
t r ^, h D . t t t o u / 1 t r , r , , sD , , lit if o sl
"I caltedat Tomt today." D,,1 3,oa I rhought yoritwo had lalren out.,'(surpdz )
, .4) Deelaratia umulaliri' (The C rnnlati?etcaterce, onsti diatr-o frazd g 29b4
ve r ,DAulri rma
] lvP rl\ii1c :, cu
, rl s Jr Dur,orir tnu l)
ro n o ri L rii n r u 1 ; t a ri n c u v i n L a t ed n d Js o (+
d ) I a a r n i'l'm ", . r 1 lsa ; . . i - , i "J.
Harry r ds an iDteresling ook, anll s6 llo'id /d/ (: ii ei).
L) "'h e n nt so o f f . "'S o a h r
. , r vu , , , r ". . r o u d r d n . r . - . . ) o / i. 1 r- r- "/ rt. . . , , , , , r .
5 r Jd . k) .
Ob se r t a lie
C "l- d o u i p r o p u r ilii p r t r lr , t r - b , r ir , l"r a d " a . p cd si p F r . o d o d . n a "F st ca z
liin d u 'r ile p r in ca n ju n r lixa , / t , r i. ycm p l, . lF d "ld p in ; r ut i/ a / l, . a u st r ir o s-
t it a L l".Jo u d p - r rpunctul
€remplele e a o . , r e d il"r ir a . r u n iu 1 ', ir u r r n "iii; d . r u n , i ; ip r im a t d I v"zi
fDll.
{Vezi ii t663_jt604)
1 :9 IIEl:1l 4 c - a a a a to J . c p "L "n4 t , s r , c d n L r i d g "., 2 8 . g i 8 5 , o n u m p E r e

4 |- onw4tdnee auPgh.n.
'O l.az{ comrrusldin douil ?ropozitii prirctlarel S 2B2B).
62 4
(+ verbul in.l'ersat
\egatia: cele doun propoz;tii slltt ulite prin nor" "r
cu subierftul):
Tliey o. not nr, nor ir stu {: Irirri

Alice Badescu Gramatica Limbii Engleze

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Alice Badescu Gramatica Limbii Engleze

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

8/12/2019 Alice Badescu-gramatica Limbii Engleze

c Dv ti T c lTREc 'r' 'r F

"The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,sonE beensamething f a baxlefield,.

_. ln p{ala winului sdu ii.dionatitrctrc n,:te:.tr,ti nin |i-.\r tt, )\|rh.

Aryuhthl ddoptat n trnns.icre. fonatt:d tr ftrst $i este (d .t t*olid.liei

CUIi'NT CATU CEITOR

ulrfotrne at t& 4 efa.anstd,efatnqral. dtical fu inccputltLa.est.lti. eeol (inlo-

Crunatiut rl.e aln tii-ica luuare con.:eputii e Ld.e tat].ilianat..

Sperin M wrca tlepLisnle cLitrc utoalcj (u tlsitL;Leasi d.drui& specifice

Cuvlnt cAtr€ citito 5

tI, CLASIFICARE\ ;SUBSTANTIVELOR 3 ti

VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR 357 80

II. CLASIFICARE,\ S1]BSTA]['I\\-EL OR, s3

/:.il'tr, 1: olundilr< Holl|ild 1: Oiurda\

s8 B, SUBST.\\TT\TE ONCRETE I SIJBSTAI.iTIVI' BSTR{CTD

ss 1) Sut,staDtiyelel|, rete (Cant:rett VolnsJ numesc .obieote'{ mdte-

t J-l4na-. (kritl,atouqr. o.lebN

2) Sulstantircleahsbaote ,{6slrdrtrvod r/ nunesc acliuDj,stdri. sim- S 10

N o td substantiv€ absl,racte au si scisu con$ete, uneori cu in e14

C.SUBST.{NTIIE NDIVIDUALE$I SL;I]STAN'TIVEOLECTIVE S 1'

l rzd ic, rd : a u . lit o rn l lla n n o oploal.

: i i ; ", "' , . 1 , 1 "0 , , o Jn t : I p r"r' I rrPp n n t : r1 -h "' 8 l e ch i ,

s1 8 I l. S Ut s S TA r' Tl\ ' ll NUI I E RA B I LI I $ I S UB S TA NTI I I I NE \ UNI llrt A B lLE

ln qran, at lr" moJ " rna, r . rit Frr - . irp s t a u d b a z d mpdrlirii s u b s l a o -

SUBST,UIIIIX NU IjRABTLE (dbrca Nl)

s 22 2) Crtegorii ilo substantivo numerabile' -

SUBSII\TIIX NllllullDB"ttsIrn f4D4 ATl)

d, 5 u b " l l n l i \p l r r : n p l td t 4 d t^ t' s. [L r ' l '" o ' h o n .'to r k h o L v' $25

Nume le rnateriison ilc m:rse olrcrcte enumerlrbilentr'un contoxt i S 30

: ca.nc .a al'm.nt a.ars : categorii de can.

sa. a r ol: o sar e h clim ic t t

areind.i? : 6bi€0ie de arcint:

s8. a snod (elc.) l@": qiftt {lo

| J di f .n ,,r i ,,ntl , e,,/i k of,.fl .; j ndi r i dLLai

\.ezi 3i flann.l. li r'r./ (S 146) pertru direrse nume d' rnaterialebtrcbuin

tfl th te.L"E.r : ..,".t..\r o 1r ,'r '" .

;:f ti; i.:';1ll li'"' rj'

. ) PIuIt.l6.\,nr p.lil'ilo. i D jr Jr r r ivelp i" r r 'imild

.,6Dng fN\'t Do ron til.r .arlnsP."

;i,:1.') l,n'ili . J,i''"""iilT'l;,:il'%i"",'l'Ii;., ,'*o

l t . \ Lr \ ' 14 d no\ 4l ) : t ot t t Ab" t r o 1 l l os \ " r r sr r '-

Pluralc cn irr c-templclede lrai jos, intilnitlr lr€crent in traduceri, slnt

Nume de mase abstxlcte ucnumenbilc intr-ut contc]lt li ntr eralrile n altul S 3E

: on.nt e (cotelnill (concrei);

r PentN subsiantrvele abst.aclc. irditidtalc .ole, iisc lczi 10, l:1, 14

r .,, . s l .r l l L. rr Ll{ i r r 'i . dL

s .10 tII. {iB\UL SUBSTrt\TIYriLOR

a/ Substantiyelr de len masculin ( lasculir,r: Gnner) numelc fiinle de S 43

,/ Substnntiv.le ilp 4 fcminin (frni in. GPNler nume"*c iinte de $ J1

A. tr\PRgSL\ LNIIC,ILA.{ GENULII

,\rcsl capitol Inprinzind titluri de politele, profesionale. ororilice. nobi 49

l) intrebunrlarea a doui cuvinte diferite;

50 &) Ge aL marc&tPrin s lirc:

Doui substantrve au mascun ul fofmal' de ]a fcminin:

S 52 b) Gennl in(licdrprin cuei e diferite:

iTi:ill'irli :1,:liii:i.lii',"'iardloa.'a 'e"ilu'jc'e

llrs \liss. lI$ 5, l\ladad{e)

Lord + nune Proprn,3 Lady + rume Poprn,s

:t.ll".l l ?:,;l' ;#. iliil' j",; . l

)i,",:ii";r;::,iii:, r ':l'' s63

:x,l;I'^x.: 'iill 'i.i.,i"l

*t-[ "1{"', :: ii";:'t' ;t::',:f'; ",:,# ;n';

llasc lin Fcminin Gen comun