Gramatica Limbii Engleze A. Badescu PDF

ALICE L.
BADESCU
GRAMATICA
LIMBII E,NGLEZE
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EDITURA 9TIINTIFIc.I. $I ENcIcLoPEDIci
BUCURE$TI,1984
c Dv I ti T c |lTREc r'r'1'roF
"The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,slonE beensamethingof a baxlefield,.

Anon; tl,r mdnu i!:ut" na,ob.inp toryht oL'ti' thot b.t,\".n trts"fit||\e and
d?s..tplire Flrir udes 1o ,r.age.'r
Cu acestecurinte incepeutn d,inte numeroateleanclrcteefecluatein altima
treme asupra limbii englezeactudle in Anglia.
Prima. atitudine,aceea,,pr€scriptil'n",esteautori.tail, natmotird.,ingrddird
ile numeroasereguli, stibuind, tncd tn idealuriLegamaticii ld,tineale secolnla;
al XVIIIlea, $i aparlinind azi unc; i.naifili erwl,{teti rctragrade;(.ead,ea
doud, tttitudinea ,,descr'ip1irn".etle modernd,evoluaLi, dirumici, VIE.
Limba ln1ti popor eroluedtii fovtE tupid ti &ntrudictariu dacd.na este
cantolatd. In Anglia nn a edstat niciodatd o Aeademieasendndtoarc celor
d.epe cantinent,"The Royal Aca.lemf" fiind fonddtd in 1f68 d,ercpeLeGearye
!11III-lea &l At|glici caclusir p.trtu lncurujareaartelorpldsticcprin infiinlerca
unei scali de,:L6enti (rearca un.i exla:ilii anuale cu lucrdrile (ilitlilar |lesti-
tieni in oiatd.
Incurajarea scriitoritor filrrdsese,d,in!rctinri stribcchi,tn seamusueeranilor
Si a nobiLilor catcgaritau in juruL ( rlii. reg(rleri arlulaa "lhej,|rpÎrons". Lituba
d,'st^td o d^,n:t. t;n,t,. F,od.r,'l,;rn,t :i sstlplnunpl, ,tp -r(ipgs l:nettsl,'
rat|Qa,,r's I:n4tsl"..inJ 'to ,o.ut2.o ,jun* sd tnan'rp. lintp tl" s".otc.
,,limba e Ek;d, indusirt reguliLeE naticd.lenrecte abliga.tarii".
Od,atdinsd cu descoperirea Nd,iotel.egrufici.ti a tcleriziunii ti eu ftspindiree
culturii in moseprin intenled,iulacestarsubiteti.prestiliaascmassmediA.bah.nlo,
putctii s-a tn(lindt sprc an nou nume coresii a|linrleosd nai a noile et'eni-
mente,$i nstfelEnglc.a IIodeLa fast nnnitd "BBC Englisll''. FoI e curindinsd,
faplul cd ]a BBC rorbeau,in direrft d.ialectecnglezc,ptsoane renite d,in lo(tte
coLlwile lumii. LimbaengLetdd.lfu.atil la BBC d tncetatde a mai p ea fi consi-
deratd .,madelulunic" ti s-a dd.optdttermenul de "SlandaftI EULish" pentru
saianta li )Lii en1lezesocatildca rodel. llcest nume lare sd aibi n1o.inrulle
Sanse.lc suprarieluirc, deaarece se preteazdIa conslrut:lii earelat reda nusnle
muhiple. atitfaartesubtile.citFi faarte utiLe.Asttcl.,gtumatir& poatefi dascripli\A
snrrp rfr cri tt irar. l/on,?nla, ra r.ccivcd pronunciation f,4.P.r, un tomcn paate
ft stard.rd sou subslandard.a(cptal0le,accepled.archaicsaa la re,l.urac-
cepled. rlnrcfe rhle. pfe{eraLlesd l,rtfcn€d, |bdcscert. obsolele,anl,i-
quuted. sut,errnrualed.suterseded.old-fashioned, outwoln sduj "it r{!1es
["1'oulhcr]4. il js out cf daic";rlc. nd i,firilum.
Lx inrcputul tedului 0l Xx-lea. Dani.L Jon.:.\1.\.. hoflssol. Erncritus
in Phonoticsil tha Ufivorsity ol London, r.s; incqte s.ria dNfanrirci,"i dic
lionare toneticeenlle.etti carc arcau si reroLulione.estudiul littlbii cngleze.
tlntih s .1 dlia. \:i,7i Ililliogalia. p 6!6.
:' lll.tl
L' -{nglii,, lronul lilrii po{i-a rveni ailt lr.trl,a!')or. .ii li J, mrilor. ln orilinea sur(t-
rIBC, a bl"lia1 ia r unic lni r ndt udiiuz i' Dii hita n n 'e : 'D t i s h B r i d c a s t t l S
. /?d,pler "Iour coat dalfs ron ili{rhin cl..l" \au simpl,: "Io(. .oor ./trr.s". ctr o
n' brrl" n..drr,l",Ir"+ lFr p |, r - , - - . lo . \ Liilr , l.i.,ri J.r"^1",. din ili
o i nr a Pr o.mo osr)
iic
_. ln p{ala winului sdutii.dionatlitrctrctn,:te:.tr,ti nin |i-.\r tt,!)\|rh.

trr3nounc;ngDirt;onnr\-'. dtdo ti !.ri!: ..,1;doi :;rid.dar (n n a,r int .lia
de a fa.ce pranuntiel ori tl,e4 ldbi lare pronuntic csrtt:ntt si carc isre
-refltnnarcstui d.itlianar estc
gtqlfi. ,\capul d...Linrel.ltra. dt trai prc.l] pa..ii:t, ,to
unlio tipid. i ieb.inletil in mol ol;snuii in t:anq)rtali,(te dtr. n nnntir
considerali.Lde persadtrescoltvi:.at.dm swt t \n!ti!.i.''l
"Thc booL it n rcca l of t\:rt nat ol thrcr;ts at rcBanat rrli!"n.B to
ot t rt uDt i. r',od o to Ip. : , 1. 1, 4, r apv a- . |- t . ^ p.^ ! 1 ^ u t , " . . . . I b , ,.. tt..rt tt, ,,..,
nurt:d t;on .L vp t.1, r y . , 1 t , , \ r , , r . t , t t ; , h. t . t . . . a. ) . t . t t . ! . 4 1 - j al t.. I.L, ,r
f
Aryuhthl ddoptat in trnns.icre. fonatt:d tr ftrst $i este (d .t t*olid.liei

/1 r.a , . . . \ . , ii- r ^, Il L , , t,r, 1 .,,F .' j .,. . ,i :.,t,r,,,.t1,! t. \r:l t,,:t.h
n d a t' , abr c r : or f . P ,\, | ,,i ,,. , l r, I,p r. \.-.,,i , r-. I d.....t ot,r,r:tn
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to "r" hr r r o. : 4, n ,i ru t.4 ,p tt)p ...,..., R . p. {H e-\,j t' .,.,r ,r.
,, P n ,nt t n I ia . r rI pphr i -. o J i t:r .p r,,,, c L r t.
( a?casti o&zie s.a canttato,t ii tinbt en:].:n nu tja. te ftl!,t, a sinlurd.
limlri, ci clt c:t:isttru .Lottn cario,ntt:: tintba s,:riia larr a li,sr ;r n,: $ritte
nt\glish) ti.li.mbu nrbitd (spoli{\r English). lriat dtit.bne nnt;.h .nklti t.a fun|i
$ t .n u: aJ . : t t ' 4jind t s .;rt,..t t. D rc .l .t..l
p o stL t lic t . s . alt f ir n l rc l rl i
a) ior m al s pe e ,h (s ti l L 'fa 1 t1 natit.:
t c u m ro n i os, trn\;i ):
1)) rrn ,ni \I,i1iIg (stiLul ftrnnl s(:tis). ; di:ir sri/'.1 t1\reic?. ,/irilllj
le:at. juid,ic t-i. !t.t::tires.:
c ) inl. r r r nal s a ' r c o l l 0 q u j rl s p e € rh (s ti l rl infornat t\)' tr\i ti 3 (nrti 1);
^-,tu
J l inl" r r r , , t r . ,,r," .1 1 ,,t. .l !' i j /J ./, rut,, t\r... ..t1\.):
' pl ' t' ...r
lni r nhnt i" ; ,n i o u s .l 1 " .t /t. t.,t r' tu ' l ,,o, t. ' ,..t.i ,r.:,: _
d,ela puncnl $), ad,iirrsin.t aitftl u stil in ptuN. .lL]i rrunatit:icnl uu iiitrorlus
tn .o .r n , 0t |, ot : r td t4 ..p a ;l i ta tp ,,,,1 s ,' :.., , t,.' .," : ptn" at!! !,t. L.,o.tdt
u tst, I r ar ed) .
Se atrage at.elid. citilotikr c|L,irl lnnl)a u!\e.d. eduraterl ir?^vraliDriic(tiri
za i . c ult . iar uned u c a te d :re i c i l a l j z .1 t. i .c u tr. Ii rri i ful tri i : (,i l n{j xl i on :
s,colarrz:rfe.ifvntnturii. culiur.l: 1dr cdurrlie
lln Lniha. ntl nn) - r\Ntlrpr!
(go!d rd bad): "Ar io nnl1nefs. hc hls rorre"r a erlu{ra. a (.rette (un copit) :
I l , l s ul: c dur ali o ,rtu r' -i ' . -i ,,' .,rr: L ,,,1' t.nrt:tu uf:
I l a ln - , , . nt r pn r..J :t:l a . tt i n !ru ,4 tn tt,4 ,t.. ' " ,.,,
Saftina pe cat. rni d.n &tntnat.o a furt r/iof.i - ;t m.rmmoth lrlsti cuilt
spur,n:l"'t: ^t:1d rrt^t.. r.n *.ln. t:r,.o d. ,";n."n.,tLt r..u,,tri oL
\\/a..,dd u: p.t. a tt..pott " 1r rrt,. l.rtlp. fit,. .,.tqrur.. tn
I Prrrr',!ia d in s , L, l, a \ nqlei x los lil. is i, n
!n l e l . d e o t d e i e t . . ', . 1 . a . . i , i . i h r r l
S rlfrfarr.n lr! si o rll. [ ia] . r . ' Fljr r r c { f r a r Nt , it il d e s . r d e r e r t r ! u l i r . F i t i r t i t f d ! t r
O,' o- . -n . .' \, .i | ., t , ,l t:,:,. ,r"! !r , r r,rh_
".. i,,, , i t ,i ,u
r 'r . r 'u L , r i
semlu l nl lll,t r:lf;nc t bs ln ij: 3! 1. lr , , iL{ 401. n \ g b ! \ 1 i t j i l . I"I a t r ; ! i t a j t \ . ( 'h t t
t.rk.us. itlll .t... .afc ldmrNfri'' rp dra.ii Lri.hxti d,r si,at .nttczi si ille Dersonatjtiti
ina(rmtLr. uhirr sir._rlnLi..\..sh r.oli ii ufivr$ii:-Lli ;lnt h liiRti si asi..1zi.c,i turut r"oi,
r.!rtl lir.er or r iilof . |, r \ uiplia ljir . s r lo r d c l . r l n , . f *. a ! . i r g e n i r u . s i i l
. -slll , Ll
. stil .ula^ ial : stll .nfart..ris n . in r.onvqsrtiilor oliiNriif. tamilir|e
. . !..)pfr.
knU oqti.a l sp t.h/. jrL f of t r as t . l iot r \ f r s it ir t f s ir ! f i s o r i l . i i t . {t c L r ) f o r d d t c .
CUIi'NT CATU CEITOR
ulrfotrnelat t& 4 efa.anstd,efat nqral. dtical fu inccputltLa.est.lti.seeol (inlo-

I uir t a notni aLi.ruluit tt (rcu.sti aul 1a p r onu tclc p eNnnale; \\ho i . loc (1,e
\\h.)m ;
i hf t's ne lcnlrtr it i! l. locul prcpo.ili ei d ltt n \ eth si u inaintea cwittLt lui ta
N.rc se refeft (rvlo is it for? I|'herc ure 11oucani g holl!l) etc.. ctt., ctt:.)este
nnsiderat core(l acum. (Yczi fipitalele @rcs?un.ito\lc /d Indiee.)
t! inrclis. tot (e(a G tste &ctlm eore(tgranntlcd .rtl conrld€l4t sloppy.
Gaanad,updsinplifftdre, darinla le u tittiga lintp. t:it.mai mu.Utimp. a a(lusti
ertindered.lor telor Nntruse. a fispunsuiior tnanatilabirc. a snnctelorinjtrnit
IalLIe.
S-a a(eptat un aLLoiteriu: ditttlt l me.selt)r(fi the man in lhe slreet,
sintboluLt:rtd!?nnului ( tlc: obitnuit). Chiar t-i d. la &tcilrele niwftiture,
ptolctotii ro aiscLtrcla.tiLintbaj surprinzdtor. bc (? intedbd un nai\'. -Nu
ttiu !ruflaticii ? - Pentu m stLtdcnlii sainu i. Itutr.e tirept 'old,faegies"( :bd,
H?nt!/ Seeel, lta t&ri(i!1 u|, toia ]u sfiltlt L te.alulai pftcetlent (in
Ne\! Fl!rglislL Crammar. Logical ard Hisroriral 1392 si 1696), anticlptnd
s rile d,cfatt utuale: " t he rul(s af |rumtu dt lolie no tal ue cftept Le state,n.nts
of ftl(:I: whateaeris in gen al us. in tl languafe is lor th&t et! ftdsan granl
tati@llt eotrc(t."
Litnba s. sthb hn r atittl r.lpiditat(. intit striitorii dniltr '50.'60 au deja
un it inte.h . Pcnffn strti.ini insai. e&re sint in matea lor tnajoritate cititari.
inslt,'i. )a lintiir €n!]..e tu uiutarul unti grdmatici tadilional.e llr? ncapirct
nu:csdrai , ?entru a li se tontla o ha.i solitli si numai rLupdaeet:aei.i si.nr putetl
{Ia s&nla. in pradid, da *hi.n xirile prctctie sdlt liitoare di limb& en!le.d..
7u ,\,o;;n nr\tyt.. : . j, , . p"' n, , i. , i
',,. t on P a t ! . r . 1 l d ,1,tb^tp rl"sfe neri-
tclegtwnali.ti.ilui Otto Jftl€'5dz i/r "The Fis!enri.rls.l E!glish Gramln ,', 1938,
ture r?d,e!r.1nt.1tie&
en!\e.d: "as sotncthingLiti.ry antl derclopingund,er.onlinaal
flwluaions. $omcthini that ls founrlcnon the past anrt pr$aris rhc $'atJfor the
futnrc, sonethiw that is not eleags rcnsistentar perf.ct. bur ,lallessing anl,
pe.fettible in onc pord,, hunlan."
( L 1'i,\ t. l), 1tt.TE
Crunatiut rl.e[aln tii-ica luuare con.:eputiipe Ld.e tat].ilianat..

,Si t tratale apnfu ddt taatulJroblet )tt de Erumaticd,p;t ,iulu st dc(nn
pa fnontenp.legrunaticalc st.Lifice liniii engtie;i deci trtai
(Llriarul\t nmain. ?ulin (t:t:csib;Le
f..t t ot;: o tu!, u. t,.,. tu,trti tr !orotiat ,, a tr tnyt,:d s; t,c
bozr,tnr "odui,.fu,Llt, ., .tat,.rt.. "n.: tn..t u. ttr.t,tt ,.x"r,.tt"iu;,i
ranate de o&menL.J)e Irtt. u s.t urnldti t&ntfarna|&. etaluliu tinl)ii si uanld.
S a urmdrit.sd se dd,apuc tenninataSi.li ya !.tlcatti t:it ijdi brit:i ;i. cit n;ai
aptapiatd.dc f.nanenul s1ud,;at.rcnsi,t;;i it ,:d sint t)|.'Ltc etenlenredeosebhc
tald de gtatnatica lLmbii tot drr,. (:unitt Ii: genvt;rut. ri.itorut lulti t. t!e&t,
i,,olut o
'[.,t l0 n J ',,,',t.1t,:.,'u p,r[. ..tot,1,.,.4] t,t.,t,.
l4 rt" 4 !t,lot i: t - \ ir t $1un : n . . . - t . . p t . . , . : . . . a.., n,t,paptp.
pn\ttlp ".J,rt, - t u, . dt . t df
tir - : . t s d ; ' , , ' t lot - . . t t . . t n . , I 'i , . , n r - , , t . , . . . . ', I , t p
lt t
I.n tDtnn It1 t t t n dl s lt l. .
t'entru .a .agrc tnta srutli.rul nt&terirlultli. s ao i tradls. ptin un?le
emnplitirairi ti notc d,e sulJal, tit mai, trnthc d.jte ttesprccitttLtu ti driti.a.lid,
englptd ti despn sTecifitul abi,ceirrilor Lrad,ili)nateenlte:rtti.
Latted.are pdragrafe nu tcNn&tud,ct& inujt tul pind. lo stitlitut ti. p{dra
tt s. lutea /.r.e triniteri de la o prubio n Ia altd. ti !.ntru a se ei.ra reperdrite.
Lrt id.tdt.. i ot i un, i", t,,,,;, i" ,"r,r'.,., ,t.,tr..rtt'tt[0.
. 'hrs,t'tt
L-t .. o\tltt |n.tt , ; i, qut s l po4t d + tt ,ntelo\pnit. lt.n un,,ffi
psl, d n .n , tut.. t t t t t . 1; 1 I \ [ nn. ,rn
n t o r t t r 'p . t t Toretrei
dL la tnrcpur ftnt lu iirttt.
I t't )o dp [ o, ; . ],. a .t'..t',..,, L.t.... p. a ,Jnft;,t, ,t lp.luln;i.n
.
'1" L .,..,!; o 0t laat . , . ô"o, -
t . pt r t lr t at p . t o' . 4t .. t .,1. t. rn,iInc" . pnlpi, d,e
Sperin M wrca tlepLisn.le cLitrc(utoalcj (u tlsitL;Leasi d.drui& specifice

nu t.LLun..L tarsnte, sd [ie sprc instruiru. intercsul ,\i s.lisfaclia ci.titorutui
E ;)TT{ i R A
TABLA DE }IATORII
Cuvlnt cAtr€ citito! 5

Cuvlnt lnainto .,... 8
IIORTOLOGIA
. Sul6tantivut.. . .. .. . .. - .. . ..,. . t:t
9l
Adiectiwl ,2t
!,67
Numeralu1
.................... r.. 229
247
457
hepotiiia. 489
5lt
520
snn{xl
8i;u*a prcpozlli"i.. . . . . . 524
Sintara tlazei. 5?3
BIBLIOGRAFIA 626
INDICE 629
MO RFOLOGIA
lrroRPHoLocY)
SUBSTI.NTIVUi
l p.9:
{. CONSIDDRAT]I G!]NEIIALE t7
1 t7
tI, CLASIFICARE\ ;SUBSTANTIVELOR 3 ti

Ii
SubstMtfo oomue 9i suhtstrtiYo Foprii . -
srbstantive comune
I ti
b17
8 b s h a c 1 e . ..... .
SdDstMtiYo eoncroto ti s u b 3 t8 n i l l e . . ... It8
Substannve cono.ete 918
Sulstantive abstractel. 10 19
. t2 7g
Sulst&ntFo ttrdiYiduslc si slD$iMti{o colcctlve .. '
13 19
Srlstantive iniliYiduale . t4 19
sulstantive coleotive 15 19
Nume dc naterii ti de mise conc.e
t8 t0
Sobltcntilo rumer8bile li ncnumerrbilo
Nun iab ilitok| . . .
t9 20
. 20 20
Substantiee numtdbite t1 20
. -..... .
C ar ac t er is t ic i. .-. 22 2Q
Calcgorii dc sulstaniive numcrall
2X 20
Substuntioe nenrmetubite
Car ac t er is t ic i,.-.. .. . 24 20
Categorii de substartive nc ! , m Pr ibil. , . . . . .
t8 tt
Numcle spotu.ilor 29 2t
Nrmele de materii sau de mase
Nnme dc mai.edi sau de nase 30 ?1
rabile ln iul .. - . .
Produselenaturare 31
A nim t r lele. . . ...... . t2 2X
'3
Plantele comesiibile. . . . 33 :r4
3i ,5
Numelc de mase :ibslraole.. 38 25
Nune de masealshacte nenunerabile 39 26
Catcgoriide srbsianlive (hnel).
40 26
TII, GENUL SUBSTANT]Y]ILOR.
t6
4t 26
D eliniliel. . . . . . ..... .. L2 2tj
G€nurile ln sranlatic{ englczi. . . .
21
49 27
21
llasculin ti leninnt . .
6t 3'
Genul,subsiantivelo..are n ic{ naliomlitatea sau lrovenienla regionala -
62 33
G enulc om un. .,..
63 33
Exprcsid Sranaticaldd €enxlui .
87 36
{\.. NU]IiNUL SUtsSTANT]VIJ].Oit
Col3lilorstll gon$8|e..
90 37
Ptu..lul Bulrsti irctor '
91 !7
!ifl,ll"{i'i i
lli,;, " ,i-.,ji,,;"0',1 ,;.ror"...''i- : -::::= 92 37
i";;'i;" rd s,rEUrdr,
.;;,;;;':i; -2. +h..h-rsnrur'L
-s. -i. DerxrtTlrrrr 93 37
95 37
t4
Lryq
snbstantivetc.ninate la singularIn 't sau'le :: ,;? 33
Subslantileterminate in'q. . . .. . ;;i ie
Snbstantilcterminateln -th .. . . .. :: ;;; .10
rrex
P lu. dl6 n al. ;;;
iiJi,i. i, ,";*i rormr", 'i.t!ru"rpr"'p ,'iva ly:
l i ; i n l rllisu b slin ti Y€lecolectile..-... l. li ;;
:i n ru r " ' dr ' . t lu" dl . .
ri,iiii,iir'ir*"i'd.r," 113 ';:,
Plumle strline :j;
D o u l f or m " d" t n. r al u l s rl i l p ri l .
' 'nr rnt"res aii*it . i0
ri'l^ i,ji,i:i' '" J";,i1 rormr,-ir-ar.cu l:9 il
L ,o .i ! lu. d" , ," ." , ,,.,,,1 ." r. :11" i3
Ii o
Pl L rJ" r lin f r r r c lP dp r' 1 r' :'1
iiJ"] o'i.i;l; i I in," s .r" 'insu1- e "\p".r:'P . .: ill
"a 'au Pto!n-n'a fg'onari
i' li"i"r ,i,ri,i,', i'"llr rr" "r'r 'd onarir: ltl i:
Fj'"ii"i a.."-i"it- d.i animare .. . i;l i;
9luralul substaniile)or.conlnse .- . : ;;; re
I'luralnl numelo. })roprn. . .... . . . ;l;
. ur n. r lt " t o" . .. . . j :' . 60
tl Jra l u l 60
Pl u mhl nnm elo.dc "l ,te u i erc
tr.ti
.. r..t-
.. ... - , ::t
i'i" '.. "t'"'par ,1"r", .. ::;
Pl u i , r l llor li J ' ro rb i " P' u l ' ' r":..
r\d.. ii
. . 189 6?
v. CAZLL SUTISTANTMLOR -
co ..;o 4- . , i, :, , no. , " .
: ::::: l ;j !;
L Ll,J.f J ,'rt ,a nti\". ,, ,,.,,
. .. , . . . . . . . . . , , , . . . . . , , . . 198 6lt
liomiistiru l ......,._ ..
D . riri1 jc.... . : l# 3B
. "
{u cl i i . . . . . - .... ................. ;i ; 64
\ominatirnl \ooaur'
,' :osri l r
Ge n l t ' nl . . . "
Deii n i .1.j.c. . . . . . . . :. ;13 3l
Fu n 4 i j . ... . i ti {j5
rra d tr c pr e. . . . . . . - " :ti t
. ,. 66
l o rma l , . - . . . . .
!28 66
Cenitirul eran {t. ca.ut Pofsie . " ' -
rormi............... . . .:
:: .'.'',' 331 33
1€4
2i a 12
'0
!80 i2
.......-..-........ 283 i3
!85 )' 3
300 1t
307 ia
. . ,' 3n8
Drl i rd ,.... 'i
. ...
Irefinil,,e il: l';
srrBsTAN:cl!'IJI,.SUMAR 15
_.L 4a
VI. .C.LTE CHESTIUNI REFERITOARE LA SUBSTANTIV ...... 7A
Substantiwl adjeotivat 944 7A
Chdinea. r r v inte l o . . - .. . .. .. . .. . .. . .. ..:. 345 19
Func$ile substantiftlui 347 19
VII, FORMAREA SUBSTANTIVELOR 357 80
Ds de& . r . . . . . . . ...... ....... . ..... 359 80
Alixatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360 80
P ief k € . . . . . . . . ....... 36t 80
S uf i: €. . . . . . . .. .. .. .. 368 a2
Dpr iv dF a r e8r , 8 i e 6... . .. 373 a4
R E duc er ea . . . . . . . . ..... a?4 84
Atternanl€ lonetice 482 85
Ab r ev ier ea. . . . . . ... .. 383
SclimDew cslogorlei 8flm3uodo. . . . . . . . ... 384 86
CoDpur c r m . . . . . 399 88
Sui6tertive tele$opate 40t 89
S U B S T A N TIVUL
(TIIE NOUNi
0ENnBALE
I. CONSID$n-{TII
Dc linilic . Su b ' l s n l i ru l
p s l " p a r" H d " \ orbi r-" rrp doru' l 1F:' o[' i trl al ' ' sr
P ' in . obiF cl a ' s ^ i n re l .g . p o p l a n e r" rIIi ' J1. fi i nl P l " pl anl cl " l u" rur' r'
e\rcrFnl o pp pl cn' rr rpor:
tn .u: ir il. . . " li" ni l a ..l ' ri l a n ^ l i u n i l p . -h s ' a l i i l ' Fl '
i d ml h ' l rdl rP ' l r" '
A, ' ,o s .l i 6l ' I" a'
II. CLASIFICARE,\ S1]BSTA]['I\\-EL OR, s3

CON{UNE$I SUBSTANTIVEPROPI\II
A. SLTBS'IANTI\iE s4
1) SubstantiTelecomulle (a a t,' tL c ' n \,,, t / -er!' . l i i ndi . r-d 1' r' rrr^r $t
,obiectelor' de acelali fel:
dos tn !' I oP l e
b i .d llolFr Inmrl y
2, Subsraoti\cLc ptoprii (Prop'I AodnrJ num-s' un. obi.cl( Jeosbin- $ 6
dul de loale cFlelalte,obiectc'din acceo:icategorrF.Subslsalrveleproprrr
(oumrrr.seogralr'e
sp s.riu .u ioitiald maju."uldr 9i denumesnfiintp locuri
in rcnere), nalionalil6!i (substanliva ii adjP.li\e). aqlrp csrp enl
$r.gal,a\rr
ur,icalp'. urassre, laifun" elc. (toldeduna dc gen fFmrnrnll
istoric", operilrter"r". sliiDliticp.arlisli e el'.. anumilPlrlulalun ercdrl€rp'
'prole.ionalFsi culluraie. lnlrpprjcd'ri m;r' i dF labrirarrc Pr'
onorifi.c,
lunile anuiui qi zilele sipi5mlnii etc :
c ur n L c h a F s l B.n N P \i s T 11 V ot d' !
J c r i" n^nub" th p I€ L D i . ' i " L :j l erpt 4p.l ' 1.
lno ao n Ro{1nia T l r;l 8 i n 5pn' n l dtron'
iii-ii Romanian Eulole Rolls Roxce
^-inar
l'lie W{ oi lhe Roses
B.itish Aeroslace Airdali Group
O bs . r oalLi:
t J nele p rn p ri i a u d c \" ' i l s ubsrsnl i rc romunF si ca al p sc s7
" ub. l a n l i !F
sr r iu r : r inir ir li m n u s c u l d ' F F r , t l F d i s l i ' g' dF nrrmel " propri i r" sn" l rte:
d) obip. l. n u m j te d u p a Io c u l tl e o rrgi nc:
cl : \11_Jof nF nl n' rml e
o b pdt r nl u a/ ;l d p n .L d n : l l to p ri u : r S !' d '. "
u nu' \ m hr . r , ' r dt J d a l i p l r,i fl i n /rl r. J .I L o n Jl ' . A ncIT
,t,, a l: nor ieln n < l C l ri n a
.," ii" , . t . i" . d. ,i " c o ri rr' / ' o i n I' l ' n u r ' l n ,:r
;;.; , , n l e i .l u l , Er" n r' ro cul l gF' i l i | d oi r ai l J ri 4 n\;-
" " " ' . ,
t)imint sccuddl din .\nglia) ' l
- r' ' -5'
Lî, , u" rro n " ;i ,u " 1 .s L ' s l r' l i i b p s" fl ' r ^r i rri ; 1r" .1'
tu, t t , , ' lh t ur ' t' ' d rJ ' " . 5 P ,n t ni ni l
^r t , at ih. n -a n .:' o " . ni J r' a
'i ' ' ' i ' r' l
71 ," rl ,1 \y ttrJ . ' ..' r. J p " .r. i nl -l p .Ji ub...ar" rv.on n
" ! ln , ! : r rrru l _ s P ,l d u J " ' ' ra nr '
. ] \ s d c o o .rrd.i o n rm ' l r g l a ' th ' n t too\ LJr" I rrol ' rr' ri
n . e ic i c : " \ i: j, , " ; ,- s i " ;- i i :..-. L i , . ,-. t,,t.r.t;tai p6o,' i ,i .J'
- . i s/.
!ric r il, d' lJ ' dp d e rj \a re rb u l r,a ,n /.rr:P
'--;lli'i..-et'".. nnmele trnor unsaDc de pc coastr Caiiiofri'i
/:.il'tr, 1: olundilr < Holl|ild 1: Oiurda\
-/.f!,y i . - jer s . ul< J er s e r i i i u u l i l i n c rn rl n l l h ,e l i !l
,,,r,.., ( - m ar oc hinl< Il o o c .o l - \Ia .o l ,r
rn ,tt nnn L- .lift\ lcatit.nal). soia. .rd,ipe.l < OLlonnx rt r.o, d,iije,rtr ai rc.hiul[i
o rr./s i: prntoli de sport. rxLlii:tnrii < O\lod iorai lnivesillf di,, .\dliil)
:r,/,r ( : r n' de X eps r < Xe re si l o ' ra l i i a n ,i rtSD ,tn ia)
,,r ,1..7..i ud I.'l de rfirlesil luri-.si hfrl < Ulsref iprorhiiD id nofddl l.l,rLd.ili
-
,/ obiec t o um i l .c d u p i i v e ta to ri i . d e scopcri tori i . fabl j canl i i , i nspi -
o l n o tsf u1m l-r n dLr e,,rr r,.1 rrrc l i i < rl ,o rd l n fo fg h xml i m de sl .all ,.i i .ani c, r8681
i \utbrntJ l- Ln I.l !1. sloli inpfimcabilil sfu . hanji din a.csi !rat!ri{l) <' rtE Rubory
irrdelf lal'ricdnLulLril r r ': i p l l
' ,. ;,ll pl- ,.l l, ' i Io l r'
., illt r Lrlf,j 'r, ''d
I lL r qi , l' -"' . 1d! - ,
i. il . , "t d' l " \ 'n r n 't ,1 bi r 'r u
" ' nd, I
' 1. " r't l ' , ' r d' , . : lln' l r i J o " ,"l t " l p
.' - tI u f.r ' i. r I I.b t lof . . . . ", r ,. f,\., i
' . r' J l .'''r , d I n r'. J o r 'r L
' ; o1r ,
I l..lrd Ro@ (: atrtoinolll.lr.toneli 0e1l lfica a..idrrtall < Lltl thvf. in1:.i
'
., 1,., , I , r , - \ "t - \ l, os, -:.-, l .umli.r.
'u + , lr o pr: n l" ." , P ', n
,,n aj. . .,. l: un l ilii sl ai, r r c l: l. . laic nnt r r l dt i . \ r nden r r ' d c C i n c m a l o a f d f i er l i r r : j u l'h . i
!.cdiu !.n trd .rir . \ ( t ! ! oul. in iulor i. , i. t i. c r , , . ) < O r i r i L 'i e r , i e l i . i L . L Q !
irmP rn ,rn de Arir ii l i. , s e. I ] { i
e tuni! t).rtl..d ,os d. r l ( ir io"t r iell. < lh. ot or e i R o . r e r l l l l 1p.:lrlinle al SU\.
1.rl i.rirt nr.n , \li:jl. r f lr d. r jr c ij
' ' ---J l\old . , 4' I 'r ', r . \r.
. ' rllr mtr l( lo r-n{lLr l" oli -l
, L' r ' ", ' \ '' \ l . " i r r 'r d , r : ) r
t l ,- ln' lr
' " "
1" 1",' 1 ". r' - l.' 1. i I r ' j. l , l: ". ' q- ' i- l" l
., r,l1 1: tr! voll) < lllNs a\ d. ol Volla lf iz i. id ilal i a n , 1 r 1 ; - l 8 l t )
a qdu t:in wrtll < ( J aniNi \ v at t { inginc r ii inlc D t a l o r s c o t i r n , 1 i 3 6 - l 8 1 9 i ;
c, lucrui fi teNoane iumite dupn creaiori de opere de arfi Bau dupd
personajedin istorie, legendi. literal,urn. artn etc.:
o a:desa. / un l1.in, ln di.il,a!,ori
a Gdin:booush l- trn lal,lotr d. fiainsb.roLLghrl
n /udas (:xn trlLdr'tor d'r lrtteni)
th. tiadn\s o/ iird,.. l: nia.ii linaiciaril
a .th!ll.cl2 l-r^ riimnril rdnilo,
a r-eLtt I, n stliuic a z.ilci Ycnusi o ien,fii. caccplional d-A irumoasrl:
It wft a -r-dDls../r ol lio nloodhonnds .lnd .r lerlc..
s8 B, SUBST.\\TT\TECONCRETE$I SIJBSTAI.iTIVI'
ABSTR{CTD
ss cl|, rete (Cant:rett,VolnsJ numesc .obieote'{ mdte-

1) Sut,staDtiyele
riale (persoane.aninal'.. plante, lucnrri, fenomene evenimentedin reali-
totea inconjuritoareetc.) de a ciror er.istenlnne putem da seamaprin sim-
t J-l4na-. (kritl,atouqr. o.lebN

' ' .// lrorl.rtisi si pclsagisi enqlez lltll-!7331
t...,. i r ". , , |. . : ll. d \ idi ,r, .r .' ' d r ok.-p F.
' T 1 .,d,... . t r.. , . . , - .. .t,{ . , t t. t...
r vP/i
5r l
. I tt,un rt l\l:) il' iil: ds l. , r { &r l $t c t it lul r i z e r r l t h crgieza Ldianicd
l0
2) Sulstantircleahsbaotef,{6slrdrt rvod r/ nunesc acliuDj,stdri. sim- S 10

ldmintej senza_tii.
lnsu;iri, relalii etc-rconsiderateca no.iiuni:
l.iour hcalth
rcst
N otd
Unele substantiv€ absl,racte au si scisu con$ete, uneori cu in!e14 $ 1l
6chimbat:
' , | 4 r lr
' ur . o/ il 'l
. li. , i - i, . r ' , , u b r n ', i 'u , . , '
d- li. ' ! l- . br r r .. l )
a' ", . ! I
Ii
1- . , . r i, r ' d61.
. I dr n ar ' aL. lt "l )
J "r ' P
1 ld, . / o" r . on, r ,
,
,,,.",",""I nr l: ni' , b, . )
I : .ro,,,"t. ri,,, *r
r _ .h i r " l r; (.,1 .,ra,,)
" i "v 1 , i n ,j In " .t..,r .on. I
"t
C. SUBST.{NTIIEINDIVIDUALE$I SL;I]STAN'TIVE
COLECTIVE S 1'
Substantivelecomune,atit concreteclt si absi,racle,pot fi:
1) indiridule flndiridadl Norrns)cindla singularnumesc
un singurobiect: S f3
.--" {i}i'j {ffl,. J .t,p€r
I to $n
J lilr
t odk
J sl oon
I l ],]' t
,{r'jntx:s,r
"0",*.,a: {;'.:'#* {l;i:" {l*r {R'i'""
2) coleetire (CollectieeNouns), cind la singxlar numesc o pluralitate de g 14
,obiecte' identice sau similare, privite ca un tot unitar:
I auiien,er I ili(hl, r ltock
---k {i:?J 1 p ro l c L a ri a1t sdl arv 1 te,m
.u"'",.," {$i",i:#-{ iir:Bill:
{ffi;ii#"'{ilit:itil:
86)
{Veziii 5
3) nume de materii li do mase conorete (Namcs of llatter dnd. Concrete S 15
,MarsJ qi nume do maso obstra0te (Ntlnca of Abstact,Udssr, clnd numesc
mateda, substanla sau mesa unui robiect.':
rcv-a I sold I col otr I mill I dir(
1\\in- I m"ir 1 sour 1 tubb.
| . o. t . , I k noil, dee I t,l-\L:on | ;n.ell:L nr,l
'e'Im'" 1ir'iroiojrh\ 1mur, - t '.",,,., "--
",1',""
Obseraa!ii
a) Un€le nume de n&terii de$€mncazis,;obie.ite corleclionate din mate S l$
riile respeclive5:
t€ D.oss1: al,iDnrie.aliirnril isurnanli\' colecli\'l
(: d;1Druri,
D/a-.sds otJic.t.dc alami, alAol,'{nii,,strurtrrrtp
,nL,zirale
dc alrr,-rr
l rzdic,rd: a u. lit or nl lla nn oor , f r r . et . . r . prbL,l
gi,g,,: esrldril,'i {1. alniarf. ploal. (t. gl.a41:. ' s , s 1 . c nsLnl
i 'L (1. p,'Lsari.
3 rtrrrl.V, (!on.r.il guoi; (abnrac| l]|{(i'ri. uosLji. iidicnri. rroNfBui
-
np tl:a"tu". t r r oa. a4 l. - " 1. '\ ': ' tof riii. liri
'6 Trrd ., "il"r r r - l
i\ ' n, r ' r 't l / I r ''. ': . r ' r . i ', :
€nglezeDli resleclire.
20
:i i ;", " ' , . 1, 1" 0, , o J n t: I p r" r' I rrP p n nt:I r1-h" ' 8 l echi ,
o ,r.;\ 1: bani m a ru " , ' rti m" { d n tri l
,i d e m' .ri p : " r
" ri
rro J dnr| ol ' i \)l
d rl d- ( : t n ! r na., o o e rL n n l )
r/o :* s L: r , anuei os l i n z i , o l h ' l a ri l
ifur l: lcrl
aL i;n (: rtr\ li.r de celcal)
;n trons (: in lanlu )
(vezi ii S 30)
A lt 6i Denumirile pro{:luselor naturale, prelucraie sau nu'

precun ;i ale
iri'"l"i.i"te sini dsimiiate,din puncr'de veder€sra-
ea alinLent',
",'l-ri"r""-
natical, cr.rnumele de matem:
/. /:r' lnr \ ' 1, " b lFr ' o' ' / PI ) i
'o 1'
.LiLk. LtrLtt/r. .h"r'sts,
, l (lr1 Lh rn, dn ,k, go05e!t nr k er . por llr J , er r '
i, ,.' : '-r.-.'r'tJ,i .(' \irl"ru" ruu-. r'ip" \uod'o'k r'
,.u" .dp.'oi. Ii". ".ln,on
s 18 Il. SUtsSTAr'Tl\'ll NUIIERABILII $I SUBSTANTIIII NE\UNIllrtABlLE

NUItI]riABILITATII
51e tCOUXTABII,ITY)
ln qran,atlr" moJ"rna,ir .ritFrr - .irp stau ld bazdimpdrlirii subslao-

loJrtpûrrr
.i'"lor r"r' rr.gor iiJeexpusemai su . ' a.ddaug"t ur' ' rrlprru,nou
ln
,,enltu ur;e.1la-fe riamari';, 'i dF'i qi In 'lru' lura lrmbrr engrFzc:
ii)',,.rliiu", d s bsh;t;IPtot (cour10b'tttsal '\atnsJ'
SUBST,UIIIIX NU IjRABTLE (dbrca lNl)

{20 (coulitlBrE oR cogNT NOttNS)
sPr -
1) oeracteristiei.
hoLJ s. ' t" + tJs foni l i es,
n I 5ubs ldl li \* 1 , a a : I' ttc t, n b ' rrL ,. [t o' N " "
(l a ,t . j. t dpot sF l . .i n l .o r.' i ' l Prr " n d n l td \;1 " JFoJre'' obrF Lpl ' pa carF i c
d *" ' U" - ; ' f r ; n, ,iu'm;ra
J t"
'"*e nun, es cP ou p t* o ' i u b .ra n l i ! ' ' ' nump' " bi l " tu ,-i l orn' d, de
s;t,3 t ' t ot lr ' *d" ot d ' u rtt o tL tIn l a tn t,t' n a | n { 3 du d" i nl ucuttorrLecP sl ural " qoY a
nurnP rsbrl e
ca r" . t er i' . , i' i, " r P ro n ' rl u i r " rb t r J i ri n ' l i ! a r sLD ' l dnti !el or
s22 2) Crtegorii ilo substantivo numerabile' -

qi
,q.iui ini"a, rn genere' majoritaiea substantivelor comunel conorete.
nunlrJ"stul dc msrPd" substantrve
i,'ai"ia"af.,.i. r" fri'lic d" 'on'lc\l u '
.€rc apsrlin.elorldltF,aregorii rr-zi S i r' l:ll 'rl
r r ' i- bf l
k': d ' " ' pi o n | - 'o u g h ':
d. , ti ,r -a r.,,p" . : . ' j1 ,"i;h 'n
' . ", 'o n s : ' " : , "'olll
ug
, ; " ) .; r hd h'. d :jJk'" h:rd'k ; - . )ii$ t r*
J ib oF[ "". ]n ,lDj' 16 d srtrt'r - ! v r nt Fr dr a
SUBSII\TIIX NllllullDB"ttsIrn f4D4! ATl)

s2 3 (UNCOVNIABLtr NOU\S]
se t t) Caraoteristioi.
-
lntr-un
Lilele numedc materii sau de maseoorcretcpot li rlcnumerabile
l sd (s38)'
.""#;i;;;;;il"'r'i i'""i S:ol eu lnlercsurui
modiricarea
"ii"i
!l
de,r+i-
D,osFbirpl,linr'" d', ' p,clpgorii F - h1rl" 'ub'ilJ 1i d"'iereu
limLr jrl Jutr irrr'n1i \^'brrnrulur sr dcp'rroPoe
2.,r,,l .orrp"o ". -rLlar/r '
d, 5u b"l ln li\plr r!: nplt d t 4dt ^t ' s . [ L r ' l '" o ' h o n . 't o r k hoLv' $25
n. \ ' 1, ; , ' ; , , 1; n- . n; . 1. j' z n '" J 'i n l i o n 'L 'l 'r r r / rru"rp_
r, , rt lnu :ht.r. li!l,t.
i tu
; ; ; i r ; ;;;;;;;'"i i "cr F ra r.' "i1 rp d"num'r. r" f ^ r r; n u " " r" ' r : i d e
au. in mod obisnuit.form;
'^-' de lluril
il" au ieclt lo"ma de singular3,se construiesc iiu singularul'slnt in
""
s€nerenume de iranimat'e dcci de gen neulru'
' '"i s2 6
l,l Sobsturrti.,"t"nonilmernbilenu au articnbl n€holnrit a/alr.(: olre)'
** iia"r .i'ii"i"". ,qstlelnu sc poatespune^ darktL':ss' r [an' oirel':xsetc'
^
2) Categorii ale substantive ncrrumrrahile- s2 7
d, Numelo sportwilor: s2 8
nr . , r i l"l ldl r or 54 l J n r ''q 'l i l i 'g r 'h \
, r. , ui' l o- roo b.,b o 'o r'g
lob - - a" \ '4 rporo
rrugg r. . :i. L . .o" .
" '
Acestea nu au dectt forma de silrgular fi se conslruiesccu singularul
llo's $ 2 9
6/ \umclo rlc malcrii 'nrr de a.e rorrlrcl' t ll')1 1 ut ot 'an r I
s,noAP,t;ot btr un la ol lnttttaLrl"oi s//r'l JU n.umrr
-\'orr, )c,:.r'or,., qi stni -consideratenenumcrabite deodr€ce 'r'
obiectele pe
ii'"'".'ai.
"i"n"t,i. poi li uu-r*t". ci numai rsu*Le De asemenea'ere
;"";;'i";;;;;
nu au nici articol",inehoiirit.
intr'un contoxt ii
Nume ile rnaterii son ilc m:rsecolrcrcte enumerlrbile S 30
numerabileln rltul (Vezi S15)
tNt
INN]
nunar s3. s8. ti Pl.
I sE itl , o ('.+' 1 'ur 'af.J
f : catea boabe sru lfionraie | Indi\idrrnl
{' o i , . . e l ,
rcffe-" I (matc.Gl i nl. . o / l e d : i a l '1 " lin ,Flrri, ra_
" (,n J te ' i ' )
l: ha! t ur d t i o n , {j ' t r t i L m 'r e . i 'l
I ss. l / , = L o , P a r cI u) teri
'
r = ftrnzele de ceai uscalc {m,rl.cfle) | {, o n c . r t , i n d i v i i l u a l l
Ieo / 'd \ : t e f i i t x i c a 'i . a t e g u d r
1 -- biurura (narerie) I rl
d, "ri l,ndtqi' ]
I
I sc. .ou, : 1,' I rrfurn ' ul strPr
I !uDi( ili llidul) I Icor' rct, iri,l,lidurl)
sor,.
I {nL rryi ) I p1- soa?s: torlii de supir
I sq . *f t i s / . r : l u n p i h e !l $hiskY
1 . o , "t . i n d i \ i d u d l )
./,,"r,.{:fl:l:lirX, |
I lJl. , 'l 6 i , e : ( ', a l L u P ' L l \ h b t . Y
( ,u , r r . t , i n d i l i d u n l ( m i r ' a I
t
I deii cu torml ilc plurnl. aN"inleles de singulaf qi se 'onlro'te cr al'al'r: "\o

'e,s,
"""'j;in:,':;l':;"':'ii*iLs'"1.i;']'.';u.","".rie ci rdrio{s 38),
ri raaiorereroDie.
** 1T"i$l caur str,gu,a.
i**i'"':!'" 1s{!5-1e') cnresccomro,,A
**"l,Tli#illjtl"l.? ""* -.*, in rrl,rnda.
ir suA
a,,r,/,e./
i:,t:lli"i'SiJ'liffi;'"".'
'i
2?
tNN] tNl
0.7/s- caresofii de cone de
b/?t p1. ,.€'cs: \'iie perlN;j in abaiof
(indiljdual - matelel
: ca.nc .a al'm.nt a.ars : categorii de can.

(materi€) { {niateri.)
ss. a /nn-w tetl e
:.iarne dc peqte o.t aliment {.onc.ct. indirid{al)
/;rn : rreFtilconcFl, .ol€'rliv)
!1. /isi4 : spacii d-" Iftli
lindiaiduall
: ptine . pl. ,re&ls: {Ielud Ct l,iirc)
.
{
ss. d t asr - un toist (la un bi!!
: piine pr'ljiin i {abstract- indiriiltral)
l pl- lrsrs : toasrurl
sn. 4 cians. - o s.himba.e
'- mtuunlii, bani nil.unli labsl.a.l, irdividDal)
sa. a rol :o sare h cl i mi c tt

= sa.c naluau (mndiment) n,edicin[ l.onoel]
n!. rolk : Epsom saltss,snrelling
- satls. (individual)
: gaze naturale (pPntru iluninat,
(in chidie ii m.di'
saitit 5i lncelzil)
"* gi,i,!,:*.,
(in SUA) : lenzind pentrtr (Dasdconcr€tl,indi{idu{t't)
areind.i? : 6bi€0ie de arcint:

m;nede de arsini lcol.otir)
(nrteri., nasn .onueta) pr. pte.es ol siit./ = norelc de
dsint ({€zi S r lt)
s8. a snod (elc.) l@": qiftt {lo
(mat€de,mrs, cotro..&l pl .
(eonc|et.indi{idnal)
l r.: bl ane reni N (onl ..[i i r
a fu. cap.( fb ioet, a fv stolectc.
I : uana dc mr.1 , o n rre l ,1 .i n d i . tl . /rl ry: spq rr, .i l i l rl i e]. de
bl .i nurii oni r' ti or.t" : a /onrol
lurs: Shatl 1 tdke n! f\tsl
; )r",ill .i:; is k t,n,,.t thp,, rn (- re'!.ia loarte ahesitos. sat r.reciij

dfv.nil'i }NNc .fl0l.,"L sar rol)ula'rl
" t D.-n . t l l" r ' r a- n ?i' r . . ' r ir ni r r
"l .
) n ,ll ,q .oltr . lum . . F , p " r l r u J r 'r u l d . . " i a
. . r , r r J , . aniq: 1 t ^ f l 'l p r r i
..fnr .ra h modi).
: 1t:*.111i'i"H:9) lb:i"$iii.l"1!.ii'fli:'"Xlii".*u,'
-*"""
';,jil'iil
cu ,.r;1. icinrn,Ll dziiri in -\ng!i{.
'B
l \N l i\ l
ai r, r|Dorlf.ar {ixtci .o.rPL:1j d t . : r . . . . r s t i f l . : , a a '. o /
t. 1 ,. o n t lLP. r ir . . \ nr b1 t ^ .'nftt:
^ . r. rc prt \ n ntt, tn Etor
!l
t s. .ft lLe ot - . trt\ln]l a a , l t , 'r . : d \ i 1 r i F {m '\ 1
|J dif . n , , r i, , nt l
, e,,/i jndiridLLai
kof,.fl.;
sln o ta$idi dc lrnal,l:
tn
I;o r rPmcrtrlr.r our JtpAs
,. lr,, ln.kf. mom al school?
,ili mtiiare /tix insJ!. rl
I ri flrig nrrli niasit ib-
iCl," = Q(iXfr
., ( mitrs! i ; ? , t r . r L i l n t r r i {i , a l e g o r i i ! :
(dasA couf,eLrl !!
1 ;rr r!flin s.ump|l:
,dt,n : cosl.urul unLli joc\eu
( l n r i r ! i i P - p . a ln r r u l d l l l ' s r \
dLLlxi 1.. p!nirr cn.. alea.grl
\.ezi 3i flann.l. li!r'r./ (S 146) pertru direrse nume d' rnaterialebtrcbuin

1^t" I" pi;;;l "".'"*"t n,i iu (ariic'rl de) illlbrnrinlinte (,i ca sinbol
"u-ii 'si
- ""li "f"iilliii'i1;**. sint asin'l. cu nunerede materii $ 3 r
,\cestpa
ri " . s a rr n u l L t" " . ' 9 t l to' r fot .i tn natl ' ttod
"i' . i" i- p, " r , ' " " " r. J-dl er" rrhudar/ InrrnJ
n ;tt,, nut ni- ot l t - i n r' l e l F ^ n ' ti ..to o t-ti tl b r' rorr' l rfa ul
d e ri | |ulu" li . pr nn -.ru i p r' u ri rg ' r]0 tu r' \' " l u ur' l F crF l rs
f * \\h3l
r: a/ d/( l !arr
a c€ ,ta qF r at or j l, .,.d l e x n r:i d Ir p to d u s -l mor' rron
,r€ab. etc.) have vou todayl" (Vezi 9i S ll0)
'--* -,tni-"i"r". 162 $39
ar P"nrrirob'"r'.tii g;n"r.l" - '" r'dca $ 158
L r m at or r " lp a n i mc l " ru L l rp l r n u rn ' . d u bl prp rr' rrFbui ' r11' pdLpl ' ul n
sau
L o n r . \ lul ip r el" r € l a c l ' ' i l d e l p rn p l a ' p d i n spF' i ' ' ri r rrrcror dnmpi r' ^
la carnea lor ca alimentl:
nume de animale [N] nune de nateri c [\N ]
(odgine laxonI) (origino fran(ezd)
or. .oe (< Ochs,Kuh)
iL/ ; , d lnu me tolPd i\r f olor jt in ' om er l,
T.ntihnie ctc < ,s.tr
'.tnr
n.ar lo.jgine nr c.td) I\\l .{dI anini nul'r'

flcsl 1< r&,rn) tNNl
tflth te.L "E.r : . . , ". t . . \ r o 1r , 'r '" .

"' - r ' .1 , ',\ .4a l d '.l -''''. 1r /
. *""t,i.. e.a r",l i r i; r ' . , - n - - or . l , , , t r i. dl
'" 'J l ' '- r l " r '
,.,:,:;;, ,:,I ,.;.,..:
ll\ind vid ldi'|.sli//.ub . ' . 4|' iv . . U"|. I \ \ ' ' ' d' |U. . , ' ,
r. , , dd " m 1 , d . - ,,. ." r, ri ri n .rl,_
{' He s'//'10's/'rIl ) ,, fr ",f;l;f
Jilli,|Ji,:'"' ^
llliil-;1"
,) ;1,;.,s.1- .';'l;;; ,",r' .r rdc. ,ir? \ ' ' . ' , , r i \ ' i: i: :. '.i
: lli'"' irj'
i i;:frti; li.:';1l
ltrld'''llii;ji;*ti'r:;,'":;i:ri
',
*" . . '' i
,;;;:^ :;.'-. ob' 5n, ' ' i r', rdr' ir "'
' ' ", - \ "" ' '
n, oe,j,,, Dr'J , 1[ n' z . \ "1, r 1i' l- .
-,
r4 nt
. ) PIuIt.l6.\,nrp.lil'ilo.- i DjrJrrrivelp i"r r'imild

' ar' l" Llp um"" '
,, l;;" pr:i. El' au nur, ,i lurmi d" insulsr' '.on'rruir.n' u sinsuld'
ru
slu..i .inJ.F rahtri la .p la', r,ci'au pr^lu FlPpr'omF LrDrrp{rrrrprnJ
rul ";-;l;
frunze, semin1.,e), batc ttnmerabLt€
e') cereate:baieii. cornl nlaizc. milld, rice. rve $trcat etc';
E c c e p 1i e : ools, umai plural ti acordat cu re$ui la plural:
't u t.',i ai plon! .)r'imo':r":.sra$av. rol"rv. dill. rFnnol r':Jtli''
"t
lJur.l..in'p"pp'|mi1|'l,l|.|"\.'\Ub"rb.
e") tegutn:tel
de s'nEo-
- s1n\ (numerubilecind ne rclerim ia specia insiii: nu d{!ii lorrrrn
'- construit cu singr.rln|ul;
Iar
- ii, ii,i.,ii't" ri'nd r r"l-rir', l1 pdrr"J 'r,'"'rrbir" r-'l' i "p rir';'
lLbor.ulp. lrd.l p'...1laauoInrn .o'rpJ'a umnl rrd-lrntll 'r auo-l
aili sinsxlarprF."Ja o" arli.olur n"hu';trrr '' plur'l:
pl,rrrl ri ,s b\tn ) 'r t rmd d"ir'-'rrlar ir' un'l 'r'r: | ' "p
.,6Dng fN\'t Do ron til.r .arlnsP."

;LL":",p.1 t\l I ooJ._h' rh, o b g "rbb'6. lo J{.r'
" p t4 to .' a b b t
.' l ;/ / o. ' * \ \ | " rt' :l l a ' P' 8 sh l ' ,J l ou"
r."d t , 1. , 1; - . p. . s lt l Sh " ,.i rl h s rd l J ' m) t .l ' uE rtl i fLo-
;i,:1.') l,n'ilii. lJ,i''"""iilT'

o ,i ont ll r iii
" ,'*o
"l;,:il'%i"",'l'Ii;.,
mi i " i tI I i r' 4
d d " s rn ;$ _ oul ' l
a a anoa, pt . + [ \ l " ,,r,'
S D -n" IoJ u
u4_o
-'n J l ra \F l o i 6
^f
v ' r ' rmrns
i ,\F:r
lffi.))r l-'iii'L#fi,il.Tl'*.,,, ba,a, s,:n,
,,n o@ t \ \ \ \ nn I rn . h J \p ,o " ro :n ]o u t .d l rd'
, ;.. , , ; , pi - " t \ l r ;ma ro P \a " F L n e - n g In ' p " i n ;:
B t u s ' Ls s t ' t o u ts J re n u md i fo rm a d . p l urhl pcsrd srru' r!:
Un" l" . u6" r J n i r" ;1 i b i m b a .u l o ru l i r' l nl pi ul 1rr d
-
| ,,,€/ j\ Nl{ ll j :p frr' T h i . b ro o \o !\.p rL ro omi ' l " pP " " i n,t' ,,,,, l oudonI
l '.;;; ; , , . i s r ' d d " i rtu ., I\' Ih ' d rs o " ' u fld " rr' 4s Io" l un" h: bur
y o u to u 4 r0 " " 6 rn " o
" r \' cpa!l ' mdno$
I :r' ' r . r r i^. J . l"; 'f
O bs er v alie
s34 Toate substanti!€le de la capitolul c-) pdsircaze lorrra de 'lingular

etnd au funclie adjecl,ivah ($ lijtj):
Tlrii*ii"ffi
*::rlMu*ql'l-,; .ir$ii
;,rr!:il
j;r :lf Al ;;*r';:l";;: .:;
i tfli:i:",',,-,1;,""1
:,r,6;
;
olill:"i " t ra'nn.!,.
""'ii,ii,lrli,
,*,;1,'? |
' .-.a nl, ip,'-,, , . r ) : r r J aP"I;:';"'
-p ( l- o r nlb"
r r d r '"
' ! i/r:;qh ct(1 1. \ ir , ' i S s ( j\ '
sl o 7i
! 5 ,1.
? l..l gr./n . t{d. 0 PraTnL
'
l t . \ Lr \ ' 14 d n o \ 4 l ):to tt tAb " tro 1 ll os \" rrsrr '-
:
' tnri ro' ^n'
s3 5
o Dtl n t t . . t r . t r c Lol, n t" l ' ;t .tu r' . h ts td !, 1 i t" r4 ttt1, ! rn l Ltl o' aP fu. paP tt!t'
to i ;". . t v u' : . s " ; -n ' ,. o \. t)o ' | ' . h ' o | l h l ' a '
e \rl kna| t ti tanattt' $s tan4'
'i r.. p , i" . , j ' . ta tttl tc t' s l ' n " n.rm' rrbi l " rui onnprc
" or ' t , .' ' ;ttn ' l oi tr' r
,t,i tr' t " . ' " dp. inl u rH r.i .-.o n " l ru i F ' ,r,' i ' c u l a ru l.
,rl ri n ra \i n !tu l P ' l anti n nt . ti ri ' oroi " t turt s3$
g ) 1ot . i. i. in'
Etr.ol0. r\sia.Engldd. Iloliand: Boslon'N'q'Tork;
['larc]i, Jtrne. eic
t, ) | d :' rrd J u " " rrl a ' r, L tri - t a rr " n sti i 6 si ' i r" um-
-.t. ' p i r,l 'u " tr
sp " ' ' . , a" ' ' " , " . i" i n u m o ro rs p , z u ri l p rr rJ r" l l utal dl dr" r:rrbr rom;' ;.sp
,l 're r r aJ ' r . , r r . .i ' g u l o r i n l i mb . a n p l a ; ." " 4 i l dFrt' ' Fa/; pe rrn rrndu
'r '/
.;tor nea\.iznt. P€ntiu a so da numai citel'a €r'€mple:
inslltc - abuse
s fa tl ri a.Li 4
alaceri - butrncs
aplauze -- aPPtdure
musaiiri ' .'mran1|
( o\' i. 01.b- ,ltl P ""
t - , , r , ": r ii no", ^- 1,
iniormatii - infotmd ti'nl
inloF,alii se*ctc - intaUilenu
.unoitint'" despfc -k'ot k:dge of
stire friri
ljeacuri. litust'r
rrogrcle - Ptust"s
-- bbih
crmli(ri'"uri -sLalPitl
.hele ldughter, Iit.
Pluralc cn irr c-templclede lrai jos, intilnitlr lr€crent in traduceri, slnt

inad.rnisibilc:
,r,s'r, ir1,rii,{tion.. kno\rle{lg.s p.o3'ess'r. lLome\rorks.slollingJ, eic
{b,s.s. adripi. ittl
I}
Nume de mase abstxlcte ucnumenbilc intr-ut contc]lt li ntr eralrilein altul S 3E
tN \l tNl
sg.tL Pl
r" o l r' r.l ttl t to ti !tr .au i l i tmdti F
nr."r,dily : nbsd.dil.rl! a b .!rd dI 1,oi rcr. i ndi \l n' ,111
pl.
d ,.aur1J: o fruntr'scte (.oncrctl
pl.
Rodrnian PeasantFotner olten arr
l;
.omld ,, : tu r dr , t ie . . r nl, ni. . : f/i'.J o comranie, o so.ictate
5 0rie tdtP {a |\t . dulli n, us ar r r L com,rcialil (con..cL. 0ole.l.iv\
I hear r:ou h{d .ampan! yc.'
: on.nt e (cotelnill (concrei);

a miscrau! 2i..1 .l humdnnY: o
bialir eparl unian'i
!l d.d fun;,t,i€r : Etiinl,€lcumanisiice
r PentN subsiantrvele abst.aclc. irditidtalc .ole, iisc lczi ! 10, l:1, 14

: vezi S t 1t.
tli
t NN ] iNl
d {sctlr -r1rn
i . o'rdio
nofe1.indiridr.ll
tlrrv i neF racro.
Mdi, il,, lclrrilir'. lflf ionr.l
lt M, bt.nd'rtst lI ntlb lh(e rl lttl
Tutn on (aff, io(n. rr) th.
(: HarP ,j.n sot the t'1ktt tlP.s
r .,, . sl.rll L. r r Ll{ ir r ' i. dL

aroorn-o catl e.i
srr.(fd r / /1 ". t uaF lat lie h' t "
' 'n ,\, rt t -dp' i: l' . in J n' lli hon.rt. i ndi vnl ual l
.,ri r , r, J n' / , 9' N' f l . n|! l tta {;
,in rrn.'r = n 'rrn I lo, r r f l r r r pr c i' r I F
t].t,i!ion li\it ? ' t ' I li: ! il labr ' 1z l11l
r j isi .'h \tr., L;l r.ieoisn,r fs.rlr : apdr.1 (1" TV i!on"ei,
ll l'ut t rn ktP"t ra, tt ('! ru'
,r" reresion,onisiir?
Jl,n ll l. ,'/ h ! 1- \ I n' t iniPht ili,'ll{'ll
o,i (oll. do$r, ull ,r lel.luion
L)itllal s.. ln' tenni.snuchot tPt'rEL'n
indiri
I niilri(on'rPt,
1" il,,r"ii*: "
lpl ,arrl6- tnrli
CateBorii do iubstarttilc
!39
,- PI9!'l-
-
..n.,frl. alrslr'actE
' n.
,iole.t'!e nuN indiridrale .ol.cii!e
'ndiridu.ne
I
l\l
t\\l :
.-....1\\l
s .10 tII. {iB\UL SUBSTrt\TIYriLOR

l\TRODl-j(lliRE
r"' t," p":li'l
l, DpIi'li!io. 5 c4i lG nJ rl ir' :r" ,''
s 41 ',u"'-'l-
l; :li;,ll::;'l;::ll.'.i'-ii,i j1";:i'Ll'
: "'",1 il\i','lii "1.""'"'
grflmrtica englezd' Gramaticn eiglezit aro patru gc.urr:
2) {icnu le in
niascutin, ferninin, romu!L qr rtelrtru
.i:i,i:,-:". ';;,i ,r'.1,n

,'^::.:':
,.,,"i...:;'1"1,,:'';;, .':l:ji,l:i
ij ,;'j;:,;ilt';"litJ",.";:: i:. *;,i:.'"":
i'l'"li:':r :iir,:l/. r;l
,;i.;j"i'i,,,;l " j'11''"'';'
';l;iJ;1,, I :, -; ll',;i^",t:""*'i"l d n :lr h to t
dprr,l ' - tI t h lt
r-l'.
""
a/ Substantiyelr de len masculin ( llasculir,r: Gnner) numelc fiinle de S 43
r.rla. Iandlord
lrfro
,/ Substnntiv.le ilp !4 fcminin (frni in. GPNler) nume"*ctiinte de $ J1
Ntrcss laDdhdr" Ia.

gi h. r o' n.
../ ,:1e!.n (onun (Catnnon Gender) au o singuri for n $ 45
-<ubllnntir€le
trrrrlrtr nnbtlo serie:
..nsii c l, ild t ! ac ! ! ef
triPd'! puPr i I upil
Srlrttdrti!.lc de:tn n tru ()tut$ &ntlcr ) numescohiecLen€insu .s 46
'.1./
jo,r flinrp .'l ?t or . , I pc l" oti r,r inl"rFj"a71l
f l-rii. "pF. ir r . ol
' "\
book lr de
s!.'xg
lrr lirolr eneGzd[oderniLsenul Eramaticalestcrdlulal. cu alie cuvinte $ 47

et r.trp.ru I. t.,rlir-" li: tlor1n!61-,.,trgorii l,;ulo-i,p dupJ .p\ ,,r unFlP
or.€p1ii care. tccn.i prir {bal€rea lor de la regulii. atrag ateniia asupra pre-
zelrt;i un€i interprctnri sdrtilo. scmnificati!€. in intenria vo.biton ui (ceea
re elrcl.rii r., r,., ur.ra\,. t. \,p. pru,FlFU :'at: 'le obi.,; ,iLitotului
np.,\i/J. '.,tr rl r un i'l"r', J .rn,pld .\"1,i" l" ls o r.clrli obilnuitn
0'""it;snl
*'ill se e{p,imnprin nijloacel,ri.dl€ saulranaticale. s4 8
",t*t
FJ\PRESI.{ GE\ULUI
A. tr\PRgSL\ LNIIC,ILA.{ GENULII
,\rcsl capitol Inprinzind titluri de politele, profesionale. ororilice. nobi ! 49

Ii'|- .,u di.tir.i|l a,"rdrt" p"r',,r rFrir. .t.'p;i ,11c. in 'en.r. supu'P
unor u/.r,le i r-!Lli J. "rlolr3li- lrnro ol.rp.p-.rfl'..rlrlur,r d \or rplFrl
la { .l U" rru cdluril. r'"nrioi,e . i,i i trP:i ur ii '' r;ilurr:i Pdirori.on-
cl ii .l'i"r. '"
;-".' .implili'At. r-'p,. 7r roela indi'51rrle0minli'e
',u - "'l l"
ii i. .. rc"o,i,r".l" . r'inilor:a l. "'n""r",Ji ' ' 'pli - -rn
l" o b" "rtc
side .
1l llasoulill si fomirlin. ln co trast cu limba romnnd. u de cele nlai
multe'subsl,antn'; au lonne diferite pcnlru a marcn dcosebifea de gen. tn
limba €rElezd majoriiatea substantivelor au o singuli formi atit pentrr.r
g"n rl r'..i"ulir'. . il :i ppnltu ,.1 h-init ? u rpndinls,jlr^'o I i!Fl'r" in ld\od-
i"a t"rrn.l"r d" me. ulin, prphrulF."lor le ,inine Toluir. rr ' zul LrnuiI'un r
reiat;\' ;c de substan|ivi, Iemininul se dcosebe;t€de nasculin p n:
a, uo sulil adiugat la lorma de nasculin ru sau liri altl modilicare
l) intrebunrlarea a doui cuvinte diferite;

.t .onlnon"i"o cu un cuvint care indicn serul;
d, aite'nodali$fi de a se indica genul (gramaticale,prir contert etc)'
L Prin ,,hnba erglezi nrodcmiL"se inlcltge linla enlrl€zade la anul 1500pitri azr'
: genrlui .onnm.
-\pa.iiD dcLi
$ 50 &) Ge aL marc&tPrin s lirc:
$ 61 .Safirul -ess:
masculin femtnt'n
mascuLin fcni'nin - misi.ess
albas msl4r
atb., m,'trn' - malotes
a.lol millionaif.
adlenl!r.. arl\ent r r r Ar
Jmb 6s ar t $' ncgr
imt' d sa '1.. litroin's
i' rlhor L rut nor es r - , ldtron
! o. t - lorrPis.-
t)aro' laronas
b 'rieiat Ps s - , ldcst -lrtewAs
bpnpi{rt.r
r,nd!.tn r prince - Prtn@ss
t,oml, prior
d. rt r d oc l( o) r Ar " Droolet -- Proptrcrdss
.luke duchas irciriet"" -lropriekess*
t ml €t?r rmlr'?er -Protrcclr6's'
Pn.har tf,r i'.oi""t-
Iound.. shelhdil€ls
- gtallesr sheptreFl
siart - son8stess
god -g oo u4s sonAster
leir
rrr - l*"':' steNard -sllward.ss
lannd er./ ticresr
lion lioD"s .i.-"r - tFeount"-;
nrLlagt. - nunagerdss - rart.css
waiier
J nrarquB , - m"r.hioness ivar(lfr -sddrtrs
- Nlarin(r
srltan
li.tiii:'*-,[]"l,lll;iHm:. Jo,' - dond
It l hrr sfdi ol F.: dornn, l a rnrnal
sirno/ srgroru
rliuui itrlicne)
ncro
P anl -P aul l ue
-undergriiod4,e,' undergrndue/. (glur!rJl
Doui substantrve au mascun ul fofmal' de ]a fcminin:

bride widowa $'doir
fhi.le) sroo
S 52 b) Gennl in(licdr prin cuei e diferite:
lasculirr
1 dai,r - l sn,ql e rl j l l
liTi:ill'irli :1,l:liii:i.lii',,"'iardloa.',a 'e"ilu'jc'e

i":;iil[;:: #,1:.,l]'t..::l;'
*
'"'j'i.r,l',:;:l',J,ll"H'J:'!r!lr
f?,tiltjt-::,:l",l,,1li,t
ijjllllll...,ii;',jlf;l.jJ",i,lillilli
4 n qlc zc at lc l r J a S!9 ,ro l a s u b s o l' ' l ) 1 o rn ' a d !
L" 1",'t,, r'.j;':"r'-",'.;'i'i'l:j1,,,1"1";:i::::"i;

",.l;;':;
arrL'!I. "
lorrn nLav t rnP
a t r - d t , , , r o, / i4- J ni
J, ..rt|.,nr,.,rr,/,ro.r..
:""::1"1xT'J sa,,.a\,.a,in'1
i'li' ;.Ji,i;1111i;il'"'.ril"l"ii-"
tns'mnara o'isine
i- ".rlut*ij- "lotu'iroare*
'"il"L-
x9
Iria.. I
Iinga
lad
llrs \liss. lI$ 5, l\ladad{e)
Lord + nune Proprn,3 Lady + rume Poprn,s

Stu+ nune !.o!ril3 Dame + nume Proprnrs
i:t.ll".ll l ?:,l;l'i;#. iliil' j",;".;l

;"i;,# J:9,T,,,i""'i"1
,,,.,,i';t"0,,,1*L
o'":::i,Yir:':":"*)T'3iX ,n rmh p
:1i,"nobr,u pnr'"/rl. o,r, . ,-a n,n,,r
"'
rrl':l'' s6 3
)i,",:ii";r;::,iii:,!rrt;:l;jr;i[:iri'Tl'u.{'i'"";r
on;i::,' ;i;2";}:^-i,::'
i:[1";i";)':;,1.'Lii,;':;";:::.
",,,","u,qi#;o;;:"t;
'd'J;i.iiil"'{i;is'l"l:r"). ,, .",is"n'u'j 0brd\ia" , Lur.d" '',r.
do "in, ry L":r
l.ebuieuimd '"ln |o'd ;ad n' ' ' 1"J nnI m "! t oPt i' ' ^m i5un. nd. ' ' | l ] , r
soLialA in l"|io ar1 a\o .bi| or U|' |' ' I n. onlr 4' ' ' U||m ba. om . na
''iill"'i.i.,i"l
"il"l;;"iili'"g;"9::'1,"1".";i"':
:x,l;I'^x.: '1 li,'i"b"l,?;'Lli
i[';ii3":j-I'?{iI;,il:l'iTiTi'i:':"""f;""i.ri"3,,,'i;;iii"';'llli
M,'. Choiî, er".
"
-" ; CriA-;i;t;,"," prorrrii. accstesubstaniiv€aLriniliale majlscule: Pdpd, Mnnmd'
' - ' ' , " ! :';") :;" ol'"i,i.l';"""",.,i ",i d.oori, " , p , r' r, / d , r' n s o , i, b n d n , n r
*t-[i"1{"',r:i:!ii"
"'r"r:' ";:'t ::f';: ",:,i# ;n';
:'i;t::',
lll:iF':i.f;:,?;"
lij#i"Tl,l,1l;"i;" ,)l;?;,':.i.'-1ii;,1?,i'ii
';:i"j:1"'#,1'1,,
- b:t:y:rrit;.;,',*.,,;i, ;;,r1,]"r
,l?t,*[l'1"ili,
i.""11,S ".;r^:,i"ils6 4
bF ilU md'.inn ,'1p dp ldm 1|ip( naiobi' n' ||nn: |d! nr |' ' |' n' .
indicet r e aDa rd.|n |im|ld|. ] ' 1lioda|i, ns J d.(nLn"pd. |J m ' |t s n n 9 . . j p
ir O li\ i"'
Olr' rkr. ma i d -s 5;" Lo upt u", n' . iodr lr . So l i i l u l. t/dy ro14,ntoodla
I edv dlivie !. L dlu $ rp or "liiJ r ' ld p r im e- e ( ' r 5 d u r r l n 'r F "
urui raror,r 7n ;4i" , . \ ' . / i li Lo' d 1 1t jn
]':.';*ik"'r"
il;#dfli'["flflH,i
deordlc cu o .h.I
"o u
+#',ij:it;ii;.ii",
r::i:"",'ri,.r
to td, ' o[ t h' B' it t h Lr pi ) \ n r "t m a r l n 'r ] r a d
30
$56
Gen comun
Mdsculin
I illJ
{5 6 .) G.nut m.,rc.lt pri.ntr)tn cdfint cdfe Lnd;cd se$ul
FcmLnin
rnd.groorr
bo)'' ls a u n'anl run
gifl siud.ni
shopgirl
;: ",-';*
:rr,x;1"i:,-ilr-"r r;;,.
iil;i;;i,;{.1i, .,,,l'i'ii'l:
ii''i#Ii['i'1'i'*
itiiifri;i"",r
," i,';',":i,
1',:
1, :;
illt,:;;;;,
,11;'1,,;1,',
,f i, 1i; " 0 - ,,:l- ":;: ,'l; u ,n ,,ir
i ''l
IrrLFrl.r' r i, i i lr l
lin lr\it
3!
llasc lin Fcminin Gen comun
rilisleornc/pl )
shopkce!$l ai rarl
nsiro.rut. splce i.lrveller
An i m a l e
bull calf
d.c
buUdog Inll biich
]re bi.d
billy-goat
d.) Alte nodalttdli d,e ind.icarea genalui t(mtunr s5 7

Odat5 cu emancipareafemeilor qi cu lncadrarea lor pe scari lot nrai
largd ln diferitele sectoareale vietii €cononioe ti socialerezeryatepiri relatir
recent bdrbatilor. nxmeroasenume de profesii. funclii sau demnitdli, precum
ti mulie substaniile care 6ratd apartenenla ]a o orgflnizalie politicn, sociald,
sportivE etc.. au inceput, sA fie folosiie !i la f€minin. de cele mai multe o
tntr o formi identicd cu aceeaa masculinului. ali,eori cu anumite modiliciri.
ca, de pilda, adeugareauDui sufi! sau a unui culint (fcmale, girl,ladE, naiLl.
aoman) care se indice sexul:
Aicountant. clerk.d.octor, (bus .)drieer.engiteer.farmer. mechanic,player, s5 8
secretar!,teacher,sritet, authorl paet, lead.er,M.P. (Llenber af Parlianent),
prime Minister, captain. Lajor, sergean\ comnunist, socialis!, acc. .hantian
elc. sint denumiri adoptate fltlt de bdrbati, cit !i de femei.
Ambassadrcss,ltuthores\ atialrh sau arialr?ss. cond)tctress, d,octrest, s 61)
ed;tress,inspectorcss,mayorcssjpoctess,girl studefi, girl tgp4t, Iadll cashier,
laiLA san teoman doctar, Ladg report$, Lady tApist-seffetarA,femaLeeditor,
female san watnan naaeList,eaman artist. aoman aeiator, wom&n cLerk,
eoman councillar. wonan ruslonler, waman jodrnalisl, eaman Membcr of
Parliament, aoman eriter etc. slnt substantive de genul femjnin, dar rar in-
tr€buinlate ln engleza actuali-
,2
Pentru desemnareagenutui len1irii Ia numele dc prof€sii etc., subsian_

tivele de gen feminin com-pus€din doud cuvinte scriseseparat..ca ln-paragrafrrl
precedent, fdrd cratine, sint inlocuite in mod cureni prin substantivele
de ren ma"tulin corFsDUnrbrosra - mri preris spus d" gen .omun -
taF rdiugar"r cuvint,rlui.Jrc in.li"a epnul hmirin ,^c*la est" adiugsl,
num&i aiunci cind nu se inlelega din conte\t .; esie vorba d€spre o lemere:
5 60 Gemrl teminin indicat prin pronume:
ir P | : . , - , i a D :.t, ' 1 " r -. t
_ll. ' \ eJ n , ir..S n r r--i \' . 1 ..' -i 1 ,. m\ d' { \ \" .i bl uP )-
Ctnit gennl feninh reies.. din c.)ntext. cneintul carc indicd genul este
TlcY wrnted to halo a @oDaDdactar'a gil tllpist, elc

\ t tt s ;' l [' i P4 J r" \ rJ n j ' "
I n A nE lja ex i s ti o b i c e i u l c a p ri rn a s c .i sorre tri rni sa de o f" mei c une
j n prrsnl eze. dupi sFmndtu16.
I'r'n . , r p n- biunosn u . ." a i b n m ;n l i o n 0
rurss sau llrr"s,spre e\ernplL: ,.7.G. Patker (Miss)' Ilditar", o practicx foarte
utila Dcntru FIiiara- -r^;ilnr u cdrp.rrpa 1..punsului,rn "pe iel rn rozurile
1n "siF 1'n1r.i', re ind,'"rd prinrF,,' .ub.l;nrir J^ "n .run "' d''ol.
cd.itu, la$!.r, Iibrarian elc.
5- 61 2) Gcnul substantiYelorcsrc iBalici nalionalitotea sRu provcnienla regio-
nali. - Substantivele compuse cu termina,tia - man! lorlneazii femininul
prin adnugareacuvintului wrman sau girl.'
lll ascnlin
an Dngiish''a'/4 isatr snt.)
a D u i c h (,ord' (satr s,rl ./
Toate c€lelalte substantive care indici nalionalitatoa sau provenienta

regionald a unei persoaneau o singur{ forme penhr ambele genufi ,siapa4in
aladar gcuurur comun:
lias)0
Eriton
Dritisher
Bulgar cantahigians
Uneori. p€ntru a se e)tprima in rnod special genul feminin. dacl aceste

nu reiesedrn contert, se adaugi tromdn sa\rgil 18.adjectivul corespunziiior:
r P o m i a r l /rronr" san gtrl
r .l i p a i e s e /@ ,r,i san gtfl l
I a Spanish faDmaD sau sif,
1 a T d rk i s h fs,ona, sau st.l ,

I G.P.: Cctoat Ptactiti.ner
I ntrdni care p.aotioil medicina geteralil.
'n\L fpliil, sin t ac r lpat i c d ld S i0b
I Esn,
lFlp rat ar t ! J lm ent e t u\ r nt ' r lr i I i, r i
a D,",oDtaz : din Der.nsnife.
"fa a@tr;e;o n - dp la Lan, l, r , t gr r r r , r b; ": o i1 t..|in\,.
6 Or.nio r -. d " t j n\ h", 1 od, r "4. r . 11 t. , L J I
B:I
3) Ccnul comu . - liriemple de substantivc de gen cornun: S 62

, 'l'rll , ook lrnjrr
etistr, (Iclist orphan socialisl,
artistel eDemy pcsidcni slcakr.
rilerk gucst pupil traleller
.odrnunGi. lcotuler render lypisl:
.odsh mol.orisl .clalivc ris'lo.
( Vez i f i $ a: - 19. 6ll
Notd
Unele subslaDlive de gen masoulin sau feminin pot fi intrebuirlate ea
sJL.lanlived" gcn,nrnun da"5 din .onLe\r .p In'"lFgF,l1r.r ". p rorbr dp
un -ubqtrntr\ .1"gen, nn,unSi nu dc unul '.lo ulin h-,ini'r. Din r"ar. i
catrgoh€ fac parte: -r,r
pis duck
lor goose, etc,
B. XXITiXSIA GRAIIATIC-ILi A GXNTIUI ss3

l) E{presia grarnaticali a genului consti din:
,./ to.i brli.sl-d ir'l^ ,ri'ii .ubstantivulLi1'rirrp' onurr"l l.-,nr'dl cor".- s$4
.i drldr. rrds ulrr .du lFt]rnir:
l, r' -1.r. lr nFr.osrs " :: d
TIrc do.rof Las come. but s/,e is ht..
]Iy.o , it / is out : , . i€ii u, hour r so .
,) acoldul substantirului cu adjectivul posesiv respectiv sau posibili !6;

t.ti tnlocuirii lui prin pronumele pos€siv corcspuiziior. la le|Soara a :l a
:irqular. masculin sau feminin:
u'$ :r'onr.rtld w.dins ,ts red tie?
'Uie s/;rel had done l./ iesL lo. thc w.ll Enzetle.
'fh. @.&cr took hoDN lhc pap.N l,hat $c.D niJ.
(li!. r.rd.tuf l,hes. notes: Uify re l4-s.
The.d, is caling oui or that boirl n-"canseit is rts own.
c.) acordul cu pronumelerellexiv sau cu pronumelc dc irtiirirc respectiv, s66

h persoiinaa 3 a sirgular, masculin sau femrmn:
vpr, u .ou, l , , h: n+ lf | , l i: | - r . I r J is ,d b y . h , o .
' ' : . r' a.;.0 b . . , jor ing n, ; 4/ nn hq' . . ".
"p$as
pmb ';
a so..o lan 1: l$ionai d. lolrall ntns.Jf and .nplaincd
Thf led,f./
the collesc tcam.
I was lokl the laael had d.signcd l,Lc.osl,rmcs narll.
2) Crtzuri specitLlc
,/ :uh. dnri\Fle baL,J.infort $i .7/ird,,;nJ r'-.J Jrn un,.i rn."1rx:r.i s6 7
.. t.rl n r.-J sr-L dF obi.Fi n-u r". m€i al-s ir li'rbr \orbil..:
t t' , .h brb! .romis i i5 ,rJ:r3.
Calltlul, clitd and sive it'or:
ts hrnch.
"lhis liflte c,t4, lad tited ni Dr arms a gaod Irfft ol trs sdrall lilc; oltcn I could
sel i, io lausli Nlien ttu rnothoi couldn't.
"x{v mother dandlcd ae and sms, -
'll;w roung i, is, how young'."'
r dttisl
a:\ artiste slnt sulstantive de g€n comnn, dcci antlele lnlrcbuinlnte {til
. , " . , mei,"r,,: p.D ru iJ r b. f : o{ ; . ' I o: t J p. I . r gd In l . . t . . u r
9.. r.t dF..ffrrsf.,
' r. ,-, di.,.,o1 ldlFrlal', , . r "m r ahDldl- s , "r , u gusl u l i . . l , '. , , " r , " p a r , . t : i
o.,,,pi lo rira. u np ori..r Llp' oi. . . ". ulpo"ir J . d- . h[ o: l' I
' I . i , ,,,i .r tr.I_. ..d n rpald' . . . d , n" . 1 , ". ' F .",. o"i" a l
*, unlsr uLre dr r.!rcz4 t djii o, t , , bl, ' lor ". ', 4 r r o
rll T\rain. ,1 caiLe.ticut Iont.c ,t tintg Lflhut's L.ttt.
I \\:.ts. r*cats. Th. Pldy.r
Qtt.:.t.
j - Granatis limul engreze

34 ir
insn r.este subsl.antil

e sirt considcrate
mascutinesau tcmnrine.
In funclic de serul copiilor r.spectivi:
^d€seori
I gar c hly h .r n j l l l : ..n . \6 i rn g rv .
'1hat d'ild lL{sr'L ral.n /.ts loridgci fu Nill he &,oldrd aglin.
s 68 D_/PronurnLtr: ne;; s/rc indicii in general diferenla de Fex. Une.rri inlo(uieso
tns d nc ulr ul, r a i n c a z u l p ro n u m e l o r n e h o tdri l e:
Il ]on aslt a,rrdy iD lhrt sti! t. ne Njll shoiy Iou $h.rc st,etiv.s. rftt. S 114d1
$69 . J S , 11, . , r ti \p l p .r' . a ri m u l c ti n, tu.r, p-.rri . pnc i ci i n.p. rr)

' 1 , -rn p -.
ri nl ' - r p . l, s p n p rr" r.a /r' ..l ,r,r,t' rn ' i , r;.n..1i \:' .r-.un,ff' r' :
' ,Js" \ul
Thc rrll hid liurl t/s lis.
;\.,//' Nas scnrlnrqout ts r.nrnrthatri coclia doodle,doo.
Se atrihuic inBir adeseori arestor subsi,antivo gcnul mascutin, indiferent
\\ lool I i i .. .t
-t n t /." a J t,fl r' ,r,r. t," ous t. | ,..
t,
\ \ i , . , e l 1 i , , i , l i i r ,,""in
h L Ud ".:u ,t,,... on,.ri \..Lr ..1'
Th. r.ii.l. d rhr storl Nas "The Cat lhar I'alks br ]tnn!.tf'.|-
, \ nior iiele. i n s p F c i a l{ i c h d o m e s tj c e .s i nt i nsI desemrare ti pri l ] t)roD ul nc
d e g. nl c , ) r esp u n z n to rs o ru l u j l o r. rn a i a l cs atul r.i ci nd ti sc n,er;ri t,D rnzd
n u niele s au c ind i n l ff\,i c o n .q i d c rrn tcd e ordi n ai ecti r:
Th. ,.d. lrld /r. cnlJs la,l leit l trail.
' ilf . ! \ ir . l o o l i h g a i a i c r i n l l ,./ c h i dons.
'l l r: , , ., ',r.
-,r
t . l \" .
I l, ir nii s c ri i n rI d .! l o r !o n i f l i d i $ l rr i s l i e Ii ,l i i g?
S . . r if ,c .l rrrl . i.' r, In F" ^:.ra.r ' ,n, u:1. r' ,l . rr
"
l a lL , r , t s s t x rJ , u rrl i l r,u ;:
'r,
r at l, . . . " l) o ro n tL i n k n /..1 s ,"
C|i1d. " \ \ . 1 1 . I l i i p i o l l ,i D k r. n o ,i ..s"
Cind ur arinlal €ire pl'rsorilicat. pronumclc corcsprnu itor vr li i. sau
sia. dupS ser. in cazul pirsonificdliloi tn ca"t, nu irtereseazn r:onsirleratiite
d e s ex . s ubs t a n ri v e l c c a i e d e s e m n e a z n a n;nal e narj sau puterni ce /rri dr.
.]|?hant. Lion, nnk.g. tigcr, do!, donket|, horse. pig etc.), [i citova in af;r, de
a|csLea (cdnortl, flu etc.), sint de obicei rnasculine, pe cind ce.lecare desennc{zii
animale ])iici sau slabe (rlrari.sr. rut, hdre. 'N]:'.]e pisii . tarr"rl erc., ins.cte
€1c,.) sint, feminine. Fa terja hotirnlte lnsii in najoritatea cazuiilor:
T lic dr nli. " , o N trl l i rfd to l i r n a s te r o l th. trfal cnt rrc had recei * d.
T lif , n r r e l i rrg l d l i l a .l n r s l a mc .
''Ilrt the ,{rr.D sii,Linslonelr otr l|ai rlacid busl,sooke orlr
Tli.l o,,e wonl, as il l,ts soul n, ih{t ore s.rd /E did ouipdur.,'?
s7 0 /l -q.ltoperso li(iri. - In stilul poetic sau retorio,un numir mare de

substantive-- nrrrnede objecieDeanimatesall de abstraclii.consideratein
m' d nhi. nlr il / ,,h i :, p 1 r' ,r/a { n u l na:" 4n " a,r /,r?;,;, di n l i -bi
cn c lr / a \ p, hp , ,tu n " : , rrr.l rrn l i u n i l - rF s p p .ti \p .rnt tor.ori l i " d
-
$?1 Sint. in genere, masculire substantivele care denumesc: ?ariunile intense
,:i acliunile oiolenLc:
anger ,r ul, l c a r. te rro r,1 o \.. ,l i ro rl . d e s l ai r;.rj mc, rnddc., $ar. ct.:
'll. Iii|li.g. Jr."r v .l;or;,.i.

z l.:.\. I'or. t he l|at.h.
denente (ale naturii)j fenancnele naturalc .\i a.specteleaLin naturii imPre- !73
stnilnte, pnturnlcc eLc.:
storo, thund.r. wirdr snn, mounlain. ocenn, river. sfreimi summer, anhrmnj
*n,tcr, iime. drl, sleet, ileaUr.tl,c grave (- moa.l.cal,etc.:
tr !,111113i:
d{nger, las'. etc.
ru,r.le dc flnlii, rirri: s 7r
lr,c Danubc,thc Thanrcs,the Iihirc, cl,
i i.te de mrnti : $7
]ltn Neris, the Cheviots, Scai!]l, Skiddas,, cl..;
Sint fcmininc substantirele care sugereazi o &raLtnittit:ai frmini. d s^n s7 5

,,r rnracter m|n. bLind,dr ce, a/er,arsr prcrum ti cclc care .ntlicn fertiLitate.L:
illi'ite sentitnenteei insusiri: s? 6
', io". r'\o .on. I r' I |o l, n, ,nl |, . .1,.' Lrt| Lum'l.tr
o.l" . . mp t.u,.u h .Jrh . up. , ju5r h. . r . . . . . "i . t . ; , . i , ", ,,.t,,, "...
r.:(1e triLedluridc cdructer \atire $. consecinlele lor:
urlition, ir.rice, enrX.lolly. j'ialous"1',
lfidc, r\.0ngc. Lr.ason.
ranilr, !ice, el..i
Atftft obiecteL,fenome elefi aspectel.e
d.in naturil.: s7 8
' ' "| | ' ' noo n'n '|dI''5 "'.\\o ||d: ' ' |. . p|: ' g'
rit.r:r nume de abstraclii: s7 9

" , . \ er. r\. eto rn ry. er |p"i"r ' . r ^m 4. . nr ' u- . I b, { ' J . n....5i v. p' a-.. f."1r\.
p,n" p,.i y, lrulh . vi, o". \ . . n . "ir n. , .
nunlc comune4i proprli terinrial-ad.ministratioe

tiiuturi. localiti,ti etc.);
(numelede tnri. provincii. s 8{)
.otrDtry. 1and. fathe and. nor.herland.etc.
llre SocialjstRepublic ol Rotnania, G.eaLtsrildn. the Soviet Lrnion, !'raice, 4to.
Scotlind. Delon, Lanci6hire, cte.
Rooliarest,London, Mosoow,etc.
O situatieaDarteo uu numclcilc tiri: $8r
d'-l p ;ite iin punct de vedere'geografic,ace"qtca
sinl de gen n.xiru:
Crer r'iratn is an island.th capitalis London.lD 1!61,i, liad51,40t.023
inhabitants.
d'l privitc din punctul de vedere al wielii care le animn poliiici,
ermonic{, literari, muzicali etc. mai ales inpliclnd Ei lcgrituri rfective,
nunele de.tnri sint adeseal'e,,tntz€:
71" . S a:.li t n "p tbl( al F nnn: n hd oppl /,.Indp.
/ d, . ar,{.- n -5 ;o t o ,lv m oult n: n. : s L?' . l,
r iJ . r b\ ' d"\-,
{ ' : 11. , .
Ione $as ih€n in the days ot ler 8lory.
d'"_./in limbaj spo.tir', eohipelecare iau parte lfl o competirie internalio-

nali poarti numele ldrii pe care o reprezinti, nume care, tn gramatici. este
considerai ca substantiv peffonal colectiv, acordal c\\ thelj, their |i eho:
nopon:o \n 'l /n,i" lrJ J l $innins lr p D, d: , Cr p.
t ; ] at Btitr.^ ,' .rorp lo $inning hd 4\ \ or ld ChJ n p i o r :p .
d"") numele tlrii este dat, ti sul'eranului ei, in special in literatura mai
\ ffl)e (vezi Shakespea.e,picseleisto ce, 'King Lear", etc.), precum ;i nurnele
de regiuni legate de titlurile nobiliare puri,ale de personajelerespectiv€:
.t n
o, -t . o\.rr-., ".sl, - e- el" ll, nr ' ". , 1 . - r "t.o"\toll, A '. a .
llt r J 1." l'.t1,.,. t -'.". i. , . . 11. 1, L, r al n , , ' ., \ n.
. r t' . .t tttonJ e .. t-iI..
l.r' sOnslc"irt"Iilnsl-c{f". dar . a' s r { f Dilif , , lLLiii\ or ilit ir o|j s . j n i r .
86M
N, r m ^1. ilF /r;/,r" r,/,,/; .i n l to l tp m i n i n p:

Cambittge ULi'ersitlJ, Ox[ad] (jLire.sitlt, late UaieqsitlJ, .t
s83 Numele dr.l.lrJ" qi ale tti;rlelor etc.

art, thiloso|hY. scicn.c, el0.
$ 8r Denurnirile de noloare, st1niui, toI ce

pare a Ii lnzesirat
r€rolrlont. I o ' o , n o L i v c ,! f f -
Neutre pentm majoritatea vorbitorilor, denumirile acestor obiecte sint

ad.spahrnininF.tn spF,isl pcrtrJ p.rsosnclc.ar.l. manipula€z;:i sint ata-are
srl nd;d{i l. I r \l'ijn nrnnpls

a-d e". Bi4. dtuk".
I a \p r. "o r o o. m v . . ' dn | | r 1k , . / . , our " ! " r v d J v .
\{J p.";" .,a t hp t t ot b. qn, t t a r j a , i n t h " n s l " s o D l ] d .
\1r.r i- h r I nalr ir $i "h?,
. o. r , o/oto,t ah"a
," t l. r : s r - s o . . s r o n r ?
I s"j.d lh g, , . : . n. ia. n ou. . \ ' ^ nnJ p l . -
_ Distinctia intre obiectclemasculineii celefeminine. a5acum a fo:t erpusi

lr a.acl pLnir. nI ,51. LAdpir,rtr..pp'lat6 ,Jp Loli auror;irtip..rp dintr. ri
l.\in.t Inu libcr ;msginrlrel.
!a 'i.1 ln rezumst, tot ce at'esau pare a avea o personalitate- {io un alinal. o
plJnl ."u .hi.r u l,i.ru ,dr" dpcimnatprln pronumel.ppf"^r"l n.., utin
'
..,r hr.;',in, dupr crz. Dir pu rir ,, fiinl4" lip.itn de nersonaLtaie c"oiii
m i' i. arrimalcle 1i ,tiarp"r."in"t"rr,a,ur.. si-r dpspmnare prin pr,num"l.
personalneutnl it. cu iormele corcspunzitoarc ir fi ;rsef, sar disprcluii,orltuit.
Ssr: . _pJSul'btali\olo oolp.lire. .drp dcsFmnpd?d o plur0litaltd" .obi," o.
pri\rlF.a Jn rol si .urp ..,or',truip...u
"ij.;ularLl3.Jot tla gpnul n-Ltru:
'lhe .feQ nds obeyed nr olliceN.
The fdnil!/ is praud ol tr membeF.
The arltr. which rns trlt ot ts usurl e,rthusiasm,
.rlrsscd ii unrcsorcdly-
(Pe^tn lturnl yezi S tt!)
IY. NU.}IANL'L SUBSIAI-TIWL OR

CONSIDERATIIGENERALE
Substantivclcpot, avea doui numere:singularqi plural.
1) LInsnbstaniiveste la sirgnlal ( Singula;N n ;be;) arunci cind desem-
neaza un "qrngur oDreci:
bool w:rlcli )abl leaf
tJru,'i pt tat ( PlaratNunbet
) atuncicinddesenneazd
_", TJ,::?l'r "stera
loots Falcles babies l.ares
Nu au plural decltsubstantircIe
numeiabile.
1a etu r,lon ? aipl n" t An ) .
2(1 . tin o, tBt n. )
En"t L, lt C; on, nt . \ ' ) , ,\3. New-York. 19ri1.
r($ -orld
Jo u liLc to ; auJ , U, / . , , r . I ; r ' ) , t'eing o\rnrd bj dr. FancJ se.jng i/ pvfl
3 \'e 7i !' 11 2a.
NUMANUL SUBST^NTI\TELOR 87
ln )imba cnglezd,in mult mai mare misuri decit in limba rolnini. nu S 89

erisi:1intotdeauna un acord intre lorina substantilului si numdrul tui: cuvi te
cr: iormn de singular pot avea inleles dc plufnl invers, cuvirte cu lorme de
plural pot avea intelos dc singular.
PI,URALUL SUBSTANTIV]'I,OR S 90
1) Ileguli gcncra)i. - Pluralul substantivclor sc formeaznaddugindu se $ 9l

-s ring,rl ar.\.csr \ sp Irron,,nl.l"J dupi con.oanala
la surdpr.i [z] dupi .Flc
Eonorprsau rlupAvocalelec€re sc i,r{l:
tsl bead --heads lzl cinola cn'enm lzl
tsl chrir -.hairs lzl l21
ch e q ue .|.q ucs Is rir.jle .iril|s lzl tL1
tsl nccl hecls l,l tarcc -payees tri
2) Substantivetelcrminate in c mut preoedat de litcrclc c' (d)9, s sau z' S 9S
pro,,unlar.rFspari\ l.r. l r.. ldrl. ., vu fzl ptim,. "'H tlural l.,minrlid
-.s llltr lrlonrLnlofulrzl:
rillagc -village.s
8das. - garagcs jnds - o - juds . r
3) Substanl,iveleterni atil la singutar in lii.crete -s' -x' -z' -sh: -ch LtJl $ 93
primesc ternjnalja -rs la plural:
bn*r fliintr -.hinl,z.s
claser iish lrshc
-- Io\.r I'cach bea(,hA
- lillLzes mrtoh .. Datch,s
lez.zta s.nd\i.| -saDdNichesa
\nizz.s pincc{cz pi!.c+26
A se observa pluralele plasses(sg. plus) Fi rareori,llJscs Gg. bus) (i'eDit

din SU,\).
Obscre&t,ie
Substantive.letumiDate in -ch pronunlat [k] sau hl6 urmeazn regu)a s9 4
generah erpusi la inccpuLul acestui caprtol:
ri..t' tkl r/ah. [].1 , ',',,r' 'r- - t-t.l
p a r r idnr , L ,i d r.l ' . ' k . i ' n i h l.Ll ',nufl'i
h l ."
- t'd " on
aDoch t-tl -cloflis L-ksl loc\? l xl -lochs l'.sl
4) Substantii'ele terminatc in -y lrecedat de co'rsoani lomeazn pluralul s9 6

!n -ics3 astiel:
Ad i . r , p) 6. n l. ' . U , l h l , L l . t . L l i i 0 .
. J,i ,, ' , i, , 1 s nnir . h b l tJ L E .L I-. In l .J n .' u l . a .r\-.i [,]' .
i Su b sldn' : v ' ll l@ds "t h ru s l -l e u ! i h d u /.4 d " o I ' r^nrnl i cT sprfi ' l i I' pl " ' r.
! l i ".r'., / r . " nl pr on ,n ra l .d :i o r' rn^ri r' \ i i t.ar' \r' Il
" a rs td .t.
'-i mb ,' l' il lt r i u1 .l ' l i n l " ro rd n ' . 1 ,,' .1rl ul r . n" l " ' . " o' I
? Dronuntat flr-\'.
3 i crminilia: i. . - f ons le d i n s tu i l (s e mn LpLl d ra l u l tri ), l ror.ni l di n i r.nsf.rf,a.ca
v ocd 0 i Ii .i l e : ? s i ' e I t oc rl { { l c l .g i i l !rl 1 l .
B8
!... | !; i: rrrm^1.r'n.trir :i t.,rril.,1" rorl'ira .ub.rrnrirarc. in mod

.L
cu rnrur r\ce ronrr:
ou. l,$o L .1s thc l,vlvs slitrid D\-s
rll il,r llcnf-{s llif Tlr.fs $hr-s
96 (ln irsn -)' e,{teprourlat de 1.ocalii.l.r
t,lural se adaugi nunai un -s
pl|,oun!it lzl:
iroy r)o]s (liv d{Jr- kft lic.lJ
117 Substa l.ir(le teurin.ric ir -qu} nu (msliluie o e\.eptie. dar tiind cX

.'r'rul rrt F/.r'r
' fri 1ir,r. / "r t,r,,,l.
J ,'l , a ".re o:,',,; ro.rl;
l\\ l, o e.r ,.Ir ' r r . ' t cu n' iI Pr P:
'.r
colloqtrI - - ( olloqui/:- !ol lrtrr - solLloqfiis
-{ !e oLrscry.r
si fornrrlr rlf lhr.nl rll] rrrtrr:LtLirutui
substa ri\':
is ! r lk , li pt I . llit i: s ir n r)1,r1i...1
lrl 5) lI i(,ritatre slbslfrti\clor t.nrir.rte jn singularirr "f sau -f0 primesc
.t ]a t)lural:
. lr ' , : l i, a!
linr . ll. n lr i , l lr indk f r lr il f s tfu.i - Irroofs
it r ic r g. . i\ ijtfl ililr,
r r LLlf nnr it r srn, silcs
glr ll gr lls Ii ! ijl,,s
iLr Q f l dnr r t i- sirilc *s t r i i e s
99 tlnclo substalrl.ivcld.ninatc in -t sau -Ie formorrar nir.i pluralui in -/es
Prcnuntat lrzl:
i, . . I bf ( ?s 3 clt -. L,ps
lPaL len'.r sr,[ s!tr?.s
s lr eNt s r r er r is slltl .hcl,.s
Lh' f i lhigr s lroli \ol.cs
loaf - lo{ r . r krile kni|cr
. r LI - - r ! l. r tilt, - tn.er
lru - lulr'.s wil, - \rir"s
100 un eazspecial:srill,iilr,(: nat,,ri n,,,artn).
pt. .ri/i/-t'tr.
Citevasuhstantireau anrbelefolmt de pluial:
s.rrrf s.rd.ls. srinr(.:: llDf - Ioris lioorPi;
slafl - si{flJ. star.rr N'll{l - $liitrls. lthures.
l0l 6) r, Substnnt.ircl.termirato in -o preccdairle consonnjtiornreaziDlu-
ralrl in fs cind sint cuvint€ obisnuites:r, inrrodusede mai nutrn vremi tr
Iimba englezi:
r go nfgro - negro.s
_
l{l.llf o polalo..s
rdio r (,ho.r loriilo t o m a l {r c r
lres, o lr.sl olr lornado - t o r n {i l o ? r
lr.ro lrcroA iofll d0 L.fpedo€s
m os qI ilo - inos qr ilo/ j rfto - rrlo.r
t "on n r , , jp. + . . . Ft i\ |. r r t lr . t , , , ,, 2
"1.,.. i.,r \ t / . . / . , r . 'r r , ii lu, , / . , . , . . / , . ., I: dii.Iil.'r calii,',tide rarne de racl)
n uma i. ci!{t niseadr ii, . v it r ir f ir t r r ibii. r , , s n a , . i r l
. \ n^r ' ' . . ' ' l ,,
r ve zi l. 14;
5 U,rrli,l / . r . , ?J . s lr . r , i
. L rl!,a.. r s t r nnj t r , Ff i, ' r f( lr f it , , r dr A
oa 89
,J Cind nrsn.o final este precrdflt de vocali, plura)ul €ste rcgulat (adicn S 102
t€rminat in -s):
porioiolro lorlololios
.nbrro edbrJos radio -rrdios
iolio lolios secnario - s.en.rios
nnnoio lunoios shtdio sl,rdios
Iamboo -}amboo.. Hindoo Hindoos
cx(ntoo - 0L,clioos Lang&oo ltangaroor
c, Dintre substantivele terminate in -o prov€nile relaliv recent din lim- g 103

bile sirnine (tn special din linba italiann). un€lc capii,i -s la plural dacd stnt
mai pulin frecvente sau daci au o sonoriLal,c prea sirdin6:
albino allinos
photo lhoios
cnsino -.asinor prrno p'{nos
.h.ono .hrodos q ra rl o -rN nrtos
dJnanio dXrrno.s
rugnfto - magnetos
d) ,\ll.e substantil.e strnine iefminfltc in -r) au ambele forme de plural, ! 104
fapi car€ dovedeDte e; sjnt pe ealc (lo a li asjmilatede limba eurenti:
b.njo -barjor, banjoer l.s$ -l.sso.", lrssoes
iJra\d: }|a\or, hraroes Danilcno manireslos, minireslo,s
.alico .alioos. 0llico.s daronto ncmcnhs. mencnlocs
(ontralto - r orl.ralLo.(, *n|ralLt nrollo - xiottos. nroLtods
orino3 -dminos. do!,nh8 torli.d torti0os, portico.s
i. a . n;o I nin eo lr , . r ' s o. " ! r o\ i. o t ! . \ " 'r . t r o v r 'o , s
1. . . " o - fr"., o " Ir ". o, olo
,,h" ' o _ jh.||,,.. t "|lo. . . , , t r LU - . . opr . , n o . .op"dt
grolro -grottds. gtullo.r stiletto - stjlcttos, stilcttoes
halo -halor, lralo.s lola.ro lo!a(os, Lobir(,oc.{
ln timba contemporani. substantivelesirnire terminalc i -o la s;ngular

tind s,, iib., li pl,r'.'l rmb.lp r"rmindrii.
e) ,\brcl ialiilc terminate tn -o primesc la plural sufixui s sau 's (vezi ! 105
s 184).
7) Suhsiantivele terninate in -th prim€sc -.t la plural. S 106
Tcrminntia {}s se pronun,tn[0s]:
d, Ctnd esteprecedatdde o rorale scurti sau de o consoanii, indusir.r:
breruri, deatni, nout, sn,iLhr,births, he.rthi, hcnlths,siaurr, nroDtlrs
,, in cuvintele:
lcaLhs, faii}s, !+owths, sloths
c, In celelalte cazuri l,ls se pronunld Idz]:
bath tborol - Iatl,s lbo,dzl
- nouths t atrb4
- ti{lhs fpo:ozl
j',uil' ai',.0I Io u l .Is l j r:0zl
Orlograliat li tyfo. l: nwtit,or. rovi(l

'/tus
./on,m (trrsoaDi. I'aina
40
Unel. substantive au insd amb€l€ pronunleri:

. I tl lrrutl'.lrJ0sl
-81
I Ilrrc:01 broll,s Ibrrdzl,tbrr:osl
I tkl.Ol olollN [kl.0t (: Ie]uride slola, Irlluil sau alLemdle.iale)
1 .,, . ll . 1/ l bu il, J " J n i J pln/r s ru rl mJtpridh)
"
[ -, ] uLh,s r LLlu' , i4 ( : ll' int s l

r,.0r - dr ll' " [.u lJ/l
lrlh lo :01 ldll' s r lo: G , lo:1/l
L o ..oi oJ ' l' - o, 0"- l
"d lf ', J
Jre dh ,f.:o i - . l, i li: 0. 1, t i . ') / l
[ir,.oj rn, 0.. r J/]
\rPdrl' iri 0r \tr J lF r'i:0-. "i:n/
| 107 8) Plurdle rcregulirte. Urmdtoarele subslantive fornreaze pluralul
prin s"himbareavo";lci t tlutotrcn PI.rrttk):
lo,l -let morac: - mnie
1, , 1, h - i€€t h lozse -troe
g,0se - ge€st
Trei subslantive primcso termrltdlin '€n:

child- childre, brothe.- btthr,n- {! 14s)
(Penl.rDsubstnrlivclccotrluse ctr acfsle iuvniic, !€zi S 16! 1tt)
s r08 9) I'lurals cu acecrfi lormi tn li sirguhrelo respettire:
s 109 Unele substantive di limba ntglezi au aceeali lorma utiL la singular,
cit ti la plural. Din aceasl.i Lategonc iac lartc:
o, ' rl,\d d, un.rrr !1. drr,/r' \d l6l);
l/ sub.lbnliv.l" o/r'l \ - 0'u :'r 1
,./ |a ,
',i 1or"7 "
s s L l p t [ ; i s c ''a
iLhs ld' I iv "r n I s:s,./ l. t
dr ur,pl, .ub.rarrir" '1'- J.nu,er. urilrii ,l . mJsurS. ca
fothon,taot, patthl.cton., rrrr"orir:r,r',i/or.;-r,dr". I'plufal aldturi J" lorma
ia -s. aL,si i"rm dn plurJl , nl,' it rJ'',.i., (u ",, pa u siagularului.it spp,ial
" 'cilrd sint umatc de un nuneral ce ildice subdiviziunile sau
tn limbai'orbitn,
de un adjeciiv:
The wil.e. sas tci f.t, ls{n faat) ttitt\er'
'fhe rikc Nas LPti latlon(s) n..p.
'fh€ d.ptll ol l.Ie $atu wrs lour /nr','ns
Itc is si' Io, l t dll
ll'r ol l\ Poaot t r \'''i I ' l l l l 'r / oI
DJ,u, p J v ldr - i ; r rr' \ o t . , "d' .' itt. l " r ':
\ "iJ
h " lu inl ..l . : lr ' J F, , . t / ) ". n" ,
(rl l 'r o l \ ' l" l or ' . . ' J '.o ' / t li
'
(\i,i i,i 5 l.lB9i
Subsiantivul rl.Jn.s.cind des€mlreazdunitatca de nisuri' esle invadabil!

sl,c weisl'stcn !tr'?: s[o hasrrt on wcight.
Tric! b;rlghl l.*o r/dre oi ilour lot lhc .anteen.
',/ ,, r\ca d o. : - i' r " s ir r c u ld. , / " \ 'F d f i n '" l " r l a 5lo' ioue
'r . d L '
. , "' , ' lo' l , 'r i ' Srnsrltr lruoa-
fo rtu.rl .",r;..j . r,m.' l' r 'r r " l , / r 'r '
na, nd rar.p lrd'lL , r' iI t in D r . t a n d i r i J 'r " " ' L l 'u ! l . r 'l u l ui"u'
- 1. ' r . l
t d.rn&usa. trl. dtnLkt
'P 'r.,lctaL r , I t o^t . . I lii n /
a _rt,". r, . . r , \ r , ; i" , nr . 1, . ' u, "n' r ' u p l r " ' l u i '. : 'o '', i . i 'u \ rlul
a.l |.',,]la -1,,,,l.l "l, s r ; l I il' r r ' ' a r '- o r ' l r ''n L " l r ' Ptu."t.? "a
L', 1' d' r r ' : r ' unr ' ' l"nii l l i r l 'l a r ' i '1
'r'
oo, l'r n L ' P r , lar 't- oJr' | - / 4.' rt: L; l i l r 'r P .
4l
?,, Substantiv€ln foat, lrcrse, sail au la plural forma de singular cjnrt in

S 110
seamnn ,,infanteri,sti''Jr€spcotiv ,cavalcrjrsti:!,,,na.i,c,i,cu sens (otectiv:
Two llionsand /oot n?z o. thc ru.
T h. cc hurd .ed /me .on . 10 t h| r . s . i.
Twcnt.j- sdil /,ar., ,ro, lhc bai.Ue.
f) Cruft, aicraft, sedcraft.space-taft etc. au plural cot€et;v cu aceeasi q l1l

formd ca aceeaa siDgularului,dar ou verbul lft plurat:
! r. , lIJr, ,l, o -.,- . t i' t r r al r lr \ ' liant r ' or $1.I p r , j \ .
' lha,rrlk w1 , i. o'o l. i. , \ r a, pt ) al. t l 1i, : dr .
t0) Pluralul ti substantireleeolectirc. $ r12

o l s'rbs ' r nt ir elp . ol ..ri !a s I tn g F n .' e (v e z i $ t,1, o .i neLrra torrrru
d ..i r'-u l- r si t,r:\i rp,.0 un
-F ' lpq" n ,..a /d u p l u rc ti rH te d e .h i p .rF r d.n' i .,
1 otc - I "-i l o lr F F e\ . m ol rp o r' i n r," .t-r ..,t.A o ri r. ,,r n,utt m;i ,,umcroasd
lD lim b a e ns lez d dc c it in l i ' o b a rn h i n i :
n.my
a$ emlh , rot r d ot ls pr inAr
,1.:r j,,mily l*ri)l
g' n F rn mF rtrtrn\o . llignt6
.onmittce juri iesinr€Dl
.omlany pu ic Loop
^ . n4,Su b sta nr r r ele. , lp. r f " i s u s a rj tn ta l p s d .,i n g u t,r s" rr J" pt,rr" tdup.i ,r2,0.
Lr r \ r a l p a .o .rd p rJ l i u n i n tr,E . si nt ,ubi tsnti f" i ndi
'rFn u m pc . . olp. 'd
riduale qi se construj€sc cu singalaral:
Tl e .l d s s oar lak en n v a v frr a u e te ro n f.
Thc enmittee ..nstrrs oI lwelva ncoolc.
llis /n,ri1, s,as sma1l.
, " n^$ b i , . rd r. d .1 .' l .o " . \,,., .o t l r,\p f.,n,,.
l'Il " ,,' - : r
h c l ru f ( J nD{ dlst o d l i rs e ,!r;i ..
Tr( tra,hing s r a/ / , , as ta g i .
l p F hr J lnq, l" m" m b ri r ..n fo n -n 1 i

. Ci n ,l 1 i " o tF" i !i t" l i i . sub.r ,r.ti Ji t€
c ole .l r\a sp . ons t r , r ic s , L u p /rfa l rl :
N.,rl J , ll r r " . / , . r , ' p " " !i \" 1 ro o l r" r' t...

h ovP
Hi" lann lt ,krc all dsl. ' . F o dn . nd"bl. ' . liI . .
c l, n lhr r lc ds .
T l,rsr rn,lrl, n .! !rrv lin. .
th t ; bt"a " rs.r.,,/ r qr r . - t , l t ok , r , , ii lJ r r r 1 . s _
' Il' 4 ril hin ' -,.,// u.' it t , \ ! , , ' J t o I r ' r u l. y , r u, t , ti , , .
I russ : poDoll.
t.i,,," dr -i i|l,s,i..n{.t,r nd;r,.rJ -rip$.,s,r. oi f"4e
._.-a tort n n erj . _H. , od
lJ n 't-l"!!
"1::i,l:.-" , gt , t Fr wi t t Lt alt , pt , r "
-,P ot J p atrt. . 'Ja
"lh"ht 't,l;d" p l".,r . r , , t " is - r , . p$J dr t d dpJrio"ni.

iln;l r"' I (rl€ tup r , c iini c t , )
on rrn... , . , ht
r n J a- J loul"\ t o, s d . , . l, tr,n d p st /. LUn-
t, r,r.r rru t i , nr s " \ r i . i. r . ' r i|r J ol . r : . i r r . . d u . L d \ i . t v r . ! . o

. . 1-L. ; "
- 3 Lal b an . d. tr"r i, d"lf , n: , I . J lple) , r k r t : dpm .
, r/,/ trerchdiP
r0 Numnrul unui sxlstaniiv .ot€ctiv csre indicat
de verbul sau dc d€terminantii
!:sprclivi (arliool nehol{.jt, adjectiv d€moruiraiiy etc.).
!19
D/ Linelc snb-clanl,iveeolective.cu verbul intotdeauna la Plural fcon."d-

buldr!. i fantry, mili.turtj. palirc €to.).pot fi preceddtoii de un jrumeral cars
le dn sensde plurat individxal:
,\.\.ral con!Iab\rrrlt u/c licepirlt ofrler al, l,fc al,ih.
tit. tlu'1stt,l. l.Nroh t,ftnt, d,e/? iacins thc litrglisl,.
,r.ne nilitatll /d,. slopt)ed l,o Natch thc pflio{fls in lhc prtk.
?i,o ,,lnr (: noli,len,c,rl di..d thts t.i!rli,i.
Numrroascsubstantirerok{ti\c au ti tormn (le plur individual in -s

cu ingelesuld{i .,mai m,,lte grupe de; divizi din categodarespcctivn":
rrngressii he s ptrl)li.s
r onnf ils hor s e h o l l s sPnat.s
. . o{ ds iur ns soNietics
lLf m s sqtradrons
I lef ls t uinis t r n , s 1.rnrs
il).lis pr'rks irt,cs
g. odps pout lr i c s irros. et,i.
113 r) SubsLantivulcalllr:,rc o situatieaparte tril a!'c:rin trecut -sisensde

singuiar.dcsemnincl
un singurarril1lal. in limba englr:zi:lcLualiest. conltruii
numai ru pluralul:
\\'hcD{ia i,rih e . alt l. anr t \ t f r l / ) r ir h, Lr , r / , e , r i d l t h f i l o l i n 1 [ c an3.r.
114 dj tinii granruticicnitcc,rlsidetira fiin,l roleciile ,sisubsl{oiivelemen-

tionat; la S 108 109 d, l), d. e. i47 r, b, r, tiil. 16r. cu alte ruYinlc orice
substartive cu formn de sinsLtlarfi tu-telesde plural
115 11) Snqulflro ftrrl plural. - Lnele subst&ntivo din limba englezi au
trumri singular. in vr€me ce. ir limb.r rominn. substa tirclc corespunz;toare
au alit si gular, 0il li Plrral:
infornariof melrlrtr,dis. lfosrss
inlclii{.nof" rNnel
k ro \r! d s e strerql h
ldsjrge lNdrrair \roda
precurn ql:
hail. lightning. slftt. lhundcr, 0lc.
116 nuneLe dc nLatcriil !i nxmeLc.rrno.

ln generat. sdslanlitcLc alistrdcreB,
produs'Tatuati { .r.alc cr..l. uneori.hiar prFlu.'dlP UU n'rnrrr 'incular Si
d€ci sirt Ienum€rabrle:
busvness' b,rdey
hrppiness
Iea.e nlnnr
-1;r
lnil.ion saDd
1H.W. r'owie., l Dictiotut! o[ Mod.m Dngtish a dse. G. Curme, op. cii. etc.
] in reIte .n"" . int or m dlii s "c r plp.
{ \ rll's".on "L ndd , u bins la"Dl indiv , J , r il l a d @ r , p t - u o d \ t , " ) L . r tnsFrmA
, , pro,lu s ix 8 .n ral lnllr r f J i . au indnql"; il' _ PA r \ t tl P N d u . ' r 'd n u m J i u n 'i n g a l d r u
I nlple r cn lcL tiv (: t ' r odus e nat ur alF. agf luole) .
. Vezi ii $ 10.
? V ez i s i $ 15 .
3 Ve2i si $ 31.
t A nn sc ra.e conluzio lntfe subsl,anl,ivele ,ur?Fss t l,rzrnlsl (: hph,l dc a li
o.utrati actititate intcns{) si 6us,acsst'btznrsl i: {laceri), ca.e $e deosebesep.in o.lo'
sralni, rronunlic ii Inteles.
{l
Her adrt d a@ alfa* excelleDt.
lsfatutile ci enu Intotdeanna e]cetente.)
The fnnrute in this mom,rtoDss ro vado s peiods oI sr\ne.
(tlabikk nin acpaste came.{ dr stiluri dirdite.)
rlr.4-\ llurb lp ;Flun ot;aa hr . I olt o$ed r hp t r un. t , ins n t m l l ) n a d s t ! . , . r . I , into
-* . ^_
n '.,r":n l^ .m t : ; pv t io. t \ r i ur n, . , lans lr ii n a L . t . r - t , d r i a t " . , u , " t , i p a j
_ - n ._| 4r4t
rG , ; rtt
In spal,ur €r1 r,nt'rsLr o. )
Hi\ Anontpdeeof hisrorv ir apr\. sticht.
t( "t,ein \I lui d" is , or i. . / ir i t ojr t , . t , , b. . )
' rn n: " lra 1 al lu \Bro" ; . t o b" , ht . uqr - t in r ' , , \ an.
Li x+ st jrn . toa tp b oEar t " t t obu^ dpp' s " L v . , r onu t 4 p b . , c a j p . )
\" lh.', b mgs ar ' r J t ha, l . , , 5 . ur pf l- Ls .
-" . "." i' 41 l' d1"nql
IIi. , "" . L r" .J ' . s g t t s 1t r.t,, ,,r\.
, I . . : -. . c t. " tr' tJ .rmb d . . gt ! ; J . . r , . r o. , r t . : 1t r . t u, otn i r . ,
Hrr ,r.Dcrl {,&e taihrq idsr.
t P\teile . pdftseeu cn repczi.ri!nc.)
\\-' 1 ,o 1., 1 u". 1, . r . n, t t t h t p- n, d t ; - r r r . s : r , l h .
\ . l rJ I I'i.: p pr,. r . . d . r r . , t Ld, . ' "Lr.
'r'r.'
O b s . r ralii
. a / T r p b u i.r e{ln u rlaptul.x sub.ranrivptc
de ma is u s(S il . rj, r . o n b i_ $ t 1 7
:{,-rrn:,rrarpinljmhaenglezA'hr"ratulci,jndsint plurnlFinlinbaro,rdnai -
./ susmcnlionot.{j lli,. a\rnd , |rtetes
' lA lr.'lnprpdrnrr..Ibstantrvplpn.
ru pot ,ala idma dp.ingrtar s"u rJcptural .i a.ri r,"r a,;;;l;i
L-r!"l lnFhotdrjl d .aU dr. al caruj Inrpt.sFst; dp (ineul6r.",DF A..Fs.or; de
.:'- oll r,F rofpflm In unul singur dintr. plcmentch .;mpon"ntc
al" t^rali,
';tL rF.,rrspmla un.u\lnt ajutdror {i/pn.
/n-. et..) ca;c sli redcanuania
-\stfel:
' n ! l' l a ,;a / n t + l \rc c
o m obillr - d p ,,a o t w rrt.,
lnn @ticle ot iurniturc) (rornall
o Prostrc : a pta? ol nonsensc
o i P ' 4 ' o t i n to rm,rti o n
' n- or m ilP (ar rem ot inlorrnatioD):
o pnne : a ioat ol b.ead
r n r ult er d /d s t o r l rg h tn i n F
'r .drl oI r]'und,rr
grindine {piatrl): haitt a haitsroae.
!l_ }aitrronss
Tltis gouet js a beauiifur ptac oi \rorl.
l2).Plurale ldri_singulara. ln aceostl caLegorie se al]i substa tivele care { lt8

:, nu l .,i l lat na dF plu rd l { m c j o ri ru t" r t.rj n i n a l . i n .sr tara un .i ncul ar "
f - . p r,l ,/i , u d- los i in tp b s . S u b s ra n ti ! F l " .u p , i n sp 1" ace" r,
^r t,ur.cr nrrr,,* " :
n mohil,i: o pi.s.r din nrobilifr
'l ,9, i' 1, ; i" . r .n i at . !1l al or.i de
.. I s a: . , t t , "a \,.m p ..,,.\.r'
t,.;,. .t .o ,t i ..
j .rr.d
l. ,,., i .. i " . a;.* ;.,;,..;-
at 1, r ^t t t , , . . . rt,-' ,tn \.1 !..,. 4 . i . .t.,| ,_..,r:r r..rnt.,,l c rrn.tr..
:1L- ..:L.r. tnt.DndtLah. k.trs.
:.l l, r' \ . 1 h , a 4 t . 4 , \i. ii.i,' ,, r lu ",' ,-,,' t...t tn. r,. l i o_r-r:
t t " t t L n dp , a [ " fh f,",* .
'\ , : . : nl . p r i n 5 - : r s L b s,a !ti\p .", d rr r i fo r n r jd . n...t.,.. i ntrebur,t ,t".n..1
t r: : s.rs 1 g151- 1, 14) .
44 MONFO!OGI^ - SUBSAANTIVUL
SIl9 oIt'\ti ol tt"t)'lu;

bowcls, cDtnils, genitals, gill.ls, loifs. iLfws. Litrls. elc i
S 120 b) bali.ti stdri dc sqiritl

m p. ( , , n' . . nn . .ri ..b F. m l JrLul i " !' i l ' ,' l " j ' l ruds
1 J . pr n' r . d u rt,- d pr 4' ri d g l ll uo n l ,rsr-l
irisnlei, sullts, elc.;
5 r2r c) imhtiicdminte .onpusd din daud sau rai tnultc pdrli:

Lt ooT . r . . lf r - - , u " ..i L F s .,l o n .5 . ll r.. t.r.. kar l .rh. l nr" kpF
boc |pr ' |/ jn: . , o \" r| | | .,' .,,rd " ' p ' U | .l .n n ' ' !' ' ' ' ' l ' ..l our' ' ' .hU r
' r d\ . r ' r ' ; , lir.. 1 F . l i l h l .l " ' n l rn o l ro r r' l ' r' 1 l i n rl nJ onq. bbP B '
"
r \ - , 1. , ; ;r4 r' . L b l r.. 1 r\ l l rr . $ h i "l'
s 122 d,) unclte ti instrumente conpuse din daud pdrlil

bllo$" , lin^. 1 " . ' ' l i p r' p rl ' ' { so" nl ' nprdF l
" n ' l - Irl -r
r' f' l ' l a' . l ^ ks b' rr ' /n ' a'frmpot
kpB .
nn" ' . , pli_ : l
a" r ^ | | , .n c " l " .p - f.. ..
5193
bil)iftds, .afis, cl,cqucN (sau Sr',{ oheckeNl, darts, doninoes' drauglLts.lorl8its,
marue1 nirretins, quoits, shrl,il's, ulo.I
! 124 f) tti.inlc $i obieLtedc studiu (substantive lcrminate in -i.s3r:

J . t r oDlv s c ' . i_ o l . i -, 1 " r' l r* . d l rl .c Fl ronduri s i l ri " . b' l i ' l : ' i \hs.
dd( . : : . . 0. ôn , .l t,q .,ru r' ' , . d p l o m l i .. ' l vnbrrrcr-A on^mr s, el q' r0n,' r..l hr,tr,
g ' r..l r, rrm n , r\drn' r ! Frnl ml ni s'
" \ or pn. - A p n th \s ' .. l h ra ri rn
)dro' Larrs.
1ol ' rr onp| G,
k inr i, " . li ,n -.m p r" ..Il v n d.' .i l r
-'r'Ji l' r' Ll " l " L rrpr l pLLr^. rc:
1r r s " . 1oit . " , . !o l ri . r' f l i ...' j
$ 125 e) n me leagnltt I
thl] ths. lrif CurtaLl,ians.tlie IIrl,fidcs, tle llighlands. lhe lDdirs, th. Nell.dands' tho
Ilnil,ed States ol ]\ntrrca. .lu.i
$ 1!0 h) stlbstantir. r.tbaLe i 'in| t s.

dissnrgs. doiigs, lcclinltsr, eiriings, sonrgson, leav;ngs, iodsnlgs6,Frings. lickingsl
pioio"iLine., roting", scranting$ shalhgs, sctthrgs, sltoricomings'su..oundn'gs, slip-
pings, sweepings,trilings, iakings, ltinniDgs, etc.i
5 12? i) tuljective d.utenite substanti'te pri'n atldullarctl terminaliei -s,

{nli(E, bctters, litte$, cmoni.als, chemi.rls. comesr.iblcs'eommons'd.inla|lcs' ediblee
em!ii.s. n..csdics, nervs, nulli{ls, odds. Ohmlics, perishables,rcgimentals,riche*
shorls, sla.ks. Urcatric{ls, 1ighls, ralurbles, cic;
I Sinquldul or.ralt alc hlelesul de "halal." ipentu personal sanitar. muncito.i

elc.l: o ,cf;lrs lDl. l 1: s alopFt i)
,c,l . ubs l. bnllv ul) i biLlir , d . t n" n d d p s i n 6 ', l d r r l t u 1 a ' ''n r s u b 5 l d n
-r,"i ir '
rite d s"mn"d; d und d, n r p pip' l. t r P , Llr ; " , : " s c , o , u l I F S P Al r \ : o 'd t d I o ' 4 t F
de jo c), d nin ept , ( : o I , ^Pi' i) et t
' f,\ o o! . r ' . ' , u J ; o, . b, F r ' - m i1J L:' - i s l J '1 n r 1 r , l o r i u l r r o r t i i l r p o r i i
o bq ' o r dp .r ' diu in t . r p r ", "' "r ' lr no' nclF/
a l:\i l1 , l. L . . j 'J . o i " " m J p n n l r r o"t' r n l " / b J '1
- i o f or , . r . i m . , i "dr ' '
la te Jn liln zo li I t he . ot unLni. I Pt hic
5 f../inf.. : qh t t iLillt ilF, . r r nplt ir '
oi r.,. , \ i. . li, ' .r-,r',rr. I.r:;.; l , 'J l, 'l r ''i r -rt a, el;! lade,1i.
b.d and todEins rtc.
NUMARUi SUBSTNTTVtrTOE 15
.8 198
. rr" nd .., a nn als. ,'r l, , v ps . a"n5r . . 6. i2 . 1- s pi. . .. ! n , ) . b . T . ' r s . . l n 'h . .
con :n". , c onlpnls ( ul) . , or n j r r 'j ,- (- \dr.
" , . '^
:."s op sirAJb"i, J 6, , dr eg6. "ut . . ' olli ! . ' \ p. .
' h r . , - p r q . . 'o b r ' .n.d i
. o t"r.. , . .a p iri 1r ' J , t ir F$nr r ( . 1= o dr dlit h: i) , lu n d . g , l l o {- . e " i l r . g r o . d r
. . 1. '
' . . ,ro jdh : p1 "iu l pi . lr diir ' . s r oals . c - o. s hJ J o u b r p =. h,.igi. inton.
-
I : bt 4). ior,in,r.,rpd s, (L'o lil li1k q, l. l. r ar r , l p 1 n r . I 'n l i \ q . j . I n u n r r r o n c .
: I.iA , ou lsq ur s, ltin o. lpnPa 1, . pFa\ d. nr 'r '. i '! 'u : l . p r o d s q u d r l e r '
m i 1 , , r ds . c r a. { l' . I . c ' , ur ' ) . h d , ', 1 1 . " l o ! s . s p i f l s [ - '1 i . .
.o u i n Ll , , -- - i r' l ,, .o_.
'
'/'" rL' , r'd d " a - , ". r , . ' r ' 1r . . , , r n_r on. . 1. r 15 l a n l i . L d n c . \ s p " t s , v i d n J s .
i :r.st. whe.calrouts. worlrsj erc.
li) sltbstantiw cn pLural latin sau cu dspectlatinl s 1re

.:ndoiaj, ta.eliae, imtedimetli, imlondoabilia, litt'rati. n:rrsimli\ memoralilia,
,\(jordul cn vcrbul fi cu detorminan,tii, - Sulostantivclc nenlionate la $ 130

..rit purct (12) se construiesc tn generecu determinanlii Si verbul la plural.
:..! €rceplre:
arl numele oe Jodafr:
jyin'riB r.'"@s sreat skill.
Dtu;shb is" a lciy entc.t ning game.
b) d.o.iL name d.e boli: - measles9i mnrnps'.
. o n " lid " . @dJ ps, r s s e v .| P.o m!l i " d l i o n
.ltants ts.ontagrous.
.) nunele .rliinlelrr ti ale obiectelarde studi termindl, i4 -ics (cybernetics,
.L,.trbnics, m€chanics, physics, etc.) construiie cu verbul la singular:
,l.oas,ts s,zdtes sound.
,,nt.s ts concerned\rilh the nrinciples ol norals.
Hrr)nslaLics.ledls$itj! ihe Dressnre6l liquids ai (5t.
M;ftenatics is indispensaua|o ihD siudy ol the exacl scierccs.
arp,t.s r.cd,s ol li8ht,.
Na td
r\ se observa ci unele dintre aoeste subsLanLive ca: a.oasl;ds. etlict, mech'
r'..,p .)ttl i" s l/ d, / i. s el( . . . l n d n a d o s e m n o a z r)ti i n !a re .l Fcl rr' ,.,uubi atul
:, rd i u, s " . unc r r uies c .u v e rb u l l a p l u ra l :
The dduti.s ol ou. new auditorium lcute noihitg to be desired.
llis ethicsda above reproach.
\t\e Mhanics ol plRy witing d.s unknown io lim.
't]trci phnneti.see benealh .ontemlt.
Substantivele atlLLetics(: atletism) ;i glmnastica se conslruiesc:
cu yerbul la ring ldr cind au inleles abstract, adicn atunci cind se refed
t,rrctid la arta sau la practica sporturilor sau a exercil,iilor fiTice;
eu 1.€rbul la pldrdl cind au inieles concrel, adici atunci ctnd se refer[ la
-ererciliile
sporturile sflu ]a lnseti.
I Aici slnt cup.inse si subslantivele cnle au ta m'4 obitnuit tot'rl ile llurat, lormr
,i. sinsdlar (ttril -s) fiind rdeo.i intrebninl.ald: antic, d.chiee, bdta.h, contine. cu.I,
. - . b pjuy. . io nd .'ilr,rl "r u r \ : nd o dm . or n d. ' r li ( o t . p i " N d 4 ', . u s t n h u +.
' : e A art - din . s \ m t un, qot hl
: , rbrd.ti\u t e4 . i ,rf p( lp dp obur i J n r , lr . d '. q i n ; , r l , r r l d . m , s r " r d r r i
l! r,.clcririir Inloeuil .u sllstantiyll /.4!,n-
o fli4 Dd bl ll J p s r nr r lar , s r . ; ' . r u 4 l i lnlFl"5
r-\\r'r ;
ii o'o rm, i r.l"lr d" - iogr ld, r 6' p ln Fbu, . r '1 . , , . m 'i 1 a 1 , r m : r r c d l u f i :
:.: E " at.It P ro e-.o t t r t ne 44BP\ d 1t ! 4 wr g. I n n l n u 4 - o " 't r .
16
d/ Numele Un;ted, Statesof Ametica se consirui$te cu singularul cind

lst consideraica numele unei naliuni, cu pluralul cind se referi la lnrile care
al(ituiesc naliunea:
Tlre Lizi&li [ta,.r of Atuetk:a has ll'ashington as i.he capital-
'l:he Unnd Slat s of Amii.a l@rc roied thcjf rcprescntaiiresir (lonsrPss-
.) I)ir.rsc. - Substantil'ul n?es fiind un singular, de;i are formi de
plural, se construieste numai cu singllarul:
\i'hat is the D.,e.s.,lio ,.aB is good nars-
\oNadaF n.,rs,fd'ah {iln lghtning spced.
,Ue,rs qi snarnDlessint construite intotdeauna in limla eD-qlezi ronten-
IorAnir cu singdarul.
.lxmrrons, singular. are plLtralul s r?r?ons.s;i se acordiL cu lcrbui la nu-
m inr l c or c s pu n z i l o r:
'i here d'd! a,,.rs al. the li.k oi l.he sqnar..
,\ st,,,&nr ,rds sdred on u,c grilly pdll.
Tnc iailill is$r,d s..a! lfunaae\.
-\ltcr the colonirlisi rtiaclr, tl,e ]\lrlcrn villrge nas a s/dnrlcs.
I3l Sulrstantivele umritonre cu formi de phirfll ul.ns. arnnds. barracl;*.
.arq'!. gallatrs3. headquartcrs, littlts. mcans. adds, thatiisa. lidi trs, li rtollsd
(: atelicr, uzinn. fabdcii) - sc consl,rui€sc atlt cu singularul, cit lri irr.rpluralul
tn lunclje de intcnl;a \orbitorului, fo.ma dc plural a substanlil.ului insi ri-
mtnlnd rceeasi pentru ambele numere:
TIic arDI ,d.'o./a ra t,san o-e) empt-{ {l llte rnonient.
Th. l,h.air. l)ad a .ar?J dc hallci, wllich (ds lamons.
The tx'o amy .o?s /d'e lecn advisedoi Ure ohnngein La.l.ics.
\:liere is lne an\r h.dokatt.:rsl
_l$o
T\e heddrra e^ or llc i.ade-unions oe.€ in uic saDresheet.
The.e ,ar u (salt )linksl not lr lrom the niotel.
'rtft (saU-)ti1hs slthir e{sy reacli rr,., ferv.
IL sar oDlv d Dedzs io ar e!d.
tsJ dts e;rs produ.tiliiy ts culain to rcgjster a nurked incleasc.
T)'e meansoi locomoiion {rrc ample.
\Yhal's the ,lds:
ID ihc clanpionship .onrcsl.-ihc oddspcre asainst ih. Driiish middleseiSht.
flI"nls/ l- ThaDk Iou) Thants lerJ lruchl
I owc mony /naz,ls.
-vou.rc reeded.
.l'. r,lorts
The glad rlltn(s (c (siu oa") b.oadcasi lasi Dighl.
,\ Iuge nouoD.,tsir .oming inl.o being in otrr town.
-\..trneronsao'ns /dre r.cn occtcd all ore. the country.
Cjtera numc de unolte fi de instrumcnte (S122) sint uneori cotstruite cu
of pliersetc.
se cuvintul a ?a;r' o/: a pab of scissors,
snrgularul.subinlelegindu
Trr tn's.w;r'so.s.1, i." ar old,'r or nrin..
Shc has lolglrt and tr is r\rllP.l.
n ;. - t n- t . n , , . l '- ! 'l L- 1):

lth .t n bd rtt I .f t t I r ' . t r r ' u, . !
:!,r bstrntirnl ,,rt!. nrfarialil ca lornl orj.n.c ar li inlelesul, pluilr.rl sc dis-
linl. (le snrgrihrlrnr rNruntnrrss lkrri rrl.lkx:rl
rsdll4(r, conslldl.,l! o]rnr,l{i si,isnlan,l,a.e ii tlualul sdlro(! inr SU\. li tl.
'to...t r. .i ].
tt..[,t,"...
Lt."lt') \' t, ,' . tt. 1 t-" n,.
r g],,ntrl.
tltd tidi\s cslc liloa. s.r uneori lxiin trofic.
" ( o r i s r V e r i F i \ 1 i5 .
'Aslizi esle irni oniinuiir r a,ll ,,zae.
0bser0oti,e
Cileva substaniive de la S 118-128, piiDtre care numele de jrcari,
rrecum fi cuvintele scissors,spectucles(: ochelari). tiarlrr1, lroxsdrs,r€rpers
ii... cind au funclie adjectival5 formele compuse,pierd sufi\ul 's. conlorm
fEsulii de la S 166:
b,lli.,rd a li" bdddr r oom .usppnd f Lpll
,lrJuq hr b odr d bow. l r om pl! i|l r o l . 'r b u l o n
nineph player scisso. ca5e thrnk oilering
skitue allev speoiacle irame resper bell
ll&joritatea celorlalte substantive de mai sus pistreaz{ lDsi sufixul -s

tr .ompunere, in generepentru cn singularul dilerii ca sens de plural:
l,..cchespaft llonoursList. Eood!l.r,rin
customsexaminalion sporL!coaL $ofks r ornlLittee
(\reziti 5 166tent'! con'tleinF)
13) Pluralo striinc, - ln dccursut anilorj numcfoasc cuvinte strnine au 5 132
:: rat in limba €nglezlJcare le a asimilaL- li confirui aOest, prooes intFun
': :, ai mi. s.,.rm0i m1'p dupd vp"hi-r"J in.'..14/d .i dut.j "\rir l"rFJ lor
. .r uldt;,. mxi mul l -au nai pulin.ir.rm.crisi. .ii ln 1'reranr.cbidr la
.Li ]11aimuli asimilater paLternul dupn care au lost consiruite ln limba lor
r: ifiqine rnmine, cu pufine exceplii, vidil sl,riin dc speoificullimbii engleze.
Substantivele diD aceasti categorie,de fapt "outsiders' foarie ulili, fac S 133
::rfte din marclc numir de cuvinte savante aflate in sectorul qliinlific, tehnic,
::-."dicaletc., provenilc in spccial dir limbile latinl (uncori prin iniermediui
:r;lnlrezei) grcaoe (unele difccb. altel€ prin lal,ini).
llulte -si
din acestesubsiantire (spre clcmplu $ 134-137) pestreazi plu-
:]rl lor originar, dar un Ioarte mar0 nunrdr dintre ele (de exemplu S 138-
ll,rlr. pc lingi pluralul lor de origine, azi rezervat mai cu seami speciaiiqtilor,
: L;i un plural englezescin -s, seinnul rodirii Fi asimildrii lof prin popularizare.
,r n treiac&tegorie(vezi exemplclc S 144),ceamai numeroasii,cuprinde curin-
.l! compl€t asimilate de limba englezi atiL la si.gular, cit Di la plural.
a
Urmltoarele substanti{e de provenienld strdind, in mrjoritate savante, $ 134
jji plstreazh pluralul originar sau au o formd de plural loarte apropiatd de
a) 139):
{sc.
opzs, {masna)olerar coder, cod;d,s, vo.trr,

outos, custoder,eic.;
r Sub+alri\ul rnaah pJ5bnaz; lDsI tormd dF

lluml ln cuvlnr'tl lhanksEiu;as.
: S inc ula r,l .larlm rslr r { . t nlr ebuint ll. Plr r . alr l da & e s l e r n e o . i t n l o q i l , l n l o . u l
. t i t T h:sJo lo F \"ry u sp iul, . d" c ph hai m r lt o or i. h a z r s e r o D 5 L r u i e t l e j a p l u r c l
' laf
p d n ru ,r sp e\ita .iog ula r r l dol, n. ' t r p s ut r J pr . a p"danl.
48M
S !35 b) pltt.lle se,:etti (v. li S 140):

, oll _ ilA._ lr i
:L -ic p -n!p oiir " ') I ' l 'n l
. , . , oj tJrurtr... . " n. . ' . 1, .
-j..
"| | ' ' ."|''|'.mp ||np 6'''h \ ! olha. : ! ' } ' \ po, - ' , . ' m ' |a. or l' h. .
rpnP'
| , r'tralslr'lplrJr . l" rr''r r s . r no p l lnol _ apq t 'd r "
In . "t ma r/ : pi. . r n"t , t d: Dlr ' 'r 'l r i r ' p ''n '^ 4 4 i I iin r r r o ''
' f l" pr'
I dr'.ri' d _Dlrp rn.r Lam J ' o: 1l li' " r J r n
13li () plural. france.e(v qi 141)

"s b' l"dr r and " " orJ" r i f '0 i ^ t t r '. t ''r i _
l ro rau i!l - lr liu! . ' l: b"' '
p ,""i.i:t,; no, , ' : , ' i. \i 5 " r r ' \ l r '. \ l a . F \lalarn I
n. , , ., 1"o, ' . "n", .
U$dirn'es ctc.
13i d) pturuh itoti.ne (t'. s.i i 142):

' - c - u. I l. -i . IU n | ' rr " . ' o r ' l ' : I hrzi.on., lazzrroni; condoll.icre. con-
d ,r r i I an. or bamlino, lambini; p|hzro, lalazz,,'
a!1oil.ada, ru[o:rtrad. el.c-
ObserrolLe
S" rlr,s^ r',nli' e uor-di. r,nLFiJFI'nnun:i- 'li t" rprrnin'i, !in-
rr\ )'s
;,rl ,rrrl'ri s,s .r -Jlr f- r'. ksr.l si 0 eea a plurrlulur -s's r sl.a
.
p/r S | :tl
l- i:i, t"i:rl h roalp sulrrln ;rplF lpr'rinr'F in - ,s a . trc r\
slrc eriemplu:
sg. pl.
I dsi:z]
*bavs I bcî :z:
- eritrr I kra,si:zl
iheJts t 0i:sEl i .l ,c!es l 0i :si :zl
(p)
ll \ \ur , r"Jsp ' .In a J, nri in' ,rin, m 'l' rrln buinl r" arr "ipJ "l'
'i
1,"rrr"l ru l luralul l"' ori!';rar. :r u , plur-l errgl'7 s' r' ruldl iir|.r' prcrL
'rlpl
,r doun lnrm" Je pl,rtll u'nr dihreoliel".a s-r,s:n I0rmu uncorr
'rr
z-. ., mli ol,i.a,rir; sa', . nilrara. .F"ldlld slrrinr' Inlo'ilj in-strlul lrlprir.
siiintjiic sau t;hnic. Numnrul acestor srbstantil'e cu pluralul englezescin
ls crelte neincetat, pe misurd ce ele se tnceti,tcnescin 1imb5:
S 1Bs n) IrlLtr\tc lali t (v. $ 134 a):
'qi
d,l: ldl.nna anl,ennas.rnlcnDddr rre'd arcnrr: a'cnde;
Isc, -a: ol. -i ierralizl.
n,unla - inim',1 { a it,, 1e), Inrnruld,; la.uno -la|unar' la'rlnad, retr'a -rcirr's,
rftir@. lc.tebro -vtrtelrar, vertebrae, ctc
l,s.-x. r|-.s e I h7l ' il: ""r r ' J ' r - . . 'c 'l r l u l r 's
'1 1 'u 'v l " a l " l ''
rune u,t. .n -r' q . ' li ll - i d l: olus a l' lddr o ir h i l l o p n 'r m / ' p D o l o r r 'r c a . r 'r " '''
DotJmir:a mL,.s. i' m bus , |' m bl h' . is lT 'j s l h m r n' l 1 F q / r - n , r '. - ( r '?
j' r. .;'"r.nn '},,r'|n |..5. ' |' L; ' n' l' 1' , ' _' ' ] ' U!' s ' nUi|! lr
.id rj q '.op ,'rs . : ir ' op s \ 'l l J b 's sJnr0 r rrnnr_
"J rt"olndgt . s J r n b r 'P s
nu! lp lnin u . i " 1n ,
'r-
' um u i s . ) r " 'r "
"r m rd rl p
l-; {'n r r'1. i1 J r la lrul"irrnb rn r_ -
'
cln|'"lrrn '..''rl]||'".'o ln|- ' ' di, al' ' oa! - r d|um .
cnr i.u lrrns. .d ni0 dd, dc c ennnr r ?- - d . , nr ' i m s . d , c P n F d r c t u a - d r c r m orru;
dllnrirn -cllh,\'iu n, r . c lr J nr io, - c r nr or l! n- . r t lor i' r m r , npordj
i, 1 e. 6 ; n ''r 'n c o m r r 'z s 'i r -
-rn11
s |' . n"'
int.mg d lu \rrrn- lr \ hx m . I \ t r o; ni. lus ole u D - d a u s 'l e n m s m a usorca, ai'
- . ' f r r , a", . r r ", "t u c r t t no. t \ - a r u t s / 't u '
,,"';.-
"";.ii.,i""r-.,
.,r1.rI"on n, -ii d,ra,r, o ,-e p-rdrur/ds- t1.,,r4
, lnd .l t !d ir p sl. 6 4 ' lb d ' 1 .
'lgallr
NTMARI-I! SUBSTANTIV]jIOR 40
','.. m'\i o r qi' a n' J ; n di r r I I o r n l r 'm - r I m o _ r ''

i'.rni "", n' l' I n r r i. f ill" r ' r o r n r m '4
, .r."i"ii"- ."..1-nrtns, mofatorid, rclirr.dlt -rellrendums, r'leFrda, sara
.,.a . ' a"i' : s - , - - . . r . n. . b"dr . p. r,r- p ^ r . , r i . - o r t r '. :
'| . .Jrd"n'.. .,', ' n. ' i, 4 ' v n' iii' r m j rml
,iirnr. ullimat t
r li ' r ' i o ' 4 p '" _ o i \ ''
' ; r'r. -iri r". -nB r"n . r ' ' i, " al 'l p | n d r r
. . " . -, ,;.ii,i.. ^ r- r ' i. ". i i ' r in , "r ' - d a r 'i '- 0 " " t " '- -
'rr' ,.;,..i '" " -
, r , , , r p\ o-o., r : '. .
".,i";...,.r..s',,-"'
rr:e,irLfl.es,' testatrlr - l,.statrix.s, ' n, , i.statri.u' fto.
:l' , . ' r . 1. n "r J 3: "ot r ' , - ' or t 'r : 1 .
q ippr l'
. I ip p-* 1 lnar "l "/ s l' r ' 1 5
'r
b) pllvale 1recetLi: S llo
tss.-ii pl. -s (engl.),-trttl: ||aumo- lranmt, traumtn,
i,,s. -onr lt. * (engl), -rl aniomat,n-attoDatons, atrtomrlai"il'cri'a - 'fite
dn ald"r ' . dr onlr * 5: m "- ''n l ; ' mdJapolia r ni ro
1. . -h.t.-.s . "^po
' | , lrcio iv : ne "^pol: s - ^' r opol' 'r'
' chrisalises chrisalddr; irls -irjss' irtz'c'",
lss. -isi !1. -eF (L'ng!ezl..idesl: chrysitis
sphinaes. slhin-
fs{. -x; !1. -cs (eDgle']. -gesl: lnlJnr - lrrXnx.s' larv.ges; sphint -
: : ] rinr slTrn \€i, sr r r n! ds . er . :
D r\ r h F: u ,rnp ".. 0, ' npue u loD, . a\ . ' opr r , . . 'o D . C J ' n l / s l r " "l' :
c) pluruIe francezc'. S l'll

l -, - . r . r ur r ' . { r ' n g l " /l : ' c (' )rl l : :o F , _ .d i " rJ;,, b" ad h" u l r' r'
/'
i "" h; , f J ' 1. .Lr r . o" r' p !' " o r - p l r Pa d sI.I' l P^ ' ' r p' " l n n' r - poa n' l n " d
r, lrou$.aa - tronsscaN.troussc4,., et'c:
':lrtrraniedu
(1.
) plurale italicne: s 142
cic'
lss. -Ni tl. { (e.glezl -el: auloitf{da -autost.adas, autosftad',
tsc. -e. o : Dl. -q an: . / 1, : bd dir r , b' nd: | . b J n d i , . , i io " '" o n ; r
-i glplt
(l lrr. ' al" ldil'i'1 n i, ilr lplilnlji c l' pllo g | '" l l o s lrbfFro-lrbrFro
l o d _ r 0 n . s o l ' ! ^ p " J _n -
., " 1r1 pr"-ro r_ d r ij s ' n. . / o - h r / o s hpt /
o. .o prin r i.mm l. m por . lPm pi: ! r r uo' o
^r' "d
c) pl rale ebai(.e: s 143
.icNl chcNl.(, .|crnt'rn ,
pturale asimilatcln limbr, s r{4
tVarialtn amer.: sanitarirh sanita.iutu, sanitarid

!{m J t ar alr ' : J iir r b l d rP' o re J i r.' l o T p
n ,;; : ; a \ ' o- . nin ,., rr' f.rt . n r In ' r' bLi al 1L.
r \l J i obi: t s e In . I .. \ L l o l ta ' o tu s .
6 Orascleinorne " - p
ale riitonnri
6lo;ni dc sitAurN "sfe clJdoP san c!.laps
' o ?t,.tu." pcd;nfi-(F T. w;od, the Crcuntaorhol EdstisL Gtamtuat'
n ,lt 5; ) "ir."
L o n d n-i:"i"; nr t ; z i' po n l .ex n s n o l ,i s m
e "t. " t ub - r oot t f d n o ri . n v :n o \n l i : Im tb i n h" " n! at
tal.a. nl, adeseaIn bioloqip a..dp.
:0 \re r i pt . 6" u; i n ,h ri , i r. l " r" s r S l 4 <
50
S 145 14) OouI formo de plurnl cu irleles diterit:

t btathtre i: irJtil
t,'t^ ,. l tup t ht pnt r * r . dli dps , ngp \ p, nl , n . p '. I \ '1 1 , . i^nIi,i. n 'r m l f , d i
t aceleiali comDniGti, societili clD.l
f .o{r i: vacil
A;d ' .\!',, ( $hJ , c . lr i"r a|
1 I
/ . m J k ilp penr r u r ur n a r e a o p d . . l i i . u r . m o n d d o r l
14 i.. -
I d 1.e { : z ar un,
. | :.r.r . es c Fn: i. od$Pni d. g. n i u ,
8 "1 "'- \ s 1, i"ir . . , 1"1, , .
"a,i
It ex es I indc \ ur i ln. dr ii) l
l id "" i ino, nat . n; t i" , " '': . i -
' '" "
t ,,.dilns f- medii (rersoanill
m.lit m I ndtia i.- .ndjroacC, (d€ _cu]llrarizare a nasclor ctc.) !ezi: aass
I metllt $r tuunrtudLa"
I t en, ;3 moreLle d€ clte trn Dcnnvl4
-'"J \ r... \ . ' t u' df , in pdn \
| sbfir i nrll.:lal.e ajo.cr cadre, !.rsonal al unor, irstitnlii elr.)
''tt-- t 1l
t
.r. ^
t
"t I , o. r \ d Lm u/ ll"
O bse r a a lie
a,lorh(: nat€rial. stoln, pinzn)are plrralul clrtlsa (: ieluri sau bucili
de stofe sau pinzi). Pluralul clath.s?(: hain€) nu are singularin engleza
contemporana:
The satesnansloFcd rs fario''s .lrrts l.o chooscr.om-
Thc shc Nore \\'cre vc.I smart.
'nlodcr
$ 116 15) Dord,plumle cu acce$qiformi, r'hr cu irrtelesditerit.s
breech lss.) l: (,hiulas'rrnei urmel, rl. ,f.c.l.r
brc{:lk\ (pl.l l= rari.alodi pn!'i h sru slb golxn,ihi)
cot ut (ss.) (: c!lo.rre), pl..onrzre
cotaure (pl.) i: dratell
catnpdss {sg.l (: r'usola), pl. .on7d$€s
.onrsser (tl.l {: comPts)
( s s ) (:o b i &i l , p l . .z r,o n s
(!1.) t: rmrL)
ddtuse (ss.) [: a!dic), p]. da'ds€s
damaEes lpl ) (: deslilCubni)
dt o" eht ( s qI ( .L r' n d " a " r l f.l . D l . d" dr' sl .,s
,o ,s n i c d p l F rn ' i n .,,rl j o D l dp
d4t ih^t pt i r" l ul
' -i nl " l ' r '
..dnmel
I Pt\ra1e1e Lr.lhr.n
ii ll,r, lnrL iorme lilerarc, dcntelc. .u exccplia $tbstantivului
,.arl'.n cn scn$rl dc .o,/4i.
rs"a.,rs g .niu . on dr g, r ' r . : lood er t l B, L; ,s .:^r.-b 4r.1.r t),L\a: q"n;;
ar' ) i sg . s,rr.. i po\ Fdlr ' nd nr J b" J F r i pl j/nta..
t Nd to '_ r . m ' r iJ
' L' d. " inr or ndr r . i '.Iul
' ,urdji/r' a m 1 +l o r ( p r p s i . r d 'l i o .
'a o'r 'h
lplpviziu r...il'.nla roj r ir pt . ) t i nut ' t npdt n . , r iJ loa ^ n m u l r 'p l . r r r m F n l p l i a r , r i n \ i
iimlnl el,c. cn accla$i inlel{s.
.'Ih / r , t , - 4t s , 1 m " hop"t . " lor In e s t J m p '. . C . n
I l.\.lqllr
Jo,r siv' m. t$,,
rL^ r " . . tot
1llF '-
rop J r ' r . r n, , pe + . J ' t er - e. \ J J " p a ; p o Ino;.dJ-d- i p' n1..
a r '$ 1 .../t ". ' ' ' .1a1" d; d ; un u d. i r . 'n .
5Cd accast{ '
acceolic, rluralul s,ueas arc si sinsulrrul star,.
€ r \',. J p; s "o"" t n, ' pr o- ur , u l o i : , , o f u l h l " 0 r . , l o t t s I k l J 0 s l . r l l " . 0 'l
tlJr,l",
(s r06,) . i, , t u" t k r r,,rD z l .
3 scnsu.ilc aralalc aici sht nunai cacrnDliliciri: e1enu .eDrezirfi l,ak intelesu-
.iLc substantivclormeDtiorate.l'lulrlel€ la orc singul.fll ru esie m;rlionat nu au si;guh..
t V ez i $ r lt 8, trn , 1 rl o a .
NUMARUL SUASIA Tl\'EiOB
i: sertnl), Dl. didr.r

1P l) {: indispersabiti,iznenc, chilol.i)
1sc.J(: nr.ct), rl. "//d/s
1! r ) L: 'f"c]p, brrnuri molile. imbrirtnrirne)
(se.){: s.nljmcDt), pl. /eeli,as
(p1) r : s r n s ,b i l ,trrtF
s u. s c e p t,b ,l i ta ls,P,
i mpi l i P )
tlarell), Il- f?dnEls
l:
t pr . l ,o , , r r hir n4 d" f lan"l. , . ln . p , i b l panr ,ton; J" flan"t.1.
' 1.
I rrtn li la L ic lel s du lJ alt c joc u r i r )
(: m ot iv ) , nl s m ! , dr
(pl ) {: ,i1i l. ' r a , n jur ul unr i Lladir i)
iss) (: soisoare: liierll. !1. Llr.,s
Lprl
1: dodl. pl. nau na
r!1.r L: nia'r'er., t)! are r
I rLiqr niil p1. _n/ s . i, , ldan, r l
(- ir Pr anc or F.lr Elet el
ls8.l {- nr iluLl. r l. m r z t 16
(- pro.,is-!0ral al unei |edhieJ
(: nnmnrl. pt. dnrar
lprJ 1: verslrr, loezrei murltmel
1==duerel. 11. tan?s
issl 1- parl.ci rolJ. !1. ralrs

lpl. )
is g. ) 1: r r p mi s \r, r/1 . r,.u i r' s
tprr l: io r.n . j m o l L l . i n (i n ta )
lsc.)l= Dunct e1c). Dl. r,,i",s
(rr) i: imu4
lss.l{: dulc,ati de irurrel, !J]. rr.s.rrls
tprr (: o.helan Je }roleclic) -
Gs.)(- sl.rt), !1. ru,/rc.s
( pl. ) ( : lo c n i n fi ,,c a n to n o me n l )
(ss.)(: chitani-r), pl. /adt",s
( pr l
(: lnapoierel,pl. rerz.us
(ss.)l= sami lmuz.)i solzl, pl. r.ai"s

t: baranla)
lsc) (: bucelicr. lracment), pl. s..dps
( pl. ) l- rcsturi (de mlncare),deFu.i {de mclal et .)l
(: srr€rtmol), !1. sp..rd.t"s
{rl.)
Lss.lI I r m n n . D .fi o J d i . d u rrl l i ' f.m p .l r.l , rn. k,,'
(pl.) L: t ,r,n " n ,,i F tu ti i , ri n o rl u ri : L o n di l j i l
(: un I€l de stoli dc lini), pl. ,rc€drs
(pl.) {- .oslrn din tweed)
1: a!ii), tl. rdra,s
16) Doui plur:rle, rrllul colectir, colilalt individual. Cilera subslantive .^lr7
au doud forme de plural: o formi este identic[ cu aceea a singularului ;i are
intalcs colectiv, adirn se referi la lold1ila1.oobiectelor pe carc ]c dcnumettei
caalalLi, eu terninrtia reguhtn in s. este ur plural irdividu.rl li descmneMir
'\'i r$ - ir I o ^lln tu t | ' n " l -..\1 ,' .. r' ' ' i l .^.l ..r,Ji -' 1
\ . z o t u l L i mao. t r i. ) { v e/ i: i S l i 2 b ).
, /dF?ls: Icluri dc ttrccd.
5! !r
dif.rile .)bieclLsau /cllrt d! rDt.lrt,l. Ilit forlna cu illrlcs coleciil-, cii $i cea
dri plu|al in s se conslruiesccu verbul la plLtral (cu c\c{,l!ir substantivului
ltuit')\
f ' ,r:l " i .. l .1,ri ,,ni i , traats l ' 1.' i :
r lr r l t,ri t rru .te , r, ,./r h , p; road" I
' . h4t , l , t . b o mb , -.r' 1 1 .o b J Z . b o mo" Ln n I "l " 'b ol r'
. / @ , s onL , e ri " " ; a l i i J s /.o ,t- g l o ,1 .

./,o , r pior c r , " . . g h i u l " l " . ( n ' ,rn -d Ji Fl
" .n a n
The ereny .(rn.u (.'r abandoncdin tlie lield. {Nil )
- t h t ds . ; " - d ,@ n d a p ti r-n o u " a p -. (rri )
T t o, onio" . .,r' u . d i o m h tp n .n ,y d ,p \l ' ,ol " l :n I. n,L' r,
\l\e t.it ucrc' ri!e. ll"na ts rvhal I like nesr.
E,tl l.esh tL# anil k€ep lill
Thc srll siNiee sl.or. l,as tuirs oI nll sorts rat zre corrjng nr drill
' I , r . , . or ,l y .r." .-t.1 " o r rt,e r,ta t,.
l' iuN. ! r nlei a n l l td n s c ri ,,e s1 P tz n s
l. - l u" " nl; J . /,,rs o . h " ' € f :. o r h o r' . ni o " _: :
The shir rlied lhc corst sth her ./,erls
' r n" v : l, ir n" l a u s i h ./e 1 J /." /r. C o ..l i )
_ll^ i, i . r " a/o ,p rrp ,rid l rk i r -
' o rd ,n.rj .t ' r' ' ' l l " 116
Tvo siotu were ii.cd tuon the irigate.
S oa- u /" d J d rl h ' ' -l l
' ,"r .j i i., d .. o i"j. .' ,. d to r r ..
" lJtr ' r"
,n |
'
s r+8 rr 5uLdr',r.iL^lplrlt_t.ol',1:\,1.i/r//,\lp'.in-. inr Llorr,lorn.eJelrL,'

".1 rr .celrrinr'1. - t,pr,orr.-- o"m"ni ..tdI.ilid .rul- limb ltanr'
tiar sau couun) Fi ou vcrbul la plurLrl:
''L i- n, lalt.l Do g, ' . r - A. ullJ l . od@ , b n : : s r '' r '
The r sftu stu r { lv ( ounir v / o/ , t / s ) .
T " rn Mnlo tr , : * bu"y ' ' ir o hp n . Eh l d t h " n '' l a t i in lr ti I'
1: lcmeilei birbatii)
,, t',.1 f m i' a , t P n ' r P, , n ..
t[. .,i : .t ] . h- , " , , at , / I . J . an l i r ' : i '.
F.ri-. .i .n 'i"eul 'r .1"" /r1A t ropur ' n'1. "7 n "h lin i\'l'
,unpu.,: lJr 'u lui.5 I 'r. rnpi. / rr' l:'n ,', tott t't lt muii /,//'
sa.r[aLltflIesrer'
sineir, t l/' songs, foLhstarLtst
j I tl) c) subs|anlil'ult.oplc (: popor,nalnr e) €steLrnsingular;i ore llulriul
regulat pcolrlcr (: popoarl], nnltunt:
.1 ,.orl€ .s masleroi ts own dPslinl
The ,;opl.f, ol lhc rvorld dzr lishling ror pcaoe
In afard de aceste form€' €r.isid ,si un substantiv ctt formd de singuhr
qi sens de plural, col€cti\': Itc Zrolle (: poporul, cebe,icnii)sau individual
(: oaneni lume, PersoaDe,famiLie):
r 1 1d , n fl.r"- r r ial. i, ' - e: r dr l .\r _' . ' r l 'J r . d r '. . " 1 '. ( . l h l h p l r i l r i l
A . olll"i. .'n o rn,. m . r : t 1" l ""t , k I ' ut ur L i r i l - , . '. ! F r o r l J .
l lnlcks u rrm dl, f ol 1\ !

,sun nrn tr\ut(u t ( , i\ : , ", . / s , , "ons t r , : p. t ", , r . ir g . t 1 - . r t ,rnddFspmn.dz,,olp.ti.
riial.ca ln tolalilaten ci si e;ie asimilat .d nunete de natcric sun ru lluralul cn se
r..r tJ "t"m"n p t" , om r jon"n, " it , t u, t i. or i' . v a/ S I I : d . b ) . . S 1 5 0 .
rPl r,rlu Ln l^ li\ : r anaa \ nlt . l pr ldr " fmid" p l 'r _ ' d a n a r r ' l . " n r L l
uJ drn l."r' rL ,., n 4 ( l' r 1, . \ 1 . /: la. ^ r ii . r, . PU 1- .r vojt c"
lr' \.:.n tatu ,. \ "t lir ", r . r "r ' lu": "' o l-pr' li a oorb' or drn
"t , 'u
tNL$ c (S 15 ll
S.n cri c d. t r odus t r al, 1r alas im ilr t t u n u ! n r 'l ! : d B ! \ a l o i c !
$ 1i0 sr lrio).
' rlA .RrDL LnL. tf lonl( 1.
p l .;"' .- r , , . , a/ . . _ p or" ir
" " t o\ . - r ir i ' tulor '
NUMANLTL SUBSTANTNELOB
T \ t d ^ --. ..,,u oDl" t 1, r , . ' l \ \ ' or r d f ^ '

"r . l^l e p o _ l 'b 'r I '': n
the \o u'- /,o rL ! r 5u' n l lr r r r ' nr r ' i li r ' ! i n
I $il lJ\' r.{ Ju o p ' \ "\ r 1 | a l"' lt
t7) Pluralul ln tul](tio dc s(lrsr' tlnele substantive au Ia S 150

-stngdar
.1" unul Jp .,;irrn rt 'hl;'dL'at' lt':,'t rrr plural ' rr n rh:i Intr-
"."-dp
Lej,'1i llul ';i,sub.ranlr\
rit Si neavind plurali
r - a b u rl , n l . d r, A [\]
i- i n q ,l te l ro l e ,ri v rl L \\l
l,uir*s I'c l t : !.x \.i l i c . i n trp n fi n d { F l , p ]. D,si nA Y s l N l
t - - ;tu u a ,, ro L n d i tc o l c !r1 1J. I' " tta.tl l i N N l
.e No n li in lo n o \"- .i,p r e r l. i ;rff' l r''l i t-d'l T"r\l
i: J d a c te r i a L s tt ;rr] tN N .l
i " o i ,. r ..' -, d r ' . l i on " i . l'1 1. o.l rr' '
i. n trfr..,/r,/s )l I\l
l- c u l u /i td t l rl ' \i r.n t I t\N l
1- ilcli.alcsii. lnldd.r), !l d./i.o{,i€st\l
i: d€ricatelc labs|rnrL.).1 l\Nl
r : i o c- rl . . rn s l \l
i: i,n;r' {.o1,
crl\I iNNl
(: lir de Di.), !1. /ui.s t\l
: pir lfolecti!ll l\Nl
.!,u : i N l rrtd ti . 0 i n ,, f\l
I'rl ) q h i a i ; { n tri n F In d t' ri F l ltN\l
i:
I r,o 1 rr) r ' rr ' l l ' n ' .r. | .0 4/ 5 !l
i: n o ,L a t: tn b .tra c It t\N l
(.- Ii ic: zird; .oinunicrr€, L.zr-i).ll Pdlels
i: hirlii. acte. do.umenl.c; zia.ei Iczc, comuiclril
i: llrLic Prrne de natoi',)l l\Nl
1: s fu rl l , l l s ? o //sl N l
l o ri .a i' .o tr,.. l trr 1[\\
",
18) Piuralc dileritc (u inlclos de sirrgulnrelcrtrspectire:r' $ 1;1
a) Nutn:le dc tfrol.fii si de pralnse nuttule {cer' e. zarzavaturi eic ), S l;2
care. ;rin insnsi natura lor. arr ir mrid obi'lnuit fofrli dc singuLar',pot avea
si to"';a de Dlli"al. dat cu o srhini.rare de inleles, irl"' 'Lnind in acesLcaz, oa
produsclor rospectrve :
;i tn l;mba rolrrenn. ,.speiriiale nl.rlefiilor salr
fol lons oil( \ s lul s
linos ifrs
. i,. "
rfools lsolll Noolls ste'is, ot''
(cl. s tL"/
b) N tueled. ndle,'ii desenln{)aznadescaobiectc confeolioDatesau for-
mate'tlin materiite respective: u eori sint lipsiie de singular. in gene'e lnsi
au alit singular, cit li Plural:
desret; pantaloni
/ld,ael l-- Iianeli) Ilannets l.pl \ \ ' tlanele lle .o.p -lcnnen
6 i ' , Losru m J. luin p d in llJ n' lel'
- t J t . t 4. l: r u"' pr d r ' ' r ' " n
,,.ulo n
';i;L:.
: , ' r"i | ;;:;i;' -i'',tt'i. : rp '.. 9'ro. ,, r',d r'1. pr ' '4bP"" sqro,"
ronn niil - d nl' r l, l I du dn nr s l! lr iJd '
clc nu rel)rezinfi rod'eInlelesurile sub_

'scnsurile ailtate sn,t numai erempliiiclri;
stanlildor menlionate.
'3 Vez is j S 146.

. Xa;;Diie 'strbsrantiaul,d,s. Liu..stc an llufal Vezi li $ t3 ti lr3g 24, nota t'
6 vi ' i ii P ag. 51, l
ôla
6lM
. ri4 (: cositor , lablli, t ir ic heal- a rt! {sg ) (- o.ul.ie de cons.ne; nn bjddn), (pt.li
/.,".d r r,f f , l dn , . or . r r ' . r , , ads t t . .o5t,.," trn .$..J).
.,"..d. t ntt a r.,J L, l o |. id. r f r , . t t ,,a,J. !:d.r. l,..t,ri .r,,
lyezi si S 16)
s r 53 c) .Nunt.:lr dc culati a| la phral in.t€leFulde ..nuanl€, tonu ale culorilor
,\1o . .n . ..t , j i. / . , r . ar t , . r li_r ic / pr . . .
I1e lorfs 10 pairt r|c rcds ind ,tu,i;oi -.\utlmn tcares.
Lnele plulale alo numelordo culori au inlclcsurispeciale:
. ,'.:: . ,, F ,, J. ..,, , ,t.,. ,a.
| o... |
,r /rr s 1:rr pr r r ' I . r I ' nlanir llr
i...ns : r f . o. t lol
,,trt..r l: liainc alltri l0idoni .]c ltan.lii rtbirl
i.rerJ i han'e g.i, panhloni ih llaDetil grir lxi ilmsiil
ir 15't .l/ Nurn"roasesubsl.antive absl.ra.tooare,prin nntura 1or.si t nerrne

r bi ,;iJ' ilip-i'ed" pl,,r,l,\",r S llr..rap rrrrr.n, iir,r.l,.ut .t,...ner"
t-'l'r.i.. .rn,.2J...'.trlr.l,,\,d:uI,i.ir,lural;i ,l-,-rr: ,l orrhl , n,
I La !1 ilil. l).auh:s) t- n lrumtrs tr. o leDpie tu{qroasil

a tdlh ipt. t|un6) t: nn aderr"irl
uh nnr i€.tue
d ,r.,nrJr .lpt. int.ttige,/.:) (. . intelig.nlirl
t!r. nEonn4!\) | o mescnlrrr.l
so manr* Itdzesr.s
:o n. . q, i. nl J um "n , bn r p r J l , 4. r "i. . 1 'n , , , r" r.,brt)
i 1,'t.r hrm ltr c / |, r r . i, ' I ' \ t r r . t . r pnum "r dt t r r
I iol,l him a ifw ,!d5. inuncmlill
c) Alte plva.le d,iftrite ca inlclar rle sing\hrelc Ns!./!i.rt,,.
Ir,l.l (: jntormatii, ftiri, coDuni.'i11,nNliintirj, avtci
(r,1. f: a!rc (lisLfai)l

lss.l I sfium dii tigarn; .ctrliri in, rtin,l,i. lomerlll
Ltrl i:.r:nuir-1 general; .cnusa xnri onr Dorl, n unei f6e.
ircendiatc); 1: ruine ris. ,r oJn.s .f a la en enpte)
{- .cnnia din soli, .iuin)
1 ,lildift marc ii linplii on o lrzurmirl
i:i:),'
pl.l i - (,azarme,cazimil
L . c o n d n i l i , p u rl ff. l i nnl .-Lirl al i l ,, asp(ci 1rl uri cl N
LeahnSs 1!1.) i : d i ..r!i i : !o z i l i u rd al i !l l
Lta.t:' lsq.) t- p o e c h e l d e !o L i .n i .hj . de .i i n1 .1.l l
Lrac.:i: LIt.l L: brclcl. Iientru pant{lonil
1,.cj l k J n i c n l l i : c a p a c i i al c)
ipr.l I l trt.n s ].l k a nl d ' ts l 1: conl i ndLl
iss.
ir)'l l :0 1 L c l l .,,j .l i d u frh i i ial i ., j du.ul i r .t.l l
.' : J
l ' ,.1 \,,r' r-r,.L l r.r rn,l I rr:--t-i .
.,i . . .r L U .; .. ti .r I t:.,...l .,,.
I ' ' .!.r
r\'rri
ij S 11 8 .1 1 t, l l l 1 .
4 sll,riantirul 6/d., are llLrrxllt ,/d..: ,,hundnrdsoI Dz.e or ta.l.idgc', lS t 2!i)
NUMARUI, SUBSTANTIVIOR
5EI 1 : s o l , r' 1 m i n i , tP re n )
i, t , L i i rc j d ' ,.s " d i n rrrr: rrr " n. t ' r' ' l i ' l \Ji ri I
1s
" , irqI L : o-t.
n o a r, .i n s t.l
, ." " i r.:; .l i s rn 1 i . !c i 1 rr I' p^r' rm' rtl r t-1rrJ ob' i '
' ' r,r.:' .n L i ti tl u i c d d "'m i . .ur5 sp.' J /' r! f.nrrr un
Lil.h icadetnic.)3
ntddtp aq p rsg ' \ FliL m llor i". m r r ir
'l
Lhe, VL dd k AsPs (Pl I1: et ul m ed' ir
. lPnr ' i 4 \ e r '! r d : l {' r i ' 1 l
ro' :." ,"r I| " n' ' r . m ' di
prort r ? {pl m l' , nalr r-' p. d' r r ' poor t r i r I
,c tp t -r' ns lF' . i m i ' ons i' Fr J :
r" p "L ! IPI I om J gr ' r '. P"' r "r
'tl
rotk 1sg) l. r nun'
: -. it" * g.,ipr ls g. . ' o; . i. , z inb r p l - " " b n 'r ' / 'n n r '1 a r l 'l )
r I J ni' r ' J - ur ur ii$ r l un r r I n F i n 'r ' l
.r bri€ky'orLs. n gasworks, an ironworls. a steelworks. the lrorks fonncil
Toate pluralele de mai sus se construiesccri v€rbul la plural cu cdceptia $ ll')6

*ribstanrivJlor larraclr li itorAs, care se poi construi !i cu singuiarul ci d au
sens de singular.
19) Pluralul substnntiYelor care trati nationalitatca sllu prolcnientr S 1;7
regionali. - Substantivelet€rmidate in -s. ,r [i,J]'-s, ti +rc au acee'rtiIormii
la singular ;i la plutala:
the lrognois thc Fren.h l're Iinglish
l,lLcS*iss th," Scolctr
Celelalte substantive formeazi pluralul regulat in -s:

the Czcchs6 thc RomrnidB tre _q\t'des
the Danes lhc Slaniards thc Turks
Sobstanti{cle compuse cu -man sa\l 4raman formeaze pluralul conform

regulii de la | 168:
an Englishman -lirglishm{il aDui. hs oda n Dulchwomen
a Scotchman - Scoich!'cn r \\tlshNoman - Welshwomcn
d Cliinanan -Chinam€n
(Yc z i l i S ti t-t5 !)
20) Plur&lul de tmirilor alc anin&le. s 168

a-) Danumirilede animale au. in genere.forma pluralului difcrili de s 159
aceea a siDgularului:
lic -!i g i onlf - cahcs
riuckoo gooss - gf6e
kippcr - kiplP8
rl e zi s i s r 18. 12 8
e Bd oa'Hoturt\ t\' \@t Hatutrs, lJa@tuB ,tsr: lista de iitlu.i, decoralii
h
{t , co D ief lt ede S u1. r u n \i ) l n l l Brrt. c u ooazia zilci Sale de na.ile.c,.espcctiv
,'ii,[if]r{,;i
--*,*ttl;llt$usltllg**l',:'',"
50 Mo
l6n /,/ l 1.lr .,rl.rr ti\" ,tir, i.... '..l

srn:,. -i :r t. rrL.'1. .nrj,t.r.u r.... .1,",i". , r,r.l ..It
l,-:\rt. ,j, atin.ntr. or.,
i' lr ' , . b, r , l r [r., i rp. .ou
1,,.,,,ai:
a nIDLrfr ol Fjlil ,4a ra.iors Jnnsl or
I I rt .
i, t in ;.
161 Citela nrlxrnnti'e Au o sjfguri lorni
({...J
rtrs. 109 a): l)entm singular si plurat_
srlrcr satnron
dcc. r.jndeer grrnrs tu.boi, ptc.
162 d/ .\lt€ r(artile u o tormi rle pturat cu inrele! cotecti, idenrici cu
n FF - rd inr ' , -s
ir utu i . n ,p " u .i tu r., d L " p t,,r .tng.ta
1i ^ _,1p" n:, ,;;" " ,
4 . r . nur Lr / r s . I,tri F ,, ,,," ,ri i ,l p i n d :\i .i ,ti n .t,a,i ., drnuni tH 6. " . "
,l.c hcre nnv /tsn in this rirer?

JI h 1. l?' . , n )q n t n i t! l t, rh : j L o a r.x
f tt.L | | 1t t r rl ?/ . . t r . h.
'lh@ d..a lit. /tsral on thc truc.
''." " , ,, b e, ..,1
4 .." t." ,1
^ ..,, r.. I
'tU Ltluts' at lhe CaqraUjirn brools a,, r..r rinf.
'.idr@z ruD ulr lron |rc sen aDd Uifrc o.,
atsol)l!n!n tt.\t, a ke pike &d..rs.,,
163 2l) Plualul substaDtivelor compuse.- Substantil.ulcomtruscsieformat,
i ' , : r "r ,li', r 'rn Ll'rtir i\ nri "if,Jt .i u, , u t. " r c c i , n u lr" ' " u , in : ", ^ . . r, -
r. n . . m pl .tp o r:i r,, .:.. r, , u r rn ,i a Jr a,ti a.ti v I,n ti ng., :.b_
'rF -l p .u t
slalri\-ul principalPturahrl
substinr,iletor,,,nnpi,"";n
a""rt n,ni s" t&",eor;
pu,,induse semrulpluraiuluinumajta subsrani.irut p riput:
.,,,r,- marllal ,ftdes to.bc
.oegn.\ gPrmar e?rs oI mail
,r/s arr)u.enl. /ddcr.s in taw
,c/-! s!:nel.l ,€i.s,at-ta{,
ra\y4ls ldlns-jn-lyaitins
r.rr€rs pltenl maids ot all-work
164 Cind printre elemcnteleunui substanl;vcompus nu fiqureazdun sut)
stanti\-?rincilal, se adaugir s la utrimut cur-int:'
r. l:,1d"11;
;1;::';:;'i1LT,:,1,.ii ",i:; )1,1',,1,4.mer
;r:r: ,',",i1 l
',oi;r.:,,
. *;J-,1':,':i:..il;.I,i"', ::i,i",-li:illl l"jil;:,:;:,.b:iJ:",.,'
l :;1i:::'{"1:""",:,,"i -ii:'it,i';Ll',
jil,':l:;;i-' ""1","r'i,1
i,'"i', r,t;; j.'"il
;1r;;',i',-;r.; ;i; i,,
".;; :,:;l ;i.-:iil,l.:,fl
6< : t . 14r . 1 1 1 n ,f.ti t.
, E, : 5 cAp.iori, ciutir.
3 ftr1s : slecii dc pilsirdy'.
trp m "b an . . ' , , LL. oI A r ood . n F r . , , / , ; , . j s
tFnn"li dredlals $rrat-noh merry so-raaali
pl'6-/o"fs young maDt,L{ strJ d /,o'Es
H - , ',a Jp ., p Jr."l ol pu", iD' y , r , , r d. . ' r ' I or l or I n . , r . , / o - . . .
Itpr "did -\ud np a.r. oi. l r u. / r . , . t , ^, pJ m . 'n r ^ . , - . .
- lhp $ df b ts4 r,, t L, . i/ u"r , f r , i , t , , I . dt . @t ,
Substantivele terminate in -ful qi -laadl tormeazi pluralut in,s: S 166

, up/,rrol o'oa nhr /,/. ni ton,l buLU"dJs of rriDocs
ha.d/,r.oi n1r r,ot&/sot r,€ ,a,/odlsot lkra
m.,lh/"1 .^ o _r r r , . s poor ' / , / s r . , d, iii1, , . .o.rti.odj .i touri!tj
'ar'd y ^t
$nY,/s or /rod?h
.a, Ud.ds oI rillagos
i.ainloods ot NeeLcndc.s
tnckloads of coul
Substantivul secundar al unui substantiv cotllpus DasLreazitn serere S 166
{orma de singa/or,chiar stun, i , inJ are spn"d. rlur;t s0; cind .sre pr;.cd0L
- un num"ralcu.ens dF rlursl, deuarp.F.ti',J.nlinFstctuncria de idr€crir.
',r-.,iind invariobil,S r;tlj. r.]n,,ne',.{himbi tr'pturet:'
a @o,n}.ush a D,oLkecl)or
lhe glore departmcnt .t ./,s slro\i
,",\? - b! r ld ns d /to a rr s l o D a thrcc'r.ac .oslune
sr? .lir t ins a i l ' h rl .s i r,l ,.n a ttn mt&r, liclure
. Fac_exceptiemajodlatea subsrantivclor secundarecare au numai forrna S l0?

de plural (S 118-129).,subsiantilolerare. inr,rcbuinlarenumai ta sinsLrlar, -
.,r I,U Fa pro.lucn, ..,r fr Ii n".t1rp , I r,, ., a.iFSForisuberarli\, te
^'rtuzir
'' ^,t,u.F,rir m.i,nulrccu\i,,,. i,, sfairt d, .Lmi,it" uti,irt". Fi.,tir ,- in
'' nr0i ha.\ent. ,bior';i .r,h:ran rrele obi_.r,uirtsr\ind .err" J" piur.l:
'lhe ko,ds a .\s.€,s r.ndor

Aiants
-\e l)Ibti. n ,/,r,i. I \ . r , . , r t ndn , p I n Ld . \ , , r r a . . O r j r i n i , . , , i o n
l' n frJr .n ,'r' jl'^ 4"". r n|' , , , t . r nir , t . i,k s , o n j r b 5
a umulicdtian s saL.ltiLe
an Indian /rrt,.s airDlaDc
rhe Cl,,rcs and Jn.s bishibuting Centrcs
t\ | | r-p tr lt n! 1qr s f , r bt . t , inj i t ' r L
1!e Lo rlor , ar i Th. i
,lpdrds Drhibition ol Ar.hii.eiitL,r-" ' P
ivezi ri S ,t5 :t61)
Substantirole compusecu el€mentul ..nan" sau .(tvomat',. - Cul.intul g 168
nt.1t san '&omanprimefte semnul pluralului &tunci cind €ste elem€ntul prnr
cipal al unui substantiv compu,!. Iiind det€rninat dc u adjectiv sau de o
altn parte de yorbire adj€ctivati:
bnsnrcssromdr -bdsinessdorua
t'hliqatuln charvomt
.ongress@ndl congless0ond4
l Cuvintelc
-/,1 si ,oad au devcnil. de lapt suli{e, i substantiecle ln compune.ea
l i r rora intfi sinL .dNid .ute r r d. r iv al. (5 Ji9)- Subslantirete asllel lormate erpridl
: Recura nu se aprici fn c;v,,i s,rbsianlivelorca: Getndn. Mlsstitun. \'annan,
-. na\ notuen, Tu.cainan,.at!nh, ra?iwn e1.,..,iare.deii ternin{ic ln
Att -mon. nu sini
llnrlirsc in Imna englezllmodonri .r $rnisnii{l rn(n.
llngljsh,,,rdr lhglishdln€n
louuadan lotet ,?rr
lr is hdo, r d , --lrislorttD
r nilk d! , f r n -rtj]ktranen.
n rer.la nt,n nr -!rfi : hant t , n rc.dlcrr.,ra, necdleito,'.r
Indidr@z: - lnilirri.z toli..nrnal Policesatnn
,{n rt arnrs -rrn rt rrns
,{n o i NrrJ 2. , of \ r sto sfom(r slorl.vro,zu
tGS Ci d s bstantilul t .att san Qamatrser\'esl.cDenlnr a arnta disiincl.ia do

sexr ln formel€compusedin,tian (sau .fo,ra;) -. substt$tif, ambii teimeni
primesc semnul plurfllutui:
rncndrilncn \ronr0r.ou'rilloB
npniolk l, s l
men nrilliNrs
$cnscfrarls
nr c D s ir gor s
Iirtmen nnLsnriars
Cind sribstantilul secLxrdar t/li/r aratn (lislinclia de se\,

semnrl ph1lalului .slc ltiNit n..rrlsi dc principal:
substtrrtivul
,dn erleN
,rt,r lix d cN d,-killcs
1?0 Sllirstantircl{]comluse tn ck\ncltul 'ifoot'J. 'rtootrh" sau "ntouse", ca su}

stanti\e l)rincitale,foimenzri!lJhhn ir !J. res|ccliv 11.1// suu'rr/r.:
la*t..l lor/i?l tti! trt tttJsleth
hnli /,,r 'I\\n\I l.,t ,lilli /.,'r, nrilli /rr,r
l.vt)ur. nrrntu.
lielrl ,,0r1.", -licli Di,
(lc .,11j.,lir. €lelinrin invariabile
Cind lrsi a(esl. substarl;\e au 1'alor're
$ 1?1
chiar dacir au sens do plurtl:
- t,ltrfr /oorriltrc tn'!h^.hrs
l,orD, .s rr'ri|flLsl! '?.,i/rl)fuslrfs
- /oorst, ps thnrtir\ l.,,r,!nrl's
/,rrP hole ,,,{sr Jroles
, r or . w, s ( l! { ak , r or r r s ' I r r n r i s
, r , , J . lr a! - - , r or : , lr a" s
s 172 Titulaturilc (omt usc.

\ 1:3 d) Lr tituldlurile in con,punerea (nrora irtrn un sulslBntil'determirrat'
- de ur d'lic,tir.r|Ic.,ltF pirii Je !'o$ilc adjettivale.substantirulprim$te
semD l pluralului:
nla, l' ..'mtr ' o n n ..:L t ' r't ) Ia h P\ | .rct
'
. t," o n P .' 1 1 ! r I r"'
' ttu"t .t" ' l {'\\ '0
,orraris (.noa1"1
sau iirre,r.rs senerul tl arlrs
s.rs€D7.s
cirrt{i,, ;r;naals zortries lnbli. sd,seanb_nl_la$'
.ltf!& d'alairesd .Jroeisllurorl,c strgeart_mdJ,.s
r,r.rild Dhd a = ={ s . onr f r c ial.

2 Ind nrrn n: \as . ar c l&0r t onr el! ur I ndi i l e
I otrrd. . \a dt, rirzboi.
a ',n,
Srtrr rn l.d. ., , , r ! .
I nllel t l1.
0r o, ,:l rt o4t."t-. l j q : r , ) +r I '.
^
NUMARUL SUBSTANT1VELOE 69
ultimul ouvint se pune

D./ La tilulaLurite compuserlin doun subs[an1,i1'e. .\ l7t
in genere la plural:
b.isadier s?a,fnlsl licuienant .olor.lr Loti\ Chnnallors
| ,ld. o t.a.o t. li- . T.ord lI /-"
tt' 1i'2 .."n t _. l. l\ lI a - "
dar d/f€dlorugeneral sau dircctor g'cn.J'llls,deli cuvhtul cnre a primit somnul

?luralului cslc 'rn rdjecrir.
.l Ciler-a titulal,uli conrlnrs€nu amindoi rermenii la llurnl: I l7:t
Iinlshtr Tenrplab Lordisj Justioe.{I-ordi!) LicnlcDarts.ct!.
l2) Plurahl umelor pmprii, l'hrraln numelol de fanrilic urneazn i 17C
rcgulile pluralului substanrivel.rr conure (:\ 92. 93. fB. 106). cLr c\ceplil
trnninnliilor -o ti ,. care se menlin la pLural chiar atu fi chd siDt pr€codnt.e
ll. ll(N $ lh. \ \ ' nllis . s is a ! tl!' \\nllirl

t|c lla lit r r t lc Co\ c r the ]irrli.J
ll! I . r lI s
t [ c ut r r r or
(lind numelede tanlilie estef!ctedal de un l,itlu se p ne sennul plufa- S f77

lulLri lia la nunele profriLr (in ]nrbtr vorbitn). lie la de unlirea titluhi (jn
timbu oficialn):
f ll,. Qrruade "/,u.sd (iidtba rorbiti)
Cortrade Jones I doadd.r JoDcs ilimb{ olicirli)
I Ca,nrad.s 0. Jones nrd S. Ilurphy
| | e \ I r . 11, . r t i n , l , 1 \ o r l ' t : . )
1 1t ". . - . I t i. t . ,. , h J o . i d r r
t llr 11r . . / , ' . o- ' . | | n r l J r o r b i i
|.rr".a,,",. r:","n ii ,,l,.'o,|':
I tl' lli,. .t,,.//, lli nbr \urlil:1
1rt, v: ," -mi,r, r,nb' ',ii .l'
, , ,., \l ' sti I t/.,u"".
\ 1. , .dr \ r.,n , ^
{ ,6 . i ,,,, ,r ,. v_,
lrali { rtttt .neus
1 lhc H{leI ,m/r/:':
lrirte :i sora t tho i,/,lr^ llrl.I
. , r " o, : - l l , H " l .L r'
Colon.l Crosbl - Llrc two llolonel C'orrtls
, ,r ^ ,\" 7 ;../r
L ,r .J r -i { n.- ir r,"..,,,rr. r. . nn , ,
P.oi- llcc{l - t.,/.b..r,! ltccd and Conpton
Prenumcleare la piurat s (sau s torrtc rnr in pri{lezarontemporonrl $ l?8

(s r7e):
our Uar.fs. our llll's s a u llades
t he l$o Denier s i! t h. t No D e n i s 'r
ln acelagimod se srrie pluralol conform regulii la prenumele masculine

,li leninine: Jefircls, Jerri6, Johnnids eic.: Ivics, Jennics, Judics etc, dar
,numele de luni au: Februarlcs sau Februar-Ys; Januari$ sou JanuarJs;
Juucs sau JulJs.
'Ii r' ri I r" r , "' l I i ar ' i-
' ir in( , 7Lnn, , . li, i
:.\.ti.oiu rrns.inrrc r , r inr r az nt:i liiat:: "IIah! B t o t h o i '.
80u
Numele compuse din mai null.c substarrti'e proprii sau dintr'un nume
pr.triu + alt€ cufinle p nesc semnulpluraluluila ultimul cufiiti
r - l' - "t H / . 1 { r ' n' r ' l' .r ll \ lr\l
"| - 7"n. l' L l HL- u o '- $ , r J
Tl,.I ue like Ja.k irlhc-ro&j
s r79 I r,ii rdopl" s..ru -s,r ., rr "l I,l,rr'l'rlri p"nrru jos F lirrile
'"iirori
n', .itr .uLqra,,l,\p, nr' un", da i .i in .azul numelnrI,oprii
d € rurbir' ,
"rp prenunelor:
frnilie salr al
Tne d.isq's havo askcnthe J',€s's io dniter-
Itc o.dciad three 7'0n and J.t.u;\.
$ reo Numclc protrii striinc au in genere,h limba enslczn.pluraiul numelor

proprii engleie;tli (vezi S 176 1791cu uuclc exreplii in cAzul terminaL,ici'y:
ilre l)uDotrh ihc Borsirs lhe Cnesia tlrc \ie.us.r ure llnlens€s
t\e lloi',.or thc LorenzoJ tle \cros tl,. Julios ure Apollos
the Sifili.s the I'i.olerii.r i1i. (uri.s the tiol,ti.fllis lhe nl Grturos
Ex( e p li{:
th€ l,ro C.{..li, the rlt./l/.i, l}. lnrt c1,..
s 181 23) Plulalul rumeralchr subst nti\at€. Numeralele snbsLantivate
scrise.u liter€ urmoazirreEulile subltartivelor in pli'inla lo nnrii pluralului:
Ifu lliilht:' lrYc.strr,s
nr t le lt r . , r i. J ol Lhc llt h 4 , . t u r v
|l. . , . . .. t/,.- r, /'
Thc gif ls \ r f r P Fr ilnis iu , r . J i n d
Tlt roNing (i.N rre il :rr.r and s/r/rrs êos.
1\ : er i ii i lll! . 1: J j 1 l i r i I 1 4 6 )
s r39 Sorisecu cilre, princsc s sau 's la plur.rl:

Yox . 6' r and 7C' i ir i s m r ids f , l l s i r , r a D d 1 0 s J
ln l, lie J o' r oJ l, liis ir ' t r r r v lsau ior).
lhc l16r ' s ls { u t he 7r 60 J l
| 183 24) llurahl rumelor dc litcrc. \urnclc de liter. prinlesc in g€nere

's la plural:
lJont roll ronr /'s.r
Sh. ne!.r (,mssPs hef /'s.
I on \ r r ile lt as s " \ it li l\ v o s . r .
Unii scriitori ornit insii apostroful:
\\'ril. "l.all' Niur 1,\ro,s.
Numele de litcrc pot li scris€la plural;i in intregime,astfel:
"Ll,c lNo e.s. e/s, .11s. .."s.s. eL. "r
s 18{ 25) tlurahl abreri:rliilor. Plurahrl cbrcf iatiil.,r se formeaze ad6ugtn-

du-se in genere un -s la singular:
(ss.lC.l' i: Gener.lPra(tili.ner) (plI C.P.s
r , \' l \1" l'. P: liar'rn | \l P.
., l .r l.jr'r,g [,"r.,. ' (pt. I c
"
lssI p ,,. 1: losicafd) hl ) p.r s
1r Tatu a\ti. J.'rl: lm l.l dc Utlttr.:i ancric.tnii.
" 1 m.1". 1. , , , , ' r - . , r ' i. J 'tl...:. , i I r '' ' "
, ' d,i l\'/.: i. ol i. lo ^r , : , '\ r 'r l . r '. \ l v . I 'i d l 1
io \ , nor . I b"r i. ' i ll i .
'1,., ,r' ' .\ ". t \ "t at a, at D. . , o1 1it t 1.1, It.
NUII.{RUIj SUBSTANTIVELOR 61
. I .' r'. . .ap itJl) r - ( r , 1. ) c aps

.: lL. = l,on r) - { Pl. ) hs
.!.r U t {: Nou nta , n) - ( pl) M t s
iq.l rol. (: volume) - (Pl ) lols
l: ao rFte ) - ( PI ) im ls
-. , si i: l,u nd .edlv eis ht )- ( pl. ) c s t r
s! I lb. r: nound < libra) - {Pl.) l}s
-t 1 \ 1r (: rArd) - hl. ) v Ll\
-
{: c.mtd,, ll - ll, r . ) ' , os
_! I L, R'. : t)ro lhF r ) - ( nl. l br o5
: ,.o i c" e r. l c al O r r : c 4) { plr C. S{) .
''' \l L r -\l"Li O l ?r ' \ lon I nt d"r , - ( p l ) \ I O s
. r. \ ' \.r.r:o m m n. i. n"d O il6r - / ol. l \ fl O s
'.O . Io 5l U i p. l' o! : 1 r pl I P r r 's
-. 1
' \ ' lpr
Lrii scriitori formeazdlnsi pluralul abreviatiilor alcituite din ilriliale $ 185
ii:r1ind's (apo6trof s) la sinsutar(l188);
,,f.\ \ LP \ N .C .O .' S P.G.' s
aile1-n abr€vialii dubleaze la plural litera linali sau ini!,ialn:
.r l u s. s au m s . ( : m i tr,s fu j p t)- { Pl) } { s S
L= t , aqr ) h ' l ) rrp . /o ' \ i t
r ol os r i I P d s ' s '
\lte doun alref ialii au un plural special:
.: \1 . : \ li. t r r r 3 L l l \ l l " s s rs '
. .. \ li lr " ' o l \L ' r ,m " '
r , Ptu r x lul c llnr i p.l r!i d r v o rb i ro s u b .l a n l i \a l c ' \l p l " rLi LIP!orl ,i r- s lE6
f or n paz , d " .b i " .i p l u r0 l L l c o n to rm rpgul ri ganp' el o , sub.
:' . - : i . d o r ( $ {11 1 0 6 ):
il.ir. nslfcr \rrs iem pf . . d t r Puhops * a. il pot s / r l {s t {A d ! )
i ,,,i ri..a voltr i/s'arrl ,rri (-conj.),oI you ilirs a;d ,'rl,/,m. ({d!.)
ll,s iil, I'{s"t till oi ar." and lr,'zs (^dv)
fh. dsiri€s .1 l,istorv. (Ad!.)
-ir,c ad's anil z,es tin Pa.li{dentl. {-\dv.)
a nd .oa " s,r ' \ r ' , gl' p, l Pr pr . )
-:c r:o ' d. . nr lr ar t l ( \ u m F r 'l 9
', \ nt o,L 1 ".,\:n j l. - r r oom ot . ' : r " _|" ' r a'
jr' s n ad la an inl"r m r nat l. " o_v oi id, / i- d , ', / . lvPrb '
''Ihe llower is oDe ol the \rhal loi onllrnsn! -a Eorrgy, " h " Nlai-crP. thev aE "
t rele cuvinte primesc 's: s 187

fd r- r 1n p..hd1g- ot I' o s d o .fo ' r d " ..
i l r $ a s leit ur oll t P rrj l i r " f,l l rro r"
l i -'. r p i\ ' - us " olr p n d t.l l s .n u s tl , P " ;a _ d P n ," ssa. mo.l npl " a' 1nl
L nii -.criitori tntrebuinleazd 's ca semn al pluralului la orice cuvint ca.e s 188
- '.tc u n s ubs t ant iY c o mu n :
't. l tt- : " l l r J o . r: fd i r rro :
''. .ri; r J Ll . ll" p ro ' i n u " o a ' ,Io u r rs r oJ,os
', l P . J nd oi l l i s s o rl J
| l pul up" ies{ ilI r' r .v r' r' tn ,l ,h -&.a r
i o r 'e $: r ' l; ' , 1in6.b o i t" a s a tl th t*
"
r nrrial : naiuscxlti.
!u ; s r u r lr . f s r s l a l .
:,:u d anr ( ' ! . ' dum l r.

;,lfl.lraria cnliit€lot.arc nu stil, dc lapl sxlrst{ntivenu s. conlordoazi regulilor
_ i.rri. sftst{ltirfrof: rort,rlrr';i nu ro..riLli.:; .arefulu:. li n (reft.Ui:s
', :;i l,rorrli
S i: 61.
62
s lil9 \T. CAZUI, SUI]S'TANTIYNLOR

OHN (ASE OF NOUNI)
ll,rl l,l'rrr.itlrrrlii grtrrrslo,-(:," ra n,rm-sl- Irm" . r p^'ili unui

,LrLLd.lr! .d,r j' . i'jru:r'- prirr ,:1 " '" rr'14 ,rn'rr0
I ' a , J r n n , n u pp li !!ln . "i\,lF',rul-i
l9l ln limbr cngtezne\isti loarte puline pnrli dc lorbifc care rlr aslezr
forne (Leosebil.cpentru diflrfcrlierei cazurilor, si Ace:t('a smi: pron&'itu'
,.t.'.t"t . p-.'tr"l" r,ro .i ''rb nli l J lr^nrlr'l l.l;ril o?'-.in
Irrn hl r14' u\-r' rprrl
'. . ' t t l t - . ll! l
'
i i l F .r/-J l a . nl
' r:ri " i n rpn-r'
.r l, r . ln7; ! r " . p ' n l r' r n o ^ In , ;.. l rr$ r , rr" ,
' '1 - l r' r rr' pu?r.rr I' e1
tru _S c ernr e s i d rti v )j
it il'
|1 )'l r bos c b i re d e l rra rn a ti c r rrrn ra n l . c| IIc 6rc .rnr' ) fazrrri - l romrni rl l \"
I, ir , i. I r . , . , ,,j r. l i \.r \^ ,d :,\ ' .' ,n.pr" .r," r ftl _a
' r ' ri . ' rn r i .. I i t " r, i r' ' " i r" ' fi i r" f i J rr
'l
m , r ior it ! 1{ ] a qr a m a ti (i c n i l o l c a o Io ti rn i rr n i:n| i nal i vul oi l i oumi l i n ci rnsl ! tnl i i
,\,rtri/ttlt irt) .)l Ad(Lr.ss ( noninal.irul Toc.ttil')
1 .,.t llll . , 1 ;,r" l l , ,, d a " ,.r: f tn .: ta,.t l l tr" i nl r' 4 I ct l tti
' pd' ' l l
, , , - r e, ' , 1. ,o .r' i \' ,,..' r -l ' rr.l ' r.' rl ' -.r' r" ,rrr' l l r'
( ldru l p ri n url nare. rLn al ci " F
rrri l ca crz carc::c
, , , ' ! oz t t ] , r . n l e D L rz rti o l d ln u e s te .
, , ; - r | . . . , r' i ,. " i r' n ," /i ; l ' 1,i r' ' 1" l r I
'
iL , t , lil i r ,
' l' . rrz u l p rr:p o z i l i Lunl si nl ades.ori re:ui i l c sun un
. i l rr lr \ d. .' rL r7 -i rnu l
-ri
sirNur nunre cdeNrir: t:o.;t abiccli; (Oli.x:tire (:.ts.) Ca ,sicnzul prepoziliolll1l'
r i. i , r ( f s la nu e s t€ u n (a z d i s ti n c t d e c e l e patru cnunerdto nl ai sus. cr ost' t
(rrzul fotrr|hmentllui (liroft. indirect sau piepozilional- dupi cum o arat'a
inru,.i numclo s:'t culnrtul a/rjeciire. vcnind de la 0rj.d. eare tnseamnn
.,"'pt""1".t ii\\,r (Dic,:t Objai)' ind:trecr (Indit\1 Otae.r/ sau pfepozilio
tJ ( PrtposittonaL 0bica ).
s(1 ,.1 ; S Lr bs L. an ti v e lae' i d -o s i n g u ; fn fl f pcntrD tn.te Lfl urj l e i rr afrfi ,l e
, r " , r ul r r nr f r ' , ' r' u n " h J e " o : " on," t' (( onn' n .o: I ru" nFr n" l r'
\iorare intrebuinlate, cr sau fnrd prcpozilic. si$ de,tumirea (le. nominatil
(\' ezi !i 197) (l azul co un nu
! , LLir i! Df eD. ,ti o n a t..l a tn -.a u a r:u z a i i r ..
u' ,rz rrrp r r..,i I' l ,r.z i ' unIU r ,' l ":lsi zrr IF rr si nl ni l i " i F'
I lt)1; 2) Dccliuarea srlsttntir[lui
(oi rl,.l lirs
(to ' l h .) roy
I tl.h itdt nhn : |L: t 4^t ilnli. s lli or i, iD . u\ i r l i l t r e l t n i r t r t r x $ n s h f t i v Di loaio

ll: r rr l,mn uri.. u adic c t iv s nls t ant i t . r n g. r on d i r . u n s u 'n i t i n l i t t r r b d n n i i n i l i t , o
ldirriunr. r..c!'! si o lroporilie, o t)nrtr din {oeaslr sau o nfuti
:vfzj
s ll lit .
r\i 7i S 2 r l3! .
! \'t,xi s :r s .
{l
Obsetralie
\.easti formi unici pentru toate cazurile - cr.r cnccplia ge jtivului S 197
:.\nn - se nume.ste fatma cam nd (ComtnonForn):
/ \ . 4.) ' l h r" ' $"i '"9.
(Ddt.) I garc ilrc" l,o! a p.n.
G.) Na.y seesa Drs in il,c ga..lcn.
6an. ta .:.) Bo !,6 n e l re re l
Cu prepozitie:
/C.D.) He is a lriend of tLc bor ne\t doo!.
(Dat.) 1 sa\e a pe1 tu nF boy.
E x ( e p li e : gen i L i v u l s a x o n :
TIc Dos'slci is in I'is pencil-hor
NOMINATIVUL
1TUD \OIIIN,\TM CASril) s r9s
1) Defilli,tie.- Nominativul este cazul subicctuluil, al numelui predi- S ltt
,ti\' .,are deterninn "qubi€ctul (rlunc prcdicativ mbiectir' -. Suliulitl
,,,,tl.n1.nt)$alapoziliiloracostora.Elrist)undelaintrebnrileutro.2(:cjnel'l
.:iifr2 (: carel) sau (,ldt? (: cel).
'I' Iu nr lii. \. . i n " ti ru l h r i .r' ri d J p ' \ 200
r) subicctsau partc din subiectulunui rcrb la un rlod personal: \ 2(ll
Tl. 7 . , r ".
' "Il o I I
J,1 , " .r t 11, , 1' orh'nr ! ' a'
' m "I l\
join d I ool.r r \ p .
\ll ihlt n.rl ol .drl, {$ i,heirs. '
,, nurrlo prodicatir. care detcrnini subiectul (numc prcdicaliv suL;er .s 2ll2

ii\ SulJjutit,e CanpLcnent)|
Shc is nr otl,.
Thc nc\L ii,ctu is l,lrc iDLc.laLional radio nriir.
Tlose Fho died jn the cause ol ihc p.otle ale l...es.
,:, apozilie sau parte din apozilia unui substantir (sau a unui echiralenl. S 203
il acestuia)care srn h nominativ':
-{da, l,is dazgnr,/,likcs my novcl.
This is }cn's trtcl\Pr, Ired Pork..
_ _ Dr. U.,. Aaad oi Ure English Dptblnent jA urc Lnife$il) ol Ohann, is now in
d) subicct al unui ljnitiv care frce part€ din prcdicat in eonstruclia \ 20I
n\n\iti\ nonirltit, cu infini.tia3:
. r / t r i s l p o ..J o D c o o o d .r."n..
r I " r , , l. ," d " .r.. / En'3" rr
rl h ," ,a .i ,r,, t v.
e, subiect al unui parLicipiu prezcni, care face pade din pr€dicat tn con 5 205
slr'uc,tia numiti noninatie ctl larticipiua
c/. \d n o tn p ,t /d q n g , L o .- . a r d:$n.
1he .pacc roci.:t \ras s:rtched sodring jnto th. sl<J.
l lacc cxccptic sulic.trt h razul ncnzittiv al unui rob la o lorrnir in,t*sonrlr

sa n laf t ic ipiu) lS !5 0 rr).
linli n?i ti\evzi
{ : 1t 39 b.
I Y.zi 1ljt 5.
' a Yczi S
51i11.
04
lorneazi fon-
$ 20(i subiect al unui verb la un nrod irnpersonal cu catc
ttl1
r\\tr1ilrd.nom;nativ absal |
pl' r r 'd . 'r 'I o r 'l r " fur
\ t . d' p ' i m o r ar io' $:
-ih"
r' J"*," ;;;: ; . , o,' tron,rr'i nr' rr 'rr'
",1,
T'i;";ii on the $irerss.I don'c" on tonisht
'aizs &tirul-locattv
s 207
-" 3) Nominetivul Yoeativ ( oninatire of A.dbess) - Noni r ura nir
ci ^-denun€qte o liin,n sau un rucrlr
- *i" ;;Jl"bstantivului
Is lhat You,rdnd':
An". < ' ; P. . 4: ld" n s l Ft " € r P {o u '-
ri,.y,i*nT r,o"o.
::, ");;t,i:r
f",; ",X.H",,' " ;,,,iro
Nominativd 'rocatir'nu are rcl sinLactic'
{Voziii S 1e2l'
208 GENTTIVUI'
(THll GIiNIT{VE C'\Sn)
::Us 1r llclitririe. CeriiIul."z Ic'rib'rlul'ri -\prirnJ in ori"'ur rirrdr'0''-

pnprira i"a 3r"F pr;rIip'llri' l'irrl ' /'n'"
'r r L 'pb- '"'pund";rr rrrr' .f
i,-i t"'uil's"r xl't h t
t "l ur.',.i 'ltot
e\prirrln dile-
210 2) fi c.tii.-- Genitivul are {le obicei tunclic de illrlx'rrEl
rite r,rpL'rtur'i,dintre c:rre cele rllai curentet sinL urrndioarela:
i1l a) lt)nitirul pos.sie ('the
possesstue GenitLte.'larata pos'rsrunea:
.lr.h's t..is ihe s'/@'l'lillrcr1s rcd ties
iliis ,rr""r""', rol."" ilie d4ts kitlcns
alrartenenlci (fhe G'nitit'c erprclsi(e of dc|cnlloLr ) attiii

r ,l'l b) ! titittl
aparlon€rL.a i
UrP \lrtt , / lhe .drr tltc k'J of mI
'/'ar
ftlutianritip ) rtt\
\ ll3 t) lenilir L i raditii (fhc Genitite lJ2rcssingf&nil!
irrudirea:
.U€5'rsor Urc tr"0's' NLr's
the sldo{ o/ grcat
^ 'rir'.
"- *i,ljlil:li:{if"i'J,i,1X1"il;,,[,',H,;1ll#:i'::'
s,'DeLo.lv's adni.n[ion
rha .lJrirg af the bdbll
fi'r#l#,"::il;:l:
"' ,'","1;1.fi:i':"11s'i'f:ill?:,1{li,",;1'H""
r0rr ho*er
3'[i:i;"r*'"'ifi:i,"," f:J};i']'ij"'t?''!dffi
r ii r'
;#l;r' :ir"iiri'""'i'i'i
rr''-
i': r;:l
;'yli:l; ;+l;:il:'l;,'
i.:"iii"i;" r,, ni |,,,,irrl
"i"t,..., :,:.iljlli,i,;,i.i/1li;:
t!;
p \n ri nrr ' n1l ' l pm^nrul /O' - e 216

t n ttiLr Lt ob: t ir I th O b i t' " G n i ti J " t
L ,l ' a l 1 ' s u F n ' r -rbr' r:
,,';',i .,' 1, : ' ; ; ' ii l"
^ ,i !-i n " '"
,,",," 0f I ri*IHll:jl
x;,:t:i,t{,ir:'i ;1"*Ji",i";li;3:fii
i" n{ f ! hlY
l)ur is hm f it
"'
D60iptit'! Genittu') (les$ie sr$Ftrnlivut S 917
f) linlti.rnl rltsrriptic('Ihe
""'
ll'i,;lr':'ri",,i"'"
1,,'liljlii":lJ:i,1,i,,,,,
"f,iirJ'
i;l'iii,ll"l'jiij,""-,,.rr,"';?1fi
tls
Genitit't)ayil1rlroLniuneisinrple \
':) lnitirrl alra:itt'('llt( t ppositit"'
proprii substantivuL detrrr"nar:
.p,,;il. l.,ri'i,r,,ilz"aznprin rririne
lii:illi,,il,i'";::ll;-
!i:'iiljil,ll"lj,lilJu'*,r
c{r:' l+'|rP' In l'r'rr'li' l' t llf'
l,) - rilt '11 p'ttti!:r t lh'Pnrt;t't. .1;r;ttr
' rl i'r/rnrr" l"r ri:
i"',-r'1.'.1,.. it Jp|iri\ ia l; rn'l ir'r'purrliH'r\i nr
"'i'l'l
i'i''iil,'l",ilil'i:f''* lll",'':i'i["li'Jl""li
(Tht: {;t/titir' of Gt1tLalkn) S 22u
i) y itiral itl]lttunll]tnal. sul'trlutbtllui!
crprimn rroliunea dP suferlatl\ :
|i, '.', '"it t',':,;;,1''',"';,-'' '' ' '' " ' " '
rlf r"".. ''.,1 l t . ' ^t ' . n
-
se tratlr(e iI gc ere in S s2l
;l) l'r.rdu{10re. (}lrnitivul dio linba erqlezi
pu'l:
-" ",1 r orlAld
liniba
et!): q 22t
*'it" (ge itivul posesival apurteneDfi at inrurtifii
""
l1''i.ii"":i'o-r i'l:'i,l,",il{"i''"'""1'ilfi
i "l,i.'f,ili'i\i.,.,,r l!i"i.'il"ll^{.ii'lj1;ir
I !13
.?f + substantrv(sc iti\. des$iftiY):
,, (|(n,struc1,iR
n,",r i:'ii;1"!Y,"il""i1{
il'l;l',J"iii," o'0""'''"'
i ll*rl.-;:',;i,,t,, I'j,l)ilii.1'";.T1".,"l'
l),;il"tiili:i'5,",,.,l'rliiii,i;l"ilt",
f1"i1,i",li",ll',,,')il'J,#ii'lii,)':"lii,,'!"
\ 22{
..1 fulintele ilinir', din (parliti{) (selrili.|-lariiliv):
'''',,1'"'"
;';,--"",, i 1i'-'" ;-
'' li i]"i;' "',", 'l 'i "-"
': 1,,::
'',' 'l' 'i"1"'
,,s,niri*,ui
r:1rirn,i
i)l ,ij:*::pjf:,,:i?1i::r "',.."
,i'lli:,',i,{','3:1ti"l;,,''
5 cranratica ltmbli e'gteze

6 0M
S 225 dJ o apoziti€(Fenitivapoziriv):
thc Isle o/ Md? the dt.v of RuctL at
(: hs'na ltanl l= ol\ut Duclresi.i)
thc monUi o/ Jondf, 5i.. "rdlr4's Park
i:lnDa innudic) (.- rJarcut Sr. Ja cs)
S 228 cJ un adjectiv (geniti.!' dcscripr,iv):
r : , " . - l o , ,l .,.
.
I , tt,. | t :a.t.
. i rd e i r J.ir 1 to , tr,i _.
S 9P7 4) trolllll. - Genirivul are in linba erglezn d.a d fart .l

,\. !.nitiral s.oor (sau ft€\ior.f)i
B. gti;iti eul p-epa:i1ionut.
S 298 -{. ctrrtlrtul s,rrxor\${rJ c,tZUL pos}istr

(?riti stxos on\rfilu 0n posstrssr!}j
(,tsE)
S 229 Forlrlli. - Cenirivul saxon. nrrnjjt. ,\i cozul posasi!. ceniri\ui flc\ioxrr
F"L,gpni iirl .i'r" i . . . r, , rn : : r rr| ,.2 ,1 ..t.r.,iri,-t.r dir t:mL1
r0rm:1r, fln ll-1,In,. -Ll Fi. n r;mJ.itr r \,,hirlrii ,,F iri! .,.0 . -r:t,./a
$ SeO 1) $ingutar. La s;rgutar. r:azul posesiwsc tormeazn adilldndu se s
I"porllul \), la lormHuH nu'nirI ir .i,,:,u11', .,r1. , t,'jr,"" ;rd.l.t ,,. t, ,.1
subslant[rulrespecti! s.: tontind sdn nn Ln -s..
tn.r .d ,p's m.mllN
Si. ?r"Das'.c f{osriiel

C/d,,rd.-. r Lr(rltoir.dia
,i.ldrs's atrd It'.rr's riol.cls
,ll.! s fransisto. radio
r,' .r's hools rlr .trn"nr.s herd
otr. s,',se,seAss Btan he';' .t)i1\j
th. Jel8.'r lerd4t .tu]/fr,,.riim.latrlc
tli. huEe/i.n s lail
Er cep lii
s 231 Primescn r, 6i ,rtu!trntul:
s 2I! 't) substrrtilplp.r ,aror srlabnlinaln nrri€pctti se teniinn .u suretul
. _ ! iu
trj tz t:
C..esls' lreasu.s lsir' tfrnjrla
23e ,J cjtel'a substantiye comunc tornlinate ;n s,'netut [s] ti urnnte .Ie
curintul s.lA.:
I'r .ozfdrt.r..' sake
ior ,", ornC salc,erc-
231 ln nczr,l.lp t€,;. ctro.r'ot.l ru , .,a. bl,:. tori,r: tAa^.lJ.i ,,rtir,t. tc..
eulor un,n-; il in,r.oJi',{' d/J rlt, ori nu. ln itr i . ,.i: -,
tor g,od,.srsake tor ..ns.i.,.. sake
ror.on'dn,4.. sak-A ior tL.lt Dffite sake, ell.
. 1\ ' " . t ,f J " n ri \ l i -n , , d" J:r-: ., ..b.tJrt:...r | ,,...

rn , l. , 1T r r , et nt ar o .d l c j ., d rs !.ru rr rn tfe l rm D
: T p" m r n, r ia r.r .t.i ' . .-
t,.1 -n \ 1 ,." ,,rt.i ._ d,rt ,.,r.o,n t" s r,J. t. ,,Jt ,
, l11' , r / p s .
t,ru ,n n ri f!to n rl l .
O b s e re a lie
.i E 235
\un,-1. proprit ' in 'ibilJn l .ulrrJt' da si// -..--,,- reguLu
-,h-
'm in0lp rn sibilnnrali urm dF sd'rr se supun
.' .',Li*i;;;;,;; nnrFrminaro
's (apostror s)]: "P
irL,i.n" ladicd primclc
Ior ?/dnas'ssrkc l:""i#lf,'J3*
Iot Ar;'€'s sake
iii r.l;i"i'";t" art lor o"s sake
sau 6n1i36- lcrminate-ro $ 236
GonitlYulnrmclor proprii striinc - moilcroe enJl'z"rlir$ 2{r' zJrr:
.",ir.Jti.l- i"".i" i,r,"rariti" secon'porra
'a ii 'alF
cgg Il'rdtl'J's l'asks
C'ilnDlst
i:x*f*;s" iltf'[a:i:"HTi4'l
p;no;tnces'6 oratioN
house
-Eaaz'sr
i'*;*'"*::l'" d;ii:""qlilll!4:"-"
kingdom
t-,'t;;;;;'r"1" 'r;;r's'
s *t
\e,"lir":l':l^.-':ir:li,T;.,TliJ,T.t:If!i^r".lii"l,'"'""1
iiruarie
\fpsati
fn hr/' ) si estolncntion€LiarcrlAnlru cr
cu €nql6za {ormala sorisi .
\tluJmente ins6! pantru P'nonr€ s( omiie arit tn scris. cit ti oral -s.
"--,- -?
(c roru ' rcni s 'r F :
i tlii i'ii i " r ' ii i ''l 'otulmanri nrnJ u
Pn4ebrs'iame fler'L1's' flub
i"'"'?"'iir'ii"*Pt'Y L''nk' blrth
l, . t d' s' c o u ra g e _ A/u rr1 J 'atti l Lrde
IJn i i a ULor i' P . ^f f s n d a l n L fe b u l n l a rF -l g F n ;l i \x l u i ' pfA pozi Li onal l nspeci Jl s2:| 3

r, pr "p ;' an r i'c lungi.'ila celprprnindt"in " : z l:
","lli. 'h " $or lq o/ ?4 e7 L' ,
' nr P"in r t ' ' Lt Ht PPa"' t "
il otd
239
dp cFniriv sa\orrepini'a Pi11 S
L, ulrimplpdF.cnii s-a In.rrat'nrr iorFa dpo'
, " 1 if i; ; i i ; s ; c s r d .r" ti zaprdri ni n\'rrp b u '|n' ar ' 1 r r or ur ' r itii' i.,",- "Y1""'
".,,i.i.,"1i"'r. r".;i""'" la'insulit ia r's"r : Pronu.trriIrnqrurlrrnLLZI
nr€n!inirdu-seinsdi
thc ac'r'st' | €ktrsrzl fa'r'
t'he rzi'rss' [ $ertr$tz] I 'rmrc
JIL
:, J a" d
'rm/r/
il'''
|"1i:ri'o'r"r"'*''"lriil'" u
-" S 2{0
se formeaze h do'rd moduli:
2) Plursl. - La ptural, cazur poscsiv
se adaugi apostroful firi sr S 911
a) ta pluralul terminaf in litera 's
her ft;r/ na " tp h ' P l -'
; h i ,;j '
ii'* tuit' ' .i r" ' 'e
B€rnelr'- rouse
in lilera -s se atlaugd 's (apostroful

s): $ 2{2
l) la pluralul care nu se termini
run'! hais gff::i i:iy*
cliildTeD'! Eanes
ltr aceirst;lsrttra
I In lrre'a pmnnnlat;l ca i mnnne$ sc rornl'rt'i
-F&uztlrenlsl' ''
lj.. c:r ti sibilantr :.
213 {lox{tuzie
"s
Cazulpov j! se fonifazn:
1t l,t ,s
"in:.rt.ltr.Jdrx,,ii rlu ie (apostrofs) iir io.rte subsianli\fle colllunt,
. u r'-oprrr..l,rJr 1,,,"1, 'rmir s.
' - |r
244 Erctiplii
"s
lll substanl.ilale terminHto inrr o sihhn cnre in(,cpo ti se termini flr ,;
,./ cttcva substantilcteminare in sunFtuts, ulndte rle sirl.:
2) 1.0 ptutdl:
d/ adiugtrdu,sc atostrolul fir:i s 1a pturatcleiel\rrinritI iI r:
,, a,liuqilldu-sc.- (aposrrofr) h pturiikte rerft'lntrrat{, ir .".
: lt . nlie !
s 2Jt S pr e r le o s e b i l ' erl o l i mb a ro m6 rri , substa l ;\ul i n cazut r)oseri 1,!/.a,/n
' , , . ' . laof i, , l' r r,i l ,.s -,l J ' .," F ,.rtc p rn ,,,i . t.tJ n,l ,rl .,r,. l , rrr:brr ,1, .,t-.
lr nl, r c pr F l r ' ' | | | i urti rrLl ,.,,\,,,r (.ub
' ,..J ..\.' l J ,F d .,i i r,-p :n d u-.,,' r
stantivul determirat) Ei co tjnuindu-se cu cel sau cele {are il preccdi. in orrlidra
apr ut , i" r ii l^' d - c l . SF \a ti r,F . b i n ^ i rrFl FS .." j L,a J" t,,r]tul ,.H cuL. .r,ri v" t,.
J F l. ' m ; nA nr F s l , i l u i ... ru j ' l ri b u r.l e l ur un ;rr,p si .i ;rJi ,.d ;ndr,.,rh ,i . i
se aplion in {cest .,az u subslanri\-ului deramjn;ni izotar. ci intregului grrp:
nr"r clder sisre/'sl.lio trer lalc n,.\rnd,s D-d,..'s hoNf,
r " " i. . ..f,,' b r' ro ri r.' l .,!l i r/r' i -d.b ?,r' .i (p.rrr,l ui ri .o
' h / , r r ," , ri .l o ' . 4 ,..,,...r' r,-r,h.r'
I j' r ' ir i i h ro i a l !,l fi i l o rl ( nerdut nt\.sri ,i l i i ,t,,i tl i R ol ,)
$ 246 f4r.'s !d..nh' risilr
(: fizit.a trirnrlild tui rinte)
ia217 Subslanl.i|ul determinat nr esl. pr.1:.:dar tt.i articol:
the tost,na,is ,ln,rn (nd fostmn\ ,nc knook,)
thc flrildr.ns h.q t ls lt\t .hitdNr's ,t. .e* io-rs:i
S !i8 Subsrantilulin.nzul pose.iv poate Ii hsn pr€cedatsa nLrde.rrtiroll
in lun,lip rnr.l.s d,,r n; arun,i,ind i,"m" pror,rirrta srnq,rl.r,:
'lp ".rn "n
( Puttlr inltcbui lafta a ircLuLuit:n nnmcle proprii, r,r.:t,si g 463).
s :Il (l:rzuri speci:rle

$ 9.',0 . 1) Glltpurile de ruvirrte li titirlaturil€ conrtmscau semnut cazului poscsiv
adnuqat Ia ultimul eu\-inj,:
Ih. ttd! Llforc\ pat'pt nr, r&ri.r-t ldq,.r irords
tt. lais and a hatf': ntlar t.li rdnr Cltel Jr.-rnr,s {ddnss
in a n ilul e at e, s ii t : nRs i t I i d n t t ; t h M n e t u , . r o t h e f (ta,LL.l
tt1. i.:tt Lraan Ankticatt ireokt ua,{ tirehani: t)jrt \\orli .,lfg! lrrl |,s.
.Tot astfelnumele (de pcrsoane,dc tirnre erc.) :rloiilujtedin nlî rjrrtre
i^ nt:nr! I III': L"jgn th,, td;roz Co.'.r r,$rds
09
.t) Cnrd doui subsiixtile lcgokr llrin 'axal" r€prezinti pos$orii aceluiatj S 2l'I
1,. 1.'.r,!'dl crz,,l\rip.sp'i\ 'F a'l'rre" la ul imul 'u\rnr:
\\'lh ri- arl 1 1 .. R.t' o to v ,o tn l n t -
1.t., . . " t t ! t , ",.d i/o " ro l.s l' r ^ ",r i . " n'dbor'l
Cind insi obi€clul nu aparlinn ami (lurora.se spLrne:

\1ith llltrv's rnd Jn"r's ,!mlliments.
t-^';rr. J;ri'" and lrihor\-$o|lts iluriLri indiridual'i
'r ttlori!ia priip.l. s'rr'rrl 'zului pu

*rv I t
"' hl: s 25r
,,/ Par F inlr . b' r r nLor at t t ht t ' P l u 7 'r r r ' Ii de obicei
' lJ,u :en ili\ul '
i I' rr1ljnlul ei cuvint:
TJ,.a ,r l r'r rl ,t; l' n\ "
H,,\'1n u m ll rs'r / "r / e h' F l - d '
I {lid t|is lo. JuPs ,z? amll,r. s salic
Il.r.I llII l/k nins |:n!lan'1': munr'' \ilfs
"f
bJ dacn genil,i{ul€ste inlr€buirr!,alpredi.tatio. sclnnul losc"qifitluj S i)i'3
e.rc frhit rlc apozifies,ru de determjnar:
s,tbstantivul
'Ihcsc iro15 a.e Prt{ ln€ ,'/.rs. san
Trif$ bovs dre /.r.f'r lhe .nrtft
'l he aPro; is mv sister ,mirsr's sa u
'fhc almn is nrl sisl.t'J Emil.r*
cj Rareori, scrnnul posesivului se giseDtela ambele substallive: 2l'1
"s
Tlcsc hovs de P.t.t's the carter's
She \vas goi,,A 1o Libbu's thc st t.t's
4r suDrimaren aposlrollhrila razul po'c.il. ln Iimba nncl'r" ' "nt'm $ !;1

n .rn.' s r' i'., or',r.nir obic"rul
,a aposlrotul c.nili \ulrri 'axu' '" tiF 'uprinrrl'
'\.--13 FslF
in.pc.ial ,dzul 'ubslor,li!Flor,rr lnrni J" nlural.dr"n'r 'rnl n!
rulrimare d lrpo'1"'l rlrrr'- inlll-
"rr.ra i,h".' de f^.e.iunts,,1.si"r-mIl J"
r,. in , rnd .ur"r'r si l'.ir'g,rlar. lil-rd ' In'i:
''lerr!rrrind,'P
1sg) St. '1lro,'r (town) 1tl.l ih. ln'o lca.." Plat
1s(.) Sl- ,1rdl€d s (to$n) 1!l.l a ieN n,r's rest
lil.) a 1w. miles dislaroc
is a. l . / ' r s - ho u s es p i ,i i
,\nrbele lonno. cu snu iird aposl.rof.se intjlneso ad€seoriilr -acrlqi eon- S t50
iert. Urmiloarcle €\emple sinl nume consacralede t'eRt'o li snli de concerL
.p;-;r," din p asina'specl,acolelor ziArului "?/l, Iirnrs". noienrbrie 18'
"i"..
1978:
Ilukr of lorras,Printr.Cnar]|s,Sl llaftnr'rirr Sl l{tttins Lanel
\lJnd l n,ir Q u. eir , f lc .
Tol .'.li'l c/ Jau'' Raoa nin Lt'l; ll u 'uhurhi' I' rrnrl'rl Lurr'lrei'
j, ., .\/ Jrr', . Roodnt.. !o? .,rburli, I' q.r'1..i 5, /,,,, r /lnal irr_-'r,rl
'i, ^
L, r',lFi. DF ta!1. :l .l,rn". .'p 'r' 'l^ "in.,-nr-/" uri d r,rrtnir'.l 'punrnrr'.
r.. 1.,',dr' bi d- ii. arp | ,l , u urlni'r.Irr ,.r l,' 'rnl'J rl'' rlr'F 14 rrrur" -
SuDriuiareaaposlrofuluila cazril poseriYd JLt. ln rll rriiuttd \(ripri'H :257
.i tolerlra d rrci .r,rir- .,rb.r"r, .
ir"t":,',,ti\,,r sF,,rr;'-l | -,' n.r,fului. ,iiv,l
L', iri\.1 il s,lrrr"lului.i ' ,li\u' l,l'rr''lulurnhi"nui' rr r"n' li- d' J liaii\'
irr en4'/a
-uti\r in f. cr" ',,' prn'1,,.,- niurii 'u urn'd "4.1" "rFr'irrr-
--'-.r1"*
i:"""t *tr"t infertiturtine in p ririrlla locului apostroiului in inl'enfia i
rorbiforului. do.i amLisuiLateqi coniuzieln lcritul (omunicdrii: '58
r lczi \i.ol.sl. 7."dirjc in olgletn hrikrnin cant'ntPo nti'

ii idrirn
i0M
2i9 6i J :i r,,,r',"1-
l'rot,riid i',"riruli,. tirn,",t,br; i. m.!a ; . r..r ,u-'n -.
pilrluri , .) sirt d" rceul" , onsid.rateplurale tralatc ca atdre i privinla
ii
rcordrihri l,rr cu verbul rqi(,u pronum€le eLc.r{xpcctire, rimine iotusi incerti
tu.iin!,1 |rrnti ln pririnf,a nunirului - singular sau plural al.numelui
propriu ti afensta in domenii tn care coa rnai mici eroaie poalc atca conse
cinle dezaitrooa3e. in donrniul afacerilor:
1- t I , l. r r . , d, . . di i r t t r ld, u L r . t-,rj,
.,,- r - i, , . . . ,. r,t, L..1,rl
l,,Jyllr i: ( lds , ll3l Ad, .' . |r or s lt ! .out
t , it . t . 1
a r.N dl.tionnfJ.
:lll0 .l tr.zerla unor subii,antive apar€nt plurale .,u rol de adjeotiv in for-
JrLrftn sulJstantirelor rornpuse a prLrdusezitnri la plirdr.a regu)ii roDlorm
,."i',l.n,nul r'r r.,lnan Fd-.,r\il , n'r-.r, a,rl,.,; ti\ , trFLui-
..:'1," iur" ,1, nl,[dl r::.1. 1f6,. S-, ^mru. nu
rd rn "pbuir.t
" " di|l"1 ,rp.,din.air
',jui
.ie rnri lrc(rcni,i a pluralulLri elcme telor secundlre ln substantiveleoompuse.
uneori partr)el cu trceleaconstnrite dupn priicipiilc gramat;fale:
ih. t!tcnl,.\'.3/.ah'olds
tllr iltr.. d,./,!- old rihild th. fhf.{r ,'?.}'6kl .lijld
261 d) a,lcsoorinr se mai lroatc deosebidacn un det€rminant,ast,econsiderat

din pLr rt de .r-edere
glamatical un simplu ptural cu rol de arliectir..un genitiv
saxon silEular sau unul plural. -{cesta est,ccazul substantivelor ca:
tfn sli/lingr rrin Dione! Thc lnii|!d .l'aro,s OrgarizatioD
a! oltl rU(sl.'s srle
llr. d'fe( Loute ol Wo.l}Ltth-. i.h! ont /a;rrr dela.irne!l cnt.ai.r
!, mri nlult lnrl accasti ercesir.nsirnplilicare a lost cauz.r int!€buin-
ldrji nejLtsiificate a unor substanLive cu h,ieles de singular.onsacfste nr
engl€zr (ontemporani sub formir dc plrrall
I're qot to so to n), ran,t.rs.
IIJ,l&r.fs ,rc Uli l(i. tlacc lof r0,, lo go 10.
l \r j rs l h n d m X g l o ts scrl l o Lhc.l ,a/N .
iar lirrDtl ac€st.i categorii dc niagaziue poarl,i nrrme|: B. Smith. dlr:azr:rs.
2(i2 :r) Sulrrimarca substaDtirului d.'tcrllrillal. - ln uncle cazuri, sLrbstln-
tilul dc l?r m in a t n u " q em a i e \p ri m i . d e oarcce cl sa i rl dago di r oonto\tt:
\l ' ! s L a l l n c c i a l n r r( nr,s (hous.t.
Lcl's go 1o LotLi. ,rrd'.1 hnaoet.
T o .r' .' . 1 r,a l l - l .!
I Io " , r1 - o ' r ,r .\.r..,-. . ,
Ile weDt iolo Jinps,/'s l.cstan.ant,t.
Iler ial|.f is il, J, ?,toz,as'r ltk3pit{t}
"\1hov, roice $as that?,, ,.r_4'is'siroir,l ,'
sirall re alsit I/ 1,orl':r lCatherlf!tl loriir?
a'rr.idr.'s lEorelt .tr J,t,J tcotr.slt
ltudnor -
1lt\l,iLition)
L,ri' chb). o"..,,s (Hrt|.
"!!..rar,l's
icri.k!t.
s ,63 Intrcbridtarer caznitri !o!$1r

I gril li Ro3 li Spupralt.. C. zLl tu-î, s"ir'tr"l..i d/- ir'.,:. r't^,'rfl,:
s 265 d/ uL nrr\":" pr.
^
I'a i ,, i Jl :
r CnrniLel{' s r|njl,lrsc 1D e\.Drtrl. tfu!j!ie nrsi .\tj.irrrre it r.,ri rjinil

s:nt Ifec14^1e
de u rd jr'.li\. los es ir : "L. ls m er l. _r t &r nr r s .l , , . . S t i a l l $ e g o t , , y , t p l r . i , ,
zl
,l substa irele col€ciive ca: tlalian, .auhtrlJ, loJi l'ttion gaacrnn'] , \ z&li
.,b1,it:is1ra1ian.Parlianent, mdiorrtl!' campanU' J ll erc:
the @znt!'s slog'aPhY
thc za,i,n'r relrfs.ntairlcs
the ,,oll€'s roi,cs
rhe lzrt's rc.dict
P, ,r,ic !ofl,ind. J"rori'. rc Jinrpi de ii" tlifi" n ,si de nivelare din
.: 1- ||' rr, rprosl'uri' uL.ter' :' ' hirr ' l" nrnunFpot rYeala gen!hv
.l substantivelccare numesc sau sngereazit itdli de nsurl (tjnrp, S 26?

ji::llti. cUmensiune. greutat., raloare etc ):
a three lo,ru' iaik I l.ro ,.il.s' $a]h
'''|:": )" \\" dirl '
' l' . . / ' /
l,.,f a r n, )i
, rrr.- jo f l \ ' | "r f . I.n4h
t .."o ,.k. t\ . . .,/,,d \- l
- q,
il a 7ro,:.nas rro1i.r. I Pt,'rNorui
a s/dn,'r thol' three slill,ngtl \rolth
the ,drl.'s ltrrglh .nc's ,,n'r's \torth
lvlzi ii S :99)
lor rele da Eeniti$ sarion ale sul-'siantivclor care dcnunl€s(ruitnli de $ 2ii8
r,;r.rii p"t li lrilocuitc uneoti 9i prin forme edj'ctivale compu:' ale cnror
flenr€ntc sini unite Prir cratinA:
a l,.ehab t l1tr a t4, r,tle NalL
de tinp intrd qj:1ado4'lnt ottor'' l/ts'/'/n4 ""/i

ln catceorier.initilt-ilor S 9{;9
t, h \. ,t""r. t|ntt n. olt n'or '\ n tt r'-n' Dn ur'r sr rru ' le ir' rrlo rJnl
;i ario',inpuri: (cciis
,lays n .ws _ IusI rtcotnts
!.tlnttl!.t natr . fte\! /anlr'.- liolnlrY
-\ lli&r,mn,d ,\lsnts Dr.id
.u'r.ddy's tiptl The Ift'r./'r Trle
ltif s,n lrislit lalc le.n S€?rrnD.r's-
She wis r{ding the ,ar./ ac&.e's Paper.
urrate
d/ cit€1'a substantirc ,-'ornd710 de cuviotul saA': S S7o
tor obe.li.encc'sa:ke lor l4d.tr4 s{lte
i n caalla. ,r td lof !"d r
"Jk'
ti ii. . . , , 1 / a . a k . .
Ior .o's.t;.., sako ior,.der's sake
lof tr..!'s sako lor l'lY's sakc
(Vezi ii ! 23il' !3{l
.J substantivele.nurnc d€ obi€cie jnaninate' care pot r\'ea gerui nlascu- S 2;l

lir, sau terninin t{ 70)l
;) i",li" l--'.*" abstfaclii.sentimente, ect'i.,ni,insu- S 2?2
ani l\ 7l ) ctc :""d'i."i!i.,.""
'',/i' R- u' ! iL t' /a' L"boui Lo'
'1o . 1
,-"J unele obieete $i aspertc rLtnnaturi, sau clemente!i f€iomene natu' $ 97:l
raie. unpo,i p€rsoniticdt.etc i$72)l
rslitlliDs-nl, noncdd lerinatri. toll\i menlioDati oa ralod. nu nunni h tecul'

tl
t hc r ooln' s s l h '{t 1 \ - $iiil

hr 'nrr,'J
iAil' s .nld ,l..fin,ss /-or,r-s liftl
?iz €' r nt h|s s n. s s ,/.s ior
-1rr,,r'r {rr gnmrenl tlrt sr,f,fs lilnrncf
. \ ' at , r . . - r iair \ o. d] s rt./.o/i\- door
i 27{ /'"./un',lcrrrne grogmii.e (de c{ntinente. !iri. regiuni,ora'seiriuri etc.

( )s7:j, rti ):
l/.nrrs lro|lf.rs a.,,l,r's lrmous parks
/a rl i as l .rn r o l !o r.H rrl l t i l !' l rr,,r. s i otrN c
g , o Ira PL i .l o s i i L o x (,/r,' al l s l ei rrl l ng i l .osl )hrr'
l ,' .i l d tL ' ' _
S 2 7 'i , r ' " . ) iine l e l u b s l a n ti \o c (rl l frc l e . n u me de,)bi rcl e i n l i mnte far. pi r
ir z r s r , nle f u o i a l d p ro p ri e (S 8 4 ):
D ' r.a f r \fh i rl s tl ' e .,rs.r' r .r' w
l l l r.,3 i ,a s s ta n m fr l l e si i /' s nrart
s 27ri t/ unele e,tpresiiconsacrat€.ca:

tLr o' s /r,s4' en'ls
or l ol / . , r , t s $a)
hrf /r€,rr's dcsir!
ihr J,u,ry'r ,'C
.( 9?7
l-u ,'l , lp LF ; r i\ . h. ' , ' J ' r r i Ln. l F pfonulnc nehoiiiriie, ca.i o,notit.t,
.u satne.anu, o, caery etrc.Ft a(iverDul
?ither.trcith.r, one ett..lolnrele comprrsr-'
d/o/rds iitirr tun" Lad\'s tr.l))':r

. , / n. f r oln. d,r,,c r olnrioD
r.irrcr'r nrni ,orody'r l dli
lr ier ds t {. r 4 , , . . " $ i s h
' , es bc s t
\ \ ho r r . s I r r oir os il s ) 1a l l\ t f ( , o r s n l e r r o r ?
27tt 2) htrrhuintnr€s gcnitivuhi saxol ir loct gclitivdni prepozi,lionsl

l']rirt,uconcizie, ziarel€pr€I€ragenitnul sarongeniti\uluiprePoziliona
rnai ltles1l tilturi:
? , r ,r iL 5 :o !' r r "xr lll
2i9 s,rinlihre$cin mod curent

Llerapt. in lirnbuca ;i in "nriL'dleroniempora!ig
tolna dc genitit s.{rioli tpebuinldli ii ponGu irlnim.,to dir Lrutznron, iziei
ri. pro(nru.ondunat insn de prrilsti:
1|f ,,a J. ir o n L lo o l
"_
ln !,h. vtrrd s .litf,,lnrn
llif zl./,r'.s ffllt,.iion
in tlif till,( s slr iPf 0rc oi tl," ,zt s jrrks
t80 :i) (;c itir'nl srron irlofnit (u Nulstrnti\'1' ( omtlusc. Sub;ixntitul ir

r':rzulpo:resi!.cirrl fosesoml rtrl{'slc o liiot:t. se irloruiette ades€ori(,u un
subsl rlil . ompus:
rilfr ratrlt sn',bP.!,
'(ritri nr \ lr. (rh.li. st,i/a t:n!ti!h, tn l.ti/,rr!it: trn,nttt [o, FtftigL Strden|s,
7A
B, GXNTTITUl, PRXPOZITIONIL
PRI'JPOSIT'IOX,r.r,
GENITTYD}
s 28r
Ir[I'
l) l'onni. -- Genil,ivul prepozjlional. nulnit dc unii aulori fi ..qcritivul $ 282

{tanfez"sau..normand"(Nornan Getitiat), ori genili\ut analilic.estefo rat
dirtr'un aruzatjr-preredarde prepozi{iaol:
tl,c lnlure ol ,,d,li,l lht lpa!€ o/ tlie a.!s
2) irtrcbnin,tflro. - Gerilirui prepozilionsl osle prin er( ekjnl:i geDitivul S 983
substadlj\'elor neutre ,sisc jntrabuinleaz'i a;adar (le prefe nle in cazul sub-
stantire.lor .,are nu numesc iii 1,c:
urc rool o/ ihe /F/r. 1lt " \ i t lir ! "f 1 ' t " n l L r , n . t
-\ se obseN'ah special intr{,l,unr1a'ca genitivului prepozi{iona1la,?41.. S 98+

dupn culnrtul precun ti dut)nu,,{,1.den ,riri geogralice(conin,ert,
',onll,r
1tu rrj\t.ti .[ D.t tir lhc \ illagc , / al.rllh

i r , c . on1ir d, t , / l s ta L r,. O U U , / .r/.,?i ,
lie So,,i{risr.Irel,llb!i. .l h.rrt.1i tt\p ts)e al tlal
E r. ( c ! ! i. i. : nu,nele de duri
l ne r iv e. Danuj r. th t fi \.r T h rmc s thl rj {er \l ' rs.1
l l ) i n lr ebuint ar c a g e n i ti ru h ; p re p o z i ti o n a l i n l ocnl !rIi ti \l | l Ii \8\on. i ' l si
L ,',,i ,i ', , 1 nnlnT : liln1 l p rr' ,,ri L'inlir :i I' p,, ,r j ,L r' ,' .r.l '
" ' ,,
, , aren u n e sf liini. c . inloo ri rl d g e n i ti ru l s a \o r i l l s Pcri i .rli rt ur rrtntoarFl er& zuri :
/r/ l .r t it lur r r g" r r , ra l i " rm a l . g e n i ti rul p* ,l ri zi ti onal .l i i ai \ 28l i
- , rl l .' ;n t lr r s nr o ri i ,n.1',,i
. ' r l' F r-r -s ti l u l
l p r" r i n ' .rr ' ' l :l ' ru.i rrr i rr' t"
an,ploare srilului:
l'o.fi.,a] \\'o.ks a[ Itahal l] arnirg t'li1.lt1l
Tl,f \rnts ,I lrd, iTill,,r
'Ihel ioiledlor lh. \c]lxrf,/lh. rc11.. iSrillivrrs.l
Pentru a.rlRti rnoti\'. irrtr-o (onslrLtctie sorrtn este prelFrut gfn;1ivul i\ 247
sarionlsltllcr's Pa(tical I1'atks (titlu). l'].d r si:l.t. Kin! -I/.nra-.s(r,1ia.$1.
ir
deterrnjnanl, h,ng cere.pertru echilibru.gonitirul Prfloziltunal
( the sisl.r of Frctl and J ill. th. six n'ircs of Xint Hcnrt thc Eirhth.).
,/ .,hrd un adjectiv rste inhcbuirriai substtrnt-irill: S 9ES
ili. da rin: r , / t he 9, ! , 3 t ht nlol l r / l l L . r , . r
th" eslîc th. ?a?,.v/ llie i nrlrrse .[ t\. J:t':tir,
'/
esteinsolit de un atuibutlunq s:rLde o pro-
fJ rind nunclc posesorului i\ 2lr9
pozilie {tributiri:
lhe li.arrlr 4f t|f qirl in th. hau::. arF,slt
lh. dothilr o/ th-" lhiltl 1 om !oi4 ta n. bnor\al
l/ tn qenerealun.ii cind inl,rebunrlarea senitivulLrisaton f, li iortnli ! :1110
(la parantete. shilimele etc.) 5i trebuie deci eritaln:
T lrc l.sson s,/ U'. l,,t / , id' . s oNt ir n. t ' aolr t s r r\ r t fr r f r l i n l , l . s l r r r i r .
Tlr. lrngurg. o/ Ihf "-c!orts nllrlh" rrl,"r1.. olltt obsliitu' '!o lh! lrJdi,rN
's
subiectiv'(inafarnde situaiiilen,fniionati S 991
,:) uneoriin cazutgt'nitivutui
la $ 285-290,293 294):
T lrc nflrls,/ tlrc Io nngf r 3er . . dr i. , Nep r r r Ls at d l h r n t r o h t r i l | i - , r l lrnifnrg
\ a s introd,,cid in o nr sch ools .
Tlie aeln,veDients o/ lhc socjalist resnr. sruk ror themselrts.
1 4 E t '. ) t
' ln llmb .l \o rL,r.l :. . J - ,trlto -J i \ ii ' t h"t tt l
t
n " . m oth t. 'lh "n "b t. al popr s o\ ' ' 71"DP. /d anPJ"" Niic."
' V czi 5:1 1, 18 5-2 !0.
in r.,zul g.nilivuhi obieoiirr:
I ' ai "I ' r I
'h ' ' i' na'tt:
llrc .t oit'llion af tl't:
a pr sc o/ s@r'D'dv
lor 1or1: of Atn
Ini u: l ol'ir'rul ri .nosdir ''lp l-'"Jdr '1" un adjecLiv
lrJ /
,1. r-lrr ' rLr'r' 'rli oldl nFhot; ll
"r'.
'Ilose ol itu si'/s \cF n!'rnl lor lh! sporl'scodllsi
He i! 'l'tn''s
i /ri'rd a[ m! uhcL Darr) '
l ^ rn ' : \nn und' l ,' 1 " n;/i r' ' l ol o' i -
{: , / p' nr r - l r^ u n a ' u s " o j i " l
' j l }! i oi l dr" " ' Lri ' rl P n!i o1 't
\' * l
, . . ' . i c r nupos o (!' 0 rp - ' ' " " ' i " " ' ' -p t' ' ' d -' rrJ u ' I ri
ti €rri ululr' ' \ o t u rt r'd ' u rr rd l' ' t rv
i,'r ,i " r.u,i" r'r-'Jrr '1F
,;' ,i""l "i i i tiun FIic"rit n 'J'iv . - l
'" ',,1".-t. t coLFL" ui llis wiie's
dlr llirY oi Ilrnrard shLss
r ber ", D- " b r lurii
, " \ uo ' i 1t I t h 1 s
pentrLrinlitursrca-
E 20; Forrra do dublu gcoi!i\- esto in spelrialtntrebuinlati
" ,'numitol onfuzii '\sttel:
I t] /" r n l 'I : '" n l \
' L J _ "il' iun
P d i ' u^h nrL
I ln "- '
J d . J ' ' , o, r nr 1, , . k , , j , . . t r u r , _ - a i
(-o J ": a"t ff i l 'D kF'
jr Pot ii o 5' ' e ' r"nitiL
' n' l l u p i i l d ' c : d n L
I u" por ' - ' l in" ' ' r d '
! o"r r , r 4/ S/ "g" ' jdr cd b l 'r s " n i '\ l
I u f or lr "l Pr ldr Ll" nl
do dublLr'genitiv Po0refi
s 2$6 Precedatl de un adjeoti!- demonstretiv' forma
''"" l.t""tr,i'rtutl ui fdri a aveasensutdeunexemplardinmaimultacere''Irrnn-nrrmal
Iaudi t ic )'
',ili"'.""lJii?i"J;,i i' r idispr'l ncpro
"a,,
"i,pai """"-ti "oti'
tntocmai ca ln limba ronene:
l'ut on drd' red al r'\-r natket s'
'aat
l'fi"i'l'";lY;:' :,,i:"ill:ii :!.i!.h;'
]lllrJone Prnis'dt'o' I ",,;;, "E:r:,,d
tiind fiinta lr'inrrrl
6 29; Cirrd un goni'iv d"'p'minb.un alrul amLii po '"ori g"t'itiv
- s'F Iorrd pr^po/rLr"n"'" i'" 'i aol'" ia'rre 'zr forms de
-.ni'if
al t'1s
r qr I ir o' _"h " , '. " h "
{ : t ut ogr ' ' lr i
r,,,.rnr,r,t, I ;.;, : , . : . f " ; " , b * ; l" r
(- zi'r, r'Ntra onrrrrrrt 'ul
destul de frecvente' de
q 998 Dul,lul geniti! estc reconlandat in locul formei'
' la $ 21rli.
S 299 N o|n
pot
c're nuDesc ulritili de misurd (S 267)
Unelc dintre subsLalrttvele
ut"u qi tn"*" de geniliY prcpozilional:
D;l's ir delrY ol diY"
a Nalk o/ 'ia
'''o
I S 116.
"vezi lo! m a lilr . l) ! i41at n dc o b i o 'i d u b l L t lg e n i t i ! 1 5 t ! r a ) r " H e i s I
's t e
in
l, l, e0it ir ul t roporiliotrdl l'nsl. ir'hrui goniii\ ul 'x \( r' iu r'r'nlt!ilr' !tii: s 300
,-,:","rrt ',ii.r"iri'"t"' 'rt';t tn'hr' )iotht tnt -t tl drort'' s 301
.. trtril. Cor'h.1\'ru,(q4651.asimilarc cr nuntel€profrii cird lru !ir'L pretc-
?.i! dr ui adlectr{ posert;:
C,,l'r li!fIrtirLr sirr.Li
D./ in razul numelor proprji .lD L'calilili, piele. clndiri. institu'tii. rl]alra' S 302
Sl. -'llbans 1- St ^'lrrans loTLri Dr' 'r'l'otr\_ Ilotrs'

' . 14.t '.rt
t : , , . " i' , t , , i '. t lu '
r) in cazul substantivclorin gcnitil' l]rnale de un gerundir'l: s 3{r3
lt,,./ ,o"r's |. F." I'
inermrnb"r'Ir '' lionrr' | "
precum ,siln cazuile ncrlioDale la S 276. s 30{
'tJ
ti,rt.luzip. ln r--rnoce;eririr'r1 .,'on "r' " "r''r;rl d'.ti.r'i' utt $ 30;
nr';\Ll nr.p"/iri, n. la"'-l,rp'l,;'lFF1. n^d l" -\iil nL' utr
- ''"irr'rrll
. r"r\,rl J.;rmin,nl .0u,la " hrlrbfrr',mDloHrp.i" aH| lflrIaIr''d
i . \.e.t tff FxDli', r"r,l inL-r'1s i\ului '1\"rir'l^"1'rF 'plrr l'FDo7r-
',i I r' "
,nal chi.r 4",; 16.".nrul rrrr n n lii l' arrrn i rn'l
. r ,. ,r" g;ii ;. ."'r'l; , S r;o. .l;r.".2qir ri ini"r. ir tr brri n lri' l'ri
.e
:.,n,?i{io-11 lnli ul ."lui .1\un. t,rlru r 'lH Pnpl ',r' rr'rrrrr !r-rs ra
'rr
.c"i,irer reremonio"sr.ru lo itluril' '1. I'r'rJri !. r-r irr ' '/Lrl i rrr ' i r
;,' ii. D"n ru u d1 ,tor;rrr"-'i , hilibrrrhal"i ($285 2rJ)
P; llnc€ ar'asls. g"nilar.l .F\'np n rrn:"rritit 'uh'' ir'i'r\r'rr" - s 306
r"ni i'rrl piepozitionale , Lngenirit ^hiali\ ii nu"r''i ln m^l'\'rprrun: l'
ir: denu'rririt"rdp liit ^ podr. li ;i ''rhir it
"rzul
-q. se compara:
\ lr , ' , / . ri \ iv cubi-
' l ' "r'r't r ' r 1 "i 4n1 i\6 r' r ' " J
A des,iriDtjonol mv s'll. lgetriliv olie.iivl
(: o ,leacriPr. in ca.c .si.c inlaliiai'1 ncraslr rn.!l
.ada'srear at sea (gcniliv slbicctirr
(: icana Idei Pe dare)
O ut t " dt a l t to E n i r\ u l ' i ,' i )
l= t c om r r' .a ' tri d ts l J a l
.' G . t r ili\ ul pr oUo z i l i o n a li 0 l o (u i t (u !u L rl c rrl i \e coD rl ' u' e s 30?
.i ' nprJ: ,,n sul' pr'' r:,rri
i ri ' ul \
r , -r-zi l i o n s l ps r c odp" o 6 ri j n l n ,,,i r .u n to rm ,i r' ri
i i p ,,* .:n' ar os ub. t anli ru l l n g c n i ri \.' n " l u \i l o re l ' ri r' L' p" -l i l l
"lj-
substantivul d€terminai:
'..adir
t\e t)o\ct ol th. baok
1ne .quipment ,/ u iarn tl,e /d'" .qu'ptncrl
DAf tYUI, s 308

{THI DATIVE CASE)
lr Dcfidilie. Dfllivul, d. obi.pi .azul "omll' mFnlul i indir'' l 'r-l; s 309
,.i i se a.lre"nrzaa,tiun"a p\primal; J' !prb 'o,r d"numir; 'l' Lbslarlrtul
de 'rminar. El ri-punlle la inircbarcato th'n: lar tlanl "f tl't"):"'t ro
(itr/ (: cuj?), ro;iricli? (: csrui?).
rPe nt n t F r n, pnulS p n ,n ' l i r. !P z i S r:2 i .
r {M
S 310 2) I'or r[. ln limba enqlezd dativul este expdmat tn douri nroduri:
S Bli al printr un substautiv (sau prin echivalentul acestria) neinsotjt de
prepozitie, cazul fiind indicat, in aceastd situatie, de locul substantivului
a;ezat imediat dupl verb:
{iivc Jzue nl" bcst rcga.ds.
Tell llie a6srngd to ooDc inl
i 31, t) printr-un acuzativ prec€datde prepoziiia,{,. rareo /ofr. ol sau ff{rmt:

(ii!c m.y L.sl, rcganls lD ,/dne-
'Illel wf-" tallting h lit: secrert.!/.
(n,1 lhP brll tor the waiting Doyr.
I ioqdir.d ./ ;1,c $hnt tl,c bjroi lo. dfbalc al lodar's s.minnr wrs.
I snrichcd his handL.driel IDD ,tn to w.rve {t th. *inDing l..am.
S 31t Cod-itru.iliafiri prepozilie este cea n]ai obiinuitn. Co struclia prepozilio-

nali. ci d nu esteneapirat ceruLi in unolosiiualii (S 323).se intr€buinleaza
pP||tru3rrenturr!r.
.qBl+ J) Ir'rtir Si aruzatir'. ln Innba engleznmodernd.daiivul este insolit
1n g€nerede Lrnacuzativ. De pozilja dairirului fr,tn dc acLrzativdepinde intre,
nuxlrarca sau suprnnafea prepoztler.
S 315 Datirul fdtd ptepoxiti d pre.cdarAcuzativul:
l i i rc rn J s i i t4 . (d { l l I s d l ac.l l
s|ow mI rrirnds ld'rt) Xou sinnp (ou*tiD la..)l
S Jl 6 Lat ii, uI cu p rc p o z i ti e s - ri dupn acuzri i l .:
rii\1 l.lje r.or (iu ) io mr ijctfr ldat )l
!Io* Jou. stanif itt ctuh t,\: \ to mv ldords ldrt ).
( i .l l h e r.a (rc .) to r t.th e r l d a t.)l
S 317 Pulinele verbe cu care dativul se poate tntrebuir,ta fdrir acuzatir cer
dativul prepozilional:
"lht trtur. Del,/,sJto socirlisrl' is the slosan.
Tali to 1'onr nudiotr(endwl
Didd't t;e 4fne to John?
I wanlld ro .ed,, to crlnnie,
$ sllJ Spunenlnsn ca nrai sus(S 3i5 316):
D i &, t s l c w ri tc J o i D l d a t.l a ,rr.r l i c.l ?
Didn'|. sle Frite a larle. {ae.)to Joh! (dal.l?
I wanicd t0 rerd Gtann;e (da|.) th,A z.ps iac.).
I \runtcd lo rcad lhe n.a,s (ic.) to cBnnie {dat.).
$ 319 4) intrebuirtar0a dntirului pr€pozitioMl.- Dativul prepozitionaleste

lntrebuinlat:
$ 320 a/ cind daii.rul €s1,a
precedatde un acuzativ:
Serd (a..1 to lhe sfcet dotesrto (drt.)l
\ \,. b o',.d
...' ,r ...p . ,. tn r' rp rrbFr (.1,r..
Trj j ..." d 1 fr.o t. t ] o t tr .nul hor rl d.i .
!| 321 l) c ind o p ro p o z i l i e i n c c fe c u d a ti vul :
?, h.r lasrdd {dat.l sheiiriles r lett€r ev,)rXdtry,btrt nevcr ro
n rl & ' l d a t.l
r',. llabv (d{t ) she {l$'ays btr"yst|. lDst tr,c.c is.
cu yerbele insolit€ de dativ lnrn acuzativ (i 317): .ir 329
'J 'lhev sDokc ,, Ule .road 1dat.).
{l irlfi ocorrred ro d,? klat.).
flr']'' Jpfq ' r ' l / ' I r r ir ' lJ l"pr Il "i-r i
\lrite ro v ou , 4/ ' / c ( , 1, t ) boonl ' r
\\'e read ,; G'a;dt;,r{"f ldai.) cv.ry rlcnirs
datirui prepozilio-
d ) dupir anumitewerbe( $ 2614)carecer intobdeauna s r2r
!rnl. .ihiar atunci cind ac€sta precedd acuzattvul:
I drsc.ibed b l.he .l4s (d{l.r the llow.r show ({ti.l I t'rd visite(1.
H rlun'.d r' |i".a l|"oA" r ld l ar r ' , 1r a l[ io i d i l 'i " w r 'l i ^ ''l
\ \ ' , n' "ilion d to t|a no"o' , p' \ dd t / a, r'
' l"r ' J - \
l^..^l 1orr Irlot].
',
.l dupe adjective 1n genete: s 31{
IIe ir ./!€l to lnn|'!lq.
Be tirl io Lu. r !
Is h.r opinion nrrrtl so Intrch to l'rrtrci$?
/ / in .p ".i-l'lL ,t" l lia r iv "l", 1- '
^n, 0dr ar : "
t : n J y n t " . 'a t -
rFndit," s 32;
n t. su',;lL t t . 1' t nht t n' , n1. ; nlt ; a" . "t t " r . t , r h t a 't l o n o ! . Ftr.:
' 1 u ' 1-,,1t ; J at ,,
|o a "t L. d/ . , r t o I qnat lll o r i . \url:.
-t
\1 -1 ,11 ' t a" io ' ll r ' t nim r l3.
Tht re$rlt Nas LoL rtutottiondte to l,he erlorl.
S, dupd substnrtive fi pro une: s 826

I uannot lo|gft mI l,t/ to ny chtlilr€n.
Yotr havc bdrn like a.llrughla to th| poor somd..
$'liat is he. axnude to [rt?
Trll ne, afc A.v fo Iont )roth.r?
'vh.l
lv c z i i 5 t 61t - t 6lr "l
5) l'u (,lii. - Lln substanliv (sau un echivalent al lui) io cazul dativ $ 3r7
"
a.) complemcnt.indirect pe lingn un verb: s 3P8
l.nd lou. motltor a ltscnii
Gir€ Ghily$ mr n.ssagcl
bJ complemeni indirect prepozilional pc llngn un verb: s 3s9
I spoi. my mild to T,ohe.
- We se", an {rtid-" to Lho prpen.
rr"complement indirect prepozilional'z pe linsi un slrbstantiv sau o s 330
iIlterjec-iie:
1r " ' , " t L ..i n ..,, g i l .i n ti l u a .l n rl r oni ,13,\6 1,I" ,
ll" \ v d a" . -r ,' h ' , i o I' i . n o -w o rk c .r.
llc kcpt hia pronn; to his pnpils.
darut lo. lhe holidsXs!
d) complcment indireot pe tingl un adjectiv: $ 331
Yotr de ltfr, you. mourer.
Unllne lntl.cn-, he sts neve. shY.
e) complement indirect prepozilionai pe lingi un adjectivi s 332
l{is house wis olporik to the echool.
I cnnrol.bullecls.,k/al to the eomredmwho helpedme n, my wo.h
/) apozilia unui substantiv in cazul dativ (! 2589 b): s 333
I Srre m-{ ftt?n.l I}Nil Jou l.Lio 1o lerd.
Ilave Jou rPoft.a ,o fi,gr, onr .'"s room-mttc?
tx,t,L _ ' di ..cl .

-inru ,l li" r ir i' " po
'r
i
',1 . 4 n n {S i l r:).
! lr .L 1.n i , . . o, r lr ' ' '-:l rh 1 r 'l nL dnl,iv .tr fLrtr.lil
^ r,m'. l r . \ .. r 'i . D .11.,B dcurt' ti . {!i /.,
d - umt F r;. r in ir". I t4 r - i4
r o l . II; pp .8!,9 0).
i sn
s 33{ ACUZATIVT]L
(T U E -{ C C U SA T l \l ' l C A S Ij )
\,' r7 1 i \u l . p ' j z u l ' ul ' ' -n i rxl ui { -' r :l ' l rr\.d1pr-

| 335 lr O c li||ilic .
j ' ri rr' ' Ji re' ' r' 1run" " r-\par:ra dF ur)
tLr l. i |p. l' r ' . H .,rl rrJ 'o r' n ' rri l o
\p r h r . ' / ir it F l ,- p l ri n F \c -l -" i J /r rl l l ' mp l ' r' ur 4rr4 r' \' ' r71 1
' on
\ul risDunde in Drilcipal lA irl.r€birilc:
,rlnml l:De ci;,ei')ri ('= cel)
''.
5q33{i
''iar?
i"rl'toi,U'n'r siri echi"ali:ntul lui, cind €ste precedai de o prepozi,iie'
su rrld in cazul acuzal,iv.
s 337 2i }'rlllclii. - Acuzarivul indeplirefle lunclia dt:
.( 33t a/ cornilemcnLdirect al u ui '€rb l'inzitiv:
in lhe sire'l
He saw n."* stsref
s 339 D, conlplentcnt !rePozjlionalr:

At the m..tnig. lr. lu .d orer 1hcllo0' ro Smi$'
\ho js loo\iis al'l Brian?
s 3r0 .) nume preclicsliv care deternrin:run eoflplement direct (mlme pledi

cariv ;biectiy l- ODlrcIift Canplcnent):
ThP nana{er aDpoinicd /1,n 8.oet$t'
She erlls rva.s;.,r "consi "
s 341 .l/ apozili{i a unui substantiv (sau a unui trihivalcnt al ace-rtuia) in cazu!
a c uz at ir i$ 2; 8 l i ):
I .alled nr t /rn\d fldJton.
N. senl, lo. r. 11i'ls the ]ofil ssgco!'
tl .l Jl, ro l/ rL r " Ioremn .
s 342 e-,i complencnt diroct al adjactirutui "o,'lft'9:

is qort a fo.tune,
llis
'oi.c
s 3{3 / / , o, , ple mc n i .rr.u r" ' r" n L i d l . o ' i l !r l e di nr' -urr ' o' r I' l " rn" nr ' .i " um
..r , ii. t . , t in" r \.rb . i n -a ' 7 r i \p a ' r c i r rl subrranl i \ul ' ' l F ' l ' l ' rmrnar de
,,; ; ; ; , i; . . ;;","i" o ri o d .rb o . F \r,r;, 1 nd .a:i -e' t\crhel ' l o' ' rl r.i
t' ottt' ' pul '
-t)1r ruot
Ji. : . r , ls . \ " lu" r ' n . i rp l l l c € . n o d u l . g radul ' l " l runtt o
(4' l rttt' 1t \' uttJl
(. 1J , . ; biot t t ,s tti t" t " u u s ' tb ' ' .tn ttr a tl r' rLi oL
Thcv lv€nt lone. (Lotl
l \- \q o { ,' ' .r /,. rrth . ' l ;_P
l h e c .r' b rP l ro l o l I p s :" n ' r' 3 al l ' l " l " r a' d /o r' I' odra' I ml
riic ohildtn go lo a pifttrrc a,./v n€€I' lTiml)
11. nn the nhale 1tir. iDistantill
' l L " j J ro r!,r.,,v m i l ...
' n i r' '.
l 14 : r /rc s um f or lq n i 'o l f s l i r ' r\aroJr!
' r ' 4d
t h ^b
io n' . r m q" r . ' ; i, a, l &, . p o u t r r l 3 . r i r ' l o r r
T " nur ' s q' n / / l/ b! r . d ( \ I o , l
Thc t , m r ' ' , ' " t t , ' nt r lllolooln{ I u _ | I 'p a r P
'r' 4. , J . , ' . "a/ s br dr F r o o J r t Grddr
""
TI. ALTE CEESTTIJII IIE}'ENITOTRE LA SUBST.{NTIY

A 314 l, Subslanliruladir(tirAt. ln l;n'br "ndl'zi 'ubs'anr.i!ulpoal' 3\pa
l ur', lic dF adjF. if. cdi.a poJle cara'l"rila Lrn rl' 'uDFlanr\ lF nnsd '1rp
std:
nylo, stocknrgs ttarll.ng let\
/ar .oat Jrr,,s llsmons
!Ve zi !a g. t t . r ot a I
?!t
ilu'intele nrlon. fur, morning. spri s, pdrttl, penn!, d.e1\substa tille.

- :.t intrebuinlate aici ca adjective.
(|rdincn curintclor. - Partea de vorbire care c acl,erizeazisubstani,irul
.: raL,eare, prin ull]lare. valoare de adjectiv se puDe, ci:rii acesba,inainten
s 3{5
. rL,rtAniil'|rlui.Se atrage in mod sPecialatenlia asupra acestuiiu u, deoarece
:ielesuise modificddupd ordine:rcuvintolor..lstlell
n fd., ftors, ins€amn! "un cal dc curse"
. irae .d.d iDscamDir
{ squoro mar.e: I mi (o lf.rfrfn pirtrat;i N lalrua de 1 l
n rrc^ oi 4 iqdfc ruh.s = o srtrllnl,li de 4 m:
,\ larpet 4 rut; square nn coror dc 16 nl (axl) (un lirirrr cn latun dc r !!l
-
Cind un subsiantiv are mai muite atribute. celc mai apropiate de el ca
irrs se pun imcdiai tnaintca lui. In limba rominn ordinea cuyintelor liind
lil€rita. d€oarece substaniivul pr€ccde adjectivul, traducerea din limba
'rogleznva incepe cu ultimul atribut, din grupul de curintc do tradus rsiva
.rtge tnapoi spre tncepuiul grupului, lutnd['se atdbutele pe drd in ordinea
:propirTii lor dc s{rbstanLivul determinat:
a qii.Lst.p lolk'danc,, nNic
i:o rnuziol pentru xi joc lrotul$ cn lat rclezi)
., lho r. n f,,'rr,r go u, 1 J FI nw I , r n". ' , 1! ' J r pl\ " rl"op .ur ' n
o..r ' i ,l a n m, djn bf o, dt ( d "u. nr . . ) g' r b l - J , - F . . , r " J a o r t J t o n i
(vezi ri S 2aI)
cdj"rli\ul nesvinJ plural. FUb anrivul sdje.rivrr nu rrc in prin"iria s 3{6

lorn de plural nr.i , hiar-"tun"i logicao d. .x.mplu dupa irn num.
- sens de plural etc.: "ind ".r..
rrri cD
a si{ noaD o1d cliild
a ninc-r1du committre
(Vczi ti g 131 Obsdaati.,166-16i,26r-26r)
2) Funcliile srbstantiyului.- Substantivulpoate indeplini funclia de: s 347
l', subiectlau parte din subiect,al unui verb la un mod personalsau s 348
impersonal:
Caoperatiaris l,he sec.el,ol srccess.
I cane homc carly, i"a,n.. bcins out tonight.r
A completeItsr ol candirhtesrv,rssubmitted to the dean.
D) nume predicativ sau parte dint.-un nume predioaiiv: s 319
He $6 a nicc a@ur\.
Sl^ F b.'im P 1n , a s s o' PPul".
Hir F\p rl ons nlhp. J Uqpo lht popl"m r dF 'r : m a p o p . l 'f rp.o,
cJ complement direct: s 350

Hnre you Be€nthe ne{ plastts?
{t) complement indirect: s 351
On'e DdDyils diDnc.'
I told the ,oy a storI.
e,,l complement indireot, prepozifional: s 352
Ure pnrel tr yort nith.t !
-qe.d is a g.cat asscl ,o tlc larsity /,orralrlr_
l,ani
The rcleree was lair /a both ,eams.
I Numit
ii nominilliv absol,'t (! l72l).
$ 353 /) atfibut:
\ D.Jr;. lldrr lriLs disrjorcNd und{r Ihf delris'
D.'n's rrpli.ution wls r1$cpnal jr
ll,r loli'ol rarbe $is mtiniicsi her lainlings
s 354 r " r '. r ''i n e l '+'s rr

I hr : t t t "a"! ". L r - 1 ' . l"li ''r l i ''
"..r:or-n 'in.i ,;, . r + . r r '\ d d r " r ''
I :;, \,, a ndt t t r nr ' o n 'r r '
'-
i .,.1,.i ,,,.-, r o. . h t y r li, hi. . il\ r ' r'
' . u"! l ; | , \ 1 ', 'l " p
i.il""i',i.,1:; r"r"":.ir, rn'rrr ' r'1r'r'irivrr"rir
',"ir':iir',tr,- ',"iplFr\r
s 355 il conplenent Tnepozilional:
ilLP l. ngPn i' , r c oo, l
"
r, |iln' \ ] r , is t o au jn "'/ .r/r r 'nir , . . .
! 35ti rl c(trnpleme,,lcnutnstanlial (S 2633)

$e stavftl al. lh. rcst_hous. liorl a foLtritl)t \'titrpl
ll \ ' ' l o" l"t t ot t ' p' r ' r ' \ ''n d
\ s L. : l:r'ii t tt' \'bt t
^
s 457 1'!t. l'0RllIAnnA sljllsraNTrYill,0n

{}0rd[lrlo\ of ]{olrNsi
s 3;8 t r nu ,:'r lu, lF 'ul" anlrl pr^\ir tat Ita' lin l;r"bil" r' r'uo'-l"r
(hrF ,.rrr',i' li r' rurr-" r',l:-nii 'r':l /F "i''"';"''
-,,,
ir ',nr" l. Ii"rr 'rl .r l"rrr\-l 'r sru Iurrrhl r' 'r"l'rrl lcd ln"^nrorn]
cel.,r trei procerlo€ uurunie, adi('I prin:
B. schimbarea(,a1eg.ricigramatjcal'
C. totttpunere
s d5l) ,L. Dltrur ,ttrDA

iDElil\"\'rIo\l
l, .ttiratia ( lll",r;'n) iub''rnli\-r' )r' r" ' Jurr'or It
s 360 . i'- dr.p-rli dF \ntbirr'
'r
nnr' "liucc'''
.1e.,.'ut rr'r"'rrrr"r,lin "l 'rb'"n
ur r.: ur' rr\ '-.r i ur",i uli\ l , u ra l ' rrra P'-li\' lp i' 'rrIrr\-l' elPr' rr urrr(-
,,ir 4! irr,'rrrurrrrJr''
.;re ir I'11- Ll'/i' at,1r{ir,'rn ^rdin"d trr'\"r'r"r
rnlrntoarc.lorlinrbi: a1 gcrrnini(e: r, rornalifci './ lrleaei'
llnn mai ios cjl;1i (l;nrre Pr€tixele;i sufirielc'urerilc'
s 36r Prcfir''
(Preli\cs)
s 36' aJ Gernraille:
I'
/n,.nrr.ir',o.r, r,,,ilill,ilLj;,1'iililii,li;ri.i,,oon
rorr: /,,.r,nhe,. r'r' i,!.rnistrl.
n i.J:' rrild l Lr r ir ' r ll! l r lilnr '
J - i n 'r " '\ '' u d' \'
lnint"rt.L tr' i i l r'4 't
' r ' r r r i' / lr r d"i
rnrjpj,. /,,,/sh rt,,' k ' n, dlr r r r l llL
on t-3:,//r!rsl. ot r . : r . \ . aa l l r s f . o t l l a \ L - l r l l o o k 'r q r a l i c n r '
r r ; ir idn L d. , l , (;i l fdt' l l r'

l (l n ' .n u d rP n ri i i n l : 1 a l )r!
! na a abt.! : ntonEndtLcl
(1 . l a D l .rrv i rl P d c s i rrPs l rl t i l tonrci rnr' !rri rtrL' ca l [' l i i c d('
" eoc G r , s inr ,
81
or$J : rr..all. ...froar! ,r)./sho.si or./sighl,; ,r'€l.ha.g., or./doso. ,tz{ullihnenl,

. , , . i rp, ' r r'1 .
rnd€rJ I rnd.r,lolh.s. und.rorrrcnt. ,n&resliD.le, ud..8round, ,nl€'groNti,
u \ d ,-pl^t , t L otL ',rr, "\'. , , , , r ' . Er Fd' r al' . ", , / "' . 1 lr : a r d - 'l s l o o n P t r n ) ? r 'l u '
t r ra rrr\ n' crt.,n.1 .6trtFmPnr . r t u] P. or t P. ' I r
irlr s "miprti" : ,,r,"inr r n/ . , p ur r nl"] . r ' r ' r l pfro\lr' / I l r J f 'l /ll,"p
, / l ' 1,1. "r rr. ,/''i.,n c. "1 o, r . r p. h. l. , i5l r l'
'rl
Subslanliec dn sens negatial \ :lli;|
nn- : /,liclifl zrdr.ss. {ncmnlorme.l,. L,laxlul!e'cs. urrcst. ,rlrrlh. el..:
n,so{riagc, ,,,scondu+, nislit. nlssi!in!r.
'nisj:
, n i J hap, ',ir.oiceriio,i,
, r/ . s lo.lrin c, mislrin i, m t s t it c . , r is ir us t , el. ',t.(lcmeanoLt.
lJ Roma ire: S 361

r-. sil-, sl-. on-! a!'. *$: rdiirs'ln{nl.l,slfoi. arcrre: dddress,dllusj
! , Pr' 1. dr nda cP.
{ | ts. n- . nb * : n r'|.' : or ' ar s r r " b' r ". o ' Aior ' , b . l 'n l i o ' rl
irf . -. dn li-: ,r,,J r r l. ' , , " b t rt,')" .r'l nrlr' . rrrrdli"n r' :
l,rr bI-: relalt. t.liPl. b.qtrfsir rtl elc.lioD, i,y hN Dypts, ,,lal,l, ,, prodtrct'
b , \ n\. , 4r\ orJ, Fh .:
" iornl,.ol-, { . lr n1l o "/ l' r ' , r ' l u n . , r 'n '" 'i o r ' 4rlli r '.
- di-- de-. dis-: .liEre ssion. , llnPr s ion.dim iNt ir e, , ir is ior . 2 . l . r m . n t , d i s n i i s s {I . e t c :

rv-, el. -eq c- : .zriision. .rttsion: eionq.lion: ,rrcss .,aspc.alioni cr lr|sid.nti
4 r L r sLon,. s0lie , .vasron . eI r . ;
ini. r: ia r,lol'r. t - b' pt t It rp rior' .:
t' .ii-: p /d l. to:! \ . . . 1a\ t \ . , i. i of i r L u r r t u t ! t n n \ 6 ' 1. |\'
., t p -l. r r , : . t .p \.,tt. t l r , lr ' ' ' .I p.i\ .

i, ru-. r'trF : , " l a , ' r . / ^lo ' r pt un^' r i| ' o" r 'o o l l p4 - r 'r ''
' ' ' '' , -"' r'i,rrrr. / , a / , 11' " lr ' po' - l' :
'l , r' \ . lo r . , "pl_J or ' , l'
'
srper-; su.:- : .{l€rii0irlitr, r?c.ioiily v?calrdctd.. ; surch{tge!
- lrsns-: /.o,sl,il,i01. lrdn.rter, ,ortitio!, ,az.nali0n, .Lii-
Substuntir( .Ir senr negatir: S:165

dh-: di.-abilitr. lisl)rli,l. di.{,otrlcnt, Itslike, d;lasle, dijtfust, eto:
irF . i l- , iB-, iF":
. l, , p-.'r-iu rr, a .'.on 1 br r ll , ' . 1- r J r ' d
".
rniN -t : mirad \!ntu re,,r is c hanc c , , nhc hic l. ni. { r eur l. e t r i :
ron- : ron ad lresloi. r,"ndr er t er . c , , onaNi l. r o?f on i ! a l a n t , f L e .
.l Crece$i: S Ifit
snpl(i)- | dnpltbio. amPhit iac)\, dtahit hcanc dnrrora, .cic ;
,n-. d;'ir-: archorite, dre,risnr; analogj. onolJs's, dzutomJ, elr'
!nt-, snli : anraltorisni, .lndrcli!r dtribioiic, d,,iolini.\, dztnacassar. anl,seplro,
,tc.t
ap(or.: 1 orrit i. rtot h' ' "t r ' 1t ot 1' o . dPl' ^r inr ' :
nrrl' -: o rll,.(., ,^ l"r Fn, t . 1, . r . d, r ' r \ l. . / r p'l l 'r o .
"- r
! uto- : , ,/ub iocr.t. r, , , / hi . . d, t u. hr or
;ta lrar,. , . lu! ' r . '! , d r h 'l d .
'r l o n ! ""
'di!-
slr-,: /lanetes.
'sl-: di,dcd. diagnosis. laagon.rl. dtdl)Buc, cte i
rti-: d,""r ,'''.rrl-Irt a . d p r r onj l; n \ ' L.
"l
-si, .,.l nr ' l. r ". r , ll' . ' - r ..
, , \ -, m. : ",--"-F, "5r J s m ; r ' , r r \ . r ' liF". , . 1. ' . . . . , l :
blpeF : rgp ,l .. hdt hlt at n"! r ' 4t P - lr u l _ , ) l
- t it r .
tvpo-: /"rrpo ,i,li r. l/ / o' lun4ad l! lo' t t \ ' hup' ' t \ " - / 4 P d n a '' :
'r '
mcttr-.mrr-.md !.:,r'ab uli. ' . p. , 4r nor r r hu. - . 44r p, n. r "r ' r n p - l " h o . r : . @ 4 o d .
I \' czi a 36 -. n oL L I.
2' t . pr ' ii. . , , , "plo- r ' - Li . p : : n r ' n . , l i t s p , b u l n p g d 'i '
i,,,h'a r,uro n: "l - ub.
3Db' (lf.) lFlix al lubsi{riivelori acclaii (ens rr" ln nol. ,
8!
!!rsa !tu- : ld.d|l ci laldsrapli, ld, alJsis i Po.dsitt i P/en ! h.sis. lid'oLiXi ldlo tl smi
I'cri- r -, me . . - o P, ' pr if i.
lrro iu-: l!r'o l Paar ' Ft ^p ! aa r \ l' .la"t n
.!n -,sttrF,.ll-..1- : i, o. 1 . . ' , l 9' , 1' i : , 1
'
frlc_:e ....rr t. - . t , . t 1. 1, o. , . t. t
36? Jttb.ta tt;r h ol; t :
d-, rn-: oblssi ?sligLodlisdi a4allihabclisnr. a4arch-{, dnfudoi.' .ic
s 368 Suti\e
(Srftirrs)
369 a) 0ornlaxice:
{ r ar r : handj(" -/ t., . -" t - t" .rl ' . s ,,1 . ./r..r,
a h. i n/.r' . l r' r' r' o- o i rl
- J ur : r " . a" r .. \ts r,,..r;&r' " .n .!i ' -. t -b' 11
dan. |$\'s-otJ.4 - ta d .a r' n t\d 4
l r' i + i l ^ o o -. u i -rF. orl l ' P \' 1;' :l " '

-o , r , " : i, - . r.,._ ,:r
o t " , , . Lu- rnd
lennP.r rd? '. ! "{ it . i4' j $ r'
i; t , r . "Di, ,/. til.ti/..d/. ,.:
-ho on : Lo \t,od . ; . : o/ - o, . "t . ./ i \rr
s r nuk , a s ollr - r ' r e a r ''J r 'o 'i r l ; r -
-in s:'r'"'.r4p ' J aw' i a -L"gs r' : ''g i
b" dd,, s,-4 u r,"a . ,iu , , a, I Lr , gr r t r , n?_ . oio r , . r L t b k ; s
ri: L ao l;r b i, ll' , Lund&, lind/ , ddl . | ;1 , b 1 " '1 . :
a' r "n t : 4E s r nt : 4s lou F
-1itr8 : d Jrl.,g . 1/ r nj 'tc\ " / r 6 ' o '1 ' " / 1 6 ,:
hppr ' ' l"Pr ' r ooJ 45r ' . r J / -p
-trc\s:.Jrd li!s,. . !
't '"'.l";'ii. ,ry...,p,.sd tu ,p . ,r..:
,..,,.. , i v.../,, r,rJ. o/,", rs.op".
ibti: ,u uf"lir. :r-,l.lir. Litulir. o{lnriiIr h.'rdsr,'. oa, hrP: hotunmtn'
sn,p. l,"JJ"n;, p"ol "s u$/ "r p lour / 1lpr / , , t . '
-strr: L -iv.e ", h. r r j. , p", "o' gr / ". , s pin' r ""r b '1 . " . r .
"oldrF- l o u g '/ P . c a n t o r o _
"""'' l.li;,",u, nft{dri, srow,n,heatD,rrdrn,warmd},weal/r,,..rronsl", hcisht, e!0.
S 370 D] nomauioc:
-rq c: J\ rd s.r r dnia8"r pc , s " oo' 49 I ns , 6 " t o u L d s " m r l " n g ' p o u n 4 n " '" 1 ^ i
Fr...
-al: dn ,m,/, p"ono, , / r m . lol, r p' ] u5. l. r . m o. . r . l d / .
Bon lnr da, lus i, niCi_l I i r 'r D u d l j a 4 \ l J n . r n r o r '''r o n t r i
-la n.-s: ' bt idgr dr '
t , i. o r;',. m rs,.i4 n, \ \ ' as n "r / n, J pFn5pr ' , , r b1_bd " i 'r . F q F r r r o . r p P r r r 'd ,i {n r n 'd n r
rclnblicru, etc.;
' u r f P n '. p r
-u ! -.n r: 'u m m t nJ r a' . D"d4r . ly r d4r i r ofr r ' ' ''d 'n r . " l ':
gm nd/ r . s r ld/ r t :
-.ry: ad vrb ,r r , di"liold. y 'r ' l . :
! y . af ain. r . oLst i n a . V
-.ri : ad \o- r r lJ nk r J pl ' '
! , ; u p . " e l " E e i l 1 d o " '" P l F r ''r 4 .
-"i : atrs"n -. addr "s " , bir c * , d- biu"F.
| . . . ,,o Jy,F'vpn J.:.o m m i||"Pj. oJ 4r ( qlU|n' ' ll|Lpb|oL" J p h l f
r he lr ugh' i ar 'd l h ' l J u g h a P + r r ':
Lr-. 'd urio r" a nd hp PJ ' r . a"*
auoiionet , engincd., mountajnc./, mnskptPPf. ptolrtPcr'
-ee.:
€h.l
dilig,u.., !roildnae, aPlea@Dce, assisiar?. nujs"'; lorlenra@c,
ridddz.?, etc.;
grocc', Nher; chllncello.. docLo., clect'/; accumulator, ele-
-e"i. -or,'-ier : bultl€..
\ar o .. r.,", rp,f ,. , hFf , f indt r , i"- . lur r i Po"u- _ "o u r , . . P c . :
-' p :n.Ia l"* , "i.Lo il. r ' ", Chin"r ' , s u . P r \ l r l n a P \ ''" r n " " r : i l J l '" '
';st:
,1,1 1 6n ..", 1 6u ;nr f s r . o. ; iilq, r "l"gr , p_' ". lr L " J d l i o F n l ':
. d. Fr s , Aond, s , hun' I Ps c. m d 1 J P p r " s s .'r u '
I Sdlirul a din limbr saxon{ provine ditr limba laLine f'al,d.r.

: Dlblll srLi\ .../
'ln bsttrriivlle dtuughttli,hcight,din suliaul 'r,1 a .inus numii litt"r _r'
a S uLir l. r t ir .i !r(r.
rr' ' n" v. I -1
ll- r J . , - r;n d rI F , n " l ' 1 ' . C rri ' ' n nrt *rrl dn_
0 Sur'\pl !" lJ i : p a r ' .l ' r i dr.d ob:di I i "Ll 'd"
"^
livol lormal cu oci d.-al doilen o lndcrlin.ilc
I StrIi{ ooe lo.tncazl su}slantiv! de gfDnl lcmhiD ($ !1).
-li. r: llisfjllir., u .di.t,. j n. t ur l. ( ; r Flir . , ! jjlor i/ . . gtsolh.. ni..Lt-, qnintn.,
'ioD. -{inn. +ion. -\io.. -rti{}n. -itiotr, -son: t.girrr i$jri,,. va(l/t,n,. crt.nrior.
11 .?n, i r 1f |' r i. r / , ni . f lf l, r i, r ; r L r . r o nc. l , . .i
-: ! r. ' ill: .o " b rl /.
lr..rl: r, ' .. rr ,o , . u. , . , o. . r r . bt ,.,rd...,..1
'. :
L rlken. slr.r,r.,, s|1,,,, adornr,.rlj lasor,nr, m $n.,1,
i, . t.- t : t . t t - i, , a' 9. 1 u i, , ! , . .
-onny : J.
'rr)" rr : d b. ta J. lo 1 . r. Ln.
_"rr.
-rr : :n .-,. ,o ,,r. , , t . t , J-.. t 1, t , r j h. . .".
h. . , , . / t..e. la.,-r. t!t..1
. " ' rr: l r, . r ' . . , . : . , , "i. . . , , .:
"liu a..'tit ' 1.
Jr. -ilr. -lr:1".'ur,.t,,: , t r : , " : . 'L
,.,r.r.. j, . . r . lJ : a J.-, .
- - -,
lr - llo l , 1 ' :
-1 : assembly. d.li\ery. ,lcUuty, dii!!, 1r0xly, clt. " "
._./0recefti: l3 7 r
. {'.rcr,: luto..d.g/, lr!.rau.m.t; |hrtoorr r/r {uolloqI (cttono./c.r, srobo.rn.r.
n ,l 1 r.zi S ; lt lr ) l
{ f , -c f . : . o ./, t.,t. 1 ,, ,' .r ' . IF ..i\,8 ...r .u d ltr Lt..
-i .rn : t a- i r , . " . . , oa .r.. ,... r,n :o .... n .." u , r.,,1.ti rt,tr,..
r. or l 'Fr.,, m , r han. u. r r ,
_ . -irt! : ]Iaxis,, so.ialirr; plilorogtsr.fllsicnr. r,lani.d;dtis/, ],n 0risr,. antlEoDisr.
-:l _ : l , lar " . l ob \' p r' c ,' . P ' t p ' l .k r
"
l ' . . .\r' .r' /,. ' l u,,r
r Drrr,. L ch ir r r hl, ' r l. . . l r,h i r .rr.r
-iiis : rpperdi'itii, nloi'.1ri.". !oln^, sinrlstrtr, lorsiutir, cre.:
dJ Sufixe dimhrutiynl0sru dopre0iativc(.Lit'..rs(.
or*i,ni). .i 379
-ard! -o.t /g.rn.l : b$tzfd, coM/d, drunkar. hgsa.d, stuSga/1, wjzdfda, b.asgdrr,
-a1ter (lal.tr crilicd.de., mcdi.as,c., Dusicds,c/. !octds,c,,. ol!asr".. elc.:

n lulln q . il' aa i-',' . . , / . . , or jr . . t ut lc . ' nt . . t a, l".p o . i \ t " \,\it,:tti"tpt,
tA" i tu)tpl, t|fun ,tp4 , mo l.ir t p{ , . r c . .
i,n lijern.): ohjokcn, Lilten, nraiden, etc.i
. -et il..): rorone,, isle,, lerer.4 nidsd,, osl,,; bill.r{,. bull./!, fitl€,4, haich?/a, pultc4,
4.
| d i
_I -onn,{j
-ctt€ (rr.): ciga.cre. Iil.heMr,, maisonlnler,f.widotr?,&j eonducrord,rar. lr drunn
mijofer€,. und€qrrdu€re!, ustrdcrF.i uanncle'e, learho.rc, rlush.r&. erc.:
_ . . -ier lo.igir-aobscui): Antrtr, ,\rohie, Jralie, Johnrl.. \!ttlc,- cool;,. deariz, doggt,,
-kinG) {olatrde,amediel: oailt,, la,nbntn. maniitn, Pet.trtur sonnihns. Moui}ar,
, r { S e. m I I br am u d . k n d c k l c rk e ri .l . e to .;
-1 e 1-rl
. ..ret iff ): trnkt.t, etel.t, llauer, lNiu.r, hafl.4 tigr.t vnre,, start 4 woodt€,,.
br{ceierr, chnp?e,{,i,aole/i, w.islj,r{. en,.:
-l i n s s r ' . . : 1?r lr s o ' r:L /r,s . e o J i 6 . n .h b ,rk l r,j . -u.t/rrs. tord/,rg.l ri n" -
tt ng. rn e rn \, ! ndc f lr na,wr a L rra j e t..i
-ock (germ.l: bitt.ft {dialectal).bullo./r, hiuo./r, etc.;
'(e).r.I (lr.): cock'rcI, Don8r.r. w$tru/. etc.;
-st8 lgerm ): dah,e., do!c!rc.! gaDerr.f, gangs,e..!usra., rh,vmesl..,lipsr,., trick,
, r , .-r u ri /i n/ ob. . ur : E : |r , . fa l l /. J o n L . P, s j J . \\' h r rpJj Lobby..dbby. .ookv.

tu. I,'3 ry $r r gd. p t { . o n n y . u n m| h J n k y . n rd t '{ , F .
r Suiix cde formcazl

ii subnaniile de Ernul leminin.
:I'ri n i n lef m t s diI liDbrl
l o rl d l i r' l -i frU \rz .r
I| . u $, r i\ ul d/ ..
'D l rl diminxlilal sau delr!(i.rlir {l snlirului s.
.Itrlelesul
5v€zi Fi sliirul .v mai ios. tierdut cn vremea.
84 Mo
J ;t 2) Dc r iv r r c n ftc rc .i rn I B 4 i tt.F o rn a ti on ). _ | o" tp j uhFtdnti !c . d,l

l o r m ar I r i1 dr r ita rr rp g r" i i ' u . ,L p ri n s upri n,arc,, ur,Fi P i rLt.ronrl P rr-
"di
vitc ca un sufiri:
trilia < triri.rlr plp - ptrply
g.eed< greed, tat < Pelty
typewrile < typcwriter dooste < donaiion
! 3?4 3) Iied ceroa (Redurtion, Shortcning. Clipping). Acesl procedeu,

l o a r t e pr oduc t i! i n l i n b a o n g te z r),, o n q ti i D sul r;nrdrcd urr-i Ii !!i (i l r.P put.
d l ir iil . ul. . r," d i p r d i n rr-' r' r ' ,rtD rl . drn .sp .^ ob i n- n.' l pl o Iurn' i
" H, r "
noud. Uneori aceasti creaiie nu este d€ fapt decit o simph presrulLar€ .1
cuanrtului irtiiial, alleori inse capite un inleles oarecun dcosebit sau o intre
buin!,areproprie:
S 37; a) suprinarea inceputuLui tn(intului L{ereze -
'engl r "t''l -ri'r:
b^coy (!op.l < ioDd... lhone .- telrphnr!.
pranc -. A.\iPume
< m o ld . .a f
.oa.h < mol,of cod./l slori < dtslo/t
cXclc < bLlt:le squtre .--
9ss",.c
nroe -:: C,efence sror"r < n1stutll.
lla < l l .tm n o (fo p .) larsiry < tD'r.ri1ry
Pa < Pi p a $.fl < pclrera
376 b) s pr i dre tr sftrsitul ui cueintul .i lapocopn- (eng])

apocopr:):
ad < a.lveriisement:brt < rrassiercioab <.drriolel; cabh <.arlegram: champ <
rh a aP io. : 6 ' .l p : " u 5 r' . " 0 ,;n l a i Jn l o. /, l or:
lind r\. ,. " t /d ' i. : . L i\ dr r n/ , l"l, 4ioit Lrnro \i nJrRp - pa,A1'
rine: nn , r /iisif", m oli , Dr t - r
n, n i p '6 o . r t . r 9t ut t t , ' n", p' rjuc
r ; / poaa t o " e : ! T i b / t - & t r i . i " d I 'o , p .
prozt-.f ".u ., io f i: ur uT. prnp p\prtv' t o 'd n ud'
1' r ' , p. r J d ' nr r lr l: 'a o p
tio': rrt r "n < / er ul. r ( iuni - r Fr lor r ll' . a l r . < s o n J d l 'r m .
t' ",.- -,./e -""
p ti,hr;rr 6 vrr.vr al^: r . ; d! lln s p " u F r s r ''. i \ i dJ,riL rpllj
,"/ \:,io n, \ ' rr r dn, , Fr iidr \ , O ld \ ic Bol" r ', l u r i d H d l l ; w l l k : F . l a l l : o <
railing ldl/i1 e r r J J io s "t { . ?oo < ?ooloc ' , J-g. r r J ; 1 " 'c ,
J cin q nd i' < r ; r r r lnd / , J ; J n t Pf m or h
377 jatEon €colbesc:

,ol . "r/l g liJ . / r gg r g ! _ . \ am < "r dn i J l i o l : l d b - l 4 r o r a o t y : nAlhrJ<
no'h nd n: n ,ar . , , r hi, . ld ion: pr ' p \ p.pparLtion: pmt \ ptu^ sof : L",g <
t ,sotrometrri vac < racrtron etc.
s 3?8 cu addqatea unui suti.x:

dinP' (Iam.) < dinirrg'c:r.
sleelef (rrm.) < sle-alin8 car
s o. " " ( ta ' ,' r-o " i a i c n fo o l bl .
rugg# (ld,n.) < ,nu8iy lootbill
s m ok a (l rm ) < s mo k i n g -.o tri dA e
no. { m k r .rm .) / ,' o ' ,-" r,ua n 8 .a r' dqp
ls o d" r \' i"nr I < b u " . h rt 1 ., s1l I l $o dp Ls
l-wo-seat (fan.) < (ca. wrlh) hro seais
'
r,ri'ial: nelnscmn{t, supi,llicirl,,z tri rl. ?/,riu: ltrc.d.i nfiBcnnrate, lleacdo,
_
s/ai: Jna.c {dmiraior (setr adni.atoaful, !,tsional(rli duti lilnt, lotoitrnlial,
sport tito : lrra /dr, tun nr F,t, hdntbntt F,6 erN.
' lto 9e tq ' \ ' ' \ t r lr lll
l nattti.-tntlie atarat d. ra,tio e ililor fcccttof torlniir.
: : 1!o loc{ir Lr-loc uin! a.
.) cd d , ?r c 0" t r t t .J r s u n e te din i n te ri o ruL cuot' ntul ui t379
isincold - (engl.) s?incotel:
bike < Dt.yclc cu.tsl' < dzltesX
tmcy < /antasy mrko < rrt.rolhone
dormonse < do.mDt t0zse
motorbike < tut .Di.Ycle
motorcade < morotcavrcade
.l) cd.d,.rea unor sun€tc Ln hqi nuIt. t o : it ii: S 380

F. <,irningham pran < pe.dmluhto.
au < in&enza
.u ftLdt\afta unui sufir:

nabs< ,arDara nim)- < inmccnl (: I,rostdnac)
.) comprim.Lrea nai ,n u l l o r c L rri ntc. s 381

Anc.ioaradian l: 4noican + electmctrtion l: elat,ic executian)
Canadiat) cleeirolie. (: chandclE.)
lmerind (: ,an.ricar + l-did) 'Ie.'ic +.lsu,
Eufasia 1-- t,.ote
Bakerloo : rakdrst|ecr and $raterloo ro.rnishr (: /o.,.;een zi,,n,sl
lUn d e rar odndRailw, r r l
\r,\rr,anr.
o-'"""i:,r"'-"i"4si,i;'"' - ffi:: i' ; "fij;.:;"1',1il,
motol 't I Nta'
r,'iii"r.-..""
r ,'-',"t. Ln;.1.t "nsi"''
-iibockeN) radd (:.adio detertiorand.anging)
4l Attsmaffle tonatift lCrddotrcn, Xlutatian) Unpl'subst0nlivP sa $ ]cz
,1Fospb,.cde alr; parli d" !nrbire (adjc"rive.vPrbc.r. ) prrn modili.ar"r unui
.Lnpl \o.nli. n"Jian tl at I GratJ,ttiorJ. insalita .ad nu d" lrodili.ari con-
sonantice ale terminaliei ;i cu evenbualaadiugare a unui sufix:1
Substantie Verb S bstantie Adjcctir
brcath io lreathe breaitth - broad
c.lotl - to clolhe depth - deep
length -long
{idth - wide
young }ouih
'(Vezi ti s 22r'11
5) Abrovier0a ( Abbrceiation). -l|[ult mai f.ecvent declt ln limba romend $ 383
se intrebuintoazn in limba engiezd abrevierea, adicd reducereaunor cuvinte
la inilialele lor:
T\', toroli,'on. n R C. { BfirishBroailcaiing.orporarion, !s'1" I pounJs
{ h i inc..;e n.e t- o c. r Doir . ar dt . r n N. B. , nola b"n " ) , & P . i . l = p o s r d r i t 'l '. l h P
r, . P . Lr. ld .ncril Po :r Oir ir F. , d BA. I Dlc h"lor o A r . . ) , m l L S c . ( - \ r d s l r r o I
\ , , ip" .i a c.l . Ccn crd l Pr ; c li ioon" r dof lor , npdr . "d r ^ p r a r U . . 1 m p J i . i . d g 'D ' f d n .
Non. n a n : s s i o l " J O u i . " r '. a w q A F
. d ,M.P . -u(;r,"r o l ldtl, anFr ' , , ao NCO I - ( nro" of lhp So\i.l io idlnl
, - rnen, b r o t rh " \\'o r"n s A r \ ' t iar \ . \ i. I or ", , U. S. r . H.
k ebunlicar . t5 \, I rilq l 5ldl. s i f Am pr i. a, , l\ O I Inilpd \aLi.n5 Oryuni/alionl,
q' i nlin dr d l l ' r l O r g J n 'z J i o 1 ) p l ' .
I NE sco , Lr.rtL d N o : Edur s r ional,
't '
UNICEF iunitcd Nations International Child.etr's Xme.gency Fund), etc.
I A " pisll mu lna _"FJ pnr ' ' l n: ll, '

!f s.J I,,.,", ribf J . s nlr l, d4 ' dF. ' r f d1' , e.h bJ n. Lo g l l i - . \ i r d l ', r d ZrD";n
. t . i..hr 1u t- b Jn lo ". a,lo . d1; d r r l t , r t ' ' ,.r1.
l J U- "r'
ji .. m r t r r j. l : T. c . t n "dr l.
"orosn 'Lrt
MOR!OLOGIA _ SUBSTANTTiUL
B. SCHl\lll-\Rli--\ c'\TllcoRlEl Gli.l\iATlcALE

.rr:lsj
ico\vllRSlo\)
lc'I'
rile r:ll Il'ltl:,1:1"";"lii1ll'li];l.liililri''irdc
rn,lcsubsla
0""',inl:'l,"1i1"'ll ;"
:'Jiiiil;T;";^
u*, "*'''
J 3 q(i ' ' ' ' .u.,^,.
" i i ,.,, , - . i: i- '
1'lill:;,' lil'
l*i?f;:-':"'ii'i!4.,"''"'
T'"J;l'"'* *xi'ffi iix;";1i',";;X",
#'1"'*'11"
i';',.,,;1il"i.,,'#g
'
Tii',;:::,(:1",tr"i1'J:i"l1x"'ill'i"lilLT*
1 \e 2 ; S ti o -t6 0 1
ti
s 3s7 ihe {c.u-".tl ihe k'lost'g

t h. ir t r t s l. ! - L the lrvrns
a blildtng Jhe I rsornS
handw.rung ine r lc ' t s a\ d
ll, e Llc r ar t t L tLr li irnrr
a !rrrltng l l t r u r t 'm p r o J c o
A ldrmng h, r Ln[ ' ni] + , 1
lhe unk no{ n l l 'c s t i r t h e n
ln] \tashing
s 388 . lir s t , ! l . i 'd .

3 s elonn
S e89 Pcrbtt
. 'turr J o';n'{ : llFh' i"r::.|:'"
" iI.l i'l'"*,,, " " "iitr t^'0""n
i"'r'-.,. r,"""'i:il"*
roat). a "l "t;"-e.:
shot
I rl ii ,i'l
aL' a swu :iu-;Ji,i,Hill,'1.!: "",l:ill
,iliil
i rorl lin t
t' t tl"''"* 0".
^ ....-,. ';""f,:u',?:",inn,Xti'i;
i; " , "/ i
,;;;:":.Jl,1 l'i'r,"., j''l "'
::ll:'"'#l.q:îljxl'v"I' l''i{*;l' '
tonorro$'l
tiivc me {: ring ne^w)
Tn' r ' r";'g
$v m or r So ol P o a
' dJ
llL- s o"l f is dn old nd
' ' er '
coni n c liL ' a rt L c o L
S 3'J0 ttl .t e tbt:, prtpozir'ii'
.. ,t,. L",t !, Lpean.t
. .. lil:*';"": "i "J::,
'' : o r' ' ' ' to ' '
"il ,'''1, ', i,,i l!i , ' i l ' " '
i';t"lll,tli*"y'li.l'""i5ri."*,1'i l'*:{lr'il'11;''
" r" ' a "
-
.;:'l::',$.:l'i,f"l"!,""'Ji".'r'lti'e'"\'ilj
,=",;:,llll"t:.t1,fit
,'.,,,;:J:;
:r:i'-;'yij ll':i:lli; l' ni' i};;'l''
'i;,;,';:j,,;iI
- ;:,;,; "". "'t't"t .r .,,,
" il , ,f,"i:T {,:',i,,1,,"
$ 3e1
the ntss ot th. sf.D.Dt
il,c n ,i or tr. cirrs
{ nzr, ol surp.ise
{ ,.E L oi g.aiihd! the .u sre o1 silk
ihe Da.: ol l]ii,s the srtsl ol ihc b.oom
ihe .ntt oi bids i,he ,!rt.f ot swdlows
the clarg ol buses tlie rrrf of coi$'hcfls
Lltt ble'rl oI thc Soviet ea.th satcllilc
n) cu adnugarea lilerei s. mirca pluralului: s 392
s 393
(Ve!i ri $ 127)
fo tra tn -iry s :t94

..omiqs and soinjjs eamings lilings
gol4gs emplyrnss
roogDSs sarrnSs
sunclndhgs takinAs
$4nnrngs
(Ve,i qi ! 1?6)
$ 395
in lwo rMs
to waur on all /or.s
to lnle si@3 in eloves.
the I'ghts to be at rt €! dd 64eas
to dressup li! tle Dtnes{la!].)
(\i e z i fi S 1 2 1 6 , !2 6 4 )
s 396
one's /ttdr and d6rik3
the slolls (sau s/'dlrsJ ol momlity
a.lNetbe, conj unclit, prepozilti s 397

thc dyes and nocs (in Pa.liamenl.) the tns and o&& ol the case
lh" /od. f, d rh u/,ys ot lh. nd' l f r 1p1r c " . r - d . o r u
Ii" t r. a rd,rl" lr r . , r s ald d . , , s i n o n . s l i l p
II t/s and a6r were pots and tans there'd bc {o need fo. tinL-"N.
\lc didn'|. knorv \cr t&ereaboutt and couldn't loNard your lette.-
c, cu modiiicareaacc€ntului(insotiti uneori si de rnodificarealoneticd g 398

respdl.n'e),substa tivele fiind accentuitepe prima s abe,verbelepe a doua "
( s 2215).
I Semnalsonor caracteristicprinului satclit sovielie.
t l :t.t.. y a4ds - lt r o d \l p , n p rt,1 6 rr| a r' L r .,p, t \ r t r !r,t;dr .= arti -
.or . d ..a l i a li i r r r odr : r " r. = L ti th " A :Ah ts(\ z i p l g .6 ' .noa2:,i ..pa" r .usttuo
luat{ ourttd dupii or.t 11 a.m.
3aD este lorma r€.he r conjurctiei il
E 8M
.{ 399
C. CONIPLINJ]REA
icoMPOSITIO\)
L rrn p ro " d -u d p In rr ' rF u tr\i rrl Fl { l u:' rr' frp' !Fr' l

p ' r r i' r P
, 'ir'',,i" iii i " ,r'"" ".i ;J . i i ;"';'r, ,,,d,'i r " d 4 " u : '
' r r"nl"- i " ' uar"
' r^r' Fl ' nr" r r r
i tl r; i n
.^ ' r . i' , ai, r ' L r\i rr'
"ll'lr rej.r- rin iri' ' r'
, , .;l ;i;;.;;1 " .'"i.'.",-'i,'Fna,rr' r' ri"
singr r r f uI i" l, :
ln a|cst nrod sc Pot fornra srbslarrl;verlir:

.dr,*i. \trI'\r,:,,r 'r ,t. .,:r Lo ...rrl:'r'.'uL rlur"_ rtoern' j rplarE'
t" i;,1'';;.1'
l"r,il:'l:l:'i,r,i- '" -
' :;i:ll",'iii;:l
:,;;l,l
llL;j!t"i,:iiiil,"''"i ::";l;;rr.;,
;;;i'r;r,i".:,
"
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rrpan"r:iro!L'boar'
" ",ili,llliiii'.,)"',lll'li;'":1il:"il1l:l::
'il;-b, 'jIhou'i
'""':ri:i;;:ll"l;;;'* iiillriliiii;l i"h'
-i;':iliilir,")il!lfi?i!'
",'ill,.,,ft.
""""iiiil;i*:r;,::ttllli,'titi',';ui lrltliil;i'"ll"ii';*Jli;":li
lll'J,i,l;iii
-' ii,;"'i*1' l',:,:,;"iri,;]l;;,'i,, ii i,"1.n;,t,,r'._ ".
rearer'and-
doiu:aro'outer'
liilii.iii";"i''il$"::":,il''iii:i;'i")"tii.""i;ii";.
''"u;;,1n,';;,,.',:,];1.' .i' ' ' i,,,n:l;
ll"i;)oi.ii',1, ! .i::lii:,i1.,;l"i'r.
lii,'i;
-'.'"1, i','rf,
;:l.l ;,1;.:1\l;i:':''i'. .'il:"1't'
l;ll;1;1, ,,',",
I t r p r l' . I ir ' g P0
o no n'rrn l'€o: o\ $n\ . 'l
loiniod. \rhizlbaDg, !lc i
i;=i'
litilfrlfii'i;L,r'*,ii; rlr' :'
"i,r',
::"'
.":"":i
;, ..
(ionrpuseeite astizi tot at'ii de pr'r-
\ {00 Creareasubslanti'elor derirate sru personal'
(luctir:i ca !i in tr,:,:ut. cont"'o'rinrl i^ i"""i"'*a unui stil fdarlc
(uri e,.enpre
ii a" pit*"* trrntitodrere re sint
iis\ii:,l.;,i;,i',r;-''iiliiiirl
i t l - qpeli:
,,is,.durn.ss, lll:lij:iliillil:\,,u.".*
riii'""'ii1,,"i,",iii"'i'"1'-'t"'"
;l"J,ii1'l-3,j11f.i1,,1'ir"l''"'u'
1,
lr\,o' "-:,,,,,i, .,,
^. . ,
r,, ".' , 4 . , '4 o,- ,. "
r
ir,r | ,-
1i;"'rr,. r
;,| t' ,' I i t.p| b\ ' /,
'(irvin inlf . r l. in liniliir '

,ll.$_ , teIorl Pr . ar ' t n,
"lY'
60
_ l l .-s0, k c wir h
a S o o da mo u n t o t n e a .to fi a .l Mi t!.u ss.l
-.f'irow6 qrlh utr.p\s t}|at gpt lhF wolk donA. l
"B{r o p no r u'tt.kt
r s . . ' O trp r mc n o o b j p .ri o n s ' f'
' fhe pefisdns ol thc doiag-whate,ondpa-did-and.tpt: prckad it.,t!t-ta!.I!..t
Substantivo telescopato (po manteaa,Nords). TiDul de cur.tnt numit, € _ 4Ol
lnlinrba englezeaporlnantpauNord.eaxa blpnd.rord1un, u'inr ..tclcs.oDat-j?
c.r" n.rFalip arrificiald.foarla sugectiveadpsaori,carecombinAin mod arbi-
lrar pafte din sunetelegi sensurilea doud cuvinte tegatelntre ele prin lnleles:
l,rurcl I. bFalta.l lun.hJ rus p lnmpr.lI . rurh husrtcl
.snort) suurry
'hor'lp'chu.kli
risrnu€ndo ! Innurndor .mog ( ._-s.urtpr+hrfrvr
r-- Insrnua||on snokp : tos,
n g Pf ( - Lon r |lS F |) !n a .k { ' snake shartr
motel (: motofisls' hotel) Nlirlicane {: whirhind + huricane)
slithy (: lithe + Btimy)
De fapt, acest procedeu de formare a ouvintelor std la baza vocabularului
iou..intrebuinrat, extensiv atit in reclame. cit Ei tntr-rn anumit, gen modern
. 1, . li l "ra tu ra.
I \. Bert. Cadunt.
I i. LFwis, ,ltotn iktrr.
3 Cuvinte intrate l. liob{.
a N. Twair, op. .t.
5R. Aldinftoil Deoth ol a lterc.
' \ ' , oF da l dp LF$is C; r oll ' uv r nt ' lo. , . ir r , , . ar t i iltp g i , r i p i r r r , p 1 . 1 . " ; n , 1 1 , . , ,
Adee wes in Wbnn?lbnd, ThnuFh the lnniLs.Ck$ ,.t T* Er;ji"s th" i;;;k
"f ;j1;;;;;c
. Hanap's Sttndad F.ench d^d Enst^h
Ditiandr!, 1s31t_
ARTICOLI]I,
.\_ !11
i::O\SI]JNR.{TII GI]\JJR.\Ltr .r1l
4at1 9i
'' "'r''i 'i ,.. .
\Rl i (IOL UL S I S I ; B - q T A \_ T l \:l l l ,i\ll j l l El l \L i L l t S.\ti \I\Itt1E i t,!utr, ti ltII ,,,

t,t2
\_ o l r r h' lJ r l
j h .r.n r . t nlr .......
" . ' bi. " !t
- l l .' rl :. lr !t
It
L)l !;
I n "i b" , oll !t
\- i. il rl Z F r o . . . . . . 4tt ,t5
l' , r' ,. , 4 i 96
9t
9)-
Pru ,, l r' . . . . 4i11, 9,1
l-,rD.!i i l cir li. olulr i t olnn r.... ....... 9i
/ r n "i B"vrl 9l
t i .rn r tr . t i\ . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
450 98
451 98
4i2 98
4' l t 10t
(6:? 100
ai i t i 00
g. ner alr . . , . . . . ..
l l P3 rl ,-L
\'r I Jr-opi d, r. ".^ . .,. ,'n 1" , 46i i 1a0
.\r . )r, f i+oir'i i.; |. J" ri l r .... ..
ge. ; r . r r . . . . .. .. 43| l 103
\'|n ,1 " l, - r / i. I r , J " i ..,... 4tt 10,'
\u rn e l e de z ilo, luli, a' rr'
n i.. n ro ti tn p u ri ,s i rb r' ' i o ri...... ................,..
' .l ' bit u"
NrDele olifc_telor de studiu, rlc jocurilo. ii:rle sloflurito. rl i J 106
51r 106
. t ' " J t. : ot . , - at - t .; to t ,t........ 51i t0:
\ \ q rJL .Lt 1 1911, , 1r ' 1 1 . .. .. .. ... 5t1l 108
F o fn ri i ti r r o. unli{ e. . . . 5i trl r03
\ r,o lr n, d' r i r l' rr.' l .l ..,... i :l I r0?
. { rl i .!l ,i l i e h. t nf t iio1ods tru 4 i ro u l o .rrd d c tl u ra t........ ..._............
lnl re h u ;nlar ernr , i" ulr lr i n c b o td i t..... i :5 109
l n ri n i ca Lil. lor ilori , nu m e l o rrl c l ro re s i i . n p s c ri i ,n r; i oul i l ai ,j ........... i:M09
ljulrii lnlintrrc nrc basincssal. theptt i tah ol. tt.e!t.l.sst.n .1. the tN.te of ari J Ir0
q1B-
lnrini' . nu '. rrl lo _ t at t l' r u t n\ t t l t l ^^ r ; n: P \

lln
-t
lilill:: "lr;i:;ll:,:'ll1: ";,.; ;,,:;,,.' i ri "l
;;,,, I lo
i;g,i*;',: ;;l;'1.1,;,i .11,,;:

: "!;i :,;,i',i
o:u;; :,ll:.,,l'i';l ;; a\i 1l r1
i;';;:;;i;;.; : ii,'. "" ,- /. .
.il'i:;li,-,i,.:.,
;.1- .':1.'.lll,"','l'.j,1 5i r trr
h i i n r". , , . , r , r . br , ' rr tr -i r' , 4 f' rrIr ' iil l
iLt !
vtvtnt llPs'r^r' ,' -
Ah! cntLi tn .arc attiolrt -
vL c'cl Nsl DE R T ll - qI ' E C\L l l .ts i P tt' \ A \l rn ]' ,(J n _ \ l l l ool tl I til
I i:li
*
.,,1 g ,n" t ' iir'.r 1l n
- d r r" n ,:
."tr.ra, . , i*, . " r l i rl r " r' rrrl rr' '
ri 'n ,,1 " l" t . r ' ', ' l d r 'l i' '
iiiim"re oc mrsri
Airilritul ti arli.dlele -i dt
r14
Rctrctnrca dninuhri -
lli)
vtl.CAZURI lN c-{RE ,\llrl(x)LLl' ] ll'sDfrll '
ii, ti 5
Remli g .nFr''l' _ :t6 t llr
snlxr,nli{FlL
SoisianlirFlL l n te ]| s g c n e ra l . . .
5
sul,st.'n li\ "1 "
AtE cazLti itu.orc dtti'o'i riPs'fr' - '
.1Ti TIC O LU L
(T]lFrATiTICLE)
I. CO\SIDERATII CE]{ER-.I,IJ
l) I)cfi ilie. - lrticolul este url instrum€rl|. granatjcal care serve,ite. S 11)f
ir lri,rcipul. la indiridrlalizalea.obiectelor'asupra cirora se oprcEiea1,cn1ia
\,,r1)itol.r]lui
salr scriitonrlui..obiccte rlonunrile,Ire plan gramal.iral.cu a.ir
t rul substantiruluilnlolit sau ru d. artrfot.
2) Fon i, Grdnatica englezi are .toali arlicolel: !.10;i
arti(olLrl hotArit the
a.t;colulnPlotdrit a sau nn
,E l,ca.rr'.s u rins
,,. JcaN ra id.a
:l) {lrratteristiti. - Spro rlcoseb;e de limlia |orrrini, ilr limba enqlezn { 101
lr ' i . . lF lF .int thtl;t;...,r f lr ' . , u\ i' t p c lc pm . pda. , r h . r h , , t i \ a t p ta,.irp t.
'. n l r' . l5r , H {a e I n : Fnar p,
"r li. olpla n u , i n ' a . . . n t , r a '. :
'^ rt.r r ' l' .
,/E h.urs a .nild
t/r llnro lr-"nn lolntriN dn able rnu
lVez j ins ii 5 41, 0.ila)
4) Fur{,tii. - .{ icolul ru stn sjngur; ci Insolelte tntotdeauna u. sub $ 40;

ilantiv -qu un eehivalent,al acestuie,fapL pontru care unii grarnaticieni il
ItnFniera o partjculn.
,Obieclele cxiste le se imp8rt, in doun categorii: drlirrtt. (adici specifi
.atc. in.livjdualizatc) tarl nuiefinit e.
d.) Defini.r(a obieetelor. adicd indiaidaLl.izare /or. se lace cu ajutorul S 106
arti(,olufui hotdrit, the (the l)efinit. Arlnl?). erc sril pe lingi snbsl,antivele
,.c ]e ddrumesc ..i al cdrui rol €ste de a scnrnala faptul ci obiectul in cauzn
,,.te snu ra fi cunoscut.
Thc, care la origin€ tnsemna lhis, that. tht:se.t/os.. ai pistreazi tnci. S 107
rtenuat. acest lnlcles. lmpr€u'ri cu irrncliile corespunznt oareI the poate lnsoli
iird1r,.{rrslan I ir.l?. nunerabiie sau ncnunre.abile.ai.lt }a s; qular cit Ei1eplural.
ir i,,n.,lie de conte\l:
l)J r.slul substanlirelor.adic{ aceleacare dc,runlesc ,obieitele, n€defi- \ 408
ni1.. ncnldirnlualjzale, sillt insotite de xrticohrl ncholl\tlt (thc In.lrfi it(
-l//nt.,/. .\cest,Rrtjcli ri sau an, crre lnsemna la origine one, adici unitttca,
nu poate deci insolri(le.iii,iorma de singrlar a unui subst&ntiwnedefidt.. ,\,ra, .s +{)g
iiar p.n1r|rfoo.a (lc plural forespunzil,ouencer;stiDdun litoouil.orposibil,
. a dal .unrele de artieol zero :rriicolului r,are af trcbui s^ c\istc in acel loc.
S tl$
d&r care lips4r/r. Lipsa a(ieaslaesfc tot atit de ilnporl.anli ca si prezenla unlli
arlicol. deoarececn are functii distincie qi holiriloare. (Vezi S 429).
-{rtifolul neh.rtniil nu i sot€tte ]l;r;o(latn substantivele nenunerabilc.
r l]rii grarnati.j.ni .onsnl€ri irindr I hol,'rril ca p. r^ anirit. itr articolut ncho-

1: ri i ( ii lt un al;.7 rit nelnnntit lr.zi llF Can i.a ArfdnJ Didiaharr, a, sn, t\e).
91
lI. tRl tr,||LI-l
! 411
'''' i:l'l;i\\lf,;ilil3n,\*li'''''
s 4 19 Il.cul:i qcncrxli
p o .l ri " l" '" ; -tt
< . , t . n n t;r
i
'pr-'"r
,,r' ,, r' rr;J rV
i
n'n ''r'"ru' t' -'''' r
i:i#:; ' "i::i I' '" I r
:,,t.t., "t i- , 1 t ut 1r t r ' t o1 t P t \ \ t
'. "0
iiililffi;i pi.,""i.p"t primit'r singurar

'
.in ,,l.r' nt n
.i i I l
artic,rtul holirii'
s L-
r.rr.r.r' tI, \i , i //r!r l rtJi i Ll -:
+lJ I) .\rticotulndrotirit c,qtcintrcbuinlil
st'r nlv lnr nD lLr u a i tc t\ :
,'l lr"rrl)ai'sn fib'r ili

i rl ro*t.\1.
, ll | 21 \ uh' lnnli\ Pl o n u mc rc h i l c ' r' J '
' au nebotirit - d.rcn ru nu 'Ln
I'n r:' r ;r
"" ."airl.,:i" ,'" I
";. ',," " " ;"
alt, determinat:3
i '
"o h r i- . ,' r .bll.r_:i..1,;I',. , e rr. , x . -. . , r -, , rr r" . , ' -
, , h I"a)$ i'' i .li "i. .o lt oL;,:i:),.;ij:"
:"11 " 'l iII;"r",:.)
;,i"rij",,',,,':;i";.,1
L'e,
,,. ' '1;J,:i,l;in',,u,

,,".'".0"',','"ll:.'l
'l''l;,'-l',;,' .'',' 1:
,
"' moLror,,,
," ";,i,";it:;;',"' :,"1,
f':i:;";,,;.; ,1:,
1;:,'-,i, ,r")
i,i;,1.;
:i; I""r.'r i'
;"";ipn"r'"rr'i"1'r'i
iiililll,"l:l;rll,]'";l'lir:,"
cu ceae.,slez:i:
i:1"",1'i;. romini in conLrast
-"""[i
rei,r,.,
ronesre r.' lli
r sr c liil: il.ltl: Ji'T'i":'iTflli,fL:i;""i"!i,xl.,lx
sie n d"Tjiltt:
Lurr
.de lin m a i m u ll
'rl
i,,toit.:.':".",-..,".iur.,.," : ia,: r', "I'r" 'dl'rr
...r".,,. .i.
.'t" pliii rt"" ard lrdtrL rrr"rir'
Con(fluzic: (rtiule nthatdti't
tc-\tul rL'nnn'sr' -\'rrarai
Nici wr articol nclLatnnlio 1oi
l te\tul ergleze:c-
4li:
$ {1(i Fxi:,ptii l:i rtErrltill, !
s ,117 Iloll' a rvlLisltr indôttr' Lrl!'isi:
Ca0l;, is ( 1hP' dniD o r
rcinll
q, 1 1 8 / , ) s Lr u,i !L i l rrrL + tP :
q l n d _ l o ' r' Pr' '
v ' t nt , t ' I t' t s re b rtl '
i; ij " ; ::l:1":'ll. .,', ' ' , \ r " r , "r u' r ni'
"l';; "
ii, ' t rn l s n l o l l ' ' d 1 o tl rP rr'
" i" " t - , i' ' " '
r \'r..rjl \ .l '""
' tr'" 1 j-
.ltr .L^-:":','] ,, , ,. r'r '" :
r |.n rrLr I ' c lr niir an! ' . \ 7t i -" '
i 4.,h.' l : {t'd Lorl
'i!
CONSDERATII CENEE{LE 96
3) La pluml, substantieele
n mcrubilclNl nu p mcsc articol nehotirlt: S 419
\r{tctres nou.s
) -"nN idcajj
4) Substatilele nonnmcrabilotf:ll nu au, in mod normal, nioi plural S 420

li iici articol nehotdrit,:
!.rseeianP is a qnaljtv.
'l otr can'i. lile .ll $ea1,
liinds bl D6t..
air r w is a nr elal.
jldis!.Dsalle to man.
-{tr-is
Ci. The atl in rhis room is nesh.
5) Concluzie.- DiD cete erpuse pinil a;ci reies clteva reguti de bazd: S 421
dl dacd un substantiv este numertrbil, deci are plural el 1'a alea li sin 42P
gular. care poale ii preced.at
d. (trt[.olnl tu)lntdrit. Arl,ico]ulu;rehotirii {asau an) "s
ile la singutar ii c;rcspunde al)stnltr artical tnir la pl:UJa\.
I -J. 1 1.r,l '0"-, hool , J o. g g"l ( 6 , or i, '. our.
^\..I \ere s$ arn '! r g our iir Fr r f r
I pr. Lizs
Substantivele numerabile au ariicolul hoLdrit,the atlt la Bingular,cit $i S 'tP3
la phral:
I sj. 14' 1o ..3 ,irr \"- //l' .r'' ' o.'
{ pr. Tn " L "1. s" all ; . g r o ! \ io. Ll do. , r o $2,, , . / / , 1 . . ' - 4 r '. 4 T4t s
I Tabnanent Fitn s.
D) Substantiv€lenelrumerabile- adici abslraclii]e. uneie de mat€di S '124
sj de nase, precum ii substartivele nsi]rlilale cu acestea nu au plural si
deci nu pof avea decit,o si.nlurdfa nd. cen dc sirg&ldr"!. fdrii articol ichotdrii.
Piirnesc insi articolul hotirli, liir tn iunotio de contefl:
\o oDc could lire $iurout notr.
linos'ledEe
ol lis success was sn.r^d bv
' the -nress.
,Ue@l1t,N Urc maiistar ol his diel,.
The tuat yon sent ne was deliaious.
c, Lnel{, substartive nenumerabile por de\eLi nune tbilc jn lurclie de i 42;
j teni,.ia vorbitorului
!i sint tra1,a1,cca atare ( S 30).
Jl Dq i unjj a, , t nr j i n d j r, a ' l j a c ti v u l n e h o tn rl t rorrc ca pl ural al arl i co- g { 26
lului n a b o ,. r il lif . d d " s ru i a l s n l u fl ts n ,r a r, .{ d r o,pl J.i 1-rel p.,a " n/nr
dp.i In l o r r ir . d l^ r p" i p ro ., n u s p p o rr. i d , p in oJt" si rnal i i l ., .hrd
-"i
r n r . lr.u l u i r dje, r ; \ Llui . o r,,. fi i rd m ri r..tr:n F d d p i i t 0ri F1 a cL,ntri sr.;ru
lului .e h o ti rit :
I s!. I . dN d b' bv t l J l i s r l h e p a rr.
{ , I Tl@- {p"a , d/i", I d \' r ,t ', n ,r Dd r
I r' I :,.r .i l i \. o .b i d s rr' J .v ,n ;i- rhd rrJrk.
III. LIPSA An l.IC OLIr-LtiI s 4!7

Lifsa:trti{rolului €ste tot atit de imporlanti ca lsiprezenla lui. Pleclnd de
la acest Dunct de vedere. sramatica moderni stabileste tr€i situatii dis-
lir."l' !;;num":..ot,Ltttnris.,:'ntutu;'. ur!;.uldt:"ta: si it"ti.t,nld orti-
1) OrDisiuneda ieolului esl,cdeliberaii. Ea nu lnseamndincelcarearegu, { 42E

lrl r!r01"r;.a'a itlp,inini o 1rp:".,1.]crin,atirila. ri r.umaidorinladeiso
|ealiza o tortcizie, care obline edeseori, pa de o parte efecte stilistioe
r: a rl i . r olulZ E I T O
:1.r€h t Ol . 1 :e z i 5 6 .9 .
.st. Cc talrLlotna conlund(S !t-irs), cuc sc comt)orli1ca nn singdar.
3 : n ,.ri, r olulz f r o 1i1, ,15 4 :!1 .
'o ()"j'^:i:l:r'i"ill'"'t:l'l:li
"tii 'irri'{{rui t:il;;l:"1'1,;';:i"
l,ItIill'lriil'il ^,,1 ll. l;"i:l lil :,1;.:lllilt'll
';:":iil:ii:li ji':;i"i;;i1,
", iq c.,,,,n 11:,:,:tit:t;l,t;':l:
,,"
, ,.,";;,1);';il,'ii'"lliii: ' "l,,ll'"lii'; 1,:1,j,:;r.,'J,:;: llil'l,ll:'i'i ' ;"
,,.'r . , '', t',, ',u: i ' j , l j ; : T l i i i : l ; ; : , i l ' ; ".d .- ^ - i' u ' ' !i' ..^,,,":r
r ,,r ,.r - r
',ll,rrli,;i, 1'-, i
,.,1'. l" illtli'1,,r
. ,., " " ',"1:,;'^;:y::;:;l:li"-,i"-;
' '" ::i,;iiii:ii'tiixl ;'";;:;;:':r,,'r;l;"'ii
;ilj;;ii,; "' '
pr 'r ''. a r ! " ' :
'J',d, , ; / l . ; i rl.' , , ::1 ,"' ,i,,
L.:,;:
,/ subslanrn'€h
"{1.11';ilJi$l'l'lToi .hina..,"._
I ti k . to d rn ' rr - 1_rrj ^
..nrrt..
,L,L'-n ' | , L L' "r:"tif il" ' f , ,lil' f i, ; ' , . ,
I "/ :i / J
r,,,.rj
\r,,." r ,Jr,i ,,,r,,r,,i
i;i
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t i" t" t a .P\l ' r J rn (
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nudc iiernitdi'l'lstcrlrLrrr' in'ri'
!ill,ii;i''*""'
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, . . . i. i; , " , l : ; " : , . ; ; j r l ' l i " : r " i,th' i u
,';r:;i,';;1:l;i:iIr,:;lll" : .riii;i::i;;i,i:r,rli::lr l''
t'i i";':'1
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iiii, rl* l i i , r t , ' i r ' : r ; rr':l " l i r:;1 /
l:;'.i.]:lil,lf
, ,,, ,,liii:lii,;;,1:ll:,lil,':"1'iilil';Il":l1 ll , .,"
"",
,,''l",i:,1;:lilittr.,lil":ll"'ll:; :i::ri:l;::i;til;:l':
"i;lrll;ilili
' 'll;iiii;"*,':'j'''',llil::''lr'll';:"'l :;'""h """"r\"'"4-
:'1":l etf '
(;rtat t.oitaitLl'fslii' 'tnrrr'fl
'iii''l'- Lonttot'' tt attrihsttittt
p-p'i' n' tt 'tnttt
^"""'
'" ,,,,,,i",,1
,,,1,1l.'i'
. ri1'-,' " ,"'"ti:.''ll1:l'ill;';:'" . '
-";"'r"r'1
s ,*' ,,,,l",,llll.',1:i::
":ll':':'i"',=, , , ,--. ,,,,!,,
*' * '' ,' ,, ii;i::;:jl''"ji';ll:; " i l l 'l 'l l 'i " " :'r '
':;'li' ;::l ,i l " :l l i :
iif.';i"i"'
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:i":i:i::1.
s'o',,;,,pi,i .
ll-)il:ll:,":l:"lllll"" ri(L;f'
riirir in mnL'n
-T"i"'u"t"i-tu'"uu'ri 7'tu csle o rart 'Pufritrli "nlrltidt
,:'il;.i',*il"l'll.i,n"ir.i,,i r'i rtinrJi

s.rmati.rr'
ar..r!.r'!xn
ri.r,",,,qr-:,
AiTICOLUL IIOTAR T 97
IY. ARTICOLULtrOTi.NIT s .137

(TEtr DXTINITD ANflCLE)
1) tr'ormi,.- Articolul hotdrit 6ste the' inva abil in sdis, indilerent

de S 438
gen' numar sau cazi
ti9l tle boys
'&
,,',2 aeach&'s address
t/ia houses we vrsiled
r n P '$ o g i r l s
f/r" p riz es wer e gi! . n o l& bny r nd
IhPt saw r / P r o$n in r l4 dr r r dniF
2) ProDunlio. Arli' olul lft' 5o pronJnri: s 4e9
it LoiN ti,onC /,f,]1 - forma rarprr ' ind rsLe o'fenrual sau clnd
36 s 440
' The delinite article rs "tle"
Is he 'tnc" Sliaw?'
lEs lo Pl . Plebar l 5l, aw: )
is hF "dt , ' p". iar i: r i1 ! ln m d l o l 0 g J r
b) lbtti (;NanS farn - forma i,are) sNtl6r) (acak form - forma slabd)r $441
ln.int€a unei vocalesau a unur, mul':
,tu c{Ith ,fte hour
,tu jnn ,h? hei!
.J fb,l, t6l. torm"'labe. lnainrpa uDAiconj'anF
cau a unui ft aspiraf $ 442
.i se"ii"6"it"to|"t*t ri [i]. a'imihre cu consoanole5:
"
FUNCTIII,E ARTICOLULUI IIOTiRIT ! 413

GXNXX'AIX
coNstDtrRATtr
lr llomonslrBtiY.- Arli'o1ul tfre l& origine adjr'iv
demonsLraliv s 441
a u4ur demon_
t - tiLsthnt.th,s.,thnser,peslr€azaqia'l6zivoloArFs,sLenu0li
strati\', a'ind uneori .hiar :i fun'!i0 ocestuia:
lr. is iusl what I unt sr rtu (- this aomoni.
Mnn v'h aDD v Flum € ol r t u { = ihr s l ddy
il;îT"i""lll1"'"'"j'*' rl'li'J,''',i;;
u s "d c ar J nd d' "do al t h? I r ha""',
r prrce
It sas
(":h:T:il
^
rhem.
"4' ,*tidj"ii,"$T."ifi#-'J;'".", r hea,ir
2) funotii. - Articolul hoidrit va insoli aiadar subsiant'ivele
care de' $ 445
""tTi anum;t,. "qnot"utp,lieln ambianla 1n ' €ro sa €fl; obicctele' s 448

"O'*'"
t'" J/Û"'"i" un'u.io" sau psrti'ularizste prin d' rermiaanti6ori aLribule:
-'i.# ,"" romo si"il (0I) esielormaneaccentnale
to..a acccntnate
"r"
;lT,,i;' :.''i1,,' n,r,r.t"! .hu,".tp;,.t"an.!.hntuc.,,da,:far"r"rof.::srLb
""':fi.ll.:r':r':X;;;l:":T';1"/'f';b,""'j;"'.,"""i"'::: ,",hf;:ti;oj"j:;".,,-,,.
$ 446
$ 41?
i scml\.1 'l l{l r' di ll iniliali ir r ' - r v r nl
'
- '"r;;;l)i;;,ii;;l;": '::;1..,,:l;1,
l,i:1i,r1r,""1.9;:ili',il;:i.'
" ;i1"f tI,l{5i:'{i:,,rt|"'
'.'';""1if
t - qr.hailcs nnbli ensrezc
98M
S 44t DJ lrnir.rtr, irdeo'ostecunoscut€:

'l /M dror js shxt. brt. rl, rindo,s are o|len-
Turn ofl lnc /ddto and h,rn on /F TVJ
P\i ott tlte lishtr, llcasel We dor'I. sdl wastc l,crr.
Are vou coine to lctah llte .hitd tuom scliooll
Iak€",/F i: ilis) pastcdntro thr post-office,therc's a good girl]
Thdnk you for tnc aunitioa. I\I h{\\e the h;fi tdpe1,p)eac.
1 mertioned chcss: he was !.olieieDt in ,nc sdtu,.
The pi.ttta an ,i. ,@ll fte his own.
The hishlishls al tlt $ech's
ln Engtaud, caN drire on . Lt and pass on t@ ristu.
1'lE c.smos is a wcll-orde..d syslcm.
A t enlie !
$ 450 3 ) ,q.dvorb.- Th. est.. ar t.ical hotdrlt trumai clnd sti p e ltD-qi un subsl an-
tiv; clnd lnsd insolelte un ddjectir sau un adrerh, )^ qradul compdrati\. sau
sup$laliv! in speojal cind sint doun adjective sau adv€rbe corelate traduse
p ri n . . c u c it . . . , c u a tl t..." , l h e e s L ed d p d .r:
t h ] . t u' P ,' h r " " r .t t\d \F fb
He lias had a rcsl atrd leirtsd,. r.fu. ({or il.). l-A.dverl) -
' 1, . . , at . g. r t p ,l ,i l ' 1 ,//'
3 .,o , ...a r., .\dr rb,
( lr " ) ilo - nF d b " " 6 (,t," ) 1 .,,,a a t, s
e ^ i .\ 4 , r" , nosl . (\d\erb)
Zfu eslc tnsd articol cind precedi un superlativrclativ + substaniitul
erprimat,sau subinleles,deoarece,ln acestcaz, el determin[ subst&ntitul.
(Vezi S 724).
$ 451 STUDIU CONTR,\STIV

s 452 AIiIICOLUL IIOT-iRIT SI SLTST,4,\?IINJ,I] ABSTIiATTI} SAU COIOIiNTD
Etemple:
o.:t t t l h ,n a ' " r' t.l" ,1 " | ,5 .- r . r\D 5rri l di
" t, h . d m " l . a t e - \"a s t.kb r 1 - "p" r tr ",o ,, a .onup I'o1\a")
O sene de substantive pot fi uneori abstracte, alteori concrete - deir

nu pot sau pot avea arLicol hornrii - tn {unclie d€ inten,tia 1.orbitorului.
S 463 1) Substantivele bed,,br.dl; (: rcc/catle), canp,'Change, church, callc:,,.
coufL ha.rbaur:hotnc, lLaspital,jail, mass, marhet, parL prisan, schaoL,t(".
shne, tdble, tcrm, taen, aork etc., nenumerabile,nu primesc articol (au ndic;
articolul ZBRO) cind lnlelesul lor csLcabstract, deci atunci cind ne reterin
la rnlian€4 respectivi:
na Chanee lo leav€ s.l,oo,

lo have been to .ol&sd to lut to sra
to }rine ini,o .orrt l0 sit doivn to rdDl,
to admit into norrn(l

10 s o lo bF d,ro J p , o 1 6 ., l o .o rl " g ' ,l o ,o r' .i u..3" l orr, o" . (r' 11 t' -
p o ri. , e. in o h^s pi ra l .l o mT L In ro to r. to p , so j i l . 10
to town. t o uni\ c r si ,y , to $ o rk , 1 1 ,,
1. ( A b, r . , at or r.)
x I n' aL. hanp. /o rro r,rn l rtr.' r ' )t t' ;e h [.J,' i ]!o nd " i ' 6r' .i .:t .
r. .1 ..,1 ) .,,.rr d i n r.ur .l - ' i r n^ d" l d. rr,r,,r '
sublnlel{asl /o l'l. "Ee sEnt to theb \orê".] ii ca atuc lac! t,]]t! din categori'rde s'l
staltive care, lmlrl"url cn o lrcpozilic, au lalo.lle dc adftrbe.
€TICOIVL ttOTARlT 9C
qi\ " r
roliuin b'l,i dlp i - illhTn|n i c''
'o l i g n 'h o m " in los_
'
: i . t o J . i d l r . o , a 1. . ' lool "
To\vn,fira articoi, pe lingn selrsurilede la S 453 S zr55mai l seamni $ 454

rlrul (comerciala]) ornl'.rlur: "i
Shall Nc have ililn.r tr ,oa, todav (- Il ora!. la rcstaurnnt satl la chbl? Slo
,i ,i 1 "., i t . t o lr s l' on n ," x n o ra i ' l p i ' r4pi ' r' r' . l o' ui l d i n
^,,(1 ,' ubu' h: i . r { "iJ d J J u ' l a " ad rl on! Inarn'
' ttP) ' ta " ' ' pdr
: : r o r ca u edon a lr idal.
Se intrebuirteazl insi ariicolul bolirlt atunci ctnd ne relarim la inlelesul $ 455

.onrret al substa;tirrelor de mai sus dcvenite nurncrabile, la un anumit orag,
, ) al u mi l i F c oali c t c . :
TheY lookcd at ,ne ndd: it !'as €nPtY.
|the'coltele slood {t d oossroads.
The lisiciiersin tne.o&r, lrcrc not interesled.
'l'he chcmisl.'s was rear t,l" /@3,Dt,2,.
At Doltani,,nd P.tsn h4le€n turned into a museum.
\Yc salv tne scn d, bciore tts.
! , , n . r.J h i b .rrl ,' di n h p s u n i l l d r.
T hpA i r' ,n r" 5 i rri _ g d , fr. ta b l " u F " l i o Ll i r booLs.
rle iN sriislicd with r/P eofr in !f.p
SIc wcnt ior a $alk outside,ft4 t
Wc were alProaching ,ne ,oaD. 'qa.
Irticolul hotirit se lllttebuinleazi !i in urrndLoarele construclii: S 456

l o so I ns li /i ' l a b o rd l o ty ./rfi ,/ L n i \F E :'vr.go do!l " î nl o ' l P ' ounLrl :'
. r. l -u b i l rnr io' . r r A r' rLm
' o,iv '., Fs.
,o h i ,l ' .o n " r' l n
i o q o io ll' " c ilpni. l h P i )s th ' ' o tr' e rl t/r' o D ' rd. l ,p nrl l r s. ft. Inertrper' '
''r b sl Jn i i v o. 1r e nur n" s cu d G mrl l c d l P g o rFd a d F l r" l rr"
sch o ol.- \ da s ' r r t ad ,t,i a a rv s .n o o iw l p r s h " s R ' :.. S l r E pnl i o 4 p' i 4ufv ! {n/
. {o Dli n Jr s - y , . nd s penlfo u " )PP t. d Is " ,{ o tl T l ' Pns n p \ P nr 1oY 4n4or!^sta^t \N nen
. , ncr:n i rh ed/ r " s - or l, . u s to o l , .h " w " n l u p l o ,,ru rs ' rd In uucnrfest.ro r 4? u4' ' ?nr.ru
oir rn d Fsr{ ! u" P of , ' idl) ls r u l o rl h p ) R u c h u P ' tu n i r' t' i ]! ' drent l n l rmbT\or' ' ra
2) Numetedate|,cselarzilei f: meakJurmeaznaccca;iregnl{: (au deci S 458
.lrticolul z€ro):
o) nu sini articulalecind ne relerimla noliuneeabstrnoti:
,.€dftlast is nY talourite neal-
Cone to lrtul tomorow!
?!d h ai live todaY.
lThe) dtaDe. is seNed
\Yon L rou shv lor sll?ef ,
i i a i .,l. in; * g .y ' a n o rh a rl v d s u ' d i w l d ' : l he ndl ' rq $i rh hP f noa?
"*
,) Cind ins{ noliunea esto concret5, substantivul poate alea ambele S 459
articoie devine numerabil, adic:i ore li plural:
""i
S[e put rh" rrd^/nsl nn lhF t8blc-
i i , i" , . , s r ' n j ' o ' J -.r" h d ri c ' t' a ' l ' roo:
! 'elc h l / c "k,d,. P l e J s.l
Comc on. vou \iilj Pnlov rn€ dniM'.
\\:c sold a" l, , r ndF J t' r* i to t, a n d Iv o I' u n d re tll e ," todaJ.
L\ t . . i d ,".rb inlr"r.lln: tastd! 4t rt.:tJ:

- d ar lr . : b La r , r r : r . r . : t : j \ L
. rr on, - ,1,,r .'r //i. dc lr oi , r "l
' lt
pr "l"r Tl1. m d J l
"
l'
(\ ezi U.H. I{illils et alia or' .t , p. 68 J
j \'e,i
ii S i'rs.
ii
100
460 c/ In acceafi cateeorie f6, inlrn si urnitoarele substantive, care Do-

ereu plurnl 5i ori,are dir ,"le doud rrri..lp. d€r
"u o noditi,!r. sem"r,ti,l
alun"i "lrd se relerald o iDt rrr tir la n,sF".o p, rrFrarc.t...
./i"n". .parryr tait n sr-.
Il:"y .g"u" "
0 arcarsurcess.
Helen has iccn 10 r@ dtra,,s this we.k.
W€ had d lovely lancl at a Sohorrestau.aDr.
,161
l) ItlijLoacele(le Lacomolie. - Aceeaqi uzanli este urmai,e si ln cazul
verbelor lo gor to camq to learej lo lrarcl. urmate de prepozilia ,y (: ron. cu),
care precedi, fird artirol hotArit. noliunca fiind abstra;rn, numele mijloacetor
de locomotie ca bicuclc, bike, boet, bus, &r, ptane, taxi, train, tubi, und.er.
graund eLc.I
I se nt th o D dc el Dz dt .
. ThJgr.l lp f'IorL oDdnl; r r . , , / J ". r J "! . I n. b o v s q o i n F r y n , / , . b i 6 . p t o joi . rh-m,
an(l 1n o ,lr !d. nr h s om ! lr . nds
Go by anderyNlnd to "Piccedilly Cittus I'
. Spuneminsa, htrebuin_ttndprepoziliitein, l,n + articotut hotirlt cind

nolrunea este conoet5:
Sh " l o o L ,1 " /,rp to O\1 ,' rI L:r rs
I/." L o d l rr.ri ,r \ in
We had lunch aL th. - tnin.
Thde was onty stn.ding room tD ,nd rd;n.
'fie.e \ras lo one we k.ew on ris ,ldae.
I *as on tLe bus whcn you got in.
169 4) SubstantiTolo abshacle slnt articulato atunci cilrd, conform resulij
de la ! 455, numesc ,obierte' anumitq cunoscutc, mentionate ant€rior"sau
particularizate prin determinanti3:
Hs prafa.pd pcansidpt:t; th" p.p,n. and tbF suqsestio! was ac.eoted.
T l' nujh v o, n s . l J s i h . s rF d n m rn o t.] s;i ..
S r r r dd lhD g o'o" d s e n $ o l \..:.s l h" te j trd i rF o/' o,...i ,ri " D .
?he lile. oocurftd to t.im thdl ties night ldre dn ovtins_
s 1(i3 AX,TICOLUL EOT-iN,II SI NO]INLB PROPRTI

ldl
Rogul[ ge[erald
Numele proprii cu formi de singulor,prin faprul cd reprezintn
u n J n,pln r up,...0uprin,rs.arti,ol,.tlt o t a rr. . , " . . . " r! in J i" n f u a
4 c s . m nr un b n u m rl n \p mD L t J ;h tr o .rt. or: . rV e?i S ,i JJ InF\i .r.nta
articolului)-
Num ele p ro p ri i i ft t /J In s s ry -' , r ul d. t.t,i ,t,dt.. \i dp" i pri mp..
. t t t i' oJ ul hat 0t i l . a l d pl urrt. ..u ,e i uLsrarti L.
" i n d s r' r i n trc b u i n :a
c or unp. qiu , i n d ,l r I !d r i , u l f i z A e ,l a n dc," rmi n. n (d" i but ..-
pr ot oz i, i. . r r j b u ,i !r. .p , z i l i e q ,r t,o p o ,/rl i F apo/;ti var.
166 1) Numeleproprii ile prrsoauesau animslc, lmpreundcu substanti\el.

..o m uno ?s im ilarp l o r' n a mb ri i fj l n ,i ti a i . p e rsoa' ptp apropi ate c ..t Fothpl
Mathcr, Mummlt, D&dcl1J, Aunt, Uncle, Bab!, Cooh, N uise, Teacher erc.l.
r,ton : carticrd;n t.ond.a,c.t€bru

lcn1ru reslarrartetes{lc cu tr!.nfiLrieshnnri
p;..ottiu!lprrJ',irtr'drr
., !ia|;t!!t Ci,'.s tp,L d.., ..n,1, .rm" I Lir, .
-Lrc:La s-p ,lrr.on $Jef d' ; , , n' , r ur I o. df i. r - r . r ' s , . . , . oI iald I n r , r n , t l i : u o f a t . n L
fb rra i m.r'" .|") z i: . s o_, d". "1. o p, J b p, ' ar ; , I dt"pt-.e. ua".\. I J.: Oiaa
:olv' ,\ru at ?: t nl0lPnt s t r nt l.
!ci. $ 4 44 -1"0, 45i- 1Ljr . i- 24. i! 6.
AETICOLUL TTMARTT IOI
ntr au articol la singular,nu au piurui sj so scriu cu inil,ialn rnaiusculx

(VeziS 301):
Is ?,, on ihe Fa.iorY ConmiU.ee?
Aucudus JohL'{ "$rasliq DiX" Iaigs in the Tate Galle.y
r-i4.r. (Jolin) didn'l. !irg up yPsterddy.
Tell Croft Urc .anteen hnoh is nt lhree todal.
Diil ?ld.l.. call lhe .oU?
s",ofty is a wise cat
Aceeagi conrport,rre !i la yocdlitr $ 46{;
I shun'l,Ire a ti\in\tl., IIunvL!/!
Daggi:'. tet.n lhc bulll llar.'s a good boll
Numele tle faDilie este d.'fapt un .leternrinanln;scut din recesiiater S 467
de e se particulariza prenumele lvrzi L,f:girea rumelor scolicne, irlandezP.
scandinal-eetc.. care 4,, pfetir.rt lr prtruncle strnbunului flAnuldi. ir sco
liann ,4{d.sar,11d(= 1i,,1.in irlande,r a)' (-,/) t(desr,erdent) dl lui.. l, ial in
scandinavnsuti\ul .ttrr sau -s.,n (:liul lui...). Astlcl t"lacDanaLd::fl. .
descendenlul Ir11 Donakl: O'Do oea : dercerdenl,ll irli Danomn Chrislo'
prrersron sau Chri^'tophercen: dscenden-tii lui Chrislopher.
Primosc articolul hot6rlt numele proprii care au pierdut caracterul de s 468
unicitate:
a) numele proprii cu formi de plural: $ 469
We me!,the BroaasandilE Sttuhhs ai the Loldon PlildDonic Orchesira Concert
DJ numele proprii dc.renite substa tile comune ($ 7)i s 470
I was dnvins the ALslin: aulomolilul (cu marca Ansit').
Wc l o L t h? t ; lads t a1l,b .' r) o " 0 u " c l o l l ,p . ( c p a r dnl e .l l .
Di d 'ro u s po r t u Ca, s l rr_ a l rh - r.' r" ,,l o u l d p C ausui nj ^
She ;as sitiins on- the chesleiictd (- canapca).
cJ numeleproprii particularizaiepdntr ur) atribut, sau pdntr'o propo- S 47r
uilie atributir.i;
substantivprecedaLdc un at but,:
tljt ..I.bNted John Gdls{orthy
the /dtuB llrs. Sidilons
-
substantiv urmat, de un atribut:
I conld h.trdlv rDcosnize the Bd.ltarelt o/ p.eaat ddys
I didnf rike ile Opihelis ," the nad.rt ier;ion of th; ptay.
substantiwurmat do o propozilie atribuiirn:
Tho r\m 1 nonirZ nds not tbe -{Dtr t had ntust in ny ch'ldhood
Thc Tentrs /ou sd{ wus the (alll}Jsiin Ictu8.
Erceplii
Substani.il'eleproprii praccdaie d€ adjective ou rua li afectjvi, srtu de S 472
cuvinte care constituie o poro.l:i sau e:rprimd o singurd idee nipreuni cu
substaniivul. nu prinesc articolirl holnril (Vezi $ 433):
darl , j \Io n ' f. d '' !. "n. Eoo l ll J ^ . s . poof lr l l . \ n n r n u 31' \i
\ldy. bnv e liub, i llaod. por r f I 'r '. .
' rJ/ r lo,r. dry
s,lint Joa ,,, Yo ,,n" f'4 ' 1. oU 11^ B, oN r rr n' " " i r
'
\t;d;1;o,F"r:.\: ,,ri.n F,ns'dno:i , ""i r.;;;;. 5rd-d:sri.' I .ij',q:'"
R orna,,iJn li 4"4r..r , . o loq. ir l E, ' 11 . h. n, "dipldl S 'h i u . J "", " _ **' " "ii;l
I A -8..:, Ed " Jt t.\, t a19_t ' , ; t , t i t , . r r i s r r r op o f l g r d: \ f i 'p s

,l ," J im i, , L ' . , ' - nu . r r . :
102
473 Cind nune.le propriu este ur at tto un adjeftiy sau de un substantiv

apozitiv care constituieo ?ofccln. arli.olul precedi porecla:
Iolit n Creail
(lhnrles lk /tdl.lr
Fl.\a dtlFaor t . . . . - i - /" \,.-
-
s 1i4 Erceplii: John Laclil.tnd6,Edward /,onXrr(rAr'

s475 2) l{umele prop i lnsolite de tiUuris. - TjtlLrr;le (de politele. prolesiG
nalc, aca{lemice.nobiliare etc.) urnate imediat de ur nune de persoan:,
prln laptul ce au un caracter dc unicitate. nu sin,, artjculate (Vezi S53-54):
Niss smith
ColonelBrown Q,E€r M.b
loctor Rolinson tiin.c Cl,a.mila
C,rnr, Gonzalool Lara
176 Etcepgii. lililurile striine (Empffor, En cst, SxltdD etc.) au arti-
coL :
thc Arthdule Ftatz Ias.t
//,e Ca.itto llan,. -rl R6hid
f,te, ()zdr,1 Pcter ure Grenr
477 Canstr ctii perimt e:
,na ladv ]Iarion. tte ladv Roscna.
'Imarry,/irnrl"lail].,\nn;'flirl,ard111de$'.Shatespen.e)1';rlELordRisin
ln Tl,. Bla'k Arow". fjlm 'r\
$ 478 Titlurile pdmcs0 iI,sE arlicolul lofdrii atunci irind i.si pierd caracterul de
urricitate ssu ctnd stnt tnsotite de determinanti:
s o/ rnrur e rnra nDmp pronrrl
fie .,L",/ illlectcd the tloops-
Zle do.l,/ \rar s.nt l.r.
The lt4i4eht .rddr.ssed thc neeling.
480 D) titlurile la plural sau urmate de mlme proprii cu formir do plural:
The Mbs Btoons (s a d,d r1t;ssesA.o.rtrl lived ncxl dcor.
481 c, titlurile prccedatede un adjertir sau urmat.odc prepozilia ot:
,n, ,/ar. ,{dmirnl Ncisotr r/'., X,,,srI D.nD{rk
7i. Pri(:! \\:rles
rld s*e Kjng Solonon '/ o/ lh4 riollcge
rne Prcsidcnl
482 Cird tnsi Lii,lulurmat, de o/aro lurclir de apozili€. articolul rln seexp md:
&lwad, P.ta., ,/ Il-a/cs. snllerdcd to i]1c tlronr.
r Iadn I ('ul llIdr.') 1135i-t433\. fpqe rl Porhiqrlil,i llrli l1]31.

, CdtuI I I'ccl rlla,?;) (82:-sti). rcr1i Nt Friniei lr4rl 8;1. .ci.sub n!mete de
C.trol Il. Imptuat al Shitul lmDerni Ro'nan isti-tt7:].
,tt t,otr,.'. o o o r d .ld I _ cd t cr a t- .
rd .d r"f. s ou' I 00i ln, i6. - - r \ -li.i l1: l 't ,
'ttevic liaris(t rul, tiriti de r,ortnlalia 11tj1i4-1i6it. i,roNrlo. al crrtori:dtor
5 AitL drd L lninil t t e 2. , ( 115i- 119! 1. r eg e a l l n g l i r , i l t t s 9 t1!!):nhatlrtc
irn .ird, r rr.i,
'lao ttt.d. Ir1 ll6- lTlr j r, \'91,.lll ljlu., ^"..,mna. \ligno
"l
lfd a I l: ^. t 110- r i. il A :. li i
i '1 0 : . . . r , . r c ) i Lnt lll lins-
sf n,^ i rsrr t.r.r. 1 , , I r lr nJ r P lunc r .
" \ sri @mlara cu S 4t6.
.t.1 r' dI r . i q ir . v t . '
r.../ r ' ns ii L. t
Na r . r i , , . o, ". , th st
"not.l.
,,, ,. ;",, r r or r oq- r j ,i r!.. s.,u ,-.
,l Cilatul ale srroarcri ljnitii lli Siiik$po:or, dur rnj e nri !u roCll pfntN otito.ii
. .
l 0B
3) Numirile geogreficc. - $ 483

a ) S ut.r ,' r i "l e " arc n'rn,'" ;n'nt !i !.
pd ' r; ' / . r' n n ' irr' n ' Fl5 rr' r" - s 484
mrrn l r In ' L ra) (\prr J e i :
eiu n i . p rov ia" ii. lo. dlir' i ri d i ' l ri ' :r
- ,,t . ir , a r u f or r n r L l " .i u e Il a r tttl rr s frr.o r:
lur oD" \\' ' ' s R
' ndP st
jii,:1"' )'ro)'i,,' !"#:li,'.'"
i .i," i i ,,r,'" southrari.nsington
ii'r;1""#il;;!"
iiiil*.;,,,",.".
EtcepliL
$ 485
,ne -{rgcntii.l
,le coDEo
rne Ltvant
r/r PalntrDaie
forni de lhuat si t arlif,dste cu ariicolrrl hotirit:
r / "' I os , , r r . ,. r /, P \ l ! " l/" Bil '
r- ,' ,i' riir'", i - l," L" vi' s r' 8" d'
"r rr' H i rh l d t,"" t" L' JmP dr' ' ' FI btd
;i ;: j _ ;;' ;,r. r, . I norn," l ,r orkn I
it | llanJq rlP R o' kres
Obserra!LL
Numele Sirurilor ile munli primesc srticolul chiar dac[ au formd de silt- $ '186
euf*r rlr" -frir.. tbc fa" o'r"
jhe-P nninp (hoin'
"--Nr."t.alrei rrunli:fhc Jdn.[]au'theS! B "rnod lit]de St Cathord'in'
articulate.
mnri, estuare' S 487
, ) Substantivelecare numesc intinderi de dpii (oceane,
riu )'p mescarticolul hotdrtt:
/ne (Elglish) Channer
,r, Nile
'
Notd
in cazul suLsl,antirelor proprii corrTlrse, ari'icolul nu este exprimat ina- S {88
i j?l:
;nr""'run 'lo" cr qr.l- dF rru L '/i \
Burroucn_r".,r Newcas|e_otr_?,nd Strailord_on'{eo'
'\
tnount|ad lLrmdte-imcdis t de un I'unrc S'189
c) Substartivelerdl.. Iakelloth. '
' r\Flr
ptopr', un r " dpo/iliP ltu au afllrol S cltt':
-''J;; ""u 'on rr'r.'..r r ,r"r',n,t"".'r' ll;lill :,";'i'
C apc Con averJl I oc h Lonr und
ll;:' l"'. '
S 490
Cind sint, lnsd insolite {te Un atrlbut, e\e slnt afii''nlate:
i:;i';i::*'[ii:"*' i*ilf:ljfim"
del'€rminat de u3 nu11 S agr
a,/ tll genere, cirr{l uIL slll]slon1?ltomdn este rr' i\ul 'umu''
ntooriu ta{t; 'd\ ^F nr)J-t)t'1"r" ,'a":d/"r's'Fruid'qub
(""i'ii""t"",,';t'i"r' u" , it ''," nu"'.rr 'ub;r'LalFb:
rne Rasqre Prolinc.s r,{. llirrhiz stepre
rrP str;i ts D .t errrts
I St slnne iNr ?yDl, lrderai. tn -\ustria.

-lrs€rl'rd'
104
rr, Strait ol Gi!.alta.

r/p town of GuildLord
,ttd tohemie Fo.csi
I t / k ) US S R
tl, Saharlt (Des.ftl
$ 492 ErceplrL
Substantiveleball fitth hcaL fni'l'.'fs( htrbnn hat"n' ,hill't ldnd'
rle
preie<tate n'rn]PpL sau nu 3u rrtrcur(rezr
c"rnurre'
rrrriiorg,clnd stnt 'prii
s 4 33) :
liil;i",fl;il Fllr".l.: )ll"lilr'dnd
'i"i''"
.;,1;i i;;:i r'-'" t i'ro''
'on;
{'- 4$3 .) N umele c$dinate
punctetor si alr nsprtrite
rctnLnilor /tin'rc art'icolul
hotnrit,:
''',,"""'''
:;t,h.,,,1, n,:n'u,vijro,u:
ljll,;;:,tli;"1:t,,:.;':]lL'l;
"h'i'"ll;,,'f"J"",1'l;
"1H:1',"-r"ll*lll'il !:.
* r.d- cs,i.n,,
;,l'i";,'i 'J,,T'',I";i,i;
'f'""'",*k#ii*illj"stXli.;l;,,f
Er ce Pt.i i
idl ariltind dircefia'
E 494 .1, numelepunctelorc'irdrn e i l'ebuinlate ddltf
" nu au ortjc^l(\rcziS 49r)l
' I h" wir d hlo\ . o. '
\ ' \ ' P NPr ' dr ' u' r ' \I)'
S 495 b, in expresiilede t'iput $ 602:

io so"r and l.nd e'Jt to
We lcouleil the woo{t lrom 'ves''
'or'i
$ 496 4) Nllmele d0 strtrzi, parcuri, elidiri' vapod'rc etc-

d, 0un,elFiormaiedin (tot'.'r nb'tdnttu rr'rrm-prnpriu"ru rom:^ I' i"t'
I fol ' i ' rrru 'rrt Jrri'ulire
.omu4 rd sr' "/. tq*' p*' i"ii:'"'o1'6"1' '"
(Vezi S 433):
F;iil;:. iir,,l*i-" Rri;r;il;";1""*

iij;i;;i,.i;;,1 kl l,i,ll;''
Er'"',:;F"'.y"''l
lln*iili" i: :i'i:r"f:
Y:rirr;r,r
s 498 ,) Drimesctnsi articolul hotifit:
nn trntne cotnan:
s 499 l,;.;'nu'r'"tc proprii formaie dintr-urr ridi"liir +
,d \ationdt oallerl
l/P Zoologic{l Cad€ns
^* :flll',;'l,;'fill.l'l'"*,i]l'"'l'i'',li""iii;"i?l'f,ii,l:llTi*;i[:'!"]"'
lon(ronez.
'"""1 fri,'i"'ii"f;,i!.",,"rer.rerar|io,,
AFTICOIUT EO1'AR1T
105
E a c e pyi t
nr oad S rre e i
tsrondwaL
Suburlan Pari!
6'.,1 nnele nume de cartiere, stdzi. clddiri, nanumente eIc., prin faptul
cA $fi S 600
foorle ctnoscutel
tne ndoiralty ,l@ Adelplv (Tlealrel
tnd CFnotapti -Arch ,n? -^ldttrch lTheafei
rn" Cit.vr frlP/ DnrI Lane iTheatre)
,nd Mallr /n . Ol d Vi e ! i Theadel
rn€ Mansion HousC rle Cccil (Hoidl)
li, l\Ionnrcni rne savov (Hot€l)
ne Str{nd
lp l-owc' ol l.ondon
rn. Tare tGrllefri
tlk 7no
dar ldrd arlicol, d.s; loartc cnnoscurc(\ ezi $ 433):
Pall Unrl?.Co\.entcardens.Soho,Irdgrarir!, Unyiair'. $ 60I
5)d),I'unrel" d,./ilp.tuni.sfii.cnotimpuri.birbnloriau o situariesporrp. q S0,
.
AcFsrFrLt,strn r\o sint |
- proprii.dF,i IUn,., uni.Htp. na ar, in g.n"re _
articol (Vezi g 433): - 9i
I'-'^L
un -il
tr r:,1"
, r s i'.p\
! i'l
r. t1 ,t n rd 1 y .
On l^r'r,
., r ' 4. t n. b tttd i ..) r;6 " d r.d .fi n p t,rt c U rrdl l i c.
ir-,"* '.r,. a J u .. 4 r i s -rtr mo . ,;ro rrs c,sIi \a' i n ,hF r S A .
rkdY"1.
r/ r ' la 2,lr , - r . . | \ r!r.r l tt.l J fto .t .i i th a fo r. ,t!,
,, To r u. i. , u c \ . . pr i F tF -H rti ,o ri . .ubsrsn,i v.tp dF n,ai
s us q i n r n .n, r dLr t r [ r , r , ,l a .i r,r.,t:,.i D , ,l a i d \n i pl u,, L pra rL, si an;^l
hot iri t sa u nehot iiiit . du p i c u m ' u r;;a z a :
ctnd articolul t,tc are valoare de adjectiv ilenonsi,rativ. se spune:
The (: tLdt S 608
) artunni Nrs noautiiut.
ll-c sha]l go io the s.asidein rt, ( . rib) sumniq.
cind substantil'ul nu erprimn rirrlut jn rtjpori ru prezentul:
S 504
On ,c X loiidal l, e wJ,i t0 w o rk a s l s L a l .
cind arLicolui eslI intr!hLrinlat .l,lrrasii\ |
Those werc his p,tstim.s in ttg witLtr; it th, s,r,na,
$ 606
nf used io
:C . \ o! tj,'.d . r..,.r r m pr . , r , , . . . . r b. ", : ^.

, I.i ri .,.-;,r.,,'J.. . . i, r : .nI",r d,11 maj\,.hpa
. . * , ; ; ", '
. t u, , t i r . 'd r u i
.?rre M.l'.,t.o,,\:. ., a h, ", \ d, . . r . , , r n , , \ i n g '. s m . r c e ,J . n l o
r ..s a La dr L .' Lo nd .a.
*redinla l'rjncitr) a ro(h']rni
lljn'iarar Londrei(rhr Lonr
*"r.":'li ltJ;h';'"'i.
"*"c
erl.#lrJ',;;J,''j1"ilfXi'Lk"^:t&::^:),:l!,ll,Xi""li'iiili""l,"i,,ifffi,'
,i afp.r" f , mJ.r' 'po,'.rid dp r . ar; ,r"
..r".r rr,;rFsp.
:p,rJ'jl,t*lil* '5'. ".
3 .lS : stfarship.
, , , loll ttto :stftn J'o r.on / jc pt ! br apan r . . t r i" i.,,..5rr,iI,ror,uIr.d,rre^t4
P 6 F] ' P F llm4. u Fvrp lrd r I m b"ilor , lubur it ^- . t , ' \ \ . . . Enr.,a-"Lro. ,, r..Lrl nrll
,i;,i;""ifi,:1 rdnsnrm'
a '" imn",
!",r;":;iirj':,:d1t",,,
cii-d : .";; ,; ,"Iijiii"
i'"+ J:r;''1;;;;i1,;ljj',t[r
\: ;i:l' :ll; ,ir ;i,]l"ir'rl
";;:i:
I Belsta,ia, .MalJfait : N{ijcre trxodsc aristoc.ate.
100 MOE'OLOGIA _ AA,TICOLUL
506 cinil aceste substantive Elnt pdrticularizate printr un otribdt'

lr th"u *.f tC4t.L,n:n;r; si'hsrnod lhp' "" ot l]F H' lPil s'm''shrroi'alty'
01 t helv " d,a s d a ul a l l av i a s . h ' ,1 ,n I' o m..
pcn^fo1..\i sl d i l ri " l .usl i p In
; 0; c , c i, r . l in. d a ,l s ta s u b s L rn l i f. ^ u l ntP l P .
p rif i, ia ar li. nlul u i . d u p d .u rn l o rb i r^ ru l p ri !F:l e anol i mnrrl ' r no:runP sau
ln 19t9. rlD QtD,,. hail becnte.riblei sno{ }tad fal1cnin masscslron Osloto AthcDs
aDd par aliz P dm dc h o t th e C o rti n € n l .
rhe suine-srrtag sls stow to .ome.
Sudd6nlr ws there in ali its berDtv'
pE Lel osoti t
sio50b9 ,;" . ,
r 1. / A f li. olul n c h o l l ri l p ' l F i n l c e b u i n Lar ' i nJ. sub' l anLi \11
n . tl l i fi ta t;1 . c u e x ..p l rd tu Part! :t tat
t ddj- ! ir
Tlrafyear \te hail s lotdr! atr,linn, fol1ow_"d by an iataaeiv @ruNinter'
it-i; now kt. ptn,e'. About this liare last ,1-cdir rvasalrerdv da'! s!"'s {Consi-
deratc iz dasr.d.rL,
jlo lt n' i" :
i'i-"i" luniior si ',rbslorilur tc s'riu "u ;ni!;ulu 1-ojus'rln dal
nun,rt" anotimDurilorau inilidl,' 'ninu. ul3. (\'czi c\.mplP mei su.).
'ii"r"".
\,rm.l" zihlor, luoilor. aDolimpL,rilor Ei b.rbalorilorpol €\'er inoa,4/rr_
p
rot n hota l cind limpul n"dofinil. dupi cum pol JrpA uoeorrEr p/drdl
O 1 a S , ! . . / da i D D e .p mb rf,I te l l ." u d d p n l Jt ' d up ar l h" i dra ol ' l l l } P del ' nroi
*d and aecidedto enjo': I Nci teor's Et in the nountai's bv
';t; ";;;,i-Gi"',,
611 6) Numelelimbilor vorbite alepoloar€nu au xrticohl hotdrlt cu-exce-ptia
cazurilorcind sint lnsolite de un substanti\_exprimst sau subin!€l€slvezr
g 433):
M v naii\ e t o n a u ei s n o mn i n
\ v hai is t ai f tl a y i n -F .e ,.l '
r r ; if dr . s la t.d l b ; b o o k l ro m c " n o " i ^to Lnsl i sh'
! 5r2 Se spuneinse:
Is t6e nnalashlanstdsp rerY difficultl
lYhat js r'? nou a"-id,i arlm;., tof frir Irlav ?
t ii"i" iiia a noler l.rdn5rarPd Itun the'Busion ltdncuds")
513 7) Iiumcto obic.ictorde 6iudiu.alF jocurilor r'i il' lporlurilor nu primcsc
arlicold Lotirll dcci' alunfi cind brnt p"rli'ulariTdt' pnult-un alrrbut (vczr
s 28): atdain' rtr
I 14 ErcE aPh! len;sL 4
il" *ii r6"i .iigav*d ,e;nis,sheiiayed otussand t'olh walchcda some or
,iu;o'd! when thcv"i had a oharce.
"-*'ri"i,iijii"-*1r-iti; pubricrvoe /oor,ail'c.;cir't,hocte!,stvinminsetd st@lins
Se spunctnsn:
lr" \a r.s d look on t lF. t , "nis ' . ! al n"b' .
l.a nn o ro "S t t eht llt n llo: J l- hnlny : rl qibi0 lunil'
511 8) NrIIIcle ziArclor au articol ltotirit:

Th. 'l'nnes.The Cua lidn, Ttv Ne*s Chtuai'L' TILeOb*ret, Th' Dailv Tole-
araPh, eic,
Nunele nagaziDelor 9i ate altor pcriodice nu au articc'l (: inexistenla
ariicolului):
Lif.' Nees,eek'r%ue' etc'
lunch, Tine, Language,
ARTICOLUL TTdARIT 10?
ALTX FUNCTn -{Ln ,{R"IC0LUIUI EOTilt lT

s 515
1. i ,.1 rl lr u l, r it i, , " or" .' ..i i l rp p d tl i ,l p !o rb i rc tn afsrE dF.ubstA nti r.
_
r ! : .: : 5 d pr e( €ada:
I numeralulcaxdinalintrebuinlat cu valoarede substantiy:
s 516
the Bi? Fiset tha Eboea'
: Dumemlulordinal (la date, capitole,leclii, nume alemonarhi etc.):

S 6U
th? f4t \on hp thnit chaotel
\lr(h rl" /:rl th" !"nth teBsin
lne 7,i ot November Edward the nilh
), t r u 1
s 518
-\ se obsen'alipsa articolului hotdrit atunci clnd substantiveleAorA.
. 31". -d p t r- 1' s ot t . par t . to l tti ' .. a 4 . r.p n .. I;n e . p d ? c, numbq etr. grrcatr
E la- 'd -L u l . ' df p. in dc F s t , d z . F q t. n u mp ro h rl ra rd i n a l cu val oare dc ai ozi rre:
T\i" is Aoat T@. ahaptr Sp'"n: L?ssanSu, ro OE-
::i' rg il:r,j"l:,i:::!,:;L'i:,,ff:;::"i,:;.:!:".
i,;i"'
La hot€l: Floor 5, room 51.
{Vezisi S 1lie)
:\ ota 2
s 61$
L ri udliil" din g i00. iOJ. i04. ',06. tbt,p,te o icotd.nrcwttuir. tr:i h
r-r .' A rom;ni l:,,1...a. ,ai..Flp. e.Fl(a).ace{e)aetc.).Iapr car"
a- rrqrnProltrcolulurhol;rif. "rat"
: un odjcetir, cnruia ti dd asrlcl caracterulrte subsLantivabstract: g 520
*- . .,a | .ulli lul'. /r, b ou!;[utl ttJr|o tt). th" ip
)L - t .tbitrd ,t. tl,".or.t
ffobt. (: inefa- pt r .
t ". t l, I . ht t r lf t ! t !
u',adirctir. urr parliciliu, un gerundiv etc.l care capiti in aceasti
- \ 69l
,lF .uD.rsrtr\ ,.ote.tr\,.a,btruit .u plu"alul.rar un singular: '
pi'"
* . .' i..: ;'! .,,,^t:" j ,t:;r"tt,r,'",!!i ,';^.ui.
,,,,;i.T..,l/.-,:;,,,,'::,::::!,i
1o
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- ,,,f
1:'.,,i'ii"":*,:f;ii':,.fi1,,1',1",l1j#'frr:#;,#,#:*
"'ff"{,*{i.i:'1iJ,"."".
','eri dttarii S itn ! huticeh d\ubetic, ia cuyn(ul SUBSTANTI\.AT)
;. eomparatirul, cind acesta are yaloare do poziiiv sau de superlati!3i

S d2g
ptir]' tE youuter,
Hc is /le utc.r al tlic two.
iJ suporl&tiyulrclativ:
s 523
She is llr atcrs, of aL
Lti.i is tte le6t totkal ae tutiridual I e\t r\et.
Ee I 1|e Mst iatarestinsman I L\ow.
L r: ccle ciD.i ita

-" i. Sr \ . \ ldFJ 0i, dnip. I r dn,a . t l t i a , i J a ! n n i . ,
E:1-l rizboi nrondi.rlsi .lr la
I rh " c1 .* n = - e, t , , br deCo nllf inla { e PaLc de la Pr f is , r ! 1 9 .
lns!.ezccc jucltori (ta so..e/, ..ichet, hachai eLc.).
: \ rzi E tr ' r .
108
,,24",.,7,1,:,: #"l.lil;;#l;i,l"ffi{;,?',',!fl"##ITj111
o
Iitere naru''ltrro -5'- """'-
:l ;inif;
i",i;":;":;i; cu
uneori
tu"''i*'.]u*'",,*r}.*i"oT'*'i*i;l"liihl"|'"*eH"'""i
o ** r
iivar""i'idi"r"t-
e'rccrd'
)
l#fli:i':",i""'i'H ^'eai"ar.
i,,:"Ili'.:l:"*,;j.,1,;";l',1:l' ew
s bsb ",:."1;lpl:,"I^"':,ll,l:1;:l; ' ,h.'bo"'
11,
:,";j::::;,.,"..p.,h"
B:l",l'llflll":'''#';"'i"i.i.l,i,'"1"11,"",,'u.-se anLedoariz
raonoli,.lne
$;zri
R it li id fi e n n d e m o t
9 r \ ar r P oat "
j'; J:;'J "'''i'; ur"
.;. ilinl ii ;tll''r:i "Y:;'"iiii:'l'liJ; 111
i;;;
u,,,,,,,,l;,;;:; h;'lS "Xt;:";:l);" l;'i';:r;;l;"1J'"1;'$'
i
I'i'* o'r ro'r vo"
lll'ilrl:'0,1:;'"J'';l'fi
"' "**;r;1 j ::,1;1"';":"1'1"''l' ,''uu" -,
lt-i;:";l;
"" -'"':
$52s ,"','.",
"u.*'1"';.;
i,ri- 'iirrr,li"j'""
:"" "'
"" "'TT;'l*i^- tt'r*'
"
{x:,:,^:"','::"'':'%'
zi-
s6ss "alf'*;"f*H:lTgl'*"""T o.1
s,rup*'I ll fÛl"il;r"""
- -.ll l:jli'"li"l'::llli,i:'*r,ffi;:lli.l'l:';
€c""nru]"";',i;i";"'"""i;;"'";np-",,]
[;rI cindcdP-
iJi"'""l,r"t .a.'rnui
tntrebuinl"rza .i
"1":,.::l"i'::"i"' l r""i.it"t. cu'nnsodDerer:
a "rfl"' " ""
aspiraLaqi"'l"r""i''- ''" I :li, ::i;i""'
:';:i" ^ alrnsl-
ilili",," "'"' se lntrd
t'" nl nad 'antualr
c'r" t"'""i't U'
rr":i " '
An {ptonunla lsnl 'lnd
r"r"fll#iliiil;i.i;"io'u
a
,l il'i"'"
'nvelole ro
rrrr-- nd ddo b a 'r'! dd ct'
' ' '
';i;; 'd "1 -r
' '!'iil.::i"i:i,lti .iq i;:;l;lllr "il " ll"'lli;*'" ' rhis'n'irs14i'
*it$r,i-i I r;;r,'i:i',i";; ";i;"'r roar"r "'Jr'ddv"rb
*l
E\'Pzi P:rg 9: . noir r '
6\'e r 5 !1 7, nor a d
109
Forma dn era freovedt inlrebuinlatn ;i inaintea unui i aspirai in silabn $ i):J1

neaccentualiij astdzi mai rar. Istfeli
u r his t o ry d a .: az hrs toricat picture
a' habr L ar ha,hihral dnrnkard
a rhdo aa h€r.oic selgeanL
Tot asifel so auzea pin5 recent:
dD ho iel dz hYs terical child
aa hy ' P o i n e s B u, he rediiary ilhess
aa Ha *aiie guilarist
ln subsrantivele'hLstorlJ,lnhiL qi lero, prima siiabn fiind prea pulin

accentuatd,sunetul[h] era atit de slab inclLnu se auzea.
E x c ep 1i e : a Hun'gdridn.
2) Articolul nehotdritti plurilul. - Articolul nehotirii, neputiodinsoli $ 539
decit subsbantivele cu sensde singular,acesteaprim€sola plural ardcrtu,
:4ro, cu alte cuvinie ln aceastisitualie articolul lipsegtei
Hc is a ba!l..
3) Articotul nehotirit $i o oonshuotio cu lormi alo plurol. - Articolul S 533

nehotdrit exprimi unitate; poate tnsd tnsoti o constructie ou formd de llural
re exDrime o misurd si este consideralil ca un tot unitar:
A /o&. rudtu is sullici€nlto eet this work ilono.
\Te spent3 ?i!asaa, ,rde dass in the country.
Thesh.v wa DostDoned for tutuer r@ ,raks.
(cf. $ 2i5t)
4) Articolul nehotdril, nu se lntr€buinleaze declt ou subsiantivele nume- $ 534
rabile, nu qi cu cele nenumerabile,care nu p mesc ariicol nehoi5rlt.
I\TRER IiI\ fA RE \ \R I.ICOLULUI : \ E HO T A RII . s ;35

r\rticolul nehotirit se tntrebuinleazeinarntea subsianiivuluipentru a
desemnarn erenpldr a.Lrecdre d,intr-ospeciesau cat\oriel
\' lh"sljtl-m" PLr ls r oddv on/ , . , pr lddFm ll d " d t h " l l o o f .
l rrie rs d rnr.ro $ooae .P.o.'/
M/s Stuill has called.
-{
Caznri specialo,- Articoh nehotdrlt este intrebdin at gi tn urmitosrele $ 53?
l) ilnaintea ti urilor, a numelo. de Troftsii, mcscrii, nalionalit,te sau a S 638

lllor subsLunlilre simillfF. .lnd a.ac ad ronrpzinti e\^mplnreoare.arcdiotr-o
categode Si sini numo predicative cu formd de singular:
She became @ t€a.r./. Sl\e b 4 student.
lS a l[cut p,,/as,d.d.) (Este sla]entd.l
H" .vs d t,r,. I, r ' t r ' d 1l G o L o , t .
t - :ctosra psa" ti. n. qFf ld. ( Xs ' " & i : / r . l
I an Easlislnnan.\
(Snrl
^n ,nsl,: )
A se observa ci, in limba romAni, subsijnnl,iveiorospectiveDu aLr arlicol.
(Vezi$ 60.414 41r)
ln*{,1"- Dnslish pt:ntn t'n tintltih csle trn adiecii! ii a{lFctiwl nu e

"pu""
".ri"oi.S"
MOEIOLOGITI _ ARTICOLUL
1IO
O bse r a a lie
S 539 Areleaqjsubstantile,cir,d au caracterde uDicilatesau ln.telesabslracl
D u r b i.i '11 "r i ula'. ({ ,"1.;84/:
lle Nas elecl.ed af the 'Itude(s) Unian.
"rdident ol trton lor seteml vea$.
He had be€n Headnastet
Dickjnson Nas ,razag,/ ol tht Norks.
This book is nv John Soith, k.tei.. ta rnslislt.
She sot . job as
'an.cas.
He acted, as idetpteter.
Hc held thc olTiceor sd..'ra.?.
He $ns awarded the .ank ol .,roaar'
Ile had l.dned soldte,r.
lve Inet Uiss Shalv, !iargn,e.' ol the celenrated writ€r.
S 540 2) dupi cuvintelethe l)usinessaf' the p(ttlrcle of, the prafessionaf' the
He vas ncring the ?dtt of a judge.
IIe had lbuos'ed the 1ra.tcaf a pouer'
$ 641 3) inai tea numeralelor hund,red, thousan(l' millian, dozen, score:
A hundredI a tl@usanl.etc- Inen altended ihe shor.
1 bonght a dazenhandke.chids.
There-we.'" a s.oft ol leollc prese l al tho airport.
4) haintea cuvintelor l;lll, exprimindu-se in acest mod aproape
" 542
S Ei /er,
coniririul inlelesuluipe careil au-aicstecuvintecind slnt nearticulate(-$687)
S 543 5) inaint€alocuJiuniloradjectivalcgoodnan!1 greatmanA,lat afl
TU' r :
A rcatt no ru r ' hpLc { r " pJ r t in J '6 l . m o 1 s t J d l i o n .
A;rc"t n dn T ' lD! f " iir "s n"l l. . a iuloFo b v l h l n P o r n .
\;.o .ld,,ri.i,; d. r , , r. ' , q s , r "a/ or ,; l h 'i r p n b p n d . I n l l " r o a J .
s# 4 6) dupe adj€ctivele lrecedate dc sa, as, too, lnwl haoeaoi

Shc is nol so qxdlilted a rorlrd as l:on
Thev moved ro as ni.e a ,,rse 3s yours.
It is 1aoltiflicutt an .xuci,e.
IIa, p.rfect a oi.$ !
Iloee;er ttutLfal a sil lsl\e mar be), this finc she told m€ a ]ic.
7) (l\tp:d nan!, quite, ralher, urmate alc un substantiv cu folmx de singulari
Manu ax ttallb lds admired Ure Danube De]ta.
Thel \rere nllotted quilc a aic. haue.
Sne \s rath., a dcar.
S 546 Idionul rzanrr o se construiette cu verbul la singular.4

S 547 8) dupn oifi"at, sLtchli Nhat (€\clamativ), urmate de un subste.ntivcu
formi de singular (cu sau fnre adjeotil'), deci num€rabl, carepaate tnsd at,et)
plwali
He broughJime a senl eithtut d bult.
Such a bilrla\t pifatnarcc $as lo ]rc e$ected of a yaruiiy cha.opion.
.t4.1 u scatt€Fnrainedcandidatc!
trhat an ided !
I;t .d, a magniliccnt a.hbftnenl t\e Danrbc Black Sea Caral isl
r ClndcstcInsl hsoiit de un ahibntsesFne: in €'.euentekli.d, elliat ol fottune
(d. $ 45rJ. ^
' lForn r lr'd rr ic ol d nn l n r d n ',
n lon Dlir d", o s r d p " J i F . f 4 r m d . d d l i 'o l
. t ho d.u lnkl./'.... .!, p o . , m pr d "r I r m J l
". l, , , , nu, , lu r i t . d i n D r , , i n " d . u s r | o r : , l o *o d t r F ,
dpccse.lr.l, p prtru . on' , / F lor m r r lr r t uli' nl p. l . s , n g l r " l l t e b u i ; l n L 1 .
s-vo nu i stt s on. : \ ' r ' r , &' "- " o nud , i l , t . 1 1 r J ) i d . 3 , p " J p s r p l 1 l . u i 1 . l u
slil. l "olo ri,l r n on! - . s utldr r \ ?lDt r ! ' u \ "r ou t . I p l t t d . M o n ! N n @ " . . .
| \s4 ul,. rfaln s i. i or lnd: I dn! , 8( n) lhr t i 6 e r tp"n oa tips t.Bahet.
'p
111
:\r[ico]ul n€hotiril nu cslc_insi expimat cind cuvirtele mai sus-menlio- g b48

nale (8) precedi pluralc sau substantive care nu au in rnod normal formi de '
plural. deci nenunerabile (nume de matcrii, substaniire colecLivcqi anumite
substantiro abstracte):
.rfar caDnoLlire qithnrt ft;ends.
\ li' ing .f.sanis', c a no t tr st t"o tt fa o d .
shP s J - u / / , o - 't
\ olnr't : f F . r inL d r r r .q r n .lh a r t,n tt,6 .a m.
,Sz.ft loyelr Seplenbcr dals I
o n d o ' t l, a I r ' r . p.
.u \ 'n- . uk " ,./i ,.\a L i l . ot,t " rt,c/.
th . c o l l L tl , L ,ri n
Wc had szd, lunl
It&ar interesl,ingl.]k danca !
What tinc rapet !
l vh a t g ood r ; s ;
It hnt t,oLbl. !o\ loot :
oind adjectil'ul snci este precedat, de ro,?c aau ro, ori ci4d {ridf €ste ad- $ b49
-
i F. li\ i n 'e ro gar i\ . s ub. ' J n r' !u l r,rn a .ti \ n u i rp a ,ti .ol n,hor" rtr 1n ni ci un
I.h .\tl , ' a" $. |t , it t u, . - d i n n rJ mn J rv trn | ,tJ rt.J oa mJ pf 5n[l rj p.

Whdt ald! ol the nonih is Uris?
lnaintcaunui $ubstantivprecedatde conjuncliuas sau de loculiunea g bdo
,9)
The chil,hen nscd lhe chair as d lacomotiee.
H. .rr J c o t ot h?' aL t ^F t { p_is r r y O f i i c e .
:aF d op ,dFd ar , ho bJ l dr ' s pd oJ o p o F p .
TheI sert her a doll oli a ,rrs?D,.
A d rh,tC, ttotJrL dtF ad! $as .
H. $ a o / ps r a M 4 t ha1 \ p nr qii' f h i m s p t t :
10) in uneleexpresiicuruntecarenu au adicol in limba romanx: s 661
: la disiantl)
: multE/scririli nencl
: cu roco larerlc{zutl)
oD d larse/small scale : Ie scari laqnhcdusa)
: pe picior.d-"egditdk)
iL is d pil| lla shttu ll
: a Ii grnbit)
: a li In situaiia)
to have dz dnswd. lor eveNthinE : a avca raspnns la toate)
lo ha\e an otpetiE : a afta rolH de niac€rc)
tn ha ve a n/,d lo r hhilos ol} y . c r , . l : a avea cap de {liloiof eic.)l
ro nelc d Jdry Jor
to t\^\e at aDpo.tulitu
l.o have a rtil,:, to -
to haYc d raLn, lor : r d ri i ,Ll l tnt l r, penrru)
ro keep xp 4 c.rapndcnc. : a inlLAiine corespondeniti)

: a tx r.,c.rpni l a)
l It is a shd tue !de ii lnl. ) es r l: "E N, s inc l"

MORFOLOCIA _ AN,TICOLUL
119
r. Jrnd an drslpr I d lf im i l p r 'b n u ! " l

to takP a 8ar
to 8o tor a aatkla saitla di'.la : a s' dute ra.primba"'e/p9,19v9!,19Li"'
ralonuiuu tuasuia/cuautomobihl
"it,;\c.'
Notd
S 552 A ss observa construclia foarte asenrnAloare celei romenelti' din care
lipse$te tnsd articolul nehotdrit:
Tlat rascal oI 4 brothef ol tlne'
(itrensa.ul acela dc lrrie al meu )
She is ar aDgel ol a womrn
(Este ud lnger de lcmeie )
A shrimp oI 4 man
(O sii.pil.rrd d! om.l
I' i; : t I I J _A , - o|lc . l r' rr' rr' s rp u o u i u{i l e se fdce ddesea conl uzi e
o ri n f aplul . . in Ii m b ' ro ' ,' j r' n , d rl i n l ri l n pl ' ^rrri l numerul ul rn sau o
_au "i
a,-,eeaqiformi; din r.iensti eauzr trebuie s.i "p d€a multi at€nlre deosebrrn
d i n tre eln:
a este articol, ia! olle nutnoral:
I have d dog-
I havc ,ne do8.
T n pr in ul e: ' -rn p l ,r s n o r- rI v e d " r" /' rz 1 " ub' l snti !ul ui --,.am un.cl i oc'
o u o pi. jc s ; r n r l d o i l e a ' r" mp l .r s ' i n ' i s l ; aquprJ n,tki r' l ,l r anrmal el or
--a num ai |r n c li n F . n u h a i mu ' r" .
'' rni; " " or i s p inr rc b L i n rp d /j ' \n d ' i a rl i .o l u l a cu l n{pi esul numeral ul ui o' P :
n i ci ndaln lns i num rrs l L l o ,rp n u a rp j n t' l F u l url rcol ul ur d:
1 r :' ,o u d b p l o n s " r b t a n l rP .
Th" oa- sa I' r a iPn h f d $ oh hpdd
She .ou1d not saY a single wo.d
H, F a l ld "r b J d JPP f.
.l lJ jr m u " o f.o l- . d G:5 Pr
sau ln provcrbe ca:

.4 bi.d in th. lush is Forth iwo in lle hand'
,:1slitch in tiDre sdres n'nc'
i 5; 1 ALTN C'IZUIII i\ C.\TiT AIiTICOLUL NtrT{O1rt,i.RITLIPSN$TT
Umriioarele subsiantive nu primesc articolul nehotdrlt - cu alte crrvinte

aa drticolul zero:
S ,I,5 1) ln generesubstantivelecare nu au plural, cr ad,'irc' .heakh'.furaitute,
" p rni'sioni prudu"P.r'rcJ"ss. porlr t ' l,rciu rr,'rnJJ qlujbdrel' INNl:
tle (a\' Td$ p aood, di, t r uaL o4dl\ ' r " r ', s h r b 'n - '
Th pih avpb od ghr - v . r y lr Pt u; nt ua' ot d vP r y l r e l u r n ; t u r e .p mobli lodrr '
lrumoase")
S ho; niov s r ad i l n t tu ' l ,fi .!u d ta d i a !l l ' ' l ' n : o ' J" rl i ' ^ l nfl or" oal €" 1
I wm ' 8ii. n qi " l P n
u i i t€n opr m r s 5r o-.,o
n a rl o ri /rl i " s .ri s i " ).
wif ound v pt J i n r.ts s l ,n g m e d i c a @l ., i n l h € rountry{ a l erJ rnre| " sl rngaocr{'
:,p m uoc J / , : lu: b i to u rl " i n l P re s a n l .r" )
(Vezi 9i S 115)
1p pf oounla ttp i :]| : p .n n ! s a u ? ? n c c ,

. V ez i r i 5 r l 5 .
2) substantil'ele cu funclie de s,tbiect precedaLcimediat, de ndverbele )( 5s(i
Il er! authot Nas hader to translale!

\eqr h(sbanll had a morc failhtul wile
exisl.riparolcl c:
It eftt dn autlbt l'as Lanler lo translate!
I.'cf had d tirsband a morc laitlilul *ife
AIIBDI,OR AR'IICOLE
YI. CO\SIDDIi.{TII SPNCIALEASUPR,,A.
lr \uLsrdnrilelp d.numpr o blerie (au talcgorioprir.* : ;-'8
rrolul hol6rir siu nph^larll ,.i r'umirul si',gularsau plural fara deoieLir'
nr:.1rp Jintrc r,ps,p tormp indidnJ s? ria:
T[o /;o. s 1u s l, on] h onp ol lhe s l r o g F s r a n i m a s
Ttrr ltotrs ls a u Liotr3l ic" so1" ot tle sirong.st anrmdts.
Toa1.ecele pAtru lornrc sint crtrente. cu preforinln penttu pluralul ne
Li.ls arc 60ni.r of th. sfrongcsl,rnimalt.

,l Sulrstrntivele farc denuntescp[4i &le txupului au arlicolul hotnrii' $ 569
ac€sta rlesenuind utl €remplar dinir-o categorie:
7n. tuad conl.ainsthe brain-
Thr lta s ha\e live li.i8e.s each.
The feet harc livc toes eaoh
Substantivele din aceasti cfltegorie, {iind concrete !i numera}ile, pot
av6a ambele numere !i articole, ln iunclic de context:
That hoNe has a beautiiul tudd. and de.oa, a very rine colour'
All lho hoNesin thb slud have w€llgroomed long ndres and lutr!.
3 ) N um elod0boliS i u n e l e s U ,ri d o s p i ri ts i n ts x b s t ani i vepl ni recent.sLtpuse S ;fi o
uno r u za n le t r adir ionel p l o s rrp .o m p l i .d l c p .i v i n d l nLreburnl dre8arl rfol trl ur
l " d puer m ina. ln li n h a tu l s ,' u ;1 . q .rF s a u v orbi l . In rare' i mpl i fi rsrpa
"arc
dicteazi regula. axticolul hoiltrit nu mai apare deoit, sporadic. o rimnEili ir
curs de dilpflritiei
u) cu urLicaluLnehttdrit: i ;ri1
ro "J l' r ' l, od, o h d v " d n J p p .l i .d l d . " 4 're ,l r' ,J" ' ' " ' ,' ni , i'
necki l o a. uJ " k ir ' ' 1 .-n . a -o r' Iro a r l n ." l o or., r' ,npr' r .r { r- r '
( ro /. rnr ' 15. o r au, h d r a a ' k o r :l :- o r _ '
b) cu saa fbd aricolut hotiLri/ S ;6t

p, m 6l s . I n' r qr ! . . . r ^ r ' h l' : 'l '! / / . ',
Lo hdvr F:rrJch .. !a ,h"t t aot r '
' f , rh m ll:5 r, (tl9 t A o. I t h" h"_o: 1r r . , r , u- u" r h o l r ''' L p 'o '\ - I rl l.rnliJ
\ n . bir-, 1-ro"tan c.rt"d . . b. n' , . t 1"- r , , "1 r o"n ir I . r t : r o s . l
l/F hlues: ,l' creera, tu dumrs, te lidBcb,,i' horroN' rickcls, et'i
4) \umelo ile mnsrui (LiimLnsruri, grcuiate, oa lilate. timp cl,c ) pot S ;tiB
avc:, u ri . dr n din " " lp do u i s r i " o ' F , " u i n :.l F ' d i ,rr" i l ,u i v i i ' u pt' hri rl i f" n'
tr11 lhr I
3; D a/,ne dosel ol beer.
lu i ur r l € h rm s a n d w i u h
. t ! 2i, a(t o th " Io r' l o J u l a y !V.rr" t,$ ,{ yr r" J l abpl .
tess a.e 50 D dlhe d.ozcn
r - 6ir t o" su . tb r' d /,t" p o .t l .
I Adici rrlualur cu attiaolul zetu
tl o v ro d i ,' r " . i a .,, i ' fp -n c o 1 .d r' j bpP i . rrruti l p de h.cl " t"
' inur
lb.ul
r - 0 .4 J q k g m r' .ra i uL, o-s hrrnb' Ll
,l g F rrl d ' elrddi .i otr.l 1.
"r{&,r ' r - ; .
l14
Shocs l]e 5 45.!t !air'

onc-A a weck. t{irie '1,i, d iorl,lighL
tro worh I\' /n. da\r
to bc laid'bl_ tP non!'h
' o r r r l 1 I o' r lr r L' J ' r
lo hr " a l d' o. . / r h o r
5;61 5, -\pozilia'z. l, -pozirii 'pjnr'"LLinl'1rJ ori'drp Jin "lF do-d crli'

, or" .su r'i,i un,r1,, onlorm rpgulrlorrnnerul' r\pusa rar sJ(:
Thc Thanes.,ic ri!.r whiohitorvsthroughLoDdo!.is slannedbv Ditnv blidges'
(q 44!l
' I sirr,,)".t . " in" tror.- $i1 'rp Dr-b!. J1 -3C
ri..",ys.bt \\'. H1,r,r. Lrri.h,r'.r, ".J165'J:i 'S i'lv.al $ 162'
6 56! 6l Atribuiul si articolelc' -\tributut estc o nodalitate gramaticali foade
" eficoce si subtili'Dentru Darticularizareau ui substanliY El loate preceda
sau urma subst,aniivul pe carc il determini
Ctnd urui substaniiY fira articol3,expdmind aladar genedcul,i se adruq;
unul sau mai multe atrilute .& clil. fatnft.n un tut. o stnS rti id€e' prczenra
atributu\d (sau atribuiclor) nu nrflrLenlcszarrrlru nirnic id"ca de gerreralitate
exprimatn dc substantiv, acesta rlmintnd tol nearl'icuiat:
,ltaz is an jntelliSentb€ing.
Antituniesaft no\t in the lorcfront of interest.
Cr e l: a n,n titres d"r in lhe r or Pl"onr ol inr ' r s 4oi?d ri6
jtii",.i,;, t'i""ai;. tîtoji .'b"tt t ni, *t,t nd."u/t;" .r 'r'l'tr'slrr,)
l l d n l d d or l. . r p in " rl i n ri rl ' l \' r:b u mrrl ' i ll u pl ' r nnr)' rhsr' r" vi l rdnn
schimbl sensulscncric al Bubstantrluluil
:5 5G6 Dar ou un atribut carc aducF o iilce in plus sulsrantiYului. ap$P artico
' l ,l h o t i" it , l" " { s ub s ta n ti v u t c x p rj m a a c u n o j.l nc preci so, sau srLj col ul ncho-
tdrit daci subsliantivul e nedetinit:
Thri Ga-Md|tunr ntD is belie!'€dl.o liale belorycd to Llo same slccies as (fr'
moden mun.
\rie Grcekantiquiticslornd jn the Balkan Peni6uh arc in lhe lorcl'onl oi 'nr'r's''
s 5G? 7) RrDetoroaarticolului.- Cind doue sarr mai multe substant'ii'esau
" atlj"ctiweslnt unite prrn and.numaiprimul p nc,stein mod obiinuit articol'rl:
she rp ad s iD o : lo! at l dt : t : t t \ or "
,4 lilrh b ou Jnd . r . l "r c s s lhp r oad g1' n"t l} e l i t ) l '
'rh" htb.: brathz; rd da / $ra ull In'lrPF
He il.rced, E idn, nAat, so/i, sdsdr, rt., and /&er on the sticll'
'lrr' ro E filth and .,irtn Pages
.t
'' 568 Peri'rn accentuarciusd, sau atunci cind substantil'ele ori adjectivcle se
referd la persoanesau lucruri dlfcrile, arlicolul ljc repetd tnaintea fi€ciruia:
The Dcn lu.niiure I boughtis ,ndsndf,.s,tzd,ft' {lccentuare)
'€sr'
A se compara:
TIE bt)fesor nnd Doct l.rt.1f.s on lrlondav' l0 sirgurit leNoan'i)
th e r"o feJer a nd t t , " r ot l t u- ol \ l. ndu\ ' l l r o u - , p o 'o a n "
A n on ;r:on a n4 lr aj. \ . t , . o. . "j I n. n. r r o L i ,I
I Eo aa .ra and. " Z, r / . J , r i, r iur ' ". . ilo. i obiql '
c tt .l.u t. l . l: ; r l nt J r ! u
' , n.
l1 r tfl, d .tinil id . ' t o; r lir i, \ , ?, 5 r _r 8-
,.\vlnd adicl arfidur zcro.
a,nr.shr rioi a.ccn|!at, ii ins.amr,"t. uricnl
i ln r , 1b. , r . r ,:n ,, .. ,r ' " | ,1" no" " I l ,
nLt o llat nat D r' l 'nrriDl o ro o tn . l r(n ' . i l " -_ r dei ul e_l
o r t. + c , r ; . : r l ' J t r:,' u r ' .1 i ' ., ' l ;i ., nrndl mol " " n
LPSE$TE lltt
CAZUEI TN CAIiE ANTICOLUL
I,OCI]L IRTICOLUT,UI s 589
1 ) -\mbelearj,icole?rdrzrldsubstantivulsau
atributut acestuia: s 570
4 boy
lne Lov
dar pd al}, lrothl' S 571
2) Ambetearticole slau inaintea cuf intului vhole,
quilc, just: "
?l,e q liol€ $rden \is in -bloom
I worle d 3t it for a liak Nc eK
1:t'';,0:','u;.i'5"i'f.":'i"'?li
"',*,'"0,"
n3'1iuffi."u,lil
i,l:":tyi;;l;:;;,::;;:;,,i'
" i. ; : , : i , / , " h ^ u s 4I s a c ro n u s to f
li;;g'".'""
'i i l .
ii j; " i, ' or ilii d rv h e ds i tti n sro o m (:i rr- d ro" mx
';
cind reprezintdmnsuri: S 57''l
3) Cuainteleholf ii doublesini rmdtcde articol
kli:'":""i""i',1;' fri'l;!Y.;:L,,
','lll*[*"1;,:t';"nr,tiu1^,!!'*ilui",n
"^" -t1z
de articol atuoci formeazi un sabstantfu@rnptrs \
Slni lnsd pi"eccrlarc -clnd
iu o s,nlurd ide" cu subslan'r\ul urm€ror:
had slnrl
i:: :;r:!,i
Thp LolfJ@v
The wod
* i::;,: :,J?",,i"ill""n;.,._
hns a d'Lbte wddng'
,{ \e romparR:
' _r
I r c ' pdp' nn4r : s 'I t J c l n L
;;Yil/j1it";uui*,
t"ott a t , ' t : loJ l
i:ijl:',";l;il
*
^;"u;';;';;:il
.';:t -{"",i ; t"'i::'I:"f:' ""
l; i'i::{ifi.,'fJ ,k hotr'h
T"Ji;1'"t LLda,i'
{ 57{
!'r. c{zt'nl l\ c,ulD.q.RTICOLT]I,IJPSD$Tf,
s 5?;
Reguli gcnrraLi
rESurd 1!!4w'!!
)l"l;ilil1,:Jii":l, I n'rdl,\\l
.u ,nlp,-.
'; :;;:i:;ii,;i","*"buinLa,p
*.,"'*,,. r,n,r/,/N'
", "i'
I r Sub.tantireto nroulDcrihilccu firiplc'ccncralIru prrmps'
i,il""iLti,"|'o lo rr.a'ra ca egoriJintrrunnllosrele
.ind,"int tntrebuinlatecu sensgenerrc:
"*.r",
(S 35)l s 57?
{t) srbstantivelecare tlen mcsc a'sildcltt [NN]
'n 'nttu i" t - u' t " t - uh is t eout ! -
X jor n' s lr h er Per Ft c
'rdut
nehotlrlt'
all ti Dod nu sc conslNjesccu arlitolul
11t
5 ;78 D) nuncle de naturii. protitls.t ndttraLe' ?i dalort fNNl:

-rnir is nsed lor * lrng'
The coin wns dadf ol -itlt#
Itttual is a ce.cal
Rcd afi btue a.0 ihe colo!$ 01 our iean'
4 5;9 cl s[bstanlivele ntln2, oman''z manhind, qamanki/td, ]i ature societ!,

ons ida ro " .1 d l q rr" .L i i \\l :
ra s' . ; / / .
1lo 6aJ -an'" Jr 4 ' n r I i' e ' r I ne'
i' iii. ir i, *. . ; ' , , ,.' l i -to ,r;c o v l rr' i s c o d m u n L o h ol l nont' trJ' n' !tdÎi nd'
,\'dtutu nas neer lamesse.l lrr mdn.
we nave dul.ics t( sd./.,v as i'ell as to 6x'sti s
PoJrai,y apprccialed PurQell'smus'c-
,s 580 d, precum ti substantivcle numerabile cu forlnl sru inlclcs de Plrrdl lNl:
Bo?s lolc foolbau Da"n?s'
rl " ' l i k o o \' .' ," h a a h a r' t notnl
'I
J I' J l o l " " " P r d ' i r i n l l ' 11 pl a' "
jlu eu lftirol - ln aceastd
6 581 2) Sttbstartivele cu car ctcr dc utricitnie [NN]
cat€gonc lnlra:
S 582 c, numeleproprii la singular ($ 6);
i ssr l,l numelciilelor, lunilor, anotimpurilor,anilor. snlbitodlor, obiect'elor
" -- a" sporturilorli aleb;lilor(S510,513,120,123 124 502);
5\l "t.;i",j"*rilor,
liuldru'il polil.l . nroh rai u'cdrr r'- rr' i-
{ ./ '4" '' 'lr'' 'nu"nit"
tudt,i (S i3 5i,4t;)rl
S 586 .t) snbstantivele abstracte n€numerabile' & hcaren' h'll' purydloA'
- paradise.prcailence eta.; (vezi S 3;).
S n8 7 Erceplii'
Substantivele eotth, san' maon' sk!. Narld. uni'erse' costlrDs.desr au Dn
cafacter de uniciiato tn ambian-tain care se afld sint srrbstaniwc concreie
indeob.stecunoscuteli ca atare primesc artioolul hotiirit':
?/,e s&D was hot
We l4? tu,, .omin! n'rl ol s"
ihc r 'aw ? m o rel ran to ' JrrJ out hi 5s hcrnror' rrr&
i is not l,i n gl n ,1 " ." _ ;rdl ,e d p ri'r"
W e s as ' a t t rrb o p ro l h i s l i u P i n ,i , s i g .
ln limbaj literar sau poelic. "'ubsiaolirele rA3 !i rtd ar Di plural:

..under $resrcm .r,t;r,, is the titte ot I nov'rt.
Hc sailed ihe Sevon J.^tr
De IaDt, in astronaul.i.Ji. toate substantivele de mai sus (ou exceptra

substaniiv[lui cotr@s deocamdati) au 1i plurui
.1 p. n Il a' l or ' r r "l 'd L n u l r ', u n r i s,r

d 58,'r ' rdll ,.,',,r l
l - l 'r '" i "
| lil.
'"" .r,,,,:, n ,r,t r,. l " " d . )ll:-l 'r o
, r.. dr ir ' \ ' ' . a \'\ ' r ., l r " / ur J.n
!CLi sensld d" tu1aki.n,L t'.!pcat.t\ n)natttitd
: V.zi si \ 1 60. 1t . ii.
a I s'minra u.r d S 476- it , .
6 :' r'.,1 ||' 8.-::
' r ' J ; nr- i' Ll l ;li ;".ud d'
in :ri,r ,t
'r r
\": . \ r 'l J r 'r "
", î in r'": l ) 'o r' n;nP
\rl; , 1, r'
-. ';","
(lig. pochcl." -n
liiminLlltri
UL LPST,$TE 117
}Lseraali.e S 5fl8
l lali, ce caructeruLde E.neralil\te sau de unicilale dispate f]e prr]1
i,prul .dunple.ubetanri\F ;r' p r". laplural tsprootcmpl.rnumel"propr'it'.
:r" nrin €Jauqar""unui alribu' .du a un"i propo?i!iislribuli!P .srF la perti-
rulirizeazl - substanlivele primesc arlicolul hoLirlL sau nehotdrlil
a) hotiirit, atunci clnd ne refedm la nl andmit emmpl.Lrconcre!, $ 539
3partinlnd unei categorii:
Whcn,p lt,D sawthe llames.he ran away.
She was nolishine lle sr,ee.t,
Do rou ;ind t'i6sing the su€Lr?
Th. ink nt n! inkstand is drY
Th. bluc ol lhe skY was nlensc.
He is ,n, tudDin chaq€ oI ihc !'all garette
The aotuan nexl door is {n afi stud€nl
b) n e h oLdr it , at u n c i c i n d n e re fe .i m l a u n e :xenpl araarccve apat\j S 590
nind unei cat€gorii:
/ lt,n ss roaring.
I saw o mn al the door.
A fuv noan was dsing otrt ol t|e sea.
Ob se rg alie ge n e ra l d 5591
Cind un subsiantiv nenamenbil apare cu lorma de plural cind devine
! rdi. ; n u mc r s bil - qi nu i n tra l n \rp u q A d i n c a re g o ri i l c l rnrsj e pl nJ ai ' i . ur-
m Arzr q a fi e f nlples c a r e te ri n d tr-F l € d i ta ri L e " d l " Eofl i . l P tuti spcl .. tori P tdl i .
sorla,"isau caliriili ale substa tivului nenumerabil:
b.cad -heads
earlh - eartlis
velaei - velYets watd - waters3
Exomplu S 59S
SubstaDtivul cdrth. ca.e are un caraoterde uricitate', ilustreazd pregnani

intrebuinlarea articolului :
&)nu primeqte articol cind inlelesullui esie dlrfatt: S;)93
H n Loe Fd h Fs\.n an d ?d- l io lind o, J oLr pFs pnr dd d r . s
T l"e. dti.'sm lsed on his " h m " s oon h"ougr | bJ . k t o . , . I h .
"r D
6au cind este \.ume de mdterie:
It was rat {or heary) cdtth
Th€v filled the lit with ea.r,t.
,, p d m ef t e ar t ic olu l h o td rtt c i n d tn l el esul l ui este condret $ 594
aunosc tll san pf ecLzar: ' -i
?tu ra.rn is rclnd. {: Tena-unioitate)
T hr \ N " F l i l l ' rg ,n P d { ,L I- s o l ' rl l
T ht lit $ 6 ru ' l o t \t l ' a t,.t 6 l th" .arth.
(: Frlna - mrsi conoeta cunoscui.).
c, p ri m eDt e 0, r t ic oI o ,I n e h o td rtl a i unci cl nd reprezi rl e n S 595
exemplar iLinLr-o catc1o'tei
,4Dea.rt on whioh the.e would be pe.ce amona pcoplff is an idealworth st.i ng for'
e trr' .;b" : arsintdna.

3t.r pt,",lt t1 . d ;ri.rp" m , 1 - ' t " s , . . r p { r iur : . t r . u" i . T t r j . o " r a n p p r . . . ' , , 'l r l
ln num rorse fapresrr rrg!.4r..
. o44 p.n . ro n :.i,s. d inilial' m r lJ qJ ll. J s r ) z i 1 '1 u " . u 1 1 . t 1 'L r 'a - a i i l i d
'
inairscrrli cind e ntrlle de llanetd (: Tcni).
IlIJ
596 LIPSIIITE
.\r,Tr1 c,|zlmr N cABx ARTTCOLLa
lrLicolui hotirtt nu esteerprimat ln urmitoarelecazuri:
597 1) dupir un substantivin cazul posesiY(S 247):
Flf;rr's arotl,io!
the \torke$' /a/d
todaY's Dem
598 2) tnaint€a subsiantivetordgt€rminatede adjcotiYolepososiresau alc-

m0nstnitiY6:
ntJ trnby t/r.t chjldrcn ,,a, mountain ,nes"lowns
599 €ripri-
3) lnainteaadjectirelotlast Einoxt (+ un substant'iv)cind acesl,ca
mi firtpul ln rapori cu prezentul(: articolulzero)i
H .a.6 L nme los t ) r ondau l- 1J np. t t t . ' u' i) .
rh "j .lP l"dL ing t o" lh Deioiup , ( J ( s l l 'l m J n a \ 'i t o T r P ) .
'+i
Notd,
600 DdclrSnsi€di" ri\'lp /!9lei t''Jl nusi l.or''i,l.rrlFinrcporl'u prFzpn-
Itl, ,1" eiprimr ordin"a irr ro sFricsi su urmdrorulInlFlp.: /fls' .ulliriul:
nerl: ur;ntorul. in acest caz sini piecedata de articol, atunci clnd insolesc
un substantiv expdmat sau sublnleles, ;i earLicxlateclnrl sint singure san
au raloare ale adv-erboti de prepoiilie laceasta din urm[ in cazr lui nert):
ol tl\is monthis a holidav.(+ sul'st)
The lastMand.au
r r e \ a! lL. ( o i -u ,s J r.. Iu l rl t th ' ,a tt Jtu " ul
. r . . . " " , . ir , " , . r r ,.i ;. o b s e e r,rr, d o ro;.\.' .,1 \\,l"l ) $Js/l l aJ. J,L" l )
qi r' ;r" " du :rbsr_
: t h, \ " , t , t . t t aqtt\" " )t .,o l h p l i 5 ro l f.o l i j " nl 6Jnna' '
\l.hen I las, nel. Lenn. sle sas llourishins (-^dv )
I s houldlil" io - " $ n " ,, , r' rn u ;o ." - $ ) (\' l r' '
ll. \ . , F \ nar irC a L'd;.u
n .-l r,J , I' i , " . n . P.pa
S ti01 1) pentru a se aIaconcizieqi rcli./ stilului:

S 602 a.) in unele loculiuni adverbialesau lerbale ln care substaniirrulare
lrLFl'" ./r./r'a/ ( J' ri.olul 7.ro)
to deotare$'ar lrgnmst
in {thc) lutuc to fird emploJmen!
to hn plc utder foot

603 ,J in unele cuainte compuse(: allicolul zero):
{lownhill iidoors oul.siiic do$n-at lt€el
in- s hom u p s ta i N trpsidcdown u! io-daie
604 c) in unele etpr.rii cozs/ra;I,r/n.lr'tc, in oarc doue substanti{e sint' unite
prin prepozilii sau coniunclii (: artieolul zero):
trom begirning io erd
dry _by day .
lrom hand 1o mouih
lv hook 6r iy cmok
lrom 1.opto lottom oi.e. nountaiii and plain
through thjck {Dd ihin to linish ne.h and neck
LIPSE$TN IIC
C^ZURI lN CAFE AEllCOLlD
u'"'
..",1,'.1:-:ll:1"'liifili!;il,lli",tiffl;.1'11""",i"11
;;;;:i;t;;i'i";i;.r'r:ri'',i' noril'e'' ( omiiunp\:"ri-
ai"Lioni'e
""g1.
uea5e, lend rnone) s'lool rre (Tdeg'aml)
rt-m' lI'rt,-9:..".?til9l:
1,""j:;.,i'1".;"i'i.'*0"'il:"ri',rr'i,n:o d ir r r
Jr ' ir cr
.,:;L;i*l;u
ill : i ; l t l ' ""# i ; l
f i:l:"::i"r'i:i::ll
';:n :; .Jii:
;;;o ;;;r't;l rrar
t"ff:,lt",ft
n
- r iuu,d;
equ ri o r' 1 !l trtl l
S." lio" r 'fprlpr,o*o" I br isr",Ii'ksupr'"iv'' dilrsnum
;;;iJrl " t 115,",1i;.1:i
"tg
a;d steari Rsic)
0ndi"rliide
b:"1';;;;;!i;;;;L 'br comianr'{^n!ir zid)
.ito
,4 r r ; s r nr r : ur ' pe r5 o nry o u uss;.' (D
n il h ;u (u vi ,lIoi onnuo' ,)
f ,i:,l,if I
if';'JAi11, lnuiests l'ai on I etrol' iiir: bel i""r"* n"o ol rlonth (rrtlu arri ol ?irrr
de {anteziste'
Foarte adeseori titturile din ziare' ericesiv ile concise ;i
etnt inintetigilite inainie de citirea artioolului'
[In exemPlu:
da'pre cunhrinll l' ni{d
SwimbuiiSuo!mit. - Tillul urrui reportaj
l';;{il-;;; tinu nui'r'osrumd/ tlp'
i;';'..lor Par"ur'lrri P'r'Fri
{""1 (-\eqs'\Fek -
Janu0rt 15' I9;')
;;; ;''";g";" rirlul. 'i lo uuadFlups
r'ffi t** * ii[***r* tvl

;;fi''i;lil'i"il$i-giir'
:;il;'* ;""':ri"'ri""s:
"''
i;'"T::"1:i
"'":
AI}Jf,{]TIYUL
C ONSID E RA T I I G E NE R { L E ji3
rlD JICTIINI,tr CALIFICATIYtr

{. co\SIDER{l II (iiiNxtl-{1,8
D cliriiLie,. 113
f i" s i.i 610
Fu n'.ot rrj i i ...... 6ri
{1. couP\RATI_{ ADJECTIYELOTi. 622
Com!*r&lir dc * rllfrio.itr t li. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... .. .. 6|ii D6
a:antrar dtiaa dje ctie elost . .. ..... ..... ........ .. .. .. (itg
r ldicctiv .lc d c o sin su ri s ilab|. . . . . . .. ....... .. .. o/tir liltl
Adjeciivr df do u! silab c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....-.-. 641
.\ ltf t l.ii de rorb irr rdj{ c t ir at c . . . . . . . .......... . 052 'l : 8
'1 1 8
65' t:9
6i t l :19
6i 6 l t9
6i t 1l !
659 I i tn
661 r:1"
IttJ..lite .u f.ine lc.:onrntatie n:t.gurti.
Ol sl fva l ii as lpr a adj. c l i \rl o r .u g .a d ed e c o n u tu ti e ri ,rcsul ai i .. . . . . ... .. .. 1a:l
l tt .. . . 6t: r jr:l
L ;tl " 41 t , 1, t . | fu 6tri li3
l r".h lhr e lt r . \ t..' .. 690 135
FI.lPr Fldc"r. OD"" 4t'1.1... 69t 136
I o-h" . thrth". --la tt".a . F ta h ,.i ......
t06 133
,0)
Later.L at.st, - Iiue r.I ^ tt0 139
...'...',''.'.''.''.'''''','''''''.'.
(a n p o "o' r na, t J " " t ,lo-
v, .............. 717
" a oI' r.
( o mP8 B t iNil. . gdibn. ... 71a 141
(omp3r.,tlA dF interlorihl. i2n /r'+2
ODso.rs9ii3$rp.3 tonp&nti€i ndJe.tircloritt s€nerel 1/r:1
a :o n stnIr 'a pr nno' it iei'o m p a ra L i \'
.a 1 ,, , | , i I - . | , t oit " r t-rm p . rt ,u . r,.,, ti , i .. J2l 1i-)
,.,i r,,r,." ,r \ F t p l t in" . . ,... ,22 r43
.u ,Fl 1 r' r : d pr " L, " . ir . i s rp " rl d l . rl r.l l :\ J23 143
S t,+l 1 l i\ ' l 1" i. ol''rlr l n . .. .. .. i !4 l 1,r
" ' rl l
r'fo t4 i l i . om p. ' . ' ir . i -l :p i " . ... ..
, , t o, . 1 lhi "
.o^rn p i rdlid dinlr un ob d ,"I i rn e .J p
mrff,li1
I'.b -.1 'om par r l: \ . Dub l u rs rp i c ri v
.-,r.l "r,1 a . . ^m F . a \ ' r t' rj i i .' rr.rL :34 L1;
0"rst .t ii idiom at i. ec r d o u .l c o ml a ra ti v es a u s u p c rl ati ve......... ..... .. ..
I'ro ..d fc lc nt r u c - \ pr id a rc as u p o l a ti ru l u i a b s o l ,rt..-.. .. -. -.... .. .. .......
1?2
-| ryq-
r48
II I . AI,TII CI I ] ' S T I I - NI R D I' I' IIIT O A R O L A AD J E C T IIN ' ' ' ' . ' '
ia,o 148
,' 01 1,1
t03 1i l
ilD 1r3
iil 7i]
i)) 1i t
't5r
,74 l 5i
. )J3 15ir
t\. fcHl\.\l t\'[ll.\DJtcTIvAl.I
..... 7ia \54
Su }srant lt . . . -.. 17i 1i 5
Ge r(rl dit . . . . . -... - r; 5
Pn rri i j iniur r . n\ t t . . . . . . . -...... 719 15t
P,miiripjrL
P i .i ; iir t r c dL
In l i n i tiv , , . . . . . . .
/-sL 1i.',
t8:l 15r>
155
155
1t5 15i
Locnliun. prelrozilio ali. 760 liii
.. .. .-
7bJ 150
-{p o rl ' € rehtivl
t'iotozi!ie
ADJECTIVELOR - .. 7S 9 lrt
v. FoR\I-\nI^
,-90 156
Ite ri rer c s . . . .
t9l li6
Ji i
t9t 157
A'|j..tir. cu t t Lc. esntir ". i 57
i 94
,94 137
Sxi i x o. . . . . ... -,...
t96
. t97 1i 9
li n a l o -..
Du l l rtr ea c ons oanoi 793 l 5t
-e - ntut lilral ,99 l a8
800 li9
Schndbiredcrt€soricigrrmatlcal€ li!)
Pdticipii adFciivate ,l6tf
adjcctiralt. . ,.
adJccurarr. .. -
-qubstantile
-substantile
adjeclivate . . . 30ri
\trle 80t
\,tte rbr nr i ' s08
\rl r.o lu' r " nF r ' l' r ' ' u !b l o J r" d . ' l j ' l ' !
( o Dp rn. r c n . . . . . . 809 'l 6 l
ADJECTITELN DIINR]TINATIYE
814 '10:
sAU PRO\OUL\-q.I,X
,\diecli{clc losostve 818 16t
r\dieclircle ilcmofslratire 819 164
rldjecti!ele rntoogau!e 3!1i
Adicctirele rcl'rtivc szt 1Cl
Adjf.ii!€lc neiloLArile-
A D J D C T I Y UL
(lHFi,\DJE CTM)
CONSIDDRATII GDNDTi-{LD
1) Dotidtic. ,\djecti.rul estc partea de vorbire care calilicdl sau deier- S 6(Xi
r,,ini: rn substantivsau un echivalcnl,3 al acestura:
a .rcq€rwomar 29 leloved
/i,e rerdins $de clinlk
t.ot me the sam, idcas
a s@,ng man ud a 4.58 one
2) Clasificare. se lmpalt in doad categorii: S {n)7

^dj€ctivele
,{. adjective calificatilc (r 608)
B. adjedn'e determinalive, r,umltc 9i adjective prononinale (S tt4).
rT. ADJECTtrVELECALI}'ICATIVE s 608

(D!]SCRIPTIVE ADJECTIVES)
I. COISII)I]N\TII GDNDBNLE
1) Detinitio. Adrecti\ul ualiticati\',care esle de fapb adjectivul pro- S 609

r unui obi".la ,l- i rl , alili" r6 :
p rl r - 2 i . .er eL .io ln .uqir:e
anes o r
btutrn elts
renDl. .io[.do\
2) Caraeteristici,
- s 610
a ) Itor m d. . I n I i mb a e n g l e z n , a d j e tl i v u l a re, cu ci tel r exc' pl i i , ' S 611
sina ,a l fa m d, ir . dilar p n r J " n l i mJ r s a u a z . El , u .o pndl p dp.i s ofdd
.u b .t'an' i\ . u o .h i -F' -r.. l ,rl r.p s l u i s 'I p e at. rl .€l i l i rd:
\;l
. u ul L. J u '
\,o ,,c Doa s , ' k n rk i n F ' l .n s l ' n P \o t mri sS l
\\'e '" r $: ll, ; ' / o. , . . rEi " / . r ' " " -r , g ,l c * (\ " lam pI l
- ll^
l h " I dr " s o lt o u n r t+ \e t' " ' rl C n ra u l .l r pl
| . , " 1 r " r - t \ o l l tn J .u n 8 . D a l g n n ' o mu 1 p i . adl rub(rJtn\a
"Jo r
Ex c ep lii $ 612
Comparativulqi superlatiruladjeclivelorscurtesint singrreleformeadjec-
tirrle {lexionarc:
\ o nc \ o .n i p r ' o m n ' . i \ ' \o n g J (.u! tl J i vl
! o*- bl ." r 1 o m1 rr. ' r o 5 r ' u p r- l al i rr
(Cl. ii unele adjcctive prononinale S 817-81e)
t \,rt; t ; . 4 - r d. ri " . / a ru a e ri i .n d ndi 4 unui

' ' n i l rl ns " ' ri . ' 1" r" ' "
o! .'t d Dr nlir u r . l, r lp n a i l J 6 J b a n l ' p " " l d 1 S.drJ !
",4 ietirmim: a pr.ciza, a lluri Intdesui untrl curirt.
3 ve z i S t ! 0. nola 1
! sels sr{matilal ($ !i.
114
LocuIiuned adie.tiaald (Adj'ctinl Phrcse) Loou't'uDea

{ 013
."- impreun;
" ua i"Ji"uriii'"ons t l dinlr-un grup de crroli"teteie p""aic"t coreiuatc
au'\.aloare de adi€ctil':
T. r-a i's , rto, 6,'dPntr" rl P: L s l d 'n r '
T,i r,.l r'Ar,- a1
. t h" aPa in{ o"; n L "v 'n i n ; " 'l s s
\l'h-"r:e is Ure io\el lent to Martdn?
lli'.:nt vou folnil arvole glad la h?:]P !ou?
b)La.uL ddjettrvulni Adiectieul esie pus in genere
{ 614 'lrribatiP
" rnoiutca-ub.l.,olivului pp rere ll 5:
"lifi'
- thc nlce o&.1houses

(Pcntn detalii vczi S 2668
'683) Ji r" ' t
1, t j t i, ut L, r' c l t.a ti r " ' t' p u s .d u p d -\-rb 'au ddp" ' ofl pl ern" ntul
.1 rd I c\i ; (v ' rr F re mp re S /o / /oJr'
",".
615 3) l'urc-tii. - Adjectivul are Itei funcl;ii sintactice:
616 a) pot\re li d.tributl
Madse' a /iae girl. wa!-comi g to lca-
I bo'urht sorne ioallen
He is-a man /drd 10 ':lo!es !l'ase'
I $17 ,) poate face Pade din P,'edt:"r:

l)'')'cd nnme pre(licatie l(hedicate) Conplementf:
t 618
The sLY is Dnr''
It sre; ddln-
AD old shoe ieels eas,'
7 got readll i^ a lerY shorl trme'
su'o*,r'",?
,') pentu.a campktainteLesul.unui,':il"^:i-:i'1".Ye:T*,,',""#t::i;
.:3?#"f'ii'xlj""i'i'#ii,'ii"li"ii'?i""i-""iii"
J.i,i'i'l'f "'i-
( Prtdlcak of' Re.sultt
( Pred.icate Resuh'!)l)|
\' P" i n r d l l r { l ' " " l /
' l h ' g ' " u F ' _ o l " l L - 1" 1 sru' l ' r'
I boiied m s'l''
'ge
S 620 cl poate fi complement circtmstunllal de mod:
- Thov came hom'
Tre'$ind llew coli'' 'ied'
{ 621 ($ 750 760) are luncliile substanlilului

Adieclivul substani,i'rat
( s 347-358).
s ii22 Ir. c0llPAnAlrr .lDJECTrrEl'oB

OF ADJECANDS)
ICOII"ATTSON
it.do.ud tno'J-r': it'tr
S 6f3
"-" 'l eomfa,alia adje'ivFlor p^"le Ii r'alizsti laeiobie'rr
" ot,i- i.,"1, .:,.i.i I'i".r "u, ;, /;,,p. pri\in,l""
'
,rk.,, I He sas nn ollef workman ilrm his brol'her'
l iie w6 the aatas,workma^ in thc laclory
f [ler health lad been growing tJelr?/dd balrd'"
dmr it $as Des,l6t lundav
1
-i-^," t'iri lmnnd'
t-,t,"" consii tle lart dintFo pmruzi!ierelaiira
tttvt" ' ..) r; e
"diectivah
.,t:.' i ...;" ' ti t" " " " . tk .
*' r, , . . i . , ' i. ; : : : i ;" p ::;,:. pr' rrl : un' ' ' d i Ino' \i 7
lt on. r r ' r " n : ' ma ri " a ro rn a n r' d d i ' l ' " 1
.A 2t 3f l,
- 3 Sens granaticat.
COMPANATh ADJECTIVXI]OR l!6
2) O compara_tie
poateli fdcutndin rrri punctcde vedero: { 624
a, pentru a se aftLa egalitateai s ii:15
lle b 6 lizl ds Jane.
0.,)pentru a se saperioritatc&i
^rdLa s 62G
T I" i 3 i i ,d ./ t,,d i J .n e
lle is Ure fttud,r, ol all
c/ pentru a se ari|a inferLorihtea.. s tig?

He js less nt4 than Janc.
lle is nDr g,,/os lia.l as Jue.
He is,,,,p i.ds, Ilad oI alr.
3) Pe plan gramaticalse deosebesc trei gradode comparatio: i 628

a) gddul pozitie,clnd adjectivulnu a suferit nici o comparalie: s 69$
cold bcautiful
n ) o rc dul . onpat t t ir . q ,::i rl
" i n d a d j F .' i \u l a -ra ri o i n (u,ci retntr-un 1T" d sun"
rior .d u i nlF r ior ar aluiJ \ffl m c ' tri n g ra d u t p o zi ti v. sau egsl ;u arebi J:
'
coldaf n,fe beatrtitnl tsnrerio.iratet
lcsr cold /ss ieanriiut linfu.iorjtarct
as cold n! ds beauliiui as (csatitare)
not solos cotd as noi ro/as b€iniiliil as i r.riortrab)
g rd dul s npLr lot i! ..j n d a d j e c ti v u l e x p m i o tnsrl i re tn gradul cel
. t.) S ft
m ar tl )8 tt sx u c el m ar srd z u l :
most beantjlnl lsuDerioriiate)
lctBt Ieauliiul (inlerlorilale)
SLrperlativul poate fi:

, i n d a \p ri m i e rd d u l .a l m a i tnal t sau , pl msi s .rzu'
c') .s.up" t lo. t ir . r . , t o,,r.
, . .: r,:tJ
a r rn e u :i n r I nur ot , t F . l i1 i n mp s rr' tp c ' l a t' F o b i F c to sau l r. ti mpl
Hc is ou. @sr .'italr. tracto. driver.
, r" I" ^ t s rc ." ..l u to t ,t,p , rl d i d arp..
! , i" r q r ,
I h. r v " b . n r. ry .tl 0 l t $ rp I b u t I I.rt
" ,/j l roday,
c" ).superlatteabsolut,clnd arati o tnsusiretntr-un gradinalr ldri stabili S (i:t:i
lea urei comparaliidirecte:
,ca,.sr Fathol
Tldnt y "u lof ) ^. r r d. , / jnJ I, pr.
ll, y { r n aor r ", L r ^ I ' im .
Shp ; , . o"t ar , d. a. "
Superldtivulabsolut,aneliticl se deoseheste Je cet relativ.sip n acfert: . tj:]1
sup'rla i! ul rbsolul. liind d".nripLiv.ar",, "pnrul p" adierrir. tnsr."ireaexofl
mcri dp ar..ta allinJu-." pp I,rimut ptan st inLpr".utuilsup"r.Lerivul relitn
ar",..rn,ul p" sdr"rbIl /rrr,. ri rqta Ajp'imt, d..,Fl.tL- tn ,:arFs. and obic,.
'IrrF i5 rl," 4osri,h,athc ot rh. boohsin th" librrj. tSuD""t.

ret1
\ lle
h Ithn 4o :l ,, \"p. t ir x lar p. l< 0"a. r bs . r
H . r" Trk! tq no s t t nler t : . s . ( s up"r l olr r ,
rve zi
5 638 ii 6i3
120
6]; collPAltATL\ DE St l Pli Rl o ll lTr\TE

icolljl-\illSoN oI sLrllr'IoRl lY)
G3{i Corilarati{ul .sjsupcrlatil'ul do superioritale -seformeazl ln doxli uo'ltrrj'
(tupi curn adjeciivcle sint scufie sau lungr'
_'r
i"nF' 'u i\"1- - r ' "n û 'on'frr'''i".:i
ti:l; -\. trli$rlitolo sr'lrl. n lto/r"vrr' rrr 'r
,n"' r,r.ut,"rlu'i'raJ'u! la ll ,JjF' i\ul | "J ^'1rsI
sau flerionard satoli):
VioleL is a rdl, girl lPoTitir)
\ .1. is r/,. 'n
\
"r l lr ' I nlJ r r "
\ro . L rt" r" . 1. r ul I r f r r ". ir . s uip" | r I
li:Js LJ. Adiectileto lu gi primesc adveit)cle (lenlru oonfnratil-) -:l

'?'rc (metoda
,nsl (pentru superlaiirJirare lrrecediiadjecti\ul in gridul fozitiv
1alitiia n;ll"\ionJr. hJr' r:):
'au (Po7ltirl
M\. sor is iut?lliaezl
N;:,1 r",;o '", h' 1 1\ l"r L r "" l' p"r'
' / 1,buiBt
r,' t uo\ ' n ' 16' i!orrrt
'lr -.n -/', r'
Lrrlicatii cxacte in rrrN.mtaronrlrarli!; iLLjecrivelor!lnt in]poFihildfrI
.l1l i,,.t1diul:n crr-,n rtis lirnla in! r-ld i' rual " l lrrr' l " nrar!uio'rz
{ rrl
.,' t" oio-t,"'-".r0'. l^rm"lor ' L'/'lr '- ' ^n r '/i" "r r'-"r:i' hiir.irI on"
lol" -s, p"nr.u crpli.ilri. ^" '' d-rrn'i o lru'rualre rntpns":r
l",.;";l
crescindi
''-in in uzanla curent,a.
I ii .tl' Lion."n,'spi'ul'rl '""rnd11liFiidjt''i\"lor " l- (,caIcvr
-l
'..'nrri'
.1u exocdiftl!uma..u p\pmplo rnd"roni" t'le 1"lu'' rel pFntflr
'!en
sir aibi'trasate unele reperc, ahiar instabile, ' ontradr'torri onErhrccsarl aDruF
,1,. finthl 5eamrd" drirpl"erpu.e mai jo.. i rrorii vor inlrlni Llertsur'ull"-
nrprimori drt"rile, ol'i.ii 'onlrJri: dsr rLr \of ri"a 5J.rru Irc,inL4rp:l
'iur. $ttL
sau sn lie acuzatide lipsi de con.iderslicpentlLrint'rLocutnn'tnt tn'!
he on thc safesidc.
ri 639 a. colrP,rRrTll -LDJltfrrvrloR, sorr-rirrl
lcolrlAHr'soro[ sH0tr'\D'lljcrlvul)
,{cessLdcategorie cuprindc:
z I adiccti'€]e monosilabice
:
;i ili;;ii";i; ai";i,ai.,t"'-i".t" ir\'a' 'L!, ''r, r' -o", -ro'rcsi srle
.i l -Ld' , d: ' i! . . u rr' -,' r,,1 p " n ri rr' i l a b a:
n I srrl D J:
, 7 nim - r oa" " a d j t' ri \p b /s //d i ' " ' u ' ' ' pnl ul l n Ll r
di adjectirelc trisilabicc ct preii\ negati\.
l\Iai{fitatea acesLor adjcctive au ambclc forn]' tl€ conparalie:
o11, , *or o i ' .r s u l i r" l o -' ' ;i - ' tr ' rr- F" ' i [ot" ' o Fl ,t0]' i :
b) h l t ' ono ru
Dxemllc
UrnlLoarele adjecl,ive fofireazii irr tnod norma] conrparati{ul iIL -cr ii
suDerlativul ln -esl:
' 1) Adicctilele ile o si guri lil^bti ( nnosilabtte)l
! 610
olear lnrc
ga.r thitr, otc
llrctuplel
.iear -.l e u e r -.Ic a r$l
lat - htter - lattcsr
ga), garcr - g.xesl
127
2) Adjectirclode aloui sital,cfD8ildrfu€, terminatetn -y _ay:
fi s 641
bu: . !,l !p j i \.h
. Dr l m. ]t\
elrsy likely sicktl:, etc.
E x e m p le :
Dus y -h u s i e r _busiest
easy - e8ie. _eastcsf.
! : " , 1J' .v . tr n d t," r t.i 6 n d ri p .
..i ,.\t r
loncly -ton,"lier " | ' L t .t
_I0rclesr
Ob se rv alie
;i superra'if,
,,,,f;:ii#ix::,,fr::fi:;::l::;':!:';i:,i:,:'nparaLi, cuprefc s 64!
r',/ ml j ili bleJ i' r j- . ri \' t' r tn a r,s ;td b ;,..
$ 8,rs.
glad
llji
sii|I
adjectil'cre
,Islrd'ir' tcrninatein -y s&u J3l, acirentuate pe 6t+
n"r,,,uli,'iIfi '
arg_ry risk-\'
iliifr'!Y
'x.tx "1,""v l.id r
locc.i
.J adjcctivele r/J;1aDi.c.t.orminatein -er, -Ie, -ow, -sotnegi -urc:
biticr teebl.
i 6{l-r
hollo* g.L,esome
'i"l i"n :i ..'
h u m t.t" lo$
sol4 noble stall,,w wholcsomo
tend.r srD[e vc]ror,
;illlli:.
dl alte cltcra adjec1,i1.e
bisilabicecn acccntulpe prinm tabd: ",".
s 616.
..r!r" qlier
nile ,rretr rcal
s lteasui siupid,.tc.
'ppie
,/ nuneroase adjeotivo r;rlturri, .jn act:t:ntulpc Ltitna si.tabd:
s 617
ibsurd .oDcjsr .cmdte
dF.reet minute:
Irrolound totitc sinccre, ctc.
.
. /l .'a;",,;, .la +..:tol,. .t, ! r.t: n .n,,,j1orri,
u.r_-o,a .j/ ( r:tr
d4t .1..t bt.tlai.t.,,t r .1rr ru ro.t ior. Et, trin ,rti\rr.:
nnkindly
l lormelc llcxionaresilt ori..grariatctr tiaba..ng1ezl:

nue .t. oa.Zesr.iar nr Srr\
.- rri d t.l r x t r J , r . t l{ : m i i !s .u l l e 5 rpaioi a(ljectiv (cu lrononlia dil€rtr.le roc.n
t9t
urt.rD, lt.Pleasant insrxfd

unl.;i,nv rniidlJ insi"..r,. er,.
fr.: $ h rr\u u n h o | t; ' trnhary
"s
imPatitEsl
inpoini - i'npol't-
lilg llrceplii: lor'
adjeclivenono' si.bisilubiucu gradede compara,lio
rnate analitic (lumai cu more fi most):
4 o.d L mun osilabldi
;;;:; ia"r . t , " t . . t - s it . t "o! \ ' I ,.' n 'r d r " r c " n r u .
l;:i;;. .oanl
o nth ",. b i,o-., b r ' ". r . 1 r a do. , r \ ' laL' r ' 4 1 r r r r
Itr r m ' id r ' ) r or I d " (-' ):01 1"t'
.1 p' l - lur n r " ' i (a' t r ' l 'r ,
' ' ' 1d r.n;r t a"' t '" ':
,xlj"cfirpl.p rnJna"!lirer'r' oDir r r ilr .' lupr er i\ ul :'l u t r'
n' . ' t otat ^ 'l n '
,ii,[ \n rf.Fr",o-rp rrlli"i adiF"' : \ , 1^- nJ du t o ' . l a h i l i r ' r" irr' n l]Jn
tl'r,rezi.'..r .lur,aan'rmi -,rirorii . r t ur .,l n . . j u' l i . i o c" Tr mud r'^ rnrl '^- -
nJrat;" d'li,clii"lor hi..ilobi"pm,i nbi:rruit"'e ir,' 'u 3 l'rrrl iu-r''nlorll
l:"ni* ri'i- " qi -Fv,,,np.lnd "Jj..riv"l" bi"ilibi" mir pu{i'r ohi-'ruir"f'
d" ""miirair" u dj,rrurulf^t'n"lur I 'rlp)iiorr"r'" unirnri ' 'u "'n'
'rr.'d"1.
lt;l adjectivelecu ambelelorme de comperatil'li super'
ln'ceea ce pri.!.c,ste
lativ. aleqereaiirt.e icestea esle in D:trc mnsurn dictate de eulonie, riLn:-
exrres;''iiite. Pe linsi aceasta.in lir a votbiid si l preferato fornele llcrii(-
naie. pe cind in ldba Lterard se lotosescnrai mult fomele oonstNite '-
tnarLsi nost.un.l. adiFci\p.u nusn!n"\clu'rv lilprlrd - 'J onl;qa" b;:a"l
hd sir7u".t". avin,i.aEr, um .-a aru ' i649r.' mJr torm'la nFrl'\ion1'
"r
sc conformeazi acelorasiuzanle rl
Li;2 . 3) ,{.lto pn4i de vorbiro ailjedirrte
\lho li\r on tlc r pp' . loor '
lld r r'.vn "5 r $ 6 lf . . lir lp. , Lr nuLr ' .
Ou tlfu inchdcs ihc proauction oi lhc cl,i.,r, witfs
\1'eren't l.he littlc bov's {ords the
4) Concluzie.- In englezaconternporani au sparl tiparele in comparat:-

rdieciivelor, pe lingi mon;- ;i l0isilabeleflcxionat€, lotme ca nlore!lat1' n1't'
.oi|t. n"r, obt". niro prau!, not sutl 'au n1r" hat. n 'lauda - rulrt" i
uulplin". l" BllC -,bior kn"" bud n'o'" o"'1. t"ore '
tinaar. no.t'nplcorul^si;o,le
w'tr-al,'t*d. na\t tr ll'ihlar d. n,oJ 'r'tl dt'ss d - plra
iormFlein i/{ si -pd ru gradr dp ,.rnparali' lln\io rHr'z ro0l- 'rpbrrr'
r,irr,rri im. dov' dindu-seuiranti lrdi leri'iL ;r''pi"1r" li irlpr"idr)l'
elocvente !i lraparrte cind se abat dt la ltorn{ decit conlornindu-se, curnni:
acesteia.Iiete de fapt, era noului. a ruper;i iuturor ldnludlor, a incercini :
oelor nlai indrezn€!; fi ,,trnsnite". din care izbucnesc adesea idei genirl
Excnple:
\' \ o nc ot th c aood , a/ h4t L t r ' r l " r ' \ 1 1 1 " 1 " t , ''J
't h " C n ; t '
Itth . lo"t 't'- 'nns
! t nr lb' t ol 11"' t t o \ b 'c ''l r o i
' "t
DorF b c"f-tno sn lo n- t hP. L - , , i44 ll l\ r ll r . lt , . , P t 1 " , ! ) .
'th"thrt .-r''lu/ r l{ m n"' j"' l. r Th l r '. . 1 r t r J 5 'r p p l " r r ' -
'a "
1968) .
'1...) LMdon nn:: an th. ,.t!J ro ,.,,,3 ll't lciilinscs{ ll"a lJohn os|onf. I
''"""!l; ,*t"r,"*"., ,f tt Inn,tah tLnr. i' itt Pnti i'aftt llhc tLLrcv comcl' t I
1906) . '
(Pcni trltimele l. c i . iiat ! , . i. S 6t 8r '
r lii'i ?1 .* ", r1.^4li,anno,atr" apaa -at , e t . n .

*7.\dall t \ l . o l "- .r , t"n d r ' " in c,- l ,n L .ta "t a ab t-rnu. 1!:-. l a: -
COMPARATIA 1!0
..Iar pe cotorutcirlii GuinncssBookof Reco s 1971,printre alte superla-

:i|e este dat mostestr."
E\.ident ce aoestecitaie nrl constituiemodelede urmat. Ele alrartin
. nuid o mFniu a l lu r u r o rli.pnlplor- dom.niulsrrii' o ru lu i,
. a rc 1 na . c . t . a z
!u poatedaclLsd ne edifice,pe unii locindu-ne,pe a4ii tnctntindu-ne.
B. CO}I?AEATIA ADJECTIYXIOB I,TNGI s 663
{COMfAIUSO\ OT I]ONC -{DJEqIIYES)
Urm;roarplF€d.ie,liv p,.i larli"ipii formeazrcompdrativulSi superlativul | 65,1

' L djurorul adrerbplnrnorpr .:i ,l?ovzprA pdind adjectiYele;i participiileln
sradul pozitiv:
1) adjoctirele mai lrugi ds doud silabe: $ 666
atiractiye (rcativc despoidcnt
}eautifut cu.ious imporl,ant
Ete mp l ul
rtlr!(iive nore atiractive nost attractire
dependable -more dep€ndnble -nict d€pendanlc
2) numoro:rse
adjectivebisilabiceeu aceentulpe prima silabd: S ri".,6
lSill. acid .onstant lrddent
d o,il. . , n ,,i d ,.a s r ; dd. -
tdr ' , t e t i \:d tr.re " t t1.:o..,.. ..
rraglre
hostilc advcNc t.opcf
In special adjeclivcle bisilabice termir.rte ln ,t.'. -tsl, -tlc, Jcss Fi -o"s:
r.ri r. L r ,i .,
Ioolish tnilhlcss .toJous.ctc
E te mp l e:
r{ti* more fttivf
.omic rnorc comic nrosl lonrn
loolish - mor loolish - nDsl toolish
(V€zi ,!i S 611 61,61
3) parficitiile adjoetivate ,si adjcctivele cu sufi)ic p&ticipidle:
s k rl te d I h a .m i rg
u!!rt lrdncd .rnvnicilg. el,r.
E r e m V Ie:
m.st. slrn
skill.d- morc skilled - nost skiled
charming
-mo.e cliar.i.g -nost cha.ning
L x c c p ! i i : crooked,Ei tritAc.l. care pot aiea lsi formele fleriionare.
h stilul tatnilidr, pentru a se accentua si mai mutt irieea de superlaiiv, S 658

'L n er^dFFddj,,li\F. tn .pe"iat.cl" in -obt. -.t. -[,]t. -;J :i -;ng.
,oru:i .upFrtai!uL ir
'FrmiIdre
4.{ nu au .o^ pdrativulln -rr. formear,J -...t.la'dFt .J
lo.ma netlolrorArnl
Jq ktrd rd -1 . . dnd d. s
' o. j, nlr ir . 'r n n 'n q p c
biflp n,. I fr J gLl,s r ' im pid. . r sinn,ni.sr
I ,r"rr'p s, d nm lab, ps t p ic id. . ss.nsinsN
.h, p r'.rp. .n"ible. r t im idpr ' doAs"d.l
toyalest tircdest dninlenest. etc
Do yo.Df damnedat I
He was the .asgrd6r clild.
I CoDptuatjvul adverbului
nr.r.
s iJuptrlatirul idrp rn!l'r' ni, / l
I - c..natica nmbii cnehze

130
659 4) ntte ptuli do rorbire a.dieotirate:

The v dall' ^m P: F bd !r:
'r';,,",P
Yo; d, ,, i'"'
liis nelheNso" mu
lle loted-o* 1,J1"1,', p,n.,
than uncleio him -.
Notd
douir comparattl e
660
""" Un substantiv sau €chivalentul si\r poate ti lnsolit de
unul terminat tn -cr ;et ali cotsiruii cu adverbul tn're
* fo'"t"" aii".ite.
.i.teiice (h -,. sau'e'r) prccedd pe cea a'alitica {con-
i; ;;;";;;i;;;
struifi cu mo,'e sau mosl,):
She looked ,.ot" a'd m"' e't"/ftsins llian erer'
ie iii-lr'" ti; ?!tarc' and rhe hoft cteeetot r\e Lwn
"ia;", idpii de.progresje
Pentru simpljlicareins6, p€ntru rpdarea "ssu,pentru
adjdctivele scurte'care pnm'sc
jn lnod, obj\nuit' trrfixul -€l la
*"".t"""",
on'lrrrilS €d!Frbul mote:
comparalivpoi avea si forma '
' ' 'r
ll"i*Ti."*;:1ff?ii''i,,:T'#iix ilffJl"'
o ' om" dd' ' r rnot"t' tP dnt ' P at
t ; . fi o ;' f o r"
' o ' r!R
R;a'"i"'""ii; s,:;"if ;'i\i,"i"ii'^!:o
" r' a m'
r.
He te)\ tu e deld thaD axve "',"
S 661 oRroGRArIrl
dF o siDgurd!o'al;
S 662
""- a, Adjcclilele rPrmina'"ln r o 'un'oana'zprF"pdar!
" onro"nJ i4ainrpa'uli\plor -pr $r -Ps/:
'ldblpa/i
".rr'l'qi "i.."trr0rat,,c bigg"r - biSg'sl
rrin - hinnFr - th nnesr
ln celelalte cazu (adicd atunci ctnd consoana linale este pr€cedatd de
o alti consoand, sau clnd vocala precedenti nu est'eaccen_
doua vocale ori de
iuatl), consoanafinalE nu se dubleazi:
sweet -sweele.
deal - dcate.
solt -s o l i e r
qniet -quteler
jn 'e mut sau in 'ee pierd pe 'e linal lnaintea
663 ,J Adjectiv€le ternjnale
sulixelor -.I sau -€sl:
nice - nicer
lrue - t.!er
lree
jerminrra in _/ pre''dsL dF o \o'aln neac'entust;
ri01 , LJ adlc.li!Flc
/ fin-l eslts,l,rblsrIn limba pnglFTn(nr sr in.ca amprrcsnaJ:
-ra'etul]er -ca'elullest
-cheerlull'r -cheedullest
"r'-""ii"t
ordcl -cruello o ellest
schi nbn p€-:l
666 dJ tivele lernrinst" l n -y p re cedat de o consoa i
'\dj€i srrlixelor
in -i inainrea '/ :L
drJ drie.r - dricst'r
tazY - l3zi|r -lazrest
r Uniis.dirori nr|.rpreiear. h a|€sr cazconpuati{ulnde 0afiind sinonimo adsf,-

r\ d" ' i ral : orrrnJ )' r' Lrroi '
r . le- r , t , : , r ; - " . n ,.i d !,' , d ." i 1 1 ' o n ' p;' J
p ar nl, iv ulli! ' l J n g l $ rl a trr trru l /d rl F "
t Cu t r c ep tra(o n s o a rP ro,, r ! tr _ '
aaris n't dtyet dtYest.
"Uncori
COMPA&TIA t81
Ctnd ins[ -3, fina] este precedaLd€ o vocali. el se meo.tin€:

gay -gaJe. - galest
cov
Eacepl iil
shy
sly
itl,{
wry1
ADJOCIIYECU FOnlIn Dr colrPAB,\TId )l-0riDour, aT-tr s c66

Urmdtoareleadj€ctive ar fornre neregulatepentru gradelede comparatie:
Pozitie Canl.lratir Superlalir
l
ilt I \1o.st
lilile
{ I litl.lesi
t
t
J oldcsi
{
J I l.lihesl. iarth.rnost
I I l ,rrl h c s tr.n ' .th emrost
rarc I iitst
{
hind hindmosl, hindcmost
Urmdtoarele cuvinte, cind sint la gradul pozitiv,au tunc,tiede ad1erb, s 667
iar la gradele comparaiiv Ei superlativ ar tunclie de adjeotiv:
(beneath)
{'D )
(our) I uLmosi. ultcrmosl

{
(upl upm0sri uupernosL
l compdaiivul qi.sute.lativul adjectivelor ,r.v 9i,,y si t adeseo.i ortogfatiale ti

r Icn ru ,.1 1 si ,l/. ru va oar e dp adi"c liv . v "ui s i { : 64 a , - 6 q b
3t d4hc" r Ia -t r,rob dL : 1,la or ieine, . onplr ali\ ui ddv " " l , u l u i / o 'e . s d . d J p l
'r n i i
!L o ri. a l" i /o rtr /u";t .I f!|. un s r n: r lJ Liv ior m dt dupd . , r l*
. npd. ri:n d la oris n . .o m of f J liiul aJ v Fr b- lui , , jn; , "d"" . e r '! u n d 'r b l u r o m p " r a l i v i
ncr, a losi sunolatiiul dverbulu jatsn.
" rcrcn^t:tr;''an fo,l d or ' s r Dor n"t l, iv F t or ' nar . d r , I d l . i n l d d s " " L 'n u i / , r , i
- d . pl 1d\ "t n ) t D 'n o r t t n l 'r , b " n g f r l
, -p ? , cslp ul i.omp ,mtiv ror nr ' la n". ' '
132
pu'otele cardinal€ au urmitoarele grade de
668 -{djactirele rele toare la
comparalie:
easlmostl. casternmost
no hmostl. northernnost
souihm.str. southernmost
westmostl,w.sterndost
ru l orma nprc-
6t i0 ln s r ar i da a' F ' l e l o rm" m a i ' \i ' ; o -c ri ' .' l ' sunprl sl i ve
t?' s/ l a unpre
!u l a j e. . ons lr ui
. p ri r' .d ' u !' a rF s .u p F rl € l i !L l u i ' r ' prmrne!r'
adjectire sau adr€rbel
i.d r cr n o r , b@1. of r .p n p
n c .a .o rn o " ' i J o r l h "I
r't\csouth{nnan leak ol ihe range
\ " old.
f i; 0 C. s i ' n lin, b ' r .n , n " l p i d l -' l i \F r, fo' .t' P a
' o' 1" d .o" ' puo' ;
iie pc t . . r r ' " ' r ' rf' a , rp ri ' ri D ' s l ' ' u b t i nt l ^rat' o.tP quu' apt' ^n4t
"i ' rrr d ^ i ip l ' ' nl ru i di l l n' l r\el ' si nr ,' rF
p n rn t. i rc n " . n t;t
j-ri
r.-1
. . - ., , b.
, r ,.''"l", .r F . ; J i .i L n ' o rIo l rd r \ ' cu ' " l .rIj ' r i r' r'
' l ' i m,
p ri nt r e ac es t ens e a fl i i o i e ri e d e c i l .c rr L rrj n t. Iro\.nrtP tal e qui re urn nmra
l d ,i n ' i. ar l' J r " ,l r^ l ' i , F .h l u rn ;:i i r' l l " ' Joru\i nrul rpo-ra' ' :
P\ nJ or opt i LUnl
(F quD'l
671 i ,in,l I n,ili 'r "n""'/ 'dra'ler:7 'r pri- praT'n E a numpro
'-.I oruti in -od "ul"r'r',r sjr'"ial tnrraiul lerni in
laLi,;
"L.otu -..e tnrrln,.,
- adeseorisi in ccl masculin - lorme ca:
ihe mosrP.r/4" lit e lat
\t ( d t itu t" . s\
ine 9t,,a'des' jnzz brnd
a rcr!/ tnique clild
I harc neac. seer p"*"r poise in anvonc lor hcatd a nDa ?aled musical)'
ler ".ou she sill do eelg
olporllnity. York
Giren '.DrlaDle
obse alii asupraadiectirelorcu gratle ile comp&rafieneregulati
$ 8i2 Itt
! 6?t 1) Adjectilul tll (: bolnav) are form€le de comparalie neregulate ttors'
Sh " (d. \ t h, l I c a\ hF"lis r : s hr h J J c d l l e d u p l a r d o ' o r '

-,s" f adiJ s h n s h" \ "' ak n to noop|ar'
She \Y.rs tu.. tZ /@ree, ihan rYc thougnt"
674
"'' 2) lll si siek. Sinonirnularlie(Livuluiill €si'esi'ft ln SLiA' ill este€chi-
i;;;al ai atlieciivuluisi(A'anbeleadjectiveavindacela;iinlel€s:
""}".t"i;ii
t Fo.nc r.r. intrebuinlate.
: hr1dn61
'3 afietu^t
los.rmost : lae.st.
'tui.lmost: in the e,s n dle
6 tapmost.: al lhc aerg tap.
r tn l.tna st la! , s l
I\'?r ri r'.h-'la\ t . ll \ l: l ir j r 111 oP. r r ' ' p r a 5l
co@aRATu 183
l,ohar,. In Angtia. tll (: bolnav) este iDtrebuinlat numai pr€dical,iv.r\tribu-

liv ti ca adjectiv substanlivatr, este lnlocuii prin st./r (: bolnav):
_
t l. a, lt c oti ! ) \ o u l o Jk,// - l l.tsl t , | ..,1 6 L,1 ,, r.s,rd'\
' nJ
t ot t ibbu! ) H F F 1 .r ,l n ' "n . 1 p i\ n n ,, /,.1 i\p on n" .
(substdntie) The si.l musi be caredlor. ", ".1l l o.\:
Cind lnsi sic& estelntrebuintat predicatir. lo &dsi.A are in ,{nglia nuanla

de: a avea greatri (la propriu), (iar la tigurat) a ii sAtul pestemisurd de cineva
(ptdicatio ) "You look livid. af. you 3i.l?"

"As st./. as a.atl I am alwavs s€dst.l *hen I cross the Chinnel!
- it's alw.rls ronsh. and I nm such a bad sailor."3
I'n si.ft la;d lire-,i) ol felliig her fo do her job t.opcrry.
3) Ani,oninrul adjertil'ului ill esle {r.ll sau in good ltahlt. In bad heaLth S 6i5
este sinonim or ill. Heahhlt nu este antonimul adjecti!'ului til. tns€nmnd
,,sdnitos" ln sensul de a fi iniotd€auna sdndtos.rezistent la holi. robust.
4) IlL ri trotst, norst poi ii !i subsi,antii'e9i adverle:
I woD't hale Jou think ill ol Jour felioF. lSlbst.)
l' ll t binl @roe ot l,im il he doc s r ' l c om e. { Subs i. )
Let him d o h is !o rr. t s ! is r . )
Ii wiil 80 il, $iti Xon il ]ou don'l oneX Iour doclor. (Idv.)
I'o.J plaJcd Dadly. fiona piar.d,orra dd Elsie played ao.-"l. (,,\dv.)
Little. A littlea,- fcw. A I€$a s 676

1) Lit e- - LittLc are cinci lnlelesuri principale: S $77
O lAlhs \lntn substanliv plural) (contrar: narn) : , pu,tin(i)" (: insu- S 6;8
ficiont). se rclere la cantitate sdu duratd, are comparati'ul lr.rs ti supeflativul
/.asl _sieste intrebujniat cu substantive nenumerabile (nullle do Inalcrii, d€
abstraclii etc.):
lirl? donfl. htne \\ite. Utne timc. li,ri€ intelesl.
She has lri& (: trea pltille) knowledgeol DnglisJi,so she .a.'t r€ad inis boo[.
1..$ joy, lcsr air. i.ss wo.k. lcis tngl'sn. les.snoisc
Hc look the line ol lcas, resistarc€and accelteii to be pui on a diet.
, b) a liulA intrebuin,tat, cu substantive nenumerabile (deci fnre substan- g 67$
t iy plu ra l -si gr ade de c om p a ra l i r) :.,p u l i n (e )" (: .rceva" .,,ni qte" :si noni nr:
son€1. este lntrebuinlaL cu Eubsianlivele care nu au plurfll:
a til1|emone\, a tiltL winc,.r little wliile. o lnre jnicrest
She has d hirL (: cevar krowledgc or Xnglish. so shc ran reid thjs )ook.
t L " n . l ' .v ' r : I' a n d b /s b p .d u .dI l J\d /,,,r p rl nj ,
J m oiP v . ].1 n .J n ,s 1 l i v .,
) | 4d n h ' ,j ' n i - h l n d b .s b F .d u s . I h \d o 1." t" ,- c" \al
I m on r! \.a n a ,' ,ri i v r'
l v e ,i i i S 6 8 7 )
cJ lilll€ (+ subst. p1.) : ,,mic(n)"6 se referd la f.irsta copiilor nici ;i a g 660
animalelor tinere (: pui); are comparativul yourger ti sup€rlarivul Soangesl
(iD stilul familiar,lirer qi hlles4:
Ji m i s r l, t r , boJ hp k m!
t,o o k sF ll ilt F r ' 1onr / i rd o ;ts l -
'Tl i InA I is h) r har " 4 C a n a l L t\l l a p ,i i ,l " .D r" ,4 r sl i d d" Iranl a.

s p FL. a bal siilat .r rotdcaum de .,lu de m re:
!r//,ti /./bint dJ " . t j\ p, , "uieri ri rrri v " s d u n ,h o ' a rt" d e r" rm:nari v.r.ol i utesi of,!
s lD ' ad j .ri vp npholr ' p ( dp rp rm i n d ri \.,t\p 7 i S 8 2 t .
6;\d j cct , v delf , r ninaliv 1 S 8 2 1 ).
6
-{djectjv calilicaliv ($ 609J.
134
o i;
Tnp sn arrca {a s lr J ine I ' r / ; r r L o' P' '
Th" /;,/P' kjd ' 5r r r pk ' d r n or nqnr '
He is our /t',6'| (onc) (Ian l
p tLinr'1rlor'dnrrai 1
S 6!1 .r,liah(r:ibubFl plrL ' mi46'
'l'F';il:':.
gra4F d' compa-
'
"'
..rn* ;t,u,
t' l; d;m'r'siun' i-do1"r'LJ"i r^re'd
"'r"hri
f1L;r.ompstr'rt'lp'.s'pu1rnu'i:ar asrazrr'ru I s''13 si superldri!ullPast
(j!i stilul tamiiiar' lil'61)r
i r' ti 1 " m' nd ri c
' ' . llr l. r oo d i ' 1 l P " u1 I
n. r n- , no t , " a n J n h l l h ' n d n rs ' L
, rr,. r,,.."
i : r r ": g n ri ,.,fi ." 1 '6 ':,;i.,'
,.r ,r . \D,,r p5
'h |t -,oe u" lhP" q
r ' r d Lown
tlrc t?ss2' tead
h rr l.ssrr \o'L j, ll' r l' iet loc r q
oi i,i; ,:.. .hon+ ," /-.... P o\".1
I bt j'" o' /"' r / tr 6 s' J(
' lF a ""
i" , . , ' " , t , . r" a ' ' o " i J U " u r '
c r nLlPlla r lt r i l tn e /td e s l
-t L ' j
T lt lir , . 5l lh ' n A' o l d a rrYIn e
v rrs l s :' r d rr' " run" ' ' f" J o nrrrnl d afecri { 6
( C\i J t nJ t t t 1 1 " - IF l " ' l u '
t 13' I LLLtLu s u r d x n rn u trv :
lls dulins lt'rle girll
(|'.tila tur dragi Il
Iliess rour li'l' lrei'L l
((le ntimioal1 bun{l)
. . s hc hadillc l n o s td c l S n l l u l n l ,i .v o i c e ' th cgal estl i l tl €l uugh,tl l eni osti N oi l ati t' g
lirlc vars s
c ' ' F i rl o' ' ri ' pri r' st" d// " u.grr' l el e de
e GD:i ln li r Lr " i l ry d mo d e rn a /J //
! t l. r tt rq i s n ttt" \t' o tu n ri ' i ' l ' ' rFt' rn l " si mpl d drrnFn5rurremar
""' ,"- " . i, 1i"
i, i ' olp' r' u n ' u b s rd r l i \' o n ' re l :
"i " " " ',
I s aF aS w€e tl l ,l l c h o u s c .m n c n s n a /l ? /| h { nJox.si i ,l l csnd]/' s,hoIB eIl l ' Lveeve
$ riAl i./.CuvintullirrlePoateli '"i:

(adj)
ll'he /tl, (subsll I caa gile votr is, l'n atraid' loo lirdc
f;:'i liJ;"li$"'."' ,Fvedome ,.or,/,r€.

g $c l lPr ^v er lr
\ ll,r€ g uis d lor
S 085 |drerbI
'lr"rt l; r' lL_F lt lc I r . l. I n |' oLsr
it.j,, liiTo"
;;",;;;; "ii::1,i,i"i'',i,";i
A tenlLe r
sri\6 sp'. '::"J'.4"'1"1:',''i';'",:il'rli";""

rl ' nm
' | (. ) - /. I'l"':hir",": * n
LrctulnI' dupn s
::"ll r.*:,:' iii;l lj:i""'." "' "

*r r ;"1' l:il F.:'l; ""if, :,',
n '" -'t'i '* !l i - t' / v ' ' ub' r ' pl r ' . pulr r r
s''':f;1;::r,,,ti.llijj:::,ll::ijii;;;1,:l::,,,i,1',"1
* , , . t " ""' r , i . ' . . ' i r" *l
r r lr r f r Lit r s f oql
': ,\Lj(r lrv
l\:!rrn ri plr r r al. l" r s l' eLr r t e
rl,;.1; " Id'tDredrd'iv
,,',1;,rl
,ti 'j :, l', ,:1,:,;:1
:t:f.':;l i
'til' O(.', LJ o d' 1Dt hll
coMP-AnATb 135
nF!".j).]:i ,r'J ,-or oo,'ul 'oncr,., r:il^rlr t,,tt .i o [e'.'.,tc

1l
arri'l1l"l:
I' nuanla puzrtrir:
tI. Lal nid " /," . .,
I . u, in. , - i, . d. \ lf r l,,nelL
ll-',q n.,q" .,iifd ii nt-"r , t ".r .; ILi.r,
rp nrd mJd 't,,4
,/1 .' / , r lr i"nds o I n, r ' l: m de p r i , " n i ti^m..
1l :i ft{rcr. Leasl.i tc$c.t. Drt tiind .r t1l/p( cub.,..(./ n, pri. { fbb
. I:\ pa.
n,c i ar'rrra r,!r/:r i- -ub-'. pl.rn,n ar.t. /"* ri /",./,iin. rn" n"t",,"
rFntrta',. lptFr Fi /Fs"o' p-n,ru ru n if. I o,Uti, , umF0ro ";^r
tivul
/as'.,rFir:a raondndi l 6 ti" Flirdt ppn-rut..t", irFn f^rm"i r. .i, rr. i in-
/r
l'1::l:ri !l"gl' 1,'in rrmba pnsrpri ronr.mpo,a,'ap",|'ru i p\p"i_d I un,..rur,
op.r ,rr .ompJrirr\ Ft pozrl.\ut,r' /. r :
ks.s r.oots Lls clorhes lprs leopte
There ]rcre Lsr thsn ten p-.opleir ihe wa,uns-rood.
4) Little ,ci much sint antonime. ca
;si pluralele respectire te\r si rrany. S {i89
llnrb. lli Ir. - urh. Long s 690
l ' ]l u r b. llant . l tl .,,- s s .rc .tp rn rrFb,ri r,,a,,,r.ub.." nti \p q ri rt
n num ta b t t ps t F \ pr i' 1li. d n i tr..a :" rbdsi t.
" rp ^ rrj v i . n o n,t 1 -rbrt. nt r. i nrl e.
D y! n l a (u s ubs t anli\ . nu d p td h i l .. i ma n L ,rd r rt . D eo.Fbi rasdtnrr_ rco.te
"\
/ r, . . i /.,\.
:: l i " i , , : i " . 1:.",.t,.,.h r cp4'i,d.i,r!^ c'bi,.adinrrp rd i. , r; \ F r,
.,mu{:h', ,,mnny', prin

. 2) Intoeuirer cuyintelor !i sinonimele lor. Cu_ { 699
vintele r?rci Fi r?anl sint, adescorjinl;cuite p"";'"inon;,"t" tn", ,-"*rl '
fi*,
a La..t)dpdl tott. pt.pntta[. t t,,! tat) ttam.\.ta6 (of)
\tarr.).
. t?.)|u t,ton1, tl d.Fstp.rnonimese a.langdd tvud qara:r.tttt tnanu
sr d /nr:p {sAl,o o yod) nunbq (o[)l
Tlr I h a d J i . n"t,al
,'hh"d In In F .o o o F r .,' v, a
..d | 1 soot) d.dt ot thc n,t\rF
!.4 t
+H,:'IJ':'il";i b""'1,"ri1""1!ii.:""f o " 'vprd'oa
;"rl!.:'"""'
. ''""" '
ot t i np^.1'
i l; '" rl ' ; , : , 1 j ": ; ' , ,i 1 i ," i 11 .,,,,, Jd' iol' , mdr i{ .
" r,. T ha' \ "F.
" 'd
lot a t too . l . , t . oi- " ". d, lv t o L. . 6r t ot t , , t h , . j r , t F n s n m . .
. d,
B,"ot o e. . d ) t , nt b4 ot t h I n- r na . , t : 0 r I , n d _ , n U , . d s " r s .
lll "chr ln r"Fdi.p .rrr - inoni , , ; nt out . r r in, or n,, h .i ,,,"t,,t
..
l o l ^ . r Jll,; \..F\it.,.u.,'rlo lat of . t ot s olt n ".te mai
t i. , Lr j , r t t ^ r n . t d I s , r i - . . i t
lil,llurb. T.or-9. lLu,:h ,t lun! -jnL uneo sinonime si se traduo jn

Umba .a 69J
roIar., pfln r.nur(;) . , i ,[ ,],o-pbi,^l
"ta1r.r
n f, exprim.l cantitatca. numirrrl, morc sugerl t jdeea de
,,. ,,artiijona1,.,
lrzs e\pinlA !durai.d,, i r.inlp:
'l'ip r is . ' t ioo d. n r 0r !) ro nos.
Ilt tilf s 0' ie, , r . c ak e.
. . " 4o, . qu. . r o i o, , d
ll." .- ' p
tri n r I o Ar . I ne s o, , p in"
-,r.-
:1 !..!, s i , t , J
" " ;-:t r1"r.1
:,i rr\" .. 1 .rn r r r. ,r" ," rn:Iarj \( ,6 82r.
t,'rl'"
lr,,Jtitr'i*l]. i pli:,i,i,r::iLjlll;,ii';iir,i
" " " " '" " n e n !""r ' r ' ""oud L Jnlp"-
,.ii."1 . . . il J , l : ' . ; ; ' , ,l' ' : "" '';';.l rr'
r30
li";:t "1;,"1i-:
""11;'1,i,l;;,,
i),l',T,,
"""':l'1".'"i'l:;': ".*"'-
inT;;.::''';;"""i ':'l''"i"'t
poate aveati funclra der
S ti9.1 4) Schimbarede furclie' - 'l4arh
a) subslantLe
'
y,'
:iiiti','fi'1" "**'
i"i;l"4#"T'i'if
b) adterh:
He js ha'l belter toilaY
.l'Tj"'.1"""i
#-:"i''"Tf r.r"a*o
)'1il,rrl'i'ii'"
lrrelor pozir'i!Pr}Jx"l s'
st rig; 5r llocl. E'r' forrd dP sulPrlarit al P'lj' quoqran
"-' /r'x"" ) :r 'u
,,,,,i.':;';,.Fhu,ni esz;.u."r,-;"i'ri'.t',",""o4tl
*a" r , " .a ud " r ' r r c,b:.
' i, " , ! , i , " i l ' , 0 , " . ,d' ,".r u b .s'n ri,
; '; 11n <r ' i \ u.r ' .
l i r d I 'd p l r )
r ' ol a l ^ '\ '
Tho ;- h at" r hd 44 r ' on \ ' ' "
"n^
rt"., n{'nle lik' lnlstr r-{il
-''.
i: .sr;"
iiir:,.l.ri;;ii;;"til"i:n;
.,i,;1. i';Ti''''"b""r"'
i:ll";'I :l"i:',1"1";;:
i!'id?:''
more lqrless'
( 691; ti) llost;i lcrst rint antonime,ca;i comparativele
Elder' Dldest - 0ldcr' 0ldostl

{ 697
s (i98 r, ildts,.Erdosr. - q":;",r:,1,i 1'. :"0.;i1"""'

a pli"; io qe rr'r P nt em lr ilor lf t nr r x pr r o ll,:l".il;'iil.j'liXi,i
""
I i'as an ,lda son'
{h",. m! rt . \ r \ r s lr .
H' Ii"h
s"" r no*lr Pd
i ; i ; ' i i ' "' ; . : ,j .li ,; " 1 ';;" " .'mr'" ' ' /p ) """
at' rrl ui l ;i l
o c ro rn p ' " rp l i c a l i p ' r' o a .ral ol l i rr " l ' ri
L, . nr i.
:'':i':';'"
.t],i';,':'
;l;;ii',i;*:tii';l
::*:i'ift,;;.';
'p
Ti:
1"":": ' hm
r""''-
llli..'.1f".''i:i""r'"""
Iir:;i,,;
.,1.'';;: l''ll,l'" ,""'
l.'l;:ll, ":l;1'"
i1 .;.. ," "li::;î1..;lj.;'Iml;rj:"'
' '' ''' p^ 'h" r'rrasrrd'a'
i",;"{i li l:l ri'i,"I.1.,.::'":;"-li;*
: v i 'i
c,ou, ". ' , n iaLa { - n; 1i t" " '' 'c e l o f c r \ o f u r m d l i n 1
'e cn L.,
llil-.,,," ;,1';,li*; iilr;rrN" liiii*ll*-* *illi::

"*llir
;;'.;{,:;1,i;'i;,,-ii 'Hlii'"i'ii.,-.. r-oB.,.:d.nu,n,'!h?Etda.t n') a 1 t'
*'i*lj"illit,,i;i';;,:j:r';;:,l.rtt,''"*i
r \u dit /,ie nld€' ; lr nt ' u J I i deos ebI o
]'::",,.,"..,r,u,,s
COIIPARATA 13?
tTdel poato fi ,ri sub,(tantiv cu acelaqinrleles lnrgil: s 699

Uv b.o!he.is Da ,lnr nv th.e rea6.
Yi,n sb"dld onslnprlouri Fa?r's
She rcsistedurc adrice ol he. .Id,./s.
Comparatkr .ld.r u poate fi urmat de coniuDctial/rd,. este nu',L.ri i 700
. riburi! .i n'r p Intrpb i ar tF,lrru a',ir,,Hl-si tu.r,rri. F.tF sub.ri,1i\'. .ou
lnsorclle intoideauna un substanliv. ij este ln genoreprec€dar de articol ori
de un adi€ctiv poBesivsau demorstrativ al,unai cind-calificd un substani,iv
la singxlar.Cu un sub-rlanlivla plural poate lj ljpsil, de determinanli(\ezj
exemplelecilale mai sus).
2) Older. Oldest.- Fornrele oldd,'!i ,ld.sl sint, intrebuiniate atit pentru { ?01
fiinl€, clt Fi pentru lucrurj, ,ldf,'fiind folosii atunci cind este. sau poate f;.
rrmat de ,ran:
]iis .llr sistcr is ten yeds oldc. ll.hanhe/hjml.1
I y d o g k o/ dpr t hi, ' r o u 6
_ I o ..n p , of \ lilr " n. ko rk s i .,o n s i d m b l y q J u n ..l' j o/,,. rtJr th" tl u-
' rm
She is llre ,idrr, woman I cso mel.
ln vrenre ce c?derEi rld€sr sug€reazi in eenere o comparatrre inrre tralj sau \ 702
r uror i . Ii i sa u f iic " . t or n, el" o i .i ,r a i n 1 dri s i n i tn rre b u i nl oi " , j rrJ , ump,,- "
ralia nu se face tntre membdi lamiliei restrtnse, atunci ;hd comparatia -runri
nu cirn-
stituie obieclivul prjneipal sau alunci clnd mentionarea rirstei_mai-are o alt6
implicalie decit, cea comparai,ivi,. Astfel:
she had an dd./ sister.
(Avea o sorl mai mare decli. ea.)
Slre }ad aD ou,r sister.
llrea o sold mai ln vl6tl1 deott accca despr€ care est.erorba.)
ls there no ol&. son?
1Nu exisH t]r nlt iiu mai compet€ntp n vtusl.alDi dectl accsra?)
MA eLd.er(s ar .ldtst) cotLsinin mod obiFuit nu tnsea'nni ,,un vtu ai
mare (respociil' cel mai mare) al m€u", ci,,cel mai in vt$ti dintre doi (sau mai
rnulli) frali, veri ai mei". MA alder cousin este 1n genere preferar pentru inte-
lesurite ,,vbrul meu mai mare decii mine" sau ,,.e1 mai tn vjrsii dintre doi
veri ai m€i care nu sint fra!i.'3.
Formel€ r/dn (cind nu este urmat de ,rolJ $ olddst indici rirsri tnaintatd S ?03
sau durati de tinrp lndelungatd:
She is an orlp, woman f: o lcmeie (mai) tn !lrst{. tn etat€].
Tlje ,ldar hilding jn this to{'n js the Gui)dlall.
Shc is rny o?d.srfriend ( = c.a nai vcctre pieten{)a.
I'arther. Fart'hest.- T'urthcr,Furthest

1) Farther, torthcst si further, lurthest sint adeseoriintrebuinlate fdrh !i ?0{
deosebire.pentru dislarl.i (: n1ai dcpirtat, cel mai depdrtat):
I s\rari 10 l.he fatlhrt b^rL ot th. rivcr. lDistantel
\1rr .onld $! lli. /orlkr cnd oi th-" strcct. (Disi:inlii)
I V ezi
S 698 .
3 H.W. Fow]er. ,p .n. clder,
3 H.W.Io\rlcr,ot..n -est.
. cld0.r -cst, C,rrtr liidl trn s[]rsi{ni.i! tle s.nxt comun i ..!arr,.
saD...v.I|i"), interlr'rtara date ai.l lentru glDul nasfllir.stc r€lalrni Fi UItrr .el
4 p. nt1, sp-,i , L r., r ' r La dr n , pJ - t i n"op, ii", . , , r t o d , d \ p . . r v . . r t n r e -
l + r ,, . . ^"a ma r!'n. r--rF , ' b/ . . pt i. r' !. r.or dr,r.i o.!e
.fill'r'.,c', i. |,tt. ,o lnJ, , , r nd n,- . . , LA". | \1i1"t Ac.lntnt.t
lt t - , i.
. r1o J . r t ' l ."iA" t] t , . r o. uo ' , 145'
" lt
13E
l r L lin Li c l s l, r; .o n l c m r^ ro i fo a h r E i fd h t ' r' l l cgarF de i dcea do

al., ,',i" ..,r,'i"''i i" t i"t"*i"'t to;n'"t"['/rth"t'//i/'ai 'ind ineea
dc djstanln lipse-ste:' ""|.".,i
'lhere was a st.rhLeat the lt1hzt end oI ihe room'
we headcdior l,he/drtn"/ sho'e
ft ii"it*r lo^; rion the sohoolis nine
grad'
I''l thersilu t, / sa rplpra in mod oLiinuil ld rimp crnlitala ssu
..rnplus rrr€dus
,,,^'";-ii,l,i .1,,.;i;; ia""" a. ,,"aitio',"r...rupl,mcn,-r-.
uoeriri prin ,,alti, ,,mai" etc.):
TIi.r d is r o nded f o- / ' , t / , . "' dTpl -
L u o / 1/ ' " . on idPr dr ion h" d r id' d t o
I .m told there is no /u,ft€r nevs'
t ll u v " lor r r / , / ' "" r ' ds on inr m y d ' i 'i u r '
T _ ! I i' k r ' oul / , ' r l"" dplll'
I $:. lo br dv } er p ' o" /,/r" s r \ n o n 'n s
'I :. , s I p / r "i/ F' pnil h' In l rs nn rusrons'
' ou- d r p a 'i
ln li-b a pn rlP/ a . onr am por s nd s F r - inde l n F a ' a l f f 'n a l " [urthq li futthest
. , inlulJiri.. in lo a' . ' r z "r ih lot r ' ale t a h||ifo t 'l 'a t
'
Th€ town is ier kilometrcs a$aX at the /uttust
enprnnd un grad mult mai
$ 705 2) SuperloLivele larthermost,l ffffienmit
l n d l l d" . ir t or m oln " o i F p u n ? d l o a rF /d ./rP v Si /rrl l P sl l
are siudvins the Idfth{t46t ls^\\furlhettusr)ends
Solitt expcditions
3) Pentru /ar cu valoare de adverb vezi $ 2283 c
S ?06 Nearest. Next

1) Nearest(: cel mai apropiat) se referd la sldliu sau.rud€nia. e''
(: la timp siaula ordinea in 'are se rfl6 obicrtelercom-
"";;;"-.O.; ""i""e
\1:e rane np the nrd.?s, doctor.
urc f.oi lrrs zzarasC road.
r
TheY are mY a€dr.s'
r in' p r r'elahons
par ' n s r r F m L 'r m p l o t h " d
\'.f, v o . s ed J o
'tn be c onLi ir r nL" / r l n L 'r '
''l'\ - pJ
I n I P r t u Pdi. nl
lle t : m \ EJ ' al + ; " 11i ' s lP I Ud l
'r'li 1 t ; n, y , ' J ' , / r ir ' lm i il r u d p l i l F m a r s D r o p r a r pI
2 l Pe ntru r'ir . , u ! r los f e dF adt "r b vPzi $ 228J "

l i p "n i." inr*t n Pi ' !
arli'oluluihoL iririn a rrrrosau p F rla riv u lu
vozi S 600. "i"lntea
Fole. Formor' - foremost'First
S ?0? 1) tr'ore,cu vdloarede adjecti.!"esteinircbuintat mai mult in formelo
lorelcg toremM fo'$to lorc'urn€r
6 ?oR 2t lormer, deli cumpar{ti1 ca formi, nu e\primi intotdeauna o compa_
p'olesoar{ a nea)
a /o.tu' i.acher o{ nine (: un lost proiesoral meu,/oiost{
:,,.a.a rl : cp l m ir s c ur L,
COMPARAT6 189
3) SuDerlativele lilsi fi loremost sini aproape sinonime, amindoua tnspnL- ! 709

nind ..p ri r;r ul . F ar " nn' t i . rp fp ' b i o j ; l a p o ri l i F . '€l i t01F. i mporrH nl .;.' u
r .nc .i .ti rui" a. npr , iJ pi i d c i n I i i a t a l F . s v i n ,l n u rn l a da: d) ...c1n ' ai s t d nFar" :
pl ' .rr:..pri mul di nr' '
D / , , pri n "i p alul' . . . F l m ai i m D o r' s n t d i ' ' i n F . b u n m a rc
, +i di n l i i : pF . in l / , / s r A r' ,' ; o rd r^ p . i n r' o s p rr.:
TIe /or.,ro-.rlroons had reachedtlie riter.
F o. na" th " l l .r o r s -., p l a J q i s h .
O nins hor ^n
rogh t to r4 tu tn n g ]1 " i l i ' l p . n " r"
The /rr nns pa-sstsui live o'clock
I $iil lale ll,c /tst lrain
Thev sere tl,. /t(r to come-
N'n; is the /^, placeon rou riglt
]t rva! a /,st nigj,t lFrromance)-
lntrebui ,tarea anrbelor sup€rlative ir expresia firsr nnd faretuast acten
lneazi ideea de inriiet,al,e:
The t{o hothers $erc [iN ann forcnastin thc stNggte ior bctter qna]il] Soods'
4) Pentru /orr cu \.aloare do adverb vezi $ 2283 c
Lster. L:riest.- Latter. Last

1) Lster. Latcst.Latter,Last. - Formelelol€r (: mai thziu. mai recent) S 710
qi ldlrit (: ultirnul pina acum,cel mai recent)slnLconsiderateln funclie da
timp:
Idrd. rnmourssaYtirat he is dead
This is lhe l@,es, Iashio!
Latlerla/ ulrimul (,lin doi,. "l doiledlopu'lui lormer): l'l r"lerindu'"
la llirsitul ;n"i Dprioadcd" rirnpt "./ mod,rn, a.rual. prP/"nrl: la'l I u]ri'
mul rdin mai In'it!ir tnpu" lui firsll; ulrimul dFfiniri\l se rplcri la lo ul pc ' "r'
rl ocupain lll,p ,au iitr'o s"rip dclFrmin€t:
an.l tombitreshnd "o1r516n1ivrrl
be€n ovdhanl€d; ine later l: Ih€ conbine6l{erc
nl The tlactors
alr.adv Norkrns.
T \ r l;2,, hd tt;t Jdn dv $as \ r r J "o' d.
bt lautdar lashio ns a .p h. r dlv b. om r ' g
' rhp lak; p oa l- an rlL ing pair r n lh" iiJ hr lor I ' bpJ v d n d p n J l p
' 't
'fhcsc were his l6t No.ds.
He caDe ierc i,st FridaY three Nceks
T 1p , asr h ou "p on r ' gr I F I o, r lt j"ndt
I h" L l g u".t " 1r r lhom . on.
2J Former. Lttter. - l)upe enunFrarea a doud obiectel,comparalivele S 711

corelaiivo forrrrr ti lallfl snri trebuinlate pentru a ardta: former prinw],
obiect. ldll,lr ultimul obi€ct rreilionat:
Ih" r" sp . tso .,.;.s. - r : o, - f o- t h, u"pLp r ' ' r ip l' p m n u n r a i n s o r _ i n " s p a - : d . : s F
| t o t h t a" - lh! sea5r4
p t " latat
"E lo ,a't
p tolo . t ' rto rtd '
( Vf z i ii S 965 9e6)
3) First. LaFt. Cnr(l enurncrareacuprinde md; mull dP do 'i obieeter' $ ilz
suDprl,li\pl! .^r,l.,li\p /rrs, :r /dr/ "rn irr tpbuinlale n"ntru a aratj': /r'ri
primut obiecl. ldsl ull.inul obiect menlionat:
Ilt . Hdrll ,,c. li\,^1 ir "l cD r l. ' $. r . r" r"rnriish$ri r '' 't ' r '" r
L : r' o\ pli,l. i'"* o nlit'"' 1"/ r "' i '
'
Oricare dintre adiectivelo /o n.r, lattet, firtt i lasl pot {i inrrebuinl'ate S 713
s.i singuro, |nri corelati\.ul respcctiv.
I Sens
Cfamatical (v!zi S !r'
140
trp e l d i \ e ' ' d' d' br' ' pri n l Jpl ul r' i
l , Lr lo. l. I a' |. \" -r.' o rr
;ll ' ta tatad l a d/ pc rrnr' ta:r
r.rA.r . el L l ' rm rrr /rr" t '
' ' 1 ' ttn
i -- ,rr ' i' nut d /'r'; ''l o rd i n " a i rtr' a s t' I l
" rtta
tiitrdin viuie)r
,"1""::'#,1llit.t;i"iii"'*:i"lL'll;ii ultina'atrtorur
P'i'f'3'i[:l*"",'1",1i";5.eaotorur, nu a Itrais'is o artir]
'nu'jno'
'rll. ldresr buscs aft tcry 1t6r'
I cNsht the lds' bu$ holle
i.ezi S 2283 c
5) Pentru lald cu valoate de adverb'
Uut
s;lb
"L.ljl":ll:"::';I";#;,1-iJ:ii';;',:',i,i,'":"oi:'.;,:":
P\rre m ) 3u r nielP! e b s trrd :
rh..,,".rna,
ou./ cloll\es llil:;:t::l#:i;r.11,1,',,
&lrd.onrrsron ttt liltili"
nn &ll" stlanger
mai inalt decli
'*iii un grad muli
Forna de superlativ dle''mos' exprimi
forma utrmost:
oIthec''lrih
il"'i"* .:1".,:i"J?:"""'i"";'";;$:i"l'l:; iarsuperla'
s ?16 2) Contparaiivul o ldr este antonimul -comparativului-;nner'
in(F t)tnott
"'" our("'1nos' 0nronimul 'up"rlari!ul|l
''ul-
$71? '?ffi*t*i iJil"lx#1"3i3"1'J"ii" sauun
adiectiv
t) .A.djectivere "i";tii'":*i'tL
:1Tl'::' :1*x:1""il;tT,
fo mp rra i
h J\" r h. lof inr 1/ ; o ra c r' rF a F
:iktrul,* lrr'"
il]Ji'l
$:;;;ll";",i';:;"on;'i$;;ii"fl
' P.l ' i l :' -:i :l .i :::
-i :-" " t.
ar,,n.i ci nd
;r;?j:ir
""""xj
e l om enn:
r;'1";o'1"1'"-'
;:';;:;riY:'
;"1;i1" o
i',*ll,lil"''"' e"'''|'rri.'a''ookins
f##;-.Tri;"i';;i-;:))"'"1
3".'i%r;;:13 'j::,il,';o,"l'li'';'-,n'''" o-'
rj;g';11i1; ;;i1,"1i,"",ii:3,.!f3ll
-''",,' :"lii;'
ri;'i; ri" ,/'" i" I \"' "
'ninn 'Pd foF
Tost atunci oind primul elerneni
lJ./ 0u ajutorul adYcrbelor moldruii
,-.nns un ro' indiBolubil rl doilea:
-pn7"'
#;: li:;Tlillt#';ii'i,1:;';iilif
fi;,1;iil"li' "....-'.,,,.,
,,,r".,.,i i 1"r,),
",r,r.,-. i.;,,1,.::,ii"lT"-
111"d.",.
:',ijil:J"*""i fi ll:,i;;;r;:,,:1"
;1,1'l: _,
./,,rr srshlfil, rurr srLoctsrgrr "_,
;;' 'E;i n i rh ra o ' r
":;' " p r' s r' l
i:tii:i",1H
lJ:{i*;Tr**-1ff
[*;i'*'i:t$:'lll##dil"aq,"'1:irjltfr
COMPAFAFA 141
fh d ! adopr r u a no* h i s h ' n i rd t l t' n v

It \i .s r h; m . r ou, a[ th " -rt4 /" i ,.r.L o .,o .rd rr,n k o.
i ': n :oir t , ' t t ! nli P .' J -" i ,n ' .r H rl :' /o / i n l l ' r' ' o nrrv'
' ,a' 4d' e
p
2 ) ,^'ri" . r it " la " om pu s F ..l " rro r l ri m F l a .1 p n rF' un ' uvi nl ' drP n' r arc
r :rad.d c.d -pr r o1ic . t or ' m c a z aro rn p o i a ti v u l i i ,!r,p " 1 1 ' ri \ ul u 0j u orul sJL" t-
bPlar mo te l r ' r qpec t r v m r \ l :
darbtelaced,.mote dol1llc'Iaoed, uos, dottl€_laced
h e .Itb t ol, " n.t u. p hpartb ro t" n ,tu ., .F ,l rrL ro kn
.fthnni, moP oittdd, nos' olr and
M * . o" l .l i ,rq s , @ r ' o u -.l i rri g
';u l "d
s,a -stiit \ r c ,4ol" r 4d -o l r-_ ,ru s ' s ' a n do i l ' h
o llLh. "
I loud hin marc doenhe@tedtodav ihm vesi€r.tav
Shc is the morr selfrateious girl I cver .ahe aoos-
COMPARATI.\ DE EGALITATE
{co\[P-\RlsoN oF DQUALITY)
1) Comparolir de cgalitate. - Egalitatea 6e exprime prinir-un adjectiv S 718
1n gradul pozi'iv lncadrsl dp conq'rufrrd:
David k 6 lleased as l/ne!.
Construc.tiads .. .tJ se menline io propoziliile interogative, negative ;i

interogativ-n€gative:
ls D a \i J o " p l PA ,d e I/mP ?
I D a v ' d ' ' n rt d s n ' e a s e ' l I/m" '
1_ David is not ro nleased ds' r I/me.
Isn't Dalid as Pleaseddr I/mc?
2 ) Co mDar alia oc qa ti r5 . - l n ' o n ' l ru ' \i s n rr s, d" c so estF di n in $ 719

'e o
.. ma i d .s inloc uir c u a s to p ro p o z i l i i l p n F g a l i v a . l n dpa.i al i madi al ' l upd
l ormS.o o l r s s d r a is , " / , t .L tn t' M rPn t.d ;d n -t ' l c i n vrFmccpsocdl pmaLmul l
lntrebuin,tat dup[ adverbe ca reall!, qnite eIc..
He is n o s o k i n d 6 t" i " i
HP isn r o s L ' n d c Er;' a
Our task eos zo, so had/rdsu 1 as ndrd ar we ealectcd
T h" n Ps m L s i rl s u ,P, r d i p o p u l d o s l h" o' d nn' s
' lh" e d i d a r a o o s fd _ ri i l r' ) d s (l h " v d
Pa L lu b P s b d d d ' 1 ll hdl ' i r JA sterddv
HP;anaot
The sardensara zo, qtrneso Inst at I thonght'
Probabit .d lr ra,!pindtrFo.on.lru' liai ds. dr a .onlribuiL n'r numsr
tpndintoilF.implificarp'atitdp a' ri!a aclualmanl c 'i9i inllu' nl3 sononl6Lrl
lo"uiiuni idiom€ri.. 'lP lsrqacir"ulslip mult aprPfidlcde Fprrlul
niLore-"iilor
anglo-"axon,ti ,onsllnd din jocuri dp.u\in'P (puns 'r-ont 'alr'nbururrr
asuprasensurilor6Jje.livclor. naslru$r'i'' ombinale'u sullqlsnlrvFlcrespF'-
tive, precum:
(do.')D at.
os t l; hl a . o b a t , a < . l osp o s o i o ' J tp - . o s d . a d o n u ttar- ns 4.ol o' 4
o sd l n bo a l.t.. d s g a o d ose a ll.o lP.n o "n L r d ,l d sn adrso tl aLhha"' 4s snatP
d, e needle, etN. ela. .rc
lAdelco.i adverbd ds, care pecedi adjlclivul, nu se exp.imn: The child is shop
6 a reedle Th e b aa tt,' d -u ns J ' . 1. Hp : " , \ ' n a! o t uk .
ros I
"rp ,o"."r xrim lr i. "t inlFb. i^lar I n - i". i ' o r m 't l :
limbajrl colocrial scrG sau vorbit (\rezi ii $ 87i)
14!
Anchela ,,ltiiiins (op.r't.. p.24- 25) ajungela con lu-ziaca ambclptofmF

nrl so...arr8i noi 3b..4, alll dp Ji'culdrP.sint a"+pjabrlp pnrna Fr€pi in snrul
i"-, a.r" in limba \orhil; l; jn srilul da
t1'nlliar' fnpl o ln
l*rn"i, .;"
lenta disparilie fina16 a forl'rei not so...dr'
DD INFERIOITITATE
COTIPARATI,A.
OF INIERIORIl'Y)
(CO\IPARISON
I ?20 qi .i ls p.usF inaintco adjec-

Inferioritatea se e\p mn prin a'lrerb'le 1rss'?
- ar Ii Iungimea 'as
adl'rrr!urur:
li\ului ln gradul poTil;r' ori'srp
r ohn rs t.i p /4 ' sd l h a n I m F (C omP r.ari t
J ohn i ' rl P i d ;r ri " 6 ' d o r ' s a ll (5!p" rl al rv'
as.)
F or m a nF s at rv A a .o m p a ra ri ru l u i d F e g al i tal e l not o' e ns nat 50'
sj esl c prel crsl a arebrr' rs
co re s ound" c a int p l p s " o m p a ra ti ' u l u i d e i n l F ri ori tatF
,"'"t adje'rivclor.curtccompa'ali\ul de
ii" iiHl"i;"-i";;i"i. r; "pl'"i"tr"
i n fe r ior ilal. l; ind s o fo l i r m s i p F d a n l .
OBSERVATII,\SCPRACOTIPARATIEIAD JECTITELOR
IN GENERAL
G ?21
o'-' ruclia-nropozil
1J Cotrsl ici romparstite'Cazulrclui dc'al doilea,teJmen
al eomoaratiei - li'irlo piopozi!ii rare con!incun 'omparativ €l doileA
term.nal ci,mparaliei Psr;lPgalde pnimulprin conjur'1r3rfttn r- decrtJ9r'
Lprmenur
din Dun"i dc ;etlciP t 'az cu
orai"lanoti"dl. se sfld ln a"elaqr ''r
care esteeomparat(Yezi 5 881' 882):
?,Fygr\. n,r b"llari ecor. lhansir,ldidl Nonina.i\)
/obiprtrvr
Th.i'Ea\" b"r'.t rsond rhanIlhevdid
'. ',
In enelcz,contomporana ins;' €'pcslaregulAnu cslFrespe'tat6'ln urma-
toarele ex;mple tntilniir &o,i lorm" p.ono-inale, ambele curentp dupa tntn:
I{e is kinder rhnn sh'lh'r'
He is leEskind lhan stultu''
He js not so kind as ttuln"r'
Cazulnom;notttts"?r/al pronumFluiobligaroriuin arpaslt situalredupt
rhan.f{'t, promattcot ln s'ilul formal !i.ln.lrmbdjul
"arPit'i "" \ntrchtinterza
estefolosil in lrmb€lur'oro'-
insriiit. tnnrom" cc cazulobiPti! (r'./ 'urpnl
i;iii'ii1"itii,i oriin""r ramitiarel scrisoriror eni Faur"dc
ca'rc priFi
aDropiate ^;gi,:;i
-"'"i"i."lri"r"'"" obie"'ivinlo'ul nomineli\ului'repsza ln'aamhi-
gri,Jfi. -,ului
,".r" rlp'"" ronulsi 0ncenlul'arp por l6muri'itunlis
-"i
ln conl'ersatie"i;i - "*i".
Spr. prl,l '. ev.l'Plul .lasi :
fal th.tl ntz'
I lilie hcr morc
,q.cesttert, completat cu po4iunea omisd !i interyr€tat corect gramattcal

lnseamnde!'ident:
/ D, | "' i. e ll lrtll ir,
' {r' r ' i tdl
d r r"'' n dP_ d
llb '
or ' r apir ' lr I llr \ t "' "n "" 6 't 'n n " ; d r l i 'o r " ' dlnmatr"dpiF
Co."l"L li--'. o
lFp' a i "r ili ' r "' o ' lar ' li d r o r d ' a'
A "(I'm.iri o L 'p-.
- r CodrarntiLtl jrd\rrhbr i,rrre
3 Supdrtatirnl adverbului ltde
143
Totuli, tendinla actuald de inlocuire h cazului nominativ cu cel obiectivl.

addugatd la omisiuneaudei pn4i din coniaxt, face ca acelagitext fa,i de mai
tfd, I like tier morerhan nm.l

6d lie folosit ln mod curcnt 9i cu inlelesul nccorespunzitor gramatical astfel:
f.) I like her more thatr ne iliLes trerl.
(: Ini llacc nie ea mai dult declll"t./
.caa.F aqle.u to',rl Eltcpv,t.liind o,nbiguu.
A. S. II ornby, scrie: ,,ln stilul colocvial. yorbitorii nu isi dau intotlleanna
4t'n old so ol ogn pppla,t ,4r 't .ind nu a\i.ri ri..ul ambisuitnlii.
Is "h€ os tsll is mel Cor^.t gramati.sl .5.o a\ | aml. Gr $"oto-oiti nu
est"erotd.Cl. Inlr^huinlafpalui lt's mp'. 'Tbat'q bim her', dpdut d? .uta td
in stildl colocaial."
Dar ce se lnilmpli cu linba englezi in cazurile cele mai numeroase.in
.Jrc vo'bilori; ..ntriti dau orlpneala sd lic rrFnli la.rps.c spun {sau!ma
mult lnnaj au uita' sau n au vrut .d rrip niciodard,lcosFbirFa lnLre un rext
corect gramatical si aitut incorect)l
A.Fla.i pro.ps s pFtrp.Fsi da"_a. dup" rl,oa.pronumclcsinL inlocuitc.u
numF proprlr. Propozttt0.la) vu li 0 uI. r:
/4, I likc Agatha nore than .Erdd.
unde interpretarea ambigul poate fi:
(a'):ln:, place Agatha mai nlult decit Fred.
(4") : Agatha tmi place mie mai mult dectt lui Fred.
Clarificarea intenliei vorbitorului in aceslicaz se poate face numai com-
plpllndus" omisiunilFdin ."n,-*1 u. t",
fa'l I like Asatha niorethatr (I like) Fred.
fa") I likc -{galha no.." tl,aD lired tlikes her).

(A se ledca hse nertilrat qi 5 s81)
.umpcrarive provcDite din
. . 2'. Comldraiivclc l ati||e. Lrup.; ,lr.\s I 722
linbi lalind, (unt,riur..in[,r;at.junior. p"st..ry. yihr. s,niar, sup.rior etr.),
ronlunclrJ r/?anFsrpttuo.u r cu pr!p0/r\tr lr:
Their sooils $ere infqiar ta o11ts.
Oxr team wcrc rlrs.ior ,o ou oppr'nents.
IIis clajm {as J,'t. ,a auu!.
He is th€ jarD, padnir iD the lirm.
3 l C oos t r uc ! ia pr op o z i l i c i .u s u p o rl a ti v u l rcl sti e. l nLr-o propozi Li c $ ?2t

. aic .o n l i n F un s upF r lr li v re l a ri v . s l d o i l " a ' p rm p n € l .onrpai al i ei est; de obi .pi
precedatde o prepozilielol (: dintre), in, rn, under elc.l:
Lilies are the nost lmsant ol fXnaos.
These are thc f,E;t ;ppld ia out ochatut.
Ile is the D€s, an ;\' tutlL
Shc was the dp;s, @naa undcr the Nn.
A se conpala cu $ 87t.
ÎA.S-
Homby, Gat.rdto I'd ans d l asasein Engtisn,pag. t24.
144
s;2,r 4,supcrra,i,ur
?i'1ut""-llr
"'*:l:'il':.,i'il:iil i:11"i":iii"""?'illi
ll'o;rj;,,;,':i':l;:lJ,l
"*'lll"l"
i:f;:]fjil o.if.".i"",i', prcp'e
orr'!!-"
in theoause
"#*r Hf']"'f;"ff:ti
'ro'"'"
clnd substantivul*t"*"t *iTil""n" de un adjectiv dctermitlatiY'art!
colul nu este eriprimat:
"--'lll"",ll:"1;,.,:;l"l'i::'"ili"Jl;:":""t:,
:i,;if l''"'l'il"T"ii'lllii'i;" "'"'""".'- i
i u p e ' l s ri \u l ui ds rrl puri u nLrdnLs l o' ' i
LioqA 0r li' ulLrl rri //" i rrd rn l " r
p .i .i"a o prorunddFmoriP :
" t , r ,r iii'"* rr t
' na l' ; t ht t t
ol i1"nd 'l '
A' - Fns , t r Pl'
esle precedat de articolul hotidr'
De objo€i' superlativul-ansollrt nu
'*';ffI:'15i;"'i"":*li"' , '..- 'm^'ld ''' ' r'ul^"Jsid"i'Il-
.
$726n u seCr nd ,n'uh''.n'iv "' '1 :"1;.,':::ll"ll;";'iiii;:':;r:ili$i'^"11
"""
epet i t a i u n ' I c rrrd
' lec ' ro l
1.'"**'"'
xij!,tl;"1;::;'o:"":,:::;,,T:^T[:-:lF;i't";::i'#
"ln'"'f'lix;
€l'loilcd lPrmansl ur'pi'nT-
E 726 lrrmeo - LclJ'
5J fonrlaral ia rrr trnsrogur
" r' cel al 'up"rt'tttut'n:
para!ii poa " lil'r dtr' In "azur 'ornpdto'i\ulLri'c1lsi
:; F:'f".; ::,;'"":":l'r"] ll; "'a'v
-h" no., .,h",,'re_ra""l,,lTi " " '' .",- ,"*,,,...
i;'i:""itf#:' .x"T;fi "nii' is*iu*';'
\ trbul din ptofuzilrs '- un'l:r;
{ ?2? bJ Propozili€.romparirlrli eliplicn'-
omp''€1ii adF eorrlro'F'la(I r/z/-
caro'onclrlur.dl dorlcarartirtslirrrei
2?
-'- 2 8 . 8 E2 - E8 3 )r d o u lo h i o (re 'z'-
it fornparalia o 'o rnpr r aLiplnr ,r PdoY:l,"lil' "";lbi
S'"
n i2 8 ' au"r p^z' ' r '
i : : T ""i : .i ;:;i ,;;..;.p " ;" ri ri rr i rro"ur iur *r r r tir Jr r i
;:,irf
i".;,-il -i' l,;;, *,ji ;. ""îI ::" ;i'[;:;]:,,;"ffi1,'"'
.
"ri.;"lll"
ir""-"11"" -"'"v ^:".,r i',.::;";.il'j:',,"j
*i i::i;;:l;;f:;l:'
'r'1-
I sn pn t tl'e 8 f P' r ef pnr t or - Lnt
llili::i ll"'g"li*,'i; )n;j';,] i"'"'J'i'1""' "'-

,,""i;:',i":1"f " ''' " '" ''
.;' l,a'i::"";T-:,i'.,;i:":r''li'iillii'
A s€ compara:
i]': i"ll'i\il':liiffi:";iiil"'""'""'"
;',tru:l lll",'li:;,,1;,[1
*: I i,,,'; J o-' J" rump' re' r\' L
\ ?2 9 Cor r , p, r r r ir trl ' u In -l a ' d F trr' " rl ' rr' ' ' '' '
hatnri t ' u:t rul P ttdttt' u
' t' -' tt' t d o rtt' w tul
n r ' nl, u / i' pr , n l J l ' rrl ' " 1n
"
ll i: t:j[,i;J \i ; lt"iill,]" ilrr,ii';i"ici,,i"Ii"iill;1,1,,,'')
I l' , nt r ! dur i n i ti atrd
r li, j "' |' pl r r nr ' ' /r"8i
',r"',",. ' ", ' "
ili,'.:ili:1ii.
tii?i:liiii4il::;',ti;;ill: ffiiLn"#'\'"
ii"',","';iii'i"",1l """'
145
COXPARATIA
douii obiecle superla-

Totusi. se lntilneqlc unoori ti irr ronrparalia dinire
lilul i locul conlparal,rruluri
",,'ii'","iu*
ih ?i:*""1':i:;'ii
8l',,i:
\ ,e.i-1., Ln n.lru .l
'",- ""
p F ' 1. . In gr r or P la\i n F ! l i i 'n l d sril
' J r ' ' i' lp"r ' i
i. n iir.r. runsrijit: 'tipstrodEngti'b"' ( ;ll(l
'. I oDrpam!in dirrlrourlohicrl:i trtr.crrrn rlrn'lun uLi"'r ''rp otnpdral i nd
. r r-p u l Jr " ' ' r ' lJ ' ' nd rrF " ' ' " ' ' r/r" rl i n !' up el ' rn' .i
,r'tr" i1 ' t"rp
t' " i " rt ' rt llt t t u t,
'"'.' , ; i : l ; ; i " ; ",,r "i i i " '' 'i s' 'nd 'nrr" t "cuvinte
' in rH" :ca: /Derrsr S 73r
;;;i;;;'"" ,t'i,rg"..,p." iace prin inlrodur:ereaunor
arivul :
CornptLr
**
:\
/;J;"^';,,"
t alrccre ct)
;ii" "ll:,'ilfi;f|:li'r.,';;;ft " "t,,
J,i?#"fi"$:1i"l,ll
J oan is ?t u fe d i l i g € n ttn a n ttu r4 ' o l tl e cl ass
"i1lf
li : :: ;:;'3',lll;"",::,':"-ilti1f."1il,#i:"1ilJ"iJ"'li:l*
ii:::: ;i'4,,JJ'1,;::f;,ff|,',#::itr" il?iiiii.
::'/-"1',""iit'ii,
un saP'rlaiit' obicctul supus comparaliei $ 7:12
Dinlporli!4. lntr'o propozrlre!'u
in gtupul "u .1ra FsrF'o'np 'r'rr:
'r, h,I- ';,//r
,\up'rlalirul:
,t n"a.c,,r J^6nis 'Lau,., n.ff:i".1""i,i,Jo1*":"i,1 ';"'1"1,:,r;lii:
1,r"..",",;,r"1""fr oir,,,,ji,L .nh"r.ra...
,",1.Jfl;";i;::.","iI
ttn. o,p ,t,. r qr/ $ ,r.r' ,,r"."":"l i ,,l l oJl " ' ; : 5 . f i: '
iLa"""L) Th ,! $ erP t h' / t ' es r oL r
(CarecI) 'lt\e v lver t hc nt ' €s r t hildt un in t llc pa r k

parre
Hi ;;il:L:;race
nii'Kil,.",lo prrria
caneriini,
,(J;"x;;; il":l,; ':1.11;
" "'|/;-.,",,', .r.r..ar uraD her sisr€s'
srre is
(Cotect) is the.l€t"'sr ol the lJodeslsistcrs

-\t\e t \ 733
tle dublu-conparativ
9j Dublul comparativ'Dublul sulcrlativ - Formele e'nnstb'r't'st)1'F
dubru.'irp"rrarir InotPobt
| -.;:';:i:;.";;:'i;;:;rri
DFsi .u'pnr inrrpbuinrdlcIn \r' n Fa lrri ShaL"pFdr" ti "it\a
"',i" "ri1",..
:i;;;;',;; d.rualrrFnrprr;d"dz lip'i 'lc 'ulrurs
" """.
.ll.t,i;".nli':li'?;"1,?:lliillli:ii'i,''fl'Ll,".,ll'ii; ' '"'
";il.::".'Bii:'i:::
'",
".,", i" ' : i i i i : ' i ; p tp i i ma' "d' d'
-
; "" . ; ," " -" '" ,. r'r'i i "
r' ri \u l F s r' n r-' F d rr d e aJvqb" l " tr" r' Jl na h
;,.l .., ' " ^' ; " unp
sau/dr'. ori urmat de 1)Ylar etc :
'|r,. Feather is (aeu) nr'L i'orse lodaJ
\n1 '/r' " l lr ar l
l "'l :l :"-'' - , \ ' n r r \ r r a l
: :',.:;,.'.n:'0"","
il" i i','/,,..
i i: .';i" t'". n, 7, ramriJ"
" " "'
l' r lp "4 r ' :.n id l
' ' rl de la S t3i. In gramrii.i.
l. : i !.rm,ti '- li :
"_ ' lo
o r'r lr'n / 'rri si rrin lattrl ci1 .ste nar
o" t, . "ll I " ; ' . u ' l lor rr
li
, d . r\ ai, ) I I'ra r ' ",r
ra l
' r .i
140
,i\,",u,'r-'|JP r: uLrrindu'J ll:: : ;: lil:
.unprr.
c^n,parili,
:li:; :;
i]
;""i'il'r";:r;;"
':: ;"
llli'll
:::l.,i{r't;\ i':r:rr:::
i*,oic, P"""'al"Pto' "[ji 'r,'.
sru Prtnrep(
,,,.,,
i" 1 ..],,.r;.r
i i : , , . , 1n" *"
\ : "0.',:i:, ;
i "'1"'' "ltlll:i"'l:'""'-'",'
rr
lilx.i:i;;,i;':t:'{i:');:l'rr:'
*"' lrlii:1,i";riii
lI, construcliiidiornAlr'o.
{""4;;;il:";"::::: .;::,";,. 'tt
i\ o-6itu" o""i':ll':;
dorrircompxral l:
'' 'li
s
",".:',;lit,l?llil'';";';':i':
"o "'" "' '
"" -l,l"t"'l*;lw$,r'i"":"'ilf
ri"-';;iiH;
dnf'""
r : rt A'l \" l " " rn rp r" " J'l c d "'F"l:"lYI'
b / ' l "d c o m p a llnJLr']'prrn
l' l' ' ::ii;::.'
cu i r""ll' "
p"" ii'g"t"
'la
' pozilii dihri'P drsnarrna
cu at:li.. mar"- :
rh? sta4., tn, dJB "r,4fte ;3:; ;;,.:,j"'i
;,il: .
1:'
i'
f^:n: "":i "" :J'i
;'t:,^ i":;',r";'.";
]'l;,* * r c
";
ifif;n"i;;l'#i:i,jlr"I;"!'i:rl;:''
s,,,," ilL
o 1 ;:iir,ll;
jr]#Jlii;1i
i ii.,li,",:ii
"".,,"1, $il'iliTt't
.n " t t i. Un" L" { r i Z e ' i €
z i. 5' u rl :
RcFsi n
;d ev ar dr p ,e h ,trtr.
th b k rp .
'f;'ii;f ':L:t; i'io'-''
u"
sr ' ?re Dour *
superrllri\p. i:'J:',
1":ltl,.l;""*l:ll" li i:i:'i';"J",i'"'
""
"ô ,rr u " ,ii ., .",,,:-:;,:,;1,,1.:,;,-,. ...'r,,,,,".,"
" 0. ,,
,-,,*,1?a!iiii*iii'i"'*ffi
ii;*$i$i",11::":i:
S ?41 a) intrebuinlarea adverDe
restrlNd, loo':
t'i';
;;1'"-:;;"r;'!)t''))a""a
l't\:'*tj';*tl{'#';
"
-,"., ,n ri'-, s"- n,rnJ i:'....'.?'o
''"'
;i1:tlil',"";':L1r;';.;l:ll r'II'! 'p - q'r'nrn
a"La
trmotr -'Lr ci
sLrperltrl,rv LLsnl'rt
drn '""'
COMPAEAT1A 147
unui Dumer foarte mare de adverbe echival€ntecu adverbele S ?42

_ Dl lolosirea
.le mar sus. tare oau stilului mai multi exPresivitate:
ad mi .d blf . J l4" mn8. y . d .p .rn s h . i \\ru rl r rd ro o$Jl !
o vPn l l l :!-
' 9-l ' r" t px rJoror
dp_ao\ . , lF ir'rlli L.*hti" lJ P) im d h r l\' o r ' rl r' \i P J\dr\'
., , : t , l c,r.,\.,r " nit f . " \ r ' . ndr fu h j r.s rl ' ,' l i r i i sr' l v h^r,i b' r.h' real J
i n n, i,,h r'.r-tr, - , r , , , . 1r . i' n " d i n ,.r' 1 .1t" . r' p ^ l l J . ' ,p m..5 m d' ,L
d a L.\' 'i ho Lrngi 5rng!rrrrv.
hn, . s r , , L' 1s l .f " o n d o i ' J . fl i b l j .rra r- r\orn j h ' n-ommol rj
'l; ':;;i \' ,"" t lL r l, : t \i 5 rl r ra m \" n d ' ru rl f
'i'. - : i ,t,r. - , dl
lntrobuinlarea arlcerbelor eragerat tle erpresive este una dinlre oarac-
t eri"li rl " . ilului t , m r liar i n l i rrb s " n s l " rd l
> h p u a - o u /,/r" r,l p a ' ' d
t \,,- /.rR 4 ,/,//JL i l d o r"
I im drea.lfutlg sorrY-
lr \a ! ,a ra J a n r'
' f n d l . ,: .i D l ,/-1 'i r" ' n l Yo u
cl ui,ilizarea unor adverbe cu nuanld de superlatiY absolut, ca: irut. S 7{3

.ruitc.' pasili(,elq, reallq. s;mplu eLc.l
It was ius, snlendid.
I q d a u rk d i s d D Po i n t' J
ll P^ n ,,4 , ;s i n ' a l /J , d i ' E d l I
" Awas
She rimFit aslul
dJ lolosirca unor anu ile prelixe sau a altor cuvinte la formarea adjec- S 7r+
tive-lor:
s'rra dry ngPelsensitive ."'rlelalnuai€d
€ "-o .st ion, l o r,.b l .r' ' JuP erttnr
rJp p r o ns ,ipnr iods o .a " i z e d
l l i ;:.;11" .,.
c I folosirea superlatjlului relativ tntr'o propozil,ie in care al doileatermen $ 745

esle l6arte general sau lipEe'qt€ cu totDl:
U€ has Ure ,o/sr ol temlers. {: IIc is e:l.ao.dinarilv bad_1empe'€d )
I saN the s,er&s, batY 1: nosl. s$.et)
Sh p i d , " / ar . , ip" , ' n ,l d !\1 " m " l J l u n n y r
H" sa. n l . p , nt , s , b rr mu \p d
T ha' ,l' l,rd s oi n\ si\tp r i t n o ct a r n ^ ! n 3 : h ps l l p ro
'Fst
"kl
Je1 come aorossl.
ict $ 633.itl)
tdri interjec!'ii: S ?46
/J intrebuintarea unor constructii exclamative, cu sAu
t|'rd, a /,r' sFechl
Oh. Father.Iou are so &tndto mel
"Ha| GrceaW8 UY ValleYl"r
Isn't she 1.hemos,e..?aisitcactressl'
! I intrebuintarea unui bubstantjv sau superlativ urmat de pr€pozi,tia r ?47
u/ tni' ^ (on.r tu, !ic spniri\ sla .l' 'ipul urml ror (S 220):
Thc landowner was a lnrae .f knaoes
t hp \ nt uP riluP
Hc Dr o!
''^ oih : ne"im ' o t as d'
{ o'"d
, ld m n on r his 'J
i i s i^r l o / r t S t I ' - 5
' ur pit o
lr tt t h?a\ ol h"o" s ' np k nAr hp $a 5 r i g h
Ile Nas thc l,(c.'r o/ ilie lod'
r o tt"4 ! - e dnr 1 I , r.n u n l :ri tr ' -n ,l i " ,1 4l n l d " .: I r:tlr] clnd Inseamni Fi
'€rl
f 'rJu l ,1 ci n r l lns eam ni, , . , rr{
z. h "p tu br c t obt ut n i i l
3 T,u ui x nui r om an d e tl . L l ' N e l l J n
. i o ",t i" , ; " ' , t . ' l' p rp rra .l rn s rd d m' : Inalt dectt simplul snperlativ
" x' l d rJ ' \
6 O B. sha{, Coaot onn CkoPbo
148 rloRFolocrA - atrEcrrvuL
S 718 ir, lungirca li accentuareavocalelor:

IIc's thc r("sr I ILt:trrdtstlr{llow
I halcn't gol th! l'dsr I lj:i:stl idfa
proceileu pe care il rcg;sim li ir rona ctte la auz-Lrea unei aile'dolc:

'odrdl
S 7{9 iJ repetarea unui adjectiv ssu adverb:
'lh. ncocrnewsXsten: dl thc hi" PUrh{sesJstem'sisl'rnul. rump;rde
' r i ' l t m o r u n I a'1r
I r " a 1u t d' r r ui lr l
od i i a
cu D.d ; 'n tu "i t') ' . "n
5 n' s ao ad d!!a od' t - - m o' il )
X:'""#t?fi'
+T;"" du'Ic'a
li;lJli",iii;"ff:' ilii"i?!u*" '" "." 'Nnosu'j
* '*:,!1,'JXi|.0,, , (: ,,N,,p-ij cuminto!" E{cramaiiesrum€alrciddintirneitio tate
pljmb lnilu se d dd t inir ' l
III. ALTE 0SDSTIUNI REI]'DRIT0AITDL]l' ADJDCTM

(luscnr,r,arDous BllllArixs)
$ 750 1) Sohimbarede lunclie. Adioct:ivolosubstantivate'

faz F"l" in
dI AdiF' li\ul poale li rnlrFbuinlst'''uhstantiv'ii irr..am'
gener6rnu'.t.lusiv] pr'"ed1 d" u'li'olul Lnr;rrl Aslial ulrlr/al dpsemnFrzA
i"""]"".;i".;,;*';;le,ti' ( 'io:iindi'izii crrc Io'cJa in'u+irraexprimur;
rnloruprnnA
he nai*,i'1. D"'i lorma lL,i romrnFnps birnl'arn a'P dn'orpa
i"i"i"J j" or"*t si se ronstruiFtrp arun.i cu rprbul ia plucnl:
the s'ise (: lnlcletlii) i h e j ndi .i ary (: mi ai \i rdi l i r

th c E ncl i sh (: enC l ezrrr
r hP liv ir ' g ( : v i i i ) tlLe moie intcrestins (: p'6oinel'
nra'
r h. ac edr ( : i a i rl n rr)
r c r iim inal i: c ri mi n a l (i i rl th p nobl e[: noLi l i i ]
t hc unpm plo y € d(: ro t.0 ? trr) th e l ess enl husi astrf 1: ' er mdt t' i rrrn
rhe wo.klcss t: sone.!) e nl uzi astj l
thc iotrlc$ L: sometii) i h e hF6i i nfordP .l{ :.er r dr ci rl r s a u
t he inil' t r r y (: mi l i ta ri i )
The Daoersnublished lisis ol ,n, d€dd and 4d nif'ng'
Tl",e;#;i!,i'fli",'?ii;'',)l'-.,i',il *n'"**
":i*'f;","."'/,"i'i"lii
"
ll: ;'{lr:",h.,'-i v h.,oba,,
?ii#',fft?;;'":1;;:"i.j
.The" n ttr stto.*
.'qm
b"ru. {6 not
i nl rpbui i ' l al P
Cit s v , €. ii. c i i v p , d P \a r,i ti s u b ' L " n r;v e de gcn ' o' run si nl th'd PosLd
ai t',- hT b'loid hisbPtroth'd,
the"'"iii"r"-
-i .lerarted. his"i"s't î'', erc-"i;i""i,
intended
" ";i;j;; ;;"i*l;li i"ar"ia "su rJ Ln nu'r.ir.'F'rins d' indt'lizi
prin insulirea ardleld da adjp'ti! adjeclivulrrFbuic insnliLJP
"i".,.
"".".i""i"r1'
un substantii':
'l\\e Lnclishmdn s'as ialking to the rwo 'ttotcirutr
I saN i nilt,a.3' ryaDstandingbv thc gale'
She t's dsr'r' ,,dn,
bo r " /4 .J,'rr^ , "4 $. r ' i Ling f ulL on, .
l i". p l^ b : . o t n\ o; a' ll 3 '0 Pt
'"
r 5e pr o, ' unl e| .l -rd . p .i rl ' i r.tq ' rr l Frl d:rIP nod dscd: nnbrltrinise;
a s" d pt bt llit n. n y .ta L e t' \" o e " dL d rd l r' ' "
: G . I a. bhaw . .p . .n
3
['erdrrd]
149
bl ,{dicctivul lntrebuin[et ca substantiT cu tnt']les numai de tnryuldr E 751

J. b"m ,'F,i r I n g. " , 1" 6 a b .i rd , l ;..J U l i rn b 0 u ' u i p oporl
Sroa and skddy Fins th'" ra.x. lProrerbl
IIc has io stu'sent rrght dtr etD'g .
'lhe uLln&sn holds no lenors for ]Im
Iiindlv nddD, is Lindlr/ tnkcn ll'rolerb)
\Ye k"no\t litlle lnsltsn but spcak goo'I French
1r,;'",'r', iii. , b" r : i .1 . rh " a l ,i o n l b h i n 0 rr' F l " t. rhd Frr. ne. rh" r" rri bP
tin lilms, ctc.). thc ' r ' . dtmrnal;
t u n ,l c s uur lot it ) pt
iti "n ,r-sr, io. t ar " s r , r ' . \ d .r r,.- $ o ..' . rh mu r l h ri l li ng. .
No td
A se observaadjectil'elesubstantivateintrebuinrateln constructiiidio- S 7ir2
Trr"j w'r. 1t) lo tlL ttal.

Thiri6 $rrc "t(oine /'on ba'l soBc'
E,pn ls , ' r p , ; / , f { o r t ' t ot 'o h bet t e r .
I'll do nrl b6t to holp
T "t .a r at derd o/ ntL,/ .^
HJ\p rou s aP, m 4 i' t s / . ' Cooo:
U. rc , o /r, qui k b\ 1l, "ir $or d .
I fo 'rnJ ' rn{
ailr
q' ll , r / h" lblc } ol lr ing"
ll. $ c , lu, t ' lea"4 o, s hol+
l,.t lrim ri. its wo$t. ", "
AIte constr tlclii idionatLce
cu un adjectiv substantivat:
tt i qt^" th" LP rt i a
\n th " o l ' s t t dt . t o E o t o th j b o l l -ro rBk F -' A ? ,a d $ i l hth egaod
c"a.ot.itt ttu nain'in tfu oP"\' in sho't' atl ot o suddPn elr'l
cu forme de Irdrol:
-si
goo.Is, 6h@ts, tuins. aces, etc.
.) Adjeciivel€subslantivaiecare denumescculori au atlt singular,cit S 753
ti plural:
t/iolpr happPnsto Ie tle colout I liLP
Sh p Dat n; d r ' r c a. ans P 8 s d b N " n ' o r a u mn l .i \d b .
[" i ,'. i t , . ' . . i, ir " t' " s i fl rr rn o i l r1 ," ' . ' rh d n ,o" F5 rhp pi rl
Th. D@k Blue;', \he' 06' Lieht Blu*z
d, L n i l c adip' liv F A u d p \e n i t a d c v a ra tF " u b s l a ni i ve si pot av' a formd S 7i r
d c pl j ra l . ar t ic oie. s enili v ' i d F l e rn i n c n l i ' r l i s u bstanl i ral a propri u-zrse:
a catital m gqral
a daily
a lrcleta.ian
Rath er a d ed ., is n i s lr P:
r ^ o rnr hp rp, p v , lor t t , B, : I y af t s u h dPar yr
L.t mc look at Yon, ,tv ?.ell'"s l
\\^ d..rl i. tib : . . 1 ar y r ods - nadPs .
she Llo ps n ot d ; r r d r ln judg' o"nl ol h"r ? 4 " 4
r' rl, p spo riv.u r"j.d r { s au
. - onold. t a jur t t o s r D l 'P - l n r P p r z " q i P r i \ a
u"'"',tiliil ;i."i:I^l/,i,lX"l
'l,l;,#""'fl"t:,fi.lgiiili ,tuziBld
tii"i;oxrordi
i r ni!"trir,tii dp la C.,.bf:dsp.
ar,*. ,:,p.i,-"lir'i,
150
?i6 F . / | nF lF s 4j p c i re . p ri n a J -u s 0 re d r" r r,' i naLi Fi { ' l pti n ' ub' ranri rL

i n trFbui' , ! at c numa i l a p l u ra l :
rrl' bellers
movalles necessa.ies 1i8hls

lla\" \o. Drl on v our r o, 1/ , s - s oollFn lol I i r 'i JPl.'
lle .l-,in t ie a' , lie / idls r . ' d. l aam "- in 'r l , l r i 5 ) .
Tre r€ $crc n o / ir s , s nn ihdr l, ain i lir . l ' ls 5 s d i r i a s P q ,
H. dl{)r- pld J a r l' r t a' i"c \ - \ ilI J ' ns pom n o r ' i m p o r 'a r " h a r u 'l 'r :
'256 E r c e p tiii substantivuln€rs. .are! deli cu forma de plur'dl' esle no
singularfdra ilural; a Dlues(: un cint'c melancolic)'c6re are singularulio
-s iilp!rlic cu pluralul.
(Pentru ditalii vezi 9i S l2?)
{' ?57 /./ Ntrmele de nrtionaliti,ti
f't AdiF'iivele .s;o aratii nalionalitaleassu pro!pnicnla r-sionalu !r
sirr j;rminirF rn ., Ir[]. -s/i. -(s./s. 'PsPpor fi Inrrcbuinlatpca'ubstanLive
cu tnleles colectiv de piural (toli locuitorii din acea !ard, regune sau ota!):
&e f'renclr (: lrarteziil thc SR'iss(= elaeli€n'i)
t he S c ot c l ( : s c o l i e !i i l thc Chinese(-' (l'inezii)
the \ltlsh 1: locuitorii dln \l:alcs) the Geroese{ = geno\'€zii)
tne lrish (: irlardezii) ihe \Iielnamese(: lietnamezii]
$e r'lemjsh (: tlamanzii) ihe Viennese(: tienezii)
?58 Cind esteinse i.orba d€ unul sinqur sau de mai mulli iocuitori, adjeclirel€
lcrmjnalAjn -a, l t fl "nu -r, slnl urmite d. .ubslsDlivilF man t pl. npn t. so an
\pl. .'om ).ru !,opt r"61eq1;'.bsrbali \i fcmpir:
lwo Scorch,r€n scveral lrish0,,@.
many Dtrt.li tcolle
E:x c eplLL
Danish - a Dane -sDanish -a Spn ard
Finnish a Fint siredistr - a SirPd.
Polish a Pole Turkish - a Turk
Je$ish - a Jcw'
Adjectjl ele terminate in - frrr, -esdrdmin insil neschimbat€$i tn aoestcaz:
a SFiss-selcml Swis a Japanesc -some Japatrcse
an IroqDois-rvo Iroqlojs a Pekiness- many P€liincsc
[" ?59 /") Adiective]e Lu alt€ t€rninaiii decit cele arelate pin6 aici sini intre-
buiniar'".a'subslsnlive' u totm.r dF "ingularli primesr un -'la plural:
ir ' . \ m " r r an \m p ri ra n \ i \l a l a! \l dl Jrs
,n Asrd -\s:Jn. r PoI lolp'
a Czechoslovak - Czechosloraks a Scrb - Serbs
a Dane- Dmcs a Slat - Slals
a Fjnn -IiuDs a Spariard Spa iards
a Greek- ore€ks a S;ede Sweaes
a Je\r - Jews .r Tuk Turlis
0bs er v alie
E ?60 Spre deosebire de liuba rorrAnn, tn limba englezd atit adjecLivele care
€ rdr r ; r lr ondt it a l " r s " u I' u \c n i p n !a re g i o ral s.,i t :i ' ub' rd' rl i vpl - rp' p' cri \e
r,p s . r i' r lnlolJ ea ' r' r, rr tn ;ti o ta n o j u s l i
(Vc z i ti S 6 1 . 1 5 ' )
I J.0 nasc., Jc'cas fem.
l 5l
2) Adjectiyele !i advcrbclo idontice ca formi. Unele adjective au ace- $ 761

eaii fornre ca !i adverbele corespunzetoare:
we look a /art l.nin. (Adj )
TIe lrair runs tasr. (.q.dv.)
{ Pen|I u dc t alii r ez i S ! : 5t l
Acelasi cuvinL poale avea v:lloare de adjectiy clDd determinn un substan- S 762
tiv, sau raloare de adverb cind determini unvorb, un adjectiv sau un alt adverb:
Ad j e c t ieL
..Littl€ ,Udr" qnile contrrrv...", lsubst.)
Titian's Nomer hale rcildiah llatl. (Subst.)
A i L r e rbr
I se?her verv littlo norvadsys.{Ve.bl
It doesn'tmuth m,t. $hctder h€ is youns or old. lvobl
l v € z i i i S ? 6 t)
I like the roddislrrmo4 colour ot her hair. (Adj.)
She was wea.in8 a light ,l4d lrock. lAdj.)
The sky wa5 hlue-s.cain the distane. {Adj.)
We drovc l,omc lasr. {Ad!.}
'€rs (Snbstantiv
Tl!.y raD s/.dt!lr home- cu raloire de adt.)
3) Adjeetiveleatrihutivefi dtljectivelcprediertive.- Adjectiveleatribu- $ ?63
tive3 preceddsubstantil,uldct€rmiirat; adjectivelepredicativeasint legate
de Bubstantivp ntrun verb, fdci l astfelparte din predical,:
nt - ! it g a , "d r la g . , A d j . a l b u l , v
th " b ".l,lr r n. r d uc |" pi, r r r . ia. p" di.Jtiv)
- d {A d i .
d,) I-lnel€ adj€ctive stnt tntrebuintate \nll'ai predicatie. Printre ele se S 764
afld urmdloarele cuvinte:
d') adjeotivele compuse cu pretixul a-:
alight
a") citeYa adjective ca:

drdk ill well
Unele adjectire din acest,grup (aJ au qi un sinonin cu valoare atributivd: S 705
Adj. ptd,icalie Adj. atibativ Adj. pedintio Adj. dtributir
blazins alighi liShted
bur Dr n A , tl L p l i .p, . n' i l dr
bur nj, ' g ,n' rmi
' " j ,' " a l i tp l i ri n;
t lodlin" a l o tro l on" l t. l on" .rmF
walkrn8 Bskew o}liq-"
s dpr re. 3 s r" p P -r .p' ns
$i (rng
glosirS conscious,ktoFing
at<in k iiidf d, :i 1 ,1 1 r L l ,L i k 'rooL"d
nka
r1l 'sick,
1, etc,
l Aldinele reprezini{ adjectivul sau adr*bul, cu$ivele culhtul determinat meniio-
'A Nureetu Rhune.

'3Adjectvfri cu iunciie de atribut.
.AdJe'[\4lp u t|ntlia dp nuM ppdidti, .ohpl"np",)
L1unit ( Prdtat" In Sramd-
r i c a pnshzal. VFzi $ 25 20 .
152
!" ?66 ,.) ,\ite adj€ctive nu pot li intrebuint'aLe decit olri'driri

de materii:
b1) adjectivele terminate in -dn prol'enite de la nuldele
a leot l' * P B" adPn,6no'
.r 'utk,a \as ' "|
k "d"nol: l r o 'r r P ' l r m p P-r
lto t l trr
o/kare^ llour
nu pot li lntrehrinlatFpredirrtjs q:"11, *

.{cesteadjecr.ile
' jumlei Noollen :s€u
llli:i""l1t
I Dc
i.t"r"s'iiq""rt X" * poul" 'p"n"' lltr Nas 'noes
.., , ind FSr"prop lu rr:
'" "ood,n'. "ensul .*;'''.;'.' 'rhe Jrue'\\eren'adeor 1\o'{1"'
i'#;"fi:;i;;;i;-;i
Se spunc insi, cu sens lrgurai:
In the sun his hat had t ned soid'a'
Thc skY was le4dtn
uis s6len€nls wcre e'oden'
Her tr€ssesshon€rilft€a'
,') adjectiv€le derivate de la nunlele Punctelor cardinale:

the iolrtulz }eniislhere ilre Pes'erncounties
Nu se poate spuDe:
The hemisPlrre Nas r'trncrn
Tne connlricsN"e
'res'an
predicative' Une]e verbe intranzilive cer
[ 7ti? \ erl,elc esre eer ailiectir€
' o djc " r i' e pr ed i ' d ri L " i n l o " d l v F rl p :
'l'
\ ou lonl s p l p trd i d . 'h' $" ' " i rl i re 3i l eD t'
I /,4 wotrderlul. llrla^ ttcn'd rd rl lh"
Th" nsppl '
-\ l P t ror l h' rard' 'nBs
ir l. , - , . . ir ." * r.
r,.F\r,orp'r,np.a,,.'. perr.rr. l]"f"iil"'l; ,an" auttit1t.
The milk lastes Sood.
sus ru arat;
Cu!'intele scrise eu alctine'.iD cr'emplele de I'rai alre"rr
''r/r
',a' iir';ltii F\prin,rra d- r"rb ii stt subi"ct.ut',u 'uvrnr"
'r"' unur
;; J;-r;;,;;'J;""tni, ua'".t'. i a',oai-'i' ,i. in '^nsP'inr6 rnrr'bu'nLdrpa
cazun rreuui" Aitdi; cu grjj; \'trbFre in acc-csbla:ltYi:
a.ly€rbin asemenea
ii" l"p.i-ti"" (sinonime cu ln b'.,/'iar €djectivulest'Ppr€dicatrv (\ezr +
"r.t
s 251?-2518). si arate cum ind'eplin'-tt€
E t68 Ac€lea.stverbe put' fi insolite de adverbe carc
" sub, "tL,td.{irr' .r "rpriqatd Jp lcrh:
:F loal"d nr ut dnd d o s n m i 'd i l i l i r e l t '
Tlf n' r a" k l' nt dnl' lp n a r e t u l l r ' . . . ,
TnFv { - _a / ! l/ r aa' llP laJ delrgnrF(rI'
HP -soua{./PdhP eong luiousll'
qlo$ l i .
> np as , ad lr P loo4
_\ ". t dos r '
\\' /l ' 3rr sFtr u!hur
I o' ll' n d l l
' .,.
' 1\ d m t id. r E /t/'6 dPidlY'
' r '
H" . lhF " . t ) LrF "oom q x r f B r r .
c ii v er bele legr t € nF p' r t P l t i i l e scnzori le delirr tl?nzili!'

-\ s€ ob se r v a l^' ul J 'l l 'r r \ u lur'
.ilu .in u l|n, ' " d" , r r ' In
""- 'J\-rh slnt urnilloarere:
i;;"1;;"re cer adiective in loc de advobe
S 761)
ctc nu inseann
'ari""l*.tr *"r,, clnil se rehn la ur miros s{u la un lrarlunr '
i mo q : v ,' tt s - l a rru ml r.
du] t r ' . -. t ", ,
.? ^ " p In o r' r rts
- old. , ; l i " " " g - b F
1;B
d) verbele copulatilc aritate la S 2i15: to bc. to see ta becamei t')

continireimpreuni cu sinonimelelot; spre e{empluli
b t at t aloo An^J ' a t 41 r 1 n n :
ro bc oui l. ro.._ s, ot p i / r ' ) 1. r . 'l 'i l ' " 1 '
i iui . dt t o - , it : t o t oat ' t t \ | -i
b btov "t"": t!)tt,a ;{ l, u ' t \ ' r t _\ ' lr P pi: D I r o l d l i r J so r d \hi
'
h la f,z, son r' .lc
- -;n. " dt \ : , / "1 ' nd . ir - n : r o ro.\dl: to ltou tr)" Pir
J;,:;,; 'i'n ':
' "n' - aor ' '
6 / v"rb"l".u r" Fxlt;m " p"t . eplii Fnz or ialFl
,"r*r, o1,. ILn q',..;.r l, lhiFr \ : ' . / "PllJ r d. painlul r o u g h : o l : ! " t a a i . '. \ t 'i
rl:l;;i,..'l
l;t;i.;;JJ:";J,|', l;il'i,ll;ri
iP,, "l",ifilv;i
iffJ1
precun qi:
cJ
i ,, , . " *r . , n ha n tJ D /d /l d d d . i l l : ' o s u P F ti el t s" orea'
| -: D /; b-ri d
: F tr
npatl'i:,o p o i ntgr an $ ; ' . . ri ' p ,o ." ,o ' .t " _ o rs to t;" bi rgl ' ' ' l u'
\d i F/ri r ul pnir c f ilt r" h u i i ' i a r i n l o u r a d re rh u l ri nu ' rai dd " l ' " rmi n;
.uL ia r,,l ri-,1 e.rpru,, . prFdi,
d ri! s u b ia rrv . s ri' '
"". , L j " " i i " ;.'r i .
t;,-aonr,l.nent)3.li..orIl"m-rl,rl dir..l lind c'lp nump nrP4rcerL onrp '
till. - Obiectiee Comqlemrnt)a :
r ub: : t " Com r l F n
H " I , a." /Jd ln u li.'d ! . '
ii" i'"t^s ""tli i
i;" i;; ::'" 'lt 'r'r
i:..,"t np !'!' nr ',r'.' sub-' \" cornpr""nl
t l | \ . i_ so',r,d tn' t "irh : ljt t
T hd idkr 1,,.t /. ...' ( : o ll { r ' .
I nû-d 1 5 .j'.-. /,lr ' n 'r'
ol r om p"1' r l
\ \ ; -. * hrr. " so .\ r r lp. '
1r) Adieclivrl caro ciliti,rf mei rulte subsfirntiYo'- Adjcctiv-ul cAre S 770
., lifi:. ,fi ."u n. rr ult ub r''r'i\- rLr rr t'pe d tnain'pd liF'; ri
'' 'i
lvoturhei,
itiii" il$ Jiilf';$'li',:T,lT:iJ #11'.,i1'll'{'"',iiike .,a,h.!
snar,$t
df el:
Repetarca adjc.tillrlui ie face pentru accentuarcaideii eriprimate
'fh; coll-"ctivc iantrfN liad llanDfd to hive 'eo trrlioN a'rd nc'' conbines
:') .tdir.li\ul )i Pr.p"zilit trrornl"nr'. r:1 ': !"tr'-l" 1di' ir"- ru i i7l
oor r. urnirtr dF.rr d. Lr',,rni" tr' l^/ilii rl'r'to/rrrr r "rrrr^nsLJi:
dclioienl. in $il keen learnins
diil-"rent /mn nnvonc liabi. 'D a [a{
r"", r , l r ' n ' o p 'rL 'o '," " '/ ""' lP' r )
im tlrr1 " "'l lr r
6) 0n0 (pl ones]. .\c€st€proluloe Fe pun dupn un adjectiv

pentrrra S 772
s" "rira r"p, tar.a r,rb'ldr'li\ rlrri o'lar; F\l'rin
-l?:
Il sGa i,, i o l ooio :r ' . ' e o r tl "
p r-J ' '
liL Ic \h r d orP
ll l ldk, "ll lo
(liczi li $ { 1 6 4 !e n lN d e la lii)
l Ailjeciiveleoilalc nu linL ilecit exe plc: ele nu eluizcazl lista adjeclivelorde cme
Dot ti d rmn t eler belp r P s l p .trv e .. . ,
'sa u uo ,5t4. er hi\ a| nt al s u rrs ta n L r\u tu r
3 Vezi
I \'czi S S t i2u sau ' ol o' J ti - s" si mt-
" i ti t,i' o" a . s - im " r1 u T l n J n " rf" .i o IL s rn rrdH
D r o si .r.q re ie ls t J r ede s P i ri t).
' t\'l !zi { : 64 a' . 769 b
e "n rr ir, , " pr on' r m "\./i G . C rfm' . o P i r' S l 0 J \' I04 A
( ?73 7) VerI. Much. - -\drerbul rPl, pre'edr adj'r ii\ul pr'prju'?is (tn
' l;i n-i'i""u u'po't"rru1;ln'inra; unui parr:'ipru ir"rrr ire "rlrcrhrrl
"'-
,.7 F.lp lnlo Li' print'u h.tu t"ra nu h:
I I i.. r-L pl' r n r "4 Pr er ' l- - l' ' adj c " l n / i 'i \ l
. u. . v pr s ; b t . r t . . ( 0 J i . g r , s u p p r ) a l i t " . , . .
' h"n ) i[ d D , , o l l r g 'd p l r ' I p a r | r 'p n l
'. ,j); 't. "N 'r',fv,
)iumeroase participii tr€cul,e, d€venite aderirate adjective' sint prece-
,laie de adYerbul ,€rg:
r..?.oBpli.aitd. t€.9 dislinpished,efls pleased''cry tired, €tc
Prored€ul ac.sta s a exiins ln engleza contemporani chiar qi la simple
Darl,iciDii trecute
' Cdmpa"ativele slnt precedate de adverbele much' ecry much san tar:
It is scitine n!.t colder'
I I P r " f PI ng , ' - 4 n"' 1' \ \'t n '"
li t s / , r bplr i. ' o ; it lor lhp r h o l a r 'h i ! n o w
( Yc z i ii S 1377 )
t 77{ qj li'o.!rurlii ad.ierli\alccrbitrlenle cu unelcron'lrurlii impcrlonalosa|r

"--- a,lt"rrriot" ti;br iomAni. - I-'rale''nsr''u'riiinp*ru"nol"sauadv'rbiAl"
djn limba romani sinl,redate in limba pnglezaprin -propozilji Jn.car-e
'lio adjel..tiv'ul
rc'0a liv inlrpb!inrdl rrrcdi'sliv lmprFuna'u Frbrn ld D" cdlilici un "ubre't
pcriorral.C'a moi frcrvpnte 'onFlru'liF ilp a F" lin 'clp forrnal' drnlr un
idiectiv urmat de un inlinitiv:
Shet ccrtainr" Dein.
Isi(xf c] (ea)P nsJl
lltisn t lili./'/ ^' p l ) 5 l !' n a a ra i u ' l n J l
l\ u. pr obi6 i
' ' na polm j- d ;l' la; l ra rr'
' 1 1to l " o tn b J
' \ , " ds l, i p. / i - P s l p tr.u d , ' n v b l a ' Il p d r n Jrt, )
Tl,.Y're ru€ ro ,e away
- r . r | , , J nr n ]p ,d (i d i n o rd i )
\ ' . is a, , . i i n d F s i n g ?
f LDr " ,\ .d lm b ta .a t re l rPd e l l
Don. i b" t , nx a to u t i t!
1r ' r m r n. ' r ep. o ts r
\od ft ha ta Pko'e
u' o*" l; n l!L m e ,."a ,ir a r i E li uF'r d' I Iur'i l l
'r
lT. ECErY-{LD\Trr,4.DJUCTr'[lLr
FontLia adiectivului poate fi indepliniti rsi de urDlntoareie pi4j de
\ oroirF '-J .o sr' u't;i "djF'ri\ Jo
S ?76 ir u; 'rrl'cl anlivsau o'' onsrru li' sub r'tnr:vAl"'u \eloarP'le. adjP'r.ie
atrjbulir sauprcdicatjv- ln generp,rr i',rm; de singul0r.cDrnrclnd sensure
de plural (v. $ 1uu):
, ".1 ':,:;",.':,T.:! | ;:::.:L;:::,;"',:":'".:,'2'
,'i;:";i':.::";i":.i';i,;1"
^t : : . b". ,...,-.,.t rtit , h. - ot d . ' , . n! ".
-.t. - bt n .
Din rc iD ce mai mult ins, !e acceni,ueaziit€ndinla lntrebuin,ttuii plLlra-
lului substantivelorchiar cu ro1 dc adjecin' (v. $ 167):
'llf- ho"E affa,s cornmittee. ile ti nual Stotes cu ditltion, tlr r t-'otiong
"ikd
r.it ,t'l;tt ti'ts ' t . n r'l lr ik p a l h p L 'l l o n s " h n o o l I o n o n '':
\ t t r n t at L i n " r' l i 0 /,,o J l i / r" . b " v .

- os a r . ' . na - ru b r:' .,1 ,rtl ,rro r p p \n n,l " \l i p' rl l rr ra dn /r fe (\rrr
" '
2) un gerundiv: S ?7?
n' ,,rIo ol..' ..1 J dnr dd : |)d ,n.a l:.tuoh'
' .,A r - \ int . . t i^t or '"r r o-"l ,
nj n . n o, lc"t..,; I I ". o1. d. t , , rS1:to.
3) un pa icilirl trezcntl $ 7i8
Ihe accampdnyiig n.te. ltu . nirq slom. ra4nt,g wrter. the t@nhg irrnr. the
au t s ains t lne. e t.r. 1 v si S l; 0! r :
4) un pa iciliu trecut: $ 7?e
dnupdn d r.t r p1lLpi" at . \ "t ; . aa t 'a l . r k i t r \ \ " n
. l\rtp 1o ' n. . . "$i' h
-L.t . t a' , b ) lr l. t "' l. - r ' i Jir. -. \
"
5) un infidtir': $ 780
an int)r1sc b sir{r thc last lo Lar€, ni.v rvisl\ L ga to the pictxrcs;
6) un adverb: .,t?81
lP datn :bi.'. ) r'" n. . lh , . r l r / "" ' ' " ' lhd '/ . ? h d l n 'r " r '
-:J.i th .t t L iL- -r..',b n/ . . ' ' - r b, l" . t l ' 1 o '/ - t t .
r r , l v ' tsi
" . v" . '-,
S 1ri9 2 56 1. S 2l_ |
7) u genitir: | 782
lne lno\rc .f tle rlot!; nlt ftin.ls sot: hdtf a,ti tt.'s silen e: Itjjt: Lan,lat
tarins's n o th Y eaf r l' t ' . ?n , a tu | ttu n rn E mo t| 0 r n a s .a ucd tp Ct'hatu GreeLe's'
" Quie i ,{me ric an"nas s et 1n \i e L n a ' n .L v .ti S :.8 , l s l ).
8) un :rticol: s 7t3
e tsn ): one: T o hr * l \v o c h i l .l ri : a b o y a l d a Si rl i a hrnd(di r thousardi
a nill i o n ; l v. s i S ial. l3; r
tlt/c (denlo^ttattr ).
" ? ftewools nc k ris as ain s st tmrs m e a srIe s " ./" 7 n . ? tn a" ) -" Il .ri Ir D uf..l l .{"
' II r Du u e l l ? A r c t ou t p f i l i rl p o e l l " ' (v . i ti S 5 r4 l :
9) un rlumeral: $ 731
fabteen sqnat\cts': thc thi..l door o n the lett i fttTn lverue6; ,nd.te.ri.l World \\'af l
t o ) o l o cuti ue p r e p ozilionali: !?85
' f hp I 'ol r l r : L Jr ' l. fi m $d d rd\i ga o_ , u
JL .l "l.T l .'
r u . t . r -.u b n "- n. , t or n ot tl c to p l $ i q rts i .),
t dD ,fa sj carc circulii spre Londfa sau sprc un oras mare: dorn,.atns: cnr. rin
de h Lo;dra sau de la !n orai i)ri!.ipal (atlail l,ilelessi r&tru up ptatlotmri doen plat-
'fDit nlafrm : aefunt.
C"hhim ii;,,, ro"r ' , o. ' , r i 3! r ' d , , ' , ". 1 ' " . r '/ . n L . . . I n l 9 0 i
- rF rto ot'd .L: /d./ a ro s . i. ' uf idin". u ! im ll 5d. . u ,, n {u '. i o t c l t i i l d , u r m 't
u l u i d , \ . , ndLou .1l 'uDo r . J / lo' of i' iall l L o r d u l , , C , , 'c P l a r f - I n . d
, H i e h. ho, / eit'^ in,:JT"r.' l^v i. or . ' r nd J : r s' , nr r . . :d d : i '1 1 1 i / r b l r p F n t r u d : o
a m i l l ti n" . D lu u foPilo r idu r ul 6|r h t r t t k r ' t opl" r . oJ i , r J : '1 a r l i 4 o l u l . d r c - l d I i
}aza coircil ui brjtnnici /r./ dcn!nirea de lt'ddlsdci simbolizenz{ iii ttnclia dc Lod Catr_
€Iar. a.fstl .eprezentind |ocea Canw.i Latzitot ('Iht raice of ttu Halse of b.ds) n\
t i mo ll j " l .ti op ll@1. "l,l- ' r ndp. i p\ pr "iii, . / , r . I l 'o o l . & rrv,rfua".i"
d i or.t Ldn. la i. Lo nl-r ,a, . . t dr I no, Dlii"s r F, . 1, J , - I u, l, i"l " . r "rnir:br.udl
, . . r i l i ei. r^cr b ru rn l-1 Li. '. pr ' . J r ' "l ' unr " di Lur ' d e A p e j . P d s r r b o r u \ l d r " i
: . e i _ u c. . k li sr ra o ut , . . , " u. d p, . , r , r d. J , . j t o . l i n , f . o . J t . n U J . e r J L o r - , , , r
\; d r, flde!jr;o n lrb .i - \ or b. a- . b i, J dr u ar t il l ', l o r . 'l Jlliuntesd,l
p r o p 1, ..1u i,mo.d p ir .-,n lppt r r . d, ' " ' . l' r . , t d. id I/ r, r ,!n1fl, J r.d,"d lapl L
, i J n " ln i rp r rb .l I n r ". nr lt r dpr F/ r n r r
'l rJ r.lrs : . n. J r ' r ' i, ". d 'r o p i n d s d p I
n r o r , ' p i,"d.il
; " . . ' 1 ". t"r rh "u .a a Ap.l.r , o, m bo, , l l. r , li iJ'pr ' ou. PFrii"r
p' 'lio.
l"o lei . d
i J.plC L " l i : S u p r 'r d . \ t I
, n rr, t , u nrdt cr rt.u " rn Dr,J J ir d i J l14 public : ' $- hal L ll " o p n i o n o l r ' Ilnor,o-l
, n rj r, l T , a, . rar "ri rol o. it p"r . . - d il' s pr nd J n gr 1r r . t L n ' l i d d " j u l . ' u t
t . ont . ' . p G oE" bu r- u pr onunla F, 3i. dr r d' . r n". . U i . , d ! " l l n '. . 1 1 , ' l 1 l t . p o l
! i rohax(i.r cnslpT to .lrle apr Fc r at . -
: ier.0 inb .Jr ; or J r r . iAc r d. lp d. p"opl. r ar o o r ; J " " ! . u r i . t . m r 'l o '1 1u
cas;i ,j1:rtl libere-
. Buleva.d din NfN \-ork, unde numele prlnoip&lelor bulevade sintnulndalc ordlnale-
1,56
s 786 1l) o apoz il i c :

._. Sir Nrriil lIoLL,qn,,t .f the19i7 l;ol,el t'i.e, N,rs Lnightedin 1961 1or his scien-
c i. r " . . . n. / . . . A1 .,,...' r.p o i l - . ,,h ,.ro" /,1. /t \.ar" d.t,rm1d

tl .tt, , r I:. 'n n ' o .th o t 0 r" 0 ' l !ro p o ,i l " r,J' \.i ,.tr." rg_ri
l " l ami r,l /h" l r
s rt? 12) o pmp0zilie relatiri:
Lord Rnfhcrionl. (ho eat a,va llt Lh. 1908-\-oLelPrite. \ras ihe liNt soienlistto
sr,l i t t he at om ( in M .rr. (v . i i 5 1 7 !0 )
0I t s t : r t at t e
s ?68 UajoritatFa erhiralenlilor adjectivali sint, de Iapt propozilii relatire
or . . t t . " p. - r 1. : p : $ ' ,L i d d .,rp "um. o-o,npor

. , , oF pi " m h 1 p .:..It ro p ,. o , .:oti i ,, ' h.-sti ,aar;s.l
' ti na-ra. /,r./d,r
"j , lcaec: l\e l.st u.o:
ta srpst Fho blt, ri..
s 789 I. l.0nnl-{nEA lD.ltscTlt'Er,0R

(!'oIirI1ITIoN oF ADJD|_]TrYES)
l,inba englczil.ra ti limba romdrln. cunonft€ rele trei procedeeeobi5nuite
de l0rrnftrc a adieciil"elorI
al derivarea
l/ schimbarea categoriai granaiical€
./ compuno.n
(ct. s 35t, !:011
s 79n DERI\i.\REA
IDNRIV-\TION)
Prin Llerivarese iormeazd adjecl,iye din alte adjectile sau pdrli de vor-
bire. la carc s0 adaugi un prelix sau un surir. Printre prefi:iele 9i sulirele
adjertivale rele mai obifnuit€ ln limba englczrl se alld urmdLoarcl€r:
s 7tt Prefixe
(;ermanice:
u ul-: or lr oir c . , ", lJ ins . 4r ' l5puk 1. r , / s r r 'd n g . , l . . :

o r€r": "''lon
tre.b ,.
ca nngr , r c . . as l: o. "f r onliLlpr t . t . .r r i i l , i l , . t p f d n F , o u , f l 'r l l , o u p r . ! o l r t e .
,re.polulai.d, d!€rsnbscribed. oerloight. ot{seais), etc.
Lo anic e:
r-. rlr-, rDF: aclirotnauc.adanantr arnormal, arsent. or.dpnions. etc.i
arl.- : anraredent.dzkdilnrian, anr.mernlian. dnr.-Far. el.c.;
hi-:,r"n:".. / lr i1r F. , r g! m ol. . Dl s a. . D . i o n l h l \ . - i ,
ci.cn m-: ..r.&nr t ex i c r r c am lac eit - , r r , a, r poa r , , , ^ r , , s o r a . j ! 'f t , D r s p P , r . . 'r ! e & -
sianlial, el,c.:
col-, .om-, eon-, cor-: .ollaierali .,r,lassionatc. ..nponent, .,ncaie, .ohspjc!o!sl
.r.rcct, .o/Npt, etc.:
ro ofrr-: ..r,"dir lor v o. "ot nt n . aan- : . orl,stJ. pt..
!\-..I-...:,J|Fn s i\ F' P' , p' ' - : "h|' "[ |nien|:
extn-: cz,.arnuial, c.taneons. d.rrao.dirary, rrr.{tcrcstrial, .r//o{agani. elt...
I O r r c iijili la E BC f' o r o u ' o ri ; ' o. i o- J C \ l t O"A4nqhh llFrn limp- o'

meridiamhi Grcenwich).
: Ntrnai rfel'xele Fi snlixele au o.jginea indicaia, c!rjnlele citate ca cxentl! !ot
16?
intcr-: nt€rallied. i,rcrclanscable, ;/,rcollcgiatc. inrdlnational, €lc.i

lnr.. ,P;a nnt . . Pt p. t . r l: el '
I ' . F , pel: tpfn l l, / lu' id
p t r-r r-li o'\. P-'^ 't r' P Pt or r ' o"\ ' / + s Pnr ' /Feous l '. _ $ a r '
rotro-: ..tuacti'e, rctuflca. /.t,grade. .er.ogrtssive, re,/ospecl,ire, etc i

ru t r -. sur-r . ,ru 'din d . .,bs"qu"nl. , D5idar Y. . , ll' " J ned n , inr. l' :
'
F U t c F . $r-: s/,qib un din t. ; Pr it t nr r . . dr ' l' ir il o: 5"4p a l i l . r 'P d i n a . F l . :
l ru s -: ran,rthn li". Fr'. Fr t , La' : t
nltla': L/r.acodv.ntional, zrfa fashionable, anlznarine, ,ltdmontan., zll}amun'
dane, dltdllanetarJ, alra-slrort, zl,rasonic, rlr.dvi.lct. ctc
sufile s 792
Qermlrnice:
_d uo di"Fd ,
-F d : ,. I b-J,J, m o pJ , r . lI pd. s r Fl. h r ' . Fl. . , \ 'o , r S P r l . 8 0 5 . 8 'l l
: . 6h a. p ,dllFr, g old ,,, pad"r , $ood, . , $ooll r . F' . . ;
-. n
-er llomea,a com!ffaiivul): nardd, out€r (slacel, nlp'. etc
{'rn: easlc.,. north.rz. souihe.z. $'este'n. elc.:
pr,.:
-tu l : l, e" / i/. "..t.lut, a hi t t dt , g"r "l' t , p"1t "l . ll, dk &/ .
lre rl r4 . r i' 1 , ! . lo' ir ! , ollia, ' ! . r l. :
-in c : axru.,n p.
-kt -: lrhr, r. u1 ],./': roo l, , { . ; lJ ; . n. . Dps l. $l' l; 3h. pl . . :
-le: b.illl.. licl/,. id/€, rimbl., etc.:
-tike: bell'ltne. clild,t^?, hol!.lifr€, lilrt^?, rnrlii,, etc.;
d.r"1u t o t ! . , i. \ ""1! . i- "1! . t anl! . ; 'l t t . q!.1/,
-l ! : : r. odi,/. ,1 ,.i/a. "1..
+o m ( A ): ' nl'o 4".|^ A
.t.rrtJ î. . t t A: a4p. \ \ ' at ln. tsontP). rtt:
)r.o i r aa, t r ' , d . , r l .
-n s f l ij | 11"',d . S '2 '1 r '
'l : . r , ' rl. l'r'ny. "i J ,. r lr . ! bd, , i' , od 'l J $ r . " r '
' at ' . J . '
Romaniee:
-! b f r . -il, lc: /ll ttt i itnot ' . t ) / r b|" - m t r c ll, , ' t'i b l c , I r ^ : b b '1 4
.,, n nt: . ! t / . g- os t lr hr t ot J .
-i . f u lt: , ^m.r.//, t ^: ' r l ) . l ''o t ; . / o l t . 't '
-s l : !n- 1. 1 - m n l. o n. lr u ior . / u' J dr . , ln. r l. lid '/ " r '
-&n. -jon | \meri.,n, .rnslaolar, Elizab€il,dn. Dnroped4, amplibi?n. GeorgiaD,
G.fcian. rerubiifa,. Itusslon. Shaliaz3. etc.r
- a D t : u" id, / , o is,o J,.i. d,. r a, / . , alj! n- ", . I 1, , , , . " c . :
- e o l : d D nJ,l. uilL .,.ridF, / , innou, , . ! "r m aD4, , pFr o r 5 l , , , , 4 l '
:
- , a l "F sl d /. lh li-n ,;1, f l1". d/ , iu li. m l, adr r ond/ , . li. i
- n : Rvron;, la ..;.. li lor , . t . bI , . , . ' r lphuli, T' ulonr " e n :
.1,.i
- i r" : ,i, t i.,, ,o "r,,.", ,o n.r uFr , / . il' , . r ' p. ilgr , ' p. ! r "; , p. r p s r ; 'p .
' 1 " : " Ul. r'"iltl", A"n /p, hr r m bl", nim b/ ". Fl, jr . m F n d o , s p r '
- o u ! : ' ourd s o ,s. lo ro"i"h . gr or io, s . jo) oas . I , r ", io, .
AIIJtrCTIINCU fiTELXS NIGATIY s 79:|

Pretixo 791
"s
Germarioe:
u-: zzcrt, znhspty! enintelligenl,unpleasa!!,uDtrne,unwise,elc
Iiomnnicc:
dh - : di,asree ab lc. d ;armin s . d6hon"! ' . d6lonour r blP. di n l . a s P d , € l . i
it r -, lg-, ii-, im-, iF: ,a.jp ti; ilp. ; s nobl; . I 4p8s l. , m m o\ dbi. . m a r i o n a l . p l . :
m i i - : /traDplFJ, nis dar pd, n; s l a i d . P l r .
no n -: iDn-t s rilish , ro ,d'$ fi pl, @ 4m or al. nor pr r dil. i. t s etr s 4 . t u n '. m o ) . i n g n a n '
s1op, no4(eJsucl. etc.
Sulixo $ 795
Gcrmanice:
-toc$: carelcss,cease/trs,counu,ss,lolcldsr, pennildss,pitil€ls, tireLss, etc.
1 Sulixul -tu&are ln g€nereo nuanla depreciatir{.
, Su l i \L l Jy , s r " . ar dc t pr F ti cp p n l ru a d v p rb (8 2 2 5 0 t.
3 R cl e ri l n r13 G . B . S la$.
ORI OGIi,ATIE
s ?96
N ;C; 1r UuLt rrr ronsoauoilirralc'
o) LacuvinLFrp il';i:J:"t""i::"11"i".:u'i
1"."l:i:r)'i"';;
'"r'i"'"
;";,''''-''''
" "1""; ,:"ll:
''T"i';i'1"".''o;';
l:":l;:i:;"""": '"':"rl;f" ;;;'' i,lif?''"
-:l:;l ::;-1'ri;.. "' '-'
Er cePl i i :
in fe.able tr'rls lerabtc
azuriio fud'"'r:'l::':;:td
D) Consoana finali nLrse duLlcdznIn ' cl'laite ' a saucind actcrinl
i" t rLeaccentLrol
de o alti conloand'de d"rla ""*'i' ' "t"i"
nu se nnnline Pe aceea-sisilabil:
""":lF.
til**. '3;;-x3ili:" iili."-li:#:u .
:"
' /'rr ',": 1,"T"f li i;,1":
t;;;i";:"j"';li'"1:i;)::'.
": :l'1""';:"':; r " "':
,li ;"Jr:,t'r'''"u'
i".:;Il;i:""" ;l:;;1'l::.ii
t:; "'; -
'?"i ;:' ;;l '; , :1, ,f:;
"i',"Jf"' -'il'r'r'i'l'1il'i..
- !:"l,ilil'f,-,,",,,,,,1*'i'ii1"'
",
Eat:':!ltr:
Peri/ou!, trn larill'/r'd
,;sb in ' " r ' " u ' - 1 : 1
, i' :
l i ': i 'l il 'j ; ,,,r- i n.i ,'FHu,ui .u r ir" " , "
:"i" -,".,,, Ll:,:::,r1," 1t: -;1;:li'
ErcePlic:
igrcous gllt'I, uucJ'
suliri ca'e incepecu o con-
Aj -" li""r * rrrelrlin€insi indriea unui
''"t
E:r ce p lie:
ii'ii:li"::'t'!
.",,l't,eillt,l't*,i#il.'l:,:r:",'11"'i'i:""IJlt'lli?
b l; J,"i
l;;r:;ir;" lliijj .
m dr gt r bLu
s i'rli -1 li!al seschimbn

;)ri.1'lll;, ," r'r'| tirr:rt*Ln-t preledatde ronsoa'n
.''r'"' | -rr'le''arrl 'lul' -lp " r' ' " rr' :
'' ';': l ; .''-
1 " ,1 ]"l i :'
l:.i :',"' , rr",- i:'";'-'
lorlnei lalire g/d'i'sLs lit-
l ln acestcaz _€mrt s a hltrslormai 'n -L strb iDlluenlr
169
rn r-D.nl ttrtt b l ' rl a -l " aut?oJb'

p ' tr' d u ./ - I' d 1 0 ' prs p' t ous'
i tt """
D/ 7 ljnal s c m enf ire i n s d a tn n c i c i n d e s l e p recedaL de rocal i :
. njo/ . ' b l e p ' d ,a u l ro,,l p.-
buo. / a' . oroxr
c/ I t inal s e s c hjr n b d j n to td e a u n a tn i l n a i n tea sui i rul ui -l y:
day datlX bodY - bodilY
d) -? final se m€nline lntotdeauna inaintea sufixelor -tsft Si ItAe:
bt e - bdbJish c o ' r1 trY ' ounl " ,l :k"
c"i - g rl " n ho! - borl i l
e) La cuvintele t€rmin at€ in -y se int rodu ce un e mut ln aint€a sufixului g:
CATEGORIEI GRAMATICALE'
SCHIITIBARE.A s 80o
{CON1llNSION)
p. p ngl pz; pr i n trc" Fnl a l ui
Are -r r r r oc pdp, r r !" r" , l e r;' i p .n r ru l i -b a
ln pr i. " s r " tn rms r" J a J ;e .ri \d o r. p i r l i l p. d' torbi rc ' F]p m" i
"""a "
obisnuit adi€ctil'ate siltt: participiile, substantiYul fi adverbul.
l l Pa flir ipii A djpr li\ a te . - V d l rF p a ri i ' rP i i l rp .ul e sj pfpzP nl F si otl nl rP s 801
buinl 'rp a djF . r r \ al. r r ne l e l -v " r.i n rl a d p \5 ra l F a d j F crrrp .unsrdpratc ' a sl arc
ln di cl i o n a r e:
ple$eg _
0harn,ing Lakng .
Cn.ori Darticipiile au fost aiit de mutt' identiiicate cu adjectiveie Inctt' $ 802

ca ."i acestei, lonireazd adverbe prin addngarea sufixului J3:
,mur.d1u.'pJrnpdl!,"urpri""d/v,soodhrrmou.dlg"ic
Jd,ns1{:AnosiDglt.l0Lingly.lovinglyrvilling/vel!.
(Vezi9i ! 791.1rr1)
Unele DartiLiDii tr€cule. ln maioriLatea lor forme verbale mai vechi, sint S 303
rntrebuintaienuniai adi"' lival ln limba enql"zacontemporand. deosFbindu-Fp
J" forn',le cor".punralbar.ele parricipiuluitrecul propriu-zislvezi $ 1756
1?58. 1760):
sl,e hrd ,.nr her knePs.readv to laU
11! bound.endnt! T h !v (o rp D o u p di l du' \ ro o\Frl u i i l l l hp ! an
a .a4,rz Blaiue lpoetrc) He iad .arued a head iir tle marble
' ' On H i r " r. t,o u -a l /el mv h' Jrl i n l $ai n l
jr a d.urfteD ioryor I had d.!nl rnv sla$ cheprlullY
H e n a d Po rh i s d i s re e l v l rrd $ork.
The lam-p has noa hffn iir {sEUli8her'l
nohea Slass Thc heat has melted Ihe \nrter.

an rnt.oq€r accusaton It trad prc'4d my sood lairh
H e h rd s i ,' € d i n l h e morni ng.
l lnaintea sulixuhi -o&r, trec€dat de consoan{scofiogaliaza uneori-€_'pronrnlia
-I
remlnlnd aceearioa si In celela,ltecazn.r'
'\eti i D.hirdledii adj@ti',li 5 )-i5.
'\e zi si c aDit olulCom p l n P | F cS 8 0 4
. \\' .
c n , . - ; f e . , F . H o r .ta r . t .tr . ,it D.t 4 .4
lG0
The mate.ial 1,as ri.znk i! the wash,g

the conl,was sr./dez iriih rnin.
The conNc ol events \Ynsslagr€d.
TLcy were vr".l Nith paric,
!/rr"8e d rn stru m Fnr s \l:ho has s,rrLs n)r violin?
szzftez wrcoligarden The storm had sz;n thc shil-
She had o,€n'ori€d.
(v e z i $ i S 1 8 a !l
80.1 2) Substnutiveadjcotivatc. Numele de nrtedi pot fi in genereintre

buinlate ca adjeciive:
Celelalte substantive pot, fi ti ele adesea adjeciiral,e:

l.le Bz.nd-4, streets a f1otbduream /a.u eqnitmenl
the re,ur4lar-" a sree,\rorks
805 ,{li,cori substantivul devine adjectiv prin adiuga.ea Fu{ir.ului -rd a parti-
cipiului LrccLrtregulat:
fl .&h{rcd \lonan &o.scd .ad,iag.s tlie Doa,r.d interesls
,/o-!p d r'rn l'rlr^. a t b, o n"r r : t l o t | 'l " t y
d ;:/ / !,rfi t "' n Po"\ ' t "..:tta dtu:
Thc \\rorld Ilorlins clampionship wd bsle,/' D1- SorLlh {li.a in 1lrt6.
Thc homf a{lairs ronmittd, r/,at€aP br the Eome J..r!la.r had sal lh. di.r bcio.c.
H, lo ok-t 1 1" . r ' . i ?1 , . ld
"we adnrir.d ttis ftann.kn ind r',r?rr...l p.$on "
"\n1 Lttctt. a*t.adletL and nLfre.ed, nood .\brl "
1\ ' ez i ii S 8l L i
E06 3) Ycrbo adjcotirato. Unele ,ierbe pol avca raloare de adje.ti':

S h e i a l k e d $ i l h m,.t s o l .dni tX .
lle \ras only a sidn captain.
Ther sa$ in l€r th. acircss e 0..
Onipnpil, iho so"ld Deorator, hns r bent ro. toelrr.
807 4) Adftrbc adjectiyatc. Cite\.a adverbe sinL tnrrebuinlate fi ca adje.-

tive. unele arind chiar grade de comparrlie:
thc o//-side !laj
.\.lon t lsin up) hie/lutt ?ur, mme. l1'r oz.r proviNf ol lril.ain
these /,tncrl, results o&r.r space the ar&f,r,sr delence linPS.
This is otrr g,De,z, [cacli{.
Is tnis a ,.r,sl, irain?
Slre told nt i.he rpri.,rl torsc.se
1 \' e 7 i i i 9 .3 1 9 b , 6 i 1,1)
806 5) Articolul !\i umeralul ru \'alorile ile ndjt(tiv. - tlele doud iicole !i
ades€orinumeral€leau 1'aloarede adjective:
tne fridsP thcle ?€n oterativ.s
a pounua wee k the st.onl steike.
iYc z i ii S 520, 12t il
I : g[zduit
161
COMPUNEREA $ 809
{CONPOSITION)
ln limba enslez[ se formeazd adjective compnse(CompoundAdiectioes)

atlt din adjeciiv;, clt qi din alte pn4i de vorbire:
subst.i subsr.:f,ont-xh"4df|v?, \ ? l";r-pu\hds"
tu
s.\srpm.a /D4..i"sr m0jo'i']
lIFt sat rtla'. ct'
*"auad.o,?
- -; ;rtn .-"t;; si.lPm,1. , st;Pom'litu shrpP k 1 " e d " rD l rJN hi rP s" J* orl l rt
b; F ndnev. c d " k .u -.4 o ;.:-d
sotrnrlprool,ctu.i
i u b sl .+ Ds r t . : t " ar l- r " n d i n g .l " a .r Io \ In g fb o rn o t ' ondi l i onpJ rgg sh0pP d
heartlelt.
' ' "ii i . . thoushtworn,
i J i ii .i erc i
' h 'inj ldJ,, "" irrF s rk a L t E \ ' e : lt ' t
li"lt;i'", rcn.n",
;dj. -psf.: d +p .lon "d . har J bo"d h: ' \ ' . oln r ' d pl" 6 d n l s D o l '" n e l ':
dt' :
r dv. 8d l.: d own ri;h', . epr . ' hd"p our bJ nJ . pr ' c r '
idv. -r nsit.: ra'\-c"in s. hs r d \ t or } s oul "ndr n. l o \ '_ b a r r n ; \ ! F r l m d a n n g
Jo s n "d l. l,;sl,sh J\Pi, ha iv r _la' l' ndr lnr n ir i
ve.b + snbst.: l.hc ral, taL blush. elc :
r rrrr + re tl: n ok? b't:p " s at ai a dl \ p d' n t . \ n 'L l d b " ! l " s 6 4 t ' :
t o' ' J o.
eerb i !dr.: a h :J.4 va u
' g6 l
r o dr J lr i. d ' u 0 " o !
n..; b"l.:a1 lfr,../i,, ". \ i ", l t ll / , nr ' r . o,', D , r g a m " s . t h " o P F P '( s )
tf t d e . -s /l
ai,,rh, roa d, it.
- - batl ar\ h rondu"t. "\c
Adi. (,;Dme
m; i mu riF rre"f'..ti!sdu
inl.: a 1 sPAq'
ut i\ : dr
a' ' "4oJ
' J 1. . '
olrr"mt 1r . h:a llr d odL | o t n t o . ^ - I '1 " o n d 'd 4 o t h .
.t . u Q elc. Jno, 'o n,o L,|:)a ''JIu 'ho, d. r \ d! ' ho\ : ado! b! . |] o' pot Ps an o tt ol th" qoJ Ptarp atr
:l,o ,: ihp nol/-rl"/ "rAl,/ D-tut' dn" . ."t\ al-d ' " I
oonstruc lii rrrrrs:lc: :t+ . t 1ui \ l- h' n. t r E""o, dhl n Joyothona
; n. o b" 4n' t - l ^hnltvt .'ry\.o n '. rh! srorl
\. \ " . d . / , utd; t hu a ^ 11 ! tp o - i, Unt \ t t o l S p ) l a 'n s s
ign. lnb il \ ' s r dr . h, 4do' . l' anuh "rt
-,,ds 'pa nn ^'
Elementelc care inLrn in compunereaunui adjectiv stnt in general sau S Sl{l
scrise intr'rn singur cuvlnt, sau unitc prin oratimn:
| $ "r,. , "r F ", . _J d. r .
\'\ Eoeryd.nll (adj ) nnslisli Col|sc
Il is a lans disl4ne aw0!
Ii€ lrad a lo,s'd,rd,'. (adj ) cau.
Th !. u", p linl bt , - o' , i. aplt ; ! lo \ r '.
T p lo - , h" t t a* - and t F: anal . , r t ? o d t a b l "
Liniula de unire $i locul unde se alld er prczinti loart€ mare impoltanlA
pentru intelesul cuvintelor respective
,\ se compara:
(: o camer{ dc hotel nicl
1: o cam€ri dc hotel nrice)
(: retala unui t'Iandaiir strivit)
a cndpled /otr ledl i: ; pchu de trandalir stdfita)
l: calrl vcchii diligenlc)
(: leirlDul c d€ diligenl{)
Foarte adcseain linba engl€zn.un substantiYplefgdlt de !l adjectj\. i Sll
!du dF un FfbivclpnLal a.p.ruie prim".l" !uti\ul prrli.ipiel -'d1cbi3t aluo' I
,ind nu exista un !erb .o'..pun/d nr 1n limbdr' forml d asLtelun sdiA ri\
compus(cf. S 805):
qilfedsed
a ane'kgge.l rr,an a doublebdtu ed 8\L

Thc chair had dn upenr)ed\o\ tor one l e g .
'rh. restalrant \eas ;rcrnaDled-
L shoestring : t\\..
ll - cran.lre linbji encreze

812 Ailiectire telescopate(Partmankalt ll'ords ) (Yezi S401 peniru eapli-
cerea termenului):
gald nr " in- r I u r'i lr" thine
d r';r m Jn i' r n! l
bl:l l-roarcdadierli\cl,'r rrrodorrrc. Cr' dr^ ' al' ' lja'i\" noi r' rli/'ar.arr
.lild .r:Jf.nl0 in limbd - el.zi a '''o'r'p pru'F'l'u.qrrlr'I
'accentu "l' lolo''l; a
p entru area subtiliid-tii. lldsi,icitnlii fi o\presiritilrii tn scris qi in
la'J.|l.rJ e\en p|" '|- ",nFn darjp'li\F In'r':rrrrd" I lrmb6 rlrFl'

,r+alii li "ra." i,olH-;. "i -'d,\lnil ,r'i"r -'r"d" 'l' 'omn,r-Li' 'onlurFr l'--
ced€elor ourente:
an daclurrsbtel nnn
u n_ge,_aldblel l]hces ] , at ano ; n d r n \ , i 'E 8 n d , 'd g L . s t s
lhc f / r \ t r . l d z zl E n d
!r.r ", r
,,,x1 -,1?i.,ish: {ir
lle $a5 rod- St*'r ' Il \r.rs a n.(r"-r' lntE.,
''_ \' ,o ull lx q |d L l'
; l I i' )
'.IlL rllplh . u. ' 1. a. "r dr ' I L, . , - nh. . a lidli. nd /t l/ * r ^ r ii
-
tarian and Eu,lar-Dor0lrilh."r"i
"Here'! a frin ro z.v '/,,a l,' bo.t 'J
Iatn rqiadjectivc tormato dintr o lo.ullrne snu diitr o frazii tutrearn:

1l\is h.k'a|ain'Co&a!(ilr lriend oi lis
:i ; ,a ' "i " ti". ;. t.:. - t-.l/, r' , i :
'',1: n:t" ! . : r, oDt " l' '| l r '
l on
'
i { ar d
Adjeciivul tr€buie studiat ptralel cu adtcrbul
NALII
S 814 B. ADJECTMLE DETERI'II\A1'IVE Sr\tl PIi{JNO\'II
(PRONOITIIN'\L AD JECTI\lilS)
In afari de adjectivcleproprirrzis', P\i\1i in ljr bx enql-/;. (a qi-inlirrbA

romeni. o cateqoriedc plonunle rare nu rrruilirr lo'rn iirbFrrrni"lor' 'i lc
i.""i"* .; t" ditermini ca $i adielli\tle. Ille lu nti dtr. r: Llrr' firr '1ie (le
derin adcvirati adjecti\e ii de aceeasint udidit' 1""
""o'iuln": "; d€ adjectivele trliiitati\ e ele':rtr\it..
n1ai poarln Einr,nflr
iominalc. Sprea se deos€bi
de a4iedLw .lettmlnatLrc:
Tlls lot lf ail is r f o. c ir r t er ' s l l n s t l ] l n
''d r '
?i. al es t e n p ro n u me d e o a r' e i ' ei rk ,t ui el tc subsl rnti trtl ?t' tml t: thts
. in. d a lt c l i ! p p r,rl r " ,l rts rmi n i u ' t ul p" ' ' " t
-. '
. \ P r ' bt , c l' h l . P ru n u r l "
n r onunelui int e ro s a l i l ' s n u rc l a l i l n /t' r' ' pLrf ur 11' rLrFl ' Jr\ /ri rl !r01' r' rri
p r onune nehot i ri te a u 5 i u n c o l e s l o ndent arl j | tl i Y al '
-i;'fa#,ll:Xi:"1'l,i'll'"1*;,*'
Ad,anu,e!
din.7ti.,s d. L,\\,.
i,, 11',,nnqhtui
trR.
{ iala-\ldinstor. or. .n.
(}'hatosrut't
o iarLi iDiuz.tni.d ca& ra lnraiil .Im 5n lotosraliali"
1 i" w r ' i601.
" ' P u \\ ou.P. \a" "tl :ng Fry:\
6! n i\ ' .',J' /o .€ l o d l r I i n ' r' b -: l i 1r ' l \ '
163
Adjectivale pronominale so tmparti ca lsi pro umele resp€cti1-el in .tncl S 815

.ategorii:
1) adjectivc posesil-e
2) ad ierin e demonstratiYe
3) adjectirc inrcrogalivc
14 adjective relative
;) adjecLivc nehoterite
-{djectivrtc prononilale sint inl.nriabile, cu erceplia adjccti\.e]or posc- ,s Slti
sive. demonstrati\.e ,si a cito a adjocLive neholnrite.
(Peniru studiercn comperal,ivi rrsi amnn nlitn a adjectivelor prorrl-
|,inil", \"/i proru,'l.r'.p'rr\p S9'n 'll '012. 1049,IIjl]l.
lj tdic;ritolo p,'sc.i\; I Po.-s,J" AIJJ T;r's.t : nt s 617
I ou' {.- trostN, nonsha..
"s. { il
ffi"l=ii,:.i',t.;'i,:ili"l"'r {: rosrru, voastra
lw* roifr! !oaslrel
,a . { li:
,.
l-lii'(,f[;;,1]'"'
lui, ri) ln PUt r ul
(: lor) (nascnliD, l-"ninii,
rt 1,t,"," nculrn ir conu.l
{=
$ e00i
(1'cnL.u dcialii vczi
2/ .\diorlirclc dcmoDslralit0(D"nonstrat;" .ldjcctitcs) stllL. S tl8
tho (: acel, acea, acei. acele) Or€zi $ 444)
I d i d n ' t k n o F l .h e ma i ,/E Ii m e .
ls he rndrCronin'1
ac €s t . ac eas tn ) (s g -)
t h i s (:
?its bol goes 1o e dax-nu.sery.
these (: acesli, aceste) (p1.)
Arc ,tusd cigarctn's yonrs?
that (: acel, acea) (sg.)
I'ndr rcst l,omc h6 jt6t been bnilt.
those (: acei, acele) (pl.)
Don't put ,lD.? things on the tablel
the other (: celdlalt, cealalti. ceilalli, celelalte)
Givc me ,ld ,rrdr Dhoto: this one is no cood.
l'll havc ,1, od.f apdesi I don'l like these, ihey're g.ecn.
thc lormer [: prinul (din .jouli obiecte' sau din dodlUgrupud de obiecle'?)]
Doesn't he p.eler th. latwr ?f,Letn.\titeto the laiier?
tho latter (: ullimul din lo d obiocte'sau din dou.t grupuri de obiecte?)
Aren'l rne lo,rd !.oposals do.c atl.active lhan ihe forncr?
the fi$t [: primul. primele (din mai multe obiecre')l
rvas lhe best ol the thrc..
?r. ftr, tiile he s'rggcsLcd
the last [: ultimul, u]timele (din rzal nulie obiecte'9)l
Ol all ihc plaJs you mcntioled, oniX fta 16, onc soundsUfilllng-
Such (: a.est, aceastn. acestj, aceste; asemenea, astfel de)
\there did 1on lind st., a perfcct pieceol old ohinn?
,ta.n rv€re his wo.ds.
.lL.n goodncssis.a.e.
.larl, liorsps ,.e Aood lor field sorlt.
':Pronu,l t [0iJ rezi ! Ir1

Srnsgfrmatic.l(S tl.
1|]4
Soms (: acelaii, aceea;i etc.)

The sdtu dav I went on a irip to uie seside
'l ory (: chiar ao€1/acea/aceilace'le)
We arcstandirgoi l'hcterl ryot Ftrcretlc baltlc\rxslouglil
rc"i a""t-'' u.rdretbp
\on. rt'url ,i !oniitsrrur li rdi''ir"r ' 'rel r'"a
o olol"ii irt -'rr,'i nû"r". n -"b rrnL"l JialF' cl n jr'lul loprr':
.J \ 'l j
ln r n o r \ o' " " h4 ' r n J L '^ d \"
'i / \ d \ '
| " l' p"- . '' i; b l"' lnr ' ' \ ' 1, 'v d -
l\iczi tnrtN detalji s 93r)
S i. l) J, .\dicr!i\elp irrlprogrli\e I tn' rr' -at"1di /i' "s./ sir. :
' rrn'-1" I-'lrins 'Frp'rrrl
Whi.lii 1p"7 ure Jin -Ln rru"'
/ , . f r \ ' d- o " b .." .1 oj , !" " 1 1
t'trl , r ' . ; , o ! ' ,:J " " o 1 y t, o r' : ! " n nr" \r
I\'hosc? (: al cuil n cui? ai cui'l ale cui!)
lfr,se sor \tas h.1
rnos' roice did l hcaf?
' lT bat ? : r : e? c a re l p c ra re ? (i n fc l e s l n rg ge cral )
lr'ial rclatives ln!. Jou got in Buchrcst?
ltla, lciter .ue lrrstT
iry'd, cha.act0r did lie inrpersotrate?
Ho\ l m r loh? ( : c i t] c i tn ? )
,'1,n,,,rc]' llnslish do You kno{?
H,0 nr./, iJiFrest did he show'
llo\ t r onY l (: c i ti ? c i te ? )
1to ' rto d o "!u - \ p, lh. 1 o lhp nnnor ' ' 1 5 - ! m 'r d
Ha r " aa -t \r,:s , . : d . \ o' r pl nLl
-
{vezi Penl'u detalii S 101!l
S sJO 14 ,{djectirelo&lttire ffielrtti'e Adiecttues)ri]|,tl

Which : (pe) care
inirodnced me lo heo oI ihe rcadD's' ltcnt rld Jones' oni'l' hll'r
The li|rrim
nan a lfo ntra nkPr'
W to'l h'mlo ' nr obd r d\ r D fo l u $ d
' r lil
lvhoso (: al rafui. a irerci, ai ciror, ale cnrei etc) idrili ls
Thp mln Lfta b- dn m r : o1p| i o " d o o I r - r " 'l p r J
i;:' ,s ll|o!l s 1' . r ib m v $o k
"n
Wh$t l: ce, (Pe) carel
tYl,, Fl li\r te rd ir ^ o . . nt i' ( 1
I do _ troL { "hdr s o. ( n 4r r '
Wnal liitle tobacco r€mains is at Iou dispos'tl
poi tl pronume orr
Cuvintele compusedin *'har l\ Qhich +erer sau soer'J'
.Ldjectivc: 'o
ll h dt rro f.,. r c llls . ' p n' dJ l- . . h m u l l o 'l ' r"l
n h : he ". p\i t om ds f ir lr m or r'
"i
lvezi lenlN delalii S 103j)
i 5::1 il tdiertitelo rrebolnrile//ndPl'l/P A.di 'la)'i",t:

" a ccrtitin ( un/o cnur' rr' o inJnrrlJr
Hc broL.lehi,4d.rrdtz Dan Rlrrt with him
iii" *;;i i'* to @.c.'dia exrent sadsractorv
cedsin (: unii' unele; oarecare)
t €f r din oP oD l ph a l e ro b rp to r i d /z mL s'
He I ' a" , - ; or ' , b o u l s h a m rg h l ' n l " n 5 r ) vu
somel (: cil,ira, cilcl'a; unii, unele; ni-ste,ceva, pulin, pulind, pulini,
pul,ine atc.)
Wc sarv so/re teasets at worL
Shc will buX srru rrce.
llhe ernibiLion c.nlaired somd
sorrre... or other (:1'reun, vreo .., oarecere)
Hc is alnays sure fo make sol.e eti\1se or ot'tet.
$'o mnst liird satue reas(n o. athct lof our absence ltom the party
d, (in propoziliile S.terogaliv-e,negalive sau ipotetice):i'r€un,
vreo: ( negaiie)nici un, nici o; sau nu se traduce;
Ha\. rod dra rare books?
any 'fhe\-\ion'i lti ni or9 clild urder seren
It Jon trale any llorr, bring me some,plcde.
&l : orice. oricare
,1,v ohilrl conld do lhis
Toli niav tale du, nro magazines lon like.
several(: citiva. rjtevn: mai mulli, mai multe; dilerili, dif€rite;
reEpeotiv)
Jar€rii lircfs 01 iewelr n..c missirA.
I rn re 'b ee, , lo \ - enic ; re /e /a i ti r,ra
\te oalled iberc or tlircc .v,t.ral da\-s.
'l-h-"sresis said sood |yc and $rit tl,, ir .\.r.rol \tays
su dfy (: diierifi. diterite)
\Ve liaY€ m.t on s,nd'! occarions.
Tlroc wrrr sdn.lfr reaaoi( lor his alliludc
o n o (: un, o)
Orz dat l.hc cosros \rill hold no secrek ror nim
Thcre i\as onc }Qter ln pafllcul{r Nliose rngs were Folks of lnrc a
alrother (: un alt, o ali:i; rrdi, hcn)
0!c ol ile mcn lud bougl,l or. ho$e, on.lner one anolhef.
Uav I lralc rn,r(. ro ol ica. trlease?
Stir LnaLhe,th! rinulcs. Fill XoD? (5 133)
other (: all, nltn, alli, oh,e)
x lid! orllr peoplc callcd he. altfnt'on lo it, slie r.alized lier nisiakc
c'rEl da]s, ,rl€l \tnys.
uch (: mutt, multii) (rezi $ 690 694)
. rh m o .n i n l .
Tl f " $ d : " . , 1 us :
You lnov l,o\L na.n Norh l djd yestudtty-
mary (: n1ull;, nn te) (vezi S 690 694)
inlo orttr
-lIa,y \rtsr tlie resnlls iolloring !!0n lhc:launchingol tlie carth srtellites
_
I halc mdr.! radio h rs: auons mI lri€nds
(a) littrc (: pu1in, pu-tine)(vczi S 677-686)
I savc him ./ lrtL adri.. on his $ork.
H ,; L n n \ s r r , L, ludn J n ( ' ., l a l i u .
(a) re\v (: ciliye. citel'a; pulini, putine) (vezi S 687)
. . 1 / t u {o ds a,. o rl.n o, p plol, lhJ n a long s p
'h
\ \ p kno! /.- rFop le i, ' t "t r hur "s t
1 as le d ! o bicdi n d. srn AT lorm'

-on! Jnde so a "nl . al ln, onr . * L- €|P de. i lo r m a , l d b l l p ropo?iipi v"/i
r T' t - rml '.nlu il nr od r ' "ials uuda! 65eallblJ b l r r i i l ! l
!i Q ll: 8, lt 8i.
r fdd,o lan J : rJdlo am at or i { c olo( \ idll.
186
enough (: desLul, destuii, destui. destule)

We have iood cn4rsn fo. our oul.ing.
Thoc arer't ,mLrn cak€s to go ronnd
each [: fiecare in parte (acc€ntuindu-se padea. nu intregul)]
We should see a tuture Dromisein €adr ohiid
is $vil..hed or'
-Eaci applianceshould b-; ovefhauied belo.c it
eycry [: Iiecare (inteles colectiv); io!i, todt€]
/, './ L ' , , 1 v ll' ov J " 4 \p n u r i ro t' .n , rrt
I'i i i * - d, . i" " r , d .i .n ro a r" d " m i , ri ;
E e.e Jaok had ltis Jiil.
all (: tot, toatd, to!i, toate; liecare)
He worked l,afd all dar ai the lorttiit ol an acadoni.ian.
.1lI peo!]es stru3gle ior Peace.
cither (: amindoi, amindoui; oricare din doi sau do n)
F o {",j s l r v o, ' t la" -rd r o r 1 P rn d d / ,1 .1 .1 "
5 h " I ral l. r \ p . t i, . . r o o m . s h ' ;.h r r s h " p - ' .:
noither (: nici unul, nici una din doi sau doui)
,{.id.. I.ontranke. was over bvenly_Iive years oI age
fi,nnd. scheme was accepied.
both (: amlndoi. amiddoui)
to,n mv cliild.en are at school.
Lct m€ have totn testtlbes ior the etperrment
no (: nici un. nici o)
,Vo ma n k np( r Lourqd d e n i n s a s m " ' 1 . 6 \n
Tn p p o - m d ! - or ula@ h rr.rs .v e s t,rd d j
nolle (: nici un, nici o, deloc)l
P"d .ri .al , \ p" r : ar r p h" h a d .o r b " i n S ) ' o o J o ' rD c
Bd "k,rdt ur ij lur a. r hn rew e re to 4 p i n l \" o " p h a n d Cr'
Genius he is naE.
(Ve z i i i S l l e 7 l
Nard
determinatitetrebuie studiateparal€lcu proounelerespec-
,A.djectirete
tive. (Vezi $ 1152)
I zond,cind cslc adjectiv,sti iI gcneredespe.liI de subslantivulle cn.eil determint

{stil literaf).
PRO\U}ItrLE
pts
coNsIDtH{T1t GE\ER_\L}l til
322 trt
824 111
8r5 171
427 t1r
828 \t!
838 17'
ii39 1r_2
839 1/-3
L PFO\I \ LE r ll I t F s U\ -{ L 8t!0 1i4
Delini!ie 841 1 7 t ,
842 1 'L
Fuclii 3/r4 |,.t,
N.mn l Iratut"ElIi pprsanol 845 t74
846 lt4
Persoanaa 2-a sinsnlar 849 I r-4
PeNoanaa 3-a siniular 85ll 1,-5
Phalul antorjlalii ti al 869
fa: ul lonun .lot t.,.o nt le 870 1r' 8
873 t79
887 181
888 11J1
890 181
8-46 182
IL PR ON|IE I , E ! t : \ D, J E C T IV L L T O S ES IV. 900 183
901 183
!07 r33
!09 184
910 184
911 184
918 1l t5
III. PNONU]IELE IIE}'J,}III\T FlI']\U]IEI-E IJD I^"TiRIRE. 919 1l l 5
-qI
920 1€5
grt 186
P rn r.l u rJ - r r or idr ii i. , . o r r;.,i ..... ...... ...... ......... 92t 186
rl n ru ar dr ef r n' ll r" r' .n l ' r' ,,1 1 ,\i f i l p l ro ,,,In!tu d. n,1ri rp. ,. 923 186
rn n tn /.- pr onr m - 1" 92i laJ
I"o u n " r n r l" \ | , ' r ..' n r ' 1 . .. .. .... .... 928 187
929 18rl
! n " l ronLn 930 188
931 188
frn n 'rn r pb r o|F \ r v .,I,, .u t ,," ,,o ," ,,,... 934 189
, /fu J€ l t r nr r eDnr r lx I r 9t5 189
Lo ml p ronnnr hi ; eit . r ir .i a l t,l r.u n i i rri ri e J n i ;l ;.;... ........ ... ........ 936 189
I\ . Ft ,,\r \ t F Lf . t \ 1, . L L ,I:\tO.-T | | \' t,\ 939 189
' :T .\t
189
189
190
t6 8
't HLS (THtiSL), THA'1 ('tHOSE) 945 190

lu n cl i i ... . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lo rma . Gc D.Nu: lr . Ca Z ........... ... .. ... . {r48 {90
In|rcnninlarc !4! 1)1
'Tl ,L r,- lhx r ' ' l, onu ,n l _ l r\ .. 961 19rl
gil, i9J
\Jr. rb " , . or . l
-l h t ' r . "
i - r . " ' : l. r 1 .....
TIlD T'ARJ]IEN.THE ],!'T TL A
lu ,rj i i .. . . . . !66 191
Fo rml .. . . . . . . . . . . . 96t
hhelxinla.c 1161, 1 9 4
' )H1 .: I.I A S T , ' , t HE L AS ' | ..........-.... 1!5
I H f Oflt l n. l111, utt1 l 1 :. ..... ,i 1 195
s A l r E ... . ... 9i ) rl9i
v. PTIo NUI E LE $I - \ DJ E C T IIL i . l Y l l i L l .ra j -l T I\' ........ i!l:r ll .

Dcl i n i l i . . . . . . . . . . .
101t rrr'
1nl8 r?-
Siualkt ..tut\ . . 1011 :
In te ro q aiiadir c . li s i n i d n e d i -'....,. ,.. . . 102b
Ixxili;ril DO ln irti,rcsatii . . . .. . lotll ln_
' n'
L o "r pr . ' o/ li i. . . . .. 10:10
Proa , l o i , iF ' r - .... .... . l nl :' '_
'o 1035 :
co n struoliim ionilic e . .. ..: .. .. ... .... . . .
\.I PRO\UI { F I LE lI A D J IIC T IVU L R E L -\T IV.... .... ...... ...... . . - 1057
189
4i
205
t05
205
206
206
206
wHo 1053 206
IYEICH 1059 207
Inteles 1060 201
1061 208
Funclie 106, ,08
1063 ,08
WHAT 1083
210
1084
210
Ca z t0a7
2ll
1088
211
1u91
211
7192
2t!
1093
211
A3 .. .. , . 1091
2t2
1495
212
1096
212
BUT 7091
2t2
lnr.l"s . .. . .. ..... . ... ... lnsn 212
mrPrlrnl,rr .. .. .. .. .. ... . .. ... tO99 212
2\2
Ake clkstnrli. ft f.t itaate ta p.a numete9i atljtti, eleretatiee... .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 212
-..
Su b sl d li\ , , ol " liv . - l J ,.o -n u m,
h rp tJ t' r .... ......... .. ..,... rrul 272
urrp sap o' uad. r r r J . v ,P " o . ,j , r" l u l i \ /..o to l . ....... .... rro2 213
Lo cD rp rlnur n ....,, 2t3
' r,,6 214
c u r r n .{ rF d P s u b s ta n tr\' .,. 2t5
ra t6;i; ; i; ; iii'; iit i r ; i . r i p . l . i i i i i i i . ' " i i i i i"!.................
....' ...1 1 1 2215
1120 216
\t21 216
1t25 216
7124 2ti
7129 21)
1130 2t1
1133 21i
1134 21i
r\t' 2t)
1136 !l r.
1137 at?.
I'tadutrh retalio
\:II. Pll']NU]IELE II I DJ D C T IYIT L -!-EH O T A R IT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .._........ ri l t 21!
D .. . .. .. .. t t(2 . 1.
' irili
. .. It11 :t.
, d. it \ q r . dt r ot J lt ....-. .. lt41 l.
o r rr J r dlr " r f . t or Lr hot J r "t n , u alt p p r o n , r m .
, ,." f."u.t I t4u :.jl
170
j
protrumeri sdierlieo oetot6rite t1r") ,22

EYE RI . . . - . . - 'I l5t :l2rl
tt37 222
7116 l.!.!
Llii 22)
1t5i 122
I ri 9
tl6a 223
1161 123
1163
"224
l
116i
l16i ' )2L
116,1
Inleles.. . -. . { 170
Acordul cu alte Proaune tl14 ))1
F un o i i i . . ,,' - ' 1r)'5 :15
consfruoiii idiomatice 1 1 r - 6 " 221
SOME, ANY..tIO, -i\?NE ' 1 1 1 8 22i
S o,tl f .. .. .. l t74 l-la
lnlpj e . .. . Irl t' 22ii
t nhe b u i n l a P ... .. .. l l 8<
Pro n u n l i e . ... .... 1186 2),
Funcli . . )t1
ANv iii* :tl
l nte r e b. . .. ... ... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ris a 1),-
lnhebuinta'e 119t 924
,' -
^f ^rnN/i .. .. 1205 !t8
F o rmeco m lus r
P N ,O N U IIE I,E
(TIllI PRONOUN)
OONSIDERATII GT]NEBALI]
,
l) Drtinitic.. PronrrnFlecsr" _parreade vorbire care ljne jocul unni S 8gz
dt rn Ut pc nr \ dt enli dl ac es t Ur e.
iub.'-,,ri\ut ,.ru c.hivalanrutluir rnto.uit de pronum".e numeqlejn g
821
llnti .rlrl-z; .nlprpdcnt tl pronumplui (lnn.pd" sau Prinrr'parl.Desi nu
r..'r', rotul .3ri.15.d'odf..a,pa.tn dFnumirpfa fi tnrrpbuijr!n; pon,ru sim_
plilirar" in 1rr.r*r'a <1"l;,; in lo, ul ppriha,,Fifnlo.irFin a.c.t
"az dp gramati"a
2) Clasificarcr proDumelor. Se disting d€ obic€i rsdprecategorii de g 894
d/ l"o1r4d r r nor nl l \'r' r a s l '4 i | . $ \o l h 'J

o"":o na , " I
oo r u ) o! . nr m . , . . . ... \o" th,q
/ / t , o..,m-'r Do.,c,i\ c I I nin! J o. r s . l, is \ F r ' i l " o \ n
' I onr ( r o r r ' r hqr r ! o r r
'
., Pmnum€l€ relle\i{c ols . l" lour s l' . ||: m r i . I . r p l l . i , s d , o u r e p h , "
lonr s . l\ es , lnPn\ el\ P s i o n c s c l l
ntciptace: eat:h othe., one doitrer
r i. . i! . hdr . ih o . " , r h - t o r m a " . t h " d " r ,
d, ProDn fl. (lenro,,stratirc ' i. . -I 'lh ' hp las t . I n o o t l , . r t s , . s ? m p , s u . l
r.
e.) Prorrmel-. intcrogal.ire $ljo? Nhose? whom? $l,i.h? Fhat?

ll P.o.um.le lelal.ive ti sho, Nliose, \rhom, which, $lEr, rtrat, as, bur
d. h. J l. on. . , r ' , or h . r .
I rr,,-, n.r.r r.
bo . . r . s e. J od. t h . ) . s^rt rhpr rr jrr.l!, s"ui n
I urr., aj I. k,
s or F. t uv . , , on4 . om " b o d J . s o n . , 1 D . ,
I
I nnJ DodJ . anJ on4. a n J l I n g . n o b o d y" .o tnr io" t hoi n D;q, .
I p! . r ! bodv . . \ e. ) o.. r . 4 \ d r v r r i . a
3) Acordulprorumelui. Pronumelese acordeinge/\ nutnb Eipersoand g BZb

cu antecedentulsiu:
i rnl ,rm, i. : .a. snc m.\ d1.gt,.pr.
Th, n,,.- Jd aL n //",r,I.imo"b,,or-30,.Sd"\n,'r"r,at-.
ln privinta ca.ulai ins6, pronumcle este ildependent, de antecedant. q 826
cazul pronumeluj liind determinat de ro1ul acestuii tn propozilia alin care -
\ j 4lio 1 .l , a, ' r ' 1; l n' $ r , " , , , . , al. o ! o _ .

T p . t1,n t.. N\ , $pr ( ur k ing d n t dr t /r,,, rddt.l.
| .o 0(p to th/r . . . 1, . . , ? ( . jat . , , e, ( "nT , . . .-i i.\roanr r v . o .
Srrc mel lhe rolrd, (ac.t. rrnose lgcn. ob.t in I kne{
4) F . . Pronum-tep"rsonalp.po.".i\. ,, rt,.\i\"
iu il. \., 'rDlri. -i d- jn iriri au, { 822
ts\.pprii Inrn- ddcritF pFnl|u pFrloa16.runnr tl" p,r.oalla a3-a -
sg.) .r ^pn. .-",,lp parsondl.si ppn.ru
"Hz. Pfa.unFt, in,"rore,i\ r_td.iv
1v. zi p a8 . 62 rlta L
r?9
rftdl'
rr4 dre lorn, ditprirelpnlru '1r. P"lru nronumFdpmun lrnlivp //lr '
on, th ,t!'t.):i unrl nehotrrit (n'14,arr plurllulditFrirdcsrnguLar'LcroraIe
Pronume sini inlariabile.
genere valo{rc de
8r8 5) l'u 8!ii. - Formele cu valoare de pronume au ln 'si
adjectiv.
EacepliL
829 \ u au lorm.1Jj"' li\ al. ' orplpun/droJrr:pro rmelppprsonrle "irpllptivp'
t'lo' cu cazul
Dronumele demonsirati{ s(]: pronumele int'erogativ-relfltiv
iii""ii' *a-t; pronumele relaiive that, dr li D&t; pronunele nehot'dritecom'
puse cu some,dny, n0 | erera.
formi de
830 Adiecrivele corespunzitoare pronum€lor poscsive difere ca
acesl,ea.cu ercepl,ia pcrsoa ei a 3-a sg maso'
$ b3l lrma o.rel" ru\inr. Pot lr fi:
s832 illl"l'1"1;',1"
i3il."ffi,ii#]"ii,fig:
s 833 ".,,,i11:*i,'"1,:'1"'lh,''hfi?''iiti}",''J;
Dzneldlr: oDe, lirst
s834 alc-re: all, any, 43, both1, but, eilh(ri neithef, little much no'
sone. sonelhing, (the) sanc
i 8?t @aiLtulii: 4. botli' bul, €ilhor' neither
s 8:r0 pepa.iliet brlt.
strbsian-
$ 837 lunoliile sintrcticeale pronumelui stnt accleaqica !i aceleaale
tivului ($ 347-35{l).
838 6) Locul tDtccedontuluipronunelui' - Substantivul (sau echivalentul
ln rare
lui) tnlocuit de pronune precediide aelemai multe ori Pronumele.
cazu inse. il fi urmeazn:
por . r "1 '\ f t / r 't r 'n ' d l o n 'e
\\l'cn lh. 4 r l, "
' l"! 1". t
sl,rr ; r -/ ! - - at nt . ( ! _or ' l ' v "t J o n e F a o E n " r "
Iylo lo ron , i s1 r hr , , dr iant e' ) at t h' ' loo '1 / i . r 'r ' l a '. r
i:l;".;' o puo. t hat uau Bpt la'- 4itre
posesivo
s 83e 7) PronumclePorsonale,PososileDi rellexir0 ti ailioct:ivele
"l'osAtre F.flerit
(Pds.) (cel (Adj.) (]'totu ) (l'ton )

(Ndtudt) )
rni r. trrsel f
l1
j r toate Jour yours You.seu
nis his himseu
ss. { I masc. her hers herseu
| 31hm. i[ ils its oslr itseu
t t neutru it
tl Yort!$tves
Pl I I toat e Jour lours
i r ioaie their tlieirs llcmBervE
on.'s o1$r onrsell
PentN lo.mrlA a.lraroe alc lfonumelo. v€zi S r5l
1idverb sau coljunctic

CONS1DERATfl CEN'RALE
I?3
8) Pronumele li adjectirelepronominrle S 819a

Pronunlie.l,'ornLetati ti forne sldbe
t) Forma leticald /;rn.r tale(accelluali) Farna slabil.(neaccentuarn)
he /hir/
her / ha: /
htm /hm/
n,s lhtll
/Dt:l
lry ln.\tl fomd nutudrd i tl lqhd ttabd frc.eenld
she lli:l rIdIjl/
/s"rn/
IlAl /ttun. rclatio)t l6P.Unr
th ci r - J i 6 ..i + rc n e a n d
I la..rl + eacatii
!!em /irem/
r.her l6etl
us /^s/
rre /wri
yov (adj.) l1t:*, p.*, n@l 11dne
fu a tm d L e)
yon.s ij.:zl
2) Pronun.l" nFntiondrd mai jo.
,\tt st .Pd normald,
"u osirs.ri tatn.n: funnd tar,,.dt.
* fil{ al pronumetuiesirepronunlat [r] inairtea unei vocale si este
mur Irnarnieauner consoane.
-
prcnutLe Fi a,ljectia denat6tntic
ttutzt ?ranum. inte.asatb2

3) Pronumcloreflexirc
1. ". lr' hc , t r hd' ", . t t ,
": s-, J.. /
rt\rl | / r t s . li/
J |. m'r'' ! . . lf . | , u . ll
/ a ." rF I / o: r "lt /
n xf.rt\ / J',. rt| q: . "1\ /
r ^,.'"r ,.l .,,-.r,",, . . -
you-.dr\ ds jJU.- h /.
In r ,r . " t \. " ,.d". :r:
n " ,n rt\7
No ta i
l l y. . olc gi; . F un ;\F r.i ra F i i t" L ro n C o l t" g. qe ot i snri ptrF .j ca
, "T n
r"oo( . a s'a ronna . l3bi I m rl p .r.l ' u ,// 1 n !utor\ ri tua
d d?'?...r o a F r r p. \ F nr i F rte i n .5 ,r p ro n u n l -\p r^ .i ;l p .p nri al - rrrl
H rp r tu i l /,/ Lfr rl !i i n u nptp e\ preFi l
.om u n c !F:,J F r . r / r ng t t /i . rta t n u l n a l tc o .rT i i . l .s .Fn!. i . pi erel e
p \ r s'i o .ra d r t i. . r a! pbi t n td i n .J d . seri oase
m u l l i a . o ri . d . s prol unl a fml | ori do
, p n tr.,},, . s t a nF lc . en ru a r. rD i n ,E ,6 ti " h p ro n oun,i ng
D i .rt" narr.t,
Daniel Jones.)
r !.q i :i d i ,,ri v
:i l, r . pr n. J " m o .ra r,\. ., l \ r,:8.
,1rn
o".,,;,i:ii:l"., t:iJ",,.;?,,#i s"nfupr
:illt;rt,"T,J*,i'il:'df;tl;i':"il;il,j:
.dQ m. : t - e \ toa rp la 6d! o. ier d. s ' , r dpnlit of J in in r i i . . . t , A i u t u i .
l'i4
$ 840 I. PRO,\.LTIELE PEITSON,TL

Paorl)tN)
(TUE P-0risoNAr,
s 841 1) Detinitie. -- Pfonurnele personftl inlocuietie un subslantit. sau €chl

valeniul acesiuia. desemnind ln acelaEitimp fr persoana
s 842 2) Formi. - ProtrumeleporsoDalesini urmitoarele:
(: Pc nbe. I
'rie, 'nrr
(- tie, tii d-talc. dr.;
pc iinc. te: Pe d-ia,
l: hi, i: pc el. il)

1: ci, i; !c ea, o) -
f:hi. ei. i; Pe el,
(: roui,- ne. tj; ]re

ror. nel
('- roui, rii l)e Io,,
tn. vi: d!,. Ire d\'.1
( - ei ele, then {: l o r , l e i l e e i , i i , ! e
ele lei !c dnnncalorJ
S81 3 O bse tea lie

Cu .\' Fpli" pcr'ua ' i a I " rl'ul 'r' tormJ p"rrlru,Iip'nr'
r..'n, 4i p' r'p' :'"'tirp dih'inl
o;,;";.i-"" "-.,'i r'nr,u
".".;;";;:;
ium"i dupa p;r'âru, r"rrnir :i '"/
/' / por I' sr pronunP
8 844 3) Fui'rlii. - P'o 'rn ' l' p"rorrrl' it ! ' !')') tt
' nehotdrite.(\azi S lra4)
p"orr^'"t" p"i'!"'"t,i pot aYrja Si frrncfia d€ adjective.
"u
s 84b \ulfi.R(ll, PRo\ulrrlltr rilrisoNAr'
$ 846 4l Persoana I singular'
s 84? r'; p"".r"i"]" j i:: lntotd'Ftrnascrjs tn litern nare chiar irl
m locut llr'Irozrlrer: "'l "'t"
I Ln { l to_so' n "nlro1 i
r''
s 848 ll in .ril'rl ,u^,\i"1. rdFt"n i lt^rr,m"l^ / r'r r" nrprirr'" torbul
peotiv Jipsind uncori li el:
l'" : , ''i T ' ' ,- , r l k , , ' ' ::C "_ .,qr; l 'o dr{oas ,i s
Tl' ,, l. r ' r , r r . H )' I
to.
llc J or r r om or f ow
.' '.re urri pr^r,rrm'l' dF l"Forrr ''-l s ' , r1,'

pl*-;:,'ia; sL,rts. r'ortut,i trt',' '1- ' l1r'l^r:-Snrr\ ro\c t r'
"
vou
' lvaitins' .. (l an1) sorr-v...
s 849 5r Perioanr u 9-n lingrlrr.
: ' :n :u r'r n"J
s 850 d/ i';;;;'-r"i"n- " ,n ' '''i
mele de peNoanaa 2 a llural:
.. I sL .l Ynr df . I r r , laugi' r ' l
''u u' 1 tt l r o , dr . i t r r r t il' lr n
^, I lsc I la* aot r luur r ar
\ \ " - J $ d", l . I r l ' in nnrh I
I r
176
,, loun.le arhaice ale prouuntoior de persome a 2'a sint: $ til

{ \.n r,z l:tu) (!ron persl
| ^ ta u . td tJ r. t..l Pl ,,J. r!' .
';.i !{r'I:" -l ,d " i J. - ,ro... no" .,
' a " r.-n
I o ,, h. t t p r ri n ) (p ro n . r" -
t N oo. I\t" {'t . I ' o ::J .. r' .' ,i ' a
|
r,' I t ,.
'' ] "."" I a,,"
"" - pl .o r ' a. r "l, r i .o ri,.p \ndr- (prol. p^.t
l' oh It ! _"'1i ,I p fo,. (rp df. !"^ . r r.

'"'",
Prorlnd. fcltc\ir I ss. thlflf l. (rcll.): iDstrli, insat,i (le inti.i.e)
-
;i-de Intirrirc I d. !o4'scl'cs : lli lreit.); in!i!i. inscri (dc ltrierifcl
-{cesle lorne nu sc mai gdsesc iD limba moderni decit in "(tilul literarJ
i,1r 1[e., ,e ;i in sii]ul dialectnl sru in cel colocYial.
c) Pnnnnele de palitele l-, dumn€aloastrn. dumnrata) este pronunele S 869
p e r so n a l d e per s oloa a 2' a :
Io& a.. a mcmbcf ol thc Union of Artists:?
Drn n "i n . ' DunnrJ \o tu | ro s l n l ' n .ml ru d l II ni \rri l l ' r P l d-ri r
lo & ,., m m ler . o lh e U n o n o l A.L tt,'
(Dumn.deaastnj. .tnr.li .rcabri ai Lniunii lrl\lilor Pl$iio;?l
6) Porsoanr a 3-tr singular neutru. - Pronumcle tl erte tntrebuinlat: S 8;3
d, pentru a lnlocui numele .rbiecielorsinaninaie, pe acel al iiinlelor $ 85'1
al cdror-sex nu este speciticat sau nu intereseazia. precum ,si subst,antivele
colective privite ca un tot, uneori chiar qi numele de persoaneconsiderateca
abstrac,tii:
t rJn g i hF l. ll, )ou hcar n^
Sl e l o nk edat t h.' lid
bdD " r i / w 6 a s l p rt.
Hc caued the d,s. and t came at once.
The n?ru addresed tset/ to ihc ia-sk bclorc ,,.
She iinc; the i; him would sseli tbef wlcn i/ had an opt ortunity.
'tsnnaD( Ve z i ti $ 6 7 -6 9 , 8 5 , 1 0 6 0 c )
D/ casubiect aiverbelor unipersonale' refe toarcIa timp, orcme Ei distaal.i: S 8i5
t de{$. lr driztes, i, r.eezcs,n haib, n lightens.t rains, n sleeb, n snows, t, thars,
,r i s !rr iUv hool/ s dr m /h o t/fi ,,e rd ,l l
n !s coneI o f loc k i , , i s p a rl v ' l a tp
,r i s Si ! , dnr . , r i. ' r ' : d o i J u .y . rr." s p ri r.
-\l n a t t ide is n. " a / h b s t' -c k b r.
1t is three miles to the nexl to'vn.
Ir i s a lons wav io m v o l l i c c .
// i s th r p€- weeiss inc e ' l o u \1 o l p 1 6 i .
A se compara: S 8;6
1, ,s [: este(impenonal- pentru timp, vreme Di distan!e)]:
t is dark, ir ts laie, t 6 Uonday, t; 2 o'clocL, it is lar. t, is a lollg way
Thercis (thercarrJ l: esreGtnt) (: se afln. se giseqte,existd)+ su-
biectul (: il y a in limba franceze;esgir, ln linba garmand)l(tntrebuinlat
cind subiectulvine dupd predicat):
?iald is a saden round tle house,
Th* be peipre i the ga.den.
(v e z i ti I2 5 0 5 )
t y, esle prorultrt
svezi a/,i-d pas. al!. rotalji:1, nneod ljil.
r.
'Scn s s r am , (
iiianl r ezi $ 2 ).
rV.zi 67- 6! .
6 \e ri S
S 1196.
1?6
S 8 57 d J ( c u v aloar e d e p ro u m € n e h o te ril ) c a s u b i eot al unorv€rbe i mpersonal e:

n appears(: se la.e) , l hJ I ppn \ l : s c i n i l m p l ; )
x seens 1: se pa.cl , / r han, . s l : s e i t r t l m p l s )
(stil lanilinr) t says, n tclh iin d pla), a book' elc ), tl is said (:6e spune)
1, aplears ilai sle Is woried in ihe "litsi ol llav" fa'torv belore
/r seemslie wants to be a nDsrcran.
. // lb o a pp pr"J lhbl lhpv \ L r ' r \ : r ig in ll' s J F l r '
-1r l$ r claxcp d J [ L\ d Ln N r r , ' , 1 o, i' . m '
/r.,a vs in h rs !.l ool r po, r r \ ' ( r ' p : . ( n lnL l i n r l l i n r 'l
.// t- tr :n ,p r lr oni. l" no\ . 1, . d, t J l , l ll, . r ' r n \ .
Ne putem da seana cd verbele de n]ai sus sint impersonale.in caznl de

fald din iaptul cn aceastdconsiruclrecu il poateli Lleplasrt'si pusah mijlocul
sair uneori'la sfirr.itul frazei. fdr[ ca ir sa ']j'f.'i, l?rbul nepuiirrd fi ljpsit dc
subiectul seu:
Shehas \'orkcd, ;t app.ars,nr the "first oI IaI" laotorXb'lorc'
Th,v r"r'lr\"q, l rr' n J in: ll'" dr'' slr -l
In : - " . ool li'or ' js l'
' ld 1and i rl P l i g'l
-pnrl ô
\ s58 Mult€ construelii tnlpersolaie din hnba ronanir se traduc prin verbul
" to l', r unddiarir ' r IjH-i'ifiu. J\in lcubi p'rul i/r limbs "ngl"zi:
i, F "\r. a ,J( , i' ad j p 'r n i
"lu- oaJ ' ' - 'd
,l is Flp' "l-d . r l, l' , 1 ' . ' u p p o i - 4
,/ i' tr,; po 's:b l Fs r F i los bf r/ 6 lhoudlr
,/ h n "n s'Frr I r pb. l
It. is impasible not io lPel erl.Iusiastic or.r ihc last constnction ]fogralnnc in
socialist countrtes.
I. i. r.... a -J
It . '' d bd' Lr n- ' lot s r ldnm br "
A lew'o:.1 Icos ago, ir 0ds luratl the.c $as lile on thc ]rlanet Nds
'a@o!cd
De lapt tnsn. aceste construciii in limba englezi, de ceie arixate ln
punctul (h) (S 864). -lin,
g us$ dJ jn Fopozil;i impersonaleln care il are ln!€lesul general de: ,,impre'
jurerjle". ..stareade lucrun erc
i is wel/ill sith... I a sure ;, shall lc weU$rih l'oul
t iares llo$' lares Li
aii\, in spe.ial ca subiectal verbului,,,c+ un nume
S 8ti0 _p/ ci donorbtr
predlcatll lrr nomrnauv:
"$ho is nr'1 'Jr is l/nc."r 1, iB ten miles lo lhc nett lown'
\\:har is n. (JonRani)? "1rs a long way io Tip!era.y."
5 8$t /l ca subiect al verbului ltr r. + uD nune predicativ in nolninatj' i')so'
1it de o propozi!,ierclative, construclieintfebujnl,atnpentru a sc accerlu{
un subiectsau un co rpleme.t:
/r h I/m. who havc! ron lhe lrizc.
lt .ra! orerc l.ial Lidioe6 uscd lo be.
i; .;; C"p""ri;. \Lho di*olcrrd thal. llrc earlli Llrns round ils aris
I ir: rnd ! lnro r r n, e dc uons lr ' . t i1l.

tIn rm I r.,--nr l . . , " 1r ' r r n J . dJ - li t;rrl/rid l 'I r '-
b1r.: pro nu n' l" l r on, i , r : . "l " i i I nl d- l""ap f t u r " r i I r r ' ''u / a r r \ r
'r "
3 il : rhis s& Aat.
Fopozili.i rdrtive se acordi ln nunrir;i ltAodri ou antcc'dentul prorL:
'Vob!]
i /,i.fur, sat cehoslovao disl.rls d. armalu g.tuanii, c{ r.ptesalii' JI' 194''
tradusi cu consiruc,tia romeneascd:
Eu sini acela carc''
A c o to -s tr to . rt u rd ....
C oPPr n i' P"" d e la 'd'
(V e z i i i S 2 5 5 " ,
g, pentru a inlocui o intreagd propozil,ieprecedenrdsau urmdtoare: S 862
rhz \lep ha . bp pn pd t . t t , ! ) ir do, s n l m lllp'
l1P ds ,li and had a lFrI bad tin. ot ,
It l/ i"n l b .k:l'A lno m ' r , h. , odld : t au I Pad n" ludr r n L P l k , :
Nati.
1
1, este in senere omis dupd {,s !i t,tan in propoziliile comparati{e In $ 863
caro it, subi€ct; inlocuieqte o tntreagA propozilie:
As lil) hB becn nentianed, dl the candidatcs x'€re accelied.
I sill he lp vo u 4 Ir. t s r , / , / lt r ' v it hin ns L' ! ' r '
ue did a; l,r) s.en.d Des'
H . erprL "'i -im"Pl n ot " t hon I : t ) ' os Aoat [ a" h: : I '" o l h
Orr team weren't in tlainins long.r thaa (i. teds) necessaty.
D) {numit, Fj prpparotor42 "I/': il introductiv) ca subiectgramaiical S 864

al unel pr.poririi ;l c;rFi subi.c lugi" a'ra un infinitirr tsuu o 'onslru {ia.u
infinitivul); un serundiv (sau o constructie cu gerundil'u1),ori o propozilie
in apozi.tia lui t:
./l is good oI Jou lPh
'o
-4, tikes me rr hoor t. !.t her.
$:hen will ll be lossille /o. us to t2atn thc .esltlt?
1ts tro ute 5u?/rtza.
/r $6 .u ulth !o ;. p nb"' ng 1] " . an Put : a4 \ 1r ' ' . \ ^. u h r o r o l " d i n i n g
1r nd n.. ssd rv
// orcur"ed lo i'-n thot it s @ e l p; ' t h" J ag t o \ p t o t i t P t
, l, imDal..ia l to t.ah- hjt r " l; , P an nF €"at n. t f t a o t htEh"- tP
"t
Does , mattcr ahb speths firsl?
tCurintel" .i propoziLiila ri.e cu .arar'rpr.' ursive.in .ubie' rplF)ugr."

-
ala vprbFlor al c;roi subi."L grdmrli.al P' P n./
i) (preparalata "ia': il introductiv) ou lunclie de complement direct S 865
p;Doziiional p;ntnu3 anunla un 'omplPmplr dirpcL{un infioiri!. un gF-
"au
rundiv. o consLruCLie cu iofiniljvul sau .u g"rur,Ji vulrori o prop^zitiepredi-
cativd sau compleiivi directn in apozi,tialui il:
I lound n hatd ln slzPP
\ ra "ou gh l , \r"t ,a t pt t k , ' a , , , v t V J . b; . , . - 1 1 .
H p ha sn r tol :t 1 ltin t o . pDr - t oL t ' .
\\', , o,..id,.-. ., d ^ i lJL" /o" trnu .ot 'o a .p t, 1,.1!.
She ihinks n'j danscrous ?rotr. saLmmutg tL (g eat.r.
I lrkp i, ,4 rr h"i r aat "e* t o na P' Poal
I but ir to vou qhllh.r h? da\ ttBht
Iric. -; no ll"irs ,", ; b r ' , b"Rt at t a, t d\ ' n
lll od. o lr ll' l 'h" t "Lt " ' * r ' t ! r ' t t e t 4". t 1 I P a " 1 'r '
)o n '\, rplr o 1 :ttlr t t..' P\ blt at oat J
Notd
A sc observaordinea carinlclrr in acest paLlern : tl introductiv, preoedat S 866
sau nu de prepozilie.este prs inediat dupn Yerb. iar eoRrplementul direct
, \umii.i i,,,tud ,. t 5. t o , t t - r ! - ; .
' Ci (l su6 i".lu l lo;i"""vd \ "r b, lui, . r" r p, , i, ' ii1ir '\
"JU
o p r 4 ! o z 'r ' u. ,,"n*
su conjurclia tru, n.narn de un snbjoncrit, eiLc prfteratf' consiruolir cn introdrclit
'l
l7,J
apozitnrall vinc la ifirsitul froloziiiei: in ri:rznluriFicompletiredirecte,tocul

ac€st.i se alli la stirsitul ira;e;.
a$; j/,,.\il,,,e,1-trnn,,,.,,.r Luto.ti,,tr,...,,n.ri",,4
L nrJrlempnt dn, , r, In..pf,;l il n nor 1-cr
b{,rare au nceea,li
tornrnca ti substan,
Ir r-.nF r\. .. ,u dr.t; trppu,,rt,,:
'1 ^
lo niakf ,/ lti
Y ou' ll c alt J r , r / Ito \t l tl fs i .,

Notr lor trt H..s i; ior ir.
To r"d (p. r," t n .
'I-" h ,r, d.,,!J o J r . r t , t , "" ,,,.1
i. . t . , 1"
i Sri\ rJ r, || !a .,rp d" . , h. r ar . r r . \ r J , r,rbi,td 4la. rrJi - rn
ilul .,ln \;d r p 'n ^ t.runun -j
i \ nr i1, " . ' l or pt . . . . , n t i . / t i - . , JiTpotri!i..a.t.,i.
'r . .
., r,,r int,.t,..utJ F ..i rnL. r r a l .,f ,r ,. -r:
I . r i6 -
r : , r , ' i u . ro u " 5 : t\h " rp o i d ,o u ri c k ur D i .furL
I . dn t s ' 1nd ' ' - a ' p i s s D d rteI -,t"
-$ ri u " rc
ki - . r t , i, r . r, a L .o ' .' p ty .' ;1 " \,trn i .J l :
r , . s , it . : t he , o t ;... l n n ru /i tu m
^'
You musi mccL himr he's the ..t,,, oi rh. ih.atrB rlortd. irmlo.rantir
No Nonder she's a success:shc's goi ..tr,'. iIarn..)1
S t6! : l ;. P lur alul au l o ri ti ti i :i rl u o d p .l i p i . f " .i pronurn" tn Ja r,.rro" nJ I

p l u '., 1 in li' nDA r nl l , n J . i . to , r" 1 !., i ,, ti muJ
ngtnz. r.,l
. l u l i ' ' . ir d s o r " l" r i l .' u $ i n trrd p o r.4 d n a s i pq a "(nLrebui nrar
" t-. d" .i n,.ut,,r
de l urori r" ri .
.u \Frr ni. . ^ni" r pnr r. ri . a u ro i i .n i ro rr , . 1 , , ., , ,u ;i i n Ii rnoe crgt" " "
verbul are formd de plural: " " .'
"\e are tut aa,sdd..." (Rcsina Vjctofjnt.
' t d, . , a. 1, , a . _ .p , b u r rh :.k . s .d } l r ,-. a oLpFn. _
j1
. ,I t ' o " - D- r ' r dd .' l l h ,l r" . .ta rtg i . n r r,€ ,. $i .t -" ' .utL ur i l i ," .u." " ... ([l
S 870 c-{zur, pnoltutrllon pnRsorALD
,I" c.e,r .c pri\este cdzul pronuinelorperson&te, granaiica actuati lace

o dcmarcatrenetS intre:
: 8?1 o) stilul fornot. i:ntrobuintat ai,ft tn scris (: Boal' rngl;sD * sritut livresr
si apisrol.rj. r' :i in v^rh;r"r .u1,,'. iolr ald. rrti rlta. granrdrirlt6:
$r
S E72 b) stiLLninfornal. colodridl.intrebuintat tn vorbirea cur€ntn si rn scriso-
rile sctise in stil familiar sau negliient.
_ Totu;i, aceste doud stiluri se suprapun in unele conpartimente, sl,jh:
.,olocviatindcpnrtind chiar forme gramal,icateesen,tiale( cfolom inlocuit cr:
nrr.. sau nominativul pronumelor personale1, D€,;re, {rc, rr.g, tnlocuit,cu tor
mele de acuzativ Drejnn. ner. us,in, n 1. lrstlel, form€lc coto;viate au crstisi
si ,i.lir' rapiJ rcrFn.c;insrilul lornot rorbir. n oara,dr- na.uri si 1nqtitL
scris. chiar in c€l olicial.
l Conpl-em€ntnl direct erlus ]a accst
!urct
' esle considerat tn linbR engtezn tn a!0?i.
fia pronumehi it.
: ld.scori s.fis c! iDifiaE mniuscula: He txtier.s hitullf
2 A se obserla ir a,iest crz t. be.'11..
Dnirz. far. intfrline nr rorb;e inainrca nfonunFtli -
' u rl d .i ,,a ' L .n, . . hn r i . ' . i o, . d D r o n - , e l u : .
, t "1 o
al hi\ lp rur Jin ".lim t . 1 t r . ' n. / . - Llt " a , r ' r , . , i , . n L nosiml roL, rJJ \
nuani, aclsrcr cxpres!.
r\L Shakespcafc, 'Ihe Lilb ol Eins Uenr! |IIL
tr0
I -, u l r'r pn^/ ir ipr ' l, r pa -r" 'u l

ri
' i ' rr' l '
r J'
" ri r -i ,l l r ' rJ 'Jrr' rr' \' r-
r' ' .,Ii .,| . :n i i rF r H L-rr'l
. ,1 ruarl r, a .l1, n ulu: ' ' '
' , ' ' I , ,;
I . , r n n e si - hi b , r r l" ' lp / t, " r" " 1 " - 5
' l: \i J-;r i
",n t , i" - r " , r - ^ r' -I' d
s o v a li n e sea il de r , ele e\p u s I rra r s L ts l n -!tl .i l i rl us e d efi terl Ltl l ri sl i l u]col 01]
r ;al co re sp ur z elor "
l) l a zu l nor nint t ir . i n s l i l l rl g | a $ a l i (' rl l o D rdl l fonLrni el e personal s 87;l
sllii i n ca zul nor ninr l. ir i r u rtn n l o a re l e -s rl u a l l :
"c
. ,/ ci n d es t e s aDt f f l: s 871
/ rm xo r s on.
!L i, . inr. hNr.
irir.i l;i",, i'iii i't thr rla.v,/it r)tiilg rir lrrera't of Hamret'
-" '{sr
1,] cinci esle ttrne pt.tlicatir (dupn 1.) l'', acordai h caz flt "\rbiettrrl S 8;;'
(
{r u , d e pre' lr .r1 r! 'u ore crr\ } ut lt ' 1t \ t 'rLpt n' rt ):
ll is 1 \ iho aJ nl lot r r nic nd' 3
I u m le { ] lo t x t , : s f lr ar g. { ll. r Jou
Th i w$ r l' \ h' s pok '
prErt;faiir al 1-erbului/o ,€ se acor(lii in caz cu subiectul verbului S ETlt

ropulati\.:
/,,5/i\ /:!o o "r h o:
1\ 1. _. , : ., l :,, {". r' ,n .' "tJ \' ,n
''l l
-.-\' 1' nol I \"
:\ '"
\\ ,i rer t i\. r ' l l_ n I I I \o fl '
\\L btlj,.\,t r r 1 ,, t. n ,/ \,
'1 o.i l 1' lo h " h'r' \'
-l "
rcspeflali in stiln) fornrLl sL:ris'
-{fcastii reguh trebuic
r'j'rl" '1" r, 'r
In lrnld t)orl)tto. "rl: r '- lpl
r ' lur"r r''r s ll7?
l' r i H U i r 'l rl irre \irDAr !
. n p . e : ori o lorm'rlrr" l' r "l' ''
-* r "' nr u
;, ; , ; ' ; i;";,; ;" ;;' " i', , " ".t r "'r' ' r": iL " r r ' i' ' ' ' ^ r ' ' i' ' " i
'
i; " . 1 "i;,;i" ;;iri.; 'u rr .r'r'.r r'"c ri "., nu"'|r p r ' ' " ' r'i' i\ ' r ! " r I " r " i
i,?. ia Iolrr:i icuzatirului i; lo'ltl norrinarivduis
iiii""ii"l*i"J-'-," "i'bintri,x.
iii'i",;p;,trlii.,i""t" Itri rerb.sautind rronunere scartl rn
ifirtitul propozitici:
'*'
, Wholsrtroer' (f/r:s) nie.-'
"Insleo tor Kr ox l" ": I ht t r m ' '
_lt r l' o
"1,'s-on lr I' n s o r ' r ! o! s "
"see iI ddts htn '
r"
"iare wants vo" on lhc rhon' " "1)h
"l m rhaiil n tvael't thtnl " 'rl
'ill Fish ir t ( d , . . , r r "
'1-ou'rc alNa.ts liglitirg hiBr'" -/ls 's or /'t' "
posesiv: r i;$
siu prcc€clirtlun gerundi!. in lo.Ltl unui adjc(:tir
{ // r 10 1o'l "'
"
r. ;r" , \ l' 1r o p P i \' /" _
' rr
""{iilti,i,}Wlqi*id*j*:}l''il$*:i
ci su i teatril
. \{. Shakcspcare,r:s ,!z Lil' . lt
! /
l '"n l ru , , nur nt sP r ' 1r _ a u t* . , z ' i i" \ . n' . ! r . 1r " . '\ '' r 'r l ' I 'i
d c . ) uLi 'i r 'r l d F i r s n i n n o r n _ '-
1 nt ^td n n a .l \ t , { dnt nt \t ' |ebo tn6 , nr ii ' o1. ol "
18C MoRFoLdca - ?RoNUltEr;E
Y p' hLLll ' r b' i n-p\pre{ a

€ 8?9 Cind ins i num e te p re d i c a ti r u a re s ta p P l rr' grr
"'" ,' , ) l -,' .' " i ' " J " ,,' ro n u ds i ' ' z
" i .";;;;" i" ' ri r ' F-n " \' " 1 ' r " n
cu Jco' - i- ' ilLl to rml l ' r In mo J n " r1 " l :
l v t' o o n lt l- 1)
lon / lllr ' - si. me
^, rra
'l
ll'" ) j t' r' : ).
' I " ro
a It was ru rc gi':a thc ea'ftikcf lritt' the kels l/"r''lal)
.DL L ) | t dL, I
,r ,p ,l r " *1";"1 E k n a ' |' o l- it )
::
I lt hot I
S 880
iTr;;j:
{,,::; al the pl{l
Iersiunile cu pronumele*'lo"rz //tlil sau 03 apariilr \lnui stil mai ingriiit'

.j a"p., ,- !iir,,, ii, prup"zrliileconparatirret; cnreprimul termcn
st;
fc.loc'n,l
, az ul nor ninit r \:
'. t alt . t - t ilt .n / l : | " ' r! ' oo\' :
; ; ; , i" , . " rl h n ," ' n i'l r" I , eor' ' ' ^ ,
$ p l l l ' n ro "- l ' Jr' l r' ri oro' rrrLL
i. ; , ' p, C r' :l i "
H .!nld
' 88 1
S
l" Jupi ar .'i lia' pronumelepcr:onalest€in acela;icaz ou
"o,"rr*ra!ir.
.n'i.'ri s.'r pr"rrln"l' rr ' F 'oFl 'i'
"ut,. "p
Sc ra spunc deci li:
,{i.\ sugLtslnrn1tr! Ltr nfur' inteffstifg ihrr }tint
?lkt ltno$lcdse .l ltrglilir rs gold as 4r'r'
i ratrre rne,r ;;tff tlan II 's tim
. . ! . . t: , r; ;. "r . , n,l . 'ah!
\",,." i o i ;. rp ' , \' ' r' h" rD rL '
"ii
! 882 A s o . , om P |lr a :
t kn.\t htr rcttef Ur,tn n' fkrr'ws herl
I k no\ t n. / be tl .. tl a n l l k tro (J /' L '
cl & ri Lateda' :d
ln c az ul c e\ t i c l e n l d o i l ' a c re m p l u , fro p ozi l i a ar ci ;ti ga i n
verbul onis ar li enfrinat', lic chirr !i Finir un hlocurior:
I l. ! o, \ ' . b- | . 1 d /, I' i n
i\iczi r'i S 1918)
{ 8SJ .U doiler vcrb tr€buie i'iotilea na exp nrat atunci rlod dit€rn de primxt
' " -" ." ti; , ' ; ' ' ; ; " od. s ru c i n d i n s u ti a p rb rrl P ' l c a l tul P ropu/-i ti a urmi i odre' del t
u r;rr ' a. " . . - i' r ut r I p"n l i n l u r;l F v.rl i ^l or ' rrr ' l rl pfl r^:
' u ''
Ue ts at l$'ortX lcss se'ious miidd l'haa votr at liLleen
Cor p. l ' i. t r " P o z i l i s J a i n -
lle is rl. twenlv lss s.ricns minded thiLnvou c''rd ai' lilteen'
A t enlLe r
persr' ral
{o 88.1 P ent r u a s a c u ro a rs t€o a z u l !0 ra rt tre } u i e stl 0i }; Irontrrn' l '
"" ." \P n' onozi Li € u Lptbul
,l u p" " o ; r n' r ' i' " , 4 r,' i dJ ' o rr' p l " ' b ' fl t' :
?ne? consideiLim norc ddpctenl tlu sld lconsjdeN]rin-rl /@
ii,;i ;;i;;i;;; i,'i- ii.i" tlan iuret oonsiderl
-.i"t*t
(V c z i ti S 2 t2 41
de la S 8so sli4 slnt lalalile ii Ftrtnr subslanti!_"'

'-r".".ii "".g"U;i cele
3 O llpsa (Pronumet'ri ftlrti!)'
-
l 8l
ln stilul colocvial, nominalivul dupi conjuncliile r,hdnti a, este inloouit g 885

prin cazul acuzativ, consiructie condamnate de purilti. Se spune totuqi in
Siierrlr-.Xou.ge.thio ru.
Ile is ar nrch tauer than ,r.
\\'e a.e a! rrlev.r as rtun.
lVczisi S s7i)
dJ Oonctuzie.:in slilul coloct,ial, pro unele personall chiar cind este S 886
ul,ie: rd, iir'.b?ul nomin"ti\J r"- nu.. - d"t"r;ins d"ni"i oprppu/iii".
ia. t 1o'ul ,.ominatirului.lorma ecuzeirul rr. u rrrrr-i lr tFr"orn. l..i ll
loate pcrsoanele:
It nas zs \'h0 had been sidEjiAl.
\1'! sair him at l]|. corccfli al lcall i thirk iL nas nin.
U:c -Uother md Lr -\rnt lor a trial n in or. nNv .af.
-41: "I am sorn. I rPsret."
nd (exploziv) : ';,1t too! lu. tooIt-r. nDl" (NeE'anaiicitsi trutologici drr c. i.stru-
r.' ei.,pp 1. "r ", , 1". m . 1i"., , a ' 1.in,J r,-. ,,"
r r r. gir ilp A rJdJ , i",.ar i. ar d" o lor m ' - .: I r,-r" '( , d , I
'i 'rn
c r J J rdl n,'"q i l rr p leon. o", I c , 1. , d r , . r ' , lu t \ I 1 t , . V , r . T o a - . 1 1 ., ) .
Dr. P. Gurrey, Readerin Educalion and Head of the English Department

in the University of London Institute ol Educalion. €tc. etc., etc.. scrie:
"'fhe use of the Nan Nominaliee form of a I'ronoun fllter 'is' in rrr","edt
rcltoquial speechis 'Who is that?' 'Ii's nre"'.
2) Nominatirul vocativ (Noninuti,tc of Addte$) (S 192). - Irronunele g 887
este in crzul nominativ vocativ cind se referl la animate sau inanimate
cdrora ne adresim:
Hey, goul WIat are you doirg there?
Mfuties af tuy childhaad
I $ty do yon comeurwanted?
3) Caz[l gonitir. - Pentru forma de genitiv a pronumelor pcrsonale S 888
vezi qi adjcci,ivul posesiv" (S 900).
'Irronumel€
O formd idiomaticd de ge itirJ intrebuirllate Ln NtiluLfoart. fan.iliat. | 889
lonsti din pronumeiepersonalin cazul obieeli! precedatde prepozifiao/:
You wilt I. thc dcalt' ol mcl
I wouldn'L do it ior thr lili 0l ,nc.
4) Cazul obiectiY3.- S 890

a) Pronumele personal tn cazul datlv sau eclrzativ osl,lrpus drtrt verb. S 891
Ctnd acuzatirul esie un pronume, el prcctdd ln generedatiyul:
I g d v r, (1 ^) (r' ) l e " a l l d o "oa
I r Jv " ,/ J , .r /" r' . 1 7 , td , ' ul
Cind insi acuzativul este un substantiv, el rjne datd dativul pronominal:
I gave l€f (dal.) a s,aer (ac.).
I [Ii tl i n s , or . . i/ , naA .9 0 .
, P. C u t t . " 1, ; . ; Lt K t .h L , o a a o . p t" .
rD Jt'\. r ci,uz a. iv s iDr c D o :i l ,o n d l !l 9 i l ,R p s u IL .ra m-.i cri rarr orr\ .c.ui ,trr' .
1i\ 11li i n d ,i G aF f p \ . r . , 6ir - s ; t" i rr.,t.o ,,,,n ," e n i \s F n ,rr..b.rd" ri ,uJui .,,i i Joe
! nlru d 'f:n i ii da i\ ul. i. S 1 r0 p n a l o rma l ,i a . g 1 2 . p nri u tun. rl I i . d:.l l
u"nlr u .J-Irn iad,i z dl v J lu. S 3 " 7 p n k u fu n " .i"i.l ' .r' -l u i ..5 L i l I nl " un i i ni l i J " .,/ .l ' ,i
{l n l i .ba r o' bila. . nd p r.n u ,n h trs l b In a .u z a ri r.5 " 5p' rn un or i i : -l ,l 4l l
sendsoz {dat.) ,i (ac.).""Don't you slve ne. (dat.) t, (.tc.)." etc.
182
Erceplit:
Sul,\tantir',rl| pronunele iD dati\. firrl se urmnresle
-c\tzaIi\ I'rtctdti
jn mod sperinl H,'" tjrarea da'rir1rlui. care este.iJr a|easti s;rnarie.pf€cedat,
dc lr€pozilia t0:
I gaycl.Iero,,l ia..i io tur ldafl. not to r,, 1dat.r.
S 892 D, Dupe prepozjlii.pronunlelesi,n h cazul aruzativ:
.rbout li,. bI 4.,. oi !i. to ,p. \rilh r/rf,. eto.
Er ce p li,:
$ 893 Pfepozilia,/ poateIi urrratn lqide un qen;liv:
T r ja r.i :h l l d ,/ z i ,c i s a
1\_czisi $ 196l
$ 891 .r.,/ Pronumelo personal in fazul obi€ctiv este nrlrebuintiat idiomai.ic ln
unele irterjeclii din limba vorbite:
lvai: -{delirat? lir lrai spun.:) de ir.l)

rsnra{n1/s::r.rc{
lv ail v ai de m i n e :) (SdJacarle.acul
de ti.cll
ir 89.i d/ Pronumele perlsona] in razul obiocti\. este uneori intrebuinlat {cu o
n u a nld des uet n s a u p o e ti c d ) !i c u re c h e a l u i yal oare de pronurne i etl eri r' :
I loid ,r. i: Drysclt do$Jr ro sleep.
Ef t,ad built ,t, i- li;nseut a trous..
T he c anar yloo k l o i r i : i ts e l l t n D te .
"L'i1]e slars mat hide r/pa ( ihenBel\€s)Nh.n lhel list..' \'. shakesrare)
$ 896 IOLL-T,PROIITJITDLUI
PDBSO\.\I,
s s9? a, Plfi)umele personal este pus de obnr€i cit llra; dproape de aniece-
Pronum"l" ,1, pprr,Hnl . . a th . ,h . ,1. //,FJl oa,r

,.'rlu/ii ln.,.p".apirint.,.Tr"L-r"daim'rltiit.nLi, "d-deori n"-'pre 1..
1.,irtrpb,.rnr"rcator:
Ann's Diotlc. mored io Ll$l,c. Nhen sn, sas h kirjdcrgaricn.
f\t nrana .ra la grldinjl;i ciNl s-a ,l.ai.in Llster. ci .\na.
Fraza t.cbrie rcli.uti: astlel: "$'hcr -\m $as iD lindcryirten Ler moiher movcd
\i,jk iord tris brortrer d didi L know Engtisl.
_, _l\Li lntelc. .i \i.lt er.r rL,tsh larc nr ilia engiezeite.Fraza trebuie rellcria asllll:
''Nicl<said to Lis l'rclri.r: 'I dor't know nnglishr,,l
P er t r u ac elas jmo ti \-. p ro n u n re l e p e rs o n al de persoana a:l -a nu l nehui e
rn tro dus ir t r o pr o p o z i l i € i n a i l te c a a n te c e d entul l ui si fi l ost menri onat:
11 .." rt t! .d D " o .o . d 1l L " ro
r \ h "n r ' a{ s. . n l l .ql o h;n. otr ' l
"p "
i 898 ,, PromLmdc de peNoana 1 singular'. cind apore jnsolit de pronumele
care se refer:'r la celelalte personna sau la un substaniir. na lr"er€dd, ci urmeazil
,1un as \dl ls I/m.r hlls to go al oncc.

Io a a n d l rn e a re fri e n d s
// and Iile cou. lo b.eaklasL .arly.
i ri!rrl La piur al. or d i n e a e s te u rm n to a re a : $ e , aou, * eu:
lt., ,,, rnd hare nianJ tastcsjn cotudrn.
'tuV
P0SDSIV
. Pn0NUIIELE$I ADJECTTVUL s grxl
PIiONOU\ '{JD ADJJ]CIIYE)
{ITIE POSSESSIVf,
L) lrcfini,tie !i rornll. tjfrriti\ul pforumFlri personat.are'dord lorrre S 1)ol
, r,, numi ll' {p o r, pr- p' -'it i rrr r "dl' ri"li re lJp'rivLl n^ e'iLr'
-
'i:;",: to"J'r1s; f""'iu imz
t,',1",,,t " l^' Iunui 'uh'"n'i\'b'| "r'
'lhrscoat's mr'€'
,tdjectitul posesit'determini ur sub"qtantiv intlicirri ln acela;i
timp ;i $ ll03
- .".n'i't nu"itut,'i''
Tltis is D!/ (oat
s 9o4
,,,"":,:":iliil:l?,'lliT;i'".i.,1lii'ii'""$xLt"'iii1f,:Jli*'"
t""'ilj;*t"""
!i pronunele posesivesint urmdtoarele:
I! ls veDs
Ii is tu. dog
Obser p&!LL
s 905
,.,"s{,1.x1?"iil?:Yill'{ii';*?':l:Yi?;lii:";'#"11
i: al neu s i dl ilu) .
ij , lt , e i: Ce F aL m eu e - i i r l U u l .
bJ Formolorp.ri al' sdj"crivuluipo'e:iv ra;t" -si/i;,?P"rnl inlrFbuil.!dla s

906
subslanlttelnrorr adJerrrve_
in onei"zamodernOdupd un \o.clit sauinHinlcs
i;. ;;;,;, ;r. ;; .du cu un t. panrru a dd o nuan1apoatic' sduarhaic5
"' " "li
stilului:
ntn p"\,s,m i, "aa" r nt n I os l n r FonlJs o n t n r l " 4 r n " '
Ftr
rai, n -\'', Lddv m ; t el t hi " eJ ' " t ht lc h c d t t
| \an l lo do ll"nJ " in dir P oqn t dJ
I dd $ "1 ' or n"d bY m ' r ho:
2r IBtolosulprodumolui$i al adic(livuluipoqo'iv' DeodrP- fronumelc s e07

dPnume:r,"
* .,f i- i'i,-r'p"*[i'-.;-o.a l' io tirn6uengt-a-(u subsrrntitul cdrc
';".;;;;;i' ;1; se traduc !n limbs rom;nr'u roarelronu'nele sal ad:trrrv'rp
pospcorulur'Ind'lorFnt oc
io."siv" rehri'oar la p'rsoano 'orespunraLoare
pospdst
obipcLului Spre ex'mplu:
i""J ri "r*a*t
nir ' { - sl n ru d 1 r' a i D d i a r Ddhl
r n" i. si- 1 l l o " , I l n r, a i l u r' rl " l o r)
l: tiu. ta, iei' iale)
"olr i: noslru, nrasl.ri, noitf!, noastrc) €Lc'
;ur
i ',t"r* g, *' t i, , t l ' ..' S ni ' i oddtl ns' dn l r' ' " Jmnr
"q i :,,r llr . r , onu, n "' T . rd' lr'm rr\ p o " s i r n u ' e ' ' i
,, ts 9i esi.si fornil cont.sl' ntr trn loseBrs'
184
Natd
S 908 Ca ii in limba romand. Dronumele Dos€si\-DoAte dre.{ si inLelesul de
..lamili..'udc. prie'eni. sau ..propriouare-:
H e { i l l a l (d 1 5 ,h 1 r \ fv L i rd r ol ror and u-. ..
I m' (- n o i l ' :tt0 rr' o , i e t* e e i n;i c ana 18." .
(Pentru adjeotivele posesive ln spocial, rezi 5i g 817, 911)
S 909 3) Gen,numir gipersoani. Promrmete
qi adjectiveleposesivese acorde
i n g F n. num J r s i . p e F o a n a . .u q u b s ta n l i v u l .src dpnu.n,qtp poseeordl .nt -,i
''u obr p,r ! r l pn. oJ d l . .,r' ' .a a .o r,l ; l n g o n .i nu.u. tn l i mba fomend:
Me has lel chitd: ii. is n,.r.
Da a.e coDitul cii este al ei.)
t/i? nas i"t chitdren; iiey are t.rs.
[Ea a.e copiii ei] stnr ai-€i.)
[ { dje. t ilul s i p ro n L rrn e J ep o s e s i v l ,e r" .re speeti v l rrs. si nt l a D ersoana a
3 a leminin singuLai i.a si pose-sorul sie; ele nir stnU acordate
!i c'u obicctu)
p u s edat , r / / d, c J r€ e .rp n p u tfi r ;i , i n p ri m u l oxempl u, l a si ngul ar, i ar i n al
d o ilei la plur dl j
$ 910 4) oaz. - Desi pronumele Dososil r€orezintn genirilul Dronumelui Der-
so nal. . l r ^ " t ' z ut p ro i ./,,i ' l F p F ;d e , IJ p c ;ru t ant" :i de.rtul ui saul d" .rmi na.
d c r olul ju. ht dc ;l j 1 p ro n o ri i i a d i rr ra re fr"" parte rvazi si S 826)
j ' Itz a (pron.,nom.)
. will x on lend . l a u N a t (a d j .,a c .)? t: ny.o4, (D ol l r.)]
rs
lh, . l t t at h?, a tl .- d r.r," r' i \ j !ro ... Iom. i s d g,dr re.to..,bi t,v.
/ ur , t s Nv lpo r --g v . l /s o r /a d ..d " t. s i -rri nst" " .brt tr,.J;n\;/r...
l t'ron. , dar I lns l i o t.s .
AdjFctirului pospsi\. in propozilie este d€torminat de rolul substai,-
-C0zul
l i vu lui ( . nu Hl p.h i \" l c n t.l u i o " ^ l u i J t p p trnqr .1r^ .ta ri , u cdrp formpaza
tm r up s int o. t i. . { \p /;
" \e m o l p l e d e ri r,r " u-" i l di " a. pri n
" ur.i r..1
I ' r . bf ^r gl zJ p p a d .l i d e : ' d \p )o ,.i o' yo," . p.on.. a..).
r l- r r b r n ||' ,u .rh o ., r.rJ t..d , p " p . : r et-s
- r l ook Jr t;s (pron d.. tf!f. Lo$.
Nat il
. T h" t . br o b. r /,..s r rra r" l e s , F tr Jt .i i e.,a un dubtu g6oi i i r.
\ r r p ex em pta :" /
I m r ai nl ,,l ra " ' ., .a rri .t,n J .a t l .u
T h' . o bu .rn .. a l t" " ;.. ...
N. t , ic t , r r . / l i (.,s e \? r r, j r.t.d-rLbr.i
y th ; Hansi ns eommi ti ee.l N i ci un radou
{ V e z i , p e D i .u d e ta l i j , S 2 9 4-196,:esl
s 911 5) Adj€ctirul posesivfzie Passestiae Adjp,ctire
).
s 912 d, -{djectivuiposesivinsole!leintotdeaun'1ut'
subttanltusannr gerundie:
This is mr./ stsrer.I ' subst.t
Do ).ou mird my smahin1l ! (+ seNrdiv)
$ 91 3 , J Ca or ic e a d i € c ti v 1 n l i m b a e n g l c z a ,a Jj ecti rut poscsi v rf,c,' da substan
!.,"F d " F fi ,,i n i . n u l l ,rfl ,' a ,,d ,r- i n l i rnbr romJri o:
'i t,rl T. , ,., a l
(Aceasr.ne;te pilirin nad.j
IlaYe i'ou patsd /oh crarn iJr maths?
/7 ,-a ' l ,r(u t e x a me n n l { l raLcmal i cl ?)
PRONUMET $I 186
.) Adiectirala Doscsive lnlofuies' arlifolul subsjarlivclor cu tumlic dF $ 9Il

subiF I .rr; denumoic pdrli olPtrupului 'su oPi"alpd( inbd inintP ln rFtF'
lalrF .azuri sF tnrrebuinlpazbarli.olul iolnrir:
S/@shook 12. head
I askcd goa to Put on Y'zr coat'
Se sp u n e lns i:
I took tu' bY ,nE a.n
I oar nover'look ntfu in tfte lace agnin
They thnmpeil /,tm on rre nack.
(Ve z i!i S 5 i i I
d / so Hr , ic o i, , s pp" i d l l F n l ;d a ' ,,p rd Ir-o n ' /i ri i l at i n " ' r^ odi ' ' i f" l " S 9l ;
F nt l Tr b a r' 0 d u r l n l i n b d 4 ' n sr; Iri n Iorrr' ' dP ddt' J-
1 '0"*ii . d rn li; b-
eer ili r n e a c c ent uat e:
1 lnt on tu4 coal. O(. elilitro ha{c leli lor tlie Pioneer' Camp
2,"";"r,;;l r';";.i fre au rlecaL copiii in tab;lra dc piodie'i r
\r $ " nn / , ' . l" : nd' ' : c \" I' / -
(\., . n " d f 1 |- ni ,/\r_ d p i d rd ' rr i u"rn
I ''i'
H. took oll nt! hat I havc paid m,/ shr.e.
fMi-an rlrlljL paltea.)
gl{i
c) lnlr'o enun(.rare. adjcctivul posesiv nu se repcti inaintea liecafui S
substlntiv dectt perrtru clarificare "(au pcntru accentuatc:
- r hu,; /,' d b d
' ud
II' .rnotmL ',P
]]r f,r"tJr,.n 4 rprq d' 1ii p. . . nb"i na. eo " l 'n
1t . . .." ft dn d 4 :. . t r t , . . u, ! 40. r f i. ;'n or"
\ orJrer /Ir'.-an da ll"i nd \ ' ' ' uJ r '
// \urp.ri\L l p o.p .i!. s r F bdp. ei ; r nl: l dF ' u\ r n r u l o& I D r a p t i u 'r ' S 917
,dn inrrFirp id'"' no "sirul,ri rPsn".ri\' J-r.1t" nu '' rr"Ju ' inrold"lund
tn lirnbfl rornnni:
"TIe aii.l's Ora Boolt.": Llo m-r ,0a .ookirg.
(il11l,cseshRr'm.l
TheiL iltcrests are mr otu slrc makes |o 04? dfcsses
(Inl.tusele lor snrl ii alc mPlc) (lli fuce singnri ro.hiil-" )
L,r Adieriirul Doqesit:i gpru r-iirul. P r,"u ^hrirFrpdu 'ri 'rrl l pids' S Clq
optu dr\'
tn limb" p"rslezev' rbul prcdir.ti' ' Inlu'u: .rc ad'Fori 'u rr'
p€ Iingn care"sribiectulstn sub formaunui adjectiv posesivsau a urtur pronume
persolal ln acuzatrv:
r Do vou mind lf I smldr
deline: 1 Do you mind /y snaltzsl
i r r i, , uo, . r . ' . " 4 ., /o " th " tr' \t' tte q
1 wi llo. r . r t ' t" .: ' h .' r ro i " " ' / oon
't-ri n ": (\tuzi li $ 9l ll
fiI, PNONUMELENEfLEXIT $I PROT*U}IELDDO iIT'4.RINE s 919

GEn riEFr,o)ul-E AND Tm n]IPHATTCPRO:{OUNS)
1l Dcfidtie, - Pronumelecare, tntrebuinlat pe tinge un verb activ, 5 92{l
arata'ln prin;ipiu cn acliunea"exl mati de verb se rdsfringeasuprasubrcc-
tului se numeqtePrununerelkrLe.
runeori adjcctivul ,au calain o nuanle alectili prDnnnlar!: Mv awn btuth't !
(s"'1fii"T:l"Til;i]"
careaveaii pe.echea,esrectire
vremu,i,
roareapreciarpe
The Ba!\ Aen Baak. ",sreze
186
Pronwnele rlc t,?rnn,'. in-rolaltF antererlentulpcntru aI acccnLua.

$ ,21 2) I'ormi. - Prouun€l€ rcfle\i1. ti pronuorele (le intnriro au nceea!.i
fornle in lirnbr elglezi:
m \* l J { : di r : i nsnmi
{
:
L o x l s e lrl : i er I : l " 9rj
| Insar
linRu (: s) I : in rsi
lrersell(- se) 1 : iNiii
(
Nrtrd iiserf {: {l : insgli
{ : i
I ' t Dsa;r
our*lvs ( ncl : biine
Pl. I ]' o u s l * s r= rri ) : nr_si ri i
I ilEnshas r= sl
onseu (: r)
I - l'iqr-
I - tns'tl
: ir$!i
Pronulllele refleriv ! cel de iltdrire slnr sinqurele prollume care. ja

peNoana a 2 a, eu fonna de ,singulal'dileritir de fcirma de plural:
iss.l Jousef - lp] ) r'ouse1..,
s 922 J) Pluralul dutoritnlij $i al Iotitctii.
LI 'i lronLm.lp rp cnu 1rl,." relers]3, s;r:&fd pprsoal"it,tur.lL, au.!.
rflSrii :i polite,iill. rorma rFflF\i!d Fsr" ,rA4l qi ,rc,ns.tt inu o"r.t,,.
"l
!i'e oz.rcrybelicle this to be ie rnrh.
Ion sa'd so loLru.4, Youf }lonour. (curinte adrcsarejudcontoruhi.l
s 923 . 4) Prinrilslelc funrlii alo proo m0tui rcflpxiy Fi atc !ftnrunrrtui de ixri-
nrc. - rn i,trjnli \rpmp.p'onu1.ta rcllFr,i\ ,r.f,lI a cipj, dt o i.rrFr uin.dr.
todrler;jpindild.i rpdi."rirnrnrtori".Frecarrru,irLrl e.ri.rno.lesrrr.inrret;in
lare. Dro u'l alor d, po..o,nn l. 1 .ru a, . liin4 .o,rqidord,p to !". er! LJ
Jorinld d \nrbrrorulri rl".r .. pun" in p!iJ"nlj. fi, .e. ,ti-)porfir". ,,r."/
rrrn4un .uiinr n rr | ,n: t i,, pntu0,.,tJ .rilulDiur aopp.trai t^,r t.," ,
drn 0lle morirp p^.ibilp -, rr\ tul tn vll -" or.s de, azi.ri nre" rnutt
f.]r.,,1i.,"r ln'1 . Po "ud"
"nalpr',rlo\iv nI rcbuiei"to,ir ca .rrbe i,
ltoiler ard 1/e fnr inlseli)hadrca rogethlr.
Pronumele rellexiv sen-este:
s 921 aJ la fornrarea cnnjusdrii r.fk::ciw a vcrbelor,:
I ,, a,d '. l\ 6 b r . l! \ ir \ ld 4t t f .
'.to v
.Tl' n mDr' rla o p. 1eo i . d s t ' , r 4/ \ ' , - L 1,- ,," ,t , I d., ,,.. id.,
ln.IidPd sing trd.l
$ $25 L) rn ",F,,; ,d
"t,.,t;.) - rrppo.:,,:. p.-"pJ. I dn onnozrr:i. 1.
n/ $i /rr. prnnunFl" -rl,p\i\ xr" ln1"lFtt ,1c ...in;ur.. dar.u ;u1 ," nit-r e
l,] a ." // | s in; r n"r ' . ol I s ". r n, J . Lbl
I c am e dt ll |J L) r D.
\ , \ n. r i . 1! r , 1" t ot _ n"i . o t i d. nim".i,
Sh-" did it n! hcrclli.
(A lilout o sjngDrii, DcajutatiL.)
" \ ez i il $ 1i; 0 .
SI PRONUIIILE DE r37
'NTARIRE
ot oz6.lf l: sir(tr.. de la sn€l

The cdD c.ackedd/ tsaf
(Ceascta o.llai de la sinDi
lor o n * J / f : s ir ! : , r ( t u In s u l i c L l l
l;".;;j " / . . , , , " - " r r rp \d - i a r o { i o ' ,l d ,n qi -,-a' .' i ' ,,,.r" -.o' ,nr,.!-
, r i o rr' l r' ' r' l r l n l " jl"i
r ' L : \.1 . . i- r ur \ or r" :\" f- ,- ,'
' r" i " ' "o
Cd. dhe prcpozilii:
She cadc & n..rall IIe k.!i. hinBdl r, itnt'f.
lSia rclent )
\Yhat .rre rou dontg oltk t!.u'setl
lr:orbeqie1int.n iinrftr insrilijin nu.rclc
lC-" Iaci asti{ea.d?l
i rootr iL Lrh ,m$tf to o o n re n . tL e m e c l n rq .
(Ii mr luat sarcina de a
c, Pronumole ale intirire tste intrebuinlai pentru a da mai mrtltd tirie S 921;
dnui substantiY sau urui Pronume:
TIer hcard the ncws lrom ihc witness ntnr.l/
lAri anzit resLca ohia. de la martor')
I nin it mysctf. (-\m fiirut_o €u lnsumi )
\Vhen in Ensland. I p.eld to \Yashmy clou,es nyMf al a launderetie'. ralher
llim Iule th€m $'6hed al a lannd.t'.
5) Functiilerronu rclui relle\ir. - Pronumelereflexir se lntrebuinl,eazd I 997
rn g.n"r- ,rn p;lp n"mp pr"di ari\ sdu Obj t' ,i la s."Fdii p'Foani ' u
sobiectul:
!n' {as not lefs.r/ last nighi. {\d c Ir.Pdi0.rtili
Eob I\rtL hinretf- (Comrt. dir.)
-He x-\" ]"i% .tt d mr, , nl I r I { Co npl ' nd "'
$. i-[ f r al rh ; n ,mba- r o h?""t t . t c âpt . di"
J' p& r. rliJ rr'a r /,hrp .4/, I ' os s h" l r o l ddlo n a r 1 : 0 s t 'o r a
d o adr r'ur _ l or 'i. 'h
r : m p $6 J mr' rv lco np ' r ' J " or poz ' 1ana3
i, io. J l
l/,e hou!,, h l.s4 /: "Ho' n' . . - ( c om ll p_ l o r , r o l r r L
tt. r"h; ,, ,ipr ,,/ b . .nnt L.omt " I ^' , dr
i onJ'
6) Pronumeleroflexie cu raloare de pronume Persoual.- Pronumele S 9'lS

rnlo.ul .alli p.'qonrlppnrI-ud:nc\irdsmbigurldlca
'FIle.\ii.-LFinlretluinls
create atunci cind folosireaunui pronume personal ar da un alt in-telespropo-
zi!iei:
Sr, k@w that na' datrshte.\'as prefer.ed10 nPrscn
' lrr .d lrr"r '' ii 'r'r lr . r . al- r
f"wa! prefeued to l,er" ar li insemnat,,era prelerati unei alle persoanedeclL

:rceleia la care se refetn subiectul".l
-aiir r.other was as caDable6 htms.lf
(Frutelesau cr{ tot alli de crlabil ca;i Fl \
l'as /r" s ar fi relerit la o alti persoanddecit aceeade al ciirei ffate eravorba.j
shc asked nc to look alL{ nJs.J/
(lli a centt si am griji' de mn'. 1
sn aibe ea grijd
["She ask€d me to look after tr." ar li insennat:.,\'ti a cerut
de nine".l
Cind confuzia nu eslc posibili. sc intrebuinleazn pronumele personal:
Hc srve nd tle nPPl.s.
\fc sa w it m in lhc s tre e t.
l lduz.tz.rtc : sDltutotic cu aparatcautomateundc lnblicul hi spale ii calol sntgd!

t t rll",!t'n l .u or i lr' l d " " ! l u l s tn ' o d rd l
' pi"
ir ir . . . . I n q i rp .r5 a u tr" p o z i r' o n d r(5 ::or.
'co .n n ; m en
188
S 929 7) Pmnumele refleniv tu comparotii. A se observa qi tntrebuintarea

pronumelui relle\iv cu valoare de pronume personal ln conparalii dupd
lilxe, than i as in locul pronumelui personal:
Hc is l,ol-hcadedli.td n?s.n
S " i. mu t' \aut t tLA" nJ,tf.
T'r' nn 6 ( "ad s n) r "e. . os a' - . . t r .
'"
S 930 8) Iipsa pronumeiui rellexir-. - In contrast, cu linba romend, tendinta
limbii engieze-estedc a tnhi,ura pronumele relleriv acolo"undeacestanu esie
necesarpentru claritat0a f?azei. \i€rbele reflexive stnt aqadar foarie putine
la nunnr tn linba ongleze.Chiar lqiunele yerbe cu formi retl€xivn, cari au o
rirculalic mai nar€, Fjnt i locuite de pr€lerinld cu o {ormn aliernatild in-
tranzitili:
''| ,,,t | 1r ,r,rrir_ "r'n,"J .i |,.th-u,f...
. -\c,la!L 1
..u..t. r.ia,il Fntiu: "1 slaq€" in loc dc r'l ;ndrc n?a.f". "I drcrs', tI
loc de "l dBs /r/s€l/" ctc.
i\rezi ii ,,Dinie7d .elle\ivl,. I ri76l.
S 931 9) ?ronumclcmoiproce. in limba rom6.6, u eori pronunele rcfleriv

nn a.ai; o fcljunFcsfc!e rd\fringcasuprasubiectului,
ci acliunireciproce
a
dou; rdu n "i nulrF .ubiF. .. Tn a .Ft .,/. limbd "n-tFZj nrr mai rrrrpbrin.
,eazd pronunele relle\i.i, cr ptunumele reciproce, ctLreslnl urmltoarelel
eech oth0r cind este vorba numai de doue persoanesau lucruri, sau de o
actiune r€ciproci lntro doud persoanesau lucruri dintr-un gmp;
ono another penlru mai mult de doLri pcrsoane sau lucruri:
Thts t$'o hierds wjll nol sce.d.l ori"/ nsain lor a lons line.
(C!i doi ieteni nu se vo. dai redea mllliL vreme.l -
I n o . ' " ' . 1 \ p ," ." J rl o r./" or.,.
L p, ' u. r a , r ' ' .-o . ri ,.. r .t t:r"!'sdu
o J rr,
' ' , ;, d !. .,1 ,.
lr i l , " ln " .o ts | rr.ri l to \' n tI co ,o,ri t on.
LUi. , , F y u; .tu ti rr.rtro ., r.h i ra n o $ h ,' 1rn N i qi i quN si gnraD rei nbccerea.)
Not d
Onc anotho esle rdeseari intrcbunri.rl si pentru doui persoane sau luorurr:
Siie nrd L,,r broilrr arc lor fir\n ol ant: an thq.
rlusbard .dd Ni{e (ere siltins Na. rnc alalhn.
A s e c onp& r a :
Ther kncw /lanvl.€s. (Refleriv)
t 5. " , , u. r ea tp e ,i tn s i tr).)
T h. r t n,\ . d /. o ,l .. i r.i ,.o .. d o .i p " " ..o, J
tSe cnnoneau (i1tut pe ahrit).1
'lhel rnl kncN one antnEr \tte.:itrot) n{i nult dc doun lc.soare)
LS e, unoit P { x a & r,l l l .l
Ur . " l" r pr l" , u i ,!i rn n qi r e\pri ms' p i ,l
S 932 i r l i nb,.o..n.
l i mL" p Lr " z r n in \,rh ' ' ^ i l ,ro c a
,r,,' tru n u n F rp .,p o" " tS Jl l :
l]'e,.r jn ujr Darl<.sdd a l.w {ords. slorl l/ids and Da.tcd.
(Nc'an hnlniL in pot:, z az sp,s cifera ouvhte. ne ttu siins nita ei nc-amd.s-
O bse r a a !i e
S 933 Prepozitiasepuneinaini.d pronurnelorreriproce,nu tntre elc ca in limba
'lhc.t t.\ll<rl Lo .Le aiotker.

lvoibeau un1 cu altul/lDtre ri.)
Tl,.\. couldn'L rt.IL hotr edcl. .thd_
lNn_ sc lutcau desr)jir1i unul de altnl.l
5I PRONUMDLE DE TNTARIRE 189
l0r Pronumeleroflexiv !i prr,oumclesau adicrlivul neboltrit. - Panlru s 034

pr onumplprefleri\ cora'ounzdiorf r^nu"rFloli cdjF'li\ alor n'horari F \'zi
s 4145-1151.
" s 935
llr 0ne.plt. intrebui0lare. un:1[PrF inLrpbu;nLJlin ]"sBluri 'r
7'o heoea Lnits ivell doDe,a? mu$l do it oaacry

?'o srcdl at lensth ol ozes.//is bad nanne.s
Eihi;!: b! aneself is the besi *ay lo see a c.urtrj
t2r Locul oronumolr rirollo\ir ti nl nronum.tuiJc l0iirir.. ln "onlrH.t
pn
s 93{;
cu limb" rom.rru.1n dra p'onun "la r"rl"rir pr. - ta r^rbul. rr, lin,b ',pzH
lronumela rellexi!' se pvte dupd rcrb:
I lurt rt u / '/sil|| rh d h. \\' '1 - J " F . I 'a l
' lo"el "
1/-d r -i r , ro 1 . m ui. lr ' l lo r l _ b n
Pronumelo dc intlrir0 "<ep\ne inediat llald carinl&l p: care il ittdrclt€: s e37

I n"sdlf rvroie ure rvordsflr tl,c song
rDtr-t;dDut arn s0ris cuyintclc on,tecdui l
He had rews ttom Unde fnt'.t him*l[.
{.\ avtrl rc;ti .nidl de U ut.rhidl Vin0entiu l
U re o .i I r o r m " J . r" rrri ' a - a r l ,,r' ,i r-t" ri l ' ' ' r\i nl " Ji l ' ri r. ' l i n
"n
tr"t ",l i a .El t ' r ' " " , r . i ,, l ' ,r,.,,r' ' u c u ,:rrtu l p r ' -rl i t rF -dl
'i |, l I l l , _ r' - l ' ," r
Jt"{../ ' i a rr\' p ru i "
rf r. r'r,. 11i I lJ lp o''
r lr " ndd dojp l h ,\, 1 .- y \" n t: r' .t.^L-stl
(t','lc!sc e:eruiliilc .hre thiat de rrolasoarn)
Ci rrd n op, r i i' i. lnqiur ' ' i | rJ " I l ' o n l u ri i l ron.rrn.l " J" Inl ;ri r" S u:lt
' - r "'"r-i -l . jr l i, 1' o l " ri n ,r' :i ' J i i i l': e ' 01' ru .r- I rnl l
" '
cu deosebire preleriin ln limba ! orbitn:
t .lin it nleU.
{tm lilctl o 4. t'rtn, l
Ih.! \rcnt thete thtusele^.
/Cria. dt s au d6 acoloI
!lj. tired id the |loctr oL rlals st€ had desigtrcd/Fm,4.
ll-muia in blo l pe (am .d ,nsrift il ltorciavi l
, \ pr r Li_1, , lr , r ri .' ]
L 5a \\ \1 1|Y fu. s , /
i-\n vlzu fo.fti al ! e Uar ia. )
I sr\ llrr\ nrnl/.
I\'. PR0]{U}IDI,E ;I ADIECTIyUL DEIIO\STR]{TIY S e3e

oEn DDlroNsTridlrlE PRoN0Il\,1-\D,{DJrlTrIE}
1) Dcfidtie. inlocuiclt€ un substantiv (sau un
I\onnnele dt)/)lonstr.ltii, S gao
echivilent al actstuia) erprinat sau sLtbinleles,preciztndui toLodaLi con-ti-
nutul in sFatiu sau ln irmp.
A(tiectie l d.emanslrdtlrstd pe linei un substantiv (sau un echivalent al S 941
acestuil) pentru a srita locul ocupal,de obiecl ln limp sau in spa-tiuill raporl
cu vorbit6rui. Pronumelc !i adjecliv{te demonstral,ivese acordii ln numir cu
subsirntil_eie la care se relerl.
2) I'ormi,. Pronumele demonstrative slnt urmitoarelc: S 942
this (these), rtiat (\hq.), the fond, the 14u.r. Ihe fi4t, the hsl, th. other (the aherc)'
same. suctt, stchtitt, e, one (an4)
MOFIOLOCB _ PRONUMEI'E
1OO
s 9tB Cu eroepiia lui so fi,nc (anes).Ioatt!celelaltepronurnedemonstrative

ru' li 'i tti' r;r' Lt"n'hn*t"o'ir'1 i fdr'F.o'^'Lm'i l'
' l\"?i a\"n,rl l" ii lr"qu .F I ld ria.dr' prnnrrmr
rralrrc rr'/r !.6r.it)l
ar-; -P2t.837. i .r p" r'r sJie riIrp dpn'n
' i) R;0;h;"4 edi;cti\trlui dcmonsttatir' - Cind adjecLivul denoDstrativ
\ 911
"' bar' el nu
' a"t".i';'l'"1"j nrlt; sribstantive unite prin conjuncl,iile .ln'J sar'L
sc repctn inninter fietirui substantiv in partei
?n€sdbovs arrt si.ls \tant to lh' ror'l
?na,nisi,r*a3 "oss
lt-1"j,liili, l;t,11",#;.;" u.,
":lg:,.-bl:i
Thc atnaieur P rYe.s were Lh. s'
r|,orL in rhe
ticlds
".,
' _-'tl., btt sellllir"s afe srldom lountl
IiiinfirSs
"r
s !{t THIS (Tl]trSrl), TII^T (TIIOStr)
(TFONU]IE S\U .IDJECTTI''1 Dtr]TO\STRATTIE)
S 916 1) Furctii. - This (thes(i)' rhar (thas') pol li pronumo sau adj€ctire:
.'his mY look LProa l ?ft'sa arc mI hoolis (Pronl
iiii" i,i,,i.'r'-.*iii".
's t-ra;.i 7/..rcbooks'ar.mitr,: (-{dj'l
ii.j iJ'-r''s"" te-".] ?h6? are nl.vsns iPionl. . ,
itur a,,r is tlai.i ?&'s' boxs nre dv sons l-ldl'r
'"r "l".
(I'enin ndje.li{c rezi !i S slsr
'1tcnlt. !
.:rl; C.r\rnlul thdt dre parru trrn' ii ptrn'ilrlp:
;i ;;i; p;;;,^" d,tia1tu ien; sraie e aeela.acer' cer, ac€ea a!ea'
tea), f ronunJati ";,,
iotdeauna ldetl':
fia, is ml' bol
?ftdr !&e ts dr'e'
b) prcnntlt rel.jtie (: carc), ptotlunlAt [o'eL] (forlrla tare) lilat
'tl
(forrm siabd):
Thi6is ure loundcr do4 thc laFrs \cff Niling about
.) nnjunxlie (: cn) ptonunl'atn ld'ell forma iate (rar inLrebuinlatn)'
l6atl lorma slabn:
He |ind me tna, he had |een lhcre
(l) ad')crb(: atit de). pronunlai irtoLdeaunr accentuat [6eL]:
'l'hc sro\t Nas /n.r high ia.lllnd inellid'"i otr mloal
S !rfR Zr -Formi.Uetr.\umnr.(az. " 7t'+.tl, . '/,r/ '/,o "uo'in:ur;forfl'
pnlnla
cenurite
. ir .azu'rle': ele nu sint dilerenliatedecit in
',"',t;;";i;
irrmirului:
{ li:l ::::!:,, ,,,-, r*-r { liij

itti{ ,,,, r"')J
{li:l il:::," [ruu:t{lou:]
',
'o'"" i li:l ii:ll I tr'"-) { ii:j
.,,.,
I t oo : tI tB;il,'
L" grI IL", ! lrt
1fr'r
llil 1 ," tr i :l rezj I 8181
{l,en|.fl, tNdu&rea adj,'.litel,tr,
,o,.: .jnraloaPd. adje.ri!.ste nun{arsax

I PSI
: f ru nxnlir dr t r t n io nc pat r r az r ir lP ,".,
,lllilillL,Ti.x!,{l'1".,,," r".'""
oJ r " 1i' tt t L 'l t (r'
0", ". r ", ' - . ' , ' 'a t
' "' ",.',;;;1 1" e ste lom ' at s t c u pr . poz u, ' a t o'
'Datilx1
l 9t
3) I tret'ui lare. - s 9{9

u) Thi: (ttuse) inlocuics.j
sau deterrni.i ob;ecielrpropiatejn tin,p sau
spatiuin raport cu vorbil.orul:that (thosc)obiecteldepirtatejr timp sa.r
spatiu in raport cu r-orbilorul:
Tinp:
Tntr t-. Iinc Neathcr oe dre l{ving. (Prczcnr)
a. lhc rvcatlcr (. iad li6t Snndal iTr.ctrtl
"rdr rill De iine! (Viitorl
?'no,
Thxe arc \a! remarks. ll'rPzentl
Ihasc iete t\is Nords. ilr€tutl
I shalt tatl to rlosa preseni. lviitor)
Sp a !i a
W ho js , nl- " ? (A !fo p i c ..). \\:h o ' s ,,l a rl (L retarLa.e)
/ iu t ' r r L ' y l ./ d o o r;. J o .. D p . " r
th .r ' n J to $ -!. t@ p d p i " | i . d." .\' .r.
' pr ol' r "
Cind se r€lcri la i,imp, demonstrativelc this, thesc sirt jn genere l€gate
de lrcrent, iar that, those .le lrecut ran de t)iitar.
Cind se referi l,r Fpaliu. demonslratirele this, thcsc desemneazi numai
obiecte din imsdiala aTropilr a lorbitorului. obiecte pe care acesta 1€ porte
atinge.
Cind tnlocui€sc o propozilie sau parte din aoeaslia.this, theEe sini in gerere
intrebuinlate tumai jn c:rzul irt oarc curintele Ia care se releri precedd ine
diat sau urmeazi 1n aceeasi fraze.
Potrivit acestei reguli, ioarte adeseori in limba englezd se intrebuinteflzn s 9;0
lndt f*oseJ acolo unde limba ronAni {oloseste demonsiraLivele opuse,,ac€sta' ,
,, ac e n sta " (. , ac ef iia' . , . ac e s te a " ):
?/'a, Nas onr decisioDat tlic lirne.
lAceasta a last hotlrirea no{sili ]D ac.l non|Di.)
fld, was a lortrighl rgo.
lA..asta se $tretiea acuri doui-rsliptnmini.l
Is rrzr all lhe lrgga8e }ou a.e iakiig?
L, t ^ a- n to ,€ i i i .l l . l i"i
\\-1,all r}inl ,,nr '
l.l oti (n,dim usrt l.I
?ra, is ny opi[i0n.
a-.1.errrocsn, I irna nica
lvhat do yon Dean bI ,rar:
icc $fi s,-Lsu'i cu dadsrul,
-\p l i ra rc a r c E ulii r l€ m a i s u i , 1 -a l a b i l ni n o a re fa re nl i suri r fi i n l i mbarome
ni. e ste mu lt m ir i s lr ic l, d i n l i ' .b a c n .q l e z l . 7 ' ra l i n pri mel e doue €r€mpl e se
r e lern l a u n lapi t r ec ut ; ln a l l re i l e a e x e rn p l u s e re l e r d l a un obi eci cfl re nu sc
a.fh in imediat.L apropitft a celui rare l.rrbeste; in ultimele trei en€nple sc
fcfcr, la.iufinte spuse inajntea propozjtjei in care se afln lllal.
?rts is lvhat I advisc Jor lo do: make n list...
rtis €st€ intrebuinlat aic; pentru ci !e relern 1a o propozilie explicativ.'
c^te ur/.ca:d. in at:ee.tti lra.d.
Ti d i ar e in\ A o niult ma i l a re i i n tre h u i n l i rr' e rl cci l l ri r, l ui nrl u i acesl r)i a
adeseori locul. In asemenea cazuri idiomatice. el scape regulilor. ;i poate lj
1n\'6!at numai p n obrerlaiije ,.i notare.
Lo lelcfan:'\\'har lral:" 1:Cinei acolol (ia distan,tn)l "rnis is
Gene"(-,,lii e Gene).,\proapetoti, incon;tientrridicn tonul. strign chiar.
rind rorbesclir tclclonj aiii derie e impresiadepiirtnrii.Rarcoriallii tnLrcab;
1 sel]s sranatical {$ !).
109
(.\Vho'stlis?:'. prcbabil pe un ton sLizuL ?oatc sub impresiaapropicrii
-\i l1 u r c c n a ' 'n-
.onriian t.rpd lp d F r n. P3 !n la v or bpilp
S 951 b) This (Ihese) sint intrebuinlale in corela,tieN lhat (those)l

\ hi do Jou Pr"hr' trb o" 'i''
'
\re lour slamlrs
?trs este legai de noliunea adverbului t'l' lidI de aceea a adr.erbuhri
S 952
I'ut rnlr lich.c hrt. and that th'tt
'ir
/ltenlie !
Puri lii 'o',dim ' " lii ,l u'r pl"orr'rm rr'lr^bunl r% I' onslr_'i\'lor
i4;. i1ro, lr.ulir. rr;l',r r\d"/r 'i 'l r'.Lu tr"'t'to1t":1' r stttt4ltn'ra
sa recomandi:i'qi fic evitatc.
Se aude 'Lotrsi a,:l€seu.ea !i ir linba ronlann: this nuln hte thdt child
Ih$. eLc.(: on"ti u"o"iu de aiei, copilul acola de acolo) ca o rccentuare sau
clarilicare.
S 0;3 .7 L ri inrr r,L,or^m"J ''.is t,t ^ t \thl| /'''s ,'inr Inr'"Lui r":i
Penlru a se evlta repeLarea
H""h^ $.d m . on' - , ' oll. r ' . . t . , ' s J s " l 'r ''l I.
I r,"""-.o .r t.- -r a le - : . r o / h. " !4 . a $ - 4 '_ a a ] '
S 9;4 .J) Irronunele ttis (thtsN). Ihat (tha{) sint lntrebuinlate li in lo'nl
denonstrstiyelor the l1.uer. thc lbrru:r:
Hc disliksl liolh dnosar'. rnd nanill,,'i lor 1nisis rs ruch oi a! cltrerne 6 dar'
ri-" r--nt...,1*l homelong alie. ihe c ldFni ltlie 'lrild'erl I'ad Nn al
l l ' $. , \ . i\ ' l t hn. th r" $ d I d l o \l \' 'ftcs'
'l
E r ' c eplt iel
La singulrr. pronumcle li;s li llnl nu pot intocui in acesl caz subsl'llntive']e
care llenunesc PosLrane:
\l-. coui.]n.t .lcci.lc brtieeln dre gtl a\\f rh' ba!: the ltrz' \\Ls us innrlligenl' as
ttE Fritt.
€ l; ; d' l i }p pen ru i
/ / 4is s ' , , . ' rn l i n rr-h ,ri n l s re In p r un r i d rr' :r ' l i rrmp
o p' ri od' l ;44 rrnrrosai
a re f c ht : l, nnz " n . r" I p p n u I d -' ' rn t
viitoarc, iegate de prezent ln limha ronand. aceasti construct'tc nu se t'raduce
decit rareo Ptln acesld, accatlal
Th.r is.r sl.onri bfrier. cs.ereîtgs lLn+ Sce you aaain fils di.r x'eck (\_'i-
zcnt) (Nd reledcn de asLeziinl._o sllunn'i )
(Vintul esLctnlemrc searal
He h.!1 bcer asal ,ris rvc.k (Tr.ortl she is eoinq lo Sinain liis month
lEste Dleori dc o sipLimiraL. {Se dro; lr Sinaia lLrna4..dsD.)
(-{ losi rlccat siPumina a0edla l
The-l.l,avc be€n norkn,S hard d,s lasl. Iou Fill rcsret jt one oln's
Itu luo, l t onr t " m ' n t i n Il trn ' 1 r z l l r (\l s-o rcs' e!i i ntr-o zi l )
{ 956 ,\ se observaintrcbuiilarea i'lje'tr$lor //ti\ sJ thdl.c'rp Lr li arij'ohl

- nehotartt ($ 529), de;i ou formn ila sinqular.poh dct€rmrr5nurrLcLe unprpe-
oade de timp cu sens de plural' prif itd ca un toi:
'1 nd \'\e bd ar , "r ! bus v t hh - dJ l. r do!
Thi; Jo rmy / i"* u, . r s bN b+ \ r "J h1"l o n 'o r
"
I'!c been cxpeciing lot this taert! mLnutes
sau, pentru irecui:
Thst lrst ,rd turntnsFas cndless
$I ADJECTTVUL r9g
Aceeati lntrebuintare o au !i cu alte plurale care pot fi privite tolectirl

Beiterhavcthis t{o !ound(s)sixty 11 (sau rn.el no*
Did he rcturn t|rtt tbee Nunds?
Thel: coultlha.dtt walk that lst tqo hitomres,they wereso ljred
(Veziregulala S 2i'5t-25ts ci. S 533)
Natd
A se obsdva lorma de sirgxld"" a substantitului ln urmitoarele expresii
idiomaticel
Wc hare tilcd heretn;r seren,.dr a lialll coulle
ttp ha, b.-n ,4. , i n ad I d do o.
f) lhis ti that inlocui€-qcadesea o intreagn propozil.icprecedet[ sau S 957

parte din ea:
S he r.it "! n, t"r. t t " ut t n" p anat , 6t . l kno\ ,i; ' L"
I p' omi.o, -: tn /" I dJ r r ' lo' lor i 'm o 'n : e
l
Th.a ntt\t !. hanP " anl thtl .)1
lle i,s the;epulation of a rn.^l lrnt 7//, hc cellainlX is not
S ) T his.
th6 p sin f^lo' ir ' '.i
1a r r nt "ir i' s 958
Tri s i s Jol, n S nit h. ? les' are m! childfcn.
{lli/^/d }ronri t. JolLn Smith.l (lli/\ { r.eziil tc copiji m€i.)
h) Thi,r (these)\i tm Unse) + ta ,, sc traduc prin .,iati": s 9;9
7/,;s ts sliat hc told me. T7z.r. ar. his lliings.
(Ia ti ce m i- a s lus . ) tIat,'!i l,rcNfile (nici).1
,.\l'hioh is 1-otrrpor olio?" ,.7/,tsts il." flior. afc ltis Dftenls.
lcre este'scrrii,t.rtn? lai o ) ilalli i Dirrinlii lacolol.l
Tnoas hoN ire heard about rt.
(latn jr c! fcl am auit desl.e ace&sta.l
,i) *This" l- pronlDclc relrti{. Toate Pronumelc demonstta- S 960
,si'thii'
t i\ F tu l i n J li ' , r - s r " J a t ,o u n ' p rp ,d r' ^ . , { p ,i r" ' du j " hrr:' l " P /} ' ' si
,rdt sint supuse aceleia,siuzanle:
lvhat is r/,is rno,. I sci?
is a ditTercnLnroblem lmn that (.tltuh) \\c discussednefor'
l"Lir
n r€ 1 ." \ n " l1n. b1ll" i n ' d l o ' k ' r,/&. tn h ' .n a t" an l ha ban' h d mi i
n8" /rha
Th p .u l l ^l; " lr n| . , . r . fl d r ' .d l -" ,,r' , i l " l d ' a v rh -t.t" am A l t
Na ti i .
Consiructiei thas. trho ii core""punde la singula? lr, (s au s,it, {tlD: $ 961
H. ( 1, . r r n do p . n u r ' r,i l o " o l F .p ,l tl ne" l ' .1 i P { pahd.
7f r ; - , ' n. J o n .. .i r!l i . o o l ." g " J ,j r,l p ( dl l l ^ F{ pdl al . (pl' s3. .'
Acestor constilrclii. socotite acum prelioase. le slnt prelerete urmiitoarele
conliderate mai pulin pretonlioase:
Thc siudctri nho doesnot submit...
StuiltsntsFLo do not s!bmil...
5) Adrerbe compusc. - Thi.s \i, that. precedate de prepozi,tiile after. at. S 982
L, t , , o [. o n . t . ) . ur an. r ' 1 k .. r' ' rn .^ ' i
in l n l o u i l e i n li nrbd ]i r" rrr6 " cri rS ori
oii"ial a "u FJ v " r ba . o' np. .., d i n a 4 \p rb p l " l | .o u th .rp-: tratrozi l i d
' F.pp"
,{.sif€l:
her . alt c r: a l l e r th i s
ili.reniter : alter thal
, p' onun lal p I Jo_r . / ?r ur s d, r PP, . ' ' nl l . I n a o n P d d n o u ;

: ri. , / . " r . , rr J.+r -
. L'. pr 0num . . I ar ir . pf on I nlll [ d3 ] .
.13 cramalica rinbii eneleze

194
iherety - by. ihal hereuron: rpon this

thereipon : tlpon that
l,e.Nith : with this
th.rcwUr : with that
9{-i3 o, -lbiq $i{h l id{erbc. ln' ilul rJmilirr'/'l''"i/nd'l"tfisisd!'r1."
Jpn'^r"lrJ i\e I = .ol Dl' sinr a un'i urrnllF d- un rdje'li! sJu de un adr!rl
care e\pr;mn lniltimta, cantibaiea, distanla, timpul etc.:
r l. s h. . /t" -r,, (c a :r ,. 1 = \l ' i l
1t us 113| ||t u !)n i g l ' { In /i l l i m ' ).
P , , , . \ r i, i G u u i .' ,l o J l
( s au a ,) i a r' (D i s tm l e )
" & t r aici (sau acoto)l
fPlnl
Th-a $at.r $ds Inor hia}
I I n, w / nr s m u rh , l h a l ' o u s ,i n d L :-' l '
'' J
He rvcnt tldt iat and no Inrtle.
Did wc stax the.c rl4, lons?
Atenlie !
96{ ?/,it ti lhdt cu in,tclesexciarnariv (: aiit de...l) sint expresji vulgare ofl
dialeciale:
I s $ r/d t.o l d l
(['li_era aili de Irigl)
$ 9ti5 Trr! Fox-trx& Trrn r,ATTnrl

(},IONU}Itr SAU ADJDTIIIV! DDffONIT'T,ITTTX)
6 966 {) Functii. - Demonslratjl ele the fanrto l- pLimu) ldin doil pr in::
r<lin,loucr.prim ii sauprin',leldindor,igrupr,rirlsi 'l' tdtt'r ' ult.i rll't
ooi), ulLinaioin do r' ullir"i"u 'rlr m'l'rd;ndou:grLDUrrrlpol Irplo'l'
sarr adjecdrel
I lravereadBob's1\ork anil Jan€'s l ptekr nk funet {llol\ work) to /r lor"'
iJano,s).(Pron.)
'-- ine;"r";ked l.ochoose bet\on Sha$dd Ocas'): rn' /n/'/' snbie'r (Eh'tr
pelsipr, t h P 10 .t Ocd ld mori rp" r!'cdl
$&. \o ' p \ J
{ 967 2) Fonn5.- Demonstrativele r/r lbrmo ;i tfu lalter au o singuri lorm;

InrX distinctie de gen, numdr sau caz:
Cecil dit Alice arc hoth€r and sislet: the f.'rn r (C.ril) is youger Uran /E larr-_
, \ lic el. lNasr 5i l. m s g no, n )
Isaw lho ho !6 r s , ig b"h: J | ' e' t L' h' p 'n t r|| b '1 " ' J d d 's 'r " ' I
t h b "r \ ' e d Jl.' \ 1a5. s i lpm . pl. : , .
96E Demon.rralivcleth fnm". Fli/r' /o'"f. tiind^dnua'on'p(not;r ''ill t]l '

rar
site numai arunci,jnd se r"tpra la doui obi"c'pr.In '€zul unpi I numprari
conline mai mult, ale aloud {iinte sau lucruri, tnt'rebuinlarea acestor dou:
demonstraiive
-- -'ti sste incorectir.
969 fnrrotruintar". \ll dFnon'lr"ri\ul [om'r. rit "i d"r"on' -1 .
tattpr pot li inlr;buinlaLe inJpp"ndFrI urLl de arlul 'l"r "u morrlr "r:
-.i
nv tonat t . a th Pt .. lo b l , n "d p to i"r d "b )
m:r lomr Dteits { toe ii m' rhri,
th; fun{ dcin 1 - lostul dc.d)
in /o.ne. tines (: ne rremndl
lhe / dt lpfhalj o t l h ; c " n l u ry I a d o u a l . nbl a' p 3 s" ol u i
t he lolb, Dat Lo l L h Pn o v d (- u l ' rmr Ird l n a romuurul
in r h" : " l; r pf d s v s { i n ,,l rrmu l l i D t. 1 n ,i l " l " no6k" r
I r r r p. - davv iew ! a a .l J F . ' p :D i idp ul rrmi o" rJ
' ;o n .e p l i i
I S ens€x am a l i .s l($ 2 . Pe ri ru d e ' -a l ivi p z i $ 9-n
! perrrir o enumFf;re d mai m-lt dp douJ obipctp vFTi 5 970.
$I ADJECTIVUL, lt5
THE TIBSI. TflD LAST S 970

.PRONUUE AT ADJEI'IIVE DEUONSIA-{TrIN)
Adic"rivFle/r" fi.s, ( -primul. prima. primii. primalelsi ilp /arl , ulli-

m Ll, ullima, ulLjmii. ullinFlc). liind doua s,/1,./d/i'P.sini lnlrcburrrlat".a
pronumpsi adip.livp dpmonstrarirFin eazulun.i eau'nFrSri.dreLoolrnenar
hult de dou[ fiinle sau lucruri. (Pantru detalii vezi S 965-968).
TEtrJOTIIEIi THE OTf,EES s 971

(TRoNUMtr S-{U ADJESIIY DEIIONSfRATIV) (PRONUME DtrIIONSTRATIV)
Forma de sinqular llv ol,{€r"(: celetalt, oealaltd) este consideratdca lnd€'

olinind une"ri funrLid do adi..liv sau pronumpdomonqlrdliv.jar Iorma d"
ilurdl !h" oth,rsr= .prlsl i ;lplil ni ea fiind numai pronum" d"mon' rali!:
r nd t "t ' + t |' at h. . ir j. r ' ( \ d j l
Orinc rl' b lu" \a5 . r'.
I . A k" .- s i o .rr J ppt d, t n, r LaLp , t ? o/ f r - .
' -ron.)
l n rir. l h i l in a "h ro $ ; 1nq ; nt l E a h", . dan' pd l P " o n r
SAITE $ 972
(PROr-UIE S-!U ADJECTIV DE]UO\STR-!.TIYI
aceleafi]poate li
1) Functrii. Sazrc[: acelaqi(lucru),aceeali aceia-si, S 973
pronumesau adjectiv demonsirativ:
lrllatrrryNew Yearl" "The sand to yo!I" (Pron)
Thei ireharedin rlre sdmeway. (Adj.)
A tenlLe !
Intrebuinlarea pronominali a curtntutui sdrz€€ste condamnati in unele S 974
cazuri ca nclitirari !au desuetn,dovedind uneori chiar lipsi de culturd, spre
exemplu in vechiul stil com€rcial:
Wc liave Xonr aelvet and {'ill scnd sa',. at once
Samc poate avea li valoare de adaerb,cn sensul de,,la fel", ,,tntocmai": S 975
In his nbsencc work w€nl on i'ast E satu.
I leel thz sdne as yoo about teaohing.
Dimpoirivx, loculiunea all tle sdnd (: totu9i) exprime opozi-tie: S 9?c
A lhe sanc, I don't like hef.
Sdmepoate inlocui i a tntreagdpropozili):saa frazdl s 977
They alplied the Dcrvmethodol wo.)r,and I did the saru
2) Formd.- Sam€are o singuri form;, lari distincliede gen,numlr sau S 978
'l'hcv all s:rid the saue. (l'ron. neuhu se. ac.l
T hr r df r p op l " w r' - d ,i .' o n l a i o , o n l l ' p bu' ro l -i ol i _
1. \ dr m ac s i l e m l l n .m )
Sdnc est"eaproapc lntotdeauna precedat de articolul hot[rit. s 970
3) Accentuflrc. - Pentru accentuarea ideii' same poate fi precedat dc $ 980
cudnt€le ter4 sau sef (: chiar acela, identic):
This is ihe v.fu saa.r baa I lost.
S'" \.- r h, . " 7/ . dp. Li " l l I' a d m i o n p L r,,i n .
- Samcpoateii cor€latcu pronumelerelativ as(Y. S 1094). S 981
4) Corola,tie.
I Demonstrati{ulsdru poatetilsi clnd este treoedat ile adv.r}ul tery: "This is the
$r
198
S 982 so
{FNONUIIN DEMO\STRATIY)
$ lrbS I fur.lii.- D"mor'lr,litul s,, { a"rqra.r.r' r e'rF lnlrnbuintHi 'J

pronu ' :i "lun i In'o.uiorIpo Intr'-ei propu/rlreprpiedFnrd:
I knewsnc wasr'l ri8li, and I told her so
"C& she IelP us?" "I tlLiDk so-"
E 984 \'erbele cu care pronum€l€so este tn specialint'reluinldL tn acestcaz,sinf:
' la beaftaid, to b(Ii.ee:tu do. to fear. ta hape.to sa! : 1otlqpote' to leIL to thLnherc'
S 9Sb So poate inlocui lqi u Adjectir;
tle $ -Etre1,snaod sn rre \e
I xse d to -be , r An, s , iLL I am o no lor ge.
"It ws .old lesierdal." ".!. it $4"
i 986 ,So esLc ;i adverb sau conjunclie:

.to Dranymer, so many mnids lAdv i
S he is s i r t r e l .tl ' L(.\n 1 .1
I le s nok e i, ' a l m h l i \,rL )
k r ipt ; on b tJ .j .o . ,o L r.r h d " J r $ ," . ,\c\.)
T1e-r i.r n l I' . ,L | \ '. ."d ,. 4un_ l
s $87 2) Soandso. Lor liunearo an.l s/)(Fubstarl,i! set'raduceprin',culare l

\Y€ stayedovcr ihe \tecLend$ilh ihe lr'_ozl sos lsubst !l )
s 988 3) So"so. Sr-s, (adjeclil' !i advcrb) inseannA ,,a!sa,ctala :
a clcrk she is ro-rc. (-{dj.)
^s sirss io-so.(-{d\.)
lIe
s 989 SUOIT
(PNONLT]IE S,\U -{DJ}]cTY DEMONSTBATIV)
\ 990 I , hr nc lii. S a rI a l a ra . i rt' l ' l ' a-c erLl { dFr' A ' a/

p as laj F r..l poilp li p r^" pm'
nurF npa
r' i ' €dJ^' rr\ d' rnun' t1
o, s " " pi; r a1 .3 re " tc 1 rr
Hc Y'as a .lNm man and eell knoND rs s"/' {Pron l
Sz., rcsulls are rery uDsr$sla.rorJ edj ]
rh i
S
g91 2) Ionnfi. - ,9r.i are o singure forrnn, lirn distinclie de c€n, nunir
I can'i b€a slackersand all sr.li lPron Inasc.ii lem l)l ac l

Judn music a\raJs (.\dj ncntru ss Doml
's 'tlcornc.
Articolul nehotarit al substantiruhi d€ternrinat de adjeotivul sD'n '=
S 999
p u n e dupi ac es ta :
Did vo! cver see sz'l a tJiing?
It rvas !z.l a ,ine drYl
s 993 3) Inteles.-
s 904 a) Sar,t poste {i sironim cu demonstrativele this (thesc), that (tha;t.'
rd .n I lh6 i, r ha Dq, / l . or J i . L' \ ine , n s i l , l o r '\ 'l j r ..
Jr./, I ,:", onlJ r l, , ar ; n - od r Lr r ' ! I n J n n l o n l F I 'o ":'
s 995 b) Sach aN qi lnleles e\rlamati{ (': atit de, aqaJ:

ThF Asri.u'ru,dlPr'lrr"rio,, uutF"a\P hal ,, t a bumo| 'rol rlrF - '
'
J ( . / . li: . , , : d .n , j r,\' , ' . J rp r; i n g ru l L ! rr' B " l JrpJ :
(V.zi 9i S 51')
s 99{i cJ ,A.deseorisar,t nu apare in lraducerei romaneasci:

I t is dps i" ab hro -.u " l d l i / n l ra * d -:e . ' . r ' Jl o" oprr-1"
lL" t e d. dori L .a r l rJ d ..r p a J F F p o lt' rr' "
T hpv \ v " r . a L " d l o s l o n ' l l ' Ib u n l l ,/ m" as rof" dl ' 1m' o r
r r iu' t oq i' : ir ' i s i a .n " l ' p r," ' Io:a' ' ' a m4' ' : sr \'
FRONIJMELE SI 197
4) "Suoh" -1' prontmel€ rolatiY. S 99?

a) Cinn snch este urmat d€ u,n pronumerelativr acesiaesdeaproapc S 998
iDtotdeaunaas (: care)' rareorr rro:
l l. $ r . h " a 1 r , i r p w !"o d ' r ' r ' , m ig h in l.r ' l hi t'
\\ i\ : l, d\ o'' ' | o n p p " o j . | 5 / ' l n ' r d |lo u l' | 1 | .| l' .p n r J\'
r 4/ , lh p h ' 1 0 1 ll, n $ lp l' n ' lo L J r'nl l d rr \ar po r'
u. lj J l o l ' 1 r 4 | | ; r d
b) Suchus este sinonim .n thoset\Jn, tlv)setrllich: S 999

Let all slrl, ds t: tl,oseshol want leacc e'ork ils dcicnoe'
i!;,s."; le; a.t, but'l wjll shitlx lrr d Jotr.rd,/'dr ( : I hoseNlich) I nav'
".(,ik$ "'
dl Srrl &s poate avea Ei tnlelesul ..ea de eriemplu": I 1000
The Sl,alcstore ad{crtised loys sr./, as lraUs.dolls' drums aso
Do lou lnow therc is se./, a piohuesqucplaic os ClovcllX?
5) Such and such, - Locutiunea srr.l, dnd s ,]h se lraduce prin -,cutare': S 1001
On sr.lz and sai a da[o, it sacnond nr.t a llacc
SU(,lILIIiE s 1002
{-{DJ00rlr.} (= ascn'{ta) ! 1003
l're neto hen sr./r,^. iDlrdinccl
(Pror!M!/ (: as€nentn rrr.'rrr .\ 1004
He enjoJ.d rcading a lotr lovels, short sto.ies, plr$ ihfillers and nrnltne
oNr,! 0r\Es s 1005

(PnoNU]rDDrxrorisrR"{rlv},
ltluxctie. On. si .,n.s sint rrrolrrme denr.nstrative Ele pot {i qi S 1006
..,b"ts ri'o ii I2641.:ingLrl"rulnn pu" e ri nrrn"rfltil2lSr'prorulr'n"1rn-
tirit !!u a!lip,ti1' n"hora,lt (S 1104)
2r Forori :i lDtrh..- Pro'ru'rFlcor' li on r d r n ircurd iormj panlr I S 1007
jrr pri'inla nu'ndrulrrr'
ioaja
'-'- Lpnuril..i 'rlurilp. EIP nu '. d-'Fpbr' dai
C; p;;rril demonstrative au urmntorr.rl lnleles: S -^
1008
acccn,
o,, l: acela. cel,.ealtss.)
ores(: accia,acerea,cci cere)(d )
3) Intrcbuinlarc. Pronumele one !i ,n.s stDt,inttebuinlate pentru a se S l0og
erita repetar€a unui substantiv:
I c1\e h pf rr'" r"d riL lon J r d I , pl lhe L, lu o, P
rhd oo( olr I'e r,,d g lo! "" r r d ! . r in s om F, dk o4Pr.
O e nu lnlocuielte ilecit subsLantiv€le care pot, a!'ea -siformn de plural: S 1010

SDeakto tlai llttle boY. l.he fair o/
L;ok ai thoseplroiosl\touldn't you lilt to hare oneslike tncm?
Se spunc tns6. cincl subsi,antivul nu poate a1'ca plural:
I IiIe cold milk ieild thlln hot.
I'll lakc re lat neat not ihc lean
Llneori promrmele onr precedat d€ lr adjectiv tu are antccedent '{cesta
este insd eYidenL:
l l y l i tt lF o, . i ( P uiul rn .x r)
Ou r l i iile ones { : c 0 Prr'n u s l .r)
rl '" \" r ng, 4i' ll" o, q o t d n i rn a l sI p ' ' ." r' i m d l " ]o_
l
MORFOI,OGIA - PRONVMDI'E
198
gl Dr] oltSTBATlYE
s r01r coNsmucTtl lDlo)L{rrcD co ?EONUIIE ^DJEmlvE
oi'l',i"f"h"',"i''
#i"T"fi."tr"u
noi o sr'rna'"dr L)
iit.i-;J,a;'
Ztke tirrs//ndl(: asilcll- Ji tu r"r" )
Vii) iiiij 'i 'a'" r' cla"'iu,nm
armi
na,:r
Ii: ;,Ui,.";",i":,,."'*,,:;i',,' il:", Am'
l#ii"'111''at "^";'i''n:"''"'
i[lir;s. lj:';,;1":,"' l]';,".o :"
"iS'"i $'1"i:
i*: i;;"';l:'l:Hrll'"i1""i35:'i":l;l;u'"*nr
,rilft tndr, sh. ran out
r S r r alnd o' c dr ' fu g r a ri ta l
c'rI
c@d
*11;""*;'t *l'n"'"lfi'a't
a gaod Laa'
't"n 'li.l it Tho'
tAi reusitl Brdt' rl
r 6; s and J
Ir wac a lwrls J ol' n ' n ' ldr '
i e.cu lo n in Fus . r on t n J ns l
'Fii"*,iliii:1;}iq:i pe
a,a,i
a,,a;,i irinc.
{
;fli"[,.1;
i;
;"?l,Y';;J;. :' \' - *"r
ll il^,",,
i!:;'l,,,: a hr '
1 "". 1 ' *. "i , r 'p ,,, ;i ; '" '' " t ri '
ii. s" o;'""' orat r
' ''iT;'","' r"*"... {: io .u,adzi,tn .u'd^4
""a 's"'1" ";
;l'"i:f
?ii"ie3 ;;?l' ot,i''.1"'";;;'r "
s1012
.
v.PRONUlrE.-L!,.trr?JR:ll'*t';l'131"*tl
(TEE INIERBOCNr'r
;nt"togoli!F're f'rr"s de
t l0f3 I) Dotioilio'- PronutrI" t s r' r e ' h iv rlp n i't'j
'\'orbir- p ' t u t"' t
lu la ""ll'"
r
D r oDo zilien r p r ogrrrta
"""' "'-"i'-i'O'r""ri ' ; l
ixoiimat ln r[sPuns:
\ lv
..,"- / /i,., ., LulsfeA
''1 4h t ra d,r';rs l'
n;ii';;
-#ftfTl1*"ltf-',"-,f:i;i;i ' t olle'
l' forl
pe ]ingi un qubsrantivii FFrre:te
stl
AdiectialllintefoEatit'
- '.::ii*"*
nnei tntrebart:
"
^'o'
,X:J'i.::':;,t::,"'t!'"
*t ** ;;"1
intcroT::.:]r"i";:lt*'""'
$ 1014 2) Formi,.- pronu,rerefi $djcciirerc
ltlnol (: cinc?) 1\om l
are
aicui?
ac''?
t;n:ii laloi? 1Tj,xfllill"i::ll',1*l.",
'""J#"1llr {': Froda'i
s,'paL
\#,:\\ l=:itiil:ili t"fflg*i
""'
IFiilllil""';,,i";;fll'1..,0,',.'1"1.''''
lv 199
FRONUIEI,i S1
1iY,n:.', ',;l:"iq,T { l"#!':lj,l\T" T \r'";:l':t':rl ''-'n

';, i- ;.,i''l
;- ;" :;' dt"*, I#l;;l"J,ll,ill;iiTi;"J,'".liii
F r l' I n dn ; n B ' L $ o d ''r " o 1 )
I lv nol
t|n4,'(',: '\on. -rr. ltl,]"""
iii:;
ill';;.""';,..):r;,,cj.
. J';.i"i:t;.ll,i'n"iiljx.l
,-'
l ,n,.7.'oli:, l'i'"
::: ,',,0'r"
$ lorb
TbseraaILL
pot alea sensalti de sinsular'
inr'crosarire
ei adjccti'r€le
,,, Jirol.iiJHi"
i', iii;::::i,l:;ii.;,ll ii,i'',lll"li"",in,,, ., ,, "i .u,- sdip. iL"
, jr , d i n Fo l c i, un s r r b. r dn l i \ r-r, .rr I i " " l ura r: ô,i
u nora rr'
" p"":;,,._.pr. a .^\FJ..,n" ' \i rrl -t
.1"*) *h;+ .i
" l:l,l.j:";; 1,.1r:1:;,
li?ll':,:'i"': 'a.i'-
,"',r"a:-,i'"
;,,,";' i
",,,'i,,':::#:iT";l-:ol;
n'o.l,l;1";'l::'?;'.i1,;!l'il:1,]Jl;ll;fJllij'iiii'ii"ll"'h
j'|.rG
*"1'l ll;l;;i; :l',1,;;t
l:;""llili,ilirXl li'"1
il:l'lri ii;i:fi ;
L'''i;r{:
tu tt lt '; 'n ] . u . r . . l0t?
a "2 . P ro n Lo,," :i r l j ' i \a l "in ' u' a' i\" "' o ' :ingr ,r S
r
fofln1.indit'r.nr ,1, gcr':i nu'nnr' P' n ru dil"r t rpFr I arurrL'r'
',;:f, l:i8;: )l ; ll"il;'

-riq ;j':rr'
',7',' i:,iH' """ llnl,lni
'
stnt tnirebuin- S 1018
5) lntxcbuintare. a) who (trhascl, Lvlto(n)' to o/ro'r,
tate nunai Pentru Persorne:
' iwno is ihis rnm?" "Un'lc l orn"
_iv,l" ."o' î.t? f i ' 4" I I'n" -
-ii'r,,'"".
i:".,; ;" rhp!J ri -\ rulr'y"roud ..
-whr'. is i "-'on ) "Th" n \ ldoor I pr s nD n ! _ s
r p.
=
:lT;;o:;'-:"::',;.J;
; -r1rbrbr'.^
_ T o n v \rd rp $' 4nd hrss Lp..
i n ' ').0:""':'""
- who! n. t di d v o ' r '_P"
ty n o -:
' . l don l liL F r l' Whon: )
{fiT',"1:'-',:i ;i[ ]:ir':, . "
"
Tjlk"Ji,
din'rp) - prFupune aleepre S I0l9
, j which intproseri! e.ip 'plc' liv (
,;;ili
jJ'ff 'arF
;,"T.'iJ'Silil,"':,tTlfi:JiiiY":;i'Hi.J" "'i"li'ii"",ilJ,ilTii
o/:
li' J t'"""i";'"rJ Ji;ing;r sauesr"utn'61dFpr"poziuia
'
wh ich oLcp f a! on"il"j
o l vour br olhpr " i5 \I^d\ Pron'
t/nr ,t o " ih is $Fk c t ilm \ J lx
wh ;.h ) o t"p s won r hr r 3o- r \ or I
l1|6i.1 dratr:ns do You P"f"rr 'ôl i
i XflH]i" ;l"J:'r'";"{ 'datdeprFpoziria

?"'*,. ' i r."h,ipsr ri'.p.r', 'o
o*'Pff"l",lj'i,i1 '?lh,f
J-.1:"J8iJ'fl
flil'';3f'.)i'i;ri#j:"il'.'f, '
lI;;lJ'."$,".';.:* **"rui esre plurarurui.
p.ererarr
Whieh iiind invariabil ca fornil, sint situalii in oare numnrul (sg. 6au pl.)
trebuie toiugi specificat:
I'vc lound sonc smpsiiotsr/ntul, (pfon.)wouldyou havc?
Ambiguitatea lntrebdrii creeazi o sitralie diiiciln: l.cbuie a]esun singur
insLantaneu sau mar multel Solutia:
Which .ne \!antd, you h.r1e? s a r
tfii.l o"s s'onld vor hr!e?
1020 c) 'lYhat, ca proDume.sereferl nunai Ia inalndatel gi indirect la aninate ;

ca adjectiv se rcf;rn atit la aninate (iDclusiv persoanc),cit ta i anim&te:
-si
d i d " ,,. ^ o , pdno: i r1,," r," i ..-
1
"n nd, (adj.ld,s nit him?" "The }utch.r\."
eb". do rou rrcler?" "\'rolet."
gtts did I'iru tnlk to in the hnll2'nTo Jill and Ar.r."
's lhe ,tmcr" "1Il's), itrst goDc livP."
di.I it .asr1" "T\r. rrounds'.
js your nafuc. nati;natiht, rnf.s!n'\ kleth'n. nnnt,a, oddnEst"
's i'our \rife lil'e:'1 "Swiret and .os) to be Nilt,".
I "ttrlo arc.rou?" ",\lec Jores. tour nrother's rricnd. .oDP l,un
:1 s. canPan { the stares i: sL,{j"-
I' } 1 /., ,- ' u .' \ !,. J ' :\'
'l
1021 Aten lie !
Se atrage atenlia asupra intrebuirtnlii incorecte a adjc.rtirului inlcro-
;a rr .i;i. ,JF "J "ron1' lolo.; d" .ru,lp lii ro, ini t'-,,r,,, rr" Lu -i,
0djari\ului inrpo-J'i! ",.- din IrmtrJ TI/; /' i, i,nji'r\ -''"
'^,,';1.
srlfcrir (: care dintrc...) . Cind adjectivul iDterogatir ..faret nu eslc sclecti'.
cl €ste tradus prin }'hat' al firui inlelcs tn limba ronarri nu €".tenr.rnrai..e-.
ci 1i ,,care":
Cdl. scriil.f lLi nlar! cd mai niull?
: Ilrld, \vritcli d; Xou likc best?
Cdrc din1rc scriitorii seoobhi al IIX-l.a ili tl{!e?
: Which of lti riih cenlury wrilcrs do Io\ like?
1022 What erclamati{.
n?d, a rvisesa]ingl
\.rzi S t46. 1090.239t.
SITLr:\TLI,lCrU-{I.l.
1023 .rJ IYho lYhom. DupI cun s a mai aritat inainte. iendin-tade sinrirlr
ri'.-diir Iiml , !njhir drn.lrlul .o,.';"1 -rri. prr".ii', r.l 'rl 1'u '
'si
r'r" ,vhat4.tor". iiili\,.lui ri, rin?inJ.dinlo 'ri.., in l^d. iru-lrr '
^,,
torn,' oLip.,i.ur..r.,r',/,. r la pInu^FlF )i cJ:p'riv.ln i.lp,4,d i\ '
'r
ls,FlFrFloti\F. I'rrn I9'o. l.l"rr.l 'idpir.. s in:Lorq,ri1". r"1'. i: | .
saf€to prophesJthat within a corple ol hundr€d lrom now noi el et Lil
-l'ears
nost leirned jurist t'ill be saling''l|hom did yoir see!" Evoluria actual'l
acestui pronume confinni adel'drul proieliei cilalo.
' L d I.i -at Jrd J - t f / . , i. I " \ n. nr ' . a! r ' . Jt,r. !ro"urn.. nri\..- o t,,' r
?1 "qtp tn"r r, ?,o /,! n "i ! j , i t d . n obF : nanim a t , r " e r r . ' u i . . j i r ' - l r '/ , o .
tit pl,\.: '"'"+od ..r i. 1"i. |lpl. n6r am ali d l . / l i d , . t r o r 'r n . _ u : r 'l u r r .
"\.o u. \rfe'
"tanirL I Ul
tyloi's the time? [: urhal tJ...]. 11'r just s,ac live. I: ll no6 6',8...1 r' S 1::'
186t,
3 Citai de Drian Fosier, The Changing ErylAh Ldnguasc, p- 2al, 19;t'
PRoNUMEI,I Sr lv 201
.", iiliit: il:i,T ";ii: li#;i,,fi,if iil;i,1l.r

t".:j;lll.f
:l:l;;,1;
.n - ilul .oloc\iat s,ri". prin ior^r" ,,o
j!i,.r,,,?J::lJ:i'iff:J
"
",,;'ii,lii;,ill:ff"1x!?l::,,""1J1,:i.ifi?x:J;ji;
s t i tut i nfannatIcok.aiat
{ro.ntt sau scrjs)
lllat.). ro Nhom (9 " t 1 . .. 10

' vho
prcp.) lor \vhonr.._ pre!.) who... ior, crc.
Erenple:
'.rylo Jid ,.r I ni, nn , pr I , pj- ,t.r..r,i.-.-
r"iil;sjj, ;''r'i'r-,i ,. \ ^ ,i".
I;0";1j,.; r.;i'rd
' '
J y , no t t , . h ,,o k D !
'. 1 ,. \, p-
ii.jtll l; 'l I :,;i,i.," ; ; 'r":,"lflooll;,
' ,,,",'
;'liI " i_11,1
, n lo u r.,.oL . ' r .
-t'll:trli; ,Jil,l
,,,l;;";'illli;:; , , p t r dq r hi1t . . gol. . \, I' r
. ri $bi.b "i $hat c" nanrir "., m,i su. r$ t^t_ tu22,. t.,r".,t,ir,,bdri q t0Z.l
ln stil,rlIo ,,at. ni.j jn c€l Loloclidt.
;r"':
irlj
',r.i
r;*';irl#:,
i ;ir.lr'',r,ililr ;ii,,,i".i^;;;;;
o'"r"u' i,r'ii;,in:li'li"r
,
;:i;":r"'lij
(,:;;;;il,l'i:li#ii:i i;il:
c, Which - Nhose. cenitivul o/ eht.h. ltni o lorma
p!re dp.Fl. rnai pred greoaie. { 1096
m rlrn ori t,,tocuit, u'it,F.,,n.,1r, Dr:
Thc cottage o/ o,,ri.t Lhc sh,ttqi arf grlcn js lton\.
Esto inlocuit,cu:
iii';iii#E,r,,;'ii::1;::
i;fj,:;it'
(:::i'i;;,.ili;,,,,."",.,")
T,rP ro om r1".. t a9 r , , dv . - ir
|lr. ro om .,./i . d . t , - "r . . b"y nin4oq . -
Inljrogalia diro.ri \i inrlirccta.- lnrratbr;t".ar",onli,,
. ,, li
€LrJAsrr\. pronu,,,pqi { t02rj
Inl"ogr i\p. r r d' JuIA htuflr ,tirp. _:i inuirrctc.
;;{,tti' ; ",!'1""'i;;;, :l il;\; ;i'1 FFn'ri r Fopro.

-":'iii',iii "p.' l' '''
tt'tal is lhe lran,s namc.
"1;[:"i]
IflBtn) .tid vou rt,E rD.
I t 1, n i l t n e e r h l r ti i i i n i
11,,:i:1L;;;';,,11x,,:,i,,;X::,:i;'
"'',u "i:::',:::":i,:ix,,lii:tl':ll,iliTf
| '( J ' r "l"'
,,/.n \,, I _l I r r t , 3 . n
r \-czi R .
Q ni. k c l. at ia.
909
AtP,nlie !
ver\ul sau aunF
6 102? La jn orice propozjlie interogat'ive'tn interagalia'l'irectd
" liarnl /r.t,rdii subieurul:
\V "t h g m' aa 'Ptul:
'"" f ido al l|" d o o ^"r r
\ \ nul n' ' 4"
\ Vhu { l 'tl'ald / P
propozi'ie interogativx' ci declara-
ltt interryali'1 indl]ectl' carc rru esteo
I i\ \ Prbrl se PunFJl/Pn 'ubi"' | :
", qhd ln ' ) ! tu t ro""l "Jk
T lm
iP h a lJ touan at th" uoot
'
I r ) l' d h - sn o In
Sn o d o o "r ' l "1 o \ s n /l fto r sP '' Lh4 s"rP Io
''
'r
t9 5 1i
{ V e z i ;i S t0 5 2 ' t8 9 l '
inloroeatit' "' '
DO ln ixl' rosd!ii' Cind pronum"l"
s 1028 ?r lttritiurrrt
ji,i':"a"a:""1i\ Jl inrFfofairv Ll"t'tmin; 'ubiP'i-ulnu 3e inlrcirurrr-
.rr
'"1' propoziliil' in erogr'iLP poriLivel:
iil,r" ""'ri'".i;i Dti in
l7lD thitrks so7 loD:
lt ' t t "c s o1 r am " or '
ju l n o {:
|, l, t r n s or nun ] ooLed in
l'"ta' l3l! n"'1 J""rProar
:
propozi'tiileinterogativ_negabive)
E 1029 Se spune insd (in oazul obiect'ivsau in
I":#,l':':"
wn!! i:"'i:"*'!
1):; d: t lh" Por ' m 8 n g o '
W h h "a'
Hi;;' i::,1"'j".''lLi' **,

EL',,=n
^x: tt stilutlornal
1030 8J Lorul 0repoTiliei' - Conrntrnrcgulilor.srdm6li'at"
' "" " p r " p o li,i , p r o i"do phnum'1"'sr adj";rit u l in re ro g u lr\ :
f;,,iYil.,':'li %xl'n"
7or ohom did he want it?-* '
At ehat are loulanghing?
rotulpecare
este
.{cesta il
prepozilia
curentriinsn.
"":iirt['ffi,il,ii1'"x'rgli:i,
esie I
1031 In aorbiett Prepozilia
Ilrl'o is Uiis |ook
I/l;n school does'/r he conc l'o4'
Itl@ did hc $dt it lb'r
t{l'i#""J"-]"""
;-,tri,; l::
::*: ##}1i;'
:iit*r;lii'*l:3r{
lrr s'ilul Ln'iliat sp lnlllnp' rl r'
1032 9) lronumele iol'rogaiiv compu' exnrimd surprrnoerr'
t/'dl
mele conpu"p: i)rLotPr' ettt';r "'/ li '"/ 'sre
nedumeriri. indignare elc :
tthD a1-: ,tp ,in"': wl". -"'.,ro d
"rounill'i :i"iJ:'",
f;:'::;:'i ,.::::" :"' ;;;;" "::,'s r " n'a,',r?
po?ili\ nu r upr ind p o n e g a l r P : ,.Cine
oede acediar". :.
I ln
"roe ,l ia . d c l_d' r er cio'nu
"l* iffig,qit;" Jii'i"oon"s'fr' "'r"0'
Scrise tntr-un cuvini fitlo-€r€.. 'xhicheaer)t ,haterer)rt pronumele intero- S 1033
sitire deroti ljps5 d€ cDlturS.Insc s, €'drrtDtrcbuinlatpentru aseaccentua $l{)g4
prnnurn-lai'rre'og1li\'.n,r Fsle puq llngi pro'lrn":
lfha e,et aadC,have known the rcason?devinein sc,is:
Wh, canl.l,erd have known th," reason?
10) Conshuofii idiomatiee $ r$6
Cd Xou tcli mc @ho'sqho?
lPoli si-ni srli cinc slnt c.i dc faF tEr sr I Lr' I uu 413.',
asta?l
lsau ocj dcsprecarese Yorbeqte?)l What abaur t show?
(Ceai zicc si ncrg.n la un specla|ol?)
lAluarul notanilifililor) Johnny'sdrawerx'as luli oI ma.blcs,njls,
nsils ard wrzt ,or.
(ti€rl.arul hi Ionicil €ra Dli! de lilc,
Itna, ,ind did h€ colne? penile, cuie Fi cn, air.,,.,f
(i,a ce ori a v.nit?) trhdt of thot! sat What theh?
i ]]i i i ? C c i cu asta?)
I d.n't know tuhit:h is ehn:h.
(Nu 1e lo1. deoseni.)
l]'rafs the Xnglish 1o. lhis? l l e k n o { s ," ftul s @ na,.
(Crm s€ s!u!c la accasta in fngh' i s ti c c l s e sc dcscurccl) sau (D l ]e
H. 1n111 me nax (ha|.
(D a r tu ?) il\{i r ertlicnl 'hot
dedrNbiuril-" cliestiunii.)
(M-a l u s l a ruenl .)
Ate n l i e !
In hnba englezn se spune: "Itrdl do !-ou this in En.Eli.qh?"(Cum S 1036

'rall uF nl a"
r.un,e:lia -dbla In , ngle/F:r":, ,;i nu. c'rnt ." .t',r, ' ' tr" 'n rirri.
prir , u lin,ba romdn.: Hou Jo vcu :.ll hi.. i" Lneli'l,l'
"nsluLi-
YI. PN,ONITU}]I]E II ADJNOTTI'UL RNI,ATTY $ 1037

(TtrE liDll\tryn PRoIrouN-{nD -{DJltlrIlE)
l I
GE^"ERAI-IT,tr
l) Formd. - Pronumele relalirc slnt urnldtoarcler': s t03n
eho (,xhase,ohon), whith, i|hal Mt, &sj but.
Ca qi in limba romAnn, oha, trhan. trhich l; trhdi poi, Ii aLtt pronume inie-
rossiiv., ,lr :i pro,un," r^,irirp. dupi Iun rr" t" "d'-. ind-plir'er.
ttl'u',. .vhi.h s, ,/'ol tnr li :i rdjF" i\" r"l"ri\F.
Pentru simplificare, relalilcIf|. interogatiy€le !i adverbele care incep
cu literele ir/| sini grupdte tn gramatica englezil sub denunirea de "ph-
forms" (forn,elc cu nri-tialelert,{-), la oarc sc adaugi !i ftoo.
2) Dofilitic ,\i lunrtii. Ir^nnn,.lp rclativ arc doul func-tii sim tane: S 1039
ul tinc loiul ,,,,ui s,,bstantir (sHual unui cchivalontal acestuia').le- S 1040
gindul de o propozilje alributi.i.n care explicri{ sau detenninis inlelesul anto-
c€dentului;
A n. s ., o 1 , u r ' , . a ' , . . 1. p "o 1r' dl dr,/, t,.o^pusp,'d-.

tii,r ','
b": r ir n l o dp. r , , ' nr r n s i n c ' ,r,u ' .1 . ,,,' t. h .r ,,.tl at.,- rsl l :l l l 2).
I Pentru hadu.crc, rslr (lrourmel 'S till'r 1lrix, ladj.clirc) S 820.
r Ve2i S 190, notr L
I N u mi tn nr oDoz it je. : r ti .,' i ' ,1 l $ j l t3 l
\u mi l plo ' oz : i, " d i' n n :,u tt r \g i! .
904
al propoziiiei
{ 1041 D/ este subiectulsau complementul direct ori indireci
aLdbutive:
'lho man rno lectureil veslcrday is mI brother'
"$${',:;ff iffi'ffi"#ili
J:ltf.ffi'x1':}L'J"f
."0,1:ll,tll,::'*,;f,,';::,'f
estc subieci.l
!a!e.m.trtioned
iy'3'l'"i#l'lll,gl';"1"+3i"I":?'i:li:"1]"ii.l?f"""1'"i
l Pru' umere-,vhi"h. inro'ui Lorulr,i'
ditec-t in propoziria €t'ibutivE- "Nl ",*"::i' ;;#' "f :f; liPnT;li
;'"1,",i.:
dFt'rmin5:
1049 u l" ,lou: fu;"lii tol li .(bJ al" pronumcluirclativ
6 7 p"-.o"' nu'rbr-ul a"stuin'
" 1i
r04r li i;;.'J"i:'u,^^"'n" ;:;
.,":l,",l"lTi'?"T11:,""",{lfii;i;,
.a"iiuj'e,,npe*oa"n
li"j;'J:'ll"1l:;T:ii"'.i,uji.*:;";;;;l;"";;;,-. ;i
lD numdr:
,or. r' l\'dJts ldre g"Ls ulrpn rrold d'
/'ii':rio 'no
o a ,r m olhPr , . inDoL la! ou_ \ d
Par lY r iq' r s $io r hP dav '
il'u#*
"n "*
-;tr"tl";:P"fl
l"J" ill;"";o
Obserr&!Le "T,iXot'i":Ti.ff'l'l:#:
$'* u"n"liilit"J:"i:lT'n"*
",1"t$ll,'"T"1T;*:"l"lTfiJi"i1
s- ,ors"" "1i"c""",."""11:"Jl"cT,t l:'::#i:i;;":,|:"Til:lil"$?,,:",;'""
a cps t sll joac d in p ro p a z l l d d tn ta
ililf^-:*l"JJ'iitl1;:':1,:t;;il';li;3i*i'ii"i,T'J
Lomple*ent direct' sau indirect'
'u" t"'d ' is lor lu' o i s s i s . rPro\Prhl
r nod r laus hq J l m
'ii;:il;'jli"li"'"1\I'ri l"''"1il.r" ,do "\' :""b

' -ho
rki;'""rt
tit ;:,1,;'; L"i11',";;'' "; ,:;:;i;,",,.
;"'":pi,i i;.,;", "t;:" "l .". *-''','
i;lj; 1
fii -,i..,,1 li'".:,1x."il,1 1r"
;l;;;:T,,,,
:L'';.:,,:"1',
$ 1{X6 Declinarea pronumelor relative este urmdtoarea:
Genltit' Datie
I ol Nlich t o whi l h qhich
Ceielalte pronume relative nu so dcclinx'

(Vezili corelative"$ 1{38)
',Pronunele
Atenlie !
SF slrdsp alenlia xsuptx;rP$'tttar.dP rdre sepot i!i 'lnd pronum"l"
s lM? '47
" relativ est" ur.rol d" o propozilio iDrrdelru:
He $'asthe bov @nomI lelt had told tho huth'
' apdriioa'um sulutuitirpsc f8'ol Ensli"l' Ultptio_
' r"emot.teO"lo a"'sl pun'l tn paiarLez"' penLru as"pf'
t"lucra ii: iair,. ;i ;en!ibnar' ri"chivarFDL€rF
'oloc!'alP
liii,iii-.iiriiiiii'i iii l; i;drr d'.";tip{v ti 5 r0s0-i05r)
FRONUIIELE SI !05
wlpm trebuie inlocuit p n {rlm, propozitia,lird incidenta,.I felt',. fiind:

''the boy.rio had told the truth".
Thercaresome?eotlehereltrft I knowyoy nell havea ident lor music.
fl,loD, Lrebuielnlocuit prin rro, propozilia, fdrd incidenta,'I know rery
well", fiind: "people rr,io have a talent, Ior music".
Fraza trebuie construiti ficlndu-se abstraclie de propoziliite incid€nte,
cat I felt, I noltced,lhe! said, he thought,tre knoq, e|c.
ln .x.mplul urmerorlnFd.propozilid-l beli"red 1o ba lba rulp'it np.
fiind o in.idpntj. ulon. pronu'lc in'"roJari!. .rle .omplcmFntuldirp., al
verbului belieoed.Ca atare, se sprne corect:
He asLedme @i,n I leli€v€dto be ihe culprit.
(...p/b I believedio be...l (coIo.v.)
Df scruf &EL PaONUIIEL0I iI ADJIi-TITLLOX Rr]r.ATlt I $ 1048

Prorumelerelative sht tntrebuinrate,in general,dupn cum urmoaze:
(Vezi olseNaliile S 1053)
1) ponftu pcrsoano: S f04g
who (: care) (nom.)
The man @,{,spoke io you just now came f.om l.he countf}..
vhoser (- al cirui, a ctuei, ai cdrui, ale cErui etc.) (gen.)
I don'l.bow (pron.)this bas is. (sau ...,tF$ ladj.) bag this is.)
'"hose
whom (: pe care) (ac.); to vhollr (: cxruia, cdreia, cdrora) (dat.)
4n8in.rr /x h o a ra u ,n d r) $ " . . .n | , -td." tdm i . J
. . . Tn p a g " hut r u" al tri rp
. The wori'al to alnm yo! ryere talking is an a.tisi (s a u The woman you were talk-
i n g io ...l
which [: (pe) care, care dintre (selectiv sau inlocuird substantivele
colective)l (nom. Ei ac.) li a umite substantive ca sh{.p,. babls etc..
He had two broth.rs, onc o/ onicn was siill litUe.
Slre sondered qhich ot rhc sislds w&s the eld-"st.
._ I c_an'tteU.rrt.n I ivould rather hea. you play -Chotin. Tchaikovskt or one of
The c.owd ,lialr irad collcctcd ch€eredthe foreisn delcsal.ion.
1nd bnL ' t t h t , h b r o u g "l in d . p r P.1 o n .r hdnt r/.'
.h ;- 'odd,
; r hir q4r
" J s. 4
- ..L i F u . to n o \ r
2) pentru admale !i lucruri: S 1060
which (: oare) (nom).
The d.s r/,t./, blt rou las Nn awar.
Is the -clr}oard ailt l siands on r:our left nrll?
ot Nhich', whose (: al cnrui, a cilrei, ai carei, ale cdrui etc.) (gen.)
th€ roon, Uredoor o/ oLt., {s a tr o/ lhe door) is otren,is minc.
The room. dnos, doo. is oDen. fs &! ',lri.n the room oith thi oDendiot...\ is miê.
Th ta t.r , ' h" " oot af oh :.\o f" h (h tl a N o ts r" d d p p l .d .arpr. $aq be.r,' i ,t.
. Th ",o F. nlol" r dr \ v a 5d a p p rp ,l .g -F,^
.\ r * ttt, k " dai pLed E " p,J,odlw
, 6 b" dn-
(Yczi si 5 820)
l rn se esie urmai imediai de un substmtiv itrii a.ri.ol ctnd est€ adjectiv.
p sl4dps pm , , dL
I m o d .L F n r p ri n l ro n i n .h j ,p rsooalhmi D rn;n" t* . S 81),
pr onu'si
mpi Dl r
rp laliv . or ps punz J l oIir i n d l n s { i mo F 6 o n a l d. n n n l D pnl rul urruri ,
3 6 a rv s r r d" " " m nd'dp o ri .p p p r.o a n A (i r a r' rf.id . D d ri n risi acpatanu ,nrotdoaunal .
pfin pmnim"ln imp"Bonal _r.
ru proDumel;rptd ie imb"Eonal .orpspunzALof r,,,t.t (v.
_ { 854 1 .
{ ol enrn este precedat sau urmat de un subsiantiv drricerdr.
MONFOLOCIA _ PRONITMELE
!06
{'htch (: clruia) (dat.)

which (: pe care) (ac );
iij*"*y'*jr'lrt"iJ'J'l;il"'j'xi'i";"?$'"5fl1Ahica
'orol
animaleli lucruri:
'.o''
106l t) penlru persoane'.
* 6 i"5 ' 1 i p. "arel {nom $i a"l
ii."'l';",{ir,,l:,::;i;,:;"0;\fi:rtiJ';l#:l
r.'o:, d*'*" -'',' I::
decii la
il ob se relern mai d€sla inanimate
(;;; carel (nom !i )
i:
"",nl' ; ; " " , r ' , ' ] o n .o ' rr d' { sa" \ou' s' n" '
rh . p L ' o rt' ' s o o d
+;i1,f*lr:"rut:t hr.n.;;iT",i:' ,h" \r tup rol

''I",h"rs
i:l :."r ;";- ?;:I t/id v i'a,r'i":J';^
soo d L ] ' l{
ro 'j
' l
re r: rne)carel(nom !r ob )
l i "';i1 " " "'/ /"* rJ.^ o",a",d, "ij.
1;.
. i" , iriii; " " " . r'p" n ' sL h F r' I J L l
l;;"11ii',1,
J"1""j''-;:"i'i i"i" ' t*L ""r"
T'IT"iftl"T;.',ii
tlut (: care sd nu) (nom) src$e'
orn'ninescu
lti"*:*r"';:t:1.*i iil'i:fi'i;$":"''"
s lo52 4r cr irrtclesnchotilrit oD i
shat (: cP. c€PAc') (norn fr
;;;;; h"o',;-"d n^ \J'
* orr'J i 'p d''"m nrs "r rr'e 'r"
,:";),,"1"{'
?i:;I'i,:""' 'l ' v ""irr' '''r
-l,J""i "
OB SX I' IA T II
\TEO
s 1053 {?RO\1J}ID XDLATIII
s,o'n ,"l,i"l"lil;1.:f"i;l'i : :1,'l: :li.: lXii:,l"J:'J l:.i'#il; :

ilT':?$.
^,
ll. i"
J : ""' ; : ' : il : r ;i '1 " ' i 1 J'|" P -i n
p ro n um ' r F or i < /' c:
*ttt"*""**-.
" ;i:x}f"nJr1i'ii*
'P
il*rUll'lt*:l*+lf{l$liii
Pft' esLesirotrirn cu h' tt'hd' este
afatlar un pronume indepen-
S fOff Zi U*-i
.
ll.friliifi,ii$"tiiil'ttl'"",;i _ deci _ nupoare

!i,?ho rl
ffl",ill,'
s r0b6 ,'"f"",11,i,," s ,"r'
jt.,":}","iitr,t;;,;,:'
, "*i"J.,"J'i:i":'lil,l"ll {,'6.'1
;l,t"t;Jl"l:l"ii',i:i;:,1"i#
" .' .l
"
lig'-"rll"'.""';ll 'i, ; ll::1"1.
aDim{lesn{ llc'r':
---l.,1;"t cn'd siDt enlioul'e imP'cutriLcu
," r. lcrsonnc
".r".a
'u''?lJii"?;;;r' ; l:,,l:"|]jr
;--ti*:"'."".i:"Tr :;";: l:*l: '
;i{,iii.rr
-,pirnd',
".rr,d..,.,i:i,",,.ii,":;::ul;;;1i;,:l,l.jg;"j;ii"',.,i,.:i
sr a lr r J c ePi! 5il' a7t
ri".
'n "'nt"t"l
PRONUMILE 9I 207
Thc trc., l.arcs il,(tered in ure h.cze,...
'//rsd ligLts shono ir the darkncs,...
The lut. .!Los€
5) nhom. ln linba englezdactualii, pronumele rctnLi,twhom nu mei q 1058
este determinat de prepozilii decit atunci clnd acesteall precedi imediet.
situal,ie tn care prezenla lui devine obligatorie:
She ivonderedIot @hon 'lom lad boqht u,c llowc.s.
C a !i l a pr on, r m el" in, p ro g i l i \F i n ,n . l n s L i l u l .o l o cvi nl di o,n ocLei nl ,..ri l
p r in /,t . s.b im hln, lu s F or J i n e B ru \i n rp l o r p c n tru c i prA po/i .i J s" vi n.] dJpd
H rt"n ,
q h , rp ,ai\ | ' hr 4 lr " h a d l " n l h i q s k rsh , u d q b i n d i rq
'| a " d. on.
nnt i" m . 'in n ta a I ta ry d ,h a .l O) ' t.,n
We lrave no idea who c]]ntabol.a.tes iiLh @hn.l,l
I don't Lnorr pna he is wriiins dbout.lbl '
U n p o ri rhiar s i or p. p d J r d o tra p o z i l i p l
"It js rery imlortdt." "To ohr?' LOll
Pp n L ru a s p ev it s inlr F b u i n l rr.a p ro n u m " l rri J r\rcn. i n rtp Je dr.p" ri l i e,
n h o ea Jl @ l tjl in) o. ui" " { p c b i i r 9 i In l i p s s u n p i p re p o /i ti i :
Tcll me wno you watrt. (: Fhom)
Ttr"F n no on. ( , t h. ) tru .l o n k n o w ,,re . I \' o ..
A t l }p .lub , n , hould I r:n d b u t C ,ra l d : - \h o m
ll A i q n pv prin r o ppoplph n d i s ' i l " r. | !h o n , O l n ta ' u pf o q.bqranti vr
"\ a
- . qohcu
l way shnppi r bdb y ' i 'l i n g b .trtd fp , s h . . tn , rn or, s" ,. ti dF.,
" toa.
u^ rnr 'ip n - r nr ( r en l
Wh o m p oalo I ns a li S i p ro n u m . i n d i v ;d u a l . d " .i 1p ctor6tor, tdra snta-
c cdc n l (: h c Nhan. t has pN h o n ).l n c a rp .a z n u .)i i .cl F i nl o.ui t. ci pretFra. :
l.I'non the sods love die youDg. (Prove.i)
(PBONUME
IV]IICII
ADJtrCIIv IiE'ATIY)
s 1059
iI
1) inloles.- Pronumelenlic, cstetntrebuintat: Q 106{l

a ) . j n d an lF.Fdcn tul
d.numptLe
un animals"du u n o b ip . Lin a n ima:t
Tne figers ,fidn he had secn pedormins carn€ from Belgal.
w o ipslp d rnF !o p. tc..41r uh; . h s , l bFln ; 1 I . p, . on.r i r d o r .
\ l lhF @4 ;16 ,rnr.& h rd jus t u, n, "|] , d, ha t ook t r , " I n o r . g
I nndor. -/., 1 i"'."",,'l a! . ' h"Un, o l\ i1g, hm . 5a . ,ofotisoD theTrJT^s.
,) cind antecedentul denumeqtetn acelaqitimp atit fiinte, ctt si lucruri:

$'e iarled alout the tic"ds and erpoiencpr@hichM had had in commotr.
Tlrerc \r.r€ €r.nrs peorle sh;ch sl.ood oli in oDe,smemodes.
^nd
_. c) ctnd antecedentul, care dendmeste de obicei o fiin!6, este tuat, ca
notrune:
I made oi lrcr L\e eomak shih I rvnntcd my daughrerto becom._
{cr. 5 854)
d) cind antec€dontulesLeun substantivcolectiv(g 1101):
Ile had leen listencd to Iy taqe audienccsont.l had tctr enUrusiastic.
I : lipsa lui ,/,r.

r U n p o ri
| F nnani_. ' 1" 1. d o m " si " " .l ra S i s . In rF b ,,i ,' !" a?JFIa' i vut rnr:..[Idrl ha
h ad a l o u n q d " pr r no Ls " d lo to l l o wh rr d b o u l i L r d D e tb u o D v.'
'g a l u 6 r . r v lnlul. a vo fb i l { l a o i n t} u .i r" ,,
. . . 'lu i cl p l dnB 4oaaoaa. or ri f T a rk l @ n d rrl J u lc, d p b rus .u l p ror.pi c' or arhj ' nntti l oel
i t alian,1 4 7 5 -1564
r0E
mic:
el ctnd antccedeniul se referd la un copil
the Do', shc had seenat the lrospital
'{n" """]a"'t {orgei ''li'}84, 854)
6t'
{cf s
reca' a):
/r cind inlo.uiFSle o inl rFagrprooozi!iesdulr"za prp'Fdenls.r'
'^
,,, , " h " tp " J ,h " s tl ,' ts . u l r' /i q 6 / prti ' ' eotl l v proi P e' s acrron
ii- oir " "! ). ',t, o' a d ' s d ' h 4 a ' rp ' l ' h r" p I' r' r"
rl" i, ' o n -
t lOar i zt io n iiiv. R"lntitulr/'; l ot. rn "az u lg " n iL irro r" n a' /
''*'l;,';*1f",:";.i:'^1li';,il:itli;r,:""i]:liii":;i
insi urmaatunciclnrl
pii,'.-.ir"'";"4 I,'9""aero"-" 7-il';"1'; oapoalc !i
iubstantivul detLrmixot stijln (
t hrr' ' _oo' // *'1l or o/ rni l t 'oll5J drF$hir^
""&\rsor
11;."i;li:.1i,"''.,
I;lli: """:l '"' ", "' poatelnire-
S 1062 J) Funclic.Wirkn poatcli qi adiccrierelatit)in carecazse
""-
' t r . l ' ,1 , a r i' fen r r u tiinrn crr 'i p"nrru l.rrut il
ire iak; ro.rhe girr !ett".1tiU,";Ji1i,",l:f;"1,llii,f
S"if;,ii:lt:'i,::il"$i"ii,"d
$e lPfi rlP Plo ngh ' t "1.11'"
,
1hc
' gr r c
thicL titue 1l
4l qinorrimoad\crbialp lllil nrP'pJs d"^prppo/iiiepoarefixnpotl
€ 1063
t'""",nto.ui, ri lir'rdri i'p'e r(dF'u"l'
pri""a'*S'f""" r'/" r" 'poeri '/'irl
Doetic qi liierar), rvt?/ eic i
"'l*i;:llt"l,.,.ll,*,'jfl"!i'i:'#"ii;fJ7f,i,lu,'ii!^.*trh€.ire
""'" {ff ." ,rqrrir":j':.!:.ir:\.:l1*}'il"hllii'j',ll;rrrr r(co,ocv rd
) a hote,
$ P lnt i! it a hotPl u /rrlliP' \r€
'""'llf*.;"
hdd bat lent: to)
(;i,fJ,
iji'i1,,,
flJ,li
U,.:,t* i::il ETf"
s1064 ,","",Ifx1,.,,,,
rlai poat' \nlo'ui' pronumdc
61065 ll ftrlrrhuirrlarr. P|irumple rFloli\
r'""" inoint"un"; propoTi!.iid"t rntit'ai'rP' '0re oupc
uha.,,l,a*..1,' n ts'n"''oi
," .ri.. p'r" ab''l rr np'P'Jrd par'rru'l:'rrar.eaInlplj
"u*
t'h ih)
;:ij:i["i,ilI..
ti rit,ilil"r["*!il)
i:i,;4, I s ar it t o s t l rL
'
l hal " 1-!" :.p-' '
S
t 106 2) Cdz ur ilo in c a rp !e i n l r' h u i n !' d z i l ronumcl o
'""" 6 . plF lHll" l ro n rrm p r" l Ari \F i d " u rp bi rp rr ' rrmi ' oarFl p ' azufl :
i "f* ri
a7 dr r pa r r n r\i n l re ' e ' l l ' tr 1 I ' o t" P l
A f 06? '
ti!"'t rh" r ! - ilnl. la',.. "*|'
'if:,,i ';;' i i "r '''r "n"
\'''!'\",','o,i;* :':"l;i%iYi;.i',
$ 1068 D) dupn r mcrale]e ordinale:
si" rr"'.,1,, f,,,",r, iliil not kno{ wnaL'nrss nedia" mtant
"t.o.rt,rd' (l€ urr adjcctiv ir gradut superlrtiv:
s 1069 r:) dupn un subslanlivcaliiifnt
Ii N*'Itu l,ris"/'rrrdiv lriarl \re hrd on onr tri]'
'""i:',i
,*gj;m*rill;,**;,?gt:irliii:lii il''33'ii"i{:il't
.H:f;Hl':i:
5r rELArrv 209
^DEcrLvr]r
N otd s 1070
D€ remarcat constructia irtiomatjcii de mai ios, tn care prol1umeletha''
imDreurj'.u verbul rFspecli\," inlocuil prinrr-uninfinili\ slun'i 'lnd snte-
,.i.nrul lui crc lori esic pr".Fdbt,lF, un r'um"tal urdinal un superlrliv s€u
uDa din enpresiilethe anl1J.rhe t'erA:
Chdmoolliol $ i" tt" lt$ 11 J PI ' F hie' o; l\ pls o n r h " B o 'p l 'l 'n "
;i; ; ; i";ii;":,
to;i
oi'n ' . op' t lt ot hlos v t " i " p 'r r 1 r " a J e 'r d F G A r r a l
H " " -' ;ler .\a. /, /., I No,-nr - ; n ' o d' : ! P. a t
r."' . i, t"'' p ima I m "i" r ' ' ". dLr un i l' buz r
' l.v ,o rrm" ,a h rJ..an" "/ or t ni r h f ", ". $ds Lm L s Tal"" r
iLi,ii' t ii.. i. , op. "r ' I por ni' F , , lov p s r i r i rur La-m!r
'4"
Th" " or' ., Ens. h b vo l. t o - anne' / lu l' ein1Fr 6 t t o L l r a f r \ r 'l ' s p r , r J '
\rr prrPre
,r-allllF p^ sl ,;5 li 'l"rrt Lia! ' P. ol Put l; r "Nnodo" I n p 'r o l o r
d P re ;tru .le lur O\.ar \\'ilde l
q h s.' r /i,,,/, o n @ r o"oA t r ' ls I s l
srrru , L;" d ,/ d bin" plgl' r ' r l" r
'F rr ws i/re *ry nrn i. do the job.
He
(Xra omur td;.al ca sd ,ndeqlif;e1ld sanina d.r1t )
d) duD! Dronumelen€hotlrite: all3, \'erqthng, sarne,anA, no nnnP no \ 1011

one.s6n thinS.ontthtn!- n.thtns.i dupd rr\'inlcl" D'ttth.1;ttl' th ' th ot Lu
,4/ / t.dl glitle $ i. to t r j ' l, i t P.

: s n\ er Ll
l r,t.rht r e t+o , I rr,.t , . . r " n 1 . t lol
i h' i-' n.oa -l,.j /nr l\ \ ' inr I s p"int or
t ' othinelth atl yo u tl" r\ a l. r r r e lul.
' 1 2. \ o. Ao ,"'r g oo d r ' , \ ' s . \ ' Lt P ' t ' ni J U s o u o l l " rOi
ri. i rr' o ju,i.t n , ..'tt', o' t t p- o! ! t r , 4i | , lin' I Ln o { l O J
O n np ) lrL l .a $ ,r,.,/ boal l/ 1"/ | n r pd . ol
e/ dupd pronurnele interogativ trio. penlru a se €fita o repelilie: S 10t2

It'ro wa,sii riat rang jllsr noF?
/) dupe construcl,iainrpersonall t Is. il oa, etc : $ 1073
He was suren eds Ilme that had rung hin ul
sl cind anteced€ntul eEtecompusdin doud (saumai m\ te) 5r$stant'ive,S 10?4
unui'c€rind trho, alnt\ ahtch:
I $nll write abouf ,n? l4o?1e and thc eoenLsthdt ha\c niade ttre world lhal it is'
3) Cezurileiu caro nu so lntrcbuilt.toari prolumelo "thst" -. ?lml nu S 1075

poate ti lntNbuloiai:
d, in propozitiile e)iplicativea.deoarecel/lrll a.e sens restdctiv: S 1076
lIv mo tl,"r. rn arr:\e d \ 1s r a- Lld- 1.$6 ns "\ on hn l i 4 d y
\ irhulas. dn /d/ ro u r aus h dL ' v r r ins ala' s rs nor an cntrD rf
po sl .p ln;: Ily m ol r r ' r lldr dr r v "d r l r ^ h o 6 / n 'l J o u a!gn- l
tN . "
b) tn locut unui genitiv (ahose, af ahich sa.uof ',honl)' dat liind cn nu S107?
are formd de geniti{:
T ' F ' . \in rpn l, {iDs" s ' ns " ' l lum our v ou $i' l at p''i d l F _
1\d . " !o al".pu e: " v r n. e l. oI . r d' _r _ oI h' r m o u r I
r Il. . , d. |oc.' ;La l. l ,'E . Cdir o ESlpl. u d" ! _a gdil- ir . l T t c l P s l p d p a . d Ps - d ' i l r u
li::j.,.fre;:iyirIJj, j;i"ffi"ri;*r-_
''"..Jii,l;:';;l;iilr:"
\h o r..rit , " ,1 8' r'r l1 l
'l!ll,:,ii.'r
r I nr ' . ' ' - i' n " oi lr u q h a r 's n
'l
r p ' "i I p'
' : Li d Dio ,,,,,'rh 'll "
pl,
",4,1
' \te.c Fcscnt ag.etd "
! Car nu llnr alsoli't nfoesa.. reftrtr clariiat.a lrazci 15 ltal)
MORFOLOO _ PRONIrMET'E
910
rle o prepozilieJdeoarece
s 1078 .r) cind pronume,leIeI,rLll'.{rsteprecedat, 'ilx,
.,, oo.rl. ii pr-..,lrL ,1" pr"fo/rln'
r a n , a r . , ,,,i ,4 \d . " b " " 1:l r1 r':, "' n11""
,,,1...
t\ri lir ,;"'rili"
'"irJi;fiir
#i:'i,,,l;,;';ii'"
i\ L sc Po atc \fl r r ' r :
' f he t \ nr D
" " "1,
$nr lrccFdste imedisi-de lrepo-

Constructn in caro pronuniele rcl lii.t-"
ir"i,.."ii"rirre' 'r'"rbinr'm:i;;':i'jJJl;:l:i;l'il:
{o 10?C
'
'r:r.iil'r"'i
ln stilul colncli \e lootF,I
rp'b:
cfl DrppoziLis'a rin; Llupa
".tt"l
': l:. :"j,-% o
;; Jl,,',t;,1"1 (Vczi ii $
'390) pre'"d rp Je sdje'riv"
{ 1080 rlT,Jupa num"l' or^prii 1i duni 'ubFrdnLiv'lp n''
ii rosr" ri r"strins'
Irosbi\",', demuns'|ra""" """":;i;";';" '""''o''l
iar l,tai lol IPstn.ov:
^f€
t g-.*rT"fti'il
ii*"xfdffi"""1" "",-'"'
_llral zero.l ztt rPla'it //'dl nu
- De obi'ei pror'umFlF
s l08l 4, Pronumelo rits" '*bita depersoaa'l€
' Fitcerpritnrr rn oolliri""J""i"ii"
'tna"ro ' "ur
" "iijT;"',1:1i ;",,,,:i1.,, ii1;r",,1
:.,1i;,:f ")ll.l.i r"r
rf'?]l"l'ii";"'";
]ill''";;'"tl:"i''{"J 1o1
]iul€t m*' q
ilr n': ;*,if l,tl'lll r"[",;'b'i:" di
Ob se r o a !rL
i ,0" lJl:ili"::"'J"#"i"J':',::.::i;fili;;l'"|il llX
",,"'jj'T3;
i,i"ulii ii" .:""r", ;."1 *,r' " """"i' ioar''i"n'el"rn'ndinjnd
Ih"
'!':,0:""t'
mod"urentIormdA
ln oo- irr tormnro
:r"1^:';
['#j.t:d'ttI inl,"r;r;:,]:*l;j'il"H:',';
'" "h ":h;i";i':;;::';1;;;ur"*
.IVHAT
s 1083 (?NONU]IE SAI]'{DJEC'IIV IIEI2ITIY)
g * i, lil! " : 9 : : 1 " '

{r ' "J 0 8 4 I, ln r r o lr rri0ltrro't4hot ,that'r'ril' Cu p rin rina dn rF " c d p n ru n ul e s ra
s ru n ' i
';1"- p r o n u mei'r/"ri 'p inrr"bL'inL"a / r ' rn ' l
'e-x Dr lm A t :
Mdt bclonss to -rou shr'u be vous'
We'lI tell You 0'd' s'e sa$"
o b se r r a lie
atunci clnd antecedentr'esie
5 1086 Pronumcleivhat e$telntlebuinlsL numai
neprecrzai,. vag:
I doI t lnoq r ' oI r o r X
Com P ' "t P r ' "P s l i k P a I 'g
' ar
'.u-.r"r
', "' s I08.Ij 7.r6rr.F-r'nrur z
i';r. r064r.
'1";1d4.'?i1
--
C'oi iiit*l"inl"iia *lati'"lolldr tr *hr'a c0
r Cons t t uc ti ath e Vl h a t c s re
PRONUMXIIE ST 21I
Thot \thi0h se lntrebuinleazi atunci cind antecedentul se referd la un S 1086

;;;'J,"r= ,p"',"4" bau slro'FdFnrur
'jnJ
"bi".l";;";;;
'tobrip rrrcntnat (Lhnt hicL ,
'.J " 'Fll rdl'
Tnp\ . , J rl e ll lh memrn g. in lh- J ! lio r ' J dod li' ly "o , _ 'i r r o ''l i 4 lh" d
Tl,,;F $ai rro r i1 l' m "nt l m il i r p"lon' Lr k p
Thal qhichl he said was no !e$s io dvone
2\ C$2, Pronumele P,tdi cste aleg€n neutru. cu inleles de singular fi se $ 108?
intreiuinteazi in cazul nominativ sau obiecliv:
lyn r r, ro b. I'n. n,rr oe s"l do " \o r'rJm"hi1'lppd rob'
i')i'.,,, youh.dirl'1n".a1d ll'l:d
1088
3) Frmotii. - lt7ftal, in afard dc faptul cd ara l-cloire d" I'ronuJne dupi S
num. a pJnasi,i. pod pfi 'j sdi'.rir+lai\'indd-l'rrrn;u4ntrbbtar'-
"rcta
tyhar Pti.6 that got were all _"amcd
Adjectirtl phal poate fi tntrebuintat qi exclarnativ: $ 1089
W , { dr a l i n € d a l l
nhdl n o n q c n s rr
I l' r " / h e a l LYl i a l ' Ps r
lr ez i ii S ' 1 1 ' 61, 0 1 1 1 0 9 0 , 2 8 l rl l
,4 tcn tL e !
In erclarnalii, pi./t exclanativ nu rcdn cuvtitul ,,t4" din lir a romenn S 1090
declt. atun(i cind acesta insolelte &n sa,slatl":
tYiar dreadful manlers lre
1CcJ r t . ' I ur n u ;r.r) lce manhr,, olirilf .rr€lr
Cincl cuvtntul ,,ce" insolelte lln d?j..1io. el se iraduce priD ad1'erbul/I,*':
\ se o b . pr ! ' . s 1r pro p o z i L rrl p' a rp ' ' 1 l i n ' u !i n rcl F /' ' r si rr' 4l ' ubpns
.xcla-fl ri t. I n gp' c r F . u6i " tl u l l n .o r0 ' r' u l i ' n b d rnr3n; orp' F' l a prp' l r' e-
tul.
4) Whst. That.- Adescori .'F' din e\0tFirlP"tot ccea'""'
pronunrclc S 1091
r.s d u c F p l hot D u' rx ott' 4' rr'
g rp ri l i n u \l ' l u l
.. c eva r" ...nin' ic r c , ' . . F "
t hine . sa n ;h ; r a- r r l, hir " . o rn n u ' l p l r ro n ' i n ' q c ..' p nu ,' rFda nrrn o' or'
pi i n rr'a t obi" . i n" r p ri rn rt In c J Z u l rri \):
ci t de ^bi
.4r 1 d , , € h . r ", . i . n o , s,rJ. t""- ;",1"":...
:;:.-;" .,:,:"i:"lj,l
io, pa & s ' . br u. p, . , n .p rra r'
,N,, *' ,j l l l T " * , n do.b i . bao.\ don" .
i ^' ; ":ij", ,;'ij :,# 1 1 - ' " \i .i "o;",: , , . ; t u - n . p n r o "1 1 L
.
5r What. Wbi.h. - Ilelarir"lo '" poL rredure ir .lirba $ lo92
prin rirrn, a' rLaloa'Fstp p'unu'nc rrrrrndlo'ul unFl
cnsleznorin ,t/,d/ 'su
:"" ,';i i"'1, 'lin Fa'?lTlrarn' " inse tntrpburna irun' i 'ind
"r3t-irii
irobozitia urm"aza $hi'h 'lnd pB pr'cJ;:
"i
l,fidrlcou lJ l .nd .\r r ' d \ t J s v h! t l r t r d ' Dt r "Pa
ft4q \o'! tut rr:t P" ,hi h I ' ldr' I n l _' nd
6)';What" idiomstic. Pronumelerl,al, repeial se t'raducetn limba S 1093

romAJl r"in ..ba...ba " in urn:itoarea construclie: jn
lrnu;Nilh e.lins llnd /rrra,J witn drjnkiiS. th'i \e$ Year hril tome belo'e thev
I ?tdr ,,nt,n estc ocuir IDin pronudclc .r,ar li siil,l colo,i'ial: $'rrsi nc sai.l ods
*i8r.rL"
atuoi iitrd anteocdcnrulcstc o prolozili€ san larb dh accasla
"rri"t".
219
S loel o'r".""*""**-,
E r0 r ;
t _'"- I r F unc lii . - ' 714' ' s|estP d r e l uo ' l a i X \" il' ;l;;i*" " J" ? ' i"ii:" i:' ' ;;:
t " r ' p'
pe circ le urmeazn'
' """
"u,l
Qhich ti that'
*i'1"'1;'nn*''
Ill,"liuiJ"""'i'H'19""1#
t'" L i' :
*'" rdvprb'au 'onjun
i"
"''"" "t' ^ ?,,"."
:'fL'i;"pl;''i;;li,i';'l'l$
li;;' njt".,'r,;,
i::.;if,l":"; atit peniru
asseintebuinleaze
rerativ
$ 10rG
""tJi1":iiJlTi?"iilTronumeie
! loe? ,**o*n "JJ,o".o"
lntclpqnpgaliv Fi
- B't cu veloJrpdP pronumer'lsriv' arc
s 1098 l) iolelrs'
" ,'tore 3' nu':
"""'l""lrrw
"noa"
J#,*'f'"ffiTit'J#"Ji1""T""x}'':l
' ,,- '^-- u
E10sei
-
jtutrerruinlare.-,-4,,1f
jii,Tii.{iutii"Xgi.Tlit"";ji:il't'*,i
I
hmD
" buinlet Si etunci nunrarln
lsl F tF:
'olo'\ rronumFrctaliv bu' mai
$|roo i,,l^Yli::,;
,'i :'si:;,i.too:poirrbdbr'
ii' "5 mu"n
-'i*"t 'ur ="U):
bt od tPr b\= dcclr' numai){
r lir h bov
H" is . nor h i n g 'b ,r
= a f6 r, d e. daci u | = .t" ppt)..
"/*:'""#ilhJfi n;?T"'lu" *'"*""*
'
(t) e nantial: dar' insn (olieclie)l:
iour lalk is ldll ol
'rrs
rlrJXCTlrELE RllrflTf,
r'A PnoNU)txL!
,Ltrlj cIrESTruNrnEl.trRlTo 'E -sr
s,,0,,,ni:".J*:l1"it,"J;.r'","1,.\
linili 1l # *u ::i* l;i ilI mlffit
PsrP.!
relstr! trtD dnc{ Terbur
::l';;'1'l';""J';"
Ii: :'.:',:f ; ::*":;'.;"
ii
,"".." ",,' " ;]:';'i": il;' ""'-' tI:"':i:19;';i': ;^;1

"o;',;"'"",1:
l.n;:i'lti'::'ri'YTi
*1"1",1,:i:;liii :'pTll""x'l'i"'3i"'"
,,",ii"":,il,'ii,: :,l.i;I niii
j:i,:t,
"i:i;liil lr;,;il:il:i'il ,'t,['" onume'
Dut nu are lunctie de
1 Unr i aulo fl c o n s i d a ri _ 0i P1 ace6H silualie curlniul
.' .lnLi-"lllif*l propriu.
$lJ;Jril"::p""oD,
PRONUMf,LE iI ztq
Plor pqle
AlAserea tnlrp p"rsordlli itufPrcorclln raz'rlt'uhqlaDlir 'olp'li'F
lacuia ti gon.r" 5,i fun.1i" d" iirFnlis !orbirorului scu o s'riitnrtlui'
2t Eti-osapronumeluirelatir. (Pronumolorelaliv zero folrr' S I lol
rclsti\' poale fi clipti. r'uD'i qli in raLut obt tt'
d/ Prbnumdp 'ind indisf"n'ol)itd
si cfni propozitl" din cere la"" r€tl";d" J t rminotirn dn
in{elesuiuifraz;'i. Anpasl6 alip'6 F oncl€rE spronpP inloLdFduna ln 'r'rLul
' cnglezrr rn
coiorvial:i.on.'ituip o.ara.leriqricd d lrmbrr vorbrrp dc nosrull
Anslia:
" T h. Lo\ $. _tThAI .l n o $ i . m J -F r' n e w
" bi o J rl o a w " In " r" l
, in o. " d. .
'Ih€ iactor! we aisited iv$ er.cted quilc rccentlX
Iln loc dc:'"Thc lactory @li.t we visiicd. "l
lnp . 1ild r n r s p o k p l o i s m v d a u c he t-s
t i" l; ; , t ; , - T i . .l ,i l d ro ;t;/i v o u ' l o (r' I
I did' l t f ind r h d p a p F tu)n u $ F re l u ^ l i n s l o_ . . .
_. l h P p a Pp Fi o _ ,n ./l
r lo loc d" : ]o u rv rP rookrne
, J Pronumele relaLiv n & poole lnsa fi omis cirld este sabie'l sau clnd pro' S 1103
p ozili i pr y lic at i*i. dc ' i n u e s te u s c 0 s a ri l n l e l e s ul ui frazei :
"ste
T hp bol , n g n 4 re J J rp j x s ru w i 5 .my n eth w
qr norv ...
[ N- ' . poar ps p u ra : l h i b o J tn o m p J l
'r
L. r ' " \ : s it t h. tu .ro N ri i " ft i s o n o ,r s J y .
_ L " l . v i s i l l h . Ia , o ty r" on
l\ u - " poA le.p -n F :
T h. nap" f t idt i . o n_ Ih l h p l a l h i s l o J i ).
e pdp r L l \' { 3 b l P rs rod,l Jn j
r \ u: ; " poar es p u n " : ^b
in F ar h t, n I b l s i D !F n
Ct ul ' n _ C a l i D l 1 l h " r I S' aasrd i n l h' . -l
t Nu " " podr es p rrrP :
T hank v ou |or J o u r n o r' q l ;c l I r' " i v F d J psl nrdov'
t Nu " e loal. s tu n " : " T l J n k J o u l o r J o u '
Es c e P lii
A se olservauneleerpresiieliptice.loarte colocvial€,intilnite in vorbirea S llo4
ai" care lipsescf|onumele relative chiar in cazul nominativ,dupi
"u*"tA.-
it is, there is, who i^P:
//\ th F !d_ r br r , l ls \ i' \ r c lr h"' t "' ' v ot n Ol
/,' lhp r'..'l I n"r l 1' 1 l"_' r ' r o' O
ii"""'. , on lh' , ' ho_r ' q1, " s an ' l " ' l k 'n \ " 'r Ol
Jl/, \ds """'.
rh ar \ ' r J t nn' k ' d J l " doo" ol
c) Co structii idiomatice. In unele tonstruc.tii, prepozilia lipse'RteS 1105

odati cu Pronumelcrelativ:
| ^ .'n rJ ,l ,p, ' 4u. r . s l, i hl 4ol i, / / lO '
lr" .d { l .p r , . / , r r t . $ ! h. it r ' t4. tw
^)
l l' .l v u fnn w 11, n n"r t in \ t t t . hl t hP no , 'L q ' h ? r t L \ ''
Sne d ns! r-J /l lon $h' . hl J ' P I "ar "d n t u t 't t " r ' l \ 4 l
"' . r
3) Loeul Drotrumelui rolotiv. S IloG
a') Pronuinelo relativ trebuie pus, pe cil, posibil, Itngd antccedentdl
sdu'
Neresfectareaacesi€i reguli dd naltere ]A mari confuzii:
IIe took an ar.i.o, lrom the iable.onrn he at€ \tilh relish'
( I nc o/ ec t )
fNn a mincar nasa, cr catsa.l
'Fr;n the table he took d altr,t ( ii.,r he ale \!lth relish
( c ot ec t )
| - z?n p lati. p rcn au a' O l\ x dir d r l, p. n pr o' um d. i r F a 'i v , P nlru simbolul

t"l .umir-rD
t,i!.,roispr...srn' srdrarim
'" .T#jiiiil."Hi.i',i'l'"'o;o,,.r',r",t-,..
p.o9ziii Ptht',tidle tqnitk. A cnnfut ol Loht'nPo4rv Lnet'8n'
enslFze m;d"rn1:
7 4 : 2 9| j.
214
I s d\ v t hc m nn i r' l h " s " .l //' , v u ' r L n o \'

, , - r ada " . ' 4, , .u 4 o s .u ' j ....a 4 rri n d " u b -tJ i vJl !l n." doroti l Jr pror. r" l p
I'i the strcct. I saw the man ,ndr vou know

L,,Omul" este ,,conosculi'i mdD liinil substaniivul alropiai de prorude l
l l07 D ) \ um " r alplp !i c ' r\i n l " ' " rr" " rp -i n . r-nti trt' a (ott. both. ndny
mo .t. nuf i. et qol. s a t., e ri ., q p p u r 'h ;b i In" i l l " J pronu' ^l ui rpr' cP dst
"i
d F fr" po/ ili, " t ) o l ' v h o n . o l a h ;;h . ms i a l e q ci nd ' Lnt ' rrbi prr' l
The !triv{Tsity sect€tarialc cmp]oyedsix clerks. r"'o o/ sn;n rvere univcrsitv gra'
Hc erpo,rtrd.il lo ns a rnmbe. ol rfccnt l€chnolosionlnt.tlrods nos, o/ rrnrn wo
alreadv knc*.
the two sirls. &ort./ trl,n took r.hclloor .1llihe confcronce.spoke ol ihe neoessitv
ol ha\'ing a pooling ol e\peri-aioein farmirg
pngl ,zn nr p^si bi l n con-
ll08 / S pr " d. u. p b i ra d p l i b . ro n ,i n d , l n l in' bd '
strur:1ii iri care propozil,ia relativi poate. in unele situaljj. s: stea dpparie de
antecedentul ei atunci cind nu existi ambignitate:
.\/. o -F l ,l n \d . i _ o" j mi " n
' ' I " . r ' ld- 1", l lo!o tn . u ,tt t i t \b ' n o | J l ' r' n;" rrr:l
a b^l
'lo '^n
(Vc z i s i S t,1 5 1)
ll09 4 P r oou||r r lf rc h l i t :i n re p o T i l i i . - C " n l orrn r' .:ul i l or:rar " ,i ' l p pr-
Do rit i" t r Lbui" . i D r" ,l i n ro n rm" l " r" l 1 i t p" ," ro 1l In' uLP : a, .\' n ' l i
i e Euii r im ine ins " i rts L i l a n u mri l n l i mb a s e r i sn.l n stj l ul col ocvi al . prepozi l i a
se"punc lntotdeauna .lrrpd verbul respectiv sau dupi complementul ]ri djrect'
The lainting d, ,li.n yor $cr.looling is a Dcgas (itlamatical colect in slilnl lormal
'1
u. , r ' r in! \ i r,i .r.i \' o u w -f ,.o l i n g , i . d D g. r' i 1l o' fi ' r
r r,.' i ;,.4 ,- l r' r..\; | ..rr." Li .m" r ' ,o.. I orn.Jl
" - ' ..r ' . , . _s , ' si
trdditiunal /rrrl
' 1 . " : s p. ' , rd r' $ l ' o rn ,l l 5 .r J o u r ' er ' , u " l o^\bl
lV.zi ,si S 2390)
Cazurile in r,are prepoz;lia sH intotdeauna drpd verb slnt urm{toarele'
1110 al cind pronumele relatiY nu este exprimai3.
lhe, r ' " t r ot hia e ,$ i " l ,l o ' ,v /o ' .
Tr'c aitlor .i it,i rjN-Ihonciic Diciionary is TlIn hol. Dani.l Jones!lwh.{d]l
Jotr must hare lrcard aD,u,.
1111 D) oind pronume.le relativ intrebuinlat este rrdl (dat fiind ci nu poatc
fi precedai de prepozi,ti€):
Thc nrrse rho, lhcf sclt /o/ $'as on dutv at U,c hoslital
ft? animnls ,nar wc show kindncss,, al€ alsav6 graielul
jn sine
1112 Pronumele ttftdl este un caz special deoarece cuprinde Ei antec€_
dentul. l't:l,ar: that tphich, thar lliid anteced€ntul, iar oliicD pronumele rel€-
tiv.
111e Dacn prepozitia se releri la ani,ec€dentfrralJ, ea estepus{ numai inainte.
Dronumehi pftdr. dacd se refere la Dronumelerelativ fttliictr' €a poat'efi pu:;
inaintea pronumilui rrral sau dupiverb (adici se conlormeazeregulii q€nela1
!i uzantei de mai sus):
IIe ncv.ir {greed 70 i,la, you sugsestld-
1Ch. Dick.ns, Daeid Copperfield.

xP.onumclc r;htve ttnr si ai nu sht nrsolitc dc !. ozilii.
3Cr iltr cu \;^ . 1n Dr o"um d. i r plar : r z " t o
lDrt;? lJa vF r donr J ' Fl.
d- J1u, l. I piil I ! L_. o n d l i i b r ' 'r g ! / a D b l i r 't i
D ictio nn r lo ne lic .ng l. z il 1- q1r - .
!16
p d .n l r - ./o ,} ,, \!hi .h vorr qrrg:pcl oi l'

l Pr"n o z ir r s / a . " r Fh rJ l 3 J n -'
n,r p u d' a t i lu. i, dF ' i r ;n l i n l p l p ' .r rm ^ l u i r' ' d r' l
we do!'i knov ,, rldr lrc rfnned (cranatic'l '!tect, slil loDDal)
$J. don't know trna, he rclerr.d tu (Slil colocYial)
I Pre D o/ i. i L / o bA , . t c rd d , J rn | ' p ro .u ' c ,' n r. : ' \\ don I I' na' r ' bJt
. i . .rp p u ' o . ..l o - n rc ;r' i'l""lrd Ll m" ri r1s:nr ' a pro-
rn . i ;.l , n " r l' p. t " d
Dumclui relativ, iar ln vorbirea curlnli, dupn l "!
'erb
:,) Prorumolo ruLrtiv cu lunctic tlc suhsti,ntiY.- Fle\ibilitater limbii S 111+
cn s r a zrnFr m ;1..r - d liidF.uri,,.noi rr"t.',. prin . u n iz i' s i " u ro r' in I. I "
W ho , Wh o. uuu r r ul r u m " l o r J a p ' rs o d n " ma " a n l F i t I l atr' p domFrrrr' rc
. lc ml rl l , uno' c . r t . i DUb l i '" r " b i s rl r \' r.i u n rl - rtl ' 1 l " nti rr i r 7 hP fi nl " s
are o i n rrec s . l pas i: a J p ..\4 :.1 ru b l i i i rF - i n ri rul a i frP W hr' s l V ho af
lV h a i ' tth " " e . li " a" e ' p " r a , u n l u " ; /" ' h ;' i n . ' " trt-s. de l E b0bl si tt" rs
ehi l ^ Iot t abL B uild, n e s , Bo u t o L i n In .td n ! Ba i l t n" ' t c t.
'
In l i m ba e. ) r lpz E " .tp c J r.n r ro rJ I d e ' u b ' ta { i v d3r l ro' ru-rFl ur ' !l '
qi relativelor ln ginete - dovadi articolul hotirit care 1l tnso-te;te:
Carl Sandbufs3,jnt.cbat r,,leritnr la xltinele ;ti.i, a ritsllns: "I slau ask thc nexi
bana n a n Fdol" ' 1t ; t h. d .l t]" !h u t o t i t
l yn a fr . : pedeapsa , c e a rra :
Snc gave hnn ,tl,afo. whell he did not eat his lood lcolocv)
WlLaxnot, p\. -s : nimicuri, fleacud. tot felul de lniruniiluri; dulap' raft
pentru acestea etc.
Tablou rezumotiv :ll utilizdrii pronumelor relttiYs $ 1115

vho' whoso, whom, which, thAt
Pentru inl,rebuiniarea cazului pronumelor relative din limba englezd

trebuie l,inut seamade urmAtoareledoud considerente:
'r slill,l fo,tuutrJu "u]".,)in! pa'1r. ll sl a'a- E871.872r:
2J .sra .rul n
I'rot,ozil:Fi rl t r4"n lt rits \) ' tfti'otird - rtrPid
'li\"
ii p u;"1- InrrFlui,.ral t|2;42 ) 1"\'.
"t.'l;n"
(n€cesarnirl€lesului)
I. Propozitia aleterminatiYar, $ 1116
Caz Anrmab
] io nitu ti, .. r Yho. llliat r
A ct..tn. l] iat j
Cu p ip..itie '... lll, ar l . . p. . poz t ! ' c ltl trtl . i N hi , tFrnzi r c
Ce n.ilir ... llhos e . l u \l i ' l /l \hns' . .
lI. Propozilia explie:rtivi (rcnoccsard intelosuluj) $ 1117
$ ' h o (D r).... ....(1' hi cl r).tthatl ...

r]r* n ri l j c w h o ..., .... prcpozi l i e+ \!l ' i ci r..
$hJ ..l
- ,e o z rr ...rrr ' pr l ,o/i l i d
. .. f kl ,i " h w ho. ...
L 7. / | e Zrmp r, AxSsr 8. l9: 8. J ' ag. 22.

ii, t i i k;, . en, lr b, , ; . " 187s - - ls - 67. . po{ l b i o s r u f $ i $ r i t o ' a d " f n r '
": "ii,';
r lu {a dv. cpld liv). ar . r . ult r J r lr v ; a' p r r pt t f \ t : - t M ' n 9 s 4 n d w n e r7 0 r P ' 's 'r r '
. D,ii."t e sreclDrin s t d a s t 0ur r t , ddot ur c r pl. , ' i\ e l " n u a , r d p l l i o r m a ! " P t 'o r r , 0
.all1 cu ,o sau f,. tn iaz dativ.
!t6
Ilezumal loarlo brhomalir (. il 'ol^'\rJl
(.Animate (;,";;
Pr'rpozi!iadrlerminati'e I fnanim"r" \rlri,h -#'
sho.e -f#
lrblll
rintoc'ri'p /ldl o ri' rr r' uz"ti t'
onrls"shom, $hi.h nrin
{ | alrcrn.rirp a' r"plrbi)o in genprei ro'rrilFpri- r/"r/ ornF in '.uzlriL'
i i rle oloieeiomisein vorbire I ol
NotiL
din 1-oF
i' 11fE Propozil,ia €xplirrtif.i. neljjnd eseniiah irllelesului . este omisi
rire\e 'uvrrlp
birta toirr" aU,"ii' i, a\^nrudl o ln
"p"rrr'i "r "rpli""tia
i"t*"t" O" a*îece stilul coiocrial erte format drn propozi-tii scurte'
"*i.
iiiii"i" ri,i':.- neavindnici subiect, nici verb' ( S2743)'
"i" "a;.;ori
A ten lte !
S lllN ln prnpozllia4 1 JF"i penrrrr pe''osr' proaun'"lrpin,-''"7rr1
"'" 'tatn0tird
I;" ,i". ,""" o '*t" . ',\ ir,r. 'in l;-tr" 0d' "^ri rm:, t' th4t:
"
",i'
""-;' . l t . d ' ! o"lr :
" | ) \' f,'
ii#iiiT;firllJildt)il1.T.
lii
il
,li'1,:JXl,iil",,lilli
| r
u'0.,."
!r;'tiru
:r'l r^
n-,s,!!i
;,l"iil,,
,am'),
o,u " ..,,-.
ro.uAp,les
T,',X'"'i*l:
sne is rn; ('-.sr Nornanda' lras'r.
elcr ootncnv Nav
RJlT,lrttl- colllPlls
s 1120 Pno\uuEr.ll lr,{DJxgIl[L'r,
$
t 1191 1) tr'ormi. - Relativelc rft' tvhich 1i what impreund ou ^'tl:lb:l:-1'
"" qi l";;arlJ".""-" *r'ti'" c*e o'i on cu"actermai general'
i""i"oJ; decti formele simplel Unii aulori consideri acesLeforme ca
"o"'pose,
""'",:;;iiiii,,t"i,r;'"'*Ll;l'lr,x.:ll$,'i"tl',,';,I{f},
"oltote"rt
liind pronume nehotdrile compuse:
*'o'"*
"'""'
i'iiiii2i r':.l,li",lpcl o'ricaq- tiep qnieLahak'ershesavs . ,
( 1122
-- Fo n€le compusecu so€otl tthosoewrf: (pe) oricinel' rphicl*oepe
" t r o .f ^r ica r - l"i'-rars, ''l I ori'"r sin l lilo rs t pri d o s u-e t pslnt lntre-
t" rrga ' 'iJ"lnei" .i'.e'i"t" vhasoe'c' ihichsoe'erSi ahdtsae'cr
buintal,e
"""'P;.;-;i;in stilul Poetic.
S 1124 .o-p'* au antecedentulcuprinsin ele:
'"i"Ii"" otit)e careJ
rhae'er \- P{mani
ohiche,o l: ari'c tlinld sae luc'u care)
(tdrer" l: oflcc ruc'u ca'c,
S 1125 2) Dcclinare. Pronumelp rclsti\.e comDuse au aceeaqi declinare ;i

slnt supuse acelorasr regun oa ti formele simpie corespunzitoare:
/N,h l Nhoe\€' whosoerer
/cetr )' whoserc $hosesoever
iob i $ho(m)erer $ho(m)soeYet
q 1126 Cazulpronumeluit'hoefereste cr !i 'rzul proturmeluli"l1' l].:::":.1'""
ie:
"'--- a" pc'caretl are pronumel'ralativin propo?iti'tlLr)carc lr|c pi
-fU \ 1' Lr lt d j, i I r " 'a l
' Ps PJ / '1 ' l
\ \ ' An e' l ! r olP, "; r " $" l *_ d
Th"r s D L' o ! h' r ' r ' nqf t ' l trtrt )
f l. v s r ' ol o ! t ' ot n) \ p' ' \F r " ! ' tunt )
1lli cu r)ronumelcilrterogatiYeoompnse'S t0rrx

PEONUWLE ST 217
Formele compuse cu acuzativul {!Irm sint rar€, {?l,rm fiind tn curs de

disDaritie.
' R;tair1lp ahi. tr srdl'o / /auo.ingurdforms $ ll2?
'vh'thNq. 'rl'at 'i
ô"rpr, _ Cu pr':nptraform'lnr i'\opJ"r 'i o/'o_ $ 1l!8
Jr Adiecti\elerelciire comlrusc.
soo,,'r.pro" nunolorelArirPco"nirFFsinr in r"buinLdrcir ,d a ljP'ri\p:
Everv article. of ahoLe@ daoiptian. shall be enlelcd nt lhe lcdgcr'
Ithiihqt pat itc tu.n in Buciarest, Iuilding is in Fog.es!
4) Constructia cu Eubioxctirul. - Clnd ac,tiunea are ir "speciatun carac- $ 1129
j p r n p -i e u r, ph^lnr ir . ir - a l . \n rb u l F j r' I' u . l i ' " ro J u l subj on' ri \ ' ' u ' 1 l r-
L uinl p J;i lor ' m , r n p. hi\ a tp r,rp ..b .i o r,i i ru tu i rro n . rr_i r. ,u .t,autd. hnr.
,?igl'l ctc.):
TresDtusscrs. rno4,.f tlicY ,.. shall he p..secuicd
tlr'h;lcrr :-o\ anrl s{r. sh! will not lisicn to rou.
Jr llte roxstructii sDcriale. -S1130
,) Dupo fo"n', ,i,ra;c,'r.r'.,h',1lo D€poitc uneorilipsi: S ll3t
I ani Eohs io lrtrr urc camera.qndteretthi .a:t
|t'hale;;r iit .eo-";rs,his &nduct wrs n!)sl unsrtisfictu.l
ii ,\diectirul relativ tlrl'r'.r. prrs duri un Pronumesau un adjceti! S Il32
ro -
n"1'o,,.; n",1a,i,,rr" rr oori i 1-lp.rrlo ..,b.olul i' ,r' ...'l '
rl nll
,,odcit de neinsemnAt" cte.:
T nF rp. /.a . ^ "1 .,,- o- ol' , r ' i i
t . t hp. , J .." \r,. ' l: . r' obr
' - d' ior L m .ir" inlrrr Lp-dl
e, ',p ../ "r ' d "i
l,ltoNu]f ti',ti (oriDL-{TITII s 11r|3
1) Forrui. C.,n-qtruc,tiileronnneEti: S 113{

at"la isau celt ftre. at)rtl (san cn) tn. se trarluc ir linlbs e glczn prnrr l1c
(masc.),src trlLa(lent.). th( ane (sau ll,dr) on;cll (rreutru)|
'vi, tnpthar.t r tdr,tt,r . . dr , r t f . . r , . j. f I r ', n '. ', r , ,
),1 no dn Jrr r" r J \ l ' r J lr r ' i' r ' r o '_ ' n
Yor lca\'r zs strnrdrd rrl, cnr b! t.iLslcd lot lo l.i yo! down
He . 4 irtn ' a' , ^1 i r' i' "r L
I rv, ^./.,;, l.ct,r j . n 'r 'r '' 'J r " 'l 'l 'l l "
Tolr larecl js tlv aut l.r'ntutt dti.I iJ on lhc lrble
(\'czi si 5 s;9 r
2) Pcrsoaa a 3-a Dlural.- Piuralut iccator corslruclii in linba erglezl S 11:'6
actuain nu esterreJ (desuel).ci rltrs. tvir. uncori sir.h Lvha.suth us \: cel
'vl,o
?'l@sedlo liEhi lor tlie }innin$ ol nnolerr l\rapon tPsls ha!. \ron tr.oad Popular
-- . l,.r.nlv rn ha fc linolr n ie. \ r or k c an t illi a|oul i t
TlLc IIN;un rosscs.s leF old mstos. |nt su.i ds tlqt arc ratrk among urf Dest
3) ,\corilul prort nelor corelatire. - Ca 5(iil1 linba romeni cele doun S llSli
nronLm' ^r,lJlr\i nu .. " orJ- r'lrp I dF i rr, ' ap8 'a Ir'r\a'l- lorolng
ii nun'rrLl.,"/ul In"itr,i d, .rn'rT, d trrr .rr 1,""rr" oilJ'lJirre'' inltn-
pozii,ir din care laro parte lierare:
I/c d, addressed trs was our lea.ho.
I *ant to s-"e nt,z orrs. \ro.k is bfst.
\Ie oDenl€d t ]s kho \ad ahrnvs beetr our friend.
I shnll Eivc it b hnt ih.nl Yoi !raiscd.
:l.tt th's; loha(n)l lou s0ni g..cting cads l. \'cre dwaX
i\rezi ii s s.trl
tceste conslruclii sint intr€birin-tate in stilul iormal.
218
$ 1137 4) Pronumelo corelaiye Si stilul coloeyial. prorunele corelative xu

slnt. intrebuinfate in stilul colocvial. Aici pronumete personal este inlocuit tn
genere prin substantivul corespunzitorl
The inaL s'h. addrcscd os Nrs our teachcr.
I $.ant io see *e salttEnt ahase qork is best.
\\",'!p ,bl"o
' . r l . l|at s b " , n o u r t r 'n d ,
| .'.lll g ir i, t , , , he. t u, ) "at v o. ' , ) "i,r d .
\t tl.. r..,J . iio J or r . "hot.nt
A, r ir , . ' . . , . d5 " L . . p J $ i r .
s rr38 T,RONUUNLN REL,TTIV II_I)EPXNDDNT

( NE I IDITDNDENI RII,ATIID }NO]Y OI]\I
S lleg Llneod aniFcFdentrn Fnrumeirri relativ nu esra exprimat, pronumele

d,!p ir d o tt,l inJFpFnd.nr:
'pldli\
Il:,- i. n. iF . . r b\ . , r t , . , p r . I . o , F . l r d J s
wt., | " sho \ o- 1. \ , . J d, : , . , \ . r s r f . 6-
Lou may wrile 1a et.an l: ro him (sau herl irloml lou like.
$ 1140 Altcori anteccdentul este cuprins chiar in pronumele relativ (cazul iur
wlal ii al pronunelor relative compusel:)
I doD't kno\L on01 i tt\aL i, ch) tLc Fanrs.
Ilthoer.r t, h. Nhol is l,on.si. tirJs lis detjts.
s 1141 vrl. PliONrJrrEr,EsI _{DJECTIYU|

ITETIONn'T
(IIIE INDIITINITE ANJI'TIIIE ]|XD fII,ONOUN)
S ll42 1) Iclinitie. - PrcnrtrLtk n.hotiirit li]lc toeui unei denumiri cle tiintn
s0u ,la lu, ru lr , i rp .- rFtFri tn r,o.l rag. neprp"ir.
.. .,4djeLtioul nchotirit dFLun caracter ragr nodefinit substantivului pe care
1l determinn.
S 1143 2) Pronume ;i adiectiy. ,, trIdioritated Dronumelor rchotarle Dot ti
Adi", ri\". {\./i e\pn1pt"teri
!i "r,;p iij" t. lronur,.t. r..p."rir.1
$ 1144 3) PriDcipalelcpronume,si adjcctiyenehotirite sinr,:
( d) . . f r lRinJ . ru i . .i u s rF (1 r.. a n u mj trt ,l { .dj .j r\-?i si
S 82l l
c af o" ( : : lr e.a rP )
T hp . hidr , n 11 " .".-i \,n l $ o a p p tp ..d ./,. .r ro n.l
[ o. t L or - o tp r.-;" .u ,t- ' d t1 ;- o i | h. p" o,t,,-. t\d-.,
" n ,.r"
erery3 [: fiecare. to,ti ("dj.)l
1J ' y \.rking
tufy \ or ling man
m .rn l u s € p e ,\o .rt l b rd ry .
lLe bt pnds?r e f, !e ' r' y h p l d s o n !!o k s .
ell (: tot, ioat', totul, toli, toate)
I had seenil dil belore.lP.on. sA.)
,1ll thc sl,udenis
were thdc. (-{dj. pl.)
onoa(: unr unulr una, o; cineva, se) (!tg.)
On € ca on ot Jl$nls nP r is lt . { Pr in )
oa P dd y h c \ill ge1 h s dFgr r . . ( AJ j. )
rV ez i I l1? . 1 1 2 0 .
:V ez i ssii {S 811 , 1 1 5 2 .
It r , . 9 p" " num a i a d ." .,i v r\p ? i
r. 5 h 2 r, tti : . oronr' " tF.or" .l ,rnri tor ti i nd:
_.
\ : / r , il d2r , 9 i i , 9 4 i , r0 0 5 -rc 0 9 , l l 6 4 I|:i ,.
2t9
anothd l: (un) alt, altul, alt{, alta;mai ..tncnun(ul)l

On . ild r''d v d, or ot l ' s nr l"d ( Pr on )
\Vol vo ,, l'a\" d@ ' i. - dnd{ " ' ldlr
other (: alt, altI, al-ti, alte) (sg. ti pl.)
the othor (: celalalt,cealalld,ceilalli, celelalte)(sg. ;i pl.)
o/ p' ar c r m { , r r d r. n o r n " ,--." r\ (\d j )
D on l t dk " ll' : . p . , h \d n u ,,/rp " .l /.o n .
Ther came in o;e alter 7n" o,i4 iPron )
He iech,red on Milton lna olfu. day. {Adj.l
ot l e rs' (: allii, alt elp l (p ro n .) (p l )
r b c o tb or s r ( = ' " ilalL r, , p l " l a l l e J (p ro n .i rp l .l
We harer't lisl.cncdin to l.he conccrt, bul orr4r5 ha!.
Someol them $'.re late. n l tlE odere ]].adcome in good iime
cither, (: oricare din {loi sau doun; amindoi, amindoui)
"\Vl,ich oi the tso do you nani?" "t,,nc. \rill do" (Pron)
I had a ohild on d,Ael side oI n'e lAdj )
ncither [: nici un, nici unul. nici o, nici una (din doi sau doun)]
Tti.! L'oth Aot up. btrt neid.r ol thent slolte. il'ron i
rlet;.. siofi' api'cared h prlrt i-\dj.)
both (: arnindoi, amtndoLrn)
.BoA arc awar. lPron.l
B or n c hildf t n { e re a l s c h o o l (^ d j .)
it 3 {n e i ra dus ) ( im per so n a l ) (p fo n .):
1, is Uonday, .
rr las go!," sri
vc (- noi) ( inper s on a l ) (p ro n .):
I1', can't $'ork ii d'e ar tired i\jorbntd in g.nQaL)
yo u a (: per s . a 2' a) (i n p e rs o n a l ) (p ro n .)
l-o4 iccl Jour dal has nol bfen \taslql $hcn lDz have dore a goo.l day's worL
t h e ya (: s e) ( inr pers o n a l ) (p ro n )
?n€y sai' lie is a succ€slnl ariisi.
sevel:ll (: r,itiya. citeva, mei nulfi. nrai nulte)
lhere Nerc r.t.rai ol l.licin iProtr)
"sed.dl d.n 0rme in. (-\dj.)
mrrrh {D r o . s i ddi, ( t a ri $C90 601l
mrrrr (pr^n.:i rd.i.l ( \'",i $6t0 691/
({, lirlle (pr"n ii adj., rf"7i $ 676,
(a) lcw (t,rof. qi adi.) (\ezi S 637)
\ou.rl ,a\a ri.rp. turir . fu!i'i. LnL u plp .r ,5r!s. i{it" ilova.
partc, vreur. vreo. un (o)... oarecatel
,!,D. saY slie is cler!.. 11'ron.l
Il. took me s,n, tnne to get l.hc.c. (-\dj.)
lathrs, the othns nu sini derit p.onnme.

-\djeotivclc corcspunzltoaresint o,n€. ij
I Vezi fi S srt.
. Vezi $i $ 85i1.
a Vczi si { 1168.
'\'"zi , t : 1. ll. 8- llc 6 . :4 1 8 -2 !i x .
>i S
2!0
onyt [: oricare, orice; cevar vreunj rrreunul, vreoj .t'reuna,vr€uniij vre-

unele; (cu o negalie) ninic, nimeni, nici unul etc.l
I havc no money on m""r havc rou eoi onu ? lPron.)
Il she had aze"iea, rhe wolld sir; nie ionl. (^dj.)
ro'l (: n;ci un, nici o) (edi).
Th€re were zo ltoNersh th-asarden.
norct (: nioi unul, nici una) (deioc)
Pnticncc lre hril lo. Bl,aL hc didn'l lilic. (-\d j .l
'one ljlror l
r\:,r, ol thcnr spohe.
so d e b o d r 4 (
so rxe o rel 1 ( : ' r n. \-J ) (fro n .)
Tt,oe is yn@n€ al. r.he gate.
,!b,rr.d, rafg t|c b.11.
somethinga (: ceva) {pron.)
Sondrit€ was Frong thcre.
allr lrodls f
,',jon"i i "\ ir ': {'u o l jariF 'i"rF'l (p'on )
i ': ''i
D aaubod! lsit\ anx.ne ) corne?
Anlladi Ban coittd ha!. don. it.
I don'l riirnf ra ",!t"*,1
see arwnti lsan anubod!)
anythings: re1'a orice: (cLro nosalic) nimnr (pron.)
!'d Iou say a,37r,;nsr
Anrtjtlnp \s bel,lpr 1lun ill |.alih.
I ..,d d ,i' i s c c ar r r r nr s h tl e d a rl .
u ,'h o rl tc I
o o | |e c I ( : n1n] . r r) { trri n .l
;\'dl,ol! stoke 1or a l)ng l,ime.
rlo ,nc osFerpd Ure door rvhen I rnng.
n o tl ri n g 6 ( : nir nic ) ( p ro n .)
iV,Di,4 mal,|c6 non iliat s|f l{s gore.
cre rrl ,o i lr T I
( : lr P td l e to ti l (p ro rr' )
e'e .j o n c i i
T|e lcrturc. spohe lo a,c.!r,ly dter th4 lectnrc.
n€.?rrr. Fas Lhere.
e ve rj th i r gT ( : t ot ) (p ro n .)
I ha!e told Jou cc,/rni,z6,.
(pentru doari obiecte)3

\YIj.h do lon pteterT N.ith$ I: rici imut)
tnlur (: ori.are) will do.
I \:ezi
r /, t i $ 8 11 , 1 18 7-1 r 96. ! ! 38- 2! 43.
.' " m1 i , or , 5pun/ bt o. ,,4 ,..," l?nl .
I \ P 7i S r2l. Il97-
$i S 8? 1. tlu z tao4
4 lezi ( ll45 -11 18 . t 205_1206 2q1i
5 \ " . i .i-ii
$ lt11 lli'. t , 5 t 2^, j. l! 4b. r r is .
0 f -. zi rl4ri ltt8 , lLiu. r : l] J . 19ii.
\ i S
? \ F 7j q I I',5. II
t1: { r . I t 6t
3 SeDs grnmatical: ',0 aiit liint€, cit Fi lucnlli.
PRONIJUJ E FI !!1
(pentru t di nult de dodiL obiccrei

whioh(orthen)doyour.erer?
r{;?: {l_;ij::"iill,ii, ."
1145
4) ,Leoralulpronumclorfi al ndieetiTelornehotdritetu alte I,Ionunlefi S
cu
'- verbul.
p."""*"fu" nehotiritecu inieicsde \ingrlflr l" "olc(purrdtormolF S rlali
h i'. h ;n .i h ; ns , t f , . r u . , 4 . /P r. h ts
'i h a s t[ d a :' 'e r-fp' i l d n rsoa-? 17'
'e'
ILr Frr/ i pF' rrr' 1 '
s . i l a p l fd d. d. p r ' r " r u lc l L rrru ri ' " ' r l r l i i n ' o l ;" o r ' " \
Ver:bui rbspectiv esLe la siflg ar:
.,,,,,,',.';:,'"i':ii,,,:;"ilT''i,i,',L.,;ll;'i1,1'"";';""''':"il,"
o ;-
" -s, l , pF. l:n,1 l rr.1 h; . iPm i v r "ao1
" "
lilH :# "';,,"r:' , : : ':i," b;
, , g: , ] r " "i'i." '', " ",
" ,,,' | ' ' r' JnI o r d-r:' t a
,t i ; r " : r , k ' ' m a n g 1 /i / ^' ''
ohai.
- in trr eon.s. lllerul
:, ,,1 ....t , ,- :r,,.. .-m' t i l tcr..ol l l ' "
r""r, ut " er , ! , " ,j ,t t
r,:F,"',:l:,:l., .' ""d,,rr::,i:.,'1{
"t
.
'
"'"".,:""1;:"
)'l1l'l:'
[ill.:,:,;:lJ,"be. ror''. i,,r '-b "o \irr" t/ il n
ii".,ii""ri:.
Obseroaltt
11'17
.z/ Sc oluisnuieslesa sc rxtr€buir,ie?-elL':' his hitn -sii'ilzsef chiar atunti S
cr-t^'i || ."1" iri,nn lr mae' rrrn
cir,dI run .r,,-t" r', ho arr I'h^4n'Llp.p(
si l1 o,r.obn^ de'pt i-rnin'n lf'7i "r"rrrl" - 'i' I pun' rul ld /l'
' s0u d 1148
a't cina pronunelenehotirit inlocui'fr' "u\'tdntiee de grn-hminin
r.-lr'r. | ' " nr,l , .Lr l'r. ur -1" ppt nndl' po Psr\ar sFU rrllprrv.'.orFs
olFl, d- td t',1lrtr' tb I ti (' )l'
r""rJio,,"t,-r,
" "\'1,
;; t., rp', r"h,r 'r,." "u in1,r-. ,1" pl,rra13 a I ln uonpt" /ir"/. /' ;r', $ lllr
qr pl
'l'.r
"
.. tt.n'..' * a
'Jj*
ri\F ii p o'ur'" 'or"'pr|rr;'o rc tprbul lrrn0
la plural:
rr' r ' h .t b ' d _f | | rp u ' -o 1
'.if I
Atl o bov )
t r"
' J ' r' "
t " P t " r o o . r o rr ' r'
s"-'; i . or '
t ..a
Cn xl celelat t epr onum€ n e h o i n ri te (€ * /rD o d r, t r i l Jotl P ' dnl bol l J.unttunr' S 111' 0
n. t , . .t,. m onet i" " t " . l fl .rd l . d F .i ." ' c .o m" n di .a prunumFre pprco-
" dI f l" ii! , d rl r p u -p rr s i rc rl a r. s c" ' l ea si nl l ol u:r ad" corr
nale. n "r-.i ' a. i
i"i;li'l"i"i" lo.nia lo" d" pii.ol. Yerbul pistrlndu-seinln la Finsular:
";
l'll'il,i'-+iiii'ili, *it,,'"
r':"":*i,i*il,i,1,lr',.;1;
\d, onro tre in /hr. $ ies gof g I n $or lr
d Do on r r b ' b' lo l - P ''
. ioliu' l! 's
'd '/l
1151
dl Adicetivelc nehotdrito au pronumcle personal. posesir'5sau reflcxiv $
corespunznioracordat cu sub"'tantivul pe ltngd c8rc stau:
tea, mon is oblil.d to do /,is dtriv to ntnef
f;ft"" si'l 'o || \i- ? ''onp'rt4r//
. , // r o a 1r ' r ' r
in o I n d p u D r '' '/
-Lprtl, d orr h
' . . ' \ r n-
I r P o itl' :/ r' r5l lo ' r ' 1l n4r_'onand bi ' "l

' Lni-t e r . f i o i , n d 'al
l". Jlll d r o l rp 'r\
''
:h . , h s o. h ' i 1r. l ! r!b "!J h a ' 1 1 "..
. n r cu r dt . c r , ( f t e o ;r!i rE .
3 cu s lorm fn l i u n l L . l i S rl i 0
'Ie liia c tposcsrlc.
I Si adj€clivele
6
Si adjcctirul loses'v.
pRoNUr{! $I ADJIIC'I
M NllllotARlTE
IIVEBY
s 1152 IIACH
i,!DJECTIV ]EIIOTTRIT)
{pROrrjMEirr -{nJncrrv nEtloriRlr)
fi " drF'
6 115 3 lt lnt eloo. \ ;r d " /' . 1 ' i " J ' 4 ;^ q p a n" i n l i mbr romi nd
" o nLr aDt adc de o s Pb i rel n s ;:
"o-
" ";;;.;;"i.'.i" e p a rt ' d ir rr' " n g ru p :
'p" ial lr..tip-r- uni'' i" .
r^ i c respe'tit' ci 'Ll'ituind'unt'oi' r;r; exocJrlre"'
"r"ir'i" ""i""4 'ite! a"'g"'"""rit"r" Do 3cle. \p.si !ildll',:1"-:."1:
traducpte o a'l lr
nrite ori fn ronnneite prii lol: t)'rltt ta1t tool' Ateeu-\L
"""";i';;;;;"i*;a"iii.ii.
-"i respir,tive: e"rvDodv lcr-'r!.nrc) : tn.\t
lo3.ta-l
-J/:iU-
F,,cnAce-
"t";i,i"r"
iitiii:t iirra"t,u;: p€sletor, pl.rurin'lenir'RarcorLlrp sr
i;"".p"""
Iaqi inleles':
$rua
[i.ft]"yri!/-;]''".1r1","" ",,",,. li*rxiil#i,llir,".i":]
l ,';"'il, '1: ; " 'f ' ' i , : ' , ,,. , , . , r i" r " " d .' ;r - d ' , r ' '
'1ao? L\tctp.Jl
" 'r -"
F* lru;r;;rl'll ) Fiirixil
t;:i;"1ir"il". i""1"1N":
..."
"..",",.
l;*;l#'ii"ln:':tl:: fi?i'*lli',.:l iff'x'l?#"'l"liii;'"#iiiiil:ii':j
t 1"m "s Ld I lillp | ol
l: ,,uth p,. t\ "
11 , i ' u' ' 1, \ , r i ar led pin' i
tl:,iL t:",J.,: "
Pd'n--tL €'"rv
{ ll55 2) intrebuiniarc. - Pronuntle ri adjertil?j" n-elotbril'e qau rucrurr' rpre
mai m{rF dP doun frrnle
" sint lrltrebuinlatei pentru un numrr
deo."L:'"da;./rn". tl'hp')t- li tol^'ir 'i \n' zul 0dn'dobia c:
lll .T;i.",;,i',
;,";';"rtjl :,,,ij;,*
iF;,j,y :,,
fi:il:l :'l :: jl'l:''"i'
i"i'ir'.- ll;;'':-*'
l'"i,:1,1i,'"1
1i;,1
de un numeral
S lltd 31 'Drer1". Alte irrtrebuin,tiri' -L-tel]/poate fi urntat'
, ou bmi 'l s"u I ljo ri! r1 Ir' rl
-rrlln,l 'lp
HT'XF;',".
il'j'i;":'.? li :[" "iHilfi'"'* r
J"l",:ffi
'rhe srar.c t',?r,,ii[1
sior. Fcei{csl..shr-n1!ties
lMagazinul de stal ldmclt' tr ilJi ,* I
eN olto dnr hti lrnohed ai thc ornl'cn
(O aitii ta Oo.i zjle tra l'lnzul la oanlua )
cind sint subiecte sau Iac psrLe
s 1157 4) Aoordul ou verbr '- -r-ach Ei et'rl,
" din subiecl. au verbul la "(ingular:
/ . . a, l o 1 rj ' d \i ' l l on "L n ri '
' ' r' a b rrnl r' r'
t l, , r ' \L rd " J " n '
"ttt "
o' uf-a, atl
{ 1158 5) Loc t c ur i n tu l u i " c a c h " i u l rt' l ' o z i fi c -Lucul pe-' arci l
" -" e '" , ' .l n " i m i l pr l "1 e Dc' ; :: ' ' ,"'pr
" i' n i "o - i i i - . "pi rro rJr !ll-onum
l1,p"F
i" L i , i *i ' i , ; ' a i . ;.i r','i"'," n -- f-i '" a u 1, .l' 4' i"t ' ub dnr i\ul
.r'r e,lj* iv'rl po "'it resl"' rrt '' 'il; ld 'nrLr 'r:
The bo"vss'ant to have cotl nis own }all
, f . ?i ; r dm p l l l S l l ,! s i S l tS r'
r s pns A r am ;ti c a l :ti i n t. n i t l u rr,fl
2'3
NEEOTARiI
PRONUMELE FI ADJ'CTIVO!
.:, ifl,{i5i;:Jliiri il3';:

li"d;illYtlli
:;:ili"T;
",,,'""i;;"1: "Jt
;'o*""'i.,l'Ji"lLJJ:':':.," c ,'i^,,
\^',,,, Jl
ounl.,,j
'|h"i
a srdirenl r' r/r"i" o\,'
$ f1b9
IT,L
(PRo\rDr'l !l'\DrEcrIv rtrrloa;\tslr)
1160
'sises
*.*""' me'ilionate
,."uil"îl'J.tlll:",*i"i-:ilt:,lll$*1*
l;li';I "';;x;',;: :;":.';j"'"
tn""
"lrn"t"'U
-: li set'raduccprin 'inirel"' "inireaqi"- 'lntr'qr"'
i'n**I
"tot" ".oainirave
r.,lt"'!:"ll,il'1i,"*,i,j1'i\,i,il,''lilil
l
sjngularurmt't de arLicolul
l;:J;" t*"* ** *eorj re'latd!i prin &ll1r
i
hot;rii
#l :l:,.lriii"*)i",,1'ilil'i:': "Ji'I,:,,"';:;,"'ori *". ""
arlrerbi'rle all day' all ;;::,' "p,.a
t,ourtriunile
*""
l'; ^ l" T Ii ' ;"'' 1"'' t""
* '| d1lr o - it r Fr '
;li'1,
Pli'l;"
.",?;\'l :-*ln*ti,;
",*,il*; l,;li;,il',li'"1'
brroul''''''
n*rr'''r"'
erpr
i' i:";;";'-;'
Iil;.,i'r"::lifii"i)',",i
,; i ..,,, p .,pr n.cr pch' .Joinr Fr NLl
r f l : 1 "i ,", u \ i n ,e ro ,,,^ mp u .-,,
i;
?l'li;
l:1,:ii:i;ll,l$.:,l,l,i:';i";.''J';'i:'""[15':r:"'i]'l
*re,";l,1ii;i1ii'1"1
;ri;i'G
;:jI;iI,,,i",
*u
iLril,,,i{"#ttjiii-i;is,** s11
idio'atrcnei
3) forme !i eo''strnctii au_nerciful'allpolfrlnl'
all-embracing,
i
drr n" h'rppi
l':'' ," ,"' ", ",, ,h soFp.
ff,Ej:;;":'"::''::,:,
",,.":l',
otLth"b.,\-ot nl,,ll-,n"j,,1',,i'.1,j'",,.
"rt'r\{1"'1fl'"i,eh, .no,d, ar,.rorar'I knou:
;".r.f
",,..," llf,)"",."",1i""11#.
i' gi't
{i'l;*,,i'1""*:,x")i 'n " î-
(Vezi S 2J
**" *"r-""t' atii anirnalc' cil' ti inanimalo'
224
$ 1103 4) Furctii. - Pe lingx valoarea de pronume sau adjectir: nehorao!,

.L vrnlul , / / a" e; i ta l o a r. d " s u l b rd n ti v ,ru rl " adrerb:
, .,1ll )ou l,are to do lor ihc nromentis to 1'atch th." nork of {.hequatiiied turne.s.
Hc f \ or k is n o t d l i b a d . { .rd !.]
$ 1161 ONII
lPrio\.'urltr9r rDrncrrv tr_Drrorln11)
S 1165 l) Formn lri irtrelr i[tare. Cuvn]tut ,nr csLeprorume sau adi€crir'
nehotdriLsi are o singlri fornn - c|e de singular- indiferentde gen,numar
1/ li'",p \'_ r i^ ni, ' ' oll".LJ ,. roll:

,1 ' ""''.
./ 9.".
u rP- n evP. k no\ r
Sh-" was so shy and qllianass.d, ore.oulljn,t het! icclilg sofur rrr hef.
_ tPronumele si adjfctn.ul in e-tcnplele tu)1i(I))siLt pronutne i ddjecri,)

neltaldrttcn caraeterde nltm.rdl; n e\emplul d," ]a runirrrl tcl nronumele
ps r n.l,utari,.. tr;,.,p.t.onat, .,r,,n ti .,l.r trrr .",,:;,"n r.li_b.,:p,manr;
cinen, se iri linba iomAnd)1.
S 1166 d,): un oarecare(nccunoscut):
Ilf introduced nc l. ,a. Prot.Rced.ilron )
S fI07 2J Tnfele\. - r-lrp (rmper"o',il) este iul,rebuinlat aproane irtotdeauna
n.ma' i, r,J ;nr.1"..I o.. t,-rr . qer,-r,r. Jr'on,.ri":
"r'rn, "prn.,p"
Onr should ahlal"s go nr n falk alllr dirner.
$ 1168 Cu cji in,telelrrl der;re riai restrins, penlru redarea idcii imoersonat€
sint t,+fprdre_iltcfnrmc si pron,,men€ho[tirp: t. peiple, thcu,
,u . ,u/ ii , Fl n,pi in la ,,o par..i:
'"n p
/'.l,,d "' \ i, ' : , ", , , . i: n ir t-. ol Lic"r
.r, a ,,. 1. r . I' p+ . . , . n" t ,
U.z ilir'I - r
l'. is I { Ft r ins " , , r , t :
I'eapb belie\a lrin 1o be a sf.ati artist
7/,P! \a l slP q d good \ A' r
TI_ mu r J $ nr o. dr at . d r" ,\' |
'r . '\ '. 6
Ite is.sdtd to lc a m an lor aU $eat he$'
s 1 169 .
/ir, irn pn r.nn ar r p. p t r t ir i t r "LLi' , H i r t r r b r , n . : t p z a . F o l o . i r r r
ih-" ^,-. r',. u i lr un, ' m , . r . r o . r J nr . t i, , , q' " . , r 1 , . l e . t i l
s 11?0 J) ,tcordul cu alte prorlume.
$ 1 r 7l a) Une (pronune nehotirit .,u l.aloare de numerat) estc intoLdeauna
oldd l /,. s/,.. - i r i. l I nr ' . t - , o- . ht\. h;n. hin,.tl. t, I
' "ll nr r r z d . d r p
h.r\P tl. lt, 1 /\. tt* q I
i 1a l.. "bo J ' ,
- a, . . 1 1. . . 1, . 1r . , r . , , , , | ."t Jt n n""".,t /,,
girl t- roe 'l io h c 1 \. , t - r
i.nd f olu r "ar ' 1.
{ 11?9 ,J ,ne (proDune i,npersonal) are fornr de geniriv ,n€'s ;i plonumele
-_
rcllcxi!. corespunzitor onrsrf:
'[o looL ait.r o,c'.f is ,ri.s dutl.
l Pronrme Drscdin id nominatiy.
3 Pronnme l€minin in acuzatir.
a Pfonnmc imneNonnli,r nominal.iv.
5l- c z i s i { 1t il.
6 qlr n. lpl' . old .J u n dL a i d l L i
t" n " ,i t . n ,g r
' : rn om pe f.1relF !o!
FEONI]i{DE 9I ADJEC1NUL NEIIOTARII 2P,
Notd
,. Orp limppr(onallcsr" si pl uncoria.orda. (mdi alcqjn vFrsiunea
amFrjcanE
ru hp hts him \i hin^41. .tat s'paoru.^nstructie nu esrc
:^l'::ll."l,c]:'")
A se compara:
oa ot ri" wof&'rs.Irided
h;n"41o. hisa.ti"\"n"nL. lpron. . numerdt,
$ 1173
s d nt ndr oa c u r "r ' t ir ih s dt c . ,
uz erwavs p d "s o trs" r y . on ou ! a"hi. g"m n, s . { Dr ^n . i m o " r s o n d t ,
n ,nd. dF ". d- i. . - t r it . noas , . p. l
4),Futrctii,.- Oze poate fi:
s 1174
Ue coutrred lrom on? 10 Urree.
O alJ IJ T P $ t b u rn i n g .
' ,"
D, adjectiv nehotdrit cu caracter ale numerat:
One \'nto night he wenr io ihc st rting-rink.
c/ pronume nehotdrit cu 1.aloare de mrmeral:
Ozd of them slot e.
d) Pronume nehoLirit, impersonal:
ona shonld play rair.
P) pronume demonstratir:
Shc hnd a gr€en tain ottranl.er anil a s.cv one.
Lan yo! sec l.hosewomcn? Thc on, jtr bticdjs in mo!.ning.
H. $rote a hrndred and fleren $irh thr.c oids.

5) Conshuctiiidiomatioc:
o rP o nd oll ru , , ii t J - l . \ . d r . t i l
s 1176
.wtya 'P . n. l . p lo, r .
t la t a it ( - l r "r , lt m , nr : v- . t "
SOME. ,lNI. NO. NONN

{ pno\untr tir -{DrEcrlyD xEE0r,iri 1rE)
$ 11?6
_ Same,ang .i nan. tt'r ii atit pfonumc, cit 9i ad.iecrive.]{o €ste numai € ltZT
a4jp.riv loarp !inr i',\dri-bita. ;noir,r"nr Jp p"i*--. "'
e."":";-,;;,
,!bn. ot rE wcrc aDsclt_ tDronI ",,"0i.
Hc madc son. mistakesin h:s w;.k. tadi.)
I r d \ " " y , I J o u rd r. , r" .. (p " or.
H \ to . rn ,J ,.h i td ra: L tt.
I travc ,o lricrds ti.re. tidi.l
i:,,, ot ihen carc rtr( me: iDhn.l
Au', thf.e Ft6 zoze. ladi.t -
SO}IE sr178
1)
_Inteles. . So,7? r ar. lnt ples a[inld.ti() qi n ticttu. ad:,ce pune accentul { 11?9
I , F . r\ rrcn i unur nLn. ' r { f-.td n s ) s d u i u n " i , d n I r ti I i I rF.| | i ,ropI di nrr.un
.nra. i..:r sFlr r d. u, por ir . . r t i rJ r ..i tn ta ...u n i i -r.,L ,n _ F..,..ni .tp-...puri ntdJ-.
.. p\ o- .p d rr p*. jn 8. . : l . ,n .,a rts :n r' .L u ;^ 1 3 ru n ,,i ...sub!td' l ti vi ta ntural .
m e, ' r ii J dp. r. o L i p n ' ,:.trn rrra s e p o d rp a,." ;u o p..i " j .i
1 ! , lli"
s uD s ra':.,1 .
l r\ e t Ds t r ac t c . "u
1 .tY- Foqle\ on. cit,.
, Seusg?anatical: attt aninlate, clt
ti inanimalc.
l5 - cQnaiicq umbii erslse
228
s 1180 2l lntrol,uinFre - -iomP.F'F lntrcbuinldt:

{ usr p*pl';l'lr:
i" j;jfi';n'".
'J ," dFsk,:\,um,r
rps,r,m,
ii.^J:fi:li"Jlh'tTfl'"Tili'''"'' .'"',"",
ili;";i:#i c""'''"'" *''"*''
"itt;1".il:91'i1;*'
(Dd_ i, te rog' din h'lnza acecar
s 1182 i,'l"t"H?:1X-ilfJ"i:::fi111'ilr-, men-

sauobiecter€
dinobiectur
iionate: rcttoiarres'
''""-#";"t r:eT#Ht*ed?f
E?l"ttidl""'I:
ci numai pentru obiect):
Se spunetnsd (lfun intcrespentru cantitat'e'
oi r ' e r e"o nm "nd' d di 'l i o l a r i p \:
HJ\' to u go t rr:
';, ' r Y d'n
,r'.ii"",i ""r rqoma o
i;:
o rugiminte ori se lace o
,'/ tn cares€ otereurt lucru sause adreseaze
sug€stie:
sliru I heh Jou to rone cale? {olertli)
Pl'Jl,Sl'
a,$*in'"'
ri:,'i';l;;;,
iii"'' ;";1
ru
,'il Siij'1,#'T0,1".,
n'"/" m"'":l
'',n',''
tD 'rmo"r'
c'''":
b- ) in car" jnrFrofdlia nrr s' rpl'r" la
r'aves4P " " d:
lirl ' o ' r ' r \l d r) o l ' m "
, . / in pr opo T i rrrl " n ' c a rr' \i c g a ri ! i nl eroeal i l e In ' 6rP ' " ' l ' fi ri e
S ll8
"* 3 ' a o b io ' L u lu i:
" ,'--'
" ' ,""; nu n il..ltui'uu a ' {r'ii)
I n"'", - eLa,, i s';,: 'nrirr{ii
ilxo:'.\i::"1,q "ji; l,T';'i]",''
J,".!'l
*
\ J J u lr o_ar " '- ''. '.
l\r.io olla "" " ' ""
nu iniereseazd'ci numar
Dar se spu'c (ctnd nurt[ru] sau cantitatea
oliectul):
' I nerer bur dnr lio$e$
lNu cumli1i nioioda1e llorr')
A s e c om pa ra :
i; ;"i;' ;i*.";i,r.?i;"'e14'*
'i; :l'l' l'l'"",''::l:''JI;";l"'
olJ . u s P r a rra b o ' i l i l I \ro u n rrn o ) rl
I $L' \' u s ' | | m" -v J o r' ni P i rl :
\i l " rr' _ ri ' r ' ' " o l r' D l r '
' l ^ _ r-' b aprori rr" n:
s l1 8 { , i f lv er bi" l i n " i n re a u n ' ri u r' rd r' oD n' ru a ararr \trnd
ih. : ; r - { n( ns r" s ta d i !n i rBn c l L a ' e s tc a n s ' n " 0nooI' eopl e!l ucsonP ' 00n0
t'* xo 000in licioat
"i3lxut""', ,,* ,t,,r'st" dir Bu0urcll'iale s0 00ir'le loruri' I)lrs "'o
I' r" :l
( ll 8 :t : l) P r onunl i e l :r' i rr' L rl o l o' m' b' aarrl usj i
,' o " ' " rF ar" i nl cl Ful dp
' bJu ni i u "l"
,'."" pnr us r; s h tr " ra ri ' l
' :;r;' " ' ;' " -1" i af' pr1rn
nar t e: I or m ls l b a ' " d rn r| | ' ' "'Ll" ' F\' ar" ni or^"
""1
i el" . . , DU! ini" ,,' P' L ti n € " :
{ m e . r m l s :tl ' rn l " ' I
( ot r l" / m o i i In r" frJ '
..r p o J ! n rmb I l ' rr s i ' u ' ns l ar' i r di ri dual

' l" " , *' ;
PEONUMEIE SI ADJECTNUL NEITOTARIT
227
I $ 31 se . s dnr t alpt eo { . . r pv a. 4i. t . .
srp b oig l' r oF, p J $T- pau , | _ lni. t p,
'r.tie,
4) Funotii..- In alari de pro umc $i artjectiv(sau numeral)1nehotnrit,
som€estesi adverb(S 1{84). S 1186
A.ITI s 118
. . lt lo.t"ln..- An? (: r.rcun.wreol.
n, c,u nsr esnehoa,i
lp t q i . c , " , " " o , , ^ , " " l " " " i,ily" ji;;f,;i[,' "il:"$,?1188
;i;;
rominFd-ca
:1i;:,'"i:til:*,it,:l :;1,i,,'*Jj:1,*.p
2r
"d;.;";';;;;i;,
Inrebuiolarc. !rJ Fsta Intrebuinla,.
a/ ln p'opoz4iil" dfirnarirF r- oricrre. ori""l: s 1189
$ 1190
inrhewrons
frl,*:l,lil,i,j*,lxi*;JJl"ifil"*'Ji""
.,lny man could do this.
(Otice btthaL ar lut€a tace nceasl.a.)
(dupn
o nesari€)
cuaccentur
$ 1191
," "i1""t*"i:'lh*rl'::fill;,:""i:,"*"ive
aDvnews? llnre'osatirr rc'ends.
(Nesariv)
AT",;!i,f" &".iXf;.,g;j,,T,
,, in propoziriileiporerice:
Tt I h r d d, 9 t - - on. | .' ru d a i v p \ ,u ., .r . $ 1192
r!'a cJ ns a\ ea lanni. i i a . ,1 1
ixq, :':id.fiy;'"li i,i""li:,t::r:::":.1
", 'i,0" u
,1;;J."r.i:'.
dJ ca adverb:
"
s rr93
(pentru
,,r."".lillrf" ?f':JL"#ii"JJi,1'lil;gli'.r,liiie' timp)sau anv
+ s 1194
lli,T:iiFilfl,'*"""'"' ': ' j:,",";,;J,:,.:;;,.
r" r";
.i ;I#,,
l"Jj"j;,
' ' 'r t,
I\i"T:l ,,1li":ry ,li; 1.,"":
i;" "i;
d"J + un comparativ,an, nu so traduce:
$ 1195
f";"','l? 9""{:,*l'#;;,,"
, ,
d-) the nL comparariv:
'1f"":arii,"yt,::jj"
+ + 1196
$
t:i:X:J"':,1""t;,"ii;ii,""jii,'1i",,",, .' an!,he
be,'o
to,
-\a\,,
",;.lil,xj:
lt;ijf derocmaibinedupadoc-
i:Ti',
Nt)
(ADJDCTIY Nd{OT.1.R ITJ
NONI]
(ADJIJCTIY $T IXONU}IE
$ 1197
IYEHOTIRIT)
1) No este:
( = ni"i un. ni"i or aru' i,in.t J",er'llini dn suh.rsnri\ s 1198
,,.:!),dd!"," tir
etnrldlentul aceslDra.
scu s 119C
!1.." "_" ,"" .r, , ,s rri., r'o , m
r'.'.,s: in
-lo,-k
Cind verbul ro be san ta lmre clc. €ste urrnat de un substanti\..
negativ tntrebuinlat €ste adjoctivLrlno care precedd sutstant;vut. cuvintul
bace'inii
1 V€ ri q i g 130t .
, V.zi S p. 195 adj. not a 1
MORFOLOOL{ - FRONUMEI'E
2!8
*j*'i"*(ans' mche''c)'
enough'
t*:t',ilii"iqtr*1".'u.9;uti;ll
tiii:i"*irqi'4r*,":r'n.
i) ad'erae
*,""",,
1';:*,,"
u,il".''"
n.ut€tLrncicind
s 1200
" sd \e r! : q n ,o k .o r,i m no$
)o u n ." J
ilx"jli*"*iil il{:'ituX,'"1";iit""roi,,1ot unui

r,."int"u compa
cu funclre de a
ln genere'no
arerr r o e rdpc ju b s t s ' t i{ L :
u
" , no,'""'', " " -'-" ::^ -l ';; l :";,.;l i l
;;i ]::.""",'""'"':r'i :l;'ii dPlPrmi
"" '"" cind
prr €run'i
li?t? ," ';;iTff;.i; l';;,:i;ll;ii, lil";l
"'ilii,;:.llrir ;;"'"n?""
"' pr) siuncr
s lii:islili']J ii:t;i$:"ll'nl"l;"-'"sru
"on","u'/',.l"il"1ll:h mFr'Ds
li\, l,)i;i;",1."X:=;"".i,"
;1; ""r1, ii,.o,T",ra
"'''lt'l'ir';
*i:iit;lti" t "";;;; A'ii
**ti$ffi **,i*:t*l*il:****Jl''1n'ircb
i 1 1 . q i i ".,;;.;1'1 ,..
" 'r ,., c ip n , rpu, r . o a n o :
, , , , r np
(sg) i1 "r",","
no otrc(: nimcni)
ri. or. ""n'emba-dt" " ".i"u
d".-mi,,i, un alr ad\prb:
li"Ji:::h T:"X'"Iil-i".'";'"..*"n
s120b
*i:;;ru::fi.;::^::;;"i:"i"l ":':"-
;"1:,1:i;:l.l
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,:i,",:,"
,+,r1" ',:;':,';'"
i;';:ri
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l:41: ";;';;, ,,,"",,."" l"l' ",",lli'i ",,
s 1206 rl''olurn'"3lc
:;ii1
1 ii
,";; i;,i i : :j:';,:
''oon,',"0
ou', oro'*r;i
:Li; ;r:;""#';;
r::,'r::;l:i" ;;;;,i
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",' "l]'";';i;:'
lv ez i 1.
NUMER,ALUL
s, !!5
231
7201 931
1208 ,31
I. NU]INR-{LUI, C,\RDINT\I, 1109 231
M0 23i
t2t7 t31
l a26 233
235
:t35
1249 9J5
12i0 235
t2i t ,35
7252 ,!5
1254 ,36
t257 ,36
7262 237
1266 231
\267 237
r1268 23'
{tti 9 2t,
1279 239
12S l 239
7282 il39
r39
239
240
1290 241
1291 241
1292 2L1
r2!a 241
1296 24\
tt97 212
t3a2 242
24t
1306 !43
7i t0J 2\t
1t08 i243
1308a !44
190e ,t4
1310 2t\4
7t15 444
N U ME N A LU L
(THE NUTIER,{L)
CONSIDEN,{TII GENENALE
l) lretini!ic.l- Nun eralul cslp parreade !orbirp , arp F)iprimaun nunrdr Sl20Z
absrr€.1.D JorprrninarenumFric6a obiFntplor -
"0u ordinca obie.tFlorprin
Fie and leclee
Thjs is the r,r.4d ol the monii.
2) Clasificare,- Numeralele se lmpad in urmdtoarele catego i: $ lg08
numerale cardinale
numerale ordinale
numerale fraclionare
numerale colective
num€rale lnulriplicarivc
numerale distibutive
numerale advobiale
nurrerale nehotdrite
I. NUUER,\I,TTI, CARI}INAL s 1209

{luD 0aRDINALNI]TNXrIAL)
1) Delini,tie. Numeralulcardinal exprimd un nunir Jntreg alstracr, S tZ10
sau ur numir determinatde obiecte:
,Ttz, and s?'€nkez arel twentFsi\.
'fhel' brought r/';r9 chairs iiid,.e ta),le
2) tr'omrd,. s 1211
, d) Unitnlile (Thc Units)l s 1212
rought, ona.1wo,urrcc.lotrr, iire. si\. sclcr. eighr.ninc.
Notd
Numfalul O (zero)estc nrnit noagilr inLJnbi Lurentn(forrnata)..zcroq rgIS
ln r::nl" rti/i . .i O rpr^r Lnlut loul/ ta ,atFton.h TV, -
-r..t
30:l (thrtc norshl lFo sad th.. linndr.d .rd hrol
g.i a ,o,gir in ler ex.m.
i-qhc
l1 d. g.e€ s a bo ve :..,, 10 d. gr €es Lr ek r r . f r ,
,) Cu exceplia nunorelor ele|en _!i I'vflre, oelelalt€ nu er&te piI,A ta 19 | lgl4
se lormeazi" adnuglndr se terminalir,1..n ]a unitdli, cu unele modif:ciri orro-
grance !r roner,lce:
thii.e€n, Iourtccn, iiileen. sjrtern, se\rnlfor. ejRlt.a,r_ niiaicen
Nurncralele t€rminate in sufixul -rcenstnL accentuate pe anrbele silabc € 1216

cind stau izolate: aight.:enL etrl nl. ln propozilie insii si;t accentuate pe -
'S" Dnatp st,un , .i;s, no^", , r iu "1r n|, . )

- n orh 'ns |, m r : u. oi. " t o 3." a tt;,e ta nou|h! a
.^d r i , !,,,i, , " , i!1 " "t - t h, "
9S2
de un sub-
ultima silabi cind se gnsesosingurc 9i pe prima cind sinL urmate
siantil' sau un numeral:
shr is .isrt?.{ [ i ti nl
ii"": i;'l;:i;t.; i;"3':ii'i'' 1",u', ,' nrtaDd 1, r 0,Lin 's' ,
} d I ur oat v
$' n PP " r a n''' lt t
'\;r'^ r ne ^ p
td50 sa iormeazi
$lS16 a) Nrtn,rc|"L "oL. rfino ' '!' tth' tns) d"to 20
" sdausindu'p l"rmin€1ii /'r lo rrr 'l;Lr:
iwenty, t\irti', io;lx. lillv, si!lv. seventl' 'ighll' nnietJ'
Arenli.e
E 121? Zecile si L legaLe de unitnli printr o liniald de unirel
breniy one thirlJ tno' iorlX Lonr, nincil s[
Notd
s 1218 Uncle pcrsoar,eilverse'lzn modut de numirare al ztcilo.r. !i unitnlilor'
r""n't -l$o dnJ rhirl) -"i\'€nd
''-'" a".t"' i;"taln 'na
i",i": "i i" ln.j- .rr"rrrr o,,p . -rl'irr\,$o : -ror')- r\"' 1...''nP o'l; cu
"1"nint-on"
",.. rl"su'rl in lrmh; cnol'25
o nir"nla 'nnrdrrlofHr'ii
1219 Numcralelc care erprimJ zecite pot avea fi formi de plural:
some dns ol mnsl"erli'ces
''i l ',,
,i "",",".,1 . . . i, r ! . i\ '
4, , r r P 6r . r iq r.11r.,.,
lhe nillions ):
s 122rJ d) Sutr.tc.rrtitLeqi niliounele (Llrchunbed^t the li1rrsdndr'
hund..d. tNo hnndNd ur'ce lundret' etc
n 1 . n. hur dhd : llr il
lf o r \ " s r ' l rr' l- r'
. "' . ""' ' . '_ d n d
,. . - i", r ' i" I nr li ll"^ n: l o n 5 0 ' I m 2 m 3 - 'l
"
s 1221 Ca si z€rile. :l.,csienumeralc pol aveAiornrd de plffll:

""1i;,ll,"rl'i,.,;;i""
'."..Ji', ";,1,"..l.o"i'0. ..
inrre Ple-pflr
{o 1222 Cilrele care io.iicl sute]e' iiliile ;i milioJncl' eie se 'li 'patL
p'ir r '' r ||inrr ur inrrru ilb i 1r mai'ri'-rp" 1;rrlor
,irputo nu Iun '
l,. t ::' i ' ' l; nol "r'!1""'r l lii 'i" r'ru
""ii|i*'2;'":ti^,
"i"' J."'J f" la 0
- '0 In -u.r.
S 1223 N atncrtLlccu aflo1rafi': sl.lialnr:
,\a ;,,rt
tt :
l',, l, r iijt
liv c nor ",, o
:':',' ';,,lll-"'
;:-.. ' ' U ite
E 1291 .l I (saurn4 liliior i'beanrni bilbn (saumiliard) tn Statelc 'le
" Americii. iar triiion in lldn'a Briianie
i'l,lli!'i'l1i:ili",:l'::ier't,1.9":
.,*-1- ,^**li::ill*lil'i'";".fil't
/i /," ln r , , or lll " -/"
";::, ,;,, ,,ir t ,il;;t.,i;i,;i,";ii

rir;r,';.,
ri1l1
s' rlrrril" ,.etr t l4 ,' r ! hr e€, . , , S/ ' l{ ) r r ez i f r r ur m
ir ntin' ln /'rr r..t ' I \ r c u 1n |o' t !
283
MtLrea Britanie $ 1225

ti alte ldri ewopene St i
1 00 : I 000000n00
1 0r : I 0000000t0 000
.billionlsl : .r/oneqtradrillion 10b .= r 0000000000000oo

: ./one qujrtilliOn , l r3 1000000o0o000000000
:1+ r/rzcfou.i
:l F30 zl rouri
Cifrele de la un trilion in sus interescaziinLrmaipc specialitl.i.

3, Formo ..i ronblnr.lii .ne.intc. { t226
aJ \urn,rrl"lp arotf.,,,',li //,FF ,.u pu, or,.,r c,t,ctanivalap.nna a \ZZT
s r f rr,.,-pJr; u pron,rnli..p,,id'd..F" uû., .uL,.rrnti drn rrm. ;"tiind "
a hallpcnnxIo'herynti
lson n q ,'4!"$1 . s on"n \ . 4. Ir,r .
Ln ree tF,,cFt ofrlr ns J ;
, ' ."p t"n rr.4Ji. ,!.i.
., 0np nr t . J b- \ . I . t ur : I rn.da
rdr lrno np dr a c,h r l
l) NuneralLrl huniLreiL este intotdeiula lcgat prio and de numeral€le S 1ZZ8
.ar A JFn rm p. . z ailF s au ,i n i tn ri l " , x ,a d . J .q i . , rrd t,rndrcd esLe '
" e r,n,i
subinteles:
two hundred a,d siat1.-four
a urousandtlirce nutrdred anl sir s.u l.hirteenhund.ed and six
oDc l.housrndond t*cnir ser€n lnnndrcd r&ri,r.&s).
c.,) P_entru simplificare, se obisnuieste ca miile sn iie transiormaie ln g 1229
a l.holsand oni Inndr.d and fir! sau cleren tinndral und rire
i - . nl ' , 1s 1' J J d rttJ * i \ .i ,i s t,, a ,t , t-si \
d) N u m" . al, le hundr" d . th o .t" a n ,l .n i tti a n p tr. srnr i nvi ,i eLi ,F ta pl urj t { tZto
clnd sint lntrebuinlate adjectival. snu cind stnt. precedate de un nu'maral "
,! rdin rl o ri ',+ dil' l" " s c r . , lp. tl u r.l . . :(:u e /a tct| .). cu cr.]epl i a adj ec $1239
1 .1[.tp
( : . t llr t . ,rtF \a J :
' lT-" n16 lo.r ni nn,e e,, tznrl.,
S.\e|nI hLldred were at lle nfrtins,
Sone hun.lred,wont)\ in rhc lactoB lLrd n.t ti,. set ot qn.tps asjgned to ihcm.
lliHj:(r"j,l,/jil"itt'.iihij
:il',:## .,,i;ir"i.u'"'}iii"i
i;if;,T1,,,r"i
\,-. p
l, .ri,l, r"
I,or li in.. ir ,rt."ttuti,F. rr ntit,, dF.i -, pt,rrat,.ind E t23J
slnu:rnj' . JF ,r'r ru,,,,r.1. . nJ .i ' ,|'n,"
'rat'raFJBr.
sau fttunci cind au un irlclcs nedeljnjt: -.t" 1i"1.^zirrr/
' Lnrt ands )in ] r.ad lh e i , if lP
. rD.onr colrntry tli! rumlcr of !o.ls lu|lisli rr.nl.htJ anirnrs ta huntlreds $
'the rlolc aurtrled lo $,tc hu,dreds.
Ti, . . , 1 r sa ,^ a. ha . a. t . . at ^t . . .
(Yrziii S 1!21.t:la,sl
. ppq, p,.c o$ '.ra, I' . n. d. obu. t bJ nr.o"n" rilp, ..srd.t,A
o s rl rl' ; t 1' rpr 'turtj I srksDJr ! l I hDDr n! 1.
.mt.o rlt ir rj i. - r . . ". . v . , ". . ...1 .:. r.. .. .mbotrt no .
n . n t ror' un ,ri rbr , ' a. , , . iplu: ip
Ll s tsSt
'r'J. t,.. r,, .da,t. . ,,
'r ' 5 .lol.l t.n ' t t . , t J p . i in d ld r "r t d r " r . , r . t n r r o i i timoul
or.tJl " ^ .r' rlo ", i i i lo . l l] 1, n . , 1- r m l t r . r e t r . . a L r t n i
'\" 1' l-os,l ir. n li , , r ", r , . , , 8um . .\o | \ t t N n t n a h u , d , . . . 't , " u - r n d "
'l : \ 8"1 l/r!rl lu mFr r r ". c uop/ / , , t oo^: . s o m " . h a . . , a r t t r u . - ,
jdJ'r | ,.r'd ln 1 lri, . t u- d) - hut at . d, t hi, t . r , d. ,.ii,. ,.t.t \ i_,,.a
sl/d de cAr1i, rreo nl. de rersoanc ctc.i, riutln nrvarjabile.
!tt
crn,r
s r2ilduah ,,,imPr'r"rF-,l,'rrlfl ;'il:.'il;ii"r'#Ji
': irfrlli,,ousJn.l
er"frimPi' "T':"'*;l,u,'l'
TJIili';l:,"" l. on in mv po'kor'
i i't L"'a*a"
' '" ' ^
"'ilitr'
i{"{""
i,"*"t'#"i ;''pTilll'T'
e''|",sineuful
s' r2r;rvea./si uirriod *::i',i' ".T;'J#':"1i.1;'ji#l'Jll 3J"i:
de
forrnd Plurai 'u 'uuu
ii" i""i"''i unui dlr numFral:
".;'"; titree nl:l/;dn reolrc
lirc nillior t{o hurdred
s o ( pLinc ln j ;j \" /i $ 13l i '
J h d " d ,p ,1s n .t l t' u a tto % sr.rl i ng
;l/1p,""'l:--,!-n-ririad
'l :i{liii
:f.l'
-, ,,o5",. "llllld.i;i,,:,i",:i,""
T Pn \ o f ' a r iltd r ",..
ilor'uo'd:
€ 1236
('ilul
ôlrt
ln \rrl "" 'punc $i r"ldliv la numaralul
'olo f o" it'
I ndld ' wo
"x ' dnl'
thausand ti millio' sint' precedate de nurneralele
!- 123? /) Numeralele hundted'
al sau one'
! t r. R O ne s e jnt re b u rn rc d l r:
B ffi 1'l'"in'.t"' "';l:::::,;.'::";";; ) q,pnu,d-d..p'nu,'d-,
Ir'n ' o ""'
^"
olli qonn'J'in 1\"orr)'ror'
de nnP sP un
gdse'sLc num6r 6upe-
S 1940 f"l cind inaint'eanuner uiui precedat'
nor: onehund'eilatrdsirtJ:
d lhousntrd
ini:
/ "1 la Ja'" numai PFnrtrr
andrive'
u'"*-u ninehun{tftd
iil"fl.i'.'li.'$T'iKi*"Jiiil;"u " '-
ii"^' u""n""" ""'-*"*r"*il**'11*'",1ii1$""
*'i !l'""ii,l"il";*t
lim b s "ncl'r ; 'onremp^ rrnr'e'"''numdr'rl ^ " -^ " . ; : : ; ; ; ; ' i anurrn t n s ru o cd e
I'iii i".*"'r, 'arr J+purlir'du 'sr" '1"'emn€azd ' n , , 1 s*l
:i;i; .:: l
ll," al,;'",:ir* li ::i"l::':l.j:1,,* o,.":ro._r
i'
, 'jr "ii:::l il'l ":'i'"i':'"lli1-
''n-,' '""""r
'' n \' J nP si i l co oi u l
fdra dcoscbl l e
1n r ' r ' ^ d s 1 u a n l ' p i nl rabui nl earr
s l2ll ^ ' " l a l''Ie ' J l u ri rq) peopl d
tr' 5a rr'
n e " $ ' r' r' " r u ' I I' u n
'
(Vezi !i $ 541' 55il)
A tcn lic l
12rs F,rm, .r""i'q"r'rrtrL tit, .J:l""l.Xir'{;"',r'j1T"li,"':.:il"f"'^"
$
" d c t r Lf l Dr ec e d s ti ' d e
r:c o ' u '
-:k{ai:.}s#LHr,i,.,.,rutiiir:ril
nt, indurisinsuri
ilti'p""'i"['i pini" tn;nt"itui iru 5eani un

strpedot,laicn 'i;; 'i
numfil 'r'&sdn4i'-'"'"'
mllr maP
r&i
Nu se spune:
lrrndred and i,serl.\' I0ur
lhous and t iir f c hr nd. Pd
illi(D lonr liundfed
, Iund.ed atrd t$fniX{orrr

d thorsand lhree trllnd.ed
d m,llior nrr hundrfd
4) i lrcbuintare.- \rezi g 1257-1261. $ 1243
5) nunctii. Nrrireralul cardinal poate fi: $ 1244
o) odjt it . , ind ! le j F rm i n i u ,, .u ,,rrJ n i \ :
$ 1245
oa. hrnp or $rgar js fnough.
' fh .re w c ..,n ,. l e o l tc o n rne ro]L
su bs t unt ia. c jnd a re v a k ra re d e s u b s ta n i i v . i n care caz poat€ avea
- !) !i S 1946
formd de plural:
Wdl. elelen $iih tm ,nes
I soon pnt l@, and lpo 1oge1!pr.
js
.She
t hpr ( " roD thc wrols sid. oJ /orrvr.
* d tL i n tj .. I,J i rq o rrh rp :- DJ. \os,r.r r_-/
ir c r s ri n rs rrc l rr' € \" .
I $a ,. rn -,,;tr" .r ,' d I n , . nr .ry.
lv c z i i i S 3 3 a . 3 !i , 1 !3 3 t:3 6 t
.l N u n r or alul onc p o a te l i q i p to n u m e . (S 9 4 2 943, 1005. 1164)
s 1247
C a q i ru m pr J . l" . s , r i i x u l -/,.,? p o c tp r\,,, \e l u € rpd.aJi e.ti \.au dF sub- q t248

s ls rl r\: I p- 1pl. ) r r p ro ri r.ra i rr i J n l .F " -n ri \" d i ,d i orJti ra,ed ani tnr,u -
numa t! .p rn I nJ r " t n - / , . r . tn trF l j i .: Io d n i i " rtu b i rJl
f he. ho' f . on .s p d o l p q o 6 p ttp i | re,,8% :ubqt.,l
. b n .l " ...o ..)
t ie r s s f llt r n t' rs l € ? tu oGu
Ile js
Jb, olt .l ljis teers.6 {sunst.)
Ile is o.r of ,,s rdab.? Lsubsr.)
ij r Nu mr r nlul . ar dina l i i a rl i ro l u l . - N u r,.e r" t ut poa F ti rrF.eLrr ,tF € l 2t9
Brli h olar il . r , r n, h.l Ari r ' E .r8 . i ' l l ::i :. l 2i 1 t2i zt.
^ l l rl
II. NI,IINR-{II]I {)RDI.ITT, s 1250

(TirI oltDlNAl, \_IiltxRAL)
1) Delirilie. - Nrmcralul ordinai indicii nnmeric ordjneaintr-o serie: g ttsl
Hc .amc out rccond ii liis cxrlr.
She lut on lfr t/.t.d b.sL (d.essl
2) I'orm[, Numeralele ordina]e se lomrpaza ad:uqindu se terminatia \ 12bP
i ,t ri n .rmFr r l. lF . r r di' pl p s c u I. F ,h i v rl ,n ti i l o r:
loudh, sixteerth, lweniy s€rcntl,, l,udredth: the Dt), lower
'I = n bccut dc painzeci de aDi.

: Are ftslf nDtze.i d. ani
t t h ri f i, s ol t i, "t " , ,h. c , tu " ! n ,^ a n i J :.as , s e j nrt,\i L: rhsi rr,. n/r? ..,-n-
r iellt ,.h tu "r:lnLt e anii t Cr i os i l 9 C 9 i n l l u s i \
! : Ctr ri late din Dal,!e: tcolooria|.
i. ) . - n" i! . : g u: ,t I r , rr ,^ ,i re a ,' i . Jd.r"
-,,r.
- -\t,r aa nr r , linil20 d r J n i
': -\ l r. , dt de 20 de in i .
986
E r c e p I i i: primcle irei numeralei precum 9i nunreralcle oompuse
thsl. second. lhird

i'i;it-ii".i. thiriJ seoord. sixiv third'
'tc
primeqt€ termiralia'lll:
La nu leralele compuse. numai ultimul termen
..0'n',,,',0'.,
ll: :H liliif$l'"tl"J;"IJi'ii'J1' s^n tanl\kn
s 125a Numeralcle orLljnalecare con-tincuvinLcle l4n(beit'-thausand' sau poi sa nu
""" deeit de nurneraiul on. .sinu de a (ci $ 1237)'
" .hi;";;;,l"te
""
aibi decit ariicolul nehotirit:
, . nd t L r v - t i- . 1
i' r ' r ' l id L' l 6 p 'n n o
.n p o ' o' r ' d d
\udcrale tu ortogrdic spocial5l:
eigh'h' ni'th. i{cl/lh twoiii'th' thjrli'th' etc
li/ih,
s 1?pj :' l ormo :i coo'lrur!ii b0c:iclc'-itre

d.,/Nurnff'lcl" 'rilrnrLe srns ou uLrirnctpdoui lirorF adnuglrp
t 1265
4[h
, nd
3.d 63rd 100th
s 1266 a) Nuneralul ordinat prec€danumeralul cardinal:

The tfs, llD xea.sol tle century:'
,'il lntrobuinl,rrcanurnerAlolor rsrdiolle I rolor ordionlo'-
$ 126?
;; :l[:ll'ii':ii, ;
lTl]""iJ:" -:i
s 1258 ' ll*l*:i:.1;*:;:llr
lriil
10"'
l*,j:x'ld'"X;Li:Hl,".'?l;xllwl;t*:]:,$iiiftl;:"11"i"
'61tl"'i'Jl'Jr'" .n"", ther'hird
orJ n')
"n
lirsL cFplrm b ' r t s rl\ p '
h ir ilu l oln'!idl: Jur'F
E I 26 9 t\ s'r"r"rln Fl"'ial ln.rr ru l. s rrb s t o n riv " 'ro r :d:n:14'
irP
"ii;i 'i ;r "'"
r-\rr.-r,,n.i nu"nnrol" ot' d in 3 p
l f -" d ' e i' rF U:dr p n u n rrrr
"' -" " a i .i ,i,1"ii"'* "i "rn'l
i;i.J i""e dl numeralul cardinals:
-lnur" the t""d $'ortd \\at (Wa14 tr Tqo)
the 1/"rd Rooh (\la( Boah Thrce)
r h' v od Pdr l ar I nt 1 t ')
l" I nt Los n \ 4t ' I Ar at t 'r t
r r r ' . \ . p", / , I c l r \ ' t dt t t utL r sn "t
I F / ut r \ ' l\ t lr / t r a- " t
il' " ( ?P {'r l
thd , .' n 5in
tle -ir-i''ft ra'agraph lt\xr P astdph nlhe)
r h", l"r "d r ' "r o \ ' t dt ; t "4 ' t n r " t .. ,
1r a $o- J i' ar Pa3 " ' : '" " - s r '
" 5 t uor n 44 u4 t hd t h ltaor
lr i 'd
*'*iil,i+lii+:*:r'r'#rliif';*;}lt"{:}i
ilrll',,111 sl1;',i{lil* ** ;1.1 ;
n'rtP
r:'Lord
,
-,:e;iilititti
l,-,fllliliil*Jli'i';r;:l
;r"';li':t''J;Jili;
'" """
2C7
c) ordineasaccesidni{capilor unui stat, ni bisericii' ai un€i familii, expri- S 1260

nata de nuneralul ordinal:
gitliam the aoorl'i Popc -!crode. tlie Att& Borgiai
Quccnlt];abel.hthc rtsr, Joln Smith lhe Zrtd
tL,) numitorul unei frat:\ti ordinare eBLeindicat de numeralul ordinal, S 1261
numdid,r.aruliiind cxprimat prin nuncralul cardinal ($ 1272).
5) Functie. Numeralul ordinal poato avca valoafea de: $ 1262
o) alieclitt Henrv vTtr \Lasihc first Kine of lhe houscof Tudor. S 1S63
b) suibstanri,': ' tnil puero a$r ambeJe articole ;i pluralut terminat in 's: $ 1264
He 0amein an casy/ts,.
\!e r J \ r s ' J ou o lJ / ; J
. . P. / ilr " n.
-
- ol
\\'€ boohed tao secotds'zlo !]raiov.
( Vez i t i S J e5)
s 1265
Wlicn I l'sr camehe.. I sas a olild.
6) NumoralulordinalFi articolul.- Num€ralulordinalpoate fi precedat $ 1266
de ambcle articole,articolulhoteril tiind lllsn acelacoretl insot€qtein mod
objlnuit ( $ 517).Nuneralul ordinalpoatesta Si ntarticulat:
He Ieft tor the seasideor the t,.lrlt ol ihe monl.h
He llas the ,,tt..t to oome
A ,odf,n innovalion wB added 1o ibe othc.s.
Slakcsleare's comcdy 'ils \ou Like It" ws pcdormfd on Night
"esfd
ITI. Nf]II{ERALUI, FNACTIONAN $ 1267

(TED TRACTIONAL ]IUUNRAI)
1) Dofinitie, - Numeralele fraclionar€ exprimn fraclii. adice una sau s 1268

mai rlulte pn4i eqal0 dintpun intreg.
2) tr'ormi. - Ffi1c\ia (the Fraction) esie de doui feluri: lraclie ordinari $ 1969
sau tractie zecimali
a) iraclia a inatd (Ihe VuIS(irn'rutrian) Fraclria ordinarn are doi ter' s 1270
nnmitarul (he Denominatur), un numir intreg cale araLd ln clte pirli
pqole s-€ impdrtjt rin ditsA;
- nut,,d4t;rut(Th. \unrolar). un n'rr;r inlrpq.nrF srJrs .i Fdin e.A.la
Dirti sini tn lractie.
- -Numlritorul estedespdrlit,de numjtor pri tr-o linie orizontald sau oblicd,
S 1271
numiritorul aUindu-sed;asupra ei. iar numitorul dedesubt:
: ) r r m J' 1 lJ\n P!a - l
'r - .t\
tu S.^t* 1t,,,o^;,- 4 '''
Frd, lia s^ po"r" pxprini ii ttin 'xrin ": lr linba engl"zi n,m:ri orul
constddinrr un-nuoLertrl-cardin^l lag,t pin liniuln de unir6 de numiLor,care S 1972
esie ur numeral ordirel, eu semnul pluralului cind este caz :
: 3 : (iive+ightIt
lth.ee qlarle.s s!u llrcljon hsl
t J
ll
(a thi.ix lirst)
31 10
I sc citi "Henry th. ScvcDlh".
t -{
: donr:rbilcl,e de t.cn la chsa a t-a.
t38
S 12?3 Substantit)ul determinatde o ftaclie ordinaril se aftd la singular:

g hatt atu hou sau a hau-hou'l
I n "" "a*"'
1 l"e .itette,three qudteis ol o nl:/el
a' ît"
cn o, fraclie
s 12?4
''' ' Substantieuldeterminatdc nwn(r'tlul 1 (one) .jft compnn€re dupa
..ai.-"i!. olu"ulin ., dar pcl. .,rir lic la .tnd 3eciteltP
" "ingulsr
":1''r.
plural 'is.
se citqte dupi fracliel
tntreg, fie ia cind
ane and tttteequartErtot)
1!, n* 1^"1" loz anil three qnafteN sau
t ot a ptay 1o""i"a dc, dnd a harl sa\ ane dnd a hdtl @ts)
|
-x
plural qi compus cu o
\ 12?5 Substantirul determinst ilenn numerai cu sens de
trd rl iF or dinar a oe 0 II5 l a p l u ra l '
t0 + ftilnet*' (secirette: iln and a/onehau /ruotur"! sa! rea kitbwt'^ and d hdtf)'
Fraclii mai complicate:

E :1r
sau ait:r6: :; 30/et
5;;
se citcsc: /ozf ae{ fi'e -1@ai';
reslectiv: ,,{i/rv okr nlnetlJseren
$ 1 2?6 bJ F r u' lio. . ' t n o d r ft' ttn ;n o t F ru a i on ) l ' unP l ' razuri fra' Li a s"
p ri n rr.u n ,a ' rmd r r" ' i m a l ( f h" D " " i not V nn" r) pdrrea
ma i p6r ' . er pr ina rl
paftea zecimal; prinlr-un puttl
inireaEa a numarulur lxno ocsldr-titd de
- pr ir r r o \ ir g ' tl l i " c \n l i mb i rn m i ;i '
;i' n u
o ii o t5 s; citeqte: (noushl) deci!tral rsat point) ser'n li!c'
""u point) two
?#i";'i#.;;'11";;':iil:i,l"lH,i,'Jl",i'l'ii "!ei,,cinn,
/saa six
ejght. '0"
Obserrlti.e
a 12??
-- Nunoratelc rnailte Jr' purrri 'qeciLcscca un singur.numnr' 1Y!i,p.li-"]
numar ;r ouprl
' lj".o'" cifra se lite-stPrcl 'r;t l{inutele se ciicscca un smgur
'. Ir.l5 lr l\ - il P l- '
A se colnpara:
poir! No lonr trrce)
18t!s3 (s; tirlire: ode hnndredanil eight]'_scven
13;.il . ,1, nP ,'d, }r,ndredand eis}iv{er'n and l'wo hundrcdard loi'v'
ths
ilirce thousiu'd
12?8 la singulardaci
Substantivutdeterminside o iraciie zecimal; se afli partea
'-'" irac,tieiesie 0 qi
(zero), la plural dace intreagd I
o""t#i"i"""sll
iractiei ester:rnalt numeral:
n.J" nn r \n a Al, I p ' r nl " n i\ p at a â" w " '
' 2 J d t's \ ; Poir ; l s o ii\ ' , " " 1
fi$tt*nntn*tuxuu
!80
3) ALte nnmcrale fta.clionare sintl s 1279

quarel;1 taharr,
pr.harvest;
i t" "*t, ". ' a 4+ (rour
, lr r eF
aqr d l "ro l '1 1 hoLr i q u d1 rr' o ' a r, r. t, .r J n d aqr-ri dri r.r' cu....ui , h,rl t
d. ro$n '. h J r adoz " n: t o, r ' n d d ' .d -l : " n o o u rd sa n d a r,4.t." n :r' .dJ nrtt po rnds;
H o ff a l. al is beller t h rn n n n r.
a good-hall ot ii.. t_heri.sl hnll oJ i]]e year. one hau ol it: the rwo hahes oi an apltc;
to go halvesi to do things iI hnh-es.
Ate n !i e !
Numeralul naffho:f] in compuncre ru subslantil'ul penna este pronun- S 1280
tat I herpn4,.
Dxp&sii matematiee0urcnte $ 1281
+ llus/aDd
- mtnus/takeawav A' X rekslsouared
+ rlus or mitrus/aplru.imlklv
- iy/ti m a X3 x feksi cibed
: i i s ) m ! lr iplied isda b1 It X lelsl i.o lhe powe.fou./io
pentu drm4srulL)
+ (is) diaided bv nl n t€nl lrctorial
: (is) eqnal io/equals i the irtegral ol
+ t not eqtral to/doesnoi equal
< is less 16an
pi lpa4
-r fol : radnf oI ci.cle ts lerDendiculd to
% Pc_.lent
' minutc an a.c)
O is an emlty set -acsrei {or
' secondlor an uc)
rv. Nulrl]|tlr.ul, co[Dctrv s 1282

[T[Iri coLLtrltTI[I] NUtntjlt.,{r.l
I Dofinilie. ),lumFrslul"ole,riv orprim" id""" nun pri"1 ,lp plural in s 1283
^
Jufmd,re srtrguj
i,r.
2) Formtr. Numeralele colective sint: cauple,lair, brdce,span, team, s 1284
yolrc,dozen,score,grass)qaire etc.
a) Numeralole coulle, pair, brace, span, ledm, yoAd numesc grupe de $ 1285
do; astfel:
couplel: doi (sau mai multi)3 (neasorta.ti)li
a aupl o sen ,nd -. a.N u. I " al d- inls : ll' J oLn; , , , r , 1. r : .n.o,p!poi"Jt\
| | g1\4 vû d .,,rk aptLP, ( do .r .
^r
pair l.: tol (asorta!i), perechel:
n !at, oI gloves, a lat oI trorsers, ctc.
\,. a o: / . ) , al I or " " l . d .d r' i " 1 ," J rd t.;r
1f . \ ' t r 4 t@tvq P4tl
l'hey wuiked in pai6 Ior couples):.,perechi, pereohi" sau ,doj .lle doi".
bracel:,J.oi (neasortari)l(termen vtnitoresc)i
a ,/a.. oi dor$. of ristols
a,.a.d ol dLoks. of rhesants
thlcc ,.d.c ot parl.idsis
t helf a ctuen:2 s 6.1.anodc onetnrl
terimrtai,ln ci.culalie irri',ter introduc..ii
:is t em n l )i d . . im al ll9t lL
'Ve ti $ 1! t 7. '
3 Cuziaceastnacceptiuneeshr nxmerahl nchourit : oilira. cttera.
'the lauls caupte: tifua t*eche ($o.tati), sinolin cu rat (e\cep!ie).
!40
boi el'c inhima'ti (res-
sran l< Alrica de Sud: doi coi. catlrj, ci-tivfl '
p;.ri\' inJugrli, lmPreL'ril:
' '
a s?d. ot hoNes, bto sPdr ol o{er
rinixgaLrimpround: pprF"he: ecbipn
teaml: doi " i. boi . ". lnh,m8li
rln labri'rl plcl:
(de sportivi .i.r, ""1'ip" r"u noriun"': '"l,ipa
twentY lczm oI catile
\ve .fc tcdm. 1tc rv0.
^
lokc (: doui animale lnju.Eate; Perechc):
live sol, oi oxcn
mai mari de doi:
s 1286 b) dazen, scarc.gross'quir(t numesc grupe
do.zeniJnzin; (12)ll
l{ r J o: h 10 t c q hr "lq ) ^ L '
somo .lD:eu eggs, ctrj
dozen (: t3):
a lon{ (san rcunrl, Itoker's, deril's. pnnter's)
TLev verc selling eggs in rio:aE
(ternen
qross[: gros(12 duzini)];sredrgr{'ss[: 12 grosuri(144duzini)
'alt€f's
comtcial) (ahe1' g. gr')l:

$ic bonshl srx g.oss !e6.
Slie rvante'l fit s'fss ot but!'ons'
li g.oi g-* is tir:elvesrossoL144 dozcD
scarc(:20):
il'h'i ili,:ll*'r
ffi r?";r;ia*
qair"e[: coald (nffe, de 4 sau 24 etc foi) de hirtie]:
The Paler \tas 'n tzrl'r'
col€ct'iveau valoare de
s 12E7 3) luncji€' NuDix. - Nlajoritatea ntmeralelor
$ 1288 " 'u' ' "i l ' i , . , *, . , u ,.,F,,.r-
, o r" ,r,\. ,L d o L.,f' ,r ,- r "r .,' tp:
s 1289 ;;,'i;.r - .i ,,;;,.-l-'.,1. .n,, n r'-r ' li I " -' r' F r' o r; ' rr" p ' . n n ' ro rro
in rn r' r' rn in lriP l' r1 -"
.',''""i
".u" dpos ' birii- '..i" 'i',.r' .'i d" i r" p "rF r' ' r"
F ln l rmb i \^ L n rrn :
cieht .,url.fsJ .l dogs s'Ine d4'" hmdk*'hiels
tr,,;t
?::ixX":l;iF1,,:i" He * as ln. c c s . , f . \ : |jnl l.am
"",,,,,p
li,,T"r",:.iiil"il'.*lid"
old
tiv coleotiv nr.sinl' ltecedat'e
z]) ci l numdalcle fu.valoarc des )ita
ti'. J ' 'r'rû'.'"r ' 'ir Irr'rr''ad' ttFpozrLr'ro/frrmoqr
deun/ru
-al. I .i ,jub'" r rrrol" :
obirt"'t1'
i.i"i',.,1i" Ln ctqks
'I'he gxcsts l dkd i 'o uie dining room
Thev sto't1 an l tr P'rr'
i--ria-i'i.:o t'i' re'rite do:'ns !I li'rfs
s*:iil";-l;;:llllri":.ilif,|lll:,.,'",
loflra.terminati in s;--
c) substanlii'ulquire arc Ia p\Dal runai plurar ca -'
ai brht:, vt'ss sVin .'i 17okt acerali fornn la
ru 51
"''""."r"f"
la siDgular:
lhree ,rd.e of Pn.s{!rl's
two r.ors or pen.ls scvcril ,ole or oien
t t d^?n
, tJ at \ Ju i " "an" 'acl 6
' -\ se o..pail
.-; i:, . l" 1,: t", ; r" rJ :r
,
rlv Fr cE! DIsrBBUrrv 241
Y. NUIIER'{LUL }IL-LTIPI,ICATIV S 1290

(TEO }TULTIPLICATIID NUIII]NAI' OII' }TULTIPLTI]Ri
in care cresle q 1291

1) Detiri,tie. - Nxmelalul multiplicatil' arate proportia
o cani,itatesau se indeplineqteo aclrune'
resl'ulnumeral€lormulLr-
2) tr'onni. - Cu excepliaprinului numeral
"-;l:,"-";
p["";i"; .Jai'gr"a'-"" sufi:rul -/old la nurneralelecardina]e;
l'nfold' a huD-
single. dou|le /so, t\tolold), irille fsad treblc' ihrcelold' lou'1old'
formele laiine:
Cu func!,ie rlc adjecti!'e sint lneori tnt'rebuirlate li
quadmPle,quintrllc, serl'uple scptnplt' octuple' elc
numaiin siilul $ 1993
Ca adr.erbe,lormelet'erninatein -lo&l se int'il cscastdzi pin;
n,"";: t";;-; ;ti;ial. ln lnnba curentn,€le au roFtlnlocujLe
tiBes' a Inndr'd tim's {as
onoe, twi.c, tnricer .saa .threc time!, lou! times' te!
muclr, as nanl. as g.ear €rc l'
( 1293)'cu exceplia S 1291

Numeralelcmultiplicativedin aceasteultima grupx $
o"i'r"ii.l"al,"* ,,",'"c,rftrlc4,setormeaznpunindu-secu.|intulri,1'r (: on)
dupi num€ralulcardinal.
sau dc .{ 1291'
3) Functii. Numeralui mr t'iplicativ are valoare de dlj€tli'
atL.,erlt.0J'eiti !i .le rdbsldnli':
T he snilra qF lrrl a 'lo r D' |ot t um iiljl
l;ll ir 'l'
1r,';l
""i"-l lr i,f',':l;'i ;;; i,l'9j; ,,. .. ,
l r\/ a o r' '
ti tr i - Lr La'
\i ,,; r t hr , , 17" I U L r' r (\u h s ri
r& r" rrb
s" r" l' , ' " n'
'lI. r-UMIIR,\LUL DISTIiIBUTI\' $ 1t96

(TTTtrI)I STIUBU'flTD NT]III]RAI')
grupe egale d€ obiecte'?:

]i nnrcrnlut ttittributir arotiL repartizafea in
oreaL rr; ". 1r '
"r.in
. 1h, ". bj ' rlip' "
o, bv or'". r* , bv pl'
.,- u ". tt 't'" L" n' ov ds dJ '
;1 i;-,,,,,. . b.. .. : nt r nJ , , . . I p ilr . r , . i .
' nr '| "'
i i ,.,r" t r " , ' n l rr' " ' l o, r ,, j l r Le pr'
i ;:. r , . ' . i iy . ' " ' . r 9 ' i \ n ' h:h
r' n
" L' r' l r' ' rJ rd' r r
i "',0 ,..' " o J ' \' '.
cr.i t ' , 1 nJ ! s f s dr " \' .v n tn d a J
,i .' " . .a , b r tv .! o ,o \F d ti " ' t
I.; t , " ; . ' I- to:'
,, r \ ds d t a ' 'P"
l'il ,,i
Shc ran do\Ln Dr.. r/4r {i a mc'
\t'-" N.re sivcr /lr4 fouos edr'
Tnc.e lt.ni ionr sfotrls oI str der €4"'
l Ntrmerahl ,irl.t cste .ar nrhcbDintat tn ii'rba cu'cnti tstc inlocuiLprid Dnnre'alL't
j?;""
'i"" s",t"'"ti""rl'.,i I !)
AZ
s 1297 VII. NU}IEBALUL AI}YERBIAL

(TFX ADVBBBIAI NUIIIIiAL)
s 1298 Nuneralul adverbial indeplinette functia de ddr€rD qi arard:

a./ lrecventa sau periodicitatea unei acjiuni;
D/ locui ocupat inir-o serie:
S 1290 a t at". tti',t ha" t , M . . - at h- ic ; h 8, , t . n"s . a t t u d - d t i n " . .
os a. r , t ". p o, [ ^t t os o. t ik ] . c r , :
Th "l".rion s to f . P"opt , 5 Couo. i' r . r r h: t d o i r a r n . r e r t r q o v . a r s .
Uy .l'iJirpn .s"J r o I . av p un I : nCUlh t Fs s anr n r @ I . p , a ; p p t i . '
I I' rv" ro l I Jn u a hu, d4d t i@ , not u go t he r e .
Notd.
S 136$ Oncq twicq threetimcs eIc. Eint ti numeruIenulti) licdt;re. Deosebireadia-
tre num€ralele adverbiale ti cele multiplicative std-io inl,eles:
Ozc€bitten, ,at.d shy.
[On"r ".1,r.rr..,1 adverbialpFltru.a arald frc$Fntd atiiullii. r+rce
_- oste numeral multiplicativ pentru ct aratd mssura tn care a ;esou; prudenla.l
S 1301 , ,, rirsi.,lirsily, sccoritly.utir.lly, eigh y, etc.,in rhe iirsr (or second,;hird, riiln,
e i c.) plac c :
Ladi-"s lirsi.l Satetv lirsi.l
.. Tle o,,lt, quesiiunsu,r rhp agcndaweft itfs,ftrl, ihe rotrre to be followed,s@.dtg
th e DLm beroi m en t rr..q I. 1 o d l d ,4 9 th , tmn .p ufl ol th" Frp.di ti oD .
5 1302 ITItr. NU]If, NAI,UL NEUOTIR,TT

(TII[ INDEflNITN NUIIER"I.L)
$ 1303 Nrrmeralul nehotrrit eqrimd un nunXr nedelinit de obiectes.Numerale

nchoii!lte sinL urmatoarclel
:p! " ' dl a oa !. /o i h- 1, s an u . ", , 1 d . , o t o '\ , , a t,d {c o t o . \ . J ,
troacr . a Beotle.ad tnnalt', -.
i4pntqr, .Ir.
S&trdl oi the bo$ in the school had Fo! scliola|shits.
lr'f4 u!,-.|d n r s r . n. . L- gr i. ' . , , r ot adJ .
I shaU be lack nr a /e@ davs.

T ,j n .r\" | , r' n dJ F 1t - t t ' s dr . ho. , t so a . m o n t i , s i o w ,
A ru ab ,.afth pajdnr - r r d b. n t , o", 1 t o n . p 4 5 p n r r h d , o o p d r a r i v . a ,
conleren,,c.
A " out b al n i s p -p :l r,d J y i ,,t." ru - ,.r' t.
,. 4lo o/ lhe u , m n k -rp q ,1 i ri ..t $ o .k 1 5 .
Itls of rreoprehad come to rhe Ineethg.
l30l l -' or m A lpdp " in 3 ,r,rc u n o rJ d i n trc d .p s re nu.ta" al " , \ anump: (harl
n u .h f u) 1; t t |" .d tg a"ol pd4
d B , o l o t (o l o v .), 1,,{. r/pnl r/ ,prveso l a exD ri -
ma r.a . dnr ir ; r ii in" t.t
, c z u r n ,rm ,l o r d " mJ t" ri i l a u al .i bsl r;ti vel or absrrsi te:
yo. hd\ no iJ " 1 t" o ,ttu u .r..r.i p rro n s . h a \d roti + r,.d.
Th" r p wr . v r r . n r" n ," 1 trr i i ,t" a ,d o J .
A / t lllr ' m oneyg o ,: a l u n q Bd r.
Hn . dd 4, , . i_b s t o j r ,,r t,-i ,t r,. a 1 t .p - o t r .5,..
T . l,ol ',1| o !p 4 t e .,a d d o l a t tr a + .
A lo, ol iris assuianoewas du. to ihe su;port his conrailcs Aare him.
r,nrt., estc dcsuet, sau lil.erar_
'rfo nn a fiatla s t . , ! r s idr r at e pr et ioc d.
Sc^ s e rdn ,ri .r l l3 , l
4vczi si
$ U{1 ,08; ' b8s .
J'p,i (e , 2 8 5 ).
i t;;tJ; u ;";:",i;:,,/p ".m'rd,co.. ' iv{ o o . d o u a
I \ czi
r i S 0! 2, 2 5 4 6 .
?43
Sens nehotdrit au ii: S 1all5

ii"i''i'""iliii"'f*;ai.;le, etc) insolitede cuvintecar€expdmd
colectiYe
aprorinalie (r€zi S 130tj):
Wc stopled there fo. o'olt t'"nig minntcs
D) nuneralele (cardinale. colective €tc ) care erprini ciire nari (rezi
s 1308)
r
Thcv came in nudlelr to the meetinS-
FOBIID $I CONSTR,UCTIISPECIAIJ
qlnost n.artv.sor'' S 1306
1) A0rorimxliaouorcd.i s, ":*frirr; prin: |ltaut.
rhrne1iA".
son",.lneal,erc
oLout. o kq. rcuthl lJ oplrr tnotd.!.ndd d "aupt'',
prrn srrrrxul
t rlo: "n . o n . ut 1! r u. t no, . th r' r' o r n Ptr-. s a u . i n ' " 1' rl l l ]rnrl rar'
-irl adnugai la num€ralele scurte:
lve s'alked zror,/ua.iy a mile
i' ; ; ; : i- , i; " ' tw -n " tv n i n u tp q Io o k i n s rot a rori - .
er Lili- i" r , . " i N i l l ' ;' [ s o a ' rn i rs i i d tq o hL' dred I i
Slie was manied src fiYe Yearsback'
ir iL *r r . o' L tti n s n ' " l i t" o D " r i i !" p ounds
) l?e a{ lt " . a n d i d a l ,e s h a d a l re a d yfi n i ' h Fd15P papdr
(1Fq LIF I' ay
t laur hhtA t pN ,i L o t" l r! L ' n o l l -P 3 !d i P n ' " suror
r s , " . *i" iil l $ p trrv th o u s a n do d d l -r0 0 00 bi
1 j1" br r d t or il l $ " n ' v o d d U ro trs a p n dr: l n l ' r p :o ul"ro
LFvd
i r u ! ur
! . , u, le l- . ilr\a ) o l o u f mP n a l n d a \d n rD q' ras$
p a l 4" pn 1rutr
t lr dv ' rlold io r d o F 6 o l i i m " s n o f l o
ln is \ n lih p h a d p u b l k h o 4 N \D b a f d o ' n l ott po^K s
lnev t ir r l b" b a ' ! i n a dqqur" otrir ^ru o
i p 4ror l p a rn J o .r
iii ; n * ta n tn ' i q
-' .ad" ..
or , v ' ,i , . no. l, ,0 mp ro .l d ' u d d y o n a n 0 !n L
jin, c .. .h
- \ \ i, - l -h, | { n ' r^ :4 ' l 4 tn
2) Depitirea u ei eifre //o/rn.le) se €xprjm;: aeer' marc than' dntL nore' \ l3O7
ahorc. u|,"a s (of) en.:
Ile is ote. sirlJ
,qhelost ordr tilenty pounds in weignt.
\ u, n- r " ar l h e fl .h i i . l ,b ti " ) 4 u " ' dp _ n o ur'
r l a , " 't;k'o r d .la t"n 5 r L lp t' r fl s l' r l h on oF
' i' r ' e i ;i . o l i g ti u d D o P r' rh " ' r' oi r'
s i bn or' 6 n a 6 ' a ld n
Tnf s rr v
''
ii'i*"i-ii"t ii"i" of t*o minioninriabitants
ipi.,a"' r ' ]d
3l Dmrimareacitrolormn netletiDitese tai'Fintrebuitrlindu_se cul inrPle S 1308
h,tn,1"d.riousond,n''tttodt,nttt;on.doz"n..or"pl' .,rppra'pdalcdpnumprJrP
qi de celemai mulie ori in forma lor de ptrral:
TIct F.nt iu /,endre.ls lo the conlcrence
H t;rea : .n d ' t aLs d- dr nJ r h' l
'j;";"";i' r al ' " r o s r r m . ^P o i 'd L o n 'r r '
'p" r , ' s olds s r g "d hPappeJ l r '1 d \ I o r l d
''/l tt.o u'"to !: na YO o r n r ur r m ong"t ' :
4 th"u o.d rqa]'o:i : A th'""and l nr'
I n a\d o rh ur t r l4nd o4a lhin- s lo r l' ilu
ru,addror .'.". n',,
Tl( n r c s ! l !.a cP co n"* ' p r ise"..j,;;,lt:;,ti
/ @s or p,orr.
I na\c m' l llm d a zPn l"o ' < o ' ttfir s
fh;v fP l lf th d i4 4 lL IJ n "lo "" r h
i" ; o * or n .-.' t $ p i l rd r"'lga.l
orm
' a Ps
ini g lor L
la
They had ioitrcd the cooperaiive it ereat numbets
r a nyria.I : zece mr.
214
S 1308c 4) Plusuls u nirusul fa,ldaleun nunir dxt se e\prinri asifol:

on. (t,o. tt|ee, cta.) ko ,tun! t: t,c\) nlui (doi. |Iei etc.) mai Dnll, trntrl {doi. lrei
ci c.) in r l, , s l
ane (nb tu, elc.) ko t4r l-. l.n) unul (doi, t.ei ctc.) mai pnlin, wnl (doi, tli
eio.) ln mrnusl
lhcre js,ne ligurc ra. ud,r to. a lhone numb.r.
llr g \F In i' Iillin " r o o /.r .
$ 1309 5) Iorme ialiomntice. A se obscrva urmntoncle forme idiomatice:

14, ,tr, on. (: pdnntioull
set nd best I j de lort-A zild')
(eorocv.) Hc's fire foat hnlhins. (: exactly live loot ialll
$ 1310 6) futrchuinlnreaconjureti.i "and" cu numcralele.- Conjunclia dnd
rcr, rnt-^h i|| d d fFnrr, . Lor:
S 1311 a.) nunirul unifitilor de numirul zecilor cind acesLadin urmi esLe
yecedat - dtt nu si urmali de primul ( g 1217 1218):
S 1312 a, nun drul unitn,tilor;i al zeciiordenumirul Eutalorsaual miilor ($1228):

three hrndred dad onc
cight thonsand dnl Utirtr iwo
nine ilousand lou. budilr-"d dnlt fifi.y-seven
$ 1313 c) numJrul tracliilor de numirul intregilor:
tso ard Urree qnartos
a poued azd a l)alf
li{c hon.s o,l lortv minutcs
fou az.l sirpence liar tn eaftircd curentd: lotr dnd. si\)
Not d
S 1e14 In senere irsiL. nu se htrcbuiiloazn conjunctia and ra snlcgo numnrul
uniinlilor de nnmnrul subdiviziunilor aoostora ln (azLrl ini\urilor ale ciror
denumiri difern de acelca alc subdiviziunilor respeeLive:
\ po. nl l, l :n a .1 ' r ' i .. p o u r ' l nl
n , no' r nd ' o rr ' l i o n o ' rnI i ,, -
-.
9. i] 0 ( nine lhir l rr) (re l .ri to r l a i i rtrp ,l i d b a j ol i ci al )
S 1115 flonot{
tn Marctl Britanie
100 pen. e[ pen s ]l 1 0 0 p l:l Iro n n ds l c rti i g l paund ' stJrr!] l rl nsl t/on.: l hi l
tserliid)t
ealonre tu)neda
t
oihlf on, \ .p rtn r.,.J l a d ' d l !- nl l l , ' onrl
lt i ! F , , ny I r r n ,l . f.o /o ^ .I
r! twolclce I l^jrrt, two a i$opcrDl I!1,!n4 ptc..
prnc.. f.,1,,r..1 l.wo l hi:l
- ".
ra' '
!9r,L.-"'
{L a | ,,,,l. /s/ , ?! ) | quid f k $r ll
ti, ttn . !10 i\. P G n, lq; r r . t a^f iv . r / L€ n / t w . r l J po!nd n.ie, /rla,s, a
!orrds, allala, fivr/i,,r/trventy
t3.8t lhre€ potrnds .ighl,y two p.n.'
'Sa\ hatf past nine ln litubr cnrentli.

,At
Monete 1131C
tn StaleleUflile
r00 ccnts lscnta] {100i) : I dollar t dclol (gt) (tun. : dola!)
a nicke'l I nlkll
toi ten cenrs a dime tdarml
25c lwent]{ive cents
roi }all i dollsr. fsia'81 a ]ialf'dollaf
$r a doltrf, /ildDs) a bDck [b^]tl a dollar ltll

$5, $10, $r0 live/ten/lwentY a riYe/ten/twenty dolla! bill
' dollaB: 1sla,r, rivr/tFn/l.wfltY
S3.8! in.ee dolla.F €iBhly_two cents

TERBUI,
tit *t'
CoNSID ER A T I I G E NE R' { L E " t!18 25t
ndnhiliP 131! 255
i ".l i ,' o" . j' i' t r t r b rr rra n z ' rr\ 1329 236
Di a l € zd. . . . . r : ,: , {333 251
Prr,o a n a Num & l' r n f ' ^ u t58
i'i-.i, J"i'":pot.i v'.b au\lia' " ' l J43 158
-{srco1 . -."
160
CUNJUU\RI.t
C . \ RAATERI S T I CI G E NE R A L I' ] ' ' '. iNSi 260

Inilicslji Detoitieo .. l 13ii6 -.160
Tituputi (ind;catieut) irirr\l t:6i 161
l'ormo r eiltsle 1368 26t
136! !6!
tS i i 26t
a0Dva ' 1it I ,64
\_!RB ltlGUL-\T ila dilt'za
CO,\JUGAREA SI]\[PL-{ 'q' LNUI { 38rl iJ6a
DIAT]'ZA ACTIVtr.
{3 8 1 l6i
NTODLBILtr PT']RSO\'{[N
1382 t65
I. Indic.titnl 1384 t65
?tc.entul snnPlu . - ,138i 96i
1386 t66
;. ; "i;",i',;'
f,l"il"'".:;";'" 138t t66
1388 !6t
i"j,J"',ii'i-;ip,''."',r- ' lrl.: ,.-". .^: .;. 1110i !69
r"ddu,"r"dindi.ar,niu' p'.?"1,, lll jl, i:^-1.;,,
continur tI]06 :t0
iiliJ,ii,lilii,lii;i;'Jiiili cr prezertut {4 1 1 1t0
I're.:utul srm?ut 1412 270
MN .,]70
t\14 ti o
74t1 271
tLlB 273
7429 213
7431 t74
t43! 214
t15
211
1445 2i t
\t 46 2i a
1447 215
14q8 !76
lt'35 277
1461 :78
ltrii2 2i,
1463 2r9
Evet \i ,ct|, ftenn! 1465 28tl
| .i lo u liuni' adv r Lir lp d_
-\ l!";b.
T n , t ut t Dt r488 !S 7
t(8! i rst
' r4!4 :r88
1495 :88
119i 1 289
1501 290
l 5r2 :9D
150? :92
1l )l i ti 4
1528 197
:99
t110
tlt0
!0t
S u l , j d,f ti! ul !.e ^ Jrt. ' t5i t
l',
liit
r i 5i
T .t ,." r ti B 3ni
: r , , r' r i. l tr,.l tiilr t1,j3
:' liiio N 03
ln '. r t61 iln'
1i 6U 3U l
l u a .s 3r)'
i
r , ' . rir' .l 1r6i i tr3
r_ l '"s 1:,05 N l r4
! !15l
1591 308
,\ rAY . , . . . ..- .. . 15!' 309
MI GHT ...... 309
t5!3
sI l ou L D. . .. ... . 15!4 309
F orme .. . , . . , . . 1595 310
lnle l e s .. . . { 590 310
I un ctr...- ... .
1611iJ llr
w au L D. . .. . . . - . 1606 ll11
160,- 312
1611 att
I n i i i i livul . .. . 1614 313
Indicatirul .. . . . 161i i 313
R cca p rtu ta r e- . . -
1bI,"
1618 314
1619 314
' 1610 314
t6t1 3l ' ,l
!tzi l 31t
IY. lmpcr&tiYd . 3l i
1621
Delini!ie i 625 31i
l ttt 315
1630 l t6
' 163t 31i i
76tt, 3li
Iorrna ao0cntuati - . {6i 15 31?
T ra .l n o e re. . . . . . . . - t6t6 31t
Sllicctll im!{rl,in]ur.. 10t, 318
Nnrniaea iulerallvtrrur
t6t8 3tt
]IODURIT,IJI]IIIERSON-{I,O
163,.1 319
I. rnfinitirul
1640 31!
F ormJ .. 16r3 t19
f . i; ' n 'dL' , J . I i, . 16r6 :l!0
T r rI r"rP.. 't,
16Li 3rr0
l un "l rr . . . 1658 3r:
l, , i ;ru , i' or np I 1666 31rl
ln :n l ."l . . 'lin r b : \ 16ri 7
\ ru r'\u l ' r ni ' :126
r -, ," .,,.tr. " 5 r b r d i ' " r p r4 n r' ri :
l(itii Jti
No n r,i 'rul ' u al" i\ ' 16t9 328
\ L o rl, r' lr,'r''\rlu:
16.q3 3!!
1681 3j1l
| ,i . n t alr \
"'rl 16Sa 3j 0
II. ta icipiul .
t30
Caatilialii seletutc
3t1
?6ti.it i1n $t\b.l)

'1 6 s 9 :l rt
llama tn 'ing .
331
ucn n m'rc_. . . . . , . . . _.
'Iinil. Djatczi
1691
P ottait' ntl Pt.z nL Ee tun' 1i! \ l t:t2
O .l, r)gldrie ... . ltilti r33
Particir)iul t.ezent + ger n n d i v n l.. . ..
i ,14
1100 334
L'd.ticipiul pre.eat ti 0l 334
Caracter 9i lun4n . . . 1i 02 334
{F rb .. . 1109 335
pt dz pnr !
A dj' .' irel" I,"u \"n r. dr n p"r |dpr r :1 . _ t7r4 336
17{i 336
Conshuclii !a.ticiPjale t tt6 336
.\.!/ari\J' ru p'lr Tip ' r ' ' 7721 t31
\on:nali\,.1 .r 0d rL 7,.2:l
\ominativul alsohrt 'Pr u
l'nrlicilntl aisohl . .
t1!t 338
G.rtullirut .
1,426 3lr8
F o.ml .. . . -. ..- 1i l 7 338
a Trr" l' ri. l 'I i iu n.'ri 17!3 339
\ 're l, ' !ii ti 37 340
I un. ir sin l r.l1 7i 44 310
r rrrl' . rl- :i !o-'iva P
"q rmrS ti 4i 311
(nd r\ul 1.1l ra 3'+2
1750 3t2
171\ iti:
|;au
Lierundi!al DPrlect 1i t4
l nt i,Lii r. Pa .tiuilix !r z nt C' r r n' 1r !
It3
7136
113i
ti t9
ti 6n
1t61 3\t
.t Dtt4d
1162 346
Jn' t : . : r
1t63
l.o.nn. Diatezl 1764 346
1 n i ,.l c".f nnc lii
ln i o , ,,r a t , 3, t l'iliulr r i I ' ri P .r c u l a rtrc rl rD l 1766 3n6
Pani.itiul pdsie - .- . 1)-6i
rr-68
1t69
\-]!RB RI1GUL\T (IA diAtEZA trir 3t1
CO^-JUG\REI SI}IIL;\ A U\UI
1t7t 348
1)i 2 3i8
Dcl i n i l i e . . . -. ri i t
DiateT a actili,............ _. 34il
171tt
Di. t eza tJsir" | i ,.6
L, n "a i" h\ r " 1t80
l .' r' n u l 4. ' , P oL I/-81 3/,9
l o .m{ren c onlr gi la s rl e .. - " 1t 82 3i 0
\.b ..r '' 3i r
' om Dl.n :
r 1 r llFm ' nlc
:
\f rbul xciiv 'lt,u; ti tT 3i 3
r'.,j,i ,iii.. o, ratoaredr ic,.i!
IIIGUL-\T (la diaLczaactiail - l i 9l l
CO\ JUG-\RI'],\ CONT]NU;\ A UNUI {ERE
1195 3i 5
1 , 1 9 6 355
Canit t ldte d . a r t t n l d
tJg)-
3tn
lr99 $6
1 8 0 6 3i 8
781)1 3i9
1 8 0 8 ?ii9
1 8 1 6 361
!:T;ilti';,,'i":iil,$ill" ; ;;;j;*;";;;,;;;
iil'## "i;"i.T,T;l#1'iii#;; t8t6 365
!51
!
tarl 3ni
Formt lreevenbtirn . - t 828 365
Forml . . . 18r9 36i
k , ,n .ri i ?65
T r d d -c" t P . . 1832 366
(1osithsrcs cotrjrgdrilor' 466
CLniugar' a 5labd . 1838
Co n j ugd. ^ la t P 1819
Co n r ugarP dm xL A 1840 36,'
r'orbe r.gulrl. Fi rcrb' n'rerulilc 784t
Prln.i l sl .h ,Pr bc t r er r y ur trre 1843 36tl
C4 r o ti@ : ... . .
: 1. . ta47 368
ii^p",ii p,;";p"t oc.b.tarnercsltlltc \t"abe1i
"t" l 8rru 3i3
Verb€1.nrreg'Iale .ompr3c r849 3i 3
O b -, r' ltt r-l,.la' rc ' ; r lo' P
^npd . l s l g a 381
Cibra absc\alii to.eri.e asuPN adbaa' nercSutnb ' . -
DNTRTTI] CATNGORII DD ITTiBTJ

1850 3S 3
AUXILL\nD 1851 38:l
185' 383
1856 383
18,8 183
I861 384
1862 3E /r
i ,i 63 38i
' 1S 65 386
1 8 6 6 386
l|l6t 38,'
'r 868
1869 388
r870 388
T O B!
3rJ8
A. CoDjuseo! silnprn.. - 18tl 488
Diokza a.tita . ' t90
1372 3!0
18?3 390
Fi , nr!ii . . t8?4 390
Ca ve rb Dr inc ipal. . . . t8t6 l rl
ca ve rb aiailia. . . . . . . . 1380 391
Ca verb colulativ ' rN 81 392
Ca verb modal . . .
lixprcsii idionatice.. 1889 393
Ioniele .ontase
1891 39n
TO H-\\'Ij
3!4
A. Conlug&et sinlti - ' 1 8 9 2 394
Didt.za actieil 396
B. 0onjrg&€3 conthun 1 8 9 i ] 396
D hL .a tchpa 1860, 1867 3!;
C. Formcle ootrtrd$e ,'
1 8 9 1 , 397
I t rn cti i ..... . . . . 1S9ti
C., vcrb prinripdl 3!8
ca vFrb anx r r r dr . . . 'l90il
ca v. ct mod dl 19!5 3!9
.. .-.. .
Verbul .,to hare', ti inrerogatii !i ncsa\ii {9 0 6 39!
D {l zero 3t9
,S ; lol"s'ir' J',r,1'iru l D O
p'q
t!1il 400
TO DO
1914
rdDclii . . .
1915 400
r916
tga, ,t)2
TO LDT
1921 4!1
Funcl tl . .. ..
1924
Cd Ycrb P.i.,iipal 1925
C" vcrb aux iu .. ,
1926 442
Ci / u . , 11l"F "n rlu; a ' 'i "n i LI T 1t2J LO2
l. l i i \ u dLpl \i rb I o r. r ' 1928 l u:
l-o' m | , ' oL_'' I : .t; 1,)29 403
D O d o+ ' uJ
SHALL, !fILL, ]\IAY 2074,2088, !02t1
19311 40E
tL vliltB]n,E DErri(lTlv!] IIOD,{I-E.... .- tgill
pr r n*e. . ... . . ,'
lgllt /!03
1t35 405
19/12 r,06
(I,) C ^ \
Considdstii gen€Bl. tlrril 406
For m. .
: r r n' ltro n a r'
It 0, iu ri l pn n i r ' . r . or r Rlc
Forrnel. con'lnse
P r onu n l rfe . . .
Intetusrlia !i rcgalia ........
I un. ,,
{-q:r{
(II I C O U L D
Considcrllii sL{enlo 1!ll5
11J!6
t!5? 4lrS
CotlLD Bn \BL1i 1(] t1158 410

ll,\N
S lud i r "o rl r' F lir i 10
Tinturi .i .a\.xt' tLta
(',{ { ..
l n .. 1902 410
t ur t.1 ' l- t lll nt l6 L L
totl. l | .
'l 1' rt1. 11tr
L at i" " d
"' t!ri 5
To l|ltliAli[ -- 1!67
bt tntt r,, tl'\tt,l.7o... ..
1963 411
1!60 41r
\ ,rJ r' u rifl /f'\'f ..
1!t0 411
l r- ir 'ii rlr .Ar-LI) ti12 4r2
ti i 3 4\' -)
a,OOl-D in stilul irdif{|. t' 1!
L91L
Coniuqa.rr Inodduhi C.'l-\ \9i 5 413
19ii t't3
ti .onditionaltt. . . . . .
1987 41n
dc tftcu i. ,.. . . , . . . . . . . . -
!
1989
. O ( L D . Tn. r ut F im plu.r o trJ i l l o n a l p rP /" n l i r' contrastiri lractice) -..
t99t 476
CANICOULD fi lnlmdilodi rNpcctiYi- -" 1998 416
BE ABLE TO. ' ' . t0o1 417
MANCE T O . . . ' !008 417
I JSEI' M . . . . . . 2009 41t!
TAGET. . . . . - . !010 418
t011 41l J
ZERO CANICOULD . . . - . . . . - . . . . . . . . . 20i 2 419
B E,]IPP O S E D T O , . . . .... . . - - ,013 419
lnpcr.tli\'ul Poliielrr 20'J4 tL2O
Co n cl u zi o. . - . - 4:10
,0t0
(IIl .) II]IY /IIIG l IT
!02{ t' 10
Consiilerstii gencrnlc . - !0rt
! 'orme . .. 2ltl 421
U od L L ri luDjpeB
F t i im n ' .5 n n aF
or r alr a024
lnierogal.ia,"inegalia .
!02(i
1\l\Y
202;
luDo ti i . . . . . .
htrcbuintare . .
L] ! r\ rjd r mod1l . t0r,
CJ -, r, " Ju ,J \ili"r" t0ll4 411
2037 L' '
u A) .ttlcHl 1038 .!2il
Fn r0 h . . . .. .. .
C'N]J,D: N'IGII'I' t0/t5 (t3
.r[1G9" : c.ndilional 2046 42L
P rLo' rl J joo "'r 'i
!rli;-ll ]' \:r' 'r fa .; ' l lr P' Ll
2A4! !21
llt .I i o r ot r lr u. tr n V l I
2li2 t!)i
(lv ) liusT
ti-r5j 12t
Fo mre . . . . , . .. 1055 i25
Fonnele comluse ,053 426
1049 4:6
206i 416
t06r
/rFa (
llL.'t . 106'
'11t.\ f
.! lll:r 20611 L'-),.
ML-sf in controstat 4-4tI ra ,1168 4),i
rlt 'l io "not-.t ru \tf,
(v ) ouGlIT
!061 4r!
BU V:ARF . . . . . ,0t1 11:19
10r_! 429
xIF:THl\Its ,. ... - 1rl 1i l r29
(lu o r H . . . . . . . . -
v L l SfI \L L
!076 ,!!9
F of m lL .- . ..., 20i ) 419
IntercsaiLa9t negnlra :0i 8
Fu n cl " . . - 90711 4!9
C a vcr t au lilju.,. .. 2080
Cr ve rb m odal . .
430
(vrL) s]lOUI,D
!08r
Fxn.lr . . .
108( 43i
954
! L€j
{vrrr.)w IL L :088 43r
431
431
43\
432
4,t2
{rx.) woul,D tlo? 433
Fu n cl i i . . . . . - . . . . . . . . . . .... ................._.. ,104 4t3
C a \"r b p' in. ipJ l d" r c l v 2,Oti 43r
, .. ... ... . :,ori 414
C a rux it iar m odal .... 2rr4 425
,SH AL L ( S HO ULD) . W IL L l rtOU L D )......- ... 211a 433
,\l te tn tr c luir t i. i ...... r1t8 43J
(x ) To rr\Fx 2t:24 437
Fo rme .F unc iii.. . - . . . . . . ............. -. -........ 2r2i 4X 7
Ve .b lex jc al r egulat.,..,... .. .. ..... ....... .. 2126 4X ,-
Al xi l i a r d€lec t ivm od a r.. ...... ... .. ..... .. ..... 2rg4 4A j
(xLJ TO NErtD 21.1j 439
Fo rme . I nnc lii . ... .... 2t46 43s
\a b p\ i. c l t r L, z it r v rg L l a t .. ....... ..... 11a
m od a l .. .. j' I4-
l sJ 139
{xIl.] usDD l'o !166 141
ro"md .. .. 216)' 4tl
Ji.p 2! 68 447
l. lele . T"Jd .i Prr 1169
2ti 3
2lia 4t4
I tL. \_ERBDLEREFr.t\tVt-:...... .... 2179 444
Dp" inil: P ....... .. 2180 444
Trddunprp d o ir liob a .o 1. 1. i. . . . . . . . . t181
A l^ ! . . b, rplp rivF t1 lr m bd . r 5 "/ 1. . . . . . . ,l !t 417
l v . \ F RB E LE I OVPl.CXC. . . . . . . . .. .. 2192 4t8
V ericlc co mple ae ou pa r t ic nli adr er biiu. . . . , . . . . . . .. . t193 4\8
\a L" lP p rrpo ziL ion al" .. . . rt9i 448
V - V ER BEL E I ] I P E RS O NAI,E SIU U N IPD R S O N ,\L D .....,... ... ......, ,.... 448
v L \ iERtsE CA RE S E CO \ FU N D I..... ... .. ..... ... ' 196
,200 449
YNR,BUL
(THE VERB)
GDl]anALE
coNsIDEnATIr $ 1317
1) D€tinitie.- Verbul erprimh o acfiunesau o activitate' o stare-sau $ 1318

.ri,i"ii".""p",lfir' .u''it*i"r"'" s"u modifi'ar"Jun'i lnsuiiri o a'irudinp
"
Pcnlru .impliti.ar" n" leicri ln "onlinustp n'rmai

-.. 'o1 prin a'Fa'r0 si cclelalie notiuni
ori* dc un rprb.'ubin "lag\nd
"t*""
cuorinse "il,
in definilia vcrbului la acesi punct
2) v€rb tranzitiY rorb inhanzitir. - Ve.bul poai€ li tranzitiv sau in- S 1319
-si
trimzitiv
oJ verbul a .JrLi a' liunF sp 16"h1ngPnen,iilor;r ssrpra unul
un obir.l, nuFil 'ompti nt dir' t a'l' lranziliI' ( TransitirP-
Verb)'.
M.g ts! ta1€reil d', ga.den- Frcd js ltriting d l.,l?.
\\.e 30{ lIa c.mrng Tlrey ere enioXiDs d.ns'Ites.
\:erbele tranziLive pot a|ea iliate.d po-tipd\ $1i74) S l32o
bl Yerbut a cdt'ui actiune etc nu se risfringe asupraunui obiecl esie
inttaixi\i\ (Intran:itioe f erb):
He rral^s slowlr'
And i]liiv ll'd happilj cver alter'
\ crl ," le inp, t s onc t " a r u n ;l to n 4 l " l S2 l i r6 r !l n i | .| r' l i .i !p s 1321
\'.rb € le inir anz it ir " n u ru ,ttr' , :n p rt' d | 1 br,.' rr ' InLr 0u nprpnr s 1322
t r' anzi i l c I E lJ 24- 132 8 ).
'''1ti 1393
r' \ e rb u l l r' rn z i l i t p o " l " ri i n l rpb i nl ar ssrl ' l ' i 1 i -npa
" ' . ' l' " ur il. i rr" i nl N " ' d' ' l ' "a
l, ri sr ru " e r " s t r ins r r ' -p ra u r' ri o h i F rr' J D ^ " rF ' a_t' lrri pre" r' '
a, li u n ".. \, r bului, r u di n b h l u l J ' u ft' " ;' u r' ' F ^d l n a' ar ' i '
veibul devine intranzitivt:
He sroodtlie mirfo. on a lablc. (Tranz)
He s,oodthe.c siarins (lntr')
llr $ a 5 l n r" tu rg I l o d r:i l l T ro m - l
I s . r\rh i m p t;,r' ,6 ' d r n L s' a s i (Lnrrl
''llia/ / ' L o \v ri1 1 u . Ira ri r l T .i n z I o
L I il l
, .i rr'q I ' dr' ld
". . '
1r, tRr ! r - l' npp r l lh r 0 o' ' l' ' m '" l l T 'r 'l
ls - n r r ' J d \ r l r r '
'l - , m f t , m ", . l; , , r
I-'n relb in l^ tn jt'J dpr it / r "r a. ; / ; t in dr - r alolr F r p '0 r r , r i : s 1324
d) daed este urmat de un Pro unre rellexiv:
P:,fr
i,""i,'i"tr";, t
r."u,,
!1;H,",*,r
D) dacneste s''u
,ff 1,1;#
il,1'J;s;ll^x""iti"'ij'"&!iJljiib'ui
: Lnii x ,,ri ,o nsio"r t . " p r ' vern lranziliv Inhebuinlal
v p- oul n "" 6li. il- ali"
r n mo, l db"o /"I, d "-t- in, lp Ln ob! trp .
-oj.J
250 MORIOLOCTA _ !'EREI''i
prepozi ia urmitoare se intesreazd atit de mult verlului incit devine o

parttcald.I'erbdld.care transformd verbul din intranzitiv in tranzitiv:
t:r.r r on, . y dseo. "s t u lp Dv nJ Do S D o . r i p a r k . I n t r . l
'f1F t r al. ld i^ , . ; ' r / . . . x an: "n ed 'L i ; n s .
rTranTI
\\" s o, t Lns r ! an, r hJ d t s aDd$ic h . I n r . I
\\" 6! l o. , ; oLr . . r pr r p, ( Tr dz .
$ 1326 . , c, dari.ar€ un complemerl,lL

interJr.(CagnateObjrcr./( S2603), care reperi
roeea vernutur!.
Ee was r&e rinf $it h on. c v e oDen. llnl. . l
H.p \1 - !""p,n i t h" J . p ot ilr dan k ho l, dd d o n " d g o o d d 1 . v s $ o r k . ( T . d n z . ,
Th" , h ld $ b lou"i; ne a Ldr py lau|h. Tt \ n t . t

s 132? Nunreroasewerbe pol li uneori tranzitieej allcori, intanzitiae:
II" to .u "4 inL a s or Ll' , , p t of . ho" r . oai". . l l r , D z d , t r L
E\' ur.ro n a i. - " r aa t o r n gov on - r r d , r v . . T r d n r . D a . v ,
'l-t p .d" no r,r'nt r' B r ' br \ t J m i. ; s an I oLr . I i t " . ,
Tlr ,.sn "r ot , p pr dt d iun , ' o", t pd Li. t abo' ,r " r , v " n t d r d . T r d n / . i f l \
ll"y u p." /, rj or - r ' "- "", . t t r r , ". p6iv ,
'j-l F mb ' ),'nr
HF ra -tiag har I I nr : is , \ am q. ' l t r .
-o.
Fred rpca&s Enslk]! iTranz. rcuyl
Spanisjl is s?,ft.; a gie,ri dcal in Latin Am&ica. tT.an,. rasilt
rle lookcd oD without sp44ii4s. (Inh.l
He took her arm and besan rl d,aln her uD Lhe hilt. {Tr.rnz. activ}
She las Dd€ara,n..t otl hei lcgs sholping toi tlc hotidat:s. (Trnnz. paiv)
lle rds last. (Irtr )
-dll;?scan s?d.? twehe pcolrte.
Ti,is coltagc iTranz.)
Slic Jldqs like a top. (Inl...l
! lB98 . . Uneleverbeisi schimbncu totul inletesuldupn cum sint rranzirivesau
,",i" I ll,iHir- ad lace F a culalal:

i d e ,' .n .:
She did uie roonr.
- ot, Ihl t !.,t dr.
She sar. me a prcscri.
ct,e{ llTni) The dike ts atrtzs.
'o
t" h"rd
{ ll;iTi.)
I ield the |askcl in mr hand.
Mr p.omise still /rld.J.
l( t r m z . l :a s D u n -" : Il-" rds l" tne the l,ruLl.
,^, - ,.,,
, liLr . . ' z .r : a D o \c i ti : lhe child;.n a sto.ll
'" I i ,n r .r : ;,\,,d.r .r: T|ci.
".,1 nords bll.
| ( inlr . ) - a l i l i n l a v .a rc ae l r.)i Tlis rdlls in yotrr lavonr.
I llr . , nz .l :a p u rl ,a : Slie atu (.d.i,s orlrilis.
to r!.a. I llnlr.) : ldasrr.e1in!J
I a trcce i.cct: The nighl ds r.d/in6' lo ib end
S 1329 3) Diatezir (Voicel. Diatcza este torma pc care o poate llra un -i'erb
pe.nLrua arita raportul dintrc subiect qi cornplementul direct, exprimat sau
subinl,eles:
{ 1330 al subirutul gr:mati,al lonte tndeplini actiunea exprimarl de verb
(dnte otti -+ctirt l'o;ce):
I rd.n Dnglistr.
She rr.r nrr.
S 13,11 ,l subieolul gramaticil poat€ sufcri acl,.iuneaexprimati do 1.erbsi inde-
piiniti de conpLement\l d.i.recL(diarezapasiad , P^sioe yoice)l
I n,asrdagtrE glish ar school.
Shc /d.s lur (lJ n,el.
rUDii art.ri ljonsid.rn vcrbul tn accasHsjtdrlie inirlnzitiy.
CONSIDtrEATtr CINERAL! 257
rJ subiectul gramatical poate in acelagitimp indepliii 1i suferi acliunea S 1832

r\primatn de verb. carein acest,caz se nume,sreftrb tcflexie ( Refk rcftl))11
I ?. t. 1l t:|t:1i
a-.. t. _'"J1.-..t|.
4) Pelsoeni. l{umir. Timp. llorl. S 1333
a) Persoand f"drson./. Persoana este lornla pe care o ia \.erbul S 1334
fenlru a arita cn ac,tiunea€ste tnd€plinifi de cel care vorbe$te (peAoana 1).
de c€l cdruia i se adreseaznr.orbitorul (persoanaa 2-s) sau de un ali. obiocLl
aninat sau in8nirnat(persoanaa 3-a).
b.) Nundr (-\ruD0). Numnrul estelorna pe (are o ia r€rbul pentru Sl33i
a arita dacn arliunea exprimati d€ cl nrc un singur autor (nw Ar singuLar.)
sru nrai n,urli (numdt ptutat).
c) TiDLp (lense). l'impul ara|; momentul sau perioadain care s€ S 1336
potrece actiunea enpdruatn de verb. Gnnaticr englezn.ca li .rea romeni,
ounoarstetci,,timpliri de bazi"' ( Prindxl T1trscs)3,pr,:z.nl. h.t)ut -.i riitor.
Pe lingi aceasi,a.verbul mai poate oxpriua si nuanle ale tinpurilor de bazi
cu ajutoml timpurilor perlecte, nunile Si ,,timpuri secundare" fJecondal,
Tcns?::l). (A se redea Conjagarea, g 1354)
d) Motl (Mood). Forma yerbald care arati nodal cul]1este conceputii S1337
acliunea exprimatd de yerb este numiia nod gramaticaLIn gramatica engleze
se l-orbette delalra moduri: indicativul. subjonclivul, condilionalul 9i impera-
ln principiu. acliunea €rprimatn pri! inl.icaltu este reale, sigurn; prin

subjonctia,iJea16,presupusn; prin cond.iliaml. conditionatn srr dodtn; p n
inperulir, parn|ciLe sau sugerati dircct:
I rp.aft XDglGh.(lndii,rl,ir)
r'is ri{h Lim"\o., p,A?Inq.b,,.i!r rn m.,,1i.," .. -..ion, iv)
|^ "art,t spp.''tt'iE.,.n it h" ^""rd. ,.on,tiliunat,
î?rdl English at Ionr lessonsl(Ituperativl
-\cesta patru moduri sint numite nodari pffsanale (Finit. Farns), deoa- S 1333
reco forne,lc 1or sint,legate de persosne.l)e lingi persoani. ]nodurila personale
au numlr. l,imp, asp€ct, diatezd Ei sinL pnCic.Ltire. adici pot loma singure
Dredicatulunei DroDozitiiI 62:llr.
' tl rt:r' rl' .ro,lu"ilip.rion. l". I'r crlnJri.a engldri re"bul ore;i/or.'r" t l:t:19
in,t r'nnatc(Nun.F;ni1,Forn' ol u I ptl, |\r I tLrl!).ar. nFfiild Ip!irp dp
parsoane,sini inwaritrbile.EIe corespundmodurilor impersonaledin g.amatica
romene li sint urmntoarele:
inf;,nitivnl, carc denume,steao,Liunea,slarea etc.. o\primatn de verb;
pdrticipiuL prezent,oare aratl o acliune in desh$urare ori o siare in curs.
erprimlnd verbul sub forma de tnsusirelczultatd dintr-o ac,tiunesau arntind
cirounlstan,ta(de mod, de timp, de cauzi cto.) in carc se pctrcce acliunea
verbului;
qt nd,irul, ca.c denumette ecliunea y€rbale;
1. , grama 'rJ ,.1 !it/,, I a. 1, ". , , , uiLt "/ 1r p t p . i . i - . i J " 'd p t ii .,o"-
nd . 1' l,mbii roma np _, L l. n . P. li. , a" r r "f \ . I n pr \ inr d u F . r r d r " , l " a 'r m i " i .
r S ens crn na Lirn l l$ 21 .
. {,.r' mr,Iil. J. L;, , f dpolr r , l J , i l- . l. m on, nr u \ o r b r ; , , b m ' n u n F -
p + - r nl. ' r F_. p' , ni, . ' . m o m p n , l . p \ r {i " . " .
ti . , 1 ,' , nu" , dtiso lur-. r..;,no , i
r o p o " , u1 on dn r p rdrd rr , r ' 6. ! r s au I . . _ , l n r r d a!a f . _" 1 '"
'
l, li ,.. i t . i : - t t r hr . t ; . " t r , , : 'j .
ur.,."os,o".. > i I n. . { od
958
de tnsulire rezultat5
parliciqiul treeut, care exp me verbul sub forma
dintr-o aclrune:
p""."']
i T:,,:l;ll'ill:;lli"l'-I"
+:"r,5J"i
jlir i;"l'l:;:'.:;:o"ili"""Iiu..*. ""
il.: i:i
-,4
"'" j r i mo no'l s ip s rrr' rp rdprr" r" n r3 n
\ l S40Fo rmFl FnF p- r s onalFn u .d rrp p rq o q n a ' a ' r' n u ma r:i ' i ' tnp' t!i a' l i r'
" t SZ5r '1 ,..r 0;n 'idioi"z' iarinlin it iv u l
sr a rpoc , .
rerbul poate ii pnn-
5l Vorl princip: !i Yerb suailiar' - Dupd funclie'
'
cipal sRu au) iliar'
v''6l €rp ir'Lcl"sproprirrrsi ' re
{ l34f- al t'*b t,rin ipol t.Th' Pt'n";pd\
"' ,,rbul rurilia' l' formdrrr'n'oJurilor\i c li'"rpurilor'on'lusp
"1u,",',:l" The housew6 to ld'
I ndoea son
ihtv ore at ttie ptav' Sho dtd the room'
torl l cl ar
\ f lt l t , ) V , r bt t t au t;ti o r r tl e A .u " ti u F t I rb r uj ura l r " on'roral rrui r' 0
ti i n i 'r' ' :l ' r p' our.i u ' 1u rsi j i rl :
!e rb ale. om pu' e. l rrn a ' F a e ' | 1P' ;;;;J
germooreo l,:%i!!"i;. ii::j" li,lii'il;:'li'l-:-'
0"r,,.r', \'li,'":l;i" '-;:
!,'1")i"10:'*i i" nntoo'r r"u:
N ar d
Totrte auxiliarelepot fi ti l'erbe principale/lexicale'
s"*o
""",11.f"n1,1'.J;i.T::'*;;fliiii'"x""J'i*".iJiJ
n,A r P.
Din punctul de vedereal dura!'ei8cljunD
a) Aspecrrll \)erbclor'
erprimar".v'rLcr" r i"nnlrr1n,/r'r
ii'_|,i"']i ,"^",,**us A,p.a. pain..
' '''
[ 1J11 d') \Pfbe cu caracter o'nr
;'-:1Ti':1i,1'ri
l,*ii;tt;;i;-lil;l;j;r:ll
ninnrii ei:
':i::;;;il ':'"i::
lsl€clJ' care eril)rlm*
d1315 a"/ verbe cu caracierdrrdlio (y erbsof Dutdtiec
" acliuni sou st;ri ce dureazi:
1':$"1'* i:[::+ i:]i:1"* f'"T;

csre au taraoter
A 1ir16
'--- d"') verbe cu caraclerdubtlr (Verbs of Doable AsPe'l''
" sru dura iv 1n fun'{i' da cotrr'\r:
-n^pnrin
*T),,r"*"''r
tl iii"",#;"il'""Ti
i;,1'i;i?'i:l
I l?a fd a n ois c ( Nom ent J n)
!iii"i".? iiin ri" | 'sonsto' {n ho - " rolv nu"di'
He srorrel shorr' {Nomenl'nr
rrur '$^ dJrs Durirriv)
ii;:;;fi;; i'i l" '!irras'
gmnr'i i ' J i 1' bi i ' J gl r/'
' r - *" *r ' mo l i \ v Prb u lp ti r.;rs l ' ' ." u n porirumi l i r auri'i'-r r"'" "rp ri1.''r
)
i))i.i'l i.iii,ii 1""r;''""uriiii i" '
t' 4 r' ' u p \rd"'"t"'"r " ^bli
l i ra t rbpl ' m" di r" \' ?' s r:{u
i"r"tt
j ioi" ijai' iau^ r ! An rn P
'': i" " a ajungc lntr'un lunci'
t!)
CONSDIN^TII CENIIALE
Ob se r a. L! { e
Lrnele rerbe lii schimbli caracterul din durativ in momenranl prin adnr- \- lg4?
gar€a part;culei advcrbiale sau prepozitio ale care le translormd in y€rbe
.orn p l e \p . ins i. l1nJ u s " . o . t" l c ..i p r" i n .,l u tu l u i . .ti ' .i rrl i .Ju rezut arui -i
a . ! ru n rr o r i s t if lr p\ p m a te .
1os.t (: a der.n'r ldlrrativl
10s.t u! (: a sc s.ura) (momcnraDl
b tie (: I ii cnlcat, a znce) [duraii'r
t. tie &\\,r 1: a se c!i,,a, a se n,lnidc) (!roienra.)
t o, nal. (- a l a c f) l d ,' ru ri v l
ta nat'r off (: a lusi) ituomenianl
ta si.t _ (: I sed.al ldu.aiirt
10s . t d. oqn 1 :a s e a re z r) (rn o n ' e n l a n )
to stdnd l: n sia h ricioar) l,tr.ri.irl
to stand up 1: a s. saul. in pi.ioa.c) (monenirnl
fo s;t do, v n. t a t or d u p a u u n -o ri -i In ,J l -q L l ur.ti r (r-Jp" .ti r a scdad.

o s t a i n fi .i oar r ) ln t u. r,!i p d " ro n te \tt o rl o n 4 .u p ral /,/ L b0r sdu bul el
la care se mdnlnci stind in picioare); a stanrl-up ieal (: gistare luafi stind
1 )) s p p, t t , u l f - o r,m e L o r u e rl a l c . trIa j o ri tatea fornetor {erbal e S L3{ 8

, _A
or n rl mo a e ngr c z a at r do u a & .p trtP,
h') aspcctal perfectio (The Common Aspcct or Perl ctive,4sr..t). care .a1849
c\ D r i md € .liun" a i- s iF i d v " rh u l u ;. F 1 i -i 4 ,n a u
" " noLi Inad da rl Li rara qi d"
b" ) aspectul inpetfectie (duratie nn nnLinu.ttiv ) (Itu Cantinuous ot \ lJiO

Prc'-r s';r, A s p*' ) . . s r c a ra l / .d a , l i ,rn F a v a " b u l u i ,n , ur. .1u .b se
r e petd . " st"
Acestor doui aspecte le corespund doui forme de conjreare:
. ) ftnjuqar.o sinpla (lhc Simplp ConjaEat;on) cind A0liunea verbului \ 13il
.
I g, hon-" And llc do$n rvhrn I olz tir.d.

Shc nas s/P?r\di.
I saw t,€. .onz in.
ThrX ndd tud such lrnl
.c").conjryarca con.tinud (Th. (ontinuons ot prclrl'.ssit)e Conjalation) | ltiJz

oind acliunca {erbuiui este i'nperiectivn:
'What d.€ ron.r,inAr" "I am t.Liins at t.hencH jfr air linpr..'
t hp ho b, . s l " 1 i ... | ,r ,1 i .. .r
Hr ho. t t , \ r" a d " A rl | l " r-, ,..
HoN lorg iar€ yan bkt tchiaq cotds tjke this? (R.t.tililel
A t e n l ie ! S ljb g
._ \un'"le te.anjutor. "au lonnt pn"ta:ri F.re i'lp"opri,r.,t"odrp.c il
limba romdna .progresivtrr"umn, !..ir! .r,,./. sau sFd. /. ar, i rFDt€t- roDu!
r :r"s,r. .mr re nu e nazulaii. Fo|ao,ontiiua nLm"tpinLtj.Jr,tn limbl
englezeb bc in lrrgrerr insemnind a fi in curs,"tr"
in d(:s.fd.turarc,
i.n Mnti uare,
de unde:,.lrogress;re".
t Ve.belecompl€xeou oaractd nnmait.rr pot delcni dnrnrivc in htn.lic de cornrt.
lt*
!00
CONJUG.\REA
s 1:l;t
C.TITAOTUIiISTIOT GE\DRAI'tr
1\DIC,\'1,'ll\1trl 0Dtcli
S lil'r;
1*!F*$*ff
i1;,
ffi.u+;.{i*rrr,1
ig*$fitffil"xi'fst TtllPtrRt
! 13;1i I\t)l c \T l \' Ii i ,
s 13t7
Gn,Ir rrczeDl{ttui 'L i r I L urLlrrr
T i m D u ri l r' .onP us' '1 ,
au ru\iliid,l h !tu:flt , r u , r r r . i t j .t I l d t . d "
l i i tor f_i!tor ti1n, tlr lrtIl
1 \ili,r n"Tt,r,ttrli
i
Im*\
l
I
tig. 1
i:61
Aneliza fig. 1 lqi 2

Conjugarearonlini este un sistem eentratin Drezent{ver; Fi{. 1). pcl,Ltu ( l35S
F\primarFr lre, u'ului tal,l dp p'"rpnl. ronju'tar;x romdnJ arF-trFi rin,puri
tl.tutrt impc4-lut. ppt[,"tut\inptu ,i I,"4..tt l ,ompu:. qi ,rn rihp rniFrinr
a' P.lofai m4t mult ru p"r[ ftul. Pentru prprim"rpr rii'nr-lui
romind are atitorul Ei \In timp alterior acesfitla. oi.itorul anttior. "onjugrr.r
Uonlugxreo$glczi esl,eun sisten construit pe doun aft DarulLIci\ezi \' t;i.')t)
Fi:. 2\. cisl.mul F6tpoJdr pc rlouj t;npuri: pr .b oplr.p pr...ntu! ( p. *Lt
i.rr,. ne dF a|a tt..u1u| (Pn,t t"nv).
Redarea unci intinpldri sau a unei st;ri poate li ficutn:
l) fie la prezent, lntrebuinlindu,se prczeitul indicairu,Iui; S 1:J{i0
2) fie la trecut, tntrcbujnliDdu-se t;cntnt indicar.iruluit i fl6t
He knoc16, aaitt a liiUe and iher ot,ns th. doo.. lPrezentl
H. kn.ked, kaited a little aDd l.len oFn.d tht door. iTf4,,L)
.\r..bpl" limpuri .int ri'.1nurir;,,r1,

Dle au liecaie trcrural si ;iitotul lal distin.!. expfi-late pr;u r;lllpuri co -
puse.
1) Fati de prezrnt ( Pftse t T,n*). prc.entLl p.rfect ( prcynt p.jrfcd ) I tttjl
A\p|lrni o a rlunp
"r,t-fluJ15.iJ' r;.totut (Ft, t,) si r,,]ar',tt.tl .t tFulrrp
Pcdcct). acJiuni riitoarc:
/,,.".d1.1"1 Ll t,".r '.'t,'r,. r,.r.riofip....nt .tu
toU Ir
'".-,'l iii', ; , i, . . , . , t 1 -l ' , :i r , , ., { | , , L ! r ' ' " /,,1
ErentpLu:
Yon Ano$I Lrre."/1l ..r l)fr ard itratt.all asain.
!X fir. o',li.k I sl.r'trlre.olLd t$i!e.
Atenlic!
Toaj.c recsle limpuri. fiind raportate la prezent. au auriliarut respectiv g 1B{i3
,
, r l'n{n de trrecut ( pasl Tcnse), trccutul pei{l ( past p.rlcLt ) e\prima o 1J64
a, li. . anl,ri^ rd. ),r,' tut loto d" tr.rLrt(t.r,ut tn,l,. t,asit ii't,ttorut -s-
p, !4 fuli dt: tecut (Futurc Perfett tn the past_/acliuni I'iii,oare:
i . , d , r hd - t.cfll pedect (acliune alr,erioariLircntului)
Ir
I cn u t,i jI s no, ld, n r - viilorul lale
dc lreort 1 acliLDi riir.oarelaliL
I I sno&tl harc - \'iil.orul terfc.t t 'lc trecrl
I called
E x e n p lu :
I lold l'o! I lail unled .n her and \fodd catt lgdn.
You krictr ihri by livc otleck I shorrldbsre.ali,l {s ngrccrl.
T o ,l n 0 , F s t - t im pur i. fi :rd ra to rtx ' . l d /.p . r/. J u i U \i ti d,l ta r,.p- ri \"

. S l S ri t
)! \ l n dlc ollrnl lfP.nl.
Obseraalf.e
. Arnlele s€rii d€-iin luri - erupr prezontuluipc dc o part€ li grulo irecu- S 1366
ru ru, pp de olr0 - lormF0Tart':t-tbm p. I t! sitr,tlir.
!8i
s 136? FORME VERB.{LE
lloonotnia de formc tn coniugareaenglezneste extremi. La verbele regu-

lat€, care roiNtituie mdroa majoritate a \;erbclor, o si[guri formir - aceeaa
infinitivului prezcnt- stil l^ haz:rintrogii coniugiri. Este deoi suficient se se
sLieinfinitit'il unui verb peniru a se afla ;i conjugarea lui, dao{ se cunoso
urmAtoarele reguli de bazn:
s r 36q 1) lorm€le simple ale coniugntii dedvn de la tnltztltt ( $ 1639);
r^ rrll (infir ilir) - .4t1."olls (ildi.aliv prFz"nrr ' .o1r{imperdtiv) -
.ntl"tl\i",li."ti! lrc.u sLbjon.liv pre?pni.parri.ipiu rrp.uLJ- .dtrir: {parti-
cipir prezent).
s 1e69 2) formele compusese construiescou urmdtoarele auxiliara:
s 1370 n) SHALL qi p€ntru WILL (cu trecutul SHOULD si WOULD) + iofinitivul
sini ciracte stice viitor (modul indicativ);
Tiilorul
I s/d ci1l, .tc. (lersoana 1 sg. 9i p1.)
Iou (lZ orll. elc. (persoana a t'a ti e 3 a sg fi Pt l
I iilt,rul faln ,1. lro(rtl
I sno"ldc 1, etc. (pe$onn.t sg. $i p1.)
you .ro,id .nll, etu. (pe$omaa t-i ti a I'a sg.ti pl.l
s 1371 D/ SHOULD ti W0ULD + inlinitivnl lorneazd qi condilionalul:

I sh.uA crl1,.tc. (!eNoaâ1 sg Si Ir1.)
Jox ru.id eauctc. (lersoanaa !-a ti a 3_asg ii pl )
$ 1372 .J to HAVE + participiul fecd ajut[ la forrnareat[turor timpurilor
pclfeote:
Prezentulpertect l'reoutul pcrfect
Yiitorul portect Viitorul pcrtect fati de trecut

I rnz[ ],r. caued, ett. I stoall /ure called, etc.
Co dilionrlul perlect Subjonotivulpelfeet (forma modernd)

I sharltl. ha@ .altcd, etc.
Infiniti{r pertcot Participiul perlect
s 1373 dJ io BE lormeazE conjugarea continui qi conjugarea pasii'I:
. pr ni. ipir l p rc z a n l , o n i ,Ea rF O .o l i nur:

I an ca.lling,ctc.
pr f ii. il' iul l re .u l .^ n j u !d n 3 p J " i r"
I a,, cailed, etc-
r Ac.stn tormfr de bazn esie nuoriti 1n Sfanatictr €nglezil,,Iorma comuni" f?tu

Cotumt Iaitu. The Dase)
0bs.raalie
\o,n0n laiurs rct,,ali ., ,o,,jucr i englezeprezintn acceasisincirie si S 137:
?
^r'mic' o .i .o,]iuga',.. T.a-,. l" r, durilF o/1. lirnp,||ilni/rrr; or.,olor
rrpi linlpu'ida b.zi rrrp,u,. frpzen .lir !ii .fl. iu.u\ ,rut Ir[p] rldu,".I
lo n'rr"lp timoului .au -o,l'il'ri r^.fF,.i! s-'1"' too1"1;' r'i1;1),1. t.n a'.,1
un Ztdefl core".punzdtoF:
l)rczcnlul !erlc.t
- Trecnlul tefL.ct
Viitoful Intn de lr(ul - \' i i tn tu l p -a f eL
l l rl 1.,l e 1r.1rt
Con.ti!jonalulrrezeni - L o n o T ,o n Iu r l , rP o
Slnior.ii{l p.ezent - Sulriofotirul perltut
I n i j r i ti v ul pf z . nl - Inlinili l rrerfect
P.,rl i rit ix l pr ,z . nt - Parlicitiul perleoi
ll r c e p I i c: Imperathul. carc nu are perlFct decit in nxrd cu totul S 1375
€ xce p l i o n al. ( V ' ) z i . s162 2 ).
.1 te n li. ! s rB7
A se observa ideniitatci de formi a urmitoarelor timpuri ;i moduri.
si da i .inpli .,ter ri , -izis ronlrrc.:rriien. r z-.
',r
d/ lnfiniri\ul t,rpl-nr ,tdr.1,a,. iriLli"rti,'i' pr'rpnr rhnr p"r... .,-a.g.r.
subjonctivul (forma recho) si imperativul.
DJ tndicativul trccrt si subjonctivul prezent (iorma moderni).
a/ I'recutui portecl ,si subjoncti\ul perlect (forma modernn).
rl.,)Viiiorul falE de trecut si condiliondul prezent.
,ri viitorul perfecr faln dc irccut, ii concti,tionalulperi€cr.
Dii€ro.lierea acestor lorme este determinatd de .ront.r/. cnrc subliniaze
inl.alid vorbitorului.,\ccsi are astiella dispozilieo qami intirriterie,ûbtili-
Letti (ooertones.) cu caft.loate jongia pentru a ;i exprima cele n]d ijne nuanle
are qrn( n sau srmlrrn.
0onchrzio $ 1377
Sistemul conjugn i enElezecuprinde la modul indicativ:
1) ttei.tinpuri d? be.ti aLercnj\gdri.i sbnpLe prez€nt. trecut ti viitor -
care evrimi o acliunc pr€zenti. trccutd sau viitoare. nelimitatii la rllorn€ntul
2t trci 'tnt)uti d h:d ot .q iup,.trt;,onttrr" ptp7.nt ..a1tinuu.trF-

.u .onrinuusi vii,o' o.r",irrn, tn, u". ld n mom' rt,
-'n'inlnr,
dat prezcrt, trecut sau viitor; "i"c:r1rim.j
Jt tr i t,npu t,,rl .,, ,tt. ,onjd;dti; r;,/,/./ - n-a/-nt pprtF,', t,a.ul
p,rf.,r si \iir.r p"rh" -,1p Frprimr 0",itni ,.rmina
m^manl dal pxpri'nrl prin prerFrr, trerut adu \ tor: ". , nt"riu.rF unui
4) trei.ttnpwi perfecleaL conjryd.rii cadinu. - prezent perfect coniinuu,
lrp,r'l I,Frl""' .ontinu r Fi \iir4r p-rlF.t ,.,,tinuu ..r"
"xp"i.r, i.!iuni
r urs pina lo Dn m01.nt dar prFz;rr. rrp.ur :au rri or ."i.o-tin,rlnd
in
.au nu in
l. ur trpzF.t ii un p.rla.t. pdrri.itiul J\ind in

, Cplplelrar oduri du lo
prus ir un rrmp rrecui,
I DennniFa de ,e./c., are. ln rclasia sil.lr}tie.si sensuld. polcctat, iermina!, deci
anterior !nni alt timp: !|cz€ni,. lrecnr sau viiin.'
: Pentru atrolunaarea accstni astect al limtii €ngleze,rezi Y.rbele defe.tire ,odale
s r930.
904
s 1373 CONJL{,i,tltE-{SIIIPL-4.A UNUI 1ERB nIEGUL-{T

(sllrPlll coNJUGlTrOrOl' A rLnGU[-\RTIIRB)
s 1379 DI,\TEZA ACTIVA1

(ACTTVITYOICE)
TO N,ILL {A CHEI{A)'
I \r I \ITi\i r?r\?l\'1?1 rz,
l)rr,zent ( I'res.:rLt) ler{ect ( perfecL)

lo c au ( : a c ] ' c m a l l o h a tc c:rl l ed{= a i i cl ' emar)
I'ARTICIPiL (! ATTT]C]PLE )
Prczen\ ( Pftscnt) Trecut f parrl Peficc't ( perfcct)

(alr;ns i: clemhdl calld (: ohen3l.) hdenq .alle'l (: chenlnd)'
\l r' . l :L l N n l L \l l \ tl .\l rl a A i l l L .V tnD ;
Pt.z$t ( Prcsent) 'Irccs\ ( Past le se)

I otll l.= chcn) I called (: chc!!am. .hemai, am chemat)
rou call You cnll.d
i' " I h"|
sre I caus she I called
i;' I'-- ' ir J
wr c{ll Fr called
rou oall vou c rll"l
il,cJ call l.iieY calld
Prozet pefc0t ( PresentPfffed) Treeut lrerleot( Pusr PerfIt)

I havc call|d i: am clremrtJ I hrrl callcd (: .rhematn)
Iou ha{c ealled
slr rlms.a llrd
{'e harc callcd

rou lave callld
ihcr have eallcd
Yiitor yiitor pertcct Yiitoml ta$ Viiforul perlecttati

do trccut dc trecut
(Futue ) (Fuhtre in the (Future Perfedin
Pdst) the Pdst)
I s/d/l i,all I rn,ll hnlc callcd I snolld c l I siodld hale calted
J, l - v or c l 'e m ' \"i li
I \ ,i.,T.. I "oi . i ' 'h p m a l , , ,
fo-\ il|.'l\o]si'|''"\"il"J \ ' o' $oU|d' a|L
i." \ii h. I woLrJ li_ I $"urd hJ\"
,rr " I . |
l$ir.,'r ;, iljft i;" .lr,t;.,ii" -'e i",i; r" . 1
r . . h //,.d l * s j.// r,av. *. ,,t, ii" ",
',r"r r c,u' ,drah"J'\.'m 'l " d
) ! " rr,
.-,, , t
"i'l .l
\o . $ilI ' c { ' ll"J l, ' { ox " l
'i l l l l h 'y $ o u r o r J v r
rl' " \ ' $il.d ". . r . i. | lJ \ " ' llqJ lL' J { ull' 'd r r P o
l Y c z i q 1t7i- 1 7 7 3 .
-r ' , i . , i , - otr ' ..r" . " . * o n ' p rl i ' ," ' In l u ' ra r" Jd- dt" un hi ngu_l nl l Fs ' l \' rb ' l ui
,, ,/, . \ " t ""ir
r" j*t , .,d ' r" J " c 1 ,.i u n i : a s rri g ' r. a xumi ,:r \i /i l a/l r.-l D l un.l i e
'' tcu sersut ,,.tutii ce a chcnat" lcesi tinp liDsefl,ein gramatica limbii
(V.z i S 1r 0r ) . 'omane
,6;
tl0LlliL suBJo\cTIV (,ttj B.ttiNCTtvE ltooD)
forma Teche Forma Doui
( I ndependentd.
dc linp ) Ptezet\t ( prcsed) Pertect (p.4.d)
I call (: sn chcm) I cancd.(: se .hcmj I l,adcalted(- s,'L
fi ct,cmatj
Jor falled Jou had caltcd
|eI t re l
slr. I call she I call.d she I had cdteo
'rJjrl
]\IOIIUL co\DITtoNAL (CONDIIIONlL MOOD

)
lrtzeloI ( Present) Perlect ( Perfect)
chena) I s/pzld have cdl.d (: ns ti ctt.Irarl
you wonld h.rvc call.d
I'ri I nct
slic l ivould halc ,ralled
ir, I ri I
we sloLld nare onlt.d
Iou wolld |ave oalted
Urcy would }ale callcd
lloDUL TMPDRATIV(I]11'DFATIt/E trOOD)

( Pcrsoana a 2-d, sg. ti pl.)
&ll (= oheane,.henali)
{Yezi9i g 162!)
OONJUGI&XAACNY.I CO:{TINUI
(vezi S 1te1)
DINTEZA1 ICTIYA s 1380

(acrrvu Torcx)
XiODU R II,E P E R S ON AL E 5r 3 8 1
i ! tN l T ! IOR \IS OF _ {V ER Bi
I. II\DICATIVUL 5138
(T H I] IN D IC AT IY N )
pdltif'S. .trlodulindicatjvprezinreacliunra,si,areasau eristen,raS 1]8s

exprrma ta ije ler b Lr r , ,' a t, rr{ a r" d .
PX,DZENIUL $}IPLU s 1384

{THE SIIPI]N IIiESE\AI)
1 ) De fi ni, lic . I n pri n c i p i u . ti m p u l g ra m d ti .a l r umi t..trei ,i r. e_rpri nr.r ! tB S b

o a, l i u n e sb u o s r s r c . o e ri i q l rn ,li n p rp T r' , . l n t, p t i r,.H . p.fl ,,.,,t. de Li --,ol .- -
, aresFrp f"rd \ pr bul F " , n " l i m rrs ts ;l n ,a p " i n tF ,u t -i dutr0/.. ri n ti i tor.
ir , . 1u.i v mo m c nlul pr pr p n t i n .J rc F . \' o rL i l o nrl .
"ild
rVe zi
S 177t - 1t 73.
266
a 2r [nr,n;. Poreoarra:r:l-i'l sroeulitr' - Ptpz"n'ulsinllu:'"::":

, r:hB ,or'" p".-""""f"-", ,',-pi;" n^Fodn;i a
:r-d'ingul 'r' '"re
,., si i ni:-r iv.rl. t. "']":-'
.... , ''rrinllio di 'in' r'ra:
"" "
i,'l:i'|"!il"'
i;i'iI'J"l5ti"l'"",i";"li:' s in g u la r'
a 3'a
Or tog r a fLtL persoanei
t " l' ' : : r: T :
l n 'r u ,r ' .i'u "r i.' i 0..".rr .h"sri,rn'
""r".i - -""iu
"ilo'.i'"'ai" ' A"t i
' i rit t " :S' 'o" -o '
e r a t i'r i i p lt"alu lu i''o ' " ' " ; ' t i' "
c\emplcilu't'sri\" p F n ' L uv p rb :
'"" '"'""l
i i - " 1u"."." r r r m;roJrolor
/a) (S el): to s.ow - hc sro$r trl
lo looli - hc looks lsl
to r.dd - h. rcads lzl lo iaai - he ta\Ls tzl
l. bcar - lLe bctrs Lzl ro eve - he cXes lt)
to take - he takes tsl
i'o lliSue- nc
lo clrcte - ne
(b)( s sz): he Pledges

to laoD - sn'" laces l,o plcdge - iL fee?es
to turse - he lursos |o l.eezc -
to .o[gc - she .orges
(cj (6 s:r): iL blitzd
he orcsYs to blil,z -
to d.css -
to mir - hc nnte_'
to lnsn - he Pushes
to icach - he r_"achct
to match - he maicnes
rd, {s95): ro,ar-J _h.,ar,tr

to l'Iy
($ e6): he loys
xe saJs to to'r -
to say -
(e) (S tot)'
io go ne gods ro do
- -^ -..-"
''
f/) ( S10 2 ) l
;:i:li"r Hi":f;""
ll l;1""-i" llrnl"
s" r38? 3)Porbotoa +,2-i:'^::r"*; lt',i"::'"*."*
i"i racr
a.Ac€iirormi , o it ta p"r'oan? 2."u""il};l
Ji'$iJ:, mutr
'"i'",i;i","
ensrcze i;," io,rresi bun-bunl
d irmDrr
A.€asru.cra.leris1,.5 i',1.'Yll.li-1"^-.r;.i,,i."rrctar,iiru
p""'."
i. ,,"'i"i."i pa"$q*1 .iTl"iTiilo";llili,""lil"lil'il,i'i'T
::';lt"
dinrrep"r.oan"lpdrn ongrndr' .1
a""^rn!'IliJ dPorisin'iul:"qhi r' i""^",,..*".".s"a".
i""i.,.i din jc x ru r F I'ii1q.",l:1"""1:':T
' g ra z :1 9 )' " ' ' rY '
i-i 'r 'or "r "l polirctii-lnrrch"rih
i'""itir" ma c a z in-\ : vhal cn I do
"( s au " m Ji r o r r nal-How oo 1'"' i"oi';rli"r- u ^
ti
: : aslc'iai asoni (llsrd
1t o : a P o l c o r' lto r!h'o (onomalopce hltl)
- " 1, c ain c i rl l a i
p"..,,iTi,m ari {rialectahsntrliLfarir: o&.4ll*'
arhaic,-I,
!e,s. n r a ss. c- r.Lu lormi
'"',,.;T't\l;;ir,:j;i/,"r,,b,irr.;.1,,'il":ll,',,lJii
:lXl,ii:l;;-.";
obr'^""r:afl Lurdr'oFn'
::f;il:'r I't
î:]."i..-,,, ,, r,....-rs
i" iiil ':ri'aIl:il
i'"Ji:r ri:i' ri:'ir
. orr
ri;::':;:r"r;o,
'ii'iii
i{itl"l,.jtil'i;ifl "i' '"
!67
lor lou, lladaml" La rcstauranl,: '\lhat \\rili lrou have. sir?" etc. stnLtraduse
cu .,Cemai /acl?', ,,Cuce t€ serrescl".,,Cec'rr:isi iei2" in loc dc: ..llespectete
mel_e". In magazin:.,Cuce rd pot serlil'. T,r restaurant:,.Cer)oriyisn lua1i!,
4) I trebuinlaruri pr€zontutui simplu. - Ilrezentul indicatirutui esic { 1388

lnlrpbuinlrt penrru pxpri-.'. ir. lun.lic dp,.nr,\r. drj in.pul pr.zcnt.
frI 5r Irmpur trecui- \iI 1ur,or.
z) Exprind f i,npul prezenr. $ 13Bg
. PrFzantul6implu.cind InJJ ri'npul prpzFnt ,^.r r'ai hc,rpr ti tntr,-
bumlnrp a sa €xpnlnn:
dJ un adevnr general. u ]ni:;ersal( an etttnul rr uii J. f; ra speciticarei ijmpu \ 1t90
lui,rumil ln a,e. rrz sj ..trpz.n etrrn-1. loar'" ii..li,"t in prorcrbe: '
The Earth rurn.sor lts dis.
jn reed i." a hiend jndccd.
-{ i.iend lP.oterbi
Tlii, sun.;rs irt the east ad se1si! $c FesL.
TNo and iwo {"3 ion..
Dab'es u., lery sNeft.
"Thc child is father ol the nd."
,/ o acliune sau o sl,are care cartrctcrizeazi subiectul: s 139r
The lanulc flor! into lhe Bhck Sca.
This tcni /Mlds lonr pcople.
II i ,r \e N qui, k $o. 1. .
r cai\ slim ' f os i.
He laees ltr canp out.
l. b bt:d \F sle ju. . t l, \ Ps t aot : : . . c .
ue h os a tbm .
cJ o ac,tirne sau o staro permanentd care cons|ituie un obicei sau care q 1392
este repetatdl (adesea cu arlverbe sau locut,iuni adl.erbiale repetiti\.e. cn: '
al*alf, often. seldam.usuaLll. ca.r, neecrl trhen&er, erent rlult. on qe.hends
\\i, /isnr 1o. r'cace

I
oa, liles and lca.ns. lProv€rbl
s,nls hlr lltiers brf ai. nail.
-qherlccpi iir) litlle. doisn'i nc.
Hc
"L on d n fdllin ; , : , . s \ ilh n' \ . r "r l. r '" . . 1 ,.1 \r" rl,,
\fF o lnrIr j. ! o. r - r r ' on 1""1, - . ,

p. .-J ,s o/r a
$r. seldom ltsr.? in t. hilk's-
Doesit shc u a ! statl ut kde?
It' \at er.r r.,7cnr.f whil I sa!?
Undc u t-.r.r tl,c tt o.l.l I.r5 on lb. T\i.
Wheher|",r€ft,\ttta cd,ls, sh0 brings cran.ie rlo1i?rs.
r a. i , / l.r - l i ?). n u n ap .l-., r',n i i ", 1. , ' l. i",. J r J. i : -\i,,1

l \p \ s e li,rh, nkro u ;ma inl, , . \'-l . I . r r . . t '. i , . . t 'r r . i . . / r . , , - i " -
I n , r ' a,p: -t l.!1 . h,lo ut,fu ,r / . , . 1L- . t t o. t r . . c . r b. r , r , . . . . r p . t . : . . H / 1 . , i
r \lrdirdi o \-.pl d p "ddu, , f lr ^r dt n, , ". n. n. . , , ; . ara, irs.,:.t I\ rr1lr
E d t n p A tlaon,pa "u : r;/ru\i.t,lo r ' r r r J . ai, t , , . "; J t r..Jt .l_,L!\..., n io tr.J
"
b i m1 ni" t u_din a r"ili",l"1 1.p . r J ! . luilor . . . \ ' 1 / p/ n, / , . - t L '- . t b " . , t t , rt t t,.i--.1
d i n ! p" uulanl. Pd "ld st,-rr: . . \ m n' in, r ' , , . t i, r " r L , . l . ', t ) ; . , t , ', . a t n . o J ,
t u n d a r, t , n &,toftl ttun E. L. I . d. . . . . . r 1, iun iu, r . a . r t p r ] J . , ta.dat,t.
:.\c- or z"a .,1- o I ' r , t l", . r . d 1- r' rp ti t.. sp
"\r r in'
n u m c r,i rire:e ar sno nrc (ra anlt 14! , nt )
IJn lo. ' n p lu"r'.-Ji,/p ! ^ nai pud! . r , L
aFo.mil ninild h sramatic{ ,ic,ent iloatie " I i". , l , "7 , i r . . s . , , r - , t . r , ,
(ttetutiee Prcsent).
s"Innl.on Ca ine" a: Vorleiti Londral este nlrmele iransmisi.i TV a RBC.nlui.
268
q 1e93 d) o rcljune sau o stare cnre are loc ln momeniul vorbirii, dar care no
an'tr' ' , I riin.l In ,1,qrr_.urrrp.ci nrrn,ri ra "ristind:
_\ o .-r" rrL 4. " r o lr r o - - \ ", |/ , 4P o o 'r l " '
'ni. 'c o l l 3 n d
Sl,p ra:",1(rl l,Jn-ds uid-,o/is su rasL that ihe oihA sirls in her teanr cdn hnrdlv
ke .]l ur) $ 'th bc r .
"Y.ur sist('. /ts / in?" "No, s hc ' s out "
l)aphnc ts l,apll natuicd.
h.''t d. ttt^t.l Yon d?rrc so l6t.
\\'a o.ltnanl.ng. re.cipt oi lour leiler oi cvc! date
q 130{ .l o art;u,,ein curs sau o stare erist€nti in ronentll vorbirii, cind
r'.rb'i' nu y'"r . r!"r fo'mH , onri' ui { S l8{6J
'fhey /,.1 old and {oul{i like io see thet grandsi,n
I remnbet ihe incid.nt no\t Urai lor n.nrtdz it.
Tl,cy a.e shd Xou'!€ cone
g 1395 /J l'rezentui se mai tntrcbuinleazi cu verbe de mi;care. care se referd
l a u n iapi c e ar e l o c i n P re z e rl t:
Herc .oma the ,tnzaf of ihe CuP.
corllentarii, interviuri, descrieri (la radio, tele;ziune etc ) de eveninent'e
sporlive; exclamalji (cu sau ltui ordinea subiect verb inversati):
I r od. c ur l, ' , po nth e .l ' a i rr.d n to Thcrc r4lfts n, ld.l as'a1l
'ttrre a.a th."rtnne. beli !
Hcr' ('. a,tu a-carollinglr Tlerc apeats anothq Napal@t !
atuitt ga.s yab cdb! Hcrc c;mcs m! fdtlet ! Lct\ sneak ouil:
E 1196 gl Dc asemenea,prezentul simplu introduce un citat in mod djrect sau
- indirect, cir,d verbul irtroducti' aie un caract€r momentan ($ 1344) fi nu
exprimx o aotiune in desfigurare ln momentul vorbirii:
l{adletr'sadviceon actingi.(: "Do not sawthe air too much "
Jo hr's l"ll' " ia y s r t i" . u ' f ' _d ir ' nr s n br r m p r . " o P
Dl , ,pllr nr. J o r r ' a' . ! r l. "l
S I39? ii a.rp in reb rinlar ln i.dicaLiilp!..nicF, in rezL'maul pir sclor. sl fil-
' lologrrijilor
mal^rii pov^tiril^r. la rillurilp arli.ol.lor.lin ziar.. al legendelor
din ziare etc.:
Oli\in e ,, r u o "t ds t ,
\i"r.o .* , or', dr I up qr . r dd d";rl. slulvry.
$ 13$8 9. Erptind fitupuI trec t:

S1399 a) ( Pr.zcntulnal alir saai^rtoric- H isloriN ar N axratiaePrcscnt) - P en-
' tru a'se da mai nlulte aioiciune stilului, tntlmpl6riie trecut'e sini porrestite
la prezent, uneori ohiar in continuareaunui tilnt tr€cui, ccea c€ contribuie la
r€liefarea faptelor P01'estit€:
I qenr ir MC, clovd lhe doo. Snddenly a voice .alls oul .l the dalk dd srart'cs
flc. I tcel iainL atd .aD ha.dlv waur'
i ji au il,c Pacnls ri that d'll1 I rcmemhc(d one flridlr': Noihe' ir in the silliltgjoom'
Ot in.o,tt raiii to l,tr lii a 1\hilci bnt nll the ti;ie I /.cr th{t atl is not as il
rd, and yet I datu roi asir r,cr aboll lhe doctor's visii.
slould -,'"
Prezentul narativ cste loalte rar lntrebuinlrat in engleza vorbitl
A 1400 il ln cazul unor Yerbe care se reterA la informalii. cat ta forget, to hcar
" to tt'ritcela'j 3e
l:n dlh). io l.dnr (: r 8lla). 10ldl, ta be told, to uniLcrstand,
intrel,uinjclz. do prchrintr l'^pz€nt(l simplu in locul pr€zentuluipedecb:
I /o/3.r \rl,{t diy iL wt6.
(t\nr ur.iat Ne zt .ttr)
r Pe o il$lfatiL de Nor: .,In1.,1-n..!t{im si ri colindim."

,,n ea tt aL t: .a pt .-A.nul
c r ! e t u' jt .
t /.,"drrc\ 1\ bF j d . o n \ ir $ ar ' - J t r ' d . BL, l' d- "r lrrr"r' n " l l r 'r '
1.i; "ji t rr ;,,. r, J,' - 5r ',n \,,,r 'l\o
r. r,-surIn ",ad.,onJr :
' r"r'rizore
'
I 1.2., vou !e {on the Pdze
l,1m ali.tL t'.\ ai ciltisat Prc iul.)
\u lr" J r/r m J' \'-eol y uur . d"g- '
I \ .d-;v n'i.d ? ; i: . i . r oinlom ' n\ r iar J
"
I rn tal.l rau rrp \.rv rr!\Y
Llli s-, stus ' J .rti to rrte o.npdt l
1 unlerctand. l\e is a mathemati.ian ol rclulc .
iDupi olt om i4leler, esle un matcmrl'c'8n repurirl, ]
rlv[her u.r,p s d lh' ' . d. n l ot o \ " r '" n l
' r o-
\ li a. , . . , . \Irmn rdd :J\Fr . 1lLa1a l\ l r r ' i uo r r nb. r Jl r d p ' p " n i J " d '.
1. E a pr i m d f i m pul riitar s r10r

d) In limba vorbitn, clnd exi.itaur adYelbde timp aiilor tn propozilie' .\ 1{02
prezeritutsimplu erirrnnnuneori o aoliunesau o starc viitoare. a.steptatiori
proiectatd,sau care constriureun obrcer:
'l'otuia* is J!lt-. 2i -
Term beiiiDs o^ Monddy.
The past;nan doesn't eall on ,S,nda?
D) Prezentulsimplu esteintrcbuinlat ln specialcu referirela prograne' s 1403

orare! nlersul trenurilor, al vapoerelor,avjoarleloretc,:
\1hat tjmc ts ihe nnsic lesson odar''1
\re razd at. livc this allnn on The York trnio is duc in al 11 am.
thc mass d€ntonstration is at 8 a.n shulp Lolnonos'
Profesor Morris is dne io lecture on Frrdag oe.k.
' ' \ ! npn da,c , . r Sun do ! , iil, t s BBa p"o; - or F.
. lL du, 5n . . l, s d n a lt ; - ht . on- . . at b, r , t . as t . ' nd: -
lnLv rr \" t-'ra 't""-.lo l t r aa' ann"" r ' lt do!
Tt " ir is o ,a to H'oth' a; . t ; ' p. t t lt t , all hnur '
D" fapt, 'a.i in limbr rom-n5. programarpdplanilicor"rsau inlerc'ul

eri.ld in irc/"n1, i'le'Fs.si tn rraful. !1, r'alizarFain \iilor'
Uo rh "r 1. , , - io- r ' r r " J i d p D ' { l \-P \.
.l Pr"z A n. Ll s im plLrp ' l A l n l rF b L i r,l i l i n p rc p o z l i i tP si undot. te.r,po- $ 1104
ql rrp \rrl ocrp care
r ale. a u cu nJ i! io' J le - p p n ru a .x p ri rn a o o c L ru n r s" u
a p l o . .a n. init , nt , F a u rp ro € p F (o n " o n ' i l n n l . ' u oLti tt l un" tau state
viitoare (S 2E52):
Ritrs me un as sooa as he ga,t lome
(Telitoneaza'mi oe ta ros, rc'r.si.)
hr J , s l ]o u to .
D o r' L 3 u nnlil t'ndatn _
\d l.ou _ o nr'P nu I o' "/ P", \
| .ha Lu v,, T\ ." s h"n I c n, s , oJ al, , / p in.
tV , i " mdlrd i,n "l'\/o- ' i . ' 5o"t nol" m odal" r
Il Virian crues on llondav, I'll look him uP
iDaoi Vilian ta cd't luni, am si na duo sil vad )
I nra. . \ our,d lh t, - . ' lonof los . no longr t b d l - r l o 4 i i l .
D-cJ nu,, ,frr'r-, - ' lll m in, nr n' ' il m r ' l Jr 'r n L p a d b 'l
)h" \ ili lo ol a r \\ a . np \ ' hi r I ' D ' $. !
\d v'r;rrjJ d" \\J\ F " /;P
'
indicatirului prezelt ilin limbi romeri, ilr limba cnglezi' s 140
5) T:raaluoerea
- Se'atrage lndeoscbi aL€n1,ia asupra traduccrii urm:ii'oareloroazuri cu
totul sp€ciale:
t ,.o.h -.v At.ron p.'p , ot or u, t 1r r . L, nl, , .
97n
S 1,l0ti al lndicotivul rrr€zent din linlba romann tradus ln linba englezi cu

' ;nd; ;;"ut r,.ut s;npll' $r,ontin,'u { S I4ll. 2838):
rl:.', d.p .6 tl) i / 4"1"' iil i"t laot " r n t
-h .5!'d .he uds do; ag h"r I ' om \ \ . r \ dd c o , l l a r " o n " '
s 1{07 ,) IndioativLrl prezent t&tl,\s cn |iitotul fald de ,'ed'.tt( $ 2838):

.t," r- n," , , p / t - , u, . ' dt x-t n, m r o c o m p . l
q 1+0S
' e./ Indioelj(rl prezPnttrdJus cr prerentulsau cu ,;iordl cantinuq re-
Jind iiiton,l in .rilul familidr (S 1521/:
\la: dzc la llinbttre rresl. o o.d:
t + :"'& tr $al. iD ar , ho I d rl
\ l ll i" A:t' E . u" a s alk I n J n hn r '
S l{0$ ,ll lndi.atilul prezeot tradus cu ttfrrldl sau cn eiitoruL fald dc tecnt
" nntinttx. r"drnJ 'iiao',,1rn s ilul fr nrliaf \S li2Jr:
A spusotl se du.eta plimbarePesteo oIe
ir. .b rd p -' _, j?Hf or n$. lk ; nanI . o. r ) sJL
- tl ,.,id h"d qoos or J \ v 1l k i d h o 't . l
"; ut ! , I
q 1{10
' €) lndicativul prezent iradus cu construclid idiomatici to bc Soing to
(enprimd c€rtitudine):
Vrcmease s.ilrlnlrA.
1- The rveath.r ;s g,iig ,, .|aDgc l
crnhesl,e-l'. tievi l.enulI
| | ou l : t ' ir ' "? : r'
t-s l nL dn d;'_Pl.' ^: p s i, ' "! r ' r a' da r r ' nr r l J n " n u " " " r " b p '"
'll lo lJ h".- . n"got ,'eo
i". i I i' I r ' r J in i r s l P d t d n t t o a l , I r t p
f\l_imi :n l n' d . \ r n r ' Sind " o J u ' 1 6 ' d '
\:tn go rn9 bio nlr t r ' l
6) Prezotul simpluin eontrastcu prezentulcontinuu.- Vezi Conjugarea
continun S 1806.
$ 14rI T&ECUTLTLSIUPIU
TENSEI
iTIItr SLIIPNE IIS'i
€ llt2 lr Foruri. TtF ulul sinplrr I'rc o \;n ut,i forud l''rlu loere p'r'ur
" n l , . ,r . r " Fpt i H '.rbului /o At. Tr..,rrul simplu ^l v'rb lur rP!d|ot .c Iat
e e
meazn adnugindu-se suii\ul -cd la inlinitiv:
,., .,!, |-i I r l' , : J o
-"
I pt L, . "i t J : I . o ,'JlL:t ",
l. .t h.
. . r . .J F'n
d .l q l :
Trecutul s;nplu al rcrbelarncrclttlateesle foarte dire$. (\rezi thta ver-

belor nercsulatela S tE47).
S 1i113 2) Ortogralie.- Vezi 5 1?;9.
$ 1414 Jr f un. lie. tr." rl ' rl .i m p l u . p ri ' o d l i ur,r ' ru n' l 0rp ' unrl l ' l
n" A s ttaddd d
rt
r.'mi na 1 " . l ' .rr;n n ,o n ' ,' ,, -nI ttttn t'
ti n p ne1t " , .
u ir " in\
t J ! ul
n' ;Po td . In o ' ' e rs z u ti l lr i JnD d ' x' r i rr' 4' l i ' tu" F sts
re l ;"1 F " lF , onl/ , - po ro tu d 1 " . F t t,t t tt tn tnt t\' ot ' 1' l tr' p.
$ 11 1 5 D" l t iinJ ir ' l l c ...l .a u i ri ri p ' rl , l ' ,pr I F' r" ri rnr" rl ;n r-l ,ui ntdl
" t,-,
l e p o r " . Lir . a inlr n ' p l a ' i l o r t;p ' tt- t It ,' tu t l totot ' a| t ;snr" ' [)orroti v"
or Historic Pdst)l:
Georsc,,a,...d ai this rnd !rr,,d.l ac.oss{i lhe Chicl I'ligincer'
rle ,tird himscu togel.lie. and rhtt ontLnued
IPrpn r,r..,jLn rdir e J F m r l J "Dd r ' ) : r r |\ 6 1 ^ r d r r r i 'i d r : n . d F 'r r r l p p r o \ i t r '.
c" Lc tciusi 4n u' ii A"a^di. ip i ' t udi i n i o u l n . a I r i l" fê T"a*
T tn Dul 'nln
{\tLrin
). lJr
dp il l" ndr i' f l". 1"i . ir . r i DomFnrls_
- ' ' 1 u " " 'o n j r r C t r 'i e n g l P T a d
i,"r .nierna naortaia tr lndareJ de fJli.
2?l
'limpul ln (Jrps 0.per.erutactiunps€xprimati
de verb poate fi precizat S1416
"rn urmaroal0Lemodun:
a, prinlFur aJ\prb da ti'np pr"ri. sru prinrr Jn rJ ati\. a1:u.st,r.Jor. \llt7
t t x a d otc.nA ' A.d fn'!J.dr$ er.),,- 0. t d. t ( Np"t : , nr t t Lj, 4, ". . t ; , n"c ' c. t . '
r k p n . , v\ . n p' .. s3u p rin n r i. p 1lt p. . t v . f bp or i t o. I J iU, ; I,l\erbilte rafe Dr€ci_
z " a 7 l limoul ln lrp , ., ; n 19. 35 a. w' 4 a. ji ut t t r t , t t t . , 4 1 t h n l t i n t . a t t h e
':
n u m nt. Jus ro r l ( ad inFaur i/ ; t h. t J o. t b, l, r , , t h" o t t t . t t l o . t . , t
. ! s b " do. t . " da t Lelorc
t..A. r . " n, l: t , t hi( d. t t t as t , t . 4r F l '. 1
' J 't.tdo !
I called i.here z.,sr..da,.
IIe srw mc fi; nizL,.: aq..
She lolt lor thc Cort.int\ir tdsl ucut.
\\:hcn I $ng u!. sr€ rlr9 out.
/. .... d s'- 3DoLc . I f l+ oc r iz r d hm
I mat r'm r1r , , a. , i, ; |J
You s€r. hir.e the otte da1t, r€reD't !on?
'.\l ."b-lh $ as r ir . D ll. iil rn tr-;.
\l!.rmc in ar ll] . r 0 t odr l
\. d ,.,7 , I rsal ot p1 t o . r f oo J J r u.
I so i trie te er nn t v pdne, k i.
I didn't sl.cl al thdt Li,li.
:,a a ula 'da u'.r ^11 b. c r n r o - , r , c r
, ho ue hl tl,p t i. k nt , ; 1 Tr \ , ! t o lhp ahi .
The Houses ot P{rliae€rt ir Loridon wore l|llitt d,,atiars petiods.
.^r, printr{tn verb la un timp tuecut (care aparline grupei trecutului g 1418
-{ 1356):
'thet s,cte sains rhcn we ord{e{t.
1t f . t t ! had ! " n " r,.n ry d h o o ntcrpdthp room
li, . ' , . I . 16 \ ?t . oat d: p " it
II- totid to th "' . p. . r n' r $niUw"' s t aoid Dointtnes.
p
S' said .h p , ^t , h"
tir ' . 1 1u- n - - t 1ii" I nus i. . J . { S t , t i n 4 : r ; t , . o n f n r m
.^ rPrlon d, nr, I m t r r lr or )
_ c.) prjn orice alL indicator dc timp trecutpreci,s,care se nu tie adverb de S l4tg
f rmp cdu.onqlruLllptcmpori\|5:L!i,fp. (r..th,t.tosaV.totell,togp\tabutf,
to cost.to payj to LastEtc.l
h'tuN ,]id yor sa this buruundvl
T t r y did ni. . a " h .r u r; ^ ;r /ra ," .
lvas ,nar ihe nilknm ivho rnls?
lvho sa'rdso?
Who ,old yon inarl
1 bauahtl\is ooat ar lla.rod's.
What dtd your teleajsioncosrl
Hoh m u. iJ , ]' o u r,r4 r.r rh . As ta c .l s (tt.?
HoN lons did tie 6h;q /dsr:
d) priq context sau numai ln intenlia celui care vorbeqte: s 1420
lt'@ she a! home?
He .ane cv.rv dav lor $c€ks.
The rlay pd; teii sed-
,.,t rou hea. that noise?
,'d.e'1'0u aL the nartv?
\\'h1 l d d Jo . - aJ / | ; av n r h"J r d ) ou
Yor d/d, I sc. e tn ttte .lub.
I ner him o, d fntt night: he $as a regutaf ti$t nignhr.
. 4) ,Ilte luncfii alo trocotuluisilnplu,- Trecutulsimpluinlocuiefteurm{- g 14Zl
l D . l nu )iJ" lor . , i . Ld\ . "b. t r ,u ph.,nttt p . 4 p 4 t g t i 'r .

' int . , , . r r t r ui
. *th" t n"t',..., ( L r, n' t ^. ; , , , d. t - . \ nlr id,
4 n g l . r i. , . ' iLf \i r/r. p ". r! a I na. "n : , , . | , ; t , , . . , o- "u a F r n t . t , u 'r , t J r c u r c t r t d c
27t
o t tlt it t t t t t l- ' i nr ' ir ' r ' i 'o r i r n 'j ' T " l i i 'o 'a itr
$ ff:.:f -.nt).t
intlell;rI tl'o 1r.r1 .rr l:
''\Yhai .,x I do lor )ox?"
-1 r n' d, o '.
"\l ' to '
\J'' ' i
:What illd YonwnnLio ialli to me aboutT"
fDfst)E .,c i,tat ( ' lrcji si\ni \r,rbrsti?l
Cr. ill tirnbalomAndacela'(ipro.edcLr (eu niperfcclul in louul prpr'ntllui)
tnlrebuinlaLtn acelalqi scop.ilustlrt prin rrdJu efle din pnr'nicTtlP I e rnal
Sll:3 I))tr,t tul /rf ..1.ln locul cnruiaesteuneorilrtr€br ,L8tpen-

" 'r.r.irnpl:li'ar" ou i"ntr.r "'iarpi unFi r"peririi:
l!. L ho .r 1,, / . r r , ". / l. 1l .'.\' i u\" o L o r r i r '_
d t-. .,.t.r I l! t r ' , 'p a
".r a 't s t u l e 'l r L d a v
Shc hn J |.cn {l lhe lui s inoe \ i, ' r ! 13v Thr s n o \ i t r t r n \ :
dl .'a \bl Jr'l / 1 loll"l I L\ oJ ' J s
ill.r la cab rnll dc hr i. \ ir s oar c a / , . / / , r w i L l o ur n l u l a s o 5 r r e r
' ' de doni zil. l
lirt!
l a d m e t l H a 'r 's "
"sh r srill sh.l,r d l. hr o$n u, e bun do\ n t l, r r c b e n '. s l c ', r r i
ltfu.ea cli rom l.ic cliill aool. inairtc de a't fi ittttttnia'l intllni lE llau's)
iYez i t i $ 14811
{ll9l 4tp, 'ht,tt ti'nr'lu 'n'n-i,l in 'ilul indir- rinrr'o prap"

' zitjc.p.Lr,l 'r;.Jur1 ,n r:hl'r' rinp,lin gr"!d r'"''r'rlLri' au ulorm;
J; r re.,r.3t,^nf"rn' r'i,rlii ur'0'nd.r'l"r rimputilor s:nll):
S 1{2i} t:') (dn|il un tecut si.mpltt)3.
I ntoushtYot nad a sisier'
lcredcamci a, o sor,''l
Ilc dsn.ll nit jlsr row ho\t Iotr 4?,r'
IIJi'n br ' r'/ J
.\\'n .tr to ,, n"'r "dr r'
t r , , ^t , t . . , o, t u, t.It fl,,r I J,,. /.
i..t" r"J '...\b \ "r l : - i. lu .. - l
\ ' l lJ \ r s l' " 5n
,:'lr'1
"lr "r '
lio r ' l\ ' m r |I ' J n"ldi' dr l" 1 d '" '"
'd
-
." ) (dupn eiitoruLfdtd tu lret:nt) conform regulii coresirondenleilillllu-
' r+'16
5
rilor ($ 28314:
\l'e rre.c told t,) wait xnlil thc lus .rdr lhcrc.
lNi s'a stus sii {sl,eptlm riDiL .t ta srsi allobuml l
.h r _"" l' i oll1
' . r ia "r ", n
1, "i,r,
r.ra ' - 'r ' n lo. . l ' l l: r ' l , , / l n ' o " l i 'r 'l
T "\' p:x, 1 . r nDt t J . . |at , r s ' p s nat
\.r"r'F li J n' ir , i- ' ir ' r l "
'
S 1{:}7 ti") (dapd u )t :
condili.ottul
i !ftozldl,rcd.1: sir ho ntuiic (asijsJ Adr'
lCrcd .a r nn n.ie es / t \ d. . )
':i
I J.r(. ,lcrome, Thtee)Iet d a R.tl
:\'- \ r'..,:, ,..' i .u ro l . l ur: ' l d' .i o' -' 1.
3Df r ; l I ' " ld l _ -q t r' rrL i ' . rrl i l - n;l : I' l ' rl l r' /nr ' rrrrl uro
.:t n t ; , nlJ io' . r , . | .' ,i .. p r' r I r 7r' i .J u,r' , :. \- l r' r.: ' nJ' -l
b | " : i- t
noln nl r-. '..d | ' t - b' l in | ' r" \ 'l u r l d p r ; / p - r '
rnr ' r ' r | :r ''r " i t r v "
trDl. "m n
carc
' iusLil'.i r,tlnrla
iTf,u l. ,jmr . i r b. r ' l. J 1nl, o nr r, oui , lund' ru uljo
", ' ' \ o '! d d ' r ' r r i 'u I n 'r d d
' i,ut i.:riro t.o,r"dio nd: li- n11" I i: '.r.'1, ' . " t i . "
.n s.blo .' :' o ,J 4 l' l g . n r lor ' r \ d' L l 'r ' / o
' '5 F.n nJ ,,o llc v ialf .
2t3
\\:e riotldi,ro&ldr liltc lo i.lierc Ic @a."lbr a poct'

(\_e'ar |],-i.ca si! rriilfm .ii esre Poer"l
: )) Sl i h rl c oloc r id. - Pi n .i c ro g a re d rl rr" g u l a ' ofesl nr' rl rl rtP rl i nrl ' urj - S 1128
t ur : . in l ; rr,o \ , r Lir ' : - i t , - .r' . ru 4 0 .rr F r 4. prF/oni ,\rq-Fn 3 rn
r p " :,r' ' r" rF rnr' r\urrrl r' n
.; n, r."l ,r: , , \ . r l, fn ,' l p d ' n
'l
oruoo l i i { . " u . l r . | " .rl r' -' u i . ' rrl i i 'l ri n' nur di n r' r' t' ozi l i e
: . , i, ,,t-* ." r li, . . / d t" i t,, t., t::t t
r,t/ mc she Is gting to bc o{$ied so.n
-!lri
I /rnlt stif,s
fh ". d ll' rl
ll" ,.. ttf , tt , ' ,, .!r', ||I r , ^. . d' , , l, nl
1t.zi .i raria!1.1e c\cnllol.. de ltr I !S!l lgI'2. jlrl44l'
Desjsur ci rella lea u no r ac f iur li s nu s L; ir i t f c . r iie e \ p r i n a t e l n s t i l l l direct

fiitoare pislreazi toLuli forma de lrt'xl conlorm
plin prezeni,fnrn il1rplica1,ii
iesulii corespoDdeDlei timpurilor:
H'o,t ro F\ s ld- J"
' t:tP-a ' r \ "' '"a,, g'.o
. r.t. ? 1 $ 'l '
'r " ''
6l Tmihcerex in lirnbt rorne i. Din schemclede la ! 1356 qi 1357-se { I'129

con.iiit:i ca. la trodul i,'djcrliv. noliurca de lrecl]t esteexprilnatl in limba
qlF/d n,inrr .,4n r" rorn ' .prbrb' -'i rnrrm' I'in inlli"1ri 'rl rr'ul
' ^j..
t P)!1I t;s ) I l:{.or. iar r' li nhr I 'n;": lti' / l l'r'rrF \.ch 'l' drlprrrp:
inr'.ri t.i,li:. Ir:6 ln lr"r. irul tr"' rt
p,j.",ii 7.,1 t't a,-!., .i
".,p',,.."-1"_i -l 'lr'dL'F'1 'rr'r ''lph
'rrr , ur",.c.'rpe r p r
tr linba romeDe.astfel:
ot-'tp t ' ";ntt,' 'du 'I p4t thl "otlpu li rFd'r'" inrr'lpbril r t ll:lll
d n, li'r ", t\orr',', d dp \p'l' (s l:44
rrF.ulp
'r " ' rb 'r num-nl 'r
134r: 1347):
' , .11 1.1 t li il t . t ' |J t s t t ^ ' 1 1' lh! ' p d
,',,-. , . 1, s "al" . _il
" -'
\\c a ,nl to { lli"r J f s r er dar '
1Nc 4,, .l4r ifri la ttalrrr.)
b) crl inperfc.tul ln cazul acliuni]or sau stirjtor' cu cal'acter duraljv S 1431
(li 1:145)sau reprititiv:
Hc sd1 ll,cfri i ' aiLins lDur aliv i
/.se&a aiolo aitrflin'l l
fL P\L l
' 'l l' ' ""P
fto r 'r_ '/ d
L je :r'\.' \ (
s],. ;'16 i Llcrei N.avcr lDu.aiivl
/ Era ,r lr.1 1o . { c Dr it . n r ' l
l'r'rrn \
\\'' ,,.i1, / 'rl' llri
i l' 'n
'r'd-
Pe lins; aceasta.irecutul sinplu e\prinliir'1.'lrrpa cum s-r ardtdt,rnJi S ll32
q4
., D rpTFnul \arr \ri o' ur'
s u! I { l 4 l l . li2q, . dlil -n "l
radu i c l n ir nb
t"-"ij om i- i I l i rn p rrrrl rn llc rr\F e fal :
ii,,i; ,,,"tt ,,"?'.rtcrril tn-cazitlunci ac-tiunisaustari anterioareurri .s1433
"" "'ii" dadtrecut(S 1423):
monlenl
ni,iiira' r)rcztnlcind noliuneaestede prezent(in cadnrl cores- S 1434
ponddnlei"i t;mpurilor)($ 1424);
rr',.n i rol, ' \ , ' l" at td ttt." .t , i rr" 'l i i _' ^.r^ ' Lrai ri .
'n l " r' r4' r' i r rr4' u\rorr
i n'' l o d " ,,'
Ilnir r- i i r P r c s sin ir ' r - lrn d ' d i n l r" i
:\!'.i I,qd..( 1r:0o1.r, ,' .i,:,r ' . I l- " . S - Ji
3 1 r.c t , t 1, . , t , , " r," ,1 n ,, " ,,
'n
anterio. unei a.tirni lleente.
??4
143, . c)..cr t'iitrr uL_t:n\d noliunea €sto de viitor (in carrul cljle.,ironrlont€i
( $ 2834).
Atcntte !
{ 1438 ,{ nu so confonda trarulrt silnptu cu subjoncrivul prezc,rl cu care afe
formd identici. (Vozi $ 1553).
jon .oi!in subjorLl;ruj sr xu treLurul(dupn r c,.iu,,Llia
. .Exempleledc mni
,.d/r ii1 .^r,. rurr i.-, a\pr ,, Irqt-ri,.ra,:
It\ linc Llnlil ron qe',r fo rr1.
llr fi tirilul si Lt i.ut:i. la r\tjNa!.
Ion nrd ,ef.. sav .r.s,.
/lIa i l)ine d i s pr ne _dr . - i:
TLey \vish llhrrl ih,:J .,r sr. von.
/-,1f l,.t si i. toitr-l redfa i
1 1. rath c . her ) ad t . t ] , f . g. .
(At ',o rll
pt.fira sir s! ' ia, rv
insoarc cn ca d{it sn a. destflrti.)
5 1437 7) Trecut Di riitor.-, Din Fig. 2 () 1357) se vede .,n in.i;.j4liiri?lrrecut,

ocupa prtrul .jstemuluide tirnl,uri care apartin trecutului.r\sadar.pentru
'
rednrcu unpi ,rcliuni anrprioarc iceteia exprinat€ prin i dicati\-ul tre.ut. vcF
bul cF lunp l\.!r. rt.t pa[!"..t pa\t p"[..tt.i"tp.n.u.F.riun" vii nar.raia
d" d.cF1_"xpri dr! pfln in.t q rrrt rrq ri r"16,rt ... pur. t) t;! ut [afu tJ?
trecut. (Ftllurc in the Past)l
lt".bllm ) 160. . . a , r ttp , |". t . t r tt. .,./d.F" r. l\iiror
\t -d st'r. .i o r ' : , , . J ( \ t i. , .n . " ," o ,T f,d.d../
Obsereq,lie
S 1438 l\it trecnttll anterior indicatiyului tracur. cit ti riilrr..,l fate de acesta
slnt l,impuri constnrif,ecn ajnrorulforn.i tecute a diriliarctor lesiectirc.lotme
irnpuse de coresponden,ta tirnpurilor, care cere ca un \erb ce se'&t''tdin raport
temporuI cu un tecut si aib; tot form; de trecur, ( I 2838).
5lf39 8r fompnr0tieiotrc irocutul bimplu .i trcrllrrl.ootinu||3. FormasimDla
r indi,irivului r".ut i\primrj o drliunFsau n starp,,.m/ral.itn1.un mumFnL
dai.irecur;lor_ma continua snger6f.zeco tinuitdtca unei ac!,iuni sau a uner
stdri_trecute. deci ii Japtul ce ac€asranz, a fast desaitirgiti.
Dacd intreabi cinovn:
"Dd lor hEd.abort Lord Nounitatten'$rragic deaUiin Ireland?.'
Se poate rispunde cn lrecutul simphr:
"Yes. I /kd.d l.he Dews on tle TV.',
R;spunsul suqereazdrd informaliile auzite Ia TV sint suficiente si cd
vorbilorul .on.idFr; Lhestiun€ain, his,i-
Se poate lnsi rnspunde fi a,r trecuttl conti.nun:
"14 './r'r : ,r-eJ dlJ lr _ da. . i \ _o"biu"LI "" g r i j I l d m n m " 1 u t d " n t d u t u : b a r
"/, r I d" id l l L. t g nd, , t . , . . 11 . , , v r , . r i in^ r o z i o d . r '. r , -,..Tt,v,v.r, ht|-
ns rlo ,( il r ',. . r , . t Rool r "t J y . _"u\ r,rt., t"" inr;rpr. iorbirorului
nr' : t . ,.1 :1 .n ? .i a . r . . t a s , dor , o . , , luJ r ; . d d., - .,,i.".it.
$ 1410 t) Douna{tiuni simnltAne.- Dcui saumai multe actiuni tre0utecarese

dcsfaso8riln i.olasi fimp pot f; eriprimateprin indicatii,ul Lrecut,conrinuu.
d d .; . F ^1 . . . r I |t c rF s F J T i, s . a . u n I i | , u i | ., p d lor l " u^ motuent drt:
T \,"/.la,- In l^ .,1 .
" lu \, ,1 1 ,' o .
co q r t.1 .) 'E t,.,.,
,tt) t
!?6
[]rfn I tuned in i.o ihe lilc o'clockne$s, Ure annoDncer,asrcddt,g the nalncs ol
tlrp njrriirq teams. whilc oo{'ds eere ctucrits and musio 44s LeingPlalen.
(Cind anr pns radionl pentru sinilc dc ]a ora cinci, crairicnl r.'zvrn.a nun€le
rclripclor cistigetoaf,, in timi c. mlllimea addnd li se au*a tnnzioe.)
Foartc adoscori ins[. una din cole doui forn}e conlinue este iniocuitd S 1441
p rin 'r'.u ru l . i. lt ' lu I nc ^ i d p u n d ,l L Arh ' ? t. F \p ri mj ' unri nui l al F- ' JU /,ci
i {, r t t.."i 'Jr"J .o n ri n ri r ,rp o j . ,r,/. \ :i ' nLl ranpi l i aar pr..:
-\s thc slrow ntuceetlen. laft-comets lrere Pourtng tn
He ou.ed,an, illrIc thc noist outsider@ sro"B in Yolumc.
Dacd insn nu cortinuitatea acliunilor intor€seazd. ci simplul fapi c{ S 1442
acestea au avut loc la ur omcnt dat. l_erbele respcrtire se pun la trocutul
silnpln (N.rrftrtirr ar H^toru: PtLtt):
Th-"1 /ear do$n lonnr and 1 cam€ ho ..
a,t-;& dar in oras. iar eu d,' ,.,ir acasi.)
\itc. tlc livc o'claok ri$s. the enouncer /add the mo,es 01 tl,f cdsi ir the pd-
l o . l a _ lo lo n n {. so il n'u :. pt it t l r 4. - l' r ' L s or r n i l - l l i . s '- P 9 , . P 4
tlup. i: fl1 ; J ld o ra.r ", ' r ir J r r . r l r . , , t 1um . 1. 1 r l r " l r l n t h . " i ': . " u / , r ,
,o h . : n:. ,^ urd n' /"1 r " r r ' ' / ' \ " r r _ - n' o .dl r
PREZE\TUI, PNIiIJIOT $ 14.re

(THE IITESDNT I MECT]
r' Formi $ 1441

|'rol.n|U|p.|tFc.''a' :in''||r|U|.ompU.di|||inl,ar"r'r"nJ
nun r. Ja ,sern'n.'r". -" torn,pdr". u rruronrl rndi"' i'ul.ri prcr^nr il su\i-
iiarnlui 'o f l.\\E. lrmr dc p.tt:;piut tr-rl "l vcrbului dF.unjucal:,
I hale callcd: fou hdt! calledr he. shc, ii h6 callsd; we hale calledi you IaYe
.alled; lhey la!. called,
D. Functii s 1445
Din F;g.2. S l ,iL. q. or..'ori a prezerlulpprfr I la'e parle,lin srupg
,lF 'i mpuri , arp rn ""rrrrl lor 1,r':,nt"t indi ,ltitu't/i si slnr ' on lruir" ' u
"u respecLive.
auxiliarelor
-rr,"r:.nlul
Prezeniul perfect,erprimi asadaro acliune sau o stare treeutl, anterioarl
,.. yntp1y;, lar alll rlp "lrin. l"qrr" do a -- r In'll lnlPlFSUl \arbului FqlFin
t.tpt Jc tt"z"r1. pqz.nlLl Dorlpil li:nd 'r',anri hiar lr-d'r. u prF/rn ul ln
]inlba .omend (S 1475 b).
PrezenLulperf€ct are l,"ri tntr€buintiri /rrincilale. Dl fuaLn:
l) mterioritRtec unei acliuni terminate insintea altei ac.tiuni exprnnate $ 144ti
prin prezen',:
on i, nJ"i". \h n 1 p 4as / , nd bnak d r , n- al{ d' . . d " '" 'h l J p e r '
D urnin ,,l . ,lu r,1 m r . , l dd_U. j 44. ? i1 _ 'l d J u n a " i " r F p .
\ L liv.. , .n I h t!" ar ", t oi \ or l. I s r o l i o r a ! u p o l
tic| n, ) tlut',t " on l, * l, "u, "r , rdlr l'
r ' ' , 1, bu' lir p. m lop r . r ' . a t b a 'r o'-eJp. a : c a
'd
2) rezultatul in prezert al unei acliLtni anierioare. de cele rnai mulle ori 1447
cu irnplicalii ulterioafe, l}ronentu,sivlr*rii acliunii respeotivencfiind india "r
deaaracen intereseazi:
D.ry has broken.
IS'a cr{pat de zi. l: Esle zi, dcci ne tutem scula )l
' E \ orsie ln di mull a LiPr ic nni

' ,' it o' n,w r o 'i n bt t o. : \ t at . t dd 1 , nur n l ; . , . o , r , um s ar .Pd"
'l
duri iitlu). inspj.at{ din bltsDele 0clc mai cnDcscuie ii o e constiLuic cvenimenhtl lradi_
liohal a1 s,lrlriloril{tr d. ialni'L-
276
Whal ,rs Dfozsn,vou here?

lce te-a a.lLs aici? (De cc ds,t aici? Ce nei de la minc?)l
lvho nas l,tu,\e, the l.caD.t?
Icire o s??, ceainicnl?[: Ccainicul.s'. sra.r, deci nu putem fuc. ccai.)]
| l"nr. .""t n , In .,n L d JU' .1 p i u r p
tltu n tallou m nunJt. (Nu stun.,nd anr vtzut. iar)loul. cioi nu iriereseui
d .r,_ f F 7. 'a.ut
lld ul ln f r ,/" n r: ta r,.u l, i rl r.n o ... . r i ,pl , al i a .d j nr ,nLU ,i d.rnrr.I
wl{ ld,. 1 o u o j. o Pd tt n \i \h .\.
Drf 4id,.hi. t"t"d ' t^ a ( \to m F .,r x' l .!r..t,i ni r'n rr!,.a.d
ctrd aios t des c his di d c a s L .a .c i l a p tu l c i l e rc a s i .r'adsr€deschi si i i j cl deaceea.srrcr.
"IIarc lan pastcd.l.heletter?" "\o. I h.eca't ben dble La get a stnmp. tlecryihing
p,ts ctosed."
{ Ai lus sc.isoarer]{ cutie?- Ntr, n an lutut gi6i tinbrc. Pcst. tot cra ltrchB.,
"Eao. lot ne! t\ti Flcndnrsra" "No"_ "I'd like votr to rnaci ttiem.i'
( cd;Drri fa'nilia l lemmint?- \u. - ni vrea i[ rc ,rcztr.)
$ 1448 3) o acliuno sau o stare incoputfi in txecut care durcazi pinl ir prezt'rlt
(sau pind intr.-un moment,trecut atit de apropiat de prezent incit se confundi
cu acesta)jcontinulnd sau nu ln pfoze.t sau in .riiLor. Se deosebesc
urmitoarele
S 1449 a) durata perioadeide timp in care s a petrecLrt,acliunea nu e:rtearitat;,

se subtntelegi;e cuviotele j,pi;[ in prezeni":
Sheids redDall a.longthe scacoast and nos.,.a alt ihe new buildings.
t(Pi l In p.ezent)a losLpe iot litoralnlqi a vezuttoatenoilaconsh-uctii.l
H. h d " b " c n t + or 4 to $ ;d , n | l.m d s
lse qiic cA (piDi in prezlnr) a iiitisai ri zecereprize srccesiv.l
Thi ooncertnasa'l ,eszn.
lconceriul nu a lnceput (pine ln lrezcnt) ddct nu te sribi.l
Adverbele c/cr si nerdr accentuoazd ideea, nu sint deci obligaiorii:
Have rou (r,er) sP€, a sazelle'
l A i r J z ut ( ! r eu ,l a l i ) o s a z e l i l l
I Lav . f oer c r ' l/ u d . p o p p o rtu nty .
l N, ) m dv ur ( ' ijc i o d a tr)t;rl :j u l l :
5 1450 ,/ durdra acliu]lii e\primate de verb esLe aretati prin adverbe sau lo-
cu l i u ni adr F r bidlc a l c € ro i | rl e l e s e s L el e g a t de prezent asau attt de apropi ai
d€ prezent incit se conru,rdd iu acesta), -ca: jffi (: tounai, abia), laielE', o/
lal., fecentlg3. d.aring thc I tlle:e l.rst three yeors (feo q'ecks, LtrJo montht eIc.)1
this last Aear, tlrcscllhis t|entlJ minntcs, oa Atr, Uet elc.l
He ttds irgt dt:iecd..
lTocmiri (acu, abia) a sosit.l
SIe /dsn'i ,c,u !vel1litsly.
(Nu s-a simlit biDe in uliima v.eme.)
l2ur ioclbr lb. so l d .l IF U !F s n I' F l d s n r,/ m u . l o l pJ.n,
I n ul im ii doi d n , a a v u t m .l tft d n In \d l d t.j
\- ft, hr.d u rF.r.h Jou tbi! rhcsc ro y mioutir.
, I n. T dm d pd u re .r 0 e m ' n u l ' r' d a o d ti n..l
{ 1451 cJ duraia acliunii exprimate dc verb esLe o perioadi de timp indicata
de un adverb de timp nep;ecis, sau de o locutiune-adverbialn (precedate sau
nu de prepozilia /d/J : (far ) sone tine. some iieelis. sercral !ea6, a fart ight,
an h,aur or tpo. a fctr minutes, ([ar) alang rine, ha',long...2 eIc.l
\\c haeeb.at Daflt.l (lofl o week.
/.tinkn cisiloriti de o sntiiLohi.)
r r\ 6e obrlna t.arer-'{ saDDilicai,ive d. ia
0..retrLdi nerfeci la trecnlul sjrnold din
ultinia !tupozilie, ca.c s. fcrrfi la ur mooenr Dri;is din rrr;trr.
: ncrfect vdnbilc si: "//dr? vou ir.D;L sazell{i?" "1 ldrfl''r /,ad thr olro|iunilv."
"!lnt
xrcd,tttu a;:Leun droib cxr. sicdnsLrtri.,ii; ri eu ir,curul simplu {S 1i6i r}. '
!??
\i tt In"' l \ou: I / dt ", l ' J or ' lor r c ei'

i t r r I nl' n. s i l \ u r " d' t : : ' r | '
'1 t11 . 'o l
Itd.c lon ArorYz the long?
(li .rtold dc iult?)
{on long nat. lon beea \rith tsl
lDe .in l cl,t la Doi?)
dr ln,"lur'rl t'.'i ,d lP: J - li' nP;
. 1r pr - u t . "r a u l r ' l i u r r " J " \ n r i - d r d $ ll52
{ l a ! e rL, c" le r,' ';/d p rrn t- ' r nt l\ "r b' duolo ulr ' n x! l ! 'r l r d l ''1 r '4 \ l n r . a
jin l9 ' a : L" t luhlu! ! ( :r l " r 't o t s t t t " " t 'P c h '
L i n o , rl r' r. . i-, A:
ii,,i'ini'ii,i ftan 1e50ftum
t",, (:t'c).tron .Lhov (froin his chitdhoott'
"f
1 ^ \ t 4 b4 . n Br ' ' 1957'
' ir "
fi n Fur' "L"i ' li
lui: -
"a u.h '
lle has liaed a\tal- lro home rrom o
'hild'
era coril-l
a(Dl) tfnicete delarte de crsr'r d' cind
f thrt dlX sh. nds nele. beea tale agail
'n
|l]ni accn zi {ia) nu a riai ttlt.idr niciodai'i l
Atcnli.t!
je alrlL" in sncrill al"nlid rt nu ' intrcblir'1:" r/'hddld ln lirnba
en"ltz'' ind, ,1t",ttiftz nt i t]n'i "|nJ un v"rb e r" \n'olil dr u-n udvcrb do
r'
rimn lr".rll p""""d"r d" 'i. , ( J..in l Jp Jtu-.i da. 't tn lar' lron
{1'€ii,si s t4;;, 2361).
er incerulul perioadei r1etimp in cate s-a petrecut acliunea crprimatn $ 146t
<lo un \Frb la rr ut'tt 'tmpl u:
'"rn...1" "i)r' "rrn,
tot hdr. b*n lrY ldtnd evo since I w!! born'
(tni .f/i prielcn_dc citrd n am ndsc!t.)
she .anc h$c as a .hild rnd nos bftn \titl us erer since
ai'unct')
lr\ venit aici de copil ti sd la noi mereu de
\\'e /,, . ,, I la- m r t lL r d l S:n1J..
trnJo r
\u a L .rrr up lJ I J " nd ian i1 ; ln l u l m a o d - ' l a
- ' L P itr I97'
\tp l F I .4 n- r " lr or r ls o y ds nol "\ Fr s i n r F 'n t r
,\ ./l@ ai" i1p J n: r . d' ; r n' t I n l 9 : 9
' 4 ' "a ' p
rJ d r r , r " r io- l. i i n c e r." Ip ' l rF ' u L a rri u n o ' F rp ri ' nrrdd' tFrb,F $ 146{
\ ' " r b lA n tu t p r/.' . rr'' l or7t o i ' i ' uno percrerol
n d i t, d .'i n; t t r: ' b r" ' " n
He ha3n't {orPel i}pilg since hc lrss Deenin this room
il'-. l'""t.1 Ji ia n'a-:inade cind 3e afla rn aceasfi caderd )
I iatd neler rzdn "c"id
disatpointedir hcr sincc I iure knolr! her'
(Nd m-a d""zanegitniciodat'l de clnd o / l
'z@t'
\1'c rat,6edn jn nish spir'ilsa]l ihe tnne Ne heYcrrorled at tho barage
(Sltiten mnur loirie -entuzintti dc clnd lucfta la La'aj )
\ t n / ioi Dp " rJ r ra ,l .\.i n r" \" h u ro I' ccn mrrri P d
-.r 'rn fo I i ' r r d . rn I i ,r" ' a " oi
'
d. Prezontulletfect simplu Si prczentllller'feet continuu $ 1455
, l L x |cr b.l " lu r ' r\p 1rpla 3\"' t^ ma'o in u ' rs lli: ' p " ' z " n lu l s 1 4 6 6
d' r' ur' r
oerlec co lr , r uu " . c " n u, i rJ i ' l " " " d A n n ' i n -i ' r" d u d" Jurx' i unpr
iernrinaie in prezmt sau lnir un treoul' fo t'e recenl':
He h.s b..n ,a.ntq llrglisl! (lor) l$'o veaN
(.['t..li. eielrza .tc d.r am )
ll. ' v 1r ' ' , r " ' , ri .fo rn
LD, ' rtd In o lPll,T i
l:li::lllii;"':i'":ii:l;'i1ilix"l-i;ilT
n:nhxli:ill',,iiii'l:jir,il;:l:;fi
2;E
i..' ' ' ' | ' ' ' ' | i' ' i \|
'|:'':'].' ' ' l' a -'t',: |a" ||''j ''|'' t on'h5'
l^ , . , i d t r t 1 , . t i . , i , ri .m tL, rdt 4,
- ' ^. n ut.:mr.c f I
S r157 ll L eori ffi.rna continuii t, trez,,rrutuj p€riclr !\pfl,,ra LUniirLunrea

lir pr;rzcrtjcv,jriunt :r 1,, \jitur. i!,!|lrott
unci_aririuni eu prezerrt!1rrertoct.
simplu.car.cnrat; o acliulp termilrti in prczrrLt:
l1 r , \ , . r J r , . a t l a . tm .,t| " , " b p ,../ I\ou-tJr,rl
t t ir r . , ' . r - . t . T i .a n r,.rL ,r ,d t " ,, , n " ,r " Li ,t_ t.i z .. rr.r rpl r' n,r-o.J
I uD ai.aid I /,ard .o/an 1.our lunotr.
lTi ani niin(rr lrinzul {iu a nai r;iD$ nnriol.l
$ 145 8 .... /
P r ez eit ul p e rfe c t c o n l ,j n u u rl \e rb e i o r n,oD entai e (g 1344) edpri mn
a.,, urr reperaie:
r . 1or , t . " ,-" 1 ,/.r l l l ,:" \d\ r, th.i a..u" j ..
l .t d ,,, r" -" \' r.,r,
,,t- ,,i t, .,, .tr. r" b i .a ,
, . \\c hdt. l,un :lapprrs erfrl r.rtnan $e met ro rclt him thij ,.s5 ot ouf trrigadr.s
1l{},,frn.ID roli mu.rjr.o.ii l. carf i am nitilrtit. oi sri lc spur.D rcsL€alealizrrli
,o " g ,da' n. i r ' l
S r45$ d./ PrczeDtul pertect lorrinuu drl uneoi te\rLrtui o nuanln emol.ioratd:
\,r L .1.. g, r , g I n I i. i, iiLr r . J . r 1:
ii.'rr', iarrp i o5la, : : nd , Lr ". ! - b \:i d:r d, t.ziu,j
ll. Lo t."- . it. ; , B ut r , ddinA , I dt , , , r . s n {J i n :
(i J
".d -1,titp n1 Lr / iu n, . . ' t r . , , . Do d.; J , . o b o , . i . l
\ se corripara in contra"ct,:
: tte hasatut n a svmDlionv.
,1 sartuo snnronie.
\r"a -nru t a ,,iLni , . ! n npr . r . r ilbr . , i, . ' nu in . ; , p s , : r , . i . r d a r . r '! s i m l o n i d . \ ,
unul r - e, ut . _ t , e n, . , € \"r
\Io n".,ul a,'iL I r , j. p"e, . i/ J ' . an, r t t r Lr".
.
\mphont.ta.L
,1 . -.. o s,n on: p dnr . t bi. r t , , H hos r . : t . " , d s r n , r , h o i . 1 . i , r r a r .
I \i u Lr i .!pu t d . i t pr m nai, t r " J " . t dn
p l
. , ,
o - i n | , ' F J n u I a' ps , i. lt - / r bp. , . . r t; t , , . g a s J l p r ! J , . i . J F r r .
-j
i \i ri n . d '.nro pu, J in a, . p, J n du"pr / l . i . n F r p l " r , 1
$ I460 D.narcLepfuz-nr,rlpc pcr e\primi ideeAde anterioiralefali de Drezenl

J1r " i.tJainr;icuitutc';I.ri\in,d,o,,riru.,ii r.;";, r-";;
u r u n t i "",.h;trai;
\I o". F.l' LIF Jo fll . J ba I nlit ur p a. FJ . r i, r , , iio""1i,_"ii ir,rrFbuir tind||-satntdt_
,1t.lina p.'tttn indicarea contiD!itnlii acljunri lerhutui ttztntut retel:t
confinuu. care aduoeprecizareaneccsari daci aceastanu reiesenici diir cbr-
icxt. {cf. { 1455).
S 1.161 r/. Treeutul simph si prezcntul pertect

Deoscbireadintre trecurul sjmptu .sjprezentul l,FrIFrt prerinti mdri difi_
' .1.r i ferrru .r,,.1-,,riiIn,,,;ni. obi.rr.riir ,,.ri,g"rc" i"manl. as"ln".o.
.Lcl-zo :r I a i.'ii ,imi, fu"rrp"u
! n I ", , ,lit"rlri J" pd. tje a, aFr. ru,|'r-
,r r. , Jb.tr rr_ dp rin,pufiJFgran,Jti..,toJin lrn bd romdna. s, r" .,urJia
,rr.,I ltru,-lr]rJ orjulrlii e',slpzcin Fis. 2 S 1J57.avindu_"(e tn .!,edereirif
/.r'i/ \ Dr!utuI d|l,.rop,.2,,ia,n, Fzi. ri niridncrrr:r
rradrr,pr,a.tin timoarumina.
. . U c',mparair"intrr rrrcnrnl simplLt.siprezentr perf€ct va lnmuri mar
bnre intrebuiniareaa(l*tor rimpurr.
. Trecutul simplu est,ea.l.t:tdratullinp netut 1n limbo engleza.lll exDnm.ro
d.lrllnn,Jrp r arut lo. tntr un tuot\..t prec^ 6du in,ro p r;oaddprp;isddin
tfc.r?r!ar_truneternrn.ltd atnnci s\ fdrii nici a legdturd.ct1,prez€ntul-
2!9
hczc tul pedoet €stc esentialmenteun tinp prcz.nr' El erprimii o nciiLl

ne trecnLA, crie aJ".l..git urd cn prezerLtulsi c e a losl s;t'irliti indr un r?,/rtnt
""ffl"fl*t simrlu inrlreaptn aten!;a asupra no rnllthu rr..ur ir ca.e s a
,<nvirgit acliunear prezenhl ptrfec{' nrn|ra rr. ltatttlui acli.u.ttiiin ft:tnr:
I 1,s, mY look len da$ a(o,
,ri rmrj, r r ' . d, r - , ; ' . r ;, /l . ,,.r, -q ' ,r r,i. -l r' ,J \" .' u-
r , d, . ., .t I n . . t , , , . t m . ,r" " . ." r 1 tr" r,ru rd p , ' .' t,.r " ar, I " eo r' -rnl .l
I nd'€ lo'r n'v r'ook.
U rn r D- c . d- -rt r " ' . \l o n r, I l ;rJ .i i n r " p" P ' 7d ' ' i i nr r' 5' ari
i pol l -n ,d ,tr r lo! d r r l ,,.-' .i \" ' p rl L i i Io " J ' ' ' i " _' Ir' al
| :.i .h p a - lt - l^t IIi .. s o n D o dy/d sr' r' / / h r' ,o, arri l
(\ ri lir n n i, no "ch " rIl " tt,b
I.l " ' ' r ' l d r \' ,1 .l .,r \d a api n' o i I
L'as in Bu.Iarest last l-.tr.
l,\n lost anul trecul ta Bicnrllti (Tjmlnl prcciz.rt: ldsr !dr' ,\cl'nrneallII ltgli
tndi iru lrezcntulr n! nai sint aon, in Dncurciii )l
i haac \n\{ beenin tsucharcstllorl . ycar.
tsjnl (acnn) la Bu.urciti de ur an. {Aaliune lrecute carc ocnlinud in plezdli ti
!ro!abil in !iito..)l
"rtd you er€r go lo Czcobosloraltia ds a .nttdl" "No, I .iil''l.. I onlv r'.4t lo Hun_
S t "v
"j e i r " . t v podd' a r n r" h !s r, \d .." ..td p tr: ,o p t: \u. ,,, a,n r,sr. \m ,.i
nnas o d d ta r r Lngr id t lrn l l a c L !r' a r7 1 l d p ,u \i n l " l ' d., ' nl d ).
'tl .r. \ l -7 1 h o .l o \n l i a . \o , l /d ' u 1l ) r' P o l l ungi rJ '
' - \ a t " . n lo N " a m l L i . ndi rr' I n d" i a rs out' i " _
L - \i lo- v r - , ] d d n C " h o s l o rt,a l
tctege ,,pin[ In ]rr€zent-11
Diu r" L oo 1ou" \'^tl b .[."P L a :,A to ttP p i tu "P
l l i.d l.r Init,u , ra . . r ' r ' , " J " r ^ ou. P i- r n"m alo g , a l ? ( T i n 'p u l d r 'n r l 't P n _
zat di cuvjlltele befate coins ta tlE lictLtes ))
dard lou d,rc vour norka
tTi'ai'ter inat"lrcraree?: Lncreea €ste sata {in prezent) (Sublnieles: ,,Dac[
€ste saia, poli acum sn te distrezj.")l
I h. d,d O"h oL . n i Bh, ' r s d / in Dlu; , , . ' t . n: ! oua lF . a n . " t
lA muu,il ..lla D oo id 1 lb; . r , d: d lu: C"t . ! $ilipr i' onr Fr t ( \ I o m n l r q 'r t D ''i z a l
de cN'intele Pi€'dd?/ at the .otu41 ,i fad hstttcd .u Pterentut.))
LdJ" ,{.."d riprsh{in; "ll dnsodv in lrluc_ /;r,
, \ mlrn7r traDsod rlrd I , a! . a- a l . i c pr . h\ in d" f';nPs
n. i,r i ( t r n J i n p r P z e n l '. r t l o -
n p n l u t 0 tlu l: ,"/;-i.dr. p "r io. oa o" Lin, p or . I "eot u, o " p e ? ^ t n . ) l
"Ilate !\it rcad 'Hamlci'?" "No. bul t hnte seen it I sao the pic\n.e duing the
| -A . icit:t lliil l- tpt 4d t n F* . ?n! t " - Nu, dd l d m \ t z u t t l t 'o t r P r P z P n t )

A m iizul t ilm!l ra .:mpr' f ". l: \ alt lui t n"t pt ulu: t t - Vow ! t t q r ' l r i i ot )1
She d,, u! to lhem and !s/'.dr "Why nd€ you c,ru: Whv dn lou sdv vou rveren't
| 5-a roro !:dl d " "'s a nt ^"bA t t r eu ' a, at ir t : . , D"c F a r i r . n r ''. '. D r rp
"tnrpli
ai ; . t , a p*,p"t, ,,Dp rp a lis pus lnlr un anu4: t r nom pn( s r b r r '" 1 " s r d i n / 'P . u l ) c i 'u
! e n i ti?' il
AalyerbelealotimD inhcbt riato atit cu trccutul simplu' cit Di cu prczentul $ 1462
D c r l c r l-. Ar i l tr o uiu l -i'nnl.r,.ll )i prF/pntutp.rlP l p o r li i' rF h u in t a lp
In urma to r r nl. s d\ er bF d F i ,,Ip n p rP " ;. d a r i n s i l ui l i i di l eri l " :
1) erer $i nc{er, recently,slnt, folosite cu: S 1463
a ) Tr e cn tul simTlu, cind se gubinle lecgu v in t e le, , in t re c u t " :
"rid vou crcr /tnd o,, the nanc ol the goal kecpcr?"r
"I dtd'- iusl relorc I Lfr lhc st{diun "
/ rt;i,rJ drn se 'r"tia lortarul?-Da, chiarlnainte dc plecareamcade le stadioD.)
She was lh. rreitiest girl I or0r rad
(Era cea mai arrgule rain te carc (fl pd:,t_o .odail:r')
1 (sport): parur {la lotbul, ho.h.i {do.).
{i0
Hc rcrf..er?{kd tlr. o/I,,& tor $tji.h Ie tad n{rn c.nsurcd.

(Nu a /cprr, ri.tdd.d grei€.th telt.u ca.c nrseseo.iiicar.)
\r!'r.. . b r,,a n r { . . io ot h b. , p
i\-, /o., r
1l- . r':r,, / "U | . r iI -
co ir ,rt .. / t . . t . ; t .' . qnt t ! .
Sr { 6 { b) pr e ..n tul t.rIr/:1. t)tfi sc s L rb in le ] ecgu riirc t e , , p iI i rn

p fe ze n- u- :
}1{r, }ru crer llrilcl l.he ller.,itasr llnseun, nr Lrnhsmd?
(.1i ri..inr rreodaldiluz.ul Emitasii din LcnilAfad?r -
I i. . ,n I.s ri n : | !l !s J . ' r h o r\n qrJp i of d i n., \.,tr,,L
. r .rd re .1l i ri ,o t,r .- ,l n o \.' i. t." " ,. ., l r,tLa r,rc4,to)
I/ r DFr.r r", olh i d i, l-
l);u ttn fast niciaddtil h i\arc.)
$",, Dd,r ,.a or / pr ^ uf lr a i. " / , , . , . . . / to O,bcor.
/\, tdn .. | . . d", , , t t - , n r / i J L t d " o \
$ 146i, . . 2) -ldrerhele li locutiunile adrcrbixte de tiDp neprccis care cxprine
iileeLrde..pili:i la un nlorn€ntdar trcrut sxu p"c,"nt.. ci: dtt,dtl.lJ. stiLL,uet,
.ot t.,,t. t tn.\. I tt
) ,t'l ,s tt,,. ,luJpt...,in r'uto-itc,u:
a) Tr.t: utul si,LDl .. cin,l sc subrrreleccurint€lc ..ollrdnrtr U,
'-. ,r ,,iiJu. :,, ii,,.b.,,^mi.:, , rr irnpnrt,,ruir:
lle Lyardlr€ldX tircd.
/,4.o deji obosit.)
Trrere p.fe articlis ltill not irfittcn.
/E.aa attiole lncn ncscris€.)
-fhere ,e/a iobs not vct don..
atra& sarctri lnce neildellinite.)
So nu lhinss gr.. al] ris[t \iLh lhe ,,e\Lhjrcddcd corn]e.
(Pin,'Latruoi noii instr{iei se tnrd,a4 t}i.e.}
I p lo nor pv " . v tl ' n A r .,a " d o i i c .I
. P r ' . 1ar J . n ,i ro r l p d -, g r" r.r
L) P r . : nt u t I. r[..t. r,n d .p .,,L,nrFt,s ,uri n el , ,prna rn
p r.zrrr r ' r r J us in l i mL a .ot.r,d.j
;n i ,r r.4 .., t
Pr' .."r . . . . r' b ri ." ' o a rl rc a d r.
f! fi rd;u r .xrozitia.)
Hdrc yo! boughtuic tiokets r€t?
[Ai cumpnrat bi]etele (ptni in lfe?enr)?l
Shc still ,usn't aond.
lTot n-a e.ni1.)
SIc n6,'i .dne xet.
{\n o rr"n nrcai.)
Up to no{/Bo Irr tl,c experjmert lds De'r a sucoess.
{Pini h prez-"ni cxpcricnla a ac"r succcs.)
S 14tj$ 3) Adl.erb€le ,siloculiunile ad.!'€rbiale care arate o pe oaili, dc timp Deter-
nrilafi, ca: tadu!, Ihis tr.iehl /nonlh I gear I matuing,-a.tt tluy, all n{ght etc.
si n t folos it e c u:
t ul s i rn p l u . e n rd p e ri o a d a d€ i ;np sau acti unea €rpfl -
. ).trt.
m.rr1 cre \ er'IJ s a lern.Du1t:
I / / . lJ f . " o . th n
(N-am bliut oldra azi djn' nnealli.) o rri n ( (\:orl.so dlti1-amiazn sau s!r0 scare).
lt iiinerl tune!.
-{ tlouat. rzl. (Xu plaud a n.)
"tui
r,,!' nu si, I.l.Ia numal l.r p.czrnt. dar ia nn Donx,nr dat r.eclq
ii consider.ttca
Ir.z-;ni .F rtro or.
z ta !h^ ,J.q!= pilt.\7i: tu rna, lay : pjnri ahuei.
981
He h.rc lor a lerv liours this $cek,

'ds aici cileva ore slltin]ina aee.rsta(da. a plccat )l
[{ lost
h ) p rcz ent ul pcrfe c t. N i n tl p e ri o x d a d e ti l )p si rtLarl i urea v€r-
bului dureaznhcn:
I hdeen'L har) corlcc tbis nosins.
(\-am beut calea azi dnnjnea!{.) {vorbeso dimin.a!^ i
'l'odrr nds ,c.i a line dal.
lrzi I tosi o zi lrtrnmasa.)(Esle sca,d !i inci rrumos )
\on hdrc been here onlv onc. tlis weok.
fN-ai lo6t aici dcctt o dalI (plnl acud sipfinlna ace,tst r
In a{ard tle cazurile menlionat€ la aeest punct. ur1de iimpul verbului
r€sDectiv esto imlrus de necesiLatea clarificirii nri,.elesu\ri, r.tunci ri d situaiia
r p ip. r l i rn p "lr J in " on, pr l ." l F d o L d l i " l p u ri ,n ' .4 "..nti fol osrr" l ur' d"
o*bir ", n . m ai r " r . r , lndu s e d i .ri n l i a d i -rt, ' l F .l l bi l i r" r Ji ,,' . A ' f-l
se spune in mod egal, tn,telesul fiind acelagi in ambele cazurj:
'l-e hnt a l l d .\. _d i1 p ,o ' r Pd rard Jl i l J\'
'r
"artpd
| e hd r r t e n t L , ' r' di 5 \ ' / .r . s \ .\" lt" l o l i i s L;l e I :. { [.
"tu F
4) Ad\,-,rtel6dc timp ,\i loculiu,rle adv€rbialecontiruttirc slrnrepetitire' S u67
p, n" , o' t J - u. . o * i a n n l ' :j . | -ttl o tl t. ,j u o ttr. tt, q\.rttJ. t' rad t.
'.
.: t d" .a n . ! ' n s , ipt + ol t L i ' n " d t' | ' ,q o tn . n o t or t 4.q' n. L ' t JLtt.
". ' -" s .
.t . r. t ,-h fu rn t. . r ' r y [ o n!1 ,' ,.p t! I v x , t.-. n r" , oJi ni oar,r pe tr' n' uti .
n. t \'.'), o t.- . t- o dJ l. ) . 1 t ti a ""r m t t ' 1 \. n rl t' l j /r' i ,acpLi . srnr l ol o
'
a) l re cLt t I s inl l [. c i n d s o s u b l n -te l eg cu1-;n' .el c,.i n treeut"

(trecui indicat printr un adYcrb de iimp prccisl):
Our lolk danccs grout lrcque.nttl toz g.eat alplans! dron Ne pertorned in the
!r:.h :l a nos r r t d" dan r,r, I" l u l d i ra rl r' e o ri l L d l ' dl l Ll d J-Jm

' r" l
s pF r l n ,,l c i n labr ic j. )
In mr cbllillooil, tle olten s"rn, thc holida$ at. trrc scasid'r'
(ln cirpildrja nrea, petrecea adGeori lacanla 1a nare l
As e b o r . I lom pliDcsttr+ d tn th .rh o o o n l b n l l I dn
1 u ra ,-lr im , opr . . iur J " -; i n ' r' i | n a l " d l d " ol i i
" rr
Shc ,st.i to tite in ilrh honsi once'
(Locuia pc lrcmuri in ace'rsil casa)
h) p re z e nt ul pe rf e c t. c i rtl s e s u b i l l l e l e g cul i ni cl €.,pi rn l n pre-
I ndr. olrlrs_ tftorqrr slie 1'.s shY.

{A oczut. lnto tdaannn d .sn1ar.r tindda l
He llds olten ,a.z hoe.
(.! v€nit adeseori aici.)
I lar. r.dn "Othelld' nonJ tidres.
(Am lazut de mnltu oi ,,Othcllo")
She ids ,,,2 here only otre€.
(-\ iosl aici o sirglri dati.)
i:) Since (adl.erb. conjunclie sau prepozitie) se intrcbuinleazd cu: S 11168
a) tre cut ul s; /l a -. c i n d a c l i l rn e a s a u sl arca l :i cate sf r€feri
rre loc tntr un nonent (lat drn 1,"..r1:
I ta,.r't scenlini slncehi.aru hcfc {s a child {Conj.)
(Nn lam v,"rzdtde clnd a lcnii aioi, trn oolil )
l r'! r'," e J d\ . qinr p 'c.
r" l b L . C o n l .
;
-i ,t tr - r / i J , . r n, d to | .! ' rl
In a o " .
r Sau prin fohivileniul tui, n,liri o loculiure adr..biali. o propoziii. (nrrnslanli{ll

€rc. -\..sf te.rr este nun,iL iknri' i;at rcp.li1i,
2 !S
Tlis line buitdirs ozs a ruin noi lonlr sincc. lAdv.)

lAccastt irxmodi cltdire .ra ntr de ;rnr o niira_)
b) p, c . en t.u t,,' /, i;T].-.;'::'ri,'pr"g .eri.,:;''u" in pre,

.,pine
!(, nos tuld a }rrof.ssdship sinoe 1$0. {prp!.)
i t ) eline o c at . dr i Ld i n 1 .J 5 0 .1
. Ravei's "llolcfo" \'as irondcast last Selrcmt.r, Lut ndr not tc.n ftp.atetl ci\.e.
(_{dv.)
. ( .tsolefoxl' hi ltar.l a loEt dituzni la radio in settembria,dar n! a lost retelar de
P , , , , 1u,io" , t , { s .n .,? b l l .a l s a n d b o u n d ss i " c ea!totuati onw asi nrroduced. (C orj .)

'tr oJ . , d as t or, i -i re i n o . t. ,i n ,l .r ro dL. durondt,rdl
I lr r . t , at t 1s ," a -.i p 1 t q i o rc I t, rd b rrn ,n .i . o.,i cp.rC ...i .
/\r n ir \ " . . r 1 m u :, J " .n l s i n . t, b ro u .J
' -.
S 1469 6) just Do$ poal,ri a1-eadouir i telesuri clnd s€ retlri la o trf1jur€ t rccuti:1
c) adiltainri;
-
acliunea petrecindu se intf-un auumit morncni, dir trecut. '.impul eramatical
i n tre b uinlai es Le t r e c u ru l s iDt p I u :
s lic r d' lr nF uD i u s t n o n .
i u i a i. , ir , nr r ad ;e d ,.i ./
L) : tomni. cltiar actLn:
acliunca arind lLrc i]]lr un momcni care se corfundii cu trezentul, tirnpul
. q ra ]n tr t ic nl t nt r ebui n l a t e s te !rc te n tu l p .rfecl .
Tl,cI ndrE jusi loF &nc in_
I\u irirat .iia, r.z ./
Obs er uali.
S Il70 f, r ' ' p. - r bil c . r, !" o p o /rr h ,d t, .o n ' i n tr.cutul b;rnl J:du D ' cz( tul
p r...r 1n' , \ i. l- j ' i " i u q rd !,rb p -n rf- i n rl i cdrpa ti mpurui rn." r" ' r.,l osrn-
;o a rd ac liunc a v er bu l u i , d a r d a c l rn n i n t, J \ o rbi i oruLur aceal tn,{cti ,rne este
l .ca , l- r 1 . . ur enr . u ,i " a p .r:o ,. l d ,ri 1 r. " u pl rd r r.bu;nta h.r,//
s tn p tl 1. . r t jat i s o g i ' rl l e q tel A re z u l l a tu l a c l i uni i l n prezent, va i ntrel uh!a
pr...ntul 1rt4.(t-
oD€nl trecdt ,{cliurc l,.c.utn lesdn de l'lezelt
You raid rou Itdr't liLc il.. Iox'r., said ii. t\yicc alr€ady.
\rnltt dni ih."r dri lor Urat ],al? \liral na-s sh-" ds^./ you? Tcu look so
[:here dtl J.u .{.a urem? I'rc sc.n them sad and l'0e r€etr l.hem
naplrx.
Tl,. raj! sropcd r0r ten njlutes and The rain lzs i/rpcd, I an so glad.
ihfn E Son agair.
Ilorv dtl rou sroil your dress? \ 1\nt ha@ sou dane! fo!'r. s!.ih you
I 1,,, 1cn lrl n!rc. u.te6 \on brcasht 1t t)ackl
I hde;\'t h%rA \on.
"Did h.at ab.ut llelen?" -\\ rt abort l fr" _S l eL (: /,d\l
-\an l ,r
tl ' € t s.l " rl arbhilr,
or Lon,l nn"
I @, hcrc lor a week-

c ,1 rn j o"nlru o p. o. , t , . r r n '. i
- J pl m . ni. t - la
J t d. \ dr l, s 4 p- . t u! g r r d in v j i t o r . )
lluO a s e. A.
LSini aici d. o si!tlmln:i. (Staro trccut.i, legafi d. lrczent)l
I herc tor a wock.
''dsto6l di. o r.plin ln". I ' l1r r ua' un' . Li' ind\ d.
.1n lnLr r n t r d c u t d e n i f L i l d . D r r -
T Fn t i , ,nL, o tp ,roa dA iP tiq,r ' , l- r : ' dr " n' dm I nr or ; . I
'linpul grrmaiical pe care tl alegc volbilorul ir ac€slee\errple - si nu
neapnrat prez€n,taadverbelor dc tinp - este cheia inteniiei sale.
'O
neiodd simptd pentru allarea iinputui gramaticat nicesar prezent S 14?1
simplu. prez€nt perfeci s.lu trecut, sinlplu - consLi ln folosir'lja crior d0ri
tntrebdri indicate mai jos:
a.) Ere npln:
,,E1est la mare leni.ru o lunll".
lntrebarc l?ds?ens
EsLea.rm la arc? - Da.
A lost s,i tz 1.€.&rl - -\u.
Sc va intrebuinla deri uu simplu prezent prezentul sir.tlu (prczent
.arc se prelungeste ti in wiilor).
He n .t 7llcs.ar.ld Ior a month
b ) Ex:enpl. ul
.,Ijl .s,. l.r m.rr. d! dori hrni."
nsle d',m la mare? - D a.

A fost ti ir rre.zt.' luri.
Da, dou;-L
Se va tntrebuinta ur timp trecut, care are legituri cu prezontul pr.e;en-
Hc has ben aL tl,c seaside fo. hlo inonths.

c ) Ex en r tu:
.,I.ll a /,s, la inare in iunie."
lnttebote navzns
Est€ a.,n la are'1 - \u.
:\ l.tnLiL lrccut? -- Da. in iurie,
So va lntreb[inla deci un timp irecut care nu rre legiiurn cu prezentd -
He,.a r n i tl rc s e a s i d -"
in June.
?. Alte furclii :{e prozerhrlui tc ect S 14?S
1) Prezentulperlectlnlocuieltcliitoml pcrfcctlin Prapr.il;ih src rdof€, I U73
in specialin celelemporalesi condi,Lionale
( S2853):
I shaUso to nil oflicc w]ien I haeelod locr.
{u'1 voi dncc la birou drpi ce coi fi luat ma.a dc prinz i
U t hdeeseenho lcfore roon, I shau ]eare ai jira.
IDarii o rot /t rdr,,'o line la prtuz, roi ll.ca la lora) .inci-l
You can'l go ard play till ro\ haved.one1ou. nonreryork.
(Nr t"" poti duoc sI ic joci pin;1ce nu li lci /t it.a,1 1e.!iile.r
2) Constructia idiomatici haio got 1: frare). deli a'ind forma d€ plazent S 1474
perfccl. arc tnleles d€ lrc:enl. dcoarece vcrbul ld ge.tnu indelhrette nici decit
rolul de a interi ideea exprin,atn prin |erbul t.i idr'.:
I.ndre so, a rvatch (- I nalc n watch). (Posesiunul
t nm un c c 6. l
I I p 4, 9. , , oD 1 /,,1 { ( II /d ., r-.1 .-\ . (OIl i ..' !'
( lr abt r ies r r nl " L trd s cal c x m .)
,\oeftstn construcirie nu este intrcb nlatd.lc.il iD sli1ul colortial.
284
1475 3) Tredoccrcs in limba rome i. - Prezentul perfect se traduce in

limba romAnn astfel:
a) pofectnLrom! s in toat€ cazurile ($1446*145rr), 0u cnreplia
^ g 147,irb $i c:
punct,rlor
I hncefhishe.l \ti\iot4. \1:cfrarejust n., thcn.
(,7m teminar.l,. scris.l ll-an izdlni, adineaud.)
bt ,u indirc itut pr . n'in nzul 'rrrpis,tiuni in epul. ln
,lur,"/x plna In pr "z,n li probcL:l;i in.ri ur t I1448':
I haoekLoen hcr lor a J.ar- Hoe long lare Jou Dcaa
{o .L@s. de un an.)
c) cr ';'iirarul an,€r;orl ( S 2853):
Yon Filt f(l ielter Nher you /,a.. beeDhe.e r Ne€k.
(T€ \'ei sinii nrRi Line dup{ ce oti fi skt aici o siptiminar.)
s 11?6 Prozcxhl perfeet
1) nllrimn o d.iinne all$joari

piezdLiului {-\ 141ii)
:l) llontri ine.lt nee.-Fimat '

r.zultatrl in treze.i inteFsea-
z:', i1r int,lirajii rltc.ioar)
G ]1 lil.
3) Actnhetr rfti lo.ini,r-o riordi
do iimti ire(\li-i .trc durerzn
z, lirii adrerl !r !trLnrirhsc Ild'ia lon r.d, 'llrmirt"? ,1; .i/i/ ..lltrnlet l I
, .lnrn in l(^ nNr ( \ 11ii4)
i, .n erei, ner.r {S 1a!i) Ente lri .\ar cliltrned Te-rt trcoiluli I 'e i
^ -rrldi
I
i cr. r.",.'t' .;"ut" fS rlll,,i i liici ,id,, rd,"i rreoditii I
../ or n rdYfrn rFrc sn!s..rz,i Iuu l{r {lrcrdX l0id rlc ]li-dt n$ N_ruslov.stoa
id.ea do ,,f:ni ia lrez{r:.t :
al.q idL r€ t, s6lo r c ic ( S 11r j; ) ld! lori Ml DJsifrcr Xtl? -{i .u,r.rl'o linn u.!d
!_. t.lgf.gU r.r:ll I I,lde slill sotrDollet l/d \-rm.rul i i cn l ri l ei al .
d, (tr un ndrorb .rro o^-lrnni T h ' ,b rn l r,a si q tl .. r" N n. Trenul d s4sii chii. acrn,
ut tnal) iltrol i snr risui dc
!(/dn: jrs1, ltlciL ll0s{ iYe ld/ . r f i , ! L J ou l i t i l l . Nn tr-d, !.i;d h nliin!
tscnty Dinuies.tc. {i! 1116-
..) d' u rdrerb crre rrrt.i o TodxXldi |ad r lnrc da-r. ,\lnri z I'sl o zi lru!!'rsi.
t..ioadi rLetirnp reierminrti:
lods!, this r€et, ill daI eir. I ldrr uorlrd lPrv lrrd -.1, |(rrl ioarte ntrlt
(! 11ii{ il, )
1i. r*'nr,t^1i,' rl tltrl I $'Iet tu& rou t(n dl Unde ni /r!, lorln ziut?
dsJl
t Viiior'n rnFrior jn liDla ronini. ca si riil.onl
D.rlccL ni linba rnsle7.i. ru cste
d' laLr,l., l-n imr,e, d, . dt . , dl. lnl. . . il r nq n, n nr in n i / r n o f i r , l r - ; r \ i i r , r ', l n -
\.l. i l li id \ o, L, i' . ir nr opoi, , l d . r i j , . , t r r , L-... r i . r J , " , 'l d 'i . \ l .
"l'.
d' lrhir"rou p," ,'u, da- . . 1, j. ., r , l a ' , r a i i '. . . \ u l I . o I r u "
!1 ror,,' i. 1. . , h. . \ i"a r ". i . ! i r r b i r , r r " d r p , , . . . i .td.
!86
f) ((n tar) u a{lv.rb .are She ldsn'i trN' Irere ({or) (!ar Il'd /4r aici de un 3n.
Dcriondli (lr fi'nr t!r-
anti o '(srn I
rrinaii rorriNlird) i! IIol1 lolg ldE votr ,.4, ir Ile cl*d .iii in Buourciii?
pr.7ontj Niic ! rr lrt.i
(\ 11: )1); De cllirs mi Gl) l,{rd?d I
fo. so0c ten$ lie irds ,e.,
4 / i nalxtrl frrii'JJrj d P tjm P Tho gtdcn /Me ir?r,r.l Crndinr s, /d".u/nri In-
t. rmrnxi lscx noast iledl ln oprili€.
Drcz.ni este ]lr.Lt4l do nr TIle tlrv /mr re.! a .uces I'icsa r nrrl succcsde l&
idvrb {.susll:
l(]l Treortnl sin,!\t \ 1111
l J i ne! ri' 11 tcriu ad "i d .. li' nl, \\'o nrL lirril lifr sin.e Ne ,,.rtlr ii.i do ii'rd n!-rn
t P ru rnJft (srtr (o0 rrnn nr nl mo!tui il lalr Jas)-'.
!r.20trt. este pr..rzri de ua 'r
i r!,ni sn,,p h i\ 1 11 11 :
i./ m {a lrmrr lreriert. an,bele Iis hetltl ,ds ,.tr botter Sinitotea lui $r a,r,liorui
lofu. dc trczsrt pcrlP.t e-F sitr.e h. hrs b..n t*inF do .ird hee Qia I. tsiile
DriFird ldn!'i tarar.L. the Ml.rs al tle Slirnic
is r151):
jl .n u xd v or bd. t im ! . o n ti - LaE dhr.xs l,ln!.d na -.1,r .r.a4 inloldeinn| ol
ruati! san rcretitir: 3l${r\
olle& somrii ei, urDi tiD'es \\'c ndf. olton l.er to the ,1m fon od*cori la nrt.
ci ., l i 1 4( i?,1{ iib) ;
I liar4 r..r "Ila.r!t" s.rc. !, rii{l.,Ilanlot" de Dri
- cr.r,ai",tiln*.,t t rtal I
!i l]{jr-i l
TRTICUTIIL P]IRTNCT sr1?7

irflli r'1sf rnRrxc! oli rll;PtrtuEt'rl
1) Forni. Trccutul pcrloct.e;le un ijnlp ,omlus iofr,,nt cu sjutorul S 1178
lrmL Ul li d'l\il:1rL'ui to H tl L ur'. rt J- II i' ipirr lr-'ul Jl \arbulur de
conluEni:
I l,adcalled;f,ouhadcallcdit., sle. lt lad cau.di se hadcalled;vou llad calledi
2) lutrebuirtare. IrircutuhiiPerleetdin gran:rli.3 'nqiezniiro''.punJ€ S l4i9

I' g l Am, ri d ro ln;n t "r t t d l lt ' 1\ 1 . CA. s i ai' qi r r P t r ' l p o r l " " r " \ p 'r -
',.a / . t i4, : , l' r l ! . lr nr lr ! . J '.
n, a ,, r. ' iu .o lra.r',: slr r rl ur m0mpn osr
'n' ^
fre.rt. si se tr.rduce in ];]rbs romeni ln acest caz cu rnai muli ca pedectul'
cu perl6ctui sinplu sau cu perfeciul cornpus:
I kneN Cuv. hl. I idd not r.en l,in s'nce mJ Inar ase.
{ll cunqrca;n !e Cny, dar nnl de la cnsebria m.a)
'a!zs.,z
\\l, en tl,.i /../:d rd lo oior p, ll' 1 r : l. ql on l^ | ' I {'t o t i
r' , t " . ; , , t !..ItLot i J J |' onr r r uJ l J r L | u l
',,.:i " p " t d ''i . r
Trecutul perlect irLr-o plopozilic cere trecutul simplu sau contjnuutn S 1480
cealalti:
rher h.d a aL e b"lot I . d, r '
I roia 1,,u nt tn,t been iaillin!
rdr@ so_ :1. s ' J Z\ or ' l a! . n' in " r 'l p ! '' L u : r l l F Jpe ial{
an u luiprotr'u ' .\. or I n I 11 "' "1r u Lnr u l" \dl" mro-rJl"
't 'l
r86
S l48l 3) Trocutul perfect si treeut[l simplo. - Trc.utui pFrfpct .1re, fatd de

trecut{ simplu,rolul pe caroI indeplinettepr€zentulpertcctfat; de treze'rtul
simplu. Ca atare, cl nai are urmetoarele functii:
S 1489 a.,i tradus tn limbr rcmAnn, cu rfrI,r/p.ral, ?.r[,etul sinLlnu sar !,:rfc(rul
armp[srarati ci o actiuoesau o FtaretncopuLl] irrintea un i dnumit nroment
trecut, indicat prin trecuiul sinpiu. a durat o pedoadd de timl pini in acel
moment (cI. S 1448):
H" ,o id h" h ad 0. . / t nF- t f o" $a l. , r r b
rq pu ncdrp u5 . a 5o- , , l . , a r ' oh J . doJ .
"-"
S 1483 bJ tradus tn limba romAnn ctt t'iitorul antcri.or,inlocuie,(teviitorul pe.-
fect fald do trecut ln propozitia subordonatn ( g 2856):
Thp \ pr, Fp ,l r hd\ r , o. ld iom . s he, , lr d\ n 4 d t ; n ; - h e d \ , L r ) t .
lfrs;ou :rd .r L o. i, n , ir , l \ or lt k n: ni \ d 1 : a - L , a . t , a t t , t r '1 .
$1181 ., estelolositcu adverbelejast,
srt/i!i g./ (cf. S1448.1450.1465.1165b):
Hd /kJ iu ar ,i, . n / lp, \ . r he $r - rrlt d d$d\.
ih" nld ri .'r s t ill nnl^' , lns; ' J ou.
She told me slic lddn'l s,., Xou
-rei.
A se compara urmitoarele lllze pentru a se v€dea rolul trecuiutui parfect
fa_tdde rrecutul simplu. identic cu rolul prezertului perfect fald dc prezentul
sinplu:
She @rnds sh€ has bcei matied llor) a rea..
'
{scric .e csrc mddtati de un a;.)
She orcr. she had beet nuDicd tar lctrt.
(Soriah scris c[ estc,'era miriial,l ^ un an.]
de
n.l ,s ro nl d"n' ) - , ill bp ar n a r b k h n h . t . _o' ,, t
-t.- , r '. t I . t J ,
lL,a n."tp siJ ",. 1 i"a\ io. ' or l' r ; b" r u, , t . - r , , / , /.;",f.. ", rd
Dan rd s ron d nl l' . - or ld L. B. - , r ior L. t ,. r n d n , / - 4 r t s 4 i ; r . .
(Dan € ra sigu r ce i s c v a da o s lt r jhJ Ll! p I c . , r i , , t i l | . f , r , i d r i . t t s , u m f n u t d c s r a t . l
A s e r em ar c a e l a s ti c i ta te a c u c rre l i mL l e nql ezd spdrge Li D Jr€l e.Luntor-

n 'i n d u . " " loJ a 1 l o r c l n l l n ra ru l :
Shc ras,ni,ntzb,on lic. wa} [o lhc oemttcfy: "Ioddy her cl]ilil /dl r.ez dcada y.a.,,r
S 1{85 4) Trccutulpeficct in stilul ixdircrt. ln strlrrl irrdirc,i. dupa un r.erb

cu lornli de trecut.deciapartnri'rd grupertre.rtulujr,lrcLutulpe}fe,rinlo-
cuicstetrecutul simplu sau prezentulperfc.r dil stilul direct:
I.a id:'l ,r a - |r es enl , 1, \ F, r lh. ld. r \ \ , " r P , ,
| I h oJb&' J r , oa. nldir . n lh l- . : " \ \ 'r l J 'o L, i".r.r , ;:
'ril
Sn€ asl&'t tue: "Hdt. tot seen todal's !a!e.i"'
askcd mc wlictrcr/il{ I nad scen ttiai dar's later.
-qlc
S1486 5) lnlocuirer tro0utului leriect cu treriutul iimphr. Pcnlni s; rplii;cire.
ln unele sitra,tii trecutrrl perfect este lnlocuii ou i|ccutul snrplu, spre
eremplu lnaintea unei propozi,tii secundafe iltroduse prin conjurclia ,rtrc
sau ln propozitiile secu dare in care anteliorjtatea dcliunii c-\pr; ate r,1
mod normal prin trecuiul perlect rezulli{ ciar ti fdrn lntrebLrin!arer acestura:
T l, e nr . r nd/ , / , ( h .t l ,.tr) L . ..1 6k - ..,. ,.. tr, . n,.fl
\rj eI he obroitrJ ( . hid obtdincd) liis ii.it.lt.s, ne spint a \r..li s holidar ir rhe
Shc.tLni€d the tarcci Fiil, Lhe doll I lorsl,r (: Ijad lorChtj ii,'r.
(Y.z i $ S 1 /,r3 1
rvczi
\ 11 :t., v eli s i not a.
'The Ir,nqe-t
3 "torr,.". LiL l0Nl.er.
V.zi q 11 56
!nhcthLr
- un.al lr.analifal, dar iorDal:
5ltn lruG.C.f.
i/ !op!lar, dn. cln,nt.
v ez iir ! g. 3r i0, f ut { i.
!
. tl x.tt1 l ie S 1' 187
T rn
rtu l p |r , . . - p a' " " .i ,u . i .. d i q u b .n " ' ;ru l fF,h. r . a,e p\n' i ma
ir " 1. , 4ut , . , , /l r p ro o ,7 :i d ,o r' ,i ' i o n 1 .i " u ,, r" nLr ' -:rbui e
^ t . rF . u tu ',o F "'
coniundat. ln linbr r'.,Lline se lradu.e in ace.stn situalie cu cordilionalul
( $ 276 2 ) :
I naCs.€n liin lcto... brt I didn'L knoir his nnnc. lTrecut Dert.t
ill rnai rd:k.D, dar nn stilrn cum i] cheamri)
it I h. J . , p, h m l ., ., .' \ts l o ,u \o u rc,bton.l r\ p/r' .1
I j , i . - .l+
lDJ, r r ' sp u .
i\rezi ii g 175:lJ
TLTPUTiILTTIIRTtrCTX s 1488
(f!n Prxr!.ria.rir\nEs)
1) Fcrn[. I'imporjle perfect€ se constniesd cu aiutorui au\iliarului g 1,tE9

to IL$'E, la modul si timpul de bazn, icspcotivi urDat de partioitiul trecut
al lc'rhlui hrieal dc corjuEat ($ l:li2 l3?8).
Obscrealie
Inlre co sll'rclin liilo.ului periect.a liriurului pLrl€cllala de trecut.si S 1Jl,O
h " 'n:r:ron,l,rlui Frr"rr p"J"opi,fl-.si ,o."rr..riJ\,ILF'rrFte!rr!.,,oJdl.
urmal.e.de un nriiriliv pertcrt iJ. dc alta. e:ristn identitate dc lorme, de;i
sltucturarespeclirl diferi. Cn alle cuvinte.in cazulde la1! se suprapundoue
irterpreterj:
al confornl hqulii de formrre a timpudlor pcrl€cte, viil,orul perfectj S Il!)1
\-iitoflri pedect faln de trecrt ti clrndilionalul pcrfeot sint iorm|ll,e din .,iilrrrril
(respectiv ,ttrrr l fdlri de tre. t sarl ':ondiliaMlul) au\iliarului to IIrt1D ]-
parli.ipiuL trecd al t',:rluL,ri.l,ti.taLx:
| | I'o'1 Io, { \ir' r /o hotl-,o.t / .pl . l-Fc'rr.
\r rlor p! lp l ,,, .,,4 tr,. I rir or/a t.4) ) -:t.,h.n ip"rr. r""xr1
|
tI-',,] I'rr' I tiilnr l.r J r. .' o tnre|!st pl
\ ii or p"r'l- l ,!.,r1. rra Ur/
felrl de trocut l rou l.Jr. (., \'iiLor ii!,i d., trrrt|l Lahaee)+*en
I 'rarld
(parl. trecut)
| :hould haoe (: cordilional to lLure) + wtLlkrd lpatt.
Conditi.ndl
perlect (rruld I'arc (conditional to haa.) -: rutr (patt.
-\o',
t!acut)
6/ pe de altn parte. cin,l trebuie redatd ideeade limp perfect,verbele g 1492
del'e.ljIe nlodrle. deci Fi SHA[,L ii WILL. sint urnlaie de un inlinilir ?erl€cl:
I sn"l, (dcl.cti\. ia.l6t) haft.att.d {n'liniti! pcilcci)-
ron ,,i/i {den 0tiv nodnl) /drd s],ot n tnrlhiaiv reriecl).
l rau lJ\4 ,.\ Tol' r'r. / "/ , r ; nt ir i \ r . r . . " t .
J, r Jorl/ t i"r , ' , n, l. ' l l. ' " , . l: dr ini jr t " r " c ' ,
Ideniitatea lormelor de la $ f491 cu formele de )a S 1492 €ste pcrfectd,

cu toati structura lor dilcr'itn.
l,,Propozifia coDdi1iona1."' \:stt: subo aNta catu coniine if In lraza cordilionale
g !t ir .
:!'r zcnt . t r , , ut : ad \ il t,rr (S r1 .:!l
I11ri, i. '" , dr' ., t l l . L " nr d z.ve r h r ll"\i.l,D,s,l,' r n h d lir .n r u d j' .,n.t1tJ
t r r .i .t r, t , r. gr t , r . t i . . , t d ,4 d F to .r .,p tn 4 e lip r fe ,.t m 4 n l' onatp.
s86
ln lucrarea de la!d, paliru coisecvenle !i o mai metodici. pred-are.

coriuqarii \ erbului tn qeneial, se vorbe;te de utilizarea au\iliarului to HAVE
ls firr;ar.a /x/l/ror ri';nijrilor ppr[a,1.. .Flilal rcpe,l dl c^ <tru.l:pi cprute
de ver!€le SHALL !i \''ILL liiird aratat ln caJrul verbelor del€cLi\e modale.
{ 149:1 2) Timpurile perlocts eonshuite cu auxiliarul to BD. Tirlpurile per-
fecle (prezentul perfcet si irecutul perlect) ale unor Yerbe intranzitive llo
b*om ,,o /; do L io tini.\/. tn pr.to.o. tn gnrl la lt e t. to n'|t. t4 'rt'
-n,,
to sit,to ftst. to return,lortseeLc.lau utreorio form; psraleli.in curerrrxiliarul
to HAVE esle lnlocuit cu to BE, padicipiul trecut pfimind aslfel aproalle
valoare de adjectiv.
Aoeasli oomporlate eiiisfi Si tn limba rornnnn:
She h&s .on.. lEa a aenit.)
$\e is .one. Ea a iuit. {: ,'sie taatr.i, de.i poii s o lczi )
Tte sun brd .:.", . . ljodr c t , r as a- . e. )
The sun 1r$ ras.n. suuele r\J.isc. (:trd /,tsdrit. dcci nu mai lut.au ve{ea
rnsitilul).
ConsLrucliato BE + participiul trecut, tiind in getlereintrebuinllta ctr

verbe crre exprimi in mod obignuihaoliuni, arati sLareasubiectului rezultatd
din acliunea verbului respectiv. Astfel:
Ue hs soue. lEI a ptecat.)
(Al€nlia estelndrellati asupra acliunii in sine.l
He 13€one-[D tlecat. (: tsr.rl,.a,. nu mai esterici.)]
(-{tcnl.iaeste irdreptatl asup.a rcarltntului acliunii vcfbnlui. ,,!l ntr nri este
airi, aia ce nu'i poii vorbi"l
Grardlatler hril s.otD old, (irandlalhe. sas gmr'4 otd
(tsunioDltrDdrtn6?., (Buni.rl tu {),trl;.)
Formele de periect construite cu auxiliarui to BE mai rechi il] limbi -

au reusit si se;entine irl oarecaremisur5. alitud de lorm€le noi de pe.feci
constrriite cu auxiliarul to HAVE, prin laptul cn, deli uDeori aproapeperfeci
sinonime cu acestea.poi fi intrebuinlate penLru a rcda totu;i nuanle care
contribuie la o €rprinare mai subtiln a gindirii. .\sttel:
I Tl . bxtier h.s aelr.J.
{ U n tul so tot,i t.l
(V-aii ' odihnii?l |
1 the buti.r ft n..J''d.
{SInteli odihnjl,? }'ulcn tleca acum?) I {Untll es[e l.o!it.) ( \tr
t silli dau dc nt'oar.)
.|ne1.harl jn the sircel.
I travc hea.d he has /crrn€d. t
(.^.m alzit cn s-a IntoN.l I L \e ,nt i ns'-dt
r, l ,e stradt.l
I have h€a.d hc iN t.rurned. ,/ T l i s N Jq thE .asc th' \ scn m , to
{Am auzit c'1 s-a lntor6.) I lAcesta c.u onzul p.ntN discutafta
i: Esi€ ai.i, il put-"n redea acu .l I druia so intrdnisari.)
s 149{ YIITORUI, SIUPIU

(rrrE slrfrr,E rur[nD)
S 1195 l) Delinitie. \'litornl (The b'uture) etpri,ni o acliune sarr o stare care
va area loc drpd momenLulvorbirii:
I Lo os .h",',/1 , . h' _d u l' , n
(Siiu c{ ra /t aici ]a ora lira i.r
289
l) Formi, - Viitorul sirnplu se formeazii ou ajutorut auriliarelor SIIALL S 1496

(lq pcfsoana1 sg. qi pt.) qi WILL (la persoaraa 2-a fi a 3 a sg. !i pl ). urmate
d.e Lnfinitieul lf€;e"t al vetbului de conjugat:
I sIaU otrll, rou Flll cal1lihe, she,ii will call.
we shsll calll rou wiu oall; they will call.
3) SHALL. TIILL. - .\,ieasti ut;lizare tradil,ionali ;r auriliarelor SH,{LL S 1497

(f.f..L g.sr pl.r'i\\lLl lcrs o2"'sia3a'g 'i lt' I r" forn rrea vii'orL'lui
qru \.orDr').
,.rorr-. la n..nclult2t.,t" at\ d etontat,,dtin sltltl larntut(ncflq
L''s il ,l toloc.ral t-' ri ',u torbili, \\'lLl d irlo'u:r rr l^Jtlr irc m"'u'a
a..,rli.,rulSll\LLin \nsli propriu-7isa si ,,din'e" \\ll at-nape"r'Iuiv
i'. :co'j0. lrlardd. \\'r1".. rr nro'ir fiF.i lr torirorirlap\ -dbtilani.^r!3 cE
SU \. \u"lr ali3 ;i Con.n'unseartbulBritani" r.chi -qin 'r -
"nd" 'agl'za
esle a doua linbn a-orbi$.
u 1ll.i sohr'i- prr,onizr" l" 3r,'"-rsti'"ni n"n ru :a'ire" 'rr "i cui de
iunslaaLi ,l.conluz"{ s prob)an;.- 'tFl pdP.FJ n'"i mrci
-.,e.:n . r0Do' .r sll\l.L/WlLl. c5 " ;n rpbuirr,arFl Iorn'lor 'nodr-
ti. r" ul 'on'ras'
I't.1. ltou'Il ;tc.. l.alabile - penl,lu ambcle auxiliare. ,{cest erpedient', foartc
se,lLrLr'ornrir .irnrli ''- lri qi r n irrim'rlri J" rPrPbralrrp'".dr n
'lorr
i'lausor, eraLicqu" c.rrl,ri rur, o nou" su'',' ,lF Pf li.uiLeli e"-Anr;'e ' r'
Iflbui d tir'^ddla l-olL rlF i rpo^ts1la'5rr'irp a li^ bii ltinpi"td"t"'nrrr-
lui numnr de nuanl,e inlplioite ln contrastul S}IAI,L/WILL.
tinii eramaticieni mafcheaze aceasti schnnbare prin iotala e\clndere a
.'nili"rului Sll\LL Lrp.n .li! SllOl'LD7 'lrrr lsb' l" 'ulilro"rii -\irii u
ddupld' un "o-,promis 'n unna divar.clorFn.hplo,lo lifrrl a.pl-iA a I'i Il;r-
'in . .i au ins"rlsin !r.m r i"i pr"z"nla €rnbFlurau\ir rr ordincr Ir! \'Fr
.o't.t r -f.
L"i JA illrebuinLarF. i"rt.l: t i'tr Isnarl 4r:t''hott 'tt ri irrari aliii.
irind drept oiteriu flrile dezaventaje adusc de ac€axti schinbarei lnscriu:
I shallliiLL atll { Lve shallltvill call, nt\ mare numer dintre aoeltia
inregistrtnd cind. I I we shallI wiII call. cinrl 1,/ oc tpill I shdlL caLl ltun
, S au lircut toarte nafi eforturi!i pe scar; intinsn cu rezultate,.coDsidera-

bile" dupli cii se pare6. pentrr prclucrilr€a masclor in vederea menlinerii
raportului SI{\LL / WILL traditionai.
In aceasfi situa,tie,granatica de f&ti adopti tormele dc r-iitor t; de oondr"
lional tradilionale, araiate la S 1496 ;i $ 1618, ca liind singurLrlpuncL d€ ple
care posibil pentru expuneroa clard ii metodicd a numeroaselor subliliilli
semttitice (oiertonc:.)care apar odati cu oric€ nlodilicare a raporlului SHALL/
WILL, relpecti!' SHOULD/WOULD, rimlnind sA se indice terior separat,
modilicArile apnruie gra-tie interl'cnliei stilului colocvial actual.
I t hat ntt' ,,t6 , m. \ " 1, " r r l |"r ' o1. . fo1,, Inl ir ' :
,' . 1 ?i nxmxr i <lilu l Do,t r s . L r c lir ios
r e r,.:/;o I . at a, . dl r " n, i, ' t grp F '6 r , r " l p . -
-\ Lrl" 'r d d \ l ', l - . ) i . , , , r '
., 1 . n.mliD-r s.J., in: Lt : i 1t ", , . n- t o, . t : 1ot b r " , : . ) ,
"u lr "F' r l I ' . t ' l t nt t "d i ' n; d n/ dbt , ' l - r 's p l i r .
DA,t "
tt d K : ' cd a' a l it "t I nt n o' d \ ". " "n / , , / 4, , l, p , 'r , S 'o l '/ \ \ b l l
t " 1 . t aJ, \or'.1 .a., , , . . , , . . , 4, a/ . I 3l. d !t ,,,r' i.\n!lia protau./oj.
O./j. D. OxL ttrd t,tr,x l! h Dic r inl r \ r
' \\' . l,ll ls.- Ir' r ' dlr on- n" f 'r '" J " a l l '' r
'l -
of E.slish is evcr c.lled oD to oleni a Nav through " "M.dcn r\nerican l\igP "
ilf . I L NIitl,i'rsct {lj{ . , 1r t dc , r . . . .lt en 4S, pag. 9;
Qlirk.1 . d lia. I r t lt nn{ r . . $ ii: 8
" 11.
200
5 1498 4) lnfsles.- Viitorul simplu este inirebuin,tatpentru a exprimai

$ 1499 a,,l o acriunesau o stareviitoare fatd de un momentprezent:
I-sha l.vill see Urcm on Fdilay.
(li ,ot ,cdd !inui.)
s 15oo ,J probabilitateaunei ac,iiunisau si,iri ln prezentsau ln trrecut:

Cononclo..llease, that rtll Dd St. Thomas's?
(Ta-\ai.., v1i rog, acesta esre!rcrdrtl spilalul St- Thomas?)
1vh.t a hollahal.o at thc doorl Tbat t,il, bc the children.
{Ce t{ritroi la us{l P.oDoDtlcd stz, copiii.)
lr anv nr lhe h ;\s h rs e a l e n l h e i a m. rl a r h 1Z Lc JohD .
r O 0. i \ r F U , . ' L J ;." b e i " l i a ,_ n i d l m d m " l J dJ, l ral A rr.rt; sa /i p l on I
A s \ r u , , i/ l air ra d v 6 ,,, tu o m h rr l p .l " r. s he aoi s l o Jb31.
"
, Lt upr c . 11 t r ob o L i i ,.i l i r rl ,r . " ' s o a rF a ;:.r l ' a,; Ia l d:.1
:torul u;
s 1501 5J \ iilor ul pc rre c l | 7 h " I' " tt,' r" p rl i | .o Iorm1a7b ru aj ul otul
a u r;lilr ulLi r o il. \ \ E u rn ' a l d e N t.;p ;,1 /f, al al vprbul tri de conj ugal r:
1 shall/$ill hare called; you will lavc cailedi lie, she i[ Nill ]rave called;
we shall/sill lavc ca.llrd; you will have call-"di they \iilt have called.
Yiitorul perfect exprimE, ca gi in limba ronind:

d) o acliune sau o starc aiitoare: anlertodrd, altei acliuni ori stdri Yiitoare
sAD r nni m om enl d a t v i i to r:
Lo_, J on, " : L h o l l l !:x l a r [i ,;.l fd t _ ' b o roruprp' .
r \ : ' a I nF 4r T t lA n .a t.p 4 :n sd b " L l ." J i u l I' i r c. L.i " osi ri i .)
tle ial\ lLd'e dor€ ihe tanslation bv this inre i.omorros'.
(Nu ure sd. terminetraducereapin{ mliDe la ac€astAorI.)
L 1 l r obobil ; t a t,o n r" a l i ,n i s d u .ri n r " " mi nrtp l i c l n r r P cuL.l j a i n vi i l or'

fn 6 r p" i ar z \ iit or u l p " rrp . t .a l -r' l u rn l n l rm bl ro" r;na uu \i i l orul rnl eri ^r
gi esle de ohicci lnlocuit pr Lr o construclic ln care apare adverbul t/obaDii:
'ton oi haectuald ure nane: it is so lanoxs.3
(t'.aLdLil.cd ai d&.i, acest rnner este alii de celcbru.)
Ste eilt ha@ tin6?d.i nr nine o'ctocli.l
(r.ababit .d e; fi tc.ninarl'a r€rntnd phl la ora noui.)
s 1502 6) 'l-iitord f&,txdc trecxt fi viitorul porfoctfa.ti de ftecnt (ltutur..in the

Patt analFuture krfect in the,PdJl.). - Acesteasint doui timpud, inexistente
in limba romAni, care au aceeaqiconstruclie ca ti viitorut faln de prezent,
tn
cu d eosebirea ci sint form at e. nu cu prezeDtul,ci cu Itcr dlri auxiliarelor SHALL
;i \\iILL:
Viitornl fdld. de hedat (Future in the Past):
I sliould/wouldcau; you wouldcall; he, slie,il sotrld calli \te shoxld/rolld call;
you would calli they ilonld tall.
'triitorul perfect ta,ti de treflt (Fntute P:tf.ct in lhe pd\t):
I should/would harc caltediyou, he, she,ii wouldhavecalled;tte s|oxtd/$ould
Iale callediJou would have caued;th€J would hale ralled.
lVczi
S t4 e0 - 149r .
'zVedzi ! 1 ,!t5 s i not a n. lr Das , t 84
,Cln il.t.r\ 1; i, . 1. ' d o . Diobi, bil, r x r . - . r iilo , . l p " i l p c l l o x l d F r r ', i n a io.mtl
a" liun "viilo.r"an '"lio "la. n, , inom ' . ldl r t , t ot . l - . r . o ! - a t a 7 : o t " p c ; ! a : ,tri
uh qdedb de tinp eiitot precX.
rln u .rNLr Dr oD"/ i b. \ ' : r or I D"r 1, r r . , . , e". ! " i l J r o . 'r n r , , , , r i n " , r i o , ,
hlrd .",,-.u ! t.;:i- ' t . ' r , i nbnq, r ' ". r , - , r r 'a i '. . o r u l I n l , ', t J d ''n ':
n{: ,.Vd l.ermira llni la ora 9'. i9 ti01 a) '\ i i
2$1
In lirnba romAnn,acestetimpuri se traduc cr riitarutl dupn cun urrnazd: $ 1503

ltulure in the Posl cu viitorul,
tr'urte Perf.ct in lhe Pdst cu riitorul anlerior
Ce.ledoun timpuri €rprim& o acliune considarati c riito(tre l*.i, de un $ 1504
momeni dat din lfrclrl s&u rillor':
r ' ' or ,
I ioid / ,l lho uld snr|l - lp ln \ lolhr r . r \
l .{ m sr". t,, to, {re , nam c r . l
\ lv nl. da \' rio ,,/ . m . . or I I Fhould/ r oul' l h. b, '; o \ o r . , l 6 j ''. (\i nri
".o.
, \J,rn J lni , 1.".-o. a d", a ?: o ilr 'd t, " r lut.l)
She ldl arirreu shc'd/wonld lrc 6ble to come on th. Iollowing SundaX. Niihr pe cct)
(3ois6e ce ed pLrea r.ni drmirica urnatoarc.l
I rol.l Jou l'd/shouldi rorld l&yo t'dltlled IlrI tdk |rlot ilt appoinf..d linre. (\'iitor
' rTi an .\"u' ci it\i tai tnd.epl.inisarcina nuinie d-" ertirarla acordat.)
iernenllui
I llbueht ron woutd b&le ro'rd his books.
lAn e:.ezrir cir li rpi ii oiilt (probabill od.!il.l
Viitorul perfect {a!i de trecui c\primii probabilitateA ti fdri prezen-ta

unui ad1'erb de tinp viito precis:
Ted,as sur! Jou'd(- toDld) bcrctliDglikc goingl,ontcbI ihc tine you'd (- Irol,
,T " d.fd l: v r l, , edor , l", c . i, r ' , 1 ..\''r: .dl \ 'i l d J dip-o.1 ,l

-rur,d
ab s o l v im a uni{!Nitltii.)
In limb.r ,torbitaL
dsl.i;1. cstc curenti lnloeuirer au\iliarului SIIOUI,D ctt
\{OULD la pers- I sq. Ei pl. Periru a se evita problenele gramatioale cc se
jvesc astiel, -se inrrel,uinleazn in gcncre forma r,ontr l'.J l: I shouli l
q.,/J./ si "Fppciv r.tI x "houtdl^Ltdt i,,I h,i,.1 ^sn -lo.\iJ nun1i.
rinrorbi .",i"r'i.. (.1.,It,t'.)!r! .n,p/, \'rI 'ri .r.r '.r'.1. "^nr'a.p //l
9i e'll ( S 1507 volitiv).
,{vind acerali fomi .tl Si candilionaluLcele do,,i iimpuri riitoaro sc deo S 1506
sebescde e1 nLrmaiprin inteles. Colter.tul ne va arita deci tlaci avem de'a
face ou viitorul sari cu condi!,ionalul,viitorul fald dc irecui fiind corelat cu
u. tt..,tt:i,nr1,t d.."rp d"prndF,i'r,. li!io Jul l.1.i zrrll ,l,.o proporirip
g
""ititi nadt., i;[,!q., /..{piima,j.a,r -,binl"l",s;. \'"t,.,. fr""Fl.,ifdindi
liitntuL pofect fatai dc Ltecutto oontrast c\l undiliannl L petfetl:
I lnde.sfoodrot'dleouLl..onteat orcc. {Viftor)
(Dutr .ir d,' i' r.l"-, .; s, u;i ;n. d J .
,r I 'o',ll rrnsro'r ,,r'.Juu,//ro,r/ or" d .n'.. (. I li nll
D ri , d
p. "1 i
e . o ,i. a , ,p , ,1 .' l' d
'
.\ sc cornpar'ain contrast: S 1506
a) \or @iUha'. re.eindn"yg..ctingsin $!ilc ol th.l,oliday rush (I'rolalilitale--
rlc tir p prccisl(Yijtorpprl'ctl.
I.(r d,h.erlr
rt,rr .,tt t h. , ; li- ' . ' ll; n " s . o r T q , L rra ,,i ' l r r' r' ' ' \. [ .uoi b:l l i l
cu adverb de liml precis) (\iitor p.rlect).
b) I kne|9yot'd.lqohldft6s over Dickie il Iot got r chancelliilorul rali de tfc.ut
cernt de un f.c.ui simllu (ttn.tr). sot fiit\d tol u irecul.l
c) Un t:ondili.onal !rd:.nl corclat cr un saDjon./i(, tr!!nt. ,J.'].pnif, ii
f t lnct i e i l e s it Llat ie s au de i n te n l i a v o rb i i .o ru l u i :
// the letl.rs 49, a lake ihey ./ cdtainly not Deadd.ess.di.oyou by nan'e.
"vourIret
r,,,',,' m iinfi { { io !r z i i s l .i ll i i .ra rl .
MOTI!O'OGIA _ !'ERBUL
r9r
s"o' u,.oli"l1'ti,i$"T$i*.ili{'l'Jf"51"K.i;; (i"';13y'"
iJiil$"if"}i""'i
Yiitorul laF Prezont
'le In L e n i i a.e l ui ddftsdtsau
.lesprec@ese firbel.e
I shail call I $ili call'
ie. she, it shall call he, she, it will call
iney will call
Viitorul fa.t[ ds trecut
iie. shc, il wo!)d call

i,e. shc. it sh.uld call
ihey wonld cau
riitor' o-idee modald3in

Aceasti tormi exprrma le ling6 noliunea de
pl.|l":
- intenr,ic, aainld, holdtir;, pronLisiune' ordut' amenlnlare'
' Iorbe e' SHAI-L est€inlre-
{ taOg o, Cirt,1inten,tir sau hotarirea o ar€ rcl carc
buinldr ld Loate Persoanele:
$c stn r'a'd tomorroit (lnieniie)
lfotu ,lecd nnte )
:îl''":' ir'i"l';:,;i,il'':l il".iil'i' I'" rx,,...- .

'ili,':,, /: :yl'03:,,',1 ""i'li'\it'il'ii.'3i'#'"1 liil'111""'
i\ c , l, ll l a -, i l i m p . d o n I s o rrv l (P t ombune)
F ' a to :
r , d / i ' E a J c o l ' l a l i mp n u _ l '
ttt \ . ' aLl ho n J rl n ) .u tp o rr' { ]-ru r' ' i ' ro '
r l e' r o& dd, i' v ri ro . o / l o l s p trl rn u mP !l
r o r ' j, ll go t , o r a r o n c " l l o td :n i
/ / t s d ! 1. . i a c a s Jrr!' d ra !1 )
dre)
t t p " t ail bP P u a i s h Pidl n ' J ' Sn b :I' r ' l m" n i n
I l' F J d t P P 4&P s ttd a ' i n u 0 5 ' u trI J
l c to' te pol soar' p]" mai cxpri mi
lr or m a de \ ; ; lo r c o n ' (ru i ' 5 c u S H A L L
e noLi uni " \i sti nd un.cl eman'
AL, : oli" , p, *; ; un ' ^ rr' i e rc l n to a l e a ' c '
exp.lplesint Lipi'epenlru
i"ii""iiJ J.'f,"'i,.r*. on'irg't"ic rprimel"tloua
"i
etc ):
oii'"-t""i oii"l"l", initrucliuni, obligalii lornale
r om '
ADDli""nl. 5l'll r ' 11 r " J
- . { O r lij4i"' u | , .
lCa _n did alii,.eDt i' ' n ' o' "Pr c k :
o:.::Ji'."i":"'l: i" d,.,"
l;1,"1';;ll,':l;,1',,,,:.: "i.,1".1ii;;
1"'
),1.,'li';"li"ll."i;,1 r ir;-'
;l-''"liliLl:
i",'l "'''" "
g.' rft'oesr,
$-e'srud -r'u1r ":i;li':;;i'):i;:,!l)
lvom ..uii cu sigurarli (la
fxl r
se
t V ez i ii nof a, l , c a res c re l d a Lto t l r ,,i l l .n l i n c.' hi crre i or| ' ste' : I * i l l tal t rt
993
La persoana 1, deosebirealorm$li rnt.e simptul riit0r hreeulurat)si cel $ _ 1609

etpLr. cici st; in faolul cd. in .crul de tr1d,rto.l estcroloral modal,a;r"n-
tuat sau nul, pe clnd la simplul viitor nu este nici accentuat:
| r on" oo\ . qim llu v ' i , '
..htlt ljt .
t r n, v r nl, u m.l
I., t , uI lot t . o, i. Hot J 1 r
,l ..tu r . " . 1, 1. , ,I.,,.r . . vr'.,
Viitorul constmit eu SIIALL intrcbuirrtat la toate persoanelese E.is€ste S 1510
ai jn_propo/irI.p "'ru^,lorrrF duo., r-"1 pl" ,au con.rru,ljite .ipcirir" '
hotdrirc.inltn1tc,e,ti li, un anlhI ".1"
It hdsbun de.idedthrt Tetstars,sha te usedIo. flie transmission of TV pro-
gra'nmesac.ossthe Allantic.
Y,ur wil ir.rr"z,i,pd ttst y,u .l,tt t,,.. a rtlns h.tidrv tr', fFar.
/o,-.,., 0r!1dI L"pn.x,ponr",,r r.;^,:w \\,,\; rru.i: rdl/ ,,.pr,,
,h. .jf"l,i,,*
,, Cind intenlia dt,arlinepersoanpi edroiate adresezisau ilesDrecarc sc S 1b11
vorbc\fe.auriliarul ,1,r, b,rin:at \\ ILL la to0te pprboanptp ({ 1507):
^"t.
Y u s.'yJ U ;//sp-,k,o l,.r,n.ri -ol,v,r\r':ns rHotArirp
'sou'., .l /.o,a., \o"b,..i. nc,,..rJ..tori:iml'r"(.au oi.i,-"artrdrrta.l
I nnor
"
\v',t,pr j, ". J n p
d .linsloL h. t pr . ", t r t $n . l|p f r ritrh"to mp. r\.oidra
r\ rI i. lrp l ,lJ.: p od l. . , i l, ar r pa! J mj J-,rtr.l
I know ll,p) .'.'/ nLL r hpr r iLk s har o\ Fr t ho d i f f i . - t [ F s . t t . r s j . t f , n t l l
'irr.Lp - nl, . a. i : ndF. ' , r i
(5 , u ,1 vo" p .,"","!a - ar , ' na or r J t d . ^ d i d r I i g r u i d i i r p )
E r c e p !i e
I,p,urr,t p.tptd p . t e o n 4 / . e \ f rin b in - S t s t z
] " , P, i l 9p e r su "n ,1.|rin insust
r Pn r rH . norir flrFr. o. t L. o r or p r or b. l| :
I sill tell him $tai I thirk. (Inl.n1ie) {-\cccrr treuiru)
(-\ intenlia se,i stln ce siideso.)
r ..ra, I go .rrL no \. 1o |. " inoi"t inS: ( Ho' ) "t , c
1 \ u vrrau sl ie s a , u D, d' c . a|a s r . ir ur t J
1\ Jll1 r,.o u Lr ol d . - , on J , s . r r , La, L, lPr I nt : J n " l
II\i loB ndt:n i ., \o . J d | . r i. - I d, , id . r r F \ om , n b l o i a r ( A r r 4 n ' n , u b u ,
Notd
La persoanaa 2-a $i a 3 a. deosebireaformali intre simlrlul riitor necolorai S 1b1t
si viitorul coloral modal erpus ]a acesr capitot std in faitul ci, tn cazul ale "
fatn. \\rILT, este acceniuab,pe cind la si;plul liitor nu este:
Yr!'llr'rtu, se. 1,e.. (Snrllu riilor)
L rr !e r v e0ea. )
IIe /l /,t?t under s t and.l S i d l l u ri i to ..l
a |d irtelegc.)
Yo n sa y y o' r , , / l s p. d L 1 H ,,t.l ri re l
lSu u i ri i r s r i j" r l- ir it s - Ll o rb p .l r' .)
I 4 o n l , k' uL( ihpt h. r I n ,,. t u r s o to th p l i r st ni sl ,l , r\' !i n| 11
r\. ri u dac r r 1 lr o" r " .ru n . ,/,d -o r'.,' i ." " ' r p r,mi .rJ.j
"i
. . oJ ti ., \ i ln , , , r , i\ e t F r , r onr r r r 'd : , o r 1 . r r a , n i u a , l fetl
jl. ',.1..,
I.,1 , , 1f p . , f r . ! his r t r r . . ir nr uar d . t " , , . , , a " . a o . d u " r ; " " , .
2 : . i : ,:;" ", '
'ftlsr4's: saielili (le ooniunicalic xliliz{ti in traDsrisiu.ile tetefonice si telev;alc
tla$atlani,ice.
,\"u lr',,. ,. ..4 t n|u. ) , io Lt o n oa. t u1"i dr p J" "in".,,ti .ri,,.7i. a.r
. i mrf l rmns, rl' "rt,,'t ! r ' n anar h: . n . i, L, uet r z t i I ' o r . o n t o 'm i " r n J p o u p r r t 1 , , , .
' r n r q p . p5l ul,l,/.,tr.'lF q 'rJ l.
, r l1 Lnr l. "r , J , / . nq. . ur it o r n t ! i e , t u a t .
2S4
tl l ; ; t 4 tr" tsl -ttrm.t-da

q lS f f
' r ul
ro l ;t;J Id l i ' ]t 84 tr
' u i i ro .' e\ pu. r r nai s u s . .' r d " o .a b i ' r1 ;i r.nr Ir l t' :u' {i l l OI' LD .
' u v i l i rrpl
WO U I , D ) :
IIe said it slarl,? be as rve would (P,onrisiuDc)
(Ne ldsdlut ca va fi air cun von !oi.) (Accexr:n.utNl
, \ nn L, r m e ' .^ tl .i g s h a -l d \i n i .l ' ' r n h p ' .u.r' -. rH ol i r:rp, ,
(A nam . r . pt A-; o l rr' \,a n i m' -l n o | D i q " l l t rJd r' p' I
T hev s ad r l' " i J o 4 d rl ' mb ro l ' rrrn r. (Il " /l ' i r' )
(A u' s p, , " 1 ; d ' /,.d r;/i s 1 n u I d i c o rl i a L ' u.' i
I krle{ rou odzl.l hare lour oM way. {r'e.sisienlil)
($tiad ci tet !,.rtrid sn laci ce v..i-i
(P enl. u c om pl e l a re a a c e s to r i n d i c a l i i g cneri l e, 1' czi qi 51517)
S 1b16
--- Trotluceret in limba ro end. - Ace*te formi dc viilor colotat' modal,
' neeristinrl in limbtr romani, este tradusit cu rirlorztl. la csre se adauga adeBea
cuvinte ce redar.r ideea adifionaln. (Vezi traduce le la e\emplele de mai sus )
€ 15fG Nurnflc .le raliti'J (Voliti()e Future). dat acestui timp penlruJaptul
' 'iilof
sugereaze, ln maj l]rar. s.|L nrai rni.r-r rnnsur:r' o nrrrllest'rre
c{ toaie lormolc
a voiniei celui carc:'orbeite. cnrria i se rorbefle .\rr desp|c calr se aorbelte,
este aplicat in gerere numai urmitoarclol] innn'":
I wiu call trc till call
ron sliall call von sfall oirll
iie. she, ii slall call they shall cdl
A oc as t i int er l re i a re c s tc i n c o rn t' l p tJ . p c n trtr ' ; I u ti n" scdmd deJormcl e
n e a c c eir t uat c .s s u' n :,i mu l i o ri n d i p u !,i n a l : .et l uate. consi fui tc cu S H ' \LL
l a p . r - oano I . i \ \ l L L l a p -r.n e rd L. ' i rp ' u ' l q' r rnl ' rF r3{r
"2 oii ' rJ-' " 1,/ P ' ru' t' \u-" l " dc
l sl u t t oln' ' " . : , " . r' ' ri tp i ' r," J a :i a u ri l i ,r,i
ti i ta r t uI it it ' t r ebt l\ e d e c i c x ti n s p " n tru d ,,4 ,ri i i ,l e. i rr rno,l ul -crpus" nnt ' us. S t
ir",""t" .*;", ;i este intrebuinlarx.Licl'rr lu,rdrer de rt'JJ 1et $ 1i0?)'
S t517 8) i[odalitnli de oxprimare:l viitorului:
d) (i.leeadc viil,orpur nu cnntim niri o inlli';!h rtod'slA\: riitar fald
ae piizt:"t tlrpdnat' prii viitorul xntplu lsinvti 1:tti r') ti riitarul letfect
(Futue Perfd):
I rna .dll \'otr whcD lic comes.
lTe eoi ch.nu cnni va reni.)
Hc q,tll lat? ndd his balh }r the tinc lou gct ur.
l1!' fi fAa,lea /ac€ baia pln{ c. tf vei scula)r
'd
S 1518 tirlrl tuld de lrecutc\DriltraL prin aiitorul f.Ltd de tftcut (Fature in the Past)
,i ,;i t; r ; 1 p. t l. . ! t o td d " tD .;! tF n tu t Pc4q tl , P a.* t):
'n
IIe iold nrc iir teould Lret\erc.
(ui-a slns c;"1ra ft tuolo.)
I kner' I sbtld liee gone ortL lclore they camc-
{ltiam ci ,,t /l tl..d,in orat hainie dc veni.ca lor.)
$ 1619 b) /t,iitor i.teea de hotbite. promkianc e!,;) exprimat prin tiiloral
" ( S 1 5 0 7 -1 5 1 3 ) (c o lorat modal ):
r'o l i tii ( t ' olit it . F i tfe )
laln l.c r rc:r/n:
I ',r | "" lo lr " m nl. h ) Pt . il i' "' r ' l "ddl.
\u f" ,.r d ,/ , t t d a' um li m 4' i s lp i n . ; d d L 'r n e l
You slzll ' F -rou ,;ll. (Stil lo.mal)
/dt" \vhat 'voi,
( t'.i ao.a L.r cc vei !i-o iag{duiesc )
I liitrtut pahct dla |tibtr romannesfe,ca ti in lidba engle'i, rtrmar un tlml grdna-
,t.{, ii !sLr ad$ca nrlocu't c\ tiitorul. si}n|ltt.
295
fald d.etrecut.: $ 1620

I sa id I l, ' r l' r "Tr ' 1 { nlj ir ( r s s l i l l d - l ! ,
"oL lr, 1 s o
l\m spu r (d x r , t pou i4, 6 s a r lt r I r m , c ir e s t e d e v r c m c . l
j
lromt d 'y "hotLJ hoep ihat thpr |aut.t.
{Le'am lngnduii ol eal aka re @. @i,)
c) (tiitolul cert sar lrogramat) exprimat prin prezentd simplui s 1621
' I hp- , / " / * lor td 1 1 n " \L T o d .
t f Lo. o x l: , t l x n d \ri t.{ -
On Mondal. I go to Itxcterl add t?r., my wire back.
(Luni nir duc l.r Djcter s{-ni ddrc sdlia acasa.)
utilitdt tn sp(iciaL Ia dtte. orarc etc.,
Tomo.rorv ir l.hc .igliih ol March.
(ulirc cstc 8 Dartic.J
The uptrair .on.s nr ai livc.
lTrenul de Londra soseiie la cinci.)
What lime do.r U,c down-train leaye?
(La oe orl tlcuci trrnul care vine de la Londra?)
Intrebninlat in no.l cLr.nt in subordanatele temporale s.u candilionalc
2752):
1s2717,
You won t be readv ieforc we t dre.
(N-ai sl lii sala lniinle de Dlecareanoastrll.)
ilrlal shall I do iI ar4 6t bach bv dinnei time?
(Ce sd fac ilace ntr -rou
ic Intorci pi 1la cine?)
d) (viitor ctllocaidl - al)liune ptuieclatd) exprimat pdn prczcntul sau S 1522
viitorul continun:
we d/e dtztrg ont tonight.
frllncdn b oras astil sfa.e.l
\lhai d/c yo! drins o,r Slniiay?
lCe Inclti dndiDioi?l
I shdll Le coine to the scasidcon Friday-
el.c llneri h nafr.l
Y.u ,e !.ci,g liur
'rrll re.i fiit\c.)
(Ai sd-t
prezultoL continu ref€rindu-lc si la Drez€nt. un adverb de timD viitor
este necesarin acest caz sprc a se deosebiviitorul de prezent:
Tha r'.. rhp e.r l \ , r ot , laal; , 1 f or . lPr F/ "n l
-
{litd ld lr !i f dc { ( an! jl)
l n tao h,,; p . ) r . d r o qg l. , r np\ r Tu". d d y s . | | t \ i i t o r r
(L '. tl .. pl- . "r e s l le""l v ; d d. r ar li
r nt r o s J p r i m r n " . )
Fald d,e|r':t:Dt,viitorul acesta este c{primai prin trecutul continuu sru q 1523
prin ,r'iilorul fale de trecut continuu:
Hc saidl,c aas.?aalrn€lis holidayin the corntry.
(q .J,.s ii i i , J , , r , . , \ d. anJ la t dd. )
Tlr\ \rurp ' r . ic Bai' g r olh; m ouj' t J ins lo r t l . $ ? . k " n d .
- !
(.\u 'ri. ,t ., J ' " n nt unl" s d. r i p. bpa. i b l r ) i t . l d s J n r d m l D aI
I $ . ..1. . . a bp t . . . , i, 8lor \ - nic e on I l , n u - , .
"1 ,J
l-{ln stus cii rl..nr luli I-a Venetia.)
H. pro mis, i - . . o. / . / r . , rtorso.,Colo,ar moddl
t\ llga d.:l ,.1 J ir d d np \ a' ll p F s r p \ r o j l p l a n : n d . )
ID genele. prezcntul (respectiv irecutul) eontinuu si viiturul uuntinuu ar : 159,1
a,cln.r.s",r aproapra,
'ra,"i.inlel".. ln n.la birupriie\i"t; in., o,Jeo."hirp,l-
sens subtild inlre aresLedoui formc:
1Bar,- tr.r! ln SdrcFcl., Anglin. rpnumji pcntiu restigiile romaneSi pentn apclc
sale
t' Devon,,\nsrja: fl.trd caled.ah dafind din sec.x] ri utriverstai|
t",,l"it1"if./195f..,i
?96
Pr.:.nlnl (rcsDecliv :'ecutul) cantinuu erprinri o d'lix"d holiiritd nai

dlnaizre, tn ic Iii.torul cantiiu rr tr':spec\i! iiil.'til [d&J' 1t' tl1cunin n)
"rerire cd indepli irca ncliu';ii exprinr'rF
oon!,inennplicalia \erlr nrc rnrnlite
't'
consecLnle:
we arc .li,,i,tP l{olhcr tomoh$.
(L uim a ia";ra 'iih 14 m dm r ' r Pr ' er _r r r ' n_dr l
wt \h rtL tJ" o:' t , e \ . r ' 1, llolhd' r . olo. , ( r m p {" r " o r 'r "
r i' is l t r u r rr rirgLi ! a ! *r g t 'l a r l l
il,ulm n riine o air t a niam a ( - { i4 ir . s r " I
\ve are haein! a reheaBal at nlrc lodav.
{A,i avc'n rderitie la ol:r 9 ) {l'rosran i\ofirili
we sholl be haeint a reher.sal in a mirlle
rii"i'i-i'"p'"Llfi" r,i:'t" iii"i:i mi"L". (Deci.pres.trcrt"lel)l llnanicalii modale)
:lmus b"o.-^tona -1 4r..-p.. , oo.: l 'r'li noJdl
ll:Pectr.ind ]}L ai 9aif unai: ) L] |ll|. ] ' f PiUn. la||' \ r t . ' ' l |
e. t lni..n '"in ]''1"'|p'j|-'liF' ' ' |' ' ' ' ' ' ' r ' ii"' : a
;,mnin l ltor n pJrle ' plu: r ' ul; l trn l" n "u 3
" nrrt'istill
ahase'al.enl'a cii el ntr conside.I nicid.ctr'n chcslimft
1t t ; 4 t " t a " r a 'e
{f5
o '2" -5" ") (t;;\,t,n
-'oi"oi'"'o d; , ' 1 - ". ) "f ; t nt \ t ; lt ' I " l t u . \ ''^ t i | : l o t
r 't " t a ; 'r r ''f u i t ,e
o. , o ,' , , d; n .
"
! ' t , ' a' i" pt
't 't r - i ''
goirq,-urniail de infiniiivu] \.erbLtluide coniuglL!:
S.hele,r -f: qo: ' 3t a t \ " o' n- lr ir I - v- r ' n u l i l
\r eh En s4 ltlnr a '
,1t : rl , "' "r ' r r | L 1
ioq 'o4 E,: r ' s "ir i ' ' 'o J '.
. d_P l' bir ' lr o' ' ili r r " r'
tq n-J"in a
You,'erd soi,A tr sat sorncthins. (I.ltrti') (Coloril rrodrl r
(f.i@i sd s?ui Nc\r ')
She sa. gtirs /o n@e lier onn wrl (Hotirircl (C'l! dodrl i
lEn l@&titij tti n" faii dccit ce roir.l
:f D,at.li nt"" l
dt r 'r l r " 'o l o r ' r " o J i l
(Nu rfd L r 1 ,l8ul"ht s ' rr,',td'
Pt ,d,, blt
r el, 1' /
' In
Iiolidi,i.s a'.e g'rg ro /]. llPasatrn'r ftr' h'rr l'ldoriit noddl){Sitdalie
-\t hontP.
' -(\ cd"\''I'''' n' |
/ 'I
t\ olu
YiitorL tl /, t. loins t a n' r s P LDir l' r r inlPa z i r t t r 'I " r r i J n n e i f r o l 'n z i f i i
c i es te ' i n l c i c u i tc u rr:i rn ru l\n n tt' t l l i ' ttntLI ' ' ri l d-nn(ce Y rrbul
"o
r.,rra.r'
lrnr
i" 'ir
iar .",.. || r , i .i ru l !i " . rl - i r ' ;n ' p i r-l i i \ i i rndr '
"J
1l she doesi1]ui I saX,sllc ll ri{n/' me I{). it.
6lt 2S lt llit l r ro t,,)r' i l ' 1 r s ta b ;t" a n t ti ' t ' n' l rtt noI u
' j Lrr' nrl
' B E u r' ,," 1 fl p i r,r; i rr\' rr p l ' r-tl " d ' ^nl uE ' dr rtra-
o u ri iiar , , lui' 'or ' '
a "' p" i' i . i*t r ; " " . , , e v o rb a ' ..u rrrrta z .r b .l .-, r €!ri ' Jr i na .tL" l S .r" c d+
o se b ir c { le r iit or Lr l v o l i ti v , a c o a s tn ft]tr,,i rrrt; ur vrLt,' r rt:l ,rrri 4c:i l cn)eva
;;.;;;" p"".";",' care rlorbestc, s:lu dc aceasla in lnlelcssre cu alicineva'-
His noll,.r t"- ro ,,om.tonorro\'
{lr ro.l,a .{ nrma lui sd tt'd nlnac i
Tcaolicrsiid re (.'e ,o Degtrrt oncc
(]'.onso,rl I slrrs cA t€rii. sd,t"!"r i edrat l
1'he lloNr "l,ightning" (as r, r/arr lirst
(Calul ..l rlger: €rd ?r,s.dnal si l.fre.sci lrimtrl )
,'.,r'-
297
I aas ta tutat thc ne\fcome.s.

turma (c.a sarrin{ mca) st ,6/^Liesc pe Doii veniti.l
T h.t \ 4rp \'r) h r,t..\ , . ' , $h 1, . ,L"t t - , r as . oon r , d F r n l r F - D h o n t e l \ $ d r 1 . r
{ \u io" l i -ia ri o .r., . J ar , ' r ", J . l { . , d, j aodla I n , , , r / D o , d l ; : r d j r . : : j
g.) ( Vittar in.tliar) to be ahont+ inliniriv complet:

5 1527
He ii a,,rr ,o la,(e n)r S{iorlrnd.
(Esti ric lunctul ne a !l.ra h Scoiia.)
\o u .e .e aLout/ o s , u s ' ,mrt,rrs
l l l r0 ; p . pur , . ' I l . ; .t| r . \., . l o ,mb i \!i d r D J 5 p i ,p\d,
V;i to ru l un. dior , $t . . \fri mc r i n .ri l ,,l , n o .ri AI pri n torma to Lp poi np +
i n linil i !u l .om plc r . ii \ r " n " .F t,tn a to b r,rb o r; i i nti ni ti vul -com" D l et
€ste tntrebuin,tafi mii mult tn solis, in slilul formal si se reIerA la un viitor
j i m a i a p ro piat ( - pe pun c tu l d e a ). (C f. s i S1 5 2 5 )
9) Viitorul in lntrebdri. - s r52e
al SH]\LL la pcrsoana I qi a 2-a si $lLL ta persoanaa 3-a exn md s 1529
uDeori ti dorinla vorbitorului de a afla ce gindesie interlocutorut (Viitof
^tnallI tind ]j.r in ji I so !ow?

Mall Iou bc jn time il r6u hurry?
fr, i1 rain do rou tnlnk:
,, tn lntrebiri sc lntrebuinleaznde obiceiauxiliarulpe carejl arcteptim S lSeO
-h respuns:
' -tr,oll I so L!m" io$ _Yps v or . r . / / .
ioip., l t \ i i t o f v o t i t i \
"Lpr r, j,op Dou ../-11 \, : . - \ n, uF. / , a" t ,dau
{ , . 1: colorlrl
r \ , r or Lolo , a r
"-S l,//.Lou bp ibl l,, lq . r pt om or r oLL, \ Fs . l"nou t\ jjror colorarl
"I4; / l rou sF"dl, iL. nn$. j , , ll { . . \ ' r ", , u- r t v iit d r \ o j j r ; v
'o - .,norxtl
' J-,{ dIi6r' pJ n , nFfn"(dr , 5s ? I o. s , . . . } dr / o, . ' ( , , \ r - i d a r v o i " . - , r \ I 'u r r o r 'i v
_ 'Iltil she tut oD lrcf ne\r dress?" "\o, she por'i.,, l,,Nr vrea ca..J (\ jiror rotitiv-
"S ft,il.,. rom""_ ,\, i.i linA. J . < he s / d/ / . . t v r i, or lnt i t ; v _ c o J o r a t _ .

"lt:i4!h" .or "' /1 'd ro s FnJ . , . nhp, , ", , / . r ' t \ ' or vo t : t i v _
,.otonl)
_ . . Actu Fl m c nt . in\ a " F t i l l ,l p . m.i a l c c tn l i mb a ro rbi tn, si s€ cl i t€ acesre { t63l

dr F lr n , r i n inlr abi' r i " i s ' In rrc h u i r.t' ,a . r,.b .l . a LJi l i i ' , trr; di s.ri mi nar€ '
( e u p r"h ri n -a p" n r r \ \ ll.l , i n s ..,i " l i n .,g l p /r a m p' i .d,,.,. .0rc sp bu,urd
d e o, n crp i nll, r aniS i' ,
^. ' r a r1 ri l , u r.J p q p \,' b p :' 4 s .,us, tn\ori ti mba,,,gh26:
"WiUhIoU !ar be n' Nl,fD I .all i0morrow-?'.-"\ps,I tr;1tirhd\."
(Vcz' ti S I r3i)
.l SH \ Ll. i, , r , LUi !. | 1 a to g 1b32
.
r n t en !r3 t, r. ner pr , ; r " r 1 i r " .1 , d ,l '' F' c 1 ," * " 6 n p 1 , s ptr.grp fpntru a se a a
,..l i l n tr-b 3 rra :
,tftoll Lool se.ts lor ionislil.:
(SI.uNlrri. nihie lentN :6|:iscaril?)
Sltolt ltit! .am. io iho mccti|g?
( S liv ini ] a, l c d i n l i ? s rr l a i a n s i v i n d l a i ed' nF?)
,l/'?l?ror ,, in tonorro$?
(Ai se'iii nriile ac.sI?l
,Sftalishe /atl ine table for li!.?
. (sa luna riasa pent cinci !côane?)
Mall \e ,'2..n nn lor rou?
(Se-9ispilir, '
'r;ele?)
rVe zi
!ag. 418,5 1014 ,n o l a B.
2SE
oficiuli lin SUA
De lapt, tn uneteliri in oarclimba €Irglezt'(rc-lirnlr0p.rP
s 1633
"'"" t"l;J,i si commn'rw"allL brirrn,,r. sH\IL ln cdr' dp a
"i -cruolul ru \\ lLl srrr i r qr"nnim'
..4"o 1n dqsi,"ruainefijn,l inlo.uir 'i:
t'r
Po&ldvon /ild me l.oioot seats tonigl't?
{-.tna, I bookseats.l')
Do dou . \ a lolaylneldll i ,r frr"
r lt ; ll \ in l ' J^" th
t c td b l e ? )
{Yczi ti ! t8t6 !9ilJ}
p rs /s e ftp l c ' 1 rru rr" x/// ur?//P l i rl crosd'
q
r " I 5i! 4 t l) lv lLLt d ' u S H {LLdr' p" re:
l :(,..t r din e" r r c " m" i rru l l i n rrrb u i n ' " 1 ! Iri " " rrd "
lr , / l I dol I
frl,ir-t"i, ,ttr, tt" to fte opera?""lYi[ I conrt \iil\ ]ou? will l? ol cou*e
""."ca o relctare a lnt€biirii l$e )
Flll." (ercla;naii\'.
la irce.put ca accelta-
Acestea sint dou[ din putin€]e cazuri consideraie
acestcr lorme s-r exLrns
bile in eramatica tradirrionih. Cu tirnpul insd uzarta ensreza
cu
r' tii"l':"i colocvialactuil, nai ales.princoniirln)ltare
i"".J'i"tf
cst'i preleratnconstruclieishallI i tvt:
".i'".i"".,r '"a" W lr v Plll I liar c io s t ll' la l '?
\Ihin @tll @e move i3?
Where @tli I take Your siuli to?
\ V, d, , i{ / . , r , y il ir l
l. lr ill u, " \ . . hn, N , 4 m . . .
dcprirnant
Aileseori,a0easLiconstruct'iewill l / rt cxl)rimi un scnt'im€nt
llc neajulorarei
ll so.what rtl' 1 do?
How /r reach\i'i in tincT
What"il'
train Pt'r a! lake?r
t LL.\\'IT'L
Ilaci 1rr unele cazud inlocuirPldurili'rulni SHAIJ' T i1'tl
consecinleserrrantireminnrc sc po;t' rrt r''tr; l'r 'rrrrrLuu
Pentru ln1,eles.
-e,iii-;"i;a ca 1n:
Sna zo! be iD tolrorro\t?
II,i &z b. in tonor.o\r?
sau ln:
,Sldil ?o, see hcr at 5?
lYill io& see her ai. 5?
jnrl.,rl'rntc ca tn:
acerslii schinbare crceftzi insi adcsca anlbieuilrili
s,,1/ r"pv.on" ro rridmdbrins ' \.';.','.,',1"i'i;
Ifill thPll ra$e to I I meeong' 'rtj ",t ," , "',,
sau neccsiti lunginli ln exprimar6. pertru cl'rriiioarrll intrelcsului-

fvezi $ t0r9, t1l5 'retnplele)
inlelesul dc 1'or":
S 1535 .J WlLi, la persoanaa 2-a sau a 3-ft (intero-crltir) are "r
"Itjill rcu trke a tram?""No, I trke a btr:'"
lrNo!sllc 'tll 4ro4'r'i'
"iriii itre spmtrto me?r'
pur ( S 149a)
! 1636 La persoara a 3-a WILT, poate cxprima !i u siuplu viitor
vczi 2099'2115'20E8' 2074'
li Vr,t i t t aa"it" l"mitate m potitel':, $
r vczi ,i unele exemlle prccedentc.
399
II. SUBJONCTIVUL s 163

{THX SUBJUNCTIVE)
suBJolfcrn' sau II{DICATTY rREcur! $ 1538

Existl o atitudine conl,emporani destul de rxspindiG, care evite proble-
mele modului subjorctir iie ignorinduJe, fie ncgind tnsdli exisien.ta subjonc-
tivuhri tn actualitate.
I-n mod Jrr.na i.l in.,. J" o rli' dc mar. irnnnrtanla..arp.\primd
ireotitdl"r. ln .ontra:t , r t ntit.t,,t' 'ndotj de modrT ir.1icali',- cele dolri
aqpc.l" f'rndam.rldr. dl, , \i.i.1!,i urndn. - psla cu nFpulinli sc dispard.
mii ,u,".'t,.,.npt4.din,.,, 1rco,uparilein roarodomcniiie,tijnd 6xarp
pe descoperirearrecunnstutrrlui. a raportului realttut.lircalitate, a.r \evole
de in-qtrumcntc .Lo c-\pfiirla'. adcovate.
Este crrl cn wdriLrl subjonc'"i{, a,(t:rzivetust adic; forna BE la toate
lirnpuril, 9i l" "." ,r" l-. :i li1,-. suli' rlur ; J.,per"s6nxa J-b .g.. .a iodicaror
ruhjnr,,ri\,1 . a ,,,prr tir',r L,r,r.rIn nnu- r n nrpmsii lirp rrrditional. si
tn limb:rjul lormal, livrfsc. stinl,tiinr,juddic, gazetiirescetc., unde necesitatea
preciziei fi clariiilii datc do subjonctiy esl.eesenijali. Subjonctivul trsi nu
a dispnruL ca /riodgrarnnrical.El si-a schirnbat,numai veqmtntul cu altul mai
timl'li.t ,i n,ii l"rnili"^, .',liprD.l r .- noilor ,pflnt. da qimplili.rrp.un,, pute
qi dituzatn6" 4," p,a, in tt :4 ' .i,l t\as. ,t1d;o. A , apa ar i,l. pri', , rl
lingti li . u'r I.r . t'| -,i)1t l,r prol,riuluisiu fp,r, \i rn-.r!4 .r r^n.r
'i
t';Ltrtti .nu r'tl .t, nut, 'ir purrlnr
".,.,'r0ii'"-,'nforn.om.pold'rri-i
SingurJ"rFlii. , to r i-rLut ro Blr. il .srui subjon.tiv nraipn . a toll,. I
cu auxilicnrl r'rF. Frlin l.' toatp persoanelp. pcntru simplifinrre.
Ac€stcforme nu mai slnt astizi substitute pentru subjonctiv, ci ru del'eniL
tntru totul stbjonctivul modern colocvial al liuturor verb€lor, inclusiv al auri-
liarelor modale.
Numai aceastx concellie poate rezolva toat€ complica,tiile te se iv€sc
continru in interpretnrile invariabil necoDclr.rdonte ale u or cob^truclii suh
jonctiraLe c?ra, figdduite ca aI'JJq d.pd.renlatrecutului simplu, ddl na.ei
inlel"*ut at stu;d. sinrd:.n,. \.rl'e'. ^x, a)
You ll3il rcrer go noN. aasrt e hc Fent to lcd.
t |tod/alnel.eiun jn a diy or tNo. I roxld sooze.you c&me$ith me,elc. (Vezi
51548)
conBiderateoa lorne ale indicatir'ului, ar trebui si cr.prime r.alitalca unor
ac.tiuni xra&|r. intcrprrLifi care nu rezisLdla o analizi gramaticah serioasi.
deoareceele se referl ]a ptt.ott san r;llr,.. ,{cel€a;i patternuri sint pe ect
consecventeti glllmalicri forccte daci sinl ini,eryretaie ca expresii subjonc
r;!alp.p r"Jr,r /,pdrrl. (\--l; j l5-,4J
De{id!n', - Sprc d.oscbirc dc indicatil'. care exprimi o acliune sau o S 1639
sLarer,!al.i, subjonclilu] crf ni o acriunc sau o stare ;r.edl.i,realizabili sau
nu, carenu existaidecil ir eindul trlui rc vorbest€:
.t, ", , 0. ...r,
' "r . t 1J . I nli"J . \ )
\ r,,. : , ' i. l 1. r ",
'i ' 1.
I $ish llic n,.r, r,c€. lsubjonctiv)
f-1,s dori sii lic aici ida. nu este.)l
0uardire'r'rrezenndsurrjon'r'ilur'
iar cu'silere
comlr€-
"*t -'rcnre
800
A. TDIPURT
$ 1540
ii#l;
Xliilll."ii
i:.1::lH#,ii"ll:1;;li,'li",iiiii
J"ni"'"f
,"'5f ::i,1;
L[Ur
r0Rll]I l-llcl{x a suBJo_-{o'r'll
s 1541
s 1542
,".,l.i,xlili*.I"ii"i'"]":ili.' T"x::xil,Hll"i,""'
"":'*:::i"""11#
,""""{ l,!i"',i",".l,"i1l,liiiii,'
il'!i"'
,"'," { l}i"lil""'";l"if}J'i1.""'
ObserrtLlia
* *"T;;:]#"1:;,';,::i':
Ficindr-seabstraclie :::l$fj""1'"':."""i:i'l
mod ( 'onfundnfornat tu ltrut
"-',iili"
i
" - 'i "g"r ''i "a e
- '
l' s'rbionc'i'n r dr" '"r'l'rn -' i'
s'r*' l;W ;:**i l*l;tllliilltf;l.t,i fi::if
:#I'll,'"',.1i
san rtLtor:
tinp, lrr,tl.l. Prczcnt
l:,i";;1"jl:i:)-iil'fXt:
l,,,i,,ii," I " ;; ".lli';l ",".'","'
r":"1:ll:
"',' ","-1,;:,L);,1 ",",i1. (:, on.,,,,,,\dr,b,l
;".": i l-;,",,,,.
,l': l t ,:l':'; ',;;"';:"f
i'";;"':" \" \"or 'ic':'d-
''
''"'" rr.'li'ltiiJl"'l?' iir l,rre sr!riiminaaiitoa'eractrrsaLnor"tieror')
€ 1544 3) - F',l.''1
Inrere". "
)::l:"i i"I ';iH*lrf i'l"+lil"l
" rri ,r' o . , lr " d" l u .ru n p '
,i * ,r p, ' , o' o n 4 i !; ' ^ :n ' l n to ti
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v \ f ol ' rt' .:,: ; s4-
t
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o rA in, o llr ur P . o d a rtn l a :
t;ru*k*"t;
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;ip"ffi': l::lfl![)-"',,"'.
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atil de elicicnt )
r"* oucondiliona
l,*"lit"ll"'::"tl"i".Tl"'*q.'f"';,T.fl$'i::,i!{li'i;
rr" I r- pa-rn In r'rtn'r a'lirrImrn
1. l
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'.'""i,'li
ftr';l ' -"'"

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ii.:;",;lt:
"l:i:i';, l;;':; li\Llili";li"l';:;;:i;; ,. . .
\i. .*1,,,,.,*; /,,,*".,iI":;;i:,r;,:',lJ;;,,':,;Xi:l,l:"
(co!rJu'
t(Noi) am cerut s's',tn'i
"'
armde trrlclearcl
l rl: :i;rI'
li i l il"ff";li'l
i. l';:l:l'.:;;l'illll'"li:':,111"r
"",,,."',
ll,i"{:;:.}"i"'l:li";'1"
;Ti;iii;';i:ii:l::#;i'"fi"
**d$li*r=lt'ti*,*ivi{:ttn#','r'rilli'
SUEJONCTIVUL 3OI
4' lnlrcb inlire. - \'""hF., fur..ld c subior.tivului enaliT a(tp DL,t;n { lb{6
f^lo.ir" in liml' pnsl' 1s mod,rn... Ejra IrF.rrnrd in.r :n S arele Uniie it" -
\ merieii. '
)t:.st subjonctit se tnenlin. astaiziiD englezabriranici in urmdroarele si-
.
a) i stilal oficial si in ge*re in limba lormala rrnrd (frazeotoei€iuridiod. { 1646
limbrj ziaristi ;i narlan'ont pro"Fs^li\-rbitF .h.edi,.l"lor, in Stiinla si -
'-hnr.i el..l. prerurirJ-ni undr'r. ,:i.
n.-asar u tin I.Jj Ior.1atpreii". .1"i,
{dre ambiguiLdti:
T ho judgp dFa d nd s rIal ll' Lr . . , 1pr r " l' "ou" . t n
lJud, . A rnru l.dre .l i,ur ar r . i . p i r oo. s . l
___ If ih$e Dd all w can muster, ii were lctter to teavc thc scutf,tLr.esgatterics emtty.
l"Tl'e Tine6" siil ziarjstic)
l Ddr4arpdA o rir'..o d.Jot t oa1el. t "t - ' - p. , aje, "t , . L- m " d u n a . d r l : mirbi!"sd
lI s l m R {l. riil. de scu l!tur.i g oalt s . l
I rnovethat an apDcalrd madel,oi,hera lcsconcerned.
(l'ro!u sits. /dc; dt.l l{ tirrtilc in caizir.)
b) in loezie ti tn prcza Literard: s 1547
"T'.l rp " $il$ill I l. : L ' o " " l , /d r. rR r" o n )
Tl o u g h sl' c b€ s , , 1! u, q, I \i l l .o n l i d o i n } e i .
c) tn unclect:preiii firc, ca. $ 1548
il need Dr {: daci csle neroie)
, a i i so s . t u s o Ddit l: a s as Afi e l
b€ihal as it n", (: oiicuni ar lil
,, ," i r r' o, n , , ; , . . . r . ,, t," .,:d m i i , ;i J u tJ . J ...)
/ " ,.ro i d $ l\ o. m . J in q o b p r,ru " , l ;" p , \-1 A \i . .' i un" nor.i rot
a s r.r. 1: c . rr r \ l r n J ..' j .a ! .u r a r l r)
catue'L *haL malt (.- rie .reo li, odoc s'ar Intlmpln)
. L )'-- \ t on t bJ i ." n t i r" ,tc L n i u n a ri
r ',D . u i'-r ' t F r r nil hr $ tl l c a rn l r s k rte
{Savini ia a, ci vd lnriLlacl sh latineze.)
s4l,.d it l.osaJ...(Esled; ajunssi spun...J,€ic.
d) in ixLIcniri injtioase, imye1lii, proteste achem.ntesan n|.. S 1b49
Clfse voul ,.d, tlte iellowl
(irire-aibiestematsI lii l) (Firc-ai sd lii de indiri.l l)
ilxpclscs Ddhans€dl '
(Dii le incolo de €helluielil)
'fhat ,e hanq€dfo. a talcl
(Ce niscocire nnst.L,inicil)
5) Troaluccro. - Forma r.echea subjonctivuluise tfaduce ln limba ro- { 1660
| . n a p r i n . onju n .l i '. p r in condilionsl
s0u printr-Lnin , lira lir , u o n u a n t a
d" ,,.reapv mtlplord. ld $ 11 4 4 r.
( \Fzi r r ALl
' "r i . c n l i .
SItsJONCTI\'TIt, MOIIEITN s 1551
SUBJONCTIVUL Pt:tXZ}!NT
(rnDSllNl svtsJtNcTtrtr)
s 1552
l) Fo rn ri. - S uhj^' , ri ru l p r' z n l € r- o s i n g ,r r. r' ,n,d prnrrJ loate S 1553
t. r'uj n p l p . a r i' 1. s i|' r . , la r. .l r (i | , l l u rp l :
, ^ ^^, , j L . t e l : \o ' r. L h ,s tr.:r ..,t' ,1
' " " - ' 1 " " " r.0 , \,,r " ,t" .t. r.y ,,I^ t.
r " *h" J r ! - )o ' r\ r.r.l ,..r.p .i ' $ .r.
- I s e - d re r,o . \," ;trr\ $ r-.
t,n u ,rr estelorma vechca
lcNoanci a t-a singular,astdziarllaici sru poctici.
m9
ObserQd!te
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- "'!!rij''
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sau .".
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r':il i'll'n"i'i'ii'fi"''
N old indioatilui :
Cit"i lq**" corespundereatte-iii' se inr'rebuint'eazi
'i*: ni"t;,1*':l'.;lll'll"*ltfllilTil*-*"1r
Ii,:i:: '
Yill'Jsif iilil,lJfiiiiJi,liT'i:li'"
estetntrebuinlat atlt in stitulformal'
E 1556 i) Subiouct'ivulprcz€nt
^"4*-
i,,*
" ;'1'.;:i,:;";qlr-i::*lr:i,.:,"f1"""'*ffii*x;'"
';;i; iniica,i'u, i,iHiHl;:il.'Ki'
*as;
re"ur
;i:'ii
'"1,'i:\'Jlli$tJ'i
ll:,:':l'tlr,t;'i|"]:lr"i;
'11"::"1:"
i wistr 1'o ' l n t oc dc * r ' ' r n Hir r nr n
tA.s rlori 6l iid r\rAlt r l
Sl' t'r s sl" / a lo' dn r aPi m P
"n
ihlilli:iritl;ir":rr'':1 I":l':":'
ii"lijlr'l;i:;'xi'irJ'Yr
disrinclia dintre inJi'dLi!ul trtr'rL
$o!'
€ 165? Limbajul 'ulr. p"''"'o'"
''""' :*iii:il.:": ll"l'Tii'^
il;n *:*,ii'j:l;ii"i""#;::';'::l;lj
'n"'
l.''l nrr l" podLFrFda:

'--i"ai' "'i""t
"' :,i I::,:";;,1;l;r *'r'
il,'iriill:'
":f:;,i:Ji:;'l:;',',
t:ilgll'
iii:jrr,;ili*lrr,l.j,;::",::,';l "i::"'"
,;;;"i1i'4,11l;.l'i:r:,i':l,"'l'l:$lil[
Obtervdlie
/firfi
:{.'.
itl,:r#"li;*l;;*t lllJ'fl:
".," ":lJl$"ihl'J1"il*i'i
r t I h" $ur c a o , 1 ,d trr) rPr" u P" 1 r-
I t r / le ns s Y o " (i n rrc e l rJ D r)
""'-""'"*
Corect,dar .tr tntelesuridiferile:
il*;:*:r*:"'?tffi[r::i;iitY!*is$"""''
ri.6rto?resqzne
liupoai'e
;i*n?::ft""*# fxffi,i:l'ltl"l'r$r*
a0s
Traduoorc- Subjonfti\ut prczFnt,sF trs,lu.p In lin br rom6nd prin
-.4)
conlun.rrvul prpz.nt sau p'in .ondi{ionstulprarFnr: S t6i8
I wish I pft vou.
(.\t dori s., fd rn rocultatu.)(Conjuncris)
S.!!pore he ddft, /
(tnchilui€ste-li c{ a' dnt.) {Conditional)
r l' pr Df we . ir l g r rIp s .b j .c r' { c o l o c v i a l )
{ t - ^- art i s t ic h i m u m s u o ,.tL . j ,p " o n u n ;" " . n." \,
SUBJONCTI\'LTL PERFTC'|
IINRItrCT SUBJUNCTIVE)
s 155
1.1Formn.- Suljonrtir.ul lpttrd t-r n sin-ur,j [ar,.,,tp"ntru todtp p.r- { tSrj0
'
Jlil'i:"lil;''":lJt,{
l:iTlt;: t;:1,.)i"t:ioji,;i;; ""
-;i;;a;;;';;"i;
t"*n{ j"}Xt
jX'l:f"hlgi,li,."
j1l!jir,ih"}"ilii1iii"""
. * { i"}X13"fl;1i,\ltT#ir;}iiiii,
il}T"}f""'
Subjon.ti\.ulpFrtectexprimdo adlirn?rdu o,tarc contratd 1561
,^-,.3,.1ot"'"" \
Ea poatefi:
rc!iunii rcu s jrii exprimo,"prin r,rb.rt din propozilid
_^.ô)-antptiaMd
J'rrncrnals:
I I" rL rr.. t , " I ad - ot , , . / s ^ .,r.t" " { o h i s d .tr.
A- d o fi
" r , . 4 I / o. r a. i, J e D p c l ,j ,n t.nIn d .o t,n " i r.d
.,1 , :i ,L { l ar a l ost.),
b-) cu un verb ta un timp perfect. din principali:
.simultand.
I l \d h o d 1e- . lll , 1r qur J ,s h o ph." @ " l r h a r. t,4 p .d \o r.
Da ra o t h t , . 1 I n r r " t . . -, re .d r i ,,;,,r,1,1 ,r, ; ti ., L i i i " , ..,,
3j lotrebuintraro. - Subjonulivul De attt ln stilut 5r1562
formal sau literar, cft si in cel ,"-u,;.,""""1"1-!,'j,."''"ebuin!at
4) Trad_uccrc. Subjonctivul perfecl,se rhdu.e trL timbr rumdni cu g
u rj rn . r i r u l p"r f,r ' lb63
ru cor,,tiqiona,u,
p,rr"",:
",r u
I wGh I nad Dd,z th.rp:
(_{r dorj rd lt /os, acolo.) {Corjutrcrivperrcct)
Ii he tdd oru, he s,ould ha!€ como
IJ,acn b ûfi ttiut, ar ri venft.) (Condiiionalpcrfecr)
0 b s e r e a lie
D L l , €4 In p r o p "/i l ia.on,liLionald.
sFIntr.buir: F a zsbu ! . io n . u , t rt
mo r. t lu l
. .r r. Arp rl l l r o pr es ul, un,r.. F t, u i n l l i " a ti ru t tr ru t, i , x,e
ar Ii un nonsens-
B. t) tT RE nurNTA nx $r INT x L D s
.1) lntretrriDlare. Suhjonctir.uteste intrcbuinlab duld urmltoarele S 1664
( ",i"I;.qi'":,
f tl.,;,'f,i
{ht,h;;i,";:,;:I:jiitl .1;l,f;j;,*i;::",11,
ii.' ,|X;lili,'".ili," or or .':rt.,,i;,';o'nr".
1,,9iJ';:",:.:,,:,'\':i:t
" '; "i,,
l;;:,,'ii::'";::i':t l"llJl"l:l ";ri:"''iJ':;, " '"tr".i;: ll:
,:',r:r
6i dupnverbele:
s,ru,se {: a lrBslprncl fi ro /tst (: a dod).
I V ezi pag . 3 14 ,
m4
S 1565 2) I[{elos. - Subjonctivulexprimer:

i tsC C n .l o irnala'rrr o pt"r"tintJ{ d u p ; . a s . i/ a s t h o u g l'ra t lt ' r
"on p a ','i.
l h o n , t hon t l, t han 1 l ' a t l ro p o /rl rrl F c omparrl rvej :
"cYin
\ olnpr r , P dt c , 1 a I I r-P 1 l i | l r d ; l
l) I aaa n, l lr alF 0 z i"l i ri ' u m a r " i o i p l i l i
Ilother used id hert me 4s hoqh I hn'l ben n l:trtle girt
{ltama md tral, ca fi cum a'i ii iost o ietitl.)
W L^ -s h . lrF. ' dppi4, ldn , / oe l; uPdLv him c F r i
rng!f
tlr Doi sF s nlr m r i i. f ; ' il dec i' dad dr lo' ur
i sl'ou ldrq oirJ I: l- l" lr J r a f dr lP ' n' a s o 1 o T p d s
( ,^ ?p F t"_J "a r. r un r olr , r 'tonr
dF"t ur s r m ar S r a r P a l
'
In cd s orrlln '$, r it "o' "' m por t anLlr ' al J o " h o u l 'l b F l o l d l h € t t u l h r a r h " r d ? t /
t' 'haa tla t \or l/'/h o ^ l' l L in is nor an"
" ; ' p""r "n ir i"' PUn' dqir ar]pv$u
rl;,r,r, d; b ";1 ,. '[ ! i s p a s ^ u n d d
"t ""n"i
t 156? bJ o concesie,dupi eren i/, (ercn) thauEh,lncveocr'whaleoer'whichewr'
' phaeaerei,c (in propozi,tiile concesivc):
So D. il I Conte Nllal mag !
r,t.i ia ti"lt (Fiecc'oiil)
m' rd l ' e'
f " - r t ' agh na h 4 ,1' " n z ,,,l J - s o -l d rJ v "
r c hilr , la' " dit l : !' n ;t d .\ | q i r" , !_ d r m r: l i g l .i l _o '
jt ; r m . n . r , . . " n rl " /5 1 rr & p r.s J . D o l rn k i n ' r r.\rhdi
. j .
( [ , lul lur o. a p rrl J . d " \i ." \P ' n J " rd l rp bt d ' l unat' re i
".
E*n if iL qnc ao, this is no eaFvmatier.
rchim dacil ar ii asa.nu cstelu u utor.i
i/ r , " r . u " v Da ., . $ rs n d v p .J I h o m r o d n y o ne.(A fhai c].
( O , ; c inps r li r a i F l d p " i me aa ' a s i n rrro d ctipo nrmenr' '
s 1568 c) o conditie ireal&, realizabili sau nu (ln propoziliile condilionale):

ll v our m ol, l"r d & // " o n p .5 rrr$ o u l d s o o ns " l m ztL" Bri gl l '
r Dic n m am ' rt a d f p rl " d v ' n i , a . d r.rrj a ' m d r 8r ru' rurrLP
l
ir v our $r t " . *, ri rl rs , ' l ' F $ o u l d s a pro !F.Jrhi ns'
ro a l " r
{ Dic r ' olir t a d r ., l d n o i . J r a v ra g ti j d ,1 "
lI r ot h" d aP t ttP r, J o u $ o u l J h a tP l i k e d l h eo
( O ; c l i- s i t i e , n o s c l t. l i _ a rIi l l i c u l , )
s 15G9 dl o dorinln (in propoziliileoptative):

I sish 1 @de a student againl
t]\q do.i sn fiu iar sludent.)
Don t \ ou Lv islfo u l o d 3 s o n ?
( Nu r j \ r ea s ; i a i u n ti u ? )
'lhev I iilpd thFI iod not .on? so iatr'
(Doieau$ nn l, vcnit aia ltEid )
shr disne./sl( l,dJ 04, o d)nc.r'
d o ri r s dl i l n' J dr)'
ino' ' , " " r i t o" .a " " .r' - s o u ArIi
$ 1.;io .J o ecxlama,tie, o iormuld retoricii
Otl ,Dr iL 4dlc lossiblel
{r\U Daod ar Ii losibilii
O[ | /l'r hc lldd .oae yesimd ] l
{ \ l' l S J t i lF niI e l i e rj )
vehemente sau nu:
! 157r l/ irnprecal,ii, proieste
,.dl lhc fello}'l lio,g it alll. ..
"pi''"iiii (Lrs-oIncolor)
"" "Ltt
1 Dil€rihle tntelesurialc suljonctivului slnt o'donrlc allabetiL pPnttu a fi nai
Iesne
_'' consnltate
I : His matner. ihoush slerq was noi unkind-
.3{5
ai,.sd tr,e manl t/os/ l,im! Confaundlin\l

(li.'ar blesiem.t si-rficl) {Duc{-sel. naibalj
1;o da wil,h \'od!
iLns - oballil s a u C u m rn s n c ffd a q ac e v a l )
r./ o indoialn: $157?
I doubt if he l,d ir. iArlrii.l
{[Iii lndoiascce .rr li ic.si.)
Cl. I don't think he's in. Ulxlicativ)l
Ih "J,l u nor b" r i, v er ld, I ' p p " ,' ri u s6 " g ._ .i 0 .. (\rr d i " r
r l i n u L ( il r . - rlic t ur a dr l i o ri-c i n d l i .)
i...ts g e iuine. ) ' ( I ndic { t i !l l
I, o presupunere (in propozi-tiile condilionale etc.): .\ 1573
1/ l.his ,e true, he iB a clerer man.
lD"/ d ,, J . l" . a, dr ' + r .-b J v l r,' l rd ,,p :,u tu 5 p .' . ! rnomJrsl P Ii l .l .P rpl pnl 1
su !ro n L l|\ r t r nD. e\ pf lm a o ' rr|
,tarrose shc dalL.i hereI ' n ,
ilielipuicitc li ci ar leni aicil)
I1 shc ,c/' you, sle would go in lor mediciDe.
lD.rcnrr ii ia locultnu, ar siudia medioina.)
S/rrl .5 i a gt his r J . l t dit 6 " p av o ,8 , u o J : In l J o r h d \F bppDS l dd'
{Pi ,u p ui: ad c " a- i" J . rr fi l !..t .1 ru ,n al J . n J l i d r i i p l rut bi np?)
t) o propun€re, o sugestie, un lndemn, o cercrc, un ordin: s r5?4
Il " mrveJ / , t orr h" m . - r , n gr/ i i l tu u rn p l . (\rh d i c ) (.o l o cv.
" b,l depl
t (El ) r l r opus s d s e dm n e l e d i n l ).1
Ir \J" srggps r . J, ld, - e g ,( l s p p c i mF ln" .s o n .(\' h a i c) (.ol ocv.-sfrorU g;' ,,
(n .J p ro pt ac ' r n s d l, n4 i ,l e c l i e d e p ro l r..)
Soneone.omd Irde and stag/
(Sd vine cinem aici sI cint€l)
I t is requcstcdrior union membercr,oy uteir subsoripiions rcsularly. (Formal) (colocv.
(rr"n i b i , " : n, 1,dt .d .l i a .h i rFc u rp c !l a r: l rl r cor' .1l i i l e.l
, - luis ln t ru ' rl i
j,) un scop (dupi rnai, in afiar that, that, L.st) lln propozi!,ii]e finale): S 15?5
Hc lut in an attlication /d, Mafy re 'a
accelled to ereningclasres.{Arhaicl (colocv.:
I \ Itr!t' o. p" . i c r \ 13. ir s d f ^ rr' rn i r5 ' d .u " s ' rl5 ' " ' 1 .
T..\ so uonlI t l r go,/,-/a J ," l ,p n a r$ J r l ' " ddrk (soLd/n; l l o."
L -\- \,r'u. - ol. " r " , l, l ... r' i IU rd l J . a rb d u' nr' ,.- p' i t r ' i
lil o tenrcrel tpn lcst,for fcar, ro bea raid, to fear). .|i1570
She le.rred14, she D€caught in the stonn. [(co]oir'.] $l,e lcas al.aid she u,g/,r le...l
{li era teaoi r{i nu o pdndl lorltrna.)
lJ o ttrare: Sl;it
l r' ' ng Dc d. l!!tl l
( S ,i iir rou lli n rri letritrl ll
In afarn de cazurile mai sus citate, subjonctirul sP mai Inl,febuinleazi;

a) ,iupi .un.lru.liiiF in,t"r-oncl" i lr' lu.p trir 't: 't ;s nP .-nr't t li;6
: ,1"1,. potibt t. ir is d /,i/a r.ru,/
ls ru s.,r,,a.7. ts F,LtLt rslr
shaner,fattLlnut.rar unfoftunat.).tl ts /tgrt (sau wrcng,proper)2,
I i!' ?" . rq l' - r ol' J r u - oPiar . t / a' or t 'I a t l d b
' tr,b. i ,J 'l h "u p "ld , , ot "- ' o ,
s-.r.. . ttr , . .j I
rli, r d oitf ,/ \frame-. ,,t 0 ,' ,,.. lll.,,/ a t,tl oshna":,f pf1 .
ln a . . sr. , .j"l'l rlru a u n" d nn, , i, , nr i . / . r + . . "u. ir r i''. . ln llr -u,h ot ahjng".
w h d t d ! i.v' p q ha mp irp sho ul 4 I ' a. " go L n lo r hJ nl. n". r n.r kiDon"$ '
, T oll;A ' esle "o rrr'..ii c "r . ' r bt o li\ ul , , "oar . . s r nl L r m . l F d P . o r t u l l i d r l d '.
exprimt;1 satr snlrinleleasl 1$ t!641.
400
Notd
It A (hi\h) tims estc urmale de subjonctivul prezent:
It is (hiEh)tine (tlrar.)you /ere in bed,Nan_
lAr Ii t.ehit (dc nuli) si te culci.Na .l
lin t lt rine lou sro,,€d Dlavina?
\.d r li r md .l . . r ; ; m idi , ir t ; d, d r
It is hish tin z \ hd / pd qr oLr n up.
\', f o Jil.s ; ai m h; , iull, 1 ; ni, r l"l. ' \ , r s r , d .
S f5?9 n, in construcliile idiomaticc iarl bctt.t, had mtller. wauld rather, \pould.
sooner,verbele had,Ei oould tiiDd aici la modul subjonctiv:
You nzd ,€ir€. srdd,,i io ],im.
(-{i lace mai bin; sd i vornc$ti.)
\lt "an h d.J Ht , r plaa t - dt
rT,rt m"d Jr fr , . t pr " s d 5" jni, p"o.
dq/ it . . d | . , r , . / "
I eauLl, ntho \\e acckand..t at $iDdernuc.l
(At ptefetd sii pet.erctu sthliiul d€ srlptiLninn la llindcrmcrc )
I !4 tA..o."r \ ' ou "dd" v r n m .
(At ptefetu sd rtt cu minc.)
$ 1580 sulJo^-cTlvui, yENBELop, ,\uxtl,tiRli IIoDALI cL Dolrl foli\lE

ct1N . ttty . EHALL.t ILt,
P€ntN studiul complet al verbelor auriiliar€ Inodalc, vezi g 1930-2178.

Prc ztnl 1r.cltt
(modal ptezent + i]dltniLiv prczF,rl,) (nodal trct t irrn,ili! prez.'rl)
-
nas call ( toil€ trei ntgnt call I toan]tr.i
srd call I p.rsoanele rr,rld call { Dc.soanele
atl/ call I
Conditrioralfi sulrjonctivprczcnt i pcrlect

Prezent P.|fect
(modal trecut I infinitio prezent) (modai tr€cut + infinitie yrfett)
could .d I <\n\ti ha calletl. I
miqht.dll I lo.ric lrci mighi do. .alLzl t toai,e lrri
should call a D€rsoanele shonlil /Dee .ared I pcBoande
sauld .u lt | - vaxld hd)e catted I
O bse r e a lie
'S f681 . 1) A so obseNa cir modalele au aceea,si formx la indicativul trecut, sub-
jonctivul lrczent si c.n,lilionr!rl prczent, dec\ o singnrd farnd.la tr€i nortu
{ 1582 2) X{odalclean rn limp prezentsl .ut:,tint t.:cut, tleci difnenla rle fonn,i:
apare la mod,ale,care sint urnato la ambele timpud de un infinitiv prczrnt:
(o sineurn formn).
t t l d- r ' p, j Ibr
n a l i. , n
'F nii ' . ,r' ,ri n \.;l J ,- \V ,,n LaLe r' ; h,t,o.-r
p.,,.u grLt td. po.ri fo.,i i rrhl
'aI'hELak ' ,\chool".
. nr o. . , " hstabirili
b -,n " ,,t1 ,p ,ro ,,. tfi iom
in regiune: " .,i to
ll'tr)i a;h ftJ1tt 1350\:.ra;nlet l.aulal
cale dse 11712.18141!, Rabe soklttu l11i!t-ta4t).
,07
l" s, h i mb. , " n, liLi" nr l u l s ; ,,h i n ,,, ri \u l 0 r,n d Ln l fpr r., I v p t1.,1.
,lil- rrl ,!s d " f ur f ls r r nl, i rp s s ru rre , u ru l r n l ]Jte l a !.(, tut rbLtL,i
' i n ri ',
lerical. auriliarul moclal rlminind acelagi in ambele cazurj, ca arcn disi,inc-
ti\ . i . a .e sl , or doui m odrri :
e ,"o , . I s l, ouldi: d r { re"b' u i l -\o"n l d ) t f i ' ;' i ttt " Jrr rr
")t ; i, ' . . . " ir i ' r-' l
PP Prt I L, " i ; . E l ; c ! p i ,' .d F ,i , I
' rP" " ' ' d
. (: l re "n !i )- $ o n l' d
..",j ," r , II n, ould
; : , ' " . ; , 1 r, t: I4t:i ,i !ur prt:- ha\"
.. 1 p , ., r, p. ,, ., l ' r' , 1 , 1 I i ' h n .
1 ,.,1 , .r gi.
I'ou 3no"d r,ll thc t.utl.
(-{r trelni s:i slni adealrtri.)
I wauld ntlt. talk to vou than dance.
{-\i lrcrera sa siau de vorba etr line decil sri dansez.)
-\o onc .olld haeedone1Lrnore competentlythan rou.
(-\_ideniDu .r li tul.ur. Ia.€ .u mai multe comleienld dccli tine.)
You 7rtsn, Idre .one soonerl
(,\j tj pulut sir rii mai dcucd.ll
Pertru celelail,e auxiliare modale a se vcdca situ€-iia la liecare rnodal
r n parre .
(] . C OIS!R UCT I I I , N C ,\R N IN I,OC U IN SC S U R J ON C TI TU L S 1683

ln iimba englezn contemporani, cu erceptia celo. citeve cazuri aritate
la S 1i44, {orma leche a subjonctivului e""tetnlocui€ p n construcl,ii formatc
cu ajutorulauriliarclor:LUT, ll-A.Y,NIIGHT,SHOULD,WOULD,trccunr
qi pri'] infinitia sa\rindicativ.
lxr ! 1684
. 1) nornl. LllT + infilitivul incompletl lormeazl un echi\.alent al S 16Eb
subjonctivului prntru tostc persoanelc - singrrlar si plural - cu rrccllia
persoanei a 2 a'9:
n r''ll,IIIi., I ' ' , il ,l
!. v^ !^-,!|
, ' , I l.l tp t
u s ra |: lcr f l, L, n c . L
O b s c r r a lie
LDT esie ur ai de un pronume\n cazuldcLt.zulitl
Lel n4.and,,, go lor a *alll
llon't lct a€ sceyou again:
Don't lct'r st.rft yet, v'iil you? s |
Ld's noi slaft yet, rvill Jou? 'r
2) inteles. Consirtcl,,ia Iormdtd cu ajuto|ul auxiliarului l,El esie S 15EG
lntrebuinlatd pentru a exp lr)r o propu ,ci ur lndrnrn. un ordin indiect.
o presupunerer o concesje:
Let Be sp.att no$l {Protuncrc)
(S,'irorl,cs. cu acuml)
,r, rs so lromcl (tndcmn)
(tlai si ,nlrsrn acasall
I,er'r /d, bysonesbe iysones! (lnd€rrn)
( f l{ i s n l i H rn l .c c u tu l l )
l lnfiDitivul incomnlet nu arc l]arti.nla lo.
, La peNoanaa )r-ase Intt.:|[int:a7i] itur)edtirul, CaZI deoareceac€s]a exlrili lrl
l0ii
Jtt hin statt \vork ai oDce! (Ofdh indi.c.L)

1Si1inr,eapi luoul imediail)
r?r her dft'c thc motor boat an.t lle.e rvill b. u rilidenl {&csnpunercl
(Numai rd .onde.d ea baroacu ,noior Ei se !r i,Li,irlr)latrn aocidert )
t d npadpi1) o ' | t,) 'r ' l ' \.rr i rnn' ti l
' { ,Is o ,' r,l n jro 1\r I dr' n' 1.-
. \ u ' r c d" , r : , d. 1 -d ,p /" 0 ' .o u l ' r" L o
l' ; alit
$ 1687 U ordin adrcsat dtfecr se ertrrimi prin jlnperali\', persoana a 2'a
(s 1 6 2 2 - 1 6 2 4 ) .
$ 1588 3) forma contrasd. Let's. - Let rls por1,€ a{ca sau nu forrni contrasa
duDi inlelpsuiDe care il are in intentia lorbitorului:
'
,/ .;n.l ."ilul principsl /, 1.r are toati lorla sa de 'erb lcnical (: d
p rnii.. o tnso.1. al ,..'p a..pnluJl ;i r,. Jr^r'. br.a lorr j' 'or'lrJ i:
'l'ea.her.llease, l.i a6 go on a trit bX ourschcs:
D./ cind Lllf este insd auriliarul unui cohiYalent, subjonctit'a11,
.de'i
neaccentual, tornla contras:i cstc aproope cirligatorie. acccntul cdzind pe
vcrbul lexical:
l ' ill f" on rrrl
(H b ." .n " S,' ' ,
(-{ se vedeati exenrlnele " .i 1 \'dc
u r1a 1928)
S
g Iirfl, 4) Forma ncgativi. -LPl's are doud lorn€ n€gatiLc:
.Doz] lets (.olocv.) 3 u u
,e r' r z o r... (n a i c o l l l .
D,n'r lcr'r wait nn rim. Cft going
z.r's not I'ait lor l,im Bttlef 3el g.ing:
D a L ' 1 l e t' sC ,as r.l i a l l ri ri s l (ool oci .i
Zdfs ,o, do suoli r l|insl
S lt1l0 5) Acoentrare. - Lot's. - Auriliarul DO selv€$te la acceDluarea ulrni
co n s im ! em lnt entu z ' a s t:
"Sl ,a ll $e har e c t nli i s l t' :fo r s u u c r? " " O h l d , i c a sl '
$ 1591 lrAr
cthivalonte
M\Y -f infinit'ivulinconpletesteinltubrrinl,itin 1]onsLrucliiki
cu subjonctivul,pentru a expima (cu o ruanli de forrnalisttt):
a,) o dorinln sau o urare:
Yo . r 1 -.,,n . l tr, ] ,u i ,. ronJ
t Dinr r - d: 1 d i ' v -d " , r' o d i . b o l n \' ' . d r," r' i r' Ia Inrl ' : rr' i
,l o temere sau o sDerrrnla. de ccle mai mulic ori dupe conjunclia llal,
s au s ub i n l e l c ;s i . l r tra d u s o u m o d ul conj unctfv (marcat d€ con'
"\t'i 'nE t i
j u n cfia s d) :
I r llraid wc nar nir* lhc sisnpostin lhc dark
(Uic tcamn cl ru aotn pntl,t ved;r indicaloNl futio lc lntuneric )
Don'l, so (1orlearls lou ?,av r,.urri, ii thc stomr'
{Nu pleca,sd nu ic lrindl n'ttnna )
I hopeJ ou nay ,t l i g h i .
( s pDrs t ai dr e pl i tt.)
c_,,rn scop:
I lravecomeso l.J'atXou nay r.ll rie thc ne$s-
{\m votit ca sii-di slui vesi.ca.)
's 1585,1e28,
2ctdyfi.sh,
sg. qi coleclivilrl. .rasltstus:.a.'
z (fo. t€0) ncs@r il con{frdlF
3{19
.1, o concesie(dutn ftrtt.re,". trhatercr etc.) saLrabsenla ei:

Fo'..,-m'r,,r I anJ l: t F \ a. . Lant . , r t oo \ t o " ,.tdt,."
rori il d. .rn , . , I np. I ol , I t.,1,
Construclia cu \'tiY se mai intrebninlo xr:l :
.../ in comparalii (dupd as tl a: thaueh):
Shc lo.ks,s i/16 lbulh st\. nda t:tu
(,\re acNl cti fst' sata !i plin8i r
/J dupn constuncliile it i: rossi.l)b..it is trcbul)l.. it iN liLllt|:

tt i pofiblelptobableitiiel3ll[ar. he /,dsr &. ttr.re.
lrhte losinil/prohbil ca cl il lic arolo J
( V . ui s i S , 0:6 2 o l l )
rtrcHr s 1502
\{IGHT ale acclca;iI|n(l:ii ca Si}1.\Y ( g 1591):.+te insi ftnosili,r frazele
ln careverbul di trropoziliaprincipaldse afln la trfcut. sau ttsrl,ru a suqera
o starc de lucruri loarte problem$ticn.1i c&recaz rre rol de,qubion.ti! dutn
llat erprimat sau sublnl.lcs:
Shc sl,enisld nerer kno$ ilhessag.riD.{Do r1,'.1
(Dorea'rtrn€d
s(inu mai itic ni.rtudaiicc e tlorla.)
L.t il.did \^ ,"i.s ,'" r,.. : h r',rk I.m,"
(lti".d lJ ;c i ' "/, "pur . d. l "ij,
L\ ' ln I . 1, . . , r ",e p n l . n r ',
1 l.p 4l \n n, t t t l , r l_r "" n, i
(Sd rdm'rd a i - d, pr a t ' i
'
Hp ,to"Fd llFsl' u' "r . . , 11, I al- . lDr pl n o , o r I lc.o!
L \ ln" r o!lo dD. . , , , . l n. : , , n: t , , al1ir , - 1 , , ,
Ii oas lossiblc (Uratl hc /rigir trc ihere. (D,'!I n is ld$iil, ,nar etc.)
(S€ lute a sd lie r 0olo. l
Obser"a!ie
d) MIGHT intrebuinlat intr o irazn a circi profozilie princfualn con-
tlllo un prezeni un€ori chiar si ud trerut aratl circumstanle a ciror reali-
zare este foart€ problentrlici:
I kn.w Jou are rer,! busy.bnl I Nishyou ntgl,.rrd hcrc.
.l
(il:. ." rod, r . , ular . 1. , r "n r . , i, Lr . . d \,,ri,j.
rl" e ,6 itr.,id s . , r i8r l 8- t o"t in I , p L ooJ - .
(li p-a L4 JmJ , - . n4 . ' n t uld, r "' . 1i i i. t di. . . )
6J N{IGHT { infinitivul pcriacL exprinra o acliune ner€alizati:

Shesishes.shemiaht hae.seen\ai.
lDorcitesii le li vezuf. k].r nr 1.;a vii?ut).]
Atenlie !
Ca auxiliare care formeazir construcl,iile echivalentc cu subjorctii-ul,
\1.\1' .i ltlGITT ii-au pi"rdut ruprin."l no;io ol l npri r I a tural/ :i. ,la
.r lp nai mul ori. r irr r u sF ridu. jn alr,, limh,,. l, rin,Lr| ,^n;nd c\r.r;
" a' rpda ,lr l r',,1i" ,1, , onl-\r sau !l- in
tr .d poqibi li
"lFd d. d "n:iJ \
rul,ri) nub.tpl' .ubti1. .u sue.. ii^rbirn-
"1c ",rbjonrtirului. :nrr.r"." - cbi. i'r6i-
ruhri modale. chiar ;i tutenlii n€r€alizatc atc. (Vezi traducerile exemplelor.)
sHornD s 1693
1) l'orllrtr. O alti etr-lrcsieechival€ td cu subjonctivul. dar inrreluir g 1594
tatn ti colocvial, oste accca formatd cu ajutolul auriliarului SHOULD la
toate persoanele.si timpurile. ;i la ambeie numere.
l sau
,,Do.et1es.: te li prtui vode.t".dn!d siftalic sau conntrn int.nliei torlilordri.
310
Se folosescurmitoarele corNLructii:
pentru a se exprima prezerrttil sau viitorul - SHOULD + infinil.ivu)
prezent;
Ienim a sc erprima treoulul-SIIOULD+inlinit;vul pcrfccl.
no ' ,lisoby hin /".t Ir 6" rnl") qdbjon.li\)
('rhar'
{ \ u , i n d. . . lt 1 ' u r' c 4 n u s F s r' l Prd
Don't djsolel hin les, hc shouti be an]ry- (Prezent){arhairant)
(Nu li ne$cJllntor, rd nu se supc.e )
lt I s lt uu E ! " 1 e ry . I l F s p ' rn (l i i l o rl
( Da. a \ a u m' r. i \.i " \p l i |'
'" " , pd rd '
I r , ! inloo. \ ibp tl h d tt y o t s l ," rl d h o .pb .-r b n gry.(T-.ur)
It " l" c , innulinla (rJ I' a l F r' :u p rr' a l ,l u + ,u p r' tl '
$1695 2) inteles. - SHOULD. ca auxiliar utitizat la formarea unui eclivalent'
-
al subion,iivului, esta intrcbuinlAt uDeori pentru a arlta cA o ac,tiune sau o
stare este problematic{, dar nu,si irealizabila:
' t l \ r . 1lhaLt rttu. " t l ti n . i l l l l ,i ,ai o ri rE m " u p / r r' o 8i \ p mF a ri n8 )
( 1, ' d + r ' nUr l ,l d .u 1 \d d l In l i n p t' i . s p u npI sl _mrl ' l pronezp
'
S 1696 3l I'onctii. ln lirnba cneleznmodernii, atii scrisi cit Ei TorbiLS,con-
- str(Lctiacu SiI O UL D i nlooujpsL; forrna veche a sub.ionctivuluiln urmxtoarel6
S 1697 a.) dupi il tcst,far f.ar, tiLI, ut il,

Ifbt stouLl cane,t.thim lino\t tlc news. (Presu!un-".e)
{Daol a. li s, ainn, slune i restca )
c c s ir l. hc " d1.c /. p rro tl ,J l a ' ! ' .(S' ^p. ImerP )
, ^ lJ '\'J'nn "n l
l L L . f " / i l o r r l " s.r ' ' 5 ' J si ' iJl
Lest Ne (shavlt ) torset 11 (Scof, tc'ncre)
(Ca rd nu uitim l)
wc dare not sli. /of /ed. she sno.ii, a'ara trp {Tcme.e)
(Nu tndriznin sd ne m\oin dc tcanl cit arc sI se lrtzcascitl
d r1 i 4 a r
, B hil . l, r . _ mr' , p n r.p i i \ i ' _ JrF
S 1598 ,) dup[ fsr) r/ul, peniru a cxprina un scopr un ordinl o propuncre sau
o suges hc :
I rm rvrilins thG so rloi rou shoulitact accor(linElJ lsoor)
{iti sc.ju aocaslaca 3n prooedeziin conserilld )
Tiie olrre6 s{re o,d€r$thnt tlie nrines/rtld ,. floscd (O in)
iPlt..nii a! dar ordin e7 se ii,tiide rnina l
I or ol " s ; " 1 l b .l rh ) l -1 l p rn i .r" l l opn" r' a' i i ' )
iPior'trn , JLtsl'ed, lsili )
r' r ." I " : | ri nro Lbi rc i \p i l upi for'
€ l59C ' . i ir t r " 7, l" ' tp ri ' r- !" ,rrr " t.2l etol ts.us^t' !-
i u n " ia t f r at a\ p im a l r s a u .rrb i n l J -r... i ,rF .- J l 5 J-:
su rp r i- t . , ' nni1J 1 . t.) r, r t. tt i c .1 t t J ' .t r o sl nn )' i t ts not l rtt ,tt,ts
i ' t. prnbobl
i ,ri r: r""".ttct, fo r' J r' ,tP J ;1 "nit ' nt:nt ' i r:. po' si bt p\r' : -
I'A ti, nll at t t , . q rt" l i u n ). tt t. tn : 1 't t' ,' . tl ' t i ' t! r.r' ' nn
J an iorry (rhrt) lon slould sal/ so
(rkgret cii st,ui accasta)
S u. t ,a p: , t lh' | p .h a 4 d I' a ' s " , p
"pi n o
n!l uotlr'l'"r",hJrrl
pronri on.l ' i l rl
( Le 1. . 14:; Jl 1 r l n u l a r L:)
it t , r " ' . ot u rl l , r, y o u /L" l J ,r,o! l } l ru lh
LE . t " n. r ' J i ; ' u n o $ LJi ' rF \' ,u l l
t ! x o! iI pa" r , l" ttttd . s h -" h .u tJ 1 " ,\. re r_ou$e| p.
" ,.,r\h
I t , a. u r ; r r ljD l ;" , e d ., Ii S i j r " n l ' " ' l l r
l IDsdiptie p€ nonum€rlul eroului necnnoscut"Tl). Ct'Iotalh" de la Lor{j"!
311
h sds olt at te qa6ti.n (Ll,atl sli! slould ({i& ihe.e.

{Era crcl,,s si nea.ge !t jos linil acolo.)
l, is th;a ht tin " ( ' hr ' ) l' . . r . z / d. p i^ bq .
l{ElJ r, b uJ i, " ' l' m ul n t', .
d,/ in stilul exclamativi t€toric: $ 1600

Th{i sherno,U D,nd'elike tnis:
{S.ise poarteca astielll
"Do vox tike it?" "1 shiull thint sol"
( li i; r ac c ?- c re i l ;i e d l )
\or sh.attt hae lEdtd them lraising lLinl
(Sd-i li auzit lludntdd l!l
Iesterday in thc $lfeet, lvho ./,dl I sce}ut llJlll
(Ieri. r)estradl, !e cine eo ved? Pc Narial)
€i in unole Dropozilii sccundarc condilionale. in care ac{iunea ardtatd 5160f
.e po -i i l ,i l l in r iit nr et e c o n .i J ' r" t.,.l .o d rl , p ru b l F rn r i ' i ' rpropozi l i r pri n" i pal a
p ndl" ,o l l rn F r n r nlr ' 3lr v . u i ' .o n d rl ro n o l s P U u n l m pD ra l fi :
t l . t ps t oul, tL .t.tp d !tn p o t.q t ,n d I ti l l l " tr" ttta\
( 1J . l\ J f gan .z 1 ,a " o ' J rl l .rJ p rn L p o ngrl l
ShnlJd,he @ccpl to t.cture, theJ Nauld be inteteste.t
(Dacn ar acceptasd li i o conldrinll, i-.tl inier€sa)
r hn 4d h. r t r C L p . p ,t L m tt,r^ u ,. t , l h . s , .rpl rr)l
Db, . J s ' \ J t ; t m o l ' r ., , r" 1 ru n ..,.J .r l pg5urd.u" " rr l a" ul .l
(]litodre: $ 1{i02
f) pentru a ar{ia o conccsic, cind subjonotivul exprimd o acliune
I $: ll s De. Lm v ^ N l . ,h ^ u th \" I th o rl d l rush aL n" .
" .,1
1lo, " pln" , " i ..' ,o s r ' ' rd d ., " 1 fi .i r./, nc r. i n .r
Hor . / . f hat d l ' ^ :to ttJ h o r ta r!d " .h $ i l l n " vrei vp I
( u" i. . r d' T . it .' r J . d d " s u o i : . ,;l n u ' a r ' nLr I . ni :odJ '
W hok t e. D a t n ts ./,,r' /J o v .s h .$ rl l s .n m il l u | ' i rde' ti ' n
pun" p ;" i l i .i . d ,^ v d s p n " l u rJ" i rj ; l or'
( O r r " s . s ^4
g,) h unele propozi.tii comparativc, dupn as if' as lliorgh: s 1603
I[ lools o' ilwe snoz,,,niss otlr train.
(Ni se pi.e oe arcm si lie €r, l..cnnl.l
n) in ulele propozitii conparative introduse de cuvinteie lidn (that): S 1604
It is bctter sl,e inozd..uit:, hc.Iailings now rather tltun (that) yon sl@utdso an
nuttitrc no wilh ihem.
i Es"bmd i b' nF . , r id" d s J T .' l p i i u i l r ' I b .u m d q rl ,.onl ;nui 1i l d l ol drd)
d ; - u . hi
Th Frpi s nolhinsir . d s l' k a . n ," .,/td , /h a rrl p o t l p . h a L l ,J
^.
r\i mi cnu. i di- plJ ' " n i In , r,1 .. r' " \n " i p a s ' .J " ' p re pl
ITOL]LD s 1605
1) Formi. -,A.uxiliarul NOUI-D esl.r intrebuinlsi iu lormarea unui $ 1606
e.Li\J"nr rl.uhjon.rirului nun ri Ir1'-rrorne '2-r;i c: J l8 dmbdc nunera
9i la toate timludl€.
f \\OUf .D- inl;\;tirut Ir'"Lt -\f irn" pr"r"r lu' 'r \ ior'l
1 \\,'Ul.D ir['n', r'' t rl .t 4\o,i,nd rr'ru L].
I $i!h rou mald stt doFJll {Prezenl.)
f De c c u s la i j o s l { : It d .ri ' t s l a i j o s . )]
I wish she trozil .otu tomorowl (Viiiofl
lD€-ar veni niincl (: Ii dori .d vin{ mline-ll
I vish you ,"ozd na'e rdez himl (Ticcut)
{sill Ii Yiztrtl)
l conjunclia ,nd, nu pdte li omisi aici 0a b ctempld pr.oedent
nt
S 160? 2) ink€huinl€re.
$ 1608 duparerbu]
a) $OULD estefoloijt I tnodobi$nuitin stilu]coloovial
l o tti. h ! - nlr u . , , rp ri -r o d o ri n l i r, d l i T d b i l d:
I s ; h r ot r ( , & l d ..ti ' e a rl rl
t ( f if e) ; r dor is d l i i d e v re m e (D
l c c e n u v i i d e rr€I,c?)l
S 1609 . 6, Cind insn dorinla exprimaln Psrt ireali.abib. se inirebuint€aznsuh-

l o n cr r v ur pf ez enl:
I Nish yotr tel€ h.rcl
tAt dori sd lii aioi (d&r nu es.tj)l
Ob scr e a lie
S 1610 rr) NOULD pcatesugerael insu-si dat ai,unciexprinn o dorinl*
o dorin-t5,
fiind ffmai de un subjonctiv:
ireali.zabild,
I Qoui.l I ('€rd Xoul Woul.t, il hatL mL bce| sol
1-\s dori sli lju tn locd tau.) (De n-ar li lost atal)
s 16rr ,i NOULD cu valoarc de subjonctir-condilional,€xprime !i voinln:

Wnat ,odd you nd'e me do?
(Cc-airrea sd lac?)
Look at it as I r'ruld, I could not see thc ditferenc€.
todcun al fi p.i'il'o (: at Ii uui s-o piYesc), nu lutcam vedeanici o deosebire.
s 1619 IN !' IN IT IV U L
1r iimba engleze modern[, infinitivut inlocui€Fte adeseori subjonctivul-

El se traduce de celc mai multe ori prin conjunctivul din limba romAnl:
I s \ J llapt up 1 -\ l ' , | ," Ia r.. (S u b j .i rn a t ,.trnJ (!er' matl
I bhdll! up p l rl \ ' o l ro b " Ia l -. (In .i n i ri v l
1U, 1! oi s c uh e \fe n r. c d & t n u l n i i rz rr' )
H n I r ' lî" , r n l 1 : i 1 ," d o l l d .p ' ' l s u L . p_/nl ) (-" rn' dl r
llF i' ll ui h , .,,.1d ' i t to s r.o k . { In ri d ,tv ) (" o .nr1)
l. ; ul ui, h ' h a nI d . i t h F ;d 4 ? d c u l ' j . p -7 ,ro.!" ,1 1' ol o.!dl )
(RidicaL nina oa ti cnm ar li voit !d vorbeasoil)
: " " n, uLs oul tt.a t. o m o 9 l p p d td .l [.]' i tJl onl : bj ]l toanal '
S lt f s nF ik sliud r4 b pn e d rd .(In l i n i ti !)
(Volbiile tarc ca .".ilie auziH.)
rle closcdone evc that he nfsnt i.d beiio. {Dchiralcnr subj.) (tormal)
H. c los edone q t' c ,.." .e b e i ta r- (l n l i n i ti v )
1l Inchis un ochi ca .sdaadn mai rrjne.)
Thc childrendesovc thai.thex.n rld 8o to the licturcs {Echiralentsubj.l (lormal)
The ohilitrendcreNe i, so lo tIc piciures (Inlinitiv)
{Coliii ru.riin sd se duca la cincmatogral.)
ohl that I sn d D, youns asain. (nchi le'li sulj.) (Iomai)
O hl / , Dr loun g i s a i n l (l n l i n i tj v )
{ , \ hl id liu iJ t ti n rri )
s 1613 Unco subjonctivutestepreferati initivului pentru a da o nuanlndife-

ti inlelesului:
SuDposerhe distance@d.eore milel {Prcsupnnereireale)
(lnihipuielite-fi oe distania .r li o Inild.)
SuDposelhc distance,o ,e onc nile. (PresnpunerecerlA)
(sd p.csupunemoe distania esr. o nfle.)
318
IN D ]C A T ]VU L s 1614
Subjorctivul, a!'ind majoritatea lorrn{rlor moderne idenfice cu aceieaule
indicativului, este inlocuit de acestain loartc nrulLe cazul in stilul col.ocpial:
IrvishI (aslrou {ln loc de l d/,Jou").
Sulposehe easryonrlaUrer(ir locde "]rcrele yonrlatho").
I shallupholdmI loint ol vicwwhctherhei on my sideor not.(ni lo! d! r'wheth{rhe
,, on rny sideor not" : pcrinal.)
He doesnot lo.L poeticaltloug[ he is a loet (1n I o. dc "allhoxghhcr. a !oel" ==
I am ai.iid heotll r.lale to. theoreninS.iglit (i n I o c d e "l ad airaidlcst lrcbd
late_.."- perirnarl
Deoscbirce dintrc subjonctiv n,dicativ tiind irsn l ndrmentald in g 1616
ceea ce prive9te tnlelcsul, sint cazuri-si irr care subjonctivul e preierai, iiind
rec.saf prntru clariistea stilului (S 1557).
n I:rfttITtrLAxx
In aftrrn de .rechiul subioncliv. c'1reare o singuri fofrnri. areoa a irlini- S 1616

ri!ului incoml let, 9i cares-a nrerlinul in unele cazuri in lin$a englcznmodcrnn.
subjonctivul modar,, arc dou; innpuri: prez.nt Fi pofect.
l'ouna veche a subjonctivului cste pu,t;l folositn in limLr englezi actr.raii;
rd esie intrebuinl,atn mri nluli in Statel€ Uniie al€ -\nrlrricii. h stilul r:oloc-
vial. scris sau lorlit. cu e\cepiiia cjton-n e\presji iiliomaricc. a disprinrt
aproape cu to1xl. S-a cnli,rut 1n hnLa scriEnin diferite donenii (literaturn,
t)oezie. qtiinln, tebnicn, ziaristn,n) si 1n slilul olicial ljuridic. l,arlam€ntar,
ln nroccsc-v€rbdle. dnri de seamnetc.). Fiind iidcpendenii de tirnp, forma
reche a subjonct vulrri esle jntrebuinlati in propozi_tiilecarc so reiori la rrl..
timp. prezpnt. tNcul sau. rii.tar.
Subjonctivul prczcnt fi subjoncl.i\'ulpcdect nodern sint folosite in mod
r',rrent atil ln stilul colocrial. riit qi tn stilul formal sau oiicial. o jn scris.
ln aIarl de oilera caprcsii{ixc ($ 1518.1579),rrnde"qa menlinut, qi de
ronstrucl,iite cu unele corjunclii las if, enz, if. lest sat'r:,,rdrirg,. ridl etc.
( i( 1564)l care cer subjonctit'ul, acesta e-steinlocuit:
a,/ fie prin ind;cattu. c\t care are forme comunc, (onluodtrdu-sc adcsea:
suhjanctiaul tre.ent at inilicatiaul trec t;
tubjoncti.rnt,perf.ct cn trcctttt pttfrict:
i,) {ie prin construotii fornaia ru ajulor!1 auxiliarelorLliT, }I\Y
{\rroIIT), sHotir,n. $.oLrr,D:
() tie Wn\ hfinitit.
IDtrebuintflrea subjonctivulLridd o precizieqi o subtililalii do i,,lclesearo
nu poi fi oblinute prin indicativ. subjonctivul liind preferai peDtrLra erprim,r
irnprobabililate, rctic€n1I, indoialir, r)esiquranln, presuturere etc.
1 \'e zi s i
S 1i56. Cons i d o a ts u b s l .a l d a .dt(n , u i i x l i l i z a t ad.s.a .l i i ar fi i n l i i fbaj ul
,-a e (:ber or ! ) r dr aio ,r,o e ri oLi r' 1 :i o rl c { rj 1 :d e l e aml str" . 1i s,-r.' ,1 nrl ai
z,rntsi destul de fo.nral: .{d... sa,tas i-= excetrt.Iul f.ri 1: n' aiaft-r liu €\l!p1jrl i tii
'lc.
314
s 1617 r ll. coNDrfroNALuL

(T IIE C O\D IT IO N _ {LJ
{ 10f8 1) Conditionalul prczcnt f/i." Presnl Canditianal)se formeazi cu ajuto-

r u l a u xr li.r alo rSHOULDrl..p-r .o-n,,i | :-. : i t l. r ii \ \ -O t ' L n rl" p ,' . o J ' ra
a 2-a !i a 3 a sg.9i pl.)' urmatedc inlinitivul prez"rrtal s€rbuluide coxjugat:
I shouldcallr you lvouldcaUrihe. she,it wouldcdl;
w€ shouldcalli lou worl(l call; theywouldcall.
Condii,ionalulpreze t se traduce In limbaronAni cu acela;i timp fi nlod
S 1619 2l (ronditionihrl pcrfecr (the PerfectCand.itianal,sc formcazi cu ajut.,n
aurili"r.tor sHor LD,ls p, r. I sJ. !i Dl.r .i \\or LD rl" par". a 2 i -i x.l r
sg. ti r'1.r.urn a " de jniinitirul p"tf" r ,l \"rLului dp .onjugJr'
I shouldhaveeallediyou,he,she.it wouldlavc callcd;
$B should hare calledi you, thcy s'ould have cal€d.
Condi,tionalulperlect se traducc tn limba romend,:u acelati tinp ti mod-

!- 1620 3) Conditionrlul rerbelor dofectirs Inodslo, - Condii,ionalul vcrbelor
CAN si I\IAY aro s(ccsli formn cd Ei tr€cutul lor: COULD, respectir-l{lGlIT,
urmai de infinitivul prezcnL p.nLru condilionalul prezent. sau de irlinilivul
perfcoL p.ntru r,ondilionalul p€rlect ( S 1580 1582):
Lo u'J,lll. J ou c , . lt . , alt : . . p s h" it.dlt: \co,.o o"_,,
'.,,
lr ' ou . onr . . a r : )
I .orld halc califdi Xou conld hale c,lleili )
h . , sl,/. :l . oin, l h . d i ld, l \ .o, t. D4t4l
$",ou l,l.h"r".dll d: . û, u ll , , d, , I . d . " \ " o . U l 'a \ o J
miJl'l .1ll:. ) ^L. , iel . . il r i. ir

II . l. . '.crribl \C-.,.-,.",,
l )" .1.'.s1. i.:u r s ' ':'.
mrr -",
I I m is hl } ' t . .1 l l Al l o L n ' i .l l ' \ ' .1 -J h" .Jr. ' Ti S l ' l I
I r ' r \ . r r r lu \ co,n. D tl e.t
i{ n, ghr hr \ " c d l e d .j .l l : .I S r;.-\' I
I called
OUGIIT redi el insr.rli 1.1e", dc condilional al modalLrluj I'IUST. ulrnat

d a i n f iJ , ir i' ul pr c z e n t p e n tru , o rL l i l i o n a l u l p rc zcntr sau de i nl i ni ti ' ul l )erfect
pentru condilionalul porlect:
lI ' ughl / o o J l ' : J o u o u c l " o ' l l . ' . J . . i r ougrl l o ' ,l l l .^. " .-.--,
I \ - o. qhl lo r J Il : J o ! o L " \' l o " l - l h e ' u u g \l l o 11' l
o u sht l I oughl ' o h J \, c J l l " d : y o u o u g r to l ,a \' .Jl dl h ..1" . i l I
I ougt . L' o t1 !. ,1 ,re r \ | na ," L I
|t $" ox ght lo L d \e ' .l " d : J n I L x g h r ru L J ." .1l l eJ: In.y uugnt J
10 nale .allcd
{ Ve z iti S ,0 5 i )
S 1621 moilestieisau lolitelii. - Condilionalulprezental ver-

4) Condi,tionalul
belor delectivemodateesie adeseoriintrcbuinlat,pentru exprimarca.ondilt.>
nalului madesrieisan politelii:
CouA -ti\ tett me lhe tin.". l]leasc?
w r ,i tl r w a r, . rl , g ,,. r uLr' l V .erJ.
I' I-o l u Io u .a " l o ' a c' me
o w In ni sl ,' ?
You sll;zldD't.do ihai, you lino*l
O&sn,you lo go lor fl Falk in this wealher?
t tt..u u lJ,r d s r d t om r \ q. "! . nt r r i 2 a - ! - . f o , i . 1 r n t r b , r i n : . , r 1 1 , 'l / i

r,.r.
t rnmoi ir slihl r ne li. .
CONDITTON.ITUL 316
A se compara ac€st€forme tn conirast cu form€le indjcativului:

Caz r.ou tcll me the tiu,e, please?
,"s ivalch the gane on 1'onr TV (set).
Do yo! oare lor a shor ionight?
M&s, you go lor a walh in this aeather?
IV, IMPERITIVUL s 1622

lTirE rlrPnRATlvD)
1) Doiinitie, lmperativuleriprimi dile.l un odin, unindemn,o sugestie,$ 162t
o rugeminie,o urarejo recomandore, un slat. o dorinli, o anenin,tare)
o con-
iesie €tc..motiv D{intmcarcnu are in seneresubrecL.
gaee jt your oinL wirl

tr!. l,he .hild alonelr
N ota 1
Subjonctivul ate. printrc altc llnlc!ii, ;i pe rcelea ale irrrporaiivului$ 1694
(Sl'',14. 1547.l5be. li i3. l-,;;r. Aratar' ldSlClJ. dar nr aJr"' l"d,r'rl-
pers.ranr a 2-a. oi l/di€.l. la persoana1 sau a 3-a ( S 15814,ceeace il deos€-
begte de imperativ.
2) l.otmi,. - Inperativul. pr;r insnli Jcljnilji ltri. nu poJte J\eJ de'jt S 1626
pprsoonq o 2 asingDl0ri, rtutot. o rr.il"r ., a., idnJli, i.ir d, Fp, a inlini
tivului incomplet (dpci tiri alr):
Diel nln ntalp- ro1'l Ha!. a cup ol lcal
]]. 8oodr, all oi )0uJ
N o ta 2 S1626
tlnii eramaticieii considerilca inrperativ si lorna de subioncti\- con'
s t r u i t r r u i m pe r a li'ulauriliaruluiLE lr( s l5b4)s i \ ^ rh p . d u n ; 4 ' t z rd t t r
drla, LJJrpbailrprqoin"i0 2-?i ti $ rn tntt"rutt! indi., r { "lres-t t"rr^dn, i I
si a 3-a). ,q.ceastIinteryretare ru torcspunde lnsd nici remnilicaliei moduri]or
rcspp.li\n limpprdti\ul F\p'in,inJ un ordin d/r',1. i"t subjon.rir,rl Ln urdin
tnitft t). nii Irddll'-'ii tn lrn br rom;nJ.
Nota 3
Yerbele defective modulc nn au inperativ. nici nu funclione&zi ca auri $ 162?
liarc ale unui impcrdtiv.
3) Timp. - Imperativul nu are decit prezentl trecutul lipscste, iar $ 1628
fnrma dF pFrt'.1 '.re un idiom rar. ." ;n:
Haeedan6a'\llr il) (l'erminliodatil)
1barc the chitd.alone ! s l.ao. I lct llk chihl b. ! : las{ colilll In l{cLrl
r looi ?rr, I : asculi,-Ll^!
! poorru lr5".rTn .r:, ' l, d"auni. b n- . i' 1", - 1"m i m l '" o r i . l . r d 'r . ' l r , n , . . u
n i !lp-,i, luDL li"d "il'l n, id r or l, lon l' , . , , bun_ - p r| 1;nd. I.a,l9 B"G..d.
d6 de. . , . . . ' r dl u , .
ri t tul u' . i r';6p ,uma .r5u i - . d r _idL. : . . Coni 1 b l,i r - . m (i n lF:
h 'l , J
a ; o o d , . b u n '.
r, unl-dr. 1"l-,Ll'Do l. o .r s n. ir pu r aât r . 1l"i: aBadnn n . hor" lau b"n
'.
310
S 1C29 4) Asleft. Diatezi. lmperativul nu are asl,cci continuu, nici diatezd

pasivn do(,lt ln cu totul exccplionRl:
'r1od
\.n l Id ,- at r t t ' s lhd dinnpr qh"nl' 4c "r '. nl
,, u I | , . b; d, , ; s pr . r . i( h, E I
lT. Ca . . - l
"i
I rc !rcpa.e.l1
i |. dfescd
I'asi! ] n
""n*u..d'
I bc scated
I be oomtoriedt
$ f63O 5) Im iratiml ncgttil se construieste cu auxiliarul DO urmat de hfi

nitivul inconrplet, chiar in cazul \erbelor to be ,s]to lwrel
D,"l Ddso sdtisl,l ,o no,so homet'etl
,o,L nareher in nowl Dan't do thrl!
ln stilul poeticsclntilnastcsi torlnafdri DO, carede azitextului o savoare
voit arhaiLa:
Crll no, thysell a slavcto manl
Fiel Charitll .Vezfrn,, in sliie.i
O heart.los, no,th1-mhreF
r\tun.i oiud in propozilia imperrtive se lolosettc o altii negalie decit
adverbul nol. la formarea constructiei negdtive nu s; inirebLlin,teaznauxilir-
rul DO:
l'.r.r say diel
,Ioua ol you goesa\a-!l
NabadsiNaane sl.aJsbchindl
Formclc do subjonctir construile cu auriliolul LET, !i considerate de
uDii scriitori ca inperativ, potj sau rlu pot, sn pr'im€asri auriliarul DO lft
forma Degativi:
do not/don'l.leirr .all sdzlct me nol call. ctc.
Formele negativc conslruite cu auxiliarul DO silt, ccle ilttrclruirlate
in lllod normal aiit, jn limba scrisn, cil Fi in rca lorbit;, chiar pentru verbele
10 Le si ta harr:
Don't hr n. ke.p you lron your Forkl
,oa', ld,'r so liomc yet!
,o4'l l.r her De a bLfden io ]oul
Do natldol't tct theni la,e their oirn {.yi
Don't lets do srch a thingl
&r's nor do such a thingl
Formcle nesalire conslruile idrll auxiliarul D0 sint iDtrcbuiilate iD
Iinba literard oii in stilul formal, oficial sau oratoric:
Let ts nat *ek ralD areuncnts.
-I-c,lheN uo, Z,dlnkind lo her.
,., s normissseejlg rut exilaordinarJ si.unimana.
S 1631 6) ,q.ltoint'rebuinFri,- Inperativul mai est€ lntrebuit,tat:

$ 1639 o, penlru a eliprima o sfidare,o ameninlare:
JT Pr p n ^ \' . ' f 1 o u , d n
Go i,r r .b n llo u . ri q l ,.t,l e..
"
rCitaicdcIt. QniL, A Crunmat of Conlenpatat! Enslilh, i.)2.
sW. shakeslearo, Iting HeDy W.
3W. Shakespenrc. ndmkt, Ptince.t Dentuatk.
317
n ) i n tr o. t r f ot ! ' z it ic .,.u i L rts l fs .u n d i l i o n a l . i i n al sau concesi v. artesea ( t6JB
.
nr ri .!",.r/]/, . pr r oo/ r r r r fl ,i t.,1 r" ,d r-c u p ri r ,l - ,rn i Iti ." ti \ .a. un i m_ '
r r . ! " r , . ' an r,.| . ... rd tp ,n , . tp ro rerh

L , l, , i I . g" t , r t.,." n,.i J t{ r, , In i ., .
to, fruit and keo! ltt {Rectalnn)
(Mircafi lrucrc c, si tifi sentitot ,
abne ud se! mr toior..Flt
Lvlro sli r. !cr.n !)iinctl
I I \ or k / P\ {i v " rr.l ,rl h s ol e,l ri
' ,i
- r I di c r r,,n ...,., 1 .i \ ' J ,p a :, d , ,gJ..m;nru ,
",
l-df Js r',, n r , u , , . . . . r oJ . h. . n ' o J \!-r LliL
(u 1.r .r .r . r o"t i , . , , \ "r , . on. : ng"c r d i ",.J.,ot-,!,,r tLt ,..
_ 7) lormr acee hratl. l ornla accenlurta a imperurivutLri se L,rnst,ru_li l6J,t
ielt ,u.,"r'.,.', Do,,,r,., r; I.201:
l)D stoD snireltinsl
,o h a * a otL* ;rkel
,o l.t lrc s-a-"you homel:
8)'I'raalu{rere.
- Imperativul se iraduce t lirnba romendtot. printr un \ l63b
S,or ihrt noisel(Nu mai taec zaomot!Taci!)
IJeWier) (1ati ! "ttai t)rinjntcI Jrat liristil.| -
,,nl $orryt (N!-Li taoo grij )
. ".9..:.ul'ic,rul_imt'crxli\ului. bup,,Irn,-0 m^,,i,nrr td Qrb2.r, Lr,ij qJr;J6

'rotrnr:rp r' .n, ",trvul nu irr tI spnFr. !ubiF.t.
L\i.t" n.i .i ud,ir ", , tri.,n.h rn , d|n .ubiF.tLt. tiinJ (o, ,si r,
s a m{]nlrnut puternc afcentuat: -"sar.
d.,/ pentru elitarea unei conluzii;
,, pentN fl ie atrage at.rlia persoaneiadresate:
/ r' ,.,/ul r, l. | .r .r.t'r.r. .i mai Fnrt./, i ,rn,i .:nJ
prFz.r,1 .'rr)rF.r.rtulFmn,lp.rzio nudnli, ih" "r.,"teri.ti.
ivd nFcxprims.i _ rs.,.drp.
nerrul um.r n.:Lrttr,,r" sru ,li.,r,ot'ivi. r-nJrr!... duiosi.
," .na,rr 2.a:pro "r". SuUi"":-i ",r-
r'- u ner"a , z u n n u "e p r n r r iu
; : : :i, , il1;l ;il l l ,"
E r e m pl e:
. . o)
. i L ).h :t 4 ,- t.u "-t ut You r , - t &lr h . . , , . J . d$i , t , , . , rnd uod. Lehz. tne
r.dseIA1d
11,1,:- ',il;T,jl",i',1q"l.j",';:'
', 1 ' -. r r r . . r r.. .\,.r l p. u ,\.. .
;;,.'l;;:il 'r'e a t p'd,?-'r',
v o : r rre s r' '' h; rp'oo n,
,r...,""0 "i"r,,?l;,li"
i I Don I J 4 r \.TJ \n w L o .r d g o j on,
r\ r , 5e, ijl: t \ . ,.,p ' m rol i a,al r t.d,s.L
,i^\ .\.-r..;p e (J l i ;L
",
\Fvtsr ,nr n ndt y,
\u 1 6 p, . . . r d r r,F .r , . ,' " ' r." p i ,]I, ,Yj .;.p , :,arpr.j au,i n r"
. i d " s p u . :,
ljo I av , h nr J t o n r' y o , try th l t d nd
D d ,','ls r t , I noa, " .rJ f rl n Jo. l t se" l
1 l .,..,i .a ru r,r ,ri ,i _i .z: ,epi 1..i i
l u crul) ll
L l:ezi si g 15 83 .
iil,:,,,p ,trv.r o, / r ". . . . J oJ H. t 6h. . . . f . ". . it t . t SL,l n

.. " t arur,ara,
.omporra . . , t ru
ri r Iozi,,i.i..
{ A n, h ,ilrlrri rl&o lt u; s , t d/ . t ils , . . niuhf i U. i1 a ] . o o t .
318
1.,!t, ll' ,jrld Jjo n. , / o/ 1, .' '. '', " I n - : p :

lr. : cLDlu lrnn "c".,1 dr ' olo{ l. , nq , il Hdi. n 1 " : 1 / - , d o - m i l
; lrl \' 5 \p7r . b n' ll l1.e l
\ov a", r. r r'o, e '. 1 ! i s oolbor :' l' / : ld' rul:
ln' , ' - L d"r '.,-ii:"r m in -: l. "1". ,u , 'd " I . n p 5 r 'n " , r \ ''
'lAi ili te nriiti dc aioi.)l
slat dcstdl)j
Confuzia lJrtre subiectul unui inp€rativ ti subicctul unui vocnl.il' poal'
li evitatn dac6 se considcri accentul lor, preiulr ii locul pc care tl ocllpatfie
' ", In p"uroz;!;cc lnP r r"g"lilur .tn ', tI
1n : norm"t, .uLi,,.tut J.r in or.las.nr pr- 1i" , ur il r,". noriria
"J reguh resp€ctatnt,r.."
enunliadvnl, in cdzul imperativului:
Yo& conc herel
DtzDY,don't be alraidl
Subiectul \.ocativului are un aoccnt distirctiv - /allrr*c- 9i, ca;i ln
limba romAni neavlndo topici fix;, Irndtr stn la intPputul,Ja nrijlocul'ru
l, ,fir;i'Ll proporiLi"i.liind d.spdrliLfrlrr rirguh d- r;st!
n,r, comeh.rcl
C^n' . ' pr P. f ?. / . r l or r p
Co. r r . r - . 3 or . d, Bo. /
I'oz urerc, where are you lrom?
'litddtes, let'6 have iccc|cam no{ i
Let's hrve icecream now,' .'niddt€! I
lG37 10) Nu [taret imDerltimlui. - Im]raraiivul neadnd decit o "(insuri
formn gramali'caldsi oiingurn persoand.'a2-a. este u ul dintrc modurile cclc
rnai suateptibile de a fi.,coiorale" ln cele mai subtile nuanle printr'o multi
tudine de mijloace. Cel mai des intrcbuin-tat este inlanalia, care. asociati
, r prir:r' r si gp"tiLo.po.lF par.urJe o In'r^dsJ gurrd. d" Ia lorrul '!l ,,,"i
aspi,r.Jur;i ""mcrin1rior.prni ta mri noli;i.o;. ,lu d ."u s,,"\:
-thukrxrinaslons.'sy.uli\er Youtl! r'. "r,
, d, I . Sr,pI do a rvarI r\',rd.com,
i h rt a gainrand_I ' llk n o c k" v o ud o y ' n l 3 c a d fr !tl ,l ' L l ocl ' tsr ,ui ndJoufo$i ' bcl nr\\r
,ltttzd rour headl 'itind the step!
Cu asocierea uror cuvint€ diminutivc, ap€lalii afcctuoase elc. - carc
sd temper€ze duritatea imperaiivului;:
H. . . / idJ ; " . $.s h \o rr rJ ' p s : H o ., \o u " , d ' i r, \' $' l : r,,/n; 11' " doa-l
i o rsrl loL" . dr lf I J , . . ;ru l ' " r" a n o l d l i l o m .,h 1 l /)oL.' i l o' l Juu pi !" ,sh' rl " l
$ rn do$l - I oi, Lio, it d o th a i d g d i n l
oli0iale (:
Dispozi,trii must, I'o BE -r- infinitivul ctc.):
Tiese books d.d feqzif.d teading.
Thcy a/" not to Dd ,'t4 awaY.
, ô s m ok ' ns l No Par Lin s :
$J lk r ng on lh, Ar a, 6, a t a l L o . . , J :
Park\ng ptohibited in ihjs arcal
IDperativLtl este forma ideali pentru provcrbe li recl rle dati fiind con-
crzra acesiora:
Lov e m e' . I o* n rv d o q l l Pro re rb l
Ttu b.for. 1n iust.- {Proaerbl
Lo; . m t at 1' " l i r6 l i o o i . (P r!!p rl ,
Eor huit drd AP?,lltl lRtclamll
, i" . o, . / lhe $o r,d 5 ti l i s rb s r,.i n .i :d r. ." . {F.,j ,r' 1,
P il z p t h" r ' o i v rr d n d J o .1 16 " 1 rl ; I d ! .vr,J' \orr ri r ' (l .e'l dm!)
L V eli ji77, p ro l o z i ti a e n ,rn l i a ti \i .
r V r z i ${ , ) 7 \o rrl i \,1 .
3Cu\ i1r , l , u, 1 rF - d i u l ,rl .l ri
r : it v ou s au .. (D ro n o z i tiueo n d i ri ' Iri .ra l " Iorr.
,,r,a l e ).
m p ; o ,:,: p ;"b d sir p d H. Q,i"| . r' 1 t tadr n- . -.:r
' \n;.'ip
o lL yon lore Dre l!.op. condilionali'].y.,' r,usi love n'X dog too
-
81t
XITOD U R ILE II{P E R S ONA L E

$16s6
IN0N-FINI'I'I.J
P1]TTSOF A VERB. VNRBAI,S)
I. INFI\ITIVUL $ 1639
(T IIII I\F IN IT IVE )
. 1.).Formd. llorcd irtjn;ri\ ului erglezestcparticula,or, care Dr€ced{ q l$4O

opocpDr'
d.l as'rpl dp .pt-tr
^ ior-p r"rbale
Infiniiiv I ro have .altod
prezent I /a chc al perlccl 1 (a fi c|email
Nu toale verbele au in"q! i,rtiDiriv. \erbc {Jrd inlinirir Jeri si /.ir.d t 1641
p.o.rli.
't!1 \9 rn..rIin ,r -:.rr i ttt.tar r,ttitiotp ,,o,,o/". \,î.a. Ji;t: "'
CA\. \lAY. \ll :)f. OUr:H f. sH \t.L, \\ .L, ct,.
nrlinilir couplpt:iinfinilir iU.olnptpt.- Intjniri!ut prp.ad,, .t" parri.utd q t6{l
,
ro.. p nrllnll ,nttL, |,.ortrt'/t., rt,!e Jr[initir.).ln."n,rr., .,r r;rinr ivLl
"
Iard l!-rl.ulr to. ntmtt ,rl,rtt,' :h""npl.t (In"ahpt t" tntin;tit"),.
2).Aspect. Diat€z[. Timp..- Infinirilul arr aspeLt arir perfeuriv (!onju. { 1643
girFa 6impli\,.ir .i impcri""riv {.onj rsrrea, .i
rrmnurr: prcrpnt.sL D€rlc,t. ",,ri..J,,,.,mL"l;,,,i. r"?" ,l;,;;'
Diateza aoti\ri
Conjustea simph
10 c an. onl. lr e z e n l ) to t,a re cdl tcd{ rnt. r.ri ect)
L: r . r em ij (: a ti chemat)
Conjugarcacontinud.
io b. callnig (InL lrezcni) l o J a \e b,r' n .,l l i nA Ll nt. rerh(t)
( L l i .rcmrtl
Diotozopasiytr
lo I,n ,r pd {l, t t r ^z . nt , ' o Ldvp b p e n i d p , t Inf. r,.rtdctJ
t J l.n prn it ( rfi i^.1 .hemar,
d ) Infinitiwl a,elasi tjmp (prezent,trecut sau viitor) g 1644

"prc:.nt,erpr.ima
r. , $r \'.rD ur c ir e il pr pc P a :
'the! nake (tud,1ear qilt mane) hcr taueh.
to fao (au fiLcut-osa! o voi ta;e) se ridi.l
I can (coltd or shal be dbk /o I rde clearjv
tPot (am tuiut sau loi pnrcai sil riid cta'r.t
l l ,l l i n i l i\ ul r' ,\p ri -a .i o
, _pr pz , rro a t. ^ r\i n n a
i ,todr, Ll i d" sn" os s
v er D u l u r ca r € il pr ec F d r:
we nr?d ro .aA tomonorv.
(sperlm ce rom p!t.a reni mlin..)
1 ptutuis.d to tetutn L\e book aL oDe.
(r\m flgndtrit cI voi rcstitui jmediai ca ea.)
. 'R Fg r"im J , l4. i I , - , , " 1 p ! l n r1 ,mJ ,ra ro m tn .1 .u D d rrd' l ,tas,qrFrd" . ,nf.ni -

:D.n u { ir d" . . inlin iv . l u e - ,o m p tp t ri ,,i n l ,n i ti \,L r rt . .i n.omp' ,..1ntr" i ui n-
r r |r . I' rm p t.i r. .,,n ti nri r l u n s - d F p nntno.In grJi ,r.r 1 romdn).
' ,o .' - ", r t",.,, a \t,
;EO
S 1615 b) Infinitit'ul petcct exprimn un Ii]fnl) ankriat aor]uia la .iarc st rclc.:

r!rbril precedent:
Ite habesto hdeedone well i. his work.
l{Lll spern6I li oblinut }ezlllate blne in mun.a sd.l
Sl,e ldl, roo eariy ro hare tu t tl\cm-
t(na) a plccat prca dcrreme oa s{'i li lnlilnit.l
xor piu eant to haecfiai..,4d l'ou lessonsbpn)regoinqio bcd.
(Vei roi rrobabjl si ti li teiniiiral.itdnini lcctiilc inajnri de r te du0c]a c!lcrr..)
$ l(i4(i 3) Troduccre. - Infinitivul lro traducc tr linba roneDli r:
a) in[initieul. 1n timpurilc si modudle in comp nerea {rnrofa i lrd
(s t64e) :
b) ittini.IieulIa timpul corerpunzntor:
?o dD js human. (lnl. prezcnt)
(r\ gr?!i e6te omencqte.)
She is loo sho.t sighled70/,ar..(..r xou. (lnf. t.rl( ll
(n$[e prea nioale ]rertru a tc li viz!t.)
c) c anjunc t ir t l a i i m p u l c o re s p u n z a rto r($ 16i 1):
! want !, gire rou a lresoit.
(vreru sll-ti d.! un cadou.){Conj. trezeni.)
Hr scemsro ,14re,old vou the tNtlr.
( P . r e s l t i li s r ru srd e i { N r.) (C o n j l.e d fL r)
d) gerunziut:
I heard liin! clos. l.hedoo..
(L-ain auzii ,n.l..,i,i ufa )
e) supinut:
There is much ,, d" in lhe hoNel
{Sint aiii de nulte de ln.,t ln castil)
f) un eerb la un mad persrnal lnlr o propozilie subieclirn sau rcnlfll,r'iri
d i re c t , ir :
j' r r i" ' f' tti l l tt :ur' '
',d / " tt 1 r" v ' _ r r' ,, 1,.
S , dpur p. : I .i .l ,p o { . .' 1 ;. . 1 1 f., I, 1,.n. ' i
' n " r'
\!. Lno\'l,id to hdrc rereieeda bonu! lor l,is Drrils. ico,nll'litil
LSlim cl (elj a trili1it. o priniL lenirtl mqin,le s.l..l
$ 1r;l; 4) Funolii. - Intinitirul esle /o/,rd d, 6.r:d a conjugirii erglpzf. fL,miii
,si.,lorna comune" (Cotnmon ltorm, Basc.). Ca atam:
ii l{il6 a) gesin timpuri si moduri idtnli.? ca iorJn:i cu el:
Indiatieul pterentt (i.oatcpusoanclc, .u crccllia Irfrsornei r !'a sg I I
'r{11,Jo
Intnqatiuul lwrsot\t^ a t a sa. si Dl.l: Calll
I'o;tua @chea sutjoLctilulet: lao)ie lersoanele)I call, hc call, etc
S I {;40 D, pr€cedflt de un auxiliar, ini.re ln coiJrpunerca urnnlia nor rorme
I sliall .oll; yolt. he n'ili .oll, ric. (Viitor)

I s l\ a\ lhar c . a .d : X o !, h e w i l l /m r..a l l .d r..lt' 1\' i i torperl ecl )
I s liould. dI , . r .u , h c w o u l d .a U ,c i c . i v i i to m l fu l i l l e l f& uL fi .ondi l i onrl ul trreTP rt)
L s loul' l hn' p . a l l ./, y ,,,, h e $ l l l l d rd ' a .a l l .d l , fl .. i l i i torul l .rfert al l rc.ui ul ui
ri co edit l, ' nJ lull, er l e .l )
rTlo lo.i!l iol 5p' l_/ , o. 1' ln l, n. " ,'l . rrt tt.a .lp q [ '1 1 1 1 pt.d6l
d:d a h": . - , bi ' \J - lr ilao' I t 'h " t - - '. d a a L
(Complcti''i dirccti.l
I \_ ezi $ 14 !0- 14! 1.
B !l
c., + un suii{ formeazi urm:rtoAreleforne verbale: S 1660

-r calls lDe rso an a a 3_a s g indic at i l ! . c z ent a l t u l L L 'o r v e r b t l o '
iir er.cDtia {uriliarclo. rnod. e}
pt t .1 rd u s inp r ' \ ' ' o lor ' g lbl".
' " ' 'r i r r n ! " / pnl
,"-!r'n dl v ' r bpo' r gar 6r r
'Pl
,r ', alt€
--le d
a ,ra"i'.:D,ul - , ur "l lr _b"o. . gul, 1"' p r i n l 'i a n s _
-, , s ,dll,,6 r;d, :',i . on' ", , . : i g- f lr r ' d. Lul l, r ur or \ P r b l 'r 'r
lra r.lor rio oar t s l
.Jl inlocuiefte subjonctivul( $ 1612 1613): $ 165r

I askcdhim ro orrz the door.
{L-ad rusat sd iieschidnula.)
ln loc de:
I askedhim ,nd,ie (shoutd)oPetthe doot
e,,lestetntrebuintat,ca Bubsiantil'(Noun Infinitive : infinitiv substan- S 1{i52
tival)i
?o ndre 0 senscol hunour is a grear qualitX. (Sulicci)
{A avea simlul umorului $te o mare calilate.)
p.ofuot?(suticorl the new techniqueis,, /&. 4 {numeprelical'iv) ecotromicpro'
9"""' "a
(-l l.o-ot. t"ltni"u nour tnseamnda conhibui la progresul€oonomic)
1653
f, estetntrebuinlat,ca acljcctiv (GerundialInfinitiue - infiniliY adjec- S
tival):
thinss t 'a"ru (atdbul)
(cveninenteleviitoare)
tn th e non, m ot | . " r ' $ a q n o o n F l o l a l &l o l \l ti b u l )
rJrp vorba)
1 l o co m pa" t im " nt u,p" tru n p l rm r,o ri n u e rd u ' m" n i uu ' 3_psi t" I
(Gerundiallnfinitiee: i^titr.iti\ ad1'eF $ 1654
.. ..g, esie tntrcbuin!,atca ad-/erb:t
brar):
I calredon her odv ,o ldofn she lvas a{ay. (Idiniliee af R6uh)
M-am dus la ea ca s{ aflu (: ii an ellat) cn era plecaF l
\1'e $ent into the resraufant,o s", somelood fQbarietunt cilcunsianlial de 6cop)'
(Am int.at la restau.ant ca sd luem ceYade mlncare)
I w3 s sor r y r , €o. ic om p l D " n l .' R U ms l J n l i l l J " ' d u ?r)
{Mi .a plr ui r lr c a pl.c .)
She ivent home ,o s,zdy. (Conllemeni circumstantiald€ scop)
(S'a dns acasnsI studiezc)
/r) face parte din anumite construclii speciale numite ,,nominat'iv cu $ 1655
infiniiiv" (S 1675-78) sau ,,acuzativcr infinitiv" ( $ 1667),cu variaota pre-
cedat[ de pr€pozitiafrr' (S 1674):
T/,e , $ p, . r ' Do{ pd t o l ,o ,?r.o th a drh d r.r' i IF go n ' l \nmi nJl :\ ' u ' l i ni l i \'
l S.i s.L nlr l ir ar un s e s " r" l n l rn u l ' rj l F rrrl r.p
Wt ivant€d nin ro ioiu our basketball tcan (Acn,ativ inririti!)
(Doreanl ca el sd it'lre ln echjla noashe de baschet)
It i s to r uaut a b" s t ' rP a d n s .(l o r' ,. /a ' i l " i n " n i :t
(n ste nnA d t il i I n ,rl i s r c ,tP :ti)
i) esLe tntrel,uinlat, intFo construcli€ incide L{ lolosit5 ln mod absolutl: $ l6;{i
l L $ a s . r o, , ! r h" lF 1-1\', ,r,d r l ." b u l l ,n ,.
{A l o bl. . a; r ' u s t , r n m J i m u l l o m a r. n Sl i j n l J ,i i n parr'J ILi )
He becanF.so r, sp.d . a ltchnical adr'ser to all his lriends
{,\ derenit, ca sI;pu a,ca,consill€tulichnic al lultrro! prictenilorsli.)
l FaII relalii sirtaotiijt !u .cstul proloziliei.
822
! 165? jJ introduce o construclieerclamatiad:

?o ro!,rsuch a thinq to youl
r S a-l i l p u n a a )s c .;a
ro ,hnl that Bhejs olly a clildl
(Clnd i,esirdeiti c[ nn a decll o copill!)
S 1658 5) htinitirul incomplotse lntrcbuinleazd:

S 1660 d, dup6 werlel€ auxiliare9i delectivemodele,cu excepliaverlelor to
BE, to HAVE1qi OUGHTTO :
I do ,hn* tlis is wondertul proaress.
lGesesclntr-adever od acesteesteun prosresninuDat.)
Ze, cveryoncd,rdzdto his work!
(S[-ii vadn liecare de munca ]uil)
The nroiect .ozld Deworked out iD thc DcsisnincInstitute.
(Proi;ctirl ar lxt€a li elaborat la Institutuade Proiectfti.)
I tuh, se, thcm at once.
(Trenuiese'i rld imediat.)
They decidedth.y poeld ifo! exp€riences.
(Au lotarlt sI lacA schimb de experi€n!6.)
Hp w o u .d nt d d .p :s d , s o to rn y l a cp.
(N'ar lndrlzni sd'ni spund aocasiain lai{.)
\ ou ,,.d r n o l g d ,l p ri n l h p .ro !,)et
( \ u .s l e l n rd n p v o i pq As k l n g l i i ro col ta )
S 1660 Dupe verbeleto BE, to HA\IE 9i OUGHT se intrebuinleazilnsa infim-
riv.ul complet'.
TheJ d.d ro 6e na..i'd ne\i \roeL.
{Urneaz{ BI se cnsetoreasclsdtinmha viiioar€.)
I nd J ",o 8 o 1 lr,. fi b ' l r i n 8 i n rh " norD i ng.
( T r e b u :-s r m r d u L a .o l o d i s .d * d i ni nprl J.)
You o,Bftrro d..ct' thP prolosal.
ll- r € b u i p /J rtrp b u . .i J " + p l r p ro p unerpal
s 1661 bJ dupn verbeleta maheqi to HAVE, clnd au senscauzativ:
Thc nees ndde ho ./y lor joy.
(\'estea a leculo sE puDge de iucuri€.)
I'1l ndq. him a,rq.r lor his carelessness.
(An se'l tras la respunderepentru neslijentraluj.)
S 1662 c, dupe verbele care erprimi perceplii senzoriale: ta fcel, to heor, to see,
to obseree,to perceiae, ta tratcll, to behaldj:
I /c, him s,@,wh.n liis tramcs'as uttered.
(L an sintrit tesltind clnd j 6 a lronutrlat Dumele.)
T uu n .d ' d t.p r.r.a , u n i h " .rb J ecr.
( { i a u z i l -ov o rb :n dl n I g )i -ra " - a . d l I .l pJi unr.)
She sas him .,me hoDe-
I(xa) l-a rAmt renind acasl.l
\1:c rdrl€d hcr pin the mal,cx.
{Im umtujt o eu jDt€res cum a clrtisat meciul.)
I ,enerdsthc sun .isd f.om thc sea.
{r\n y{zut soareleresdrind din nare.)
rto HAVE este urmat al.il, de nrtinitivul comll€t, c1l
ii dc cd incomllet. (V,"zi ii
€' 19 03 ).
!Cln d ,, do l. , , o . . od r S ! li - 2 1 5 : r ) s l n l v p r b F r " $ r l , t " . F I F s p a r
{ $ - 2o- : 13,
!rmd tpd "in inilifL l'om pll. Ai. r dd. . i. d"a5r s ilLd! ip! if or m F l e l o r . o m p u s . - l n t u r r n d "
lol d p in iinitiwl co m plEt
3 r,6p l,/.1p srp un \ pr oa"ndiTdnr ! ili/ d' ji s lilu l n , . m a l , l i h E r s a u . o l o . \ i a l glum4,
clnd e slus pe u i.on cniatic: "ael@ld the bddcl", "tcfirld my maste4iecel" (el.c.: ,,Iai.{,
privifi..'.1'
393
d, dupx trei vethei to bi'li tu lrl l(verb l€{io.rl) : a lerl, a pefnitel !i S 166r
Dfueori 1o helpt l
She bad, hnn lc{r" IIs lessons
(l-a spus se-ii invcle lecliile-)
The ohittu.n woxl.ln'l ldi me g, odt
(Coliii n au vntt sn mn luse sit ies r
He nrr"dd m. .",ss oter'
{M-a ajutat sn iuversez l
Form.r pasivri a v€rbelor Jc ld h r662-lLi63 ,si a verbului to ndkc \ 1664

( $ l6 6 l t p st e inc d ' r r ' I t ari d . i n l :n i ri L U l a -,a i r:
She sds heat.l to sin|. 'thea ode bi.l.den! ft,1 l€al, thcir lessons
(A losi auzitl cintlnd.) { r , ii- a s pus s aLt i inv ele t ec ! i i l e . l
He 9ds sc& to @tu. In my childhood 1 eal nelcr ler /, so nl oien sal
{\ Iost !6zut venind.) {ln collill,ie n-ari lost niciod.li lesai sir lltc ce rotrm l
Ane eat tudde to.on*,n
(A lost licut,-r si consnnia.l
p ) Ju p a ho4 l. û n L rl 4 ) td tt!t h o ' b t ' na' tl d su t' r' rpt " rr" rr S l ti fi i
r dt h.r th a n . s aanprt hdt , . n a t" th o n .,o n t4 ^ t) b D t. L o l h;nt btt -\" 1
S\c nlthi s,ov in tonighl..
'ould si sica acasi rsii:rsead )
(,\r trelera
I hntl,b.lter gt noN, it js gctting latc.
(-.\l racc maibinc sii ll.o acun,,s-a li-lcu! tilzil l
H" .. . aa, ' ". ! d/ in J olhilq
'!,t t,,t .i ,".; I.F
.,. r , r 1, ", ,
-r
Ruth- thdn -*flr,I aottd so.net t\.IeaLisr'
'e.
lDecii 6t s,Ii.. mai litic miL d,t0 li dcDtist )
t .dzu,r ,tu, lFric@ J.t. rvoNls.
(\u t ot dc c it s i m c d c r s PUi. )
6) Inlinitivul 0u rilYerl intercalat (Split Infinitive). - .t1,lt lnltrntfe S 1666
astenumeledat ln limba englcziintiniti'uLui intre d. iriiruitnr!i componente
s-a intercalat un ad1'erb:
Intinili!rl liinJ ^r'ri'lrrd " rol i la', on lru ip 1 l. -

"n li baj'rl'ri 'r. i , 'd'r' .'r n-:lii.n .
.urd.,- nrLd in -p.,r .J tii' | 1r"prr" ul 'rnJa
I,rt..b,rintarFa.i ..rp 4" t 'rr r;-, \, r'' . : rdn.e, r.1u- i'i a' '. 5 'lu.i" r" o-
mrndar; cra a!.zr|n" ,.i .ih.lur i .ir,r-' .JU ir. 'r,m.' r' i ilr\'rrur. o'rt,l:
dwn 10 s.I r€allil to lnt /"119 lo aplreciil.e
lo re grt.t,
... .. .. ........ .nis|rur-'
Is n o i to s i i . L ,i th o d i g rc a i a rsl ment.
ll n t s .e l tl J ,, l i n d q n a m L i ' r r sl .a$...;
Exisie inse situu-tii in c e despnrliraa p,{r'tittrLei inhtitivului dc \.erbul
n ropri u .zi s es t p i, ' , \ ir ' br l ;. ;n .p .i 0 l J . ,r' i ' rn d i n fD i ri \,rl r' rp u' n,-r dF ' rn
i oni p l "-r.n r dir p, I r . dr " . d rp , u m ." ..i -. r" r n n -l ' tr s p" r-t r" r-chu1 r" '
l Formcle comlnse ale verbllui rd riJ shi umat{i dr n,rn,itir conpleli .,Hr nds
nol bid us t rrdt \rcrk vel." "T}e .rllilllrir rvc.c l,idd.n ta .ank in to supper' \'f.bul ro
d e i D l n ,i 1 1rul
l , . rt l . co mrusc ! r o, l/ . ; s lc n ' n a t l n to i d c a n n a n tl .t: ' H c sP !sJ,0/.d),l i
.nc ,o sno&r." "lle I S io.|idd.n d. ro .,m. ag{in "
, ,o ndD noaic fi n.nat ri dc nriinjiinLl conrlet: ",,/.1, tt b ia Lh. roon "
'Cu ciccltia verbelor r; dar& \ita 1.h. , tata sirt n.mrL.. la di{tez.t p3,riral.dr
Da.ticiDiul trr!7crt.
' a r"o . i J " . t i, t , r ar ,n ..\ r,u t,.r' l t,J r., r J . . ,, i .t'rJ1-
,rf ,, i , . l , r, i .ul
'. t o' r i. r on ' ,/,a t" ..n o d .- //d , J i . ' . t r' ,t :t'
I r . o n l rFl : ô
5W. Slrak.speLre,ttnntlr. t'r; ..l t)enn\rrit.
421
Dectj\. :., clun i .inJ. prin s:, /"r"0 "JLF'b"lui lnain ' s J dupr i,lliniLiv'
:-ar .omtr"mi . .ou s-ei lngrruia lnl"laopr'd r"\tulur' Spr- a{omplul
They mei to e\lress Urcir alpreciaiion-
"8din
lni'le.ul ac"sr"i .on6lr,r.lii nu""l".lar. ud-\FfLul d:/t, pullrd" sF ro-
lpri IiA la tFrhul ,,a, Iic ld infirili\ul to "Lpr*s. ln '07u1'lrrd dPa;, 'p tplers
la inliniliv, tn linba engleznmodernn, numero$i scriito preferd conslruc,tia
cu adverb intercalai, inhturlnd asLfel posibilitdl,ile de ambiguilate:
Thcy met lo sgsindzP,rrsl.hciralpreciafion
Tot astfel:
IIe sLed me Al4.t7!to lorwardl[c lrrce]
ProDoziLia ert" Lresirr Dent"u.d: rl psl. aprbi4ul,Lir,d/y p'rrrnLldpt"r'
minx .,rr t'";bul arAid.; r si intiniLirul/o /"r,'rJ ; b./ ad\ crb,,l l,irJi a il'spsrrc
lcrb'rl drld ,le o. plaman'ullri J;ra'r //o larlLtrd thPpunlt Cat' tt)""ia'
'
corectdeste:
He osled !,e t, LindlX /'rd.d lhe pamcl
Alt€ exemplc ,Je Split Infinitiee:
?b sloslx rrd.t thc lorcst'sshadl S0o€r
\t1 I . L5"r ha I uo\ F" l, s r r ir t ! i/ r ,. r t r In\ , nrn.or'
I I'i. l, r o eien , , "/ ol r i' ' q lu l : o n
Ir is Dot "l:nfcc$rrx
.J, r, Iufi€r tris, xlon lh€ sx}j€cl"
^
Hc had becn kno$n ,, morc thor .o?,P.nsdrdlor it lattre'
l'oarte frec\'€nti in erglez:ram"ri,dri ,\i jr, en!la?a-britrrjcd icl,udL''

.nr.rrrcli.' inti',i'it"li di in Fr,"l€r c .aparal 'lrpp il'. "lSranip
'd\'rb
fiinJ rnLIebLrinratd d. unii di'llrp ' i m"i Lurri 'criirori. lr|cpind 'hrar 'u B)-
ron. numit si -tat infiniLivuhri cu adverb ini,ercalat" Roberi Browning St
a;;,p;.i"i posib;riralil. d" cxrrimbrFm.i .orF'r5 -'i âi clJ15.sau mdi
'iiii
inier*ants r-gulilc grameirr"lo.
"parglnd
166? 7) -A.cuzstifi cu infinitir' - A se observa in contrast urmdtoarele doui
Dropozilii:
ta ) | rnn t tr !"it L nn t h" 1t ' t t
Il tLo r \n nt ' r ir ' l llr nt nt ) .
Propozilia do d ?crL'ec.rre au dcelaii subiect'
(b) ^re to sritdt on l,i,e lgnt
| qant liet
(Y.eau ca e0 s; zrftdi lumiria.)
ln acesi caz avem aceleati doui verb€, fiecarc cu subiectul propril' lr-
iire v€rbul Dredicat raantsi infinitivul to stritch care urmeazA a intervenlt un
in €.uzali\) al t"rbului predi'"t. "omplprrelt
"om ulomenLdira ' qi,,r" idF.i
csrn Fslpiotoddri subipn'ulir tini'ivului urmdlnr t/o $it.//. Nu cu //,)
iodAplincs.r.liun.a intinilivului ta s.v;t4 '\ ca (1,
")
A"."srd ' on.lr""li" cperit;.i limbii "ng "/- nrrmi5 d.ur11r\ 'u..rr I'
I i'jv- (,1..u.dtir " th t;[;nn;r' ] ;i i"rm"r' dinrr un "rnpl'|-cnr "di'Fr'
care estF tolodird si .ubi."'ul un"i inliniliv urmiror 1/xs dr':t trJtntlt(
ar' llrl.Ii- LI. nLln" tr"lt ot;r ob; ,ti lObj "l .onpl 4"nt\)-
Alti-autori ,roniideriicn infinitrLul djn actsislaconstrnclieI!'e 1'n|te
rl|Jrt tti complementr)irect compk:x (Conplex Obiecta ).
I wa L herto ll'e ta to the railio Bucharcstwavelength
lvr€au (0aca) sI punalostnl de radio Bucureiti.l
r G.G. Bvrot. Poens.
'n.C. Sh;rrili and V€.non Bat\retr, tobneu's End.
' num " D. d, (a ri v -a o o rr.,' d J " ,o m n l F i rp o di rF r l D i " , ubi p r : 6 2;26.
f n Candina .i \ \' rl i l " \s L d \i . I n L l l h C r' " no- \l ' ' \' r' l C -1 p rrr'
B2t,
Tr'"r/ . . \ , b. . r ' , 1' J r Lc r .

'IUr' ' t , t L., . t .
'\-"-au d tld l l. is dalJ , , r . r d, n , i r " . 'r , , , . -
't{;/.l
$:e asked lor r/€ s,tc l, ,e btuught .n aI.we
1ln ce nd c. ic l. gi, no s d lic adN{ inc diat . )
His ca..l.$Dcss $ill calse ln, b be tupore.l.
{\tslijcn-ta hi ii va ado.e nustrliri j
\.,izdti\ul ,u inl,,.i 'i\- "., i 'rpbu;nr"r.p,n .|, pIiti.,|rFri cutui\i
rr'.. in ro,ur un"i p'uouz;!ii.",',pJ- rr Jir^, r.. 'r ,
"u bniu,,,r,r
lhat urr,dl.i,l tn '\ljar'1;, ;i rl .er,i .rrb,-r' ,lihr,',l-.,1.i".,,t *L-11'";t
s" rrimul erenrplrrF erri^n. I mdi .us. ln ",".rrt r.i , r I,,, I
"onsr,lpr,
fi redat prin lraza neidiomalicn 9i greoaiea eir.i construcl.nreste mai ipro-
piatn de limbE romanni "l \"-aut tha.tshe shotrldt nc in (to) rhc Buchale,li
rravclength". Propozitia subordorat' "that shc shauld.irfu in._." este rrans
Iormai,i jn ,,acuzaliy cu infinitiv" astfel:
sxbieclul propoziliei. s.t€ (noln.). dcvjne nir (ac.). con,plenenrul dne.r
al rcrbxlui regeiieii pr'orljfatul ei. rhaul.d.tunr in. (lerjre iniinilirul /o ,/r,
in: iar conjurciria /tal nu se ,rt,ri erprjmn. Se obljlle astrel forna nraj concnn
!i rnai alefii:
I Nant /Er ,o ,r,c itr...
ln a.elaqirnod. propoziljtiufllel(,nre:
T}iJ didn't c\tccl rndrni! rd.r".rrlorll i,. $ol I sn.c.ss.
Tncy d idn l, e \lt r r il lls t 6. r r s / , , , s nlh l s ! . c c s s .
-{ce Rsti . ons t r ' u. ilie e rtr: i n r,r.r} ru i ri l ,rtnd u p i i n uneroA se rfrLe, di nrre S l $68
c are p ri D ci palele, qint:
d l vcrbe c ar e c - \ pr ir rl o rl (]r;rrn . o p e rn i ri u n e . un ordi l l : l o dcsi ," €.1a
erpett. t.t tv(nl b trish: ta &lb(v. to let, to p.rniL ta sDffer (:ta permil); k)
recomn.tul. to .a,tn.d d. to ardi et|.l
t .ati.:.rctl.ltou /, n&'r m. n.tt.r lhd urat.
l\Iil ailepliDr rle l. tirc sti mn cunosii mni bine.)
Slrell .".,r |ra,i1 .ltaut., totue lra.:k.
(curind a.e srl lrea !. si te Intorci.)
I nr'| ntton lhbts t. so o, lilc i.Iat h tliis lrouse.
i\n t.i. l.rnil.e ia lui,uilc sl contjnueasttcth accasu c!stl.)
LIe t4inhe,itd ntepttior tt, I)elaten in tlc eienn,g.
1\ I ) r es ( r is{ i | o i i tn ' c r s l l n l n a l i s e .rr.)
Thc rianaAcr .tdct.d atr .rquir r. Dcmala inro thc marter
( Dir c t oNl , d a t d i s fo z i !i is ,l s e rn c l rc tc z !ri hesti uD ca
)
, ) ve rl re les al, c do s n n l u ri fi s e n ti n e n t!: ta ft.l .to hear. rD s.r. 10 n./ti ce. g 1{i ti 9
to obs.,t'e. to p.rttirt. b trutch: to hate. ta d.isl;Ar. to like. to pr.fu et,c.:
Thcr f.11ht .hr.tt. to hetselt.
i\u simli|.o ftind pe iniunlrte I
I henrdthe Leb! .r!.
( \ D r uz it c oli l a s u l tl i n g i l d .)
\]i so(, iim rt,s o/I rnd Ld,? Urc form.
iL-an rezut puDiudrec.1]iorulJI lurcd ii pl..ind din c.mcrn.l
Th. .rlt.l aaxhal the ,trd /&r€ iis Desl
lcopilul u iri cu I,rirhea lnslir.a d.ii lrr.ilsea clibul.l
SlE d hatelotr rat to trtite oltan.
(l-ar dislli..ea grozav sil nr i soii d.s )
rA- ror nr ' i. ' ir ' , . , . l .,u l l l i (p ,., ru rr ,t.,! L ubi ,r: tr:
' I . . hdl d i k t l" nn, . ' . t r p t. .,o $ L ,,I .rn i ,' ; t.i tt,n \./,ri " ,urn.L
E!0
I'n ule the foar) ta be hot.

(lli-a. pucea ca tnincareasi lie iierbinl€.)
\\e shrutd prcf.t lpJ ro 6, less sensitive.
tAm prcioa lca eal si fie n,ai pulh snsccpiibi]n/sersibill.l
S 1670 cJ yerbe care exprimn acdviinli mintale: ta essunte.ta beLieae.to.onsider,
to decktr?. to find, to gu.,ts. ta imagi t, to intet|].. ta ju.d|., b knotri to near'
(: to intend). to suppose, to suspect. to think. ta untlttstand ctc.l
Tl\.y b.lie'ed him 1abe s\nAle.
(Crederu o'i este neimurat.j
I a1 .td', c ' /oi", pr , , , , nJ J d- l , r ' dnl.
((:o n id , ' ,n i. di ios ' ' ^l ndi L' r n p"i . n
'
I opcncd tl,c erlelope and faunn it b caltai \cv tear's g.e.lings.
(.\n dEcliis plicnl ii ad gesit in cl lclicited dc \nul nau.)
I haoe t\c\er ho6 L hn arol ,. slaok it her rvork.
t\u ttiu {c! ei) si li losl lr€oddtil ne8lijerld in mnnc,-rl
\\'.'l' I dn n"a. J h"' . "t ", t p, /
. .'''or .. r di av
(rt .-rn '1..,r",c . nt "n. i1 . r t oni, . r 'l- li r r\.,r,'.r t.pl lndnl l'rr n 4 r F n t . p ,u 0 5 .
Hc unde,:1aadia ,r ,. i ddnce..
{Dutd cit n4elcscsc,ca c.a dansatoa.c.)
1,671 d) rcrhe de nfbmdlie, nerylie, d.eclarulie etc.: to at:Atto$Ledlc,h dctl.[e. to
dent, to lmna nce. lo stdle .1c..
D\ct)nne ddlavd hnn ,o i,. quililied ior l,is joh.
(Toii au ali,rat .I csle .alilicai. pentfu nunca hi.i
D Le danr nL. statement b haee ban hisl
tA fieeduii Iell cn alirmali{ dr a lui?l
T\c t)rii.ics ,tunounce,l the nlur la haee b4n s\:.n.*.
rL r'ti. JU rq l r . ' l , . 1 , : . , ir . ". " - r s u" ^
5 1672 .l unele verbe ca: ta b.ar, tn pta"e1 ta repatt erc.l
Srbscql,cnt rycnis p,orld hin t hdte been wrong.
tEvenihrntele unnitoa.e dovediri cl (el) nu avusc$ ,Lrcptate.l
The srannnar \aok rcp. ed this ntistahe to h. tt\rltc cotnt@n.
lGramuiioa s,"n!rla aceastd sreEealll ca loa.te obiinlit;-L )
1673 fl unole rerbc u,nalo ,le u complen€nt pretozilional. A: ta bclan?to,
to carefar. to count an. ta dep.nd.an, ta laok for, to looh t.. 10rcII on. ta send
fot, to uait far etc.:
tt beLnes to HeLL Lo d<ide jn ure matier.
(itlena lrrb!i. si1 d€cnll aceasli chesliuc.l
1 .l.n r care fat thit.len b,cndr€ ljk. thai.
(Nu-ni piacc sa se loafii coliii 3stlel l
I d P t . h t" / . d ll' " _igl' l r r ir . .
(ci,n lez r. cl sa lr c c c dc z c in nod jus t . )
\\. /€1 , "a , / r r ! . 1, e r ! or or 4n, s r r r : d( . ' r 11 .
L on l,'" t- r'. - ir . o\ ' r p. l na n. ud o '. s l J f .f.
Send Fn c n La lie l)toulht roun.I al a\.c:
(l\imit-" s,-Lin adNi indati nias.iDa.l
\\e U Mtit lar h.:r ta tp.aI lirsl.
(vo nr a ilep la s i r or lr . as . ai c a ar lnt ir . J
lltil 8) loJrstructir -.for'r substantir (5Ltu Dronu re) + itrtinitit. - Lon-

s,u;i, .,,u'"ii' u irrrirr'rr -r- lpa'l ';. dp prrl'^/i'id l* rd."
1' lr';,rr 'l r-rl- r,'t'.-f"ziLiur',tn oL,n"lrnr',"lr.u'rrid"\o'lrir. ,r"ru
iot Ii ilcterninaie de un ac''zaiir- decil piin inlermediul un€i prepozilii:
I \oti [at cNrlarc 1, gd a l,h.atr.] ticlift,
{Spe.au ua toti si caDct. hilftr de teatru.)
Th. .ll r
. lghql: a- s a,
"J or ' ' ln5 l , 'r l e ' i . u 'f .
w
T h"v spre ou itF coDr"nl lot t h. , : a n t a' Loaa li. o\ n L a tr r " .
(Llr; u lo€ rtr rlu lldmili c J , ' . 1 ior . i r , l eJ gi
"ingur . ,f l p r J r
Pentm obl,inereaunei mai mari concizii, aceasteconstruclie inlocuiegte
o prorozjriequbie.liva (cu qdu fard;l inlrodu"ri\Jr arrjLu'i\dr.omplati!a,
, tinala. .on.aculivaplc.. si cslc ulilizari in mod obi,"rurrli d)pi ,on-
-uzeil.
sLructiile impersonalecu lfterrl sau i.tt l is (inl)possible, nec4rsarlJ.difficalt,
eas1t,right, ercn$ (un)usual, (m)connon erc.l:
Jt iscustomarJ/o.r/rreroDeaDcacursion cverySundaX. (Subieotirii
1napozilialnin)
(EsteobiceiDl se se organiz€ze
o ercnGiein liecaredumn'icn.)
t h re rsi pd'ch,.1gra(s/or ,ru r, iip on.(Alr:bu'iru
rL l i ,ro lo Ln p' : , d i J rb d ! . ' r s J l - l n l i n r.)
l'll arrange/or my sis,./ ,o rdft?tou to the conoerl.lComple[iri]
(Yoi aranja ca sora mea si 1€ lnsoleascala concert.)
His innovalionmlsr la\e bec! FrJ importani /o. rneqd\-sa'eu. ta!tuie ),i.so hill\ly.
( c i! z.l i )
(Inovalia lri lrebuje sil fi losl loarle imtortantil tenlrn ca Sazela de perele sli o
elogiezeatlt de mult.)
The Itonan mosaic Uoor unearthed irl Consiarla was on \ie\\ lar cqdsaneta see.
lFinalel
' (trodeaurde mozaicroman d€zgrolaF ta Conslanlaa lost crlnse pentnr a fi razu[I
lr It ti,mefot the.h;Uren to naq, l"nch. (Dupn eonsiructieiBpersolalel

(Este vrenea siLia cotiii d€junul.)
Tl'ere will bc noihing /of 9oz ,, say. {Dulii consiNolie imlr.monal{)
{Nu lci avea nimic de sr)us.l
9) Nominativul cu inlinitiy. Ac€asin oonstruolie con"q$ dintr-ur in- S ll;75
finitiv care {ace parte din prcdicat Di al ciiei subicct coincide c,r subiectul
rerbului predicat,:
Th d s:/uds lr , a" d / 4. n 9 IL . : ' -, i 1 -t-i f" .,
f ara i f o " J . / , 'l[J (" p ' ,." " ' . l ' i ,'l p]i -l
' "
In gramatica €nglezi. inlinililul arc in acoasli siluatic functi€ de nat?e

pr.dicatia subiectir (SubjectircCompLunenll(cr. S 166?, 2;24):
d, Construc,tia numirii ..nominaiiv cu iniinjtir" amintette corstruclio { 1676
..acuzatircu iniiniti\"' (g 166? 1673)rcirepfezintnvarianta acesteinla dia-
tezn pasivd.,{sl.fel:
||,p-rorp..tr.d n ,n" (\, . .,r i l l\; b a.,i\')
-r rr. pp t d . .J nni ti, ft ,o ) J ' o p .)
'" '
lfe rre.e e\p€et€dro r, ihere in l.in'r. l\on'. cu inl.) (Verb lasil)
(Trebnin sI lnn acolo la ljnp.J
Ilrcflono supposeilni,r /o 14 r Silled acl.or(1,r cr inf.i (ferb aclir)
lToii il considerru u aclo. 1,al€ntal.l
t a l. j g ,| " d a .to r, l \u m
,9 " $ a s s uppos ad r' \ -, 1 n...
(Er' , ons lder r l,! n a' l o r ta l rn ta t ) "r
Do you ttrfenddts rredsuf. to sdcz.er higher strnd.r ntr Jo',r glodsf {,\,r. c! inl.)
lsoopul acestei,ni$ufi .sle si !n asjgn.o lrodNc dc calitate !r.ioar{?)

IB,Iis n.nsL.e intrnilerl ro sd.r/€ a l,igher sr.andardlof lonr goods?(Non. cu inl.)
lAceasu mSsurdare drelt scop 6ir ii asisuretrodnse de orlii{te s,terioarir?l

.\sa d a r . r nr belp c , un ,-fJ r- i 3 ! I' ' 3 l 6 ;l " . r, r' l n' l l i u,m. ra d-
, . i, u1 a ri , ' u inf ir ir i\ - t ' I fi i n o ,i rF i r d - u n .rrr l i ., ..non,i r. ti r ru i nl i ni .
tiv". bineinleles ru €xceptia ac€lora carc nu p,rt fi inlrebrinlate la diateza
pasrva.
r.\.".r" , n. r . d. li ir ' r r,,ru ,J .,.1 r "i ul ,rrp n ,, ,vi l )urr ,r\.
3!8
S 16?? .. _ Traducer|ar.rDllxt predi,:ati#.\it de arcasri con,<trulj!io

se Iacc in
lirnba roninnd ir modul urmnt0r:
a'J cu pasiful:
He r..i to so home. Tt\c! Mte i]..n L td be ntlustdrus.
-ds rd:,t duoindu-se atrsi"L.l
1-{ /os, (ENrt cuhrs.u!i ca oan€ni hnrDici.)
a"/ cu o construclie impcrsonali:
Tr, l{.",,/ , "/ i. . . . / lob, . pr . . r , l. Tr r
tspd td.a r;a,rd , , . , i". J oulJ . -a" " [ t " . p ] . .... -t.\
/ L' - 4 . , e , 'r : t ".\n,i\ r
(\'eziii g rrs t)
Infinitirul clin aceasG co st.uclie se t€duce in limtra romAnd cu:
a', serunziul:
! l' c $ds hr ar L lro o /., re (l o o r. 'Ihe housr iras lell t. hdr( ttenbl,al.
r-\ l,'st au?ita l.s?rl:r,, u\a.l (-c.a simlit casa .rtrcnutrndu se.l
a" , c onjuncti i ' u 1 :
H€ r'asn't erpectd ,a l,. suoh i It \r{s m.ant r, ,i r.dl
., ( Nim eninu s a a ti e ttrt c a c l s n (D ,a l i nal i i .i crr s.i ti ..nnn.l
a"'l un verb la un n]od personat:

shc $ is lrlip\e d r . &, . at abt p. I le t d b f . n k n o $ n r , / , . l c v o s o r l .
rj.,rp Je J.; p s , , , . 1t , . , bit , . j. . t i "
"1 t1:cp iocrt. ,?t,.,bit.)
S 1678 b1 I r alar i d " r-" L ,l p l a d ;a r-2 1 p a .i ra ,
" at" r- td { tC ;6,
,on.rr.r.,i a
..r unins li! , d i n l ;n Ii !- -,ri p u i l . rn :o l i :i unpl p \prb. i ,,
b') iliateza acIl.'e:.b chance, to happr:n: to appear. ra sctn: ra prcee. to
twn out \ - t o p ro v e ) e tc -:
IIe lr.ppens ,o tzo.e Enstisti.
(Din intlmllarc tric cngrezeire.)
ftey sccm€dro haeeundererrodthe tostiotr.
(Pnrcau sh ti lnteles situ.tlia.)
,rne tur!']d oar ro ,e a li.s! class pitoi.
ise dovcdi a Ii trn piloL de elitfi.
___ D" l lr ec u, r;i v e rb u l c o p u l a ti r ta re u r mat,l e adj ectn e.,,certai n,sure

Iik.lt. unlikela erc.:
lld is strro ,, ,. laic as dstrrl
(Sigxr cn a.e sn lnilrzic oa de obioei.l
Aro ,lav likeix to hare ha-d rhe lV .rnnoutrce,nent?
tEsle posibil (ca eil s{ ii anzit anunlul h telelizor?l
5 1679 t0) Acordul infinitiflrlui. - O ffoare destul dn f.ecverte consrd tn acoroui
gretit al infinitivului cu subiectul respectiv. Astfel. este gr€sit a se spunei
To l h o ro d g hL ,l o $ .,.d c .o " j . n ," s.drJ' ,
t a 1-,,"tr"t . t o" 441.
! E.'o t,I n d n \n n h r m o ' r r i. " " anntim.-
atl
-,
NLr .,cuno-stinieleiemeinire de Eramaticd" Lrehuie..sn sclio bine,, si nrci
,.sintul unrorului" nu ..cste intotdciauna vesel,t.
Propoziliile de mai sus trebuie ret{cute. lie $chinbindu "cesubiectul ver-
bului prF,li.dl spre a ti €,o'dat ti cu infiniiivlrl respectir. fie schirnbindu se
Io.ul inli'ri'i!ului suu lr'loruindu-"eintini irul ,r, o fr.to/iriF sa\,ndhra,
astf€l:
Ta srite qeu.oneshouldhavea thoroughl$owlcdge.r gr.mm{r.
.A L).
' .\. d l' , on lr ", lin 6r Ft ir , l o' " a l r r E l , . f , r : t ', , " , ..in.initr! DF
3rJ-. | . i]..' np j.ord lt . o- ' , , . , lp t 1 r .' ,,ur np) t F
, or . ", / ". . , s . I . i t , . n a d
Il lr ''5 ,r- t, ' r or o' r e . or t d_. , o gr , , . n. .. , - r.d." .,,,t. )e .
i ',,
l'. \" , s r'. i . , u^ t n o\ 1. " t h b . o t j o r . g . s
\ srnsc or huDionr is essenrial iI(e qotu e oe a!qa!/s

sa!.
ll) Ilelel er larticutei infiriti\ate,
$ 1680
lltr o propozilie in (ar€ rtoun sau lnfli mrlrc infiiilil.e care se succedd i 1681
-dl !,,, in.irui I
:"S.j.":. 'iepdii s,r',.aLi utri,"i num,,ipri,nui in-
rrnrlrl rste lfcrr,lat d. I'arti,!la /o.. "ir],tare.'t,
lh J,d. ,l",l lo
i "no1! rr.i \aI to or , - r ,
. it :. t . "t - r t o. / , . i ,n - ". , .
'r'
Partirirrla;ntiriti\ului se rerDtd aruxcr fr|o:
d'l i],finiti1.L,1respe.,rivrreluic accentuatsau conrrastatcu un,atht;
. , o.o"r t!rr, tord. ., Lrp t, ., ioajL, th"r,,-t\.s
l',r
I u, n;.r \\.,nr
l r, h! /,//
b Lt tu tr..r.n.
Il-t , , ' .". ro , . , a. I r t i . , r o- "d. olr . , r n,.!,.,,,.
-.I'u
a"/ lnl.reinfinitivclecarese su(.f€rte
inreNin nraj nlulte cuviite sau clnat
constfuclia intrcgii propozil;j ertc compticatn:
_ ile islid l)er not cDt) to lo,/i |,rd,gh je !.!os he liad branght. bui also to co'..r
$liat srie didr't arlrovi {,t.
&r l IrrI t , . i, , , ilii ,., i ,, .,.p u r.u ri ta tn rc b ; ri i n
. Ira?. .t,,ht, p." .), q t682
I n 3' FsFp \rr ; r pt ' . r 3. , . ' r n. r i i n l i n i :\. o .,ti , rti /a b p m Fnti ,rp" h:drJo-d\Fr. "
b u l li p se fte :
" D i d h e Nant io c om eN i th n s ? ,' ..H e .ti d r.i s c e m ,o . ,,
( -{ vnrt sa viri! cu ndt? \u plirea si vr.a.)
"\\ h v Ji dn t J ou s o u.ti .n ,\\ .' t \a \ n o ,.to(.d /,.
r . ) r d q i , p .trp .!rrJ 1 .,,,!
l u i J ;r ml I \-am .\ , voi p.l
I-don'i want 1o sit lor the ex{n in Junc, bnt I lare,o.
{Nu !.ean sn dan examcn in iunic, d.r ircbuie s,o rac.i
I'o u ,l o n I ol. " y r ! ur D a mn rqa. n .t r ' .r,,, o u g ., /,.
d . . ut r i t , t , nl i . . i tu ' ,,.i i . I, b ,i r .." 1 .,.i .)
' )u .i r
H"J l i k n r o t , ' ! i, I t dr.tro to $ , b .t h n s .s to td L o /4.
i r . , i. ra rr' -u l ,,8 i p d . d " i \ . .p u . \1 . nu.," j
" \\'h y d J ou I . \ " J " " l r,l a ,\ .' _ \\d - | o o t .u !p o ".t ,o
'i
{ De .e ii } le. at ir . i?* N u i re b x rJ T J
Yo u .., u ld v , s dr of pr J i n i o r b q i n . it
' 6 ru d d . r d n i 4. ,..
i.\r n p ' r t ul s d lF . i o, .i p ' 1 ," t" n ,,r,l d ,.a r ti \" u t.l
Pr"zc, !6 pir r i. ul. i in ti n i ti ,J tc ," i n a ," ,.r.i .; ' r" 1;. i ti .d .\r.r" nra
unrr| .u mtl rm pnl dr F ni in n r,i p ./ r' i rn ." ri " " ra . d .?rui r" t,.ri l F ," t, .,.,,,t
I2 j ID fif f if ir r d f ar o orp ri m i rro p u t.. D L rd 1 ,,, t, \.rb" . D r ta t. q,a.h, S l ti bS

,
t onurr4 [L p .) . . t a^n, lt . t , . lp .to ,a l l .n .r.4 ,..t^ -u -
ta ttn l os]o| .,t..i ntt.p-$u;t,
I nr , ir r \ it ( d rp F \p fl ; s ,,p u t s e .ra rrs fornrn J_ ubi ,_i i ntrun
mod p ' rco n a l. le; el , 1. \ - r b L l fr.rd F r,t
l x .j r .u n j J n, l i J ,,r,,/. ,.t,.,.,i . d
a .ps T r.rh ps ' e t d ! t or . t " ,In ,tu l i ,,.p p rH r:\ ..,,r r,| | l ,:\dl _n at r," s,ui a
( u Ln\ri rl rc. , r n in, lem n p tc .): -,
I'll .all o,d asA him myself.
(-Am sii tr.c sel nilrel eu insuDri.l
1 , : r, : tp, t,.: n " i . ' . 1". jr n' 1r , ,
;., un . : , , . r r . t i n r i r '. .
". . . . ir . ,
tgaxd aank11,.
lJat hd s,ankd.
330
I'll ,inq lEt ur drd retl her the nc\!s.

(-\m sr-i telelonez ca sa'i spun restea.l
Cane a l pldy qith theml
( Y ino s I te j o c i c u .i i )
You oucht ,o comea\l see ts.
(-A.rtre6ui sI rii si n€ vczi.)
Cn dnd eet ronr hat .rnd coatl
(Du-te ac-li ia hai a Fi piliria.)
IIuttlJ up and./tnrs, Xour workl
(Grnbette de-li termin4 treabal)
Esc.p lie
Infiniti l .d.p "rpt;nri srrput sc rncnLine alun.i .ind varbulpredi.st
l a li;,p da.it.ole mention a tIea $ I 6 8 3 :
" . 1 " all r n o dsuu
It makes !s so halpy $'hcn we so ,o sdehim
(Sintem atil dc ledciii clnd ne ducen s Yedem.)
1 cdlled.tt inquire, but ro one waB in.
(Am trecut sa mi iDic.cscz,d,lr nD €.a nineni acass)
: t t - , , app" ,Ju . o s A In " n o \ l $ d ,.
($-a orrlt sn nit inl.rebece nai fac.)
He cautd'rcaoneto sPe!'ltnnY il she'dr told hi to.
ts-ar li putui duce (sau s-ar li dus) la Fanny dacl i-ar li slN eal
l a d n .)
1684 13) IntiDitirul negatir. - Locul negaiiei care caracterizeazi un inliniLiv
cste inaintcu i initivului:
"To be or no, to De,that js the quest-ion"'
I told he. it was a mistake no, to t ll Jan{ the truth
!'or you no, ,o hdeednsamd bY a lrosn was signiticaDl.
I|\ ior them to 'l.ecideot nat (to d€cide)oD the subject
s 1685 II. PARTICIPIUL

(TIIE PARTICIPLE)
CONSIIIXBATIICDNXRAIE
A 1686 t) Pirtiripiul lrri\it .omparolit i0 granlali.s engloziqi [n roa romtni. -
' cramsti.a limbii ;':lez" dilprd toar'|. l'lull de gremalicalimbii rorina rn
ceea.cep,riv€qtemodul de tratarc a larticipiuluj, deci ti a terminologiei res'
Dectrv€,5Dre ex€mDlu:
dl ln ercmari:a limbii cnglozot"t.t'enrLi d" pottiipiu ( Port;";pk) i 3c
da un intelis mfli l"rs d".il in sran uti.a limbii romcnF,deoare'e"l .uprindA
tormFlpp"rriripial": pdrli;ipiul prezcnl p€rl;,ipiul pFrh.t qi.perticipiul
'odlp
irecut sub ambele aspecte,pc €ctiv ,\t rmptrfe't'v' bLla ambcle draiezoi ieF
m.nul ..parli"ipi,- din gro'"l.etir"romendara drcpt corespondenL in grams-
tica onsioza nrimai torn.nul ,,parlicipiu rrp"ut' ( Port Parti ifl')l
,/'in Lr"mAri,r li.bii .nsl-," F\iql - douH lorm" v.'bdlF: pd./i
.ipiut pre.'nt ( PTesentParticipli) qi Serdnlianl (GerandJ' care, degi nu se
lslc'd: sne ldd (coloclial).
! Sau: ",\sk lim ro ;otu onll s4, me". care este for ula rccomanda6 lcntu e\itar€a
d pzdLldblpr o, , u5 lr np r ' r r . L nt u r i 'u h i i ^ l i n i . i \ d l . - r r p F t A r p 'o l u s l
^t".tutd ,fon i
curc ntu cliia r !i ln sf f k . Vez i ii $ 1633, 1030
Shalresre.re. Hdmlet, Ptine of Dentuatk
'W.
{ P..nume nasculin fdssnl.
831
deosebescformal. au lunc,tii dife.ite. Se atrage atanlia cititorului si studieze

a.prqt; .hFcliunpi, .odtul Ltunolit i.r-l":. unda pJrti.ipr,t pr.z, n. t,rJapti
ror';nF..r qr .6 td,a .t:.tln,rii "u'.;r'a
IAirF lurrriila Hlr;bu;1,L,pr.Lrnri,rlui
lrrtrn grr;rr'livulr (C tundtpnelrz'.r !i g"run/iul roma'Fs,;
, J:rAmAli.1,li'nbii FnslFTpFr- tn pot.i":t;d p rl.t (P,,[.! Pdtt;.;rl,t.
.
dJ ln gramatica limbii €nql€zenu eriistd r1rodul.,sup;r,',, ale cirui lunctii
lc lrdeplineste gertndilrl.
2) Diatezd. Timp. ,{spcct. ln grarnaiica linrbii englczc.pa(icipiul dre g 1682
dou" dirl' z- l,.ti\d .i pasi\aJ.tr"i timpuri {orFr"nt. trnlut s: oerfe.t, si. tn
rrzul p"rri"ipiLrl..iprer"nr. dou; o.p.".i rp"ri"" :' .i i- 1.-rt,rrrr,.
Participiul
T ]\IP
Diol.zn e,,,."rst,pr,li a ,-, ,
(: pornind) (: lornind)
harlng been startcd
{: li'nd pomit) (: pomirl (.= liind I]ornit)
0bs.raalie
Partioipiul trecut al verbelor tranzitive ar€ tn generesins pasi,, iar par g 1688
iiripiul tre.uL 11 rFrbclor intrsnTitivF '
o.tir. Form, parliiipiului rricur
'"ns
al verbelor rcgulai.o este aceeasi(irfinitiv + ed_,),in ambile cazuri:
O nc ps @' pd l J rl i v i , th r" o $ a s n o .to p p i n s n,m.
( O dall po- , i,, n ,, I m J i p u t' a o rri n i + n : ,
. d- ll" d lox s ^, o m, b y p . p to o t rt,. n:6.I rrJi n.
, Ch. aol J r . t -' t tF p fri ri . .-: i t' rd l .r" n .l J ,. n;dp,e.r
T O T i ,U A IN
(TIID .INO T'ORNfI
-IN G s 1{i89
lr Dotrumirp, ln gramatica lrddilionald. narticipiul prezent, c"run- ( l690

divtl (G rund.1..ubs'anrivul vprbJl Ei ddja ti\ul rerbal au priniL, p.nrru
bimplifi"ar". rumelp .uprinroror: ..torma in ing-. pentru ftp{!) c,i ,osr,
!airu au i."Fa!i form6 lerrildta rn sulirul -,'rg,i"r d-os"biriledintrp pla sinl
loarte subtile. De faptlnsn, substantivut verbai-era o varianti a gerundivului
( S 1748-1749), cu distinctii Ioarte controversate, iar adjectivul verbal re-
prezenta o funclic a participiului pr€zent. Pentru ac€st mdtiv, in lucrarca de
fali chestiuneaformei in -ing va fi tratati in raport cu cele doni forme prin,
, ipJl-: par Lj.;piul prezFnr!i gFrundi\.u..problena sub.Lantirrrlrriv"rl,at ll
d.4pad ddj F.ri!ul ,i rprbsl fii,,d Frp,rsFIn i,SdLurd t"rma princip.,lor"i-
pectlvi. "u
' lllei-, ' . 1rx r!iD.o do p' dr n. 1, 1""r , , i, d "dd pr!. C /

J ! -dod , " .n gl./t. lai u"na ut , ut ' iJ da p a r , o n . 'l'rr ., tmi i.orrud, iun t r n L-a, ,
"o mi l' . ; a"uo ab i '6 ie, . , er lir J iI
.,d.:!1 , und l. gd". ioi, . F. Tr ' n" r . aau i d t u - \ i . t a a l n q - m J i " d
r . l i n i . ,ll -i ne r,mbli,d ltd,r/d / t E; . a\ t : t , n or - p nh. "m 1 r 'i c . J : . d " d r o . a m b . . o .
rarln rimbacnsrez{
rncttloatcri considernt'
ineistentv'zi
,, Jilfff$ itii:illt 're
Bt9
A lr Tiun. Diatczn. Arir |rrtiripiul prFz"nr..it ri :"rundiiul au dnu;

' l69t limpul artira si laqiri:
frFz"nl si pFrh.' qi doua 'li.t.z"
Diate.l actird. calling (prezentl harinq called (pc.icctl
Ditrte\e .lsied-. beins-calcd (piezenl)- iiadns lreeir crlled (perlcct)
s 1692 P-TBTICIPIULPTi,DZENTSI GTBUNDIVUL

(TIIE PNtrSE\I'I P-{RTICIPLI] AXD THD ODRUND)
S 1693 1) I'ormn. - Partioipiul prezent si gerundirul se construicsc addu-

gind , ." ruli\ul -irp l, inl;ni'i\ :
to see- seeas
5 1691 1) ortogratic.
oJ Yerbele t{rrminate intr o consoani precedati de o si\grd ncalii tlc'
c.ntuatd d,rbleaze consoanaInaintea terminaliei -ini:
to bc'gin be 8innh3
to fo. gPi - lor sctt,"g
to Dre ie. - Dfe'fPfltns
to ;d nriL id nittrg
In celelalte cazuri, consoanafinali nr se dublcazn:
to olf-"r - bflcring
lo 'listen - listcnl:r4l
lo de r0u. de vourtrg
to d.ink - drinhing to fc main - re'maini"6
Erceptiel
to ivo.shb- worsl,ippt,s.
Cuointelecompuseretminate in p umleozn regula de mai sus aplicat'
numai la cuvintul firral:
io ( "r n' l t - lidnJppi;
lo h oa p{hi0 - ho_- \ r l' i[ pi, ;
ro .o Ji'r - lid. s lr pt r , g lo ' aI i ! o .' bo ll-adlprr4
DJ -l final €ste intotdeaunadublat, oricarear fi locul acce tului:
.,, ,.qu.'t -- .q rlll,,E t, L| lil tul''illt.g
lo roin rFl r on ll , r o . ol r o l - '. n 'r o l l t r 8
lr . ' \ ;'lli, "' lo , gamLourrj
lo lra l:l r a ' n| ' ' -
io an nul - an ndli,rg
c) -ir devine intotdeauna 'idlt:
to bilouno - bivouackina l.o trallic - hallieLi"s
to mimic - mimickiug to licnic - picnicktng
d) 'e mui {inal cade lnaintea te.minaliei -ins:
io hare - having
lo make - maktrs
_ ,np.?n.B
Exccl tiL :
do dye - dyeingr to 0rnoe - canoe,nS
ro eye - €Iomg . to hoc - hnetug
tu srtrg. - srngc'"8" snoo.4g
Lu iinsP - ting[e)i,g to toc totn'g
to queue - qu.ue g
c , - ic f inal s e s c h i n tb n i n ' q :
lo die - dri,sl
to lil' - lXins
to tie - tting
' . \ - " , onr arndJ

a: , lrl - n r.i n l r. , t yP i ts J nJl I- \' l s,ndr: vag,ag
[]"ru Jl r inl, ,. ui nsgil4.lg.n<xi 4 s r,n d l ro l { ti rrrn JL
333
[)'!] tn"t '' ,,'"nLrn-i',1i'r'" 'rr' i briei ".':

to inn.r-' - arDolr,g lo lhr" tlalrag
to crl - crXins lo obcy obexlng
3) Portioipiul prczent fi gerundilul. '- Din cauza formei lor ideniice, se $ 1695
t".e €dpsFori,ont'7ie ir prr i,ifiul 1,rez"l .i g-rur,dit. Di lin.lia Intrn
o,".'" 1"rti de rorbi'n ""
e..c inlu,r " i por'snr'1.dFoar'ap-1" au ociqini 9i
'
fu nctii aiferite. Deosebiriledintrc participiul prezent ;i gcrundiv sint urmitoa-
aJ functiilc granaticale: .q1698

pjr. \p,h r \ io"t- odi .t;r .i dt u'lt rb
I'xrfiripiul Irrczenl ' ')"
gcrundiYulps " !crb ' u \rlâr ' Jp
-uh.trrttr.
Primul s€rvestepentru a calrlrcdun suhstani,i{ sau un verbJ fll doilea aa-
np,rle acliunea erprimatd de verbul respectir:
t ,.. r .a"d .Jt.3.r.ild-.r, (r"r'._it. I
l\r l^ l 'uh " olr i ' ll' r'
She Fent aNay .rli,s. {l'a.t.- ad!.]
t(Ea)tleca tInslnd.l
T h, r \ dr / . A n \' rt,,.y ,,/i ,.C ;n tt. 1 " " 1 . Iart ,' l \ d .ml
(\. l r da u ,i In In rl . s l l i b ' J !ri rr I
- ' r'
Crltzg doesn't h.lp anyone. (Gerundiv- snbst.l
(Plinsul nu ajutiL nimdnni )
Il'alltzs is go.d lor lhe herllh. (O{undirl
(lleNnl cste snnltos.)
a ' a rl " ,g -s ti c k r (C o n n d i rl
(: !D l .s to n )
a (,olntB dictionarX (Pat. adj.)
(: n D d i o l i o n i r .mb u l a n tl
,J i n trebuir l. at p s t r i b n ti v . p d rti c i p i u t p re z e n t i ; gerundi vul se daosebesc S 169?
d e c e l e msi r nult e or i qi p ri n a ! rc rL t:
subsiantivul precdaal ae ni p.lrtil:ipiu are in goncre accentul principal,
part i ci p i u l r es po r iv I ' ulr ' rd d rp a u ..p n L p r;n .i p i l -a u .' ' unddr:
su b sL s nliiul pr " r " dat ,l . u n s tn ,t' J a re i n g " n " r" ar" orrt s." undsr. gp-
rundivul respoctiv arind accentul principal:
Psrtioipii prezente (: adjective)
i\ lbullying tman th e ,[.i.rt" i nsrvcnus
the dmtng Xear i dtntlne conmenn.lJ
an '€'tns judsment
r /auiq srar
r mrtg s l a i rc a s c r tar.rtg library
lhe pos'us hour
a nalch in 'sotzg ronl€. Lhe detoetipinel weins cotnt tie6'
Gerunilivolo (: substantive)
a ,adi,rg-rcsort
thc _ cdlrgtrg Lriidc
toonr
â ,4rdsrng
t-^rn8-ro(
a lrsng-par
a 'ledrt4 cerulio.te
(un ceriilicrt ne abetrire a {sraliune 6a:hea.d sau climate cl)
un-;' icoll
rCuvint .t ,,d/ti,r
".t, d, i; . f u1, 1i, . ddo16r F, . r a. f b n a t t F n l n r a . r - p p , 'c
: n t r ebuinlnL n.b lon Ll. \u rn l r nr plr " i: o t t "Llo""alt i4a C'.r,Iin i u l " d 'i 's d r 1 a.rsl
. i € m nlu;D psl"pin urm'" J dt li\ , ' 1r i n' r ' r "r lhl l. g. r I Arlr' u m . r c u L ''
"dld.
lotelese tn cxcnphrr ufmi'ort d dictioNtt! that ealks.
! Ttuile ln curs de dezvoltarc-
x : :
334
1698 c, Parlicipiul prczcnt poate fi prcccdat nunai dc conjunclii, gerundirur

de prepozilii (91734).
N otd
1699 ln uncle situalii ru se poate preciza iD nod incortestabil functia urlui
ourint lermi at tn -ing Si anume, dace este \.or$a dc un parlicipiu prezent sau
de un gerundiv:
Ll\e Hanging Committeelpoate fi: comisiapentm ,,alegerea tablouri] or"
(geru div) sau,,care alegetablourile" (parLicipiu pr€zent);
a haruesti.ngmachine lpoateli: o masi i penim ,,secerat"(gerundiv) sau
,,care secerd"l (participiu prezenl)l
1n ascrneneacazuri, un criteriu concludent pentru interprel,are astc
acceniul ( g 1G97).r\stfel. ln diclionarele engleze,cuvintele citate la $ 16)7
stnt consideratesulstadlive, funclie indicatd dc acoentul care cade numai pe
form.I in -inf.
$ 1?00 PTIRTICIPIUI' PN,I]ZNNT

{fIIt PLESDNT IAR!TCn )
S 1701 Cflraoter ti fune.tii.- Participiul pr€zent are pe de o pArte laloare de

verb, pe de alta valoap de adj€ctiv 9i de adrerb.
s 1?02 1) Ca Yorb!
aJ are forme verbale (timp si diahzn):
calline bcins callcd
haYiDicallcd haYiig been cnlled
6../ poate fi detominat de un adi.erb:
S lc $r nt r $x y l .u e l ti n g\i L rtl !,
i P ler , i nz , n I n re t )
Haoing spahel conainchely, \e
(Cum vorlise convingnhr, a a t succes.)
c_,)poate avca un complemeDt direct:
-a1d"zga l.rrge /dntls. she tas very iusy.
(Aylnd o lamili€ ntrmeroasd,era loartc oculate.)
Eaains l)eenaoafi.4l a pti.s, his work was reriew€d in all the paleG. (Posiv)
(Fjnid lremiali, lu af.a lui a fosf recclzate h toatc ziarele.)
S 1?03 Avind caracter de \erb, pariicipiul prczcnt cunoalt€ urmitoarelo lntro-

buill!nri:
s 1?04 o,l lmpreunn cu auriliarul to BE. Iorm0azn tonjugar€a continud:
Don't dislnrb l,.rl Shc ir ,eo.lin,i..(l'.czcnt]
( Nu o ddar jal L u c rP a ? n .l
She aas hdenq a Nalk wli.n I ncr h.r. {Trec!t)
(Se tlimba cind am Inilhit o.)
They rir, 6e Elelhonnry \ery soon now. (viiior)
tTrcbuio sn tele6neze ioarli curind. (r"-area f.ijd.)l
S 1?05 D) dupd un verb Ja un mod personal alaLd cd anbele ac-tiuni sinl, Binrul-
Thc dcnonstrrtio rrrt on. tl,e crosd .nc,ft,s. t\c children stngts.
(Manilestalia a conljnnat. tuulli'nca a.lantnd. coliii olntird.)
lle slaad laokiry at $-
lS1.itca pdrindu'ne.)
l Ia innba ronaae, inli.p.ct{ca dat, ln ac$i oar diier-1de nrbrprclaf.a .nglezn,
denlni.fa adoltaii tiind ,.o src"ditoar{" l: a nasiril ca4 s.ceri).
335
cJ poate fi intrcbuin,tat in construclia numiii ,.nominativ absolr'tt" $ 1706

( g 1723):
The lili. ,'lj[s out of orde.. I had to Nalk ulstahs.
{Liltd liind-deteot, am losi silit si trrc pe sclri )
Th p fo Jd ha\ iDS/ . a w n d .d . p P w l - d b l " -1 " d ,i t" o n. (P d' j v]
tSo s.JU.li' ' . d r dt J r ar J . D F ' n p i u l ro n trn u r ru m u
d) poat€ tnlocui o inLreagi propoziliesecundari: S t707
-stri . u s belîr e.' p hsd n o ri ;h l r,' u b . ' { i N ' sp" ' k ' t' ufv'
S.ri ci rrjr binll" l d .p . s . rJ i " r o b i e,l i .
We havc decidedio reoryanize our dai.v f.lnn' cicuns&nc^ alla@ing l: it
.iruNLanocs
' allo$ I. _u
i An h o t , lr il i r P u" q a r:z d r i -rn d n o J " ' r' 1!d n ' r drtprea vrri l or J" l aD r" '
dacr nc vor pcmite coDditiilel
No td
Partioipiul prezeni intocuieqte o iutreag5 propozitie secundard, ln spe- S 1708
, ic l d u p a -" onjun" ! iiJ c ( 0 t )th o u P l ' . Q h ' n . + h ;b e tt-l
Th o u i nS air | on t or " i\ lJ n " I ' s ' " J ti v p ' a sPrrr I rhoughl " Pw ' nl on '
{D ;i TFr gr b J r d' ar / i. ,rr
l l " o $ d . ion ll. dr ol. i n r,{ a P d " ;3 ' w h " n 1 ," p b " s" J
(Un ,o ri v int h noi Li n .l tr€ c e !c i i rr' )
She read (ntie dd,tze {: whilc she atcl.
t(Ea) cite.r in tinp ce mlnca l
2) Ad j c c t iY elepr or on i to d i o p a rti .i p i i -p ro z c o l o s i n' . ' onsi deral F In $ l ;Oq
g rd m at i' ilp ac lu€ l p .d s rmp l p € d l ' c l rv p . fl l Frrul .0ntual .l rrnd " di c:i
/,rP l ' o-
74
n drF l e Ci '
p p c rrp o i ndeplin' glF un .u !' l n l s d u o .o n q l ru c tr' Ll p aJ dF' l ' 8ra' p_
r s t ic i l e a d i ec t iv elor obig n u i l e :
i---'-
*'g*a" de toiparalie dxcdeslecazul: $ 1?10
"I
o mu :i nq lldm ' n B i n v i ro rd l ' n g sl i mul Jt:ng
p ra cl i ns I nL" r p s l i o g s ru s l j In g r)fl rJ-1S
He is nol, am&stDsthaD I c.rn te]I.
(Nu pot spune clt esi,cde amuzant)
I lound her d? tust i\tere'ting pe$ol I had ever mot
(rrm gdslt o cea nai interesaniil_pelsoanir le care o lnl'llnrsemv'eodatl )
D, pot fi Iolosite la formarea adverbelor respectiYe prin addugarea su- $ lTll
lixului -ly:
He answ€reddzgni4lY
(Dl rd:rpunserlzind.)
We looked. undcrclandingiy at oach othr.
(Ne-aD Privit cu inleles )
c) au funcl,iede alribul sau pot face parte dintr-o construcriepartici- $ 1712
pialn cu lunctie de atribut:
tretine Mi" ir /rirs vL tl
i iat J ; " c n" n " tn p 6 ..,,,1;9 pl dn" '
ln" " ; " r ; g r " n rd l o n tta n ;a g.d" t' r
t l, F bot ht asr l i l d ra r l h e r, Ir' 8 sun
Ever:r'thingis in eallt€ order. (ln starc de ruoiionate)
'fhi\ is x! la!€/.ins maittsf.
I ne o( t r r - - ' ,;,s !u b l i c h 1 q i r' r.a s ' d .u n :i d" rU )
T 1" Li" . s m i i i rs ' $ h o s . n i l i n .j j o tu Pl i l 4. i s Inv ,l Jught" r'
T l- or pii s om F o Drion s i o St $ n o b rro g rn gtlr,4I.
r Vezi,si echivalcnl.ii adjectivali l $ 7,"5-78?).

1 : un bi'rrbai, cre chclciie.
3:o viziti sriL bita .
a: aviorul care aiciza {sar arcrizenzll)
33n
Conqlru",iil"oarli' ipidl, cr,,/;nr ca hor'r'ilr, rin<ih;,/ , // sin aliibul"

.lc subi,' r,loi;,ri, r".spi"tiu .0,,r'ri,. d.o;i""; repr"zinraprapoTiliitFt€'ita
atributil.e.
S 1713 dJ poate fac€ parle din predicat l: adjectiaprcd;mlie) |
T lpy dt r t ant i .r In u J l d n .o \J n rd p r" 4 i 'al i v . rb: .l i \l
\ \ ' . ' t ound h, T i " 1 \J s o ,.g . \u ma !..J r. i \ oo " " r,\,
t 1?11 ll) Ca sdrerli. DalticiDiLrl Dr€zent are lunciie de conlDlement circumsta!-

" ti a l , poat e t ac . po i te tl i n i r-o -c o n s tru c l i e c u l i rncl i e de i ompl ement ci rcum-
stantial sau poate determina un adiecdi.:
She la! down r€8dinc, icirc. de mod)
t v h" n; oil. t - t o th p' t' 1 6 .I' r n ' t i s 5 o n . C i " . Jp l i nrp)
-iIo, l,.inq;ode/sd,/ *ii th. subject,ie did n.L undc*tRntt the lectu.e.(Clrc. de
]9eeus ploling n,. b be in the isht, she snould no! hare nsed that to!8. lcirc.
. { k i; lv s ! niI t o s , .h " r,.r' $ .,. ,o t l tIro n -i . .. C i r,. d. .onai F
T I p , nilk { d" b o i l i rc /m/ (D a l p rn1 :I u r i l ' ' l i \l
Pul on yolr heavy ioat: it is liercins rold. (Determin{ rtr adj€ciiv)
s 1?r5 participble
CoDstruetii
(Psrlicipial Phr8se!)
s1716 1) Acuzatirul 0u psrtieiliu (,tccus&tieeoith participlc).

s111? at, lod.)behokL,
Verb€le r€f€ritoarc la simluri - to /e.'1.to hear. ta listo, to see,ta laok
to nolice,to obs.jee,to parceire,to s,atch,1o srr'?lletc - pot aYea
ra gi in.gramaLica romend, un complement direct care si fie subiectul trnut
parircrpruprezenLurmaror:
I trlt re child nenbline.
(-\m simlit copild lrenruritrd.)
H n w a l .\' d /. .a a i ,,g .
{Ne lrivca eum venenm.)
I can smell &e ntlli Da.ntn6.
(uiroasc a lalte ars.)
t; la \ ' F . r p. , r i. ip i u . .^ ,,.i d a ' i r i ' , g ' " ms ,r d l i ,nbi i rl gl " z" , a fi i nd un

n u r'e pr o. li' " r r t ; bi ' ,i !r { .t. $ 2 .2 6 ,. r" ,r" " " 2; i rnp.ui ;.u " uhi F,rul l ui
o c.rnsl,ruclie echjvRlenlA cu o propozilie compl€tivd direct;:
I lelt th. chil.l ttenl'litls l: lhnl the child was t.e'nbling.)
t I c s aw het c omi n s(= i h a l s h e $ a s c o m i n s ).
I c{n smell sonrdhs bolnlB e rnat sonDthing is burDilgl-
S 1?19 .) ,\ltc verbe urnate de un afuzatil cu paftjcipiu: l, catch' ta find, to

!:et. to har.. lo imdgine,10 heep, to l,!aa|. Io s.1. b slttt etc.l
\ t ind n pd 4 .i ' l o r )' r o l i d d tj
\"l'u ga. . l: re 1 ;1 " ' ' l p , " i n \" " Jnl i '
"' Ind b ' F n l rr
Thts]' Iept n. d'oidzs {ror) an hou.
ill ru ilcul. sd atrcpr o o .)
I can't Isre n?' spotrt,s flJ chil{l.en.
{In o rot llsa sihtri rezgiic .o!iii.)
l^rgine tue sun bathinc on the beachl
({e vczi rre mine li'lcind bdi de soare !c lhjal)
r ln gramalienronnni. in aceeaiiconstrnclic: ..Am yiiztrr. venind", lo.mn verbali

.,\'enind"esle considemu ca a,fiDLfuloomllenientuluidi.ecl .,o".
387
, t'n '1" \ , r L" . lin o ,,a .. a .1 rb { o ri e p o ti u ,r,,a,F ri .tc u, i nfi ,,i ti t s 1720
r $J 6ri n r.d q r , uo" r r bt r las . h i ^ b .r" J p rn r" l p s :i n ri n :ri ru t." ,,i " ri t,o-ci une
, b. t a "td . n " t iL, nF . t. u t ,
' ; " p . p r, n ,l p i rti .i n i u t .,rs,ri s/" " " ..i ,. r" ;. ,/.-
Ilruo l n tu r s Lu r lan l Pn t d o t:
I have ofter scen him .ra th." race.
lL am lnzut adese.rdislnund l= cd dislnta) .rcea-rricurst.t
l _ \;, rr o*ing or " r . \ r , r" n | .' \' h i r,,,.;" ,tu .J ,.
. r
-t.
Iirdld\ dm 5r''da':aJ t 1 \ i z . ' dl " r" r . ] , n ,t .,.,sd..1 ,, d" ,..,.,.r.,r._
'
I heardr''ouJrcdi to him.
tTe-amnuzjt rorlriidu i (: cir i-al rorbit.il
I hFardyousrrdl.,rs1oh'o.
lT .am ,u/,1 \o"biid i ( ,Ind ii \, ro" 'i .J
2) \ouilrlirul ru parri.ipiu.- 1n i"Fa..d
"on.tru...ip
idFnri.. ir ti.
l.r ro.r;n.].suLi* r,l\crh,rluip|pdi"atla,Jiot'z.rIa.i\'a-"r-,oroJstd5ub:"
s r;21
Il
urur pdrrrcrprrprFT!11.J.a il in.olo.la.i , r'retH.p ! tF din pl..i.it , ar,,r,.
pr'di.otit subi .t:,' (, l. S 2;241. L^ns Lia ,..- irtrpbuirt.,r; ,,r r, "bele
nare prprim,r t.rpplii spnzorislat\ l,l,r. '-u, pr"ruri
'S l;l9r..i ftpr"tint. !,r strp,o pr.t".t € v"rbuluipredi.. "u ctie ,t,ta rerbe
r :n.orit ,taun. ,",r-
zat;v cu pariicipiu' (g 1716):
?,' ?"r,r ss! a eo ord,irC J c hi' l f - , m dr o L. in; t \ on. . u ! . . . . t \!rb od.i!
' O n l lr \-/ul !a lvin d un r olil dp ld . n, )
:om, on" a atr //- Dra sd ' , , g J ihi' d i, . , t r ot r 1inr \ , , u p d , . \"rn , i\
r (-rn \a \, ,r o r rl q dl\. n. 1 n r o! ' l d. d , 1", . ,
51" saq [e !nl n . t:a.t. C lo. r r ' am " l\ om . . r I , dr t r \ , . b L . , i \
r \ l05 m.1t".nn , l n|m ' , , . l ..
"u /i ";
l1" on- L.a rd h . a? ai, r : "8 \ i. r nd ^. r \ , i1r p' r i \ d r . . 'i .
Constmct;a mmiti ,,nominatil- cu DattjciDiu,, aninteste constructia 5 r?92

.lnominativ cu inlinitiv.. (Sl6?t). d€osebireadi;tre cete do;6 forme tiiirrl
aceea;ira ti d€osebirea dintre,,acuzativulcu participiu,,si.,acuzativul
cu in-
fiiiti1." ( { 1667):
.\ D o d ,l o a' l" d \ ilh l- if l e \ s s ... n ,o /.r.? th ta n ,i ,r^-t.' i ,, r\.nr. cr' ^r.l
. r' i .r,r.l r
, lO b a .,; in, iF llJ . u ' l u -l
\d /. i !l ,,1 J
" i pF!.d.td,l .brF
l /o ,r to" 4pt ( n r r pp r. \i .
l)rrair, i; 1 a r t i ' r ! , r 5 r o 1 i.t itu .,\,,1 t ,.,d |
. ltq ...,t tL.ot ),;.I.dl
3) \ominatirul ahsolut (Nominatioe Abtatulc). ln cordructia numita { 1?98

..notri'rrli\ un prr i,ir:u pr-/"nr.lrtr-Luinrd' i',.pt-nupnt dr ur, '
^b-nlLr'.
rcrb predicat, are ca subieit un norrjnativ carenu este subieciul propoziliei:
;i
\ \ ' . .h. ' ll h 1\' a p.n . nn i1l . r oat . , "at r - I , p, ] . t ! t ,r c .
. l im ,i irrb i r.iJ. si , l, r . i , . J , . - r " o. n
' fl ':.r"
ht dret. n 4.:n B sD- lo b. , , I n, ' . n' \ , bt , o, pt .
' C ot: ,n I r.1 , pu rpd r , . . a od t , , . ". ,
'li. ',rn '
f l,; b,:aCU,d .,q 4l. up p oI o t l" , \ t it , . 1, , , n t r - . , _ " r , J ,
I \".r.d iilJ n 1 .. b , l--", , u 1 . ' t un. l l 1r l, r o J . u , . , ; r n " d. .i
'
_.4) Partioipiulabsolutfl&srlaie PurricilL.:
). - ln uneleerpr€siirurelrre. S 1?94
subiectulpariicipiuluiprezcntlipsestc:
f .au.t:rs lra n 4n ..,.r, n .
Ii' " p' ndJ rn ii e. m, .ir du. b. p. , ' / I . pr n \ r ,. r t n o L
"
c. :p "a ttrs. th, r , - ut r - 4 ..,t .r..t,r.t
rV'nro.e, 1lt
nil! tn g pn pi.,r. rFl . t , d, . t p . . nr . r . . . , , 1oa- ,
His solk j. q,,i],p e oo d..an: i, t . . t \ t
L. lu^f dzr I,i p,1 " ro . dJ , d' ii . . j . . i | . .,1".
338
A lte erpresii similare:

,a'.ina aocidents
b.sidins \'il\ our nert issuc
.ozsid€.t,sr thc circunNt.rnces
sains.Fl\\t judsng) bJ apFarances
rn.rrd,4a iomorlolv
/c.ioztng t.om today
.?gdldt';l rour application
s.?tn4 that (loculiune conj nclionau)
s ' ' i r' r' l - J p ," ra ta ) -r" i < " -
r,,rl ,R i ,," v' ,rh j n s i n ro d ' .o .nr. r..
s 1?2; GXITUIDITUL
172t 1) Form5. Gerundivul are aceeaqiformi ca ti pariicipiul prezentJcu

care est€ adeseoriconfundat din aceasl,i cauzd.
1727 2) CarecteristiciFi funclii. - Gerrndivul esto o formi verbdd.c,t taloare
de substantie si, ca atare, are atii caract€rele verbului, clt qi pe acelea ale
substantivului.
1728 Ca Yorb.'
al are forme deosebite dupd timp E\ diatezd.:
I don't mind her se';namc. {Prezcnt{ctirl
tNu mI supiril cl1mI ved€{m a vilzut sau Ini1!a vedea)'.]
I don't mind ]netharingset ne. (Pedectacl-v)
(Nu n6 supanlcI n a vnzut.)
I don'i.mind beinssun b\ her. {Prezentlisir.)
tNu mi suptui si liuh{ li losi rizuti {le ea.l
I don'i nind haoinsbeenseenby her. lPeriectpasiv)
(Nu md sulr&nci am losi veznldde ca.)
,J poate avea complement d,irectl
tinsins fotk sonss is her g.('atest accomrrlishlient.
(In hterpretarea cilrtecelorlolulare sii ntarele ei talcnt.)
cJ poate fi caracterizat de rn adrcrb:

This is worth dotDg ,clt-
{Acest luou meritl siL lic fecut bine.)
s 1?29 Ca substantiv (singur sau lnclnd part€ dintr o construc,bie gerundivaln3):

! 1730 d,) are funcl,ie de suDi€.1, de nume predicatie srn ile complement dfiect:
Her 6etq youns was an assct. (Srbicct)
(Iaptnl cn era tinlrl ccnsrjtuia nn {i'anraj.)
Se.ins is D€lte'ing- (Numc lrcdicatir)
She eDjoyssn,ntns a cigarelte allcr breakfast. (Com!I. dir.J

t(Di) li placc si lnmeze o lisad drlii nicul dejln.l
$ 1?31 b ) polte ti i,nsalit dc adj utit'c :

Some of Llie books wcte ha .edding.
(Une1ccn4i crau srcu dc oitit.)
1 cansi'1.{ihs ftsa tns au d€renjt adevi.ate prepozilii,coNid0.atecn atnlc in dic.

. ri
Ito o u" r " , , , l, , ut , - . . ^ o o J .,,\u ri
r.d .o rt ri l D U ril d bv.rn-qrr.rF.ut:.r\r:ro.l .
3C, . lhlr r , l' lipg ,l u i L r:\rA d :n ." " mrl " .:1 : n ," I :ae,J;trs
,i saoLi reu ti yFtE
330
c, poate li lrecedat de nn ddj.ctir Nsp-eiasau d0 un sabr^lantirjn cazul S liZI
IIis plasiag Ll\eliano alter Jdnd'sr€./ornlzg on rhe riolin ad.led irterest to i.h€
l i p l -.i ld. , nr J t l, p ,' n J d n .t ." l o .n d a p r" .u t ,t o Lu,.h tJ Li od," d tt,.l
p r ogra n u rm.r nr ,r . \ anr . )
3) Alte fu ctii. Gerundivulse mai folos€sre: .\ 1733

o) dupe o pr€poziliel: s 1731
I am I f Fd o /si? xt,a . An l. or ias th r l 'o o s e , I l o o k c d . o u r L l .
(lI.airL srtu rti rlr cln tal. ) ( Par es ind r .r s d . a m I I j \ i t r m p r e t d r I
i r" $ a j puninha.Ilar b p ;rE a \o th d te o ' s r; ,h.ut
r\ Io "' t 1 t . ' r r " nir L rJ s tn ri rz i .") (S " ri l F l " s . dp ta-aui
.;r'ne.
h ri ,l ^ n L , d / o |d. . . { . ep ti a d F l d a " p rs r; r.s u l " a lun.i .tnd p. p D drti Lut,l

i'liiniri vu l u i . dpoar . . p ps t a p ri n d ,ti ' ,i l i a u rm a G < tc i nti ni ri v. l n .et;tal ra.1.
znri insl, ctnd are fdnclie d,eyepoztlie. este ca insdii urmata de rrn gerundiv:
I a m l o ok inglur ( r r d !o s e € i n "ro u .
(Arte tl ,, 1r n, r db, Lar es .t tF 1 :e i .)
;he is used r, sLcrins on the corch.
(Dste oi4ruitl sn doa.mli pc dormezli.)
Th Pr :s r ' , . D lioi lo r,,u r
l \ : m" ni . r r .'. o
" ,.^ ;,E i n th i s o , D a -tn Fn
o L ' p t1 t d ;"d .1 tu ir .r ' .
\r ci ,.i 1stJ 5,.;d
ll dupn unele rerbe: { 1735

abhof disconiinue
.rdmit dislikc,
l9'rcy spend (tine, morev)
lqget, omit:
sile up (: slolJ lostponc suggest
h, LlP , i rr.f,
l, a\ c l, , n cl : l L n i s l ' t !rc v rrt
can(not) help propos.:
Slt P .niaus ka \ins nr Huv can t lrclp lorrns mv sister?
t lE il ri plrrP sr n i tr Lhn. z e. l C u m p o i s { r i u-i ,i u-n" sisi ra?J
I hJ\a I tn;sl@d m 1 I et t er . \au kap PpeotinEthe samp mrstakr.3
l A , n r,rmln 't d -/rrrrs
sc,is scr is o, r Pa. l l f a c , l € re u ., cpratigresei l i l .)
She p l , os pdleo"ur ] plpt jt hinc as r L u a s .
lDa a \ ei , lF giDd s a las e t at ut a; a , sc afla.)
'rm
1 rcttuertber h.arh! the aoise.
iNi-aduc {minle cA am auzit zgomotul acela.)
lNi nai al;rqall
ir l"...a ,r_0 .,'..ilk at , an1d, p- , J do, r J , r , . . r m i. . n. . j, o . r

nrim",
to r ^llr'\.psr4\rrrr,.J.u
-r. p,
rrma,i
ftirrr.,
. . \ 1. . 1a, . r at t , ; |a. r tt ta tth". i . s o t t d o -u_. .
. J . . r . d4r . ndi\ "1. d; . nin. nit i\ . r n : d ( J : l i r e d c d r u -
" ro " . rns' . , o s h InL a.p d " I l- 1.r ( . r I j- 2n
' , . |,rJ In .on l€.,
r A . p a. .r' ' ' Tn J t , ?p.ne x a t t p e . . , n d " , , , . r r " s p . , -
..J.., rdi. oda-- . ,J_m p- :
r n. or r r r . ir d, , hiu, , r . \ . . . p a r '. i t . . rs t7t6
I: : 0 r."b. l ; /. p I d ,t. t ". . , . . ' . i. : .
';l
El0
S t?:|6 ,./ .i (trr.ii:

'l rla unale 'u\inta '
bus!!,l;ke, tuat. qotth.rhile), thd! i:;. tlbre ir, thae i liLtle, thue is nuch, thete is tu,
theretras. n is ro soatl. (it is ) w usc, it is usetess,ctc.l
The!/ ate busll e.t){itEnting tlie *c mei.hods.
{Sint o cu p,rti cu c \ per im ent r r ea noilor m qlole. l
I don t lccl ltner 6,i,9 ozr Lonight.
(\-rm ehpl sll ies din casn astl scui.)
Shc looks Eaf ..ytq.
(\r. . ru r.. 5r ' s . r " s , pl' c
ll d in j r,J, r ""j r l r r r ' - l/ . 1 r ' ll
( tr". u 1 lu'. r. r ' r r " r ' d r id r . . ur . I n r ' r , r ' f: llrn.
th t ! !- Ei t o, r r ' lr q. . c % . v c
' . ! ''o 'r ri o b .
\. l ', ,j id j . . r t i a , nJ plj, ' ir ' u r r ' - . . .
r|
'
Ih-|,t. t, ,o , 3 1 g l\| J d '|^|,5 ..\ Dn
' r 1 ,In tr i.r r ir ,r n r ,i4 ,d ,
l "ol i ni l
-,
rYo k€ slol?i,g lLc.; Iou shotrld make her talize her mislake.
(N irrenloiu rosts-ocrli; ar t.ebui$o lncisi inteleaE{cn a g.eiit.)
S 1737 4) Fu tlii sinttr0tice.- G.rundi{ul (saLr construclia gerundivaln) are
in genere funcliile sintrclice ale subslanfi'ului (.\ 347). .{sttel, el poa',e fi:
S 173t d, subi€ci:
gilit,s is his best .ela\ai.ion.
iErcusiil. pc jos sinL!enl..ucl ccamai bnnnree.cace.i
S 1739 D/ nune predicativ:
Her great,Asttleasureis grtzg to concqrts.
l(l.a mii m]rrepl;tcere{ ei rst. s;is4drcll la crnc.rt. I
ii 1710 ./ complemontdirect:
Harc vcu cirPn D y0ltin!?
lT e ai' li' s ii de rr;rt? i '
S 174 1 d/ c om plc m e n i i n d i re rt:

I c ar nep. eLLyn e a . rh a ts i rr L h ec o i trp c i i ti o n.
{A lipsit loarLe!u!in .a si ciil,iB concuNul.)
Do vou nrl iike E,tn! anvilherc fo. the wc-"keod?
(li ;. plilcei si ;erBi rndevn li sliryit de siptaninn?)
S 1742 €/ atribut:
I don'l like his way ol,trizs.
(Nu-mi pUce leltl lui dc ljaF.l
$ 17{B /./ complementcirc,rnrtnnlialdup{ o prepozirieerprimind modul'

l i mpul. . 1, r 2 n ro r ' .1 i . .l ' .'
'.
\ve \\enr ft oittutt riasias i.herrorL-doorI.tl. (Uod.)
(Ad jntmt l{rl sd sunlm la uta ditr faiiL.)
Oz m-r.?edfttry io [er. she ag.eedai onc.. (Tim!]
(Cindan lorbii cu ca, a iost im.diai de {cord.l
we 0duldn't say a wonl lor taushits. \Catzl)
(Nu puLeamscDatl o r.orbi dc tife f ridcam.)
Fol ail vouf sleeDiasso badlv. vou rL" elw.lys activ-'. fcorcesivl
( Des id; r m i r r id c " I)ro s t, e ri i i n h fl e a u n i ;c ti v.)
S 17i1 5 ) Cor undiv ul ti [o s e s i { e l e . - C tn d o p ropozi ti e secundard di n l i mba

ro meni c s t e t r adu s i i n l i mb a e ^ g l e z i p ri ftL r- un getufl di v ($ 1752), subi ectul
e i € s le pus ln c az L rlg e n i ti v 9 i p re c e d d g e ru n d i vul :
Zrl letng late was fcmarked trIron.{^dj. posesiv)
(fapt od a Intlrziat.r lost conentat.)
I Snocu
Barundivdlneerp.imat: "I leel ritu a cigarcttot: lik-Asdottug {r cigarelie)".l
att
'lh "I d i s liA pd. r ?d,s s , e i i ,{ s o m u .h . rS r in posFsi !
(L e !i 5 pr , . ed, . j r oaL- r . n d i r d ,. .,,r.i .1 " 1 ' " /u l
"
. A .o d srd. on\ ' r u. r i. F-tc d h j n t,rt a ,." ..ru ..i nJ.Jbi e.r-1" (" tor
d o un \crb e ( pr ediLat s i gc ru ,,' l i r) d j h rs : " tu ,r. i
L u , L r J d. ! . nLl t non h L ,.o d o ta
(Po i , i i sigur l c A \ a r r n i )
Th n F i s aor li, C t o V . r\,' p ti o u , ;-;\. i n t,," T o u n ' " i n F .fl nA .
I vm'c n u nF , . t r pd, r , 'rJ I,r." t,.J ,, ,l p :rF m,rl
Cind tnsd cele doun verbe a ,e l " .i s ,rb i " ,r pu-p.i !,rl ,rpbui e + \rral
Inarntea gerundi\.uLri: "u
I .\on't lile editin!.
(Nujli place si asicpt.l (continne ;d iiDtit)
A se co m par al
Ilj rou n rind sl,/,r,,e tt" . t . ! r ( : r h F I i, im , n
t r rr Dun ir In.h r'1. urr')
D_ot oom inu mt h d t"gt n. r nor : L. bi. ii J ier r r
( T e sup d d acii tn Lt'iL l i, r r 7l
l ye st.IrFd lu ag ha g. tSt r br p,r r or nunl
{A m lnceta Ls.i nd Fm l
Wc:ronlpd lh.lr'n/,r'8
ai l"r', q
- "bi, . , dit , i"
{ LP -an InlFr.issJ mri rn r , . D , . I . dn t d. , s 1 nu r udr r t d d . )
*t:, *i". pt o,po 4t 4t po..si! rnumodc rii,,l" crc.,rpri n".. g tTti
"-a-,-1!\'"!':
In l n t ea gclu nd L\ u lui I|rm d pos es \ '
l . olrrdn't h elp llI,tEFie t ot ehn! _
I Nusint vin okt d ;;d \r ' J g' . ; r , . . du \Jm pr t . i 5 . o , m i r r n i i . te I riJ./
) nJ mavdo p"nd on JoL r r k it t pns . ont nB t , t d\
1P , , t r1i s ig ur c! d zi yo r vpni n, r r I t ej. l -
Substantivele ne,rfr, intrucit nu au cazut posesiv. pdstreazd tn aceastd g 1746
construclie forma comunir:
Nn o n po ppos ed D{ pr d%6 " ;,j , ,.ri .d u ,,l
r m pol. r \ , 1" d l i /i ri tro i € ' .trl o rm.rp .
we can t rely oD the ueoth.r rumih! I.fle.
I \u n - put p, n biz ui , , , - ta p ru t \., In ,bun\,,1,.
6) Se migenr ndi0ul t ' h " l ta tf.Ge n ,n .J a r F ,L .,rj pdrti nptr). TFn4i ,]. S l ?rz
.(
I a ac ru a fa a f r m l) r ' englez an rb i t.c s te c a " u b .td n l i !p l p , .h;ar dtun.i Lrnd D oL
a ! ca l o rm6 f ' oE c s iv 5. 16 p d .rrp z p fo rma .o m u n ,, inai ntcs q.rundi r rt,i i :
f .d o n t u ndas ldnd! ou, .o ttro e ua. p p 6 u ,Brt,ap ro p o s l ( ot hi . .o sork.rs.
( ru rn Frpgopoz r l, aI olF q rtu rL l u td p ro p u n e ri l lel .u rp d a ,.ot.,ti eul Iui .
ll.a s.. obl, g"m , hy all o u 6 n d ;n eto R h s r I s a v .
( vi ro g a \ c li bundv oinl ds a trl r i u to l j i € rrn l i L F F d c p.pun.)
Al p a a !i I c ndinld f ac e .a Si p ro n u m e l . p e rs o n a l e s6 nu ai b6 formd dp
,.
a dlpch \ p o sp ql\ . . r c A - s rp5 s tra /p fo rn a l o r d " a c u z a ti v:
Excuse tu vdq n,ng.
(l a rrd m, . ii am c is c at.)
FaDcy nim b?in"'so pa.lvl
lci n " "-a r t i 1. r . pidt { c i.i .1 \ n r d )d d p rrp m e tl
it s n n u s eas s . in{ t o bed v e i .
, N 1 r" .o s l s i n. dJ . pm d " ' p ' d .1 m ta ,,,t,.d ,,,.
Their work prFeFntedthaa benls prcsefi.
{\u a u p u t r l t id. t dr a pA nru ,J d , rv rr d " l u .r r./
;IX;J a substanrivero,
pen.run.minahv,,ob,ed,,{s r!,).
',1"13u
Fo.ma aceasLaverbali. care aDintette construclia gerundn'ului prec€drti
rle un posesir'.dar care are s-ifitrctic LLepartjripirrprczeni.a primit rurrr"lc
'l"sn';:n'nd'v. lr,rrFbuirl,".a lrri e.tr '.r,",,,'a 1r',"r, ra-.j"r 't' "or^-
te de la S 1744 1745 dau o nuar!:i forrnal:lstilLrlui.
t7{8 7) Grnrndirul fi substmtirul wrbal ( l'r,rbal lioun). Unii gramati
cieni fac deosebireintre gerundif ii subsidrrivul verba), degi ele all aceetli
Gerurdivul arc nu uumai caraclerul unui substarti\', ci Si pe ac€14al urur

vcrh. pe ehd stdstdntitul re./6al €ste un simpiu subsianrir'. Fiind o fornla
verbald, gerundivul preziDfi caractere de verb, care lilsesc substantirulur
I ..ra'
' rL.l r-ruoiu /i.l 0fp lin'Fr': .r d:al"/- d .\j ipi.rr,. noJl'
^,z" rd- LrnidrerL gi poatpar-a,ir, o .r' tlrr"" l r, .t",i. i
cile s,rbstanti.\'uluipropriu-ziF (aftifol "p,,
si plural)r "r.ln.' "a
ll. l.dd h.r ahoul n,.vli?rnq l.en ,narektl belatc.
(,\.f rornc vobal.: pdre.l. ii pasi' l
1 don'i. understrnd htt le@in€ i eath/. I- a'J.\')
r ' ^nc ! n c t it s x ro ,l (+ c o m p l . d i -.,
Sulstantirul verbal, ncfiind dcclt substanl,iv. poate avea smbele arl,ic.,le
ti lorrnit de plLrral. poaic fi cara(,terizal de un adj.ctiv !i dctcrminat, de un ge -
n l ti v ( s a- \ on iau p r.to z i i ,i o n a l ) :
T p. r , , , . " r , t t" r,.rs p ' \." r.,o fr. r.trp rl tdl i ngol t. I ., nrr.^t..: dj )
Ir , , d { " dl, o l ,i g n i n g .-n tra t \ ,1 .' ... r t 1.,." | // , -/ dui oss,I .'
l o l , r l s F nili! r r pp o z i tl o n a\l s a . ,tri
. r \ , s " a \ lrl l " r .u D i n a ! I s o i n c qd n J tcl cph.ri ngs.P
'r
1749 Substaniirul verbal a (lerenil, de faDl, un adeviral, substantiv :ri est€ con-
sidoat ca al,are in dio,tionare. dupn cun reiese Fi din ur ti,oarele €nenple:
r sul'ins lerrin8s
i o z l i rl tl ) l - rcsturi l
s|rp!'ng nfnxmrnrngs
1: n{rt) (t{nnn nrnti4 (: letreceri)
," rr, rd ri . tu ) bu^-ua..i dl .: or
$ 17;0 8) Geru dirul cu intel€s pasi\'.-- Gerundivul €ste uneo intrelunrlat

. ' r i '.,,1.. to. i\ :
'lhe chlld needslaoline a[l..r {: neing looked alte!).
Tl,e room wanls d,s,i,g (: being dustcd).
rs ihc ethibition s'ortli s€eins(: being s$nl?
S l75l 9) Trailuccre. Gerundivul englez poate fi tradu! in limba rontenn p n
a) geutzin:
On seclnsUicn, I waled.
(rd.tatlu i, le tm liiclt semr cu mirl.)
Shc ans\rercd lI nozdtzs assent.
(Rnspnnscd,nd diz ca" alirmativ.)
b) suhkLnli!:
I€dding is {n instruct\'c pasiinic.
(Leclutu esle o djstractriejnstNctivii J
Shc buNt otrt in a lit of ..ytLg.
llzbtlcni irtr un dcoes de lltrs.l
.) infinitir sau conjunc!.ia:
Ann stood wilhoui. rooî,{ at me.
I I n. r s tl i te .t(l nl i c i o a rc )re re am e rni e snmi pti ea* i i .)
One o.n't Lclp lining thcd.
( \ ! p o l i s d tu l l a l ti i g e i .)
a4il
d,) ti.mp perconal intr-o propozi,tie principali sau secundari:

There ir no sauins wlLJt h" !d. Lio
l\d p o d F ni" " n; s il- ' - c . p r.. n 5 l J r" i r . . r T p pv- ds!p r' or!pu" l l.
I rcmcmler ,rrli4s he! Uic storY.
(lmi amintescca i-dm ryzs lovestea.l
,i " " nt:prtnd; $ 1752
i G,rundir r l F r a. J o l t tn /rJ i /J rS 1 7 4 i -l ; 41;
{I 174 7 ) si n t r eds r F i1 lim h ,' | .a n i tri n l r o fro l ' ,i 1i e .. un' l a15 l n ,.' -" r
cuvintul in cazul posesiv sau acuzdtiv devine un nominatil':
Io!/ dzvrelizs withoul thinkir( $as a nistalrc-
{Fapiul cI at /;spazs llrii sl te gind.tti a losi o greteal,'r')
He wasn't aware ot DaL'' adtahitlgh\m.
(Nu -;i d adeas eana oi ,d n u o b rtu a .)
I don't undcNtand ntm goiag home so soon.
tNu inlclcg de ce f.rl d lldcar ata devremeacasa.l
10) Gorundiyulpertect.- Gerundivulpcricct exprini o acliune,o exis- S 1753
i€nli sau o star€ anterioari aceleiaexprinate prin verbul predicat,:
rl e . ch i c l hnnLllc aD | \ ' I h a ti .s L " P nttt.
(l ri o .i l r J lt ei p: . di' ; . l _ /d p !,/ d " d l t l o s tb o t' .o ral
I wonder€dat his iarhs dd the initiaiive.
{M-am ni.at ct iniliati,a fwese a tui.)
ll) Intinitiv. Particiriu Drezont.Geruniliv.- Deosebireadintre infini- S 1751
pr "z"n L ,"g.ru;di!
t iv , p a r l i n ipiu i s" podtaohs'rvrm . j b in od in u rma lo , rp l-
exemplei
He sr,p pedio lo. l c bou t I' i m. { l n l i n i ti v )
{S.a o p d t pt s i' t r ua P r i v i l mu e j u r )
H e sn p ppd,l" ok ine ab o u l . i m J rd c rtl a i a i n s .' H ^ \v r;n" i t i s: (P 1_r.prp/P ^l
{S s o piil u, Undus e lm p re j u t 6 r " \.l a ml n d : " C f' u m o s : )
H B sto F ped look insx bort h i ff 6 D d w .n l rL IJ I. (C e ru n di \)
{A l n c;i al d" a m ai pt :\: l ,n p rrj .r ri r l l e ra l l
\Ie cdtueta talk to Urcm. {Inlinitill lci.c. dc scop)
(-{ venit sii rorbcascaou ei.)
se cane talk;q to r\eal. (Part. lrezent) (Clrc.de mod)
(A vcnit vorbind cu ci.)
I rp m.n' b" r d / o a, t o Emi \t. ,Ii l rn rri \)
t\l :-l m rdx q am inlos a m i d J . l " Il m i l i d .
I re m"r nbpd s oi. a l, o E' o l v s . tO ru d ;\)
l l l r-d m aJ us J r iiir L; c r /rrd a i n I d n l ' l l d l l :i :,.
PATIIflPIUI, TIiECUT s r?5;

(THE UST tsINTTCI}LE)
1) formi. - Particirriul 1.IecrrLalerb or rqulat. se formeazXadnugin- $ 1756

du'se terminaiia -ed la infinitiv:
print?d {: tilil:rit)
Participiile trecute ale aerbelornercEnlatcse gftesc in lista de la S 1847.
2) Pronunlarc. - Terminalia -ed se pronunln: S 1757
a) [d] la verbele terminate ln total.i sau ln consoandsanardr (e\cet
.lnd -d) |
to carry - raued
to xang - nangeo
to lxalil trarelled I tre!]dl
to dire dined
to disoover - discovered
l Ye zi S ! 1, not a 2.
&l{
sutdnl (exccptin(l -1, :

Dl ffl la r€rbele ternin arc in canso&ttn
to tist - askcd ld:sltil
to nas s - D a s s .d l l E :stl
io ar f" o p . !" .pr .
t. h; \ h*': L L rl
to f-"tch -- lriched tle{tl
r,) lldl ln verbelc tefrniDate ill i sau l:
ro add addcd I adldl
io hr nd - handed i hendrdl
t o t at - ta i l e d I lajtldl
to start slarlc.l lstd:tIdl
l?ar8 al Cld partiuipjul irPtut a devenii cu aderirat adjdiv, tcrnriratia

-.d a,dipcri.ului. pcntnr a se Jiosebi de icirrlinalja lerLului, este uneorr
pro un-tatn[Id] oricare ar li sunetul preccdent:
an ns.l [ -{d3,d]:nonrn
my ,,ror.d lbr ].rldl $ire
"l.herl€ss€df'blesnll Danoze1"3
a ..dDDadI lr4brdl iacc
nr .rooia, t k kldl neans
. .".sed I k.:srdl nuisanec
aosscdI dlsldl lersistcncc
rJ r
a J ' €s " ao ' ' Lr "
' ' ] P"' id lr i ll i hor ' r
the Laicd l'ne,kLdl tru lh
' ' AAt ' , r ' i d i|I lr p1
, , "! Pd nr lr | 1r , 4
pianad lwlk ] s c andal r
qretch.d L ft\\dl ir.aiher, ctc
Lrrrd a rlna :i . J { i' 1. . ; nl inl^phuir ' l0r ^ r-rli i p i i r " l t 'l p l F r r I i n s l 'd
"a
/ r '.""',;!,lrJl. .i "o r'ornr--Lrliiq" ' " irl" J " m' i ' ' r' ri I i; i h':
',,r -
lle had dlcd I i iLll ,onsidfralh
\l\ o .in -ror $"r P' ' . , / r "d I l. r 'F b 'r
:r,e h ". .ro ol./ k r . k l h. r l, r ' p iin- . rhprp o -
'.
H l'.tl t,Jd k " . l r o ndlJ lh s l 5 l" p " o \ ''
"lio
rl..o . do !a", , d t J l i ' \ ' s "or "om p r : r n " n o \ '
'' "lt,* -i'as ; t ; l, e; o r ' ' : t ' or ".
" "" il lor ' r l"
llJ\e t.u l€ oa . / nl
':
Hd \, J t \o . lo, "d ' t ^v d r ; . p- uf . . - ion
Il'.I' i.d """d r r q, i. r it l h" r ' l oor ' h 'l l:
,l ln ml,d e \ r eDt ional. in poez ic . at Llnc i c i n d r i n a sari me|l\ll o ctY ter-
ninotir -,ri. ,l,iar si atonaa participiuiuitntrebuintatverbal. tsslcuneori pro
nn!t;tJ lr,ll. pr.,nunl"rehltid de obiceiindicatdprintr un accent'gra!':
", ",'i; I ilh lw. nt y t f f nc lv d gr t r . s o n h i s l r c a d r .
1i69 3) ortoErafie.
al lerbele l.ormirateirlr-o consoaneprecedrinde o sinsurd tucaLiac
(n|aitti tl\tble^?nconsoanainainLeatdminalioi €l'
to rre I.f tfe'lcrred
Lo de mit - de niitt.,
to rc gfet - fc'grctl.d
r \ ' . z i t 91. r o tn L
js i
r r nili, illli! a .e .a i i p ro ,,ti L i c " i h c \o d n r i s agcd"l ' er.l :rdl ,dal se sl ut' " an
i ',1 ,,'ll":;i.-'.'], .t".J-F' ." i-r ii-' , , , r' : 8 ro e . ,o o r' l
. ":,
ron ,l",or ' , .", d t t 'n l " L a l t h o 'd t t a l 8
p"lpli TL ll-
t" ;, /'t : Ll r €r liiai. ." br
' nli.
r f l.m '.rllndi.
''' .
i $'. Shakespea.., 'the Ttdgc.l! of ]Iucb.th
t45
ln celelaltccezur;.con"qoana
finald nu se dubieazn:
l,o sert sfat"d lo o.der o.dd.l
t! liang - hangrd io lardod pnrdo&d
to thickcn -- thirkctr€.1
Erceplia.
Forshilpcd.
0bservalic
C.ui.ntelecanp N t,erminatein ? urmeazAregula de mai susaplicatd nu-
mai l.r euvtitrl tin'l:
| | or5 Llr ip I or - q\ iur a, r , . Li, t r ,1 p Lidnann,r'
r, -
. d J ipp", d b u r ', Lo||t,:idDp"d
"ilpJi,, ^, "t ,
DJ -l final este l,otdeaunadublat. oricare ar fi locul accenl,ului:
ru ,o t - "gu.)lt".J .o " |ri i..riJtpd
lo | \bl - r i\ "ll^, t o . on . o - cul lrotla.l
1o com rel - com pell€l to Eimbot sanibolld
to t.avel travelled to a; rul r; nnth.,
Er . e p l i c.
un par{llcldd.
cJ td d €r ine - t . A l
to lilouac - tirouacl€.l
to minic - ninl.kcd
io trallic hauick"l
d) a findl trcraiat d. o consoand se schimbi in -i:
lo (,r]' crLtj
to carry carricd
lt pr.c.tut de 0 roral.i se menline:
io llel - play..l
io disobcy disobeJ.t
eJ -€ mut final carle inaiitea terninaliei -ed:
to dance drnced to ii. - tiet
to stdlr -- shi!.1 to dle d"kd
4) l'unctii, - Pa.tiripjul tr.cut se intrebuinleaze: ! 1780
a/ 1aformareatirrlDrilar ptftcte ate\erb]lor (dupnauriliarul ro U\YE):
I h uvc secn I s hat t h a l e s c e n l
I had seen I shoutd hale secn
b) la lonlrarta tunjugdtii Nsirc (it\)n auxitiarul to BE):
I am s-"en ! sh.U le scsn I am beinesc€n
I ivasseen lct nre be seen I \ras beis seen
t) ca adjectie:
lhc rrouts..JreFard long-/o.s,rcDmemories
s,td€d nissil€s iet piapeLledp]rane
^
Cu funclio de ad.iectir. participiul trecut are si grade de comparalie:
decided more (lecid-"d most decided
sh.ken mofc shaken- nost shak€n
(V c ri q i S 8 0 { -3 0 :i , 2 ? i s )
5) Tr$dncere. Participiul trecub se trAducc tD limba romAnI: .a 1761
4) qt participiul ,'.'.?zt atunoi cind are rol de adjectiv:
ir p, , , r / , , pb{ r ( p " g i r,.r.rr"
d I " " t ' , d m J nt { u r o 1 ' In ' .,1 ,
1 l,arncd
{adjc.l.iv) este pronrntat ['1.:nrdl.
b) u tintpuL9i mod.ultespectiv. atunci cind tri ln compunereatimpuri-
lor perfecte sau a diatezei pasive (impreunn cu auxiliarul ctnd € cazul):
I l,aaes.en ],i (: I am ldzut. il lazni)
I h Jtl s , n }im ( : il \ iir us Pm )
|\ '' Jl \ l/ l i"
'l )
-{ se cornpara:
lle l,assonclifiI. (-{ im!lirii i0 dc ani.l
H. is s"'s liitJ. (-\Itrgc!c ir) d{i ani )
s 1762 PAETICIPITIL ItrRFENT

(TfIn rEBr,.ncrr{RrrcrP4)
l?68 i) Iormi. Diafezi. Participiul perlcct este format din participiuJ

plezeni a) au:iiliaruluito II,\\'E. urmat (]e pariicipiul trecut al 1'erbuluide
(onjugat.
Partiiiipiul perlect are diatezli actil-i ,(i pasil-;:
hrring be.n called lpnsi\)
1?li{ 2) lnlclcs, lunctii. -- ParLicipiul perrccL expriln:i anteljodtatea unei
, {i rni .: rr'l';,lin';ti ru,"ri..,,rui ;,.um,r. n!i, l l irp. JF pu7, " .
lnrrr': i'r-a.-rl ,r- r'r "\i- a.nriml': r" ;r'i. pJ: rrad,r'^p'r1-
"F-- "
tr-un timp perfect trl iDdicativului intr o propozilie temporalii ori cauzaln"
sau nDrlr-un gcrunzru:
tttrins liritlvr) l1er \|otk, she $enl oDl.
lIr1pd,.. ia l,rnind, Iu:rN!. a iciil. raz Ea a ir,:it deaareu l;i t,ml.d."r lulrd.)
:l: 'o, ll' I | ' o l- .. h , "- . 1 ' l
D .f. ., | .o."d n b. , I . i. , t , , . , r e4 . ir . p. l
Tl,f corch hu.ried to lhe stadirrnr. na'n,g rptu r,ld lhat hc $'as wtrnicd. (I'asitl
a.tp,rrdr-is. .ri cra r.roie de !1. anLrrorul alrrgi la strdion )
Pdriicipiul per{ectare ivnntainl rle a da o mai n,are eursilitate siilulL,l
prnr faptul cn iilocui€lte o intreaEnpropozilie.
'
1705 3) lnlocuirca tarti{riliului prrte(f r:ri participiul prczcnt. Llneoli. jn
locul parLicipirrluipedert se intrebuinieaztpnrlicipiul prez€ntpentrLr.r se
r\pri,n.r o a,iltune cAle a lre,,edat i'nc.liat ocliuner v$bllhri prcdiratl
:1.rnn,s (: liariis ,rrri*dl at dl oliicp.Nrl.rioli|I. I sl,)rpedio look aLthe waU
ls.sindd4\'r.incasuzila l,iNn.n'.omrlril sn lrivfsc sartJ de rer.te.l
,,rJt;r i lra ng c nidc dl t he ii. er t r , all. s l i . l o o l , c d t o r | $ r t .
ilnirin d n r sala dc c olc ot . . Anii r n s . ann li b o . l
,\a jir( t ha ring s aidi goddl, r e. lr ! hI L lhc l o u s c .
iL 'in dn ir znr a bun: i. ! l. c i. i
s r76G r, \RTItPrUt I .r SI\r

LTrrn llSSIrD l,lnTrtrrl,|)
17t;'7 1) Timt. --Partiripiul pasiv urlr ilorn tnnpuri: prezeni r"i perfert.
1?08 l) l'orm:i. Parliril,iul paslv esle fornral cu ajuLorul partitipiului
trezent.re".pectjrpedect. nl auxili rului to BIj. urmnt, de fariicipill tr!.ur
al vrrbrlui dc coiju{atl
],cing callcd (pr.zcDtl haring ri..n .allcd ipideru
(liird chcna ll
Prilr tcmrrnul ,,parlicipiu" st, inyltgc aiLi si gcrundirul, acesta conlun-

dildu.so lormal cu parlicipiul trlzent sau pertecl.atjt le diatczaartirn, cil
;i h cea pasird.
a7
3) Intrebuinrare. - A se vedea lntrebuintarea DdrtrciDiului o&zenh € 1?69

prs;v la S 1700-1708.s prfli.ipiului p.'fo.t taci\ la g l;C4. isr r serun,ii.
wului cu lnleles pasiv la 1 1750.
Participiul trecut, al verbelor tranzitiye are senspasiv cind est€intrebuin-
lat atlL l'erbal, ctt si adjectiral (S 1688).
CONJUGANEASI]IIPLA,I. UNUI YERR NEGULAT s 1770

TO C,ILL l{ CHFt\I-{l
DI.{'I'I]2,\ P]\SIVA
{Passrv!vorcE)
INtI\ITIV (1t?L\'1?1IZl
Prezelnl ( Ptesent) Pertect ( Pcrf.ct)

to be caued{: a li chcmat) to have been callcd (: a li lost chenrt)
I'IIiTIC]PIU ( ]JANTICI PI,E)

PrczaJr\ ( ptesent) Tr€cut fP.rst_/ Pefii,ct ( P$f.11)
being called (: liind chemat) cRllcd (: chematl haring bcen calted (= Ijind chciiatl
MODUL I\rlIC-{TIV ( I ND IC/1TM ]IOOD)

Pfizan+, ( besent) Tre1Art(Pa Tense)
I dD callcd (: sint chc al.) Lrds callcd i- erim (lusei,fui, arn losu
you are ralled Jou werc orlled
lui
s he l .s .d r. J 1 " ,. , " o
J "j l."
{c are calted wo $ere called
Jou are callcd -vou
woe oall€d
th€X .rre orlled ihey Fere call.d
Prezent pcrfcct (betent Perfect) Treout perf0ct (Past Perf.ct)

I b .n rdlho ( d , r o " r e 5 m d ' I h /d o " p 1 .d l ..J
"v p
.\ J J .,r" b "-n , 1llF J .v ,u I' a ,l b " a nrl l l q
n"r
s' @t
I I/ l n . ' lhd s i P,h J l D -!.d l l o
i rJ i rl
rve hare heer called we hail bccn called
you l,ave }cen called you had been callcd
they hare been {.rlled thcy had been odled
\iitor (Futarc) lriitor perfect (Fntve Pcrfed)

T & o r' oe, Ii ,n "r . r . ' I s lr llhav . Lqn. dr lp d l - \oi t:io- r l '. "
r'F,l \.\oi
Le' 'alJei
]', . \ - J LU $il hdr p b . n , d l h 'l
h. l h I
sl p l { l-bp,1' l"J . l- ) s ill l' "f . b
"n,alpJ
,u l I
rve sna, bc called 'r sna[ have been ca]led
\r.
you will be crlled lou will hare been called
they will be called they will havc bcctr callcd
348
Yiitorul hli de tre0ut Yiitorul lerf€(t lati de lreeut

(ltntwe in th? past) (Futur( Pilt(t in lhe Pnst)
r sn,"l.l ne orll.d (: voi ti oheDut) I sl,z/d l,a!c b.rn cllld (: roi li l.st
o h e m a rl
Itd rrolld le called .!!u *otrI./ |.ve li.etr rall.d
nel hcl
-r"l ' l' , r d I' Is ,u ' | | ' \' L..,,| .J
Ir l ' , " r
r. ../,atu t,. f.lllcrl \rf rn,all lr ilf l).rr riilleri
ron Nould l]c .iallc.l r.tr *!uld hir. tr.!r cnll.d
thel \rrxlii bc ialld ther Fcnkl lrdlc bcfn orLlled
\lOlI_L SLITJO\CTIV (St,RJ{t,\t 't IfE }IOOD)
lornr:r \e(he Fonna rnoderni
(I llt'?t"tluttit de tlnt) |rczc\\t (hesent) Pttttct (Pcf.ct)
I l)! ,iil].d I \vo.e r,rllpd I l,ad LJeeic.lled
( si fi tusl chetuai.)
'n- tou liad |c.n .allcd
,rl
.h" Ilh
h")
nt' l sh-" I hrd been crlled
ir I
Nc l,ad btn called
aon hrd becn o.lled
ther hid lePn called
trol)t,I, co\!I1loN_\r, (co.lDtTlo\.1L aoD )

I'rtzt\rt ( Prts.nI) |erfrti ( P.rft,::t)
I rl,rl.l bc .al]fd l- ai Ii chemrt) I sn,rld ha\1 boJr 4llcd (- .t ii losl
r"on $rntld |e !,rxtul Jon \vonld har. bc.n callfd

hl
.IP )\n xld b sre | \roultl bire leer callerl
,t I 'll.d rlJ
\r. J/e,/d ]tarc lu called
Iou rLould l)e .alled ron Nould have becn orlled
utl Nolld rc .alled ih,.v {ould huvc leen calLd
ODLL IIIPD}I_\TIV (1tr?LB4'lIfE IOAD)

Persoana a 2u sg. Ptrsoana a 2-a pl.
bc clllcd 1: liichcnat) lretalled(: lili chenrili)
OOIJUOAR]]-I P,lSII.tr CONTI-\U,I
(YeziS 1t9;)
s 1 771 I'IAINZ-{
s'17i2 raporturile
Dethritie, Diatezele snri catcgorii Sranal.icah
djotre subicct si corDplementul direct.
vcrbdlc care indirn
t 1ii:| 1) Diateza attili (ThL ALtire I'oice). Diateza a.l;/.i arali ci subieclul
prop.rzilici esfe autorrl acliunii €rpr;natc dc rerb:
Cathycalledyeste,darto seero,,.
liil 2) Diatcza pasini ( t he Passir. l;oic.). Diitezalarir, aratd ci subiec
tul propozjliei (subiectul gramatirdl) u estc autorul aeliunji verbului, ci cn
El sulern acliunea al cdrci auto. fsle complenr.rtul direft (subicctul logic).
ctnd vcrbul c tranziLiv:
The cleciri. m€te. ,ros rudd lasl Neek thr i|e usdal man)-
SIMPI,A. DIATEZA PASIVA
Complementul(b! the usuaLm&n). t lr|1r"o|pl,nmt d( dft,r1.Doateii { 177;

Fxprindr , nd,.'" inJir pen.dbil .i,sului. dar rn generntipse.i'.:n.p..iHI '
ln limba englezdmodernn:
Thc tracloN nad ,!en o'drnd&Lt in lhe $irter Diortls.
The Io". iso vi. r oF r - r , . r . - a dt t t t . . . ; gt I .
3) Diateza reflexird, exist€Dtdin limba romani fmi 5!dt. te in,brdri. se I l7i6

rrde. / rut !n,Jsptft.lau lh.\ (:JouNth hp .tta-. th;;s tl/l..rp arir Jp
rara ln li, ,bs -no'"/i ir, i r L,odr^li .on.rd, .e in^\i:
'1'd -nt;. r\;zi ;i S Zt-r,,
0bserea!ie
Ilumai tfb( le ,.dn.r;lipd.inchrsiv celeprcIrozilionale(S 1319, 1325. 2195). $ 17i?
pot avea diatezi pasivA.
. Tnrrp moJurile tj tirnturil, tunJulnrii sitnpter pot ar.a Iornre pasivn. S l;78
Lo fott.t,t.oto 'onttrua \n.t, numAt rr,- t,t.,l .i tF,ttrl ;nJttat; ,ldi. nrc,_m
Fi ptp'"ntLt.ut rn th.t/,ri por at", ti.rmi. pr..i',. \Fzi ,"1,-tut,t" ta i t;q5/.
4) Patternul diatczolor estc: S l?S0
a) la diale.a : subiectui i r.erbut predicat a0t,i\. (ev€ntual prc-
. .dctirai
c€dat sau urnaL de complenrentulnrdirect) { ionptementul dircct;
1, q .
, b) .su diqrp prs;r./: bdbi- r,rl r-r'but pr,.Ji,."rp..rv {F!, rtusl pre
mdar urn.rr JF !o,,Tl-n,anrut i,,diB., ",-n,,,..t ,o"tt.m,n,,,i u.
agent.
Erenple,.
Diokza o.tirdt T\ro lrofessonh.r\f c.nr-"to {clcomethcir toreisncoleaocs.
TheI ar€ s],o*nrg(tol' the risjro|s ihe nijw 1,.li.i.ectrnjc'buildinss.
Diare.apasied: The visitorsafc sloNr ur. nei! Potttr.imicnnildnigs.
5) Formarea,tonjugirii l6,sit'c. lreccrca de ta r:onjusarea detn.i la ,_en S l78l
p".ira sc to"c in moJ,rl ,ootJ.t,Ft.tttt t rprtului e, riv ,t-rir.
'rrn,lrrorr "l16;../
rin.a,,ul noflri .li\,i.ubi.l.l r"p6r1u; n":r,1.\in. (F!,nru"tl .omnt.m-, 1
(ln cazul acuzativ) pfecedat,de prcpozjtia D4; r.rDrl d.tir esteinlocuit ;u aurii,
liarul ,o B-L, ld ac.lasi.tinp,rt )rod, urmat, de Jnlrticipiut 1r€ct at I-erbului
actir:
I tnJi.o!: I llL I.".1 Lj. ma .r i .,.r \d..r !\d.1. \,r'\
--"'- ut ,,alnt r..
| I " 't.." -,.,,. .,r i, m t...1.
l t,ai"*. I /'',h \' r \
I ' .-' ' _ .' _ * ''',, l t t f r v . ,'oLet
I " ' h. \ q T" . : \ .
""
| .t , et,r I \\ , . h- . bt t . t |h t du. '. \.r,\
- - - ' - ' - -. te"r"t | | id. t,1 bta,.ht
.n
1\ ( - ..ia.,D tt,
|
I r.,.,
, "- /" _r . , J T i \t,o tp l .' T ,h a ,/ r.,,t t' .. n" $!. t\, v
I '. I T ' " . \- h ,d .--.." ." , t., th" rn d L pr" ri
j ,^ - < r- ri l / J /l r L p rn l
!
'" -
t " " (r ' rnr r-\,t:\
) | ..ta r b .d u d \t In rh . m n " n: I' bJ ,-. r,a.,
|
I v,;,-p,1", I +:! ':i::";:ri,":::::l:i: 'j',""b;\
l,: 'ipii, ,r'
I,,Clnj,usarea simpli" esie obiinuill a vc.Iului. in cortrasr cn ,,corjugr
'roDjusarca $ 1?79
' z(. i' ,ll,tu t bl in dt* !'r t olr ' , - , l , onr p, ' n, r r ' r ldj , Pr.pu/it J n.,1- udr-
"h " a 71 ,omp n "n l .l in lir"l. ' , ' . . r . . ' r l' n 1, d. 1.
s50
I sh'd'{ {Md Ihe Fonctor I \' riv

I v,.. 1",'t ,t" *,, { I l,:,:,,'""Ji d, nnpt Son S @ " r d r p s o'linnPr'
d a d p db y h i a i lPdsivj
I lit , ot ,e ne .t laL I Thev ha, e dueht l h e l o a c h e r b e l o r p n , s n t t ) l l . l \ r l i v l
"no&ld
I dp tu a;t 1 Th; t hi. t , hout l ho, ; b. . n.a ; s , t / bJ do$. rPd.iv,
ot p rcte nt x , r L' J r ' it 1 4 \ p l o 'n F J

| .oh,j;ian 1: h", r "r ' ur
I
-'
' | | "haut d b" ". c u"ed il I e \ n l o l , l e d { P i'\. :'r\ r \ '
1 f I'd, ha,e cattet i^ a iJactot iI I (had) needcd one. (Activ)
I Canditiandt petfect I, S d.cto! qauld h@c beeD!,n, 10. il hclp had been necessa.y.
I I {pasir)
r | | Fnc li c \\a o .L .d l ,D t (\' r
-, . 'l rn.l '.
1 i i i . i i " ' i ''; .'" ;" ;: ":i"; r tl;;' h r P"",' ,
'' p*1"
I s,07, ' { :Jii:::,i,i,liif;.i;1,;,:,'"
1(,():l,l
t^ p '-i'
tI' - , '' { ?:o",i i l ,";"'i ;J '):a o , $
p . , r:, , r d . i.
I thr -ati! i.rl;-.. r l- c l n, ". "11 pr . ' lA' t : . 1
| | sdb io "!tr) \ L"t n* 1, . at bd ( bl m r | {t J . i f J
I Indbn'; brc:ent | \\'. rfe /'e1,in! hrr. \( i\l
I -"', - 1s i" b,,,; r";,./ D) L.. ra,:!.
I- | l n p r,, rc l p t,h t,p ,.,l l rp' .r\,' i \
1 rt, .,.i t,tr.n rp ;" L " :.s l.! teo Ly n Lt.' si !,
"
1789 6) \'erbul compl6x. - Ctnd verbul act;1'esi,e urmat, de o pariiculd adver-
b i i l a s au, , 1" o t r e ,p n z i l i " l a d i al aza pa.i vi a.FS l ca si n' pu.e
' o r,' l i l i o n a ' i r.
rmet|rar, l:lupa verD I
cu ptlrticuLd. ad.aerbialdl
\\e sh.uld nu th€n oz first. {Activl
\he:i aaukl be tial, an tist by us. (Pasiv)
cu prtpozllLe:
T hev dB s r ed ti ,s ro v o r. { ]\u ti v l
\ oi at e t ' . ins _ a /,.. 6 i P * rr
s he ndl loo& ;/ ' p o ' te , h i m. (\c i i { l
fle he,t bun tooked. dfto (by hc..) (Pasill
r'rb " r F t t ; " r t d a d t rb i a tn i fu t y ,1 ' o -;7 e :
I m6i, da awda rtn it. (-{ctivj
Il mrlst 6e lo,, aQa! Qtrr. lPasi\a
No one oan rz, zp ;rn hci anr lorger. {Acti!)
Sh".cn.t beiut ui eilh any lons;r. (Pasi\'t
1783 ln limba englezn sint frecvente formele caraclerislico tle pasiv ale unor
verbe prepozilionale al ciror complemeni lipselte:
The! eerc ldugh..l at.
(Rldea huea de ei.)
.\ t,(i /o s s p ,t /," .
(S-a l.rimL-dupi un tari.)
Qt 't r\e b. spole\ k?
(N n i s e p o a i e a o fb i ? )
'fh€ snm couldn'l bc accounted fat.
(Snda n"a lutut li juslilicaul).
\te lan beins attended1ol
(Sintcli sovir?l
j.n .d 5 y , ,.
I' i tt .4 kt;, tt,;.r"
L ]. ,. " o m L l " r' ,: .1 .i p \p .,.i L or l u' ruri -.
I \_e zi
S 2!9 3.
SNPTA, D:r\TIZA PASIVA 361
Lds na& an April lool ol

(-{m fosr pic{]ii. de I alrdtic.)
An agrcemcnl aas arttre.t at.
{s a ajuns la o lnleles€re.)
7) Vorbul aetiv cu doui complemeDtc. Ctnd un verb actil' are doun S 1?84
complemente, unul direcLqi celdlalt,indirect,completuentul
directde,-ineailese-
ori subiectulverbuiui pasiv, conshuctieprelerati ln limba lii€rard:
ch" h 4d .d
' t h. p" t ? 'l"n { omp l. ind: r . l t h" pt : 1 I , onol. d: r . 1 . l A c r i \ l
$ir l , 1, , oaL r / "a , , o. , ! l: : ndi, . , br | " r . {f i " i r
"rb prt
\" $ nl //p ,;r,in a rhd - pion l"nr Dl. . r lit \ 4 p, p rn' r0t. ,lir.l. \r ivl
,,r p.", L,r.o q I, sJ nt t o t hp n ; , r ; r B, dapi6n To "n.n l t . i n d ; . . ) b \ '. . a t t .
tP"":,
l n a"es caz. comp lpm . nlul i' r , lir a t r dm ir ". d st€rp i|| propo,iLin pasiv6
jn limhJ p nglpr d B. t ot nql Do' t r
ti F. l , nulllil 1 dr t i r r " i i n u t l .
In unele cazuri insi. in special ln limba vorbi'ln. ad€seori si ln stilul fol- g 178;
m , cotnplemenlul ind,iect d.e\ina subiectul verbului pasiv, complementul
d;rect rdnlnlnd ca ( Retain.d AccuttLtite) (- acuzain re!in;t):
^rarc
Thcv \re.e all $anted s./dbBnipr.
(Li 's,a acordat-i.utu.or brrse.)
The children $ere otfercd t.es.
(coliitor li s a drt Inshetra6).
I n'as set an inl.ercstingrdsn.
{Mi sa trasat o sarcin{ interes.rrtiL.l
You hare been atlotted d sh oI money.
(Vi s,a alocai.o sume d€ bani )
(h { i b, r ! j- , 1 r hd / , r aPJ , re.
(\.' f s uli , d c it dlur . ' r . n' .oto.
'fh F Air ' s o ns . o o lul l ( nr r , r , ,
,[- ". i ,e \,,- .n . 'r L
"t "LP\
' Principalele verbe active al ciror complemenl, indircct poai,e del,eni
subiectul verbului pasiv, tn vrenre ce complementul dire.rl estu pestrat ca
atarc. slnl: d.coril. dlor. tLLIow,award. c.Lus..cammduL dcn!/. giue.€ran\ leaee,
offcr, ot(la, paA. p.jnit, protnise.refusc.sau. shot\,)spare. t.ach. tdl .Ic.
8) \ierbele to bid, to make, to $ee:to $atch, to hear, to feel, to lct, care $ l?SG
la diateza actiTi .qint urmatc de infhiiivnl inconplci (: firn particula to),
cer la dialezapasili infinitivul precedatde t., (' 1662-1664).
9) lomra iDrporsonnli din limba rornAnn..se spure", ..seIace",,,secrede" S 1;B;
eio. esle redalArdeseoriin limba englcziiprh acelasirerb la dialezapasi\n.
subiectul nce-rrLiiaiiind .romplonren L.ul in;l;rect al icrhului impersonat sau
subicclul tropoziliei compleli\-edirecte din linba romAn6:
f,li s-d orrr,Icfma: I rar i/roi orer ihe iarm.
Ii ." z dar un oimet dc cconomii. I ias stretr a SaliDg! Book.
I s-a dcotdal ordinul l\furcii.: He *ds dq\t,tuI thc Orilcr ol Labaur.
I s u v,s cd snrt aiei : He rra3 r,L l rrrs here.
& e,e sttrd€tJilo. sn trinite ceroilc. -= Student$r.e /eqzied to scnd iD tl,.ir aplli-
Ii j d .efur si .i!inm. : We q,c/. art.l lo srng.

^\i,.?zn? oiL{cl) rste (un) savant. : He tr Joi.7 to b! a stiolar.
\1 r' l - (' i) . , rJ d Tlt p. \ ' ' p b, J ". 4 t .,\
1 1 ld' " lr d ptl,j".ie, I x \ a. ' . a . ttpa. J|o,or|" .\, Ihorl
I c u f d. sau For dctub ers . nlJ .
.t o La !,t.: lilmrl ro Df , oc 8. a.
' . i: q I r . , p. l. , lJ o, , r - . Ttp Rumatri.n pirture
i < . . p o.l. d t o lri\p s lh ts Aold m t s dr l -
'n
,q.ltoconstructiiimpeNonaletrailuse{iu pasirul in limba englezi:
Lrtu a tti tu da sedtua alinv€nlia lui este etooald.
: h qiU be rcali..d that his i!!.nl.ion 1s omelious.
\u sc paate nintni bizui pe er.
Sr,. is n,r ta bc Nlied. upat.
-
852
CiteuLfanne uzualede pasfu:

I a n ( sa r L du. l t old (N i s -a spus...)
(F{ ce l.i se spune.)
I aus r'., (at the station) l u r ,ni l sd n,a i d dF l d C d,d.l
I .ras errtr to rn.le$tand... l l l i s r dai a ntcl ege...)
I (as sn,@z to the door iAn lost condus'Dlni la usll.
(U-an lacut si jstrpt.)
-{or arc &anted (dn the DhoneF l , ) v 6 , b ure .i npl J fl r i t" ton pL. )l
It ts { s au o, as l s ai d ...- i 5 e s D unel al ...
I
It ts { s . t u , . s ) r no ? s ns, a u b c L tt,p t... i s e c i e det.i ..t-
To be callal tnr ,P ,...ri5on,,D ;d,ndturulLa \pn, si ri di up
sclsoarea.I
The horse is ro 6, lzr. (Casa este de inchiriat.l
Wl\at is to ,e done? (ce este de l:lcut?)
1788 10) \'orbeleto HAI'E, to BE qi to cDT pot ti tnrrebuinlarein uneteforme
sp€cialeeu nuanti de pflsiv qi Inlelescauzaliv:
to H,\Irtr:
\\ l' . \ v o. 1 ,,, y o u r s h u " ss rt," d l o r .n c" .
I r , .' lor
n'ilr J . d ,, i ^ a . o d d .A ti i u .,rd g ,.i psi --i tuJru." ;trtJrtoti i
He /dl his tfouseN ,fas€d. 'r
t$i-a cilcai lantalonii (h croiro.).,
Shc nad a drcss nat .
Lqi,a ricut o rochic lla croitoreasi).]
Thev Ao.1thrir slo\.es.lcon€d.
| ) , . au , ur , lldt n i a n u ..;t"(l d s p i l a i u a .r.l
l'l1 nare rou inoo thai l'am a qua]iliedNorke..
Tin sa ttiji cI sint munciror ialilicat)_
Jim nad lis rline /,iia,t d.
(Arionul pilolat de iin a tost dltumar.t
Adre the sec.etarvdn,o"n.e you.
(cer€/oerelisecreaa hi si G/ve aDurte l
T h" gn\ F n' n nl l d . to .d d" $ o rt" r. i td t.1 r ,r/j.,l t r\ r r:, Lr.ntfr.
' rr
{ S ' d, uln, n. lr u .r" :n ro .tJ ,a .d a Ird rri n .n rr,n,,t.,r..!,,' n, r .n.r' o,i .
to BE
Shc wanted hfr dress to be madc nl hone.
(\roia sn i se lac{ rochir acasi.)
. Tlrrr' u"d, md a .1h" to bp Lrculltt. nh$q - to t. q,rot s" t. and p{-t\thng n bp d.4.
o{ ore rtrp (Fd drn g.
{At' comandnt sli sc aductl u t.xt. sr1se uanjcze flori ii totul sii lic gata inainte de
fu GNT
cd, lhis done quicklyj
(Da si se laae aclasta rep€det)
I\ ' h" r p do . 1o. x p r \o J r s \o p sa e " d e dr
lUnde it i ildr g h e n i tet0 rc p a rJ ti l
Y ou n . s t s pl r 1 F ttd .to r o . r.J < dto
(Trcbuie sa te ocupi 5i se rcpafe traotorul.)
c v onr!1 " . a .1 i n -i ,r p s re tn d e p t i ni r6 dp subi prt, , i Je fl l l .i neva,
. .l r r s + . r "
Sr n r' r r ulpnlJ ilr e l .d i I| .o n s tru ' .ti a D a s i !i obi snui td..i dF compl enrentul
d i 'p .1. \ , ea. ' u t or m e d p p a s i v b a rra d u c a !u : ..a Ll ar sd-i tacA ., ..a D us oc .i ncva
s5 .i f€. d" r h. t ( e ) [o ;rp [a i r,: \re tf;,.) rn o ,h p n l o.s.n.
Obserrd!ii
S 1789 a) ln caz:..{leacesteade pasi\, inr€rogalia si nesaria v erbutlti to EA\E
ir lrcF cu ojulorul auriliarutui Dr) (( nl0 .l9lJj:
\\'l'ere /id you lrlc }our drrss made?
T het dt dnl ha!r tl ' e i i s l o re s c te .,n e d .
SOPTA. DIATEZA PASIVA 35C
b) \erbul to GET n1ai poate fi utilizat li cA auxiliar al unui pasiv: S 1790

IIe !o, &t/ld durinr the $ar in nn air rajd {: waskillcd).
'r'.p-bo\s, .,tl.{/,;,o", nc ,rJin I th".ie!Lr I \as Lruenrl.
T t ci'-.tupt;.t,-;u ai"a-.y smrn't' \/r; shipsr-,hedl.
lItr,buinla'Fo ir lo, rl cux i"rul,ri BE aLlucc,cum e
"u\ilidrului GEI
Iir"s., In plempnt mri Llinami .or tF\'ul,ri.
11) Verhe activo cu yelorro d0 pflsiv. - Unele verbe intranzitive, degi g 1?91
forini activi, au waloare de pasiv. Ccle mai caracteristice sint ardtate
ln urmitoarele propozilii:
Sn ,i l \ 0hy s on . r | . ra n n u l b p d rL e J r. $ 1792
") Hd m. , r ' q; r l w, lh m u s l ;tu { i s e o o d$ h " ;4 /ta n $i l ' r nu,rJrd).
Your skin /crls smooth {: is smooth s'hen lelt).
\e l o n s don l ; / o, { . (a n ro l n e :ro ^ fd
These piuN don't pal casily (: canrot be peeled).
l l :. a c uT c lr lhil r," ./,ra ' $ l l I ;" rl u m e Jr.
Hi s p opm. r i, ill " lq .l \- s o u n d ;,' l' l..n " i s,"h l i u h .o i r i . " " ddt.
Tlre rottery s€//s$eli l: is .asilv soldi.
T, i i ;. l" dt . inFds r . . rr{ l d r ( r b i h " \i ," n
His coat had a collar thal lune.l d,oq't l: qas " \tAI,.
ium€d dosn).
The silk is suaranteedt ,rash (- can be \i']lshedl.
You wlu lird the dressped. $ell (: witl be wom a long tin€).
(Ve z i s i 5 tt8 t)
D/ Unele verbe au adcsea \ aloare de pasirla{orma contiDui a ver}ului: ! 1793
Th e c ot t as eis hildn ,a l - i s b e i n t b u rl t.
th ".r . { ier . a? bt.;:" I a rp -L " j n J b ,u " ..,.
l Th "rpir ol. hi'g / on g i s b i n g d o -n ".
H n .a m d r o s pp aha r ro . d a trc I trd s b " i n s d ^ n " ).
u rp a l d, s . oe" r F sup p L mtn i { . a - b ,i n s p -!;rdr.
Th e book ir r r i, / i, j a :l s l .fn g !.i n te i l .
CONJUGABI]ACONTIIUj. A UNUI VDAB REGUL-{T' s 1794

TO tX CAILL\G (A CHEILI)
DI\TIi]ZA ACTIY,A.
(ACTIVE VOICE)
I\!-INITIV f I]Y,FI,YI?'1r4
Prer,ent (PNse ) Peficct (Perfect)
to be calling {* a chen.) h, have beencuUing(: { li chenat)
IIOTJUL INDIC.\TIV (INDICATIfE MOOD)

Prezentr(Present) Trccnt ( Pdst Tense)
I @a calliDg (: chcn) I @ds canins (: chenam)
sne I t! calling
are callins
"1'ou
t to ctoss dinst theligh^ : a trare.sa pe rqu Dereglementar.

/
g
'Pentru studiereaacestnitenomeng.amaticat!e?i 1796.1805
MoRFoLoGIA.VERBUI,
854
Trueut Porloct
Prozelrt Pede't ( P&.1 Perfect )
( Pr.scnt Prfecl ) (: chemasem)
ohemam;
am chemarl I had becn calljng
t hale becn"allils (: cnantl you had }een caxtng
Joniave be.ncrurng
,uuo""n"""ot
I r,""r""" ",rrns "ni"l
"nf;" *ru"s '*" L"a l*" *'r1e
il-"rl"* r*n
Ie e n c dr r r ng
\ou had b€en cqlrlnC
v ou ha t. ihey had bcen caNng
i n ey n a !€ b e enc ar nns
Viitor Pertoct(Fut rc Perfect)
\litor (Futte) voiIi cl'€mat)
I sluatile cal)irg (: voi chemo)
you {ill be caLrrng
l,iKiiir:#"*"lf ""T'l'l:
*iu r,"o"r""" *tti's
sle I {ill be carrrns "ni"\
i,-",Lrr n"* r*n c'rine
ll" ,ja.irn" *ui"e Tjili'""s
lou wjll be calltng
ihey qill Ie callrng
{f},*l';""f"T:1"
Viitorut Perfgottalii-do trecut
Viitorut fatS'de hecut (Fature Perfectln thPFost)
(Futur( in thePost)
I s/D!/dbe caring (: loi chemr) jjr*f .'le'f;
lff \"J#i:'|.'{oitichema
Jou wouldbe callng
3f;"| *""tun.'"'*" *ui"
sle I s!!rd i' car|ns
li,.i.,ra la'" u""nc'tLL'g
*1" le
carl g
$odd be""tti"e
vou"L,ia
ilev Nouldbe carnng
ifl"\Tli.'iJ;.';:1"""":iiH'
MOOD)
tIoDItL SUBJONCTIV(suBJUNCTII',E
trorma moil€lni
lormo recho Pcrla ( Peiect)
dc tLmP
( I nd.ependentai ) trcx9nt ( hesent) li
sa cheml t had bee calling (: sl
I werc oaring (:
I be calting (: se cllelnj
Jou l LU dbeencal rrng
!i', I r',rt r""" "aling
3,i"ir"*'';" s h" I $er P dLr f i8 iil
ii" r'"0 I'e"n oattlg
*" * *t,''* \ou I'cd been caLL'ns
inFv had bern carlBg
iheJ be callilg
MnD)
NODUI, coNDTTION-\L GANDUIaNAL
Pefiec\ ( Pofecr)
Prezent' (Present)
"u ri"r'""'"
I st@lld be calling (: a'1chc
catltng
a)
f
l""Yf if 'f .l"Ji;il'Tf'r!;
Xou vonld be
I'f" | **ra r'*" t""" ""'ins
ff" | **ra r" *li"g
iJ""t"u r"be""r11.g
voLr Nolld cdrrlng
ihey sonld be ' alr'tg
"x'l*'
;ft:**":+*:t?tt:
(IMPERA'IIVE MOOD)
trIODUL INPERATTV
lE callins(4 cheamar
CONJUCIFEA COMINUA 36;
DIATEZA PASIVA 5 1795

(PA SS IVI V O IC D I
IIODUL INDIC-\TIY (INDICATIYE MOOD)

Prczout (hesent) TfiC].tt ( Past Tcnse )
( : s in t c h c m rl )
I d u b e i ngc dlled_ I (cs being called (: €ritn c]'enatl
r o u a rc b ong c aued Jou \rere being called
slle beilc caued slre I ,ds beins crllcd
l,s
we are iejng called we $'ere beinEcalled
vou are beins oaled 10u 1ee.cbeinc called
ihey are b€iis called ihey wue be,tis callid
IIODUL SUBJONCTIV (SUBJUNCTIVE MOAD)

Prezerrt ( Prc.sent
)
I wcre beiry caUed {: si liu chenat) wo were b€in8 callcd
fou were beinc called you were beirg called
ie , sh c, i t wer i beins c c u e d Urey werc ben'g called
CONJUGAREACONTINU-A. $ l7s6
(TEE COXTIT[-0US l'OBlr)
OB PBOGRISSIVEI
ll Formi. - In limba cneleza, spre deosebirede limba romAui, existd $ 1797

o coniusdrFnumitE,,coolinud: car" eiF to0tpmoJurii" Si limpurilenonjugirii
a.tiv6 riu excep!iaparlicipiuluir.prerum qi .rLavdtorme dlP.onjugdri;pssi!'e
({ liqi,. Coniuqareaconlinuas- IorrnPazE cu ajurorul 3u\rlrarulu'lo tiL la
toa'c limpurii. ai modurile,urmal de puticipiul pr"z'nt al !mbului dP !onju-
qal,:
!o be soins to h3ve been soins
I nad }c€n soing -
I an' soms
r was gonS
I have beer soing I should be going, cte.
(vezi tabelul conjugdrii continue la ! 1794)
2) TrBd coro. In ljmba rom;n6 imperfectul fiind singurul timp care $ 1798
0re,spp.L ronlinuu. loate plplelrerimpuriSi rroduri alF.oojug;'ii ronrinuc
pnslez;s" Iraduc.u timp,rrila ,odutilf .onjugariisirrllo. dupi
"i ' "um urmrszi:
Limbs englezi Limba rom{lnd
Conj gareauctitd continuii Canjugarea actiod
'\ ' , n' "1" l" Pro ero csie.lor onu po' dl tt..,, " f ,1n4 l.,g-,, d oJr46. ltl
1, Jnb. p nA"e.r\1 rod tnd , p"ae^- "o: i. r { " t FIa r '. ttt1 ' rr' ra.trrn/3-
'irl ' ""
r o d r o c . ' ' , . rsl;,A,liln ? rrld- r . r \ I li t l. a I ns l"7 | , t o L" . r p oS ,, r rn ld:r 1d i '
wl / " . us.F sili .lrJi,ai r-srr"Qpd. r J . oni, q. ' r , i 14 r n dld. " l d a l i t"tl de\[i1!urn.e,t4
Limba englczi Limba romentr
Canjaguredactied continui Conjueueudctioii
Prlcct !mpl r
IIai mult ea lerle{t
Viii.or fall de h.cut

Vrtor pertcct la!.l de rrcrul,
{
cun,ritiunrr
I i;;i#
Subjonctiv- lorma veche
{
{ Diareza
rasi"I { Il$i::11; J Indicativ lrezent lasiv
f.."""Ti'
I lndicaliv imperl.€t pasiv
ilustrare a se vedea traducerea ex€mplelor ce urmeazi pind la
- .(Pentru
eflrtilul rapilolului.)
1799 3) Fuorlii. - Conjuqarca.uolinua .orp lnbpbuintatd pFnrru € pxprima
o arliun" tptipohtrd ln dpsfo-luarc lin /urs, sau o starp t;mparcrd pr;st.ntd
ln mom"niul vorbirii sau lo cursul unFi pFrioadedatc:
A tia.
I, atu qtiting t letlrt.
tD4"L o sc.Noare,)
Sh " h od 1 "P, l ai, s ir l r or J \ . . h.
tzd.da lolna\J d; o s6lthini )
Pasi.v,
The tracio. is beinE oeethaaled,.
{Tracio l .s,e ln re'aizie.)
A p arlv ni iorp ilr "r s / , r / D. iaa r lr o, h t he ilnl - .
{Unu i g.u p dp alr J ' n: is " d. r id nr d: . ul. l
18 0 0 Tin p u r ile de bo:i ale conjugn rii c o n t in u e(p re z e n t uhl,e c u t u l

ti vjjlorul) cxp nd acliunealn desl5qurai.e-la
w mamentdat (prezentrlrecut
sau viitor) sau il\lr-o perioadddatn (prez€ntd,irecuti sau viitoare):
A C t LA .
Lookl It ;s ro;ntna.
luirel Ptaud.)
S r r ns as I ' nr n in i .o l l a n d , l . I s ," i s ,," /,.s n ]-hrourh: noN .
I S r nJ s 'ul ln S.o 1 :dd 1 ' a ' u m l d -.r? d l a P v B oLt\.t
Whcn I cane in, llrey kele its,eDtnsto the wea ier lorccast.
(Clnd am intrat, a!.irdz buletinul meteolologic.)
S hp x or / li, s p a p p rsrl t d l h ro o o n .
t lD. | d o. d" jdi h i r' i i h .n d , s d r" l o d rad d p d -a mi rzr_
He oi b. t.aeellinsla Deva at live tomorro\,.
t(El) ra ii ln drun apreDeaa mline Ia ora citrci.l
I thdlt b. rcadias in the \ibrarri lor a iew davs vet.
(I/ot mai ctt la billioiec{ incd limp de clt€yd zile.)
1 ll!ruu hL p lt6d9l u
I ) r i r , or r J u m t r , bar a I d ! d t r . , r DFvon. AnctjJ r, / cel
mdi ! r cii o rai fon da l dp, oloni.^-liid. . Dgl"z i t TheP; ls - n I a t h q s ) \ n M r s i , \ c - . '. . , i U A ,
ia i620 i f.l veche m dLr de aulom nbil
CONTGAREA CONTINUA 85?
Pa si p .
\l e e p l" J ir s c os t s . , r d !r!n s u b s rd n l i rl r.
/o l ri r4 o F du, pr " 6r b s ra n l ri ti d tr ru ri ,J r,o s r.r
I n 1,heschoolthe clrirdrs) q'erebeinENalI laak.:tt\ttar .
(La icoali, colriii e.du blne tne,iili.)
tr'oartoimportelt :
. A sF,ohs pr r s f i odF tu to t.\l ti n tp p r-.h t rs tc i n ,l;" oti \)Lttpr" ztnt conti nuu
fl uu rn d i c at lv ul pr €z c n t s i mp l u :
\yldt a./ .)or d,ins th!e:
Ld tr ' r li,g a s$ "J' e r .
l!P id , i Jco ln . tin sfcsr m o Dext,!
th Ph ks u l JPt. u .l
Cbi"r da.a rimpul prpzpntconsl4 dinrr o r, rio0Ja mai Indetulrard {ca

ln F\Fmplul,lp lsta). daco rFlprimla momcnLttpr. r,r/ v.rbLl !0 ar Fa forme
prezenh ui conti,nuu. ',.
"Look at he.l $rhat is sheloing?",'Shets doi,s tap dancingr.,,
lntrebuinlare a indicativului prezent (vezi S 1806) are cu rorul alte impli,
. ..
calx.
Tinpitr,ile. (o.nt.in-u. p.rfectc erpdme acliuneain desfe_ S 1801
lurar. fn , ursur ].pnaad. dp trnp ontqtadr"|dnuimomen'dat:
'Jnpt
a) pnzentnl perfcd exprimi o acliuno sau o stare inceputa in fec.., !i S 180tt
conlinuAr;pind In lr -.r/ sau pir., intr Jn .r-, Lt 1,it Jp re,| | | in"it poateii
consroeralcd prcz.nt:
. hd he" b4 " wrl.tqg o n. ' r dt r , b , or qur t " , $hii. n! $
(Lu, rp,,/: do dp sru r dp I nut , i L^ m e ja pr oblem l , . . i
-., In.r.din,rt.)
H os I nne ldu p ro. 6""f . udn, , c t o- , , s . , i ?
{D P clnd re a i&pI; Jici ?j
( Vez i t i S 145i* 1. t 60)
. .Acliunea sau starcR c)rprinati de v€rb poate conthua sau nu in prezeni

b) Trecutu.lpeiect e-\primd o acliune sau o starc tnueputa tn trecur si q 1803
.onlir uJl; pini inlr--n momFntlat tr,.tt'. I\t,ti/xt d, un rirrb, .n,r de u; "
vorb la indicativul trecut,:
r r ladt . pt b t" i rE t1 o mo u n .,rb fo r i sppl
Ir: l o rd m "
rL l ml , ' ipur , a ho. L n r." p ri n mu ,l i d . o .,,tt,m i na,
She ilcnt lo see a doctor )ecarse she ndd not b,.n /eln,s Neu.
I(Ea) i consultat un doctor pcntr cI n! s, st,rl?a binc.le"NitaL\avreme.l
A , ti u n FA 5du s l€r F J F \p ri rj a rJ J F r,j b p L " tc , o nri nud. s-u nu. )i dupd
,
c) perltut arrtJ o actiune sdu o stare care continui pinn lnt.,un

.Viitortd S l8M
m omFn r o a r et ' r or qr c ar p n ra l p o fl l c d u r' -. s a u n u , d u pJ a.pFd:
B y l "n nd of lay . I . ld l l /.d r. b .e 1s to .t;,.s v o u ,torl si r morrhs.
rL J i l i rr ul Li m J i. : " fo r l mp l i n i F A e tu o r d-g
" .i n a l 6 t aI td \o,.1
In a n o l h ' r lupnt J m ' nu rc r$ p ,fro l t,u ., k p 4 d l l ..i ( rror si \ horrr.
(Pp srFl 0 de m . nuh \ o r f: ,d :e u r. d . !tn J u mL ta m..
I rz1 dczctns step

- ldarsl.
, sau de echiyalcnti adverbiali.
358
Cottjuqareri(:ontinui
! 1806 temporarn in desiiiurare lu un mo'nent dat sru intr-o perioadA

.Acliun€
rimDireb3zr
I
ror s contirul I am callins I shall be callitl8
I
.{c!iune anterioare ln desf65uraretnt.-o perioade de timp
--",";----],1
r r'aorren carrinst shallhrre bee$rauing

I
a 1806 4r foniuqarce :i 'oojugdrca 'iirupta' - 1n1'lcsul rcrbului la
' coniusare. 'oulioui
3r" douJ pJrticul6rilili 'drp il dpo'rb"'" J' lnlpl'3ul lul
"o"nlinui
Ia coniug.rea sirnpl,i:
a ) actiunea sau starea er primat[ de verb estremomenlandsa1f,tcmlJorard ;
Ji ."ii'*^ se alln in rcitinuarc la ur noment dai sau in cursul uner
perioade de timp.
' ,llâ".. ctnh acliunea lerbului nu la inlruni acoste element'e,ea va li
exprimatd prin oniugarea simqld:
I an Lo din ! Shuk P, D"d. " I n Ens l- r
Jl , it" p" ! , t r "- 1, u. ' t pl' J lpz . : r i \m'
'r r "
n mnr' o r 't F f i n a '? n t M '
ment rt p ot "l.tmL no . r i! t r i or r . r no ll
I'I f.dd Shdlesre*e in Inalish
; ir l; k ; "p , ' , . n: . nit . r , r t ". N. 1n, .d nu o r:rbc rn
c -, In mrn, s\dke-
'" ir tor
"c*L,i"i'ii,i,.,"ii':'".nasinir"'.r','narmi:mp "lub, 'iri rF
spcarcIn englez.ite.)l
In ex,rmplul hr care s a tntrebuinlat prezentul simplr. ac,Liuneanu se
d.esfd-:aardi\ ac€l moment 2r. .rl,r lcrnlrrdrd.
'si
Alte exelnple:
l'o DlF rl p $l n 1"Y 1r ' lir r l
r ' r nl, o"il r f inl n lnr i t " . J r " f 'r J r L U n go-
O":n ltl. d;r'4 c r nl lixni' 'p L
netar.)l
11 3ri is i/-?i f , 3
f.Ua;ia doa,,k. ldltLuntd cslc ir cuN !i tenpofa l, tnllul liind linital la momcrtdl
prezent: Urria se poaie trezi odclnd.)J
\\.e.., . rrlurrr I : Fnc . al t h r ni\ i ". it r .
i.ni r y d la I niv ' Fr ' l , P' r r n, dl u r i l l p - I 'r S r l i : r 'r 'u a
l ld dn . 'u l r u n
In Prezen t.)l
Hc ,.rr il!.r lFs f er dav .
i'- li.'.,.,it,, i"ii Gii"iir iern'inatnsiiviriiri lntt un donrut t"cut deieminat)l
Ha ' d r " ' " r l h r" -n p l r' r' l h i rr'
f S " a, - , i c l ml ]-a l l' i n ti l n rt { \ri i u n F t 2.zfs l r ' rr' nromentdJt l r!trtl l
i p " 06 t"
h t li,Pt r hp, p i) lr r Pr
{', lia"
L o "i"-. ,,^ o ir . ' . n .a J 1, , ' r : ' " o l l r . i r r . r \ n l r 'g J r r i l l
. p !,' t.. t t J : a ll. . f ( lo l lh, . ^ v . J r ' .
fl.dztc'l! iNolo ilc"tfei {ni: liinindouJ flrnrelf se lJ o slarc trslti rr ner*ts
lihaitr t d;'i.;,iccnruhd ideea dc coniinuitat. ii Fecizind 'eterl conl'inuarea in l)rezctrt'
'i
poa te ti viito r S 130t . )
I nrct rnY ooulin: he told me he na4 a,..sr, his bror.he.. \tho rvas wcll agarn'
fL ;; i;iiinjt pc ' "; in, l m eu! m i- d 5po, ! il : i i t r ? 3 , r i r h d t 'l e 'a f t e r a r r u m s r n a '
Los. l1.ll'l rf r L' . onP. ! ?a\ 4n' o t \ t nt lat r \ 'n 'i 5 l 'r " l u rerurn l
coNJuG-{nnA coNTrNv,1 350
I mll nry c.dsinr he tdd me bE haa laer nr.stng Ljs bnriher Nho was slill Iar l.om
[L-anIntllnitpe vIru] men; ni { spnsce"ii trs.tjeu tle citra limp) iratel€. care era
Incd dtprric de { li silnlios. (Aoiii,ne tr.oufi !i ,-"fdrnindr,i.rnicrioara altci acliuni tre-
cuter ide€a de ca.ti4uitatc este accentLlatil.)l
I ridll ldd Jou tonionoN.
lTe eai eedeanline. {Actixne viito{rc.)l
This fime Lomorro* I shattbe suinc some lricnds.
lNrine ra ora aceasia'ot 'ededldh sd.ed.t nitte prictcfi. (A!!it,Fr ra li ,, .rB Ia
uD dat ajitor.)l
'nomcnt
I tlDuld sa there jf I werc you.
tM'dj.izd€ acolo dacl af ii ln locDl tlu. (Timp trclimiiat.)l
I 6nodd d go;ngthere it I w€rc you.
LAs.fip e d. un lnlF r . olo d 3 .I a i i i n l o c L l l i u . i T i mt l i m,l b l amonrnl ul p.c-
r n c uls a. nn. l j
z eoli 0 c1 ,u ne8
pi Ptrfecliv ti imperfectiv. -.Conjugarea €Dglezd..arealadar, spre d€- \ 18{}7
-
oscbire de conjugarea romAnil, doud Bpecre contraii:
astccttlL Iierfect;t (conjnr:d.ratdn ii.) i
aspecLulimpertectiv (conjngafta conti.nad )1
I6n! I oxistr I know, I uDde$tstril,
Elnt,lomreverbale carc exprimi ficcare o singuri noliune //,rl.ti!/rir, ca o clapn
de pian al c5rei unic sunel poflrti in sine clar. holirit, decisiv lncepul,nl
si sfi$iiul.
'
ln ronrra.t tns;. / or, sirgl,'s. I an eryin2,I .uo"i,,1.;q: I shottb. sp",n:
yor. er\primdi",iunp0 rprb,rluiinp rhtt,,t..d uo cr.u: r0'F. l,,np.indp. o
sing1lrS.o0rddde lo un "rpar la c"l;l.ll oblinp o gp ; in'init, d, 'n-uri
nuan_tatece se siing ireptat.
Acestc elccte apa4in numai lormci continue. carc nu sc limil,€azi jntot,
deauna la prezentul ln carc so atlE rorbitoml prozenLul actual, real, ln
eontrasi, cu prezentul eteln. ireal ci se poato prelungi nu numfli ln tre-
cut, ci fi lnl.iitor, chiar di.colo deviitor. deoareceexpriirr] si actiuni sau sttui
fdrd slirsii ce se pierd ln neriunoscut.Forma continui deschide drum lars
in.erriruiinii. da friu lib.r.p,, ul0jiilor gindirii. r"ti."nrF,.r. ri.,rrilor. rmini
lirii. r"n,Frilor.intrriliilor inerprirnabilul|,r -- , repa/,1 n atrn.fpr;.olorara,
Incdrcatd de retin€rile sau de inhibi,tiilc i'orbitoruluj, caro pot fi numaj intuite
ti nu crprimate.
\o1t aan't gainsa\ray ior good.are yotr? (: I am alrai.l Xou.u.)
You adBotngawaylor goori,s wiil you? (: .ngoasacr.scindodatr cL1int.o
ducff.a liitorului
-on't In loctl n.ezentuluil.
In s-r"l ho|| t . ho; ; In F l rrd L r n rt i -. I -o rrh\ n, l goon th" t rrj p:r
l l -. "i ri , J hr s E nglis l'i r 6 a ,i a s ,u < r\ l .- l l e r' l ' " v , ro .ri rt b rshrg' t tp.
G { rp anl b" . J o; " e! \r. I J o ,r a r' a -p d ' ,r } o .ri ,l .l
"1'll bc kaitins on ure sea l.lk. Dad (: so hurry)."
' Yn .i 1 lb pI ot t ne I , r \ li \L r.i Irn S !,1 ! b c h o o l tn S.p r .1i .r1nm.bnd hs
m rdni . '.14 t or pjv .air . t I m v o u r ta ,n ,i d n J l -o \r J n x .,i,, ' .l j \. r.,,rFt.nrtJ qh,n
I p-
y o n k g o n p . S t ir up r he lir ;, \rl l ro u . D d d l
6) lltc caxa0tcristioi
ale formci eontinu€. s 1808
a) Viitarul calocrial.carc in limba rornand este e\prinat prirr indica, $ l80e
tivul prezelt. estoredat si In limba englezitot prin indical,ivulprezent.1 se
la forma lui continun( S 1522,1524):
She ts dtutns h.rc toniono$'.
f{Ea) tu na$ aici miine senrl.r
l Vezi extlicare.taeestorte.nr,ri la 13i]i.
:/o . S
d @d: penhx t , , rl c r,rr
!l )i n Tall, , l Clld$c ll, . 4 I n l o s re tu L a ' ..
36{l
t 1810 Tot astfel,itdicalitrl hccut contindllinlo-cuieFte.rriitofl fdld de treout

' ---- (tt"Lir" ilt rhe post) id stilut lrmiliar ($ i523-i524):
I tol.l him Lds t€d'in€ fo. ihe seaside thc lollowing dav'
it-i^ Ple. li inafc ln ziua urniltoare')
'l',s "t
o in'"n-
{ 1811 b) FormJ cunrinur 'o bp;oin.. L un infinili" .omplel-'\.[imi
qdu un titlor tnpd at tl tJzD)i
liA p.ntru viiLor !rii'ot;nt,n'anall
I on ao; n! Lo $ ," k h J tJ tro m o o r o l l V:i ' of i a' " nl ronal )
r A n d: es ; nd . a s r" J ;F zs " ri u : d e a c u m l n a rnrpJ
' Y ou
n F rl .d y o u r o a m e \\ i l o r i ntenl i onrl )
(voiar" eieo:
s,r-o,ne
slui rumclr d tale )
p ' { p ri md $ o a" l i unP hoLdti tddi noi nt" sA u
$ 1812 c ) V i; lot ut r c n ' i F L ,u m a i n o a te
."re ir e loc in nod n a tn o l $ ( 1 5 2 2 - 15211:
ff;::;li:l;!.;ij,,i'1''':#iic.ill.lil:
,\",11;:11:lJ':r:,ll' l:y;..',.
r,"';,.iil'.ii,:iii, penrr .r .Jt. nnrma.d n" 'nr,rnjm
I
Whrt rloil rou ,s doi,g tomoro\?
rL:"ui iii,uirri.r iacl r"i' * idri in nod norDJrrmri4p:l
\j"i i
l.i:^l;,ll5ill';;;l:, i,li;"; ll'1,". I "."1:l:"
N otal "i.f nt l \ ; n 1't por ar prima.^'ii"r,i I iilo?-rc'
A.tit pr"vnt ttl or !t rttt tt., lt |i I,r" 7 f
:: ;;l,:"lJl#1i"9,;:: "lili"
li';r i lli Jl,ui'i IijfiT;'i;;'iili:l:il
lpf! sdu de
r" i"r.a, i" \'."m- ( prPz"ntutsinpl' d"pi1dF l" holi'ind un-i
imDreiuriri obiective:
'
Rli.:,:iil:i'.'.''o':'t ;:"ii""i;i,"1 lil,lir;ii;:l:
T his p' pnins h p ts o , d ,tr 3 r t i s o l i tPre' ' ' s' rD l " )
lAst{-s€a.n; de ser ciu la birou )
^
"!':'i\:i:";:'"*''
[|];#irliKf:,":s:.lli:"lixii"'H' "*1'lf*"i"{iiff ifi i'":'":"
t P P a '. t
5 hp k/rp s up her , ir ips J ' a| hos "r q n r t U o n J 'v
:;i:it t. i ! ""
1::!"i :i:'^,';i""""'
tnptu)
1;1, T:lTm:i r ll;ff b1;ii" :;"': ; ;T

E t 8fl
-,,,,d I V i, nr ut rc n L ;n .tu p ' L p i n l r' b rri rrl d r ' i ppr' rru €, qa l or' 1ul b ' u mai
' rn rr lr , . ^n- idpr c li p . d i s frc i i " l r' I o i l r"l ' d| - U s ' l ' rL Fr! :
'u
!r'h€n trill votr Nothe' &d 'ontng b see usi
' lnall $e D? s € ebi;v ,8 Y o u s o ' n '
i\ ' ' i, , ill r o d r ti b " ,a n n g ' rt-
S o lons lll b P " a ' n 8 J U " (" o u r'
1L' ic ! eder e !e L u ri n d .):
viiiotul simplu si
Toate ace3tc tormule sint' mai pulin abrupte dccit
d e c i r nai P olib i c o a s e .
i e rr b i g ri ' r:
7 l: , r r u Pro P o z i
$'c'll 0ori rerl ha'd
\'1n n r . ,r!. . / a. ron. p'. r' r' : . 1r" r. , ; . r: : . , ; . . , r.

1 , ; " : , ir, " : ' lil.
:;;ji;;il;l;j'; ;rir . .rrir;' lr ;,rti;

rifuilrIi,lrlli;:ll:;"r;:;"
ru'"'.'"i,i,i.i:l?"',1,,,11;;;'',:;;;:',li?,".::i:)",,iT
th srlu t ftn,l in (' nPr r niiliz at c olo. v ial, Pl po' lr
"l:;';r:l:i'll
i' *i" i i,"il t. r ' ' d Lm "D i n l i r o r '
' . ' r n! o
CONJUCARB CONTTNUA
80t
care poate avea:
fe') tnlelesulunui (,;ltrr pud (,lt: shall).
tyor, l&./a toarte se os.l
dat ri-(e") inlelesul r,iitolalDi eolitit' (,tL: s,itt.)|
lstnten hotdililyreh si tuden toarre scrios.l
ambiguitalea va dispir€a daci se utilizea_ziitiitorul continuu, car€
decll o singuri interpretare: aceead.e a{ttor pur: nu are aici
We'll ,e ,o..(izg very tiard.
.;::!d arp caracter rnumcutan ( g 1344),foma conrinui expdmi g l8t4
^-,, {]. llld
aclrunr sEu stAn rppetdte:
?, i Yd b"l, noddinE.b!
the t:raat rtF morning.
d rap p,, g t hin$s $r iF I s ns dah. p.
r.l Cu adrerbp ra: dtrq4s. lor ,r t. "an.tin\ott!..anst,I,ttg.p,ryauolg,
rLsuolllJ
rt,.. fnrmi .nntinua.,.\pri,'ld o rrtiur,tssJU o slnr^ ;...; .; S -:,8t6
'
mereD, care constituie un obicei: ""p"id
you ar" ok,rr
".otd.nc mn.
,1r.r"u I,ri ,.4..)
Don t bp /o. ,,pt luttins oL
rru a mtn b rn " r.u .)
T\?y aft .ontinurllu atrujls.
A - l n l ru n a d i l c rrl i r' r - "
He x,as cons,anrtggrrinujns.
(Era ner€n ncrnnlu;t ) -
N o td
. Daci I'erbul nu arc caracter mom€ntan (g 1g14) sau nu

este deteminat
de nici-unul din adverbetede la g t81b, nu poateai.ealormd
exprrDa o acl,tunerepetati sau un obicer, conri;;;-;i;J
Nu se poato spuDe:
I r nal, . . . ?p l d e Sa rrrd ..\a tL rro o n a L r hLrl av
t p , d. B a tn gto th . In s ti tu tp ,,e t! d o ! . "
Se spune corect, lntrebuinlindu-se forma simpll pentru a s€ cy;ta
pleo.
nTn,:"!1,:u,ii{,1'liJl;
l"4f.1,f g;' *" n'*
laro {erbntDu
llr,""lfi':
In rrFDUU4r I r ea I nr m F r ,o n }o:rtc aveaaspectcontinuu. S 1Sf6
. i n u p rr-,a ,6 s c ,i uned ..a stare€ dpnu-
"*'""''i";;n;';u#";';:,;;;;;-
*l!1,,1:J::'",::1",i':lT'.".i!1Ji-;":,1'"u
Existd insn verbecarenri pot aveaaspectcontimru,sau situatii carc nu
p F rmi l tn l rFbLint ar ad t or mp l o r c o n l i n u r
U""O"t" nu pot aveaaspcctcontinuueind acliuneator nu estetrece_
,o""J) S l8l?
!@ "'rd m / / ous lr um \ { ea, r o 1"5t .
lri u.'t.s d (lear trand.
, ,,"1 \\.sr In Eosr ... nicj:

" r. . " ", . . 1 ". ", "i p " " 1 '1 l l ." " :" ^ ;" l ta " ,n ;tron
ttpjstrr tng a .tcar hard-. pentru , a r, tiuI|acrprlului nu c"ietem/orarA.
'j
*zi qar.k,Acnnna. al cor'.nr,rure rrsrsr e.ir,,ure
* tuture-as-
"-!nJ":" "'
30!
5e p o a te lns i s pnnei
T l' e .l r' a ,' ,,s l o rta q s mu o l h l Y .
H; ; - * i ;i ,e r" n ; i i ,rc * : d ;o ' t ' l r' trfb hi m
Dc'rl ru . a ut ubel. a .fi trrri s i n ta mp o r{ r' to ' o n l F\tel e raspP ' ti LA
"--'rti * zj'ie: "where ari uau tioing?" clnd persoansc€reia"ii.esie
.
intrebarease aile inir-un lo' ln mod lrecdtor.chrar dac.a.,qeoere
adresati".ir"l dn
iooiol p""t"usitx (de exemplupcniru studii ln strdinaiai€) lit 'lv here
uou li''":'r'Lntl nc inleresnrnd- Jdre.a "r pFrnranenm'
" 2l Pcnlruaceluirrnotivnupol dvFtJ'p'cr 'orrrinuuverbclecarPerprrmA
E l8l8
"'-'- iii"itai,'*',,"," "d" pt-pti; tnn;rt" inJ"p'nd"n'P d" ninla
",,rii,i,".
indiidului. equPrac5ror" nu ol poato dP'r a'!'ond':
4) se ntin e tut e: aale ( - a l i ne l i c i nev r i a t r c v J l b n d r r c r ' t ' l i k e '! o " l o @ '
, a;"iii.i i""iiiit,'i i"l'":',;;i";'",
" ,; ;it;":; t=' a {se)supa'dl'e s4tisfvctc'
b) d.L iritatt nt a, o! F -t;d
t o oe, F. t o b4@ P b t h i n t t ( t h o t . ) ' t o t F p o s r ' t o
0 t8l'J r.tunb?t' ti lo'E4 to s4x''
' ro*'- @ kN*. to inia4 ta a"or, b tuti r'
o r 10 ,ad".std t' 14J to r'qt "
'uiq"i ",
61 8 2 0
"i"tt, p e"iep
c) tii s eaz ot ; d! . : , ' f eel' , 1a h e a \ t o s @ , b s t u t t ' t o s o l \ d ' t '
t
!6 io aL IiA; \: a
' m dJ "r ) ' a r Ps "nbt P peF
Ie s at e de. obiec t e c at e au rnsutiri tetatio.
{ 189f d ) e e,b ete
belons' tu catup *' ; ;;,L"'. 1" l'td l: @ contoin)', to '2n:i::- of ' t4
' oit,ti t'o'".. ro po s i"* t . r c , i* n. u D. s ' s . t / 1naal u a t ; n t f ) r o / e s n ( r n r r 'J {c '
c dt P t u s us pt "az a id"p d J bpead'
S I8 r 2 a tie 't " n P o r d r ': t o
- "t
,o d" *ita. """t'"
ta p tLa t. b aJ t t b. : e, , l: r lo^ ll! ! : p: ! ".
t P.efet it to the old one

I caa't undeitaul what vou are snvtng'
I see now {hal Jou nrear'
I I r r d ln" dos r J t \ .
ir on r s ir io |1J ; a_m "h' ir : i Io IJlh f
She aa green eYes: she ts a "witch' o 'g s
N or d
6 t8'.fl ln eoqleza colo.rialumodetod, raler5la pPt'
v'rbeled" la $ IQ'l0 c-ar€^se
-- -
" de aur'rliirulmodaiC4N:
,"ptti i"nlri"ie, sloLde obi.ciprecedate
l l n l i mD u l u n e i PU m n 6 !il o P rdure):
ddn yoir t,e the birds?
{Auzi P5stu e?)
I .dz src the acacias.
lsimt Darlumul salclmrlor.)
b"n viu see the lishthouse too?
(vezi'9i trr ferul?)
| .on und.rslaod \our d(ticulty'
(lnlPles dilpma ltr caro te ani )
Modalul CAN, ca orice auxiliar, nu pdstreaz&calitatea de verb no9ional
ei nu se traduce aqadar In limba romena ln aceastdsrlual"Ie -
' Construclia ait€rnalivd. fd-rdCAN. esLetoLuFilnce preleratauDmrr:
Dd you tuo. the birds?
t s7;11th€ acacias.
I se the liShthousetoo.
I lndztsland Your diffioulty.
S 1824 AproapFtoate vFrbplemenlionateta S l8l8-1822Por d'"afi t?l!4,:1'
' i\un, dat atunci sansullor l'xii'al se s"himba' ideeaJe "parmanenlSdrspa-
rind:
-,p,,'**-,r,-a I ua hatins {d'liun" ind'p o'
1rai"^"
",;,,
oIntd noaslra); I dn iooii4' ""itli;${#
nn
dented-ee! 'l3r
363
to tlcpclrd(: a dcpii.lc tl4 devjne,.aronl,a (le)':

\ \e h e .lepdx lin\ is au u i /a /r,a l l o n rt,u l n r l h e y ,ats.
4, n l p r ir . ^ r ' r " r L 1 ,.{ i
t o h a rcpier ( leideea de .p o s e s j u n c "s i d c \i n e d l u d ( . a brtr. a mi ncaei c.):
To hdre Lea, a rrfn'k. r wliisla:
\lhrt rili \,ou lar., Sir?
t o h rr. a I alli, a s $i, i,. a n .!. ,, 1 )rrtI. r s n i o l < ei , l r| 3I. .tc. i uzi ti S 1se7)
t o mi n d ( : a s upA r a ! a l u a i n s e a m n c i ,c .) d e v ;n e,,a avea gri j d dc" :
Do rou n;n.l ny smoLirs?
(Vd'suldld drcii'fum.z?)
\ever ntnd what Clara sars: no onc nids l,er.
(Nu lua ln seane ce spunetlarar nineni nu-i de at.ntic.)
Wl\o is nindinc re childr.n?
{Cine are erij{ de copii?)
to leel poate li tntrebuinratp€ntru a exprimao starc tcmporari:
He is faling mnch bctter no\r. {Verb noncntan)
(Se simie mult nai bjne acur,.)
dar atunci cind s€ntim€ntul sau senzatianu sc limitcazi la monentul pr€zent,
3e poate spune nomar:
Hr lpic 6 n i n t!rp b l n J o u . r\.rh d urari \,
ur r nk r e s e z r.J
T lo r oo m /,ri 6 d a ml . V,rb o u " a ti \ )
( S a s jml . .h o d d i a a rr i g rrs ,
"
Ho$ do J o u /,,1 s h q ,s ^ n ,b o d y p l s J ou a,ompl i rr" nt?
t v er D r rF ra v j
to hoar derine .,a audia'r; ,,a asculta' (lec,tiile etc.):
T hr y *+ . h o ti F g J u o u rs "o l tmtu r.s.
( A Uo' a uu n .u rs .)
I - uB h ? a ra | h i m l ,;s l p s o r..
( ll as . u l l d m s J \i d d l c J ;l :, I.c l i i ,e . )
to look (: a ardta) (stare temporare):
\ ar or p I@ h i n 9p o ^ ,1 .r(- p " i k J , p e . ' k,dJ.
( A r r li . r m rJ u , Prri p d l i d .)
dar numai (- a semina cu) (stare permaDenti):
Ycu look like an artjst. Wlro i.e you?
You aooktike yolr mother.
tsemeni cu nama ta (la tnllliFrc).ll
to seo derine: ,,a s€ lntilni", ,,a vjzita", ,,a conduce", sau se lntrebuinreard
cn prcpozi,lii ori ddacrbe care ii schimbd tn.telesul:
"How ts Chfis s.r,in( on?"
"He's oX., we;re E;lns lim tonight."
T nF s . t ,* v a tn 6 h n s i C \rs .r In " ,i l ).
n F rF s a D ..d rn o r..,.l
| Ncins het ra rnr do,r whcn yotr rary.
(o'tds
conduccan la uF,l cind ai snn;t.)
\t ho i s."r',g \lothnr o//.'
lCn" o n J .." I. l d n i Id S" r :l
My hlsnand ;s r..t4 ro the rickers.
lsolul neu arc srija de iilete.)
'ct- ya u a. F I r A " ! ou" n o th p t ;n ,l a v th n t | . to ..!.D,0& /: a s.mtna rh l ri c€

pn\i.le\. ,ou atr IiA. lair tutter. sou lik" nusr And uo'4linc ana paintins.
tOr (o, t ogr af iaio*d, U S Aj (: h i n .).
MORFOLOGIA _ \/ERBUI'
304
exprrma o srars
to smell (verb tranzit'iv) poate fi inirebuinlat pentru a
iemporara:
_ e d a s .4 4 1 .,s ru _
' n l J l rr' l
r_
. [" m i r^ " u r
d a r s e poal, c s pun e n u m a i :
r'hesc floivers dDul snel? (\'erb intranzii'i{ dufatir)
{Florile accsteanr au mrros)
lincs (Verb duaLiv)
The nark snel, {sau '"s/ sodetrlvith the scent ol Llre
itlr;ut e.a Inmifesmat de pa.lumll teno' )
! 1825 \-n '

'; senzorialesirt' tlnnatede ailJec-
,\ccleasiverbecareseretffi la percep,tiite
t;tc in loc de adverbe: _ l l 'n r r 1 'L d )
'fl. N l ''1
mmLp d gdi on r ' 1nr t "t "t at "nt . .Jt "
'tr-e "rodsl. smPi^ va'datut. I d-
L Jrrb s $o rl /ais ' \ r " ( $r ' n rPrr
"t(vczi ' "oI76e)
L
ii 5
l"rnporâ-ri:
lo ls6lo poalF li lnLrebuinlrr pFnlrd 1 "\primd o siluaLie
c ookoo;h, ;,s,". s.r,r,rl, l :ll:,..Tf li, l i,i.'"Ti;,verb.mom-nr1n)
{Euddhe.si gusiososnrInPr!
dar se poaio sPune numai:
Thp mFii r' r, o/ g".li". {v"rl drrtlr:r)
c , . - nni, . r . s i d ir r ' r or
The litre sau doesn'i il'?
(\ inul c rcrn, 'u'drs nr i air?l
Uor 5n l ll' b"ll r k , t " - d i l " ,.
\u g i' l r ' ' ul ' l+ er ' -1Prr
loalF inrar-
Si (olu'i rr,luri r"r r' b'l"r " u' "r''" Ii o l8l6 1812.'rr
uu rieLu ns'bi ba'p.srnanrr'5
ai Liii. i""ia i:"r'.L,o a\.p1 IripoiI'^n'i
rd,,;a ,um s-a ardral mdi s r,,, fi" n.nlru a ' <p_inranurnl" suhrrlp s4'sPa
.oirirat. poFonald' orbiror'da'i pr'Llndu-3e I r maLmuLtarnrFrprerarr ' sirrl
jon-
r" ";1 ,',j., -lo o,rtsider- tjF eio.r" fnarl" rdlinat sublilpcppol oblinp
' ?.
! irii i r ", l - $ , "^ rl e Y i bilp lF' unosrj^'
' "i;r; i l g ,a "i i ro i tri i ' r l: .Ddr si
' ind penirua 9iputeaingadut
3" fi""t""fr"* *-!i ri ln-suFil ciiito l limbaengl€z6
el lnsugi asemeneaabaieril
orl-earth
Doni, exemplo.Palliser, deschizindbrusc uga' ex-ploziv:'What for
rvas acting a story
."" o1u J.tooo*.T to be doing?" - Lady Glencrjra: ''i.
loli'gi it " Nici un procedeu stilistrc nu pxie'a comumca
il"Jtv
'^;^r
""4't" tnciniarea
orui tiupattl sceneila care asiilasem noi' .spectatorii' deoit aceste
iqi p"rmilPau lib"rLdli 'u rpsulil" g'i'nati"slP'
""'1"i.'-
''T an t,t'tn! you v"rv rrJ'h "t am lotine.vo:l" ,'I ln ,h-:!t'!!.i!,: ' Pi
lor.dp :.
inLardi"'
forne verbale{ab'r - s ai li zi* inuabil fcrpcalFiil rigiditatpa
a\prrma rnFlprr-
iiif. n""."ii"i""ito' - sr ruusiusa spareatipsr.lp pFntru a
li'tLi,l, i in.tabilul l4 'ihi's Aba.PAtt'! et" ra'lsu .prinrr o simpla
ion.rr',"ti. "'e;;; p'i"tic al xnui s"n imFnt abia intirip't sub
"i""*uri, 'fem'rul , r'd"ru e' - a nu cvaa urnan'
am"run:rroa6o_rbelor.sortit
l sq,ccr: rra.tumal dDtce.
,: lcntN cei nenltai!
!Vc;i se.ialtrl Tv "IuniLia Zd ts€.", dula ronanele soriiLoNlui ctgtez Anthnnv
? rollor e l18ll- 1s 8 2 1
r . T l" : s 4boi ,4 tt l \l rr rrp r " l " l o 1 l c . .oman lostbclic alronnn.ic.!1ui Eric
-
ilowbray Knjght
CONJUCABEA CONTITNVA
_Compsrali€coDtrastiyit
loho lolma simpldgi forma continui a conjugdrii g 1g26
0nglczc.(l ext exemplr'r.arrv.)
" \\ ' hos ad &ing lhll .d rk "r r in t . r " ! v inj- r oom : ' . t hoc h i J | a n o . e p a t h i E rn6
' ql ] o r l . lronndUp ', on rh p Tr. ' ' . Hot r . ' r y ou - idod t ; t m h a t ; a : i t . ' - We l l . r i e v f 6
i a'i , 6 1' elimaolrn Firl,\ s1 I don r r , , : o - po, l t h"i. r , , , , . '. - R i r r r 6 s . u o r " r . n t u
n. \ ' s d " dll on .dg eo . I z so r ' s ou r or a $. ( lo r , la\ ' '
FORMA FRECVENTATIVA s 182

(THE FREQUENTTTIVE FORNI)
I) Iormd. - Forma frecventative are nwnal tlauii tinpwi - vcent si \ t8Z8

tt?trtt.L\ se .oDqlrui..te .u a;utorul euriliarulL,i\\ tt.L ia pr"znnr 1to61n'
oer.uanelc) si WOUT,Dlr trF.uL iradta parsodn.t.).tr
rirrl incnmplet al vcrbului de conjuqai: "r,F sF;J"uL,a i,lrl_
qJI y.: y lu lv i I s ap: hp. s h, . il $r
/:p. . t I I so . . : $ o s i ,"". Jou \itl
t se ei t}ey qill s c . .
t rpcrt I I wo uld . b" e: r or $ould. e": np. s h. . ; woutd soo rv. \.ut,t 5Fd.
t yo u s'olro s pe: ' ' oJ $o. r 0 s
2) Futtclii. - Forma frecventatiyd exprimd o sctiune .dr. sc r{,retd q 1829
sAr "ntt ,oneiluic un ob;"piji e5'. sdeserinqolitd d" ddvprbet"r"t" iji!, :
often. seldon, teqrLe lU etc.
3) Tmducere. - ln limba romani, forma frecyentativi se rraduce: S l8A0
la prezent c\i indicativul prezent,
la trecut crr imperlectul
OJ an €rcning, I oittl oltcL sbou atongthe riyer.

(M{ plinb adeseoris€arr !o nalul rtutui.)
whpn [rrF cal i5 dwal|, thp m:cp ji ,t,r.
lc iDd pi6ic Jn u i J -6 d :" o J F .i i j o d .i ( . a u -obi cei
rl E ' ;.., -) r" n1-1.1
ghe piA s?endhou$ over h€r books.
{SH ore lnlresi citind.)
T r e c u t.
E r c c y S Db d a yJ p l f8 ,o n } i s n e w m o to r b i kp. ,odtd adp ou! i nto rhe
oubki.ts ot Br.hffpst t- usFd to rido).
t ln t F . ar n d u mi o i c t, J ;tf s e p l i d b d n ; n oud t, m.,roLcl cre D .i n
im pr " jr r : m i h B u " rre ? ri u l u i .)
U' hp1 y ou o s - th e J .ro ,l d s o mp u o e sJ b i n i n d," ., pur i hFatri .dts
t : r nP y ns Po ro J o rn ,.
(In tnereie, jucau uDeori tn teatu do amatori )
No ti L
Forma lrecventativd este intrebuintatd tn timba scrisir. La trecut. €ste I 1881
tDlocuiti adeseori tn scris, qi tntotdeauna in limba vorb;td. cu verbut dsed ro
( s 21rj6).
:
' : c.o ca cveninenlelor sportivc.
3 se d;sireaze
r: Nu vreru sli srozar.
le stric dishaciir.
6 : A ,icht ! (exclamalie)Dc acbrdl
6 : llar oaloi pe nervi.
I fo "m. f . , \ nld . . 1ld
3 J.t t,b r ' v ) : t ' f f r c 4 I.p 6 I s g ): p l . e s % m a i p u i ,, i ,t" bu' nl a,r.
[\)]ttrl .
866
18e2 CI,ASIFICAREACONJUGARILOR
lu limba engleznexisfi lrci conjug;ri - curtjugorce. sldbS'

183t
'"-- 'onlugirea
inu'can-
l0r. ii oniu sr' c mi\r; rrr" 'n deospb'' in prin lorm'le
'- '1"
!ului rra.u' .i par'iripiul ri tre'ut'
fc3f l)iooiug"ti" (Th"ll 0l: t Eorm"l^ ptir''ipah alP
'll't;n
rcrbrl,r ca"reao,rlin s'csl"i 'on;u;rri : sdi ' ir'li'Ali'ul lrp'ur si"narrr'F
'aniq'LtiaP
;i; i'i;;L !i'1 ";'"* i ; pr" s u r i' , r u-id ' a u- / r r a ' n t in jt ' v u
t.rbului rc.p.criv. ' iu'a pna'a s!Fc";i ",s
i"uarea
nu originegFrmani'i ori lrJn'pzd:
to l€arn - leam' - lcam'
to PaY - laid - laid
se face prin
1336 a, La majoritatea acestor verbe' adiugarea sulixului -d
interm€diul literei mute 'e-:
to call - callcd - called
( o PlaY _ PlaJed,
- PlaYPd
to s'op roPped - roPPPa
c 1836 b) Dupauncl" consoanF. ln g"neredupbco)' inilial surde:"y g:]".tP

' dc srurt8rea
a devenilt. dPobicciprecedaL vocalFrraoa'rnll:
"urde,sulixul-d
to mean
to sleeP - slep' - 9l9P'
ro leav; - ler; - lelt
to leel - lelt - lcl'
$ t83? c, CltevaverbeIa cares-a adeugatsutixul -d sauJ au sulerit qi modifi-

carea1 ocaleiradacinii:
to seu - sold - sold
to teu - told - to].l
lo buY - boughr - bougl t
to th i D k - tl o u a h , - rnougrr
Coniuc aneasl a b b e l e a c L u a l m e n l ' es i n g u ra focrl ' c produr-ti vS N umFroasB

pnmpsc
ve rbe t a" r i_au dF!F n i l l o l a l s a u p s r!i a l s l a bp. i ar toal F verbel e-.nor
rreii.'"e. numitd tn prezerifrlg ulatd s,'ed, -rd' -ing (\'ezi exemple
"lala,
$ 1835).
S f838 2) Conjugar€ s la:rc| ftu Stonq t - La verbelecareapar\in
_ geimanica sc IoF
(
a.esler onlug€rr v.ro. o. ."gi-n'
'oniugotion . , .indicfllivul.trPcut
psrticiJ'iul,tre'u
rneazad. i,bic.i prin modifi'areivoc;leiinfinjtiuului iar.
_"|lsau-'2. dispdrulinsola unelpveroe:
prin addugsres "Jfixului 'are a
to lall - letl lallen
to d fl w d r" w - dta$n
io get - got - sor (arh ti -amer' ! gotteor
to ;i d k " - i L ru c k - s' ru' l l arh r stncken)
l recut
S ls J! 3) Cooiugaro s Ei fl A f7 l " Mi x " (l C o nj ul ati an) arc- i ndi cati vul
" i ar partrci prul l rFrur rn -n
te rm inat 1; ' ed ( ' a r€ c l ' ri s ti c a ro n j u g d -ri i s labe)
sau -€n (caracteristicaconjugnrii tari):
- sow€d
- swelled - swollen
o d U m i l p s i ru a l i i di D sLri rul _d
uI ir ut r s .a d .z v o trrt i vocalei
I' SCu sau IArd moditicarea rtrddcinrr.
, d.n. arnaic, atrf. : englezaamerican{.
-
307
VERBE REGULA'|E $l VERBE NIIIiEGULITE $ 18{O

{Ri'GUL\II AND IRREGULAR VEIiBS}
Slnt consideratersgulato toate Yerbelecare au indicativul trecut gi parti-
cipiul trecut, terminateiu sulixul -ed. iar nereguleto, toate celelalteverle de
coojugare 31abi, tare sau mrrti:
negulale:
to ask - asked - asked to cau - callcd - cttlled
NoeCnlate:
to draw - dreiv - d.awn to learn - lcamt - leant
to fall - lell - lallcn to lay - laid - laid
to lccl - leli. - lelt to lcck sou:lht - sought
to got - Cot - Cot Lo sow - sowed
C.lteva verbe neregalate au Ei Iorme p aralele rqulatel unelc pfutrind ace-
laqi lnleles, altele cu tnleles deosebii:
I lerrnt - learnt o in'rt"t
to ro!r!
1 tearn.d - learned ) t:
t"'un {ifiif"a : if,,'l"o )
(: a varsaun richidJ
"o*, {L"l8"a_-lliig"u
Pentru acesteparticularitili, a se vedea mai jos lista verbelor neregulate
si observatiile ateiente ($ l8i7 -1819).
' Marea majoritsi. a Frbelor din limba "n;l"za 'inL \"rb" .rCrldteti ! 18ll
aproapeloale verb*lenou .rPrtot sparlin a."s Pi .JLpgorii.\:ltFl:
to televise,ro pros.an{dc),to compule,to computo'
to telesrsph,to {tele)phone,
rize, to radio,to xerox,etc.
to w i F L , s l: a l rd D l n :l P P ri ' l ra d ro )
ru mo l of , lo ld. i i: a m" rs " c u J L L o mo b J u l .c u l d\rrl l
ro sre Jm r.i l J .u .,o n d .a ' u c d h d c u ol ' rrr)
lo .rn p m alo*r . nh r .:n " ma l o g fa [d )
to stre am lina r.a d a o l i n i e d F ro d i n J m i c l )
ro s.rvi .F i- a o f" tr u " € u l o mo D i el tc .. d .i l u,. a l ogri j i l obrl ctr-
dintea olienteleietc.)
to e d L er or ool I d ,,i p p .m" d b i l i ra )
lo p i D l i; t " . d . " J ,b p o " i ,t p ri n e o n d r.l ,r: a i n" l dl a o coD duotdde
r)errorJ
l o .,L o m, ' d a v Jl rori za)(dttni z6,,,P fr! '
v '.' ro "fi' ".an ro
r' ur' p
e ",nn ,l o mpi :J rl rm . Ji xati v petrtru p& el c,)
l ru
to x{ay (. i radios'alia)
Lo, ddj; i r .d n c' :lP I' r ' a r d ' lio )
ro st ,r .' .e D ra u D a .l o r mrre sau o actri l l h rol ul
' \..' tr
lrrnu!atl
PRINCIPALELI' VERBE NEREGULATE $ 1842

ln n.p:r.r' liil ' I'r , l ut ir .F Jp.lL varbelAsimplP.precuo $i ci[eva
\Ar6p .ont.,t " tb t. I .n l,,r; t). db caror forn. pri^cipa.ledilerA ds
c."lpd i, rn ,"- i tr' .r" in'rs rr , ^"rpunprcdlor.
Pe"1"
Itu rbcle neri:ll.latc tirnpLr\e a se vedea $ 1848.
1Indicativ,,t irccnt si narli,,iDiultrlicut nreslo. tube stnt o/rog,a/iat€ oorfo.m r€81t'
jio, l " l a S r - i . : ipr . \ p l ' ,:' J L n p h t. u t" p h ' w d -E l ui sel .P N gmnuw l ,anP IA K d,
tdripd, l1 t-,o1, t. olontzpd. t+44.t1.
":na"otoA"rpl, 'aF
388
$ 1843 Gna-xR,,r.LrT-LTr
51844 Atentie!
fal In limba engleLe,archarcilscarara ..perimat', ..inr.cchit' (oa si tn
limba romnnn), dar tatuti inlrLtrdnlai cu ur,cie sensuri speciale tn
literstrri sar diilcctal.
51E.|; (b) lneret 'rpi'ol rcre, ni ,,r,r,-ir:.lar.i"ipiul rrecuLln,rp-
"l".io"i
buint,att rLol- ss\r ..adfat,,nr ! "bol.r', aap.t; rLrrrno d".pn ni d p"r rripirrl
trecut, lntrebuinlat la construir€a lorm€lor r€rbale compuso (I haie lcari,ed,,
I shalLhnoeLeerned d,c.) in contrast crr participiul trecut lntrebuintat adjectival
(a laafilcrl man).
S 1846 f../ Yerbelc care au doui form€ verbalo paralele cu acelaii lnteles. la
trecutul sinplu !i participiul trecut, au o form5;egulati (terminaii cu sufixul
.pd, Ai 0lta nerp:ulr';. lornrole rpreoulr.Fsinr prFf,raLpin ersl!za briLaDica
iarcph reculat".ln nnslpzaampri"rri-rvezi B. eiuirk.A Graniar ot Conlem-
potarA English.3.65). Dic-tionarelesi J.drnaticilt ceie nai cunoscutesi rccente
nu confirmi lnsh aceastdasertiur,!.
$ 1847 TTIIPUIIIIE PIiL\CITJ{I,N AI'X TXRBEIO& NJiRTGUL{III
. ,. . . Trtcut Participlu
lnluo ttu sinplu rr".it Traincerc
i a locui {arh.)i (lit.}

I a rlmlne, a sta; a
alide alodC iboder la'lard, c b.ud- orleudl { conlinua; a attepta;
asoke {:l.l[i" r""",1,"'*-k{:l|.:,"}rr

Irs Imn l l i :, w .z , b i :nl al i
{ffiii" Ib.o,r.:, bc:nl l ani i tet a suporl a

lcat beaten lbi;t, bi:t, ni:tnl
bn;orrn br'sdl;;'#, Is'n.
t;:;;'.
begin bcga! Iesnn lbrrg,n, h s3:n,br snll
rent bent: Ilend, bcnt, hnrl 1 a iscj ptcca
berelt I o ri pi hni l al r a
[hrri:Y, br relf, br .elt] 1 i i r$i ,a !ri {r {tl !nz.)
b€seechs basouglt lesousht lbrrsj:u,br sr:t, br'sc:l]
betr fbet. b.at.betl
f bid I a oroona, a spure,
J ll9,"" r rbrd,b,d.rr,dl { al i .i tr, a ol cd { prcl
[ { iD' ec li[ ) I ili'ii"ri,tr t fbrd bed brdnl I l J l i ci tE ti .)
tr.nnd, fba d. baund. baundi
bii.e bit bitic!, bit' ibarl, brt, branl
bl€ed bled bled lbli:d, blcd, nlcdl
blcnd blcntr (]it ) bleDt{{1i1.) lblend, bl€nt, bl€nil
l Pararelcu fo.na nd€guhra, existl

Fi o tormil regulail, dar dil€ril,I ca Irletes sau
l n trcb uint t up.t V er i Ob s e r!a i i i_
6 i 8 1 9 r.
s I . z i O bs eA ili i 5 1 8 1 9 .
!I or m a bes dle ;rh i i .i .
{T im pulf ps p. . l v tu p ri ro rd rF ' !,rL .].tn s l rd i r Lt
n' rpb,r' nl rLJ.nS r A ..ormarorpgI-
lal,a fijid ;Jra,Jeiistice ensLrzri lit.iarc.
36S
Trecu"t Parlicip;n
Infinitir stmpln TradLlcere
lblcs, blesl, hlesil
Iblar, bht:, blcunl
Lbrerk,bronk, brc!!anl
i desic. a da nastere
'lf ]i,
tlfi:d, r,r€d. brodl a'se lnnulli
hing
iuild buiit Lb d, b t, brttl a cudi
Ib a :s t,l .:s t. i a :s tl { a.,btrcnii a crlild a

bouSht tlar, bcrt, b.:tl
tken, kudl
lko:st. ko:sl. kosu
canSlt iketl kc:r, k.:1.1 -
rtlardd,
J chid3 I chidcd tijard, urd,
I chided I chiddens 'ijrd(n)l
uauz,,rJouzn]
[rJu:2,
J creft { creft .,-. .,, I klelt, Lleftl
1 " " " I l d d !v , U J U !n1 a (se) despica, a tlia
I (arl.lit.)
cling chng lkl!, kl^!, kl^!l
tklaud, klad, kkedl
lkrst, kcst, k st]
[ti:p, ]c€pi, heptl r se tifi, a se turjqa
J ffe$: {lit.
I afh.l ld€sprecocot) a clnta
tlnt, k^t, kitl r tfia
{ dxrst ide., do:st, deadl

I (inrechit)
ldirl, delt, delll
dng !q's. d.€.g,cl a sara
iiid d u ' , ( lId ' o /.n l
td..:, dru:, dm:nl a t.asc; a dcsem
ldri:m, drcmi, dremt I risa
drink L L i n o kd . € 0 k . d rn o kl .,b9"
torarv. (lrJU!. rllvnl-
i d $ e l , d $ e n , d \? l tl d l ocl i
ti:i, ct/eri{suA). i:lnl n nlnca
Iall fell flcl, fel, lr:lrnl a oiidea
lli:d, fed, iedl a {se) hrtui
llil, lelt. leltl a (se)simti
lisht lorght IoL,glt lid r . lJ:I. | :l ,' j d La .. a sp r'ol J
[ti ' n d , fa u n d , ra u n d ] . si si
lled Itcd lfli:, lled, lledl a nrgi
llins flung lflrt, flll, fl.lr1 a zairli
flv" [lar, nu:, roun] a zbura
loryot lla ilet, fa'git, l. g.tnl a uila
Lfsserk,lo suk, Ia'sc taDl a grlsi
tl.iiz. irouz. 'lmuznl a lnsl'cta
r Trmo u r es paI ' v ar es l o rn l r' e a l a rd .l n .i ." l ,' l r" b ui n!a; In sr A , t" " ma
-p -" rp-
AUlatA {iii(i .rurctBsiic;, FriJalez€i lit!ide,
:!e zi O bs er \ n1i 3184!.
sP1 'a l L u l. f na r r r . n l d d .r;s r.r o ro -m . rF g a l a td.dard..i r,a i r' .1" . sar
)i
h h ebni n ta re .( \ r z i O b& r lat i i 5 1 8 1 ,).
r to rmx |F s alalii.lnUlnrl i !F v r.n -ri { n l i r L a n c fi s l .i {r a" l :.zinumxil a uni i l ooti
m ai pul i n i D nor ' iantai i in un ,h p \o r" s i i .o rb a irr " , i s rp n ro nunl Jtr,n eenereca.i cei
t r p r ngu l d l ad ; ob" bir pnt iind. r n m a i ri .a tp a ,l a u ri l o r, n u );a i !rt;B rst;.r:
8?0
P&rticipitr Tradtcerc
Intinitir si IIu
go i I gotienl
c"rr a olrine
I {m;r iS;:i,isir
!:ild gilt, rdlI Jlr. sll ,,,,
, . -iI ' -" -" , ^ ;
gird glrl' girt" l A i :d . g d :r. s rJ l 1 r" i e,
giv€
flll:*,,iJIi 'ill,lr i S"'u"*," o,*.
iround i d ra L n d .a r.u n d .g ta unl l r n,i t' nr
gro{ n
;H"'i, Hj', Fdl I I li:,r'l . -r,r,.,'
ihFv , hc d, '",1,"I '
c v 'i
ah, J . I ' i: d. 1, : dl I auzl
{ a l 5 e i r r d t r1
fhi:v. )taur. hcuvl { a (se) uni a
I a annca
rhj:u, hju:lr
hjo:d, {;ili""l:j "***'
, hiddenr rhldnl
h ide hiil thard, hd,
I hid
h ir irii hit h ,t. h n . h ttl
liold held held i h a u l d .l r' l d . l re i d l a (se) t,ne
a retima, a ngnr
i k i :t, h T i . tc l rtl r (sc) Pistlt
l n i :1 ,n e J t,n rl tl utr
taJml l cti ,at
knit hrit tnrt, nt, ndl
i l e ,d .' l c ,d rd .-l F i d n l I itrc]1 a, a impo{era

lax laid
led l.d a l i :d . l c L t.IF l l
ilrin. lcnl, 1etrtl
iraii. d,nt,n,ntl
lelt i :v - l e l t. l e L tl a ti.5si, a preca
i l e n d , l e n t, l e n U a da cu Imprumui
ilet. lct. lell a l5sa, a lnchiria
lie lay i l a r, te r, l e rn l a nce, a. dra culcat
lighi. lit lit3 lla{, ltt, lrtl
u:2. lcst, lcstl
incrk, netd, netdl
.l a putea {: a alea
night tner, martl ' al nsetrIna.al trl el €g
tmi:n, neni, nentl
I a (se) lDtllnii a lace
tni:t, met, meil I cunotnnF
tmiu, maud,naunl I c9sl
oughi. (ought) fH:'d,,T^'r
p e rd l
lT?ili,'
a
pav ioei oeid, l l du
put pui i,"t
'ili;;',';il?",,,
{ii;ii""r
I.i:d, r€d, redl
1'*"' a (seJcrrr
rVe zi O bs er v alii $ l8 4 c
s'ti mnul Rs Dec ir rar c s i fn rmArp s d a l ,i .
. p ;i ;i ; ; i; ; i .i r' rr, ri o ro ,ml f" s " rr rr' ddr di reri i a" J r" j s1 |
" ' -i i ti ' r ' n{
'" '"'l'ilJitr;;)i1lr9.'i"fi.i;ll" l-'"'.:3,.1,"' .^ ,imLJ s."isd. ,are.,drinLn,ri ,dun'ipo4
ps t , r . s ii . o ) d' r d . p! lo p r o n u n {r t l i n s ! n r ' a i L r " a
orlin im o orra oli )r rrr ' n '
' d rreldl: a. dFuse0 riealiin d, 1, , n' ' d- or it lt pd dz ut r lor . n' r r n a r o r r o g r J l ! d
n '
a?l
Trecut Pdrlicipiu
I finitit' Trutlaure
rcn d . enl l.end, rcnt, renll I d (se) {'pc I fcsirins

I r sci pa (nanz.) de
ri( I ridl ridr t.'il, nd, rdl I .D c!,r sau de cera
rrard- r,rul. ndrl
ru'rg i rl o . i e r. ,rl l .'
farzi rcuzi frznl
i lsel desriou
rirc rivcd rirfna lra^', rdrld, 1
"!\'nl
a Ulia cu lonslrlul
i s i :, s c :, s i rl
tsi:k, sc:t, sr:tl
sold tsel, soutd,seuldl
Uc'k, Iuk, Je'kJnl a scuturai a tredura

shall II@1,judl i,rebDi€ (fi auiliar)
shear' shca.ed
I {t.hn.) tJ,adl
ljr d, I Pd, J Fdl a rirsa (lacrini e!c.)
sneN! shesed f J an, t iud, I J UnI
fJorn,tcn, Jcnl
IJU:,JJd, JJd] a potcovi, a h,o[]la
tfu:t, Jct, J.1l
shos' showed . ararta:a sc vcdca
ihed,'tred,'Jrcdl r rute l n l ,i i i . u stqi d
I o i ntra /a sestri nge/
shrinkr shrank tJrilk, JEtk, F^!kl {( {la apI)i a e,iia, a
s€ coar
shrorcl sltrn'cnr tjraN, Jrouv, 'IrNnl n {sel spo!€dt; a reria
tJ^t. lrt, J^tl
sine sans surs.
lsril, se!l<. s^!kl
slew slain
sleDt slept isli:p, slept, sleptl
..: r slni
slide l s l ,d d c n tslard, slrd, 'sltdnl
slina slung slung [slo, sl^!, sl^!] a azvirli. a aNnca
slink { slaDk slutrk lsl!1, slnrk, slûkl

lsl€!kl
I (ra., a.h.)
slit slii slit [s]rt, slIt, slttl J a (se) cdpa
lsnel, sDeti, snteltl
tsnart, smonr, 'smltnl
tspi:k, s!3uk, speukanl

tspi:d, sped, slcdl a {se) grnbi
spell fslel, spclt, speltl r orLogralia,a silabisi
tspend,slent, spcDtl 1 a petrece (tim!nl)
spill spilti slilis [s]rl, s!rlt, sprlil
! Paralel cu forma nere$lai{ cxistA !i o forme r€gulatl, dat dilcritl ca Jnlclessau
lnh€buinta.e. {Vczi obseryalii S 184e)
svezi Obse.val.ii S i849
t Tjrnlul resrreciiv a.€ ;i lorma reguh1e
37S
TrccuI Partiipiu
Infi itia Pronunlare Traducere
sp'n j span trar! lslrn, sp^n, s!?.nl

tsrr{enl
spi!: spl! a sclipa
lsplrt. ltr l. si,]rtl
spoil spoili, a (se)si.icai a .{sliia
tspred, 6]rred,slrcdl
sprung lsprr!, s!r€]r, spr^'rl
t (ensl.an.)
siiv staxt:{arhl staid:Iarh.) x s!i, a Inmhe; a opri
l s ri :1 ,s ti u l ,' s tJ u i J n l
a ,6c)lipii a (se)lnligo
[s|l]]. sta!, si^t]
lstr!k, stDlk, st^lkl
-: - | st t r nk lr r l Isi^!kl
l s tru :, s tru :d . s tN :n l a rnspindi, a presnra
lsifu , rtrand, 'strrdnl r mogc cn pat mar!
I a s!)l ori . a 6el tbi ctc.

G l rrn ., s l l ,l ,, s tr/l ,l { a racc gPva; a o€sco-
I pcn (!eirol, aur ctc.J
lstnr. si.r'r. stra,.ll
lstrarr, str.u!, htr,rnl
lswi:p. sweli, srv€ptl

[s\rl, sNe]d.'srvollenl
Lswrmi6Feni, swnml
l l i l j , trri , t.rtl a nNata (pe ali.ulJ

a (sct rnpei a. snsra
tell told ftrl. truld. l.ul,ll I
tl,ougll t0 r!k , € J :t,0 J :tl
l r)rd ' \' . 0 ra u \.' 0 rrv nl
'
I0 ,J U ,0 ru :, u r.u n
l0r'si,oDst, €rr"si.l
a o ca {ln pioioare)
rw e rn ,q { ri I
i ;;;k r D ]
a (se) Frta; a dura
twi:v, Nouv, 'w.n!onl
l w e d ,' l re d rd ,' !" d rd l
tw,:!, wcpt weprl a tllnge
\reI t$et, rvet. fttl
will lwt, srdl
l\tlrnd, waund, s'aundl a ierpuii a inllsura

lrv.:k, rc:t, m:tl a luoai a lorja
Irr0, r^!, rall a i.lnge; a stoarce
irart. ront, rrtnl a scrie
':vp
o azi-dObr
l " l ,N. , iS ' 8i9
_ r , f . m - n. r ; ...ri .\i . i , ro rm .i r" g .tJ J.ddo,t,ri ..' atn' " )ps" .u
l n t f ebu i n ta rp (. V e?i O bnr r ati i q l 8 t9 l
3Ti n p u l r . s n. " t iv ip. . i -,rn ,,r f" s .ta L i .
aj v lnr . _ F j. lr " : r" r l \\,r' ,_ .
5V.zi 'r$" . i2r03.
OBSERVATE ASLIPEA VERBELOIT NIREGULAI,E E73
V]IRBELE \ETtE{iU[,ATE COMPUSO
5 1848
, Cite\a v"rh^ .preruldt- qint i .1" r prin a,t- rq.r.,Jun-r r.retir ta unul
"
irr ii. ., ,l , m-i s,r . Tr".rrr rt stqrptu.i L,acti,
orrrrF vrrb.to drnipta,.r pfln.p i
plul lor trecut sint rdcnrice cu acctea ale verbelor simplc
tdto:ite in
Bxemple de asemeneaverbe sidtl:
3- lo ar'",o,'_us" ,.d :. r h 1 .,t rd.o .ttj l
Ia(k-: h, br,rDn€,'tjr|k.//rer
fre-: ra becorn?,bcfaq. bt pi,l.. hei,ld!. beser.terlcaN. be.st,et,,berttitte, betdLe;
DrGd-: to broad.ds,ar
loF : ta n tbco - to "b, d. , jc . , r j , , . u , . , .
rr rntall
irter-: to inter0.drer
mis-: to nis8ir?. misne., misld3/. misl,zd, mkspclt. Dths/ezd. m;rdnc. nis
to arrbi.t, anLdo. olrsro',, out.;.1d, our,,rn, ourttu, out,,ea.,.
9l!:, to o\,p rb.o r. a \ "b. . 1 of L, j/ . o\ r . dr r . , , \ " , . a , a " , B
o\ dr , pd. o\ , r g{ , , . n! "r / . 1, 9 . o . r / a o\ a- .t^ ^trtdna.
ta!, oaerrt4e, ovcrsroor, ovost e?, orc.srr.dd,, arermke,
otetlkra@. olernorh:
to rcbuild, rt:pd!, *lak?, rebeon {let,n.), r.,,tzll
to tDb"tut uD L, t d. r , - Lt , t a. u. . , a, un, . . , , .nx.ii. untd.c. untdde. un.
te ott. .a4 totp . LNa / , 11 E, un! ; nd:
- f
u. dor. L, u ,d rr,d . - t ,
J - r / . . , , . . t d. . u1a t - t t , nd""xo, ).nd,."t,r. u.derl?r-
u od r4 . un dp',- . nt , T". . nd. - . t / . k. t: .rd" akp.
'J.
trp-: ', tpb p. . hat t . . t . - . r t . ". r
siv-:
sif t -: lo si"u ..,, r : ' L: . . . . 1, t a. ' .
O]]SNRTAII'I,1SLrPX-ITIRBXIOR ]YXT,XGULATf, S 1849

Ahide. - Formele nercgulate sint arhaice5si rar intrebuinrate in lite.a-
rur,J V.rbul inqJ)i e. " intrabriinlsr numai in ii,nod tiL"rard
"onLFmpordnJ.
tl n rnloculL.rn_
llTbd \orbrli ltint,h,ontind" to st.p. Lo r"t,jain, to stdu,
t^ t , o p. to Lvott lot sdu .u / o s ' r a / . t a p, t ' Lt p t ilh, to t^t.ta|p.
_ lTr!".wake. awskstr.$akonb.-tldt" l p). wokr. noki, ookpd esLe

intrcbuinlr'in limbd vorbitd: oxI+.. owtlhpn.oah"., tn limbd..ri.a.
ljmba vorlir- I ol. . , p: t ' I g. it r ng t . t F.
[ 'lr s r ls lo b"
- oLPd ^r t -
I l-h n uor ld \ ""m pd Lo ox al? r id . i , '" n .
r.mrrd rL n.'r ,s r "pr o"d
{ haf s . ns F ot d u L v .
I It was a nojsc "{ ,ijt
/ ", "d
r, ,ratuD thc dead. -
A|ake ql awaken sint prelerate ctnd sensul este figurat:
tn a*ake to t]trerealitiesot tite ,o oean?susDi.ion
!. dpai? to one,sdanger Whar an adftenr,sl
rverbele simple ca.e iolrll tn compunerca
verbeto. din accasHlist{ stnr initicare
zY€zi Obsovalii g 18,!9.
3 Ycrlul este drnaiii.
. _aPamlcliu loma ner€gLjlirt5 existi $i o toimti rcgulaid, ilar di{eriti ca trleles sau
l n t rrlni n t0 fe .lv ez i O ns uv ari i g i 8 4 9 t
- i 'u ,," i .'o ,r:,'rbin"'
, i, l, l, lli l i , i l i : j ' ; l . t d ,. .F r:md ' nun^r p."nqu,i
"", At2 t: r , ! t . A . ) i t o rm, n .r" a t1 rr,: + 6 ,r' ,. .v r/i ti .rJ \ rb.ror r" r
t| \"",
dct )t. A* d ulic n t r s h i l g 1 rt1 re . c!tare l a
- al, . n
8?4
.1(1,./1.,
are in gcrefc trelulul r€gdat cind este tranzitiv ;i neregulat cind
lie (ioie.n i.n }ecau s - "r o of u hr d dnz f t e, i hid.

.|eali.n i ttulicn t;nd si fic intrcjruinlatc numai l,rarzilil :
lle \\as (orrulzned Il' ll,c Dolse.
llcar are treouful 6orr ,ri doui forme de pa|ticipiu tec\ft: barn \i tur e.
Eorn (: niscut) este irircbuirl,at cu srrH ldsn, (firn IJy):
lo bc Dr., (: a sc nari.)
He \1'xs ,D., i^ l9t6
IhL i. l,l'r " .th-. / . of J i c o, r " gF , nl,
tor"ne (: nnscul) esie intreblinlnt cu sensarlir (sau pasiv urmat dc ,/):
Slc had Dodrehim iwo ch'ldrcn.
Uc had tNo daughlers ,orne him Dtl his s'ile.
Bo rn e r nai ar e f i t nt e l e s u l d e ..s u l o rta t. p u rta t, transportat" :
This cannoi be ,o/ue.
He Fis ,o.r. on their shoulde$.
-4i.bo.,d traiLic has develope<IconsiderablX.
ln limba vorbifi, ,cdr (: a purta) este inlocuit cu lo carrV cind iDsenmne
e duce in minn / niini / spinare un obiect, care are oarecare greutate. de la
umbreln, n5nugi, p nrie etc.. pini la c€lemai ma greutsli(lnzi lncdrcateetc.).
CI. io bear : a av€a 1a suprafale1 a purta etc.: The door ,ore a notice /
his name. The lctter ,ore her signaLure.She Dearsmy name.
cu to Near : a prrdo tnbr{cnminte / incnlrnrdnte / mnnusi /
,,_Cf. 9i
Boholdon. Part;cipiu l,recubarhaic al verbului ,o behold,tntrebuinlat
arum numai ca adj€ctiv predicativ tn limba literari, cu lnlelesul de ,,lndEto-
rat, obligat. recunoscdtor(fa!e de ...)":
I wasbeleldento hin ro. lis kindness.
Bond. - Vcchiul participiu tr€cui Dead€dnu esteintrebuinlat decit adjec-
tival si numai in expresia on bended,knee: (: cu genunchii plecali):
Theslave{as killed because k ees
he had not ,ezr lis headalld askedon bendcd
(Sclawla fostucispentN ce nu iqi plccasecapulSinu cemscln genuncliierla.e.)
Forma participiald contrasi mai noud ests lnsi preferatd 5i adjectival:
| (r'Culat) . t.pi lprin modrtP cl. ) numd ron.rFt

--- -. -
nq(are
\rniegulot1(: alipii. a priva. a de|osedal
I An accidentbn.aoettl]'im ol his wile.
I rUn ac.id.nli-a r.rtit.solia.)
l' t h" b*. o ' " d r o ri p r $ a s In m o u n ,., ' E .
t (Mrmr, c{reia moalte.t 1i r{pisc fiul, e.a ln dolin.)
I To bc ,€/c/, ol sp€e0h.ol reason,ol .n€'s senses,ol one'spossessions
(\r. . n p rJ l . a + i p i ,d , r " :i na. Jri p;erderver.a.l
n o ro cur ai . l ' n i n ri l ,:a
- | 1h" lJ os /,r/l h i m o l " o n s .,o u s n .6 " .
I (Lovitu.a il llcx slli tiardl cunoriinia.)
IrariiciDiul ,crrarrd cEte lnirebuintat curent in sensul de ..tndoliat".
Partici:piul ,lr.t (!i uneoi bereaveti) este lntotdeauna urmai de prepo"i-
triao/.
Beseech.- Verb desuet sau lit€rar, tnlocuit tn Iimba englezd actuald
prin: to as,lrearnestlyjta implorq lo enteat.
OBSERVATN ASUPR.\ 8?6
Be r, - F " r m " l" pc i r c i p " l ^ r" g u l i ' a ,p //p d . Dette.l,slnt inlrrbuinl,ate ade-
€eori tn engleze britanicd.
I Lid. , t ut " b i J J a / J P U 0 P .J ordona,a in"itt, A corrvooa)
\ . h; r l. L' i, J .L i ' dli i' " ^ l .ri (prel la licirlt/ie)
\ \ ' . / , . r' r .;, ,1 rr.L .
(Le-an slns n.aptc buni )
i was Dtd.Ltr lo dinnrr'
lAd losi chemai (sru ilvitat) ]a rrasil
the rtddru Euests
(uNalirii inviiali erau numeroti )
Ha l' , / f I0 ^ n ' r' ' p ' ri _
npr: I i' r b .1 l' n l' jir i
p r'" l l ol
lI
Yerbul esLetntrebrinlut numni in limbajul forrnal sau irL scris. liind lnlir
cuit in li $a vorlriii plin ta say, to tell, to order'
To forbkt (: a ilit$zice). comprisclr \qbul lo bid. cste inttebxi[,tai nrsd
si tr limba vorbiti.
' Bite. - Participiul Lrccut ,il estc intrebuinlai asliizi nunni irr:
Once &rlten), t$icc shl. lProrcrll
Bourlden.- Participiut tracut arhaie al verbului lo trr:n.lesto intrebuinlat
astdzi numar adjectival tr erpresia:
du t\ I d ' o1- , , ll' ' bl : m ' pi' d , '
'a
lt t"d
i. ", l tain P" o"lJ lu ool J i- r I ' c l' r d ' r
llroaalcast.- Accst, v€rb dre urmiioarele formc:
broa.)cast.broad.ca:t.broad,cast.fiil;za| astdzi atit tn sensul general de
,,a diiuza, a rEspindi o ;Lire" eic., clt Di cu sensulde ,,a radiodiiuza"' iraff-
"a
llite prin radio":
The nels \ts ,foadrds, lfonL Nucla.cst.
: (radio) a radiodifuza, a transmits
broad&sted.brodtlcosted'
btoatLcast,
/uiilizat la lnceDuturile radiofoniei)
'
Boucblen.- P"rli ipiu ,rc"uL ffLaic al verbului 1o ,lry. intrebuinla!
adiectivil ei dialecLalIn onsl"za'mericand Spre .leos"bir"de baught'partt'
cipiul trecui curent.bouEht?n arr nuanla dF..cumpdratla p16valiede duzrna'
nu lucrat de mltr6 ingdjit".
C yod. - Pafticipiu trecui arhaic al verbului to cd.te (regnlat) ests

lntrebuinlai numai adjectival ln stilul poetic:
Participiut resulai cdrretl esle participiul verbal intr€buintat in mod

-in liroba scrisd, ctt qi in cea Yorbitl
cureni atit
Chido. - Acest verb este lirirebuintat numai tn limba scrisd li este lnlo-
.cuii prin verbul lo scold.
- ln lirnba vorbitd
Forma regulafi ;hid,ed (ir,dicati'r trecut Si participiu trecut) esie mai
{rscv€ni lntreEuin,iate decli cea neregulaH.
eifrsaa,- Cloeen, padicipiul trecut arharc, este tntrebuinlet numai
ediectiYal:
" a cloeenloot (sauhoof) cropeu timber'
Se folosette lnsd adjectival si forma cleft:
a clet stoL a .lett Palaie
Acesi verb este rar i l,rebuin-tat,ast[zi (cu excoplia parLicipiilor trecuto
..left-{ doeen) 9i este tnlocuit prin lo slllt (: a despica)
3?6
{'lotlc. - Form"1. nFrFgulai-, lp indiceti\ului trp,ut si parli.il iutui

\aD sinr.li'Fran sJu rrhxi.p. .u .\,enlir p0' hipiului ire, ur jnrrc-
.(lod.t
Drrrnrdr ,rflleclrvar:
l\gttL1!clad vire.lrd walts jron-.ldd {adj.)1
Narmiy.ldd .ltd in glory nn iron./a,,(subst.ll
fosr [(.;n't. n r"dht) I d,o.r ..
l rrrinz. 'pcrrldr) i e\-1,r" nn:ul da .os ,
'
Il .o{ m. i \l iltinAs
ll ,o.l.l bplor"li' ,\. in; d II'r Fmson'hptL.
l'ro$ a gir.:uri: Ja"pr" .o oir a , inLJ. \;'bvl ,.r, a.r!zi aprudrF
lr,loldaiu ., r.!'rlJl. Trp,urul +./.5'p,lFrup ii intrpbuintdrtn lit;rd,,ria
Dumai refe tor la chiatul coco_sr ui.
Darc J(h20lot ti nprytLot) , € indrizni)
S 2l2i ) (t,3ulat) {- s dp"L;d,.c stida. a lrrrruntr)
La trecut, verbul a.e trei lormc. asczateaici in ordinea frecventei intre-
buirr,oriilor: dar,d.r"a m.,i hpcvLnta:/ar"l lirarora;Jrrsr. arhri"; ai lir"rard.
Dirc. - \'erb rFgulal,l^ limba cnqlpza.are iqdi.arivul t"ccut drr si
p-rli.ipiul lrp"ul d/r;d In torirnta an,ri.sna a limbii.ogl"ze.
Drixl. DtL,nl,pn..t" un pirtiripiu 1ra.uLiI|rrpbuiDtaLnumaic.LaJiF"riv
arlib.rliv. dr ,/. fiind parti"ipiu !.rial ti adj..ti' pr.di.€1;vl
H" \as in.r d"r,tp, srarp.hd\rnqdr?,, too nu,.hon Jo ,mpty sloma.h.
Sh $ae dfuar.with I'appines
D$ell. - In sensul de ,,a lacni". to d,q'clleste inlocuit tn limba vorbitE
ptin to lir". Formd requlaladrFrp!, esterrr '.
Ilec. Fly. - \r€rbul to fled este tntrebuintat in limba scrisd.fiind inlocuit
in limli f orbild yrin ro run nn 1 s"i ta lt 4 l d,ro4 ). ln ra t, ro lt u \-=
i Flp lnJrabuinlatnum"i lJ infiniriv s"u la indiLrrirul -rest
prcr"nt. tinturile^
'gi) liild
rrp.ure lpd. lpd ale v"rbului ro /r..
I pl;nJ... P€rriripiu n"rcgulaLal verbului rFgulat io f.,;r,,
l Tuqbl
^rnrreDurnlar, numar a0lec!rvar:
Theirremarks/ruzgir\ritl rnalic€surprised ne.
Gird. - Formeie nercgulate sint intrebuinlate md rar decit,celercgulate.
Collon. Par'i.ipiu tr"r'r' bl r"rbului ,, a. irrrebLir,lsl I'Jm1i cJja
rrf€lln li.rbs pn-l"zd ii i - r , , p"''i"it i,r rrn"ur rr.brl In e :i.ra
^,1 urc.' -
I e - J ui |. n , , . r d- f or ' L
P.r ol hp .l , . , . . . dJ . . \ r n, . r
sc gdseite si in cornpurere ca participiu trecut al \erbnki ta foryet (lor-

EaIIen).
(iraycn. Pdrlieipiu ner€gulat desuel al verbului regulai lo gar, (: a
grava, a ciopli). Inirebuint,ai nirrnai in limba literard sau tn poezii:
ll. ras srd'dn on his menorl.
0.dr.r irnrges.
,.
u"ng t (tarlot) r i cn,,,/Jra,
1r",. "tnt -u i irni. r dL.,l": a st,inzur-),s,iliJ',rilirr)
' d .,
T . " a - t,.( t]h .ir t t^ n e p d .
ll ,|',.i I.i .J dr'd ,, ,l o n ,' !
j.
I ian dalt
lt\.):.| (- lliidal): au i.oz.ldd (snbsl..) (: !n cuirasal.)
, oBsERv^Tr a7?
Hca rc . 1 t . . , t iic t. | /t p u to t I r!.r q g , r..rr tr

a rr.r u m lla; x ar |l, r 7 l r..u ;4 ,t ri l I,o ,rj ,t s.n.J. rti .)
Uer bcsom tcorcd Fith sigts.
th. shjl /-re Ire anct,ur.
.IIp w it ; i , , u oD ^ ru t. a .i ^ p ti ., J ,ttb .," (pi ,t11. I.m." ,,urbuni :

undr, .p . 1. r oplr , r ,.. s p r" ,l -o s c b i rF d F /o s d r {= at.i L" uf.rasrrtu.r.
"
r l. il a 5 D b u. ; ! i. r dobor i . P a rti .i p i ,rl ,ffr I ra , tt..L tr,\.d psl . InJi rJr i ntra_
b urn l a t d e c t b f or m a nere A u l .U i .,rr:
n" hdd .,tp r, . J u l ," a a l t I i . \\a y rhrousl I.p torp-.
r ) r 1 I rra r .n l r n p r d rr" )
/Jcttn. esle si lorma padicipjutui tntrebuinlat adjectivd:
The toudaiion was made of /€.,a ston..
It was a rough trQz statuu o, a nan.
Hj d c.. . l, r r r i" ipiul. l j i d .s ta i ,rt,a L ,ri n td t si a..azi , " u o u.narri
n us n l r.d p .uplo. J n t in, ba' pJ,u L
i t,.,,,rJ . H i 4 d .n N i ;i i ui rr" ,.rt ob;s,,ui i . ei ue
l n t r e l ,,i n l "t a, lt ! . r L. l. , ' -i s l j F .rrl J j '
\Yticre havc Xou hidden the key?
I{neel. - Formr:leresLrlatesintt trebu;riatemairardc.tt ceteneregulate.

. Knit.-Tr-,r ul t",ti,ipi .l trp"ut n:.utar Ln: *!l It.|.int formete
1."L,lF.lntr"Lr.in'|se 'irr . od p.rii,ipiut tF.-l ir., nu *ri cste
lnrrFb, n'r' d,.lt .irj'"'i\rr "Li:nuir.
.,u ti:,rr. :
wiih nnl,(iedl bfoNs closelr.7 it scntcnces

Parlicipiul trccuLAniupde.tF p,rl-rii tr .azut obiectelor tricotate, mai
tl-. ci||d nu Fsl. in.oli- d- U', .l' tprmi,.Jnr.
Lade. - Acest verb estc intrebuintrat astezi aproaDeexclusiv ca termen
llu r la jr" rrcir, J \a.al^r si F trto.-it i|| timbd , ur"n,, , u ,-rbut ,o l;r,
{rFg,rldl p-n ru .plpldll. d n..Uri.In .rlH'. d" u.-te .ornt,us, ,'r de
€rprcsii consacraie, ca: "u\in -
a veu tadentree
trcalylad?Dtruses(d a r t ddcdLuses)
a haJJatc4tony (d a r a lorry loodrdritl tray)
PJcli.ioi .l tr",,rt /r'd n (= in.ir.br i.,,po,drrr) Era o Lr,naranuanta
y^..":li. $l i dal prf-rdL totn-i tntt.d.r.d;"r" lu, rn ."ng li;u-.r sau e
)ntrFnLular rn xrnhn lrteriri I
,
L9 .".... L" or n | | ' n tJ . j r\" t..t. F ru J i rl €ste participiul trccut
o P vcn rI a d ] . i. t r \ :
a leoEd mat a teonEd ?..\trl!L! tl'." i.aa,€d Coursel
Cl . p ro n unli" c , ij. ' i\ rl u i l . j r, " .1
,
/ .arr?r I l r:n di ' lJ : nt i ' .t d L \.:.t4 l ,u "
torl ptor \.rbJl e
f i g l '1 . o/ r pr in ' l A. x ,r.l u ,i n 1 t1 i ' rd i 1t \,rt rj a,ur. bt!sarpa

"
r n 'n Io rma F s ulilJ r i . e 0 n " ' ,..u 1 r., ,. p pr" fpri nte nerj ondl e.
" J i .td td
P ar', rp i u l l c p,Lr r P gulat , " 1 / d .rr- In r L L i n ,d ' r1 i , !Frb,t., j r .i r.tj " , ri u,tr
a Liglued tamp ihe t.g.hcd end of a matoh
The tirc is t,'glrcd{sa! ttl.
t?8
Pa ni\,iul neregulai lir tsle inl,rcbuiu,tat mrrnai vcrbal gi, ca al.arc. tn

lormele adjectivaicconpuse,!d:
l,) .l r r nir a' dlp1 .u i \" . r' n n J u ri A v d .u ol Jn' f. apri ' si /uo
"l"
f elina i a p rrn" r F r ' . f or n. l. p ri n " i l o h l e a i ru i ! t b ci n rFgul ari '
-
S " / r ( n , l ,n r 1 ,, | ^ .l o o r.
\n L r d r ' ,", Ir ,Pd us o In P.d ".
l fclf. Pdrri.ipi,l ttqut mott n , "1" rrr arhrisrn in'r' buir !.r ' '''7i
DurnaiadiF'i\.,l,rororitoIlnn"tale."., l' rllaobi"rppcnrru npirca.irura
€ste ncvoi€ de temperaturi inalte:
m/idu glas mauea ton
Lo torm-re. ,;'npLrilnrrun.fucp dp-r- J-,li i' poezi".ln lirerat'rra
lonrr. ',,,
€dpsP.. ir,'r'b,rrnL.rir cpr..Irgrrra
recoluluirl \l\l"a "r.,
urc ,,,1,.n !r.,nnr ol sorg (A C Siiidrurne)
no7lr4a.suncnts ($'.S. Lardofl
m/l.n pa$ion (!. tlar|h)
Participiul trecut regulaL,?slldd estPtolosii la formarea timpuril,} com-
puse ti adjecl,ival ln c{zul subsLantelorcarc sD topesc ugor:
The sall had ndt d \'a rhc t r'
nelkd bnl.t(r tuerlt sao*
teltal ice rn.ll.d wax
lro\co. t'.,rti,iniu rrF-'rr Jlr-i, .i Ji'',"l"l al \"rLulJi r.!ular ta
p,.o'F( i do!Fdi).jnir"b..i1lir Hd-a ;\dl ;', nc"irl rrr limLajrl juridi, tlro-
nunlat I pn'rnl:
Not r.oi,,. ( .lipssf l,rt,rle ) ljr.l
'lhis is a sojfDl.iii(:.lh rm!€n lact.
Qrrit (: a pleca, a pirdsi; a 1ncet.,)se co jugi ti regulat,(to qttit. qttited,

quittcd).
I'F U' ldJ ritalr
I ri tt"n tp1.tt.\'it:u rerL.J'
I ";d 'par'i"ip;u "p' .t
nrs }een ,.dridl.D n.rv tur a lcar'
-qhc
H. N.s rtl ol l,is old laliLs
Formelo principale regulate frtddcd,) sint raro.
liisc (- d se scLrla)nu o lnl,rebuintat (lrcii ln linlba sc sn ,sie inlocuit lrr
fimbd \olhir' p"in /^ t,/ rp. n enh4 'tt. C.r r' "lûl 'lp . r1-dri'(rd .prc
s oare,l',na.r..i "dl. r"irebuinrJr-i ln lr;b 'orbi''
rodrt3 (adjeotiv atributiv) cslc lntrebuinlat nunai ftferito.
Roast . nds , , , $ ,rL i i p i u r,:u l o rl r" rl u l ui to t^n ' ) t-tp tt ttP '
l, , ir ' ! r l l r l ^ r' ,,a rp i ri n ' n u ri l o r,u m n ' i .-. p ci
-' 1,.' ' .1.' r-
tor la alie alinente decit carnea:
.odsr F.at /oa.r Lcff/Dork
{: oirnc lriltl) i- rriptura de iaci/pom) 1: ral r i ri ptd)
rcdsredohesl rl-s rcdsr.d ipplts
{: casr.4e triiite) {-' n'.rc .oaltel i: caiea ]Eijiti'rl
Tlic l('l llas been .oasrcd.
l sra.ln : hrmirat de sl..lc.
2t t , " . ot.t I mrn 4 " r "f f , oJ r . , r . ., \ tb .l patl:Eht
.lt \ rsrn i \Jt,5 31 \u t - o. , "ut 5 , . a". nt tt\a, o,Jl l , r l rip,u"d dF |ld ,
r ipt , r r '
" t o r ut pil",",. ,|| sr, ir , . nla; d. i: ; , o liobi, id- r r g \ / , , b i i r h i l r l . i r . . 'i i n
eapul mesci) sar1.ie ln nasn icliilc d. lripi,rii din bucata lntrengl de citne aduvi din
oss.nr. At tr 479
^sLPra
Ilotten (: putred) iir1. adjocti\':

rrr'r wood roudL f\tit. r ror,t solint{
i: lemn putrezit) ( rrtrcte put.edc) (: o s!,jiefati rutredd)
-
nou.d, (- pn.|rezit). Participiul trecut al verbul,ri regLrlat 1l] rd (: a
putrezi), are inlr?buinlaro rrerbaln:
The wood has /Dted as,ay.
(L€mnu1a luirezt.)
1n stilul {nmiliar, rollc, esljeintrebuinlai io mod obiEuuit pentru a calilica
tiiDlele Di lucNril€ de loarte proasii calitate (: lanentabil. mizerabil, eroaz-
r ; c , a fu ri si t c i, c . ) :
{ .Drrcn!l.I
forP4 lveah€. to leel ror.z
,,r.2 bo.oushl nt z Ro\:
Salt, -,\djcctiv intrebuinlat pentru fl areta o insulire:
sa/l meat
sdl, lnilc. to \reep salr l,.ar$
ParLicipirl sah€d este i,rlrebuiniat atit adjectival (nunai cu tnleles
pssir3), cit ti 1'erbal:
s4lkd ne,t (idj.l sdl,..dl,utter (rdj.)
salr.l he.rjns ladj ) solld pork (adj.)
Slie hadn t sard ihe neli. (Vc.lal)
S{y. - Say, pa3l _sila4 sint singurele verbe cara au trecuLut Ei partioipiul
trprlrt tcrnrinate ln ard. Cel{llaltc lethe, ca plaiJ, t/ay, au lorme regulate tn
n 1, d (p l o q t . . t o4ot J t pn tr i ' ,,l i 0 i i .' rl rr" u l ;i p arr; i ti ul l r" " ,rl .
So ri n .'- P " r r r " r pli r" . r n " r-:ru l r, rl ' " rt,.l ' ri to sc\i . i ' ,rrpbui ,,l rl , aLl !
ca participiu 1'erbal. (,iN ;i ca adjectil..
lia d s a rn a In ti o n o n n J ' c o a t.
- s hc
ShrDen. Pflrtieipiu trecut srhaic al v€rbului r€sulat li) srarc (: a

forrrra).intrebuinfat isldzi nurnai ca adjeetiv:
I loolted rt his ?nis!/,aP, hands aid ryondercd.

ShayeD. Parlicipiu trecrt al verbului regulat ,i' sldt. [ = a (se) rade],
lntrebuir!ai adiectival:
smootli s/d'€n cl,ccks
r 0lose
-Vrar.a l{F^
.tra{,rd arc tntrebuiniale vcrbalii. adi.ri sqvcs[o 1a compuncrer timpurilo!
tlp hrd lldr.d oll iLis moustacrrc.

Shoar. Trcculul rioJ". este arhaic. (.\ezi ;iL shom)
Shed(: a vnrsa) oste lntrebuinlat pentnt ,.singe",.,lrcrimi':
To lled Uood 1. sl..l ierrs
. ! 1 . .i. , t ,, r l ' i" i ir ' n rr ,,1' l ', i . , , m " v t t t ') . a

r^rr 1 1, ,.:i r"1 .r. .,, n,.,in, a
"ol
i' r d! ,n..
"t. t t : lB l Rttt l " . i '- 'r d -
. , i . , I "t..o, , I o u |. . p - / , n r , j ,r t,,rt1rn,,nL,
t, . i,'I'".u i,lr, ll l, l. or ' l r ; / . r '. ' '
-t., '1 r " i " r l a r i -
{a t , rin I.aDce ril: totle .tu N i llr l
l i.0 ,rr' .s lr d, t |t \ ' . . I "; I p n 'a r or^ r"n (,"Ds
"iF D.alo - . |. h
j ' rm. l i4al cdr. ni ?n. r ' J \ '" 1 r ', " , r , , d r r n u j i
"' l rr. I,.r....r....,n.!d.
i r l rd " ,,"-,sit t prr1.i..d it.d,".,.r, , . , ". . . , . , . , "i. . np,
880
Este inlocuit cu /., spill penlru alte lichide:

To sptlr tlc nilk Not a d.ol rvn6srilr.
Nuch jnk has b!!n spil, about the nall.er.
8au cu lo rorzil lo sI€{r peniru ,a virsa" (: a voma):
io rontt blood lo ,.nil smokc
The volcanos?.rs iis lara.
Shcdded (: ad{postit), pariicipirl adjectival regulat.
Sh0n, shewsd,shomr. - Ortografie arhaici pentru s,tooj shotruJ,shoq,n.
I lintr. n4.lulotl ( a srt;ru i
5nfn0
\ 1Eanz.ngutatl ( e lu.lnrirln .p, ci al ln englezaameriean!
The sun sloro brishfi'.
He sltnd his snoese":eryday.
Shon. - Participiu trecut, neregulat al verbuiui to s,{eal,tntrebuintat
altt $rbJ.,1l si adjenlirel. lorma ree!larr .h or J |iinlt folosirdrareori $i
aruncr numar (a par crFu rcrDor:
,He has !tua,fd {sau ino.a) the sheel.
a 5,t Ir lanb s/Dftr yool a sno., crownr
Cu s€nsligurat,nu se tntrebui.lrazn deciLforma slrcn (: privat de...,
deposedatde...) atll verbal, cit 9i adjecLival:
sn,rz oi strcnglh,ol lower, ol moneX,et'r.
In tetrnici se tntreluin-teazi numai lorma regulute sl,ca,.€d(: fiiat, fop
lecai):
The bar \.rs s.,4a.edinto .qral lenstls.
"The pressure hassl4d/adth; rircis."
Shrink. Participiile trecute sinLshaDA irrtrebuirlat ca participiu verbal
qi ca adjectiv predicati\., _sislrarArr. intrebuiniat. ca adjectiv atributir-:
Tlic coat has sn'eri ni the wrshing.
Thechild'ssh&,nen{s au sn&L{/ cheelG hadlaled.
Ile looked at the sl.Lnnez cloll,.
Shrire. - Verb arhaic tnlocuit prin lo conf8s sa.uta absalec.Formele regu-

late slnt nlai rar intrebuintatc.
SiDk. ,Srn/r €sle uD participiu utilizat, ca verb ;i ca adj€ctft, iar sanAen
numar ca a.Llccuv:
T I € J ]i a d s & n l i h e !o a t.
t&trft in urought, in slee!, iD d.bt, in vice
a senl,a ls au !Ln.(./ shi! srri.a eyes
a suz,ldn (s au ezil rock s&n/rtr cheeks
r sa,tcz (s au sLznl road a sxn/.€uwreck
Smell. - Formclc nereguiate sint mutt, mai des int]ebuin.tate decit, cele
regutate.
Smitc. Ilste arhaic, cu exceplia participiului Lrec.ut s itten q,ith h?r
Sodde[. Participiu trecut dcsuel,al verbului Io seethe2,sod, sod(d,en),

lntrcbuinlat, adjectival, participiul soddenedal yerbului rcgulat to lodd€n
(- a imbiba cu api; a rbrutizn) fiind intrebuinlat ca verb:
the sliFD€d oil her so.td?Dshocs.

TIe rani hid .rdd.n.d the grouid.
r a s/@f" .ern : caD tul)s chilus.

'Verlul rd seerd (: a riobc; a calcdi) cstc asHziregulal.
Bttt
SoN. I']arti(ipiul Lr.rut rrqulat este iitrebuin!al rnai rar declt, o.1
neregurar,.
i\poio | (iri. ne.t.rutot I r- d se lrdbir
7 (tun;. r,;utdt) (- a dr."lFrr)
They spcd down the strect.
1ie rydedal(u!) i.heersine(theear,ihe trar|i., clc.).
Spell.- liormele regulate sint intrebuinlatc ln scris, formele ncreeulate
Iiind lnsd preferate atit 1n scris. cit qi, mai ales.tn limba vorbitn.
SDil.- Parli!iDiL,ltrF.ul sril (: !,.uio.') esl" arhaic. idr iril r recut
simplu ;i parri ipiu) oor. .i In ;nglezr am"ri,ann.
Spoil. In sensulde 0 prad". o spolid-.csle numsi r.gular. ln ""1,1"1,"
Bensuri(,,a stricar a avariar'etc.) poate fi atlt rcgnlat, cit,,si neregulat..tpr;li
este foma intrebuinlatrd adjectival:
Stay. - Fornele regulate sint intrcbuintate ca forme verbalc. Parti.i-

piLl trp.ur .,old F:le io rFb.inlar In c,,glp/0moJ,In" n',n ii , b.lj- ri\. , u
jnlplcsul de,,asczat.serios,gra1": "
a s/d peNon
Ca formi verbal{, particjpiul stdid este pedmat.
Stink. - Termen vulgar, inlocujt. la propriu, cu to s dl nastll (sar b.i..l).
to hate a bad st11cll.'fotuqiv ulcnla lui protestatarn !i concizia crplozi\.i i,au
nnrit nrir de circulalie reducindu'i totodati din vulgaital,c.
Stxe\y. Participiul trecut reg.ulats1,"4rr..1
csle lnl,rebuinlat,n1airaf dcril
fol'ra neregulati slr€tl,n.
Stricken. - Padicipiul trecut arhajc al vcrbului Io slr"iAd(: a lori). a.(tizi
intrebuirlal, nu ai co adj*tiv si in uncle expresii consacrate;
sri.leD jn lears ranic sr.i.i?n
I i mto \ ir . ' u" r r ; i - ..t " i rs d F !€ n -u )
(: n'grozil) (=. cu muslr{ri de cusetl
uiunders,"z.ft
1: lovil de trlsnct)
,.ttr&./i este pafiicipiul htrebuinlat la lo$rarea tinpurjlor conluse.
String. - Participiul regulai rtr"irg€d cstc lntrebuiniat, nunai ln cxpresia
slrinled. i|slrumcnts (: insirumente cu coarde).
Swoat. Termen vulgar, (: a asuda) intrebuin-tat mai nult ir lorma
regxlald a yerbului. Dste iniocuit in limbaiul lngrijit prin 10pcrspire2.P drlici-
piul trecut, rcgulat streatetl,ate qi tnlel€sul de ,,erip1oatat":
sreardd children
Sriell. Participiul trccut sedld, a inlocuit aproapocu totul forma r€gu-
lau s(rrll€d, care mai este iDtrebliin,tatd numai l]] cnpresia a swelled.hedd,si
The)-h.rd s,!.lL.dc\lcnscs.
(Urrllaserl chelttrielile.)
Se spune lnsd adjectival:
a s,rorczcheek stro?lrzbudgct
tcaf srrrreu cr.s 'r
. sroll., rivef
1k st' .il :x risr;lr, r iz s iiJ

t S e ilr U]dl' mo d sn ".;l^ i ilur i, , ' r ' i o Ld, r n 4 l n ) p n s c o n r r p r s F l r a o u c .
tn l i mbJ pnstpze p"in to pp r.pir p."n'
"r t " i,. r o"s p; p t iia\ ) b"n", t t iA L r . , t - H p r , r . p : , p . I \ , e t r
l E l , t r ans!it ab un dp nl.':No al ing , r , r li; , / ' t \ u s - d alla_ ilm i liu a iranlpirat nimrr.t
382
lr"' ul partiripiuluitrtrrt
Thriro. - I orm^lFrFgulalpalp iodi'€lrvului 'i
'" in'"ebui
n es'|
^ l'|i' ra
nLaL
iii"11::"''ll*1,i,-l$"ll'ii.,ll*lY'^','
ro n n L r'" a d j eri vd l:
r " . rli. " i i "' p ", ^ i i " . " ru 9 i
The thread ndii beel qaretu i\lo cloth'
dot'n \'ire oloselY so'etr labric
numai adjecii{al .i ln specral
ParticipiuLLreouiroea esteintrebuinlat
,o," {satr poe,apa!c,) /'o"papcr
'" "iff":::;"" 'eam
r'J al v"rbului*q,ll9t t'i.::l:
\yod. - p.rtilipiul rrecurnerpsurar Fstt'rorosrra
adjecrivaltorma r/grlari LlpddPd
*. ri',iirr"i"i"1il i.i;jodar5,
n ti t 1 'er bal, eit ir ad l e c i rri rl :
tto
o"* aaeddrd
H"'*.iJ";;ilffi"il$""Tii'::T,il:,1T""',ii|!!
;;i,;;:i;:[.'uiliiiltJiJ"lill':J'l]"il:.'"'"'i:iJ iilii'l'11iis
-l t"i.,lr,l,fff.
ii,,r,, ,'"*, r, prin sinonimul. r,,"'.",,,csrFin gen"rpir,lo,di0
,",,)i:',;Jl:'?il'i','i;l '* '*'
| ( r :u tu t t - a l u ' ro (s ' 4 " t' nP rdl )
r,",'n"i',"','t:E;l,l"l'lri:i;;I:';li,Xl;
\rorL I Pni ;"i:il]'"'i;i;;
a: d Lucra(irusucr'
t
adjectival:
P, tifipiul nercsulai {r'rorglil esie in special inirebuin!'at
inou'counirvr: d
ii"f",l'ili;'#";J;'fti$t.?i?.ii";"/"rs
lr;.'iili,,ffii'i$
"'"r''fr1," in h€r surpriscilme
"r,"ng,,'ero!s/i, to be .rorsnr u!
o \e $taryl ' 1
leath.f, oils. disteltle.
clTDr',\ 0RSIBYATI ro\DTrcD AsuPR't ! I]nB[LoR \Enf, GI]I,'tlE

SlErl)t
auacela
siprav
il:#'"" "'
o,,,"LL1lh.,n'u1l"';!{;#',:i,'i'"iJ"#;
,\stfcl:
#"i"1'1$,f
ill;,Xll,Xi,' :fnff :'i''"'l
i'ii,'ff"i1i''t
Se spunc irBn:
ror. sail pronunqattscl' scdl. l'' su?s scz'
r,".,1J"!-il;,,.:i), .
p, l; i,
i ;l -i
l::;?#
,,,,,r' tru
r" ,
H;;
:' ' ]r' r:'
: ' , ": :i.llt Hr lll. ; 1
.,;;,1 -l','i{!,ii:'::i*f*',"-1,:
. ",,1.1
\';fii,;)l,';i"i,1"".';"'"i,oi", '.,' \',"'{ d !'M.' ru:'';u:d
l'"'ii ,u-': -'liu:I.1,1.:l::,i','i:i':;.:l':3"i;;
Jounl 'o.",
au accea;i pronun'tarc ca qr rornte
38t
DIFER{TE C,\TEGoRII DE VERBE

(VEliB CLASSITSo. CATXGORIESJ
I, I'ERBI]I,N AUXII,IAND s rs50

(AUX[L,!.RY YnRBS)
1) Definilie,- .,\uxiliarulestcun v€rb careAiuti la consiruir€aformelor 18;l
verbalecornpirse. Ca auxiliar, verbul igi pierde,total sau pa4ial, con-inutul 'A
noliona].
' 2) ,q.uxilidelein gramaticaenglcz5.-
-{uxiliarelefolositetn granatica S 1652
€nqlezi slnt:
- aJ suxilirr€le
tfitu ra ( primary Auriliaries): to BD, to HAVE, DO, S 1s;3
I,ET:
,J auxiliorefonodale (MoJal Auriliariee): CAN, l{AY, SHALL, WILL, S f85{
\ I I J ST. O L]G IITTO. \E E D. DA RE , US E D TO.
3) Auriliarele englezeslnt nDmjte Anomaloustr'initcs f.4&ailiarr ano- $ l8;5
sau SoeeialFinil€s i/'4'utlidr, sp.;ol") dPDarprc, datori a mri l"q
",ale)l
, !ol;rici idrnri." ei influ.rr"i dp v;tbilo.i e.upra lor. el" qp dFp;-Pdri
"\,rrp
Inartp prul' de tipul p'pvalen 6l "onjugurii rFlorlalleterb..
4) Foroele tersonrlc (The Fintte Forns)2 !i formolc impersonals /fif S 1856
.\'onFinit Fotns)3 rprbolor au\iliarc sinL dupi .,j'r rrrmarz;:
"1"
a t 24 to"nc p"r.(,r)a/p(.impl")(finilcs):"r,,.ar,.oirs.o.r.;l'orp,lto.,hoJ,
d4.,l^c\. dd: t;tt shotl.shoutA\trtll, roul.J' 'on, "aul't\ na't, L.;:t': nast;
ou:hL lot nee(t.,d.are; used,to;
,, 9 forme {mpersonale(simple) (Non-Finites): be, beins. btcn: hat'e.h(*'
it!, hadl do, doitg' done.
;) Cele 24 d€ forne rerbale anomalc mcnlionate la S 1856 Du sint toate .q 16:,7
slru intotdeauna aux;liare: to BE poate fi;i copuld ($ 1880) sau verb lcxical
fll existenlei(: a fi);to hale poate li verb lexical cu sensde.,pospsiure"
r ,' rrrar srulinflu,r:c s"n,anri",l' .o-rplPnFnrrrldirF.r "1r'il insor...
r\ 1896r:io r'"Ja,todoh,tnt:.i r'rbpl"riccl ngul ar. ,S 2141.21.t6tl.to!!
( r 15.r).
".'c "i v. rh l, \i.rl nFrpH,lal
rr) ..Vcrbc detertivo'pstc ntrmele rpzervaLnumai autiliarc.lor care nu arr $ l85S
ioate foimele: C,4-N.dOULD; MAY.IIIGH'I \ IIUSf i OUGHT to; SH.lI'L,
SHOULDT WILL. fiOULD; NEEDT; DAREa, USED to.
Unii gramaticienisconsiderdinsi ca liind auniliare anomale sau speciule
numai grupul verbelor delective (S 1940).
Obseroali.i.:
ll) Au{iliarFlemodal nrr au lormp ihpF''on"l" :rJi"5 nu u irlini'i\
pr'"z"nisru 1erte"'. p"rriripiu prp,/pnrs8u I'rrr' t. ni' i serrrndivî ni"i
-odul
'
(2) to BE, to II Ay E, DO. LET, N EED $i DA RE por ti si werbelexicale,
in oare caz Dot,avaa ri fornele inptrsonale. 1ctca vetb neregr ato, cu modili
care senraniicd,nccd :i dare ca Yerbe rcgnlate?i
{3) auxiliarele tra?, }IUST, OUGHI to, USLD to au o singurd forn6,
indiierent de limp sau de persoand;
I otu'nal: $e7calt.C, anornalil. nereEulst
r\ ' ozi { It3 8 n. |r . hpt z l J if - r p1l1 d : r r p , " r" i!,":oMp.
1V .ri
S l-la -:13 10 rn ?, "s oadl u os ineu' i lor r nl n 'r l r u l o a l " l r i p F r b o 'n r l _
acind nu slnt lrrbr lericalP r.qnlat"
of CanEmp.tuty Lnstish.
"R. Q\irk. A Cd,ttuar
:t84 MoElor,ocrA - IEEBUL
(ttini."s')'Ernt.indicaroare
."r"if)ti:l1Tf"|iu..',Tlill:i:o:ule demodJt']mp
,,,,';i;,y:'1,':i:.J),""",iJJli;
;";;iiitt:rl,i1
1'tillj' xij?i::"'"j:,,
;.;"::l;::
l:i"; r""r'"i'iii,""i'i i,i6il?,f
;;;;rt-*.
ifiL""i?:X" r aacauc.i
r i,.i.iii,i* #1f"T:1."f",,
i""lfl,{$,,"
. . . ir at I n a y s te e p i;,il,j,-itt_
.,.tf, at f
z"rs ljarc a natj ^y," ." a
S 1860 8) ,\uriliarcle se oot aiuts si reciproo1alormarea
*r\elor prLncipaLe: timpurilor compuseale
6,i1th@e beeaenin$
i{iror pe ccr.corrrnuu)
-r_r-e
l Ll r c ar e e s t" . i n to l d F -u n a u rn ,,i L d F
,,,,f un i nri ni r i i T srd pe ti nqa H A \ F.
.\\ \ L ( c dr e in 6 .p a s tn c i tu a ri tsc q re i n rn r,ro,,,-
:l:,i;"li*-# ;*, ;ir l::rt"l"ffori.,';',,'i

n ,," ::; ;' ..!' :1?.-.,1- " " ,
l?L:i
dPi rolosi
;d'J':ttite
!'Pi
: Ii";:'Lj
t"
:;ion'
ff;
sins:r" rormp,",1i,$llr
" '1,":""'.,
.-
:*ii"l,!::,'#
cI Li Jcrst.
:hf,;';.i
p rta
?i,:?*,,xtfj llli HT.,""ii$t,:"e"
s ubjf t pipr j.
ji#:
" ,) lorl* n \ilisrc ri
vcrbc prirx.il,tlc. Toata \erbelo
:' \ "l . prin,;pat". lusirtnrlu-.i In b.pqr ,iz .o,rlrnutul "ur.ili"rp por tr
notionat (hi;.at).
AM ia
i!:4;!liffi"i:-" i.
l,:,{f1i-"t"jr#,:;.:"
,,/r .,v o u,r .
1 . 1 . ' , : r""
'
;,'r, *
;','-,,.,,,"): ii:'&:il;.i"ls"ffi,l,i,,i",ll'",il
,'.i11.:*l3"i::" ;:"":*1,r,**i,"",_i;,.
S 186:1 10) Funclii. - Verbele auxilj
ui"'!to"";r"",'"T""il;"i1liff
""n"t".i;""" i:l,il:l,fiT,iili;,f'3riji:ltH
' ,",i !ti*rl*:lHi:";!i:iliJi";*"fi:l
<; ttgy;l"pertF dra
0", l,i,iffi,",rl,i'J"1liii,,nj,'Ti,î,ilr,'lliilii,sl?
u ","'l.irY;,,Jl,l'"".ii;i;",iifl*:,,l,ii:;i:gi,:,n
cl.rrarea lepetirii acestuiari aiuti
**"t""",iia""""""ri,ri,i ;J":i.:",i'lf$i";,i .ili;;l*;;";riii,","r,,"
ll, i'1,, 4."-"ll-,..,t.a"hnt -! t r:n;t"t.
iI igij;'fi:l;i;itrfTit";iTx,lit"ffi,il1T5;i;;
r*^
* ;;,:1":*y""*,*x|".ru
.,1c r, maruim.rii rn com*nu,Argria,ioarr€
'""s1 alreciarde
"'"*'.iff;;1"" q r 910.
i'\'
Ver€iii
6 191s _
rVez i { 19r 9.
385
d.,/ LET - auxitiar modal: un echivalent al subjonctivului (g 1584-

1590)r imoerativul indirect.
"/ MAY - aurili0r modJ: un ..hivdl.nL al subioncrivuluilQ l59lr.
// NIICHT auriiidr modal; un e,bivalpnral sub"ionclnuluii( I5q2l.
g, SIIALL -auxiJiar morlal; \jirorul (fsld dc pr"zentl pers. t. .s. ri
pl.: viiton,l voliriv (lal6 de prcz"nl/ rosra pprdodndt($ 20791.
i, SHOULD auxiliar modal: viitorul tc'6 d" trp"ut, p"rs. I sc. si
pl.: viil"rul !oli'i! fbln de rrp.uL,toJl' p"rsoanelnt conrlilion"lulrp"rs. I se.
ti nl.,: un e"hi\ "lF,,ral subjon.Ljvuluj : .;diliorslrl \ oliriv (roa.. p;rsoanetpj.
;./ \ lLL - au\iliir modil; fiirorul (f€ld dp prFzc,r),p^r.. J2-r eia 3.a
sg. 9i pl,; rii'orul roli,iv lfala Ll. I,rDzFnt),Iocrt prrsorn;l.i pr"z"n,ll tor-
'npi lrenven'.ti\p: ur .chiv"lFn- 0r .ub.ion"tirului(g 2095J.
j, WOULD - modJ: \iirnrul fstd d, rre.u ,DF.q.a 2-d si a
"ur.i
J-e..q. 5i pl.y; ,iiLorul liar lHla dp lr".ui
roli'iv lLoir" p"r,nunal;)i, ondition;lul
(pFrs.12-d si a 3 c. sg. si pl.r: ronditionalulvolrriv (.oat- ppr"oanFle);lrF.
"ulul lormai fr,.v.1tstiva: un e"hi\il"nl al srrbjo, irului !S Ib05 -l6lt).
llJ .lu\iliirolo ln inl4ogalii, n.salii .i id ri.Du0.uritc iourte.- { 18
Vezi i IgJe, 2:118,29tJ, 29Jt, 29i" 2qi6
12) Caraotoristicilevcrbelor auxiliore. -. S 16
a) \.rbpl" d"te"'i\c modalc-.,44. l/ll, I// \f, sH.tLL, IVtLL
.r;.OfGH T to - ou a0 la fprs^s,taa 3 a s. u nr.z.rrulL,i.,,/;Jrl .c..urd.reris-
lr. la.rzui'r'Lror.alorldl p r"rL". in,lusir ro BF., ,u H \\ E, D',
"i LEf:
ihinks is
ri l l
USt, ,o, fiind un trecub,nu are in mod nornal sufirul -s 1a fers. a 3 a sg.
D/ Cu ex Fpliu auriliac"lorro H \\ F.. \[[U .i l \[t] r,,, in .nptpqi-
rua!ii {$ t3€i-tr.ni,i un ruriliar l^.n,-,/. In .r,;.,in, ,,pr-r,.., Inr."^qr-
tis n"sar;\i .i ra"punsrrl5.ufl ,u "'r
,,utunrl .L\ili-rul,ri LJo ,",.^ r, lF Inlo;u
ips " lici p.ntfu evirar.d rapasrii tur. 3 I.teJ.
..b') Intetuealia tuturor auxitiarclrrr se fa,:e prir irvusarea acestora cu
-'subiectul (S 1939);
L' t .\"-utia prin adoucar". ,r,, . . t,rin torn,irnn-
',aL,JliF
fuasen'l (: nor) le auxilid/ (g lCig). ',tit,:^d
b"'I R6punsut s at prin rFuFriride"rili.,-ul ,r d ir , :r .1u n'J.,riv.
( S 2956t.
c/ ,a accentuat, (Enphati. Do) ru poatc l|sofi auriLiareLe madale,.
poate insd ajuta ia accentuarea lor cind nr sint dclectire nodale. (S 1920):
,, ,. quietl
Hc zltd lla@ anothernus oL treer.
,o d, you. besl. this iincl
Do ler ne go on a llt-drive, to Scoilandl
Drz'r tcr me keep yort4
. 1 ) \u ri liar " l. . in' s in g u ra l . l a rb a .1 rF e u l ^ .n p n" doti r ' .antryct, dtcl p-
l a l" nu n u n r i ln lim bd v o rh i rd ..i s i i n .^ " n ,p o L rr" otr;i al . i rrtnrmal o, unde
aduc o nuant-i de inl;mitate.
1\xiliarul DO esteintoidcaunan.mat de nn iDfiniliv. iar

:L \r"p l 'l : / a , e, . o" ' ..h l n t USDD ronu are intidiiiv.
xIJ4 ":," ,i ro a t.
p' . ur . i inr i v i o l | rl J c o n h ' a ta : ," i , l l ,i o pi nl n qn :Ji a.,,omobrl
. .
de la acroDo.iutde sosireDini ln Scotia.
4 t)a i 't te t m . k eepy , i1:s a n u ' te re l i tr! N u u c a u s t re rel i nr
38ri
e) Auriliarele intluenieazn chiar si struclura conte\tului, locul unor cA-

tegorii de adverbe fj;nd ljxat in lunclie de prezenta sau de absen!a auxiliare-
lor. (i8 2297 2299)
l|li; t3) l'orn)c tcri !i lormc shbc f.tlrong and 11:tak Fort,.s). - Auxiliarele
au,si ciracterjsticifonjc€pentru c0re sint plasate, impreund_cx altc cite].a
plrll de vorbirc monosilabich- articolc. plonum€. prcpozr!u. conlunc!nr
adjectiye,substarti{e chiar etc. - inLr o categorio afartc, dupi lorna pe
care o iau cind sini acc€ntuate sau !u.
ln conslruclia (patkrn ) Iiu\bli englcze.ac.entul tonic principall rerine
la inierrale de timp mai mult snu 'rrni pu!;n egale,dird astt€l o inprcsi€ ger*
raln de scandare-AccFnteleplincipale crd pe cu'intele absolut ncc€sarein1,,'
l€suiuj. care ar li, prin analoqic, cuvjnt€le inlrebuinlate in slilul telegrufiL,
adicir: substantirelc. adjoctivolo, ycfbclo, ddverbele, numeralele,negalia elc.
Iccstc pdrli de vorbire i!i pislreazi lorrla lcxicali, ncinlluenlati d€cit,
- Cuvintelenonosilrb;cecare pot eventunllipsi. i;i modilicdforma dupr
eurn sint: &d.rnl aie (stranEforit2 famn rarc) sar nedccetdate (*etLk forrns
-- lolma slabi). In \.orbile, afesl,emodiliciri stnt inpusc d€ necesitat€a{e
a se pdsira c1t m:i egali timpii dintre silalele aocenLuate.lntrc carc pot exrs-
ta una suu mai multe silabe neaccentuale,sau nici una. Vocalc.le acestora
capdti atunci forma neacccntuati, in care elc sint scrd,ate dup[ uzanle acccr
tal,a (vezi Tabclul C), pornindu-sc dc la un sunet neutru peste care se poale
,,.url In-," i1.'-n-n [..r.J. u] .\arl"'efur 4istdrrd.u ro ul. i'rpr",,n.'
.i p\a.unsodn". Cu cit ro. irpr n ri r. ri,la. .u .ljl disnar m-i
"
' .ulr. q,,np.. .il"b, s. rniar , uvi r. lnrrFgr 1i iniel";' rer Jin in li!ii i
-
d0pindeln ullini instant]ide rislunsul l0 .dr. tr s,stcpli,al ci 'pt pan,rn.
bazai pe accenlelel.onice,il cunolli Ei care poaie fi, in ccl mai fericit caz,"r"€r"
sau"lir", sauintr un cod pe careil recunotti din obiqnuinln poiiunple golLrri-
-si sau clLevasu
le, saurLnr,;spunssibillt r;ipoli taceapella agerimerta mintale.
nete indistinctc. 'murdbled and manqlcd voi'cls and missinE consonanis':'
bruiate gi de pipa din coJfulgurii ,sialunLj ")ou llrro\v up the sponge",
adicir te dai bdtrt qi abandonezi dDgu}.
$ lSli(i trl r$belulA InRBELE AfLuLrARn: FoRttD TIRI iI taoRrID SLADII

Forme Forne tari
artagraficc ( accenluate)
/;,rm/
?re l9:l'
re /rJr:/
bccn /bi:n/ /br'/.
/{on/
oould /kud/ /k.d, Ird/
dnl
do
/drd/ /qd,q/ ..
/d n :/
does id^zl
h.d /!r&d/ /h3d, ad, d/
ltlezl
t,a!e i havi
I E\istd si .u.ate s.dlndala. care nu alarlii insi $rbi(ch,lui aoeslLricatil.ol.
: \Ir"ilb ln t.,1 r ln a o, l r r r l . 1.
i \umitr ln lon ! t ic d a. t ualA) st i/ o, /rr I
l€nis | ' Jli:: 1n' s .
{ Cilai de A.C. Gimson in alt ionrexf
{or. a.il.. ri.3), lnra ildicarea sure€i.
L. o:tti .'t r r : r r "r l. i i, , ir , r ii1 ! nr 'r t d unui.linll ,,rp." p-onrili
I nlpr""d o \a "d l' . "it , 1 \e.i I1Jr.387. ,1d I
"- ! m c l r r aint "a u"i, o. o- n
38?
/Iol, Il/
will N
t5 l ToletulIr- Itrltrt.tllr .tlrxJll\lllr FoR]tEr,rr AI,IR]IAftIti co\TltlsD 13{J7

-{
1'n /o!m/ :r {n:
'," k*t /\\ir*, wr*, Fo+/:
uouo l i ti rt, i , t. )rrl
/ / , . a ,f. rd a a r. D ,J + . d r+ /
'' ,' , : i\ , l, s \. d o A: ,.. ,i ' i ://:
"i snr's /l i rzi; n's, /,ts/:
/xds/,: ttln.r thn:ztl
'rndr's
(.(hEn.!t*iv:ii : 0h4.;s i\!..zil :
( 1 ' l " h ' | .1 :| - th .| ' ' ..'
,, l \ t : bar r : / ,€ /o r\' ;i e /\i :\'
t r r ' ! . ti :\ . i i € !,. rd rr!.
',1l ,ll : l' od. s h o u td ,n o ,i rd r
l 1 ad: h ti :t:..t, J ti .a .
'r a: ,
i: 1 d . v ,.d to i d i .,.a : .t" L.t o .J
't! ,,) l : s i , q h ;[. : J /t /o rti r '
ne' ihlJli stb'u Ai:rl..
il'll ltt\l: ee'tt lv:)l:
lou'tt lj\t)l: tlte!'tt l6ct1t.
16 ) Tolchl C- YI]RBILII AUII,IAIiX : IOltrILLD NEG\TIVD CONTR\S| S 1E68
ain't lc)nll = an not,are not. is not, hasN\ harcnat; rrecycrt tD SL]A: ronsi-
g rr'"
@ e| t
, . , 1r al I " u l .l
ta t:
,rl 1 rL .L .t-:i .n .\n 8...' .,Jar i nr.n.t,
lat^1l:oh
, " -rI o nl hr: L m t nv r| , r . r , . ,r . , r . . S . o r r , : h d r . t a
lo"m:LrJrb!n d 1|| \ 1s"m lid. nlr r J . \ i. r . r ! i n \ rir i.c"r.r.,rr,
I ro pu Tiliie d , ' t ur : \ . € . i , F n- , r ' . - . I j/ r ?r a i n .'tl l
m" -/ ld .nr .o,,o ! Lr ' t . , , , . , o/ |J qnt n.
.auldn't lkrnnl.i : atn,t hat
.tat.n't ltn..nlt : darc nal
dtdnl /idrdrr: dri otud frl nu c finat/ : did n,,
dn" t d rtltt ,t,. c r nd_ r nu r indt d "! @ ,
tu, t ' 1\rt. JJn.d .n. . ' ; , , 1 t n. n. . . - do , . o !
du' n n t l\ta:srtl: d r Lt lnr i. \ t N)
hddr '' lcrnt. h rln"nl, r "at nu " t in. , l hoJ , at
t' o-a lh atn . j."/,' r l , ln. t inJ l hos , t L
i, , p, h urn l, I.c , n, i r.r t t i^. . nu" n o t
,!n) / rTnti ,zn uln d [ t ] r I c linal/' r: " r . , o/
t uor.-t tnq nt p . ' r n"t I t , i lnl. I , u, nl" nun1 i n \ n j t , J
nl9ttn 1 In,\n nL t :,nt qht r ot
n,s,D1l mnsnt; m/-sn ciDd tU nu c rinal/: d&r 2,,
I o.k"ir &l. .ln i d a.tr

' - irn o, r p indi, . pr . r n . r uDu, " t r n 1 t , j - . . p 0 - o . , , r i n i l
. n- rn a:
p ' p . "J.'
' i o \,."ala ' . .n-,
\, .a ti rtri ,. .5" 'ns n , o 4 ,n .i , o
unei n! :!:\\'
n .iu.,rn
on. \ \ "... r"
r e..// ,Lo
, L o n.
n. ;.. r r;;is n t .'
$ r r ;i : \i \\:.
ddr, lrescnt /... rv, prcznl/.
: Cl. ,r! cu ir's.Vczi 1800.
\' ' !
is.h o..d o,.t rdl r . i, , , l1d". r m "l dFLnpar 'i . i D j r 0 - / p o s d 'r d - 1 t c
JlF \ o,birp:
F \o, birp:HH rsol,sno
r sol,8 no mm H'H: in r t "' hr / . , r , \ - l"as
".". / "as t f l n d e-urmutdc
c L r m l t J . un u a I,i r ', , i p
r , , rti !ii''lr
,' i-p
r l c . ' : tt - ht t . , b/ -
' ppc.
:" sgga
c .':: ,/ tr' ss8o ayapt om
lpro to
m"maa ()(
t : ttt t d*
t: d o)c..,
doc r n, n ,:u
, ."usE , rr;e
: uE ,;e:: \\i\itl'l ,,a
arr'' rr ih. lt:k,?
alr : l p ? Wt W t,", r i ies tt-:
- . d da.,t-
a.) t-
t rn r c. . r ,rtd .r I .t. \t n,, ih" . p- W l. at - . . 1, k , . ?- \ \ h 1 t , . . . t r l a r ( a u m " s F r . /
i: "r'lt.-$nF-" i' /"" ' 1rus J"!irJ'
.l,'fj,:,;Xn-
888
ndedn! /'nirilnl. ni:tnti rni:dn, rni:tn cind [t] nu c linaU :_?red no'
a shtn'i I .rfti'crtn/ cind ttl nu e firal/ : ,&stu no'
shda't ll(],ttl : shau no, /t.el. fl, lo, ir
JouLln t l'ltr.l,Lrl: shauld tut
u pt l) t t lju: s n t::t,.' n a t D ru IU n l a l.,n d n u n L" m! d' rc/,-- ur/ i or
' ' a. r ' , / $uz nr i tJ :n c n d I n u P I n tl : rd s ' ot
aeten't l'a:ntl. we.ntl : ae.e nat
qon't lqaul|, w.un clnd ttl nu e iinal/: zo,
|oul.ttt't ltwdnl: qoutd not 'til
I O F \ lj] C O \fl A' E C l PffO1 \t\T l ! nP t' l \L4

da ldn:|, does ld.Lzl- doD't /d.unt/, d0€sn'r/'duzntl
shdu not llet t\1tl- shan't llcltnrl
rit rc, /wd nct/- wo!'t /w€unl/
catmot / kBnrt/ - can't /ks:nl./
nust trot /mr'6t nrt/ mustn't / m^snt/
use(d)n'i /'ju:sni/
(dum1n't / da:snV)
s 1869 l7l \ c r bele s c m i d u ri ti a rc - \e ? i v e rb F l a rrodal ' S l 9J3'
$ 1870 T0 BE (.4. Fl)
s 187r A. CON*JUGAREASIMPLA"
(SIMPLE CONJUG,ITION)
I}IATEZA ACIIYTI (ACTIVE VO]CE)
INFINITIV rr,{r1xl"rIrt,
Prczet|'t ( Pftsent) Perlacl ( Petfect)
to be (: a li) ro ha\'e be€n (- a li lostl
PARTIC]PIU ( I' ATTTICIPLE 1
Prczer\t( Present) Trocut fPdrlJ Perlocl ( Petfect)

beins (: liind) bccn {: fosi) havincbcon (: liind, dupi co
\rn D l L I\D l C Al l V t1 -\D l r4TItE MA A D I
P$ze (Prcsent) Trcefi ( Po,st T ense)

I art {: 6inu I qas (: eram,lusei,an fost)
ftl
. div pP?"n) qi l o " , r 'r 'l p b . a : r !g t i' simprrl

' r/p , d , D.rh . s 2dDg. i. l JrlrP rJr bllu In srLrrl
siDr lorm" a 'Ji,p . . s l, in englTa r or ' . m p o r " r 'r n u f . r
' nlI or - i
389
Prezontporlect Tlccut Dedoot

(Pr(snt Perfcct) (Past Perfcct)
I lave been {: atn iosll I had b€en(: rrsesem)
sle I had bcen
\iitor (Futve) Viitor perfect (ltufitre Pcltict )

I sna[.be (: voi fi] I s/@lll,afe been (: roi fi lostl
rou n'ill lave ieen
n-P | ...
s ie I s,r be sne I Fnl harc beer
{e sna/, }rave b.en
you mll lalc been
they will Ie they wiU have lecn
Yiitonl fati dc trccut \riitorul perlert fn!6 de hecut
(Futwc in' the Pdst) (ltntwe Perfcctln the Past)
I snotrd be (: roi li) I s/d&l.thave been (: voi li f€st)
you lvould have i.en
Ie t n"l
sh c I would I e € t' e I $ o u l d h a v e b een
we rnoLtd hare been
you would hale been
they would hale been
TIoDUL SUBJONC1
Iv (SUBJaNCTM IVOOD )
Fonnr voche Forma moderni
(ind€pendenfide timp) (
Preze'lt Present) Peflecl ( Pttfect)
I be (: sn rir) I w€re(: sa liu) I had b_ee! (sl li fosi)
ht l. hil
in F I h J d b c c n
they be
IIODUL CONDITTONAL QOND]TION AL TIOOD)

Plezeft ( Present) Pefieel, (Perfect)
I sirouldls (: as ljl I slouid have necn (- as Ij los0
you wouldbb voD ilould haYe }4n
she I wouldne shc l would la\e lreelr
we sft,zld have iecn
)ou would have becn
rh"J woutd have been
llO Dl L I \ I P E B AT ,\ (l l tl Pt ttAl l t E \l O OD l
Persaonaa 2a sg. Persaana a 2-a pl.
be{: lij) le (: Iit'i)
390
$ 1872 B. (]ONJT]G\RliA CO\TINLTA

( r'llE coN rI\1]OIiS CONJLTCATI0TI)
Dll'r'nz;t rl(rTILl ( llc t I ri: Mc E)

IIODLL r\ DIC\'fl\i (I)iDIC.4ILr: TVOOD )
fr\\zent ( Prts.nt) 'ltt\tnt (Past Ters")
I a,, }fing ( . sinLl I nar lic i . r a i . eradl
r,,, I
ii
i\1,
i tJ
l.^ 0."
I
i\Io!lil, ajtBJo\cfiv Is ui]J i;:'ic1'! r't: )ta1D)

Pt.zQAt ( Pr{s.rt)
I wcre LrPirrl(: sr-rfiul
I ou r v ef . r ' if g
I."l
shc i w.Ie !r uis
{e lvere lr.!'g
l[ sc(' beirg
|,ltc\'we..4 Dcln].
C. r,'oRllELE CONrll,\Slt (rezi T(b..t \ ut6i)

1873 I'un.lii. \prhul /r/ poJr'l \'-u p' rn'il"l L\ili ' '^l'rrl'li\ 'Ju
o,l ,l rtn r' nrr '"2 ur,, Ja urr ;nlir'riL " rl'l'r)'
','n'r '.ind
18?{ 1) Ca icrlr lrilr{rilair este vcrb le\iral cu senscnjstenliul:
a):a fi, a clLnl]: e
70 ,4 dr not ro /r., ltiat is tle qu.stion
{A Ii sau { ru Ii, a.,rrstr e intrfbrrea l
I urinl<.i.he.oloreI d,,l
(C ,ri ].l ,d c c i .ri s t.)
Hc is the Si atfst lot l, l,hatcrrr oas
{Esreftl iiaj tn,reioct carc a e\isiat '.eodau l
:
ll (+ un adverb oli o locufiunc adverbiald sau prepo:'ilionaln) d fi'
aua Lac.a se afla, a se:dst, a sk. a Lacttl
Thev z'i, rt ho c iu tlic €rcDngs
l, r ". nl , b. . "s ' 1
He is on the llall.
(F c. i)arLc din lersoral.)
Y.uf biho ;s l,he.c, ll- tlre door'
(Eicioleta la estc rcolo, lirgii xtt.)
T' r d . onJ r dl on , ' \i | 1L
'
( I r - m ons l. , alid d J \ ' , 1 l. c r t f l i
$-Icn and $llce ir th€ mcctrngl
(Cnrd $i nndc ar. loc tedinia?)
r Li. , l' . . ! i . s . , r " i l ! 'r l liro' idl'

'1,, I.u "i, me I onal, "i n' , n, , '
nrm"rL J. 0 "Ilru .d.' blr ' F. lr u1. "J pot r " i"pu i / T l l i n . J a r l l r l o l r 'l r r ' l r )
, \\. ;hJ(\!, t. , uaaLt . t t Pt ol D, r na4.
rR J s d rl s. D, ! o( _Cnlil" rgo"rrm-'
apla l/ / od'
39!
Iith.. rnd mother ,,er. ,to*rsr.,rs.
( T a l .r s i rj a mu s . .ra u j o s .r
' lhere ; i l i rc g a n te ntu u rd th e trouse.
lIr jurul crsei sc al]l o grildilr rrumoasrr.)
The niitk t.q in ihe trrd...
(Lapt!l! se gisci& n, ce,nlrli.J
t " i .. D ,., h r^ , t,5 t!.
. (Si.i /esrc/ se uflli ajoi d. o rtrtri ilrragli.)
c) =..1 I i, a s e duc e , a e e n i :
H" , : o ..' tb " . ' o t: | ..
r \ i " ,.t rr ,, t,t ..n \.,i
Has ht) bn, to s.. Gf.r:el
l:t r.st pc ta (itu.ge?)
I ndd Dcaza ov* Urc muslun.
ttuseseDilrin tor mrzcu].r
A lie lor l)ovcr?
(uos. la Dov!r?)
dJ Verbul le:rical to trc poatc avea idlpcraliyul iormat cu DO ernrrric g
penru acccntu:rrc: lE?;
,, ,. srnsi etr
,rtr,t bd s o s ens it iv c ! ,
., Ilentru fornele contrs$e l-ezi g 1gii7.
2) Ca rcrb auxitiar {orrneazir:
dl (+ l,artiripiLrl prczpltt) conjrqarca conti.nud(E tt-gi):
s 1876
s r8?7
T,i.,hi J .. .,1\ ..,.-r.s
L li r ' r r b, . . , . p in"" 1 + . r
J
r\ /,,! /p"r 4./,dI.i"- o. vs.m
,. , . , . t , - n d. nr , r l
I L t! b . , 8
' ia , ur , , , . , r ot r .
i_\r,, s - t , t Ll I nt ine. )
E./ (+ !articitriul Ltec"L) conjugdrca pastod (g 1781):
Slj. lrt.llion|d
s 1878
askiiA ,, D. mei.
- 1.1 tcl.Ionrr rngn(l si rnjii cineu s_o de ta grla.)
H^ , tt tp.n pt d ir h , r o. , ps ds dir r r 'a. . . . r c hr s .
\r, .' L o ar. J J . " . , . \ r ". , / ' p. r o, u
Trrex {,cre .alt'rt as..r.
(Snrt Itcca9i, i( lost'otrcrnati )
tuecnr)titnrrurik)p.rfe.r. ale cltorva verb€intranziriv€ g 1879

tS rid3j,-'I,"*l"ipi,,t
iiJ laJ . r . nil. ?l
I aa doae to the $.rld.
lJ) Ca rcrb (otrhtrir., facc tegiitura intrc sub;ect !,i num€le predicflti!:
S 1860
S M i J a s j .g .r.
lEsle ct'rtireati.l
I t J o -r ..
" .' " \. h .rn , \n r k . ul l b.. -.r.cs5r ..
. r,a ,)
You r.e eirh rodal
(-\i lenil. de'renc :ri.l
I $astAle : cnnrinle,
r s€bni'a =. sensiril
iniclcpt, cu l,un 6!m!.
MoRFo',ocIA_\,.ERBUL
39!
To $ ot k i3 lo. bc r onLr n!
i,r i"s"im"a tr m"tt"it
"
E c '':i"i
, otL d b . a s $ n l l i o c o mFa r o b fP
il. i, ^ , bin" o 1 v i n a i m Pd i s L
)
'"1
constr\rclii:
Se atrage atenfia asupra urmitoarelor
.r) (+ dnumite adjective): a se s;mtt':
1-:i:lfr.,'iijr'l"t*'l*l#*;l:::";'1""''l't'l'"1fii""'i'tli
a fi-Arerit etcl
virstl' lormi' culoare' misu etc )
,,) (+ substantrve care se reieri la
-
;1"*..,ir
1.i;,;r,,: l"jl;,:.'"'
)1i,.,"
.1"',],'ii,,"ir,, "" I )ll-1,r""j}.",,
L Are d od ize ci d r nr ",r "li"r,llllr,i',jl:!;':"''
i;t.-;1T..',.i?:,i:t' ;
l;;ill.,,X ,";"iT',tir.:,""::'".
- " ".""
["J''fi't*:xi; :g';.jlx;1;':t'i;i"%'JlJl;lT'li;
ideeade viitor' aratind:
a ltltl 4) Cd lerb modrl (+infinit'r\ul complet)exprimi
i iil d, un Ir p r s rnbiirLdn'crior{$ 1526r:
"
f,|ii#:"Ji"H"5,'#i"l,l",si"iil?i;'"cir{a'!isahoii'it)
H;,$:,r'"T:1"i';l."J"llf '"i""*,'r
h::l+'lH"ll;l;.tt,f fs 3 """i'i,'Jitf a'ciiostr
I (care
'i'5"1?iT**" care nu I
la un fapt avui loc ln tre-
S 1883 Urtr.(Ltde infinLtl')ulperl'ut sc reieri
cut sdu 'hiar !i irr vDior:
"- .'oû
ilixnl',-
i#:i"':,'lil"i'i&'"i.1lf
dar ,si (raf):
)
l'li l?t"l'li'x;r rurn'cnL'Inr'r
i"'li'i":iJ;'li:"".:
g 188r l, oblibali" dalorip ordirr' diepoziri'
T h. \ ' of t t o f t ^ i ' h th a t J t o n "
lT r ; bu, t ss ' i.rn ,i n p a c c a s tJrm e o rJ r' r
:ll:1":l;lj;r Jil,li:]li:'1",$':'":'i';';-li';"
" .,.'
I i",;r"'*-''n'-'i"ar
""'i"i"l,i"'?ij'll
i.'"';
fi .:iil;r :'ll;il:lfli'll'JlJll ili'ixtil;""""" r
3,1r
;';j, ;l11ru""; "
s 1885 cl Dosibilitate:
lrom ihe ro rd
'tir,"nousei. D t," fe,.h./drn
1S lorte
i
rFnge lr 'as:t ;^'i "'"
_loscr'
i'lil;l:
I
:lri"ii l?.:ll';::"1;'"i'":ir
393
Tl,f tunn.t, x.rc lo b4 id.arl;pd br rrF nuBb.rs on therr b,cts
.Il"rg alo ,:: ufl d! s i t F d. ir r : t i. a' t idula num e F h d n p " l p a r p
How @e/coe ,o .r,ss the In'o il the.e was no lridse?
(Cum lutean Lralersa riul dace nu era pod?)
Ticleis dr, to &? idd iL the enl. ncc.
lrlil€lele se poi oilinc ]a inha.p )
Thcre is nolhing ro ,., /orc abort il..
lNn psre ninic dc ld.ut in a0elrsti clcsltune )
$'hcle is this ..co.d] ,c /,rndr
(Urde rori. li gnsit a.est'o disc?)
s 1886
You arr ro (dft acrls l,lie sardcn to.each l,he entralcc.
lTrebuie/este ncc.saf se t ve$.zi griidina ca se iiungi ta inr.arc.l
Shf is Ir Ddpmis..l lor hcr achicremen!.
(lrcbrie/moite sa fie liludrtn pfntn realizare. fi l
rl in€'itabilitatc, so3rle: s 1887
,o/, m\' ,,-,1{
_ , nrrq rJ" l. . t r i" li I b l rrl a l i \ r' J d p r r.r,.cndA nr rd
r . reno rh ri ra n
rf arla n od ,ri ,. . ' i- i: t p ir d r i i- t n '.
oi.rp rig. . ddr d. ! \ 'b d . , . - . i 1r r.
lo a t i l 1ia1a cfa ma i Jl'F'tid r: ' plr t , n; . )
Lds trca€r ro 3., tle old tnmblerl!$n Inxse ,rsain: il. $as rettticcd bI an llr ro dati
. {Nu ar.an si! nrai r.\ad ni.iiodaG vcclrca c.si rrniatn: luscse tnlocuitii.n nn njoc
, ^ ' l, rl."i, ,idp .'rd.\ nl lon' . d. J $, d, , p r "\ pl

,'.. .-r.i
l D Lp. J' . r o n.a ol ' di f oldll 5i , r ' i l 'm r , r o d d r a .
5) Eap&sii idioxatice: s 1888
L. - I I bb. n L, D P . ,.,a rlp r b o l
. s rt i e., l. r s,'rlrnn astl.ll
ur.r. ir, tlicre o.c (: este,sint)
There rill Dedancirg. {Se ra datrsa.)
Let na rrr (Lrsi!,mifin pacel)
.t llos ts shr? lilo nai la.e?)
I $hai t . ( s hc lit e ? l c u m e s l € (e a )? l
Irh.t is to bccone of her? L(lesc (ra) fa.e?l
\ \ ' r , €. eis s h' t o g o ?fL l d e l t} e b u i ;Js i Ls c d i c a ?j
l: loiyis it iiiat . ..?l c x m s € l rc f c i ...? )
U'.ife lhis lcltcr aDit &,'/ r? ill daI ahotrLitt
(Sc.ieaceastl sc.isoarcti rn pie,de ioate zira .u eatl
Wlrnt's ur: (Ce sc n,limDlii?l
\\'h.t In;? ydr Dc€n,? r;r lC; toznli ai n,al Iiio,r?)
6) Formcic rontras€. kzi si $ 1867 1868. r $ r8E9
Cuvint'ul la care se alipelte, ca u srfix, forrr a rontrasd a auriliarului
toB,Prau a ncCatilrice il insolette poate ti. practic 1'orbin,l. oric€ parle de
l' o' r' ft. n ds rn i o rrn ah s h o l i d a r a l trL

..,1
T he s L re est &C si o a k i n rl i rl s o n i o u. ri .hl .
' Y ou , /fd i i r rn l l i , ,\ i r c u ;,l A .-
ZEy'.e rNu lired.
?rer.'s no donlt ali.ul, it I
?n"..'rs ihe m{n 1/.2'l. arfaid cl.
I Eo.d : x.
r,n?-pn i,aii"n rua,.hregistrar-d' etc
r .srrp "- i. r l. 1 inr . oo . . i\ . . . "\ ' . ", . r ild, au i , : u r n , , n i L w i u l
fo b . f. ll
r lspnsllJ
spnsldJ" a , pr-"/o Q.t it
"a pr;"/ol(Q.titi;. t 1.
l. t2aC- on".
1. 21C- or,L,
. . ,.\.',r.s r r r nt AbxFc:rnj.r
i. I nrtr4n rh{E
u :,nj t4, i ' " r d B , r t , i , tiunll
nrmeazi predicarnl ln propo?ili{ ' d€claralivi!.
t rn?.pacc€ntue!este adverb dc loc (: acolo) (iata).
81ll
ltt,s r.d: ntlll's yotrru? ( \rhal .,/,,r's J!urs?)

-\nd r/,ats lhrl r1
. / ' r , n .L th . o d { l mn r o u l .r
,t!lr's Ur. nudla rl vod. lursts t.ri€ht. Oft'r dissins.
n-ii, sr l.he B,,r in q.;1 ari ivhai'salic?
tl'l,,.C-. In'nc5? Illr'i sfu {ono61
1, ' s n o tl i l rg to $ ,i fe n o m c rb o u l . ?
Cone on: terc'r Hrl.n.
i. r t t . r L . unD t.l l I: ,' ,j D , i s r' i :.p
-\ se rcnarca irsl .i tfurrlul rinpln al verbului to r. nu ,rfe lormn con-

tras,-, ei d nu o ncgatia. Nrg.liia orpdtn folna contrasi cir.l u lnso!.etie ttl
LiILa tatl)itii.
O t : s er t alii:
(d) I'n nat llsLe.prfl('rnl.i1 fomr€i / ai.n t. iE aftn't I ? lonai uin't I !
(S 1 8 63) . dt t l t iiD d c o n s i d u a i d s u b s ta rl d rrd i n ambel e c,rzuri .
fl, l ornele ncgativc cailrxi. .rL, verbului lo BE al! /ori aspecte para-
],"1e. Erceptlnd pu*oara I (1 ain al arrin t I ?, adt I )). crio douir sr'ii de
lorinc uzitaL .e 6in | :
I ain l
IoI'rt n ot,
he s, s}e's. il s not
$ c'r. no t, lh. y le nol,
Practic rorbind. difefc la dinke ac$tc douir scdi 01tc ncqlijdbill.

$ 1890 f.l) it'u ;i its - Belarie rdeseori cnnfuzieinlre aecslcdouarlorntcj proriun-
lia lor riind ateealiIrts].
i/r:;l is (riorl cuvint? cortrftse:pronume nlrutr,r+ vr}b) .. (rt sar
ea) eslc; ilr (un singur cuvint,: adjectiv posesiyneutru): (rl) lui. (al) ei.
t ltsl T0 HATD (A r\VE.\)
s1892 ,{, CONJUGAIT',{ SI\'TPLA

(SIMliLn CONJUG.\TIOr")
IJIATTIZ.{ ACTIT]I (ICTIyL L'AICE)

tN F IN IT tY a /,\7 /-\1 ? 1/rJ)
Prezam\ ( Pftsent) Partc|\ (Pofat)
to harc {: r areal ro lLalf hrd {: r ti avul.i
Pq.RTtClPtU (PllRTrCrPt E)
Pteze t (prescnL) Treeut fI,asr, Perlet:l; (Pofect)
harins ( . avind) lad (: avu[] havi^s had (: avind; dup:i ce a avrr]
r"And thal's thal !" (ton cntesorl.l : [i cn asill basl.r] s a u $i rstr.i [ot.
?a t,t\-/,4a 4t-)o t t . . , 1: / ; . i,. '14"l. 'r. InL il.
..tho -.....- ( . i. 'ps
if l r p . . , Ri, ! , r h: \ \ n"L r o " r _ , b . , t . , .
an _ld fr... == ce es t . ? W - hat it . . . ?' - c e 0? il€ lr o l c s i c s {n o o u n i L l n a : rc?
./..,":
! o .,f r . r ' , ' r n ! "onu4lar o . , r . nr - 5 0 5 'r '. | ..u t-o nlir"nglFrl
a num rluj zrit.i trJ.li ln n, if oloqia qn ac J
'Wh !".l,p Ean ". lt ' hJ ' - . . . ) J r . L 'l iinJ l-.m" dr p"riccl
{q t 4r!. r(!3 t. - , - r lt k ! h^s . . . : t
'- 1 lt s ;h,.t t nt qp t , L ( o a ' t ol t h. Lt r ] . r n 'J ) .
-
i95
\lOIrrri, I^"DrCAr'I\' (INDICA'r-IrE NOOD)
t(ze:tt ( Prts,:nt) TteLxt ( Plst T ense)

I l, ad l- a!c a , . , a v u i , a m a N i )
rf l .
lii I ,,,.'
il, I it J
ll, i] l: , r d
Pr{,zer!l lcrlc.t Trccul lorlc{t

I Prtst'r Pa lin)
I lur{, L Ii (, a h a\ nt ) I h ,,d l .i ,,l i . .r,i s.s.r,)
i t, i
\iltar {lt tur.) fiitor Fcrlect (Iuture Pc[,11)

i sl{rl halc 1- !.i rY!n) I rL d tl h a \c h:d 1: r(i l i arul l
J.{ riil lL!r! Irrd
l ,c i
sh! 'r $ill I'arc shc i h .vc l " rl
'1ill
l l rc y N l l l h r vc l rad
Tiitoml latil d6 trecut 'l'iitorul

llerlert lc1[ dc frcrltt
(ltuturt: in the Past) (1'uiutt: P..tfttt in thc Pan)
I stualJ hrv. {.. vai av.a) I s/,dl Lrre hid {==lci ii {rui)
I!! $r lld havc |a.L
sh. I Nclld bare

'i.d
\ v c . \ ioald h a r c n u d
Jon w.nl.l have nad
Urer wluld hare had
I lU OU L SU U J O \.T l \' | \t t;.1 tl(' 1tt D rl OA D )
liorma re&e nou a nroalornii

( I ndcpcndentdde tinp ) Prczcnt ( Prcs.tlt) Perlaf"tr(petfad)
I lad had {: sn ii r'!l}
irj i t)
jn lifJ(ir jrz r nr . r " ', 1 'i p . a t r E

' rloa , {r,r. ' ho' , , , d. / . i1d; 1liv ' r " . . l o r m l d
p e G o anpd r.d.1 pr' curn -.:,1. t ' h". "i it hot h . t r \ ' . h" pp' , , ', F t \ a n a J r d.. @di
c a b \ pr' z. i. 5 lnl, i,rrr. bL rnld lc nuour ln . l' , 1 I oPL. c .
3$6
]IODUL CO\D]TIO\.IL ( CI)ND I T 1Oi{AL ]TAAD)
ltezcnt ( Ptesfftl) Petlect ( P.tf.tt )

I .lrald hat (: ri a!.al I rl@,1, havc had {: ai 1i arui')
y.u ivonlli ltate
sht nr nin lia ti l li. I"",,nn,.",,"0
il, j ,r I
' N. r/ro,,l hare had
\.e t rall hivc
rl,u ieod{l have {on $rul.l htvc lud
tl,"v rrould hirc iheY would lralP had
] I O D U L r\IPrlrfATrv (IM]'DRATIrU 'UACD)

P et s oaiat 2as 3 P.rsoandu2tLJ)1.
liav c l= =ir l oolte i l ,e l liare {- lLrrr,iL
loilili )
hali t of li! i l)
s 1893 CONTJNU.\
]J. CONJUGATTE{
(coNTINUOUS CONJ LtCA'.t'ION )
nrlrxZ,f. A0TrI.-i.lAaTt rE rotcE)

I N!-Ili l1'I \i r/r]ia1Jl?1 rt)
Prezen\ ( Present) Pertc\.t ( Petect)

ll nf liv ing ( , - a ,te a l to hivc been havntg {: I {i atut)
IIIODLL INDICATIV (INDrCl'L',Ivr:MOAD)

Prczetrt ( Prcsent) Ttoc\rt ( Patt Tense)
&lr,tihsting (- e! aln) I eashavins1: eu avermr
you ,gq havins
!rs, I LE'havirg
yotr are hiYing

lh€v rre hav'tg
Prezontperleot Trooutperleot
( PrcsenlPcrfect) ( Past Perfect)
I haae been haling I had been haviry
(: etr
"shlrur.
yotr hJve brPn navlng You had }een havnq
I'f" lo^ r.." nu'"t sh€ l had )cen hav'ns

ri l. .F_
we l€vc lecn nr v r lg \re had been laving
tlri ybn h,'vi q{in La!ing You lad leen hutirg
ih Fl l,[!r gGe , ho! ins fher hird }edr haling
YiitiJrut €(rr"rdleJ Viitord portoot (Fatrtre perfect)

I J ldl/ be \ \ in s (:1 o i i stuil havebeenhariry (: voi li avut)
'leal voDwiU havc beenlravrn8
\'ou s|rL ne
'nav'ng
she I will bi havirg sne lwill havebeenhauns
i[ l
qflrql'€ sltblJ 6e'l{lttrns ii,e ia, ru'rc reen rravrne
.{6{*.y6a \iiil}-bd.tftlring y ou will I a l c b e e n h € a i n g
inev Mll bc having t her s il l I 'a l e b c e n l a a i n g
807
'lriitorol t?ithdc trocrt Tiitorul lorfoct lllti trecut
(Futule in the Pdst.) (F u l u r, P f\t i l t th,'10P nst)
I snoz?dLrehaying (: voi are.r) I snozll laro bcen harins (- yoi ti avuu
you wonld be havirg you would h,rvii ben h:tr'ing
she l {'ould bc ha ns src wonld hare brn halins
y'c alodl b-aha\ing i
we sloalz, havo bsen havire
xou nonld b€ having you world hrve reen havj;s
th-Aywonld bc naring ih.]. rvould haft lccn h.vins
]IODUL SUBJONCTIV (SABJUNCI]YE }IOOD)

Form:r Yeche l'orma moalemi
(tnd.epenlLentd.
de ti,mp) Ptanol:'t (Present) pertcat ( p.rfect)
I rc haliDg (: si am) I wer. harjns (: si aml r had becn harins (- s,.Lfi
Lf havtng yd rrererr., ns beenr,"uiog 'outl
ll:u I:u lad
6 l r e r'd 'i" s ,'r"s J b " " ", , " r " s
ib' i h" i ""r i l ' " ih
sp h ? rr\ ins w L( Fr p he\ ing \. i,;d l."n ,,dv;oa
yo n De I r\ ' na Jrou wd. e hlv ing \o,r hbd o"p,l havinc
r h d l b p h r{ rns pJ w. . n h1\ inc ih " J r d | . " p i n J . : r i 3
TIODUL CONDIT]ON]IL (CONDITIONAL MCND)

Prczar\t ( hescnt) Perlect ( Perfed)
I in r/i/ ir_P_ l€ving(:a i r v F, ) I s n o rl l I' d !c b eenhavi asl : ds Ii avdtl
vo,, wo!rd De n avlrg J o u w o u l di a re hoenhvj ;g
sne wdld be havinc sne i o\r | een havi ns
i luodli
we snoedbe havins we stould have beenhavjns
you wouldie having You lvould ha!€ been ha Ds
aheYwould be havin:A they would lavc been haliis
C. FORMELECONTR{SD(vezirdDdg 1867)
Funcfii. - Verbul ,o ,{apepoate fi verb principal, auxiliar sau modal: S 1894
1) Ca vc.b prinoipal (+ un complement direct) cste werb lexical qi are g 1895
urmetoareleinlelesuri de bazxl:
aJ exprimn ideeade posesiunesau de apadenenrd: $ 1896
YoD nara R good name.
The door ias a lock-
They nad I mutual aid lund at thet facto.y.
,l este sinonim cu ro pdt sau to ta&., cind se referd la substantivele care g 1897
,
d€nume sc m es e, alr m pnLe€ tc ,:
\Yill you ldd someb.caklast?
Do r or P d n o l h p rc u p o I i p n l
! t , " " nt t a D n j t;n g s i n - rto n J l ).
Y ou ox ght to I' a ." n d j y o u r In " d c i n ; ag^.
"om" 'in
I lnlF l . u_ ir- n"n io nr ' . o ! iTr l" indi^d ii
- an"m h. C L " s t i n a s p m , t r r i . r i \ p r i r -
po aio I' pp urzar . ii1 . adnt c as t u' . r nit ol
:4 /,n. larrrb rin a l ir lim ba r c r lna in
a. . r a. a"ur i, t r " b I : " t r a d u s n . i n , o / . o (
{ n u p n ,o rolr6Jcu a nu m||p pr . dpr r i * Do
J o' r h} . s x gr "l ( . - , , O b , i n u i l i , a h ) . ? - ) .
5S8
i l or" v' rI' ' Ic ' l " II' rt'
\ l \ lb " / r t l' r de s ' rL rra n :r^ l F ' J rn ' " a' i /" ' r'
lor n" T d In u r' r' 4 ' ' -"
' r" ^ ' ' ' IS i l l rvi i l o Lot"
\,.t d er i\ . r F ' " | .u- arunili+liiir:-l1li1,l
" ntuu.qh '
i;';;,;;:';i;"',.';;;;i;,-irtiiw,'rona''ulatr
;lroat'e \'erbcrecorespunh
sinLtradusr!.t11'
; ;;i;,:;';;,;;:"" crc acest'e fornre
i""""',"; * iJei" f raceo baic irr cadd)asesc[tda(iolac' riu' n\are)'a sta
;;i';;lii; i;;;'tilrj," . r"^ p"t''" e r' e ".piirLr-Ln .."
".
suu iLrbiclrlct" frtd I rid'a' a^llllibl'"
u'r'' a..rnre
i,t.*" fi a.;,,, o l;ao)'"ltu"" rrilge un pur oe sonu"
;;1;;';,1;;' automoiilul, a se rade, a funa' a '
a alrli etc
\ 1899 2) Ca rerb anxiliar
$ 1900 d) (+ Palticipiul t)lllrut) lormoazi tinrPurilc Perfeolc:
lo laoc crllcd /td( ii: called
I /r.,e onllcd L"i .alled
I slllNtd n('. ualled
I s!ratl i,r'e rilLd
r" pN ^'n-'iu-:r d;r ' --"n'
s lrul L) r't,1 ur''o' t'o's":J t l;8rl l'r0''
..':r* r' ir",,'. rn ro r"r r''l'r'ri It"r-: d n';t '{
dircct intercalat int'rc au:t'
U.rYl 15-'eurlral itnediJl' dr) conrilemcntul
"*.
liar ,si partioipiui trecut sau infinrtrv:
i tlar€ .ldanal tnl shoes (Prcz'frt loleltl
rli-am curliaL icu lDsnmii sheicl( l
I lnt, dI shoes
l\li ad dat gl.nrlo'rcd4ezl. .nrllat )
Slic /,a l h ef Nf' t L r ?f ar f ud'
$i u nrhlit mina l
//arr llre .rke Dtuulli' inl
sn ri,iD si sc a dr r e t o ull)
'l lrc al]I)liouts rx"r noring tlirir mcmo'J t'slcd'
lcandida!rlor li se t.slr ,trcnorta )
lf l\ : r ' l d"
lt r
'0":; ' " o
,t ""t : s " l. ! b g, ; lld r 1r "
'
lalel l&l h.r biogle rr'l€n
ilo inci i ta |uat lr , - ' ! ar a l
\lc lolc to ldre rtrr hntrds tom€ to s'c trs
ii" iii"i,'i',iirt i r.i"t-ii Dostri vnr{srinc rad{ )
rr ti r, o"' n o I r' r' r' :a n ^' \rfv u tu l
\.: .b r,' J r-\r/" .rn ro " i i r' ' ' f 6:!l ' 1rn]
',, lr il c r ' / o"ll 16looll' ' o"ds 5t r
\\1 ,1 $il\o
E P' J l' r
""
{ 1902 ll) Ca Ysrb moilali

(: trebuie):
i iil; n1 1'. int;"iti",'t conptct) este sinonim cu llnrsl
llr shofs $ill nao€ro bd mended
{Pariolii m.i \rtr tfelui relarrlr'l
\ \ ,...1 r i // n | r' l ' " l ' 1 ; h ' ' d l ri Lu' l_
\ rr I i .1 i s tu n a s " .i q L n l r' rruonra.
Yod don't iot' r' ao vet: it is onlX live o'olo'k
li'u trehic sI pl0oiincl: nu e dccir ora unc' )
(\:ezi li S 1901,!063)
A sf cor'P.'rr:
,i[:i1i,i,]"1i 'll :i]l'lif;;*o-,,,u".r

f"T,ilJ'ifiJtl"'i,1'xtil ci,aiost
(pcnrru
l,olir;i airl;i).
j'ii\r'''*'
i li:ii,'f"',i,i:"1',x::i"^"1'"iiliilt ".da,rcrnari'rir'
. DJ S rbjonctnUl tr!?pnt bxd urmat do comparaLirele ,dr!," sau sooncr. S 19Ur
rr- ldvprblrlto't,ta",,t).. tu ,,r.r,-,r.r0,, pl,r" un infi.irit in.o ,utet.tor_
neazii construcliile idiomatic{rhad be(t€r, h$d soon0r,h;d r&flrer, had as soon
(. . nai bine, piefer):
\on hattL.uet d. sonethirgabout il.
(Uri bitre.i r.oeccrah aceastlprivingaL.)
I1r0 ' ' u ' cr / lt '' i^ lh ,
/ r ' , . d f' "!h
.'
tr J,
'r
i ,iP,ti ,,o ld 'I,r'l ' ddi i n^ "ou,
W. nd., s.otr ,dtn thc dishncc.
"s sl1nc ducem pc jos
(,\m prerern liniL acolo.)
Ct. cu I QouLd.l'dratho s^\\ jbn as soon. (S 1579)
yerl,ul ,,to hare,' in interogalii cgs,tii.
fi $ 1905
I l u r' , lr dF in' F r ^g o ' i " .; n ,J rti H \F rb ,rl l o h o ,,. t,o1 tr,.^r-rr- j au
"
n , r , . r"\rl i , r J l DO . , , n l u " m u rr
" ' o . -p l o r L Z l n rF :
1) DO zero.* Nr se ldtrebuinteazi auxitiarutD0 (: DO ,era)t .\ 1906
" ,a) clnd verbul II,\VD estelolorjt ca au\iliar ta iormarearirnpuritorter s' t90?
HdN. yo| otene,j t\e leftat?
(Ai deschis sris.area?j
\\'e hadn't scci itie Dcrvractorl Xcr.
lrioil !u vrizusen nroi Donairirrto:r.l
b) ciLtd {ttbrl to ho,veexprimi pose-riuneasar aparienenl,a:
s 1903
Ik\'e loe i\ r:i]arctLe?
(r\i o liga.e?)
I kr.zl rn)- ldcnds jn i,ouf rosr.
{\u an trieieni in .raitr] drmtaj..)
C^ l u \i dl. ll. \ \ ' D p. r. d F o L i .p r i ' ,.o l i ' d F v ,ru - t l dl ,,i rF.i -. ni ^-Jul
, nr r. inu .l no. ionr ' , . r I u " ^ tu t d F :, 0 ,," n ' ra i d" -, d" r,,i s" .i J. .. ,u
do " ' n r,l i " r-.1 -" ,
\ n" i: , , i1. pf l r i a /,,,,. \S l 4 ;i ,:
'
f / " t o l s o .' ' i J F ."
1\ o ti q J rJ ,)
| !"-r. sa'
. \ , a,,, p | c " ,,r ' .t 1 i ." .. n J o u - ro $ n .
r,rd ,.t r;rm i .a t ,
c, clnd verbul ta haae paate fi inlocuit cu l, ,d..
rl r. tl ,i . . , . r or , , " " , , . 00 ..,1 .. 1 ,." 5 0 ,$ o rk.ri . t. tortor..., s 1909
q r' J'a " lt . ' L, r , i i' 0J , "lo' ,,r' rk ,." s .
.l v ;j I j r,/i 0 , ra tu.rdto r,.,....tb," t,i .
f J l ,o da' , 6, r , dnl u l L b o o l . , ttr tb rJ rJ .
, ,
(Nu.rveru dnll. catrlir(cli ln lirti!l.een.l (- Nu erau!r!lre oi4i !.chl nr bibtjoteci.)
2) Se folosegte auxiliarul DO:
s 1910
.--gl oinrt verbul ta haoe arc altA inirebuinl,are decir aceca arirati ta .s 1911
{ 1907 1909 ti e6te sinonim cu fllle verbe. pierzindu-si asttet inloiesul propdu
,,1 the children /dr€ a nice \rnch? (- to €lltl

H ,l .n a ,o , t la, . h r L. u d t o r ,o j o d . l o J r.n /,
\\'i ,l ri d, / J U. / r , ' J 1 u r' ,,rl -rh . ,o ta L "
I d .l \th o, p . " h r ' o. o -.. t,,q ,I h " r" .
!!;,t JUt ho, " | 6N, 1r t , , o J o -' ' r,, , ro . n o J o n ....i ,
w rJ d u , I \ ou r r . , \ , ur h .| h o p l d ,tt t,i : ( tu d .l , J Jo.tor tu l ook a.t" r i t
\\ ." I . t d\ " ) r , o t ooti .t. to s " t ,.r. /o , i n e r r_ .\1 ,-:l
sn " d ,d ,i ldf ! i, , r bLi,t ,,. ." ,. to ..L s o ri ,o .p lo pr...:r r/tdr" .J /" i r
v ezi $ 1 9 0 1 )
DL .J'-r 1l$ , J : ln. " / " ao ro b .o I I r' ( \l u .L
rrtd i 1 i h J t " r o o n . ( , .o b ol t,J" u.
{00
$ 1912 b) cind \erbnl to hare se referi la o acliunesau o siarepermanenidsau

olisnuiin:
Do aou olten L,ra colds?
, o ilP v us ur ' l \ ftd ' r m u s i " j n i h 4 P \4 n i n t"
\Ye d,;l nate'enoueli hockeYiD Nnre..
II thc slror./,6n) ftte lhe booksyou wan1..Jou nav order thcm h posi
Prin conirast. cind t0 idr€ se refera numai la o ocazie anumiti. lipsa au-
xiliarului DO ( D,0 ,en) niicn aceastesitua1,ie(S 1906):
I i.a \or."r \ o k "4t t Pt t a"o' r ' r pt ! u h u1016rrd P i r 'l h " " a 'n
Ho \b \c , e ot i t m r s r t , r ig I 01 |. hpT\ . '
\\'n /- n'o ih' ( al' ng I r ' o' nr ' -
ln enElezaa rericanli. rorb\tl to haee {ormeazi lntotdeauna interoga}ia

9i n"gr{ioiu riuro|ul a'rrilirrului Do. 'insura ex'apti',lind ' /ul lr"'drF.1o
i{.\vE .. ' rnr;"buinLsr' c aurili.r ra lurmcrps 'rrrpurlor p"rr""'" r.^ rrui):
Do vou idtc a oiqarette?
I d ;n, ha !" a a\ . _", r 1 \ our lo$n
llsl ,.,r/,;, ndr ", r : dl. ' . ld' "" 0" r p s i 'l '! i l v
Acenste tntrebuinlarc s verbului DO s a eri,ins foarte mr t qi in Angha

contemPorilni
s 1e13 TO D0 (A FI\CE)
$ 1914 I'unorii. Vnbul ll] do poate fi vcrb principal sau auxiliar'

s 1916 li C1 \orh nriDcipil | 'r "'lp H 'm l i uln"./b D"r crnul ' ' i";srii
verbelorl, rirrl", tnlo.r I ' Ir'r;i t" rn- DO rurili.r i'olo u-de i'ra'ra
p lF
necesard (aczi eremplele urnntoare):
d./ : a lace (scnsgeneri4. a indeptini, a realiza a se ocupn cu a er€-
cuial a termmir:
Hos ,r' o )n - .. u j ,, t.rr . trd . . i uJ:
\ \ r ., r' -Pto , i ro r.gn o s , \.e J U . I rv.
(Ce iaci retn? Dqti oculatr)
\\rhat /oa sht d, ior a lirinC?
(Ce ocupalic ire?)
"Nrat /id r.u do reslerday?" "I did mvj^roonr'"
(Ccai lacnt iqi?- Ni.am lilcrt cual' carntrr'l
You /doeDl don.a hrir Yct-
-vour
l\tr tc-ai lieptar{t lncil )
; l o " ti . r,' p ,1 ' .,.' 1 , $ l l (fcpnl b' r
e\e ^ l lr _ d I \J" _n'a1ab l ' l a bL' '1 1
I \ "
I'll d, mv bcst. lvoi lace tot losililtrl )
\!l,cn in'Ilomc. do as rh. Rohans do. (Prolerbl
l Acfst re.b cst,, uuxiliaNl DO. Nunai hlinitinl lo3 iscrjs ai.i cn li1_"'ecuNive)
* t,.. 1' - r : , . . , , t i ' 1 \i .l .i l r" o m 4 ,L v rbr' l ui / n' ' ..ons r' .i o\' rl JI'
-
p"'''',"i/i,';i'; , ,j" ;,1,3 ' ll l;'r.':;""'iii l'll:rl;p.l^''"*,u'-,
i1;l
dl' t l H u r 'l T r d a b n t : " 4 " 4
llste o:r"D, o -r I o s l' r t 'n 'l r \ d
' ' "i
:,"1''" : ''r'! :';, ":1",':
/"."; 'iir,l"ol-'llli
:;Y;T,'."":;i: ;.:"j;",b'li":"F: .';,:r
:; ;1,,;;ii;i,,',, : ; :i l,ij";":;,fl"":;;1"\ ;i'-li)'F.j::i;#r,''"lli ;;;.jl:l'r'd
..e
C. I t . S a L .1 i p r ./ I
n ljir r i d" i xr
l' r :i' . Id '
"r "\p r !pnNI' a sc coala
t to ,li one'shan': a se picniiinr, a_siarrnja
401
6) : a conveni, a {i poirivit, a fi de ajuns (ln special la viitor si condilio-

.,
"lYill I dol" said thc sardener...I'm sure vou win.,'
(Vh con n? sptlse$eaina.ut.- Stnt siguii cI da.)
' I his build: 1s !d t, l o l o r 1 d a v -n u r)e .\.
A " d\ t i r t diri" r. d , I b rn . p . i rt" u .,., ,
't\a\ qill da !
{ De ajdr s lr \ st{ c to l ! P o l i tl e c a l s a u d i ml otri r,1:U ersc,e bi rE :)
l' . u " \ ' " d, ) o u -(,Il ,!ro p .rl y 1 h .t x .n t do xt i \l
Ni" i" . t J t, L t" ' r. i .u ..i r- D U r;..q j . 1 m r " gd rptoc)
cl : a r er m ina ( t n B p e c i a ll a ti mp u ri l e p € rfe c te ;i ta parri ci pi ut trecut):
lYi,cn she nas .lrnd. we,ll Ao to bcd.
Onc nore sandirich atd I had dane.
ne.rlore ls at ,are dozd, now! It is gcriilg tai..
I hdee dane \\lth tanl
Have soe d,nd $itti me oomtrasses?
His N.rk loae, hc Nent io see.a liln.
I:trelln.gnn ii liali dou'. (Pfoverbj
2) Ca rcrb :iuxilior
(+ infinitivul tncompret): $ t9t6
. d, ajul.i.Ia form€i interogative. Degaiive si interogativ-ne,
-c-or-st.uirêa
g lgti
satire (g 2913. 2920, 2936).
Dl inlo,,ie"te Ln rlr \"rb. p,ntru c\itana r-p-t6rii arpltui!, prnrprl,u \ tCt8
nu,nir d" unii gr".lr,i"i"ni ..rr.mporlni nngtozit\ CODIi t- t;, LOD/:
\ \ n ! r lh u,g hl, rr so r l|"1, 16 r , llas 1p, , . .
' ' Dr! tou f.a d 1,h i.? "Y4 . I did'
" \vr,J ' ,-dn I rr.r joi" ir ' he . om oe' iiiun - - Dur r i, . J d, r 4 , -
d r s, ror. Imt, d r'1,1 he/
She dj,ln'L Mos.ire mc, dtd she?
Y oll , 1.,lr'p,II,ro n tl , t dr , p, \n v,. .a -Oh.!L:l trd,,tt
\ \plho.ghlh .q,.lo r\.-r-,-.,, . r . s , ut i. 5, t . ", I d; , 1:
* ba,r ho rttt.
c.,, este tntrcbuintat atunci clnd. pentru a se Ja mai mutta \.ioiciun€ si S 1919
crpr4i\irarF slilulu;.." i,\pr""1?a orAin., ohi.nuira d.uvin,etor, €d\4b;t -
Gau eohivalcdtul acestuia)fiind adus la lnceputul propoziliei, iar auxiliarLrl
DO pus lnaintea subicci,ului.ceer ce dti un ton nai ioimai conrexiutui:
Novcrdld 1$r suchsjro.tsmnnlikclcnariour:
WeUd, 1 rememr,,rhim!
Odly {'hcn lie called ont .lld n.tice him.
're
d../ accentucazdideea yerbului pe lingd care sE (Enfia.t;c DO).r $ 1990
He do.r looh kindl
{ P ar cint . r de rn . o m b u n .)
,, be quiell
(Tlceli, ra rosl)
We ra]lv drd ],rv acrv l,ard.
' T p r s iE r ; ra a n i .n r" i , ,t tn r-a d " \tr r..,r' . j d,u:ror
You saX I wasrt thc.e, lri I dtd go!
{Spui cd nu eram acoto,cu trsl m ail dus, re asigrrt)
"l l,operou don't nindl" "ilut I d, mind_,,
(Spo ce nu le sulfu.i!- Ea te il5eti, mn supir{, te asigur.)
,r comc iomorrowl
(Te rog, vino mline negreritl)
3) Pentru comp ara_tia contras livi intre v€rbel e to d,aSi to make .rezi S 2200. S 1921
I DO este h aoest caz puiernio acclntnat.

10:
ltrt TO LET (A I,,{SA)
192| Frl]lcli', .- 1'crbr,l l, ler esie iltrtbuinlrt e3 \.||b ptntiiipul sau parlixi
auriliar.
1991 l) Ca rer) prirr{ripnl
a, : a lii-qa,a permi|e:
L ivc and lc , lir f l
/-|l m. bel (Lasa.'tri ln lrr0!l)
llc 1 , , t |. . L0gs loos o.
-/-., nt halc r c ur r ns $d. t or r r r l
-I-rr me krow irl,.n yon $'rnl li) colrel
we m av s o iI t hc Nf r lht r ' \ r ill 1. , n s
'l r,r nqr r r i / ; r no . r c in
1,., sl,r'tn,g dogs licl (r'rovtr]r)
.r.d bXgo.es Le ltgon{sl {Prorc.li)
,j:r (sq inchiia:
I s,aslookin; lor a hd6. r, 1er.(:dc incLirirl)
It is rYhI tilc horGr has revu Ll
lll; :J r." \o,! au\ilirr, ur '.1-.r '. i .,,, froru , ir ''rul abi' ii\ |
n'ini'i\-r i,,'onplpr ILf 1'u,|, urc'r" ;"i IJl uhj^' i!u
"if 'lF
tui persoana I fi a :l :r, trg. qi Pl :1
l,,l r ! . s ir ' l is t his r ight ' 1
Do D' t lilo nc i l, r h€r Fo s hc k j, ' s t n o w l '
///'s hrrrr,l-'l
I)o i' l lc , nr c . at oh v . u her c agr t ' l
Ddn ' l lel s s ir r g n. \
Ze r X b! f qr r l li) Y. ( Uat \ qr ^Lie' l
S l0.lti Crzul compl$metrtLrluitanilLnrnlri LD t. - To Lll L liild un lranri-

'erb
tiv. eito urnat de un plorutne sru sub\iintil-ir cazul|lcuzalil-chi|lrli atund
cind o1estc aurilirt:
Le , n. t hn, Ll I s r ' t h. a dii. ! ?
I-r,' s s ir end. u. I ' olit h, s ir L|c . 1 o u 4 l . n b
Se atra:loatenljr asupragrc;cliifF wr tr 'le 1 s! I'unc ' cpsr' ^n lrlcrncnt
n .zrl nurinr i' {',b rrrlr'nl fbI ri u"-r'r"r "l ;"ur 'br^ r''':
'
in r . . l' aohn:9 .
Le t nt ' and r r e 8o
1 "L . 1n. r ! d 1" es Laif c c r f c il
il a ! r one ls . es pans i} r lc lor t li. od i s s i o r , 1 . 1 j t b t i r s
("Le i it 1, . r . ' f s t e nt oof . ut l
1927 Inliiritilul dulir rcr;rul "to lst". \'erbul lo l,l este urlnal' la diateza ac-
Livddr ir'finitivul inco,nplet.i]r 1&diiiezr p-rsirn(cljrdinsernlnn p.rrmte')
'n
in grn.t,) dc inlinil.ivul complel (1tlil3 l6fit):
1", t. .aath r,1r',. (\,ri\
t.f .,..- r ,".p .tt..d .\.a \ i .L.,n d.{r -\
19rB Ifornel€ contrasc.-'Nodalui LET, cin.l c::te au\i]inr, are o singufl lor
rni:rLcclrJlr: /,1r IL, r, F\nri ir,o un rnl' n in "rr'"" 'u r"rbul
l,ii..,l /o,'( .d n rm;r-J.,"t" ;,r r. f^r1, or"r' l in 8."d li'iu'i'
Zc,'s have I strinl lluxiliF)
r//a " h, P' , o l' r l: r ' 1 ' l ' no"
r hpr . ! "d- . l, / lL| r ' , r l' D J r n e 'g i . 5 'i n o l '
' " Eo
1 t-rDiirulori coNi.loe aoosielornc eonsinile .ru LltT ca iiind la modll idlcmtiv.
li"l'd",,,i, I i ,1";t.
.,"'jl,:"..:l' "f;:";'::l;jT,i i 'rr,"'"t'i'os;:;i.',1
roDo z, i"i "li
' 5cr,ul jI .""".'''..i"
' r, D: ' h r' , + rt : .
,i ,:. " r' rr'" , tn'c 'i D
; " i : ,j,1;,,1.,
403
1 ,, ri , bdj, l oln \ : | .i n i .l a " \F ' ,r,:. J " tu r-p ron ,,r\,,b

"li
r r , lui L ET."o n- iJ - r . t e u\l o p 1 .,tt. ,.l ri .,F r,' -.n :..r ti r,t:' ,- L rrl rr ,o-
l o c vi n l :
Zctr, t- lriml go:
1,eln I-- tijcul spcak ouIl
Pentru formclc contraso, vezi Ei S 1867.
Do a ce e t nat ( E r npha ti c D O)!i r.e rb u l to l e t. D O dccentual noate i n q 19!9
soti ycrbul ,o lct, lie aiesta verli lexical sau modal:
Nother, d, l.r us gc }ikins in the mourtajns this lrepk.nd, I|.n ard rrel
"DitDI. shall rve go surf rjdn,g lodrr?" "Oh, rd, Lr's/"
slltt,[. 1tr[1. nt]tY.

Acesteauriilirre,liind vcrbc dofeclirenodal€, slnr tralat€ la capiLolul
verbelor deleciiic rnodalc ($ 1930).
II. I'ERREI,N NEI'trCI'IVI }IODILE s 1930

( I I O D- \ L DE FEC fM -\U Il L l l R rItS o . l Ii D tl tOD A LS i r
\:ERBEI,E }{ODALN PRNARE s r9i1
{ PItIMIR T IIO D -\L YD IT I]S)
CAN. IIAY. }ILTST. OUGIIT. SHALL. WII,L.
1) Vsr',redelectivc. .^.ccsl,a
verbe sint numitc defrctiw deoarc|.ctru au s 1932
toatenodurile li linpurilel
d, urmitoarele verbe au nurnai dauii. lonnrl
Ptezent (Present) 'lt.cut (Past)
corld
m.y mighl
shall should
srll would
DJ III,ST qi OUGIIT nu au decit o singurn fotme: aceea de pN..nL, it\-
trcbuin,tatn nerri ii cu rclerite la tecut.
AtenlLe!
Toate vcrbcle de{dctivesinr trdz.itire, complemenLullor djrect fii d inli-
ritivul care le urmeazd.
2) Ycrbo moilale, Verbele modale stnt aslf€l nrmit€ dcoar€ce au si S 1033
ltrlllatie tnodald': insolind verbc care nu poL fi decit la -
nrlinitivs, ete
j oasi un rol aproapeasemindtor cu aceiafll ruxili arelor pro'nodrlpriu'zise, exprimind
moCalildlca,ciLEilitnpula *rbului dr:pend.en,
al.1,l. de olo.Cu al becuvint e, in propo-
zlrmc:
I .a, lperk, you atgli, go, clc.
verbele dependentespd.r/rii go, neputlnd avca decit formd de infilitiv ln con-
stlucliile cu vffbclo modalo, nu pot reda ideea exp naie tr Inod obilnuit, prjn
l ii gramaii0r englez,'racestev..b! .r! dinrrit. lrmiri durn nubi: )lt.tlal Delectioe
yetbs,.Mo.lal.luitiar! r.rr. (ullimul, nume impro!.ir, accsti reliind drci! un 6pect al
:,ualdr : (Diliannral linbii tumdnelitoaN
se ftie.,:r ra un mod .sfadral'.a1,..
..caf-A
.onremp,rdaeprblirat de -{{radeniirR.I'.R.) Vtzi si S 133t-13n0.
r\.rl r' , r , , 1" 1"nu I , r ri u " m.r' d .i ti \: \" rb' rl modl l 6l u" .61l
/ p", / . i d r i n l inir i\ ul uI nr lur .. ..rD d ? r,r' r
{Ve zi { 13! 6.
!t04
indicaiiw.condi{ioDal sa subionrlir. AoeasLar i(lccnoCrld esteredatnjn exerF

plelc dc mai sus de 1'crbelcdel€ctive regenie C1)r (i,r(licdliv) qi \{Ii}HI (in-
dicativ trollul,,conditioral sau Rubjonctiv).I€rbul defrotiv rcqcnt,sffvclte af*
dar aa;nd.i tar norlal.: spra crc,nplu. chidr darn acliunea bi fsio roalir si ar
trebui deci erprimatn pril indicativ. ot cste pus La modul condil.ionelsau lt.
subjonctiv pertru a se ariia cd acliunea la care sc refernverbul dependentLLI
Pentru funclia modali;i acecatcmporali pe care o tndcpli csri pistrin-

du-;i totuqi propriul inleles. verbclc module. in conirasl cu aeeleaauxiliere,
stnt considerate 'ra semiauri.liare.
l93l f,) Colrjugarea{erbelor ilol€ctivo modale.
Prozont,Yiitor Trecut, Corditionalli Srbjon{itiv

I collil
Xou coul.l
he. s h e - i t conld
rve conld
Xou ,jould
thel oould
f,I&y
Preuod 'Irecut, Conrlilionnl li Subl{}nciiv
I miSht
h e , shc, i t mi i ht
Uust 0ught
Prezontl Prezent
I oughl
le, sle, it ouiht
ihey ouslri
Shrlt
Prezont Trecut, Conditional!i Subjotrctiv
I I
shall
6hall
r u' ,,
shall
will
Prozent Troeut, Corditional Fi Srbjonctiv
I will I
they wiu
405
. compuseah aLrxiliarelordelective modale primare vez!

-Pentru-tinpurile
1961.
s:1940,
Pentru subjonctivul si coldiiionalul auxrtiarelor detectir.e modate, vezi
s 1581,1620.
Pentru auniliarclc rnodale secundarevezi S 2069 20?:1.
4) Oaracteristicilenrriliarclor deleetilo lxodal(. Auritiarele delecrive { 193b
ruJ d l i dr l,o"rs d in,rrp rnr . , r . / ' . br . . t r t ot |ot r t d. . sp.i.tt. ,8-,:,.
/,\pzi |
(t. d drd" . JU u .mu tolto t.
d, sinL dctcctiro: nu au irfinitivl, pdrtifipii. qeru,,rli\ sau irnpcrrtir.. \ 1996
i"r douJ dirlr" FtF t,,r 1 si lr,t'tta) nt.'u ri.i tor;r lp t"",.r:
Pre.enL 'l rccut Prezent 'l rccut
0ould 6hall - should
dav might *ill - would
must _ ougri
,/ nu au irrrmil]alia r la persoana a 3-a singuLar a indicatiaului ti l9Z7
lic maJ it slall

he c an it x'ill
c/ nepLrl,indInrno singure prcdi, atul, sint lntotdeauna urmale de un \ 1938
itIit,i ti, in.rnpl.l tl..H tar. tu.\.fplia lui o4ht. rlttpa.0r..infiniriv,r].jtp
precedaLde p.rircula lr:
You ay si, dolr,. Ii ougbt to 0o.ft.

d) Iormcle )or intercgotir. )i rpgarli,pstni conshuire, oa la auritiarele BD q t9B9
si HAVE, prin inv.rsdre€.uhi"rrului , u moJalul Drpdi"r ului. drci ldra in -
terrent[a aur;liarul&i ,O ( S ]918):
Cdn she do it? I .dn'r scc soor.
Ma! | ron P in' nh" ndu , ;"vou, b, ,s.y.
.tnd ll I h ld, \nu a u. u of You e, , t " l be lote. -
ter? I rna not lic ilo\rn.
Wttt lou tinE n t s r p Th. v , r / t , o , N " i l n o $ .
OuBh t lo ,"L i ( . t . oul l, : m : \ - idCht n o t r o $ J l k L o m p .
"p
II. AUXILIAN,ELE DETEOTIYD IIODALE

(MODAL DEFECTM AUXILIARIES or THn MODALS)
s rem
.h_ aceasti categorieintrd uD numxr de auxiliare disparare- deosebite S 1941
toLsl de rpslul rerbelor din limba pncl"z.i - rarp, 1n d"aursulIndpl,inqdrci'
9i ,buciumalFilor jslorii. aJ pia,duLlrFprdr din caraclere,rbminind asrezi
unele cu doue forme, alLeleou una sinquri - sau chiar numai cu o fttnturi
dF lormi - ti rouqindsu supmvieluiasra tn mdsurdIn carpru izbutit .a sali.-
fa.d n"voilpde exprimar"ale odmpnilar." lF intrebuinlau.Pc tru.omptFLa.
rea Iunc,tiilor dispirute, s a apelat la sinonimelerespective,dindu-li-seistfel
un cumul d" fuD.lii (v"zi Col LD, I'llCH f). altt al;lorprnprii. cir si In con-
tracl "u CAN, \4\Y, I\4UST,BE lo ssu llA\E TO dln ic"casi nateqodc.
Rezolvarea ambiguitdfilor astfel create a dat tns[ aoestorfiaqmenie de
yerbe alLe sensurr cu implicalii foarte subtile. Noilor auxiliare, eminamente
colo.rialF,li s.du ad;usel Ff..Lp nblinulp prin miiloa."l" socciticerorbirii:
noditi.Sri sinld.lic" Ei so,nan'ir",abrcvieri,fonnc nootraseesr"ntorisrire mo-
dalplor, arc.n, inronrli" "i rir.r shr , ,.ptF modsJ-lp fiind mono.ildbicp.
' lLotlat la vortad i.fin:t;o, totlr'- b . a", to mau. to 4,sr. /o or4n,. adeseatnr ltriie
r d a l ' oJ:drrli, s n t tota t p toa db, nlf : c dld , r t ir nd m nr i I nr : n , t i v u t r i .
it06
1042 (D C A N
-\
C]]NEIIAI,E
CONSIDERATII
S 1913 1) Fol.mt, - CAN [- a (se) putea]r, avind numdi ddrd forme, face parl.e
din cntegoria verbelor defeotive.
Cele doun iorn]e ale verbului sinl,:
ClN - forma dc ,r€:en, (toate persoanele)',inirebuinlnli ,si eu rorerne
la /ltrrr. (Vczi S 1949)
COULD - fcrna de rr?.d, ln anunitc litnite, erprinind ;i rinorul fald
(le fecut, ca d.ilianaLulgi *tbionctioul (l,oate prrsodnclc).
Aeesto lormc sint npmatc dc infinitivul infomplet (' |nrn puticula lo)3
,\I eerl lri Inic.lL depcndentlS 1938, 1933).
S l${,1 2) lloduile unitersorale ii imperson e. Modalul C,\N. ca orirc au!'
liar delectiv modal, nu arc impe.aliv, intiniti\', pariicipii, nici gemndiv.
$ 1916 3) l'ormclc oompusc,- CAN, neavild infiiitii' $i participii, nu poate
avea nici forrne verbale compuse. ,{tii acester, cil fi ntodurilc ilnpcrsonale
carc ti lipsesc ({ 1!44), sidt lmprumutate de la siionimul situ BE ,\BLE TO
\"-i |! 19.q,. {t].o.,/,,: }oT lo BE \BLL.,u Bli I'\4Rflrr.
Inlocuirpr o,laluluiC\N frin BE ABLE nu se poate inse face d.cit.
atunci cind acestedoui verbe sint p(rfect rirozi c, odicii atunci cind C,\\
irN€amni ,,a putea" : a fi. in rtare (1'ezisi S 1949).
S 19.17 4) Pronuntrare.- CAN se pronunln:
umnluat lker): foll:ila taro (vazi $ 1866);
nc.LcccntLrdt Lken. kn, kll : forma slabn (i'czi ra1866).
CAN, fiind auxiliar, estein mod nottr\al n.a&eduat ln contert, accln-
'1,
tul ciizlnd pc verbul principal:
You ca4Lkalrlgo to sleepnow.
Al1$e .an lionl do i'r to kccl sniling.
D/ CAN este .Lcccnhmt ii mod normal tI1 ur.nitoar€le situarii:
- cird stn singur, neurmat lmedi4t de un inlinitiv:
c1r_{I kenl is a modalld]]
"cdn ikanl I'ou tell me xhere slie is?" "O1courscI .4n t kenl."
- int€rogati\.:
Shccan't s.old you, ddDI korl she?
urmai de n€galia not (lolma necontrasi)i
I .a4@t I kan.il tell Io! his nante.
- peniru a exprima un protest, contrastul sau o co.irazicer€:
llc can'tdo afobatics,but you.az t kenl. {cuionul ur.:ndpc co" jn'rl).
adDrirdtiv (cu tonul cobortnd pe silaba finali):
You. son.oDI konl .rctl
cind, liind lnsolit d€ un adv€rb de timp neprecis,preia accentul care
revenea ac€stuia (vezi S 2298-22119):
You al$ats.az lrk@nllind thc dsht No.d in a crjsG,.az'r I lto:ntl yoa?
You ncv.r.aa I'k€nl l.euI
r Dc lapt. ac.astl tr.rduccrc, incract{ h ]inib.r romAnlt. nD esi. dc.it o oonldil,e
iidislr.nsalil.i, deoarecc CtN nu an inlinitiv- Ons(rmija este va]alili pcntru toaie moda-
S lr45 J 2i s 3. : ' r,r'ri a . . L 'n . lormT.l1ril. D nlq,

D\vr'-i.o nd k)ttl . d. iDn' - u' , hr Lk
lr|?ns
"r r ir i n c a r i v , n '. 'n a , . i " o 't . 1 ( ) s t 'o t
slnr d rhirr, ii ini.D Lin x r - in idbd r onr Fm por n n . '- , " , m J , d , a l '. r a l r i t ! , ': l u t 'u " r r '
iniinil,ivul .ur plct.
'Cu erciipiia nodalului o,snt ro, c4re esl.eIntuLaledudaun"at dc
,'0?
:)) InlerogR1i!,!i nega,tia. Formele de interogajie ti negalie sint: .s 1918

aidnI /Joulricrsl'.jitlNc/lou/ihcy?
I/ro!i hcisr,./it^yri/.ronlrrer.zn,,r i l€^.tl L.eLl:I.rna .onnasn:
',atr'rLlto!11'.
ti) Flllltiii. C-L\ (: a pul.ea, a avea posibilitatea referindu sc l,r \ 1919
pr(.?nt s\ tiitor) arc rmntorrde lunc,tii principalc:
aJ exprinn capt(i!a|.. .onNte !d. priul eft, pu.tinld,[i.nn. intckdualn. I l95O
moruld etc. t:atdctt:ri.tti..d, dcli de durati (-, a li ctrpabil de ccva, a a\ea l,u-
ter.a. drcptul. caliiicnrile,nijloar:eleetc.): fnogrtiv: d nu putt:o.:e\tr')t1..i\
ircapacitatc, ncputinti. impo3jbilitateetcl:
I arntold ]o! orn trne bc.rs.
l' hrt ron ln.d r !: a lgood) s po . , .
ihc $ill d o Nh at sh. ca, .
(yin: ir| iL itoso.in :) "11lat ada I do lor nuda d ? ' (Cn ce rn pol srr!i?)
C.:z aou curv il{i orrhr urr Ure st.N? - v . n,
lI-" .da'r lrpnd ilic punr 1u... nof irrargc llc i!se-
Urrori C-{\- porte reda (in fur.ilie do intenlia vorbilonrlui) Dio ca]'a(itclis-
ticn trecntoare(:,,Iatn de ce sini i sLareoaneniil",,Se intimple un.cri.'):
Jrrc .d,, Lr. r.rr obliging Nhed si,e chooses.
| .od.i. a, cfl.cn be re nnlc . lins .
Thc crossing Dr!.r Cahis .dn b! r.ry rough al this tim. ol (UI:) year.
III llat .dn lc llril,ly l,ct in lhe snmner.
,.) esle sin,rnin ru .,a !ti" (- ft.rn.n ln limba gcrmann): S 1S;r
H. .?r play lhc ..11oliLc a lir,tuoso.
His studcnls &n rfd bcoh n, th.netic scripi.
a j d n r.u s k r t . ?
To ,i r.a a r s F r k E lglis h a t a l l .
( Vc ri i i ro ,l t,j rtI 5 19e8)
.) .xrrn\n posit)iiiutl!:. dcci ;i deilarlie, presryan./c (: UAY)4, (negatir: ! l9;9
i tpasibilitat t)'.
Idith ca, cornc\rith rcu on tour triD.
C ,n i t b c t hat y or ' r ! : ,l l .rrtri e e r l .h o ,?
She.tr,', Lrum..ried. had no Bcd.lilC rirC on Id lingc. ycstffdaJ.
\\'e .d,1 give r!, rr,atcv.r -she uic cost.
Th cv.anL l, a! r . , c o$iz e d h i tn . l h e l i Eh [ss tre o !i .
"Do; plfrse..d, yox rrescribea pick-ie{p lor poor Minnie? Shc'siccling so dowr'
- . nd o u l j u st r or l"
d) tn limba rodritir C,tN cxpdnn in mod curent, pentru prezent ori S 1953
viitor, solicifarea sau acordarea nnd pet"risinni (-,. Xl.\\!); (negativ: r".lr?:.
inte iclic), inloc,'ind .rstfel modal|lI'L{Y. care pine la al doilca rnzboi mo -
diai era considcrat, in limbajul cult, singurul acc€ptabil in ac€asti siiualic:
Formulele obitruite slnt:
'a n . l r t ' .' ' e ),1 a n . s a L -Y .u r,rj ' ,:
" t h' r no\v A gyi 5
d oir c l , r r o oL , ' s ! r r . ! t " d J , ',, d l l \ l 1 l " o u " b
'-l .,r t, o; ; . " . du, , u ,n a .,J .rd
!i g J r.,o e J .,.t," i r" r ' .," /.
I . , i Lq n l .I' p,o n' , , ' I . . nE r a d| d,

11. . . , - n
' '
e,lsDl, o D roJr" nt
- t âant .t - dli uno' nam 'r
dbil,.L. 1rd .l 'r - 'b '.
tn t ru n co.i " ,,;.. ,"'j ,, l . |. |no. "a LA\ - h p. . , \ \ L d l r r 'l
,,€ste cu ndevi.ai....", ,,itjc lntr {d.!tu...", extrinlnd admiralie luperlnlirA pcnt oreali-
s; . , arL. t1 dr6 r r...,,b...ut . , r , v t . r , . , , o, : . , c os d"p- r ar , : j"u\ F r b ! , r , - o " - m ,
fJ p l u r jl t rtrd o .r'ol r l'rr'"d, ' dm "_ii, I n) r . \ n. . " onlun d r r r j h ' p . o p l l a u a . t , a l
/, t 4 r, . . ub. l.nl.li\ plr,l not or Li' u, u a p, apl. . p1 .p " o D l . s tJpu".popo r' :
"t h . p ; apt esof th" l: t on; . ; ele lum iil
a v \\ I ",'l;/'
po .ib lirJ i p/ i $ 1012: ! A\ r ! r m i5 . n r s 2 0 3 r .
108 MOEFOIOGIA _ VEEBI'IJ
CoDI see vou a nonent? {ton neut.u - cel mai frccvcntl

C oail I s eaaou ,l o rl a mo i l p n . rl o n m3 ' l o l i l h osl
,Ua, I s c c v ; J lo r r mo me il : ro n 1 i o i .ra l . to_m1l l
Yofcaa so;o*l llomuld p€ntru a marca sllriitnl unei conleNalij cn rn itlerior ca
vl$tii. rang. i.eatti social[ ctc.)
De fapt traducerea in limba romAnn ilustreazi aceste nuantc:
"Caz I smoke?" (= ?o, iu]na?l "You aar."
"Co,i.t I smoke?" 1 ,4r plka luma?) "You .42."
",tta" I snokc?" l: Imi pcnneti sI lumez?) "You .a'."
Rdspunsul; .,Iou can". acelali la toate irtrobirile, inclusiv ]a ,.llry...l"
si la,,Could-.?"' este simptolnaiji pentru e'olulia viitoare a rerbului CAN.
tr{ai edificator este ri.(punsul devenit clasic. l,iios. nu lipsit de urnor, dat
adcsea la intrebarea'aan I snok.?' i\ apaca Al1t€belicl, atunci ctnd sc tnc€rca
sA se stivikasci aceastd invazie a verbului CAN. coDsidera€ sloppy l:
"You cd,, youlg man. but J.n ndl not."3
l,ati,enrul ,,CAN-.. M-\Y noi..." esi,elrcir intrcbuiurrat in l1lod curenL pen-
tru a se sublinia o siiualie eontrastivn indicaie d. context
Dc lapt, evolulia verbului Cr\N, depafie de a ti sirncit limba €oglezi'
,l u p a , ur ' . ir pE r " ' d i n .p l -,\t,s . i .' o,,.ran1u.tb i l a
" u .. ' Jd' ,sJr
i n i .l r , iit " uinr r e " rm " r.i .d i h -n :r d :n' nrr.
;i C \\ . n " t,i ,,,,r n j ' i crol i nv^l l
si XrlAY. mai lornral, 9i mai ,,respectabil".3
! 1954 (D C 0 U L D
CONSIDEITATII
GE\]ERALE
S t955 1) Pmrunlare. COULD esle pronullat lkuttl lorna tare !i [krd] lor
Ina slabi:
How could t kudl youl (foari0 rocentuat) (E\clanaii\')
I:le sas as nioe as .,,1d lk.(ll be.
S lt56 2) IntcroErti:rsi negalir. --

. ,/, r /r ,u/h rpr.
l\ , ul, " " n l "r./i,l\,.ro,r
[,' i\ .,n r' ' ,/rd / ]t d l ]
','L
$ l lll; . r t un. ! ii. - L U I I D tn fl F F \p ri ' n ' :
a) tru:dul simplu (PAST SIN'IPLE) al modalului CAN, in nnumile liDi.
tr: irqiuse do cclclaltelunetii {le lornoi COULD{:
\\h:n 1onrg. Ned .otrd slcak Ercnch like a Parisian. (: capacitatc)
| . , | . a. 1o 5 \" p ,o p d J . { J rl )
\ . . , - , . . . .,,/, rrf,J i u !.:!,0 n ,rr ." ,1 d. , r . t.]..
, 1. \ . , r 1d s l, s , n .,i r_ o o ,i b ;l i l i " rl \' l m.r '
I . : : ao 1 . L " t' " ' " i t .n | $ J o l l r. " n" t.. I i ^ po' bri l Jh
-1 "
\ i . r . j. \ l" .l n " .i l l .' ,1 rt.' y (n Ii ai d" .u| rl dr r!' Ti " rn" .
I 1 ,rr in ,uiL t : i nf c liiF0t
3, , l,.,rl , / d, . , /"n p dl l, r :G . i Lp. L1n' .U p o ' .ioJtt C 'q t . h t , . L - . p -
a \'r'zi ! l!/13 .
; sni (jip pn'riLat lskiN sau f.til, ultimn fin,d rro,'ulia nor'cgiaDn adoptatiL ti ir
\n| ;in
p: t . / , 0, 6. 4, dh \ p.\.:/ l a at , t . b l
\.'''.i - i \ ' - i1 A . a t o 't a ,
'
o' ab'e\../s"-.../s" mn.t.:b'. ota'. r ibi.ron""r"ib'
,i,,. , ,,.::u:;;;j1".,,
4{0
D.) CodTd(+ i"finitivul perfeci al verbului dependent) ajutd lalormarea

trecutului pe ect al verbului lexical:
Irp d o v qas po- ili\ " \o u a u l tJ" o tl d n t h o \p M t h " t.
l ,o u i a ha' e @/ d J or , ' rh a r m\s " l t. l p o ;i b l i l a rn n ,rp ari zara,
cJ poateexprimaaiitarull^t4. de trecutal modaluluiCANI
T l' " r srid lh e\ ,otld : \ ot uLt r al hplp us m ov F in o n ] r ( n d a \ kpal
opn; t r ", Jdu ,a\td lo"t dn' : nne t r h; , 14r t s eaL .
d) ajutd la lorniarca ditorului pcrfect fald de trecut aI v€rbului lexical:
Hc lold mc lrc .auldn't tossi\ly hdre canc the follo$'ingweek..
e) poale li condili.analal lre.?ezl sau poate ajuta la formarea condilidnalu-
,di pcfcr, al verbului lerical:
He coel.t 1= ar lrteD) ra&. more erercise:he's (: has) put on weighi. (Conditiona
p.ezenl inde!end€ni) (posibilitaie)
Tne). couu.cone il thcy sa, Xou. l.lL.r in good l.ime. (Conditiolal tr'reni corelat
cu subjonci.ilul prczent) (losibililat€)
ra tL J vou I c t m lr f " n \ $ _ L o n J ,n C a ' l :!E 3 nv l omurro$. C ol oi Li ond
' 1 ..
r F r"r;n d L sp iJ \ r i or , r Dos b r,| ,., r.-r,- D o t:ti .o o .'
' ft,p r'a u t d la# awi, t h ,\to 1 , " ;.I ro u r Irr" r' 1 :m fori h" $.dd:nc.rcon-
d: liond l l r"l .l , or . dl . r s l l In ,; u p r " ,:l Io .i b :l l .' 1 " 1r,,." . " r-Jl i :J-'
l v e z i i S 1 tj t0 )
f./ poate fi snbjandiauL modtLLttlui LOIILD d\1pi\'. il, s .ppose. inagine. as
though, I t+,ish etc. ($ 1,580):
// o n \' lr . ' \ u" . i a . t' d . " , d ;ti r (.: ,r, n .ri \ , . ." r.a,,,1F,' l
It \o t . oulJ . oian a . \a . 'a td ' o n l i r' Lndl o,,/pnl , i dr. \ouf
nxnte ' ai,-.o
su p p u :p\ t v - t d . ulj n .ri \ p " , n r n d r" .d l .\" -k .d Jrl o o,rs-l \" .. sh r.
vould vou like to lro?
l i \i sl ' Lo U' r ' ,,,. rn rr i l h p o , .
' to ' i " r " gl ds$.1 " " )o-
l D of irl J)
i . Ie n l i . c !
Subjonctivul erglez sc traduc€ de celc nai nulLe or; in limba rominn prin
- condilia al; deci identilicorea subjoncl"ivului rrr se poa1,eface conform tradu-
c e i. ci co n lor m f unc liei p e c a re o i n d e p l i n e tte . (\i e zi { r58i )
g_./inlocuiqte t,'lr.3/t'l&l C:\\ ir stiL l i./tdirctt:
(La tcl?fon):
I sond€red il xou .oLrt l,€ar e all rishl..
{Ua htr€bam dacd mi dz:, |in,,.)
,\1il diect "cat rou he.rr mc rll righi?"
They askcd us jI we tholshi Fe c,dd ftach an ufderstanding.
,\ " d, rrlr'o .'l ,1i,.1 n oi' J pd c aonp. adl r';!.rol l r l ! 'r p )
S t:t dtt".t: "L,o :ou rl'in t \ 1 , d , r o \ an und"r ' dnlin s .
h) 1L eacltlnalii:
Ilorr dorlrl sh€l (CuIna ptrtrt laceaia ceral)
r I next w€ek
{illrl ariicolul holiirit d.) : .,s,'L]rtdninaviitoar' lutiL de nonentnl
r zent |t\ cnre se afli'r rorlriionrL:
lhr brrt s* k ,,.d !,,1q' I r d u"m or oar r ' . aJ ' d d. . d, ar p r m a m o m r 'i u l u i r r " / r
1 1 . a r-- alld \o .Lilo r.l .r'd r"pu. : n, \ ! , : J "J , l1. : "agndio' ar d p a f a r 'i . n ) r l
,nd cste sinonim{ cu the la aan\! .vet:i.
t -ln' , dar tottt.ts t - 88. Lo, da, . at t : ' , q l: lr lt ,l p r o ; r 1 n r 'r . i
" m i '. n l o f
C u r p o r.lj"i l" llu ,iu ;'T.ler,r ' Lne Lundon - . l- BL . - - 8f l, i . 'i t s r u d l " i . r i n g C o r l o r 4 -
a !a$i,, didinuiiv Atsnalian(d)).
Irrhtenc6L:
{t0
t9;8 CA\. COLILD.BD ,{BLD TO

(sTUDtU CON'r'RAS
ITV)
TI}I?UId II CARACTtrRISTICI
s r9,i9 C4\"
l-olna C,\N erprimn:
19{i0 1) trrezcrtulmodalLrlui
C.\N:
Uard .a, Ddke b.auiilnl li.ie.
ar.rn she trc]ols to our chb. and rr1 nol, ]ravnls niet her rctl
L d i b | \' H - , . . \ e- \ n' , . r J l. H do". n r l , , L i r , , l : . . h " .
\\ J.d rj,, l. ' L J ' u l. , or oJ , - lr '5 s , i n g l o l . o u r \ 'i l ' ra r.
' r "la
1961 2) T&rut l modalulii ClN, flI,uncj cind C-{N €stc urmat de infinitivu}
pel.fect al v€rbului lerical dependent,(Cf. 1957 b). ]\eeastd construciie dii
;.icnrui modal noliunca de f.i.al, colorati nr glneie cu eea de nesigJranfi,
rle irealitate. cdre aparline modatutui rr:genti
lJor'| 1\ h " d? ] . ar " bp"n d t , t , J E\ t s . h,to.k".tt.,t' t , n hc.- or
t -iz" J- , ti. .l r d J n d br but v . , ir t ". t . , 1 / t
'
[ln acesteexcmpte, tornele (can)hat'c bccn, (can) haae :'an. (:anhe (harc
j ',
"o,' for ti fiddJ,! in dord | ,o luîl
n) " I tt. ,, .n[]niLr: ..." I,uru ii..., .... p,rr,. .tsriq".... 6/ .u "o"
' t, .r- -i ri r^,j1..: ...nu po.l, r- Ir . q i;Jr.... "u ju .ri\Ll
'.\ptiminl txisiluranld, ind.oiald.l
1', ,r ,i.., 8 " i, s , . m p Ln. { o. . o, , \ , u t r , i n i . , r r
t.o" :t, p..t. |.tnar ip \ t d\ t r ! t l; , / , r no; , n..i a.drJ
ro, lo, Aa.. ! " t ""t d. r , o, hpn. dd \ . r in_ . , t ( s r b i , l . l
tt to r:tuI .1 tt or a nt t I r a, . ' t |t 1, .
'l) ', I.
! o t th o., A r ' r ll' e p. ' r k , , r . t | l . , r l m r " i b l i
- , ?us '1 " i , . a . '
/\.t
"" t...t?.r," [ i $aLi
n- t ] lt i. bin. n: . pr r n p . , . r . r a . J . ,
s 106:l COULD ti \|AS/WI.IRL AILD TO
Functii
l9ti3 1) CoLTLD qi trecntul simtlu. - COL'LD este int.)ttl.:aunaform.. intre,
buintatn pentrr r.cdateatrecutului si rllu atunci .hd c\prime pcrnisiun.)
kdeseati) pa:ri'it.itatei oritin(l este ceite nc utrr:ponaoltl ti.mivitar (Sc-
quenceol f tnsts):
Topsy kn.q she .,,1d do whotevcrsl,€ likrl. (p.rnistuntl
Lolld ihil gaurt m{n l. .trr lrttrt {posibijii,ai,ir
certri exolamatjr)
hc_vtold rrc lhey .oau,u1 lir€ h Lordonbccanscihe cosr01 )irnrgwastao high.
. _ 'tindirecl
ijlil im!osilrilitate)
I'Jril 2r lHpa.iliric dc durntj. lnr.u.it p-\F. n rrlrritcr.i -- pr:n
..;1..1ut r.n.t,,tLtttr I \ rS lq.,0r_ LUt LD nu p"ir" p,r,_i"nr",t.sut r""-. i t,,
su;ire decit atxnci cind ea este o ruractcrislit:dtl.) d.irati. e\;I]tni ncinteruptd.
detit rnxear; si pentru r.zr, timp:
<
"1 .a"|Jl. J. r . ' r nin6 jr s , ot ! o! . , n; . . , o p . r r o t
' - tdr, r. ,.
(t,p1 I.F
' il1. . hii(rd rJL t,,.n",rtr oh, r p\ t , , , , t ior , 1\ 1. . r - h p , . m , d d o f 1 . h f r $ r n n , r , ; . n , i t "
rror.. lu- 5 \ e ' - 3nd t , , "ge ,
I n,,
!.onuBic ln cazrl oliectiv, lntelninl{t in loNl nonrinativului-a.- Iortri {te
nrire cireulalie aetunlah Imbajul coloclial. (Vezi S 88r).
4 r1
:) liE ,tBniil - rcrliz:rrc prirl {}lort. Cind inse verbul se r€f€rn h o i 196;
r(rili.ttc i/t.trntt, oliiruln prl;lf un ,/o/1,Ci)ULD estoinlo':uil cu rormalJli
\LIL.E TO (: a ii in sl:,r.; a rcu'\i; a izbuti), carc mcrcheazi ..a un€i dt
Iicuhdli inrinsr:
(i.;cD . ds drlc i" ski ( . a f . uiit ) s r , t . , a/ d s k il: a ! ! h i (posilililate)l |.ti.r
wner shc hrrl lrad some coa.hins.'
Innnn sas tolrl she .rrll lri\'! Lhc lase on lhe trble. lni ire uP a, a sla.t
an d 11,, drla to tui th t tc odies ' 3t D t hc 1r llloy 3, oul . I r c a c h o i t l'at
d thildlcn
'd." ( \ er i iii 5 r 9! ! )
4l T0 \l-!l{,{GI - PL:ntru atrcnt'u:rret dilicultltii eforttihti depus sf S lttli

t,rtrelnliflorzrirerb|l t0 ]L'rN,\GU (: a r{[fi, d izbuti: n se d.l1(Iirct)in lo
cul lormoi COLt,l):
It N.s v.rl diLrlt Dd rrn,ing l,ajd hul Fe iererurel€ss no,/r{.d to rerch iioni! ii
!r put tin g li ! lo l o t. \ t f a w. r lr , Ne Don. s . d t o lt J olt Lhc dchl oD ilie caf
5) ts.8 IBLH f0 ii ]IA(AOE T0. Aceste formr, c.Lre nrrcheazn {, i 1!16?

realiztrc diiicilir.pot fi jrtrchuinlaie la toaic tiinpurile -/r:!r?1. 1r"(.alsr!
ritlo. - \'I,\NACE chjar jn ro'tlbijratie cu fornrclc oAN ,:! I'OL:I'D (lrczoi
si r:sDcolir con4i.linr.tN\ rirf.dfr h /iilrtl - situati€ ir1 crrr pltona.'nrri
:'can ivLnt:i' uorlribuic l:r ir.rttL,utrrca idei;:
'\! | . no' . : onl, ' il
'u l ./h ,. l ;/ r' l .ro" "l
' ,' L l ,' ,p :.n
cu refornc lr \iltln) tut,tds. a $ocd Nliile Lo .ome
c-\RAtl 1'ER I STI (l t .s 1lJ{;s
\{rgrtirut COI]LDN'T po.lte li inLr{rbuinlet ca negalic a anbelor tor- )R1109

1)'COLil-D
nre siWr\S,UlLIiTO- durlalntrebui lareal i in accstcaztrebui.
mulli\ atentie Dcntru ca el sl corespunili 111toate detuliilc- De piidd. tn erem
Dlu ,l. I' pun. ul 1i1 pro' 'r 'r' roi""ir', n"- iFi LOUI D\'l in lu' ul t^rbu
' '
t,r BE.\fiLt: fO (..,u \1 \\\';E Iu) or .o,. irui ^ 'roarF. JaoH'..
COULDNT nu irdcplineste condiliiLenecosarc:I hart b.n dlle nu estc
negatir !i nu exprimi crpacilato caracierislici ti continue
2i 'Lfu)cut l.rimrlz COULD poaie li utilizat ln propozi-tiile negttire (S s 10?0
19691sau intcroqatile ,:hiar tn cazurilc ln cnre WAS ABLE TO cste sinEnr&
forni afirinarivi posibild (i 196;), cu condilia insi ca ambii ternreni in-
tocuit. !i inlocu;to,; - si se suprapund perfect. ( S 1946)
l{. clinbell uD to Ure top ol the irec nrt..zld"',5dc [Ic ]ake.
co,l.l he sec ihe lakc slien ne.lntbid ul io the to! ol tlie lrec?
Co,rl Jolm hrve a holidal on FridoX lasi.?
Ile.ouldnl leel hrtty iD tt,e to{n b..ausc he {rs loo lonPly.
s 1r7r
p "i n ..pr oN: i! . r.!,l F g c o ' i ' e fro p o zi l i e ' a| n ." pi l ; d r' s nE
rrti v d a ior it r Dr " z pnt p i ,rn c ; p h " l i d F \u tb i rp ' ru .bi ar € un i al l F t' rol o
T rri i ru . " n. n" q0; i , n d u L n i , !,r/,r' . rE 2 C 33' :
anr lhi * , I w d ' ml l Y l o n g ' l i P d
"
1 h " l o lloqll' - d , i I d i d n l l a F J l l ,i g l rl a n d o \t.tn-tA rt
'thc:i cautrt i'a i G-rjnesalie) sce throush the mist
-I,,'r"."i
,.t"-it" YerbclorCoLJLD ii DE AtsLE sc supraptrnh acelaii contelt,
. (e! ir tr rrt un { em t lu dr rrc s l .g rn
! d o "u . . , a I r t r t r , 7 l l : tn o f, r)
"1 l l Dt. " r " . lb, r . . / l )u b ' r' i ,l i \ n .rJ b :j , ' " frn
{19 MonFot,oorA - wRBUr.
A nh .r $ oma r , aut . t s . 4apt u. . pm in. g" p) b p t a u n d .

1 \ato d,t p-o nu nr n. eat \ , ou) d r nda- t i. d hin.
HF .o 'rd tle r 14. . r adr , , F1r iv , r ! t m p m , t r e f .
l9i2 3, Prcferin li. - Ci, , l t im pul t r ir . " In , r , l i u n F " l D r h u t u i F s , i D r e c i
z-ll p rlnlr u'l o d\ r b dp t it , p t r . . . ut , x"0r F
: d. s t t r do l J . t a s r t , , k . t t o d a q , o e o ,
WAS ABt F.TO ",a.,
"s r rurpra.rorrnp:COULD.',rr". -, i",r .; i;..;i-i";:;,_
ru r. -\ u, i Llp/ at r r F d "b :1 . rn p te o ,...n . 1 ti ,r.ri ,to sdv"
",. rbFI, Jp ,i ,rp ,rmur
""
pr.crs:
Dl1 l rgs a bt 'a it is t
. ' nt J on o, h: s m i , . . " - i n r o t . p t t o t t i t o r r . r .
lr.lur rr F dd ie iFp o nt , d t . r ' popt to.g
i\ pr \
r.ja n du . ,rt"'^ | p, o\ p hi. D, ; . oC. "p' r e $ , . ! n h d . i . . r '. , l r s . t i i n s it on I.s.
. D. l. d,"isle prnterinld.\istd tot,r<isl.Jtp'i. d..n,,tan "ria vorbi orutui
tr mar alF. ,lup; dil,rFr ta d. rntplp. p-\prinjri.
(Vezi si { 1963-196b1 "ar.,rjs r Inirp.-tp doud
l9?A. 4) ({rt LD in stilul indirp.t. Tnrrrn.pu,"1,,r..; de"tara.ii din sritrrt
!lirp.,.in.et indirar si inrer.. drn sritutin,tir,.r i",;iat.";,,10.:.uii"
mo,rrlFtor €rplpasi mod;fi,;ri inerFnrFr-g1ltitorcon spord.niFi tin purilor ""),i
( s 2834 2838).
CAN din stilul directdevineCOULDin srihi indirecr(;i invers):
Shp s d. '..,' y ou , um F w: r h f t J r d , " c..".,.
I r n"n d 1
sh p,si"d n .. i1 | "aut t t8a $it r hp" o t " t ir m e n J i i u r
(Veziri g r95rs)
$ 1e74 0onjugflren modalului C,IN1
Inlinith :
having bcen able to

Iniliefltil :
can {an/arelis able to)
coDrd (was/$ere aue 1o)
ha!€/hlls iecn alle to
had leer nble to
/o./ fall de prlzcnt J p.s.nr can// shall/will be allc to

t pe./c.r shan/}ix lave been able to
J ?rc.€n, corld//should/wouldbo ablc i0
10, Iali de trcclr , o u l d c o ud$,r' Lh \ h. ndrr' p to
l p -1 ,.
Conditiodl :
could:/iShouldhvould
bii allc i.o
coulds/,/should^voul,i
hale bccn able !o
cou]dl/r'wasi
\yere able to
' P " , ' lr u r or m l" rp rb n l ^' a rF i r.." b - D o d a tuL i C q\ s-.t folosit sinonirnll snu BE
ABL E T O ur m it dr :
s Inlinitivnl al verbuhi lcxical dependent.
? Inrinitivnl trezeni al verlul,i leical deiend€nl.
Frlect
4lE
IIIIPUL, \'II'I OR s 1976

lntmtluo$e. - In rortrast eu limba romnnn. in structura limbii ensleze
existn dord alitudini temporale fr.rndanrcnl,ale lale de nomenlul in care 6eafli
vnrb:lurul: I' falt dr. I.rclpnt p 'l' o pr'l' l, l l{ de lrcrul pF de alla.
.r'ud,r. cp r ,llF. , in br. n.a r,a.'i FIF.or.jugdrii
.\,, ',ndn o-la 1or
-. ' pe doun axc poralclc, pcrlact sinrcl,rice
sinl constluite ti logioa. conlorm unor
reguli reunite sub numele d| cor(slantlenla rinpurilor (Stqur:rtcci,/ Tens.sJ. S 1976
Pentru aprofurdarc, vezi Schemaconjugnrii g 1356.
.q.c€stealirmalii sini ralal,jle numai pentm gramaticr aFa-numitn
tradilional:i, adi(; s.,cca a stifiiui formdl sau livrcsc rsi snrt modificate
din te ln te nrai ull h granratica irrfornoli sau rolocvidi arluali.
'I'IIII'UL \TITOR .i CONDII TONALT

L s 1977
C\ N , C OU L D , E D AB L E T O s 1978
l) Faln dc momentul prezentin carc se alln vorbitorul, viitorul (: posi- $ 1979
bjlitate) este exprimat prin:
al CAN (indicativ prczcnt)
D, COULD (conditic,nal ppzent independent)
c,) SHALL/WILL BE ABLE TO
"Canlcould.{ar come to l,lnch lilh us. 3ay tomonoF?"
"So ionxl I'crn'l.." "Iiow atrouith€ day alier?"
'Ii;hl, Ti,ar'll$ lrr In','lrsnlr }o.. "co lons.'
_ \\. R L. . ' r ' or l h f\ l .s l x e l ,a rr,Ia u i d $r sp' rh" r,p" Jr. pl e0sF?"
- d. f f ; dr J r ' o _ -rr,,.l tttl rt; n i -\" s ,e J ou,hFr l yFb)e '
- r o u .d,
rlnaliza gxomplelor preoedelte.

C d modaielc CAN ;i COI-LD €rprimn tosiz,iltlal€ ti se refern la tiiat, S 1980
deosebireadinLre acestedoui formc verbale este acc€asica si ln traducerea
respectivn in linba romeni:
Ir.:,r?t (C.!N:
a) ind.i.catiNul pot, puteli ctc.) exprim; o acliune sau S 1981
o stare de lucruri sub forma unei inl,rebdri sau a unei declaralii precisc,ferme,
b) ,ond;liaratutpt z,ht inJ ! rJFnt tcol LD a: tL 'a. a1i purea el..) S 1982
inrrodu.Fdo,ri n.,nn:pJ;l-'ilar irr',r.iturlir'p.ezir.rc' .JUisi o formula mal
politicoasd dectt CAN, eventual cu sondarc pentru aflarea pdrerii int€rloou-
torului. (Vezi exemph S 1953)
AITCfa nn" d r ; t t ot , ; rl .o n ,!i ' i o n a ] (' ,ti i to r in,rt1 s 1983
CAN - The Joncses canlcdnl comc to ihc "Peolles Maich nr. Jols" lonoF
r.s.- $rher .az you hing your proals lor relision? Why .an'r
you do it saoner? (lo! cat€goric, precis)
COUI,D - Tl.. Jon , s s , o, r d , o_m !. ' nJ olher ^ddy ( , o , d i . i o n a l ) . - I \ l , e n o u l d
rox b rrru y o! r pr oor s r Dr r r \ r s r oD.
ro "ld ,, , \ t u da il s ooo: llon r ai Dol l i c o ) i i ' r p r i l - d : n p . l - C o u l d
Jo u l"l m ; J v n i t i\ ' t . 2- I aul, J l ' dlr p H I n o u l l o m o r i o s a {s o l i .
.i ar' m . no i' , ud: ii. s onddr p) - 1- 1" I 1 n , ', / . o I s . p \ l u t r o w
(ton crfesor]cl, blt hc.ould (condilionalj ionro.row, ans iime sou
r:
-{l l t ghl.
! 5 (live
l OK.
pounds) (slanc)
414
S 1934 ., SHALL/WILL ]lli ABLE TO cr.primnun viitor nrai precis.ad€sea

mai dcpnrtat de prezent,sugerlndintcrr.cntiaunui lapt internttdisr de care
Ya dcpind€realizareaacliunii indicatc dc verb:
I . t r lr : lt U b " rtl . ta ." d u I $o.k d,n, h1 r 1ri r " .
T h \ ' / 1, ' r / 1 b
I sn; /i,tlll'll be able to se; yon oi Tlcsdux. (snln,lel.si sint .cnpatl tini at!n0i)
Atcnli(!
$ r93.i fdJ Ci d posibititateR viiLoaft pstein tunrlia ,1. ut)a.;lolt :t n'l l,! tm'
prejurnri, iar daia indicar,e esle desemnati printr un (drerD d€ timp aiitor,
S1T,\I-L/NILL BE .\BLE TO estrisinguralorml po$ib n:
Don't $di-v aboul Jcnlyl \\'her shehis ieln ln Englardlor someLnrc:,shc'll
&e olle to lass tI! qualiling c\a all righl..
lni,reb.rinlrrea formei CAN in aceasti sitra,tie ar insemna permisiLtr"'.
$ 1936 ,J Cird tn context nu exi3l.i nioi o indicatie de viilor, SH,\LL/WILL/ LL
cste in g.ncm singuraformi preferatd.
S l9c7 liilorul fali nt ftorrl (l u,,tt tn th Pa\t). A '.sr'' fnr: : p\p'in"
t.ttrL'tt:ni, n' i rurbi rrrl s arlnl lr.I Inornprr!l. t 'liI /.,,/. CFIFdo.r;
lormr de viilor se deosebescprin auritiarctc lot: ,iitoral fald d. Fezent Esre
S 1988 ronstruit cu aurjljarcle SHr\LJ,/LIII,L (doci prozcntul rriliarelor caracteris
ti.e viitornlui). iar tiitorul f.4A dc trectacu auxiliarelo SIIO ULD/WO LILD (tr{r-
cutul auxijiarelor respecLive),in toate cazurile.auriliarele fiind urmate de rt-
finitilul lerbul.ri principal:
|lt r i
I ln o,r I I $ill / , o/ / . o nr ppr r ||d r . d " d i n .
I Ir,
tslould
I Lnc N I I $ o trl d ,. d /& l o m p F Lpr s' Ji -.
l, d .
Aceste c)icmple stnt valabile la l,oaie pcrsoanele.
5 1989 COUI,D,TRBCUT SINIPLU.CONDIJIONAI,
(PREZE\TARECONTNASTIV,i
PITACTICi)
Scopul acestui capitol €ste sprofu daroa unor date cu caracl,ergeneral,

€rpuse in capitolul precedent,pcntru limurirca dificulti,tilor Ia prima vedere
ireductibile.
Cititorui est€ sfiituit, si nu trcacd la citiraa acestui capitol l6rn a-gi fi in-
sutii incn, tn delali , materialul cuprins ln capitolele S 1940 1988.
$ 1990 Cea nai dificild problemi p€ care o lnttmpinn studentul striin este legaii
de funclionnlitat€a plurivalenG a rnodalului COULD, sursa complexitdlii
ambiguitdl,ilor suNenite atlt de frecvenl ctnd strdinii folosesclimba engleza.
rCAN sc relere
ii h viii.or. (S 1949)
I aa ptFp ..llr alim p. lim f . r les r . . , ne"pq' i, . 1' . . d , l r i I s p a m r J i.d -luldp n 'r l l .
3 l/: sld/l s.ru pl, l ( r br - v . )
. d snlxld sau porid I,rb.Fv.J
-
COULD e:1,ctlr prillripal uu trccut ingridit tu anunile lilnit'e, nu nu rai 8 1991
.1. ilt, ul , t;.-tat.,t.ar,..,;, .t '
"" po"lr \l,rin - ei ,iitorul 1.,:da t. t,t. "an.J
pr:rnt;)t't ,du "\1.i"t,.1,.1,1
"lti,r t.t - rt" ,i',,1 r",. , "prrri
,r" ,"
respondcnla l.impurilor dar pontru cI ti in sfereleaceslor' scrsuri este su
pu8 un,Jr mmeroase tabuuri Di l.er|felnri conplical,c, care ii dau subtilitnti
numite in limba englezi!or.r"1on.r,iar in linba romend cu aprorimalir -
subin-telesuri.sugesl;i. ;nsinuiri. inlllicaiii.
P'î.-orii pn:].?i n pl.,.r ir 't ^,i. 1 InrrFbr:in.,r,i rrpcit. r r^||,,i q $!r2
COI'T.D , , a, u, .tot tt r4ut;r I t'".- t.nt)!. .\nry,ir t "| .,t , r,\; rp . I
|''|naU-rA,|,'|;'|,u|'|''\|un'rp1ir',;,''t,tlr,''r
bazd a trecutrrlui simplu.
W. Stannati Allen. arLtorLrluncia diltre cele m:,i aprecirte lucrnri rrrc
tice pcntru uzul studcnlilor striinir, meriione:tznnedumeriredsl,xdeitilor
care,cilind in rnarualr:ciLlonna COULD estctr.cut.ulsau condil.ionrtul ino-
dalului CAN, lntrcbuinleazd COTJLD firi disc€rnnrdnt i tropo'iitii ca: "1
"aLtlJpa.'ny "rrnrin"'ior. r'r v^'rrd-,o. l.o\,tj ;tt^ h,.,.unrr! r' .l
'1.'v ird lld,l r;u,,1 r . 1.,t,,,t ,i.ir m\ r,,.rt, i,,,, It."r ,d,,!.',: t,"u
Iormelor corecte: .,1 t\\ts (Lh 1.opass r11rexanindtion Lenreir|s aso.'.._.1rr.rs
t o!,o.ro lr^..,,r..tr\ . -t v^ oht. to r:i.r, n,\. n,u r, ,,.,
'.. "i1.,\...
H.V. r-,,nrr, .,1.,'rgr':-Br I a.,tJ l"r7 ; : /4 /,,, r.,r'iir, . ..Jrrr. u.
'lFr. drJ -l furni,lrpd,1" hû"a. Tir n,,ir"-p..,rsu.ld..,\./.,,."'p
(or irdrag.l) tc lrrnirh LI e horrse.''I couldattcndtlLLk:ctu"e'r. f, r.r Lo n lecturc
iI tholuturo' .J:,,r,-1.. li.o,r r"l.r .sl",rrpi0 1b.tx.t
$,.".b|"1o!.4 r;.,i... .t r,on,t...tt,.ota tt, t..tt t. ti.",r".-.Lt ^$.r.h\^l ,.,
gub,ll di'1'.| :^t .,\'l .u.1 Lor;vh lotrl l.,ur. . N. trf..,rr ,1.., r
Il , pr.J,p t'jvcqt c',nditi0alrl, IL\'. (ieorqa,"ccrier "l co ld;Jon,,t: rs \" 1993
plrl."r i. r mu,1".r!it.r' sti\- ur -l . I ..,tdn t tn; . ,r
"1n.t.,1 "-r", rri
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, (a) | coukl dn it (condiiional alirmati\') este o ..nodrsld. atirna_ti€(.= al
putca s-o lad, nuan!a de €zitarc.nesiguraDld sau _,modesl,ie,,fiind introdusri
de nad l. candil,i1nal!.i rcfcrindu-se asadarla yiitor, nu l.r l,"r.ai.
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"1 can lo it" cs1,0.'1 nas $lil6 io rlo',;
;t" ( g 200:) qi
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(c) Neg \i^"1 conkln'rd, i," somenline,l:irn rnodificarea formoi.t,) am- $ 1098
bele cazuri urmhtoarc - pe care si le numnn I si 2 , modul si timpul vel
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COULD lrr cazulin spetn.
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form coosiderallilor Fxpuse pini arct
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s 1998 ({l gn \BLD TO
lnirabLrinlalea acestui auriliar esLeobligatorie h urmeloarelo cazufr:

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puse (S 19/t4).
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s 2001 2) la formarea Linpurilor conpuse (S 194[i);
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Iormer COULD:
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t t(l.r,t.tto.l.rts d,.). tusl,v 1;..tt;o,t4h.th,n| .,t|n;.).at,r 1;, sot ti"n,
eic.. .,irre ar facc lnirebni]tlarea modalului COULD {.= treeui) pleonastici.
dcci inutilii:
Ion eas dbleto hav. a licnio on Friday last.
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,lotr..ut/t hiee a ricnic on }riday last {peraisinne).
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, un in'rc, al unui .fo' .",r el L'r"i F"rii da plorruri:
C.\\ : capaeital. contitrua!
ldrn limite tenporale
COLLD=_clr.ciirte contnrunin trecrt
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Eslje adeseaintrebuinl,at pentru a redar mai. aft.ntuat si tn mai m Il
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(c) usED ro s 2008

ln tocul celor doud fornc de treoui COULD si $ I\S/NERE .\BLE TO,
cqtc pr€lerat in generenodalul USEII'lO. chiar atunci cind din cont€rt, se
inlelese clar sensul precis de trecui aI lormelor inlocuite- Nu trebuie uitat
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aslfei di" se'r'ia"riiio"esimpld,auriliarc cu rolul de MARCA 7'ERO'afapt te
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vial ir lin,bi 'nqlFz., r u,lernt
lrAY s 2026
Functii. - lltY loale fi:
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No onetudy .ross]!cre lsau 'dltsir on lhegrtrssi sat-scrr'tr No P6khgcanlfu'! Gatuge)
,or be vtiteil lJ th; lublic (cl tt connastcu ta
rrre castregrounOs
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co n l ,r asctL P f e: - nlr l \ rri tri D r)
'lhe \Lc,rtherlorecastsavsit nav snow tonorfow (Yiilor)
Wtere no" I lind him? (Viitorl
il;l;; h; ;t b; h;;" ;rv linic norv l: 'loatc sosi dir clillrn olipi ) (viitor)
$ 90:13 2) Ca simplu aurilisr i.trebuiilrt la iorm:fea unui crhiealental suhjont-

tioului unor virbe lericale, NIAY erprimd spernnlA,o dorh!i temaretun scop'
o nrare, nn ble$tem etc, lici, italitatt:al
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A se observa la traduccrea exomplelor precedenle:

a) lipsa intelesului propriu modaluliri IIAY (acesLaneavind aiei dectt
rolul unui sirzplu auriliar);
lrJJu'e-
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rea ierbului den'ndent din
'nsl'rzi
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ppnr'u
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s:n 1n opr,.rFe\ildlp in .nglazaa luJlJ U ' \'"plrd sttlLlu' lurrnar'
s 2034 3) Treout.-
rrp''rl'ul
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D) I'entm exprimareacorditionalului perfect' IllGllT, ca 9i X{AY,
esicu'rmaide i.nfi;itunt peie(t aI.terb\\Ii depcndent:
b') l.on ndu ha* atked her rvhat sle up ro
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b"l \o\ mieht r4r. dxlftd \cr ithat she qas/ts ul 1t
f,,it ti rlrzis-o inirlbi ce dddla.€ de gind si lllci i
,A.cestefraze pot exprima simple alirmalii cu plirire Ia acJiuni tr€cuie

sau pol conline ln plus.un rldn adrcsai int'erloculorului, mai puternic accen-
intenliei
iuiin fr'.)'dectt t; (b'), unde aparc numai ca o sugcstie, conform
vorbiLorului.
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enElozisaAlon.li{,ele UIGHT sau COUI D' csiP o lroplrzrlrt s'currrlrr3a car€r
reeentir are verbul Ia modrrJcondilionaL.
Pniterrul ac€sl€i conltruclii este deci urnlnturul:
, I In pr'1'uritir prin"iprl" 'F:'n"1r: ' ondiL:onalul
I b, Fn l-'i
I tr piopb,itia ". ur,drr. r il;/a"*r: "ubjonc'ivul
linba romenl ambele propozilii sr corstruiesc ct\ condilional\L
AtcnILr:
cind subjoncli{ul englez
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cste inrlcpenderrr,,el se lraduce in gcnere cu eirndilio alul in linba rcmenn
he in lh. Chdr. \T'd gel thc riSh'"diseiockcll ior onr show
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err;rima li viitorul fale de trecut atunci cind acestaesle cerut de un irecul
plecedent ir cadrul corespondenlcitimpurilor:
Shcftn'o shenianr returnt'hen€acfsheltlFl
( Stkt tl sc ad P;tca tntoat9 orialnd @ dati )
lle rdid lie nisl, st lor thc State E$ninratior nr lhc Autrnn-
i:= st i'r putc'aprezenta){peurisiuc i Posibilitalei inturllc)
s 9019 UUST IN CO\TRASTCt] NIAI
S 2050 1) Imb€le modaiepol exprima ,presuprinerc'r'drr eie diferil p rin nu anlele

opuse pe care le aduc acestui conceptl
N{,\Y exprnnn,,presupunere"i sugerirrd in lrente ce yUST
'rrigtranld'
flgercaze prahabili tate certdI
Slrensralll' Iecpslate hotr|s:shendv still be at ier work (?rcsuPnneri\cettd)
(:
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S 90il 2) lft propoziliilenegative,atit I1A\'it qiUUSl'Pot"\primainttrzicore'

IIAY aste in.!i foarLe rsr folosit dstari rn atest scni Ll'cul lui a lost I'rai
,lllft jo.ftey : ucnrntator de trorran. ile dGcnri li r{dio sin t.leliziune

426
de modalclo C^\r si IIUST, care si tj aDroap€tntotdeaunr tntrobuintate tn

mod cureni, in rdspunsurile la lntrebdrili und; apare MAY:
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nu s n t ). tLs r n.n ro o rrrrr J .
(r\')rusr $ 2062
Anpstr erL ln"p tar t".lrrr, r ir q
";or aI \rliJr"lor JpfF.trre modrle.( I940j
1) l'olm[. .\urilian] I,IUSI a'c o siniutu ftrrru. \IUST (: si"ebuj, $ 205e
tr€bui€), iolosiG la prezent, unrori i ln lrerut sau ltr viitor:
Sheis siudJinghrrd b.eiLus.siren!.n. iPr.z.nt)
(Siudiaznscdosp.nr.ruc,i,..aete.l
You nesl be hrrc Niiliin thc $eeli. (\ iitof)
ITtebrie (- Na tcbui) sil lii ai{.i i.anrk de sli.'situtslptnmhii.l
I{e did n ot troublc io studv hardpr thaD l,c n,6,. ITrccuu
(Nu iti di(d€a/nu!i,a dal_osl.erealasn strdieze inai mtlr deail b.I&iaid trcbltit.)
H' l i r . ll, al d lhr pp ,L J " l h ,1 p ,./..,r, to .tl ' 4 .p 1si dr,r\i :to" i a' ,t" trecur,
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I gu.sscdLe ntrr hrre sc.n Ion. (Tr.cul perlccl)s
tAd lennil ci1{ell ,.rai. s,-rl{ li rnznt.l
AtenlLc !
Modahrl lIlrST. n0putird e\pinla (l.cit prez€nlul, nu poatefi tntrcbuin
9at 1atrecuL sau1a viiioi decit nurirai aLuncici4d din contexi(verb sau adverb)
rciese clar ci este rorba de aceste ljmpun:
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fIdli, la pftrccir, d srn.,t sl-mi rorbcas.i despre inovalia lui.J
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dir., l.1',s r.ullHr dld, jlui lFrmcn., r . l - , u\ ir rr. j I j r ilul /IF r.nr^,lu,F
ceea ce rostcffo! ori.l si lunai find.ttt. r'orbitorul
" Fau scriitorul.
2) l'ormc'c roulpusc.- { 20ib
a, Fornla (le l.eculifi lormclo r.arhalccornpusesint,imprumutatede Ia { 9056
linunim"l" 1,, ll.\\t. ,rr t.. HLORT tCLD) unintiniri\ c^mr.t*t:
I ld./ to go u'o. rT(.iut)
(A nrbuit si dnN rcoio.)
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li I had 1r.cn in. I shallt haee ba L ollirrl lo see hin. {CoDdilbnall
(DacaLat li losl acasai.d /t tehn si I i)rimesc.)
'lO BE OIJL|GED 70 i'r1.!.uieste verbul I{UST numai tunci cind
acestaexpdIni orllg.,li., ll,\vE TO atunci cinrl lr{US f erprimd nccesttaresau
obligalie.
a' l : . ha d
{sulijo i.i!ul)
5 Tjnp i.edri trprirDal lr.irtdrn inririti! lrecut.
2037 ,/ Condi_tionalDlmodahlui MtiST ,,ste redat de obicei prin modalele
OI'L;H I TO b",. SIIOULD (ls ros,r t,F'suanalFj (S zo8,) . i;finrrirut r,re-
,-nl. p^', s - -\prima pr.zpn,ul \'-rb,,l',rl, riral..ou plus intini irul per-
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Iect a1 noesiuia, pentru c-rprimareatrecutului:
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\ r t , , iiul \ . 1i \.o rb ,tri .)
st\e aryht f.ishtuld h^\e )islencdto Jo . {(tondilionutpe.tect)
(-\. ti ltunnit sn ic isculie.)
205E 3) Jnterosrlia fi n{:Batia. Foftn.lo de inlerogarie Si de neqarie sint uF
t t , t - / Y oul, r s l L c ,i l /trc r\o u /th?e r

/ r ' , . h. . r $ , J o u /tt;I n .,; n tn + ;,/.
I mr,sr4'rmiss dy triin, m4r /t
20;',9 4) Pro u .larc. \'UST se pronuDln: accentuat sau inaintoa unei vooals
L ,r st l: r s ac . ier t ua t l l n a s t, n rs . rD .t. n s l .
2 060 5 ) F undii. , - U U S' I' e n p ri n d :
u ) net.sitate, datorie, obligayi.cabsolut{i (: a trebui, rr€bnia. a fi neoesar):
ln lj n c i n d l ri fti c u , , 1 .,,p ,, ttr t' tt.
Ln{sr lieep my word.
Tod ,,rrr seu [er bccanscshc is il].
\\i ,rarr'r lcare bel.ii srJint gooC.Iltc l,o e!ffIbodl.
lr | ,1 . t.,- ,r II..r
Cu aleasiri r.,.p!i(i. fi,rm.L n.! i *rt i.|krolatiri a ULlS.l este
',.rl,fllui
u L ro r il \ UE D nat s a rr d a n ' ti d o c s nt N Itl l l ). c de,rsebi rea ci i . i l l accst caz,
rd e e a df nf r os ilale s a u o h l i s a l n ' n u e s te n ]l s ol utn:
r lh r . e 1. I f o' r , , r r , / . ^ , , k . " a t , , r ! '
'| r / l\ 1 . 7t , . r , J t l\ . ' ) tr,,, tI,,.' t,rmJ..lj l
. i/ lIt'Sf mnj poale cxprinr \a1robal)ilitate.lrc:tlt)un.rc to .luzie
Shc rsd I ir slf ,,?s, l)c at school.

Th cI l.lt it o no e t h. y z 16, ljiv c ! . t , n in I h u r r l . .
tl,,Ls/ l,a \c be er lr idax night w|c n I t ls t s r w t i i n .
Forna negativn in acast caz esLecdn'tl.unnot.
l1 shcisnrt.r. sohoolish. ,,arr ire .1.honr..Slit.anl bc anywlrcf.clr_
L&st harc seenl,im on I'ridarr'.It.on, hnre beenaD).othfr duy.
.) ULrSf este rerbul cel mai uzitat, p€ntru n a\yitr\^ a i c. i er.iceri,
intcrdicli.i si prahibilii ati.ialc.
You lflul lhe doctor ai onae.sli. s l,Ncntakcn ill.
Yo! 'nG,
/,rrt nere. oomehcre again.
Hc sidlrlr mrst nol, ser. lhat shabl)r-seni.el cort ol liis.
-
{rhej lialiis rr4, Ir. on berored[k.r'
t la r i, , s , ius , n .r D a rk n c re .
d/ I lllS T c B L oi l rL re b u i n ,ta t i n p ro tro z i l i i l e afi rmal i ve sau D egati ve qi
p e n tru o s c c r pr ina s o l i c i tu d ;rc (i i l d s e d a u s faturi sau se fnc i nvi tal i i pe un
to n siir uilor :
T" . 1, . \ ' r , , D q l o ., _ fd tp ' b I \o , , / t ao. tor !,mD Iv nu-l
\ n. l , \ ' . r , , . 1 p .. r1 ," :1 ." k ... a ' .-t,' rr t| .,t .," n.t thj i ,.,y4r l Lmtr.n.
I-i re fpool$l, f n J on a ,c l h c re .
r Yori
-\uEI), s !145.
z,{ i.ohtl l liE rr .stc lnt..luinlrat d.cil drcn Ntc !.rl,a nomaidc luniirile un€i
z"TlL t:7tu e":":th e' I at . G dt lq! - . c c l. t r l s ale r i c d e a r t , , -D
. oderii dr lr Londra,
fondai.i (te Sjr Ild rI Tat c ( 181! - 1894J . li1{ nlf opingl e z , a l c f t r u i n r m e l l ! o n , l i L .
127
6) Must zoro(nhroriilie). -{cfrsth latl..'| athaicdlco',sti in clipsa,,nui S 20(;1

yerb ea go. gfl sau alre verbe silnil| care sf inlelcg usor din coDientj (ja:
ae ntbst atruy: \r. ulust go u,\'tltJ.
7) lIllS'I Nnl]OS : ttebur. tapbat. rrfresie h raro IILST este vcrbut g 206:
modal deiectiv (: trebunr. i{ ,.rdr (:..neapnrat ) c un adverb.
trIIsT lt( co\Tllisl cti rr,tlB To s 9061

a, Si }Ilimia aceslor doui verbc cxplice intrebuinlarea auriliarrrlui .s 200.t
IIAVE TO ca inloc itor al verbului \llrSf itr ca^l rrlturorf.)met.)rrobatc
mre i,i tipsesc a(cstuia'l
T o f o lo lir.jlcn .l .l, \n J L - o. ll. ' : t , . nn' l. n \ , r \ r o . g l , \ ,rl,-. -r,.1
\,' r' ,J rd !"".,., i; air . r ' , lt !\r'J r . '. lr,,rt n,L t;\
Di. ] .t,"h.. t, t{-L ,, tn, . t a"ir i. , , t , r , ; '
. Fc r r . d r r n : t - r T r , , , , r , t " r o : , \ ,
T . l xt t tha ,pt,h .',".rF,,r b, , . , . , l, v , , inom os . \ , i L , p a . \
I' lnnr i\^ r.,. J, , "4, . . , n / " / , ",Id d Doa, . J i. Lno 'b - inl lofl t,arr,iL
' taha\ , 4o pa loL f ol.r " n . r L I n. r ' 1 . Lo r i, r .
l nr,:r,. '
D) \{l-tSl rl SH.\LL/\\ILL IT\Vll'lO. - lnLre acestedouir au\iliare S 2005
qi inlocuitorii ior s-au rrc:,t fu Linpul runr era 1i t1orrllat deosebiri se,
maniice cu nuante toar|e sublile.
sH \LL Hq\ E tn,tit-r" *nsibit .t I {I prin nu"nL. l_ n_ptd..,r_pp
carc.o suE'n dzd obligari!ilrrc" on occ.Filsl"J n"liunrr sru ir"rii t- , dr. o
. .Lha\ horpto ra"k.'lr n ril ro s' l mJ pap"rd, n . ltul.!l,g dt _bu'o' l'-s

go r o r r r d r nstc a o lI
I muslqatk all nisht Logei mt worL donc. (O sinrpti de(laralnincc0lorrl.I. cu reterire
-
TIcy sill/shali nar. r, ,rg me , new drcssfor N.w Ycar's Eve lwtreitre.Ujcy likc ir
They {sinllJ) hu-v aze Ine n€s sl,o.s . . . (o d.clariiie intoaiile)
.) Fnfind U \\'E (COT) 'lO g 2066

"ste in gcnere obligarorie cind se relern la
ost n;u u , o: ; , \ ii' - . i n .o l r., I u ,, r,{ i ' rn . t,rm0.-n.. obi tr" i ,d:
H :r.t-L A ot | ' pl y d s i n ,.' | ,.i rn ' o n { :rh n ' p o' ,i gh.,
*Hr'
!o t . t - ur ) , f lo " 5 t' a .1 ..,1 t /u -,,r. \' . r' ,'. ItooLust '
d) EAt'E (COT) TO ti tt(ts't'. Forrneleconstruitecu IIA\D 10 g 2062
6ug€reazdadcscori erielnn. in 1'rcmece MUST exprimd obligcit€
dLn -oHisalie
hrtLlor !rrt.:
l&fleu
"\l -.'l h. ' nnr r , loll . " r1 " ..IA.\, \,' r' o r,t.r' rLh. rtrrdrv.
'' \o u l d . ; , ou. . . - Lrr .! ,r.. I .r, /, t / ,,, A o" honr.,t t." r" J..
a p P oin tm, n t cnd I . an t pr t i t d l t. ' ..,;,,' " $
ltt.rsT IN coN tAS'l cu NDnD 5 20ti8

Un alt auxiliar foarte util ra tnloru;Loral modaluluiMUS't estc NEnD.
Acest !'erb, avind doud conjrgnri paralele (g 2146), are ;i doud sensuri care
diJ€rn. deci si ron,torteri diferite.
I /.nat. nx in*. mn,-L
. ,df;u or in granati.a engte,i. ei aulnai o lartui1tnrechitd,rot\ri
lnr J . h u ,r' la' A. r ' hl . , r ' r rj a ' , ri .l , ," l .
I Vezt ii S 1056,
'1 '
'la be th. linLit : a Intrccc rrils!.a. a Ii irsupofiabi].
428
d) Ca verb lcxicol tegulnt, NFjED insea nii a attea nlroie de, a necc\ita
si, posedlndtoaie modurile 9i timpurile unui verb regulat. poate e\prima unele
nurnle care lipsesc modalului MUS'|:
\ . . ./ r .r. L a I i J n k .o r a "d 1 Y. . . h, , r / H, r / i - " / o 1 , . , \ , , r " r \ l i l ' . 'r , r ' \ d r . r . '
' ^ |i ,1: , ,. pd(
.L r, -1 . In tlu. ". ' ", "" . n] o" ' ld' J o, , , o. , . r " . , '. . i . , , -.
lblisat)
.- si nu s g or ro l: t . ' br iFl
1 1'sg.liii6 rarF. I ndr , L- ul \ ". , . ' l: .ln t.t.l\pso ta,r
", d F o .
mJ Ldrb -f nr j lpJ r I . a l. lr ir ". . ng t " r \ " ,i .. 'J " | ,.1 .)u, ..
't.rdsnd rlr -
1,.7u . ..rilior motlal.\EED ir.. r,rrr'ru l' olt:.ot.,: - ' lii.i . ., ^ri.e
' ,..
r'^.1 dFtF. d" unalpl^,n,p il",,al,,lulLi t,1,,1,r ro \r'llD \"?i $ 2153r.
Trcbuie tusn insistat fi aici:r-supra unei lnfticulnrit:i.ti c.ne nu aparl,ine
deciLnodalului NIIUD si nici unui rllt v€rb:
.\'Ztr, ca rerb mod,al.nu poate fi intrebuhlat in fop.iliil. xfirmatik,
Jegi"p"rc rn 1r"1nzi1iil.ir,roraqs'ir,-i r."\dri\e. I"rrrLr'p. " 1r". In pro
poriLiainlcroqdli!".unJjrm1rns,ir. r'" rrurr.uls u|" Jlirn, 'lir. .o:; ir t'rcn^-
'/iliil Flia"sllv.. .qrp lnlo.uil , \ll {i. ,ri"ri' "". .i.': ll \\ E
'I'O, SHOLJI,D.OUGIIT:
u 'r'r "u nlo
",\'dcd you go?" "Ycs. L,usl " (dd Lad7
Shc needz't conic, bnl 'h! n{sr.
Esle insi litrcbuintat h propoziliile atirn]rij\e in cafc se alli senlire-
SRlii car no ant', scarccL!.lntdlU, n.*t. nonc etx.:
I nevcrne€dl.ll lLcrwhrt to (1.. shcis ro cllnrn',t.
( \ : c z i ii $ ! t dj j
g 2068n (t') OU0Ilr

,{.est rerb laoe parle drn catfgoria auriliarelor det€oti\-c modale.
1) trormn. - OUGUT are o silrgurii lormd. ought (: ar ttcbui), folositd
la prezent. Pentru a exprina ideea de hecrL. orgrl este lie lrecedat de ul1
r.erb l{ treculi. fie urmat dc ur infiritil perfect:
oacrt to kno$'net[e..
,qe.rnr
Sle eas l.oldshedryntb sing.
Hc o&sn,,, /'acdgotuhomcb)' non.
2) Intcrognlir lii nega,tin,-- Formcle de inbcrogalih ;i de negatie sint ur-
rniioarele:
a ,ar l lAol nF s he , L s "/ "r l
I r". /r.e/she/il/$ P.I lfI ouLltt ,"' toutltt'. ' )
3) In,telcs.- {rugfttexlrimei
a) obl\ali.( moralil t:tIn co stringcrelsinonin cn shoald'\: ar trebui)l:
Yo\ auehl ta do this qtriclrly.
\ou rn dd do lhis quicLll.
1t oasnrrci to be alioned.
Il r/Du]d not he allowed.
Hc oustuto halc iotd nie lclo.e.
HL sno/ld hile tolLl oF n"ior..
A ue h tL " " ! n l t Ou s h t' i t h .t L o h ' \Fgon" ' rl l o.ol l eJe-
S n u l d l l p J I' o ' /(h o .l l n l O' d v l ,,! gon u,' o ' ol l ' s '
j. dn. n. pro !r;u n J -.u t:n i ri .f..? ,J ru n Il l ar f.,n I renn J.rr,.b.i .i ti .mai
'
Drcv ez nt or/ s . - xLibd mri m u l l i mi rl e .l
-
'gO,Sriror, siRerlnd!n slil n).nal. risl. rdfsfr nrloruii, l;!la {orbifr cu siionimul
499
ObseraalLc
o actiunc sau o staro
Urnat de un iniiiitiv perleci, rerbLtl ol,glt arate ci
TlIc proofsodsl'/to harc lfen co'r'cleil long r8o-

h) vobahilitdtc:
T'il'l J.i',i'i,i, 1""'"* leenhirer-v o1v
onecositare,ogicn
sau
t^ltI'i"JIHb;iJi,TTflil:dii,LH:llivn
t ' ""; 1 , 1 ; , ,
,. .r r r r "l 'uirp\p'i,n, o ohl,clri".mî l ordl i ' l" r" r' n in f i d " s i-rlu '
, lr 'n' i "i n ri d. n l 0 a " r r
" or s r iin! 5. " d J ' ^ r" l ' rz r' ' ' rrr1:
u, t I l#J ; ; : . : : . , 1 ; : : l ' i : , ' i , i i " i ; , ,n' ,," r in " ,yr u n id r ,.
o ;t,, { l,i:,'1;J"0,','.3i'
,"";;,ll:i":,:i.'l'i: "' r''' r" ""
I l:"0'l
IIlrBX DXTIICIIYI' $ 20{i9
'!],TIJ
menitc si atragi atenlia:
Tol deleciive sini ,siurmitoarele-forme verhale
iibnlv,tnf tr'" + ".r1' : prucleniadj) : Fifi atenliI Bege-ti deseamil s 20?0
't""tL"?Jiill,
r- pizili-redehotiidebuzunarer)
n,"oo""o"rsr
persoana a 2-r'
\rerbul este intrubuinlat numai la imperativ,
s 20?r
Iiil$iFiir:,",,1 ; -,;
;;r*rlr:;i".,liil.*ivl'.'""ir l u o rh rr" P' timar '
$ 2072
s 2073
r,"." '. ; ; ,J r - r l ' i " r ul : q u o 'hl
(VD SHAI,I, $ 2074

suxilisrrl o r' l' h ' t it ' m' d a ler$l9 i0 )' s 90?6
. \ , a s Lr er b i dfp parledin-calFgoria
.i. io"ti. - r;.but 'rol orc dounrfonno: s 20?6
pprsoan're
(tonrp
ii:lir;'l::;li.(::"i';'LiJIii-Ji"ii,io;.""'n
ij."ioi*oq"ti^ ri ncgalic
stnrur'
- iocrn'l"ode inrcrossli;si dF nceaLin s 2077
mdtoarele:
t'i;,',, r,*,,',
;ffiiiill$llii*i,ri1iltfii: t
Prcnuttlidt lezi q 186C. -1R68 - . li vprb au\iliar 3au $ 2078
C. f*"1t. - S,d/, (l inf;niLivul;n omll'lr PndtF
'"'"rIlu,"l '*u suxiliar fnrn''"/a Yiirnrulnur rt"'ulnt"r moJslr: s 20?9
i,iirrri ,)it!(rutL.[,i rp.rqodnr'l sg. ,i pr'r rS I496 ll'01\:
;;'""": r';fii-;;:lT'l''i' i-l';,1;^l'i;l';IJ
"', "i
li:11";;;"'
pcrrec'r
(Yiitor
fiiiL"lxl'ffigr L",,l"l"ii19ii*.rlil"lri,ili,["'Ts
**ffii1,'miiu*,,,ttl'.yi11r"1,":il;l,,llkiit;kl'il
430
L) (,iitoru\ t)olitit' (toate persoanete)($ 1507) (colorat modai):

I tell yon I siall ,.eai tlie s1l€edrccord. (lloiirlrc)
11i' spirn cI sint liotilrit s;l bal. rccordul de rjlczir'i
{ . s/.1 1 /o, r I ( 0r l'
lTrebuie s o laoi droi' . i.srun o at.)
ilJo . l' . J o lJ a, 8, , ^ll | g \ r n . i '( d r
lD".'n .
're,,',- J n"r ' l- . r . r ' r ' r ir s ' l- ' r 1i/ - J p rorrrP
")li
\u...ltl(a ro,d ,"""Ls i1. - $^r k l' ' o m
\1 lAg 'lirF.; .' . ' p' l I ' ir ' u r ' "r I l r lu r J l i s" iF'r_Pi : l
Tlese Nl.s r/n,l ir, in 1or&'till Jure loDli8rlie lcgalaL)
(Acest ngulunent rilrnE lL rjSoarc pjlll in itrDi. )
1r ruu look ihrudsl, r\ar boor. aau shalLfnLd Ll)edatr vou wart. (Previziure cerid)
,Di J\,_:.i'i L; _1"' . \ ' iJ 5, l1r ' J 1 r p J ; n 'r o i p
""
c) subj\ndirul (\ 21)')).
! 2080 2) Ca verD modal tste inLrehuirlai in limba englezdconlenporane in spe-
cial sub forrna s/rr"kl (S 21J81)
$ 2081 (vn) sH{JULn

s2082 l'un(,tii. -.5'ro ld poate li auxiliar sau Yerb modal
! 9083 1) Cd verb auxiiiar forneazii:
a) ditorul f.1ld.]e lrccut li ditarut P.rletl i4.i {i€ fec,l (persoana1 sg fi
pl.) ($ 1502) {necoloraL rnodal):
I kncivI r/@zllsa.him. (Vjitomilaln de irt.rt)
(itiam cn ll roi vcder.)
We saiil wc r/@uldnote.drL.n.dbx lilc o'cl.ck (\iitorul le'fect laln de trecut)
(-\m spuscil ne r. nrtoaruepind la ora oinci.)
b) ri,itor l ealitir fald dc fc,tlrl (toate persoaneleS 1514) {modal):
I lo ld 1'u ,,'r.1" 1/ , , . . i, ' io- jo' r |J r . b. ne s ' l H o t l r i r '1 .. (1
ll.Jn .tu:. I n r ' il ' d r " r r J ; r ' r ; l' n l 'r l e n t r u n p g r 'J P n \ r I
Heth n..n eu n.,r ' r . r ' \ h, r l, ad m ) "* r l i l l h d ) t r d r P l a . g h v An n:nlJre)
(ti d lma,r:'l Ld: i . i' u \ ur ' , p, r . ') 1 . \ o t r i 'u r n l J
' d' "' r
\trn \i- to , .1 - . / . . , / ot r . f o- ^ . . \ i , , . l r ' , 'r 5 h " J i ' r l d , L \ 'f r o m i i d n '
lsafJg I l" ,J d 11' l d"i15 r r r 'r - r '1 r 'm a r ) l
'' P E n o l '
ir"* .',"-o Fui"pa"l' . r t i"" / r ' 1. ' do i t u n 'n O r J 'n l
qJd d 6!0 /,1,i' \ u' ir ' r ' \ l'J i e 7 " r l J r I ' t m d r u r '
"' ' i' i - ' lp
']'r,-"v read the siholastic 1.or sroeid /d lictddd into lbrcc ternrs (Obligaiio iega]li
(Au'citit o[ anul tc.la. vli ii imll4it jr t.ci trimeslle )
{persodna1 ss. Ei pl.) ($ 1618-1619):

c) condiltonatut
I s ho, / / eo \ iil.t.p L , o n l l ' ' l s i re j ^ i r' LC ol n pr' /" n
( \ l- d. du; \ ' rrz D ' r. L ' L n 1 ,,iJ ' i J , :,, l o, .l l Ju I
' '
\\,it:shauldh*e sp.ken t\adn't $. leen so s}y {Cond lerr€ct)
irlm li rortit daan u drn ri lost alil.lc timide-)
(S 1583'1593):
rt) un echiaatcpenta snbian(:tia
Ii is good ihat iheJ rlio,l.l ft.op it- (ComlleliliL directi)
(n stcbin esoftic. )
ll d ;.Jn loo L 1r L r , l. l bl' p. l, LI r ' l ls "ll_r o r '. '! - s f:rdli
.\u s. ui J l ' Pd . r r ' { 5d ) inr ld : n in dall
tt i" rte rld t'ub |: J , r ' is r , r , d, nC6 l $r . lo |pl J o. L n o w C o n J i l i o n l : l l
tDd .a""l'1 ii puLLi r "|. "lilil. \ ' iildJ ' \ t r P. l
t. j sh" ,h o1 ld t , ar 1: . "an r bouL . i- lr or or : Ln e n I n n l c d i d J w o r d l {C \ ! l d m d i r \ )
lrJ,li i.i l u pbpt n a\ 3ns ' lr ps lur r i b1 - \ ul l p o t o r L l )
'
wh r/ r,l,rll lo u J t t d I - un \ i' h h; n r r Fr or ii '
(Dc ,. sl ni re ! ' u] 1, , , , ' it t lec l?)
431
" ls 1l{ nic l s onc to C l u j -N a p o .e ?""l l o s s ro u l d I kno$?' , i E \.tamati v)

(A plecrl I)rniel h Cl',j-Napoca?- D€ u^de sr"rFiir eu?)
(\' e ,i i i S 1 5 9 r. l 5 r9 l
2) Cr auxilixr modirl are toate persoanele .si ufmdtoarele intrebuinlnri: S 9084
, x , (: tr eblt ie, ar t r ob ri ), s i n o n i m c u l ]l ' g tri ,d a rc u l ni tl es mni sl ab. este {' 2085
f, l os i rd c."o r i r r . j. l q. , lJ r ..,u s p re r .l r-i . ,i " n n s ti ui p .l pqr.b; ! re.o.
i,randare deett o obligatie. Shonkl (.: at' tfebui) este n1ai' .r,i ptrlin categoric ca
s r all (: i re b uie) :
You s/'dli d, von. dniy. (Obligaiieibsolutl)
tA1 sl l.i 1l.oi i- lrrniic s{ l.i-ldci) {litorinll
\o\ shauldd. Iou. dutr-. (Obligltie niorald)
(,\r trclui siLli laci datoria.l
'l liey s/@LldDot lazgn s. l,)ud.
l\ u a . l re b u i s n .l d e a i j t.l c ttc .)
,\ll is as it snorld Dc.
LI ot ,,l e s n ri i n r (: c u n i t..b u i c l .l
51o " 1 d s - rt 1 .1 ,!u ,' \F ,., \ n \, r.r .'
s . - t6 ,." n .." , 1 .,"J n i \ ^ j r ,, | .a m ..-ut \..ro-.,,
Shat d+ infinit;rul !€ft.l erpd,nd o obligafie sar o recornandare carc g 2086
n u a fo st i ndeplinit n:
Sh. ."n,zld narc rall€d to hio,.
(r\r li trebuit/rrebuia s[,i yortcasci!.)
. Shonlni a nelLlic+ infinitituL p.rfcct arate dezaprobarea

fale de o ac- S 208?
,trunosd\irsiti in trlrcuti
'll|e\ shouldn'thaeec.tue so taL.
(\u a. ti l,reluil sI vini aia de tbznl.l
D, exprinn o pte:iupunere sau o prababilitate:
TheJ snouid,c in by noF.
[-{r trebui si iie (ptobabil,ct siirt) acaseaoun.]
A r e J o u l ^ o k i -g l o r y o u r " o d l .1II i /D ,l / rp i n thp h1l l .
llli i d u l i h d i n a rrm i ,a D ,lr1 F l n /nl r' u.)
(YXr) WILL s 2088

Ac€st vcrb fAceparle din categoriaauxiliarelor deiective modale ( g 1940).
A. forml. Verbul pill are dou[l forrnc: S 2089
0,ill - prezent (toate persoaDele)
oonld - trecut (toate persoanele)
B. Intoroge.tiafi ogo,tia.- Formele de interoga.iieti de negalie slnt ur- S 2090
''1 1l T' t o! hF s h"' it lL\ " Yo / t t r Pv :

I jo u/ . - 1e ir / $e r n, h"! r ' t t l o t t r a ; t ) .
Pronrnlare.- Yczi $ 1866-1E68.

C. Functii. Itil, porte fi rerb principal,verb auxiliar sauverb modal. g 2091
l) Cr rerb priroipol, tt;ll prate fi defectiv sau rcgulat: s 2092
a) retb defectit)(: a voi, a dori, a-i plncaa): s 20e3
It shnllbe as you 0tl1.
(Va li a,iaouni yei !oi.)
I t f h. r) ! : , t l r , r d l n t pr r o .,,,r 1 2 .\.t .,t t' h ,t) ) u oul d{./,, trd..r teri o.r1l a
21 s ._) s lnl io l n n r h a r p d l alr a r ' r .' n ".L " xm .i J.r - tn sd'r n -l ;l rl pr"i d.
132
Conc when you eilll
Sav drat he ptll, I can't ieliere l,e djd riglii.

(SrnniL el ce-o vrea, nu lot medc cI a procsdat just )
209|. ) .,€r, refllldl. coni Llqatca orice verb regulat Ia toate modurile rimpurile
.i pcrso"nnl".-qi,rnn"r i Inlir;li\ul on'oi.l .ioJ ""ta cuzul:
D'J: a
"' "a '
It;liins and Nisl,itis afe not urc s.ne.
(A dori Du e acelrri hcru cu a roi.)
You mnst rill to gct bcttcr.
{Trcluic si rrci peni ou sit le taoi binf.J
lle Nbo succcssis hru wrr lo it. {Pro!db)
(CeIcarc''tlls
ro'rtie c,, rdevnf.[ sir izblndcasonu ti izluiit pe jumiii0te )
0, , ) : a lns a l ri n te s l a m e n t:
He (illedr his cbildrcn cr.rJthit'g he losscsscd.
(-{ lisai lrir tcsLdintDtcopiilor sai tot ce avea.)
2095 2) Ca verb auxili:rx:

a 2 a ;i a 3-a sg. ti p1.)
a/ Iorme^zi vijtorul fi viilo t pertcct(persoana
($ 1496,1501):
You pill se, ),ir! tomorrolt. (Viil,o.)
(ll lci vrdca miire.l
ile eitt hae. teaht ihe ness by then (viiior lerlect)
(Probalil cI ra li aflat gtirer lini atuci )
,J formeazn yjitortrl votitiv (toate persoanele) (S 1507):
Lui , s , ro l | l ,' .d L re l o n ' g r.r.(I ntrnl i ' I
. ( A m i n l u n l :us ; mi J d c l a l ." a l rr eLi .esrr' l
Il ihal's whatyou aazr.I'11be therc tononoN (Pernisiune)
(Dacn {st{ vrei, an sll liu rnlile acolo.)
I Mn'I ga Lo bcd, I am not sleepy. (Hottuhe)
(Nu vreau st mn duc la culcart, nu e sonltrl
lYe otll s?eto the luggage,don't (you)worryl (l)romisiun€)
l\ , n ' ' r' i q ' i \ d p b a c d r' . n u l i I " I' ami ,
:' ri l e , o -' . s r.a l " v ;r.)o .J I P .rrsl enl l \
, E d o l \' ;rs i d i n ,1 s t. o _ i r" i -di .! rr" .l
d.,)ajuti la construi{ea prezentului lormei lrec.reniaLivc (toate pe}soa-
nale) (S 182?):
Otr SundavDornires.he aill olten so to the rhil.rD,oDicconcerts-
lDuninio.t"dimi.e.ii (ei)s€ ducca.leseori lilannoniciil
lr conc€ricle
S 2091i 3) Ca a,uxilillr modih

S 2097 idcea de ,,perseverenld"ohiar in cazurilc in care noliunra r1e
.. a/ pe,stre,azir
vnior a oNparul:
I ','r4 /.o p lhi { n p. opl' s l pp
h uri" i: ra ,. ' 4.
ir lolo . n, : n 1 l r ' ' L , . d i n n . . , i ' i n d l J m u l o i r m p
'
Yot ail haee
(l'ersiFti sl faci"cc rr.i. / lnt;rdealn.t 1,-ci ce \'rci.)
Tl,erc arc nroDle dro :till canc tatc io the llieatre-
lsint oamprd aare nu lor sa sc lasc de obiceiul de a \'oii ihziu ]a lcat.u )
$ hr /rll vou r . "\ "f r s / ?a lo $hdl I lLYl
tDp '"e n r;'il, s , i n I J " ull: n: "odd, ' ". . t ! . 1 )
I a ,tl : un l.eJanent.
4Ad
pill au devenit adere.aft zice- $ 2098

. D) Unele propozi{,;;consLruiLecu verbul
l ro vq .uill b^ bor s . , C" s i : t , i ' \!1 \i n r b l ,p l i i )
rl i d "r uill out \ 1" \ t ru l .ri rn a s i rr--1 " p ri n a l i ,]F.op.ri rr,.
lru th r, 1/ o, r ' ( A dpr ru . s l h s .i l " p ri n .' i l 9 i l a l u m ' o i .
.\'i i J4 n lr r r ll happ. n. (S " 1 ,,' n ,p l i : \J i c i h .r)
Qtrolily !'ili tctl in the er!j. (Silmitrfabund incollerie pinl l. !rmi.)
Dlood etll tell. (Itudenia Du se d€zrrinte. Sulcica nu sa.. dcpaiic dc loin cte.J
(V€ z i ti S 1 5 1 1 )
r, este intrebuinlet si la formularea unei invitdl,ii sau a unei cereri poli $ 209$
ijooase (persoana a 2'aJ, would acconiulnd si rnai rnult nuanla de politcle:
l |i /l yo x c om et his $r J ? tt:U, you passthe sdgar. llolse?
r\r1 i s! r " nit i I ) e r ic i? ) (Vd roe, arii sijni dati zal!i{ul?)
,t/on', Jou sit down?
{Nu vreli sI luali loc?)
sau ;i rnai politicos:
r or ld y ou li n d l J p d s s th " s u e " r?
( A li v r . a b. : iIi i , s l rL o " i ma b i l s .i -m iJ ,' ;, Trhl rurl l
,./ jn propoziliile conditionele Iiitoare, itir, €ste lntrebuinlAt, cu in!,elesul $ 2l0O
rn i -, ppnlr u a it r t ' o d u .a n .e rp rp (S 2 1 1 6 . 2 7 61):
'lp s
,
lr vo u l i ll l ld m p v our D rn .I s i L l " " ru rn i l i n I' n m ;n ul s.
n ;' r \rp: - r ' r . . : im ! r umL l i to " .l . l i .l v o i re s ' i l .l p s { e l o oi nuF )
lr rh e ,,ll r , , o/allr r m v s o ^ . T s h a l lb " a b l " to d o m v shoD ri os.
n a ' d \J \ oi 6i . ' , \ 1 gii J 4d ; i i u l m" u . l o i !u L " a .4 -;i laJ;umi l l l uri l ..)
.,/ erprimn probabjlitatea(vezi gi $ 2117): S 210r
l ,o l l por r r Ln o tr\h PrA l h a l d r" p t i s .
" v .,"u r . o, r t , r t"'J. rl-
/ /d. , u i pc d
)ti n rp fo b a h ict d ;u " t u n d. . .tr stfadl J.(eu.l
-l
Ih i . , /l lr r ' . \ or r l, i r.' ri o n , T s u p p o s p ,
iPr)rabil c{ acrastaesie Gara de Nord.)
lltil lhal bc tl,c [ons.] Sh(llty liyed in?
(Islc oa.c acfastr os{ i,, !rrt a ldit ShelleX?l
Yon (/l/ brre met l,irn.
(Prolribil ci l-ali crnoscnt.)
, i unele caz[ri. rr:rhu] flii. pierzlnd cu totul nuanla dc viiior, are r.a $ 2102
lo:.rc ,le pr...tt:
i Aj [n g c l ] t d. ajDS )
'fh rL rri / , bc enongh.
1 D d c a juns . )
Icc,''ll llort. belanse il is ligl,lo tl,an Nlter.
(Gheatr lldieilc ]r.ntn oste rnri uto,t&i d.cit apa.)
'ii!
ox) w{}ur,D :2103

I\rn{!ii. - lli,uld loaie f; verb arixiliar sau verb modal. )s 2104
'e.b fri.cipal.
i) Cn rerb 0rin{ip$l d{rterlti\ {toare pusoanolo) ar€ ln-telesul de ,,a Yoi". $ 9105
,,a dori',,.a-i pla.e (tuivd)' (tfttut. ri i tar fala! dt' trccu!, subjonctic sar condi-
Hr {skc d Dr et u lend l, i a n o \,l , L ' u 1I r,,U a /. (l } to uti

(vj a cer ul s n- ilop nn rt r' , fo n rrn .d a r r rrr rN l . s ' t i-l dai .)
Hc sa i d it s houldbe as N c (o ,l d . L T i i l o .l a l d d f trr.u tl
1!11spuseci ra ii aia nm roii r.i l
'i'his is tlie tl.rce diere I ooeu sp€nd a l,oliday. (Sul,j. cond.)
ilccsir esie loo,l rnllc at !r.a sa pctrcc o lacanie.l
{
l ou af3 niseralki. I aoLlda , be you.

(Eiii rcfcriciii. \ nr,'d sd liu ni locul tl|u )
It',rlli ii were l.rtret,iSubi. oond.)
iDe r r r i adev tra i :t
lrbz&, thai l.hefewere cv$lasting p.acc!1 (Eubj. oond.)
( ! e r t li lac e r e tri c )
Itr,zl.l: now lhe trlt $viIL misis .rzld tdl.
lheif wc t gf as t o n n y h a i r 3 (S u b j .c o i d .l
j' . , n- l . ' ' " nd p ro o ,r.y W i -. r..tootyo!n;. r bj ..onJ
\ . t o' L J t e l l :.u rn l r b u'it" -,,tJ -L r'
C p r-" oL . n r., rnr.r.
S 210E 2) Ca vorb ruxilior (f infinii,ivu ;n
^,mplet) form€azi:
,5 2107 . a) e;itarul [t!4 cl! qi ditotut petcct lald de rr€da,(persoana
a 2,a 9i
-rlecut
a J-a ss. si pl.) (g 1502):
Hc pronised he dol,t harder this year. (Viiiorul tatA dc irccut)
''o&rd ci v.r lucra mai'mult anul acesra:)
($ia luat arsajancntul
Ik \ . ^h *out t h a .rg .tt' o mA b J r.p ri ^ .J n .w d n!thr.. l vi i r.pdrt. trl ti dd l r.f.J
tu, m v d r r i Ju n n JU r cr fd d Jd .g . p iDt q - ,l r.i . a.ol o.)
'
s 9103 b) aiitorul tulitie fd,tii.Jetrecat ( toatep ersoanelc)( g 1514)( colorat no dal) :
I promisedI roltd ra him. ipromisiunc) {Viir.orultall.rc trco.)
(AIn lrgiduit on voi trimi.)
\ye said wo ooltd l@re the letter |y the iide ho came.(Inr€dtie) {Viit. !ert.
fallt de trec.) ''fn,,4
(/\rr stus crl vo,n ri scris sc.isoa.eapt'!1 ia vcnirea rui.t
Ile aovldl'! siag it spiLeot our insisronce.{Ilouriret
{riu a vrtrt si oinle, ou toai.I si,.lruintanoasht.)
S lt o x r . t d p' dd t " h . \.,1 n w h p n L w i rrp 4 ro .t" rn. tpprn-tl i i .l
rP r f " i a s i s t u l i e e l d v :u[.r ,1 1 d v o i d r.1s 1 d orm:)
6 2 t 01, T or t p im plic r t i i l e a r;rta i e l a g 2 0 ? i r-2 1 0 2 penrru verbul .' i si nt val a-
.
Ii l c s i t pnt r u lor m,r w o a l l , trn n s p u s e i n s d l a t rei ut, i ar pcnrru i tustrarea tor
pof servi acoleasi exemple, cu verbul la trcclt (eould \nioc ale sitl), Astfetl
I r.u lltrl,to to ! od, I \ r s n' L 5t eeDv ,( t lot Ar t r c ,
{\r d n vflr' '1T 1d r . l' . . lc , r : : u m i+ r , s om n . )
rY" nkud ,.r n or r o be, r E- \ v r , . / d s, r i o L h p l u o o d o . . , t 'f o m i " i u n " ,
rr-1 n 5| .s 5 l n I , t ib1"or fy.
5f J e p"nr ! | ' , 1 n^ f o ) r ' . u t 1 n o i d e b j j 1 j . . )
Wtr"n Jou wFrd r ll y uu, ud. idgo or t wh. t r ev ar I s . i d . , t p r r e v o r p . l J )
(Cln d.ra iioh lv s LdJ iai idii din c d"a o. iue d t , r s p u s , r . l
"J
.t 2110 c) condiltonalal
(persoana
a 2-a.sie 3-a sg. 9i pl.) (S 1618-1619):
Y ou, o, r d l4p u s w i ' n L h ew o fk i l y o u c o d td .(C ont. prrz.)
{Ne- aiajut a in m u n c r d a c a a i p u i e i .)
IL. ?ouLr h4p
l bp e nb ^ \tp| | y o r n d d c o n e h p rp .tcond.perl ,
( A r ii ( os t m aili d e d rc ,l rr l i v c n i t a i c i .J
{. s l1 r d,) v\ cond,ilion.tl cu inplicaliiLe ,iitoruld[ aolitia (ioate persosnele):
J_ po zld sdy rh is : y o r 1dv " iTt r uv d d gf r dr . dp J t r l r e l y .
l trpburo si mtturispsc (: rr vrea sI spun acearta) cI ai prog.esat toarie mult in
ulti, ra y.emo .l
| I hDp j , d r ' o t i k , r in dny . r q". t n r " n l i " )
'o at n l" Bir"sal. lid I I r 1 or , e c dz bit , r t ! . , ,
{.\yed JInd
i 2ll2 ce .omp1ra In .onrrlqL in,r.Ldin:dral verbulni a,dnt n?au -
. ",, a -
rndtcatrv prezenL)ou aceeaa moCaluluireor&l (:a+ vrca- corldiJ.ional)
"You don'i q4urto." "I @atdit I coutil,buNI can,t.,,
I Proloziliile ,,I q.uld lhaL iL ee.c rfte."
el ice conplciate: "I polid that thf..
iProp orilio l @rl
"lipl i. J :
3 L nsup rlpsAb
now r L t h"' nt l , .
elu r or nLiu. M at ! M . L, Sana.
43i
A se compara:
I /.rU l' 1\ " I , . ' Lrr or I n d d g . 2 l ' .rp l p sr ' .i L tu " un' j i r:or'I.
. \.l :o l l: r d. ' n' l. i, u \r 'L. r' b .:r ... p ,i rr,," .ul r /
" r r' . , d tl n , r.
I iro&U hae taid ior l.hc daniage.(Irtentie) (Viitor rolitiv)
[ -\i j i p l l lil daunc ] e.( : a rc a d l n l ;i ri a s -ol i c )l
I Ir.i o rl , l' \ r bdp I ' drF o u g ," . \' . rt, mo J .l
l\Il l ) .'r n t r L! ir s 1 li! J i i I
H! s.orll hato been hcr!. lsimph conililrior{l)
[ (t]]) a r ii nJ s t . ic i. l
i V e z i s i g !0 8 6 )
/,/ ajut.i la oorstruirea trecutului lomlei frecvc tfttile (toat€ persoa,,ele) S Pl13
( .a1827):
lhel' !,,zld olto go hikinq.
i!ilccau adesforj e-\cusii pe ios.)
f o " n, dn, J ,\" h".l , ' o, r . / , nor . op1l o us
l /, F I n.,id i ri. \d r.J (.a . , . . v oiJ r v o, l, . d$J / . " roi.l
II/r"ld poate ti siorplu auxiliar sau auxiliar modal (: voia).
3) Ca auxiliar modal (+ infinitivul incomplet): iq 2114
nl JlcaiuietiFrnnsrnr.lii cu ilorl,7. forma de oferti sau (erere poliri, .\ 9u6
coJsJ pnn e\rlarrrrd:
I l' or , l \ oJ , a. p lu- i . . D or I , a :
. \ , J or i o . "i) . d
' l". Pd:
l.l'.uld you nrind postins Lhis tor me?
, Fr i t e r oA Lun > i D , n" ; , . as t a t d o o \ t J I
f ". , r d r dnja s a. . . ,
(Vezi qi g 20ee)
,, tntrebuinlat, in propozi_tiilocondilionale cu sensul d€ ,,a voi,, intro- S 2116
duce o cerere(S 2100, 2761):
I-ru- "autJ aeh
. D a' l \rp.rsim.m di . z , p"n r u pr J m pn, s . a- puL; r s . i I i d u J d r 'd J " " . . r , .
._.,(toate pcrsoancle) e\pri|me prababilitated: S 2lI?
l\Iotlie.w.nt lo workwhenI $'asa babv-I po.&,bc tlirccat the iime.
illama a ln.etut snluc.cz.cnd er{m mic.Si tot ii avtrteu |Ici ani pe rtrrot.l
I don'l kD0w who it lozu bc-
lN u tl i u cilc ar puiea li.l
I thougnt he Qo,ld lia{c }ritten.
[Am crenlt cit iprobabi]) soisesc.l
I r"\,rsr' dd I n o. \ or h ro .. _ \,. \,i r u ,//d " r"
l\ i,:,.J,,., 1. . . h. r ' r , , " r,r,i r.. |. i . . ! 1 | . tj | , , n . , d. d " , . . t ,,, j no.-
r l la tot ce esle c!lru.[].1
SHALL (-<rlOlrLD),WILJ, (\\:OLrLDl \ 2118

,lltc irtxebuir{iri
1) ln propozi-tiileeonditionalol, slro"ld {h roate Dc$oancle). trddus i,u { 2lIfi
..'l ! a ir li .6... . /,/r,pozttrn. h;utpn! al I ubr'or iii, sucerindirnprubcni '
lil,atea in mai na.e misuri dectt subjonctivul verbului 't,,,
reipecri\. (.\ 27?1):
.t Ii ile postman s/DLld,rtzsfie p.rccl I orde.cd
by posi, ny sisterworlil let meha!.
ar
_ r D / -lfr,' ofulr';icad 'r,p,rm\J ' o. . t n". J r pt - dm Lor nandr r pr inp o r t a "nrJme,
a, r a . e sa-mr !rr!rna rmed rar.t
lfroloziiia condilionald.stc o slbordonat! care exprimn o eondilie (S 2?i2).

4.lG
Y ou l, ad l! t io l a k i th . t)o p ml o s l ,o Ni t to tl c c di i .orj n .,asoh. sl ol rl r, tn

(Mai |iDc ri hr loezia si i-o areli rfdaeton,lui da.ii s.ar lntimlrla si iic acasiL)
. \ laulJ ' ^r t , ot p 1 i l ro r,l ,o u l ' l ,n p p , ) o n rrr' .Fi \.n r' rc
il, a' ' ; . " r " . i; i .m i a n " ro r In ,,n :.r' l i. - '.
I shall tcll l,in mr nlans lor tlie ho[]a1s si,,/d Llie oc.asiondf,:5?
1ii voi nnleriiLli r"roiectelemele I)entru ircanliL dac:Ls.af ivi , umva p.ilcjul.)
,q. se compara:
She \ronld let rno kDorvil Ann ddlled.isubi,nx Litul rerldhti .4lll
LlDal mi-rr de dc ltirc dacn ,\na ar rdii.l
S hcwolld l{ , 1m D k n o { i l An n s /@ z l d .a 4 {. L n l fobabi l i l rt. acol nl rrrri i l S ul )j or.ti v
l ( lia) r iar da d c i l i re d mo as .. n rl h p l a .a .\ ri 3i rhi .l

2120 2) ln DroDozitiile(onditionile, ron(esivc' relatirc F temporlrlc, sldll,
irrtrnbui .ai la oet" pcr.o.n"1". rl" id"rr .1" \iilnt PUr rS 236n'.
€ 2l9l 3) I Nould like. In gramrtica lradilion e. vcrbele Ia lik?.. to ctir':, to
ptfcr, to bcelud. to ln incliietl, to find it h.1rd.eLc ailatc adeseoriia persoann
l ln pl"p"/iiiil- ' " . liLio n, pu . u du jilirr rl ,,r,/d ri shoulJ J r^rH
"1.,
Iikc,'Linutrt otr . I would rt[pt, I \rauld br:glat], I lo d find it hard to saa
etc. sinl pleonasmc.Se wa spune deci gramatical cor0ct: 1 siould lthc' I shauld
.or. | .houtJ pr.f,r. I .1r''u1,1 b. 2t4d. I l, utlhpd i! hr|t lono'J t
ln..i rl ,i'u"'i.t t'." l nh:;tdt;t' ,1 r"1td y l t er. .i, r in'n bLir: '-
ln mo.l turent, con"qirucriaaceastapitrunzinrl chiar in corosponden!aoti.rialn
a unoi edituri ca 'O\ford University Prers'.
6 2122 4/ fomlletirplo rlir0rlo inlroilrr.c pr;n lh t". \'r'lF pIt'ririi "er
uLjor. :'ui rli.'.hott ,,tshuutd l,'l;a"t" ,rr'l inln dl .:;//. r'.p' .
ti\ 'ro, d Jut,. {p L,r, , ,re.uqp--0/- . ir'11,r"." . ,rt ra rF/ull ,r'rr'rr",1rLr,r'
verbului. de ixemnlu dupn cu;iniele io be anions (- a dori foarlo tnoli') io
tlcmand, to d':site,'Io expect,ro intend (intcntion), to oftler e\c (+ thst)
I an anti.us rhal Lhe ti1hi Inan s/i4ll b. selecl.€dior lhe iolj
li|e d.emanndt that av cilldrcn sftr&rl be \tell looked altc..
\\'6 . D "' !h a, , o . 4 | o\ r l' r lr l r r r f pl 4-
tt t..,a-d ".ltt',,,t , "r I I n, ^, - / u/ / b, . t ' r r ,, r , ^ . l l ' i l F .
lt \- i)p a , t ' , n . ' , n^ o . J . , - . 1 , ] n l- i. '. 1 "
l"Fo rl1n i/ero ./.- / , na , r . / b"t d' it r , \ r l' . 1\ . ll,n ! " o r ' l .r l- \ ', 5 "
TnP drin L {1 ,. o, a, r "r d, ndl . lJ r t uom ". hLlda t
't - '
Obserealte
1n lropoziliilc urrdro€r.. v"rbFlp to hof' to I o!. /o /f '.
rPsu-''rinI
inllu.ntarei rczul'arului.se ,oq.lruipc. . I auxiliJrul ,r//.'
I n r€ (that)Jou,''ir rone.
I /ed. {inrt) iL 0'lr rain.
$'e .'!e, (thal)shc.,tI gel throughlcr cxam.
/,}. se compara:
I e ..,€.r L 1l v r ' r - t r n, ' ov i r f ulf il r o' r r n- . J e' .
tTa "trr! rP'di i i . l. r . ' , r , l, t : _ : ull, l l i \ 'r 'l ' lp la lin 5i li Jdpi
{ngrjamenl.ul.l
Wc dr?c, (thatl slic ( ill sei llfouqh hcr e\am.
_' Proba}jl cl ra rc!!' la
fAo ,;p..r'ntr arc airi nioi o llu-qiln asulr{ rerullaLului.
2123 5) Propozitiilcfirnle oonlin uneori fornel€ r'ubale s/rcaltlsau porld:

Wc dn'i.lcd the cete eqnally,!o rlar no one rturtldconllain {riohilaleni subj.. len'
tru ca nidcni sd nu se plingi.)
Slit nui somellow;rs oir iour t ble so Ddr vou dorld lccl rr.lrome$'hcn xot canc
lE,rhiralent subj.- Viil;ul lali dc tr.ctrl) i oa s., h' snnli o{ l. lire acasircind
4Zi
(\) T0 DrriD s2124

. f ofi Io . I uDr lii.
\ . f h u l ro d a rc a ' " ,| u .;,
1 ; ilp p e cd re lc ir df t , lin" s i ,. l -l e s t, :
.,j u sdri n1r ,t" t. drtd t,L. s2125
1 ) rcrL Lar . idil f t gr lal, tra n z i t;v s a u i rtl a n z i l i v : sau:
'rto u i 't4r . 1
t . t , r ' , ,, l 4 l ,i t !" rp , \' rl " l o r " n | al " I tnonatL,, t.
l) (:j , !F r b lc \ i' . r l r , q rl rt a .e rrr' o i ' . m ,,i .r.,, tu dt dpr I fnr.,a.3 Fara- s 2126
l r, . ,d i ," i ' , . pr r . ul: . . r rn o r ,z ' i -. .." /-. .." tn h u nri .. , i .ri Ji -. . a,tp.
li'l . b 'i \r . . . . , T r u\ o o i i , ,o n p' ,.
o n ..r to o t" I tb.l ttl rl at :
. r/,rp i' lt r ni r ' . 1 pr ^c l r' ,1 " p .ri i , rl i to !,d a t., t^ to,. rJ " .J.
,/ :,re sufi\nl -s la persoana a 3-a singLrlar indicativ pr.zent
s
da'€s: \ 2 t 9 8
Shc d,,/cs lo ryalli in tlrc woods bI troseu.
c/ arc lrecutul reguldt terminat cu sulirul -ed - dared: s 2129
\ olol\ / d" t ( ro )s 1 r' a n r' 1 n _ h . n r' " rJ mr ' x , _ x :n,-f.,zr,l
T h! \ . o. / n o ri " r .h t." i d . ro." ri t" ,dr..uro..
-n .,r
J l .f. par r i, jpiul .' ,' ri n rr .u .uri \ul -ed ,/ar" d - si $ 9130
I u r r, F l ! .o mpu. . , . ons t r ui r . ,ru r," n d te rn u l u ri r,,.u i rerL r" l -l " r:
He hasihad/won'i h{\'e/&,cd i,o alprole ot such lal niociless resolurion.
eJ formele compuse alc v.rbului lo dal, pot ti urmate atit de intinitivul s ttr3l
complet. cit Si (mai rar) de infinitivul iuconplet:
Noo^plddpr erJ d -./ tta ) to l t.to ' i , L c u r rttson t,c Jl n.l
. t k ot l I dt r c ( b ) r1 1 | r ' . a rth .
She qoukln't ddrenot ta k e,lft \\.r\.
Hc , os da, . d r , L trd n r th a s i o rr.
/ , € sl e c onjugat c u au r;l i R ru l D O ]a fo u n € l e rl e i nterogal i e qi dc ncga!i e:
Hoi! do Iou ddl. rioi con,. heN?
T l" \ dd , 1 .,.,u n ,r ' h!mL. ,l r
\ \ h . \ d j J I ' " tddo,"
\ q ' .. .. l'
'I,r'i,,-
/t,r
gl..pdme.sie aun;li:rrul dc lntdr;re D0 li cii tnl.rcuitor penrru evitarea unei $ 2133
You said hc wonldn t, bu1.lic dtd la.. mii io $'ritc l.liai lertef. lidr't l,c?
He zra..s to swim lo i.he isl.nd. and so d, I_
I drD'r ztdle to swirn to tl,c ishnd, nor d.es t,e.
2) Ca verb alefeetir
model,tranzitir sauintranziriv,areinlelesutmai stab s 91e
d f t ir Jo rma qd p€r s l4d. s i rn rrrr' , : .I ,,l r!rn i -. ,.a a \" " .uraj ul . ,,a sp i n" u
/n Fg d lir ; ) .i t,r, ? :n rn .a d .,!ri .ti .i l F A U \i j i drpl ^r J-l e, ri ve
',, p1d ".
{r_./are o singnlii lorDi - darc. urrcori ;i dared la trecut, dar atunci se $ 2135
€onlport{ ca un delectil.;
,, nu are iilinitiv. participii. nici inperativ; i slB6
c,/ nu are su{ixul -s la persoanaa i] a singular indicativ prezenr, indieari-
rul prezcnt liind asadar:-
s2137
tft. she. it .|arc. ddred
, 1te L l i c !
!a ) For 'Ld fart ,Jujixul s lr per.oa,,a a 3,a singular esle pr"c/'rald, penr,ru S 2138
con. lzra ci .,i n r r opor r ( r p rn t.ra :0 t1 ,.. n Sd l tto s 6 u i fi ri rp& rrrl r" rfl . si ada-
Ho{' dd.a }-ou cont.adict him?

FIe l@e not/ddl,1r rnsw."r he.
438
S 2139 frr) Dsr€n't este lorma abreviaH a n€gativului darc nr, qi poaie fi ln-
tr€buin,tatn pentru a exp ]nfl orice timp: ?r€:cnt, trccal san viitor-
S 21,10 c, l orllla y€iustn durst - t.eLutul Fi subionciivul prezent la toate pe}-
soaneie este €vitat{ in limba engl"zamonerna.c,r rr.iepgiastrlului liriesc
9i ln vorbir"a pcrsoenelor lirsrnice.unde esteintrebuin!aii tn specidlin propo-
ziliile nasaln F bsu cnrdilionale:
IIe d&rrtnot conc, bul I did. (Tfccut)
It sheduru,wriic, shc$ould do it. (Subjoncli!)
In limba englezx actuala. darsl este inlocuit l. mod curent cu dar. Fau
dar.d la indicativut tr€cut gi la subjonctivul prczenr:
llorv ddl, )ou com. in $hcn I was out? {Treout)
llou,- liad read nJ school repo . but .l@c/d) not tell Fatl,fr. (Titcui)
Tht:\, d ate (d) no i s per k lo him . l' f r ec ui)
11 h c.ld .rl rn sw er . he s ot r ld do ii. { s ubjonc t iv )
S 2111 d, rUodilul l.1l?E nu csle conjugat rrr auriliarul DO la lornLclc int€ra-

gativi 1i regative, ci prin inlersiune in Irn)f.zi!ia intcrogatiyi, sau fu adlu-
garoa unci negatii in propozilja negitiyar:
,d.d she say so?
Hos daro yoo write sulih rrash'1
lle .tar.: nati.ta n t oI)eD yotr. lcito.
$ 2142 .J cste urmat de infinitivul inco11rplet,:

He dd.. noi so home now.
\ot! darc sar\ lou rre risht?
(lDdrdztrettii,r'spDi.i aidrcpiate?)
| 21.13 f, este repetat in interogaliile confirmalive si ln rlspunsurile scurte:

"ltc du.€nl scnd tliat $irc, da.e l,c?" "Oh lcs. he ldf..;
S 2111 e./ este umrat imediat de adverbelcde timp neprecisdlttay.s,nero) some-
rtrres (S 2299) si de adverbele asimilaLe cu a&sLe'. (almast, hatdly' scar-
cely etc.), ru precedAt de €le, cutlr esle cazul celorlalie verbe:
ch d . - , P/ r , J ll. ' g, ir ' .
\\'e date.l not afL.n.ross th-" sl..eel nJ oursi]res.
'lhe! ddr. ha t! bteerne r{' lcar ol Nrking hnn.
O hs c r e& 1ie
ndf J t , " ir n :r.;r" p L U i n l . I r, .p e .i i l i 1 prnpozi ri i l ' i nr,r" :a i r,. r.e
.' rbj " n ;i u r,r.. rr,
t,rri ." . " oldi; ior sr. .a u .l u u i , ,ri r' ,d :, ri i pr-/' ' rL.i
.l u sl \ in. pl- , i" e, n r,ri n rI g " i i .,: t..u .] t. t. : r. nob.l t. t.. no on. t,. 1 -
Ir" 1, , ' pu/ ili' . I ir 1 1 r:\, r, o i .r" r' , I,..r' ' . ri -p n. l - ^ r' ,rrFbl r- .r,
. i r , ' t', " r - f" \,t.," -- ii l" ^ i' i
'' 1! 214"'. t . r' , r, u l: . (. "a,,,/
Ncitfur cun.laft ert:.
A se compnro:
She darc r,r t.rke out. Ure b.i[ n) 0,is riin. (Dflfoii! tnod.l)
i\u h,dlhaFil.e ( - sc tcd) se scoali lnfra !e plo.ia aceasta.l
Shc drcs n,, darc io take out.lle bo.l nr ihis rain. (T.an7. reguirl)
lNu hdrlzreite ('d are .u.aj!1) si s..ai. r{rca le tlo.ria ac.asta l
Shc dd.cs me to take o!1. the bo.t. (lr,rnz. rcgulat)
iMe deslide s''r scol barca.)
-'r dd '.r (ru rd li oul m y lour in l , : " ( lr n ? i {, 'j 1,1
( Ind rl/n"r. 5. o1lt b. , r . J t " plo. , ix d. p a . l d . )
'- ni
(\iczi ti $ ,165)
'A,pilp d.,u ) v . "b . . "ir , im ! - . un, do- "r r ' .- ptalabil. t,o,l" (ddr.rb\
ld a,n .t a .il ' "' i; h. I'r'l i . r e4t l l i . )
439
(xr) To NnDD $ 2145

l r Forme. Fuu.!ii. (.' ro lurr, tu n\d p dûd
"oniurtrj o,ralelc: I 2l18
lo naddcctp !Frb lp,i.dl rrd,,/i,i. r-'lrl r' sru aurili.r dFf".i,v mojat ti ."
alarP ar.ln'r^buirlJr s.' rn lrul o,i1Il" pozilira., r bi lr ."1" n"va.ire Fau
2) (la vorb lelical tranzitir regul,rt, ro neel arc lntelesul: ,,a avea n€yoie S 2147
de". ,,a-i trcbui cui!.a ccrt', j,a necesil,d',,,ali necosar'(si prezinti toate oarac-
eerisj,icile tuturor 1'erbelor regulate:
a , a re s uf ix ul - s la pe rs o a n a a 3 a s i n g u l a r a i n d i cati vul ui prczent: s 2148
She ,E.ds the help oI l,cr leuow students.
They med ur jnc,nli{o to study.
Tle cas. ndcdsljrm handling.
6) trcculul a.e forma resulati needeil ia Ioate persoanele: $ 2149
'l'he lvofk zrd.d qreat care.
Wc zc€.L{t sleup lelorc rnJrthirg clse-
shc n€c dedt o ir c r . lr inded t o d. i t . .
., parLicipiul trecrl esie nadf.l, pariicipiul prezent neening.iar partici g 2150
piul perlect haring needed:
H.r h,:lp was urgenill nceded.
Il hid bc-Ar .r mucli nnd..l tessor.
I'd€ li,g a do ct. . , r v e s r nL l. r J ohn.
Harils nided a'\ npcnLior, l,e hid been ote.alcd on in Yienna.
dJ esle conjugat cu DO ia formele interogatird, negatiyi qi S 2151
-auxiliarul
eccentuatl (Entphdti? DO)l
,, you zedd nc now?
llc doesn't neal anv ai.mril fnvelopes.
l hp r d ,J"r 2 ",1 Lo J llo$ m { , : r , . dr d l ^\ .
H"ialrjl dp . "d , , , , , nr 1' , . . J o; s ,
Hc does n€cd a good Lalking to, docsn', he?
?J esteurmat,d€ un substaotiv.de "ehir-alenLuL (pronu'np.se g 2169
,rccstLria
aun'lii..ub.lenlrv rFrbalr aud. Intini ,rul ,o.tl-.dpci ..rtorriple,ompi.. -
alc a.p.lui vFrb cin' ur,nnl^ d, i,hni rul .âtl-':
I ncc!, rcsl.
Don'i. vou need l,cr?
The pocrn ncdd€drewriting.
IIe tuerls ta be lookcd aft.r.
She heeds ta stutlu.
WilI hc nd€d td so baok?
3) Ca auxili$ defectiv motlal, NEFjD estc intrebuintat tn spccjal in pro q 216t

pot!liLI" intarydtir" i n,sat;r'. st- jnrpl"sul r.,a/ inp,rsonoti,;o fi nAdi.-,
...1trntr"sar.obtigsrori,r -..J,r.bur-irprF/inru,ara,iari.ti,itav"rb"lofdFtFc_
al nu dre sul;,rul-s la"pcrsornaa 3'a singulara indicativuluiprezent, ! 216{

fonl ugar.a 6.esrcr iofrne rlrntrl
I n-"ed we reed
you treed you need
hc, shc, il neud thcy nccd
He neednof troublc hi seu to come.
b) tecntal aft iorma neeil la toate persoanele: $ 2166
Lold hid he z,ed nol telll a rcbufl.
r\ll ih{t we n?edsay was "yes" or "no .
, ) xt! d r ; nf ; n; t ir p a rl ;.;p i t. n i t tn p " rc ti ,'
$ 2166
440
s 2157 d, nu este conjugat cu auxiliarul ,O 1a fornele de interogatie qi negalie:

Yotr ntud4', go Xet. d..i Jou?
r1.cd 10! speak xorv?
Why nc€d slic stay iiomc fo. the holidays?
He need naLlneeln't siot ton1.
$'e n...1 norln..dz1 lry lor ii no$.
Forl]]a negativ[ coDiraseestc needn't.
s 9168 €l este urmai de infinitituI Lncampletl
'l'..d Jou leare Io. lhe counlry l,odaX?"
"No. I ne€dDl." ("Yes. I nust"f
| \"e dn t t-tt \o t ' o$ hr r , pr $F I . j' o\ pr r hp r p s L l o t o r r . \ p p r i n . n l .
i P n .,t h ord ld b. hplpdJ in hpr s ud' dr nus .
\on needt't hdre Lutied so.
$ 2159 f, esie repetat l^ intercCaliil. canfirnntire:

Shen..d?1giye an imn€.lial€ans\vef, sne?
"cd rdr
ll'e n.rdn'l tra$late thc whole artiolc. n€ed
2160 Cind insn verbul NEED estesinonimcu IIUST qi H,\VE TO' aeesra
(must)il inlocuiette in propozitia inlerogadve confirmaLivl:
"I.u nccdn't go to the linrary to rcad thri book, nrc, you?" "Oh Jes. I mlsr."
s 2161 g, esLe repetat ln rdspunsurilc ncgatiee scnrlcl
",\'.e.iJou work ionighi?" "We rcdd,'1."
ln rispunsurile afirmotit'e sc\\r|e se intrebuinleazi insn trIUSTr
"-l'ed shelecturetomo(ow?""Yes,shemr6r."
{Nr se slure "S}rentrd",
tvezi ri 5 :068 a)l
$ 2162 h, este urmat imediat de advrrbele de timp n€precjsdl|ays, otlen, neeer
(5 2299) ti de adverbele asimilate cu scFstca falirosl. hardltJ, scorrcltJFrc.):
I n.Pd ha l! Lll lou io$ llc k \ ' I $ds .
sh , run ) n ,.. I n, 4\ "\ ! lnir elr or . ' ; r in.
'lo t vp d ha l!\ d\ " \ v r i' lr n. ( - \ ' p, ir pv oi si s.rii.'
S 9163 iJ NEED are ca sinonime verbele to tean, (: a at'ca nevoie), to.€gttr.-

to be in na(d,of,
s 21{;l It,\Rll 9i Nltljlr
Douil .rerbe car€ se comportn identic
I He ddteslne.Is b ca11., :
\ Shc aaNd,lncated to Eo.
J Does he darclneed ,i ti^1t?
\ Did she dte lnead to tlo l
J He doesn't darclreed rn .x\t. cau.
Nesalie s\e didn'l datelneed to so.
He darcn'tlrcedn\
I
I Hc daes d@alreed ta Lal,.
\ S\e did ddrelneed.to so.
| | Hc ldns n- ds lo c all- doAa r h e ?
| 1 s he did^' t . t * elt ueJ t o s , ' . d, d s l r ?
I I Hedures/n€€dstocall and so do., slre.
I I Shc do.sn', dufei,ecd ro gn, nor dler l(.
r Nu se poate spune: "Yes, i n..d."

, to ca,l nre ii n,lclesll de ..a rizita", .,a [.ccc pe h" e1c.
Concluzio 5 21ti5
ru p r) rft1 rn q n| t l l n' L' 1ta' '
D | R F s i \ f Ll, f , , ' 1 ' r' " ' ]i n
. .- ",i ,
.- - r'"." i ,'u"rr" Iiln ro r' ? ' ' rr' ' J m-
de
-l.init6J1. - ,",
jr c o l o a n a t' a l , a cesl e doLri modal e si ni
to toaLc sitrafiilc indical''
ru r:arucli:risiicile acesiofa lsroonJuqarc
'!.ffbt, t.rical.c rrr /dt. lcoloana ('r.]'
"" ^Y*^Ti,ill;" J',i!l"xlli:Tt^1"il
{.r11:1.Td.1ri"!::i:11?.(.?J,!,li rm' i rL
l, ifj;1'
i,ii*+1 ":i:,
r o r , una r. r, e" u- . inelLr Lr pP z frrt e
I'rlJiilll.;r:i[fiil:
iil**,,lii
$'r" r1!"-':.tl:.:T:'1.::il:i"l
ain*"i,"t""r" '-*'o'
i",ltlf',i,i;1{6'lt'
o,#,",!::,:;;
o,'u,,:,:: ";u"'t"
Jte'ti"l" *"1ino,"r'i,o"
;:,1f ;i"$ffi
'"-t";tiou (: a a'-.eai tlrizneala, curajul; a rlesfide)
ITt",i;;/ffi sau
X"Jl"i)i"pr". o"r (DARE), maiimpersonal
d\ DE D ) :
-*i
D\RE 1 a in Jr a rnira s'ir''u''Ftil
(uen i: ti nevoie,necesar;trebuie)
^
(xID USnDT0 s 21S6

2167
?O est'ecel mai neregulat dintre S
1) l'ormi,. - Auxiliarul modal LJ-6D
u* ru;'j;;
::*:'#:l'. l r;,'"
i:;i:',:,.' l;'
:i';i''ff;'ii
:rlii'lt
I u*d to s" them very olrcn'
(li ledeao toartc dcs)
trtenlLc r
";;'x"I:i;r:i
i"l :l
lJf;l;,'
Ifl :i::'rl'
lJ;iiHi illlijii
".",,:i
i:","ii jt'"*"'
e"":'i,r,'",.T.:''I,Hl'iT;,;"'r";T:li.:
"""rir""i".';."
t' $2r6
l;iJe-indica'tiv
';i";#:l li|:l[:li';"*l;"?J; ;:;i;iu;
o'""'"''
lrul;nli:;lSll;::;:l;ll'i';;;l?Lli',ii,iilJ:"'*'u
b"trJTJi'"ri"Jtn;i;;""":r.
*trii:.'iil":;:il:'1,';'i1r*"'
i?!iir'?
i[;l$r*;;"-lii:!i ;i,.,.a,
;;#;;;1.]i in
:','"''|'
prezclt al acestui verb
\^ use(lta leo'n estcto lea'n' in'Iicatimr
--ttftG;$.{$.1"11'li
! 2169 3) Intelcs. Traduct.re,- Ilodalul U,!,411?O se lraduce. in limba romiai,
ou imperfecl.ul,uneori (ln functie de coni.ext) cu perlcctul compus:
lle rs.d 10ship lunch lo go boal.ing.
l-\d.scorirx nimd la lrlnz ca sii se dtrcnla ean.taj.)ilmlcd.ctl
' ' . " , ldr , . , . i, n, J ,,u l i A:. , r rrl l ' r !j ,//o
rc lul , ' . s r r . t a ' o .r' :r-i " p " L t " . ,' .d ; I n .i , l o ,o ) tnt tt .t.
They Gdd ,o w.rk he.e.
(Aa luctar aici.) {l'jdlc.t codtns)
FaUrerzs€dalways ,o tcll mc lr,at il a thins js worll doing. it is sorlh doing \fel!-
lTaLat,t slzna@m{eu ca!,da&i nn lucru ro iiri sI ije In0uL nreriii si fie ledri.linc.)'
1I'edeol.comrus sad inpe.lect)
In genere nodalul USED TO arc rrci semniticalii de crre trcbuic se so

.tinir seana tn traduced:
r.,u r :
5 2170 a. \ lr r ii' , r i
" " l i u \. i r ' r' / rn f p r " .,, robi roi ttri ar' r" ,," ri
,i n ti "t . t u1. i1 r ^ e ,,tu l r^ ' h ;ri i I., a ," e .r,.i ua i p. IS I:D l O p-t1.l Ln,n
ou trFcutul lormei l.eovenlative'. t)e care il jnlocuicDtc in Limba rarbitd (ri.
chiar in scris d.rcn scriiLorul considern cn foftna frecr'enlativi arc o sonoritate
prea livrcscn) |
.\s r cltld. I .s.l ro ./..a,r ol irr all lands. r.- I !!dl d..a', .1 la.oll lands l
ih coriliiri-" risan la 1n,,, ,(i Jndeu-Lrtat.l 1In,I,.rIc.l)
\thcr n, the eolnirT. Jou e.r.dro go to le,l re'y eatry. \- obicei)
I1.l.Ierur.l ro tell nie slod.s l.o Irrt rLc to sl..f. (: aabisnui)
S 217r /' . / . \ t r i, iA i l i u i i (s ri ri c t,.) .o n ti n u e . al enti a fj i D d j rdrcl ,tati i asupra

trp , u l ului, , u s : u f.,ra u rr i rrd i , .i to r rl c ti u p tl rrrrt. deoarecefS l ?/ TO sugF
reaz; el insugi liusa de aotxali|al.e a acliunii infi,rili\.ului tlependent:
\ Lsedu knaa hct.
(Ne cunoilcam te r/€rn'l l
At Oxlord lic zs.d ro lne in diss 3
{La Otlord, lccuia cu cliirie 1n orai.)
Ara i o:!cl !s6d /. Dc a swc.t rihild.
l^v.r er{ ur .o!il Ilojrttnior ln ,i;L , nrri e .ot,il, lau nx tiai c Iicintrilo.rr. ori ltu
!i rl r. q, nu m . , i t r im i mi , ,l .s trp ' 0 . -\l i i n !l i i s e rfi cri r,zd, l a un momenl l sru o
p e ri .d' jJ' ,) i, t u'ul. l
' lil
lve?i si in coDrlarll.ie !u lr{utul siDr u ii I)r.4',1tr1pc.i..l 5 lqot)
$ 21?2 ?) alnrlia osic indrcptati asupra lreze lului in .onir.ast cu tetuttll. l a

prezon!a unui adverb de f.inrjr trecut nr lrxLul tnglez, dar necesar in cel ronre'
l lc r ee\ b. lG r lh a n } e z s d dro .
(Sc sintc aj linc dcslt inatnrc.,
1 , , ' 9. ar " , ' s . d l l ." y ,d ,o /
(Lucrurilc nu mai stau oa !e
'rdne.,./
'T r . pv r . " , , u br s " rl " r" n l .(,i ' .. " r.,d l
r E r dt i t oJ r " b' r n , Irrt r' rp rt F -t 1 ,,,4' t' :)
I Sfai adrfsat liuhli silu d. c.ilcirul diplordai

ti cni d. stat l)Iilip ilomer Stanhr!e,
Conte d. Clr$tcrlidd. 169, li,-, lL.1t.'s. Dnblioanr in 1ir.', si 18901
' ['o.na l.( lverlaiiv]1 ar. h hr u,1 io,\ili{.!l 11Otrl,l) n/i/,,rir tn toatc p$soancle,
sg.:it : :l-o.1 ,t..1.. 1, . t- r 'r t i n l f Ii,
! r 5r - . 1. " t-,r
-l/a /r'c .' b- ' \ . Lr . i\ ' r r . l l J , n a, r r , ,r l . , ' r , , r - d ^ . / . r n , o i i . " . '.
dpnt lr r 1,",r.,s, ,r, Aa r . oni. r ' lr r ' , r nl o, ; i' r ur . r , 'i a p , r r '1 L , r / , r d / A . , 'r \ I 'l n o r ,
ln colliasl .u ll.db k 1 dc oeranitli ' r.siej Onn)€,.iti.s, nnmc dai. rnivcrsitltilor
mo, l"rn , .t ,.,"o r pro lt J it- "r \ , t r , . I al . i\ n. : ' . 1 1 t , r \ , fu ljr,tit .1, ' t-ih
sriellu l l rs d.L tr.. u r ic nt J r ii luf t ni, !
ln scrir, claLoriti c\cesivei sinpliiicnri gramaticale !i abundc loi c.rn
<rrucliil,rr idiomaticel - carc se rrreteazirrtit dc binc jocrdlor de cul inhe nLrlt,
gx5r.'. il"
"r*1"ri u,l' Lrali" l'o"p.'!drF.' idp..^ ia,nhiru . t,arte pn.;-
6i .lri ,r,or,ti'rd i r.nr;F: i,rrrl :"- rnsa.'\iild u', lr'r"eju"
-riil'r'rl'rr
aubtil a\nt D€ inplic!1ii. intoralie. n,nrici{. gesticn,priwiri, umor. earr suge-
eeaziLsensui a;a iutriLelolle/lonf !. ce dau limbii englezecaraclerul tasci'
nant al unui "'oss,"a puzzl. !.
Spre eremplu, in teitul de niai sus. inlonalia e](damairi.i " L:s€d.r"poale
fi: -i'. i.' i.urpriz,'. pr"t'. Fr' -'u n//'d.' \.J,'".,,': '-'i'il li-
rr"'trJr. lir.uril p ,.n-i n"durn"r r c .. .i 'rd lnrmire r 'l i"l. ,'" )
'
E l Fd "oh. . ' r ! . l. lr lr . n ru n q t rl ra d d , d l uJri l bl , drrl rul ui ' o-
de timp trccul ' n
,n.ca r eJle nrantional ill cx(ilanlalie, .1
lllenial. nu adverbul
f iild p l e o n a s t ic s i dec i s u p e rl l u u , i n i re b .ti n l ri n u m a i penl rr acrmtul re s,l rL
e c hiii 6 r'a re ar r opoz iliei - c i a u ri l i a ru l t-S/j , c a re tre bui e tradus i n ronri nette
c u ad ve rb u l de 1in! t r ec u l . ,i h i .rr d i .i a re s i a l j p s e s t c di II proP ozi l i a l nql czn
/1)Interogaliali ncga.tia. S 2f?3
a) Intorogati.r.,\rnbelefornrr:.cu sr fdrii auxiliarul DO, sinl irr .ircu- $ 2l?4
lali, &tit la interogali.,cit qi 1oneg{!if:
['-, dr I irLSt ] ir l ] r , ll t l{ r . '
nt,):. ir'r"l |
/ ,'l 5 \l { 1, . I ' a, . '".; t \ ' , lo;
,,a tr'r.,. oL, , I r lh . \ h. T- . J , J D
tisetl thn. Lo lrc t titr |oll,ise h-rl
tttl!t^ ..rb."- i : r ' , r p . i. , r ' . , - . 1, "
'lll Io sr r ' , , , "; , r t ' r ' l. t / , d- ': Dlr-:'
'
l,/ Ncgatie. $ 2175
I f u rscd Iru:u dl no t k ' nll t hlr q.
ro. r, -,,,:r"t,;..pL .L,l, pii, / . ' iut . ' , r Fr i, u dr 'r 'r ', t . : i 1 - '. ? l 'l
\ou L jtr:sn il t o , , ill lr , . r '

C, l o r . Y on d's./d/Dr
tdrl ,r. lju:? l I o c r ll iher .
T h.fc u s.fllr'r i ju :s nil ir ) r c a t ily hoe
T her! b ed tiu:,d l ,o ' lo r ' c a dot LJ gelr' lllr l. gt
{a l o t r' l-l\ eft d idr't u sc Lo I) c a c ot t . g. lr er c
\ri. . l ,"t rrpd rotjJs.u r njoj 1. t ". L. p( t / t \ - ? sau ndi tre,\e1r
.t.'" d td li-Jrd-. L, r J nu" r in' ' r h'
Ou i rk (3. 21) s em nale a z i , l e rn c o tn € n i a ri u , s i p rezenl a l ornei .l t,n l scd

,. . L,,rp , QJ r r , , a' nir r ' r " r ii In r ' r^ A -ri ' /i d , 1 o . ' i nri l nF in
p ' r F' ' i " ul '
e j'r z;b ri i rn i ' rs t,:r: i n | l u l / | b r r l x n r. i . i
' 'i i . ri '
" : J , / i' ^ ' n5.
Co cluzic. S 2176
DO. foiosil r.r aLrriliaral aurilian:lui modal t-SliD to. a lofi cr).damnai
Din:l la al doilearlzboi nroDdialca o rlovdrli do inculturl. Ulterjor.a apnrut
in:r"n,, i",-: ti,!i,...,..,u.,: t,"",,,.,,.ir,:..Ln.rlior"..tonr'1f...iub-
.l sul . si prin "unrrn,i in "n
-r ".d,r.r .,. "r'J 'rJ-a.J',
r'rr'.
- ' f Ip "r'
steza (colocvia]n)sactuali. precniere llsupra tut,iror celorlalte forme, datoriti
aliei sale de ri"lpitdir€ foarl,c c\tinsai.
1Un
srrxiarirjian cnst(, nlnrnr.r-r 90i; din lcri.nl liDbii -qrglez. cnf idiomilit.
:: dvin te nrcdr.tirtc.
' 5lalar llo.o s.
I l. \ r. ; ; . Ita l .\t .! o' b- l r r r , ll'
. ri;ii aniori " "
ru md m4lion.azA cii tu.mi llsDD TO, ooijlrgari .u nxrilir.ul
!O. esic.rl. r ,ia li. "i,ri
444
ln numeroasecazuri se eviti acest punct nevralgic tnlocuindu-senegalia

cu adverbul neuer:
You,, r, ,r.atto 5p'ak Soodt:ngti,h.
ora,Jr o
t o b- a r abin o1 t hdt r o, L, o r thprFl
-d.
LiSED'TO
(tn lnterogdliaconfirnd.tiedqi cu DO auriliar de acccntuare .ti,,p/rd_
tic DO)
\r"d ;d u i. I . h \ our - pJ t \ . J , , n- . . . , ") n I
lat.Lota,t.\d.,t;t r.t:
rriere4efdrDl ro be a ca! e on rop or Ihar hirj,is,!'ii;; iL."r"i. jiiiJ1r,,.."
(in fra.a dubld)
1' , ' r uf r o $r i ' . s n n i E n u l ." .r,.I .o .,J t i ^,.!. 50 di i r I
) , u , , + dJ nI In .IrF 1 k5 ' ,ri t,) F . c t' s h ,n o , s p Ltl ,ota.r. aoro:oA t_J.dt." \.
"oh, us€d thercl/ (coloij\-.)did rh€rit,,
! 217 7 Ate n lie !
A nu se confundamodalulUSED 1O I ju:sru]cu:
, t.:,,'!"1 .:,, narricipirrlrrecui,,isedijl rzrtlale1_erbt,lui
ro lts. fir iu:zl
,l: a IrnrreDurrlaj:
,_ .,." Ha\ €r of z s edl j u :z d l n y b i ro ? :H o w .l o L o trti Lci t.?,,..Ir.sl j l ri sl ,r.Ikdi tJ,Jt.r

(-\i nnosit pirut mcu? Cum tli ptacu?_ E trnn. Lanr jntrebuinlar ied
)
r ' 1. *. liv ul E " .t t.o l i rt u tn :1 ,. tj ,, ..d to. a fi obisnuit .u: /o g.1
.D )
u sPt l r o: d \ p o b l i ' ru r c | :
,a i6d r',.do m J a", m m "r . . t , . r . . , l . . . i h . . \ r , f . " r n [ n r t ; h . . .\.,,r
."I
mlnd o1t ' e At "r : , . . I l|, gti s t , r , , . r " , , I L .
,.r ou rl su on 8 fl , r / , t . : 1.io\ dr , 1r , t
.'\u D. pn i acom o, ll r u I . ou , 1. . , i"r . . \L . ,,, obi.n.i[ . !
" . r . / . , _-, i
am"r.an A.- \ici osr jj"r Ai s i. , r . . r . i. , . i, , , , . . , j. \o,.r";r.,;i:;;.;,t,..
s 2178 5) llronur.tare.- Used(au\itiar rllodal)se pronunln
,.,,- J i ju:stul,rndqra:in:,,r...u in a in ' " a , , , , , \i u . a lc
^ " '" I t ju:stalinainr"sun;: ..'r.o a n e
She used to go llru..
asefiJJr't I ju:snt] negativ.
dl lrFrul. $i pJrri!itiu lrn,ur al v"rbutui tpricd, r-gutrr /a
. -- ,u.:r4rju:i
xs€ Ltr tu:zl: d jntrebuinl.Jl
"
I havc &se.,your llionc i.o iall to Clivc.
rrscd fju:stl, rux lj:tr:z.l) d.dj.: accusromed3(: obj;nuir):
He is not &s.dto the noisca l thm-r ot cties. {: obiqnujtcn)
$ 2l7o TII. VDN,BELE NEFLNXIYE

(Rrr.[n]qvn rljRDSJ
s 2180 . I) Dofitri!ie. Vp,bJp r.flaj{i!e :in, !irbp rran/irivp sau in,r"n/itire

rb . .ir.r {or-i.d.1iv; s d sddugdtpronLrm-tc.,ftprit A..rda, in ,,u r,.r
pFrsosnacu subr..lul. -i
r bine triDin.
: -I ' c nr , u / , t ; , v e z i n a c . i a 5 . r.rr 4
" ; : ir ; : " , ; 1ll , o tri ,n " i '
r.r"d " i n ,F b u i n t.,' n " i ni .s rn' ,,,bJ \o.1,,r.,..,!,o,-r r,
liERBEl,l'RElLExlv'
acliunca' sufern
c'ire indel tinelte
|rfali |it srbr|trul
Prolrulr1€i€rell(]Ii\.
acestera:
si {{ecLere
r.l,,ir,".,l::iijf,,i}ilLll'J,lilii)
: li ;:l"l,il
1""i""1:i'f
l,l:lij: ":l "j
l""' 1j""':.:''.Tl ^\':l
l"'ii;';;:i-:;:,,lll
:illl,.i"i:'i"'i .""".,,'
I
i ""1;I;:::ii,;i, l',,1r,,: ;1j:';;'",jll:'l"l:'l't'''
:;:,1,'illl:tl 'n''''.",'n!
':li i:":'il':;-"nt""'i''in'
Llli',.iil;i*l:::j
l-*lti"."riiffi
*i
**i**j
l'* j
1'
*"::i ),;;;;:il:
- l":' :":;::':.
*-i:"lil+i:i'lit*t:ln*".i*
";,,ltrii;'"i:ll1
1"1:''''"
:,;iill,ill:1,::iii*i,"
lfjrTiitl",'h"ffli;
(soeriamrl
jg*lt'"'*;"i"i; ""n**I
\l'
"{" unr'li'erbu\-r
i9]'i"""1iii1"'ii'#lli
""ns .' r-,,.,"nps,rr).s 2183
jii;, "4tr"
ir?il*i$li:-i'*;''*{r"rir':l'
I;';I;'.f,H*i
*ifirri;i;;1r''"'"1.;';r"l"lt:'iil:;i"ii'::i'i:irill
x'fi;1;4;[IiL j i*"';;;;:l;"'""i;i:;"d4i;
iiil,,,,*"''n
au',.:
; :i,,.*, l-;, j1jiil;
,-iil'i:i,h;:,".:lt.,iil'
":rx
ii:ri''r l';:
:'
;;r:''
*fti*fti! : ;llil;,+ll;"'"
tqi#, .
;::.;^;
,",r1:x'"".
,i#1"r,
i1;,
'"or
l'tl"t+$"f#'flX;:^'ii1'n"
Ed'
ri'rrrii'onrne'
G*nati'|ii
I I't*l*1"'llXl'"l#i::':"#'i'"*J'ilif','ft
& d&da cu sucoesnlci.
{: she D,askd ot hrr ruccess.)
Jd stntrd inDiit_
( : ue l. lr us e te s s .)
l] u r " , \ . " f b, s rn u t..i o .h i . ,o p i tu u ,s .4 rl.. 4e r1,1,i r1
.
\' "p ,,.d1 p i n d in \ ,1 .
( lt e, i, . 1; , 7, ,p L n rh e to p .)
2185 .1.,/yerbcle refle\n.e c(,cntird din linlba ro emd adice acelca care arata
, i j n s t A r . d s uLiec t u l u i q e p ,o d u c c o s c h i m b a re !o rraduc i n qenerei n l i D ba
\ F r bn rn ' ri ,n , r\p s a u
'rrFz1 f r ln tri n rr -.1 . ta:to.v. ta b" tun, ,_v to L.
&d j e c t iv ul r es pec L i v :
a \ F , t r r gt et ) : h /,' u l i n l r )
i \ c jr ' gill' eni: h ,d t€ L rn l r.l
a sc ,^nrcsi io btush,to ;edde; (itr \
,' ol af u d " , tr
a o b /'I"L,r d ..r - . L n r o .. \:n i p t.
i. rl8lr ' t" 2 .t e "a .. b p t,
^ "o n p
1 . b "a - . itle - ^ .1 b" al
J..! n",;' .. g- 4r r p o d q . b p ,.t,- " t.,-

"
'_I\o tu .r n d . ,, b".aF? L,,r.J,,t"i -.!4.
{..t,t,.
218ri r/ r.erb,Ipreflc\r\" tu fmnumetetn dalir in limba ronlanii siuL foart(]

":r1l'j'' in limbJ "nEl,/a iiird in J","r in'rH,riri\p. rrd,.ziri\_.pr.f^_
l,ii
zrrrunalP\ru rn\ol'rc de rn Jdtiv:
. fr lao rlu : r, na.ft o,csc/f (reflexiv)
: tD ( o.r/ {i!l.rrnzitivl
. t tenenbu \trarzitill
b lin. ! . t o nnoeit , t r t h h k t t a n z . \
:- t o n\ a k or elp. nnii: oa ttan^tir)
: t o t ouah ot , t o j. . t ot t \ "r L p h n o T L t i o n d l
t o . o' r t n o1\ . t t r r ""L od,i l,i to?,lior ,l
Pronurnolerefleaiv neaccenLuarin cazd d.atir posesiedin limba romAni

s. lraduce iD limba eDgteznprintr-un adjeciiv posesiv:
a-si puDcnrrnuite: ,o put.an .ne" stor.s
,' i $,]!r'.' ,rl t" onr \ h; bJ
. r j, s o 'ip 'op "a!
o lrril1t . , pr r m bdr . 1, "b , 4r " one, s . t ilt \ . \ tot t nlt:
r it scoalc piliLria ,o take aff oae's hat
a'!t t,iia dcgotul: - ,D cu o e's fiaEu
S187 l) r.erbelarellexive pasi,c din lirnba romArn se rradue in senereilr linbs
englezdcu pasiyul sau cd vcrbe inrranritivo ru inlcles pasiv
iS ljia, 1792):
-: The book hG beet tound.
,\? .o"stria o casl A house n?s ,.ir* azir.
PrllvAlia re d"i.,\tde la ora 4. . lhc sho') or€nr aL fotrr o'clock.
Iai,i o stori c.r.e se ..o/r/. ase rai.) - ll,rc is a rloth lhal cr./r .asily.
Caladtl nz s. tn.nide. : Th. lnl ( , t r l snzr.
2 laa . :l v ar l- ala F t l" y i \. n ,p fs ,rd l . J r. ti mb d r" r,;' l i s^ trd,t r, i n cFnFrp
i n l r,,h" pnr l, / ; pr i n r u n p a " i . s ..,r p r;.,rr,,. \ " rl . rri nJ ,. ,l i o
" ubr." t ,r;t
tr^ n u m pln r , ' , , ' . r ar . ' - i ,. J t..t. o n " .,/,., p ' ..,S o-.,. I' o; Ld,.t. I;87J:
\ ! <1r,. i.i .stF n , jr , s
, II".. u o r h, , t or n _ t D. , ) i\
.1. rdr. .rn',a
c rir.i.
l: It uppeare ihrl. he js here.) (pron. nftroi,ifji)
417
\u se r',1. niciodall-
i- L?. nclcr .d4 rell ./
3.: .rcIle ct. a lost lilnal ln Scolia-
( . 'l'he!t thnlk it rrs lilmcd in ScoLhnd )
jntranzitive singure sau S 2189
ft) rerbgle rellexivc rt'ripr.)rr.se traduc cu vcfbe
rnsoliie de prorrumereciproie (S 931 932):
at i G t :1 u
\l. mor' im r"rl'| \or'l
' g' r ' ' ' _ rt 'ir ll " I Llhu 't : P t
, t t ' " \Io r,r.' I ' r L / w , 8/ . / I Li I
ld .cn.,rt si se l,Ip?.,t to.rlii ziua
(- They qzd'./ and u(A' n I? {ll d.r"l
r ldn-. le si n ;iL.i m'. 'e i, . dr i nr Lr ir r I
uy ilo;.nJ
In lrmiliano.shi ,d iarim.n tolii
i: I n on.lrn il"f \rt rll l, r e ot t o@ t t Er ' )
,{lle lerbe r0flejrile ilin limba romnnncirora. in limba englez!,le cores S 211)0
pund verbe iniranzitive sau tlanzil,i\'o:
. sc ulrnd. :10 tdlBltatch fie
a sr rrrolia =' /o uryla@k, to .otue uP ta
a se aieza
. .rJ . .
-i d !," ,
1 .,1 r' a . t.
Eta tl r .Jatr .
i sc desrirli : to Port, to s.Ptat

a sc dd rc ' t a 8.
a sc ioi.si du to Lsc of
a sc sirdi "nka
to think
ir se srribi : ta hot)! uP, ta nake haste
a ic jiorrri .. ta rcs,t;e, i' detemtiê, to .te.idc' 1otu1he uP are's mnl't
a s! irlornra : l. tnqztrd
a se i bilia bbal
{ se lndepilrt. ta rnorl: as\t!. to learc
r sc triol. ta L. mt:laken
i sc n rtilni
r s. rriil r
a se oPd to stoP
! se Dlimtu to tah' a Qalk
a sc ilinqe - to .onptain
a s i,"egati - 10 €etlnak. rcad!, to ln Pare
r s,, ieifaga ' t. rctie. to 6 nhdras
r s-" scnlda . la ball@
: to dPologi.e
. se si.Iili : ta rettle
a s. fenc to feu, to tie aflin, e&
-
3) Alte YerbcrellexiYeir limbe onglern. Allo atemp)oJc rerb" r'lle\i* j :l9r
1r, hrnba sr /" /,/ or"s'f rudle.l 0l'lrnl" fi.a P lF uptr-dp
"';l,zi tl
s.ll'Irllr: /" I rst p t,n s 'l) ( a Jurni prpr n ull): ]a o{r'tott' tvttts l
! pt o\ wn's"11 d la'c loiJ id\: /' Jr'
t |r. rr'i lt,n, mulr : ' ' '1'rr'r '
un s'l t,",,,si 1 r1r'I1": rd!'u-.p.lr):to t,1 h on':Ptl( a r.1rLi' "rF
" '.p
gurJ e'c.:
li'rr.ll .'l\ ', . l' "' r , r ' 1 . " "lal lp t t '1 1 L n '1 1
' lJ\ ' rA u n'Da rrt ' l' ! i/ o' I r in I ' dr LFn l! r r r ' - ' r 'r ''
I F ItL f'
Shc ,rod. nfls'lf tll ovolt{lnrF lile 11i.1
i-cirgxril "*a imlohdaii. nin|nrd atit de tiult J
lle klt l,inntl soLrl
q doim , 1 L s r . "b dF I ' lt
, n' ' 'a
she tol/p d h"a4 t 1a /. ", b r ' nur in r lp' r ulllJ
_ ir Llir ' o, r r "r ' r r J r e?u- l. l' s d b l J e l o a r '
.A r, ' L:l l:n r '"
:rtr\ 1,. ,at t .'nrlPn : . 1r ' . lo dei l o\ ' r r hPr r lall " i 'l n r .
J I ol i " I il": lu lo r
-,,i, r' 'i il l; . ;J, Jor ' , li J in
1+8
s r1r2 IY. \'DHBNLII OO]IPI,'TI1

(collPolrtiD l'nRxs)
S 2193 1) Ierbcle complcxe cu taitiouli adrcrbial,i,-ln linba englezi e.i.ita .,

l€grilure strinsi intre unole verbe 9i adverbele' care le llrm€azi. asemenea
ycrbe fiind consideraic. pentru acest moliv, ,c/rc conpLen (5 2208 2210):
Ue was tircd and sar. zI climbils atrJ tLrl.li...
\ ! " r c / o. . l ' l o : -ti a n d 6 , o // rt f1 ,J ,.
, \ P c dl 11, I . . rn I n rr !o r.
'the curtain per, r! and the lislils rrcn, door.
IIdr., o,r1 Ii's sti!!e.y.
S : 1191 Unc lo v er be c o n s tru i tc c u p a rl i l u l [ a d v erbi n]i pot fi urmate l ,ri od,i ti i
,
sr oc prepozrlu:
S I p . , t " d, r t rd d v ) ,' t4 p r,,t t,; t \." .
\ \ p / oo^. J/ , a d r. ro rrre rl : l i i m .,, | .,1 h.!
T h ! t ao J r a,:'r ' l r.r i p ; r, L . l F .. .e k. Ji ..,.| di.
H " r r . t ' . o /, I rrn-. t r s o rd .
I nt' d," t , p aat..;" L e r,,ro r 1 ,r m a ,"k .
ls " | - , l' , ro p "' r,-i
i r' i ., tri n r,,/o r ' ,J J \. .- rr,.n .
j
" i. uJ , F - t" r ,r .' n d d ,r : ' ,1 . to p u ' u p .r., - h t.-r,
llr \ . nJ o$l" ' D d o ..r-n ..r, t.,J,3.j ;"
\l'e ,/.r,.1, {adv.l 04 ,o (rioul prirl ) ilic \ioanda.
S 2f9; 2) Tcrb0lo pr€pozitio alc (prcposi.tional t'erbs). O categorie Epnfte

{rsle formati din unole rerbe atit de strtns unitc (\t prcpozilia co ditio|atii3
care le urmeaz;i tneil. in anunite situalii (Ia conjugarea lrasivn. spre e\enplu)a.
prepozi,tia tsi pi€rde funclia ca etare si face parle integranti din yerb. Chiar
tr ca pronuniie. prepozi,lia apare ca ur sulir dl verbului:
!y luggrge had bccn atlcad.A,o Fhco you ardred.
Tl,e .oom had be€n iired tD.
SIc was ni.€ 10 l,o,t ar.
lI€ likes to bc /trlP@d ro.
Acesi€ lcrbc sint nunite tcrbt TrcpozilionaLe.
(vezi si g 227E)
s 2196 T. TERUE LEluP DRS 0\A LE S tU UrlP E RS 0 Nt L E

(ITTI?ERS
ONAL OR UNIPNRSON,TLYERBS)
$ 2197 t) \'erbtlle impersonale sau unipersonale au pronumele it ca subioct.

( $ 855):
i, drizzies n lglitcDs t sleets
r, Irccz€s i, rains i, snoss
tl ltails t dews n thundcN
'S 2f98 2) Lnele verbe unipersonalesint, urmate dc un substantiv sau dr: un pro"
nume personalilr cazulicuzativ sau datil'r care cstc subieciul (in cazul nomr-
naiiv dcci) r'erbului personai co.espunzlitorI
It sh an s n ., , ) lo ha\ F hpr l\ al . , , b. i. f \ . r b r r 'n F r 5 o ' r r r
t l'10 rn., pr d. . r m dd t o Ld\ ^1, u"\ , d", l, a;J t J . l L \ ', r i i , p r " u r J t )
lL bchues tut klal..) to crptain herseu. (\:erb uiipersonrll
t: s/.e (nom.) ousht to e\plain herseu.i {\'c.b pi.sonal)
rVezi S 1 32 5. 12t 8. : i3! 1.

rN.ai ; j_: - - : : - . .
ii p ar : . 1" 1t r r biah :r:"- ::crj
3r''For' :,:p rrpnz il: , ' S. '
i. ". ondit io;
.\'z r \ . , , . : . {. :
$ L t9r 1; qr .
3) ,Ueseerzs,in.rrirAt. desrieLc.]it. (: illli Iare): ,nt:trrt.tl, |t.,thoulht | zttg
: irni pnrca) trecut sinlplu, sint 1.erbeunitrersonale.pronutnelenre aflindu-se
cazul dativ. iar rubiectrllit neliind erprirnai. (\'ezi si i 20t1 2072)
.ln$ele exe'npleInentionateh (2) ;i {:l) sirt desL,ete.
rL liDnBD ('1. lt sll {]orFI'\Dii. s 2200
0 alerrlie steciali trebuie dati nrrn:ilo{rclor verbr. care se confundri
. lr lJ r (i n l r'. nplec , , lal) ( : . r s . i y i . a rf;s ,a ):

flitr:ui6iances a?,r' $hilh rctrderid r,) pns.n.c itidispcnsiblc.
I r r?r. (i n 1 r. nor ogr lal) ( : a s c S l x rl i , a :n i i rl i tu ; a fi rs iJl ):
S l c r.re s lo$ly lr od t ) i j c h a i f.
i o t xis t t.It:. t it / .iegr

. lnt ) ( : d ri d i .a )
tle rui*d l\ts hand to l,is tsyes.
/d r/ r. rn f. (: a as igir a p. r n re v a p ,' i n c ri ,,l i ):

I d..rl.e you lhat clc.Jl|ing is all riglL.
1. ' 7 u. ic ur a l ' ri n ' l In n .,,t.l :
To rBz.e "successol llrf curf I'ox mxst so to Jlrlh.
t . t e .rc \: a ar igur ' a la o s o ri i D i a terl e i s i $ ri i ri ):
l\a tFu/.d .rI lin, {g{irst {ll risks.
1 , borN* (: a lua f r j im p ru mu l ):
I Ninl to ,orr,.r r norel ironr hinr-
ti t ul da (,rl imprumul):
-. la
I l(r€ l,nt hirn a ro{cl.
io /?o i a faco (scrs g,,neric, concfcl)ll

HoN do you do1- To do nothing
'lo l o .nc ' s l. s k . T o d o d n e ' sh .i ..
" l ,e n (l m e 50t r l" " \ otn i n g d o ti g l "
t. t u 1 ,. l : r r a{ ' . a f onl e i ,l .i o n a (s o n s ( o rc rft)l :
'li ,,a r. . r ik €la h! 1, /ad k s s .
.ttare ho! \'ttita Ll,e snn s!)iDcsl(Prove,D)
l i 's g o i ns t o r ani $' f ' d b .tt0 r,,d l ., /o r h o m e
to . t : t)t't ( p s e at iept a l a ) fa n d rri l ,d e o f th t: n i n d l :

t r nai t fa t (.: a af t c pt a) [ t d u i tu d ( o f th t' h o d a l :
I sl rrl l /r t ed loo lom or ro { , b trl I $ o r' 1 ,i i ri l l )r,ro tr i l rol { r! l rto.
/ ir / 7/ , (.=. a hr s i. ilr s ener e d e o p i i m c j tti rT .

'|lie.r /Ll belorc the .o iry stofd.
t( Ilu a zbura (.lcstre pasnle. avior etf.: (lig.) a zl'ura. .r tugr repede,
a sc rcpez i) :
Tl,. t'ird /er aNay when I went ne{r.
H,, /&q to LordondeN.:
It's q e l i i. s da. k : I m u s i /l " .
lrr //.r' , r I ' r in a r dg .
l lirlord?trt!. oomir{f ti reiedirla restie(,l.i!;1nt ldmdn d. \oal.

460
t o f k)a : a c ur t s r ( d, s p re u a p i ):
Th e Dan' , bef l. dr inlo th e ts l a c k Se a
10 a ir |: ' aI a llP lA ,rn P\a ):l

'" t -"i
ea l:
lt . l t ; al- h b ' c d u " " I ).a tp /!a ' .rr' h p l a n tu J/' orr' I rl ' -" ' monrl rs
i ;""
to t e a ch t ! in\ ! ia lpp F \a ). a l ' e d a ru mJ rrti P \l :
' rrv l " i s u " L r,g l ' s l (l o r d J ' J t nd\'
Ou r te ar L r I ' r s l, ' o re
to li" ti t,tr.t t ut . lnin I a :p ,rl a . a .' a i n rrr' s ' :

l {e a l r aY s iier do\ x s i l | r ru D L l
\\e \rtr t " r o I r $ner . !\F /" 9 o n l )' .o . i '
, i! , it l, laid (: a p u n e l a a l s o z ae tr' ):
to la A (.Ja' 17. . )
The ]rrn r,rs cgg!.
\vh o t oid ihF t abt F :
lo lrse n u :z l ( : li. r r l" ):

I i a n r iin, l m r wa1l" l : I r' " s l rd !' l o .' i l
< uruL p' e" ' l trn' g)' l ' l :
r, luu se ,l d: ' 1t ' a, lF 7l*s a , o ,l a d ru n ,u l : a ' l rb r l l n
ki "c r 6ir r b. t a lir l d : ,i i s m u ,h ro o l i s l ' l :
/l. aoo;dnL'lu:snl €sle Preferal.)
ta rcmember (: a-!i aminti):
t o rtt i n d \ : a am inr i c rL i r' ):
. u $ fi ro , p l , !s " rn .;4 1 In .:
u I d o n t f . t r / , 6" r
lo re q ts:ul ( : a c ur s c)l
I i a s;, - i, " ' t r s r u, ol d s n i ,t.
t o s rl l fsrul ( = , a s am E n a ):
Thi soiver was lo@tnsl.hc seed
io ri r'r Is]:l ( ' = a t ai. r t r tPfn n rn l rl ):
Th e y s l" . d l. : d1t r ' rF ' s rl h l ' g ra r' ' d i fl i ' rl J
, o si l (: a s t a ios ) :
Sh e,,s . , t t , , ; a. n a i l i J i t tl n rtn n z i ti \' )
. h. l,im b:lsrcn In p 1 { b u \' o n lh i n /lld ' lr ' Jr'z
{L-.t atezatinlre cei doi bilie1ipe crtrapca)
'd
ta slon.l(- a sl,ain P;doar€):

He \;s too $'cak ,o shnd atlo lLis ilhess.
to stda l-= r sla. a remirl€):

lie is lhe Lido lloitl
"/orn';'u1
Thev sra?rd $itn us ]|le
I drin t i\d n. '^ .r'4 . b I Lp! : n. leJ .
l, seal (tranziljv) (a aq€za)

Pleaic. bescated!
Our libnrry sears i.wo hundr.d teaders.
to speak : E vorbi (in sens l&rg)

aJ a l_orbi (persoana sau persoane'le cetelalte ascuhind)i
l],a tcl€lon) JonessPddntnc(: Aici ' Jolr's)r
j p € d & t o him , he $i l l i e l p l o !
H o s / ole bt lenglh o n I o o l F ra tro r'
$1
,) a vorbi (: a articula cuvinte):

He could not sFdl ior laughing.
She oos spcd/itns hcaihl.ssly.
They sprai English well.
lo tdlA (: a vorbi)
dJ a {orbi cu eineva, a conversa:
We Fer-"diî,s ol this and that.
I couldn'tlird lnJone l.o ,arl to.
DJ a vorbi despre u subiect unui auditoriu:

He r4l,tddto us o lhe subje.i of the collectiriationoI agricdtrre. (- to speak)
c) a bt.fi:
She\rill dllr. whalerer)ou do,
lo lellL (: a spune)
a) lntatJ auna urm"t dp un "on,pl'm,ntindirat! e\prirnal :du sublnleles:
HF ald h".l'ildr'n he $as liking lFoo for d \rdlk.
He,,ld (us,them etc.)the newsol Toly's.lrrival.
,, introduce foarte rar un citat.
lo sd33 (: a spuner a zice)
a) nu are complement indirect in l'orbir€a indirectn:
He satl le wrs . worker.
D.,lesle verbul cel mai des lntrebuinlat, cu sau lird complementindirecta,

pentru a introduce cuvintele rostite de crneya:
H€ sdid: "I am Nick's brother".
He sai.l to met"I am Nick's}Iother".
A se compafa cu:
He said he was Nick's brother.(Slil indifect)
He tald m he $as Nick's bro!le.- (Stil indirc,t)
to srri (: a-i sta cuiva bine):

Sho.tsszi, yort.
to becone (: a-i veni cuiva bine):

lled br.onds h€r.
You. Itat is YcrJ D€.ontns{-
to fil : a. se potrivi, a-i veni cuiva bine (ca mnstrn):

The coat doesn't /n, it is too tigl!|.
T hs l " or t i6 r p e rl p fl /t i s rJ ts l rn ri t)
\ o / t r ir s is n 4 " ..a r.,. ( - Prb r)
r o t rd rl (: a 1T €a) :
I pdz, to taik to you.
r-{nDete verbe au caft nu inire hsd In cad.ul problemeisinonimiei

ti alte tntrelesnri,
'ComDlenrcDtul indi.ccL reslurde la intrebarea ..cni?',

sC o mDlr m . nr LlindiF ( 1 l tPb u l u i b .a a p 5 ' p o r;c p d r !d" D r.oozi ti nro.,D rad" osa-
lr ra o- /o o p l4m pnr. l indir - 1 1 \" rb u ru i ro p t.c a rd n u rmpepuzi i i .;l n,l \.,;i n" d' J!
_ a
Pa rti c ipid p. c z r r t d .re n i t rd j e c { .i v .
4i2
to (ragulai) (: a voi, a-9i er€rcita voinla):

'rill
As wc /tll the lnd wc mustL'iI1he means.(Proverb)
t'ill (principaldefectiv)(: a voj) (S 2093):
Ile |nal rill noi lrhcD he na), Fhen he etll he shall liale It.J tl'rovcrbl
to rvis,t (: a dori)r
Ltrl I kn€$ who shewasl
i, gon.lcr [ \'^ndr*]
a) + (tt (: a se nilluna, a se nita de):
cliDbDg
I doadd.at vou. courage- this is dangcrous
Tnaf isn't lo be eondered..it.
b) (rranz. fdtd prePoilic) (: a se intreba):

| ,o,d P. \hJ l hP\ d. . n ior nin8.
She @nded.i Nl'at his nnme was.
t, odndff [ Ntrnda*] (: a rntnci); (f.,'lt) a se indepnrta:

The! eandqed abont aiml$slt.
Hc eaatlerc,t /rcn rhc subjecl.
}.ORNIAREAVERBELOR
2201 (foRr[AT]oN ol' VDRDS)
ln lirnba enelczi. verbele s-au lormat dupb prncedeeJeobi5nuite erpuse

In caDitolele,on;Jrdl. (Flo'ldlreni4i dc \.nrbirc ln 'ons'inr; 6" 'orr'ral6
existenla urmdtoarelor catogorii de vorb€:
2202 1) rerbele primare sint, chiar rdddcinile verbelor pro'renite din limbile
caro au stat la-baza lericului limbii engleze:
to come to givc to look to PaY'el.c
S 2203 2) rcrbele tlerivate, formate:

$ 2204 d) ou ajutorul pr€Iixelor sau sufixekr (alixalie: '4ffi:ration), di'\re
care principalele sini urmitonrele:
Prelixe:
sb.r, xs-, silJ, l,e-l. cu-! eru-, i r-! for, er-l, rs:
lu,DJu.l. lo o l, s lAr n,lo/ Lr ' t l. og, lo, / r udg- / 'a r l l L 'f r l n l 1 " . 'l r L 'l '
to" pl,irt r. lo,4 r!arl , lo, a! up. lo/ a"b. ' r . , / ". q' l. l, , , n a \ J P l ! P / r " r '1 r ''4 n l o r r .
l0 rcnew, €rc.;
ouhl, ove.l, undor.l, up-r, NithJ:

t oo! ldo. lo, / , la s l ,l o 0 4 ,ru n h .r,l o ,ta ..rn ro,rP .l ' anf l " ' rd?-l ' J'
' oo' rsl FP l
to ,,a . " i. i- ai; , r " , ,d ,fl P p d , i o ,rh o l n ro r' l ro o r . r.,r' d rn " i //dr' ' $ "
to .vn ns t and, elc . ; " r' l orJ
* : r lntal {lin c!\lni este !,on!!1at r lnai ea lrti rocalc li mili inailrlea
nnei oonsoane.
! \.eb 'ed stll do t , , t , t iJ \ . r b, . . , , , r r por ilii ln l r L u ; n 1 , " " , r t r ''i \ , ,l-. rd d.-,
,r.srnl !r,l'\" lr L nr Ln lalr nd r J . "_ ir . lir "br anc l n / i \ 1 h 6
anlonimiee:
dc-l, dis-, n-, mis-:
10 deoode. i.o delace, to ddlect, to d.tdm, to ddll{Le to dislike to dtsoNn, to drpci.
lo u,Lrulror, lo znco!e., io r"do, l.o rzisi,arj. to Dislake- to ni!lNSt. etc.
sufirc:
-en: 1o blackc,, lo gtadden,lo heigll.cn.to lcngtl'n, to lesv,. lo \rid€n, ei. :
ny: to clari/y, to e\emtli/g,1.o lrcnchjtv, io mumi,i/r.1o splcchi/y.lo lcri/y. ctc.;
-ize: to lrulalir,, lo.ochnfyt:€, to gener.lt:c, to nionopol;c. el.;
-ntr, -esc0r-er, -te, 4e, +b: lo ex..o bate.io a.qui.5.e,10 glntdc. to sl)arhl€, to
cl r.\F. lo punisn, etc.
6l prin modiricarea vocalei rndncinii (rpoiorie: llowel Grad&tion): S z)nil

sing- sorg sirikc stroke
(v e z i s i 5 i s r)
cJ prin de'ivarc regresivd (BarA-Forndtlon), formhrdu se lerbe noi S 2206

din curjnte cirora li s'a suprimal, o parte eronat privita ca un sufix:
10 bany-sit bdby sitt€r to housete.Ir ltousckeePe.
1.oburgle burglar to hze )^7Y
to diagnose di.ignosis to pcddle t,eddlal
l.o cdil edinr to renniis.e renilis{iencc
to grovel grovtllirg to !am! \ampi.c
3) lerbele oomprse, torrnale din doun (rareod maj nlulte) cuviite scris€ $ ?9o7
tmpreund sau unite prin cratime:
10 backli.c lo dcadlock to stosawry
io iaolspr.e to gan,s.)' to str.ll'ang
10 broadcast 1o rosedilc io tiploc
10 buttonhole lo scesatr lo NaJrrY
to .rossexamine 10 sategdard to whilcwash
1 o s l r.a mn n c
4) re,Ilele comple\e, iorlnat€ dintr un verb u.lrat de o particul{, adv€rb S 22{}8

la origi e, sau de o prepoziJ.ie.scrise s€paraL, dar atciiiuind n tot indisotubil
ca inleles /a lcricaL ito ):
a) ftrb + a|t)ctb (particuli adverbialii) ($2193): S 2201)
to }ring rloll to kcet otl to staxd l)J
. to call up 1.olisl.enin 10 lake oil
to draw h lo rjng olf lo take aNaJ
to lade oul lo scl, otrl, 1o lune in
to gct on l,o size uP io ltun out
b) vt:rb! prcpoziliecandilionatd(".rb prcpo:ilio al) (S 2193)t S 22to

lo charge $ith io lislcD io 10 rcly oi
lo come bJ to liYe il to remind oI
to depend on to look all€r to tdk about
lo laugh at lo objcct ro 10 {l,ink ol
I dr esld de l.pt pL"pozilielttrcbuinlaffi ca prelir. (Vezi l]i8.453, nola 1).

454
2gl t 5) locu-tiuuilo yerbalo, adicd echival€ntii rerbali lorrrali din verbe urmata
de alte pn4i de vorbire, cu care alc,dtui€scun tot indisolubil ca inteles, intreaga
constru.rlic puttnd li ln gcnere tnlocuitl printr un 1-erb simplu:
to catch hold oI : to seiz.
to come to naught : io lail
to get the betier oI : to deieni, lo oulwii
l.o hare a joke '= to joke
to tako a dislikc io : to dislihe
t o t uk e i o i rs k : to re b u k e .e tc .
2:ll 6) Sohimb en categoriei gramotioele (Coneosion). Un fenoDren carac-

'p "j . i. . f oar r F |a' p ;l l d i i l r l i ' rb d e n g l " z i . F .l " trp,pri a unei pi rl i dp vorbi ro
l rn rr o dl' s or iF g r,' n s .i " " l d o i " . C .a mdi tr- rpnl a e:l e i ntrpbui o-
aceleiali forme atlt ca "'
subslanLi\i. clt ti ca verb:
larea
S Listantirc PdtF ale ALte pdrli de
tfnpuLuL vofDLre
( lo (to) back (to) dry
{tol }adse. (to ) e y! {to) i tl l e
{to (to) iinscr {tol lcllo$
(to iiol ioi i to l l ,e i d l rol aoubl e
(tol dowr
ho) strin
(l o ) h o s (to) stomacl! 1to) furiher
{to) hound ool near
{to) st'oe rto l L o vcoti r {to) out

, i to i t' e i toc i toi sh,nshri
(to) sisht ito) lxnch" (to) sltush
2213 Tendinla ac€astaeste atit de puternici tnctt qi astdzi slnt coniinuu creat€
a,l'hoc Yerbe noi:
Shep6 los,e$tzson a llane boundfo. SouthAld.a. (- to act as a hostcss)
I in pnd 6ldr i l o mv l l d l . ( l o q o b v l d x i )
\Yc dccided,o no,.l tr,'and in; ,, and pu, whcn it \\rs wetr. {: to sLPcpii hotds
rnd ntns, and dine at pub3.) 'r
I askedLer io ma.ry me. Shc .f8n,-no"d.(: to say all dghi,.)
$:hcn.ver wc meet, \e m1jdeapf.llo*s me paironizingty. (: to keep sn"vnlg"m.y
d .r. f dlow" . )
It orr na,odsHe.od.' He out-.olue.lZota.
"Nay, De, me no buts, oller me no objection!."3
"Hcre you a.e, Ih. Griltitls", he said io CUde, \tho $as ralher lleased rvith lhis
The doclor wunled to help her, but shc up atvay. (:8ot up ald ilent awav)
Sle ods ,lt.iatasi away. I'I opay o/, then. ^ntl
{: I'lt co away)
Don't Jou lt.:ie ne.e
i .ta u.a Lr\ dli: at Car , : r a . l Bo( . o' . t r : m l p '_ u d n o . . b o i 'r o 'd l l - id I dda
I r,lr nr'lL l t- p_ r inl. ! d, nl a) uDr i or J l m o, i"i un u r , n s l " z
"to hp "to r. a lim niz J . Hp; lor , l; ' , 1 l, r P- iar n >i s o 'L l . \ n 'l r o m a r d i .
.b tJr.h a lin. J J Ld, f it o|. 1 LJ n. h. ir , i t r - i d " n t i t i . a r . d l , . l r u i b F r l ! . 1 . f f
' i prr\iznt p ed PJp bJc n lln! r r c i.
'J.K. Jcromc, Thr , e J I h ; n o Boal
5W. ShakesDea.€.Hanlet. !.ince af Denmark.
a M. T\!a\n. A Colnectitut rdnkee in Lina Arthut's Cou
:Tr,. Dreisfr. Ar Ank t iun Tt oa. du
. R. L j"w"llJn . . \ one Bt t t h I ' n; ly Hea' , . \ ' r b , , r t d d , n E m - . , u l I 'g l n a t
'u g e r 'i / 1
e Seriai TY ,,Iamilia l'aUiser" - ,,Nu-ti dau roie st mi spui pe numel"
Adesea asistim la o lncercarc de dilercniier€ tnlre substantiv {ureo q 92t4
sdjer l i v) si r" r b, I n( c r . ar p. . m a rAAi i p l r o s .b i m b s re d p c..pnr Fau o D ronunti a '
d ihrild . d ,q i or t ogr alid r " m tn c ;," p r-c i , p l n a l a mo d i l i cari dp to.md di n.a
In ce mai accentuate.
Schimbare d.c ac.ant S 2215

(Substantivele _siadjeclivele : accent pe pdma silabd)
(Verbele: accent pe a doua silabn)
Subsrdntie I erb Adjecxi, V erb
'ac.ent - to ac.ent rabs.nt io ab'sent
-
'condDct - io con'duci abstract - to .b'stmct
contrast - l,o con'trast .ompound - to comrpound
d igP s t - t o d i te s r 'ffcquent - 10 tue guent.
'dislUlnt - 1o distouni F€senr - to pre'senl
rc.ord - l.o re liord 'subject - to sub'jecr
'il|rnsport - to trans'lort 'suspect - to sus'pect
Maitficdre de pronunlie- Orlogtafianeschimbatd S 2216

(Consoana
linale estesurdala substaniivsau adjectiv si sonorela verb)
Subttdntip Verb
- 1 o a b u s etr' b i r:zt
closell'lausl (adj.)
- r.o excuseFks kju:zl
Erease
Isri:81
- to nousc'tmauzl
- lo mouth lnaudl
lerus-"t rerF:31 - to r€tuse lirfju:zl
u$ tju:sl - to u s e tj D :4
lnt$ [tru:o] - to betrour lbr'troudl
M odificar@ ortografiei rcd.d nud.iticarea prondnliei s 2s1?

(Sonorizarea consoanei find€)
advic?isl - [o advire lzl cau - to cal.?
dc1i.P isi to dfris. izi nal/ - lo lial',
choi" e[ \ ] - to choo{ izl Ielie/ - lo !€lier.
grief to Erieoe
reljet - 10 rlljere
shelt - 1o sheb?
tliie/ - to thietz
rroo/ to lfor€
b c lhlbo: al- t , b .' ttLl b p tn t j ra /n Ii :0 - to.h.,' ,,! i i o/
r'-r / r / br , 0/ I n b ,p a /n ? /b i .b / r. p ,,l ti :0 ro l .p/t r' i d
,Inll k l, . 0/ t o, l o r/,p ,,J u u d $ -d rtri :0 . F$rdl r.ri ,r/
slass/glo:s/ ro sh,./slerz/
3 rd .. tro :6 / l o Sra res re ' //
r o ../r^ / - In l o .P /l u //
7) Ye ele imi itire. - Nunarul vorbelor care ilnita surlcLeL€ {onon,a- q ZgtB
l opc c - On o m ot app; u/ ( s l " l o a rl F nrrcl tua:
' n a rp i n l i m b a
to babl,le to ounch to s.u!r ro souetch
10 bans \o tiz. to iic.u! ro tfiklc
to click to giggle to shjsh_ to ritter
to chail€r to gotrI'le ro sizzle ro whack
to croak to gurgl€ 10 sllDtter io yap
466
sau, p!ilr relluplictrred sunetuiui:

t o , ilip- c lof i o l rg j r8
10 llaw hrlv to Poon_Poon to tnr(k)'to.{k)
r o t L. chiN l o F u l l ru l i
O altd (,ategorie de verbc itnihliLe t!t'r ace€aa verbelor care sugereaze

a n u mit e
' ni! c it i:
sau. Prin reduPlicare:

10 lrnrrJ s( tr(l'. ro sllillX shalll eir'
Cr ealea r le c uvi n | e n o i i n i ta ti fe d i r s ti l u l u i urt pi l oresc de o m c enpre-
.\ horsctluf//Pl doNr ils nos. r I

. \ t is v ; r r i$ t i " " h irh o n ,h d rt
" l -l r1 A .h ," ,d D L ' ,r ' r' ," r' '
- t . ij, , ' r r "",
2::19 3J Hedrrrerc.llrt,it n;n! 'i ! 1;pl'In;) i)'n;lc|r" ur'ii prrli dinrr'un
(.n15 /rlrlp nodclrF:
cu\irrl r.lp loFrre lrp' in li,,ba -rr:l.z; i'r "pp,ril i1
lo I iL L i t r 't
Lo lcnd ' n l"l, n' t
1,, r',.n q r o 1t , ' nl 1. , l' r nr l a '4 'n i n r $ J v r
l.' sp rrl to p^4 l" lhnln lu P/v/o;"rlrr'
' 1t
10 tYPc ':
'Yl'\Lnler
,f20 9) Yerbelo tel€sooDa.te( p.)rtttutnteau lltordJ ar Blends) (S aol) - Ca
verbe, a,,estecu1'lnto stnt mai rare jn limba cnglezn:
to .hor1l€ {snori r chncklei
lo ll t r r ' ( lhllF' : ' r r r i'
lo PIP ' r . o ur o ( im ir J r nuPr . J ' "' + ,
lu ld rr lis e I ' i r i\ r ' lF t d k k v : lion)
1o gahmt)i (gallop 'j irilnplil
t 2221 10) Yc$cle noi intral,erelatiY rFent in lin'bi "nclPza sint /rjxjdre;
qulr\'rl r la.pats'ana
lr€.ulul sin'r,lu$i parli.ipiLrllrp,ur rrrn,i"altsitr 'd tr
,' ,- ".sx.,i,;i"""1;t; a. i"'r.r"ra1i" 'i nPs"lic 'an'.rui"'' ' rr.autiliarul Do'
qe
F.l. si;l r rnr,.Pngulilnr '{lograti," 'arc prrtps' v'rhpr^ reeurdrPl
to r.,,1 ,,,,ra dio ( els . r J di"ing. r ddioF. l.
to n ' tb .. mot"r s . nr ol"r r ne m or or ' al
1! $ oo tPr l\. t o m olu. ) ,
t't l' l, \ise, l.l c \ ls es . if lt s v is lng t "l' \ is . d,
10 \rro\, \cro{es. \crox'ngi \cfoxeo:
i; trti;.-btr.. irri"a, otng-, lo oka-',otrvs. okiling, okaved'
lvcziti l 181't
)
I Curjttele soise.nsiv, din aetst..s.rtple. m exisid in vo'abdi'ul englez consa'far'
.:Jj"il :iiii"*,,il
jii:{ri':{n:,t1':,i",#,".
iilrr,. i..;srr',;.
t.,r,,.1,a -; pr'. n "ro ; , . ' ; r i iady , adj. t ' l\ ' LP r b '. _ d 1 ' i \ . s r r b s r a n r r v
ADI]iNBUL
I. DD|I-\ITIIJ ,159
II. CLASIT'ICAREA .C.DYDREELOR. . . . . . . . . _. . . . ,rr4 4i9
C l a si fi cs f A
dJ pr \ lonlt ........... .. :.:2" 159
L ra s'rr' ir F0upa -.........
460
4ri4
a6i
46!
468
469
trt3 4i (,
2,283 {r-lr
22aL 1l
2185 4i 1
lL LOCUL ADYXRDNLOR 2288 4il
Adrerlote mliliotiie - ' rr89 471
Ai l vEDe c s r . ilet em id rc rD c ..... .......... 4291 4r2
Ad re tb eled. t in?. . . . . . .
.lq'.,!"1.q" rimpnPpr-,
i" t!95 4i )
1, m l' P r n .. ........ !301 423
A.l e e tb e le de nor l. . . - . - . 1303 4i .j
Pl a sa rc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
,l d vml dp m od i s r c p r. rd tr rp rb rl ..... ..
lil l0 4,"'1
A,rv'.h . , ar p c J r af r F r i z ,a rdx I ta rti .:p i u tf,i u t ., ... 2Jt/. 4i i
h l l n e n l a d€plas lr iiadri !]m l u i a s rp ratn te l e s n tnai .e s tui a. ... ... .. . ...... !318 4ti
,7 .l e .rb ek. le |ac , . , . , . . . . 2321 4itt
& o p o zi fi o c u ||lei nult 6 e d re .)e ..-. -.... -... 2323 4i6
Io cu l o l tor c degor lide s d !e r} e ........ ....... 2329 4,.j
A d\ prbF h n rgiti\p .. .. . t330 i)
. \ d\prbrt. rn rn ,tur,tr\p . . . . ,331 i )-
Adlobcle in.'d-qir i l 3l 2 4ts
MonFoI,oGIA_ADVEBI'I.
t58
,L lll
2333
Adverbel€d€ lntlrire . - 2334 418
Partinia adrerbiah. - -.. 2342 479
e a ""i l O. , " * dP ie. m i n ai n l i n i l i v e ' 4t9
ln l i n i trlul . u aJ eP r b In l ' _ ' n rrr" '
2348 419
2344 480
.... 2350 481
sd Yorb 6 3p€t i* lo. . .
2351 4A7
2352 481
EIse .. ,353 481
2354 481
2355 482
2151 483
2358 483
VOR B IR E .." .....,.. 2359 483
VI I . ADVERB E CU V A LO-{ R EA AL T OR P' { R T I D E
2360 483
\I I I . C ITEV. \ A DV I RDE SP EC IAL E' 2361 483
1?62
P;1"*. I" t,.,t.f 2363
2?64
2365
2366 485
2361 485
2468
2369 484
2370 485
T he . . -... . " 251L 485
2314 486
?oo..... . ....... . ... ' : 2371 447
V? rv M ut h . ..'.
.{IIY X R B l IL
iTIIE,\D\''ERB)
r. DoFI]{TTTE $ 2222
Adverbul este partei de vorlire carc d€termini sau taracterizeazi un

ozrb, rn adjectie sau un alt ddlrerD:
lve'll idea somct€nnjsrhis 3ltemoon.(Verb)
js hishlJ sa,ls/d.rors.(-\di.)
Her school-repo.t
He sFaks Englishretl 4?r. (Adv.l
Loculinnile adjectinle sau adoerbial,:,ptac;un fi altc p:i4i de lorbire cu
yaloare de adj€ctiv sau de adl.erb pot, li de asemenea deL.rrtrinaic sir! carac-
terizate de un adverb:
She was llteralJ ottt al brcath. (] o{r,iiune tdieoriril;'L)
e saw me slmost to rn, dool. (Locll.iune adt€rbialil)
0nll ond boy in our clusshad to bc hclpcd or with his wort. (Nunleral (u lrloare
de ad j .l
He went stmkht hoae. (Strlst. cu valoarc dt ad\'.)
Adverbul mai poate deiermina:

a) n\ substdntie sau un ?ronar?d:
OIrlY dzz wns abseni. (Subst.)
"xyen drL, Ijr"tusl" (Pron. posonrl)
The initiative \ras mGtlX /kb. {l'.on. pcscsirl
Plietiea.llX er,ryrnd had come. iPror. neholi.itl
b) nn participi.u sau rn gclrndit:
She add.cscd them in a lerv rell-cros€trwods. lPa . lfeidi.)
I hare ahvars knowl him ro. a slotr-slealin!. )outh. (Pi . lrezent)
,.teir8 dstrgc.ousltis his lavourite lasinlle. (Ge.ntrditl
c) m inf.nttie:
Shc w.rnted ro srd., $'ork imD€iti8telI.
'lh 'v t o f : n. l r ' t t er ".
'{p 'rlPd
I n irer.o uld / 4, . c gr s c Pnr llY
d,) o Iropo.ilie sau o ldrt€ de prapazilia.

P€rb!5 sn? aill be herc. t,Prcl]oz\\ieJ
It rolled slmcstun'1d nu faot.{Prrte de fro!ozi1i.- comll dN )
N otd. s 22:3
Adverbole care nu caraot€ zeazi lerbc, ci altc pnrli de rorbire (adjec-
live. adverle, participii sau substantire S2222, 25E'i i) stnt. numjte ddtcrre
calificatire.
II. CL,t SIFICARDA AD\DRBDL0Ii
Adv€rbele pot fi ctasificatedupd /drr?d sau dulri inlrl.s. ir ?r:l

1) Clasilictrrc iluoi torme. - Dula formi, adlerhrte ne inpafi, in: ad- ! 222;j
verbe primorn (snu "l-,p1,). bJ\p'1,. d rita'F cd\prl,a,u n ": lu'r,rt'rni
adverbiale.
460
222 G a) ldt obelc f i n a r' sint lormo simPle:

lat F l rs t ir I rl
h l rd ^r'u! t
$ Pl l so
( 2249-2254)'
222i h ) Atlwrb.ledetit'at' provin rlin diieih pnlli de vorbire .\
c;rrorri li s-a adlLrgrt un prefix sau nn sult!:
li.stlV
,' { o n n s n ri l i rL8/,
,L,i,rn*r"ds P..ttscu/
mai multe pl$i d" Lor
2928 {') Adverbel€ cornpusesirt formate ilin doui sdu
birc iontopite (S 2255):
i1{'.r1's howclcr
nendlorth lndoors
heroby no\there
valori de adverb:
2229 d) I'oculianitc(1ttt'arbial'sint grupc de clrvillte clr
i ii I';{*
i,;i:rl il"i*:*l;;rrr'":i
li,'t l:,i;l;;ii
ii-
};.:g:li
ii
i{
i:l;,
iil,
i
ii
;.': ,;r:,i";i l:.i,l';,;r,r,'ii;li "l,f,l'"'
then. to anil lro, uP rnd do$tr, ctc
"" :::i'"Jii:,,*iii'$;:f;:'t;*"t"*':'"-'i?;iliui"'$1
At secingthc notice. I
she srote to ds/r lo.
11. .^n\e b .ut al tnc
come flnd sil .lov r,
se-impad in:
$ 9231 2) Clasifioarcdull inleles'- Dupd inleles' adverbelc
i zz::, a) adretb(. de tinp ('tdetrhs of I;ine 1, carc'rat{ tirnpul :i'ld .::,!-"Jl:"*
" --" - i"a o ln'usir" r" s r ' a rP ris p u n dre rn lrc DJ rP
"Pl".r"1ii";;"'i "'i''0 " "''r'
2 ( : ti nd r)
., r. 1,,,$,rdrdsoi,, idy.hrr. a,d'|rv,lll.-ii:.,;1."i:"'":l,ll,jl'il.,illiil
f:,
;i'i;';;'
l""ll";,,il.il'"'l'li;":"'pll-'i':,1:;'\'".-': "omAim4 sLrr
sin"P soun
' i#:,ii,l*xr"Ll;*"lr"n;t":.*k'";.;nl;,ii'i"Il"l"iilil:
i"$3sll.'i,it
v. *a,j r"."'io" i *'itrr "o in a vFar or r$o r" ;
'r'' '"
" 'i,,,"" "
moJ']l ln 'afp '
A 2233 Itt anvrbeJ ntorl(Ad"-b.o[ tl'|nn+)'o axtr arars
Derr.." o .cLiun" "d,r ,n ."." 't'"i; o iLare in"r;irc
o'' li 'cr" [t;slunLl la
iotrebarealor 2 (: cuml):
so' somehorv'isurel
badlv.cerloinh.dflberaiclv,cnsilt' Iast, kindlv' preltilv' slowu'
u u $ ll $il'glv' r"
't*i ','tt.
$ 22e.1 c) adecrbetle lac (Ad'ol)s of PIa(), carc €rala lo.ul un J F' se^ptt-rcce o
'-"- jnsugjre ptc si care rtspund la inirenarea
" *ri#" exisil o stare' o
""de
-"" (de) unde?l:
rvherc2l==
l$':',xilTlr,il,:rhl.l,r"";"::"Jiil;.1ixl;.'fir;ii'il'\Li
;':1 'l'lln':Ji':]
",I ;il;
.t, "';.;.:';l'lill-': ll'';':':;llll;,ll'""li
" ',i
' ' ' ;,.';'
'
':
r i\ hp r o \ n 'r ' s o n r $ r 'p r r '
F r ':
46t
d) adterbe de & ra|.sa& d,e scop (Adtrprbs ol C.tê, R.a\on o, R.\rlr,, \ 2985
. l ri ." u l ' ,.u.;ri
' 'F , ' rd l ; .d! 2, ls u s . op u l u n F i d , !i u ri . rci.,j " . r.stund ta
i n t r eba re a 0 ly ? ( : de c e l ):
Lonscquetrlty.heroe. lor thnt, lor lhat reason,/pu.posc. on prrpos., sdi so Ur{r, rhat.
r s dry, l h e .e lor e.et o. :
?) direrse aLte ad,rerbe. s 2236
a!].!etbed,ccanrc-ric(Canc,:ssircAdaerl)s) 1
ho{'eve. (: totuli), sl.i]l, Iet, et..j
adrcrb. dc ft.ct'enld sau repelilie (Adtetbs of Fr.:qucnct and Rtlcriian)l
oncc, t\!ice,_tnree iimes, ctc.; li.st. lof rlt). tirsilJ. secondl}.Uiirdly,lasrly; qain,
al o n e { - onlx). ci( -
ad\rbc i/ieragatire (Intetrolutirc Adufis).

now? Nhen? s']rencc? whde? whelcfttr!? \thitheri, shJ?, .rc.
AdrerDelcde mod s€ subtmpartin: s 2917

a) adrethcde nlitate (Arlaerbsaf Quali.t!): s g:te
b{dll bcautitully. elrelleiUy, lairly, thenl.lr, kirdlJ, ntul.y. tprtec X, wcll, etc.;
b) ad|erbede cantilcle sat gtdd (Adeetbs of Ahrount ar Dc7r.j:) | S 2239
r og' t F", ds , ' , . r r | - ont v , . o . . o l e i , r . e n o r q . . . , n r j \ .
c'bv /o. .. . . . . . d' a1"1.\'.
l.amo 6 .'.drI.
\ rpn atr. 1. , r , . . . r m , r lr , , h, |l, h, r dt v . ; r g p t ; . i . t . t p . s . I ^ a " ]
no ..h. np d"' y . unlI . ! d' lr . t - pt r J di. r l d . , 'q l r " . r.rther,s,ar-
. -y . i o ..oo"\l' dl -u "ii.i" ly , oo pr ed. v rJ. v lt. \rhotty.,j".:
' r t t - r li.
d. prcblhitilatcsan de nesdl;e( Adrerbsaf Affir- S 2240
.,) ,Q*.1".4:. nfitmo_tie,
'nultnn. PfababllLttt of .\ c[nlton .l I
y " s . , i nl" at. do utj . $flI'. u odDub. pdh. . "r r , r nr y . r "ut y . v pr i l J p t . . : m a y b p , p 4 r r d \ " n -
. p .r'up s. pos . r br j. oF' b' br y . r , . : r , dlr . t u , n o . n r r . p l , . : h a d l J ,
d) ddeerbede precizaxesau tntdxire (Intensire Adrcrbs)1 $ 291r

J l s o . n" oqialb. p\,n , , v id. 1r ly . p\ a, lv . jai r - r o c m a i , . o r t y . p u - r i " L I d r t y .
"hi1 r l.
rdJIy. s mtrJ . lur t J . r o^ { io) , dt t paJ, a t n o s t , " t , . i
e) ad,rerbcfc.tftctiae ( Restrictbe Adfttbs): S 9942
only, b'rt (: onlyl, jusr {: onlx), eic.;
f) adterbe erplicatiae (Er.pl.anatorltAdrerbs): s 2243
as,namely,$ch as,that is (to say),etc.;
g) adl erbeexclamatire(nxchmatorll Adcefis): s 224.
horvl ivhail, etc.
So !'hat:' lvhat does il malter?
D'na, .en, shrms and sicknesshis r€tu.n was d.layed.a
h ) ad.verbeinlrodactire ( I nxroductar, Adeefis ) 1 $ 2246

. c o n 6 " q un " .. j ro \p v r" . ' h " rpfof. ,t dD J r r4. .n i ny
J .. o-J:a g 'y. . oDc ^quenr ' yin
'. " t r n y,1 r,a" : : Fr u. i, ) . , nLrn ui da, "hi. r r . - " / 8 ? " - " d . D r l - / , 's
"lr ' .
P ' s t t t ft, Lh. t sh ? ru s c^ n e '
' s. / 4. .1 r i )i ,, p. i , u , , . t ol,
"au , $r ,
' HJ ] Jn. tr..J lo! Ji, l\ or ' d Di. r ion/ - r _r / 4r r ' '
t62
s 2246 III. FORM,IREAADYERBELOB

g 294? A. AD\'ERBELE DERIV,\TE
5 2248 1) Origine. Adverbeiederivate provin din difcdte pturi de vorbire:

a) dit\ subslantit,el
besid.r badi)y
atra! be,itui ddtly
b) dlr. pnnutu:
lere
thiihef
dicre
() dn\ atljectit'cI
betaa cleaAy
behind nosrly
d) di]J n meruIe:
/t"tr)'. d,tLl!
iwice secantlty s,z3ty
e) din pfftiipi.it I
' 'Jnt't.d1! 61"' 4 l'' i t1!
t t ulAP\ t l "Pr"o.i
' dPpo' . ll! / " 5 1.
'o r
f ) dn). .he adrtbe .
belare ldtely /b.4rard
lieloLA ne6tl!
$ 2249 2) llotnaxe. ,{"dverbclc deri{ate se formeazi prin addugarea utnri

". sau a unur |r./tr.
sa/rr
S 2260 Sr ilul -ly . C.lp,nbi mull" cdrprb".lp rrnd )i .ir' vs Je ti-r|p (duil!.
'
lp.Atr,nuntl" l.,t flir.7rs n,l1"" )s. tormaa/ lri ed; rg r-" 'ufiruh,i-/y
AtenlLe !
S 225f Cuvtrtele terminrte ir -14 ru stit intotdeauna ad1'erbe.urrcle fiind 9i ad-
- jecl,lri. irL ste,ial atucj cin,l sufi:iul cst€ adiugai unui substantiv($ ?92):
a dniLu pllt t a ftiet'Jly gest e
monthl! a Lcnel! tor\r
a rrenly ^ccarnts
nrgazi.-" a lituL\t t\int
led.ly !rXm{,ls a s'tly old nan
S 2259 ortografie
SufixulJ9 cstc Adnugatrrrnjorit;I ii' n' i.irlor iJrd rLi i I nrndifi,dre 3 nn-
mci }or inilialc. Se eiragc1o "qpecialarenriaJiuPd c duu; (dtcsurrLdP , urrnle
de obicci ortogralieie greqii:
a) adjn,:rir.teter;,inot" ,'r -, (r,uenfeplia leulnraliej l. trccetlrte dc o
..n. u..1,1 td .'red li d n. r " iin"l
l]nnillei.e complctel/ !u..- lur.ly
ljn.- lird?y sii.cf. - sincfLjr
,) dilie ttilcle lL, n, ir dt c 1o ' l pr ec e{ 141,d r o l . o c r l i au consoaDa I dLrllrl

irr' cel de al .loileaflcinrl
la fornraadverbjaliun I lilrrrlliraiul adject.ivului.
p r r te dir su fi \u l'lt/:
fq!rl- eqdalft/ gfDr,rrl- gendallg
'1.
Itiiihn,I - iiliturs Igrl- lpgall!
I llajorilnLea a..stor !artic't)ii ar d.\'.ni! adjc.tile

{ia
Nodilicxri de ortogralio sulerd urm{toarcle cuvinte: S S963

a) adjectiveletcrminate ln Je precedat de o consoandpierd nceasti ter-
minatie lnaintca sufixului Jy:
lrobable-probab?3, simllc-simlly
CiDd inse terminatia -le €ste precedati de o vocaii, -c mut final se
menline:
Ex c c plie : r vh o le
- drolly.
DJ adjectivelc terminate in -ae pierd !'ocala linald -e lnaintea
suiirului -ly:
c) adjectivele te.minate ln 'll pierd un I lnaintca suiixului J3r:

dull - duity tull - lullgr
d,) cuvintele terminate ln -r, oficare ar fi sunetul prccedent, schimbd pe

-g tn i inaintea sulixului J3t:
day - dailv
gay - gail!'
Er c e pl ;i:
Au ambeleforme:
dry - drtly si drsly
shy- shily 9i shrly
?,1Adjeciivele terminate in -ly, ca frien"dly, Io elg, timely, eily eLe.,nn
pot lorma adverbe p n adXugareasulixului 'ly| din motive fonice', tin€lily,
sa.uIaneIiIEfiind excluse.Ele au deci adverbe fonnaie prin adiugarea unui
cuvini, aBtrfel:
iD a friendly way at a timely momcnt
Adjectivele terminate ln 'ly, care formeazd adverbe de timp, pdstreazd

aceeati forme:
.. I a dail" DaDer @r4F r He rame doilr.
Mrerq p:ap"1
1a 1 S,.e lvrcrc r$ico dail!.
-"eit1j
Alto sulixe. Prulixo,- Adverbelemai pot li formate si prin adeugareag 2264
altor sufixe sau a unor prefixe:
sdtrolo : .lona .$rdG) -wyG) -ri!o {, etc.
l\eatllahs out@a s strajghiaoy lenglholse needs
sidelous sestoar.t(s) sideaags iikeaisd novadays
helitolo: o" be- to-
dgain D,fore taday
alooi 6?neaih ,omofow
dflame Dcyond ,ogeher
r s" ,rrd p fa..r,ln nn ri pr r h " d b i t r f i 'b r

hi"4dlit ! . x ilit ! . t of a
I C ombin alia su nchlo lrt d:liind "
dFz as r pabili.
464
s 2265 B. ADVDRBELECOMPUSE
di{€rite p{rt'i de vorbie:
Adverbele pot li formate ti prin compunetedin
A.1).+ Ade.
lorUrrlshl.
Ad.o.+PEP.+Adt.
IY. CI.'IEGOnII SPf,CIALEDE ADVFR'BD
$ 2266 ADVEIIBUI, $I ADJDCTIVELE PREDIC{TI\.E

nu de un adverb
Uneleverbeintranzilive slnt'urmale de uD adiectiv !i
(5 76?-?68, 2517):
lo / , e/ ' uld |ar d painiul r ou g h s u r r ' 'l ''
lo iooi awt ul/ t inP/ ! r ellJ " r "
ro s nPll s { Ppir / nas lr / s our / s l r o n g e ( r ' prc
l' c ood/ bFadI if ul/ pp t t ' r r apnr 'g p '
"od' d b: lt "r / deli"ious / 8oo d 'i/ s/ b
ouf
to / dq.
AD\iIIRBD CU,\CEEASI FORMA CA $I DJECTI\.ELD S,A.U

$ 225? ^"' "'*"siiisriNrliiin conlsputlzAro'rno
sau substantivelecores-
Unele adverbe au aceeali formi ca !i adiectivele
Iunz;toare:
Don't {alk 60 ttut.

lr wiil go tlt Nith him
l .a n l sta] l onC ._
She NFnt ead'Bh, natK
llis s u r l i 3 l P r Y , e r l d o t r ''
Wc weni, not.
Y.u nnsl n..ds olPY Jour Parenrs'
th; ;dst ol EqlaDd Tliey t.areUed e@s,
4i6
ADJECTITECU DOTI,4FOruIE ADVERBIAL]I ! 2258
tlnclc €djective au doui forme adrerbiale, una identire cu aceeaa adjcc-

tirului, cealaltii forrnain din adj€ciiv prir adiugarea sufixului -ly:
- }ard. hardly
- lasi, Iastly
La unele ad\.erbedin aceast; categorie,lntre cele doui fornll] nu existi

deosebir"J" inl'hs. .i n,,,nsid. lnLr"buinlar.. f^rmd qimpla fiinJ adnreori
I r.lp'dli.ind inlFl"sLl"sle con r-'. propriu .au ligur.rl.lagr;dul .omparalir
ciu .upprla'iv,il .r,tinlp)p.ompu\cfi in FxprFs;ilp.unsd, rslp sdu i,liom0li.-.
iar l, r'mr ln -/y lnlorind,,-s.N u',.i eind lnl;lequlcsrpabs'rr, l:
To..:r //o ,p lo rrrp d oo r { lo' r l. dpr oipe' . ( Con. r "l)
, / o.! Iny rr.irt bu r ./4!.r r t
'l'o war.ch crosci!. To go .los'ly"k into in. , Con; r p. ' . lP. ov er l, J
thc maller. (Abstractl
To be ctaseu .oD.erned jt
{: indcaproape). llbstrrcl.)
Slill wntem run dp?. (con.ret) {Prctrh)

To $'ork de-",D into tle nishli. (!'i8lf,:ll
To drink d..e!. {Irigural)
U.? tl ! ' on" ^n. l. r . pp l / i rl p r.s l l . I\L s l r" ,.
T^ g o d eer l! int o t hp n ' J l l e r. (Ab s rra L l )
.6asi4 said l.han done. {Comrraralir)

Dasl! .oê. eas! go. (Idiom{tic) {Provcrll
Take il cassI lldiomal'c)
As a a i .& as Dos ible.(Id i o m a ti c )

F.n q k; , 1. . 1 lls r hp q d ,c l ,s r | ,d n g o . (C o mp d ra
i v. sun" rl ^ri \)
Ilonon.s qui.ftlyefollo*ed.
.tuick-acltng qut.fr-gro$ing qlt.L-selting
Alte adverbe din aceeati categorie $nI: dear, d3.tl!; newi nealy; pldin,
plainhl; slow, sloela: thick. thi&ly; thin, thinUl; tight, t{ghtlu; tvrong,
s'rongllt eft.
Ob s e rea lie
de tnleles,ad-
Clnd tntre celedoui lonne adverbialcnu eristi deosebire
verbelecalilicative3au in genercforma ierminate ln Jy:
deeply intereskd, easih/ rn'l.tsloo.t, aeatlJ nanied, d.ea y bp.loecd, thicQ! ctad. eLc.
La alte advelbe din aceastd categorie,deosebireade tnleles dintre cel€ S 22;!

doui forme adverbiala este tnsd atit de mare, tncit unele dinhe ele ajung s[
erprirna chiar sensuri contra.ii (hald, hardl! ). Formele terminaie ln J3' sint
rC d c\L c Dliar a, t r " ilori r.i l :rr" . .d ru :r' l rp l ru i n l d r.i d dvrrh d1. tn l i mba .ncl .rJ
.". . . mn o rd n b.o nor r d" ' ini 1 ,l p .u ' i rh : \d \." 1 .l Io l o s i rInrol dpJxn:r Fsl prdr;l y.
, ln atarnde ca^file aretaic. adlcrbnl qzt.fr/v estelormr eeamai Irecventlnirebnin-
1aili.
3 Vczi S ! 289.
406
tn g€noralt trebuinlata cu sensligurat sau mai abstract, Si sint mai d{rpnftate,

ca lnteles, de adjeotitul corespunzitor:
the TV set dt.d io th," sorke.s'club ( direct).
'lhey dispached
'fhc si,hoolis dtfrdlg oplrosite (: eracij.l
t'n conirs ditull, ( im.djat).r
,t Nlytsiie snid it, shc knew she h{il been risht. (- IDdai{ cc)
l I e 3l$aJ s ! lr - vs /u t (: ' ,,r.1 ).
H nar ' dm /o fl y ( " l ,i d l l ._ u " l
Your work is /otly sood (: d.stnl dc).
H, ould $or k I ' -d { " o b " r n ,l . d E" .
H" , o, ld / , " 1, / ro r\ ( b l i . { - o ,).
The Dlm e $as l l v n ' c n i l l l : s x s l .
I s . ls , { r B / . / ,n ;c " . (
'nd " ,. " ,.
Jus, here, ih, br Ure door (: chi{r, imediai).
It is j,sr ihe book I edt (: to.mai).
Jrsr once, iusl a little {- nuorai).
To d.aljasls wiih somcbody(: just, dr€pt).
He $us jzsdy punished(: pe tuept).
Ite came,ast {- la u.mal.
[: . . , t I \ , hc v nio \ d o a !.$ l r-]ru i l t l l a t. s (ro ndl vLhevbnrj hl npw l utn;r' ,14.Ind
l d "//j / h" v i, , . h" asJ, a -tfl s ,1 1 ro " i n e J s y rp rm( ,i ti n.,: ttnm" i drl .
Il Nas ldrein the altemoon {: thztuJ.
I have lot se."nher iar'1, (: ln ulrima em€).
Ho \rs irayeuing llslrr (: Ierii lttgaje).
He has {]waYs treLrtediliings l.snd! {: uior).
s he. ' ood , . . d" r )e ri .p r-- a D ro d 0 r.I n s a ).{ A d v Jpl o4l
nh. r d. iy br ok ,.d o s i rh .n s h " a $ u ; { rp rod!" ,. tl dv. dr mod)
Hp ir ?r , y s . lpv ." ( . o ," ,r. s .tu i n i .. g ro z b vdp...)
She sinss so rr€,ril.v i: drJtsat).
I s " i' . ig& , lo I n p b o ,ro m ( , U rp p l ,d i ra t).
You .Judgid.islrlJ (: lideJ.
He iumed sloll (: brusc).
They will ne here slDr E (: loarte curi'rd).
Alte adverbe din aceastd categorie: clean, alaai\ly (to trash clean: a clea.rt'
Iu "lressed ch;ld.): shtrp. lharply (2o lo"k sharp: tatutnsharp: ta sprdk sharp'
/d /, t r ue. t r uly (ta s i n g ttu p : tru t! ;to tc [u l ) : w i de, w i dol y (to op.n
" uJP :
to traQl *,Atl!; NidLl! kna|n ) eLc.
Atenlie !
2260 Se atragp irr spe.ial arenlia Jqutra urmcloar€loradverbe.din|"Iecare
unclc m"nliondr. l; $ 2258 ad"s"i "ronat Int.l.sc dp in.epatori- dFoa
rece urele forne ln -1, diferi cu totul ca sensde cele simplei
./i"e , r-:m",l;at , I at PI u I r"c!nt)
/o ;i4" :J rt ut o"J lil"n , -pc^bdbil,
hd "d l! \- ab ia. d' lar ) , . ps ant lv :,nddld. numridF.ltl
hishti i: toaie) prette - (:datul dp; .oloc,. sirasnic,
gro?av d€)
sno.,rv(- cu.lnd,ln scu.t tiDP)
N o td
Dircctl! es\epronunlat [& rcktll, de r, da|r-, drekl4, formr I dr€kh]
nefiind utilizatl cu sensul de tlirect, sraight (: ro4. direci, drept),
ci in Jnodfeovent cu sensul de at once (-rom. nncdial,)li tncn ti mai
'\'z:!2 :6 F nLr u dos bir r r d" r ' ' o r ll' pd| ' r"".s Lr.r 1l\p"u
It ,.'c",.rp;srFl" pr pr nt . t r . n r dFi. , a d id. n j , J r u 1 '4 i a " l F " r i q r 'r i . 5 '. m i i
derilrtal,'r 0a tilel.s.
46?
frecLentcu sensulde dr soozas (.: rcn.1^dati. ce).lAstjel, in limba englezd

\orbiti. semantjcaacestuiadverbesteindical.i si deciinleleger€aci usuratn,
qi de pronuntarcalui.
Ob s e r t'a lii
aJ ln culintele compusese iiirabuinteaze de celemai multe ori forna S 2261
sjnpla a adverbului:
a qrick gro\ring ll.tri nc$.dis.orer€d tenitory
a quick-lo.gol,tenrenrark
a lotrd tickinq clork ./a.: ledl eleoted.membe.s

a .leaFringilg voice
a llat-looted loson a rewly{cdded colpte
DJ Pentru o mai mar€ flu€nln ill stil. tot forma simpll estc lntrcbuinlaln S 2269
adeseori ti p€ntru gradele de comparalie ale ac€stor ad!'crbe, chiar atunci cind
forma gradului pozitiv este terminau in l,:
i?zsi, snid th.r, done.
I c.tr't sncak .rv Dralna.
Th€ dos barked ioid,r.
I'c wtnt sl'(d.-
Yotr r aut.ft-"/lhan Ffcd.
Couldn't l-ou put rou oase.led.c.r
lle slotrted ,o&da,.
\1'c walhed (zi.irs, {or rlr'r.rrl belFern hcre and t},e park.
flis motor iike came rlo0dsrol all.
Prin €xtcnsiu a, sa tnlrcbuinteazi in lirnba engiezi vorbitd formele dc
conrparaliv .si superlaliv ale adjectivu)ui rcspectiv cliar gi tn cazul adverbelor
decit lorrrla in lr:
Hc *.ites .l€rel"r thdn he talls.'
ADVDRBELE PRONOMINALE i !lri3

(PRONOITIfiAL ADVERBS)
ii6re rtlr.xre
i 'li"s!rc
lnLe4gaLit. who?
1) llefinilie. - ,ldforbele din aceast.igrLrpnsixL numiie ,,pronominale,', S gguj

'
deoalece pdr originea. functia qi tnlclesul toi se aseamdndcu pronumele:
al provin din rdddcinile pronominale h, tlLci wha;
,, lin locul unui cuvint (adverb), al unui compiement c cumstanlial
sau at unei propozilii. ti leagi propozilia subordonate de regentx:
ile weni abroad (adv.l, iin,r, he Fas scnl. at !n €\change stndent.
Lct's nccl. at 12 r'.lr.l {.onrrl. ciro.). rLhtn ure marn;qdin D.ride is ove..
IIe ?Lt up kb hand t,prcpozilic). &rs stolping th€ irallic.
lvpzi. pentN ilustrarc. .\emrl+le de la
S 22tJ.
: Ir.$'. t o$1!r, .1 l]idrior{tt! af adon En€tisL rlsos€,-er arz -cst,3
1108
cl ara$ nodul. locul ti limpul in mod rolativ:

t,1ruindici:nodul in functic de situalia rezLtitatddir conte\L elc.
here i ther€(ca qi pronumele d€monstrativ thir si lhat) aratn locul in ra-
IorL cr persoanacare vorb€;te; aceeatilnt.cbuillare o au si adr.erbeJedur:o -
strative ,iitr./, hcnu. this Ei thdt;
thither, thence,tthitlEr. trlgttce arati locul in raport cu un ali loc ntcrlir"
tl,en aratn timpll t {unclie de un rnonent tre(rlt sau \.iitor.

ii 2265 2) Clnsilie.rxe.- ,{FemeneaproDunlelor, adrerbele pronominale se irl
part in ur ril"oaftle cateeorii:
$ 2266 a) adt'trbcdemanstrutu,e: irerc. Lhcrc. Llrn. i.his.that. thus.
N atd
In stilul colocvial, this !i thrt sint adrobo denonstralive atunci cird
sint urmale de un adjecliv sarrde un adverb care enprini cnntitater:
rnis {sa u dd,l hish ,lts {s au ddr) l... er..
I know 1,r,; nu,l,. thit he Noa't le tlic.c.
The Ftrtcr $.as do, higl.
S 2267 b) adretbe reLdtiw: horv. Nhcn, drere

S 2268 c) adrerbe inxxogatit.: honl rvhen! whenccl Nhcrcl \\hither? Nhvl
i! 2269 Asomelleaatllerbalor, iD lunclie de raportul pe cere jl e\prime, adlerb;le
pronominale 6e impart in Drmdtoarelo calegorii:
S 22;0 u) odr'rb. d j,r,i,: noN. rLc,.. shcr
S 2271 b) ddftrbp ttp ln!: llclf, ll,ere, 1lhere, bither, thither, \vhiiher, h€nce,
ihence, whence
S 2272 c) ad.rcrbcd.c rrcd: horv, thus
$ 22711 d..) adrtbe de grad sau cdntitute. rhis, rbat.
S 2274 3) Adverbe compusc.- Unele adverbe pronorninale, combinate cu pr€-
pozilii sau cu alte adverbe, form€azd adl'erbe con)puse:
.. t4: he.e.tlrout(s),hcnalto, hcrcI}, herein,he.eto,he.etolore,hererpon,here-
r/d.e: ihcfeal,oul(B),
therenfter.therely, thoclorc, i.hoclrom, l.hucin, lhcrcol,
thereon.thereio.ihcrcriion.ind€willr
//,"r: *'hereaboutisl,
whercLX,$he.efore,wh€rejq whereof,whereon,wbereto
,,rd: hercetorth.IenceloMard
r.iez.e: lhcncelorih, thel]celoN.ard
,nn r: h ith"rtn
5 2275 PARl'ICULA ADVERBIAL,{

(TIIE -{DVERBIAL I'r\RTlCLn)
$ 2276 1) Dcfinitie. - Particulele care lnsotesc ycrrelc crrtrlc.re ( g l?81) srnr.

de fapt, adverlle.deoareceele detefinjna. instrumenrc grnmaticale
"Ibp. Aceste
sint numite mai orecis parLiculeadeerbiqle.
I22?7 ,{dvcrbclc cari servrisccel mai lrecvert, drept Darticule adw€rbiulesint:
obaut.axo!. b.t"A.d.rr,'n.;n. all. o". o.,t. ,,r t. ,tlt ,tr.
S 2278 I 2r Partirula4drorbisli io ro0lr.r.rrI p.rrlirul; prcpozi!i0rrrld. - \."leaii
partjcule pot, avea uncori ti funclie de prepozifiel (S 2195), legind werbul de
complemcnteloiui;i stabilinrl asl,iel arutrjte relalii, intrc verb gi comple
Dentele acesLuia.Ele sint iD acest,caz numltc particul€ prcpozi.tionalc.
t Aeav.bu.k out slit nruai adrerbe.
z V ez i S t 38ril.
PANTICULA ADVIRBIAIA ,169
A se co npar a:
Adt ' t r b. PteNxilii
He came inro lne rooni.
Ptr[ o n v our ] r al! Put You. hat oz the tLrbl€l
I l o o krn r p r . f J ndr c s s . She iookcd l? the slreei.
Tl i -v $ e t r l / r , , lLr' lLn n r. Thet $'cnt dotrtrlhc hill.
Slie put o// Irr tril- 'his is o// lhe toitrt.
Y,:rbele din .,oloana sthgn "qint lerbc conplere oo stnrite cu ldrl;.tr/?
adrcbiale; rerheb din dreapta sint urn.Lte dt trepo.ilii cc iitrodu. 1o.u-
liuni
' rrtua:.t1ianal..
l n'""to,'i" -,in-a. .,,!;nr' I in. "t'. 't7 Jo,r' v// dPrF'mi1dt rb'tr Lt--
mind .'- l.,l , r1:-to"a\". ir'. to I",t on. t^ to t t/t. t' .4 ,lo't'. '-
" ""' "lT
Dol li lllo uil- u dlrF \prl,a :inonirnef/, 'nt r' to ar'r "n 5 t 4d 1' s t"
iod.st,nd. t" ria natt.). EtF nu l-.1.r v"rbul l' ,u!inr4p urn'J idr. p'rlrr H
torn.r a,"1 . ^ ^r.lru.lip I'r't'^/irinnalir on tur'r hdl ttp 1 t n4t. !
"u
d.o$n to dinnff. otl ,f," ril nu arr nici un scns ca aiare A5adar at$te lornle
sint. ( onsideral,eodt€r"re-
l n .o1".r., di' d'Fafrr ln..d. pr"poliriila i"," u' tp. '1."n. dl 1^.c"
\€rLul ,lc c^mDl.'n" l.lr l,ri l^r,,'ir,d "r P.-il. ' 'on5lru' lrr frFpu/rlr0rdl^
inl"ll:ibil":;at,l'tt'.roon.r'o,1'"toll.xpth.tr'1.d0$0r'"/r;//.lolttl"po:,'t.
Prin ,rrrrrrF r.,. F lu'm, ,t^t pr'to)tt'.
3l 0rdinoa (nrirrtelor in prnlozitic si acceDtfl:rrealor. ,\cesiea sint S 2279
alte Joud crrlFrii ,,rp ' onrrit,ui"l. 'aLrlir"1 Jil'1"nr"lo' 'lirrt" p . i ur'1"
adr erbialesi ccle Dr"p^zilionale.
L"riru;a dinri' I'arliculsadLerhiali ii t.'bJ -i 'p 'on lilS in
"l.in.'und. prrti ul" ad\"rhiala. pu'" dr'td \"'b F" p'onunli,
,pr.ial In \ orbirr.
fie a silabrltinal, r Jrcstri,, tia un,ald d o s.rr'lol.//rd l'riir'l"r,ufinlulur
urmetor. Particula advefii|^tit paatc clecista €i la sfiryi.tulpropo.iriei, cu accert
1r1I final pc rerb:
The rln€ takcs oll 'at ht
SrYii..hon rthe light.
I np lir . ' : s ou.
A.c you going l.o rdng uP?
Urhen rvill hc 'be in?
Parfi.ulaDrcoozitionaliealFit -a dirinsl1g')'d dr \uLstanti lsau p.or"- S 2280
m,1" o. u"re 1l d"l.rn'iIr. p" c0rpll r4r",dd,si ! ai'epsla a,.P,,udl 'Lia" .lnd
prapo?iiiaM arls ll slirsirul prol"iiliei contorm rzrnlpi ' ilrrlui roloctial:
\\'r Jre roins l,one ru 'L,us.
sl,eLo.-shL thut fot /o/rl0 pound"
't p o ui. \nu ar 4 oo[ , . 9 d, F d br aur J .
Lpi; n
\\'o nd rr.ul ti l' r r . l W o \ a' il "lDv "
Th mJL r'ou dn lJ li; ng 060, l i"n l il \ \ ' dl lo Jnu $dnl him /o"
( Vez i t i 5 , { ! 5. )
llaioritatea Darticulolor adverbiale au aceeaEilorme ca Fi prepoziliile

'corespunznioarc,cu exceplia urmitoaretor adverbe care nu au ti lorme pre-
pozilionale:
'e \. !d 'q. o' ha"t s . r d
,,..,n\,r.{q) . , . "$4dL- l ) ..Jr .
'rt
4) Alto tategorii ilc parlieulo adrcrbirlc Llna'ri L,ariiculrl lrlverbiilF S 2981
repc , idee" \arL..l,ri .ur.it"r' z,'rur ir ""inl fii " -'r f'o pJ'u Il''rrHs '"
inad€sul verbului r0sp€ctiv:
to l urn rol rd, cl .

4?0 MORFOIOCIA - AD!'EBBI'L
Alteori insi, particula adverbiald adaugi verbului o notrune noua, c e

dilerd ades€a de sensul verbului de bazd:
to come 10 qo away
to sivo back
'n ro hnock iul
Numeroase particule adv€rbiale schimbd cu totul in!,elesul verbului:
to pui.up
(a intela)
lo give out
$ 2282 Foade inter€sarte combinalii se ob,tin cind unele particule rdverbiale

slnt urmate si de una (chiar qi dc doud) prepozil,ii:
to lut zp d, a hotel, to giv€ /o.lost, lo get o// u/ a stop. lo qet rfl iktrP(.ts)
{2 rdrer}e), to ,Ime rcun.l.to on."1wny ! lilp 1\c.1,- ddlFrb + lr.loziln l. to .lrrtrb
rp on to l\e roor {v€r! + adrerb + t prcpozilii)
$ 22EE T. COIIPARATIA ADYERREI,OR
1) Formi. une)e adverbe, in special ad{erbele calitative. au gride

cle comparalic ca qi adjcctivete. Comiraralia aalverbelor se face tn irodul
ulmeior:
aJ adverbele monosilabice, precum Ei advelbul ed,'ly, pdmesc termina-
liile 'er la comparatir ;i .€sl la superlativ:
late- lat.r - lates,
early- earlic.- carhes,
1 , 7 adv , r b, l l .rm i n a L . l n -/r. p rF c u m g i rr/dorr. tormFezd comparal i tul
, u a j, or ul adv er b u l ri z o r,. i s r s u p rd a l i !L l .u ,,ost:
cl€verly- more cle_r€rly- Inost cl""lerly
n ,.Pry - mo r' n r. rt - :r.osr rr pr)
s .Id o n - m o re s e l d o m - most
" " l ]ori
Adverbul olrrn are ambeleforme de comparalie:

J ottcncr, olicDPst
"-., '"
-- I m or p ot pn, s oqr ot t Pn
adverle lormeazi comparati\.ul qi superlatirul neregulrl. (,a
fi adjectivele corespunzntuare(S 666):
Pa.iti" Compd.raliv Supcrlatio
ill ' I
riti.!e
nxpticaliile formetol de corritraralir fi superlaiiv stnt acelea;jca h adjcc-

tive (S 672 ?20).
COMPARATTA
4?1
LrcmPtc:
'lh ,,i'is rJlu"d his poqr v . t u' P r hdD hpv d i 'l J o F
l'ou |:I \] mc onp I ' enod( ar i' J r '
Sh e $ as L i'r i r a\ - \ hen ar o' €
lou r (l.d \va s nos l 5alis la' lonf
,,, r,,,* Jid.''Fa\':'
i,:,,1tl;r):;"D;;i:i.ll:..,
ca pentru adjec- $ 9284
2) Ortogratic. Regllile de ortosrafie slnt acelea,oi ;i
tive (S 661).
uneori o propnzilie $ 2935
3' Uoun romparitilo. Ca'i l1 '"7u1 'djAcri""lor'
icomDarsri\ rrparnl 'pl"'1orr"fotnFfiindunil'Dlrr'orrJ'rnclrJ
"onfi".' "-i. ,""
i-".i, * 'rrJu'" nrin din '" ;n "e n ri ':
"r a. -"lipI fc€l the cold mort a\'l mote
(Sint ldgtl din ce ln ce mai muli )
\\'e iikc lis atlilLldefussand less' pulm
(Atitudinea lui nc !1"' din ce ln ce m
' se gdsesc
precedate de adverbul S 2286
Alteori, doua comparative diferite. mmprrdri r.l n l i F' ' r' propo-
p ' :n !;rc u l o t\ u n ''e'
tn diu ,., n ro po: it ' i A pi' iit '
a'i' mr" :
;it;:"i"';;"[;;",1*;1ie s" ira.ruc'prin. "u 'it m"i 'u
nairirzir
ft';lii'mil".";llilxli:':"x""i1*"'::*'""'"ia )
rhidL"rbour
I F r" r," n'"
.3i.oi"iri'_,*, ,, psrpmdibi...,
rcu,,,""s'nd,,r" "'";:;;,jt|PU,1"ii';
prtr"Jdtde aJv"r-
ln un"lo.0zuriun sinquradvFrbin grddulcoorparativ Lt min r:
fr"r tij,"".r" i^t.l';"1"r iJiomari' 1:ii moi 'u a
Hr hddrh"rubvro InP.rivhLrri' d'r- ro,enjoi"l'i"li'li"L:l'Tlr,.u admirabrrd.i
In drcptul rumrnrr cr
[(Xl) ridit r rLl]inul-
h"t t "' t o t i t
li he N Js no d "L ,ld sh J r npv lik pd him "l' ' h'
ib:;l;; ;;;.i ti rrmtoFriru drir mari rbir'l
AtenlLe!
nearer)' greieah frecv€ntd S 2287
A se eviia drbia, comporatiu(more nicer, Iess
la lncptutul studiului limbii engLez€
\1. LOCUL N)VEIIBEI,OR s 2288
A"A'DVERBELE CALIFICATIVE s 228e

par(i dp !orbire da'll vcrbele.
Adrprbelo nalilica'ive doprmind allr
q...,'.-"a".rt" p.'..dn in gencreadjcctiv"t" sdverb'lc p"rri'ipiile
sau substantivele pe care le oaracierueaza:
:h e is , + / P r ll ro \ dj '
1"?ous I "r Y{Jt' t
i rrro " 'ir t' i, 'r'; di"! - o - lJr t lr ' r rl
1 ' , ' v { r " r ,' / !? ' A? a -'r
o ,o u . <ub-.
1 , " i s o .J,
pc care tl ii 9990
llrceplie: adverbul anagn, care se pune d'!d cuvtniul
determinH iS 2353, 2683)
r $'ali. \ltirdan, D"n-?ur^.
472
s !2$1 B. .\DYEUBDLDCARE DETERI'T\,\\'DRBD

S 221)2 nDyrRBxtxDx TDrp
Penllu slabilirea loclllui pe oare il oeupe adverb€lede timp in propozilie
cste necesarsii le impnrlirD in:
S il2t3 1) adverbe care dau o idcc ncpri:rrri desple tn:lp (ndyerbe de tnnp
ncprecis):
.. ihr.ys, ever. n!!o. l.cqncnl.lJ, oilen, si,ldom, r ell, g.nfrrllL n$ral\, on.e, €ome-
udes' so o'. elc':
S 2291 2) adlelbe care arati lr€.ir timpul (adr-erbede timp precis):

Jesterd ay, lod aJ , lom or f ow. t onigl' t . dt t r igl't , l a 5 1 n i g h r / $ e p l r 'r i r , n t h / y e r r . c t c . ;
lI r., \r Jij .r^ .Irs s r ' ^. "t , . : , n t t r m , , . r r : r ' g/ ij, I n o o . , - \ , n i r , L . , , t , ,
S 2995 1) ,\dyerbcle dc timp nepre(is sint pucf:

S 229{i a) tnuin.a verbului. cind aces[aaro o /rrnd.\i,ntlri. cu excepjia verbuJui
lo r,e. pe rare il urmeazi:
\1'?./!n go skrtins ir tl,c winr(,r.
Th€J',",,n lerrlt the tuy.
s i' n"" i1
Hu' s.as s,on tircd.
Er .cep lie :
Cind verb l /o 6, esLeaccentuatradr.crbulde timp neprecisil precede:
"Sheis ni. "'She anrags is iri in ll,e elenhgs."
S 22$7 b-) dupd prnml. aar;llar (inclusiv sl l-orhutui to BE), cind verbul are o
rorna compusa:
un uuxillar:
Ne sh.ll dr,/ lorgct yon.
'l huy h.d o/reu aticndcd il'e erening rlisses.
I hrve rdf.ly bc.n l.o a iirst night.
\\'e rre dlrarls sec;ng Ureo-
doltd sdu tet duxtliarc I

They shall sooa have head aboul lhe neN salellile.
He has seldon been seeil in our club.
NJ son {ill,/,.a hrve becn goilg l.o university (lor) a yea..
S 299 8 Er t.?lte
Cind auxiliarul trehnieaccentuot,
adverbtl de timp i\ prectdd:
.lou
say I haven.rc. gilen her a ihonglit,but I ol'rdys lrarelookedafte. her.
S 2299 c) d.nrii tn vtrb dtfactia modaL:
He can 'n...r go io sleeDriil,out lirsi readirgId haii an ho!r.
Y.u m.)- rraa meethc on Xou.\ay to s.hool.
OLsetadtii
\erbul C,\N poate li li precedat de ndverbeledin aceaslacategorierceea
ce atlage dupn sine acccntuareaidei;:
I nerer 'coulll reciie aDJthing
\or1 alqay! 'can r.ell rvhen h€ is hapll: lrc sings al lhe iop ot his loico.
Yon ,€ra .in ldl $hxt rnal hatpcn ncrt.
4t3
ldverbele noe. Ih.tt. sotnctimes.' soon nu rrrneazd intoldcauna regulile S 2400

preced€nte.ci pot fi puse ii la sft$itul propoziliei {acceni "(]ab).sau. fclltru
o acc€ntuare nai put€rnicn, la inceputul ei:
{Neacccntuatl I Ie i,ncd',€s . ones on TL'esdnI.{^!earcPl_
l shai1ro,'crtlain thelcsson.
I shall e\llain the lesson,or- (Slab acccn' tu'rl)
tuil,l tre comes on Tuesday roae,iner. (Slrb
n'o,!. I sl,aUc-rrrluinth€ lesson.{Accenluat acccniuut)
,tonc,tnes h. |r(ttes 0n
I /kz kn.w lhc tNth. (Nla..eniuall
Thi,y Ffre tndn liljng in the .o,trttrI. (N{! $'c slall r,'z s@ yor asain. i\eaccfnl,ull
$'eshallsec lou aga 5,,z. (-clabaccu,turl i
iHlilliil d'. rshba.oenil,ar) J'oon w€ sl,all see rod aganr. lr.cN,tu.i
'-,'
? lEn I knc{ the l.rtrll,. {\ccsttuat putelni.) !!|.€ni.)
2) Advcrbcle do timp precis, precum qi lalr !i tdrly. sint plasale dc obicei :( 2301
la s|n',situl propozilriei:
q .
s l . . " . i, l1lp. l t,f-r 4 ^ -.J,u . \ ou , / ir "'
t, l s r' l' , 1 '. oitrt.- ta "xht . lldr ' l d' r ' 1im / / " j , /..
| , l .ll r, t h r't.\to t-o r. Th"! J r , l. . p. r ''. l . " '"| , l,
I ie is ler r ing. a; ly I o s . hoo l t o d a ) . 'L
Cind shi a.centuale. aoeslt ttd\'€rbe sc pun la incclutul propozilieir $ 2302

'Ioddl thc NhcaNal Rnt olf .emarkrblJ $,.11.
'I.rth.( hP will be h!re, I an slf..
Idk rt li8hr ne N.s slill ha.d at his bools.
ADTHRBIT-TDII OII S 2:loB

1),\dvcrbele de mod sirt I'use: $ 2304
d) durti ,crb: s 2:t05
lle drank si."v.
I had walked /aJr.
I kroN slie crn sin9 b.autirnl!.
b) dupir cotnpknent. cild verlut ar€ un comthDent scurb ir cazul :c2306
I uscd that wo .lerirlut ,y.

fdilcr h,td litkcd Io het kin ttiJ.
Cind insl dcrsl tbnplemnt $tc plt.a lu g. ppnLtn evitaren e\-entualclor S 2t07
contnzii adverbul este pus inainle satr dupd wrb:
He.!il4,rly ryal, hed the gamc lrcak corer.
'l heX hrd t!.irten dd../"dy.
rYo l r;
vix dird ( )sb9-"'):
\erbul nu trebuiedcspdrlit de conplcnu:ntul s 9t08
Ile speaksDnglisl'/l&cnly.
Hc straks /l?.,/V Eoglisl.
DespnrLileavelbului de eonplementul direct csie justifitatn atunci ri d
d.it.d toarte lung;r line prca depflrte dc verb un adlerb care
"",nn'pi""i"t
nu il poate prec€dar($ 2601):
Thelictionot gltoilla tighleNnad.ap.s.d ro.e./atrd.s..u.,l,zureNizi lnnksp.ssing
I i-iil.l ol.lXi,.",' u.u'. tso\|,:,,

ot cit.. atA.1,,,
r osit,.n t,s.
474
AtenILe!
2309Ad!erbel€caiitative-(bddlv,bnulifutl!"r'ellLntl'a'flunnl!t''l',intl.!'
t:ru n'a t' "arp 'lo @l' nr,arT']i:-orr
n;. t4. \v lt, pt' / lr r|F''br trY t'11 si tonp''
dirrc; rl limba romSnd 'r pun dupn
'i^"L,r t""r','r de Lo;olP.n'nrul ! i Fpun'de i
[.]i,",i al.:;-i ii, fi.r,. '"gt-s -c
-i n F i l o " " h p r $ o rL J " ' s ' ' " l l
i sat ba' l l ul '
llp l u J r" n d P r" d ' n p p P ' r L Pduttl uttl l
Tliel sDeakEnglbh flz'n'Y
i kiow English re'! tul'
I like Youi hous€ nrc,'
'e'Y
cur€ntd la studenfii ronAni'
S. l]a e?r.ldurmiLtoarefl v€rsone incor€ct['
locul acestoradverbeln limba maier$e:
""'"1i"li"il"""l"li'ae I lnow t€'g Qdll Dnglish
I lilr F + , Pr ' / r I our no u r . '
' f lr Eng l i s h
) "P' ik l/ P' l/ Y
q 2310 2) Advexbele de t\od precaddecrbul: dilrtf o

,j'"ti oazul obiectiv estoltng stru ciod consta
i ;;i;
propoz{,re: "*'pr"-**iin
ll;'i31'"11,'''".
ifti:%:.1",".",,"1",'l:,liiff#i,lj';",ili
sau o construclie i
cind complementuldirect esLeun in{initiv
ijni-
S ,ttt
,rr",OU?
InP hn'l stokfdllv pro ';"J lo 5l-udJ
ro bn lrerir'
I Dottidlo;ta ask"d ltin '
Tine\ ce ai;11) kner wiat to do
You rtnPlY nust 80 nos
N oI d
t nplorJvPrb.,l" mod al cerorlu' '"ro in senorJ dlp: l":l "':Y-9:uu
'"'"
E 2313
' t'i i,*t*tUttt ,;li;,:;,^,";:"1i,";!,:;";,,:i:"':'"
,) r, i* " ; ; t ', i "iis z z 6 :zr .z n s ' z f v jr'ii J ii' .,,"' ' "' " ' r n " ar ' r r e ' b c
r
'lti'i"r,""" iiiii"-"i p;,,,t .tin inp*tnnh frindlnrrebuinlale
-;i ' drn "'rr-I'irp'
i-: F lc s ' n
i n r ,- € i,! Ib r .' 'pmn,rr.drro "r'-;i;; ;;i1 ; ; ' h ia r' lir" i ' rrt d l s
h#a*:'"""l';"";;tilii.::l':tJir6
c\;Lcit si coteaoiicmodul in cut
.r-.' r u rr o n i' :' r " i"
i ,; 'j r i; " i; ; ; i; ; ; . ; i , i , - i ' ' " " - i * r ' i . 1 , .i r ' 1 .r - srA"
a cc s t c az P e adve rD '
A se compara:
ll::fif;"'i',fi'3';1li'i1"',Hl#
l:l ::l ",1'"iiL:',l"xT;,1':ili,;'
i'ii::',9i',;i';::""T,il: lfff"Ilil;;r;TJ;"'l"Y'"#'i
tt t' n'|dtl'1 pr^boLt
! 'r\:'
E 23f.1 .\drprl"ln d" n'oJ a/i'a"t trltt l'ordlu 2Jl6J:
-" p'l'""i \erL'rl {\"zi ri i
" , o'i,t.s ot-tJ. sttur;t!.,'rr, '
He dlrDs, lorgot l[e loem .
*u*. " ,'."*''
ii,liii8lliil"*:"
ii:"'lt'lrufi,*1";l;1";:li
I oLir. asree with Yon'
r inlst .;drlv go no$ . . .
I lrzlSrbPliete lou are g[r'
4i;
Ob s a r en !i i
profouiliei: S 2315
7r^.r" acestc aclvere sini puse la inceputut
"i,u""",
i;l$:;'il,i;":,''""'
i;xiY;'"j,"lf:ili:
'"ilill':lt''."""'li';
llL';';l"li: n
'" '' "'"" ionr''r,r5 i" 2;llti
mod crr" precnd; \*rbul rS 2 u7 2Jl1' 'e"-ur
-\d"rbrlp dF
:'i i iJt,f'' lruii: i,li,i;,,'i:;':
:r"Tl*[i"i*;jll:1""1";;ll' i]i.;i:''i;;
dupod't'"tn"l 'n r o d e le
'' ";, ",';,; ; nr" " *li
' r ,i,.,1i." t.r " 'r
i " "" n,yt"i,Tli"Tji
i,od,,iz"4 o;:li i "''
un subqtrntrvdFterl l.;i: li,.;1";"tf
fr a., 'Lr' sugereaza
ciniul:
' .\..,,,. Lp n4 ;lr, o ^ .!tJt . t J , ' i or . r "b' . us ( . c hoir
" $ilt . n o r , , o n r i 1 , o 1 , . , . r , _ .
l,l'i'.""'^"':'""
Jl,ll'Jii
i,.i.'1,,i.,ii:";"Jli.n;ii: n
sttt hotnl !t"utllJ i ttu d ',u:"rr''t\ l" au
l1 'f,ittl carJatLllolPtl.Potn
',;^""t re;J i'd'J r-s;t"rJ sr"n'J
, ,, -;;":;",,i,: h.op. s"t'I ;nttu'n; 'p
t'a", s 2318
(rd{erherc
arcstoi,'
" intelesului
iliif",it rii''ilr'.pi][**0""t d'supra
i'd ri do timP).
de r'"it-;"* pozit'iap€ cam o ocupi: S 2:|19
" J-*Jl" i;i schirnbnin!'lesul dupd
:i: #ij{ li-fi;:r'lT'li\;ii:i*,"i'T'1,""11d:
lI:ff,ffil:'.F#,-,?i"i'liii"",'liTi"r'r
l::""
I ril;;l l;-ll **: :l.-?fii?'j,xJ"'i;19"'l#'il
fli ili,'ifl 1i''l'11;**
r"r'
"L"'.jff5l,'i"l
(;,,i,L$;li5li!lii;li_i"Tlh"
f *""r,is",";,;p .,",
tt is ro n {: Pr ' ) old
ll. ri co ld ro ' { ' lot o' DI I
l: $fiTiilill.\xiilltr
i"r.;,,*$,;l:#;,r;
Al .n l Le!
F ' l F to 1 ' l - i ' l ' orl ' nl ' tu1!" rbul
t,"','r, . . " et ir J e\.n ru ,' l p l " ' o n fu " i i
nrH i d L p s a ru .rc i' Irrd i n rrd rd c! eJr' ' i ' n4r nrrr" ' u\rr' rp
. . , L 'J"".i L ,r lui
..ri ' l" ir p u l F a d p rF rm rn r:
', . "'l" t bul (adv de i'i !) crme up t'o ioiln
rlY aunt wlo had boer ill /"cnl19
relerl r€c'n|ly Trebuie spus sau:
Nu este clar la care curht se
becn ili up to to\Ln'
X aunt' \tno nad 'd'?nds 'ame
to 1o\rnf'c'n'iv
irl'l'out' wrrorraa reen iu' cametrP
n' 1 | 2320
n h a ttJ t' t's tr" t4 l u' t 1' ti " r" 7
b r 1r ' lir " La f or Li h d i ' to s l ' )rt' t El' r'ebui" s' \''nt
rn Pr''
,,'Lii...l. 0u! '|nur"t 1'roi'o'i'h 'rdn
",i;;^
4
O*aii, *ri l'""r€r, op ciL, Positionof Ad@bs'
'
4?6
r)p u t it . l t r niu' i (r2 l 1 l i ). ,l a r t- a u .l h d c s Pofi l n eni l pzr col o' vi al J ' on
qe shot'cd me 1l,c iinesi s.lool I drrosr ev€. saw

tlenrn: tle stro.rcame aimor, the.tF linesl school I erd srN'l
I r , a1r . l, _ \ tc " ,\h o t. s J t" f i . j ,rc
( p,n. r i lll ' r tr,r/l y ' r' " (h o rs a .ri n h' j rg
' \r)
\ \ ' r . t u t l! \a t tn n l l J ) I' a \' J n J l h ' n E o s ry i r' l ' " m ' l pr'
, F l" r u: \ !. I' b \ F ,, d / p /y to r h a rd t!] .rt hrnS sJy l ro
I ir,-",did it ro. a io\e.
lpcniru: I did jr ius, lo. a iohe )
\ \ e n. . . 1/ h o !" ,1 ro rr' 1 ,s L ' ' o l l ' /r
r . n r | it ,. ti ,t" o " ,r' i a l o .d ' h s ,c h l .i I r'
I o'7,r Nant to bxv somemilli
(renliu: I \Yant td luY o,l? sone milk.)
O ull ! u, I a*t p o l .a i i ,rrme z ' ' u !i n l F l r p.. drP l - ' l ' rerl i ' r; ' u ' ^r' di -
1ia cd inlel" s ul v l i c c l s f:
onc Nord o,1", and I .n oil
Iintrllce Io. seasonli(tcls o Y.
T " n t! u n d - .r /a d .t F l r| P ri P
! 2321 rrDlEftBDr,n Dr Loc

Adverbele de loc sint pu'\e tlupiL ucrbul intanziti" \i^ forma lui sinpln
ori co$pusi) sat d.upd utr'mnpleite t dirctt t)ri indirct:l st:utt:
He {enl lulor-
'l he! can't have Sone /or':
Ne uscd io meet llcm /,e/.
I was ia]]ling io mol}cr l"4mrairc'
Cind in,qe l"rrrl€rrentul l1rteprPo /ang. in lipsa n ei snlulii nrsi burre'

mai alesatunci cina adverb{rleslje's.u|t, ste inlr" \'€rb.sicornplornenl:
^.FSta
5h! t,ad sent n,D. lhe lJooks gilen her by her motho.
\\c nsed to meel i./c aU ihe girls ii du. class
No tZr
S 2422 Pcntru accettu.arr.,rilv€rbelede toc se pun ta incepu'r prcPozilici:
-ddr,,Ne used to meet dailY.
-1, l,n. ererlonc is lrapll.
s 2323 PROPOZTITTLE CU I{Al \IULTII AD\'IIIIRL
2824 a) lntr-o p|opozi!;e cu doui adverbe,unul de 1oc,si allul dc lirr! /r'cir,

adverbul de lot {ecedd pe cel do timp:
I rm sonlsra.l (loc),ono./or'(Linilr'
(l i d D l.
$ e N € n [ L o D el l o c l i a s l t? c ft
shc $'nt lier soi ,,'tu. n,rne.! (loi, scs,€rl'y (1inr!).
2325 b./ Cirrd ir$ir adverbul exprinrd nr2recis tinpul. r'1esl. rrr,rdl de ndlorbul
d e l or :
Yotr Nill na'er {tjm!) come /Er, (locl r8.ir'
N e rn e n{ ti tu p )w e n i ,n h t { l 0 c).
Tlrcy are d/-ass (liml) a,ray lloc).
I Ve zi q :ila i-93 t 6.
he !'o; far r.k : {c! or,linei .Drintillr in!.F.rlli bcat norr. ra4 !e ntoari..
'
PnoPozr!!LE
c,) Adverbele le timp precissint puse intotdeauna Ia sfirtitul prcpoziliei, S 2ZZA

chiar atunci .ilnd sint, iDsoliLedo un alt Adverb de tinp, care jn aeesl caz le
preced!:
t n, t " F ,n E,,,,o tu 1-- i\ . . on- t ; t p \ t inp n, pt . , is t ta d o o t r l i , r l i ! " , i ) .
I s ish o ', h- l ' .,,, rn"/ y { linpr ' pr ' n t r , } ud- ' ; s ( . :m ! ! r 'i ! ) .
-\
- hF .llsn1 - rs ',t $ orl,ind h1 \ t t ny n I ' ' ", is l r "' o r r p , , r " / 'r ( l i m ! p r P f . " )
r1J Ctnd propozi(ia col\\i\a daud. adverbe de timp precis, cel cu slera S 2327
noliunii nai mstdnsn il precede pe celelalt:
Lr|sn"Fr ,'r , ou /o,I lsf'rir':ran.Jl nn.u { (J rdnailHq1l.
\l p b h l r l , " nr du\ r ' l" o m u n i \' b i ' l ,, J !,, l s l F ri rs l rl nbi l r ,Jt !,,. Gf" ri n,,
Didn'i you scehiD oDrn. :l,n (slc.:lr.sl,insnJrdstzodl (sf€d ai large)?
el Cind tropozilia oorljile lr"ri adyerbe (de loc, de mod ti de tilnp precis). S 9328
acest€a sint pusc in ulnritoarea ordire:
1 ) a d ver bul d€ loc ; 2 ) d c m o d ; 3 ) d e ti mp .
- p $ .r I ' ap { lo s l, , . rtql n a .l t1 .! L ' s h t ,t\n t).
\\. ! hp, F\ t at a :I;r,tq l mv ,t)ta -a i l a " l ti n r).
"l ,"l l - , . 1
Cind adverbul de timp esj,o n?ra;s, ordinea advcrbelor csic:
1) a d l e rb de t i, , r f : 2) d a 1 o c :3 ) d e m o d .
\\n , /ru c r i, npJ. lu_n -dl o a i l o ,) s rd tT J n ,o d.
Tl , sl u d n. - olr , ( inpt " o ,U .' ' tp t, tu ) rtl t:n !]s l ^ .a' J)
LOCI]L -{LTOII CAfEGOIIII DE ,\DVERBE s 2329

1) -{dvcrbcloncgstive.- $ 2330
a.) Adverbele negalive se supun regulilor adverbelc,rdo rinlp nepr€cis,
arlici,precetllr/€r6al in forma )ui simpld, dar r.in d.npdto BE, drJpi duxiliare
6au dP./€ctilelfmodale:
sle ,,4. Niled so that ne .ould neei her l..ili.
I t , pJ s ' a rP r./ u 1 i l ,. s ra g ..
I J , , " r k n ,' u ro m ,d n L ) rh .s " \ord..
" r' " sren
ThtJ have ,zrdly 'me yet.
l he childret (ould .(.o/rr,s be at sclroolrow.
Sh,"may ,e,c. reconsiderhe. decision.
l./ .\drerbul peredd infinitivul, participiile qi imperativul:
\l f u d -n s b. l: dâgativ
mp r., ro e o i r' o r,!1 i n q . l n ti x i l r\
.\;.;. b " , , , g, b|" r o, l, . l ,' . j ,6 p ," tF rl J . h p $ rs " i g .rl r pn-urpd P a,r. prp/^n.,
llis lroposal $as unnel a.ccpicd, tu. dc.liDcd, bul, ls xndlr coDs'deration.{l'art.
J.rer lrit the .hild otrt or Iour sight! (Iml)eralit)
2) ldrerhelc irhodur{ire. Lo0ul acestor adverbc este la tn.e?dlal S 2331

sar ioarl,e aproape de tnceputul Fopozi,tiei. Cind nu se gdsesc aici, ele sini
puse Ije dnp.i sabiccl, Iie dupe vtbul ltical, d.uailiar s^n dtfrdie:
| oL. p, j t . , . 4 u t s d o t r , o r ! r "p ,, ? ) , I,ir ,"u r ' \,,r \ h ,r t fof d ,l "gr e".
} l" r'p! . . , I r t o o k u p a l €r ln ica l r a r ..r .
Af .avse, fat knorv she I{s nckr rfp.ated hcr mistaLes.
'rlie bov. l,-c,.,.. ioryot lo lock the door.
\otr crrre{I me, tlEt.fo.c I t:anP.
Tl'&e is. tn d,y casd, no news yet.
ThcX worlil, rl#c/ore, c.iticize the negative asplcis ol Ure crse.
1 , . r. ot .' ! "fk..tay l l"r a , r t l . r ir h ,
4?E
S 233S 3) Adycrbclo inoiderto se despart de restul propoziliei prin virgule qi sint

puse fie rlapd subiect, tie dupd. rer.b(cind acesta are o lormi sinpli). .ldp.,
auxilite sa.r defecliae:
\ie, thercforc,
rcceptedtheir te.m.
TlrcFrenchrailvaymcn'sstrike,noferer,causeda grentstir.
Sh€was,ar uDy.dra,a hardworkcr.
Theyhad, aay,as!, collributeda gr€atdealto th€ *cces ol the periormance.
\\ie may, Nnsetten!J, discussthc coniroversynow.
S 23:|3 4) Adyerbolo aleirtdriro se pun ltrgd cuvintele pe care le determiDel

-Orez childrenknoNthis.
H€ never spokeio me.
"0€a
Shesusp€cis ,edzme ol havinsmisundersl.ood
he!.
Ii's eQ€n
wo.seto lie anoutit.
tJ"n h ptr Jo. s ou d, ' l b o^' im p.
,1Lo lrcd saw il, s au: frcd salv it, alro.
Th .J .d mr 4/o 4 in t h" m of lr in{ . ! a . . Tt r y , a m . i n t h " m o r n i n C o l . o .
Sh p a /so , umt'o - n lhp m r s i. lo l} F s one,
lL Jru uld ,1,; bp lnu\ n Ll, at np s ouL ot t own.
It is eca.tl,u tite.
He rle'ays aauies out his dutles er@l|y.
Obsersdlie
Adverbul de intnrire fiind un adlerb de nod, atunci cind determind un
\.erb se conformeazi tn eenere regulii adverbelor de mod.
$ 2334 5) Particuh advorbialtr. \ierbele conplere (S 2192. 2208, 2629) sint
exemple de verbe cu particul{ advarbiald:
to go by, io kno.k out, to pul on, to rlog ut, to sendaway,lo iakeolf, to workoui,
$ 2335 d) Parbicula adverbiald a unui verb complex tranzitiv sti d&Id comple-
mentul direct atunci cind acesta este uo pronume personal:
H, "" ii JoJrh.,t:pur ir ,,.l
L I I i'l rr ,vh.trn..on,,
Shedrovethen our.
$ 2336 ,) Ctlrd tnsi coinplementul djreet estc o altd I'art. d, ,r/Dr.€ decit pro-
numele personal, parlicula adverbirld il poaLcp/r,da 3au !r,ra. larn niri o
schimbare de inleles:
Let tz tho clrildrcn! LcL lhc childrentDl
I'll ptrt an my hai. I'll pui my hat oz.
Take o// yoursl Taltc yor.s o/fl
Clearra,ay tliosetnngsl Clear iho6eihntgs 4ragl
Natd
$ 233? "Let th€ children inl" eLc. esle forrna coa rnai uzitafi. In genere,ch1{i
particula adverbiali poate fi prepozilia unei construc.tiiprepozirionaleurma-
toare sau atunci clnd nu lordeazd lnpreunn cu verbul pe care il insolegle
un v€rb compl€xr particulaj care ost€ in acest caz un adverb, se pune la stir-
titul propozi.tiei:
I broughtthe child i i=- ito ih€ rooml.
I askedthe visitorser.
t"To askup" nu csteun !e!b conplei ii deci nu se poate spune:"I asked,r tho
4?9
c) Cind, complemenluldie.t $tc lrca lang sar atunci cird este lnsolit $ 2338
de un atribut lung. particula adrerbiali p.rcrdri complementulr
lve lookedap l,isnameard addrcs.
\\:rile dr'rz a lcs'namcs,
Shcsenlo// thc greetingi,n.ds{ril1.n i}rai morDing.
dJ Dacn verbui arc do A nmpLemcnte.ordinea lor esie u nEtoerea: S 2339
d'.) sau complementul indircct. fnri prepozilia to. despnrl,e vorbul de
particr;la adv€rbi;h, complenentul direct l'eirind ln acest iaz dupl pafli-
He'll $rile you (conpl.i,dif.l ozr a pres.rirrtio (compl.dir.).

d"J sau conlplementul direct. pus dup[ particula adverbia]d, preced{
complenentul indirect. car€ are forma prepozilionali (S 2618):
Hc'll write,at a p.esoiltion (cornpt.dt.) lor yox (comtl.indir.).
€, P€ntru a se da mai mnltri vioitirrDestilului printr-o construclieexcla- S 2840
n,alifi.a,r Flum-,1d.i far,lilidri.parli.ula ad\"rbrar6".r"!rjd l- in'"lulul
proPozitiei:
e') a/p Jou gol c".) atp climbed ihe cat.!
,o"n hc went on all foursl ,oan sent babJ on all lou.sl
o// jt camel o// can. ihc buttonl
Obseraali.e
Cind subiectul esie un pronume persoDal,el yecedd \erbi, vezi exem- S 2341
I,l'le d. la pun ul r' ./i isr,lnd subi..lul .cla o alld parlp dc \nrbire.lo.ul
lui sp bfla ./rr.t ,qb [\-zi a\e" p]aleda ld pu',' rul / ").,
Uneori virbul poate chiar ti$si:
, opz Rith ihe ta iiorsl o// rvith rour booisl
Oer lrith il l
6) Adye*ele c e al0tormid infinitire. -,\dverbnl std i]l genereinaintt:a E 2312

inlilitivutui:
I uscd dhays to go and seehef.
S h e .te c i d e dn .r.r to s n o ke asal r.
r-.on ought r.arv ti) speak Xnglish in .lass.
Regula trebuie insi aplicatl cu attnlier deoar€ce adverbul detemine
un.ori un alt, cuvint, d€cil infinitivul qi lrebuie pur alunci lnaintea cufintului
deter inai,. r\.resta este tn special cazul Terbului l{, B-g + url farticipiu tre-
c ui sl l u u n adj it iv :
111 t t t i E n r o ' h o ttq trn " n ' tl o j !J $ n " I' ' n d -\' I ro l , /,/1,,mpl oJ d.
\ \ ( n" s I n In l . u r.o i l " a l .o fb rd j n L r $ orL.
lle did not erlcct yor lo bc so ddllrl n(erested nr lris loerrI.
7) J lirnfirul co edrcrbintcrcallt (Spl'r Infiniti*). - (Vezi $ 1666).
R n ca P rT U r,,\R n $ 931t
\,lr"l ul tr'"da rn spnpr" .,rrirr'rl n- "r'" ,1 !l" Frmind {u'ljp'riv ..1-
rLrb. pirti"itriu, \"b.!u \ubidntj\ ).
Lrce!!ii:
o) tn^4L c{" fus dupi n,li.' tir. rdt-rb rau r, rb:
L) 1u Bl:. oLJttiaFl" :i d l "tir 1, tnodol .inl urma'p d" rnrjorit ' "u
adYerlrelor;
480
c) adverbcle de lrr: si de Dr.J stau dupe \'erb sau dup:i cornplemintLtL

direct sau i direot ssrrl ipreeertl sau utmeazninln vcrbui cind cornplenrtn-
t,ul cste \ing;
tl'.
dJ adrerlele i? timp ?r..is (tod.r4, tamorros. qest.irdalt. I1,\t ni:ht,
(]afla. sint Pu3r
nelxterenine, in the mami !. at ntgl, €tc.). precunr ;i ldlr ti
l{ slirDitul propozitioi:
einarticula atlverbialn a wrbelor rcmplNxe rdn:tl;" poale preced;t
rau uim'a co'nplementul direct clnd acesta€lte un srbst'arti\" diI' iL rrrmrizi
lnlotl0auna cind este pron me lersonal'
s 2341 ,\c(loNTtjARE,\ ArlvERtlEl-oll

(iafc €rfePli:1I'rl
Fn.indu-s. abslriclie de ad\-erbelecaliiicarir-e1 'iu a(]\ crbel'tr
,ndagL,precednintol(teauna cu1.inlul calificat. in!(teiul rrajoiitilji
o,, a'"u:"';nl verbe este iniluen,tai ile lo'iul ocupat ir lropozilie de udvrrl)
Srtrirrbrrrr l,ûlrri p" .are il "'ut10 I'r rrr'"1oL'isni rrr rJ'"rb ' ' -
oir.r .-r',,"'"fo'."'u'"rlel-srir'i'ul lrnp'vitr'i'r'rn'cprrrrrl 'i.r'rr di lnrr"
|ezlltat 4"'nlrrarrrt id€rrc\pt!r'iie
i,'sL|erbrlr in pozipeprrverlala, aie ca
de adverb'!.
Astlel, Penlru artcnturrc:
2:|45 r) atlrrb t" J" t;np n pr"'s -'i d a'od. lu'" 'l'i'ruil l ndi nl t]| t Y erbcl of.
rr". frF l0 ln'FpurrrlproltnrrLr' r' I'c innr'r'Pr!uDr"'rurt'r _si si nl .rfcenl u.tte
n' propozrlre:
m h I' i ' $ rL n r' ' rrl urnn \d' l el i lr
i l i z ' m pr',t^ rJ n i n i n l ' " J'r'
- \ ' , . r I ' aJ 1, " r ' r rp.,- r,r ' un \' l \' J r' rr"
r r " i" " i: " i, , . , " "
rlirr" di,i stret row wlrt slie sas in for' {Ad' de n'od)
lo -Bl''
2346 b) (uloefietc .1. timp n?pft.is' carc in mod ob-i|lluit stau dupr-r
,l "n r , r n aur iliar s n u d rF i ' l p fa ' L i !l ' C \\' (i ' f' I D l l r ' r' i ' nr-J f' " ' ' "
l ;i,,r "' t'r'r.h'tiu'srd" p" a lt'rb t ' ' \ ' rh ' ' rr r' . rrt \ ili' r' ir' r' '
'nrt
" Ji-i *.-..lceili
""' ,' lin bii enubz e. l' r r ' r idFFi i - l F n 'r r r r r " i r i r r r r '" ':
' ar -
Thoe is ,€t.r anY stlt on ihe lallf
Ther. ,?t r is arl salL on tbe tabl'
Il $'ds donc as il shonld a?rdqs h'
Il ltrs donc rs it alrrass 'should !i
tle ..uld ,.!e. \arilc loet
He ier?r I orld Nd[. ]roetr]
'lr \ - un ir g is l\ ouc r ' s l' " $o 'l I ' - ' 'l l '
5h " r d.' ' f lr r ' 1ing is lh"' r er ' 5l! P" " $ i r r l l 'r 'i p
'l htJ r.c dllrdgs rn
Tr "r ,a'' /
'r' "'
€ 9:t4? c) ult'd)tIP dc kr' de tinp !r"1r ctr ' 'F l'uir l' L'r"putrrl lrrul'/itic"
- primind h felul aoesta nccentrrli
r\r. lorc (loc).I ahra)sicll litrlier th.'l in rtv olher pLai''
tp f. rlo c'. is ill r igl' r '
''ii.,,,iiii, , "\"r
i'"pv l'p;"
r nsr'"rh'r ro'dm' | lF ' \" or I urrJrria;"
Z/Pr (limP) l r ' ! n F' o h"r nc
P../di"ll,ob ,bi; r al ll' a' ll Fioo' r
) A , l{ o} ele . {re .a l i l i rI a i tj c c ti v u ,a d v c ' tt', prdi ' i l i i ti sl tJanti vc i $ :::s'

c x dpt ie u n c l c rd v ..b c d e tto d (S1 :1131'
4El
dt tott;,ul,tod,, ial :r funa ld irc-l'urul prop"rili"i a'r-rr'ul cizinJ s 2348

pLr : pe T"rli' ula. .ePa,p da u m"re \rLoBr' lr \r0r'ru " srrlultrr'
"rni
rD,'"z t'enl the llrC and o/l $. all slarlcd-
oz, Yougei nowl
'a'l, {id do'lt he went.
Ciod. Dentru accenLuare.adverbul lrece la inccputul propoziJ,ici,adeseori $ 2149

are loc qi in{€rsiur€a rerbului cru subiectrl:
.\!r.. . do hF s P'n r ' J r ning l: 1" r r '
Il,..e :t oud ll r bor br dv F ant l dp ' I nr n . d ,
t,'t .t th" hoi! N"hFd a lttttq gid
'//,. m u- , \ o lp' ar p J nd nor olhet w r s '
LOC[IL CITOR\iA ADIDIIRE SPECII\LE s 23;0

1) ,A.lso.-,4lso se pune inaintea cuvtitului pc care tl del'ermi a: $ 23nl
He iB also a teacher.
;-e"l"i'ri*it" a- to includean e\celenceoI desffiptior'"{o Goldsmilh)
",iir't
Eri\le Insd loarl" n,ulrd libprlelP la inlrcbuinlutcns'rslui adterb nu
numai rn lorbirpd obisnuire,.; 9i lb mArii s.riilori libPrtslt*arc ' rpeazg
.i"i"-i'"-lig.ltlti. 1\iezi qi alte idrerbe similare $ 2355.). Se spune in mod
t l sholld n/"o b" a dd ",l r ha h b' m dnolg_' dl pr a' r ia' P r l '" r i F n ' ...
l A r lrpbuis{ nra i d dlu gr n, i Fl ps r ' on' ' u m ulr i "r p 'r r p n l a l l r u c ' ' d r 'l
'rn
T hev als o en ioved it $h o r am e I at er '
( Le; placnt"ii ate lora , at e uu int ir z iai)
A mb i guitdtt:
I u l s d is . ov p. pd har hPw a s u n o l d h i -n d o i In i n ^
ra r., ri p" , r ii. t ' iil" p " o n u m c pI | 6 i !u a rnd P s ' o p ' nr'sru l a vFrbuldi ' ovd" d
(= am descop€ritde asernenea).]
2) Elso.- the, adverbsauadjectiv,esiepusln genered'Pli subsl'antiYul'5 2352
pronumele sau adverbul determinat:
When the iloor opened,I could seemanI lhings els''
There {as nothilig ers, w€ could do
wlo eir, nas there?
Whcre .Ise may I go?
3) Dnough,- tro gt se pune dapd adiect'iv,adverbsau verb: 2353

-\
Tli5 Ln l 3 Eood aous i r aon
You lr a nol nF, ' r , r , ugn lo hFa' $' li.
f,uriotr'l\
"nouAh,
It is haidlr bs k ed et uz 8n
(Vezi ii $ !683)
4) Genorslly. - G€nerall, poate fi:.r.,/ adrefb caliticativr 6,/ adlerb de S 2364
timp nppre(isl../ Fdv"rb de mod. Dupa lunrlia pe rarc o indpnlrreslFsP
coniormiaza r.gr'lii advcrbclorre!pc.tivp:
d) .ind cslp ad{rth .0ti[;"oti' ln'F€mna ..in gnncrJ" l= c!rodpc de
.atre loli ct..) $i pre"e,la(,rtintul pF .rr' ll .crr' l^rrzFaza:
a writer gc,r.d/rgesleemcd
48!
,) clnd esie ad.ecrbtl.etimp nepr"ecit,irscann[ ,,h general" (: de cc]e

mai multe ori. de obicei, lnd;obrG) !i este pus jnaintea verbului daci acesta
are lorme simpld, dupi to B, oii dipl auiiliare sar d€fectite:
Tlr"ys n.mlls,all h re on c,r riJ
\ \. a t P a L t ? 4 U u tn
I ,an r";prrltulndFrsr'nd.Do(.D[ncl'.
'G.*,;uu,I ino" mr | .son.(A ."n u
rc€,efd[i slcJking. I h. np$ do xmcntarl'l li]nrs a,e t€ry (nnt!h) appreciatcd. (-{cccn-
de nod. lns€anne.,in general" (: din punct de 1'cdere

c) cind,eslead.aerb
general, ln mod general, ln total, 1n ansambir: opusul expresiei.,in special")
ii este pus dup.li.rb. dupa cnrnplementuldirecticurt, sau la sflrliiul- propo-
zi!,iei:
qn. *. ps
'lh" tm .) c a -..a l t! ' ^ | | l nuf,.
t,,i rl s In " fo th p t -.o n 8 4p' Ll l l J.
A se compara:
She helpsgc,€.a/ly in lhe housc. (Adv. dr mod)
(Ajul6 .am 1a toate in ca6e.)
i h 4 s p u l d /tsL p tl s i n rt . r o u 5 . {\d\. d- m!)
{ D P o L i ' i d j u l d l D .d ' J .)
$ 2355 5) Only, Conform regnlilo. gramaticale, in stilul formal, adrerbul

only l.febnj,esd preceadd cuvinl,ul pe care 1l determinn sau sd stea cii naI
aproape de el. Propozilia ili va schimba deci inl€lesul dupi pozi-tia ocupatx
de adjectivul sau adverbul only:
o nly we lool" d ,l y o u r p d :n .i o g(.- tru m a in o r .ni m" ni Jl ri nP !dl .
\ e anl" look eda Lv o u . D a i n ti n cI n u rm b ' a t;" s l abl oul l .
We loo"kcdo,/y at -rour r,rintin? (: ne-amiritat mmai la labloul teu, nt fi la alt.
\\ c look edit y o n r,rl g r l a i n l .j n gl - l a s i n g u rulti x tai l o!).
In stilul lormal sau lil,erar, aocasie reguld este incn r€spectatd aciual-
Engleza antebelici nu cerea insi ca onlg se preceadd neapdrat cuvirltul

la care se referca. Aceastd libedate persistd 9i astlzi tn limba vorbitd, rttlde
only este pus 1n genercinainrea verbului principal sau dup.i un subrtantrv
sau pronume, tn!,elesulpropoziliei fiind aratat prin accentuar€acuvintului
la care se refcrd ,nly:
$re ozl, lookedrl. rour lainting {: numainoi, nimed altcinela).
llp ah ly ar I ' u' ldinl. ng ( - nd^ f i al i n s l a b l o u l ) .
wp o ,ly lo"o
olplpd
d a ' J our ! uinling ( n . la lab l o r l € l l . u i ! J )
$ n o als loo lrrd bl y our pa: . r ' ng ( nu ; i L gr J \ u r i
Wplo ot,d u l )o, "' pJ n' . ngo, l, ( nu r i r adl i 'e \ d ) .
Conshuctia din limba .rorbiin esie adoptat[ adeseoriqi tn limba scrisd.

Gramaticianul englez H.W. Fowler considera cd propozilia constNiti cu
only conform regulilor gramaticale moderne este de cele mai multe ori n€na-
iurali gi pedanfi, qi recomanda rcspectarea ordinii prescrise de gramatica
modemd numai atunci cind construc,tiadin limba vorbili nu esl,eclari ln
scds. Se va spune deci. "He anu came a 1{eck ago.)'t "I anLUasked the ques-
tion from habit."; "The addrcss to bc Ndtten on this side orly." ei,c.
I Cuvintul oxrg esie aici adjecl.iv.
LOCU! C1TORVA OVERBE SPOCIAL!
,\lle exe]rpie:
f ^r , d. l a t q ,l n d , . p u n " l " , u mri J -:m,ntd d ' rpn di n \nsti a)
T Li. r o i .l l rp " - o tr ' l n l i .d ,i " fe .l rl i e toi t.rl " )
" il
Il orll I knoy tha $'lio1el.'rtb,
Il onl, be would comcl
Il he would onr, comel
You only sa$' him on.e.
He a, / r . ailed I' rc t\' i .c .
I o, l, hr le J l i v c p c n c r
(v e z i s i S : r1 0 )
Only poarr fi si adjectiv. cu lnlelesul de ,,singuc, sinqular sau plural. { 2356

. 1n, j l , l a rmi r , " un s ul^, , n ,i \ ., rr' . p 1 4 n u r.. q i .i atur,,i i n* i rreu eces ui a '
(" a '.
1 0 7 0 - 10 7 1 ,23 ;5) :
rny onl3rchil{l her onl,/ hope
He s'as Lhe .nly one missing- Onr, she can do tlis.
The onls l.icnds I had liv€d in the country.
Pcntru only, conjuncli€,vezi $ 2431,243;, 2448,2L61.
6) 'Ioo.- Taoarc nrlelesdiferit,dupi pozjLiape carco o(upain DroDo-g 2'67
zi' i ": d a n ap n r "Jo u n s ljm iv .a'r rn '
",tr"rb, i,.erm a , , p c " : " ;! la . n lF u r-
heur€ . i n .a a m na . . d" as m .n !d lot: ,l up;
..d p a .F ' n .r,o r- i n-J. nJ ti rn
substantiY sau pronune:
H| is r oo v on n ( l : !re .r).
T her s ook t r o r-ti s t ' t- rre r
t le ] s y ouag r o o { : d c a ;e m e n e !)
T ' J . pol" l€ s l ro o { d F a 5 e " n " 1
" S r . i" y our s i s ,a .."_ l i n d r ro r.' . - .1 4ro d m ..Fd
"l like jazz nusic." "Ue r,o. (de ascme,ea): (coloov.)
7) Ivoll. - Well precedd adeseaun participiu: $ 2358
well,known \re1l-meaning
well eamed well-pteasing
well-done !.eltNishing
VII. ADYEBBNI,D
CU V-{I,OAR,EA
ALTORPtrR,TIDE VONBIRE $ 2359
Multe adverbe au aceeati formi ca qi alte pdrli de vorbire:
&) d:ide, beck, beyond, inside, autririe etc. slnt..si substantive (S 390);
b) "noupl'.Iist. ;ns;d".titt'p. ],,u h. ont!. outs;d, r..lJ Ft..stnt si sdjp.-
tive (S 761 762, 2b83);
.) olon9.ba. do.w. up at-. s,nr pr"apozilii {S 238J,2405,2425 2i2bt.,
"i
d) b{aF. o['"t. sl,]^ ar,. qinr ;i conjunnlii(S2383.242q,2411.24,81;
e_,)lhe cste si articol hotnrit (S 529).
VNI. CiTNY{ ]IDVENBE SPDCIALE s 2360

COI{PIRATE CONTRAS'I'I\T
1) ,\go. Si cc. -,49o. adverb sau adjectiv, .stp iniotdedunapus ddpd fi 2361
cuvillJl pe carF il delcr mioa.El 6e rclcrr la un nampnt.rcrut, ip eare il
consider{m in raport, cu prezentul, pornind dinspre prezent Bpre iecut,:
\ . mprlo's o!o. tAdv.r
He cam" r/r;a,;"pls dco.{\dj j
481
Sin.€, adverb, prcpozitie sau conjunclier, se referi la o perio&ddde rin],p

socotiid pornind din trcout spr€ prezent:
We mct her lasl.vear. but havenot seenher sr,.e (idr')
I l,a\'n r rp ^ n l. ; , iD" \ on' , it . { Pqp. ]
lt rs ll-rF" \L ks s inr lhF nd$ llanl r r lbd {o r l i Lunl L
.SiDc,ost€ loarta adesealnsotit, de adverbul care dccenl'u'szi ideea

de durati: "tr!
,eel st{z wc lirst met wc hire bect ih€ .loscst lriends
{' 2362 2) Before'In tront of. - Befor"e se refereatlt la limp, clt qi Ia spal,iu;i
I n s ca m n.,nln
s dr turr.i . ..inair're
I hadn'l sccn him ,e/orc {Tin'P)
(Nu I mai v[zus€m Pinn alntrci l
A t t hr J lr n' ling rl a e r.l l ' p rP$ Pr" b " a i . b o l hl ' l o P anrlbphi ndout n" r' r' bodl ' i pdl i ' r)
. _" r' ' u I' a n i ri l n ' d l d rr ' i ' rrl d I;r' :i n' i i l F c r mol o"
. Ld dF bJ r ad;
ln ftont of (loculiuneprcpozilionalii)se r€fern la spaliu ;i inseanni
,,in Iati":
Thcre $as { lree ttr trnr o/ th€ lrouse'
(Era un Pom in lat{ )
':aset
6 236 3 3) B c s idoq.B c b i d o .- Br.' d s (s ' l v ' rb 0rFpuzi l i e) l nsJnrn' pP l i npa
(aceasia)", ,,tn afard de (aceasta)'. -'
plus". i .'x e\ceptia" nu trebure
,ln !r
co n fLr ndat . u 6F si d " (p rc p o /i l i r. c a rp l n ' p a m ni .l l ns6 ..fl l l ]rurr" l
In the l0rder ihere sas meat and.hecse, and nothing Desid€s(Adv)
(ln clmarA cra oa.ne ii brinze, nimio altceaa)
B es id" : lt p1 d n d J ,fk . n o b o d v'si
elsP
' d ,n " . \P " " pl
lln at ar i o" f r .d ti d p J i ' k . r" r ' ' n rd i \' n I ni rn' n;I
Come and sit lcst& mel (P.€Pl
(Vino de stai llngl rninel)
6 236 4 4) B ui. B d t. p ro n u m n re l a ri t. ' o n j r,n ' l i " ;i pr" pozi l i e' ?arp S i run" " i c
" . inJ p s tp ..i n o n i m rt o n t4 . ,Itp t ( abi e. nunrsi dF' i l ):
d p aLlv " r h
Ile is Dzt r heshcr-
(Este studenl Jn lrinul an alia.)
Had Lr, seen herl
(Numai dc-ai li
Sle js nothitlg 62, 'nzut-ol)
a sillY girl.
(Nu'i declt o latl Prostula)
$ 2365 6 Ilireetly.- DirecthJeste adverb de mod sau de tinp.
Mod:
dJ : djrect, drept:
H-" $enl dtlatl! td, .ckttrl to ihc loiDt
,l: e xa ct:
Thc housesas dt.eddl tdr\'ektlrl oplrosit€.
Timp:
Leave thc larcel thue: I Nitl olcn it dn,c,?v I drekll] coloclial

In limba vorbit6,directl?l'drekhl poatefi 9i conjunelie(: de indath ce):
I will ring hin ]rp dt.a,l/ [ drekll] l've linished mv lessons.
1J;n.. nai areti ln!€lesulde.,ileoarece"
: "Jtn.evouarelroe, nolhiDgelsematt€rs"
' _
{ 1097.2404.2428-r4:1,2lr6
'vlzi sl
3V"zi dpo.abina dp p.onunlidinlrp,l r) ii , / S t2:l- 2160
CITEVA SVIRBE SPECIALD
6) Ha lly... whe ..' - A se obsetva urmitoar€a

construclie: s 2366
iarlrs had he linished,oncz his f'lher oane
Hardl,t...cstcunnat dF ad\erLul nu'lp 'ons'ru Lia ll'dl cau //'dn'
-'"r'
.e con.tnripsteuncoriln moJ prunar in frazd
eum
"-"ii;;;;;*j-
rlisr no{' are doud interesuri(S l46q): .. S 2367
. ..--cu
lo'l"ar {'on'lrurr
a ) = R.luilmcnlr, in "'eFl mom"nl 'his' r' ucl
pi.,ntul ti .u Pt =ntut PPrPtt):
F.ri'orme?
i";if'::*""?iii $.::lli ;"""1'*"1q1'"
\ve noeciurr
6J: arlineauri(construit ou trccntul simpl&)l
I saw rrer ids' ho-
este ulmai in S 2368
8) No sooner... tha . -.\o. soon'r. fiiril un comparativ' onjun'1ia ii"':
Jp nI9i iru
lraza,le,nniun, 1ia 'ndl {'su 'dt"rbul 'ri 'l'
lllIin € ' 1 tt a h ' a t l r ' d | |/!'l l '1r 'l p P udi an'r { ''
hrJ | 'ldrl"J ' h ir
- \ o " oo, . p f .p""
rl"r"ni"g i" ,"y si'n rh tr a"n':'n
" 'io"
9) Still. Ytt. .\tit rltll l]lt sr y€' slnt adverbe de Linp care se traduo S 2369
prin Lincn". Deosebireadintre ele este nrmatoar€a:
Siill erprimn dlrtatd, conlnnlare:
I im srrll hn8rY. \o ,, .r,/l o se rn- 1i \c Ir
lui-e jncd loam€.) L T .i m d i l mj datorezi, tnl ' l ' en' c )
yl:t (: inee, pini acum sau pine atunci) se r€f€ri la un momenl:

r\}11],-fi' {iil' " " .'
1,"";
lri""ii1';li:'Jl ,1";:
{'
rrrrrli,,
rhern$on "
By rr. im- )-a'r+r 'hFr' l,li',t;i,::.""'
gr a' or n
lFina cF \' i ilir nq4alur
A se cotttpafa:
Hd i' , / l lr t P ( onlr r r r d r I
lla h, , . 1 1 q, n" , 4 I D ni :n Pre/ n l
i
Jr' o"r" 'rn"ori inrreb'rirrLa' d.aLl(ctb^"rrin' in'oLF-'reS 237o
l0r Tbe. 'ind
in sra'lIl rl /J/r:
un adip,li\ sau un arl\"r'b ^mpar8'rr
?'ne sooner.rnd belto'
i"-,i':!i'#i"'i:ffi""d it'
is I h0iIe\rected
1t) l'here. - Thcre tsrel
s 937r
p ro n u r rLcr; I.n l ormd, ei slabn | 2372
t) n a r t i. uln inir du i to ' l n e i ' \' -' l u s l 6
l d J . o ;l 'si il, r nbuinl€16 l e i n rc p u l u l u n p i p t^ p 0 7 ' 1r' ttnd sttutPtut
' p rer l i ci u l ' nu s p lr aduc F l n l i m b ro ' rd n i :
- '
Tnd'a3is an enard bov ai l}e door'
lliste nn (omisionar la u;'i)
l " ,F r" 1 _ " l $ o b u l " n s mrbsi ng' n Jnur ' o3l
1 1 ; 1 :,-. u ,i n a b r,' i l ' r" 1rl
ii ;- "l;li1,:l ):';.: ",;',1';ir. . r'.. A,,",'n.,

;i;;;l,,li'J:lil.1i,,'|
*, i' i jj:;";,:ilJJ,
ll' s,11r
""j 1:,i',""'i";,
^.','
onll remuins tor me to hx again.
(Nu-mi
"re^. rhmine declt s,'!incerc din nou.)
I! l.helittle lLonsedrrr lilcd an old lvoman.
(In olsr1i,"loouia o bttrntil.)
Tliroush ihe doo.. ,ft,rc ente.ed a litllc bor.
(Pc usd intre un neiclct )
7r... shall come an eto.h e'hen man shall conqu{ inlerplanetarv s]race-
'
lva reni o €poce in aare oBul va ouoeri spaiiile interyianetare:)
?lele happensto le docior in thc audiencehall
'r trn dodor i" s'rlll.)
(Din intimplrre, exisl{
(\:e z i i i $ 2 5 0 2 . r5 0 r -1 i 0 i .2 618.)
2:t73 b) (r.betb de lac. accentuatr proDunlat ln lorma tare Di tradus tn limba

ro m' ini pr in, r ec ol o ' !r
$e lound il rtul,. '?zae s sraiiiudc lor youl
{ r , in gis ii . ( o l o .) l,\str i r..unoitinli )
7 l c r. s h c ro m e s l
l l a ro c e l i re l l
A nu s e c onfu n d a i :e l e d o u d l o rrn c :
'Thre's Lnizl xour liag: (-{dr. de ldi)
{ lat i- li s eania a .o l o l i
't het.'s ln.zl t rLrigon the tanle. (Irarti!rilarn'irodu(tir,',1
lE s f e o s eanli p c n a s l )
?/ k r e [ ' de. ] c o m c sa l i ttl c s i ri i l Ad ' .d . l o c )
( lut ii r c olo v en i n d o l e ti tn l )
tdcl .orcs a lilflc 'giLl. {Pa,i.nxl',.inl.tudd.!.ivil
(vinc
"/'c.d o lcl.ita.)
Thcro poate li intrebuinlrt cu ,unlele sensuri in accea-sipropozilie:

?,{c.. t deal (adv. de loo), dr.e are I diral nrrticuli inlroduclival woods.
(-\,iolo siil, r,-tduri.)
af.l,lc.ol ilaLU.uD iDt.ocn.Liri) Lro dolas ,r.e I d:Jl (ad!. d. loc)
"7€.c doi oiini acolo)
{Snrt
s23?4 12) T oo. A d re rb u l l o o rre tfe i i n l e l eruri :

s231i' aJ :,,de asenenea' si sinonin cu alrr. /oo fi;id lnsn nd faniiiar:
lle r , o hld join e .l tl e l o o l b i l l l e u .
$ 2371i ,./ :,.prea", in cire cnz este supus aceloratireguli ca;i adr-erbulpdr3l
(s 2377):
,' ) es l, ct nt r ob u i n l n t o u u r a d j e c L i r s a u un adrerb:
St,e is r,, 6,sv to cd'n.. (.u un attj.)
t t is ba f b r o s o . (.u n r a d !.)
D",/ inaintea unui participiu trebuie sd fie insoliL de arrci sau de ua

adverb sirnilar. cn $eatlu, highlu eLc.,
He $'as ,ro g.edily ailmired not to iake noLice.
They were ,o t uch atpacialed.
( Vez i f i S t ao - t 1r l. 13a7 )
c, : lnce, pe deasupra:
He was ve.-racli{e io. an old man, and a sick one,o,.
ehEvA -{D!xRBx sPrcr^r,D 48?
13) Very. lluc.h. f€n, I'rso!e!l,esingur nrmai aLLie(ti\rLe in cradul q 2377

p^zirit si .ll pcrlhriv. p""r i, ipiil" rr-.urF in ;, bI:, r"r, €,ril"uti! ;i edv;bFl": -
L c iq , . . r j/ , i ,,. { A d .. g rd ,t ro ,i :,
T . r ar " ir p ,.r\ ,L o :-i t^ i .ts . A4 r.a J.Joertdr,vl
H. gr \ " m e a .,1 1 to o \. t-l ,f r-,' rl r' r' bu;\- \o )
Y ou . j - " k l Pd" a.rr.
,p n(\'ttl \.)
'/,
Cu comparativul ;i cu participiilo trectte intrebuinlaic predicativJ very
este lnsoiit, sau inlocuit de rrdcl sau de un alt rdvcrb care exprimi gradul, ca
far, geath, highl!, ttuitc eIc.l
She lert frerv, ,.uch betld. t.Camp{I4tir)
L" a i, n L. h F o r. q - .h -n \,' ,,. { CorD ardri vr
Hi. j i ot I ir / , r ,,o r. " -q
topdti
;j,. rC ,..p a r-ti .r
ljlo' r ld bF , r , " r/ n .' .r;d .i t.." i i i L r a ,." .,P ,r' rr" ,u, p,.d,a:\l
ll' s , , s ! P d' l, / : ;to h d . Pd r, . p rd :,a ti \,
T h" v s pf " i. : / " 1 / ,1 " .,r. P a rr. rr" ri r o i o icdL;!,
H. i' a" 1" ; , - , ,:-." ,.,,. Id rr. rF ,J ti ,u " o ri r.'
A se com par a:
HP js r , , ! t , l, t' a tP,l \,\d i .l
H" r b aur \ ! J. t\,.\t rL ,L ,.1 .ttu 1 d L ) r" r. re. l P rrt,
Ci n d .u b . t ar r i. ul . " u t," rn u m' l " l . rr" , ut . rr.ra

" a ' . " " F n r" pdr i .i pi Ll
a . t iunFa vFrbdla , 1, I nil" .l c n , F . /. p d rti , i p i .l -rp i n-orri J" ,,r., .au Jp
', '
T h" J \ D" n .i r p r.o ' l j ).rp , tr,,.ndkj ol .orm.ni og.

HF b' nhd / , P' il,/ 4 t r h o t t.a t,l.
ll,4 lrol)!j $ r ri. t,p tyt F .4 . .",a !.t b! ,.i's.
ln caz contrar, o.rg insotrF.stesingur parti(,ipiu] l,recut,:

Ilis erpressio, \\as aer! strptise.l.
Iln lone Fus reru dnnaled1.
De fapr. mrtrc fdrij,il,jj Intrcb,,inlatoatribuLivau d€yerit adjectivesi S g3?8

slnt .on.id.ral' ,d .,rJr-. \-ripl .,n .i dljF":\d" ,r'rnlod|r:
Jt 5' i' \ 4, .'n . d ",o.d. , ". b' . , r , , . J r l. ' r ", L i.r d r d . t p l . t l d 1 5 . d . r . r 1 5 p d .
f l rp n s r o, Drpd ! rtrsp l. $ o r d. . Lc . :
. anilsi.g, oJing, dazzting. irritallng, limiting, loitug, .Ili8ing. li.irg,rryirg. $'oF
Se va spunedeci:
ttd i- . .a,t atttg ;."€ p :.n . , \,tj
_ it r b . \,
to u \0 I p o tl d \l
tt- a^'".,.', o it.;.,j r o \o u ' lPd ,' .,...,
I i t , o , t d L , g , p,,.t! a b t;A d | ) o u $ o .td r, tr,. . l
lle {rs rely l/.dr€d l.o scc me. (rdj.l "r r .
I an, pdl9 rt.l. {-\dj.)
In rezumat, cind paiii|ipiul trecut ar€ fun.,tie dc adjectiv, este insolit

de adverbul rhd are f;nclie d€ verb, l]si€'irsoiil de aarerbul na'cfr
3a1t gfealll!. 'ery:
I Vezi lLW. ForYler,,1. .n.. TcrI.

; !'OTFOLOqA _ ADVEEEI'I,
488
$- 9N79 Afrain, abne, alaof, preoum9i alte adjectivo Pur predioativerslnt lnsolite
de adi'erbeleotg murh:
I an eeN nuh al4id it E rru'
She wss'eag na;l alou
rV€zi t 763-t64.
PREPOZITIA
I p:q
2382 49t
2383 491
23a4 492
2386 492
23At 492
2390 493
2393 494
2395 494
2396 494
2397 495
O AT OF
24t9
2420 507
7421
2422 507
242b 504
il4t6 5to
2421 5t0
PnDPOZtTT-r
tl lI0 P RIiP [)sIftoN)
l) Drtinitic. PreDL,rilrn c.-teparlpr nelleribili de care stabi- 2382

'orbjre pnii un-i $
leBteanLmir. r"lalir 1d" pur: ir. | 'f;'". .i". ,t" ; p ' r'.l lnrrF r"r1
nrooozi!ri.', 1' .i-i np"!r"l nr"l .i l'"r' rr'lpp.ndpn. P"el^zrrr',' in r"
i'rii'l"ur" nu..' " pl-m.,, dF "-er"r :i u a 'irrri" u p rr'' J'lrnl^ziriF
d..ll in,f'".nd ' J ,llF !rLi d. 'u.l iI
lh" l .'L o r" . ' .\' l'o/ li '
| \ " lL / m\ ' ," i r h n ," . ' ,' l Di ' ' 1 )
T l, c ex am i n a l .j c ni s tn l i a e d a )s . (T i m p)
C,r\i n r!1 , o/ ?, / o : i / r .i n r p & j , /i ri i : F IF H r. l rJp^rul 1i ," ,. /" 1 Fi
d es k. ttr ,i s t uda. , \ . i I ' r, ,/a r' c . .i u i ' .1 t' ,' rl i J " D r" po?:ri -. i l s' | " "
din sintagniele: on mV desk. to th. stud1l. itt fiet d&As. care sint complelnenie.
C u ri n ttle pe c er e le l e a g i l r.p o z i l i a s i n l ,:
d) cuvirtul de care depinde ti care o praccdi;
,) cuvjntul care dcpincle de ea (.untit i g|o],at'\ta englezi,Ihe Conple
n?nl\'af the pr?p.)silion) li cafe este prer+r,lat de prcpozilie:
I I e s lok e /o tl i e rtr.
Verbul slonc esLc cuvintul de care depinde prepozilia lo, iaur€n cuvin'
t ul c a re d e piDde d" " 0.
Cu rl n l l , d, - r r p, ! J r p r" t /i ri J Ir" ' " i i J I -,,b.ran,i r. un ad;c r:\'
un verb sau un advirb. iar cuYintul preredat de prepozi,tie €st€ un sublrtantiv
sau echivalentul afcstuia-
2l Preoozitic.(,riunctic sarr adTerb. Eristi adcseaconluzie intre $ 238
, j;nc{ii,.i'.,1'"rt,'., r ar,' m$i In,,ll.u ,i L n " led in d . F ' rFp : r' li
D r p D o ; i t i;ion
ile vorbir. au "."FA-ifur".". f"n ru s l^ dFni bi rrFbuip'i 'nslizAmrolul
lor ln propozitie:
I md ,t b. I a4 ' h" doo- . r Pr po/ i. i)
!lp n ,l/"/ t e ls ' nl on m y l, o. iLldJ . C o n J U n " l i r l
wc have m€t Delo/d. (.rtdrerr,)
Prppoziliaar^ti rrporrul dinlre d"i I' tmc'i ei lrn"i propo/itii .drr nu du

ae.casiiunc(i. sinra.ri;d (u'r subsr"ntir ii "tribu'ul l'ri. un.JdjFai\' "Ju un
adverb qi complementul respeciii', un rerb gi complemeniul snu eft ).
Conjunclia lea-rn doun pnrli de pfoporilie de ac€14!ifel, sau doud propo-
zi-tii.
,4dperlul determini un singur termen ;i anume: un verb, un adjecliv
sau un alt adverb':
\:\:emci her otr,. tutrclr.(l'ri!.)
\\:e \rent lo tlic lheatredi"nr.1ou].tt ns. (Conj.)
\1:eleii a short line ai.t. (Ad\'.)
I aniled eelo.dhcr. (Pre! )
Shelauehed at m€D€lo;. I-sdida$ord {Cot:i.)
\1:€had ncler seennnn Del..e.(Adv.l
r t anplpn? \ttn !i|an t.li t r nq^/ a . om t l! lr "o. ' . n' ! lin r" \ 'e l ' : i S 2 5 3 2 - 2 5 9 3
tC piA i,tvp rbp d ptFrm i b: r . \ : iu, , . \ al,n t '. l asl-ra.ur.opropozL
". ' r n5
ti c s au o r, r' h d . lro lozilie li: ! l' ll.
409 MORr.OLOCIA PREPOZITIA
'l'her-"rvrs no one thcre bu, nre. lPfer.)

The erginc was old D!, s'orking benutiiullJ. (Conj )
SlrB ivas Dzr an amateur. (.\dv.)
I had not necn the.c siz.e the sp.ing. (P.ct.r
I m i s t s o s r,/p J o u rrr s l c e tX .i C i Lj .)
T h .r h .' v p rp \p r h p ,rd ,,r 1 ,4 stl e. (\d\ )
2381 3) l'ormi. - Prepozifiile pot fi simple. derivate. compuse. complexe
sau loculiuni prepoziliona)e:
a) prepozilii simple:
iy lro,n
b) prcpa.ilii d.eri"o.te
I
ulong bclote dside
c) pr.pozilii conpuse.
trton (l.oughout
d) ptepozilii conplexc.
accordingto as to iNtead oi round about
alongwith beca$eol out ol up to
c) loculi ni pepozilionule|
at the la.k oi in licu ol
by means oi in optosition to
by the side of in spite ol
lor the sake ot iD Ure €Ycnt ol
in front ol in the middie ol
2385 f) Fepozilii pres(urtatel
o'clock ta' 1: ol)l ashoreIe (- on)l
dkin t. {: of)l aioot t. { on)l
four shillinss d ta : onl day
2 38 0 4 ) DouA pr elo z i l i i .i n r i n l re b u i n rs ro u rp o f l i ryd d" da$i cul i nt atD nri
, i n 'l una s ingur d rs rp i n c u l i .i c r l ; p " n i ru d rcdd i dF" r:
T l, " bus D6s F da n rl I j u m D F t o " /o | ' ,p p l d l orm
They e\lid"t"d thF rurnilirr' lton undP; th, Nin".
She shouted /elz dnoug lhe trees.
ThPcp wPrp hedgpsrouad dbout him.
The tablcs on tha terrace were close[o each oi.herbut I squeezedttr 6e,aeenthem.
The coitase looked out oz r, a garden. (Verb complei + 2 p.ep.)
(Vezi ti 5 1618)
238i 5) Cazulfi lormr euvintuluiprocedatde prepozilio.- Cuvintul precedet
de prepoziliestd ln cazul acuzativdaodestesubstantil'sau pronume,sau ra
forma gerundivului daci este verbr:
L c t u s trl k r, l o u .
She was looking dl ,'€. ' ' i l ,I
You arc iord ,/ sn)gtns.
231J3 Un€le prepozitii contribuie la lormarea altor cazuri Astlei, prcpozilia
of lormeazngeniti'ut prepozilionali5 281).iar pr€pozifiile,r, for' of, fton
formeazi cazuldativ prepozilional(S 307.308, pag. 76, nota 2):
Tlrc cover ot ,nd D,o/i was a seDsauon.{Gcniiir lrepozitional)
G\ft it to hitu! (Drtiv prcpozilional)
llmc c{cltio prcpozitiaro. ciDdcste pariicula inlinitivuhi, c.rreesle u.mati dc un

ni n
LOCUL PR'POZITIEI 403
Ho broucht L[. L lo$ r . / , ' , r Ut ", / . r Dr lir r { pn. z , li, ' na }

He t ooklhc ru,1 6a .kr t om nar inJ put il' on hi5 bd. k . L D a l i v p r . p o z j l i o n l l
Stop that row, I bes of wb! {Dati! p.epozilionai)
Ciod are a.eastainLrcbuin!arc.Ireporilis !i a IicrduL conliDutulnalio-

ndl $i d davFnir o.imfld psrii ulo.utu€[i inlrFbuinlals in loeul te"hilor
terminatii dispirutc cu Tremea.
Obserea!ie
$i in aceaEii situalie, crviniele preccdate de prepozllii - 9i anume $ 2389
boak, him, Marg, !au, ho - Elr,\ tn cazul acuzativ.
6) Locul propozitioi.- ln lirnba scrisn, in siitul olicial sau lornal 9i $ 2390
in Lorbirpdgrdmali.rl "orp.td. pcapazilralr"buil-.d nf...ddA im.diat parl"d
de rorbire sau lon'rliuneape carp o inlrodu.ea.In rngl.zs dntual:iinsd. , u
roa,a opozitis purigLilor,tn propoziliilainrerogaliv"sau alributiv. in ' are
tpporiiic ;ntroau.a un pronu''r. ori inr"rosdrivsau rdali' ($ ll0q).
irpiimau sau nu, pr.po,ilia asta puRd ^d\prb
ln muLl,urpnt lu stirtirul propozi!i"i
r .ip..tivo. n'r nu;ai in srilul intormsl. "i .i in s'ilul lormal vorbil. uneori
chiar !i sois:
The child l,nd,, I lookcd dlr'r w{s i l.iend's.
'l'henan fdid, I s'ast.llitrs you drolt (: alout whon) has come.
sart is on;, w; ot't do siihiut (: that without which)
,/lo is _his}ook Dr ( by $homr_-
Iwlol is t hi3 / o. (: fo r F h rt)?
,rne"e is she /rom (: fron $here,.
Looul prepoziliei nu poate li dectt la slirlitul propozi{,iei relative sau
dupd v€rbul acesieia in urmltoarele oazurr:
a,J cird insolette pronumelerelativ r,ldl ($ {064, 1078 1079) sau as
( s r 0e4) :
The houso,,lar Ne lookeda,
This is the samevillag€ds we rod€ ,s in JulJ'.
,, in propoziiiile ln care protrumele r€lativ este subinl,€les:
That is the iactorv sectiontlhrtl you were seni.to-
The womatrtwhol I was lookinsfoiis lhe wo.ks manas...
Uneleprepoziiii condiiionate Etnt attt de strins legate de verbul precedent, $ 2391
n,\mit rprb prppoi;liunalrS 2lq5'. In.lr nu msi nor li .onsidcrslc.a elpmFnlc
dF lesdluracare pr*edu ,urintul inrrodus.Jn s'pastdsitudlip,unii grama-
ticien-i consider{ Cl ele primesc de fapt un caracter adverbial qi sint privite
,a parli.ulp rerbule tuqc drpd tetbul nr rare lar .orp o'nun.
Tinlnd spdmad" p^,,ilids...lnr pritr.Tilii. unii aulori au propuq.in .Azul
,1" tala, rntoorir"r nurn"tui,tp ,.nrelnzilip.., u u"ola dp ..pnstpozilic..
Strtnsa legdturn dintre verbul precedent Si prepozilie apare ln speciat
la diateza pasivn, prepozilia tiind aqezatdin acest caz la sfirgitul propozitiei
sau inediat dupn verbul respeciiv(S 1782 1?83):
llis pfonise is not to bc depenrled o\.
Thc notior aas aANcd rr]iot.
Take {wrv the tclcvision seij ann hdE it seen tnl
He was bcins ndde tnn ol.
she ({s /dlt€.7 sDout .t lol.
BaI'I larcs r,tag /dad lo.
t-tnaputt..r. rq,r r i ppr r . ol' , ' , 1", r . . . r l r . r , , . , n 5 p '1 ' .., 1.

s d . / . f_!rÎsek l liind Dpn tfu p\ r ur s ii) .
C olocvirl, tel;rto nll c s le num ii. ' lir ' r o: ' .
_ PREPOZITIA
49{ MOFOLOCU
23gZ In unele cazuri, prepozilia care apare la sftrtitul propoziliei a rdmas

a.ll"l dal,oritdfaplului.ir pron0m"l"p.rsonal"€rp urrra nu mai ,3lF Fxpri'
ma l I n lim ba pnole ? d I.o ' l ,a d . p e n l ru a s F c\i l J rapal i ri a:
Tl'is is a hou6ecomlortableto liae t4 litl.
lvoe the histodc docurn.nls worrh \tasting time otel liheml?
She is good to look rr lherl.
\r!'ereih€ cllildrcn dillicult to take care,/tiheml?
I necd somoihjng to look lorward to litl.
2 393 7 ) P r c poz ilir .o n d i l i o n a L i . \l a j o ri ' " tn a \erb" l or d;n l i nba pngl FzS
ca.to puL. t; si;g eLc.. poi fi Lrrnate de orice prppozi-tie ccruia de complemeotul
To lut on th€ tablc, und'l thc chair, ;D Ure culrboard,otal the ned, €tc.
to sing tz nnglsh, on the siage,,o the public. /o. somebody,€tc.
2A94 Existi lnsi o categorie numeroasa de verba, adjective li unele Bubstan-
tive etc., urmai,c numai de anumite prepozitii care nu poi li lnlocuite cu altele.
Astfel de prepozilii conditionate 6lnt:
gnalitied./o.
slnpii}J ,l itn
t\ € z i fi S tto )
2395 8) Propoziliilouzuele:
abofd lreside(s) till
aboul bet''een
abovc beyond on (- Irom)
lul (- crc.pr.)
altel lry
agarnst conc-Armns until
alons{side) despite
amidist) . q-1r
. m " nE r s lJ d n n n g ..
.i .c rrL rn g )
lelor-" l.om via tlarol

i€hind in, into
below inside sinc€ (- de la. din)
beneath minus
2396 9) Introbuinlareo prepoziliilor. - lntrebuinlarea prepoziliilor in limba
engl€zdeste o chestiune foade dilicile ti subtild. Se zice: "to abound in re-
fined expressions",dar "to abound pil, fishes"; "arnoy€d aDoat a matt€r",
"dar at intrusion, n il,t applications, by complaints"; "to arrive iz Pali6"
(un oraq mare), da. "d, Dover" (o localitat€ mic{), "dl Richmond (o suburbie
a Londrei), "astonished at his daring", dar "rg his d€ed"; "to belong tnlter
lhe hesdi{.g.i, a buok . d0r'ro .oncboJ)': o burrl i^rlh ia,o sons . da
"to burst ,r1, laughing. inlo tears, ,rill, raqe'; "t^ .omplain irDozls thing",
dar "o/" sau "agains, a parson, /rr an act"; "to die /,'or, (sau o/J a \vound",
dar "o/ grief", "Ihrough \eglecl" t "displeaseddt a thing", dar "ti,ill, a person",
'gled dl the ridings',dar"ofthe lact"; "object afdinstthe appointment".dar
'1o llis $-^rJs ; 't^ talk oboui sau d/ a per.on . !l"r -on s bubj,.l . ar"f d
matter"; "il, Lhe tircumstances" (reierindu-se numai la situatie) ;i trndcr
th€ circunstflnces" (referimlu-se la un lufiu lndeplinit); "to compare one
thing or person lo anoth€r" (pentru o simple afirmRre a asemdnerii), ,,(';lh
another" (pertru a face o comparatie mai ample, stabilind asemeneri li, ln
mecirl. deosebiri).
INTREBCINTARE^ PREPOZTTIILOE 496
De cele mai rmrltc od. tntrebuintarea prepozitiilor in linrba englezn nu

corespundeintrebuinldrii pe care o au in limba ronarrE.
40) Excmplificare, - Existi verire, ca ta get Io :o, La looh etc., al .6tot $ 23e?
inleles este complei schimbal de prepoziliile snu nari,iouleleadverbiale care
le unneaz[.
(Peotru o trattlre contrastivi. ln acelasitimp mai cornplete;i mai meto-
dici a chestiunii, ln paginile ufndtoare se va arita atlt tnlelesul adverbialj
cit fi cel prepozilional al cuyintelor citate. Ercrrplclo fnrn menliune speciall
conl,in prepozilii.)1
To get: s 2398
to ge,into the houseI: a intra ir crsn lcu dili.nllal..)l
to g4r into tlie l,.ain {.. a sc ur.a in iren)
to a., in a word {adv.) (: a qunc. a nrtrodu.e un ouvjnt)
1o set orl the grass (- a ple.a de te iirbii)
10 s,, olI a traitrla bns (: a colori din tren/ruiobuz)
to se, or a hoNc t: a desciileca)
ro ?e, oll easily (adr.) t: a sdpa uqor ttirtr o litualic oiiici)l
l o B"/ on r r " lldr lor - ( J , o b o ri p p . I, n )
to !./ oD $" ' l u: pt h " r (J J \.1 ( . ,e l n trl e c l r: nf t nD ,cutrdl
ro ;a ot r r dJ \ . ) indn .i ,' .r;
" -i m' tg " b i ,rF -d u rb .,, d !!Jtud nl Fo5l uj taerc.l
How are lon g.uiiLg ott l:ce mri faci? cum ili llergc?)
l o rp oul ol ll' r ou " . .a i j d i n .d .1 ,,IJ Ll Jl ..,u ri ol ,nl ' I
i o i d our ol il, " r ' in I d d i n r"
to gc, out ol trouble {: a scilpa ' o b oden necaz,din incurceluri)
tro sdi orcr a diilicttlty {.- a invinge o dificultate)
1 ,,r", o, c r a r a5k ( a d " .) ( a s l .r-i o p m a J . ' l Frl i ni o sl r,rnl l
ro sa or { ! . r r pr . " " L .i ri r" v e l i d n r' o ru " p _ i /A , '
ro se r ot . r r n : ll, ' " . s { J In .In l l o ri l
" p !l u d d
l o sp r r ound J pr ohi b i l ro aI o i n l n ro i l i .l
to i 'd r oud a p" r *o t i .o" n \i n g d rd .,n e \; p nn abi l d.l
(o s.r ll, r ouc h ls u- t . " rD ,n J { l u i ru l i i )j
ro ;"r t br out b i, n ' l aJ ,e r" u l i s j rd D c n , -
t'
1 o s.r t hr ouE h oi a' r b , r,i l l l
G J !.) L a
.re " e
l ri r td r l ampnr,a ti \otdr (dFspreuo
' l o g .r lbr dugl r im e I a -? i rre .p l ,mp u ,
10 set to bnsiness{- a se apuca de t.eab{l
to set tosether (persons,thinssl (ad!.) l: a lse) aduna, a (se) sl.ringe {persoane,
lucNri)l
to sp r up ( a. 1r " " . " ) I a i r u r d d s e :tl ;r, (lnl r.un .opac d..)l
to R€lnp ( adv . l l: d s P v rra )
to s€, uD on a stool (adv.) (: a se mca pc un scaun)
to ger up a plal (ady.l {= a pune ln scenl o p'es[)
To go: $ 2399
l o A, ahoul oa" no rk ( i r.d p d . d .
ro 8 o r r u f dr s o, " ( 1 3 F r" ra - l, ' rp d h i )
' ' u ru r.F ra
to so ItI (adv. ti p.€p.) t: a l.ece {pe llngl)l ' rn i r c)
to Eo down {of a ship) {adv.) (- a sc scullnda)
io so dom soneiliing (: r coborl)
to so in ( ) d\ . ) , iDt o (: a i n t.a l
l o so it r 1, , .s o, n" r \ ; n c(a d v . r a i d ru .a ,1 " u n l u r,fFti ,
to g o or l ( dds ) { : a Pl c L a ,a s . l i n d e l
l o so olt r r - . s r J | F..)_ 1 p i rd i (s ,.n d p L )l
I l l! "rbp le )i nrp no Tiliip dF p i^ . onlinL1r " o' nt n' r m " i

" { m D i f r r J r i , E 'e n u " o u i .
z e a zl , nestiu ne i. ceia .e ar I i : m . os r l, : l lr . . r lf ul x . : e. r e i l x r r t r i
496 MORIOLOCIA-FFEFOZTTIA
10 so otr lad v.) { : 3 c oniinua)

i; i; ;; l;i".i i; r ninPr eFn( - a s ' s pt opir d" I r a n i . J m '" s F p e I t a n i )
lo so o ut {'J\.' ( 0. iFFi: 3 5a s lr ngp)
to eo oui oI l: a reSr)
ro Ao ou i o l rJ'h, on I a 3" d"m odd)
ro Eo o r0r (a h ods Fer . ) t a ! , z ir J . 0 "r dr inJ {o c d 5 J '" ) l
ro to orcr a s!" ah ( d r pf d"a. i r PpFr r n 'u v r n r 4 p l
,o so ore r {d d\ ) 10 |P Fr Pm y ( a r r P' a a I n a m l
r o eo ltro trlb d Dr r ' i ' a- ) i I naPr , l, ni / dd i r Jl t o l u l l otc l
i; ?; ih;;;-"r iu' c ; ; nonv ' . er " ) d r,. t r " r a , a 's u r o . d ( o *t e m o n i e
to ;o lh.o ulh d pi ' " ( r \ "; ula o bD' dlir
lo g! urd er rJd ' I d r s ' uluadd u. dP' 5dP d l , .
r o s, $ilt,1 e-. ! i\ \ 6 t a s " ! o t \ r i u v r d / t t s 'u r v a l
to in ritb ou t {: , ' ! e lils i dF)
S 2400 To look:
lo looft ot {: a prili)
io i"'r, (: i s€ uita lm €jd.; a ciltnina situalia' a se mai sindi lnajnt'
dc a d ecide ) 'lo'ut -i
lo rooi slter somcnody {: a ]rrivi tn urma cDila, duln cineva; a lns'iji de, a avea
(rii.L
_ dr finerJ)
- to /,oA lor (: r c iulal
to rooi h (;dv.) (: a iace o ririle scurtl, a lrecc pe ]a)
lo /oo i in ld I a . \ i- r nt . a , r y m r i)
ro /,o l o tl (2 look Fl' . i a. : i r : di I o, h: i ( d " p e o ' a " l ' F l ' )
to loo L o ! ( a . on\ r ' 1er a)
to ?ool on iadv.) (: a asista la)
to aoot out (adv.l I: ! ti atcnt. a nrga de s€aml)
ro lo ,{ o ul o t ,J s , ndo$ "1. . I F pr iv i lpF l d r e d s r r n p l ' l
0 rizira (o casr'tc ):
i; ;;;i ;;;" a: a nesurape irievacu prilirea,a exon'ina;
to /,,ft llrou sh . J lr ir i 0. , Pf lnl
gt iJ a d; 3 n8! ii dP. 3 s u l t a r 'g }p 8 : 3 s ' b : 2 1 'rp P a
. I.o /,Dl to {. a u\ Pa 'r n e \ a :
aD eta rr
-"'--l,ir,il I rne va l
.ri (adv.) (: a privi ln sus, a'ti ridica ochii de ]re o carlc etc i a ceula'
io'tool up (a $'ord, an address) ('rdv') t: a crura (un cnrint ln diclionar' o ad}.sa

in cartea de lelelon eic.)l
lo loon trlon (: i considera)
s 24.01 PREPOZITII $I AD\ERBE OTIONI\{E UZUAT,E

,{l arate stareape loc (S 2403,2424).
Io arata direclia(\ 2423).
/, a r sla slsfFasru mis.drerintr-uolo. r$ 2 4 0 9 2 . 4 ll' 2 4 1 2 t
- -.
/r ,. a r - li Ji'p.!id dinalsrdinaunlrusdu lra n ' t n rm" re{aS 2 4 1 0 -2 4 1 1 )
$ 2402 ABOLTT
Ile lalsh.d rt'ort il. He ilts .bont ro sp.dft.

lEra pc luncrul da a vo.bj.)
She ](rkcd ltout ler. Hare you any moDct slout You?
(Sa uit ar hj' r r . )
He had about 2,000 books. (Adv.l
Ilob has snoken: Nc1l. e,la, ilort /o!? {nvea v.eo 2 000 de ce4i.)
{tsob a vorlit. Xi }ine, tu ce laci?) It .aDe sDort in rhis waY... (Adv l
Come tomorrow rlrout this lincl {S-a lDilnllal. astlel...)
(Vino niine can pe lr ora asta.) 'l hev took Lltrta dou slout. (Ad' l
They rowcd rl,out ttu loê. (F e i " !u de sedni [ i ]retnal i l ., Ltennnl
o
497
PREPozltrr 5r svEREE
At' s 2'1oB
tl:
Vcfte si adicctiteurmatede prepozilio
. ^ ",-', :".:. rLlartr.tol' d"rislrr"d
.urpri"'d. ro sdzerosrurcbr'rorrdr'ro rnoira
" -io it'""t'o s'at'o t hro$' o $onoPr
l: i;T;r: il'i;i11"1;i;i;i
at:
Localinni &tuerbialecu prepozilia not all' rl lrascni'ri arr
st once,st the sametime'onest a timc 't
"r,"Ji, "ri"",,
et puy
a loss' si l'he iop nt the centrc'
sl night, rt sea, st war, rt
E x e m Ple :
I rln st 4 losr whai to do
\r'. do,,Pd st Y..1" (Nu ilin .e sa lac.)
lN; ;ni;!Ijt la fnrt l
' l. . -, : : " ,::-:" in a s na' k s r a s na"h b ' t
3 She is good !l .h'r booLs
ljJlilLSii;";';r"'t' -p u" b "1 rubso
snstaietmpreunA
l Therc is a house3t ,ti" Dd'A
I leei m F 3t rh e s'dlro nr lXsle o casein slate l
(la. ma dc la ga reil
BtrT
s 2{04
: B erceqlia ipre! conj )

\ '
He sas ros' but o"'
lEro nennltim!l)
u.t r"' t ''"rt'ri r." d,",","it';"".""
Io s)''rl{^1"":,
LI r r u/ dr ' : n _ a ri a l u ro ru rtr'
I . anr or b u t s rn g l o r j o ] { u o n r' r
( l\ u lot s ;i n u t l n i d e n u ' u rrEl
2) : unai ( adv ):
{l""iT,: lfJ"Jii''";"rwo,r s{wbutotu

3l : rdre sn nrt (pron relati{ negativ)
rl'er ;l n" .n' rur kno$: o l'" dihnrprnpn''
4) : ddr (conj).
You askcdrne io comc'but I conldn'1"
$ 2405
BI
1) :.le (precedncomplemenlul.deagent)
It sas $ritten W nv '{rrt''
(comptcmcnf instrutnertal):
2) (cu un partioipiu prczent)
I'r'r I
5nr won g^'d m:'rlrs bt 'rcllirp I r" r"-
r i "i|i,,r nor" b InF I I' rrn 'rr'
I t r s dat r E-
I e\trr\r'L m \ s Flf , ,
Sl' nnr n0
Lu i rrn ' .a r t i' r t ar P
'
ilii.lr"Il;)illxi'rcchrlr')o'ddrica!
*,{""qiFr}i+i,*'sllill*"1iif
493 MORFOLOGIA PRIPOZTTTA
3) : lirydl
l\e Eatbr tle fire.
Thcr'siood bx /kr thrdughher mistodune.
4) : dnpd,
\1trat time is iL hI 1/ob eatch?
I couldlcll nho he is Dx r/d fti.'lls he hns.
ir "r/ ( u ru.1 d. In '.L"il:
I am lallcr i.hanhe br a /oort
To buY llour h! thcpauu1.1
To die lrJ tEn€lg| - a sc slinrtc(: a nuri) cu nrc-"t!ll.
6) :?e la (aproxi'nali€)(compl. circ. de tinp):
I shall bc ba.h bI nine,tl,a^.
7) : ca. pe. trtn (cu denumid care se releri Ia mijloace de locomolie
;i Ia nediul prin care se c6litorette):
to travel {of go)ty trair, bI car,[r ]ard, bJ sea,ItI air, etc
a) - pe linSd.l
She aent lty me $'ilhout a looL.
9) : pe acola (aiv.).
Sle rr.n, hY liumnins {n air.
Thencx'sriidium\taJsor,€w|erc [I i: prin ntropiere).
',€dr
l0) idiotuatic.
How did vou .oe iJ this money?
(Cun ai ajuns sn ai banii aceitia?)
Or p Dt oa. I ney g o ' u p d D dl " ft l h e L a l l .
(l nul . ll€ unul s .a u r.u l a t ri d L p d r;s .r .d l r I
I lived by rylert
(Triiam sinsur.)
ol r ll lhp r . r r ' qsp s, a s rfo r l h " p a rr o t Op h F l ,rs h" $ 1sLr /,- rLp moJ tou.Ii ng.
Dinlr a lodlp d { ri l F l e d i s ' ri d u i l " In i o l L l O hl i " i . Fa ! to5l cu mul r cea mD i
T o! ioDs nt J . '
'
$ 910ri roR
Verbeurmatede prepaziliafor:
to ask, to blame, to care, to compensate,io e{chan8e.to leave, to lona, to
look, io scnd, to set out, to siart, to ,ait.
1) : pentru, del
Write this lor turt ,truI
I'll ,D&rle yon lo. some b.€ad.
It?tots that thitrs lor!
The exhibils are lor rtld.
Tortoise*hell is h.d for maki4g combs.
Thc World Council tor Pddsc.
2) : d,attuprepozitional:
Uary sent this book fo. nc.
' loot . paund ii ' //L -u n i rrr, d r o d s u re d l ri rl l " rp v" zi g I3!i ' , roruri pre-
ze Dt lndun inlpr F slivre s op e n i ru .rtri o rr.
PREPozqrI tr -{DvrEBx o 400
3) : ld (d€stina!i€):
He l.t lor ./dsil/ this mornins.
{c lli.Jt lr raii a s t . lz , d, m iir ' pat a. )
Ate !o! llt Buchorcst!
{Merg€li la Bucrregti?)
refe tor la tinry i distanld(: de sau netradus):
He \sas iD lh.re lor atrout ,ro nodrs.
Slte had becn lrcpadng Lo eran lor /er7rs.
I }Jvpr'. .q n Jorr lor 4 /,,g ':trllor o1ps.
Eo r pt le( ar uu d, s!.o ' l d r' l 5 r' r l r' .
-)) : in ciudu, cu toutc ac.sleaj lolati (introduce un compl. circ. colcesiv):
She wrs a good childr, lor aU her lit e nichs.
Io. al, rhd,. he should hrre addrcssed}inscll io nc.
ror a,l yor sdy, ve ieel snreth-Are$ill be an improvenent in llris conducl.
6) : de, din c(Mza (introduc€ un compl. circ. de cauzd):
She sa5 repling ro. jog
Thc Litlle g!l Louldn'l see Io. rEes,
\Ve couldn'r go io slccp lor laqnizs.
He cnn't sleeplor ,i? nois, of ihc rain on ll,e rvindows.
i I dr' pt. .o fiind I
I look lim tor o drc,o..
He was conter tud tE a thief.
8) dupe o tnterJ
crlie:
{zr.d/, Ior rhe holidays I
Splendi.l lor yn!
On, lo. a slass ol ilt1er!
9) cn Dn compaxatit,i
"Do you fe€l anv ,tu ,.ref lor his mcdicjne?"
"Oh no. I am tu ao.ra lor it."
It was a.harye ror lftd &e|lo lsa|r ne ao*L
l0l + substantie(san prcnutne)+ infinitio (ac. cu inf. $ 1674).:

Th P r p$as no t oj l o t An n to p l o u \.th -
fi is impossjbleiot het r' so'rh.ie.
It Fas quite plain IE eleryotu to see.
It js (not) lor hin ro de.ide.
Ior n?r Dot to aor.t hard now, beloreihe e{ams,s'outd be a mistake.
r l) , t l o r ( : dac { n ar l i i a a n -a r fi Io s t):
]}ut tor n,. {saunereil lol lor her)Be shotrldhaye prelerred tle seasid€-
12) : (cit) desprel

-4s tor ntn, h€ chos. to becomea stulrt man (: cascador).
,.1 tor r / r dl,$" ll ' a l k a b o u l i l ,d r" .,
You may see ior youroeil{: siDgrr).
For mysetf,tor ms ptt (: lni.ucit m'-i]r.ivestcl.
13 i(l i o ma ti c I
lor insianc€
lor ihis purpose
e'ord tor : cuvinl cu cuYint)
''ord
I : trn copil dlninla.
MONFOLOGIA _ PREPOZTTh
500
FRO}I
s 2407
Vobe gi ad.jectitcurmatc de prepozilia fiom:
to Inu, to guard'
to ileter:to ilie (lrom a wound),to diUe.r,to dividc,to escape'
to part,.to pr;vent,t; proteci,to.ecove.,to sulfer;freel'om'
Enemple.
1) (prov€nienle): de la:
I soLa letler hom ntm.
Tl; \'ind blcw hom rtu ,tcs,.
: din:
I am talkins ilom
SherDr.sd-waterhon".Feriezaa.
the jug
: d.apd.:
lrom the natureol his occupahon
Hc vas callcdJaok.olall-trades
s 2108 2) fron... to (: de 1a... la)'g:

Ile walkedlrom the doorto the rindo\t.
They counledtrom oneto lillY
3) : inlpotrteai
The veil ,rck.r.l I'er lrod ihe sun
ThpJ q"r; ra/" trem inqui5i':vF p,$"6_bJ
4) timp I
Enn that titue sh€ slolPed writitrg
I'rom hod oD $'e will do oLlt besL to catch up with the othe|s.
s 2{}9 IN
L) - in, I a; c u :
Tho.e is sine ln my 8lass.
She liYes h Brcharest-
TheY a.riYed in Bucharesl4-
lle ;as dressedln a pai. ol t.ousemand a shirl
2) (cu obi€cte de studiu) : de:

a lessonir Etrglish,ir malhemalics,etc.
a lecturer h PhYsics
3) : J a ( o un i i ' e rs i b a te e tc .):
a professorol Englishin the Uriversily oi Leeds:
li: ,Ti:l-#r,:."1":iii^"1tf;lffl (,npdr)l

ocrrale
;"fi'"T:ltshai.ra,iirace
3 1F,i .i I ri:lJ .
I )#. u',,1i1'u;,",,'
."'i'd ur\ ori,hi r JJ kJ,4,.n \\ pJ Ridins
Lrd,d,rl,Ansr,a
' , re L ni!r;s;lrr: r oid. ' 1 ir ls ^: r J ia a' "gor " r p d D a 'A 'l
r rcdb "; Aurt-\:! , , s o . . / / r "r , r r r - ir ' 4i d 'o l d g . o n r p J r d r r v r e 'b n l p . c u p r c
', alrtxl i4 rtr vpsqrero
ri-L(r -r'ir.'1r idL dd "l : n. J f dm il) apdnnJ . dpun4r "dli
<r r d n d ; L o n d r d'or ln, lrr a s L p c o n r u m a '
I ni\ "r",.1 ,d ir u \l, , t d. C- n, br idg . I ( inr \ l J l"; " 'u
nisri. si aonst.riie din pintri.
60r
PRIPOZITII 9T ADVERBE O
4l idionatic:
1"" tf i;'.'!"lfe mTeii"T:1""1
i tr r im er ( : r a"1't ) ,
)
(i-'i"L1llit"r
ll tilli liil'lii*
ln he ev ening(= ' s e a ra r' ,
l o t he s t r eei l: P e s tra o rr
ln tle skv i: l'' +rl
il li,'l'"$llEl;,:'lffi;i x'i''
"'
it l['.#illt,:'"lYi";i];,rl*:'
ll i*;'ll,'''::l*r ; ":::"i1""i::
I
1i""'"'
r
rr'"-il,i^ l" l' rr'*"t in srr'l \dL
'
Sh e F itr. tE rr as r ) iAdv l
Illro
s 2{10
l'crbc urmarede Pr'lotilid inlol to tu'n

make ro pour, io s!a!e. to translate.
to change,10 ililide to impo't' to
conc'et)z:
Fdril prepot;liet Lo e|\ter (sens
ii."l,lil,lfijii"'1",)'"ri"mi,,,"'r"
ll'.'"llil,,Iii""""loTlli'i'*
"*"' s 2'll
tN. lNTo
i["**.'*
11,;"i::,i'xl:ul":"11'1"".,*'i",T:"'J,,'x'"li$
'",".*.
1"";i;;ilifl:"9lil f1?;T'i"':'l;'il,:,J,':;",:''"
gf"',li;n:"-'&\T.'itl i;:i:,'"iH!!",#:'a"^",,,.
*' if:'fiii'."1il"%'rtr
T[i,[#if,ir-'t':iliu'"
T he h ou se qd s ln 5r g' I . . '
rT;;*'
ffll'],fi"*,:T i,;-ii'i,1"'111,.'jr'-''
IN. OUT
s t11?
ra d v )'
0 u l {d dt . ) eql. c nnr r a rrrrl .l u i .i n
o t P s t e c ont r arru l l u r l n ro '
t)u t
;ll)-'!J"illi'i'"';"'l'L'' -u ' 'o'

:,i'J,"iili";",,l"i"Tii
ill;,;'il,'"''""'""'
.'""#'
:flT'"i^'1,*il""
o/ rln? - i sosi mrlt
-
,;." ," A" t'ne - li\ la ora hotirriinl ro Dai' I/?'tv
',r.. * " inro6'!;r's iu'o d
:
'"t '1"1,:"$,*:niA ,u s:l;^d-b:,1.r:.
i*o ren4'n'e'r ei
i.;,:î,:;:;,:i.i:';:L:i.r
-*"yr22!;ili{',itii\
502 trronfoL{)ciA !REPozrTI^
2,113 o!'
lerbe, adjutitc .fi snbslantiw unnalc de prepozilia olr
oi'a .i . o co n. is lr , l, ' dip. oI lg, or ", nJ , r o - p " d l t . l o b u i p a . o l r r " d r '-
ro I k. b r;"1 r, lo \ iar n' , apiL' : . , ir px l, u"- ir 'u . . , 'd p l 'p n d n l . n i l i r i o 'u " 'p
iible.i tossessed ol; in sFar.h ol, !tc.
l) geniti! prepa:iliona| (9 2E1):
Tne door ol r.hcnod sas ajar.
She is llle $iic ol ( do.rol.
2) ld dale (precedn numele lunilor):
Tb,e rqi.h ol Septetubet.
On the first ot ,ne non,ft.
3) - din par te a (d u p l a d j o c ti v e ):
It was v.ry itzl ol her 1o com€.
I lnw. f , , , ol h i m!
4r dp t dup a a d j , c .i v " r:
to ic proud ol lond ol guill.y ol, tircd ol, alraid orJ eto
5) : de, m (cu nume de materii' de elemente compon€nte, sau referi-
toare 1a con-tinut, etc.):
' 0ihello had a .apc ol gold on.
It sas a box ot car.lboord.
It all came down like a house ol
clve ne t rtp or @ffee! '4.dr.
I le, ey esu€. i /,l l o I i c a B .
His glasswas f"rl ol sheny.
6):tn (dupnii uri acad€mice):
Bachclor ol Aris.'
Na6ie. ol Science..
Doctor ol i[edicitre-
I hJ d r n opt url u n ' rl o l k l l tg ' :m n y mi n d .

He Ras a m an o l s ' rrz . (a i tu i i )
- r , s / ?ddot s upp fr, th p t h i d n ,g h l e a .7
8) : de la (provenientd):
I }orowed a few shillings oI /,tn-
"Ol all chemisk." 1:,,La toale famaciil€".1
9) - dintrc,
He }ocame one of l,? re6rul'f erening srLddnrs.
l'he tallest of d ,o"s is mv son.
the, nr atl qonen, io bchire ir such a rvryl
1/. .o,6,sr or a corsla dini ,o .onsis,in = a corsi,r b.
3 Vezi { 2a196. -
- c " t o. ' t r: o ra l a s g si nsl .
r l-ezi si q" p' r' o
ir(2!
I t.,{- til'ru uriviNitar ccl,iralcnt c! Zi.czltd, tz /iLerc(: Racltetorof Atts)
6M . S c . ( l[ as t e t.fSc i e i c e )a l d o i ]e a q ra d trn i vcN i tarl duri l ?.s.,i nA ryl i a.este
larn cohirtdeni in arte tliri. D. ii1t. llai. Daotor Littafim) : Dottot af Luctatute,(orcs'
Dundr mai d-"$abn titlulrd de ,ocrz, din celelalh inri.
' t h' Lht ; - at /p r| n /m .s .i .o m p ' ro a d i n p ' )r;.u_n" .ra;. 1.r' 1r,.7i .dul ' ir'arI' dmi a,i .
ne
.,n dhm i id, I nlod" l d m d t' d ,: a d n l In j tru -n4 mA -' orrsr' r' ni n ' ahrp
d e. iinA s i de c '
e d
a i .
ti
PREPoZTT! Fr svERB! o 50,
70) pcntrr accentnarel

?rd rnr.col &r went bJ bus.
tome aa, aU ot !/ou!
11) idionaticl
Ile .d,p ol agel hsl. rltitli. What lias bcconie ol l.rl
Tlie noise stoDDed dll ol a sdl&n. S]rc is ol no a..olz',
\\'hat do you_do ol d.\u :tala Il \'as oi nD t,?,r,
'li,c .al cemr ot nr.//.
OTF s 2{14
I) dcpdttart (ddr.):
IL is a lang 0a! olI.
The rilligc js tt\. rLiles .r\1.
2) despdtlirel
He c/, olt d sample. (-{dY.i lle putte'1.olt his loots. {Idr.)
She to.e olt the rase. (-{dr.l. lou nustn't. Lo^ oll tour book.
The leaves /dit olI the tfees I sro,i the mrtr oll. (Adv.)
?'dfteolt your hatl {Adr.l I ftno./i.dhim oIl his chair.
She tool. oll her coat. {r.d! ) ,t0i,.I oII rhc lishi.l. {r\dv.)
Here is rour orange- tahc ?'L.n oit tlie waaer. ttie radio, the
on ihe peell (Adv.) T v l (Ad r.)
3) : a (Nl, y ( : de aic i ):
The lhief nadd otl. (-\dv.) o l t tn c r .rn I (tda.)
o{otul a luslt.) lPlec.rrli In gorM tuaF.)
Ap o tf: O t l $; lr lû { \ d r ) T | o k n " " o i li " d ol l J " l ' i ' L" n (\df)
r Pl ,€ "a Ll" di. i E di. I r l" ." r" rl l :L l r.i ,' ,u n pui .)
lI! son .dptcd ot sere.al ldzes. {-\dv.)
([iul meu a luaL mai mu]te Pen'ii l
4) diecrsel
Iz@e ofl talkitrgl (-q.dv.)
(Taci, nu mai aorbi l)
Th p q u n $ould nol s o od d n d l h a h d ,e fa n a w a .r'(A { \'
{Puic; nu s luat loa ei Lelurer€a fugit.l
!!e play is oll. (Ad{.)
It-re san u 3e oat loac a .i
To be lAdv.)
{A fi cu'.J]'orl.
dare de nlnd.)
oN.uPoN 5 241;
PreDoziti& on p"tc sinor'imacu prppozili€utron'prin .arc pos'p fi lnlo.uil d
in anroine ioate acccDtiiie6aip.Al.s.r"a uneia sau 6 cPlcil;llc esta diclate
,1. eirfoni""au de uzenia. upon tiindforma maj rara. lnrrPbuin!alamoi alps
ln limba scrisd9i tn anunrit. .onsrru.Liiidiomati'p. In 'arP FstFlorma 'on-
sacratd qi de neinlocuit:
uloo.mv word!
dnce ur;or a tilne-.. (: a tost odati . )
Pr€poziria upon este compus{ din p (in sus) qi on (pe):
Shegot trPona stoolandr€aohed out lor i.h€vaseon the she[-
1 a am of agc : a deveni mnjo.(a).
,Ve zi p a g. 505, not a 1 .
604 noR.olocrA PRtFozITr^
I'trfu nr ttttt: d. Pr(P,rrtlt1 ortl

to q cr. oidl , n l rr' r' nutr' l lo i_ ul ns,'
'
t ol| \ p. ' o n " p \ a i | : . U ( i i ' : ' | ' , | | j } ' ' | ' i' | o n 5 o n "| ""l' ' '
on his suocAtsilo oarN otr lrdv ) a h{dc
H os 11 1o | 8q l i .. o n s l l o ' t e l ' ' h r I \d \ 1
\V l' al is A t inq on i n l rrP ? 1 \' 1 \ I
t ) : pe :
There afe atplls oz Ure Lairlt.
Lie do\rD ,, lhe sdial
2) : (a se tmbrnca)ro:
Shc !2, on her sto.kinss. sho.s. .Pzll on ]'our soilts: (-\dv.i
(gi-a lus ciorapij, prntolii, lil,'Lria rlc l

She tled on h€r dress.(^dr'l Shts iad a r.d l.och on. (-\dv )
(Di a Incercat rocl'ia ) f^vea (!e ei) o rochie roiie.l
lte buckl.ed.oL his bell.. (idv ) tlrc Fore flbber solcd sneakers on tur
i$i. a ln. heiat c o rd o n u l .)
i(Itr) lurt.r lenisj ir !i.ioarP.l
The l.rce nds nd icaYes
( hm nl nn ale I Nnz . l
3) Ld d.ale.
l r nll! t nir d' lav ll F r" i i u rn d l n l o \.. l | Ir" r' a horrdrJ on l r' 5ddl
, \ lr ' iJ / i " iu' rn ^ i . l d o r1 : r\l J r l i n | 5" ' "
' /;r '
i was lolr on t l i e tl l h o l S e p l .e mlr ' I l c l t tl re tow rr oD mv farl P r' s-i rri {a' '
i lr - " i, - *s iJ t ilt s " p te -l " i 6 t { \m r l rasi i orri dl l asosi P at' ttl di nr!)
o n : r \ av m or n i n s o o i ' rorm\ n' erI
' I nl_. c i. in, in " ' i . l e n d , i i nl " u odrrp L
' rLnoasrl
0 n nr\ bi rl h l dJ
I a 'r o f r zi l a /"r'' In'i P na' prol
. '
on Uut daY
(: In z i u a { c e e a )
0 hs er adlie
S lr F d" ^. pbif " ' 1 " l i " ' rb o ro m;n d u n d F srrb' rJrrri !pl - ' ' * i " " " ' " ' :'
rn
Dl rl i ilp z il. i nu s i n l i n q F n F r" p r^ ' P4 J l e ' l F pr-| ozr(' r ' i nd 6rau stnLrur'
.i 'n b " pr F fn T ;l i i l a ' . i n rr;b rri n a a z d i rr no' l rl urmi l orr:
" ngl. z r
o xi a ila i n ,P n a ' a trE l d Prrl / 3t. ' -:
' l, lt J-a miJ/ ' in ' t P olLt t aoa
! nuheoe ne r t ar rrr ro!!ii = in riP \ {t r
la cr'ma iul zile i :n t day br ah "r a u l n r r r n g " trqr lLr '1 r r s n r '
ln amurs : nAhtatl
Î
.\ 94tB Preo€datede un atribut, aceleagi frimesc insi prcpoztltaon:
subsLantiYe
on o /t8 mordng on a s,a?'v nj.sLt on o sLnnr-cYoun8
on the nigh[ oI Tuesd.J, the {st ol JulJ
I vlzi
$ :q ilt.
oror : a jlling.i r, rre,ail asatnst a
" to preiuil on - a corviige; /o //.'dll
f.zista .
t) t,a :t soa t Pbat t lot d ,; "PlJ
.L orrl rnh nt n, , / i r o1r lpdr i lir nodr oa"na: jlr '1 1 '/ r i l n l " o l n 'r n '; l r _ nIro
no, pt, o" riru. " 1 "; llaou" l' J ln , r n' bn Fnll 7 r i l r , p \ P o t t r : o '" d n ! o r " n a r n t n E '
l,lminiror)
duri aprin.rerca
""" "i1ffi.,+fii-'il';"" r'!crc$rde..cnr',sts"am.
O
;05
PREPOZITII 9I ADVEREE
(nu se iraduce':
4) + un Cerunziu sau a/r sxDstanlit
on t'o rrr rlr' no is P I jum pPd oul ol b' d
i;";,1-''i"h";it,rn n,oieI;' 's ' 1m" 'o lis\"
5) : asupra' despre:
tle sroke oo rl' sL'J€'roI \ork'ng somen
6) .a tinnare:
{'o utrt lr"ol oo! Xftl on! (Adv ).
il,,i, .i!ii""a on rhrr Pds:age:\rv )
\u lr
'
$or l: ( \ d\ l
L,.r on i{
7) erprimn o at:lianetn cursr"

T h e Dlir rs 6till oo' ( Ad\ _ )
11 ,. L is}ls oo' ( AdL)
i,. i,." i- "r€In r h" ilinit r g t oom { Ad! r\d\')
i'"'i,,i, i,"- t" tit' In d] bPJroom
. s ,r/.1{ o D t}c lig l' t l ( AdL )
8\ idiamatic:
nn h,o t , d m" r g", pi' ior l I lo wall
t';,i.;.'1il'+;.
'u
i*'' c6aarLh
l';"1'"",lT,l l
li ir:ll
$ ; i "l ^ ' i l . [ . h i l T i r, d o rrd ,'p d 'par dr r addr um uLui'
31 ili'lXllj':'"'"' i" d"bambru
on t h. ' , ' nr r ar J (: d rm p o rr' v rl
":'li:"' il"inl,",1u,
;l l;:llil, :iltl:,;il.. '"",,,
ah dr'!r indn'Pr'
"rr'i.jhr \\4t ' \
OUI s 241?
' {lrDvERF)
t) Mother('as out'' ".

l]!am3 n r tra a rrsN l
r nlpr ' lf r oom '
I u, rl otr( sh pn | .d $ I ' inr
ie-"i'i"ii-, i";i r',. tlzur irrrnndIn oddiP
)
II\ buok is out: it 'd'4 out yest'r'l 'v
(L a rl c a nF a d r pr r ut re Di
2) L a n e s6" d, . t ud out in a l r d i fc .ti r,n s ..
ro " " ' ri rF ri i r" l
- , l; ldr r s e Ju
i i ;;i ;': ; ; ' 1 n ' i ri 'n
3)' Blo, oui ilie
(Stingc lumlnareal) 'andle!"
Pr, out the lishtrl
(Slinge hrmjnal) _
The lishts ,efe our'- "
(L rm ir ' ile er au s t r G Fi
? ,rr odl t he lig} f s l .
? ,fn out t he S r s lt r cr
-r.^",,,'"r...'',r,,'".,1ri':l'lt."tl,ll,,.i{ril:;,,J"i,f:'it,:'.."(:
t he I is h tl Th e liE l' 1s
'fl
i E l l ccal e E pl ecaGdi n
" tt ) in"","'.r,'., . , " r ueis o{ t " { E i n o ' a 5 )c n :" s h e i s o ' n t' '
t"at )"
t si g !1{1 $i { 2'116.
",i
SOIi MOBFOLOCIA _ PFNPOZITIA
nu, out this senien.ci

(Sierse cu snma a.casiir irazill
C.oss out thai linel
(Taie rindd acel.l)
llv coat is dor" out.
{ Hant anli- e u z a ti .)
I am iol, otrt.
( S lnt epui z a i .)
4) fi'.i|e otr tlis dictaliorl
{T.ansoie aceasie dictare!)
I can't nale out 1l,is $'ord.
(Nu pot deslufifn!01.'sca.rcsl cnvnt.,
.Sp€anout!
t\iorbeFte {cu !oce) larell
( B agr ide se a ml l F i i r1 e trt])
S 9{18 our o}'

1i - (afard) din.
He rtlrl otrl ol tE loes.-
lletrls .te dug ott or the eatlh.
IIis violin has got out ol lune
2) : de' dtn:
She agrccdto it out ol ntad,dss
3) dintre:
-'
I .hosc i{o piolu.csont ot r'rdnrv.
S 2119 ol llli
Verbs urnai€ de prepozi-tia!i particula ailverbiali ove|:
bloNoter,gile orcr (- giv. upl. took orer,eic
T , r " . df f J g! s .,q 6 1 ..,r'o rp r n ! r' n ro " m . (. \dI I
( T r a' ur a - .i s l u l r' ' l i l " i rrl u l l I
' "1
I hail Do more ritien.e: I s4t. orer waiting io. her. (-Adv)
(Nu am maj rvut .ebdarer am renunlat sl o ai alrepl-)
/ro& orer your lesson againl
( Relc z i' t i lec l i a l )
l) . dP o' ' t pt t). o .u P t.r. P s t
The ceilirg is orQr n! haul
IIe jDmPed orcr ,nd ldln
tsecutoren'sseF.trlns oYc. his contempofadcsNas establishedonlJ bX p!j: :
2) : m at nn l t d e ' ? 6 r, (o c i fre ):
Th€ old woDan lras ore. s€'dnr?
There were orer ,(, lizad.ddleople in the lall'
3) : ternti al:
The ,lav tus oter. ('\dv.l
lly prtiace wiiir her tr orer. (-q.dv.)
4) : inr:oact, incolo:
Won't 10ll corrc orcr 10 sec ihe Bi.az dam? {Adv )
Hrnd ii orer to thal. manl Oru lhfuc (."idv)
PREPozrTnFr ADVERUE
onor 60i
TEBOUGH s 2190
Lhe look4d tltrorgh lsau oft ol) th. îular.
(Prn,i !e iercasrrtl.)
,lljcy tr.ivelted thtoxitt the ..uL:rt/!ine.
(Cilelori.a la 1rr'!.)
l,o trarel lhrougLtu air
(- a cn]{lori IE o{l-aa {eruhi.)
I eol ,..,i 1 ! l l ro u s h n ,1 \ ,
([1i rn terminat uqo. lucrul.) ^
Hc . dd d l r,e b o o k tl tl o u s l r.(Ad v .r
(Citi ca.t.a de la incetut llnir la sliriit. )
He carne,,, throuRl wjtl ihc rain. (-{dr.)
{A lenit ud dc llo.ie linil la piclc.)
I an throngl s'ith ii. (Adv.)
(-{m sri.iil 0u ace{sta.)
I am throdgh with Xou. (-{dr.l
(-{n lern'inat cu tjnf.)
TIIROUCE, AUB,OSS 5 2{21

f {cro$ Hc qdD, scros t|e ro,rd to th! housc oDpositc.
{: pestel ,, so ocros (adv.) {- a imveNr)
I
I throuql ThcJ rowed s.ross /ll. la^? ald walkcd throush tl,e /,8s,.
t (- prin) (adr.) {: r t.rvers,1 rlsliDdi
TO' s 9122
yerlre ti (djectiee urnnl.. de prcpa.itrcLto|
to adupt,to agr!c'.to.ttach. to belond, l.olind. io c.irpare!.l.o.omert,to con-
to gd, to hrst{, to list,n. lo objcct.to pal alr.eDlion,
trast. io orrespood,to fasl.etr.
l n p ,, i . lu !, t.r. ro r,.,n il . l. pr . 1, , - r,r.Jk, ro i,, o lurn, to
$r' l n dd.qu' l .b \rr. r.l.r ' or . I i, all, . i"bl . i- l .p,lro,.Drp ior
E z e m ple :
1) :la (direclie.cu verbede mi;eare): s 2423
\fe drove to 1oNn.
Tl,cy b.ought iL to l.he larn.
2) fn n ... to (: de la ... 1 a )3 :
s h, r i d l , I I..tu r. tro tu ,, \p , to rrhl I Ii mD t
l' , s ' ro h u l d r' i r' 5 l ro D In J - l ' ,.,.p l o \uure.
(Dbtstllll
3) daril prepozilional:
Giv€ ii. to Ken.'
A slal.uc was .aiscd to rft, m€mofyol the loel.
4) :c" (dupn un adjectiv):
Be ttnd to her!
He ts o?e, to everybod]'.
l ve 7 i si { : 101.
" io aei"i ro a thins, wi,l a person.
'tobetongro - aalarlinej to belong ttr: aface parte din ("th€ lile lh€ wire le-
l o D s 'd i - ). ($ 23lijl.
r l czi 6 t 396
5 cu ... p . bld, o nlqLur . k a d i .F \e .,o l l ^ l L e a .o /' t" o o t.o/\al i ousi nt" rl retd i onr
.\Fzi Fi q 2408
1 r.a lkenl didinutiv mascnlin de la ,t€zn.,n t kenrol.
MoBlorocr^- PRlPozlTD
608
-r) : sye. (lupij (precedn un substantrv):

T o 4 s , . p/ r ' ' Lil. ' r - s a' I nab l " l o him
'n 'q e r
ShF lans lo , . r ' ' r ' lo' ! "
ins,r,'',\. p. 'ur' iooL
ii-i" i,,;i t.i- i. ,' i,ishry
6) : drrrit ( uzicn €ft ):
TheY dan€'l to l/F nrst' the or'hesl'a
'i
?r ltrati ld:rli,r (jndiiind d;rectial:
t r et ald ip: t o , t " , ' ^r ot Engl 'q d
8:) idioi atici

Sne wis tuen.hcn to tn€ -sit' She QoAdto a n€$ lil.
Sc d€tiette lr o vial.i nour'J
1A Iost u dili Pin e lr Pr c lel ^
l{e $as bn.nt to //Pnrn S h J l l I tul ,r 1,,n to \ome sorrP l
{A n ,urit d in P.i c ina u6ur r lor l
i i .a l c s rrvF6lc! P ul i ni sxpsrl
It Nas to uo otd,,. I l.old i,er to ncr t{ai
(\ ascrail lu nitnnr') (i-an spus iD laie )
Bdb r crieJ itse lL lo . / c PP ?aa io one shc {ill come.
(Co p,ld t!l d t'lin s pin; r ador n' r t l (rle prind .i !. !qu.)
Fiird prP'pozLltel
,, kl, soneboilX a sio.Y,
li ii"i;,i,i,oi,::"11.,r'rd" ar Iudt'rnd'h io I pr" i^n'
Hrp.ri dltfod.li,q rpl to bl
s 2421
Inaintea subsianiivului honre,prepozigiato u cste c-tprrnaia:
io P.,le lome
Lt se menline tnsi:
ul'
s 2426
l) : (in) susl
sii,:.:L:li' .
#,ir ;:ifi,'nu,,,
l l e ro \c d u l ' ,n ? .n € l
Iri .rPrn " h'| 0 ' P/" " ' ]_
i,lj,i# .o/, upto o , ri,,!cs1Ldv
)
l"a- ." In' ' rN d "iri"s (\'rL'
ir,, i",i'a'lHilifi;"'"'"'
E. lilc d u!"phls Fir s lAr lv I
s," t i4d dI lr r gld' s { \ ' l\ ' r
2) erprimd aProPicrel
I * ollPd r t t lo lP boolir c of l' " ( A d \ '1
Tl" ( "_J ' ; t " ut ' or h"m r in n l r d l 'p l 1 'r !
3J : ciilre oru." &pitald, ll LrersLtatcl

I I n' go ng nP o r c ' ' a ( \ ' l\ I
Shp s . nL r p r ^, o". \ ^". :*, " , , !
" In s.!..mb,f..\J\,
"Jpl'r"l',,u""'',',
:!'Jl.lr"""i'.i
,, *," p,'pozirip
'Ji:;f":' :;,ii"",';!,);'':"li,i?1"'
; r',i':.,j;i:l"uiTilli:: up
s t oqe
arl..) srdrs, u p lth e) hilt . t P ( t het
PREPozrTrl ir 3\DvtRB! o toc
a) + s,dl) - (.tnosciitor, verya\ bin. prcrdtit,

IIe is r'.ll up in English.(-\d! )
-r) : ter/ninat, canpleL totul, dc tatl
Timei5 up!EaerYlhing is rP! (\dv I
a li dl: F: ora d ln , |id' Pl
-
Tulul s ' rr'i
lord ' '
'l h e sanc , s w! {\ v )
e d dA' olFr i' lol . l
r\u ;ai " nin:^ .le'a .ul. '
l o d r' r , hup. lo u p, I','u l up. ir ' r ool r l( \ ' l\
'l lJ ilr . ' r r l"lul i jFr lgp' lr 1 1 r r 'r r n 'l
L r bardlrrl
6) ,erbe+ up:
t o get n p , tu st andt r l' .t o jr m l r u p (\' 1 I! I Pa, t x D r ou r t l , i i g " l ( \ , 1 1 )
( : a sc s,u l a . i s ! ddr e I n l rl ro ' re . a { lm pa' i, ' t , ii ! . 1 ) n e d r f i l e !
' s a D I'aceli vli baaaielc.)
ro ,e I till lule (-{dv ) io ro,r u! plidl.s (Adv.)
(: a s1a lin'u roalte.r) l.. a dezridl.ina lrlanle)
to ?i.n rp som.thing (Ad\'.) t u dig up. ut o l r n P e a r l h r \ d v )
(: a ridica ceva cil2ut) l: . { , , at t s d i r I 'i L 'r i n t s i n i r 'd l
I ad'. u o n ! li, k c t . ( \ d! l io s,t up tbe iirc {-\d! )
{ ,^; d a t b i l it ul . und! , t or r rl rril
t o et,. u I l o r los r ( \ dv . ) lo r"€dl uP lAdv.)
1: r rcn xn t ' la n s oa n s ' rr a 1: a vortri llai tari,
irn obi.ct. soroi.indul Pierdul )
7) .4 sc compara.
I .2, mv turser.
(u'an 1"diatia descl )
He cl, ut the meai intu snall rieces. l.{.lv )
(A leiar loatd carEa in bucitele mn:i )
I /iaad thc jt's
{An u'nPlut .aDa )
I /lt c d uD m v s t . , ss {. td !.)
1 \i i an, Li, ot li, Lpa h d fu ll ' ,n a s n s)
Horses/.ed on g.ass.
lcaii se nr{ncs.i ctr iarbil l
I an ftl uD $ith so nuch light ntusic (\dv )
(Snrt situl de atita muzic{ uioa )
Wc use coal io heat lhe rooms-
(Intreluinlem oirbunj pentro a lncnlzi odeile.)
-{11 the coat in the cellar will be soon 6d uP, {]\dv )
(To1icirirnnii din pivnill vor Ii ln cudnd lsminrl,i.)
I ate nread and lntter lo. heaktast.
(-{n mhoat tline cu uni de dimineala )
I ard uD the b.cad on the table {Adv )
{-\rn nincat ioatn piin.a dc pe DasA.)
8) Dircftel
bhp .,tr rFsl"Fliv I not ning I J \ qr i/
!h.,o a, irl' ro n p. ' , ! l . a""d Js d p r o p d ) / \ 'r v l .
Lhr,ra" u D u 'n m p n"a. | - Lx ' 'JlL' "p. 8(I ilule o r 4 n r m 'L l \ o Y i
H " b turp t,, ,t I'a sL r $hpr l|dn, - d adr ' "
I' p l'a"6.p 1 \.\'n dr i bi" , r '' r r l \ 'l \ )
"r , , . 18/ , / t r p, \ Jv . )
| r b rcu ch t n p r,r- Fai , , m "F" ld ur m . i
'
I rook a Dieoe oI clialk and \t.otc (: . lua)
t r oo i uu rn cin { I 1 r ipu", lp r \ ' lr . ) .
lic ma n; d InlslJk. , . 1= h" , oo' l, in' up ir J ' lJ ( a 'o l " 'r a i l \ 'l v '
' (:
I shqnt li.€, her Llrnq J relinel
T hp ru ,,l is lFp, up L' J pillaE I d. u"r inF )
' Ad\ - .
5hp ,Ppr ur' ,'tpe i, dn os I a I ' ; r r . J
610 MORTOLOCIA PRIPOZITIT
S 2426 rIP. D 0 w :l
Ilo$n este oontruriul llri [p:
Go un! lAdYI Uuslai,sr. Go dorn! (-\dv.) Do{n$tairs.r
He \.;n rp .l,e h i L UP' r llr . It rolled dom thc hill. Do{nhill.:
un ih' riIPr
to go n ! l! L.n dn n ( Aih. J I g o dom to cl l Lal j . (A dr.)
an xD triin (: care nielge stle c.tilali) d d urn trJi ,r (: , arc IIcar; dj n c.pi i rl ))
(A dj.)
Stand nD! (-\dr.) Sit dosn! (-{dv.l
r. so u ! h P, u dis a lJ _ { ' nr I - " L . s . dom (hom rl ' e uni vf* t)1 (JLj \
-lo : r par,l siuni v.| sj tated;, rermi ni
so du. lJ !n .41 5i b . , r lF\ a. ' i . l' . lpn' ; ' rni -
a, ein(cpe cua n.il e ( lun. { ic dc wsitaiea; a lleca ln vacanli (in fun.9ic
1o &e rdn, ilorn (- a Ii ermatdculatl
Ile t.irlkd. rtt at thc sky. l!.dv.) iIe loorcd ilom ar hb [eel.. (-{dY.)
Tale up your pencilsl (A'rr.l Take ilosn what I sayl (-\dL. l
1i. / ' uD th. bo okl {Adr . l ? L r i t dosn on youf d.sl tLl \dt.l
$ 2197 wrrH
AdjecLiye. substAntiye !i 1'erb0 urnate de prepozitia \r;th:
to L. '. l L .'rrr ls il[ . - im ' , r . lo. om ndr ' ' . lo. o o p F p , l u o n i " .
.o\ ir, vJi d,o .: ou r o||ll. r ol, J r r . . ; pu up. r o " +o n i . " . r o L 5 ,, 1, Lopy.
to sun ou nd . to to tc : a gI J ' , . oic er npd, Lant Hi, id e n t i c a l , p l r J s F d , \ i r i i , i i r r l . 5 . \ n o n J _
nons, Fcarl riUr: irei stlh llood. pe.spiration, tears; s] nipathy {i1h:
(: Jealiln dc ffis) (: roru de NsiniL)

$ild {ith harpiness
i: ralid d€ ;paini) (: neltn dt ie.icitur
'lhe dog Da.ftd with jol.
(Ciinclc ldirir de bu(lrie.l
'lhe laie rvas s'.er with Ure sceni ot acacia.
l'tsea cra iDmiresmntil de tarlu,nul sdl.inilor I
The decision licr/.cs/s sitl him-
(u hoft4te.)
It is tooi,.g nitl .ain.
(Pioui .u gileata.)
colin is sraving siih fatler.
{Colh sti la tata.)
Hc hrs ,.e' nlth us llor) ten rears.
lEste la noi de zecea;i.)
She is r seoreiarym r a firm ol lawX€r!.
(EBiesefreiara la o lim[ de ayoca-ti.)
I lelt a messagelttth ihc porter.
(-{n lnsat rorbd/un lrilct la tortar.)
Lt l s t r r t p, l o q p o ' d d r' & I' i . fri " r' n " a r' n $ pnl l om4
t L, , l" s ; euF . ra rrf l " p rr" n i Iu \ru n u l u o a.o" .I' uP :)' pl .:,' !l
tlit]J all ht cherfulness. sI. is a child at times dillicrlt to lar '? sith.
(Cn toatl reseliaii. .ste un copil rieori 8r€u do snfotrt )
r lez i Das .50 o . n o tn L

r l. ! , o; " f u" t . , . L n t.u s p d o s tr./,J " .. d u $ n r,.r.dosD ,1.. !r." rl du.,, i , !r.fo-
zilie: dosn f,n?) .i,ats,-dorn /d?., hi , tro\^ (1h.) ttuse.
: V ez i E t 1t 2 - ,3 9 6 .
, , , , / .i.; '-, tdc l j .tl : rr,.l e r l : .rs n s i n a t.
u l n ar
s' ,ililler : r se d e o s e b i d ;ra n u fi d c ;rc o rd o i i di l l etorni :nnul i deacordcu)
6 part a thilg, /ron a person.
'angr-r-tn s,n/, a pe.son,a/ a thrtrg.
tl1
CONJUNCTIA
! !q
DPI |ni 1 i .....
" .. .. .. ... . 242A 513
Folmd ...... . . . . . 2129 5!3
EuocliP )i .lasifi.are 2433 5r3
aoajunct iile @odondtoMc 2434 514
Co^jurcliib 6aL locuti\nile suboldonatoarc 24tr0 514
A l L e p;rli de lorb ife iu va loar F d. . onjun4r ip 2151 515
Conjun cl i aa, dv F r lu)r i pr pp o /i l i d ........ . .. 2451 516
Cuvintele
Cuv jnte l ed
dee lpgdt
lpsdturdur du.
u.inalp
inarpddpp ..to
.tomr n .ine
m J iin .i n C ' 2458 516
Locul conjunctriei 2459 516
CON'ANCTII SPECIALD 516
2462 516
2463 517
TiU. U\til 2464 517
T hdt . . , .. . 2465 517
2466 511
CONJUNCTIA
(THE CONJUNCTION)
1) Dotitrifie,- Conjuoclialeagadoun cuvi4te sau sintagne, cu aceeali S 2428

Iunctipsinta"thd.saudoudpropoziliidinlr.ofrazd.Con;un.!iilasinl inr ar a-
Father a'd molher are at home. lDoud cuyinte)
T o bp or nor ro b " , th a t i s rh e q u a s ri o ntD. o uai ,n dqm" r
S hpc am p, al c o u l d n o l s p om e . { D o u I o r6 o o zi ti i .
I s houldb" ha p p y i / I c o u l d o D i ys p p € kE n g l i sl irv" l l . (D ou, propo/i l i i l
C o n j u n n f ia nu poalc u n i d e .i t p ro p o z i L i i rs re a u o l cs6l ura dF i dei i ' ,' re
,
er e. L \u se poat e s punel
Father b at home dad I learn Englisli-
2) Fo.m5.- Conjuncliile pot, fi: S 2129
a) s;mple (Sinple)l
alter, ad, as, bui., €lse,il, till, wlicn, while, why, etc_
I hearrnd,you arc well again.
\ Y e c am Pear l r s i r" ro u rs L p d u s .o .
T o k noq , lP ; ro k p + s i tp D ri s . g i r[.
L) compwe(Compoann)din doua sau mai multe pIrli de Yorbirescrise S 2430
however,notwitbstanding,oth€Nvise,unle$,
Shecannot siag in the choi. re.a&seshe hl]s no voice ro speakoi.

He was there, ,na,€/ofeh€ could rc.ount, Io! om benefia,thc proc€edingsat ihe
No one could stand he., dlrn &gli she vas quiie pretl.y.
. c.) corelative .(Correlatiw), IormaLe din. doul conjunclii, inire care sini S 2431
r n t rodu sa p ropolr r ir 3au p a rrr c l e p ro l o z l l tc :
if .,.,. . . . , , . . . . . . . . . .tl i e n
ei th e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...o r boI . h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d d
ne i th e r. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...n o r not only , . . . . . . . . .btrt also
w h e th € r - . . . . . . . . . . ....o r
His lctter was ,"r,,, alfectionate an?, kird.
fh e oper d ii nol . , inlpr F6' in" a5 i' i s $ . ruDc.
Vo so ; r . hd ne lr lL t ndn I r f l' . . j
. d) l,oculiunircnjun4ional" (ConjunctionalPl,'dr.r./, formate dnr dife, g 2432

rit e p; r l L d F vor b ir e "o
. mbina" c,r .onju'r.tiisau , u p a rir J F \ o rb irF .
lnireaga expresieavind yaloare dc r-onjunclie: "1,"
rcr us say
on that accounL that is why
I was i11,,nd, ts .rn, I came lal.r.
She laugheddr rno4sl,she didn,r care.
3) Futrctieti clasilicare.- Dupa funclia lor, conjuncliilepot ti coordo- S 2433

nat/lare sau subordonatoar€.
514 MoRloroc coNruNcTr^
2434 d.)Co j nncliile caotdano.toat(

la"ot.lu'ot' ;r I aatdipot:n. t ut'jun t ut t ra lû pt rli 'l' !rup"/ili'
r. .0u ,o '", r"t" '
. u d"Fl".i r^l -i rd ri dn,r r'iLrr''" J
' n.
Conjunctiilecoordonatoarepot li:
24Xi o t iupuiot,t, tt vp ,].',tr ',t t t'n tta'ir 1. ' , ,,"!i',,'
"nJ '
se adaugi o alta:
oro . la . r... t ur lli. ", {' , . r 'o l - ' l '" n r 'l , { l hol'
d v nLl o-, ,lr I
but too . etc.
I Eol, nD od Nrlked .I1
ll; did not tro$, nenld' riotrl{l l,e gn.ss the rels!tr ol orrf atLil.tdr'
2'136 b) .1dt.fta1in ('Tdteftutit!:). cind expdtnn un contrasl:

l)ui, b rrt ltien . $hdc as , \ L} ilc , c t c
\trrv is intellisent ,el lazY.
onc ol the strtli;s $is oI miirtle rlicre{r the orlj.r \trs i $'od iarjjng
2+37 ..) di*j nclirt: (Disiuncti.v), .ind tsalrirtrn o dlernatiri:

o.. clsp, o. elsc, olhdrise, eitl)€r'' or ct.i
Itun home .t ortc. clse Jon Nill lre lale
EinLi lr\.\et o/ mol,lio Nill b. lfrc iomo.rotr
2438 d) condusirc (1u.1tit't.), ti:ld e\prini o coneluzte:

.lcordinglr, .onsequentl-v, hence,sor. so lhen:j thcn!. ihe.elorc. Ior llal, rcaso! on ll|at
accoxrt, rhrl, is \rhr. etc.
I lorsot to reiurn thc mrsrzinc nare hs displ.asure
Yo! afe nol rcad]': rh?" t'otr a.en t coDnn8?
24Jg rp b n rm a )..rn .l s p rt" - l a " xl l i ' " r' - rrn" ; ' l - l i r,rrl
' t , " r Dt i. , ' t ir p tf
as |-.un . d ro.'rp i ur t . _. h"' a. r ' . n' " 1 \ 'r ''\ 'm n l " r
iibid D'". IIu,sdr."d' , s , l' . ' I iJ "l' l' 1. i5 l " 'L roc1\
''
arumcr .rdicl). etc.
D". at p I r , ' r I l" 8pl a d- Fr p .
":.4,
I do rk n .'rr
\o ll I'd\.lo gr \ , I t ouuJ - oi) or ' " r'r" n" f o r r r 'i l l o I 'L l 'L
A 2440 g)t-.onjanctiiL sau 1o(a!i ile I u I' n r d o tt u I o a r '

' "or
lSuii,l;,ot, Subor&ndting r:onjunctiins ar Phr.Ees) l€ag'l propozilitl
subordonatl de rcg€nta ei'.
Conjunctjile si toculiunile subordonatoaresini I
S 2441 a) tlc tinp (of 'l itle), cir,A iniroduc propoziliilc tenporalc:
al r. r1 r ' .rl'. d5, lPlo- d, J ; r . l\ " r "\ "r ' 'r''" rll rlr' !llr' \lPn \ ' r ' \ r ''
| 1' 'n |.|i|nl.:|''h "|'mp as lo. g' ' oi. "oo' ' 1. |L'
{Penirtl exenllc, rczi S :r71i)
S 2149 b) tte toc (af Pl.rce.).cind introduc propoziliilc circunrntanliale dc lLr':

rvhetrcc,{lierc, Nhe.erc., whiihe., as lar ds .[.
{Pertru .acmple, lezi I 2t2:)
c) de nod (af Ma nt), t:\l,al iltroduc Uopoziliilo modale;
S 2443
as, as il, rs though, so lar as, et..
(Pentr{ exemPle, rezi s 2tt4)
A.l\erb c cl lunr Li- l' Lr ' . n i" oo. J ' r ' .l o - a $ i r 1

": :d n":
5, rF ao r riu l t . ; . "r lt , l , lr r : n1
. ' 11 i Jrr!nr
!::, - rtd,L ' . , t ( , 1: nli[ l 1 r lir ' . l
. P.nrr . ,1 , pr olo/ r . 1. i ||"ginr .tnrsi"
li. i - , r b. , ' donJ
d) dc c.tuzd (ot Ca$c), clrcl introduc propozitiile cauzal€: $ 21,14
so. rccanse.f.r. norv(Lh.rl.s€eing(th.tl. since,ctc.
( Pf ni. u f ac dplc , r c z i S t t 30l
e) de scap (af purpo$t.), cini introduc propozitiile finale: S 2,145

h orderlhat.lor lca.,lest,so as.so tha[,.ic.
l Pent N e\ em ' nc . v c z i $ I t r ll)
(af Conpa.rrtun),ctnd ini,mducpropozi.tiilecomparative: S 244G

f) contparattuc
lhin . rs if. is .. .s not s o/ r s . r s , et c .
(l'{tru e\ em ple, Yez i S : 7ll- 2t ! 9)
c) "Mi:;t't (of Conu'ssi.on),cind introduc propoziliilc concesive: S 2.147

(il)ll,outh. eler ir. ho{cler mtrrh (s rx \dl), n' spile ol (l.lie ract Lhafl. trol.wiihstlllldnrs
lPenf , e\ em ple, v ez i $ : 17J 5)
h) condilionttc (Canditiondt), cind introdue prc,poziliile condilionale: g 2448

aslonEas.ii. ii on1J.on (o ir.ionil.hitl. p(r'nld ith{tt, ]]|oliding.sn!!oss.sulposing.
(PenLncrclrple.veri S ztit ,:53)
i) ,:onrccutit'c(of ncsatt), cind introduo tfot,ozili;le coisecrtive: S 2{{9
(so...) tha l. su lJ,... l. hal
(P dI t r ! ex Dnr de, Yf z i $ lt : lt l
j) retatiae(ReLatik). cird intmduo proroziliile relatirer S 2{50

(p,o|u tu t.ld tie) r har . $hi. h. \ r ho, ls
(ddjectie rctdtie ) w)ros.
(ddeetbe ikun\: ) {s, when. whee, \ri,J
(P ent i, . r enlle, r c z i S : lt lr a 2ttl)
k) subiedift (S&lie.t (:Lr.ns. Conj ndlu\). cin(l inl,roduc propoziliile S 24;1

subi.'rtivci
ihrt (= , il
lPcntrucr.rnplc.vei t !til'ji
I) .ot .dir. (Obj(t Ctau:c Corjundion\). cind idtroduc propoziliile ! 2152
oomtletive directe:
l h a l ( - c i)
1ltatrtr e\emple. rezi $ 'ri09l
tn) atibutirc (Affibutioc Claute Conjuntians). cind iniloduc propozi- $ 2463
tiile a tri b u t iv e:
th al ( . i1)
{ P e n l e \e m p l e .re z i 5 rt0 8 )
4) Alte pi.fi de vorbire cu v:rloare de conjun(tie. - Printre conjuncliile $ 2454
subordonatoare se atli _siunele pnr!,i de vorbire (pronume, adj€ctive sau
adverbe) cu valoare de conjunotie. Acest€a sint:
a, adjectivri ;i pronumele inl,erogativerelative: S 2456
thri, whifh. xho. \rliose. whom. {hat
(P.nl.u c\cmple. rezi 5 !700, 2t(0)
616 MORiOLOCIA _ CONJUNCTIA
2456 ,J toaie adverbele interogatiwerelative:

as. how, sleD, lhere, x'l'Y
(Pentm ex€mlle, aezi S 2?4r)
2461 5) l-onirlnctia,odeerbtrl|i prepozitia.- Pentru deosebirea dintre acest€

p64i dP Yorbire.\'ezi $ 2383
pnrli de
€ 2458 6) Curintele il€ logi,tur[ rtmato ilo 'Iorma ln -i[g"l. - Acesk
- vorbiie se situeaze,ca funclie, tntre conjunc-tii !i FePozilii:
ait.r, b€to.c, (erer) since (- de cind, I till. unti1, s'hen, whilc' etc'
si,?P;ng lod-ay, I $'ent lor a walk in the park
'\iler
Belorc soi,a or,, I rrng Jou !P
I dpf id d r d. 3 d s l ti l c ,d n i ,s { o r } o u
s2459 7) Loc ooniuc,tiei.

treluie puse lntre cuviniele
s ziCO pe i) C.onjuncgii$i'localiunile coninnclionale
care le unesc":
Go ozd talk to he.!
(Du-lc ti_i lorleilcl)
i sa$ F,cd as P€l/ ds AIc.
r L' m \ az ur I i l p . l ' r" d ' l r )i p \l q u
l. d r d.,/ ds { lel, 5J \ Fr c d
,t,rt u . "r, ; i \ 14, u I - J m \ ' z J r f " f f ' d1
Tn.mo llhr.,, lP / , ldr I nps on. s J n' pd J r n p 'o _ o n r l o 'n ''
I in,ms r r iul v oi a l' dna oi \ro: Ji a5; I
a \r "'. "r '
Th d molh ef$ dn. r . l . ldn. lo nn' . hnn Fl"r t h o r ilFsun .. , i,,t
,ii""ii"';,"t J r lr J m ulr v , n\ lolnJ d' as . 'r l lin"d "a si \ rni r' rrur e' )
"d
b) Coniu ti.it. L.)relati'1.. ,\mbii t'€rne i tr-ebuie atezali lnarntea
€ 2401
culinr.l"r lar" a,r ar.isi tLn.Lh sd', tun'li; simildre:
t l ''o t " . 't )
't
'\'na ta a $p- inl"l r gPr r l. r dr gilr J ' d d 'a r s o ! P h t 'i ''
,t or lJ i1r , ll: - i. n bur s i r "^ s r u d e n '" o l I 'i I s i 's /r r'
iri;i' "f( '
"","
$-e hclpcd 0,ri 1o bring ihem u! ond advised then (I t'oIect )
ii; ;;d-l"ip;,i G t.i& then ip a,d adv'sedrhem (c o I e c t)
CONJUNCTII SP!]CI,\I,E
9462 1) Like. '{s - Acestedoue cuvinte nu Eepot lnlocui reciproo ..

li*p. idia(li! qi prpporilie,araraasFmd,aica lnLrenol;unisau obiecLas
exprim"r.prin ttdrud ifiire di[Pri'".
Si nu poalcli urmat dp un verD:
She is ltke IPr noda {Adj.)
I tFet like Yo , ( t ' r el, )
l]e Norked llk e ndd ( L' t c l)
i n rrp a' ti uni sau sl arj e\pri m€l F T' nn
- J s . . uniun. l i .. d ra l i s s c mrn 0 r' ' a !P rD :
..'1 r " , t 1 . . ' - . d" .r. rrro l d e a u n u u rms l S In u neap;rel rmpdral l dc un
L. €l r s I d, / \tl r^ d " l u d e n l (c o n -)
ll. r ehor ' , ds s :f n p rp F J r,.i l d . tc o n j .)
lF:l ; jj:l:,:;i;^fii;i,il']ax'"i'J;1";j'"'"Tl""ar.
ve7ipj,np,",.d.ra
s2i28-
2t i4. 2454
3 Sens qramal,jral (S 2l
. " l" " i. ii; - ii: i" t." " " .p a p ri .r c o n j u n " i i lor corei bti \P6 os
CONJUNCTIr SPECIAT,D 5I?
2r ll. Whftb0r. ,/f cslp lnLrebuinlsLin1'-o nroporiliP 'ondilionsli' s

2463
r lnlr-o propozilieinlFrogali\a ind;rerlSt uI''lPcp prcsupunc o arrprna-
,vrpl,f,
tivi:
-rl he obrrin'sooJ murts \F shdllbp nradpa Yor'ntPion"p"'
V.ii aianL ts vh.thnhp wasan ai'p'lol {ot nor"
',it
conjunclici
Ades€ori tnse conjurclia i/ este lnt'r€buintatd qi ln locul
'
t) Till. fniil' .i"",t J"ud conjunc{iirru exisr; ditcrFnL€dF lnlF s 24M
lnlrc e."dr'
r".. iJr*il,i'iG'." ,""i" i" "it' dicto'idepufonia 5ideuzanla'
"'l'itott' pxprimald 2465
'inrrrnsi 'ub- s
rn gFnerFnu psre
4l Thet.- ConiuncLict/lo/
lDtplpa.a..u dposebircln limb" vorbil;:
\ ou old m P /i d r r,Pw e h p l P
I r hinl l/ n ' l h rs a g rF a l s rn B e f
:,r tro1...0or/or' lnlr'o trd/d "ompus6din dorrapropoziiii negatire$ 2466
.""",1;;i;.'', J;;, conr.ine de ohi'pi n"golia ror' Uneorilrrs6rlnd p6{rrc
ln
pti ma parl e per< i sl 6 si
n pqa l i !c (i nl s . ur lP s r . d p .r. ro * a .o " rrg -a 1 i ed i n
cei d o -a doua, c c lolos F s l e s i o n l ,rn .l ra o r:
He do€s no, speak. nor docshe read trjnglish
t did r,, sce o. hear alYone-
as" m;n;l ocr' '
l n mo r l obir nuil ln s s - ' o r" l d l i a . d p fa L c l n l rF " orj un l i i
a nrb e l e n egr t iv € s uu s m b c l e p o z ri ra e l
re iiher ( lat r noi ) n o r
rve zi $ 1026.
IN TE It J I.i 0l I _.1
fr Hc 1\TlltJECTto\)
l l l l 'l i 'r ir io. t . t ir . : ..ri .,4 ......\.t, ., i , : I rr\. .. ,, ri .rri l s 2167

nr. , !i n ur r L, , r ; , . J , l- . ,1 - r i r r, . t . . , t . " i ' o J , -,,r ,r.r.rr.,t ,.,r ,,.
t ul pro p o z jlir i.
In l e rj cc lia ( jle lll' nl d 1 .r (l c ,) !i rs u l n s a u d r n ,nrnut !rrt.rl ri ri i .
2 ) Fo rlni. I ' lt er jc r ' 1 i n Io :rtt l i : 9{tis
a / u n s f uqi. t ( s u r n a i u l tl ' ) (i a l r e -\p fi rn l -rsfrri nr| | re. sel z!!i i el tr.. 2ltill
r d] ' es c az l uf e i a l tr l )r' rs o a n e( i u n i n d ctrj r. on ra]ur fr(j .:
, \ hl O lr lO Lh l l \)trt tl rl l L i e | t l tfi g h l
\ hs J I lt r llr ) : i l l s tL t tti t) l ri t. rd L rrI
1 ,, u ,,u1 s au nlai I nu l l i i fl 1 -i n tc l o l (,l n a ro | c e ) c a re j rni i .:rstneto s r zsl )
m ot e
s 2170
-!u nelele c ar c i, , s i ,l e s c u i rl t' a c re ti z l l )l o q i . ,c l rusea. ri i ut. ftui eri i ul
et c. ), sl .ri g nlul anim alelo r s a rr z s (i n ro te d ;, n r.i i l ,t i ,l | ' ,,I]i uri to,I
llc nl I h lLa l \\h e w l 1 ,[.{ ]
I nnr { v o\ I ll,u l l l i a o N l rn rT z tC r.L o o l
. n& gl B ooml (l l i rl t ti J t' t d o rg t l h l i !t tr| \\' tri rl
c/ o a l ln t ar t e de lo rb i re c a | c . t,i c rz i n d u ,ti
' a l oafta
teri cr[i . a pasl rnl ,\ 2t7l
num H i n \d l, ' J ' p alr , r i\ S ,I' .1 r,,l ' . rr^ n u m -t-. \, rl i t , rt., i r,r-rrri \ | si
'. ' r,
r d vp ,b ,l , l , r r eh' ||r ! : ' r - ., i 1 r,rt,,ri i . .i ,1 , ,h i ,,r rr" r,i rp ra,...r,r.,r. rni
nume e.k. .:r(l.a\uti.t'r (l::xt:l.rwtoru tunt/$. protlouns. art.jari.e.l,. rcrhi or
,
r _or s ens f l1\ h a l t G o o d t T .o b rd t f.n .1 ,l Ii .t !or sl rani cl

! ! €t ll W f ll. \ . 1 1 . \re tl t \tf]] l n d g o o d t In i te cdt\\l rrl
O o. d- br l l{ . r\rrl l l
l,) o tr upoz ili€ f u ea ra c te r c x fl a m a ti r. j n g e n c re eti pri ci ,i
$ 2172
Loof t het ul I s a r! \!:h rt { s h .rl e t'
\ lhat a pilr ' 1 \1 i ,l r. I rP v e rl
UDele intrrjuctii sint steriiicc nnui lio,ba.i ercld'rrl.iv. emol,r{ si on S 2173

atare sint. lolosiLein sp0cialdc tirnri:
Oli, de rrl Oh dr ir l
Dcar rFl lrfrr Nl
Oh b ol,llcrl
o h myl
, 'ltttnrn1 ,,:J., 1 11 ,1, hon. ' nt . t , u, \ . n, t : . , I nt . . , .r ,-t m,,r.\i,..n,.",.Jr,.

"l t i Ll{ l '
I ll f . l,,ln,. A trah .,.1 it o/ ' , n I : : 18t ,1' g i, : . .
-t
S INTAXA
(SYNTAX)
sr\T,rxa PIl0PozrTrDt
(oNsIDriRiTII QtaN]]li,ir,ri
Deln'ilia pmpo,ilnii
P,,'r,.zi 1, rt r . , , n, , ' . ' l; .
Clasiri,..realtupoziliito. dtri}i
Pro p o z ilr rr [ unt i, nr \ r . !41i
Pro lrroz
o z ili,
iliJ
,ont 3n
oDtirdti\i\, r, r. 4418 i7)
i 'fo p oT iil jit P r agat i r,l 2I).J
P r' pu/ilid dn l'it.rrivd 3a'
l ro p o . iii, ' ir " p. r , , r r \| . ,1tS0 7t
Pro p oz ir i.P' \ ll r nil \ . i :1481 ilt
2482 3!)
PiriTILr,i PROP0ZTTIII
co NstD Dlt lT I I f il. jN ttItIL l t .',!8
r'foto ri!lll,,f LI ! J ( nr rJrJ.
:/tsa 5t8
,481i i18
II P-IR TIL] ! t ' lt 1\ Clp\ r , l l
-\l ,rj t,i to p o z r T Il ..r. . .. . .. .. ... ......... ,49rj r_,!9
Su l ri co lul . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ i t497 5it9
P. ! . ! dec d e exp imjre . ...... 2,r!ll
inD!,cr, ( !mpu s. i29
]]499 530
S ulP . l d rbl! .. , 2i00
qrbh,rl! "ar. 5il0
(' , 1:,.t .'t,ri, ... ,,rl 530
...
sri' ir| ll ]n fn,lo r v.rb l! L. n. lr r edjf { t ir . . . iStl
.. . ... .. .. rlJ0/, :r3l
C azrl su bin trliri 531
.. . .. .ti0u 531
Predicsftrl .....
: t : ) {r v 533
V olL' i \1 , . , r i ,
t, -'Ji,ilr\,
\.rt. r r t r . . ' . , i"i. Jit r \ , .
533
.. :,rl i33
:, -u Jr"a pr'.rr'' Jtu
-il: 53J
P t edi.alu l fttb(l .. .... .. .. :lii3 J33
P t edicatu l na nin nl .. .. .. ... .. .. ... . :it{ 334
lerbcle ... .. .. .. jrt:]
'ro!n hii!. 534
l)red nrtir ........ ... 25!0 535
ûmclc
Delitritic 2521 435
:r5!3
i,..r, . ,,h , . . . , , . i31
"'
p Frrr? irL .r b r b. , i t ut . . . .
,52{i :t37
pf4 ,tr..rrrv . ,524 737
--r ' , im p' i. n, ! nt r n in, n, , ior i, , t . . 252n
Prulicate o[ R^rh '27X0 538
Ir.liniti,. 2531 i,38
l' rued"r dc p rF.iro dr, 1532 538
!l'33 539
Di rl cza v er bulni det erD i n a l ...
. .. ........... .. .... 253{
C,'Fsp o ndenliin r im b i ro rn j n ,l . 539
2535 ,39
539
624 S1NTAXA PEOPOZITTEI
s lrs
Aco.il'd predirstuldi cu subierlul 25i'' 540
Subiectecu 1'erbul atlt la singula., .it i la piu.al t5t! 540
Su b h 'l p . u v . r lul nr lm a il . l i trg u l d r 2554 543
Su b ,P.l " . r v " f bul ! um d i l d p )u ,d l 2i b" 5l i
Su l i Pcl " . om ! u, " . . . . 2i 66 54i
I I L P A| .i TIL E S I I CU\ D\ r t n r\L Ii T R O P O Z IT IE L ...

A tri i Ju l r l.. . . 2582 ti48
DFti n i l i " .. 2583 548
Pro ,e ,l P. d. \ pt m r . 2584 5!8
,586
D€linitic ,1Bi 5' r9
1588 .']19
Ac.rd . .. .. 2589 550
Condtruciii apozi!ionale 2590 550
CoDplcmrDlu i t591 551
f o npl npntu l n ;".,t.. ti ;94 551
D l, n' li" r' d ra.lPrisli i . . 2595 551
,)a91 551
P.ocF dpd d F\rriT.'rP.
2598 i sr
L o . u t In nr u! , , / ili, . 2599 551
co 'n D-epnenr
Cotnpte
Lornplpm inlc r n . . . .. .
b , n l ui 260:l 551
Co mi h m " n ul dir a r " l i n u '
l'rp "b p, u ooLl or nplpm 4pn d i rr.l .. .. .. .. ,605 55ir
' 2618 551
Yefbc cu doui'!complernenic:di.ect qi indireci... .
|o'4Pt?n, 1606 558
'.tut 2601 553
D" t inil: " . i .Jra. Fri.li.:.
P. or.da J" P\p "i .ldfl . ,60! 553
Forml | ,D Flu inld rF.. . .. .. .. . 26t0 553
V erb , d d nu , .o op lFn pnip. 2618 5i 5
Con.plpm "tr u l rp linu ' 2620 556
Conpl.wr,,l pP po:; t;onal 1611 i 56
Definitie...... 2622 556
,623 556
Intrelnintare 2626 551
2626 551
,618 558
2629 558
2631 558
instrumentul. . . . . . . . . 2632 559
,63t 559
2634 559
2635 559
2636
561
26t t 561
2645 562
x646 562
2647 562
26{8 562
t650 563
2651 563
2652 563
2654 564
2656
2657 566
2658
5!6
_L q.!:
lmur shllulului 2665 568
L L o .u l o t r t but ulutonj" .ttro t..... 26ri6 568
\d j ..ri ql ar r ibur al l ro n u m e l u :.... 2667 568
Ad i " ri ql dlr ' bur r l 6 u b q l rrl i ru l u i ... 2668 568
Pa i tu o r l . . . . . . . . i l 6?0 569
SubsLd;tial Lu mdi multc calL:Ldtiv! 2615 5t0
Td b d .. . . 2616 570
Cduri sPP"ial" ,680 511
IL l ku l at . t bauluis ubs t a \ti ru t .. ..... 2684 5J1
I I L In -i a ot but uluipt ur o d i n o l . ..... .. 26A7 572
I y . L o cu l d t . ibut uluie. pli m a tp ri n a l l e p d tl i .L e e a tb i rc .................... 2688 512
Lmd .omploDortului 2691 512
Co mDlpm F ntdirul a t 2594 572
Co mi l em eor ulindir pd .. .. 2606 572
Verb cu doud complementerdir&i si n'di.eci... .. 2692 572
Irootrl oomllome ulut circunlt8ntlol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2694 572
srNT-{xA Pri0 Pozr ?r Er
(SYN'I"{XOF THE SII{PI-E SENTENCE)
CONSIDERATIIGENERAI,E
1) Detini[iapropozitiei. Propozitiu
(Ttu Sentence,
TheSimpleSentence)
| 2174
..1. o. o' nllni, arp in .ar . i\ Fl; un ' ins u. t , pt b la u n m o d p r a l i n o t i \ rS2-,11r:
d) tle 6Dtks h a lacio.r'.
/./ \\' /, o/ n"\ F- D l b; ' or ' .
..) I .annot go none no$.
d) Da Eant Lo l.akc !a!t in the debric?
./,\ite r "!o\dn' ir s , iht s v , e"r l. { J bs d.
Se atrage ai,enlia asupra faptului cfi i'€rbele ,net (in er€nplul lJr, go (in
€xemplul c). $ant i tuhe (in eremplul d), sau dizizs (in exenplul c) nu sint,
rerbe la noduri predicatilc: primul eslieun participiu. urmdLoareletrei sint
inlinitive. iar ultimul esl,€rn gerundi.!-.Ca atarq afeste forme verbale, singure,
nu pot lorma propozilii.
2) Propozitir noninali. In u elc l.opozilii. werbul poate lilsi: S 2475
DarkncssQnict \o ,nov€nent,no soltnd.no light anywhere.
llrlc.t bless.dsiillncss
i\'€zl i1 5 t8ta)
'1, fla{ifi. rcd
I'rot','riliil,'rdupa inrclo., D'rp. Inrplpr.prupurili- pod- g 24?6
lF li: .n'r,liari{i. in i\;. d,rhilali!d. i ,f-rolirn 1.iF\'larnb-
^t"ali\i. 'ro s
1i{e.
a) Propozi.linenunli.lti('d (The Declurati()eSentence) conline enunlarea S 2477
unui fapt, o declara,tieetc.:
I dusr gel.np no\'. (Pozil.ir,'\ll
Dick did not comcycslc.dal. {\egutivit)
(TheOptdtitc S.ntenc€Jexprimi o urare sau o do-
. b) Propo.ilid optatird S 2478
1l{}' yon have ! lons and latpX lilel (l,oziii!n)
li onll lh-" In'e $?{ih.r didn'i l)reak j'6t rowl lNegal.ila)
c) prcpazili.aintarogatiad(The Interngatiee S.nrenre, conline o lntrebare: g 2479

$'here did vou wo.k belore?il'ozilirll)
Doestr'lshc trnderBtrrdwhut I sall? lNesativd)
d) Prapazi.l;ad.ubil.atiir (The Dnbitatirc Sentence)exprimd o indoiald: g 2480
I mny see ihem today. (Pozil,iv{)
P€rhapsthe t.ah is '[ in yet. {N;salirl)
t) Prapozilia. inperatied ('l'he Imperuti'e Sentcnce) exprim{ un ordin, g 2481
o ru g l mrn t e! un s lat e tc .:
Go home no\r ! lPozilivil)
Don r b. . . : l i i ..1 l (\" g J ri \' .
f) Pnpozilia ewlamatiod,(The Ex.clamatoru

S€nrenceJ
exprimd o stare S 2482
Af€ctivi:
T h- n" wly b u i l t .rh o o l .h u u ."$ a s s u ,h a totrr bui .di nA :rP ourr\i r
Nor . $ba n l rh a r k i n I o l h p r: \e g d ri vdl '
I Paritie: .a!e nu coniiDe o negaliei oonhl.iul negati lui. Vezi !ag. 20r, nota !.
628 SIIITAXA PROFOZIT1EI
q 2483 P.(RTTLE
PIToPozITIEI
(P,{IITSOF THE SDNTENCE)
I. CONSIDERATTIGDNRRNI,E
S 2,184 Clasiticarcaprou)zitiiloralupdEtxuotnli.- Ca sltucturi. propozi,tia

poate
d€..'altati1.
ti si t?ld sd.|'
'rdddr $as singirg. lPropozitriesinpli.)
It is , ol[- lPronoziLicsimD];!l
Il ihr purk tnd;tr a smJll boi \vas lusl.ily singing a litllc songto his Inol.he. (I'.o'
poziti. dezYolfatal
- ' lt is too cold lor a lons walL this morning {Propozitiedezroltau)
d 2fEs 1, P r or oz iii a s i rrp l n ( l h ? S i n p l S ,Pi Fr" " r.onsu numai d;ndoudp6r!i .

nunitc pniil, pin"ipdlt al€ propo;iliei.Accsteasint, subiectul6i predicatul.
S 2186 at Subittul I fhp Subi'rt) pllp lu'lFa de prolozilip catP arata 'ino s5-
" virseste ori .. dtld'in;rarpi pxprimatl prin predicalulverbal,s€u cui
"c'iunFa
isi rrrihui" lnsu.irpd.'i cara.lerj.ti,-r crprinald prin numFlcprcd;.aliv
Subiectul ooaic fi'af1ai Drin tntrcberile rrt2 (: cine?)sBU{t}a/ (: ce?) :n-
uodtse inirini"a predicaiului.
ln .rernplele de Je S 2484, cuaintele "T€ddy" Fi "It" sint subiectelepropo-
ziliilor simple rcsp€clivc.
t 2487 t)) Pt.di"otdl lThp Ptd;"ot,) pslc parlcr dp ptopoziLiPcarp "lribure
" subio,tului o acliunp,o st"r. sau o ln.usirn.Predi.aLulpoale fi afJaLprin ln-
trebirile re /ace2. ceeste?san curn rsre.l subicctul. ln exernplplede la $ 2484'
cuvintele "rlas singing" qi "is cold' sjnt predj.atple propo;i,tiilor simplc res-
Pectire.
i' 2188 2) troDozilia dezroltati /?,te Camplex Scntence ) conlinc, pe lingd su-
biect si pr;dic;t. I piirlil. s,. nddre ale propozilici. Acesiea slnt dlriDrrul
tL conrpLemenluL.
S 2489 a) Pd.rlile principale ale prapoziliei dezaaltate.
Subieolut si Dredical,ulau ln qenere acetali structurd in propozitia dez-
voltatd ca si in iropozitia simpl,-(vezi S 2484). tn exernplele de propozilii
dezvoltatc de mai sus (S 2484) 9r anume:
ln rh^ park'odsJa smdllbor hJ. lDslit "ingnga liltl" sorgro l'is moth'r'
ll is loo .old lor a lons q,rk lhis norning
cuyint€le "boJ" $i "It" slnt subiecte,iar "was singing" 9i "is cold" sini predi-
{ 2490 Numerosi autori eneleziconsidcr';Insd drept subiect Ei predicot ni$te for-

" me nrai com'plexe,numite snbied de:t'olLut,reipecriv predirat dPzualtat,Epre
deosebjrede-subiectul prop u-zis !i predical,ul propriu-zig expuse mai sus
' Struciura acestor [orme esle urmaioarea:
8 24$l a'r.ubicc tul delroli€l /7rP ronpl 't Subjc't).onsld din subip'lul
pripri;ziq lThe Subj-t l h' Sinpl. SibjP t. alltat mai sus t$ 2489) rm'
Dreunl cu atrrbuiele 6ale.
' ln nrimul exerolu do propoziLi.d.z!ollaH r;Lou1$ 2489),bubiF'rul J-z-
voltrt e;te formal din "uvirit"l. -a sm,ll bov,sprFdeosebirPdcsubipcLulpro-
priu'zis. care constedin sulstantjYul"bov". ln aI doilcr px€mplud' lropo-
;itie dczvoltaG citat ($ 2489), subicctul este simplu, "It";
{2492 a i PPd; a11'1 J nt'ot Itt" t alfl i Pt di1t"J 'upir,dF rol ro:lul
" propo,iii"i. adi.6 lor .".d .n n,r F ltssrbic.rut insori' d" p\;n'uul'lc lui stri
- ;t0
buter. Pre(ljcatul de^'oliat esi,eformat din predicatui prctytitt-is llhe Pre-

d:. rt . TJ,. .\;tup!. P" di o,t ) l\ 248r.1,rrIpr"r,nj..r i\pnru.,t"t" l.ri Lo,1rte
1.r,'" r,li,^,t. lnJir,, L prppozilinndl., ir.rLm.ranliotr.
T rrimul pr-n,plrr d" prnp^/ilia dFz\,trHtd (\ zidlrr, r,:,,ti,, r,l rlez
!^lr"l ,.1' i '"p k od"! sa. lusrilJ ringir..J ti,rtn.,r,: .ri..o,Lr'.
r1.r tl,u.,li- d" pFdi,"rul I,rop'i'rzi' -si -in;inc .
ln r lorl., , ;' r.'pl.L, S 21-Jr. 1,r^di,i,rl orT.nttst ,.t-.i. ro. , || rol
1lonc'$ k ll,;" mornirg . .prn d, osrhired. p|.di,arul pro,, iu.zi. . .otd'
'
b) Pdrlilc secundare ale propoztliei de.rottate. S 21gJ
li ) ltib|! $tp p.irte.r dc p'onozilie carc califica sau det.,njri n un sub- g 249.1
slarrrr sau un ecnrvalenial aatsslur..
ln lrima propozitic d"z\oltr'n l$ 2,1d0,.odjc.,i!,t, .r,r . trrr'"
:i I'is airIctriouio. -snrall ralilirind ruh.r"ntirui -bn\". .ti||la rr.rfi,,nl
subs anri\ul -song, icr -hL' d.l.rnrinind "ub"tentivul -muther. Chi"r .i
.,rti,olFl..th. !i ..a- slnt.onsid"rs'e 0tributp,pFoLruca d" p,jm;l
sub.rsnrivul prrk' iar a) doiloo- o dat{i subsianti'ul .bov"rînd .i 0rtJ d. t.
sLtslanti!ul -.ong'.
In a doua propozilic der\ollare .ita'd (g 2189), edicnlivul -tonq .i
drti.olul nFlolajll -a sjnr alributplp substantivului\\alL . i"r ,_Jie,,Litr;l
demonstrativ "this" este atributul substantivului,,morninE'.-
b') /-on.ptpn"ntulcsre pdrtea dp propoziLip.rr" derpirninaurr \erb rla g 249i
un moo preorcalrvsau n.prpdr.atrv).un ruJp.lr\ cau un €dvFrb.
ln prima prnpoTiliadFzvolralo.itrra (g 248C1, .L\intFl" -in tb. ps'k .
"lod,y . lustily'. -a l illle song si -lo bis mothpr" sint complnmprrrp. ln r
doua nroto?ili",lFz\dlr"r, ,d 2480, .roo ,.t, ,omp'F1,nr;t d,tja,ti\utui
"cold',_ iar "for a long Nalk" si ,,this morning,' contl€nrcnre.tepr;dicatului
"is colrl".
[. P-LRTILE ALE pn0pozrTrEr

PlirN0rpAr,n s 2{96
tPRr]atP{LPAnTSoF TEI StYrt {t-E,
SUBIECTUI, s 2497
{ T H ]' SU BJ EC T )
. 1) Prorjeileedo oxprimare. - Subiectul este exprimat,pri tr-un subst,an { 2498

tiv Bau pdntr-un echiralent al acestuia:
a) substantiv:
That s;rt is very dilig€nt.
toys gcn€.allyshor great aptiirde lor rcchnics.
D, un pronune:
&B came vcstddav.
8,, Iuho, l' t i\ r s qdr i' . in8, he, ol1. , 'i p s e .
l{fto is t hr i n' ax 1
Th€ man,1. came skiing witl, us is a tellon Fortcr.
c.,,un adjectiv:
The ,linl hale slarp enrs.
dJ un numeral:
Ipo onh camc.
The /tr, slopped lclore the doo..
1 P F DIrr d prd lii v-.i H. E. Palnr r , A Ct on. , nat r p' , . , E,;/,"/,. Carb,,d(p. r928.
4
5 1 51. 456. 4 /ii -i0 4. ji C. f . ut . . r t di lt Cnnr r ". \. s Yorl,, t"i6. $ 4t. i1--5b.
5t0 sINrAs PRoPozITM
e) un Semndiv (Gerurul,) sar, u substantiv vcrbal:

hardfnl. (Gerundiv)
,Snoltnsis consid€red
The .cdlt1ss of ,nodcm toetry w e lrell alt.ndcd. (Slbsl vcfbal)
/) un participiu trecut:
Thc /dlieD corcred the ball.tcticld.
g./ un infiniiii':
/o i1 . ot d $a. - 8, ,, . . 1i o r r ', 1 , " . 'l 'h
"d. / ,
t o r un at a! t ôt n r ' s P ' iL' l i l y ) ^ o s J r 'l i _
t) orice alt cuvint, intrebuin,tai ra subsiantiv:

"Ur" is lhe contrrrv ol "do02"
"li"r n.ans "first ,t:tss"."crccllcnl."
l, o construclie cu un iDfiniliv sau un gerundiv:
Hotv bat to d.epit tli nN ttle is tho mNin obieci oI pri,srnl dry $'.ilr'$ In otrr
,tlbq ins buttts the sighrs af thc cit! \s nct job. 'irudLrJ
IIis haoing .nol,iatcd nt aur iorh has mcurt much lo us.
:t99 ..:)subiorf romt,t|. taol'r"unJ ..',hj '). Dnur -r,t ,i ul''

'n,rll" 'r'-
tivF(qa,'prhr rlF r.'"r,-.r"ir1 uni'e 1.ln and..): t11 t..ot,t'.l.rmei/, ul
subicct compus:
Johi atul Ired a.c nr.y lricnds
Ihusics, chenitttJ, arit\netic' as s'.tl as ttu Yaclicat dPtliatians afthe:e scEn.cs.
arc bcing taught at ihis institute.
To be at not ro b. is llamlei's problem,
2500 3) Subieet dut,lu (Double Subject). - In stilul poetic. dome ul l,ututur

licenlelor, se jntilneqte uneori o lormn de subicrii numite r,?]i..r dablx Aeosta
consie in repetarei. sub lors,i pronominali, a unui subn,ci substantival
Ind lnis adi.larstu li'ed sith no otherthought
Thrn io love and be loved bT me
But ozr io'd i, was sLronger bi lar than the love
Oi lhose wlio wcre older ihan t!.
Se alrd !^ in qDF. ial alFnliJ r s t r r f d d. F : c i f o n ', c a t e F ' e '^ r 's i d 4 r ''r 1

in.o '".r,r in lro za s : r ' is : r s au v or or . o. s i. dr a, jp l 1 r i r n " . l , s o e r c q F r l d l n 'r 'n r d
la inceputul studiului limbii engleze.
2501 4) Subiootgrem$tieal (sou tormdl) !i subieotlogic (Gtumnatical or !.orr ul
.ruhjat and Loti"ot Subj";tt. . Un"l. propuriLii or!rn doa, FUbic'rP.
d,i subi..lul ptumtti"ol .ax fornot, .ar" cqtH ubr,.lul protr^zrlr.ri unq
d"rat din pun' lul d. vrdetF "l ron.'ru' li, i c'a fari, dlF Fr:
D.) subiectui logic, adevdratul subieot al propoziliei:
It b dangerous,o di,r nerc'
["It" este subiectui gramatical sau forma], iar "to dive horo" este subi€c-
tul logic.l
(Vezi ti 5 86a)
25nZ 5) Subieoteliptic. Snre deosebirede limba ronand, unde subiectul este
adeseorisublnlelcs,in limba cndlpzd6ubrF.r,rlnu I'nd,c lipsi din ntopo/i!iP.
Aoeastekndinle esto€llL dp putprni.din.il. In un"lp ' onq"u.{ii in ' dte su
r,al,norir"cfJZi" Ld o"igin"
'/!lp r\rlLu d,.a lJ a. , "0li"! . lpinl". bLr Dlar 'o o
u?a mdi in dlle 'alir 'd_"ar or dur . in{ i"lot ldlloy di. r pn m i l i s o ^ i . l r ( " l o r r d o n z " d ' J s i g 'l
Poe, Annabel I2e.

'8.A.
PARTITE PRINCIPALI ALE I'ROPOZITIII. SDNECTIL ;IJI
biectul.€ste.nut at de la locul lui, s a recurs la o particuln iniroductivi penrru

, i.uplini lip"6 l1 in,"D,,rulproporrliei.ln a.cer.,,,.,t. d Jiuns td,,rr1,,,,,ra.
rJ .orlqlru,li-i rh t, L' (th p dr. t t\ rxzrritp in ..r.. .ubi".r,rl s- .fr., ,lup,i
lerbul predicat (ri 2505).
E\isi.n insri unelesituatii €xceplionJlcin ,raresLjbiertutirtsre subllrt{.les.\ 2i0lt
ur" fl , hrer impr,rn;,u \Frbul
'..lrcrir:
.lJ i. propozitinrare fonline u imperativ (Irersoa,raa Z-r) (N lti2;);
Go homel spe.ktouderl
,/ in unele expres;iconcisedin care lipsesrepronurnelerr (S it6.J):
I {lll w. it c 10 her dj ( ir ) / odr s .
You x.e lanif ftaL lit is) rluat
Shc stawd thfre ldrser ,ion tllt wa,t nera*atu
H. nccdtr,r {orrv aa titl d\u.as his .:tufu "
Srak io |iln rs soar os (ir is) /o.$rd..
...),ilrl ,luui pI, li,drn ,,,,i'o
t,'in.onJun,.!iit" u d. bu!. t,,;th..... n,,r
.ar 1th,r...arA,r d,plasrs,,bia,t. a."sta n.liin,l rFn.tar in a dnus prupo/ili_:
$e wrnl. in orl (wfl sai dowr.
H" kr' o L d b r' F ,loo . l, "r hpr , t r j1 o1, r i, l
\1, . \ i. .i" ,los n , . - , s r t t s h, l , at t r , , , d o , u r .
Whencver ""itl,p
I call,. you rte .nher pra.risn,s Jou. ridnr o/ {totr {re) going ro.
d/ in limba vorbirA (S 848. 2825):

llupe t', s'" vox \,,oI L: / l' npe t o I
\"v r "\-. h- rd Jh ,' / n"L"r \ , n 1r , )
S eer 1- Io z se e? )
] \ cf von sl Don l bro i! t hc \ or 1t . i: . 4 don t k now. . . l
fi) suj,iedDttorm€I,'rrorhale naFcili0atire.-. SubiecIpoi avcd nu nu \ 2i0l

r,,r' \Frbpl. lJ ur ,,.J tr-,lirrri!.. i.i Lametr,-rt. te r,-pr4ica,ir"., urrr,.r,.
infinitirul sau partiripiul:
P', isubie.l- non I workcd hard r, ."r Itrt treztnL) .osts.
/,.. .'lh i i t n, t a ho, " . . a; Lt ! / . _ ! l r o r L e t v r
l, sra,llll /,,,.Ilr., u, ", r , or
"..t.:ntoSr.
, . I ' r , 1, \ 1. Vr "r .r.t,r I om ,".1-r i dn,l \,p..
, , , , ,, . n,.,"t,0 "0 't..ri.!,rl
I sa$ ft.r s,bif.l-u ,.)1 g, i/ , 9, 1, 1par t . p. c z c nt ) .
7) Thcre3 is. - ln unele cazuri, jn carc subiecrut se afln ctuDe rerb. Dro S 250;
"
I o: / iti a rPspAli\ d " jlp intro ,l u .s d e " 1 p .' " ;u ;' n p i ^ ni l . th,r..i , U t,.r. i r" 1
p srp l q i rr ) . s F c i" et lF . .- J II;1 . i n , \" rb u l ,u D F nu a.LF rop,rtxri !.
"r
?tu e is n n'odtan at tre u0o..
?kfe oe ihr€e novelsthere, on thc shetf.
f-\ $ o m an ! i - r hr pp n u v e l c -s i n l s u b i F (ta -i . ri-are stn' pr,,Ji " arc.i m-

pl. . -l h crc ( , . 1' , dpr p. ed6 ! p rb u l r p d rr i , u l ; i n tro , tui .ti !;, i ar:at l hp door. ,
" .tc
'lhpre (d dr pr b) _" i- o' , th n s h c l l .i ' )t c u m p tp m F rt" ci r" umstdnti dl p ,t" toc.l
I
S i !.rL ul ,," po dr l,! s : . lin d, . ds lJ , on. t r u. lia: - . . / o , a p .
. ' \ . F sl su lF.l Jl iorm" i r "r balp n"pr c di. dr if ", ir dr pline s L ; j n propozilielun0tia de
.o rn p l€m€nL d ir..t
3 Pdfli,-ula in rodurliv.l r/.."" a iusl lu originp adrFrbut
dp tor ,r!"F. , ar- Di.rardL-sl
In r csurd4 dp mon .t.dt \ .a ." n"um par t , or gani ) din c or , s tr u . ti s / r p . p i r C a i l n r F , D o a o
impr"unl'uar\erb,rrd/munsrruriv,.ri?,p\i
t@ft:-rharcisnonneltea
I:1l.iljllll
SINTA).A PROPOZIIIEI
638
\.fa.,., ps':,
r:,'',:!.,lil,';
"on,!Lru.ri^ l: "l':: :""Ji"t"l11,.'i;;::";
,;:,i,.,i;,:;i:::,:!t:i:t:,1,i,""!f"!'[i;îi]r"a",ri;',i.
"n.dup'rorb:
in ho ''''n 're
if;; ,2'"1"i;r :i'i'",: 't'ii"l:Lo'.rrm
m P s h. l d' P '
i;:.,;;' ; ' . ; 'o
"
#tilr;Tr"'",
ff#f*4j{.ii '" '""'"'
Jli''i'?
ll*;'* :r'll;Tll"'lltll" *" il; " " "'-
Alenlie!
construcliile:
Se fflce adcseori confuzie i tre
dl tEre ts $i
$ 2506 ' -B
b) thqe ue lr tteli arc'
{ 2607
j:i:j'{'r.ruriirii
r,x"l"lii";e
fil:rr,:i,jl:r 0"":
ililii,:l;:'rl"i;"=
d"oarp'Frmr
l.i In"pp,rr'rlunpi pronoziliL
folrna verbali.,,sint":
ti;iit{{ii"Tffl1"}$;'*::'"lr.s"i'i.'1":';"1ili'
d^ ma'| inJint' a \ " ' b u l" ir" ' in l-' " : ' : ! ' ll: : f "
'us
:*:l"i"i"r;i,"liili;:;;r rllr*ilr,ilit{il:#::iir
i r ' or ir n u l'xemplu
:#;i:ili:l
jltli:;"ill;:i':it';"11'l:'
li;;lii:.,iff'
:'lt;""i'i"",iiar:l
:lr*,:i*1.:j
iril;:,,: ilii:,ffTil
i!'h"K'il;;l ;;;i qs'g
rlilrtiir
x"'n
'/
i;a;4;
sa,,con'
7"sabir"'r'l
illi"T";ii'T"!Ti.f
a;^ iiniba cngl"'; va fi thero aro:
"'i.'r;"r*
g'Ai""f n" ''
$ltf.i,
fJik""dn#""
il|ilJii'l*:'?),';Ti
txxiti$$tl'f"ili'i"iii?hiil
g"ti"Jf"
-' """.,
'.,";**n'ffii
" ffi *""tr' ri
iJ:.il:i:iJil
! lt,ilJtil"{l}ff:{'
,roa
s"'"1 i";i
8, *lr".p;i'-,:*:1;"'l n:l *T|l'""jl:'":
ll,:i,',1.'.'l"l,l
ffi:i.r"J;:;f.,,"'il'iilii',T
ffTl,lrl"*:i:lllii:m:lil
este
cind tfiiili
unur
subi€ciul
3iix"lili*i:";;l#"fiff'{$i?lbi'r';;;;; ;;;;iv'
serunorv':
ii.nr;i:r
i*:SHii#r'l\"j1,
t":'e
i"1l61i
"'"-"'-'' *
;':'1" "u';;lif'r J;'" "'"""'" " "^''
i
ix,:',';"';;:,j;;
I V ez i li 5 1 i :ri
PARTILI PFINCIPALE AiE PRODOZITIEI. PMDIC^TUI]
PREDIC{fUL 25Og
{ T IIE PIIU D IC AT E ) "n
l) Uoduri prodieative. l{od[ri deprealicative.- I]lodurile personale S !;10

( S 133?-1338) shL predicatil'e, adicd pot,torna singurepredicarutunei propo-
zi,tii. X{oduriie impcrsonale (g 1339) stnt ,repredicarivc, adice nu por forlja
lredicatul unei propoziiii-
Sint predicatil'e urmitoar€le nod[rl: indicaiivu], subjo]rctillut, condilio-
nalul si imperativul; stnt nepredicaiive infinitii'ul Ei participiul.
l) Ycrbc predicati{e. lrerbc nepredicatire, Ntl orice verb la un S 2bl1
ll}od pred;oati1' (adicd pcr.(orlal) poate forrna singur predicatul unei
propozil.ii. Din acest puncL de r.edere.verbele se inpnlt 1 predicative si
a/ sint, Iredicatirc (Vetbs of Conpl.ctePred,ication)verbele care, fiind

la un mod p$sonal, poh lormar lmpreund cu subicctui lor (cind sint intranzi
tive), sau tmpreuni ou subie€iui Si complementul ior direct, (cind si 1, Lrarzi-
tive), o propozilie cu tntel€s deplin:
Tlie li.d st"ss. (\.erl nLtr{nziLiv)
Shc tr r.adr,g { novcl. {\rerb trarzitivl
/J) sinL neprodiftitire (l/erhs af Incanpht. prdicatian) vcrbcte care.

dcsi la un mod persoral. nu pot form{ nnpreuni cu $ubicctul lor (sau
imprcune cu subi€ctul !i complomentul lof direot) o propozilie cr hrr,etes
tleplin:
liis lello\L ]ro.kcrs l.,rcd very hclplul.
TlLc a.t,icle.(,1ltlg[ among ltLe g.eat conposds.
Unii autori consider; verbe nepredicative si verbele tranzitive, acesbea

aviild nevoi€ de un complement pentru a forma predicatul cu inleles deplin.
(\:ezi fi S 15t:])
3) Struotue proilicatului.- Dupi structure, predicatetese impart tn s 2512

donii clasemari: predicateverbale.sipredicatenonritale.
PREDICATUI, TIJRBAI $ 2513

(lEE VERBAT TTREDiCATE)
Predicatul verbal consti dintr-un verb predicativ, care poate st,a singur
sau poate Ii tnsotit de complementelesale (dir€ct, indirect, prepozilional, cir-
cumstanrial)i
Lions .oa. (verb predicali! sinsur)
Ebn't 6l\e .ome? (Verb predicativsingrr)
\on m@t not dft,ft @tnr. (Ve!b + .omlrl. dil.)
I spoke to th, naaagef. werb + conll. indi.. pr€pozitional)
I\e qB teddins ne @ ,c,rcl. (Veb + compl. indir. .1,compl. dir.J
. .l,ena fo.watdal the parcct to hd r.r .r. {Verb + compl. dir. + compl. indir. p.e-
We a,.ieed ysteddv. fidlr + com!1. circ. de l.inp)
'lhey sing bedutifutly- (Yerb,1- cornpl. cnc. de mod)
Our team .re phlne in lyales. (Vr.b.t- comll. cit(j. d-a loc)
r'34 SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI
2614 PRI]DI(I,ITUI. \O]IINAL

(I'HE NOITJNAT TNEDIf AI})
Predicalulnominalconsis dintr-u 1'erb r€pr€djcativ. l1 mii lerb copu'

lativ sau copuln.;i un
S 2;15 VerbolcrrPulrtirc
U'ink(in!) l't:tbs. Copnklli'c Ietbs at Capulusl
\-rnul'apul"ri\ p.l.,rn\-rh'drr prptrrrr'lrr rr ru'"1 '"rr p0rLi"l "r'li ulrrl
,'., roI:rl. r'u i'.'' e l,'m'a p'Fdr.arul rrn"i lr"l"/i:ii J"ir 'u aJUlorrrlur'ul
pr"'ti"'ii' na ",,' , 1,"!a r- ir,orar' iri 'rrnrarp rcrl ul 'opul"tir
",,n'"
nu rsliid€ sniEstotator'ci are lumai lurclia de verb de leg'i"urninlre subiFct
' num€lc urecliratr\
"i '
in srarintjc" engLezasler'rnoliunii de rnljcat linrtl mai largd decil' tn
gramati;a romann. qi numirul verbelor copulati|e este or mulL mar mare'
\"tiel. Dol s'rrr dr"pl ',rbP upLldritF:
a ) to b6 - verbul cdl nai intre6rLin!aL , u ac"dstafun(lie 5i sinolirrele
llri: to'fa/l (flat. i1l, a prey. avictir, etc-).to hhld (rlonf, tasl. good guihless'
Lrue.eif.r. /u r' rh"lnl-" ru$, Fr,., /" "rrl'' ti'i"nJj gou'J :ur' c" l /'
,/"u' r.,,rre.t.lalsc.D;ic"]"ts.. fleht useless. valuable.etc.). /., fonA (high' hrt'
it, .1,in r,"r (Nruh,l, .rr'1, /o s,/ (quict lisht. etc). 10rror. 10srond{al(mf b)-
solneborl{.coueeted, last. f;n. etc.). elri.;
bl h, tretomecu .ilo|rr,'el" )rit to $m. (slLort irue etc ), lo gcl (angrv,
,lark, huns . ru..\. rhirFl!. , ,4 ro ha'l r dr\' nral ' r' \'
-'' . l l " \' 'zr'
/,r ./ 4. , , dir l , l ' 1 . l h ra "Fd,tr
!. tn t tn l r\. ri ' l ' hurl P l .' .)
i e r' ) tr h ttr nrl (i rnP \pl endr' r, d rrnF IP xo\' 'a
l a rn ( pale. r ed. s o !r, J e l"loon\r,
e rc. ) , er c .
. / r u c unt llr u c ru s rrL o n rrrrelre u i : !r l o on tL' h' )l ' 1 tu k' ep (an) l l i ne ti l '
1 r' r ghinj. s , , h' r . tt.:.t. r.) t,ti ,ttn (s .)b e r.ts l .r n' l i ng.,l rue. e' !t ). 10.s14,(I' nt so
b e r . t r ir e. et c . l. o tc : jnlchnt'
d) t{) seem (u silonjmele lui: ta dt/:ar' lo loolt ltlilti"ult lirro ill
. t ' to o u i j r' r' :
r : ' i" ll. ). 'a \1 " :' r, -n J ' ' r'
. / r lil' r il! r e rb o : " -n tl " \" ' ' d " l i ' . ' i i l ri utt :l l ' ' .' ) a'
r1 r: r( biaut if ul. c l .v e r, a l l e \t)o rt. r n i n n \. ' t' ) tofi l \" i { dcad-.' Js\' r'" pen'\' -
d o r r r r s f ai' : , ir l s o o d fo d i ti r)n . e t ) 1 .' h .)p p'n 10 l ol J l ' l e eui l tl " ss i r' es
te rm . el. e. ) . t a l ,.a tt o l l . e I(
It.n.lL.!
,illi To be. cind estcrefb prhcipal (: a e{ist'a,a se alla' a se gdsi a alea lor
clN ) (S 1874).poah rofini s/rgrzrpredjfatul .,rbal:
l.' h ar D?n 1' r " \ ' "1" r ' , '\ t L' prrd \"rbill
pr- r/dd . r ' r "i i" k'rr 'd
'1 . l '" .
1" , .,- - F ' r "u i; t , ' dl 'r" f o m p l ''n 'l P
ior nr ' . ''r
r 'rt lr L F " ' l p _ - n \ " r b r 'l
'''l. rIll ' r " "r - p - . r ' " I I o 4
In-\ ' ttt .' . p" d \ ' t ldl a ', / l l d " r 4 " " o r I 'o r n p r r r '
't.'1 'd l r '
, ii , . - " r , , , ! r e' i \ "- t a ) I rd,, ur.pl. _. d. ri,npl
', '. "J t
\.'",-r'"" ,"r Lut ui t , D" , pr uar ' e r odl- \ . r b e l r " l u l a l i \ e lor li si tcrbc
t , r ,r.rL'.'F. s. er P. u ir l. lFqUr "l' inr bat s i i n s c p s l '€ z p u l I i , r m a 'r n ! ''r r F
' p re ' l i
i 'r . , ir ' : ' . . ' \ , , hs l . l d i " a 1 ' " t fi a ti re:
Sn.h mannersdo not ,.@ru a yotrng grrr'
Iherything srus very iasl in th€ jrngle.
Thc noise ,a 10. hou.s.
tl v Ip a d ,,' 'terr
" , s l ,.o I S p l up.
l l ; r' o " ru n ri n s i d c t" r J n d fasrer'
PART]LE PRINCIPA!! PROPOZITIEI. PR!:DTCATU! Ii3'
^LE
// citer.d verb. intranzitive in special rele care e\Drimd na.r:eDtii\ 951?

serrzorialn d"si lr",li, rtiv, i'r mo,l ubi;nuit, sin unp^ri jniotrr. ,t" un;,1 '
je, lir. condiJ"rit in a.Fql , o,/ nume pr.diuariv dFnar",.c,aljturi d. semnrli
,alirr"rb,rlui fp.pF,liv. op oulr;n1"1"!r.
unul din f \ prbplptor,,,tob",onp:"tl
'tttc be.t fc.ts act! ha t {: is ha.d when lcu).

That stcak smelrssood (: se-"nsgood when smclt).
Uis descdltioD of a sr.aglitt\r saunls too soodt. be ia. (: ycms too good tI ltr.
lou n d o I i t l.
'rhe wine tr thrt casL rdsressoe. l: is sou rvhen rasrcd).
A b.ceze DrooJ.o,, (: is coot as il. blo{sr.
Thr ink tu nr ballpir lrt.s D&c (- is btue wLcn it dripst.
'lhc sun srin.r /rr (- is hot F.hen iL shiresl.
-{ se compara:
Sh e lelt r , nr ny t N n n r p ra l .l
Sh e lelt nX [ n, r ( . o d ]p l .d n .l l o s e e i l i t l v a s a ll ri sl i t.
Thc lila. snrells sni.,r lNume Dul l
H c s dlls l/ 7af lonc l r i (i o ri rrl . l i f.l
'l'liis sXrup tusi,s z{s4/. 1\unie
tf!d.l
IIe $1r) txsles .:r.rlthi.ng \.oa\pl dif I iircs ol .verJthing. iprorerbr
0 h :creali;
a l V er bele c opulal ,i v eti v e rb e l e .N i mi l a te c u € l e si nt rorstrui l ,e cu torma \ t;18
-.
adj.ctinlir ti nu adverbiah. a L,nui cuvint:
The {ir sndls sueet iN:*.etla).
tr" 1. . ' 5r ' t l J j n tr ,l v .) (\q $ r_ :.
Tl 'c \at pr r J n oln \n u ,o 1 ,1 1 !\
Thc sind bleri hat lntr hottv\.
Hfr lftaih canii .lur ati hcat! t,tr de ! and hmoilu).
,./ Verbul copulatir esre archl,at cu sabn.ctul lui ;i nLr cu nunetc g i519
predicativ:
?lkir greahsi trco.:clpdtiah at lhis rnomcni, is thei. cra s.
The Last ol tn .arcs hc. plans for th. liolidajs.
?re most interestingtd.r ',ar ol thlr !tugranrme q,as Lhetions.
I h r I' - s t i' n , { r I ' p ,,,1 -r,l. ;. h D ," n n a l
Ttt"4. - " r t I n\ . i. n ,;r. n " rrr. i o n n d p .rp 4 I Ld\,. n.ro,.
Numelc prealicrtil S Zj20

(Cornplnu:n| pred,icateComplemcnt,Predicati.oeComplenentor Prcdicatieer)
1) Dcfinitic. psLepartea de propozitiecarc,trnpre- ZSfl

Numple.predicd_ti\
, S
prc4r.arUl unpr propozrt :
The rifl. ,as (dod pt..l,.) out of onlt (rrumepred.).
$.ho ts (mod rrr..d],o;dftd r/k fl,o (;ume ired.i?
. Numele predicatil poate sta pe llnge un verb copulativ la un mod nopre-
re (mod neprcd.i d 8.ddadr"(nume r.ed.) was one of r. .eqllirement.s.

tetng
"o (mod nepred.),i/ d (nunc pred.), she went lo }ed.
2) Pmoodee il6 expdmare. * Numele predicai,iv poate fi un substanti.v,, \ 2S,,
un adjectiv sau un advcrb (ori un echivalent al aoestora), lmpreund cu deter-
minantele respeciive:
1ID accstcaz, '?.cdiratir." esteszDsrnnrtr nu adjeoiir ca ln ,,predicariveComplc
9i
6t6 SINTAX^ lRoPozrTrxr
lIc is a s.l,l0
She cdlled tne /D /.i.,d
D) utt
Il is t inv .
!V' o. iJ . r r "Fl1L , o I
'h
Sh," tud.d otrt to be eorlebadu ,,|cft:tLl3
ndjeeiir:
He had g.own ord.
I ldud it /&ll-
She loolis ,acrlY

He $as /oLrd in tnc line'
It is gctting la,e.
$i€ lound BillY tz.
11,nust Io da"
/J un pronun€ sau adverb interogaiiv:

Who is it !
f/ia, were thel?
l1o, i.. You iodaYl-
/Ior oid ls ronr son?
n a w n u c h 1 i th i s t{ P e .c c o rd er?
Notd
ln oron.zi'iile: l1 ,,, is Iour birlhJdj -lv/r'r' sas J"nnyl el"
pre,li ar;l i; r" tiind t'rb lrin"ipol ( d.a!'.4lo d sp arlal bdrPrD'rP1ln?r
li q/,,r" si.nl rornplcr rrnr,e it.umsldnliJlo dr lin p rpspe'rrr dF roc sr nr
nume preorcailYe.
f,, un infinitiv:
His g.eatcstllcasurc js ratz''
She stands to ,tt' 'o
ThcY ap!€ar to unde\tatut-
n.,l uo se'ur,divsau un Parti'iPiu:

llis hobbJis lh''os'apiias Cerundivl
:h F q Pn l .n st4 st4 g . { Pa { i{ "z"nl l
rour Lh'' L lorl6 I allPr tPdrl tr"'ur l
i) o construc,tiecu iDfidtivut sau cu gerundivul:
a,e{
fnl','l:i,1fi"'i 'l:€'l;,1'n);,e thF,;Eht
jJ o loculiunesau o construclieprepozilionald:
She Ds tu's'lf'
I lclt''as
him ou, oi so/,s.
JnilY had sro;n inta a fine sfl'
pp
2523
- "-" 3l faz. -\umcl" pr"di'uliv F'i in a"elali 'rz cu subie'tul "l ''arui
.*ai".t it-iormcazi suti'"rul respplliv pnatPfilncszulnomiorlitsruobie'-
' v, deri rruor"lepr"di.aliv se poatp sfla in do'd srtualu 9r anume: poarcrl
obf'cctie'
i"ki irrai"otiu siDieciip sau n;me predicatta
PART]LE PRINCPATE A'E PROPOZITIEI. FTDICATT 637
a) N unele r)reclicalie subiectio (Subjecti.|e

ConplementE 2521
san Sihiectit,c l,rcdi6xte). - Numele predicativ care lormeazi predic;tut lln-
preunA cu un werb neprcdicativ intranziti.aaclie sau lrdn:iliti /dsit se relere
ia subiectul verbLrlui 9i ca atare stn in cazd nominati\':
Il. (subicci.)
is 1/ner lnumelred. sulriocliv).
l o a ,"ubi" ( r look r ) o a d p " l ^ u n " p r" d . r,b i p | \).
l s n d i pn { " ubF " l h" t u t tp \^ u a p i re J . .u b i " r rv :
Th" p;en \6ubi"1 t
/, su r i" , I is s . lr ins d " i rn rn P p Pd . s u b i P " l i v ).
//" .j u hi. , . r s p; m s , 1; /" n u n p p r;d . s u b i ,l l \J .
/ l "u b i " ' ) r " I l, ns . 4 L n u m ep r.d .
r,[a rdt . ubi" r ] l. p r /d l l ;x (n u m" " u b pi "rp
d ;\l
d :
ctu tse t . r bipr t) , , on5 i drl d l t" , o u r ti " .t @ ,k 4 ,[u ' b i 'm"
rli v).pred.s Lbi eri v .
Notd
Numelepredicativraportatlauns,rbiectcareseafl[incazulgenilitpoate$ 2626
stft jn nominstiv ln func[ie de contexh:
n'.e.]'s(subiect)is tlE b*t tr.tk (numepred. subieciiv).
ue q'ascerlainoI t,s (snbiect)beinssne/freP {numepred.subiectivJ.
Iln primul .x.mplu.6ubirclul F.rp numri ap0rent tn .szul q"niriv. d
fiind-dp ispr .onsrilLrildin .ubFrsnrivul-sork f -Frcd s wort j. .are sra
tn ln al doilea "remplu gnrundivul being . arinJ rJrJ"terul
"omina[iv.
unui substanliv, estelnsolit ln mod normal de un adj€ctii'posesivl
b) Numele prcal,Icarit, obi.ctiv (Ol'jettire PrPd;catPsau $ 2526
Ot'iFt;rp aont)l,n"ni)3. \uralp prndi'a iu , arc Iormeozapredira ul ln'
pri'un.,u urr vo"b n;preJi".,ti\ to;z,ti\) 3F .-lera lsun.ompl;morr ' 0,. srd
in caztl obiectit'asi ca atare se ala in acelafi caz cu acesta:
I lound,1,, "orr'l dir I iU nurF r'r"''j.oLi.,riLl.
rle suo.osed ;r ,,.;mo,-du., €ar,d ,.um Dr"d.obP,rir).
\yF th;L nt t". .oniDl.Dr.Do/,ii,;dlr rs r da ine nun" pral. oLi.',i\').
n' \ hp h;U? n ."o 1;t ni) * od, t nun" r ' f Fl oiin' r : \ l l
C ouldn t vou makp r' ,( um Dl. , l t . : t " op' , nu. n pnd o b i . " l i r r . '
I lhoug ni //,i"4 o Fp l d' . lo bp n; ; , nr nr pr d o l r i " . l i r
N otd
Gndiwl trrcdicalir poate ii nnmp predicativ attt, subieciiv, cii Ei obiecti{, $ 952?
, poar- n f.ri a'lr l1 .JL,i" rul \''rbului prpJi.ar. , it ci ld un
- "llF cuvinrc"p
complcmcntin cazul obiectiv:
I t " plou ,.b.rrt q ,, s ior " ( n. 1r ' pr "l r r bi"' i\ ) .
I /"€ i, oi7 l"ulre ct \tr,o t B. t p aan- ir - , . uLi'
..r,L t t e ' i\ , . nrm"pralu!qlir.
laon lllkpu ld r,!mn l. J r . ", J ' onr J b. t t . t, L . e ': ii\.
ll. b"l" \ - i'r".o. r or npl. , l" t , . n. ", p, iap, i! - . l | t n - r4d oLi^
4) \um€le Dr0dicatiy$ suhiectul, Deoscbir€adjntrc numele predicativ $ 2628
si suhiect este nneori greu de ticut. deoarecenulncle predicativ p.rate fi tot
atit d. binc subi€ct.iar subiectulrlune predicaLiv:
it ,ntr deatetttt."d (mme Pred.)
Zrr lsubic.,l.)
,v! de@at ftiend lsubiect) is Drc (m!re lled I
l| . t onlu-:.1 , uL " r . ot "paLo1 , , |_ t ', d . .
T " b "tr". t" /"- Lpr i. . t ' "o' . t . t L n, 1r ' n'J . .
1 "ar is zE'. lof,trl htrcltritrlal.i cn.cti in sliiu] coloclial, colstihinil o a}rlare de

| r.. 11 ii: : i i: r "s t ", adr I n' i n . l 'r l , o -
^rlr*r' rn'd li.dr."1n '1 ,
" \ " r' r n-to -ia ctr ;i .,.r q r... i r',,a - ubold mai u.
' .r=. ,,a^ ..a...rn r . . ; , r j' ,r.,'.,:" ' " di . i . . n r L " L . . 'd " 6 -
o ' .' .. r\ . jirirn .r' I l . l, \ ' ' 11. 5 / r " , r 'l l J " $ '"
lpJr.i
U ri n r tollioasr.i,sa .larlin f"tlo . iCLliSlilt l ( i Cnr ne. , l , a n . , C ] I 'l l € r , o ! . t r ' e t c
638 srNlAxA PRoFozrTrEr
Pcntru a0esi,moliv s€ obi;Duieqtesi se considcresari.fl partpa . :'

zitie care preceddverbul copulativ, ,i nnne preni.cdtirp&rl.a di !: :
care il urmeazi.
S 25rg 5) \ur ele predi&rtivfi (omlleme tul (jreunstintial. {-rrr !' :
predicati\-poarc li ronlundal ru compl|mentulcirrunrstantirl:
Vitikr \as silLingdr /,rLi. iNuDretrcd.l
l\.erbul {//s sitti??g

nu r li singurnkjca.ci. in aceastirsilualn'. -
niln cu r€rbul "to be". cnci \:ickv nu ..stet€ajos". .,i,. .i la ,nrs. .
.{tadar lotiuliiunea"at t lc" esle indispensabilit{ritru rcdarf! inl-:..
dcci indepline;lefunotia (ie nume predicativ.verlul ,!ls sillrr,: r -'
fazul dr fnfn predicativ.l
Vifli.f rva s sitLi' g ar t hc r ar ll it jor ipl. . ir i. t i e l d i . l
L\:efbul't\,dssitti,rq" (: stnleajos) poatc lorma aici ritrqlrr 1, ,

,.Undestntoa.r",.La masi". "-{t the table' esteprir rrniarc
.rdrl;J JF lu..l 'ronUl"
'r
sr\c rs n t h."Le oD an- v s uhjc . , l.l. onuhing. l, ildf . n . l \ u n e t)ttl j
IVerbu] "1o be" ncriind aici trcrlicativ. cnci intFlerulpri(ln al!1,,: :

,,afr', ci,,a cunoasle"(: 'rto be at home")."at honc' cstr n,,me]rfeil, .
''to be" r'crb topulativ.l
Shc is ahvajs at h.rLe i\ Ifu, fvcnnll]. icompl rirr rle lur
lVerbul "to be" (: a se alla. a se gdsi) poah. h acfst,:az. sii ; :: -:

si,rsur predi(,alul."At home" este acum conplementcirr,rnstantial .-
dpo€recernspundela lntrobarea..unde se Snse$teeal"l
s 25:10 P&trDIC,ITD Of RIISUI,T
5 ,5:tr 1) I)€lidlie, Numele de Pr€di.al€ ol R€salr esie dat fornplil]i!::

arati consecinleleacliunii i.Erbului determinat de ea. complinire carr :,
sidcrnoe face parie din predicaiuld€zvoltatl:
The weU /.dd srld dry.,
llnriiâ nu avea api pcnl.! cI r..dsc.J
Th€ vrii,ing desk aas bnlea orttt\-
(Bifou l d iost s ! a. t de l, ot i. )
Thc trilor ,zs ronr iackct too ti8ht.
(Ja ,l,ela 1 r e ste',d,id
pr c a; t r im i{ lc nt r u c i a$a a l i o , l o o o i l o N l . )
\l'e'll ,rc. li.r con'e ho.r,
lEa rre si( \'ini ai.i lentru ra o ro,tr rdnce noi.l
S 9632 2) Procedcealecxprimaro.- Ata num;tul h.d,irut. of llrsull t:te ;'.'

nlat pr;rtr-un subsl,anti\'. al rcesioral.r;l
un adjcctil.(sauun echivalent,
rerb. un intinitiv. un participiu eLc.
rl-A Nas appoinled mdnaset ol tlle works. (Subst.)
She 8r!-a thetn to Jou: l,hal, makes then yoQ.s nos. lPfoD.)
\\il1 \,rr. rlF,'n F. boi. | , . gi. . A/ . Adj. )
\\ e,rr",;d ,, ur t r . d, J s r r : / / . - . . \ r L. ;
,-'" I,u. r'r e , , \ ' . o, lliJ r lr ' ul. i, ' l\ "r bi, ' 1. 1
| .,..;,t r'" , i" dr 4q. t . , ". ut , u, D r , r "l. u/ ir i, , n . t "
IIe plr.ed lhe documents iu #e,o/;. ilu,ir!tunt adlerbialir)
r Vczi
5 24 90 ,249i1.
,Cuvinlpre titrerite o! rimflpre ddire sint ?rc|iar' af ttadt.
He was obli g td ,o l l s ,e r. (In l i n i l .i v )
'rhrt sei him rhtnnt,g (l'aft. prtzcnl)
I d, , r ' t t " ,, h p L p t, ,,o .;,,g r,i . | .n ti \
\\-' ll I'a\. l.. n .i\^ a tt4 Jp .l ,,, 1. .l 'ul
3l A.urd. 7h, PrrLliurt u/ n,'r/i poal,elj raportat la subicct(,tarj.']- g 2533
tir, Pt..litot, at H ,',ltJ.r\r 1, un rnmplemen' di'r.' lOl.t, 1t.. f.,tJt"qt. ot
,rytsnn,e had gurn stir.r isulic.liv)

'Ihe sJEnket soon ran drX. (Subic.ii!)
ntr /nif {Iite. (Obie.lill
-\g-" hrd h,med
Thc h-"rdr,,he drove /'pr lndtic, (Obiectiv)
4) Dinteza rerb lui detcrminat, Yerbul determinat de un Pr.di.,?rc S 2;31

al n..',lt puJ|p ti ."ri\. pr.i\ s,,,rr"fl":rir:
You had better ol.r llie door trid.. \\'e rioullh't l.i,trdt. mor€ r'omloftablf.
lvhr!, malr,r hfr so l!t.? W hv oas m v r a n . r y s . r h o e a
Tnis coar Fill n.ct yon N[m. IIr;ds dri'€L'out orlis nhrd br l.hc noisc
rcrb reftcxra:
\o\'tt ntatn ILLE.U hmrs. shotrting cn.luragome^t to olr foolbdll.rs.
rJetr..r 1!t riim slee! hnnftt Botrer.
Ioh^ ate I'in64[ Bitk.
:,r I orc.Irond0nlu iI lixrLa roru:lni. lr crd.rd i' d r^-',ir., ..mnlFIIan ,( 2535
l,rl . ir' ,rn,sl a ,l i J l ' nrr.e'.rit "resprr'J, ir oir.' dr. maiurd. ' s id.p. d?.rui
I,raLi&I( af n.s,l/.' ru deoscbirc, ci srera noliunii legate de termenul englez
esle mult mai largi. deoarecenumele de Prrll.dr., o/ fiesdl esie dat unor pnru
de propozili€ cu funclii sintactice loarl€ diferite. -\stlel, dupn cum reiese 9i
din exemplele citate pinn aicj. Prellicatc of Result poate fi ln gramatioa ro
rnini nurn€ predicativ.cornplenet, dircct, complementcir0umstan!ialdc
loc. {le mod etc., {,ireumsianlial consocuti{. !i, tmpreune cu verbul deierminat
poate fi tradus cu un rerb Lranzitivsau inl.ranzitivetc.:
He m{dc her nls eil., l\trme pred.)
I ll .sk hinr ,o mD?.1ibmr,1. .lir.)
\1''eLookher noru. lcontpl..i.c. dc lo.)
Tl,. rl,u lr r- hdd L n p 0r ' d bt up Cont p t . . i r . 4 " 1 , o d )
H $o r"i, l h im . "ll r a, l at h t r bor ' ib i) ln $. l C o n , p j . o n - , r i i \ l
she sor the roon rcdav l a ptetlelii. (\'erb tr{nz )
Ila,o ol his co al o/ / ( : a s c oal. ) . ( v c . I lr an z . )
{on arc atot itls rlt,Df r.d thn'nc. i: a sltlbi). (\r..b intr.)
Pri!rDl0-{rr -{PPoslrlYn s 2536

Lnele \ethe pr&li1tit c au o tomplinire nnm\1"i,Pledicat. Appositi.tr lrt\
substantiv, un adj€ct;v. o locuiiune prepozilionald etc., ades€ori precedate
de conjunclia ds. aldturati ca apozilie verbului predicat. Aces| Predicatc
Aryositia. a"at!,. in frincipal, star€a in car€ se afld. s-a aflat. sau se ra afla
subiectul in monenlul implinirii actiunii vefbului:
He }as a jol as sord,ur-
Shc tliei aL okl tuoman.
sa.ah camc in hapl! and e.pectant,
slrc was gontg to be eligagell as Luts. to a si.k.hiLl-
Hc $'as )orn ,i,h d s,7'.r tpon iL hI Muth.,
t {;uvirtcl-" liliiritc cu cnra,ile.. aldinc siDt !/€dt.d,es o/ nsrlr
, : sortil sl 1ie bogat.
SINTAXA IROPOZ4IEI
W
\CORDIl l'RLDIC\tl LUI C l cr S URI I I e I UL

6 25 3 ? \' tl ' B \\D P JE C TI
\O A EI:l l E \1 1 ' f
tn limba englcziYerbulpre-
{ 2638 RegulAgeuorali'-- Ca,9iin linba ronnnn'
' -"' aicat,"',"oid; ',' subipclulin n'rmir si parqour't:
?f,:';:i"%""ih1:{":-"':i;ll
ro'si'l'rd tl:: t"../i",1:
\umarul .ub.tan'irulur' u r"l d" s'bi ' t r" s" ru' Inrrna
irr limb0ensl"/a F\i rd 'ubstsrtrwc
dp la;r;;;,' ; ;bt"s. dPosrp'F
pr') d-r'u int'l;d" phrral in\prq-subsrarrrrvP
:;irx,:liklItr;l{[i'
a"'.ioqrf-, 1p "7i" 'd'l ,si
:kir;.lilrr i;i"]:"";'::::',,,
\"'bu,
:lii;l:::"iil..,"ii"'i,i;;'',
",,
r",";"H"1"t"
nL,,,,ri
;i "
i"..",. "'"s",'jJ
ri ""ri",i;;"
"' u"l'.
i,;".:iil:l,illi"i.l"u"'ill"l;.
Verbul Preriicat se va acord
ln!FlPsul8'es ur3'
tit $ la pllrlal
S 2539 Srbiecte cr Ycrl'ul atit ltr singular'
loL';tr' prrtu "1" ) {S,l1l r,
il
I I S,rb"lnn'i\Fl' 'olcclrtc l"/// 'r''
tru l;'r"i"il'r,11ll:
Iili"ll;j.rl;:s"iil":"':l:l
"tru
ctts iia pr urar tr: , , , " " ! : pru-
' " " ' : : , i l ' i i . ; l : l "l.ll:1 1r r .in g u r r r .,ir
1 ir .
4l Ct t er a s u b s ta n tL l ,p/r fn i r
ral {se"'s fdr'P?sci')
5) SubstrnlNclecaru 's aro
'ot]or nulronr,rol.dsau proveienla regionali
($ 1?J)nu*"""t"'n rl'!s'Jd'-?'rilh.,l'er'r'($
cu tnJel'-s de Pluralr/iu
1230-1233); brace.caaprc' oo"i' i''i"' 'lr'il'
trost' hcad ldlr' srcrc' lelttt' lahe
u,to'" .,i1i..,rit:,#il,,i':)rj
s-'" ,".""t,',s,
ti',1,1';"
l. ittion er(:' cind-si't',nuncralc' Llesineterminate
,1. llnus(tn(t,
ji,,;"r,r
;"*,:'1
) ii"t a n ' J " -rn5$' FJ r
p
' 1rr
ln rha ( o'$nn' " ' \' r ' " a tn tttta ' ttaP tP
a26{fblC,rtint"l"a'tpldua'ltvs:pa'r'Jar';d1-i.nulfaisineuhrn,'"for-
'inL'"u10t rrritP I'o'lr'l''
""'
'
;;;;r;;;';;;'n'
m:. (in'l sir,l numpr''l- "|| '"'Buf f"'1ru'"ft 'ind
;lrii;,ri:fj,i'iii'1,:lill"l"
Ir'| nc sr4;r'"'n ;1r?
: ";'"
: Ji',fl',.i:
?'":l'"1i",
r
ft:',,r,1i;:'J.#.dji;"'fJ'i'l,lo" pe care
q 2542 7) fracfiilc. all' - rracliile au rcrbul trcorclatcr substanti'rul
-
l l dF t - r n: ir i:
E,tr ' r" td ' ' l " ' l l j
Li'i"l'"J'f' liE;;iJ':;l'i"lt a','"'
'n ''' '
T$o lt ir ds oi t \ t s llat Pt ""
;fr'e. r"r,*" *a l.C llandlord' te'vdav Jenteaush SprhenEngtish

6{l
ACORDIJL DREDTCATULOT C
rVoid
r fie chiar inlerior mrmirului
Penlru ori.e numir csre dP.pege unitatea'prccedd(in lntregrme)suD'
..a"i:,'..i"'."1.;"i"*a pluraluldb.anuneralul
I Paiil oro onit s h!'ll lof it
'dt
Se spune lnsd:
I Paiil ore idL snil s btll for it
verbul la singular sau la plural: S 2543
8) Numter. - Acest substaniiv are
o t la sinrutrucind are lnlelcsdc 6insulsr:
' T; ot Norl*s is on thP inc'essP
; "lJTil'::;":i'f"i:;i":lil:'
^"nbe,
,,,rerbul i;*;::1"1.1""
;lf.?fl
si ^l#:"1**ul';ir
este la stngrlar'l
' plrrrnl:
ptu,ol cinrl are ln{eles 'le
l,
il '-
"'
i *'t'' rr" join"dlI'r"aJins club'
, Sn'i:l*"*f jl,l',r.ij
^"-t* "t
;:ilrlifill;i
"lil;';'11
''"".""'.'"","1,1''":tl;i*
s'.1
nohotddt
: 1i;;il;:;.i";;;";d,r Jearri.orur
..".:ilxislii'i;iliiF*l'ilrui:ltl'tni"i".:i"i:
no$tc lnsemna: t 'utIosin|utotl
'" tl i""^ tfu*n 1 ' numar superiorLl' vot lrl -
"' '-;;,."';;j.;t;; rri i"nt ior rhc prssinsÎ thr bl'
""' "'
idecada cn'-
I)t lstns "on.r"t) cpi 'nsi mrrlti cel' mai mullo Ifari
j.
n".ilip,i*':." p"i"t'r| t"il - oe' t tovturat:
'''"' J'il::i1'
;1j"llii:,#'"119'i',1";1"
+,lHi],i{"i'
;:*;irjtUl,l ";;i;;T"',1'T.'
[lrs" :Ji'::i''i]lHl!
..,":*
te sruoul sau melnbrll aceslura': oI\o'kmPn'
'""" r", ho'. 'o'sL'!s
ih.;,;ill:":.:l"lt"#",;ldll"
alf';l,1il",llJ;';1"'
l''J'':"f
,,,,,i%;;tllli#ny'l;";.i;l:'if,
'-"_'_-'
n..r ol the tD?{' /os bcen d'mo)ishpd
),.ii,,l,pxt illt"nio
il.,';",rJ?lx' ".
ii,:r":'Chi"ilril ll:'#:l"ffi"" **""'
h";:'1""'"::l;'rr"'i'#i'"lll;'
uasood,
(s.a d.or.
Asfe,t I
I I) .rsfost !.,:,li "tu
i"":1,]fi1"'ll';:i.,'Ji';
l:":#"i
j,i;"1.i1;";iilli*
i"":('"i*,'";Zilii;ii.i^,"T1', j::;l'ii't;"t
4ff?',:.:.,L.f"i':1,'";'fi,"t'il
;:l;;#,;lltF s,udr "
ofEogr,s,,
i?;:li;x'";';i';.'lify",ifi:.fit;{;',-;.:;'
Fo$lc.' rP .t,.'l'Itajo'il'J"'
b42
S P ; +? 12) Uor e t ha n . Io s t. A o e s l e c u v i n te pot avea l erbul l d si gul ar saLr

Ia Plur al:
o) r o, in. ut or . rr.1 ,I p r,, J a u fri .l i " s a , r un,,ri r| ,Jr. 1u a' Fl " r,.
tl e pr ular :
Ur)r€th{n r,,rc r€nr,soI l,hc glass(a! hroke^.
Tr i. , . . I nu"F h, t . . P, - , ah i a r I
Uo. L ul . l, t r r o t i, , r s , ia, m l d . {" d
] I os t ol lhc . dr gr nds los l . l s e r
b.) Ia pluraL.ciNl sint urnratcdc un flural:

o P' n o tl-
llo ' " ld x d ,? !,n d, n.tded l ^.r
\1 ,.: a ., !r'r .i.
S 2;rS t3) Heaps. I Lot. t,ots. Plenty. -{cesle cuviite prinele trci fiind
intn,bunrlaienumai in linba volbitn. cu lrtclcsul de.,o multine" -. au |.r-
bul la.ringalarcind sint urmate dc ur riuvir)icu ,<ens de $ingular,,siverbrl la
p/rudl cind sint urrnate de un curint (,u sensde plura]. Atit, la singular, cil ;r
la plural iubsta tivol. determinanl€sint precedAtede prepoziliaof:
Th(c tr hcaps ol tood in llre Urder. Tl]ot ir lots r0 ldc ir this lo(tr.
Hfaps and li.als ol .ntldcl net. or t.he Lots ot p.arl. .o,a. herc elery dn).
T h r',. 1 l. ol p"/ p" ia , , lns , " t h"r , r ' t l r 'l \ o ,o,,7Inthr..

T here o r. { lot ol /r lngs I c an do. Tlc ^l r . ', r / 1 . - r r p g " i n A t o t h .
'p r . i d .
S 2519 i,i) Therc is/arc. Ilcrc is/are. Accste loculiuni. cind sint urmat€ de
doud sau nai multe oufinte legato prin /ind, so a{,odii dc obicei cu priinal
.urlnl din enumerati€:
'11\'r'^ ( boule. a tlal. atrd |ao glisses on lhe trblc.
'fh eft.d ,rn,n s onl\ d neLn aDd ihr c e t om al , o . s i n t h c l a r d e r .
ll.. ;1 b .t! . , r ' l r or r t , r . t r ' - !
t- r u. a -ot. dnd i r - r ; r l 01 m J l. 5k
Hctr tN the ftt\te5 and lhe ras..
(ltnd irsn sLrbstantivelc din enumeratie fl)nsiituio rri tLnsatnhLu, st Lot,|
nandd pluralul vcrbului, ehiar cind enuneratia incepe cu un singular:
Ttict. ttot a tall." anrt hLo .nzts on ihe porih.r
Hec o/e his rcat drd pants.
Th{c o.. n. ,ed. no marr.csr, Do rill,(J.
S 2550 15) Pronum0l0 intemg[tiv-relativet.

S 255r a) Ptantlnttte int erogatire. - Pro,,umeleeha. tlhi:h |, trhat
pot avea.ierbul atit la sinsula.,cit ;i la plural.
I i trcbiri. trho aste de obio€i ronstruit, cu ring&/arl/:
"IlD is comirsto sle us today?""1he Smilhs.
Il'io d{r rt the p.ttJ?
Raroori.daf din celn ce mai treclenl in specid in limba lorbitn. intilnim
;i forma de plaral:
"l/lo sir on lhc branchcs?"3
It'no ar. {t tlie l{}le?
Ccinsiruclia cu \,erbul la plural dupd pronunele tl,,bo{!sto insn in generc
elitafi. tie intrebuinlindu-se o altn construclie cu acelali jnleles, Iie irodu'
I P c nlr r alle d c l a l i i ,v e z i H .\\:. F o { l e r-,r. .i / ., " \!db.r" , :

: IlntN allc delalii. veri lL\\:. !owler, ;r. .n._ "\u!rber"i "\\'lal.."
3 W. Iiipdran, Fin Dislish Boak.
cindu sc un cuvint cart!si juslifife intrebuinlareapluralulu;.fie folosindu!e
sirqularull
WhaL .lo 1lou s.. on the lranuhesT
rltt.a F" .h P aPL . ' t t t r I . l I :
ll'r, ,r ar l,lie iable?
Dcsjgnr tns;i c:ij h oazuril€ aseDnnntoarecolui urmitor. pluralul este
sirgurul r[rlnir farc poale fi inlrebuintai. dcoareceF,qt.r
cerui de substanti-
Iflb a '. tttrl n. nan ar i t h( gi. l wilir her ?
Pronunele rvhirh 1i {hat au rr:rhul acordat in numir cu substantivul sau

prolumele pe care il lnhcuiesc:
You \Lantrour.oatr wlii{h is.r.,
\tln h a.. rlDs,Fho \yrrl lo takc pa.l nt ihc rrr'1
\\ h rt .,n.r iller t he t it le?
\\ h al ord ron . r c ?s r nJlor ' lehar ins r s r ou do ?
"Whuf zf. ir th. ftlds?" "Caqs. h'i4 dnt JEep.',
_ .h) Pron.utne .-,,,dl. rclatia-.. .\i rbul prupozjri.i,llirirF F\r. ir,r., S !552
.t41:n \: t..t ,,t ,.n1,...1
,,,,? I.runumptU,r tdtrI
"ur.,it
S hc is r/,. g il sh o ,4 s sia. iir g al, lhe s eas idelilla $lle.. $ e s t d r i o r . s u n m e r r a
The *gettLl.E whltl aretabr gro$n ontlie la.n hare alreadr becn lrlantcd.
I'.asanr !,otn.n i. llvir Su,lag .lorr.s, \rhi.hr is one ol the iinrsl slghls. Nerc sl,and-
It is slc wlo .,nc.s licre cvcrv \rck.

Slic !s one ol rlp sr:rls thrt lar? had niano lcssons.
fVhat nak r. it srrprisin{ i! the omisaions jn ui€ xork.
T r,e do(rlorsrc..Dn icld a dleL on, ndr s . . , , t o t hon ju s l . i r i a b l es r , u d s .
'16)Prolumel€ nehotiirite. S 2553
d / Pr',' lu- ndF at l t i v a t p u t a \" a \p rb u l l a .i ' r !,,l d" .H U l a rl urA l . i rl
t, n. i p d c i nt plac rI lc - r r rg ' rl a ru ri J " p l u r" l I." , n r" i l A ,r i r, trara.,a' i por rr" r
terbui acordat cu det€rrnina tul lor:
-:lll oI iL 0?s rotl,en.
-:1ll{re agrlcd tliar lh. plaX
,!omeoI lllc lqe. s!oill,.
J.ne ol thc flrrrls "ar qrfe ladcd.
b) EIrabodu, tftrpnL sonebodu. sam?on., a.ubodv. muonc. nohod!,
n o anc \\rzi $ 1144. 11/1 9 1 1 ,-,0 ).
Suliccte cu v€rl)ul numai la siDgr Ar $ 255+

1) Eithsr. either3,each ollej elery, evcry onot, many a au verbul la sin- E g5lt5
gular chiar dacn fae parie dintr-un subiecl oompus:
llithu ol 111\tbrbids ;- Iine and he{lthv.
J.tllul.1 lhe t . J s r c loz gs t o hin.
E.th one trl rha [oJs is llirg a krl.e.
E.,erV mar is there on the lrwn.
1-\ntcricd.nlrl dLn . cstc l .egnl grxp de rxiyintc lrf.ccdut: "Il,!6ot

lrorunnlii
n o d c n in iL.i. Sun da i.loth r s . "
r \i. rbr, .J.r ,, n "o. n"l , , / , o, j, , . n. "u- r i , {r . r t,ri
'nso!.. "1t :
' lblI nr d .i li'r . ll.\\. 1, , $1"r . op . d. . \ "r t hr - . , j.
r \ . ,n iu v. " , , , i lr , r lll J 'i . r
,,ri.r^ " 1 . m , . ' "?,
?r,.'dJ.,.9 \ . , l) l") . " r t s i 'i j , . u i , J \ i n r .
m "nl oI J nar s s s ? 1 : , . r u . . i : , L i n r F , n s i n .
544 SINT^XA PROPOZITIEI
I n- ! . ' at h " m i 1 b ,J r' v

rlfa,r a poet nar sung the digniil oi work.
/ . r t | , , y " nd l p .s g i t ro : , ri r :n 1 ,. ri . | 1 ..
F.."e, llosr.. tr ' . L ld d - o l g a "s !a! .\Jrp ol Jpri nJ.
" \p r ! ".p t!
S 9566 2) Suhstantirele cu lormi de plural li inlslcs ilo singular:
tr) t1 s. npxs. sh0nb|.s. sumnansii ,rip.Par"dis(S l?8):
,, num"le dp ttiinlr si obip.t' dp stulJiut"rminatp 1n .i.\ (ortrcnatttt's
dthlpt,"..pl"rtrar;.s.math.nat;$. phon.t;.setc.)(s IJ0 .. 124);
.l numele de jrcnr; cu lormd de pLural (drazgrts. ftlrelins €tc.) ( S 130d,
r23)|
dJ doui nufle de ,oli cu forml de plual (mea-rles,narqs) ( S 130 ,, 120).
$ 2557 3) Substantiyglo cu form[ de plursl care fac parte dintr-un grap consi
derat. ca un tot, ori lormlnd all nume sau un lirln tle carte, aJ:,erbrlla.singular:
' llDe . t uU; , s , a
v e d ," a rJ i r p " i r..
1\to cups of ,ed ts not enough for me.
Ihc Warc of th. Rosests ihe st ggle bctweenthe housesol Lancasterand York.
Tohanlin{'s"Oe' laur,iczlo& ,tr;ds" ts a lavoudle oI Alan'!.
Tx.saniev's",4 gaata s ,tl.t n s" n s won wo.ld-wide lame.
\ at d
Numele de cnrli care cuprind cuvinte ca: Iales. Sto es, Sketchcs, Nates
etc. pot fi construite qi cu verbul ia plural:
Tr.geniev's "A Huio's ,S.(?,cne," nore $'on world-wide fanc.
t . . , - bs " I " r . t" o r s l r rk .s p .a -r. p d i r p h J,ant rel dng.
< . ' k , . f - . , ' \o 1 r.t. o t. i tr\o u ri l F b o o ! oi npb.
L)fukpns s "-\meri.an ,\otds" u/c amoDgthe ne\v relriDls-
alr,au.cr's"Canlcrtrufy ?o,es" a.d delighl,ful.
S zji5il 4) l{umeraleleFi numolede mtrsuricu formi d0 plural. - Unele nume-

ralc |i rrurnedc mnsu cu iorm[ dc plural slnt privite ca un lo, ti au terbul
h singular:
' |\ \ t . om n. ' r' \ l ' rp F i r ro n
'
i.ive porrtds tr'l.oo nuch lor tnis.
?'riJ lasl lcw days al1 bJ tuys€U nds been lery lonely.
\ most intercstnrgt$'o monUB /,as pa$ed.
'Ilirre ,rdr still iFo hours ielore the sho$-
ll ts a good letr miles io the next. yirlage.
:1, ag.c.atrlc tl'rcc hours rasses quickly.
Do givf ns an,r/Ef ten mjnrtesl
(l i e z l ti 5 2 i 5 t, 5 4 t, 9 5 61
S 2;59 :) It is - un pl{r&rl. - Pronomele il inhebuinl,at ca subi€ct care anuni[

qi icccniueazi nutn€]€ pr€dicativ. fiind rrn sinqular, are verbul la singrlar
ch i a r at unc i c inr l ru m e l e p rc d i c a ti !' c s tc u n l Lural :
,Ifs ihc rilinas t
-1ris nry.n/ldl.r who look arter m-" Nhen I r,n ill.
1r t! isenf,y ltllatl.tas lo t|e nexl l,oN!.
I lr as ll\ e h. L d a l F U ra i l ,h c y $ c rc \a i i i n g l of,
11 nas ltathet dk] rlt,n.f stro wore dnsing ih. letl.
lr lfdr )or all who werlr there belore tlie othos.
(\:e z i ti S 8 6 1 . ! !)
S 2560 6) )Ioro thsn orc. l,ocrliunea rrore tllun one. deqi cLr iDieles dc plural,
rre verbul la singular prin atraclie, on€ avind inleles dc singular:
Ol his !u!ils, marethat one has tnitrenut a terhni, il .r.ec..
Ltate rhatrane comninefas isorkin8 thai dil.
646
Subiocteou yorbul numai la plural $ 2561

1) Substantiyelccu lormi de singular$i tn.telesd6 plursl, S 2562
zl/ FolA (: lune, persoanc,familie)( $ 148)gi prople(:lume. persoane'
rarnilic)($ 149).
b) Fish.Fruit. Cind acestesubstlnlil'e cu lormi de singular au inleleg
de plural(: peEti.lructe).elc se construiesccu pluralul(S 162.147):
..1..the /isn f.esh?
Thc / n a,e/dsrccn.
c, Subsl,anLivpleconnan, faat. hote, s?.il (: artilerie, infanterit, cava-
lede. marind), deqi cu formi dc singular, se construicsccu pluralul deoarece
ou sens(col€ctiv)de plural (g 147. 110)
2) Adjectivelc li participiile derenite substantire colectiv€ cu sensdeplu- S 2563
ral ldrd schimbareaiornei au verbul la Tlural { g 750):
Thc tngltsn nacaa speciulsenseol humour.
Th-" missii|A Qez I€$.
'L'henart€l o,/e p.csenl, in g.cai Drnbc|s.
3) Nonc. Cind pronurnelenehotirit zrne se referi la un subsbantivcu S 2564
tnleles de singular. el are verbul la singular:
"Is thereanr salrlelt h the srll (iclhr?""\o, therets ,ore."
ol thosewomenrar ,n, ore hc rvaslooking1or.
Nonc bn1"Ihe btaoestnal des€.,er llie Damc ol hoo.
^',ne
Cind insi pronumele rrrne se referi la un substantiv cu sens de plural.
In limba "ngl"rj mod"r16sp lindc "J \arbul a,or,ls. .u pronumplpnd,??sd
lie lo plurel. hrdr dd.5 .iag.,lirul ar fi mai logi":
Ir'.neoI thc Doyrd/€here.
Thereaetetutu ol mv ffl.rzs nresent.
",rk amorythe ra.ltcs itiere ara non,ugly, so adong LhctuL thereate tune old.."
(Goldsmith)
4) Onoor Tr{0. - Loculinnea,n€ar'tod(: vr€odoi)are intotdeaunaver- $ 2565
bul la plttral:
O^l! ana ar tqo of ihe m€n a.e against the p.oposal-
'lhete arc ane ot tro ihings we sLould lik. io iuy.
Axenlie!
Loculiunea d-i- substantiv + or lpo are ades€ori verbul la si .g&lar:
1qard or xrc is sulticirnl to conrincchi .
Subiectecompuse $ 9666
1) Subioetourito p n "and". $ 256?
a) Doud snbstdntirccu forlrii de .lingrzllirunite pdn conjuncliaand au $ 2668
verbul la plural:
Both ind -ft"tcn
ndrdexceeded the nork normpd l.actor.
"tmandgirl Nerewail,ingl,oc.ossl,hcst.cct.
7heha!
b) Doutt 'u]^tunlir cu forma dc slagulor. unitc prin conjuncria dnd. re- S 2569
f"rind.rse lr ,, +' liinla e1i ls sc"lali lu rL. sJu s r\r do strin. unite .a r'1-
"-.i
_telcs1ncit,sugereaznun singur obiect. au verbul la singalar
Th-" {dl known nusician ant pairtet has lc|.
Brad ahn bt et i \|llar I p.elet lor tea.
sNaaxA lRoPozlTrEr
646
lcuvintele "musician"ti "painter" sereferdls r"fereau ace€alipersoanaDsc[-ar-

substantite s" lt pcrsosne dcosts
ti"al,i i; io"l .ep't"i, 'ei' doua the pant"er hote
^"
;#9i ;;;i;;i; piur"l: "lnc wett-knovn musician and
leIt."l prin canjnclia"and"
E 26?0 i) Gerawl'itete $i substantLu.ele verbalecoardonate
' -"'- *" aceiorali reglli {$ 2567 25ti9):
"ootornr"r"a
Asan ine a ad fltit iI E a"e ldugh' in r L"el"m - nr a'v s 'r @ '
O p r u n d i r ')
ii?)"iaiii Jii';;;,',ii, oir\p odp'b ts tini'\"d /sub'r' v"rbJr"l
"
S 26?1 11) I nfinitia elecoord onateprin conjnnclia " an(t" auinsd verbui ta singllar:
oui'
?o si, up lata' fdd tiU all hou's,andsd'ul at six /'qswom hio
E 2672 , ) Sub.tontiut.u famn d" s'ngutt pt*"dd! Je do|a ""'T"il'll:.d--dnd
'"' ur' Drincorrjun"Lir '
" i,",;",'.ii"'i"1;;ri;. i;';;buinLai;'"aJi"'ri'"o"t"r"
Do a t e aeea v er Du l :
q L F J e ri n g ul ar
F ) l^ ' t neuta r. d d ' i i d " p a '
e''') la plural' ilace ideea este de plur :
i $ XXt ;il";"!?
T\f ij";';l'?j:J itfiill"-'e)
1"?";'f
ttl lH",Tils#i"lTi"i,*',ili
i,; :lll';'t? ."''r
i;l9.'dlil'l
-a r" d
l \o ti un Fc dF plurrl c'ro Indi'"ja prin r " p " la r" d0 rri" o lu lu i: ru p ^" n d
A re
, ' " Ui j ,ll"""':i :':,,1"'",i';,'="n6'1 r6r"itrinv ma ' h in a
. S u b s ' ' r' ri\ . u l
i i ptt' lo p tu"o l.tn p'i"1ulr rnplurlin pririr raa rt!n i" o lu luni rb o l; riL" rp ir' ^ -
i.5ti"""'i"i ."li''t."tiv cu sins Llesingular' iar al doilaaexempluppnrnr
"" 'ar prodnro amhiguitar'enefiin'l dar
lFi.t'iJl"li'ui"" pi';;lutui "mu"t'nrcr'
do doue'aud* n ai rnrrlrp ; d s in i d F lrp irrx l\ i c e (c rrll
i - . " .."
'"i1 , tnit' pr;n conjun"lia
{ 25?a l ) .tn t rerbut rra"dd suLiP4aP
c l l bsr xnli!p .'p ta qrngrlsr.o 'n't"1'u;||''"'' lo a rr"a d " s -' ; ir' p a la ruint I o rrl
-11.'l,t::,1'J-"t
"
pi"."r"i'i, tii specii in propozit'iileinterogatile:
',i';l-*" * *
*{ "-:'}n#l'if
ii:i:1fi""1'"i::
PlurattLl esLelnsd de asemenea foafte mult uziiat:
Hd'ea'e You' baga d umbrella'
{Vezi!i S !5/'e)
p n conjunclia or
t 25?4 2) lrouli Eubiect€alt€rlrairro' - Doui subiecie unite
" -"'' ,', eu subiprlul cetnoi aptaP'ot1i
""'t"i".".Jar ,otts or toD is coming
tnao or her szsr'rsoretroe'
in ihere?
''s he or his sisters
e'€ inc larenh or the sonto comc?
Notd
alternative' ci simple
Locuriunile on€ot loo !I a /r'oldor tQanu sint subiecte
oi"""-l li o*i unui :rlt capitol ( $ 2565).
"p""t'i" nor"' -
6 25?6 it Ifool ."rri""t" legetoprin "eithor"' or"' "noither"'
slnt la s;ngular' verbul estetot la tr'nsalar'
i;;;; o,) Ctna amlel" s"lieote
-
R'J'|i:lll"r,l;"."'ji#^*?91':.';'litthaeffateuthe'icar'
ACORDUL PRE TCATULUI 61?
. i/ O"a un subiectcstela-pllrralSicelalaltla sineular.sul'iactulcu tormA S2527

<leplursl 3epuneInaloteaverbulut,caresFa.orducu,ll
Dithpr6hpof th" otherci.ts i.y' d.cid/d to swopexoFriences.
Npilh.r Lout nor ny DoysdE .bildrpnIn kindprgarti,n.
gb?8
, . c) Clnd subi€ctele nu rcprezintd aceeati persoand,verbut se acorde cu g
suoredulcel mar aDfoDral:
I : i hpr y ou nf M i k p 6 a r q ' r' i c o o ft rh p n ri ...
N" it 1,r n o r @ l a rs .a r:F d o i l rh " n ri z" .
^lB r k
Este preterabil insd sd se repete verbul:
lii hpr y ou ldJ . r' r p ri r' , o r,tr. D o r" t,s i r .
Npilho. Dor l A a s rh F n ri z p .n o r /,.,r s p
4) Suhiocteleurmoto do constNotiiintroilusopri cuyintel€: $ 2579
as kpll as, besdes,in uldttion to. likc, hkpa'ise,b:"thtt a'ith. ,vith, ond
nol-.x""lt. but\: ct\F\, cl liaj.6ul,or. no?ess
lt{n au v"ibul ocordeL tn numar
ti persosna ct primulsuh,.r. acest-,onstruclii tiind.de fspt. incidFnte:
P_dd,as eel as Hdcn, 6 rv.lt u? in chemjst'y.
yo !, a s s p. as hf , @" l i rr ra re
lvo od Lesidcsthpm pos in the iields " s i n rn " ' s .
, 6 0 0 &of poc m sin , add i ri o nto ro v fl o y e E . ,y a ,s p n l to D rnl ,nL.
l ra ri l r.lr k p n" r par enrsi.s .s p n
, d i n gh p r h o i .ta y si n th " mol rntai ns.
?oly, togetlDr with his friends, i; having Englilh lessons.
Datr wilh his brotheN le lelt to. thc coirnt.i.
,{l l b u l he t s d u him , a re Ere .' rw a l k " b
.4gn,s,but not he. sisters,@aeto be }lamcd.
ft? ndtugcr, no lcs than the clerks, ori@s at the office prompt to !h€ mirute.
Esre l ns d pr elc r abil s A s r re p p ta v c rb u l tn u n ,l p cazuD i ,i ar l n al tel e se se
tr eacd ]tn g e v er b s ubiec lu l c u c a rp a c e s L ae s te a c o rdatl
You r., a lirjl-rote swimmpr.and so ir hp
Th . mot her/ @ oul, an d s o ,e re rh p . h i l d F n .
Du /4! lPlr tor the ro ntry, and so lua his brcthers.
Maud eas lo be b,amFd,but hpr sist.rs do. oo!.
In addilion lo my floseB, a r@l o/p@tu ,a! spnr to llarrhi

L i ke _ h cndr
r nls ; Cf ac ! i r s p F n d i n h
8 rr h o ti d ryi n th € m ountai ns.
,-ro rs I'aBng Engbjh l.s€orc tosplhor Lvithhis friFnds.
Dd, nar lctt tor th' @untrr $il.h his brorhF.5.
),rolB lhaD thc clerk3,th. nonag.. aii*s ar thc otfire prompt to rhe minule.
,. .5),Do.uIsuhiocto
leBstoprin "not ooly...bul.,,' au verbulBcordatcu su- $ 2680
olec\Dl tel mal aDfoDLal:
Nol onlv I, bDi In?lP,.ntr /tirfte ir r,sl I to helDrou.
Not only h". but his/.i.ids /./,6 dpcrdF-d to rak. i.;ft in rh., ompetiLions
tor rhe bdd*0.
Este ins[ preferabil sd se repete verbul:
No l .o n l y I dir l il r i8ht to h p l py o u , h u t s o &s s In . rndchnr
. . . Nol.only h. n's iccidcd to tJk; parr in rbe comp?truoc lor th' badgp,bur 5o t4e,
his tuiends.
6) Cdculolosritmetico.- ln calculeleariimeticese tntrebuinleaz{attt s 2681
(lt Eipluralrl.limbarnodprne
..ingularul. c!lnd rpndinlasprepluratacotounde
rxisld oltprDstivd.sproexempluIn nrimFledou" cxcmpleJe rnaijos:
Tro and two is lsa u e,) tour_
Ten tines touuiakds (s au nai., forry.
5tE SINTAXA PROPOZITIET
Eighl ts lwice fou..

Two lrom si\ ldac€stour.
Tlree ts contain€d in six lwice.
Ten diYided iy live ts two.
How much ir selen times fen?
Wlal, aP twice three?
III. P,{.NTILE SECI]NDABDALD PROPOZITIEI

(sBcoNrllBY PrrTs oF rEE sf,NrxNCE)
s 2582 ATRIBUTUL
(THEATTRIBUTD)
S 2683 Delinitie. Alrjbxtul €qt" parteade propozitiecaredetermini un sub-
sranlw sau un suDslrtulal tur,
S 2584 Pmeoileodo.oxpdmax6. ,{tibutul este erprimat p ntr-un adjectiy
sau printFun echivalental acestura:
a J un a d jecliv calificslit:
There \1asa line pajntins on Ute wall-
I have met the torclt.itchild.
bJ un adjectiv pronominal:
This is m3' molhd.
XaerJ woman has i.r oru worl.
dJ un articol:
T h " rp $ i !" ,n ,..rp s F s h o rt.y.
t Lan ne rhs ..un .ehin,l lfu i.
' -ls
dJ un nuneral:
He has necn away /trd days.
I LL€ the aat h t r
'nr"d
eJ un gerundiv sau url parlicipiu:
lle wrnt€d some natoials. (Goundir)
T " ,ft,ry ,a g b ' rrl',ridns
6 l o r' r,p u he s - P ' " . 0" r' !i
T r fu U " i ;d n " , ,1 ,1 , i l P ;rr r," u
-,,i
/) un substantiv cu valoare adjectivalil:
A mcss meeting was callciL.
That's hoy the ,r€ztns class.sstartcd.
gJ un substantiv in cazul g€Diti\.:
Our cozuty's outlul. ol l.ract.rs h.3 grown to a great ertent.
The doo. ,/ n. o//t.e was opcn.
/rJ un iniinitiv:
She l'as the last pcNon l, ldr'c.
llare Jou noiliing /o sd3 lor Jolnell?
i) un adverb:
I v illJ g" r k l" i- m j I , i" , p l " P .
' lhF" m . ' n n. J r daol h". l. n d\ardrd iL, St-L ].rir.
j)o apozitiel
-\n cditionot Professor
J,a.s'sPhoneticDictionarJwas broughtou[ in thc SovicL
UDionsometime ego.
"Popev., ft? Sailattuun,"r ir a lell-knoFr liln chari.ler.
1I'opele (:cu ochil Inllucalil.

ltpp^tl
PAF'TID SECUNDARD ArI FEOPOZTTIEI, ATRIBITUIJ 649
A) o loculiune pr€pozilionald sau adverbiald:

lhe Nom on ,n?.igl,.eae
i! the srudy_
This is atr out-of.tt ptace.'
cu paticipiul prezent(: o propozi.tierelativ[ eliptici
I) o construcl,ie
$ 1712):
Th" Airl lsho isl ktu"IirE ot thp doot i, Dtptr\.
T hpr ; . lr i q" . d s \th a t a " ;) s N " i n E.,p ti -h a ;
mJ o propoziliesau o lrazi consideratd
ca un tot unit,ar:
qh" dld h. " s . r\ i n t h o p p tp a -tu .L u| | ,t!.
.0,.h a .nrh.ron $rpsl!,n_sis-nrural.
He rook€dronnd fiih a nlc,t,am ana-aren't-you-Etad to+eemesofi ot air..
Not d.
Un substantiv poate avea mai multe atribute: s 2686
sow l,rohen ald lnn\fire lay in onc .orner.
]ls liltle Jow yeaLold, gi.1 ii v-"ry naughry.
APOZITIA $ 2586
(TfE PPOSITIOX)
1) Dotirritie. - Apozilia este atributul substantivall care se ieferd la s 258?

a..eagifiinla s'u lu.ru cn;i subslantiruldetprmiast.
..Inl'e apo/i1i" ii qubsranlivuld"rerrindt n,r pr,icl6dF obirpi un raport
,la subur'lonarF: plp stau np r, lali plan numci lo.ul lic.aruiaii dcrFr;ina
' r"i
.alir.lFa de dFlFrnrincls;u deLerminanr':.
ln.dzul apoziLi"i.delF'minatulprp."d€ dF obi"Fidpterminantul,ilF.i al
doih" .ubstsnlir (qau F.bivdl.nlul ;"".ruie) rcpr.Tintdin cFnFrFaDoTitia.
2, elarifi.are. \Dolilis podlF ti simpla s;u d"rvoltAi. s 2688
o) Aro.i!id siF,pla (Th"IlosaAppo.itionJ paroal,sLuitddin-
l FLn s,rbsenriv (.au Joua)..lrin. l.gnl , a inlFlF.dF .ubstdnti\ul dptcrminat
s; n"a!ln,l pl insugini"i un,l"'prn.inan:
Graham G/€.,, Conrade Jac,tsoa
Urdc Miss Kellu
'sun
- J n . Fr I n. t a( a"r . lôl D d i i p l l a a . s
Ddd.l, b'.81.!. :t Lrdrue OtiJi".
a kttua .@dtr" " rr,. nnn" ol .ac,utl
th€ tliver ?toDl€s
ure cturslegs Inn.
num t . s ir
lhe advob ,drd.
Ihe cit! of lbndbL'
b ) Ap o z i. lia d. e .e a l ta ti i l l h e L o o s e Ap posi t;on) consti di nrr-un
s , rL.l e n l i \ i F ur ir de ar r i b u rp l a l u i . s i F S l . d a f0 p t ;, hi val " n' i crr o l rnpori -
ljp rp l a tj l 6 ex plic at ilr o l i p tj .u I
Rarnes,(wlrois) di€ nd.nine tuon forcndn. \as otir jlsr bccn appoiniedto his job.
Ir.utn,, ls'ho is) ,zr /oD,e. eer. ls an old nar row.
. B,r"n ( ho { , . t t " lan o h E 4 ti rh ,o n o ,.t:. to d u l th p].th." ,tturJ. tor-ghttor l \p
-
rI' !"in,a l
t{inlFun "u b6ldnr it f du "n ". liv al"nt dl . , p s u i a j . . . d"t rmindrit.
rFsIrP,lilr ,lnd acFstpJ Fristr
, Gtahatica linbii tunane, Itdihra Academiei R.P.R.. vot. II, 2r3.
.E \ F npld o ap ozriri,ar d. lnm adp\ . pr . ndl. / / , , , , , , bub"t r ,i r u r !,,an fl dater-
ni n ; Ls 2i8:).
.Construclie numitl
..genitiv alozitiv" i$ ,r8).
660 STNTAXA PROPOZ]TIEI
! 2689 3) Acord,-
a) Gcn. Numd.r.- ,\pozilia se acorddin gen ti numercu rufiDLul d.ter-
Juae anaouda (subieotren pl.), ny st,re.s (apoziliefen. pl.), havc nol reached
I/; (subieorpl.l, nomdnians(,pozilie pi.), have sreatly dcvelopcdour indust.y.
b) da:. - Spre d,:osebire de Eramati(,a ronani. unde apozilia cste in-

totde;una in cazil nonrinativ. unii gramaticieni eqiezi considiri ce apozilia
se aoordi ln caz cu subsleriivul determinatl. Astfel:
A dhint s \ , bq n o m .r.\' p l .a " J r , ,t: .. ..) .1" r" ' r J \" r,.l on . T ' f q.,.
T F lolln6 r . nd \{ ,I b o ! L -' .." S n ,/; p d ' D L n. p o. n; .. . 1," ;t at o" o' o!:st
t"o""i"L
ilT"lt ,n,, ."" t ri. rohnso' tt\c butch{'s iui,ozitirEdlitir)'.
l s c ntm v . o, . l .J n ' ' . n d i r.d a .l //4 ( o /i L" l ' l ) rr p ' .
l. n t i- r , ' r ' " ta l .t| a l p t i 1 ' ,i _ r" to ,l r ' n r' " .5aa ddl . !r" l " , i ondl m!
.o d ,in lJ Doz .J r 5a u L l d L .D re x o T l l i o ri l l i
ld' ihpr un \ ' ,- | /m ? l I p r. d " . J rnrL"/1i l d;d Jt' o/ ,i 1..rt.
^
\ . - r s ld inlF " p ' ^ ..n o l 6 u i -q L Ftr," a n ri " l :n.' da 1o-i .d .i d^ un.-'
ve n ! 6. . \ poz i! i" . r!t' r//e rrr' d o p ro D o /i :i a rp l rri ' d .l i ol i .,i . nu poJl .. d d" ' i L
l n .a, ' ul nom ina' i\ :i i l i n h d c ' g l F z i . i n mod ,u l otul at..pl i onal . 11 , ," r1
senitiv. Ace8t lucru se vede clar dac5, rclutnd eremplele de mai sus. se comple-
ieazi propozilia relativn cu ptulile carc lipscsc:
Isra .ld aIo np l. nlir . lJ J . \ ho" m v , , us , , . , r o / i l ' " n n ,n .) . l l ' p , r ' " 1
ls"nr ll' J,r F o/ / d . , ol. indi" pPnoI lionl l . J . . d u d d r . p _ " p o / i l i o 4 'l . nho-r
- frrlh ;ioDi!.,d $,n"/ , + r d. . d. . . ' t l, i"l, \ J . . l J r S e \ h i pbuild:n! tlottti6
' om r
! 2690 4) CorNtmctriiapozitionalo,- Pnn extensie, gramatioa englezdlolose;le

e\DresiA..inapnziriolrri...-ri paolru alrp par'lid proporiri"'au 'bi!r
or;pozilii. f i."".td Frprp"ie,cu!lor,rl ..apozitG-"ra Inlelp.ul dP ,,r"pofl 'lprrru
iinia'ri" tn'r" "on"rru".ri, da obi.ei .on.F Urivp. .arru s6.')i t,n"'i' 'l
stau in acelaqiraport cu alte elemente din propozitie sau dh {razi. r doua
consiruciie determintnd $i completind pe prima"':
IIc sarc us hisp.otuise(conpl.dir.) ta r"d {inlinitiv ln alozilia .odplementrhl
/r .ubi" ' g.' 1J rs kindot hio bpta'ineIiL. ,idr lc.nsrruli j'ru d:!alr.
subiertlouo rn doozitia"llui irl.
/r r.ibi"' c'o r , :' " $ls u,uJl lor hin to spp4d l.: holidol|. hiq; E \ cn! li"
inf . nil,{ile . sub i", lo. r h n ipor iliJ 5uLip. r ului s "a m a r r '1 1 i / i n l r o l u c l r v ) .
Sh tho rsh tr,or f r t i' ipi ! ' ho' s h" niJ n i s " e d . u . h o ' a P D o t t " : '! r . o rti!8
dir-_d la Jp o/,liJ . om p. em . 1' ulu d; r F"l ir inlr oi l r 'l i r l .
{ Vez i t i $ 864- 866, pag. 178 , n o t a 1 , S t 8 r 6 )
1 .W. Forvlerard F.G. Fowrcr, The Eing'sEnqlisn, J.c. Fdnald. llnglith Ctan'
Mt Sinplified elc.
" ln. n. r . s " m n u l q q i :\u 1 ,, /s r.p d l a u a " n ndi l ddpoerri e,deol -. - _' o l r' 1
cr ac " a) l. J or nr a?' u n ro i ru .,b J ' i ri i u l d p l rmi n d' :_dl Jo:n.on hpr,rt" S j
2 5 3 1,V ez i s i allc t x e n rl e l J ! l t2 -!5 3 .
,-u.. ptru:td-d,u,: .r.
" Caz J I- Dor i ie i r;mo .;.. u tu ,i n d i F .t n .F ooTtti onatps
0 F,l r , . l podr " li J " u /.rrl \ d r" a p o z i L i l F ;i ' ;o ,,: i ,l " .aaa,o" dd:,.u.ontl mnrrl
i Jf.i p. F poz ili" . s ar ,l -ri \u l d d .a c o n p l " m" n lrl P\rpl uar i mpr.-nb.L prel o?i l ' d \' /i " rl "
exemple la $ 333.
avezi allc cxcmDlc la 5 311.
6 ?hE A tu{ icdn'C.ua!!e' Dictionary. "-\ptr sition".
P-4RTIL! SECI'NDARE AI-E PEOPOZITIEI' COMPIFMENTUI'
CoMPLETTIDNTUL ! 2691
rorn- S 2692
Termioologre.Partosdepropozili'numiLeinsramali'aromind,
pe'tru comprcmrn-
a'o"aa"oumili1n;rain€rha anelcza Obiat.
or.*""i:
","
i"i ii.""r,'i"ai*"t li '4d'"r"'idlponlrucomplemanrur
9i prepo/iLionsl 'rrcum-
Etan-iial.
AlenlLet
2698
O"nu.'i""u Camplenent din gramatica engleza nu inseamn€ ''comple_ $
..orrrl"prFdi.sriv- ;au pr"dicatir""' .romplinirc
.",,,: ,,, ll,nrr",orrrJna.
"i
DrBX* u
-L. COUPLIIIrUA'rUL
oB'tEqr) 'u*
(TnE DrnDcr
0aractedsti:l:"9:l,ili,ff*X\,fi::t"."i"T,1;"1:t*'0,:1:
Derinilie-qi $
. r) .j "tt
' .F,,, difec,
" p; c"'ut
B:1ii; :li"::fl" ll":f i:;,i:'r:;.;i,i,
p."p-i1i'
;.r.,,"o,np,.
r"uzati' ei raspunde $ 2696
Comflcmpnlul,i'." nu a.' "'a'n
la tnrrebire:,xhon'2 \ " p".rnP ) u l 'F r:
'rrl.
Uale You had r'a J"t?.
| Y' "l"r diY r r r ' r ' 5lr ' r '
"J\'/F
;;:i,.,'il ,,.,"", ,,-
i'l"lt;1,;j,",'J,i.-iilnl
Thcv rvanted to go io a shoN ",'
ilX".li*#"jHii""ii"ii to rrerishtjryrortheirrishts'
rvirrica
de maijus' S 969?
2) Iroceilee il6 exprimoro. - Dupa cum sevededin exemplele ssrt prrnrr'un
e.tprinrt nrinrr-un srrb'rcrtiv
."-n"r".;.i"i 'li*'' p"a'" tr rit num'rdl inlinili\'
rpr"nun" aoj ' "ubstantirrl
".,f,ii,"r""' "r 're'ruii l'recut et'o
serundiv sau participiu i
2698
"---ii r""a"i*. Conplementul ciirect din gr^m€tica,englezatorcsp-urdê$
t:Tl;"ti"" il""#;^T.1
I :ii'"*'ll'$i",i'J0,, ; :; li"#)J;il i:i
i;,;""i:i:' : ";; pi'
""i,o.'n o' ",'*;;=':,i:Xl,' ;.ir"iflTi:"!,"!ii,Ti;
""a""
io r e rro o 'h . t o r es tnt bl' t o r' | s i s t,tn s i t(e t6
i r r' de i qi azuLui
i nr li doii' din lin b a ro mA n a :
" " . " r . ' " - "'r r "l I saiv ntn (Ac )
{,-am vlzut ) (Ac )
(i'ii;lou,,nr
i:fr;
i(';'iii;T"Til.iii1'" : to.,t
Ai'i be, om , . I\''
v o, .
Culld r". nPaL t ; li 5 r lp lr nF I Dr r ' l
Hrs rns r dr ' un r I l"a5 Y, r \' l
ui n lid plr ' r ' r iudr ' l
tlrd prn ' ul
pe $ 2699
,1, l.o.ul i0 propozili'. - Con pl"merldl rlire'r *.pune daprrterbul
de'ir 1n mnd et Fprron :
c"'" ii J"r"."i"a 'i',f i'"r' nL, po.'" ii JespctLit
Hc made(verr) nts s/.'cn (comlt dir') on the spor'
lntrc complementul direct' !i verb pot interveni:

a i un comirlemcniirrdir€(i: $ 2600
J";:"lii;;i ';;;l'; l';';':"-!jl;.';:"il odii

)",""',11 ,:
[""1:,1-:w1."1:vtr:."jlffi:ii'fi1'",;i:*iiil'"'il3i'$'i:3]
65' STNTAXA PROPOZITIEI
! 2601 D,) un complem€nt prepozilional sau circrmstAnlial. ori "a Predicatc of

Result". atunci ctnd complemenLul direct este lung sau dctcrmirat.le un atri-
bui ori de o propozilie relativd. sau cind consfi dintr-un infiniiir-:
. . I know lrc srorr {vp.b) tu o{lone.in hk altice \compl.indir. prcp.l a postca.di.om!I.

o rr.l n n a r . w \ r o. o s o r 3 rr (a r ru l
I p"t down (yerb)ou,tu idDl€ " _ g (Predical.c of ltesultl th. box (compl.dir.) tikan lrom rhe
boy {atribui).
$ e spole aboui tlrnijltg trerbl i4 lneedl.Jenicompl. ci.c. dc locl ihc ilowcN (conipl-
d i f..whhhhadbp" n t.n d ,d i n t.p ;r.p n t,^ u s p s r' ro x E ntrdri nt I p" or,o/.ti .r" tJti .
T lle ld. or y *J . h " i n S r-^ b i th b r,o t ' n t :r' ) ,nt, ti aD ot
ci r.d pnol, S iils r ' om' r-d ,r. o l ,,, h ,r r" n i l , i r' u' . - " ro. " o l ' l
He kissed(aerbl eitl catdtips lcomr)].nBtrumental) his son's cheeks[comrL.di..l-
_ H" daidr d t e" ^ b i , h : h " o ra t h .ti s ,o mt, ,i r' .,." l o, rom l rp .or;,,1 Jr,
,{ceasti intercalare a unor pdrli de propozii,,ie. cliar loartc lungi. FStc ne

cesari ln special pentrlr cvitarca e\-entualelor ,ronfuzii:
\ v c " . . " t , lpJ \ , rb l r;rn l l p B* a t" ,ttk d .,tp , n 1 t.t .-.4p .,.,1tl , In\i d.r,n ,,i r,rnl
d i r., s pD l, v 11" I . u b l b n ,n F o i rs " .. :i b u r.
A s t ' ; r n" in: h, t a \F ;' " rb .mp .r.i rh ' " ..t.-.t;.,,.. 1 tal 4,;.1,.4J. h.h!nt tn,.
yo a r8i. l" odpl. ' ir d .. 1 .' , . r' ru p u /l r rp l rl i \1 r. I F |
' ' " onpl . ' .' " j x- br' ;' hl
,y rne m c s s c ng. (r d i ,rb u t).
Dac[ complementul circumstanlial, cu subordonata lui, uu ar ii lost irf

tercalat intre verbul predicat qi complemeDtul direct al acestuia, iraz,"le rle mai
sus ar li avut cu tot l slt sens:
We acceptedthe jDvilatn,n sent bX the lublishirg house@ih ttt. greatestfuasut..
{C o m phm en
_He LI d" m o d d " rp rm:n i n a .;.1 J / v p rbrl srr./
'
gaye me thF lettu just broushi by the messenger ;ith dn..prcssioi.f jo! shich
node hih loak leatr !ouu;r. (ComlLleneiiul ds mod-determini aici vobui ?,irsL.)
S 2602 .,,1 pariiculelc sd\prbjok care intrd in compunerea verbelor conplexe

($ 2208.2275-2281):
He knockedae, (adv.Jthe ashes(@m!1.dir.) f.om his pip€.
Rins &p (adv.)the telephone
exch.rngc
{com!I.di..).
S 2603 5) Complementulintern (Th( aolnate Obiett ar .tt ru\atirp ). ti,relp Yer

be intranzitiee oot avea un comDlernentdilcct dir a(eeasirtdacirra tu r.erbul
(uneori dintr-o rndncind diferitl), .nmlLpmcnt , a* r"i,eU j,lppr \.rbuLnl.
Aceast[ parte de propozilie csto numili ,,complement intern" (Calndtc ob-
ject ar Aca$atirc). iar verbul respeciiv este consideratin acest caz 1'erl lran-
I dreaned a lo\e1.t dftdnt.

Shc /orsl, a hard Itlr.
Thet' lt'ed a long aDd irappy til..
Delir sans a linr sozs.
Ther sneArd a terrib6 sn€/l oi burnl oil.
tsaly snir.t her sweeiesisntle.
It was .dtut,s rvith bi8 {tro?.r.
This is a mcmorial to the soldiers]tho dtal a glorious.led,/,.
She alwars goeshcr own ('dr.
Hp I i s h i ' e 1 l o l i n s /,4 /: b o " i n , r I
r nc"Ja-. , , 2 a s $ rrr rd .P
(\iezi si S 13261
$ 2604 6) Complomertuldimot relirut ( Retaine.lDirect Ohject). \-ezi S 1?84

- 1 7 85 ,26 2 0 .
7) Ycrbe 0u aloui complementoilirecte. - oltei'a verbe pot. evea doun g 2606
cotrpiemente dir€.te. ce€ac; constituie o dificultate pentru sddeniii romen| -
datoritd laptului ci. in lirnba romAni. unul din acestedoud complementeest€
adeFeoriindirect. Asupra acestorverbe gramaticienii nu cad de acord; se coD-
siderd insn in genere ci urmitoarele verbe aparlin aceeteicategorii: to an-
stter. ta enteat. to enu!, to fargi"e. la hear. 10requcst,Ia saee.to strike, ta teachr
Wc an*verrdtldm (cod!I. dir.Ji"rDs ./&es,trnr (compl.dir.)

fae lconpl. indir.) -am rilruns la multetnt€r.irt (co nl. indir.).]
H" n ri d r " l I ' om ll. J i ..) J o u " s u ," " .r I U mp l d i r.)
, t, (' o ,npl. indi. . ) ov i d i d " r" q /l (.o mp l .d " )
\\" r,, A , \ c J r , , l, unt ' | . h p r " .J a ,. s ,o n ' D Lo i r. .
/ ,,,,p ir ui" t - - r ni, r ' ' ' ri r/o d ,.. ,,,n ,1 ,1 ..1 r' a .p a li prq \' onpl . di r.l
Shc tauslit ne lconpl. dir.) &e dtfure, (comtl. dir.).
I(E.r) n lco'nll. dir.) a llviLtraralldl-adl (.ompl. dir.).1
8) Yerbecu doui (onplemerte .,dire(t !i indircct,,. Vezi g 2618.
a. couPl,rrritcrLll, rNDrrincT s 26ffi

(THE T\DINECT OBJNCTJ
l) Delinitic -si caracterisliri. - Complementul jrdirect este pari.ea de g 2607

propozifie esupra cireia serisfringe in mod indircct acliunca vorbului, in sen-
sul cn aceasinaoiiure i s€ adreseazdsau esto lndepliritl penlru el.
uonplenentul indirect std in caz\tl datie si rnspunde la intrebnrile /to, S 2608
n'han? lor nhotn? ol trhonr? to whal) a1(,.l: '::Llilpcitru cirle?de ]a cine? pen-
tru ce?). El porl,e drLcrnrina verbe tranTjtive sau ii)tra zitive. subsbanLive,
adjecft-e (sau e,chivalenlelerespecliil'e)ti intcrjcclii:
\\d, sJt r&, \in dr \d h l, r l in, . " J o o. r
\\ l' r' ,l '
n /.,/ t olbr r r ' r C, ' r ' r r ' 1. , - pr ; no/ i r o n 'l
'
, .; | .., , rh Jlp rJ n 5 10$: t on, . . r , t r io nn", i u o p t i n o i . p r . p o r 'i o r d l
H m"lo C .^ o $ , / r ?r , r . pt os r s ineur $. 4, m ll Ini,r Dr,uoz t,onJr
r ..,\- b ur!' .,./ d,,;.; , iir lo' , , Cor nf l. in. r ' . p- t . r ' r i u 1 ,
Tlr ,,., r ,., ;, .dl,fl," l i, Lb. . ic l, i , l lhr ir jr r . d. Com p . i n , i " . l , . p n / t i . , n . ,
H i, al- \- ,o';" lo.r.r r ot r r . lô r l. I n r r r r , . Do r ti o n l
H/ r,, to itt; Iolld rrs. i. m pl. I n lii. p. "p" , t r u i I
2) Pro0cdeod(j clp m$rc. Dupe cum se vedc dir encrnplelcde mai sus, S 2609
complenentul indirect poate fi exprjmat, printr-un substanl,ir sau prinir un
echivalert, al acestuia (pronunre. adje{rti1' substenlival,, numeral, partjcipiu
becut substanti]'at ctc.).
3) tr'orml lri ? trelui rare. - ConrplemenLulindirect arc do rt fonne in $ 2610
limba erglczi:
dJ complcmcntul indircct f;rn prepozilie;
.il complem€ntul indircci prepozilional (constrLrit cu prepozilia to, ra-
fcorr Jafl otr san ol ).
a) Fornafd.rn prapo:itir esteceamfli lrecventi Sisetntrobuinle azeatunci g 2611
cind compl€mentul se afln imediat dupn vcrb:
Shc s.tvcJad he. tea a mornedtaso.
I r.ili sendnin a sir€.
'x\' rbul ,,rln\.1 (J'.\ l a t F. h) bt ) i inlir r lr a' n' in1, 1o , . 1 ,omDlamenl, d,p.&.
lr pxpm p lp,, r.e nl"lp t ir , 5r it p , u r Uir F r Dr "z int d c or n D l . m . n u t i n d r r p c l . i f f r r l o
tiperik cu liiere cmsive.trvlnaul dele|minat de ;omtlementui indircct resp.ctlv.
SNTAXA PROPOZITIEI
Clteva verbe nu au declt complementul indiect lird prepozilier. Printrc

cele nai obisnuite se Afli:
to do a fa;our / an horou / a service,e[c.; to tlaysomejrodytaise/ iai., otc.I to reach;
to sav e:lo s por " \ pn s /l b l o u r/m o n " y /r.o u L l p .F' ,
Do Ja@ a favour. wiu vou?
Reaohze &,a tliat vai€, pleasel
This has savedtifu nccdlessexpease.
Can you spare/k. a lcw momonls?
261 2 b) F or na pr ' p o ti 1 ;o n ,t7 l a c o m p l .m.n tu l ui i ndi rec'

" s' e InLrcbui ntstd:
D' . ) c inll . om p l " m " n tu l i n d i rp .l d F ta rm ina un substsnti s, un a.l j c" ti v
sau un pronume(S 324-326, 330, 332)i
D"J cind nu existd complementdireci in proporilie:
Wiu vou sDesk,o Lec, now?
on h;r holidaysshe niote ro md every day.
b"'J cind complemenbul

indircct se afle la hcepuiul propozitiei;
L D'nny Fvpryone spedls kindly.
To uhonaid th;y dppi! | ,IYto did lhcy apply lo?)
ror n'B arn a rnP praaft.
D""J cind cornplementul

indirect esteprecedatde cel direct:
I sprl n (roDpl. dir.) ft ./ nr. {.onpl. indir. pcppozilional)al, on.o.
M or \ er br o r gh l h F q u i d e b o o Lk ' o o p l . d i r.) /o .;r L;ompi .i ndi r. pr€p.).
Exc"pti .
2613 _Complementul indirect pronominalprecedatde complementuldirect i,
poate avea ti forma fdrd prepozi-tre:
Don' twor r J abo u tJ o u cl e rl -b o o k l T h p ys ;U g i v ?tl V ,u w bFnI h.y aJpthroughw i l .hi t
He insistson having his micrcgr;over€c;rd baok:8iv-ei,lin aadhav€ donewjrh ill
Iy hat is in the hall: go and ietch n ne, pleasel
2614 0""'.) ln cazul unor verbe care sint urmate intotdeauna de comDlemen-
tti inil]nett prepozilional, oricare ar li i"cul acestuja. Pr;ntrc ccle mai oiisnuite
ve rb. J in ac F a. t d .a rp g o ri p -p a l l d o rn i o a rcl e:
to communi.ate to leave
l,o yield
\yon't rou exDl{n' ,o nlr how rou did it?
I iriroduced t; au ihe hie;ds I hrd.
\Vill posLt "oa ,nerallirntns /Drs. the lett€r I lert nn my desk?
T hc y-vou
s aid, o nc : " C o meh o .l "
we s ug. . F s l"Ido l ;n J n a \vI b d n s l i n i n p l J ,, q.
T r an6l. ' r "/ o" , , r,n l l .,rl n l " ro ,' l ' 1 v rd.
-,. I
r Form,, nrFlozilin ll, r ' r l"llilnilJ . u' olu a{ . " D \ i o l u r r n tcsle narrii.nr, pipnF
!lu: 'o pld j i tiik on s on t ao! ' \ r ju, aor ", l1. r ; d/ .
PABTILX SECUNDME AI,E PROPOZITIEI. COMPLIMXNTUL 556
Complenentulindirect este Intotdeaunaprecedar, ateprepozi!,ie clnd nu 6 2816

fsrc.in:olir d€ un .ornplpn,entdrrerr {rcri in sp"ciutrerbei. to tisien,to seem'
qr aIelts j Drrare., drF nu ru .omptFnrentdjrF.t).
Complernentulindirect al urmitoarelor rerbi esre agezatde obicei du?d
! g€13
complcmenluldilld:
a..ange ' to finbh to saJ..
'o
to suggBt
H, s_lll dfrarSe rli,Br rrompt. dir.) /ar-_r@!{coDpt. indir.l.

r_l_on r you ocs(r'DpJour rrp {.ompr. dlt.) l.' !J {fompt. indir )?
\ h o su i dr , v ey our no ,o ' .D o ,r, o mp l .d i r.t /o r y o u .(conpl i.ndb.l ?
I fiDish.d hpr ?sdy {codpt. di I lo;h4 (compl.i!dir.t.
$ o n I y od I nt f odur ey o u . D m ,,,k(cr o m p ld i r.) ro tu . h omD t.i rdi r.l ?
\h n 4 v er . aidd { dd h o ml t. d rr.r ro ,ti h ,c o mp t.i rd h .).'
\1 h o b u S gps r Ft his
d dn s { " . r.o o p t. d i r . ,o !o ! to D p l . i ndi r.)?
Cind tnsi complcmetrtul d ect este lung ori este determinat, ale un etribut, Q !g1?
3 au d e o .p r opoz it ieat r ibu l ,rv d . c o mp l e m p n L u li n d i rp rr i l prccedd (!ezi g erem_ '
p r , r p d e ra S 2bt 4. unF lc v c rb e d rn e .e l g ru p f6 c l n d p arte
ti di nl re cel e enume_
tat e l a $ 2 616) :
I fi n i shed/ of t ur i n J i r., th e
' ( om pt .lidien c s rd y tro m p l .d i r.)- gi v,n
bytherFachertatl i bul ).
,n"sn {,ompr.'dir.)
rcoopr.-i;di,.) ruu $pr;r€tl,rs
,"
"lL:;l,r""l?fiifl$i,
s.rgS"'t,
d /o lou "ornpl.itrdir.lrft,a,r,a {iomtt.dir.t Jougdreus rpropozilie
^. ,.R; 9
(yeui ,i ! 31e_i26)
4) Vorl, cu doud eomplemente: diect $i ind.;rect.- \€rbele hanzitiv€ q !6lg

ou adeseorr dorJ cornplcmFnl.. nul dirF.' gi.plBlalrindirc.t:
I htrL iin {.ompl.indh ) my na.ti,rost rromDt.dir.).
Johos(nL.@.d /.ompl.di.t to lis bN p onn:ish l;ompt.indir.p..pozitionst)
to
a,,l Complementul indirect este pus imediai dupd verb:

I'll lpllJrl.n{compl.
iodi..tthnr'ud rcomDl.
dt.t.
\\'oDt JoJ keppru rcoDpt.iDdir.,aon?oni(compldir.)?
,.6/ Complementul itrdirect este precedet de complementul dircct tn uF

maloar€le cazurr:
D', cind complementul direct este pmnume penonal:
Oiv"n trompl.dir.\ {/o./6in r.ompl.in,lir.Drelozitionatr.
w( jDdir.prppozitional).
"pnt r/.rn rroD,rt.dir J toah trierd.s\turi.pt.
.omplemanlul indirpft tprepoziljonat)esrp lung sau tDsotjr,
, l':,) fl"d
Tlfv 6enr /pddjag.ods djr.) lo , thrir /.cids lrompt. indif. prppozitiotra .
hls f'lr' l.ompr 'rompt.
'rtt.) r. tne ncw rtzdtttunt lcompt indir. prepozilloDrilj pre_
--.. 1.. ".:.3
b"' ) penlru accintuareacomplementuluiindirect:

I setrrthe rord {compl.dir.l to hin tôt to wt) tto,npt. indir. pfQozilionst).
b .ous hrt lF s p/ %p. rs l c o m p t.d i rr/o rtu { n o r/o rh v si ,k.j .r;mpi i D di r.pf€po_
550 SINTA).A PNOPOZITIII
$ 2619 Printre vcrbele cel mai des tnsolite rte doui complemente,direct qi indi_
recir se aflii urmdtoarele:
s:61lxl
2620 5) Comllement:ul ftlir:'ut ( Retdi.nei jt)jt..t). -, Cit\tl un Yerb acLir cu
dou:i complemcnte(direct si indircct) estc rrirn"rtormati11verb pdsrv.s| pot
pr€zcnladoun situal.ii:
a, sau {omplameDtu} indireci darine subiect..co,nplemenrutdirecr, ri-
minind cu areea,Ni luncfie !i riind nunriL in ae.si caz ,t ltetaincrt Diect Ot)j.:ct
(complement direct relirui) :
A li\. i,"/,rui", o.lar,.omot.i.r.i.,,t,"r/a,,.,npt.dr..
Dd.i\ / .u bi , $. , old l, " ' - r . h t x . r . ; . d D : - . t O b j . d ) .
,) sau cornplemeirtul direct devine subiect. complementul indirccr re-

minlnd cu aceeasi functic si fiind numir tn acest caz A detuined In(tirectObjp,ct
(cornplement,indirect relinut) :
Aa li\r / ,u biF t br one, r i, , om pt . l- t t ol h . , . o l p t . in,lir !rppn/il,ondt .
tra s-\ //rs.Dl i ' ( r . ! , oL4h / r o) / F lEt a; r y d l t u t n r t o h ! f t ) l b y |.Le).
( Vez i ii g t i84_17 8 j )
$ 2621 C. COYPI,NMENTUL PRXPOZITIONAIT

(TEtr FNEPOSITIONAI, OBJE(IT)
S 2692 1) Detinili€, Conplementut propozitional este complementut Drece_

dat d€ prepozilie ciud rispundc la o tntrebare care cuprinde prepozilia respec_
lirJ I tronumel. .vl,op.t tho,
I ld. e1A n f e . ) t h - o L p h th e p o p i. ,, .,," $J6 goh.l o, e".,-orh,t
t r. h-u lh lha t d d - . : r . r "
r , , , r , . , r , a . . , i " , n E , *J ; . 'i o . , . | " , ,
waat al.r n g )d1 ,a th 4uEh ) x d. hi" s o 1 _ a , o d , / t /
7,[?/ s,F .-orp an : . l t . , J t t r i, . a r . . \ 1p s r " tlln
t B t! wh am wrp rh"y d1o1' p r ' "d? . . , t ol , ho a s ^.f uou. ."/,...
f \i.:ri!nar l.l.to
ta" , . wko \e^ r 't,e r o^ paniln DJ . - l !. r" (F tllkinE o/."./
Shc was a kind wile rD ttn.
/?o pti.n was shc a kind sile?_
cota.e. Who was s},c a kind wite b?)
S 2623 2) Complementul prelozitional lii complomontul circumstantial. ComDle_

menLul prepoziljonal (prepasilionalObject) nu trebuie confundat cu comole_
mertul circumstanlial exprimat printr-o ln,u!iune prepozi,tionala pr;po-
{
sitionaL Ad?erbial). Deosebirea djntre aceste dour - comptemente consri
ln faptul cd circumstantialul aratd circumstanla de mod, iimp, loc. cauza
e1c., lo care se petrece o acliune (S 2634), deui flispunde la tntrebdrile
puse lentru aflarea complementelor cjrcumstantiale. A;este Intreb{ri, sprc
d€osebirede cele aritate la g 2622 (pentru comptementut prepozigionall,
constau, ln cazul compl€mentujui cbcumstantial, dintr_un adyerb sau
COMP'-EMENTI'T' 637
PARTIIN SECUNDANE ALE PEOPOZTTIEI'
! flh)r! etc (cum? cindl unde?

o loculiune adverbiali l''rv2 Qhe 'vhtre2
y;)f ',l,lj*l'\i{"f"'ii,i:iii';i1
::j;'lll'i};:"1:"1'i'l"llu.'",
"un't
dc nodl
ir" .""' i.u,i,iq 'a't g'*' ra* (coorlt oiic
faao,vras Ic lalkingrl 4 o ' r -pp'r ' o /r 'do
p""j"
tl "l ,;: ; " : l: ; ; i, : l ; ; , , 1 i , j - " , 1 i : .r o
'h.'^' J Con'o 'r'
.,,- "i i,.",'' 'Frinr'
"
{Co m' dr r d + aJ wr t l' ) rn ' ' a e n ' /
Ate n l !.1
pr€pl,rtf1l1::H;;:T;i?l;::ll
constru.ti. i **
-{eceafi li,::""i';"J;l'"S::1
;:t;iii;!,i
i:.1';';ll
:,;:l': :t:ii,i"i
i!,::: ii;il,lilltrulii'.;,1;;
L n i rrn s rc t
d". Itrn .u tm s r P ln f unc t i F ' L F
TheY dincd tfr' '5,1116'

'tnn
1 " n ;t.h .th ' D " a t" l i I
' o , lti l l n p s pr A t oz ili^'
i;":ii:,1:.'
.5 " 1 ,i tI'
rlli::i;""T';,ii;*1
l,"fi,tni,Il"tl ft;i]i11,{Tfl:
,'itht ) ,,undr au luat
rn daci intPr€scaza
/,r comnl"rn"n' rir' um'l r4!rdl dp
ro""a; 1..tt'i,"t' did t'hpy LlrnFL-l
ln acelagimod' tn Propozr,Lra:
-
H" is an th' -Da:l t WorlFr
*"';T::#il;:1i"11'$i:,;i:":?"i:'":";:I"nlili",'J'*.,sa
'"'; ii{:J;l:;;:l,,n,o" f ,//,'r'ishe(,vnrlins':r
r'
s262
in'iran.
;;" i:msl*i:r?i'ist'1"!"'"s*xiii!e
;'iTl'#Iii:
'"ii l.n#5it".r$i*'i"l;11[]ft:hi1-l:il{i;'.:,,
Tfllil'##i#
!*'1"]Sl' :'*"'
"''
iruiii;r'r;uil"il"';'',"''o'"''''"' 262ti
este oonsirlerai fdtd prcpoxi'ltie \
4) Caz. - ComplemenhL. .pr:!o.ziti3na1
cazul ecuzatrr\ 3 or''
ii ca atare sta in
2627
nalrrralui nu poale fi 'omplempntlre- 5
g:trl.$'#iilff Ir":l'il':""rlij'h:i1""'i'x:1'
ComolcmcnluldirFft prin lnc59t
"oTi")i:i
ij;:r;1,u,r,",.'
($ 2594.13194.1325)
(hainidelloare imlgrmeabilizatecu cauciuc)
Iuoc fdto.e. abrerialic) : Ddc&;n,ostr
668 srNrAx_\ PBoPozrrlrr
5) Complemontecu douf prepozifii' sint introduse

Unelecomplemente
2628
I
d€ doadPrepozrtr
I look th€ look ftr'n o/lrhe sheu
o, , i Io o L ;i o u l o " ro l l ' l i p l d s
" l, r ' ng_. o o n i
A Se COmpAra:
Tii{ i.:;iil lix'"i%;"Yi:l l"h'J'"l': J,3'i l'iJ'l;' jJ;il'"]1 ","

T ; . " v s pnr on , ;' i , D ;i " " ,rn . \\ e r! .o mp l 'r ' ul pl
"-"'
pr.por' IonJl "-" "'
TlIill:lli:i f"'ffr\i'."*jl"l':.1:ii'i',]li, *'1''9T1' .',,,' 0.'o'
(vezi qi S 2386J
-- ",
Con'
2629
---- 6) Verbele compleie cu particuli rcrbal5' ile origine o'herbraltrl' -preporr-
otemeirtul pu. imediat dupi part'icull nu este coDsidemt complement
pdrri' Jld ed\erbialdnu r'rc jn a'rsr caz
iiiiJ.,i 'i,i,pt".*, a;rp i. d"oarec"
l, p,irl"lil;",'ii," ram fer'e inlegraniadin vorb ri cara lransror-
"'t'.rb "ar" lrdtrzrrrv:
m; u; verb intranritiv lntr-unul
Ee sefi, il ke ktLet af inttudu'tion
y ' , . c s , / o' be' d 156' he r o o b u 'v a r r h "
iih "i;, ;Tr;;i; ; ?. ; ; 'l v a s 'i m " '
Salon"-slnt cornplem€n-
" h.letter ol introduction" qi "secing lhat Jear'sci
t" di"";;;.;;;'*; "in'r si 'lorfr"nu sint"prepoilll, adverbe care rac parte
organicd din verbele "Beni tn" ti "put o//"'
A se compara cu:
:,;:.'.'li : }.1.-i,,:";: j'".'i'lli:i .r"-i".d."*r

i;i':'' l.T':"'""t:;l
Shc Put mcofltuY ?laz
f(Dat n-a oonvinssi .cmtn! ra uotccrul mcu l
pr" pozi l i onah in qi
l- / , a l' lr P r " \; -o l / m v p l a n ' i n ' " o mpl " rent"
''rf lifi,lii;:::" ";'p;;l:xlu'p*po'i
,6s0 ''"i11,:".:ffii"1:'otl"li::l'i; inherentto a beginnitg
He nul.ur dtn {llthc
'lifft'zlli's
rne gdrd"
Thd roo; looks out on
S h e l o o } e d a b o u t fa t h s th tl d ren
$:e wert on lo ,r" ,..t irem on the rgcnda
pl -\^ ' on
l- P ut r r D . -l o o k n ' ti ' ,' k )o k a b ^ u t ;i w" nr on bl nr vorb" ' ^r
ur i" *f , t" -' | 1 ,, r" s 1 ' ,r' i . -^ u ' . -i b oui sr " on qr
"r" ' i- " " r ii res p ' r iv b n 1 \ 1 .s-t'o' omnrpmnnrFrP
t g : l. io r l: "
z lexl" "iir"m.
""i # " ,1 1"i[":t" "-irhF
l'iri.".iri tdi"tri ^.
"onstrr,iie.u
prepoziliilc $irL r'"pp"rr\
";;.4 i:fo.1. ..to.l.
ri
(Veziii S 2208J
prepo?i-
{ 2631 7) Terbole propozitionale.- Unii gramaticienj3,considerird cn
" ---- tlu co',raitio.tateta"e pa"ue integranti -rlin verbul de care depinde (S 1325)'
i'" *i"".i, *-pl"-""t"Iprecedai ila o astfel deprepozilic ca pe un complement
prepozilional, p" conptenarLtdirect De exemplu:
"i "n "n to Iook &lter the childah
Ilall is too old
r i rri s u tU t^ N h n t ' t' ;- l a l :ne" :
\\" rtll.d orcr' , t/" . ' n " b odl r
'! '
1V €z i S : r r 0 8 -2 2 0 9 .
t v ez i s i q t 3 S3
I Ct. Cr'rmi, cr. dt., S 63 B l ftc
AI'E PUOPOZTIIET' COMPLEMENTUL 560
PARTII-E SECIJNDIiE
,"^:fr.Y":1:;)";',in;""\8"::J";::Tl":#f::i"'T'1
','i"#[1; :::l;r;r:ii^"3#'Jx
:"t1.:,i];-ii,::;:lli:13";i:'ll
icgat. prin preporiliil" -afrar'. r'spF'lrv "al !r
"ovpr 'l
2632
8t ComDlomoolul do rgoot fi itrqlrumentsl(ThP A(l!"rbiolof Aqen'yond $
Iru;",u;i* s,::ff:;rl:I;;iulfi;;i*; :i:'sl*',lx;;l

i: a" cin"ti sat bt xhat n "4rs2I = 'u c'?):
* "r"'
:;:li;ll{-iJ#'ri,,'""*p'
""'-j#"1
Tl:;l;,"Ji'llf
+',:
i*,1"r:.T';;;';fl',l'#l#il';*111.""','
D. colfPlxlrrlNTul ouicuMsrANTIAl S 2liBt
(TEE ADYERBIAI,. t'EE ADYESBIAI] I(ODIIIEN OB ADJ!rNC'.)
est€padea secuDdarn
cLrcumsl'anlial de S 2634
1) Dotinilie.- Complcmentul
orooozit.iccarPdptcrmindun tqb. xn atlJP'ttraanx^ onoero- - .
- rn
Cs cleterminant st verbului.complcmenLul arala
cir'umql'anlLal 'e
eL.1
ili r"".ti'p.mod
r',p,.i-l'; se
3i:ilfi:l:i::[:f,i";i"fftr":tJ
"ilJi,, tdo tnsu;ire:
p,ezi,,
",:;,*:
:'*ii;rml"n:,"I3li;;l;i umse
il:#"1;{ir*fisihi+$fr""iiti*4sln'
ii;L;:iliirr;;;. rcomir'I i... dp mod'- adi).
h:';r';*] une
l,Ftir"Ttiif:i;i['*ciu*''""$ .na
prep.zit
'
qi o Intreagd propoziLie:
Complemeniul"ircumslanlialpoate dctermina
He cameto seeus simllt ,€euse hafeh like it'
- comp]:ffi:tlrT:*:lXlil:ltJ:li".,til1:i
doeiprimars.
2) Pro0odee $ **
i,l:;;:ile,['l;'"lJi:l'J
::'T:.1 il;;i:i i"l"ri", i, "-"""""',,.,i.
, i ,; ; i ; ii " i fr,. o 1i' a bsor ur o
a' r o u!' ur " P' r ' Fr bi€r t
. : ; ;r l , i ' ; " o n 'r''u
sau prepozilionah ek :
Tl,cv rorked nad (Ad!erb)
shc $ cn t ntn ' LSnb"t ar liv )
H: ;.'i; t ;. ; r m l : dr ' r nr iv n . Dr ePr
I n n aL lth ? 1A' x z dt r \ . ' ' lv r ' r Dr ar l
''n !
'"; hrv'in in!i'a:oncon5'-u'(r':nri'
*" mus'|
"Ziiu,oifrii'!",;,rii')Ii::^-"
""'"")jrr;;,1,t;;;!;i::!,[.:f.'l;
L""t:l.]il,;:i"'ri;il,ll':ill", -. ". ,.
:+.I'i";'.,1
l; 1,,'"":
i;:i:'l',?l'i*: l*:,',,1,,11;' l' """ ""'''
o constnclie
cste sp'e€xemllu
s,atiitoar-"'
desine "nomina'
.,*, i,X""iitlii'j"f11i,-*ti
SINTA)iA PFOPOZITI'I
q 2636 3) l'tasifirarp'- Dupd n€lur, impr'juririi p' 'arts n arnid' cornPlp-

mentul circumstantislPoate fi:
a) complement c cumstanlial de loc
6l comnt.m.n' nir.um'tJnlial d" lin'tr
..7 compl"ment cir.umsla"lisl d' nod si
'ompJrdliv
d) conplement circumsianlial de cauzi
el comptement circumstanl,ial de scop/{inal
pr€supuner€
/j cornplenent circumstan-tialde condilie sau
SJ complement circumstan-tialconcesiv
S 263? a)Compl.menlttl tircunstanlial loc (The Ad'ver
" pPlr'."'le
o 0 liunF.sau pun"trrl
bial of Pla- oid .tto""."n,t €rd 6 lu.ul ur'd. sF
d. ol."are.djrprli" lin ira rrn'i a' liuni dru Fliri El la inlrpbdrilP:
'i d' 'd"pund" Lrnd":)l
rrrrJp'pind
,rint lront unJp in'olro
'rh"r..'t'"t l'or'',
He \-as in the Nhn
ii"v *" g"l'g n lISgo;oaia
/ . oa / o' a? J ". J "I J ) . on l' " pi1"
\h . i ln l ' Jrerr
\V€ could $a1k ds /o/ ds r/r srdrtoz
2638 b) ConPlc enIlLl circunstrlnlial r)e tinp. (Thc Ad'

S
-
vtbiai of ?t,n;) arafi tnnpul in carc sc petrece o acliu-nesau exist'i o star€
El rdspunde la lntrebnrile ahe ? since t|hcn? till *hen2 (for ) hae lone! l:
clndl de clnd! pinn cind? pc cindl cti tinlp?)r
H€ a,ri\'fd v..",,rddl
Thcv ]i{Y€ becn here itz. Mou'aY
$r: lvorled dll ldr. ol nlsn,
The n'€euns was adjouined ta tle fattan'nry 'h!
He {as hee ttt) a lottLisht
lhey hare co c to Bndarcst /_o' d Pecr'
$2639 c)CanpIcnenIttt circunstanlial (te nod (The tldocth'

ial of lt,tnnei). n cnteqoria ciruia intrii i
fi ' ' c d ln r I a n ! i a.l d I (de
*oa) corop'oratio (The Adterlial af Ctt'?palrron),araLnnodul tntare
se iniepfine9te o acliune. arc ]oc o -(larc sau apare o tnsutire rlispunde ls
'ftoo Êl
intr€b i;ile : ? hor*'tnuchl hotl' nan! times? (: cunr? cit? dc cite ori/):
Shcw.s smilingnd?ltlY
H, [ : l' . 1' l: 1 or Ct 3] i: t n a r .
'1 on"r' pdL. t
"" ' pal uni. jL"al &, t t ' 1: ' o , h : " 't h
\1e lhanked Lim t./v mdr.
Th i . 1m " I non! t in'
2040 d) C onpte ment l ci.t(umstanlial tle ca.uzd (The Ad-

S
-
cerbiai ol CanieJ arati cauzi unei acliuni sau a unei stirj El rnspundela in-
ircbarea for? trhat cause? (: din ce cauzil):
Shc conld hardlY sPcak /'f t'dls
$re $€.c sl.ift ,td @ll.
I said noi.hing baause of soz
c) Compl.?'mentltl cir, unstant,ia.l de .sro7.sou i'

S 264f .f
nal (I'hc Adeerbial of purpose) arari scopul uner actrunr sau ar srarr'
unêL
El r;spund. la lnlrobu'e- n,d/ lor; far lhdt purpasP:'t= 1n 'e scopi)l
He $1ol.€/o/ taru'
I am hcle to lorl ro voz.
ii'6,iii to o g6"ai^p..ssiol, Ie wasotr his bestb€haliour'
^"t"
cLtcunslanlia'- o' S'unt
f ) C a np ten e n tul : 9 ' , " 1arati
: ' " . . : -1 :
condr'
('1'1rcA'lt'efi;rtl ol ConAiionor Suppasition)
o, u"p", o'",
"'! " u'trr" ll l ra ' lu n d pl" irrlrrb' r" '
it ", "* . . " . ' u "'r r "t'"o d 'liun"'au.nr'l^ '
a n w h o l rcn dilion) ( : I u c e I o n ' b r' e i ):
'J:TJ:i:"lllJliilY:?: :'::;;"r,II;f:::::#::;;'
:"
I{/rl ttri, I shall gei Urerein time
Circumstan!,ialulde condiliese recunoaqte!r11.*":".:U t*"1::"]:::l:

itt"a"sn de conjunclia if Propoziliilecitater]rarsusca ex€nr
.'
"i."""ritl"
Dle poL fi inlocuitensiiet:
m! fanct s PetnBs'on-
I cannor go anlwhcre if I don't ask
rat""" ;f ste is bu @tcunBtances
not.'omPette't
ir'"
""r*-.'.irit
1f ! atu tucku' I sha11get thcre m ttne
n,.a,. :l::,1' 1.1i,'"r,."' n'""

! ) c.onpt. n:'nrsti un oDrrcr :# : ::'
l"i"' .tlfi ,,''ju
vrrbrulol Conn:sion) inlrebare&:
irni"atJ" *"i',""""'"c!iunii lcrbului prcdicat El rnspundela
'iia'"p,u" in ciuda cirer persoane
,f *hd Petsa (at ':iatnstdncc)? [:
(sau tInPrejurii):'l:
lhe cold '
I Nmr to ihe ioe-hockc"rdrt''h ilr s!i'e o/ dv tile wl'o Nas alfiid ol
':2i.";:""!,:?,:1,;::. lij ";i." 'I

! t *1, ; r r ' : t o n o " ' i ' rg d l '
Th a u r t t '
-"
Wl ,.-' - h t""t' \; r" l F l l r
"
r'^ coNrLli{nrrn
x. Ar,'tr 0EnsTl[']il Bril'xJiITO_lA'll
cat€ S 26+4
Ca jii in granatica romenn la
1) Atto catcgorii de comptem€ntc' l n' pe" r' I
go.i i t-,1 -" , m pt nt ' ifJ l 1 ' ' p l ' i i i i ' " l ' o r h d " Jg0 " ubi mprtLi ri
"^ t o " i ."un'l'nr idlJ" m'd r'rr'u o t " l' 1 "
"xp rin ' " :
" o . n t .."n ' utul " ' : l" l: :
er"r1''u: era ' r'd ima nru n ' r' ' rrn ri'
1". " " ar i".r" '"rrirni " 'o-
' ] . i"i".
raloare eic':
sreutaie,
: hr \a s so od ot t t boat to pl l" t p d1ip '
ii;,I;i;:.,:i,l;;:;,-llTJ;*l:I"Ji ,. -:,"i, r'

utr'|"-
ih" ;on had sone-up dds"€s (G'ad)"
i;; ;;;;;;"
Di n ''4o
T lr: o l a ! " ."d
"'
'r:'
u r . l t"o
;;;r,jr :
sl' a ' P I tlP n rL'F
if r:il ;,'l:ij;
.t"r;: "li,i,j '"Y;: v d r" a - \0
;""";;: : ; ' pr " , " - " it . " s o rr' , d a rr /o a ra "
,*,,:;}l"ri;.1,;;llJ;ti'l'i,r'Tf":l;1,i"il,11,:l;"::l;:ljl
hu"': rS :621
rn , . r . pns r a?id c p o l "' o m p l " m ' o re!rn r t' -p o /: l i onal e
demod
rrurui
+;"::l'(#i'1T,fi;1i1frl:;lT,0,"{ircu'st*tri
; Ii:"*fn1,-,"*'
SINTA!<A PROPOZ4'IET
6{i9
2) Complemenhrlcomp.|.s(The Componn'lAdaerbial)' - Uneori comple-

2645
mentul poate fi dublu sau multiplu:
S hJ ll s P pu r l t " ' F ' trrP l C o n o l c h d F l o" 1
ne { as lur nir s /d s ," 'ra n d /e ? r' rc o m p l ' i rc d e mod'
irno a,L;v, a*ouog or n"t oeeA?(Conlpl circ de tin!)
"oni"g
264G 3) Com ple$on h rl ro mp l a x (7 h ' ' o mp l " r O D i el ./ -" C ompl Fmenl ul conr-
i ormal c Ll rn
n l .x es t € donum ir" a d e rE d p ' i l i v s g ra ma ti ' i Foi r constnrrti i i or
iomplementuldirect sau prepozilional,lmpreune-cu:
d./ infinirivul participiulDrazpntsau eerundivul In ronsrruclrrlP
-a'u:
sau
tOz'lr a"uzaiiv cu pani'ipiu- r$t716-1720)-
l" l*i"ri"iri" tq t66l
". exp led n" l,o English lo }'er'
Ir{ lPachPr '
\1.e hesfd n"r 'rop €t thP gar" 'dit
I cd 5"effPd @frtas in hi" slndy -
Can I re l v o n n i s b P i " ge a c l vto d a J / -
You don;t mind nv stuking, do You?
DJ nurnelepredicaiiv obiectiv (S 2526):

We consiileredniz d t"v intar$ting olil tu41'
Do !o\ li'UeWb nilk hot?
o/ Resal ( S 2530):
c) Prcd.icale
I wash€d sdu'ePat cleal'
He c],sed 'tu
thz li'l tighr'
Ni PBOPOZ4M(TOPICA)
Iv. ORDINEACUYINTDLOR
$ 2647
(0EDXR Ol woRDs)
unde ordinea
2648 1) F,oguld gener: i. - Spre tleosebire de limba romdnd'
plas'i'6 lD1FlFsuldesprinzindu-sa cu usu'
.utintelor lo Dtupoziliecstc fodrtc pnglcza €cte o
ari""itu' r"i-a"r flexionareale limbii ln limba ..carp
"i"t" cnaliri"a', ordinea
limid Alp foarjp rigids raporlurilFsinla'ticF
'u\inlFlor
ai"i* fiina;dicate ln mare mlsuri de locul acestora'
"""i"t" d,:
2619 RcquLa!'enerala.' ere 'rebui" In genFrFrFqp4 artj lrev''l' "" l':!il-' In
-" tPtol"prin tnt"tPssn'u liP d"spa\itP OrdinFo currnrcror
,""r,.ii"
"rir"
F.je de' i, in linii nari. urm;loarFs:
oruoozirip
"";-t'";;i;,;
' ." arriburcle1ui r0rriburul adj"'rivals pracedindui atribu-
'"' substantivala
tul -il urmlndu-l);
,iio"l predi.i?/,pr€cedat tle complementul de timp neprccis ti urmai
dp con'll"mpnLulindire t ii d" cd dirF'ti
.l LomttpntPnt,tP drrunstan!;ol"{de loc dF mod, dc lr'np precrsi'
and.'r \ 35iri*u"'1
, \r. cnnsr,ind o", .,0"'_
tnDd an4rrt.d : lim}l ln cared ,1i;l;i;"',1",*"t;,l"lL,ij";-"","u-l.
'
sr,l';:ll,:ii;ux.r:, jill"n"ll,,r,tii;;i"i*1;'"'i1?"';Tiil
,^,,,,i.1i:;?!'nf;:,i:,"',"i
L;:ii""';"j;j; *0i""'.
;.ill;'"'","[]ilir.'iiLit.r*ri,"r
"" '?il"il,';"#$^flJI"l:"'";ii:''i"J;il';iiliiil" *-, sFnilivprppo'/ir'on
ORDINEA CUVINTELOR TN PROIOZIT]' ;6iI
Orice schimbare care inter ne jn aceasti ordjne modificn rflporturil'

.i' la. i.- ii. Llpci.si lnlel"sul l,oDo/iri"i
2) Atcentuare. - Icceniuar€a unei pirli de propozigiese lace ln gerere rR21i5{}
obiqnuitt'
Irjn schimbarea locului ocupat de ea in mod
3) Iiitm, - Riimul specitic limbii engleze.prin intluenla pe care o are S 26;''l
jrr nare misuln 3i ordinea ac€stora
asupra accentunrii cuvinielor, delermini
iD propozi-tie.
-ASL{"I, cum €st'epronume}e personal- tindc sn
cu nt mai scurt
".
ocupe un loc rnai spre ceniml propoziliei. in vrcme ce elemenlelenrai lungj
- substantivul sau un grup dc cuvinte tind sn l;e aDez''tespre sfirlitul
p'
propu?:!iei. nrru c hilibrarpa a e'tpia-
Shc put on l' .o4, OIf @ gol
"Comehere", le said-
"Comellcr€", saic tha man'
4) Orilinea (urintclor. - In rletaliu, ordinea cuvintelor in pro|otilid S 2652

en nliadd estc,in gcnere urmdtoarea3:
a; accentuat; ,J aiributll adjcct'ivai (inclusiv subsiart-
"o,"pt"-ent"t
tivul ;dj€ci,ivat 9i substaniivul tn cazul genitiv saron); c, subiectul;d, atrt-
butul substantiial (apozilia !i atributul tn cazul genitiv prepozilional);
,/ ompl"m'nrul ,'" limp n"pr''is'"au 4' nud:// lFrbul nf"oi r:!/con-
pl"n.niul in.1;r." riarr pr-pozr,i"r: ft/ onpl"rn"r rul Jirp r: ti nurI lc
predicativ; j) Predicate ol Result; t/ complcmeniul indireol' prepozitional;
i7 alte complementeprepozi,tionale;tz/ complemcniul cirournstan,Lidl de loc;
nJ complementul circumstanlial de mod; oJ complementul circurnstan,iial
de tinp ltluratel; p) compiementul circunst'an,iial dc t'imp precis'
(VeziS 261!l
b propozilia intoogati'rti ;\ierrbe o modilicsre nunai in pozilin subicc S 9663

tului, care €sto inYeNat cu verbul predicat, ordinca celorlaltu perli de propcl
zilie rdmtnind ac€eali ca mai sus ,\stlel. in general' oflli]]ea orr\.intelor ln
r,roDozjtiainLeroq.rti\deqteurmitoarra
d./ curinrul inr.,oe,tiv: lr rurilia'ul 'uu '' rbul 1'rirr'ipal 'o unFori
'":i
(aqezetein
ta hat(:; c) airjbutul adjecti.al; dl subiectul cu ai'ributele sale
ordinea aretatl rnai sus); c) complementul circumstanliai de timp neprecis:
sau parl'icipiul verbului princi'
// verbul la un nrod nepredicativ (infinitivul
pal);gl complerncntulinclirect (inrn prepozilie) etc (ln continuare, vezi mai
sus orilinea cuvintelor ln propozilia enunliative )
tjil;..
iilr:'i,"'it""iX'"?", de,neuenstischen L' \rj'oktrrora'
spnche,LeipLts,1e31r
o.n,'",'',rnoo,i..ui,.'!d,p/iT
"'il'!'{;,1tn"::l::"e;-fllii:;ri"l';,':'1,llL',1,'
'' -ii: " 11 ": ""1 ; f ' 0 "" " L ''.1 o o
Jl i ',' :F dp'd s,0\"r r r , |, d,a'
ls 2295-r300). ''- " ,,'-,'. ^',r
564 SINTAI'.A PROPOZITIEI
ORDMEA TIIYINII]L OR,

{ 2654 PtloPoztTI_{
Coool- !if. do
rir; rcDimh
;d d. tod
t) (sl
.Pronu@d0"hE" sts rioi odnpl.n€$ dilei iilidlivuhi,,to t*t.

'l
OBDINNA CUTINT]ILOB
! 2655 PROPOZITI.\
I
ONDINIJA CUVNAEOII TN PROPOZIXAE
lN tll,oPozTrD
NNUNTIATIVA
Fi;i'' '6"
(ir0
to dn tnr'ak, I'hitut)
Ndt€im l..ne' tldi,
I
(conr' $'ci'tn)
I
IN PROPOZITN
INTEROGATIVi
aomll itrdn.d
tonortur lcLa dc iinpl?
tddl (&iribut) hdat tiN do
in ts (strihut)!lii.s (!tc dclo0

mi! hhibur) ndning (.ir' d3
**'rYsk !6' a' k DrcMdr'

l3:*31:I"*rt::rr,i'3ii*li}"iii#iilxl1i::"Ti1''t
560 SNTAXA IROPOZIT]EI
$ 2656 A. I,OCL]L SUBIDCTULUI $I AI, PRLDIC.\TI-LUI
' 265?
$ 1) Suhiect+ predictt. - In mod norrnal. sul'icclr'l precede verbul pre-
dioat in urmetoarele situatii:
al tn propoziliile alirmaiire Si n€gatire:
dr" lsubiect)@ateoliifs (predic.t)in l.hcp{rk
Neilho st.te(subiect)scored(!redi.al.)a soal.
l, j t n Dr onnzi ri i l " i n ra ro q a i i t. ' a rF i n ., I rrr rrn .u\rnl i n crogs i t fni d
w h i l, ' , ho, n u h . t,o .vi " o n 1 ' r' ) i ' , n u , ni rd' i v rS r028):
' 1, 0i,
c/ t L Dr opoz i t;i l " ;n t.1 n s r' i re i n d i rp , l F \S 23o1. 2951).
2658 2j P r c iiic dl .u l ' i e fl . :\ e rb u l p re d i .l pre rd; subi i .l ul i n urmi
s
a, tn propoziliile intcrogative (cu exceptia celor de la g 2657b lqi2657c):
t/ar tve rb Dr"' li"dt t 5l. r bubi"' , on ' lF ' r _r 1 . " :
,,d {a u\l iirj h? \ "ubr t I ' oLd ! l' oi : v l u d " S a l
DJ in propozi-tiilecare conlin o urflre sau o exclamalie:

L!!cdr! d "i p' : v m olalJ 9"u ( s ! hi", ' 1; p I n i n r i v ' l o ! n l o v i l : r u r d r 'r
rlo ,v sho :l s.a - d \ "r b p|di al) | ' , , d"s 'u l i 'r r : l E r 'l a m r l r )
jntroductivx lltoe ({ 2505-
c) cind rerbut rste pr€cedat de particula
2508):
Th p". is tp tL) oD / n; a6 "ub: ", r i1 $ldl ju!'a r '
\ "t b) r s ub' "1 lo b J i n ' l r 4 l o r p n
' at h: . g 'o n 'd t r '
ln Dôonri'iil"d. lipul: -ln rhF gsrd,n Irhp'rl s"r" llo*"r' pa' i"u]"
injro lu''ri!u t,&/P "drp "ubinl"l.asi. Ert,ri,"ar". Hcr^ In'a n' idiom'li ;
d/ rind subiectul estc uinat de o propozllie atributivn lungd:
! r b r | | p F n - lb rom n l"xl P' l *h a ka.1d4 Ldba'.E o"i rdti a'
HLrF-o "odenat
t,t,h " Lo; : ns ot r,.t" a - -.o r" . tl n p .,/i l i r.bul i " '
thatI" nt P [a'
'' i' ii; ; iit m " o .. l ' " ' t t tu r' 1 ttb i ' o t' ' ..ttp" " tJv '
,rilcs (protozilie atribuiili).
., in propozil,iilc condilionale jn carc conjuuclia if este omise (S 278;):
ll/ €f r \ , 1, s,p r' .1 i .' r ' F r" , s l ' \\o u J .l \ l r l robl /m
/ / , / 1! \ it ii" ' .l i r' l rv \m i bdtu' d.l ' $otr" i I' ar-i ol d rr' rnprp
\Las a semmar looay.
rdrui subi " ' t
/ / I n pr opo/i l ;i ' F .rr- .o rl i n u I i m D " rl i v reeJl i v al ' "
t\p r ln, s L as t ii co l o ,ri a l ) (d 1 6 3 6 )l
, ! . , lal\ ' lidt, w u D u b i l ' t d k P 1 fi n ri v sdv ' (' rd l o l i l l
, or ' t dl\ l' 1r , ,a u " tb t" c t. b c l n .e In n rl i \ .u' \ d l " r' gl
pF n tru a s . rJ s o m a i n ra re v i ' ; ' i unp mai ' U l t rpl hT ' Li l ' rl ui '
- / ' lr ' d. -' i
up o /i l i " .i n l u b rp d p l a l o " ' rll .r:i aJu' p l di ,.P p& /// propozF
"l l r pirnblin;
li ' 1. ;
liei. ndu- " " n !tl ' l a ..p n l u d rF i l o rl
Lucku is the man \!ho has such a wilel
,iui;@crc the ao s ov r.acher addrcsscdto us
J . f und dor 1 4 th a l e f rJ o r' cl u r' d l i m
t ] . |lu h o d h " ;? u ' $ h n h F u rn " d o ou" si dF
Doo"-6.nt - r , ' et t Itoa dnd off E! stutedr
thi
r o"pl i( S2191, ' r s ubi"' r 'l 6 ' l '" I u m x i i l r n 'i 'n d '! b i " '-
'.1 \'rsa ron \'rLuLi p d r l r u l r a d \ ' r b 'J n r \ ' r b
,ut +," uo irt' . n a. "s l ; dz or { iin d. u\ inr Pl' r 'r r n o :
ln s,a s ub: p lul ' s lF un ! r or in v ' s a r P a L - r r 'r t p r U r r . n u s p p r o o u 'P
, "1. Clnd -liu ' r m p. r !PrD
n .a ruvinl"lor f iilJ . . a nor m all pJ r l" uld v" r b n l , _ L ! u b r q
.;dr"r!'
CUIANTELOR 11{ PROPOZTTIE 647
ORDIN'A
g;'lI' iJY,!,,!:':
":'Ht'"iiTl!
:'"):f
iYsJTf :"'f".'f
"f"';#i':::;#lf:":,ii;1"::r'i:I':
ObseroarLL
cazuri $ 2659
*"
s' I Auxiliarul de htarire DO esie.tntrebuinlai
J1"1#[tJ"f";:*"'
a'leseori.ln.aoeste
r,*';'Hr"-""J","ii"T
f;"r;ii:i'il-";.if,îl.ti[l
wi"
brins
c.'m's
m;i:;.hin,he
iilf#:i:iftijfi{i"'#*i1}':""*rri
"oo"tw€u ,r, tu ftno@his shortoqnings
a' to bed /t! dtd in th€ end'
s'*'n
Jii;"'Tl'.xl:i:1"ix
l?i;'#::;
,;1$i1J"f
"".'fl
p"ir"-A!-*p'u"a
l:":lt'l:i:n""i#Ti'#
li invcrsal'cu vcrbrrl:
ffi:"':,jH.1#'t*, *^"'
tff:"",iil
ffit#.*:rlili:"". ilY.{:"#i''
inversareasubiec- 5 266r
i.I In vortrireadireol'd'unile ritmul frazeicereaileseori
tului .iu verbul de declarotie3: - who hdvP
"\e6 . sdid tu ''lor th ough l v e n' v er 5o"n it . I k t r os o 'h P r s
,a"a"",,-t p',nv'
xr"}i ":"!.q,,*a
::i*,;;,i;'{fl",lill., :l1llr",r,l1'
ao!lh." r.Pli?It th" Brc'e"
ff'Yffi'*" * "v
:$t'",-::x;"It,;i"
li. r'll, ot r all s Ld€s
' ' N o. no',,o s
EtcepILe
se poslF ld'e ctDd verbul de S 2662
Inv"rsarpaPrcdi.ilului 'u subiectulnu
'drcldrstreeste rntr o fo'm6 compusa:
_\ e" . n? /.ad s4 rd, _ lor r hous h l v - pnPv pr s P"n it '
'rii", l i+v a"s: ;'P or rh" o\?t hndP!4li*d
"i'rrl'ri
cumulat'ive($ 2954): s 2663
i) tn declara-tiile
'The cnildrctr€rc lunetv " "S9 ifl, r"'
we mu5t qo no{, dd so mr4r Jotr4 -
;ll;*":l;-""l;'i:l'".\il'f,11,3"j',"''"
F:xt.nlLel
esle fiinle sau S 2664
Ct d subieciul celor dofd- propozitji- dfimdti\
, . , r, 'I l'i"' i ".i ' i , ; ^ ; *" '" .t'" t'i i n ru a' pr odu'
su b i e ctu c:
'ac€€aqi
- man So n ' .i 5 ' a:dIh" ti rl
'1 ,.,.. 1' , *- , 1y ' t , . ' .' :d ..' h "
* l t j s S . t t ing Llar k - _ ts " rr rr'
-
::;tllly",1ll;
;m$l:"-i" il,i,liT,]ji,i;:"iill{'1'.'i-"'1',#i.''
i):Jp'[irlffi
nD rorPs'
'''" Tii)''11:l'.r*t 'Lnrir'"
E' rpr' r, drrpsiurpa ':" din ar'"rdor'r-
Ph'@ti. B;ainst in EnstistL
5S8 SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI
s 2665 B. LOCUL AI RIBUTULUI
$ 2666 r. toclil, ATRrBUlfiLUr ADJDCTTI'aL

$ 9667 l) Adj_eotivul
atribut al prorumelui, In limba englez6,adjectivuteste
px . pp! r d pr onr m Flor p p r s o n r l e :
nraca t drrd T'ron um e. i u
T|ere $ds soruboda sii.l rheri.
H. $iir r,r4li"i \ . ir y ut r n/ .
Did onuthn! .r.iiia! LiDDenr"
t h o! ;4 1-b ;h^ ' "d liir d bJ r . F: r . I I. r r .
"i'
Etceplie
Lucktt lou !
Shelookcdsoluriousthat jt wasrselessfor/or n€ Losayanytningin Iny d€ience
2668 _ . 2) Adjectirul etiribut al sdrBtantirutui. - ln limba englezd, spre deose
bire de limba romenn. adjectivul prer€dd substanti.rul pe iare il ialificn:
l.hc nt.. girl a /t€ €vcning tf.ry ctrildrcn
Exceplii
s 96ii9 Adjectivul esle pus dryri substantivul calitirat:
dl in u ele titulatud;
Al a mJ 6p ,ad l \ l nis t t I l. , ; D. ' ", , i a " r J
Co!.rôt Genqal NotaN Pu &7t;
Licutcnanl,-C,a..dl Pr€sirlint !r.i
l\l^jnt (i?ncptl htit opporc\l
r','\im.'slF.r,'€ , e/ , I hat p; ; ' unpt be
Lni,A]!r etunt
-qoricil.oPc,rfai
SecreiarJ-G,,.ral Pael Laurcate
Er\tay Erttua inaty cousin-Rcmdar
,./ h cileva denumid gi expresii consacraLe:

li$t person stz(ald.
third rrerson ,lald?
"Captajtrs Coa;d!.o"s"
'
"Paiadise 2,s,"
Asil ,Vtn,r
tJt6a Mdiot \sa\ Minat.)
Jon s m.nar \sa\\ malat )
\ tudjot \nnz.)
B ninat (ntz.l
th€ adjeotivc t-pl C ftat lnt\z.)
c/ ponl,ru a scoate in r€lief adjectivul:
thc onlJ rcmedy posiirle

ttom rimes imncmotial ihe best inlcry.€talion prorull,.
The.e are momcnis lzfo.sr,dDle.
''Ilo q NFll lh r' y aqr r c j ov er t hins s
li qas llatted pire and sinDtc.-
''Tl,ose rnuskei'eds ot lnUicity, .lc'p
tlJ cind adjectivut este o porecle:

Peterthe C.cd, Charlesthe fdi, Ilan urc ?€/.iDtc
r Ve . o r:mir .0 . v dr i pnm ar l: \ ar s al v ar l. p l . @ q t a - g e n h .
'R. Ardinaton, Death 7I a Herc.
ORDINE^ CUVINTELOR IN PROPOZITIE 560
. d, clnd adjeciivul cste forllllrt cu prcIjxnl d- (dftane. aftai(t, n!dt)e.

o.l'd\t. ntirp. a:t" t,. utoA ..j (S ;.rll:
"
\\ i h prp s a!u / . " 1' p. hil, l iool. d oL
Tlf s. d n ,:r ' / r or d . ' "dh Lr d , hp
ln ihc sctling srtri I saw a in|e;sh- ar a Fnrdorr.
/./ cind adjeci,irul este nume predicatil'. in care caz cste Dus rtupi verb
iau dupi complementnl direet. daci acelJla existii:
The crop ,16 1t,,.
They (oiNnl,red thc DIar dull.
PaiiL ttu tabl ati;! '
,qh. ,nad. rn, dr.ss ho k 1!.
I la\t\d tre chit tn:n asLe?."
') irrd ed jntiru 'i . n! lir ". , r p J " r u ,.. ,,

t r . un. ' r h. la n".,rd
l i lrl n en\ rnr.. trn t'. !rn n / n. ] r c t ) :
Tlic roon, \Yis Len leert hish
\\, !,k r L iI r . , it t ! uo, d. : I . t .
rLP ro tumn s \ \ c le. . nt ur t Px Dld
The.! .rme to l.hc neettlg rpo thouehn stunc.
irl cind adj€ctivxl are un complcment:

i teachef /'trd r, alt
a m.n qo h! af th. nane
a lnpil drri,us tt' harl Dqtkh
a voran fnt b ktutt at
;L house ld.sd.,o,s, to h.ld scrodt fahities
i, cind atribulul €st€ o locutiune adjcctivflli:

'rh-"wonan iu d.f. is our sm,etrl.
Ask the nan r n, l',sn.
3) Participiul. - $ 9620
d) Participiul precedn substantivul cind are r.aloare adjecrivaln, dar it g 96?1
urmeazn clnd cste verb. adici atunci cind sc referd la acliunea insd;i:
tooli away lhe .rytrs balX. lAdjectiv)
T1i€$!mtn. .fytng. told me hr. sl.o.y. 1v€rb
Slc wo.e a z',Ls€d cxn.€Bsion. r,\dicctivl
T he oowd. ona.".d by the m.nkeys. i{u;hed llelishi.edty. {verb)
D, Participiul urm€azd suhstantivul in citsl'a expresii consacraLes,
unde S 26?2
pnstrcazA incd. in mare rnisuri. caractcrul 6{u verbal:
on Lhe .\iy atpainted
on ihc nighl /bll,( /,g
c, Pari.icipiuL pus dupri substantiv.La gi adeseaadjeerirul in aceeasi\ 26?3

l.oziri'. ".r" , lrivalpn ,u u p-opnzrlicel..riva:
If n lnrmo "n n. ! . ", r . . nnllai, t
"ar p ri ,,,\!ss,n,i , r , l i r . 's 1 , . 1
-
too .o". p4t . "Lanl r o. 7, "/ , / , . r nr ' 1" {t , r , t , r , u 5 t o n , u r n t r "
li n g , L nd w on dc.lul...).
lle told m. alont lrre sr cne /,v.lr'd in his b.ok (: {.Iioh ras dc!.rttred h his bookt.
1a
/Dr : nrisuri ,le luisine (desliinlaln) : \t ii.l.es Nn.4i! t:tn.
a , Ja. t 4+ rd I ae ldFs r inr dt " , . 9t . 1 n ,
Llrul-ld/i rr, i 5,,'r ' "i
, r "J J ", ir r . ' r . Dd{ r iu. l I r m ", r / j . L , L J L '\ u t , . r n a , , . n .
brat: , . t , . "t..t. p,-ifir' t uor r e5dr t l . r ',
t , iF, - J da. J . . \ . m J , l . . . " " r o J r . 5 p u n . - - i
tol,l rdlth'. .^ Lhe folla,inr iiv-|t ctr
0bscr a a lte
28 , 7 4 \ sF o b .ar \a d plasrr'sparli'ipiuluidu p a s u b s ld n lit -(€ 2 6 ; 22 6 1 3 \
.a si dsozarpJhdj" li\ului propriu-zisin acFpH,qi po/rtrp/zbbLr).sar\'srF ede-
seori li s.oat*tp.r ln reriar 6 .alili'arivutui.
9G?; 4, !ub.laDlirul cu nr4i uull6 ralili'sli\e. Cir'l n srroslarriv rr" nai
.nulta .dlil;.ari\o. rdi ,rirul ."1 n,ai lFgat. io{'lF' ''' suL'srrri! 'td
'acesiuia. 'a
inediah tndinlda celelalte indcpariindu-se treptat. dupa gradul
r.ieapropi"r, al inl,lp'ul'ri l^r 'l' inrFlP,jul.ub'lar"ivuluj
p"r'ru Ll.rFrminJn.b ordinii rn "ar" adja riv"le pra'.di uhsrHnri!ul Hli
ii"-l nu Fxi.ld r.culi .b"olul". dF ',r.d ,rrn6rorL,l 'l'el n'r po0r' 'la oe 'r
sugestii.
s 26?6 Sub.tdntir cu urai lllulie cnlilicatiTo
ra..r*"r r"*r,. "lffli-

L
l'*e'' 1r';s-
:liil-,
'
ili"
G t J r r F la, l ' lo ,,u rl i -J l F .ri \p .b r" p .- ' ,1" rrn sul r - " onbi na
" ' r' i t
|T a; lr F . v' n r. In l i -,D a c n s l p z l i " i n d,l r" dri i n g' rrpr' \n L' " l ul
liile,'r.
d e m ai s us :
I1r. Smitn is a /znn?/,nr€ man.
The housc itas.r l;;sd ,U bnilditg
T hes e ar f io* /,,, a u tu rn r.ta rs
! \ . a" r ' r \ ' 1i r! ,i d rr,r,. $ e d l l ' ' r'
T h s E . 1 , " t ,o l r i r / L s \Pr:d D,i n ;
She had a nd( D/ue.ntn,. -, lrock on.
lhe.e s'as a btachrnatblef'epla.e in IIc parlour'
Ja.k B tr bald-healetlil,rd old man now
267 7 Clnd ur . ub ra rr' i r a rp m i m u l r' r" l i l i " rri v" a4srP d por pr' rda
' drr
u rm ' r uhs t ant iv u l , .d u u n ' s l i l i ' a l i v p o d l F prF' aLl o subs Jnl i !ul cpl Ful l
urmlndul, ln {unc.tie de intenlia scriitorului:
d. / . h" is J , , ; p . 4 p ' . a n d o a 6 i " s w o rd n
san: Dl She is a woman nt.d, .leer atd qnusias.
sa u : . , S lr r ' t" r' 1 n .t a tu d Ptg
d./ lrlo l ' . 5 ' i ' . fr 1 i L d l\6 ' l' ild r 4 n / ;, ! and hol P l ,ai r l nd Le'pi ttrr?'r
0bsefaaltLe
26?8 .Adi'.rir"l" pl".a " d'rp" 'ub'lanriv inr "'hi'J"n " "u o f opoz'lre
relariv; "liDri.i'?.i1r pnTiLii rot ^nrtibui" l, "' or'"rp. lor in 'plr"t'
2U79 Ctnd diur."u *i, tj""rrv"s""fla. ciin{el-s. rn 0 Plr:iereddFefropicre
de substantivul caliiicat, cel mai scurt sAu maj srmpl si; de nlrr'er mor
depart€, iar cel mai lung sau mai complicat stn lingii substantiv:
T|er. $ trs , br i{ ll r n \ 1, . r ! 6k 1
Th sl','t {i doav h ll i o ' n r r î f : t p 4! r 't i 1 F t l
lh ", a l1 d-d J . ' 5 ol e' lu dt t on Pat t t uL q L : 'a t a n 4 f 4 ! q 'o t .
trj:'...awo an al& X hi. e. . ler + aad nnr B i n g "

a-r : "... a nicc rroman. .vho i clero antL dtuu-.ihk"
i) : "..j:tittron q,ao LrLrc ks1i. and hrlly, nai.! and Lntesbdinal "
ORDINEA CUVINTI!'-OF TN PFOPOZITIE 6?l
5) Cazuri speciele.-
r,gu,ir ad!FrbplorJ- limp $ t6q0
a./ Adja ri!plF all si bolh se .onformoaza
naprc"i q . a d if d s lnL f u. p trr;// a v p rb u l u i ,,1 d form; si n' pl 5).
"
Aat dapd to be, tLuxiliare i defectitel
Thc tonrists all .ltnbd up to lx" peak.
We both atte\ded.llic end'of-tenn ceremonial .
' t 1F v o- nt p " o c i . .n i rtr r. o -\.
\ t \ : it t 5 . ! *P b o th k -" 1 o n c h ,,t r.
Ttic kids, ndd d,l seer llLe ncw pnlpel sho$'.
\\e nalj both i.in lhe .hildren round the Wt't4. Tree no$.
Cind subiectLd estc un:ubstantiv, adjectiwele all fi rcllr pot sd il gi pre-
A lL. b k ids l \a d s e e nth e n e $ ' p u p p e is h o i v.

All (tha) Luti'ts .,hnbed up lo urc pcak.
lia \ F ! E : t " r tr n o n
' l ro p :
A se obserr a I ntrcbuin,tarea prepoziliei o/ p entru a(entu ilre : $ 2681

H r ll, ns , o ' l h " | " l i J a J i fi l l .4 o t h - :nd
All af hrn na.l tanr nonr. 't
Be nt\.et. boh al !au!
Batl; at tbeseross;riintes must bc considered.
,/ Pros6nt.Acest adjcctiv 1si schimbi in9elesuldupn locul pe care il S 2682
ocupnin propozilie:
lve ivere6howno!e. lhc ]Dsii|ni-"]y tNo ol the ?r.s.n, rrzd.dr (: sl.udenjiiacinali).
All the sradc,tsrresen, (: sirdentii pr€zenli)go in lo. sports.
., Enough. ,{ce""t adjectiv prccedi sau urmeazd substantivul: $ t68t
He hasn'i gof ,,ozsl crteience (s .xpeienceenoLgt)lor ihc iask tnt.usted to
^n
Th€rc isn't cn,agn .rt,e (s at trine enough)to gotound,Xoushould buy sono no.c.
(v e z i i i $ 2 3 5 3 )
SU3STINIIYAL
[. LOCUI,,tTTiIBUTUI,UI s 2684
1) Urmitoarele alribrte Fecedd subsiantivul determinat: s s686
a./ substantivL adjecli!'at i
a Qoodlire (: ua ioc de lcmtrcl
/ t / e wood ( : l e m n c d c l o c l
a gla$ €Je { . un ochi de,stioul
{n rv.-glass t: un monoclul
lll substartivul in cflzul genitiv saxol:
i, ' r r io, nr . r s o u l p u l o l n " ' .n i n rr .. g a 'i : J { .dd' l j .
T . t t dp. t n o -rd h 1 \ rrd p oL o u * d i n a n tr bui l di n;.
2) Urrnitoar€le aLl!.b.ote rmeazd substantivul determinat: s 2686

d , rp oz ilia;
Unole Jdnn l.lL carly todrl.
Jones.o,r ncd apptenticc.is a joll)-' tharacld.
Itead tuom -\ct Oac, Itcene Ttro, parag.aph ntrnber rhue.
Dl substantivul in cazul genitiv prepoziiional:
The witrdo$' o/ tur roon wrs .losed.
He rvas a{arded the Order o/ Zaro&..
I &td : tulti: r/F ltdr puitimea
-
5?2 SINTAS PEOPOZIT1 T
2687 III. IOCUL ATRIBUIULUI PRONO]TINAI,

Atributul pronominal, liind un adjectiv, este pus ln limba englezdindintca
substantivului determinat:
m! lrle s!.1, phrases
oa. imp.cssion .!omdsilv€r
,/.is (sau ,1d,, lesson ahdt jo|
the tdncr lsau the lara./ No.dB trhich d,ay
{ 9688 IY. IOCUL ATNIBUTT,'L{JI I]X?IIIIAT PIIN ALTE PIRTI DX IOITBIBD

S 2689 1) Urmdtoarele atribute preced; substantivul determinat:
a_/ articolul:
She recciv.d a micro-gfoovcrecord as d p.esent.
Ale s..ll serrioe stores }'ere open otr Sundays.
,, numeralul adjectivat:
IIe linish€d nis Nork in /i@ da15.
This was the s€.ondday-nurserxlnilt in tle village.
Hare )ou a doLDrdbcdmom vacanl?
$ S690 2) Construcliile echivalente cu o propozi,ti€ relatii'e atributivE unn€a-d

substantivul determinat:
T l' a, bu\ l\ \ , , o ' .1 ,&" , i . r tr,z e { i , n e " .
Tl,c li.si nan ,o ( $ho spoke)was the ohairmnn.
T ' pi. lur 5 | l ta'"cal t a ^ | i , th :. e rl l " t! a tr a l l t " rrrdi s.
l oi r k , , ok o l J n .\o n ' "r o u i -," ,i ,7 ,rg u p idr l bsr ni g' r.
2691 C. LOCUL CO}IPLEI{ENTUI,UI
1) Complcmcntol dircct. Vezi $ 891. 2599 2602, 261E 2619.

2) Complenentul indirect. Vezi \ 891. 2618-2619.
2692 3) Yerb cu doui tromplcmente:direct !i indircct. Cjnd un verb are
doui co plenenle. unul djrect !i celelalt indirect. oricar€ din acestecomple
mentepoateli pus inainteaceluilnlt( q 2618-2619.314--318):
aJ cind complenentul dircct prcccdi conplemenlul i lircct. acesta
are forrna prepoziliorialnI
Ig "\ru ?" ,', . tl lI ) , , laur t aq , - 1t , r r l r r , '" " t o , r l : o n . ,
I ro .gtt t d Ll2t , , ' , it l. lir . ) / , " r , , d ( . , . , "1 , j ', i " . l . , e l ' / . i u a d l .
lJ cirrd cornplerrrentulindilecl. precedi complenenlul direcl.. prepozilia
cslo omisi:
I ga\e nE ha! (fon, . i,dir.) r-,.(,i/ iconpt. dir ).
I aouEhtniniron,fl. indir.ld' s;r.rrl 1.;rrl. ,lb.l
9693 Cind unul din cele doun complemertc cstc ur Zr.)rr,,/. pcrvnoL. )ootl
snu estc ,r?cdialdupi \*h,
Ee srioe.d/kr l(rttl. indir I L,/ rary l(nrl. dir I.
Wrcsho\rcdn 1.,omtl.,lii.l tu thephalosraphct i(odpl. indi..).
Cind nmind!un conplenentelesint pronume persona)e,complementul
direct, il preccdil de obicci pc ccl indircct:
\Ye shos.dt (con!1.dn.) ar,i lt (com!].iidn.).
s 2694 D. I-OCUJ,CONIPJ,EI'IE\TUT,LII
{lIRCUIISTA\.''f
I\L
Penlr locul complementelor
erprimate prin Adrerbe.vezi S 2288-
SINT.A.XA[R,.{ZEI
! !r1
CONSIDERATII GDNEIiAI,E 515
D
r)e
"[n
nmi ia
lr afndz
az crri ..... . 26!5 1JL
R ,n
.,Jror
o rl u'lu'
d"d"
^' oor d^nirp s i d F s5 rb o " d u n rr. t6sri :,:5
Et pm pr,t a p ' oor d^nirp
lrJzdl 2:0r i _5
IL C L ACI f I I ! T , t \ P RO POZ IT IIIOB 5 I BOR D N N V II: ]-B I\ A \\LO
C rI CU P A RT I LT L' E \OR BrR t ... .. .. ... ::04 576
fto p o zill&luD8t t ir ol d ...... _ .. ........ ... .. .... 2705 516
I'ro p o z if t u& diec t ir ald ...... .. _.. ... ...... _.. 2Jrt Sj,
Pro l o z it ii s ir ior bis b _ .. ... ........ _.... ..... ,r4 s78
Pro p o / ili' I m por dl, r .t11- i :8
l 'ru l o z . ll, lr ut u dnl i a ' , d r ' u ... .. .. 2:2t 5: )
l 'ro p o z iiiac ir nm s t J n l i d l ad . m ,rd .Pro l o z rl i a
. ,l /\ 57o
rro Po/ ' lr . ir 1r ' / dt 3 2710 i 80
Pr, t,o?ir. r I nllJ : d , d e s .u t, ... ... .. 2731 5sO
fsp ,/:r ia, u. D+ ul \ i .... ,273t S or
rro p o z , t r a. oD. c . \ 1 .. 2ti ' , 5,rl
. 2-\0 58:
rro ro. I , l of l. r r r na r\.r .. .. ... .. .. 2-12 i 8r
Pr^ o^7il, dpr pr i,dlird .. .. .. .. 2:4t i 83
Pro J'or iliin' nJ il onJ l .: .... .. ......... 21i 2 uo4
ri tl 53t
Structure 584
Cuvhl.ele introduclive ale tro l o z i !n ri , o n d i l i o u l r 2i 56 5aL
l L 'n u ri le l, r t k buinlat c ,t5rJ 585
Cbzu" st p' i l! 2764 58d
. otd ri r,ar_ >r p rop o/ i , , "r , . . . ..
" s.ulnr
s rD . Jon .li\rl , | . 'loJ. F d' ondilin' . l in pr opo/ t i1 L 'r 'n ,i o d l , . .
2768 587
.. ... . t776
I llF " . u- .rh_ oo , i\ rlJ , in Dr ooor ' r id f ondir onald . . . : . . . ,,.i 1 5llll
T i t' rl ir I., d ,,.n on. l. i. . . . t,.81 588
O " d,r"a l,"op o,il lo. . .. . ... .. 2JA E 5S9
P .ou, z li ,ur'!io nJl; ind. ! n r . I ' !7S 6 589
l. \ ' ai, 1 .a in tru,'o l li , ondi. t nndl .. .. 21A1 5ll9
P "ol ozil .,
"or lil nd l' "liplh 2188 590
-\lt F:,l !i 90 i!0
on\l"u |i ,,,|||i,L ' , .... l i 91 ;90
T rd/J u nd 'liolb lb d pl \ ' , r i. , 2794
ll' , pn/ i .' d lir'o nd ri : i r , r q" ' |. . np' , ". t . . 2793 590
r' ropo/r rd 1 .Idrl or'.'r; + r p' opLZ r ' . or . . ( l 5 'J l
tl r . CL-{SIl'lC\RE-\ PROPOZITIILOP" PRI\ ,^;\-ILOCIE
-cljBOItDONATE
au |AIITILE PrioPozITtEL............. :795 5,J1
f.oo, / ,lir .ub i-, lvb . .. .. . 2:. 51lt
lropn' a n -rr"\, ..... :8^l 5!'
lrcpa/ i) a at l,'i\:... 8oi i92
P " opo? il r 'o !1 ...1 " J 59li
'i
Pru l 'u / it i, ' ,ir or m J r nli i l r t81t
l 'ro !o z li' I , r . poz ilion a l e t813
I\'. STRUCTURA FR.{ZD] ,819 5!4
Protoziliu ind.pcnd.nl.,t 282t, 5!5
Ira za { r odr ler i . . .. ,8rt i 96
,8r8 i !6
ir8.r9 5!6
,7 4
!:L
597
59S
9831 5-a,q
283' 593
CORESP NNDD\ T\ T I M PU R IL OIi 2A34 600

F.su 1 1 . . . . 1836 600
Ke tn ra ..... . t83t 600
Re g u l aI I I 2838 li00
601
2846 601
A ' li.n r s,mu lr.nP qd u . on5p . i, . 2A41 602
A , .." 1 nt,.-io drll dlleil . . . 2848 60!
,\c1 j uneiiloar c . . _ ....-... 284! 60i
ni'ii,i,ri'i ri.,jri-iri" , t850 603
"'r"'c*.,t 2858 604
Condilional\tl t8t3 608
2876 608
2877
1'L STILULDI RDCT DI IN D IR EC T 1878
Definilie :879 610
Tra n slo. m ar eas lilulu i d i re c tIn s l i l i n d i re .l .... . .. .... - 2885 610
Ca.uri speciale 6tl
P.orozitia nlte.oEaiiYn " ' t39r 611
P.o ;o z iiia ex c la; at i \-n . ... - .. ,894 612
rre i u t ir r nat de t' .r e z € n l ... ... .. .. . . . . 2895 61:l
sl kn rwiu . . . . . . . . . . - -... 28e6 611
verbclc defecl.ivemodale ,' !9011 614
No d ul im per aiiv .. .. 2905 {j l {
r'rsi no- " ' -' 2906 614
sd xs it elt . . . . . . ' ' 2907 6l t
Vo ;a iiac t e . . . . . . . .... ................... 2108 61t
No l iuneade v iit or ..... . .. 2909 6tj
YII. IN TER O G A T I A$I NE GA T IA 29tl 61rl
In h o d u c €r e . . 615
Io l e ro s r lia. . . 2913 616
2914 61{t
l, \ p mo d d l ,!i 3 u \:1 i .._ 48r"E Il \v C . DO. Ll rT..... t918 61ri
Ne se l iB . . . . . . 2920 61:
\ crb( e lPri.dlp 29t1 611
Verbele to BD, to H]IVE, DO, LET ii dcnttivele modale 2923 61i
Altp ptabkw L [" aaP1rrPe't:P 618
Cuvint ele de ne ga lio . . . - . . . . . . . . 2!!8 6t.q
Du}la negalic !930 618
Senrinegaliile 29J3 619
2936 620
nesrtirn
Int€rog8tir ,937 620
:938 610
620
2943 621
29tr1 6tl
s .o ncgtti rc . . .. ....
i n to ro g a ti re 1949 622
t95t 6l l
195! 6.1.1
I n.""oC1 'a Fro "i .. !953
!!i11
:t955
n6.! di 2956 62tr
' nsul -
SINTAXA TNAZEI
(SYNTAX OF THD SENTENCE)
I. CONSIDON,ATII GENERALE
1) Dotinilia frazoi. - Fftza (The Sentence)PslPo i rbinar. de propozifii S 26$5

care exprime o gindire cornpletx int._un toi unil.er.
d / I n o ddc d and 6m i h d a t h F r'
6 j 'l b o s , h" r . F s " " r o t l i m p to ri s oo n Fd i J b ' o r' $ ' d $ho \a n; ur of
onnressus will b€ sweDi likc leaYes."r
'' ;l !.rom his bedtdon, whi.h was on the lirstlloor, he co .t not seeRhat the childr€n
did in ihe garden whcn Urey weDt out to plaX.
2) Raportul ale coordorarc dc suhoralonaro (Coonlination dnd JaD- S 2696

'si poi it:
ordination). - Propozi.tiile din frazi
a) &ordonate (Caa nn&), cind. apart;Iiid acel'ia;i categorii, se afld S 2697
in rapori de egalitate intre €lei
b) suba onate (S bardi.nate)un€le altora. cind nu fac parte diti aceea;i S 269i1
categone.
-Atit
coordonarea,clt fj subordonarease lac formal fic prin ir'.,laI'rn€'e S 2699
)1, adica prin alnturarea propoziliilor firi introducerea unui
( I udap.)sitiou,
co.rini de l€gnture, iie cu ajuiorul unui cu.ointnre Ie utft;te.
CuvinteL de legnturi poL fi: conjuncliile coordonaloar€sau subordona- $ 2700
toare, locutiunile conjunclionale. pronlrmele sau adjeci.ivelc;rterogaLilo ori
relativ€, !i adverbelerelative sau adverbele cu Yalonre de conjunclie:
I LJnp. II'\. |.on qu a"dd J - \ r t ' r r r ef d
\tp alt likFJ hin : F q r " . . L . . lux at uor -
T L v m e r oa d ia lkp d r ' ll dr . . r Cor i. ' uo, do! , lo, ' r "l
Hc A tol r su,o he p so r . m im . b- , / , F ho had J lr p. ' lJ s . ' n i r . ( C o " _ u l o " . l o n t o o r " l
SIe asked-me @/,, ine man was (P.on inte.oglliY)
Tnev told me Ure storY tnar I had forgolten. (Pron rellliv)
$.e ;ondered ,rnosd nlDer had be,,n read. (Adi. interog.tirl
I don't know on'.e tire-sed.tary has Sone to (^dv. relaiill
Coordonarease poate face atlt intre propoziliile principale. cll' ;i int're

suborLtonaLele de acelaqilel care rlcpind de aceeati regenti':.
3) El0mel1tel6frezei' - Llementcle djn care sc compunefittza se numesc: S 27{)l
al propozilii principale
6l prcpozitii secundare.
pst' lropuziijs $ 27oz
a) Propozilia principatd (The principol ar lloin fl.lusP)
crre ronline rerbul prrn"ip"l di" lra,,. E" nna'c'\cJ'su nu un in:' JFplrn
b) Propozilia secund.ard(The SuboftU'nate CLrmdl est€ subor(lonatn unei S 2703
propo;iiii ;umiid rcgrnld, carc Poatefi principala -qauo altn lropozilit secun
iarl. Da indepiinesuelunc,tia unei pi,rli de propozilie a rcgentei saLrinire
ge,stctntelesul acesteiaori al unei fir,ti de propozilie din r,'geitii:
llc stoke sloNll shcn hjs s!ee,h \as bfoddcist
1Ch. Dicliflls, Thc Cltin$ (Three Chrishat 't\n$ )

,vczr s 1103.
5?0
l' H . paA - : t " tl ' r' p d rp p ru p o z i ti d o ri r" i p" l " u InL" l -s dFpl i n: ' ' l ' ' n
n rs , " / , , r os br c a d t" t t' tr p ro p o ? i i i d " u b u rJondl i , u l uncl r' dp omprc'
me ."p| . ir ' ur r " r at lii l l c l i m p s l r" e F n r" i l
\Vc did not ask jl he was { good spori r
p .' p p ru p o z i l i u f i n i p " l " . al ..F i i nl " l c' rrphu;c i nU r-
LlV p did n, . t o' 1 '
r d| F rP nrrr' ' a l
Ei l J. br , oor dons r e ' I r' x r o o o 4 ' p ^ ri . ^ ' urnl trerrtd
Fin(ling l.hat he had loryotten to iakc his .!ai he retu.ned home to lcich rt
' H F t t ' n" dl' . n 1 0 t' t,i !t' tu ;n ! t' " h' l ' l l ot!l !" !.t'
" ' ' p ri r" i prrr: ' ho'
L d t:.1, i' n, at F - r ! U o o td o n i d ' rrro l d F ,n ' n l l " mP nr di ra' | ' l \crbrrl Lr/' ' r' l ' n-'
din principaln.l
$ 270+ PB0P0ZITIIL0RSUI}0RD0N-{TD
IL CLTISIFIC,{RE-{ PRIN
DE I OR,BIRE
A\A',OOIE CUP.tr.NTILE
lr' ,rr"n.rri . "nr-l'za.lr-lozitiil"'rrLn'ln-"t- 'i' | "uri ' dupi prtt-a

dc torbir. a .5rpi tu;, lip ; r;dcfrineF.. \s li I .rF '- irrpirl in:
,\. propozitii subst.lntieale ) - subordonalclecare tndepli
( 1\aun C Lautcs
nesc fu-nclia unui substantiv;
B. nraoatit,i odi,a'Jut" l 1di 1', l4jPa;41 rbas"s) -
.uborJo;dr;lF ;dr" ind"rli1e." lirnrlio unui adjectir:
C. proDozitii ddt'erbiaLc(Attkrh Clausessau Adt''ibiLl Cl|utes) - snb
or.donatile - cari: indeplincsc lunctia unui adverb.
! ,705 \. PHOPrrZll l.\ sl IJST.\\'l l\ALA

(TI{E NOUN CLAUSE)
SuborilonaLacare indepiineqte func!,ia unui substantiv poat€ fi:

$ 2706 l) subiectulunui verb din regentd (propozi,tiesubi€ctive):
Whataoudo is no .oncemoi mine-
IthoLeier sae s,gs is $i6e
Thot lau shtuld soll so A surltisrng
regentn (propozilie predicativn);
s 270? 2) name pr(.(licd]tit) li propozilia
He is ,noi / shan neeetbe
She made me Qnar 1 an.
5 2708 :
3) apozilic(ptopozitreatributivn apozilionald)
The nN5 ,nar ne eas aoode.d the State P"ize(are as rn agreerlle sLlrl)r]sc
ln. " rvu s d L"n' r , l t dn: h r s il|E ! hr d und ' @ o dt u ' J o t "
I Jo n l lhin k : l lil"lr / lal A" bP dr '
' t l1
5 2709 4) complenentdtrc., (propozilie completil'd dir€cln):
I r.old hin frndrl I aantad to do m! latt
H. W]€* ahal I hdd sdil
{ 2710 5j cot plement prePozitional (propozilie ptcpozilio aln):

He thousht ol shat his f4Loe'aatke$ hdd toltJ hitu
They list€ned to shat I hdtl b eU
1L tt a (saod) s!",: a nr!.legc de gluna: a li trtr lnr oamara'l

cr,,{srFrcaE a PlroPozrTlrl-oR
B. PROPOZUIAADJECTIYAL'{ $ 27rr
(TilE ADJECTIVEcl'\rjsn oF ADJEcI'Ivru' cl,-{usE)
detprmini prin
Subordon"La.are arp \Jlo rpr unrri adiecri\" 'i 'are
rndPplinpsr" tun lia d" a'ribul si este
r,rmdr. un subslsnlrvsd'r u1 pr^r'!n'r'
o propozi,tie atibatiad (\ 2a0i)
Ea €ste introdusd Prtnir_un:
( that not)l;
ii dt q)ho' tphom'tkhich' trhat' as' -
""i"]"f '"t 'a'
"*"**
bl ;drectil rclativ fulase):
ad;etb r.rariv (r'h n nt'"t" 'Nhut'
"; n p"opo'i,i" relati.vdLdeterminariadl'
/""IJ"rilin
"aj""ti"Ae "tt"
A t enlie !
cu alte subordonate:
Propozi,tia adjectivala este adeseori 'onfundati
suhsttrntir&li''- L]nelepropolit'ii S 2712
d ) ProDozitieralioctiYaldsar propt'zilio
ii""""r""a"'' "u o"opo'iLiir'
"JjF'riLarp:
",b-iJ"i;;i.";t
The pronise at /'a'l remetuLetedsa late was now useless
'io'
so l1lc' o csrc prot'ozitiradjecti!rla deter-
l'Ihar tre haiLremcnLbcreiL 'sre
substantivul 'the prornise',de care elte hgar, prin pronumcl€reLanv
minn"
that.)
that thcv Mre gathq to /'erp n . relived
her holes
Thc ttonise
l"t:#l-iii;:";#:l"lt':#':n""'.*^;;
:f:"fi,-$:x,,T
."".*J
prin conjunclia lhat l
N old
'""""l"J;"!f i:-1ffi":\il*""-l'":lililL:
'^"#':"x1ii:T'l'J
","i""#lf :li':?iilJ'irfi :;:i
::;'::"":
::':";i:'''
fr.'l;::l;"
i";ji;"1*l*;:psr" o lropozilh 'ubrrdnlivilS'
",,1""a"."'^ adverbiali'- ln frazele care S 2?13
D) Propozitioailiectirati 8&u propozitio
in:fi
t}il'.*:''';l::rrlff! {-inri"i tx,''"
iires,,i.".1,ri,.rF..ur.i'"
propozi, ^1"'J:#[l;il. J,]"*::"':l;l.;X;
ara
i'#,;i"",""""
lll"illlli;Jill"i,l;"J.
i;11,;:,;':llllll osropu,
adver-
pecindpropozilia
""""#:$;tttti'ff1:Silatd estenunaide'erninari,ii'
h;ali e.te ex?IicalLed
l Ve z i g 2t 40- r 741
']'e z i 5 2t 42
encreze
3f - Gradaue ilnbri
878 SIICTAJ<A FNAZET
! 2714 C. PROPOZITI,'\ ADVERBIALA

{THE ADVERB CLAUSE OR ADVERBIAL CL-{USE)
2?16 Propoziria adverbiald este o suhorJonati carc tndeplinest€ funciia de

adverb. Ea "orespundFprot^7iLi"ir;r r,tlstontiat" din ;ramalira ron.inj.
2?16 ..Ca 3i adverbele, propoziliile adverbiale se lmpart ln urmitoarele cate-
gorD pnncrpare:
1) propozilia temporald
2) propozi,tia circumstantiali de loc
3) propozilia circumstan,tiale de mod sau comparativi
4) propozitia cauzal{
5) propoziria finald sau de scop
6) propozilia consecutifi
7) propozi,tia conc€sivd
8) propozilia relativ[
9) propozilia condilionali
271? l) Propozilinlemponld ( lhc Adr,rbiol .lou.? af linral rispunde la
lntrpbdrilc ,ri"r? sin".,rhcnl ltll ||l4n? (lat) hae IonE?ct.. ( ;i',dt d"
.indl p;narlnd i .;r ri-p:' pFnlru.lt timplj. Ea esteintrodusn1n p,"',"rpprin.
oltff. bqaft. as. dinc g. an,,. till. until. qh"n. tahnptpr.,rh;t",;h;tr,,
now (that), dr (sau so) Iong a.s, 'in.".
as soan as, hardly... ehen, scaftelE...ahen,
no sooner...than eLc.
d, I shal] go ic the licin*s ohzt I haee finishzd qo*.
H€ shall not come herc ahile I an aqau.
As tahg as gou aant to qoli, yon $.on't feet uselcss_
,.) I should latk to hin ds 5oon as I sar ntft, if I w€.e you.
c) Ilanlh/ had. h. cohe hrtue rtuz he was recalled.
Ih.t! hdJ : o-ptu Jtn;.h"d d* sire *hen rhe eu srs arrived_
fio hod l':pattu h t,:n /fi;" / rp;ret:Fd my $ords.
"aon"r
0bseraalit dsupra eremplclor
2?18 aJ Ctnd verbul din regenti este lfl /iitor, verbul propozjtiei tcmporate
eslel; indiolirul pr"zpnlp;nlru acliunilesau st6rilpsi;ullanp, saula pr". n-
fin perfect.cind.acliunea sau starea din subordonata este anterioar.i ac.leia
or4 regenna.
(Veziti g t850 2853,t860-986r)
2719 D) Crnd vcrbul din rcJent.ip.teld .ondilionot,vcrbul propoziri.i Fmro-
"al" cslp ld 'ubjon"tir.rV.zr ri S 28 18)
t 2720 c) E ard.lyg\ scarcelgslrit \rrir,aLede when; no sorzer, fiind un comparah v,
este umat de lDdn.
scarce?ysau na soont se afl; la lnceputul propozitioi tempo-
Clnd.hd.rd.LlJ,
rale, vprbul ps.e inver.al 'u .ubi""lul.
ln acesttip de trazl lexemplificat la punctul fnl], subordonai,acuprinde
ambii membri si loculiLrnii:
he was recalled(prorroziiie
pdncilal{)
Il@dly had he comehomeelea (subordonatd temporah)
the suestsarrived (propo,ilieprincilali)
They had s.a/.cly linishcddressingrii?z lsubordonaH
temloral,'i)
I resrel.ted words{prolozifieprincitald)
m"1.
No so,El nad I sloke! to ljm daa lsubordonautemlorald)
CIJASIITCAREA PN'OPOZITILOR 6?l
A tcnIie !
A se compara:
(Trnlrotclr).S272f
a')'|'heddre4hddtuthehadtalkciltomeaLouthisintcrestintootball
t h p d o h . ; s heb. s 4nt a .tu" ;9 . s h " F a l i z rd i l n J ' rh e I t^hri on for qhi h rh" I' a I
a vocation. iTemDoralir)
h t'l n .la\ ' t on a hi h ),' n d d 4 a $ rs h s l d :l d r r h " ' ummFr.am! (A l ri bu' i \ l l
../1 .md m a ( uh? nt s h "b " | a " l " .tu ' i ' I \a s 1 l u rn r_g p i nr i n l rpr l i f" rA tri '
butivd)
fl n e renplul d^ la p u n ' l u l //' .r' ' u b n rd o n a l " l " rdi punJ l a Inl rabrrea
wr"p2 si .i nt . Dr in ur c \ s i e , tc mt' n rd l p l r.t' c m p l u l d" l a pun' tul 1' b' J. sub-
o r lt on d ta d " t " c hina s uh. ra n ' i v ;l -l h o d s y g i e { te adj ocl i val 6 (rtri buri vd).
or inri o a l a iiir ' d: - T he dr t w u s h i . l " ' i a r l b F s ' rmmpr .smp ' Tn .xempl ul
;. L, p u n "rLl / - t , . ubor i l o n a ta c .ri q i .u l i L .re n u r"i re dcrormi na' rrbstanri -
r u l - L h " mo , r n' r t ' s i es Led d j c .ti ! s l a (d l ri b u ti \ d ). p ri n" i pal a ti i nd -tl ' n moment
was a turning point in her )ife".l
2) lroDozitie cioumstar,tiali da loe (Tlrc Adeerbi&l Clause of Place) $ 2722
resound' la tnit'birilp '" r" hna lar2 ham 'rl"'P'(: undcl iolotro:' plnd
unjc.' d. unde11.Fla est" ir,lrodusdprin .rvint"l" h t'. ,h"nrc. shithff'
aheraeer,wheresaeger elc. :
I crn t takc vox shie I'ot^ eoing
r comc a.rois him ,.ha.."r thqp ;s a ,a"..4.
,4 tenli e!
lylpre nu introduce mrmai propozilii ciroumstanliale de loc, ci Si pro- $ 2723
pozilii substantivale, adjectirale qi principale:
Whire he ao .As i! d Dl"J s anl pld. r ' Pr onu/ ili. s ub5 l a n l i v 'l . t s u L i ' l : v . i
T cll me tu fik is t Pr opoz i' t ' " s ulJ anliv dll ' om l ' p l i v d d i r e ' l l l
'ln lt "r
| ,3ntrp,nrmb h e pt at p / k l; ' ps . Pr opoz ile d d j e . r i v r l l € l r i b _ u r i v i
' tina& s au a f t f ud! (vropozrlr pnnflparJl
\V p $pD\ lo lrrF th .alr.,
'h
3r ProDozitiarirrumbl^sn!ialA de mod. Prolozilia romlrralivd. (fhP 5272t
Adv,tbial atdr;s"of lllann"r or ahnrr''i.ar) r""pund" la in'rpbErilal?o4r']
hotr much2 ha* nana 2 hou,many tifies? eti. (:ium? ctt,l de cit€ ori?)
a) ProDozitia conpatatiad contine al doilaa termen al $ 2?26
r,".i .;mparai;i stafitilp d. rpgFnra.f€ esr" introdusdprin "uvint"l" as as tf
as thonpl than, t/l€ + un comparativ, so far asi ss--.as etc.l
As it eas eith ,ttn, so it tns $ilh her'
Slro sniled as if shz betelod'r enjosine heser
They looked aL ne @ thoush the! hdi
Thev daDced \ettet thdl ther saas
aIh; less she heaB abaut t, thd bettef it is
,./ ConjunctiathDll esteprecedat.rde un oomparativ carese afld lnregentd. S 2?26

(\''zj pcnuliimul exemplude maj 6us)
Conjunc,tiaas poate fi precedat{ ln regente de cuvintele dsi sa, $acl, sau
Snp is ,s clpver or r/'e n lf.t'y

ll, is n ot i,/d s im Dor t r nl as ! u! / 1, , r .
lh.l" $ ss.r./. ldu; ' r l"r as / , "; had nen 1 ."fu "
She spokc in the s;md quict wsy ar si" hdd al\,aus dane
I j,r cu.p nt n li 1bd "n; lpr , . , , r l, i . . i J ' " J a s n j o - v : n g1 . 6 . 1 1 . t o r n d

"D une n:"4
" o I . . dr,r.r'
rorln r' -lsuo sra nd ard
A"d maricdl
ch id,
.o rc.t1 . )adi.
ld"a'd "' d1' - "n",
t t n""t r ' t' r inlrluaa . d:ri' i r i c J o s u p o 'r l F
' , r . ( v 4iqli
1.
-jl
680
2727 c) Llips a rtrb u l u i in p r op ozi I i a . on p 0r t Ii I d

\ ' pr bul din pr o p o z i l i a s p .u n d a r6 .d r;.o n ;r i l ui p al doi l pr t" rmnn al un.i
comparalii poate adeseori lipsi:
Hp is m or F s ,n " ro u s /n d ,
Itjs larenls ire as old a, nind-t;.e]. " n r:s
I don l s r ' eal,a s s o o ,l En s l t o s d o trJ o ,.
T Ley dr t m or " :n i c .l ' g " n l -,,ta ni h i v a r' l f
Alec is lceling bcllo iodal ,,,aDlhe l'aslr -." . a,er,,i.
tos,
ln unele cazuri. etipsa verbului poate crea ambiguiidti, care trebuie

tdeturate prin repelarea hri, lD special in scris, unde lipsesc mijloacele
o ra l c dc lam ur ir p c i n :d ,,u l u i : a r, a n 1 . i n ro n al i F, pl us g" sLi .6 eLc.
272A P r opoz iLia. om p d .s ri \d e l i p t;" 6 F s l F , e a m" i ti pcre-nraformA de compa.
He is more jrduslrious than lou latel.

'
Thev Dlav q .ll
aq !P r ' ,| ;wr
II i"'h:" .jarhrldn ^ no",.060.h..un L ominsoul.
-ir "J'lo;
Ahe &oner lit isl,-,r, Ae'ertit jsl:
rh. natu t\|a arc1,&e henie;L\r tsi.
\-prbul din propoT;!i€,ompflra1i\aplifti"n nu poatF,ns; lipsi de.it tn
caTulclnd pslt lo rr, bsu "lnd arit ln rFgpnta,l' ti ln subordonalEse afl; a,c-
lasi lerb.
(Veziii ! 882-883)
2129 d) Jnlo.u;rro prora:t!t i ronporoti!". Propozitis
.ompirali\d inlrodusdpri; coniun.tis ,rdn po,le ti uncori inlo.uild nrintr.u
conalruclipcu infrnitirul. ca:. estp pr"ierald , a Iiind m6r scurlal
lo u "o uld n'l do b"ll"r lhbn l"d' - lr " d on"j n,, \ \ ' lnsn i/wd 1"// h"r alon nlq
Th€re was notling the child disliked mofu than ,r:ra, ar. l,nme br l,mscu 1: thair
qhea he ndyed ai lome by hinsell).
2?30 4) Propozi,ttacauzali ( The Ade.rbial Clauseof Causear Resson) fispnl;ld"

1a tntreber € {tru (=, Ior vhai reason)l /rom ehat &tuse2 (: de ce? din ce
cauzd?).Ea e.(teintrodusd prin as. because. sincer. wherea.*,;n that, nat tha1,
for the rco-.onthat an the Ero nd that, cansideringthat, sccingthat9l
I didr'i go to the bon' n e btaa* I wastied.
r;,e nu " atts 1, o, "not h, . n: u, e". t uL 4"r . I s n a l l 0 . , i s t .
.o ns:dp i;nsi thdt t . p r c \ p|dA s , / , r.n hF teFl $Fltr
- ir , , - noLr
2731 5r tropozitifl linale rau dc {ol tTLF tlt rbiat atauceof Pdrpa'p) rt).
punde la intrebnrile tty (: $hai forJ? for what purpose? (: in ce scop;r).
Da esteintrodusi de that1,so lhat, tn aftLefthat, Iest,for feor el,c.:
I gor.up early rnd,Tl na!/ be in tihe for schaal-
Sh. l ll al on"p ro that .lb nitzh! k,"p h.t ot pan m" .
T l, " \ ill3g" m $ o u l d nl Ip r. s i d rl $ i l n o u ' i gni ,l " ,tor teor l a.t ;r tl ,p
' " " ha" t' l ea
r ln a" " as ' a pr o p o z i ti l i !5 F 5 rFa l | ! rb u p rd,d,. cl l si s b:' .1 .1.

: P . . i5lii r pc oma n dpr l i p " l tp rb ,l u i n u m n i1 r .n.i ,j i d rr" srd 5- rl l d rn a,r' ai
' mo
9i mod n, ambetep.opozilii. ln limba curent{ lnsl aceasinrecomandarenx e6t€rcspecta6
t5 8 831,
$to leatu alone a lisa In pace.
-
: In stilul olicial si ju.idic.
. "on.;d*in6. rpi?6 ttut .. ,t"t lil|'d r'..
? lrar : .i si.
CI]ASTFICAREA PROPOZITIILOR
68I
Verbul.dinpropoziliafinelCest€In gcnere la modutsubjonctiv( { l5?5). { UZ8S

ûe r-erc
marmurieorr.tn8d. cu inliniti,tl cslcprcfaraldpropozi_'
o con6tructic
lrFrrrnare,deoanece
dg mar multd concizie stilului:
I gel up early ,o D. ir tims lor sohool.
Sl'e left ot once ro /r4dphcr appoinrmcnr.
w, wFrent' l.t to start witlout a guid". nat b e.t lort tn rh. tao.t.
,. 6) PmpoziliscoDcoculivd (The AduerbtolClauseof R"sultor Conspruti4 \ ZTgl

C{daje,/
€ralA,con3cclnla sAurezultatul Eo esteintrodu6d-
actiuniidin regentd.
pftn uw, so nar, lso'.-.)tkat,(suchL...)
that,but:
Nrvpr a scck sop6 by ,[zr sh. h.sn t @M ,o s.c ur.
A r fasf.mo rnin Se omo .60r iat u. naa dbk t t 6nt ineow h u r n . u .
rnc rclfnS wds so, good /ur i! *.nt to sa th. ,ta! d.anl
Hr! mcmofy sas su.ht ,hat h. rcn.nbtud a ldce 6ni si-|.
, oov.r prs rh+ Univr|sity Librdry ,urr rnanb.. tha old lib.aian
Atenlie!
... ,So,.fiind adverb, dpt€rmind un a,ljrcrir sau un ad,,ert tin rcgFnti; such, $ Z?g4
runo aolecnv, oclermtno un.1rA9tdnlrrdrn resenti.
,- ?) Propozitis eoocesirl (Thc,tde.rbiat (lau'se ol Contessionor (oncusite E 2?16
Clarrp', sratd lmprcjursFa car. nu o izbuliLsA tmpipdi.ea.!iuneasau sLarca
drn regentC.Aceasldpropozilieestc o sc.undardiitrodusn prin: /d, )/lrouqi,
atbet\ as4.but,.ven tf. ev.n thou.h. fot all. in spi. of. if.'ho,|Plpr. ihoe;t,
qnttneaef. wnate9ef Qtt. I
'rhnugl.sla is nt f,i.hd ol hind. I hnvr r hrsh !t'sR.d rlr h"f rtn,li,ati\r
Itddsotu dd she Ies DpoDhlikc her. ,lnili.niivl
fl l I o .n. on t hF O 'i.
. N. T.ro n r i ri rl , l o u ? r,4 r/ / d o l ed aU,i xht. \tnol fati \r
Fo t a l l ! ! nus ou, ) s hd l td o € s I i i n k ri l . rl n d i L e ^ .t
ri v i
sh , .o uldn r bF eeltts h,/ ri e rS u tj i o n .i i v l
Hoaa?, bk! ha no! b.. h; JrssJs ' ' ,.drin,ts
. time for . n, s hook Sul,ion,tir r.
| $ o D I apologl. , .r ' ha te e r y o r s o !. In d :c a ,:v srbron..ti v
I h Jr, k no$n hc f r or y" € rs . b u t"n4.t,a te h o fti e rd s .
Propozi[iaconcesivtr
nu esteintrodusdIntotdeaun&de o conjuncliesau S 2?36
, un
o€ DronumecomDus:
Sh ;tu ght Lc plait . b|r .h € w rs l i k e ,l !v c \k v b o d v .
L"t my Ftarepvet,o v n8rdrs&I,.I slol dli,Jyd be a kind mo,h. r ro rl,, ,..
'aas
. Inversareaverbului cu subiectulpoate de asemeD€a
exprimaideeucon_ S Z?32
R . th o to" r it ho! . - h o w e a " rU r,r'm.,v l c l . L rn r g o ; ng.tn,rngon S , .,J
jonc ti v !rczc nt c u r dlc r ir c l a v i i to rl J. S u!-
Aa n r,pr e l& J . i s a s o ri s l o t m e !" ry v prpi " nl l
Bu n a "t s l, pnit h! -' hF " o..rn J n s l ,car.. tii ubron.ri
B tr, r'" o u l d r b -sth e rc i n i i m rS .. b,on" l i ! -i :i ;
O b s e rr a ti e
Yerbul Inl.rcbuinlstln propozil,iaconcosivd estcla modul i.ndicatiolctnd.& 27Bg
sc rFlerdla o srtualrF.reald, sa! la m-odul (pre?enr.
suDjon"li/ formareebesau -
c o n s r r u , l Dr Bcusr o u id.n0gorrmzthP )
ctndconlin" imp lic B ! ia d e p ro b lF n -s t i. ,
* r""'6"""
;"1i;"*."*r;,;,,"
- "; ffix*l*i,"::i:hm,f(i:|i:lit:l!y
3 d,Pn : d€si {6til tormat).
I Prcpozilia conc.sivr care contin. @
{: detij nu InceD..cu acp.bt.iconrunctie.,i
cu un substaDuv,un adr.ltv, ur verb sau un ndvtrt,
5Slil lorbal (conline subjoncl.ivut cu LE.t).
.c:o ri cu b, or ic t t+ s u b j o n c ti v u ltc t. n o ra 4 d . m ri E us).
TYe zi _r ie. t em plele la- . 1 2 ? 3 5 .
6E!
ireal sau o presupunere.ln limba romdnd indicativul se traduce prin indicativ,

iar subjonitivuJ9i .onstructiileru should, si nay (n4ht) se trarlucru nondi-
Lionalul.PrezFnLasubionclivuluidd slilului un ton formal, litprar. dPsuct
chiar. atunci ctnd subionctivul nu are forma moderni sau nu e inlocuit cu
indicativul:
she is very competent.(Indicativ)
Thotrghsl,€ ld'.f6 capc.icnce,
{Dr'i li lrrs"rrc a\ pPr ir nl' , ps lF t oJ r lp ' oTp"lp n r I r .
A" h p ,v"i so 6lp"n ho Ls y ouf t u1h"". ( Subj. I o r m d v . r ' ) ( r o r n i . l i r ', d r I
, bu
tori, r, d . /r d" . pv pf , pr p r d al )
hvcn lhough the hotBo on fire, he $'ou]d sleep ihfoush it all. {Subj. prezent)
lChia r d a'a a . / aa lo. . '/./,
' s J . el n r i dr d$l4n' d . )
Yo u musr L lo yo ur r as k pv pn lnough y or . hon d t . d i l h . i t l . v
(T.ebuie si-!i indeplinc$ti sarcina chiar dac{ a' ti s,t It sd pdr.t'S g.ea.) ubjon
\Yhaicvcr you tudy (s au ntst) say. he irn'r .isht. (Subjonctiv)
Orice at sratu (s au @tp&,ea sp,ner, tru are dreplale.
2?35 Elipsa in propozi!iaconrc.irii. eind propozil;a non."sivd arc acelali

subic"t cu p-Xen1n, subi.ctulsi predi,alul ei pol lipsi:
,Bn lhc wasl ct;pplel,, he was leading a u3etui lite.
Eo@eret
"n unlikel! lit aete), the thins happetred.
The weafher was pleasani.,laenl if Lit aasl cotd.
! 2?40 8) lr opoz ilia rc l a ti v d (T h e R e l o ti ,' e rh u * 1 i nl rodus6 de un pronume.

" sl a
u D adjec t iv s au u n a d v p rb re l a l i \i . o rp ri m€ L sdu bubi n{el €.
5 2741 Cuvintele care introduo propozilia relativd slnt:
prununp r,latirc - wbo, \vbom, wbicb, \\lLal, lLdL. a.i
adj,tti,,p relatir, - wbo"F. \bhh. wbal;
. ad.vefie relative-'$hen, rvhere, why.
There soes lhc nat Nho is one ot ow ablest .oaches.
I can'tan$ler lor a child lda, sau whoml I hdtdly knoa.
Hp ha s a n rm " t h|lt i" laaou. .
She did .rio, (: that shich) she coulrl h heb.
Yo! may takc such sleps 6 you ttlink fit.
Thal was tho honse ehose t naIt had, baen Stutatu-
L asr yp d.. a kr I in Nhr h) / r nr ; ll, I had r o l t p d p i n b e d .
Tn Jt io .n;r , /r . . , . i' r $hiih. "' , ! r d- , id, o i s t P ; \ d d a p
TrJl ,{ u ,{" ,- t : " r . a, on lo- |9hic ht he auk t a t d r r ; n d I n i n " p r i n S .
Pronunele, adjectivul qi adverbul relativ lac parte din propozilia r€lativd:

4 ' we p r o o qr . ll hdJ t h4 d, lot ! l, a had b* n. ho : e r I o , t h " l . \ J i f s p o t : n pi"tuf?
'
,; f1 .;,,or t' hon) r lou l@ , ". n p" , s \ "r \ g a o d i n l h - l " a d i n g p d r l
lln arnbele exemple, "the actor", aniecedentul pronumelui lelativ, fac€

oar l;.lin proDo/iti" nri-cipdli, in,rrp psre,omtla'nFotdirFcl (pxpmpluldl
iau subiectrexemilul 6r. PionL,m"l.rel"Liv fa' e paruedin pronoziLia suhordo
nar a! in .arF estpquLio t invomllul al .,, .omilcmnrr dire' I ip\Pmplul ,r'l
ProDozilidrFla irD pont" ll da,rn,no!ltit ;au ' ryl;"ot;ft1.
2?12 Pfoiozitia dclermindlirAI th. n.\t,rtir" Rplotifpatou:c) .sle numiLa
asrhLDcnlrJ.u..dplarn,irl]-.'nra FdFnluleau.idcn'iti'ln.lu-l; cu altp.uvintc
ea servestepentr[ a deosebi.dc alte obiecte! similarc, obiectu] denumit d€
antecede;t. Fiind absolut necesar; tn!€lesului, nu poate lipsi din frazn qi'
ca atare, nu este dcspi4iti prin virgull de rest:
Tl\e docLorthatlou rahs up in thematning\as cometo seeyou.
She has seet the land rlrrc otahlc-ttc.s btossotu.
Il.oo o/i i!J,,,;, r / ; p r o p o z i : r p" _ L i . , i 'd . d 'o 1 r " 'o

' 1" uni d u l o r i
r" slrin sA,;1 "1 ":'l' o "lqpd n r lui. . t r t t lpoula"r plia! Nd P 6 l i u n e o r i numild d"r..iprrril
: Sen sg ran atic al: at it lii, , le, c il9i luc . ur i ( $ , ) .
563
CLASTFICAREA PROPOZITIILOR
propozitia *.ltll.'S.I";ii]j,l"l';
der*minati)1.*,: r",,""i ,:.pricr-| ri4l
;;;' '," cs'i'indispensaL'd
,",.,1""",,ox11111"",Tl1,1"i1'"111;,3r:l'ri*;;,"
lll),*iiiri","iqina*.avind r*"j.'::tlUl'"'"1ii"il.'J#
;-*;.:::Ii:il:ll:
in
il;",ir,.i ",i"" "ru""'"'a"n''t
::;i:l::xl ::l:l',;:ljl,'jl'li'l';::t''*
; ;;'^fi''"'Tl'llr
;ri,l;l::r"rurr:t;';
liru:it*:-:Oi
My r{ile, rno ts catuingL'@tar'
$ill }c lleascd to scc Jou
ro sr? i/on' coordo-
il- principali: -llv \fift tt'ill be pleasea
""*-tl" is c('ning
"utu"lo-on'"ono,'1'" relatiYe p ncipul6' coordonsfi cu A: eho
'" ' a delichtful week'
t n**U urrough Proguc' *ha e I s1ent
\'{hp'r'
lii:,:'#Ti'i"'"T"'1"9:i:i"'?r.';' a
t spen'i
i - i:lli:ili:
a't;:iia *",t (= snd thPreI sprnt )'
s""
.,.*##**rm"xtlltxllilTfifi"ilT.il,$::i;iiilf:T
ji:1:"i:ilii]*:$,:",r,T"ri."ri:H
;lt,'liintl*'"l
i i:,rs"nu
dcnl$. ln rare caz inlrodrr'e o f'ropoz
i":;':;t",';f*'
)l""il,i-,,i1',,qi1"",1;l':::
iffiT.Hlu:", li;:i:"il'i'i
:lil;;;r"ixi::"i:'i;l1;;:;1'
",""1f;;.r;il*i
ioordonatecu ant€ccdpnrur'1. S 2?46
relat'ivl podte ".
Propozilia
j!ii: jI *r
a'ltv ^--,-ote rplativ \
2?47
.,,| #rulf ;;f

-lr:
;"1;,:lllli;'#,1,1$*;'"f, !j5
r$ 2;ll): :
b) (atrjbutivdr' 'lt" i"'"'tin"ri'i
diilli,'al()t "rn'r iSiii
$;*?*r,*i*.'rt
,.".,f1.i##*..-fu :
d ) odrcrbiala (circumsrantialb)
.\ 2760
I lliSl'i"",11'Ti
"'"T."I ,!9ili?'l**'.,0"'n
i"\;;,; k';;",::".i'11::;
cu litere ctrrsive
scrise
a^"nnt atribulive ln ldJ propozitiilerclrtiro
Iri"P":;:iJ;;;i":
cauzaanliuniidin principalr. i8r a doua
;"i." "'Jrt'i
"h'
scoprrlei.l
e adjectiv
684 srNrAxA FEAZET
2751 L, li-nbd Fnqlezd,sprc dposFbirpdp limba romAn;. ptopozilia relalivt

-rlepailadccuvlnlul pF.sre ll dctermind.dafd accasl; dcs-
Doatp.ls unFofi
qi puncluaueeslc caaadP(-
bd4irc nu duF ls inlcrprelericronalelcf. $ tl08)
vatd:
''They met som"P@Pl€alt?t they had got insiile'p'ld said they had beenthero
lor
' th.e e qu ide rs oI nn hour ' '
il"o "iVrrr1 aflFd Ar @ BoPv n r iddv or r l"t ' m i 'v o tlosdtd la
'h o m h e i o i
lon! been attdched.
' ,c.
ttezd had come ahotu I had. knaqn as a bog
(Penf.u alte detalii asupra propozi,tieirelaiive \ezt Pronumcle rclattee'
s 1037).
27b2 !l ProDoziliA condilionali ll h' AdrPrb;otrlausP af or rondi'
'ondilior
ttanoll tor;ptliataronJrliad, dcarFirnd'llioired"pitrdFa4iuncadrnr'Lcnr6
Propozilia(o-d;lionaldrespundclo ln'rFbdrpAD thot "(lst! l: in cp'dzi)'
27tr3 Yerbul dil propozilia condilionale poate fi la modul indicaiiv sau sutr-
ol in praryzilitl @ndiliondld
I ndi.,:atit)
!, 4t . 1 nu oJ t - , hing" go sionj
' J on
\o ( | .y" . 1N\ @ : o J ot : , , O . ' "i|, "r ".
' r "
Unlcs ltau slaP taughrnS' 1ta^
S ubjont:|irul. in prapozili.a candi[ionald

I s houlds t r .i s l u d )i n g i l r re rc !.u
I t t ou hod o .o " . \o u s o ' rl d u n d r. J n r -Loyr'
t io, i t t " " , b*" e ;:,d ! | $ o u ' d J rp -o r.e L' , d sJrk
I , lon. ! no\ fl ," l J a -L n - n !@ i l .!o uhddr' ' 14'
f P ent r u det a l i i v e z i i n c o n ti n u a re F tan condi l i an& Id ($2754-2704)l
s 2754 rriaza c0N0rTIol-11,,(

(TEn CONDI'rIONiI SEr-rnNcD]
2?;5 l, slru.lurd. - l-rJ,H '"ndili'rrdln in tormr "i "rmpld "sta o lrozh

.oj pl"xa 1. carF , orr.lr J;r, J",d pat i:
aJ o propozifie rdg€nldcon-tinindun Yerb legat de o condilie;
A, o p.opot'ti" uha art t '"r" "\t"imd 'orrdilir 'lo a 'brar ;nJFllinire
depinrJeri'ali)or"e c,liur,rr din r'-'^rr''. Acpaird "ubordorrai e lP Iunrrra
prapoztlie condtlionu.Ld(\ 2752).
2?66 2l I'uviolelpirrlrodu,{ire aln pr,1'oziti0icordi!ioualc ^- Propo/ilrA ' 3F
,onlinA.ondiliaF.l. In "oJu'' prin ur''J oar'l' 'u\rnl :r/ '|1ont!'tr 'ar"'
on iarulition (thdt), prorided (s ar prct'}iding) (thal), s'l?pdse,s au rupposlns
(that), unless,dr long ds. so lang u.s,aheth.r.. orercl
It u ou to t t iu { r do l r ou ' bv j
i t i,t,t hod r " r jr . . . i' o r t d 6 ' v " t 'l r n d p p i ' "
"h"
In .a!. lou shoutd stur ms, \-ou'll {ind me ai lioNe'
I il j"l l.tu c , , . . . , , , a p"o. , i, . p". . N' J t t : a r t h 1 . h . ; . b o . L b u n ; t e .
,o u ie I . d, t r . , i. ll l' . lr r ' lr 'l
-; , ' 1^" t h t ; P ! n a v : " P . L t t h " "
1,.:,'ii";;'-"|p i. i"' . r * . , , , n : r nd
\oim,r ' o
'o n. h, 3o a"u r a ' 'aL" . ' - uP o a t u k o J 1 t t t t n
\\" i"nr .o .1, , ! l4 h"r t P, o4 t " s
I J.It. JeMn.. Tht.e )Ien iL a B.ot

'3Cu o $i, i8u rep ri n c i p a u 1 $ t8 2 t)
70 adm' : r recunoa'ie.
FRAZA COND'TIONIA
L r'"o ri or op' z iL; , r o n d i l i o n " l a ru rq rp i n l ro J u ci d- .rri n' " 1" arltate $ 2757
mci .u ., i p' , t ; r ' . 0 ; i f" r a r-n ' i p ^ ,1 ' o z i i i n ' , o n di l i oni l -l
D att h,t t,;' to::4 a il v o, , d"n x , p I ' , n \ di"n g lnd p ton crl ll
I il ipd l. ' o o,'],'n a i pf ln . ilni r n lia o, 1 ' n d a pr i n i l d u
c jd vouu h a\. ' o> aJ ar o' . lJ . ot na t . . a u P d o t t h p L a 4 . t u " 't
{, I s. n on-hJ. 1 ol Jlpl l: n Pl; , uu"dondl; pr r n 'u n . u r r r r 'o t r 'J d r" ptn
3) Modurile intrebuirtate. Nlodurile verbelor intreluinlatc in -fraza $ 2?58

condilio,..1; indi dt;'rl. lnpa.tti ul '.nl;t,onolut '.i subjaul; ,l InttP'
"rt:
b,rintar"sx,"iror modr,rid,pind. dF '.'1 'arul r.il 'ru ir.al al r"'ir ii Ier
bului.
lntre rnodurile ;i tinpurite verbc)or predicat din cele doun pr.,pozilii
exista de obicei concordanli.
a) Acliunea reald Clnd werbut din propozilia condilionald $ 2759
crorira o , cliur" ftotu .du nod-rilF int'pbuinldlFin g'rPr' "rnl.
t'robob;to,
ea _"ijn limbr mmnn\. indiiti,)ut il cubordor.ari.; ; oti,,tear tnp totirul
tn regentE.
Cu excetrli.Lriitorului. care de obicei nu se ioloseqie in propozi.tia (sub-
ordonatn) condi-tionali, Yerbul predicat. atit in regenti cit !i in subordonati'
poate ii lfl orice tjmp cerut d€ ln.tet€s:
h. . .1 t t.,,. hd 4 r I b. I i r t "e/ "nr
tr p"", Fr l
)t
np, ' t,4 ..o rr'r' " ' """J i \ \ hd - d . \ o \ PrpT nl - 'r r l
' r r s o "li, , .
rl
I / , n;iim io r . - ' o, \ r ' r n- , 11 t o. ' t 1l l '" / " r ' \ l01
' h rn.)" ,
Ijouid ,..,", / , o; lo\ i. , ' b"r r ' ' his h '' l - " Z l n i l 4 t f d r r
"l,
' t t r\' . 1i.t1t ""..t p ar t 4. h' - dl /a n' ' r {T , ' p t 'z " n l
.. ,,,:", / d, lo. ' o". ' "'
r a, . ur )
I tjk i Tr qu
lr 5l!- /-Ap d vo u o . . i, , r l1 . Fr ' , / P : r r I lr " \ r 'l o " )
lr, ox{ , .o .'in(F1.t1 rd.ctonr lo. lhi. "lvlil lor m " r P r 'r n l mpPrdlir
It i" r h pip y.sl r d1i, , ns i. u! nor ' r T, .. ' i,np",dliv'
"d I' J Jr nos l r - 'L
lt tt ho do t [;'.t'h"d rr ' , r bing ir ] n l{ ui' dlr y !"1
-\.
II'Joan li;dn't lzzclrd bclor€ youf arrival, snc *ta probably jotz us in the dining{oon
non. (lre.uij lerlect + vinor)
\ pro. p. loirp "rcn plnle d" n J i ( uc . onr in lm p l i r a ! i a ri a.liunpu 1Fr-

; or.id "mtl . i
bului es' "
"r
r . ola pr in laplLr l € f o' ' r a p o r L 0 l S ' a ?larF dp nlpF
locutor sau de o alti persoani:
ll " pn joJ. in u h o". i l. ' d ion ' ds p"opl" or J o d s a J l
"o , n ,m ' 1r s
I l you ldv. r€d I ou s ay J . . .
It ie d.idn'r &eiee my lctter {as J.rne saysJ .
NoId
Viilorul lepuitnd li intrcbuintat tntr o propozitie s,rburilonata (S 2850), $ 2?60
nrooozitiorondiLionrlar 'r poal- 'online rrr iiitor: a":' imp Pql- rpdal lrin
'pre).n rl ir'liratirrrlu; ."u
lrin orezentult,'le" rS 2852 2F:Jr:
I vou r,-{ 1,"- 1. \otr ( ill or ' r o1l lop. '
rD : \ ' -l".d
bn. \ ' ll q el lre p"ir" ir s hp l, i d' s { p/ "d ' r l lh! q. "" l i o l s s " l b J t h r \ a m n F E
t\ a ob f lri. t{"m: . rl. ir o t t r ' , t uas lod lnr r ' i - r i l " l , r ' {J m i o l l o r i l
' 'l
| 10 cotueaut top ta cotuea't (at the) ta? (of the tAt of sucds'ful catutidat.s) l: a
-
reuti primul/triD'a la conors).
680 srNTA:.A FRAZET
E 2761 Pr.pozitiile,cunditjonale construite cu verbul Fi nu constituie de lapt

-_...
€xr
',ptu la reg,rta dF mai sus, dat fiind cd pjll nu este aici auxitiarul viito"
rutur. cr ara int.tosulsau d" \Frb moddl ,,Dvul .
I.bh i'l b- JrJ., lu' il J or . v t l. or "t , nr -
rtr \or n .e "u t r os . J , of d. d , "1 , o; s d m 1 m , l i L . z . )
qt r y a li pt on9n". r o. \ v i
!! you rll o nrJ , .1r 1,," broJd"J5i.onrerr.
; r ' r i s t li oL! . t r . v , . i auli , oo. . r t u l r d d i , , d i , r a r t . J
S 2 ?62 .h ) A r ! iLn, i r" d 1 d .- C i n d t-rb u l di n.vbordonrrj Fxpri md u

r.l ru n p, . a/ 4. d^ i i .ru :n ,h i tu i .d n ,r,r,1 i , modu,i j F i ntrpbui nl arei tn,crn* _
l n n o lut l1 " A gqnt i .i s d L j o n d i tu t i n s u L u rd o n std. astfpt:
.on. j. t lona|.ph I n t trp g p n ' 5 \ _ s u b i a n 4 i r prpz" rr (subordonata)
.onot t onat p r l ./ r' .g a n ' 5 ) _ s u b j a n a tu p" r/." 1
L.ubordonJri )
@auld@epr at onoeit you ire, what iL was alt abouL. (Cond.
^-.,_ \Yo\t !.e2. + subj.
You.oozi, haocauepted,at once iI you ndd t@/u ivhat ii was all about. (Cond,
p&f.- + srlj. !e.t.)
r\ se conrpara contrastiv:
, ahe, ! i . ot r p jf ro u a s k tre r.i A .ti u n e re a l e l
c - h"r ould Nhp i r J o r d s k " d h e " .
l A,, u n F j maci nar.l J
s hz eodt d hdr d .,@ i i J o u h a d a s k " d h a r. t\. i :un. Ler" dti zdrr)
flrrdi, o'ivut p{prirJ o d.,iuno fpdlr. .ubjon,.riruLpr.zenL o acliune

PI€rrpald. 5ublon.lr\.ulpFrlpcro o.riuno F .ali.otti.1
Atenli e!
$ 2?63 _ .Indicaiivui trpcut )i subjonctivul prezent, avlait aceeaqiformel. dar
,nl€lesurr drlentc, nu trcbuip conlundate lntre ele. ln Eenere.lormfl verbald
drrLsubordona';Fsleindi""tn d. mooul larbutui din regcnro:
ll
"h
sd ;J ij 6 . t i! . llod: , a r \ r ". . r . in.ti.dti\ lr"ru|
rDJ,a d sp l."od,"d,
. 'lJ
"s. d
/ ar dit r L! , . nlip. , .\,liurF reJlbj
Il
'h " sd ;d .., n nouk t L" r s t ip. S' , bj. pr "z .ond o.p/.,
tDac^ a. sp ut ' n. i. . q , l i u n o
- , s r a. d. t d D n- . ' r i"jj.rr
fSubordonata i,online in anbe]e cazuri acecasilormn. dar nu si acelasi
mod. trimul"dz \-rbul fiinJ lr tnJt.ot:rt,ttr,-u',in,i dnital tc \rriorriir;l
prc:pnt.
'n I ."|.4tl Jil"r'. na.i. irr Iun, rie dp n,ud,r.jntrrbLrinrattn"r-:pnt.i,
ir?rimul caz regentaiiind colstrujld cir jnilicativul,in at doiLLa,.ucu;ditiol
Uazuri spcci:rle
S 2761 .Con,ordanrr r-odurilor ti rimpuritnr Jin trazs nondilionald(S 2762),
dF r rFqp..ra,dtn rnJjur'raea , +
"zurjtor. DU m, nrinF in un,.tabiruttii sp"_
$ 2?65 , d , Subjoniir.ivuluipi'fp.i djn subordonatnii corcspundeuneod condiiio,
ndlul p/..rnl jn regent6..mri atcs arunci clnd este insolit, de un adverb cu sens
up prez.nr. rr'. not. rt,..i
-tt11.dt p.,t"nt
It i ftddn'l r,s, nv \ratch,I sho,tld.now hd,e one.
He @out.t,be !\ei il I hdd\,t aske.I him not ro comet
5 l?66 . . 6r rrrlqLborJ t.Jrr , o.Jitiun,li p4r F\pri .,b o onliun. r..r/r in rFqenra
-1" Jinor,.'rii.
rrpdl.tin d!,i poLfi ld indi"dtrvtn retp ta si ta subionrrlv in
-cr
subordonati. r\cesta este tn special cazul subionctive-lor cdnstruiie'cu auxi-
r Cu ex c er ! . iav ! .L ru l u ir, r, (g
1 5 5 3 ).
IBAZA CONDITIONA'-A i87
liarele *,aalrl (cind erprimn roinla. inren!,ia1)si rloxld cind exprimd o p.esu-
punere ori o irnprobalilital.e accentuati sau cind cBte sino;im cu i.erbtrl
ought2:
I pauT 10 talk io t-ou ii rou .dll toDro.ro{'.
He .an visil tlie nrusennr if h-" ',oald
no ltl, like to.
ll sl' " to tld n tl ,^ -- . hr . , ; i/ / , "/ / . gla | . s "" h " l
I l \ , r r/,'1 r .o I'o m, no$. \ r |\ aa\ ' t , oL . q . a
") \,lbele .lin fr0ra ,undiliunal; t^r -j\primd n ,,ti,Lne ir,otu (prin Q 2?62
. |l,iilion.li in r'npnrJ ci o ..!iune r'old rprir, i'rdi , ti\/ In .ubordon;tbr "
l,,liuldl:tpta so I,y,r. ' J . plt 1 . or ! " if J ou. r J J ou d r . n , ' , o m i n c .
1) fo0di!ir,|lilul )i propozi!iasulrordonaH. Spru d"u."biro dF tin,La Q 27n8

d. unJa moJul "undilionalr. p Inrreb"ir,ls trrr ;n rFu,nta..rt si in
'o',,;
subordonaia unei lrnze condilionate. in ljmba cnslezn condilidiralul nu doate
l inlrFb-i'r,"1 .le.l, .- ,olul , \.pp,r^rHr In .;bordnne.J car. prprina o
.nndilrc. j;
",1^ lnlo, uil. dupi .r.m d \ "?ut n,"i ,u. ( S 2?b2),tttin "rtbi"ni,*
a,erte fiir.l modul ..rp expril,d liu,iirpel"..\. fe, in.ubordon"ia:
",
condilionalul prezenl este inlocuit plin tubjonctiaul preznt
"and;i^n4tutJ,.tt.,t p.,a irtu.,,i pri,,tbtonai,,ut p.il"r
Pentru acclasimotiv, unelepropozitiir"lati\c core srEereaz;u condjtje E 2?69
eu rnrLul la .ubjon.ii\ $i nd la ,ondirion"l:
l_mdg:n -b ing lld .psld, l ir ' J book t ^dt r . , ir : $ p r " r I . i r d - r j t a l
Inhip." I o. J r t Fia! jl l' . lu b r . p d 'o . f t
0 r s c r r ali.i
{,J Propozil,iilesubordonateconditionnlei.olstruite Lu shautdsi would, \ 2?i0
d up; un ur npar ; . n, r .o rs ' i l u i ts ts x .c p l i i l € i ," 0 5 ra r,gul E l
Should S 2Z?l
a') Il ro\t shauldmeet liirn ($hich k higlly inlrobabkr, teu him ro come home
Il .h . , d I , n hpF r s h i , h I r" rr { u " h J o u b o n a (" p ldJfr. I w i dbkh .l o te
S/.o /1"n
7y ou lind ir Dp." s s 8 ryl o i a l l n r. J s h o rl d (.dJ i t.dh nnF.
lJl o /a . inlr - br iinr al a i ri l s l p rs o a n r a 2 -a s i r J.d Intr o pronori l i " sub-

o r don a l S .o ndi! iondl5. pe tp s " b j a n tttru t r. rb u l u i s l ,a// oi suqer16z66 sj 1r61;"
fodr l F D Ul i n pr obabila s d u o p rc s u p u n !' , i n p ro b a b i l " p" nti u ( dal ri
s-arlntlmplas4...)($ 2119).1 ' i i .or
a") It yot sttoutd(: ousht)not sit up so late, why do yon rto t? S 2772
_fJ'ftould,sinonim aici cu ongrt (: ar trebui s a u tr€buie) este subjoncrivul
verbuhi modal s,4all(js 2085).1
would $ s??3
I .r ould b" c . a i t .\, x ' o ,U " \p o u n I l o u - t: r, q- :1 ,,D ar.,rtF,
\ l i f r auno*I or d," .' 'ri. 1,.i
"'l ,.,-l p rl J r.l i rn i r .,r :,o. ,n tul i i r,.rfF 1r,tor
II yon ooLrd jusi. ster inio lhis ofiiceI
IlDace aji eoi.) re ros sI intrali o clite In acesi birou.l
iI s|e pozll only lave st.rled iD, hcr.o]d \rould iave sot bel,icr,
iDaca a/ /i rot, nudai se nu iusl din case,.Ie{ta i-ar ii rfrrcui.)
r \i rzi : 77: i,
, vczi S { 2085.
I .= daca dr
ftrd nc lacn o \)2i11,... (inltubabititate aceentu.riiL).
r daee l|.6?ie si l. dnci acnnl ac61. ... l: au€ht).
-
SINTA:<A FBAZEI
588
i",hl""tl'i
|:'ft
,".*'1""""Ti:,,oJx!";';T;:f :lil"lllji,Ti[i""ffi ,i;iT]:
p" ca
acesta auriliar rnodat(: e voi) q' tg"9i'^",","J"'r
"u-iili"i".rl i"l"""." "re drept tonna d" politcleprin Fxcelenln(5 2r Lt
"i."ii""ii"
2 1 1 6) .1 "o*iaerati
un caz
s 2??{ ai') Propozilia c"ndilionald conshuiti cu viiLorul consiituie
a n a l ,qlS 21 0 0 .2t61) tl:
independen
airecti poaieaYeaun condit'ional
I 2n6 ;) !"""pJii'
""-pr"ti"e
I musiinquie if it edtdn't i"nltJ$i|'a,tl
"ebetterronnil,?,
il" t" r."""tvp*'.iti"s.
i1:,",i*:l"T':,'l?'i,,ir"ii;"?
(u prin(ilrli
rondjlionrlltr propozilia S'rb-
E 2;76 5/ Sulrjoo.livut rslorrsdc in lro p ro pu-
" i o r ' " ,i'u l p.'1"un aoriinrr"buinrc''u 'oto'r' d t ' o ird ilio n rl ti
;itrie principaln:
ee l ri s' l ' e' a
' , t ' 1, 1
''RT",jr;!a
..n
i'i,
ll1,.:l*,' ,;",:,"';:'i".13;*:'*
,-" I -s h o ' rl J ,l b '
" o rl l | 0 rhi
;"HI"liT";"'-'
-
" -
rn " p , , ' i i, , a , 1 ' Jl l
s o " o l ,' b p I r n u r b e 8 i i " n '
0) lnlclesulbul,jotrclirului ln propozi!ia
E 2777 .loldil:']o"l'd' - -.,..^^
o7 Suijon" i'r,l pr" propozi:is
."n/,ir,
i zzzs 'undiLioDdrn ",lP|"lTi
r ($ ?$ll'"'l:."*
rdU i'u in pre re rrlo ri riiro-. l5 i4 -1 r5 7 ):
rcorrT€Drrd
o d rd r er m a g r n arr.
i/"#,fi j"?:""j*.f"ti:"#L")
"3-Ji'f,t,viiliJ$i"J1"
D) Subjoncti!'ultcr/e.t exprime o actiune nerealizatd
in trecui (S 1561):
s 27?0
Hs l? srt /o. th? tatotshP hp qor'd i3v" $'1 J
Da .d rr Ii .dr J : da, ld bLr "s ar I r ob\ ' nu' o
{sls42, e s re lrrlrp b u in l0 rs ln p ro p o z ' t rB
62 780
''"" ') P,' a subjonclivului
.) Fo ']|l,,t
oticial in slilul rterar
" r'.olui;i''iai". ziarisri"pailamentar'
"o"alLio""ir'i"
i:trJ'sif,T'
;,"i:":"'iif
:ij",";.:*jH'i::';;1,::*'?sTt'jiu,i
It it bd so, lct then do lhei' Iest t'o win vou aplrolal
$ 2?81 ?) Timpul in lleza,conililion i'-

{ 2 ?""8 2 a) Pr a p .) z LlLa ret')ntd Condilio n a lupl r€ z e n ts e ' re f e rila o
" " sru rjtoare, condilionarurpeffect ra o eclrn'e
:;i*HT:"::lll,t**.
i:ilk'n,*{i1it l;i r.hr;l!1i"ii}";;;

:r;i:':i,,
oiit.Lulndu-sc na rtemllu,vcrbul
Lt Propu ;l'o
S 2783 'ubordor
a'rtFl rimpullnpropoz;{issub'rdonart:
/or"t-rco.'ral.suL'lon" rt ur "rPrimd
:;;,i"i'.i
,,,,,, r ,hn,.,.,
i',ii,:lfir.r,:ii'*;*1"i,,
l i i:li,:ji:t;
p ri ,: im a' i' r ' ) obi'' ri ParJoir "a
.,,t, [ ' i ' : : ; i :rl ;;.,',: :,1 -" " .'" l ;:' r \;.' \f
:jl":)"),:"i",'I",":11,,:;i;;",,....,ot ,h Fry,sh/'nr,aa, .\nd'
(gr556-,ij5.1).
i ili"lJ#lli'.,fi;,i11;"'
FRAZA CONDITIONALA 689
I L4d Gulj. prczoDi.)(limba scdsi ti vorbitd)

eiitonrt J tI 06 (irdicati! tr€.ul) {lim}a vorbiin)lr
e i o ri m4t r ' " io: I I . rto ,/db . Al , ttJ )a to d tr o rs o a nl .l l l i i D bas fsl si vorbi l l l
' t /p /p ,r,b . r' r-u n t ;:n ti n i ri vi ri i nbrs.nsl si vorb,l r,
t 'o
t h r ". h L I f-,,
lin:ii,i", p.r", 1I rad bpt'ubj. p.r"t) (l'mld s.ri,5.: vorlirl)
Obsett'atie
Intrebuinlarea timpurilor 5i modurilor tn propozilia condilionald difere $ 2784
ln iinba englczn de [mba ronani ln urmitoarele cazud:
Limba rom$Dl Limba englczfi
: indi. . pf t z e n t : i f r o r . ( 5 2 7 5 9 )
eiitot petfect: dac{ loi li lost : Fte:pht t'afe.t it t rlaue r,r. ($ 2760)
cond. iiett dnall. li : , ut , j. pr e2 n t : i i I / . . c ( $ 2 t 6 2 )
.oNJ. peicct. dicl ar î fi losl tubj. p*fect. il I ndd Deeu (S 2761)
-
8t 0rdin0a ptoloziliilor.* ln irsza ' ondijionala. prnpozilia rFgFnl, S 2785
posle prFced€qauurmi Subordonala ci. Cind rpgpnLdpre,'d;. a,edsta liind
ordinoanormalaa pre"FdpnlFi. .F1cdoud propozi!rinu se de.part prin rirgulu.
Clnd, inse, pentru accentuare,suboldonat,aestedeplasati astlel ca sd preceadx
€a r€genta, se despa-rtede aceastaprintr-o virgnh:
You {ouldn't meether il you telt now.
ll you leti, ,tov, you rvouldn'tmeet her.
9) Propoziti8 conilitiodald inalepenilentE.
- Oricare dintre cele doud pro- S 2786
pozilii.are clcdtuiF..lrora.ondilionoldpoateti lntrFbuinlata..i iodependent:
Principala:
He @uld like io see"Hamlet".
Would-JonmituI otcning the windo\r?
I qould hare doneanytling ior you.
S ubordonata(exprinind o dorinln):
If I @rtd only ski aEainl
Il Gco Poli,i'only n;a. youl
Il he lod only D&Dherel
10) Inyersiunen in propozitie 0ondilionsll. Conjunc,tia i/ poate lipsi $ 278?
din propozilia.o1driionJ5. in.arp rr/ ;d"pJ dp.ondilional ps e r.datd prin
inr.isri-o ordirii .uvin elor. subi." ul rFnind d,,pi vFrb {, ind a"Fst3e.G la
un iimp simplu) sau dupi auxiliar:
Aceasti inversiune se poale face numai atunci clnd propozilia introdusd

de conjunc\,ia t/ ooDline ulul dintre verbele ta be, ta h&e, muld sar shaukL
In lipsa acestorverbe 6elnt.ebui leaze auxiliartl dLC.'
This wouldhalc no inlortance r./. ir not that he kneivihe regulations.
llo$ fin n l}r la nd . dp . d ip r "^ , r a s pdir 6 i. i o r l h " f i r - t ( i n " l
{€ i€ to srite, \vunl, l"ou
J oD ans \ c r ?
L h l i tr! r c ir c s ! ljnr r r i l ,rt (S fi 5 0 _ rs 5 ? 1 .

'In \rr' dli! , , io ' . \ l u i ../p .u -L b i .l .l .s r' r,rJ l nl i mbJvofbi .1,i 1r' n\4rs.r" c
indicatimhd {S 1i56) nu rsie h|tbuinfutil.
'ras
6S0
Had t heua l, . n l .l h .v c o n l d c a m n o u i ,
. -god in i known Engiish ir-"11,rheJ would have been able to read Shaw in the
- Caua she com. Niih us, wouid you takc ho on our e(uAion?
t t . out dwa , nn " 8 ." o rs h m, p l rb s r te t m r know ut on.e.
nid / k nos f , " n ' ' . | .o rl d r' .d rl ' s p o e m
{ 2 78 8 1 1t P r oDoz ilia c o n d i l i o n & l a c l i D l i (n . Di ! D rouozi l i a condi l i onol l i I-
- rrodr,s-,l.,on-'i""1i.7f'.r"lip.i v.rbul ,d"", al.sia.si" ro 6".i ri ,ubi*rut
(dacn se refern la regenti: sau este acelrqi ca 9i In rcgenta). Sp objine asticl o
construclie clipticA:
I shouldlike to har€ Urepi.tu.e tl til ill po$ir,,.
Th.y -a y p\!rj ling: ' d l, ; g r : i/ t hn' . o. l r . ' d o n , n a d T F n o w .
Do ca e.vtl,ine v or c dn. , / li i. l , e. , $, "/ .
-./ Iir. pr;vediu;M,stu;-'r,'rn" iamera niislit ie exchansed
tor a better nake.
s 278C In propozi,tiaDegati\.6chiar conju cria ;/ poatofi lnlocuiti peniru a se
da mni multd concizie lrazei:
But fot lou l:it iL hadn't leen lor you), I should hav""neen lost.
llithout lv fathzt (: il il, hadn't beenlor her father) she would nevd have sat fo.
all her eaams in llre iDlDmn.
iJndss (: il it ts n.1.) canfi.tuedby lractic., lhcorJ is laluetess.
S 2790 l21 4b if . C r q i .o n j u n .l i a 4 l o " u ri unFa a-s i / nere " ubi on" ri rr,l si
s'p bt € obr p lr alus i n l i rrb a rn rn ri n a c u ,o n di l i onal ul . P ropozi l i a rpsp" cl i !i
esle lnEE comparatiii ($ 2724) qi nu condilionflle:
TIey look as jl they nad toothache.
Yo! iehrve if rou pef? mis1.essol the house.
She ale as it 'rs
she fid not /rd a meal lor severaldays.
$ 2791 13) Alto conshuctjiconilitionalo, Condi_tiamai poate fi exprimati in

lirnba englezi ,(i prin umitoarele constructii:
tt lo u n lo) s pF hiD. lF hin lo r i n g m p u p
"h 'ulJ lh lpp
Da cI s 1r 14 t . m t l1 s I I v az i. s t / t r 14i 31 Ti l d p l u n " z " l )
It you @e.€to ,ec l,i,r, icll hin to ring mc upl
(DacI ar Ii 6[l vezi, splne-j s{-mi telefonezel)
Aceste constrlrclii sugereazeo situatie mult mai pu,tin probabild dectt

subjonctivul.
S 2?92 14) l'Iaza conililion:rlf dezvoltatf. Oricare dintre cele doua pir,ti ale
rnei {raze condilionale ($ 2755) poate avea ti alte subordonatel, sau lntreaga
frazd condilionald poate Ii lngiobate lntro fraze dubln'sau multiplds:
If t hdd the morelJ\\h1c\ I lost yesterdayas I $'as going to s.:llool,I couldbuy
n! *I[ Ihe 'oo ' I n "e d. ( I r ' , / i . om t ' px t dp/ \ nll ' )
'
Hod he bained Ntler he iirn ca'rD to tsucharest, hE @uld tue haae bee| iL farm
af i so rc ir fu , th " hanpi. , l; r . lFez J J uudl
She iriid to mini,nize roui drllpvement, nut I knon jlou coulrl,D'thaee obtainetl,youl
dtstee, when \an wer-A {i collegei if lou hattL'l wothed ha , rat\ I do aplreciate yolrr
eitod. {r'rrzi1 multitli)
S 2?93 t5) Pr,'t'ozitiacotrditionalf$i propozitiatromporal{. Acestedoui pro-

t o r i jii p o rti un pori,ontundorp
dr.a selin; s e a ns . 1 ' rI n o ds u p p rt i. irl.
n u rn 6 i
de cuvintele care le introduc:
My litr.rcgirr didn't mind bcitrgr.pdmandcd ro lons ds no aneelseoas prctcat. I,Con
dilioDald)
Nothing can be done about it. so ,ong as she lives. (Tem!o.ali)
r f or m iaJ ln s .o " ,4 ,,, i -,z t., T p l p rr .r u ($ 2827.
: Cu duua nr in c i o a l eL o l rd o n a rel ( 2 8 2 8 ). " :1S r,r tri -ri pdl "
! C. l" is du nd i m u l p i n ' i p rl ;o o rd .;l a .
{ $ t82r,
ERAZ^ CONDITION&A 591
ll vau .o -" tu v, yo u r nis h m Fp hir . Condi. ion d t E r

ll h" n t h"t. he sutl"rrd a-oDF. oI shyn.,.. i/ n? JiJa ,. hp wds eor-v hp hJdn l
seer lLrr. TcrnoofalJl
l6) Propozilia oondilionald!i propoziiia ron.psivii.- // nu in,roduce g 279{

nurnii propozi'iacondi lionaldsdu tF1!orrl5. .i ti pe Fd con.esiva:
I l h" h od lt tl" b"au ty , s t p was s o k ind ihdr
pr r one l i t ! . d h " r . r c o n c p s i \ r l
E v. . yoo . $ a 5 i1 a Srpp m Fnrqi t r hpf ar lv 1n, . . m"v. nr . ' tot i l h a i o s t o & u n ! ,
proved verr ablc. (Concesivi) "hp
III. CLASTIICARE.{ PN,OPOZITIII,ON,SUBOR,DONATE

PN,IN s 2795
ANALOGIE CU PiBTI.E PBOPOZITIEI
O altd clasificare a propoziliilor subordonatp €re drept crjrerju funtlia \ 2?96

pc.€rp s.FrlFr o lndeplineFctnlrarJ. cor.spun.6loarctuict,ieipr;rlitorpto- -
poztliei irDlr o propozitie. Exist{ astfel:
1) propozitia subiecl,ivd
2) propozi,tia prcdicativd
3) propozitia atributivi
4) prcpozitia cornpletivd directX
5) prcpozilia circumstanliqli
6) propozilia prepozirionale
RccunoaElFreo qubordonslp.p la.F cu aiutorul
"€rr' L"rului propoziliilor
€.eloraqil',lrabsri lolo-itF 1s sllsr.- p proporiliei.
'r(ilor
1) Pmpoziria subieciiyl fzr€ Subject Clause) S ZIST
a) Ptopozitia s,rbiectiva estc o propozirie substantioald(S 2705,2706) S g?98
care jndpplineslplunctia dp subrcaai prodi,atutui dirr propoziiiaprin"ipal6.
drn .arp cauzi scpasladrn urm5. fdrd pr'm0. nu arp lnlplpsdpplin:
,rhd shethauEhtaf it c..tremainsa mystery.
Ho@ he d,id. it is a sc.rct.
Propoziliiles'riqp.u liLers cursirp qlnl propozitijsubipctive:-remains

a mysrprt . -is a qe.ret slnL propozjtiiDrin,ipd; .a;c nu au tnletpsdeplin.
b.,/ Propozitia subiective esheinto.lt ed prin: S 2?99
conjunolii (i/, that, ahethel, whether...or)
pronume.;i adjeetire relative si compuse (qh.), d'hich, ohd.t, (!,)hoerer,
,
adverbc cu valoare de conjunclie (ho,t\',when, s'lLte, whlJ):
lvl,ah 4 h " ta s / ip. r o" @ r p"o, ' , 1 im m lr "nr '.
Y'hi h po rt l.p "n", ld ?id4 nJ s nor daidpd.
tvhu h" ha d b. har "d : r s u"h a * o! o. . dm " I r i r r i . d t i n s q u " r y .
.e alla dupn \ctbul din rFqrnra, pslp Q 2800

", CinLtpropurilid subin,tiva "a
in rodusdde pfonumih il. suLiF.rulformrl t r"spn,"i, tn ap"iiqia,uru;a s.
gns€ttet.Propozi,tiasubiectivl este consideratdin acest.caz adevdratul subieci
(subicctul lagic) al principalei, It f;ind sul)i.ccrtl8r'analical (sau torr!rd),.
{r is imp o-:l,lr 40' t L "t iuld ho- l' . ! t h- p
/, is v"rJ ln poido h " ! ^d hor " / at l. J a ,
rr LvJs lmDitrrlrl ;[ -]!rh
h. di.ln
t ,anrc. 'a l
r P , o, ru !rr,li.Jr, a a ,". . . r , v , , i ! : " : . i9|) .

I l1tr "u u"li,, 'ri -r
l'J "u bi , I r lJ i u"' . . J , , gia, na, ir d. . r e/ i I : i n t , 8 c 4 .
699 SINIAXA FRAZDI
,qceasl.econstruclie este folositd tn limba englezi actuali rnai mult d€cit

.er de la puncrul 10./.rnal alesir lnnbar.orbitii. Asl,{el,Irazelecitatelapunotul
(bJ .rnr InrilnirF mdi drs sub formd:
1t troved imm3te.ial qhethet he eds th* ot tot.
1 ,\?5 n oL dq id' d pot t h. : hauld t lo!
I. b ..dm' ,\. i n r ar"hi.
i g ht r e- ) , hu h. lod t . h o \ . . t i n s a h a ! a ! .
S 2801 2) Propozitiapredicativf fz,te Camplement or Prcd.icatieeCIa se).-

S 2802 d.) Propoziriapredicativdeste o propoziliesabstantbaldsa\1alljectirali
c.rrAindspljnestetunL\i^ de numeFedt aril1 al verbului din regenti. Velbul
rccpnlFipsle un !Frb.opJldliv,,arD. in,praina fu prufo/ilia p'-di,rLi\;.
alcntuieqte prcdicatul subiecl,ului din principali:
T\ar is 9hat hc
It sq{cd 'ai].
r/d, the titt ban^s qqe nood.d.
It loolled as t/ slk ha.In1 bat tho. at alt.
js", "it seemed","it, looked". Nici una
lPropoziliilc principalc sint: "that
dirrtre principale deplin. Propozi,tiilepredicative stnt: "what ha
said". "that ihe river banks \.!ereflooded", "as if shehadn't been there ai all."]
! 2803 D./ Propozilia predicatifi esre inttod.usaiptin:
conjunclii fds. as if. i[, that, trhether)
pro ulne ti adjeci,iverelative cu valoare de coDjunclii (oho, ,"hich. ,rhat)
adrerbe cu valoare de conjuncrii (hotr. who\ ',vh.rc.,.vhA)l
Ii looks dr i/ the! eeE tteepiae.
$'e coNidered Lhe.i parerts shaukl Lc.
The monent I like best 'rhat
is altet I so ta bedat nishl oilh dn interestinE bookto rcoA.
Triat is /lv 1 rceo ca aa hin.
S 2 8( 1 4 c ) DL, ] ; n4; o l n tt, p to p o rtti ,l p s u L tp .ti r. t; .pl prpdt.ati ep fi i nd un.ori
diiilild, ba obilnuic;tc sa se considero propozilie subiectivn subordonata caro
precedi verbul copulativ. iar propozifie predicativ5 propozitia care tl urmeaze:
1 ! haLI lik p . , boI n p r s u b i ,,:\d :c I' o r ,h p j :n !l " orpJi cdri var.
p .' m ;t o g " r
.T har , h. npv p" " { s . t, u n i F-t di cubi r' ti va' i s shb s1" sJy.
l p re o' c uov a, .
l"How she sings". '\hat she says" pot, fi tot fltit de bine propozitii subiec-
tive dacd se inverceaze ordinea propoziliilor in frazi:
Hos'she sinEs(subiectivl) is what I like aboul her lDrcdicaliynl
What shc sa-yslsnlie.iiva) is rhat she never dreaned oI geiting such a rice ilat
(predicativi4.l
(cr. s ,528)
$ 2806 3) Propozili$atributiyi 1f,t€ ltLributlec Clause).-
S 2806 a/ Propoziliaatibutivi l depline.ste lunolia de d,rir a pe lingn un sub-
stsntiv sau un ptonum, din propoziliaregentn.Cuvtntul determinaide pro-
p o Ti lia alr ibul; ! a .a te n u m i t o n tp p .l p n tu t p i :
Xyerv toudst qhn catu last qeei Du[ uD at thal holcl.
The icws tnd, h. has su.h an tnt;esrinZ intuaation spread like wildtire.
l"Every iourist" si "thenews" slnt antecedentelepropoziliilor atributive
respeetive scrise cu litere cursivel.
$ 2807 b.,) Existn dotr[ categorii de propozilii atribuiiye:
ptopoTitiilcddl rti&L. .Jr" s;nt prupozilii arribulivF rel.rtive:
pronozjline substatnivdlc,cdre sint, propozitii atributive apozitionale,
..
adrca apozrln.
Penrn propozi\iile atibatiae ad,jcctiaale,*zi g 27LL,2740.
r Pe niru n lmFle pr edic l[ ir . v c z i { 2521,
' Pcntru !e.b xl J o na v . v f z i S' 2s li.
crasMcsE^ PRoPozrTlloR 6S3
Prapozifiile atributiocsnbstanlieale\slnt apozilii'9pe lingd un substantiv S 2E08

eau pe llngd un eehivalent al ac$tuia:
| . t on -h t I d:d : t t n n^, on. a"n- ' l v ou"
' rn, L b ou \. " ar ir dpd lu P. l l. 1, " nan i h a r " L i k n n l t t i r : t ! ! 4
' !.t,r,.
on elanrla to ecetlone
Pro fu /: ir l J r ' ibut iv " -p ^ z i ri " n u l e i r' l i n l ro l L s i n e' nerol ori r ' u!i n-
t , t " !,o .,, tl, o' . i. n. t n r' . \' h p th t rL tt F t..:
Her lrcounf ol ha| the Wiater lrce Part! hatl Saaeo// s''rs roy lunnv'
d, - i\ i, sr ,t./,{, I d 4 0 /ir u $ d s llin ' sJ
tn l
\\ '' r" o rJpJ r|'P th P! "' d to 8 a a 1 tttr
I' PIJ P e ' I h a tJ ltt t Nt h'
"/; le m L t' \o "id h"tdl l l ')
T : r, , i l . m rl.di"'a Po ,a ""r :e lo
T r " I n h q t h i' a o b p ;tL is ' l a r '
" t , r l":e
4r ProouziriaromDlolirndirocln lThPOI'i rlou''). - s 2809
o, I'r'"o"zirir n'i,plpiira direrta are lun, liu de fomolF-"-rl direct al S 2R1{J
u',r,r . h ri rrn . "d pcr'onrt au imp"r"o'J:
3
I don't Lnos xho np aaa /d L{od lrEon l)
T'pv sd nr"d t o iee " h' |h", lt - os t h"r " o" d / . ( \ l o 'r 'r n p P r d 'n a r ''
.tr"" t ' n' erybg L hat th"t "'e a hoPpu auPle '\IoJ imtpt>ondl
I I Pri,uozrtia ,rompletivd dirccG esle introdusd prini S 28lt

. ii l,l. tl it | ftt. nhah!)
". iu. p. li\ - rl ri / i /l a rh^ ' vhar' J' L' n'
p ru n u l , l ir ' l ' r- rrl o o r, d " ' u n :u
pnal I
r'l rp rl - , r r ' l^dn d" o ,,j ' ,n .!i i (t," t \t" n r h r ' Jht):
llp $o rl4fp l : [ ; t ' o t . "P ! lat t ' ir ' ] a t 'o k l o t n P "-oet
I d ln Jl Ln s : h" I ' al t o "r J
Tlipl' .oiildr't |clr- hathoe th. thin| eas rlDne
ile'aski,d m€ slan I had ..tLP
I don't undustand phy slE llocsn'l dgrc onh him
N atd
Cihd introducp l,ropLrzi!ii- cutnpttri\€ djle(te. conjunclia l/ldt este in $ 2812
/r, "r- r., \prir,alj. rr ioccial \n .rilur rd, ili0r:
I hored ffiarl he qauld ee mc
Thci $'€re c;r nccd lthdtl sheQns rryht
Acesta este inrieosebicuzul dupn verbele; to belieee'to hear' to rnagme:
r"tnii.iop,,'r,.,o""n n,t"r'to'itt tu."".tasurrpo."t4thi'tl ku.nd.rst0nd'
Coniui !is that ru .sl' r'i.iodn. r'\pnmsli dL,pat atsh t d ratnPr'
t.J ,i ;' /',/" \lo.uriuni Lrmale d" ut' srrLjor,'ri\)l
'nan:.
I / ; - , 1 , h" r I I' a d n o ' b p " n u u l o l ' i .d .r l ' c.:usL ' ^s
!'J t a .a tu " ' n n l r I rl l " d o l F rn rvspl l
h t .' oi"inr e \ a tl \p :l d , ;d p h o l o s .d p h i nsB dbv
ct l ks t t t ut indt p4. p ro p o /i l i s .a rF " o n l i n F " o m u rri.Jraacsl ao.ompl cl i \r S 9\l J
d ire cu i s'rb or d" n ' . r v " r b -l u i ,l - d a l d rd l i P :i p o ' " Ii l n' o' Li rd s1u nu dc' urr-
Slre siid 5h? +o 5,ting hone - - - rho t?' th?

\\ ir dnrD \o'r nau v tta.P @ trtP tB' Nt'ot had JanP o'J
- -t4 'r4
,rl p. prliils l;Fn p u n islPd /
"ho'h3.1
I P.olozititt slbsl{nlilala cste sr}or.torata carelndPlrlineqte
tunc!ia unui subslaDti!
(S
",ol)""u" LlLriiiiia apozitiFi, !pzi S t!87
, i ;-\; pl . . " , . i i r' I p ' r' r" : L n J ' d i rt p -..o /:!i j " ' oml l pl j \" " dg' t!r'
694
lExempLnl I: comunicarear€produsi este o compleiivd direote.

Eremplnl II: cornunicareareprodusi consta din trei propozitii comple-
t;ve directe qi o aiributivn.l
2814 In stilul diteu, propozilia care conline comunicarea este o principali
coordonatd cu propozifia care con.tine vcrbul de declaralie:
'ro ul h "r". $ h! dor ' v ou s o ak uDl . Dou e D n , o o z : i i i c " o r d o t r a l e i u \ t d D u , p . l
_l d on r r,,,s r iim , .
""in. $"f ", 1, - , n t t ao n . " ' . , T , , : p r o p o z r , ; D r i , i r , 'l ;
,oorJo na p r'm"h do ua jL\ ldpu"r ) i d r pir aoof , r o , , . J . r p n L , l ; i n . ', 't u n l i d d ? d -
".
Atenlie !
281; A nu se faoe confuzie iDtre propoziliile complctive directe in stilul indi-
rcot 9i propoziliile incidente sau ddiugate la sfirlitul unei traze, fdri legituri
sintactice cu restul lrazei:
I know you havc a soD.
t0 proloziiie principald+ o comllclivi di.ecti.l
Yor have a son,I krow.
[P.otozitrieindepend€nt{+ o prolozilieadnryain,Ii.a legiluresintaci.ice
cu trim..]
"Thcsc,I bclieve,rve.ehis aciuil words."
l"Thcscwerc his acl.ualwords"(p.opozijieindepetui€niil)r "I beli€ve"(incident{,
IlrI legilturi sintacticecu !.ina).1
2816 cl, Propoziliile completive direcle sint uneori anunial,e de pronumele

"i, i'rtroductiv" (prcpdrdtar! or Introdn:tarlt "It") cu luncj,ie de,,complement
protizoriu" (Pro,,isionrtObi{!) tSSCi SaG, I'ol'oziLidco,npletivadrr.cra
liind .. tFl ln apozilia pronun,cJui n (S 2-,90/:
\ve don't thjnk if likcly ,ia, hc was da a.ta".
They i'iU scc to it fi lou get Uou. d,ue,
You mny rery otft nM qe shal.l take patt in the spotts,lEtuanst tian-
281? 5) Ptopozilia circumstantiali (Th. )dttb;dl. ClduscJ.- Aceastn propo-

zilie este o subordonatd odre iDdeplinetie funcria de oon|lement circutrrslan-
(Po!t.u detalii, Yezig 2634)

9818 6) Propozilie prepozilion&li (The hepositionaL Clause). Prop.,zilia
subordona6 introdusd de o prepozilie are roiul unui compl€n€nt prepozilio
nal ( s 2622).
l']ropozitiile prepozilionale apar,tin urmdtodrelor categorii:
I dido l look L t .v h .,t.h "l ,rd 6 /u rJ i , ,C o mtl " ri { ,1t," " rr.zi :i ^l " ' r.r
J rd s ttr v h o a e v a rt" d ro ar ho ns:ri rv. (comol -l i vJ
i ",r," " , f r h; v . " ^ ^v ' r l ri o n ' ni
Tne boy lou ooe tatkntg to (- to om you wcre talknrg) is my son. (Aidbuljri
ritative)
She has no idea ot hos t do t. (Al.rilrutili alozilioDah).
$ 2sr9 IY. STRUCTURA

FR_{ZDr
S 2820 Inhoducerc ti termirologie, - Pentru cunoalterea aceslei chestiuni, este

necesari ldmurirea terminologiei engleze,care. prin analogi.t ej cu termenn
gramatica)i romAnr$ti, asomnnntorica lorrnd dar cu irlelos difcrii, poate in-
duce ln oro.1rope e.i eo dorescse sLudiezeacestcnpitol sinLaxei.
ETRUCTURA FRAZEI 616
,,grup de cuvint€" g 2821

Phrasenu lnseam il,,Irazdr', ci,,loculiune", ,jsin1,agme".
(carelu ouprirrdeun verb la un mod personal):
lor mixing cocllails
N-u se poate aplica numele de "phrase" propoziJiei eliptice care conline

un verb subhlelas ($ 846, 1131,2825 etc.)
Clrrusose numeElepropozitia ca element alfrazci lhe l,lain or Pri cipal S 2822
Clausdfiind propozilia principali, iar t/rc .9.crnd.ar!or Subsidiarll Clausapro'
pozit:ia secundar:isau subordonati. Cuvtntul claaseinlrebuin!at singur, Inrn
calificativ, inse;t]llni,,propozi!;e secundard".
Senloncccslo numeledat atil propoziiiejjn,tependcnte (adicr tropoziliei $ 2823
.arc n. la, t1'r- lin r u l'r?;,. .ir ;j treTciIn- si. Ir, lurr,lipdp !n'ura rra-
"l
z' i. g'a-.,ri.. FnFlpzd.,r' oa.'r urrne'oar"a,losil i"are:
lj l.heSinItL. Scntence,pe care o voln numi ln limba rornenn,,propozi,tia
independenie";
2) the Compler S€nrarc€.cireia li vom da numele de ,,fraza complexi";
3) theDoubLe(or Conpound.)S entunce, pe ia.reo vom numi .,lraza dubld" ;
4) Ilrc M ulLi,pleJerrdncd,cireia ii vom spune ,,Iraza multiplh".
(Prcpazilitr independ,enld)cupriide un stng r g 28t{
. lr Thc Simplc Seolexcc
y Pr"Dl r n n m ol I ' r ! dr c a l rv l
I smt?ddat h€r.
JolD and L,ar to a showresterdrr.
He dtll ,uy pa!.r and a bno.l
Uneori verbul ii chiar subiecl.ul stnl subtn,telescr $ 9895

"\lho's fhis lor?" "rvr." Hap?y N.a ycdt I
JanglishspotuL. "$'ait..ssl" "C.ntns l"
,9taLdiLEtaam rnly. ll-a .incnLr. "AL! ore fares,?tear ? (C.Dduciornltn
te a l .ru cl. c . l a u to b u z )
"May I spcakto Gcorg!?" ".tpedl "I kno{ somes.hiskX.Put raL tiglLtir to
tn s." i l ' r t elelon) i i n .."
ComplotaLe, accsto propozi,tii e l i p ti c e a r fi :

I s,i:h lau a H.Ur)' N-{L Year.
EnAlish ts sr)oken,,r,. I orn cornng.
?n.E ts llanding roo onlX. Ae nkte an! larcs to pav, if sou
'nara
1t Qtll pul loD dght in no time.
Li n L r pnglpz bv nr bil d c ^ n .rb l n s p " c i a l d i n d " , r,.1.a propoTi l i i pl i fti , F,

1 r chr. t" p e n' iu r J t idit at F r -i \ i o i i u n ;€ p D ." r' .^ d u u sri l uj ui .-l 11" oconver
salie caracterjstici,, in care nu €xistn nici o singnri propozilie complein li
n ici u n ve r b la un m od p e $ o n a l :
.,you l,"a!i4C?'.
"About noon."
"In whose car?"
" J o h n h ."
"Wel], nice trip.,,
"Thanks. See Iou ne{ we€k."
r r;tu | l , ar r d I , s Lbcul: . q u r" " ri b i i I l , .
l u n f" l d sl i l or .. J,dl d mdl a
, H. Shetter,dioft Crh /o EffectieeEulish, \;e\\ york, 1955,lag. 15.
696
2826 Propozilia independenti poate cuprinde si verbe la moduri Depredicative,

sau pirri de propozilie dezvoltate:
"The rank and lile sanl ro esrarltsnsocialism,zrtlt:tns for rhis pu.losc alt the
dcmocratic mcaDsand possibiiiti€spoa by tle p.evious siru$1c ol the pcople."l
2827 2) The ComploxSertencofFraza canpLed) eslefraza compusddintr-o

ptopoztlicp .ncipaldsi una sau mai multe subordonaie;
"cv"ry Pad y C on' p. "D ag ndd r "\ p116 lhJ l r h e d e m a n d f o r s o , i . '1 , m . l , g h t i n g
soriJl 6trin S- u p eldr J nFw hoo l1' . dn- J d r i . p . '
"m,
lPrcpazilia pincipald: "Dvery Party Conferancaagenda rei'cals"
Prapatili& subord,anatd;"that, the demand for socialism,lighting social-
tm, Bpringsup exer ane\l' frorn the rank and file",. (Propozit,ie completivd
direotn determinlnd verbul "rcveals"l.
. From his desk,whichwrs raisedon a dai$,hc couldseewhat everysl.udentdld
in his scal wheD tle le.ture on.
'as
lPropazilia principaldr "From his desL he crdlt see"
.PropozilitlesubordontLte."Nhich fas r.risedon a d ais" (propozilie atributivd
determinind substantivul "desk"): "whaL every shrdent drd in his seat" (pro-
pozirie substantivali completivl dirccti, determinind yerlul ,,see"); "when
ihe lesson ds on" (propozilie circumstan-tiali de timp determintnd yerbul
"did..].
2828 3) Tho Doublo or Compouril Sentence flrd:a d.ubld) e6te lftza cl doud
propoziliiprineipatc.oordonsle. CnordonrreJEcpoale ta"a prin juxLspunere
sau prjD'r o .onjunc!in: , opulsii\d frrd. not. nat ontg...but. dtso.n.ith"r...
ar, noy, theb etc.), disjunotivd (or, else,otherwise,eitheL.. ort, adyersatiyd
(but, howet'cr,neeertheles\ stiLL !eL)t ca.uzalF\(for ) sa[ co.dclnsi'{F^(accord,in|ly,
so, then, therefore)'.
He now had his desree,the futu.c open€d}efo.e him- (JurtapunoreJ
we sat down aad ;aited. (Copulatiie)
Yo1 nu.l c^ no( u" r.,u bp.Jr". Irisjr1, i\',
1 \. ,..,1 1,t I Jr lf onlir . / , , \ ou + ' r p , . . I \,t\"-s,rir.1
D 'n - g' r /o' I m o , inl ' . r r J ou. r ^dL r . 'l . 1
I'n grilling hutrg.J, !o you'I] hare to ft,ed nio nols. (Conclusill)
Ambclc propozilii principale dintr'o frazi dubli pot, aves subo.donate

\\]rn l! nnd.fsl.n,l mv meining, John ]irked ai me atrd lrtrghed. as if [c had
nP Y PrtlLo ujh i o l it h im s c li.
l Jnhn winl-!l , t n' .i 'LF' lAUgh.d-F'n trolozrlii prin.iprl- 'oordo-

nar-, u ajulorul, oniun,li"i.opulrrit -H | ; -\\'har hûr.d.r.roodm\ m"sn-
ing" €ste o propozi,tiecircumstan,tialdde iimp determinind vcrbclc "idnked
qi "laughed" din principale; "as if he had neyer thought ot it himself"
cste o propozilie circumstantiale de mod determintnd v€rb€le "\a'ink€d" qr
"laughed" din principale.l
S 2829 4) The Multiplc Sortcn(c (ltrun nuLtipld) este iraza cu trei sau mdi mallt
propoztlii pri.ncipal.e coordonate, care pot avea ficcarc subordonai,ele iorl
a)
He li.ril cod. irto ihc Lcin.c hall and was lookitrSfo. his sif., lul shehad aheady
lett,
I Labaul ,Vanthlu, prll 1951.

2 thc tunA ann litu : mNele.
507
lFrazi cu t/€i propozi,tii principale legate prin conjuncl,iile fi Dat:

'rnd
A. - "Hc had come ilto the leciu.c lLall";
B. - "(he) s'as looLins lor liis Fiic";
C. - "she h.rd alrerdy lelt".l
b)
Thc dal I mct her, sl$ \rantld to book scais lor "lting Lear", and was going r.o Uic
rh-J l r ' los--:f sl,".o uld sF J , J . L, l. ' J ldh o o. iid s r a d r o a 'o r '" r r . $ l : . h
. i r dlit oi mi e k.ro giri t h "\ "r in". nJ \ h. l w"" s L l p o s d t o b t h - b ! , o f r t r d
s ^ " n, l rillidnl d " ,h" altp c I ' dd ! "pr . s J dl
lFraz:i cu t€; propozilii pdnoipale coordonate _sicinci propozitii subordo-
\. - Ptupaziie ltin ipaldr "slie raantcdio book scals ior Iting Lcar",
.t') l)tur.iie erba.donati: "Thc day I rncl. )ier"- ipropozilie circunsi-anliatddc
tinp, ca re d ct er m ini ler bll' \v u l e d " ' d i n trj rc i p a l a r\).
ti. , I'Npoziie ptituipaLi: !'ishe)rvas gontfrto the tleatre to s-Ae"(coo.donail cu
!.jncitala A prin conjnn.!ia "and"l.
. ) trclo- ! t , ". .o L i l ;p l i l i tro o.rl d bub.l l n i \,' 1.1,u rul
J " . o p l " , , . di. , r" uba- al r a r '' a
l Lt' :' .: " o . . n L n ,i " Ir..l u ..lp ' uml ' .pl i vr di ,p.rd).
C. - Propotitie ptincipdld: "I asknl her to come jnstead to a coftert" (coo.do-
nali cD p ncipal€leA ii B. ii lcgaG de B lrin conillnctir "nut").
. ) Pmpor i! : ,s ulo" do-on : " | 9 h i I' J { " ." r i o l r n - rJ . s:vi r.gl rrdl Fvpni nq l D rnno
?i''. a .l r.| i vj | J . . |r U|d" " r ibu | a | .u | rd n | | v U ' ' '
.") Ptuporiie szrodoaad: "$'hich was snlposcd to lc thc bDSi ol the season"
{ Dro o o ai i l l dit ut iv alil.( u r o l n p ' rtri } -( .' - s u b r r-ti v u l L i " - cotrcFrt. num ti orooozi ti F
aLf ib JL i ;1 ,.o ; r d" nJ lr . ! - u l o rd o n J ra. p ri n .o rru n ,l i J ' 4,. r' /
." ) Pt ot o, it i" s db. nl aa' td : " b tl )i d n a " l l ' l d r" " rd dh" " nsoti r" { pro!o?ti P
Jdv p rl Jl .i "x r o- dF . onpl" m " n ,i r,rmb l 1 n 1 ,l .o n .5 i r. o .mi i prol ro/:l i p,on.p" i \' i .
sxbo.don:tJ r'ropozitiei spcundare.".1
AN.{LrZA I'RAZEI S 2830

Pentru a se analiza o frazE. se proc€deazi in modul urmitor:
a) se sulliniazii ftrbeLcdh ltali car€ sjntla modurilolredioati'e;fie-
care verb la un mod predicatil. aparl,inind une; proprziirii. numirul verbelor
subliniate wa indica numnrul propozi,liilor;
b) se d.cspartprcpozilitlc diD carc fac parre verbrle subliniate;
d/ se glsesc propoziliilc de sho stiulorre .si se inl,itulcazd prolorilii
printpol" rnu tr"Lui. uilol ru u propozitiipriI iprl, nu cu inln.. J"plin
'l
ii"" in reg-. in'plp.ul lor'i:.ind {rrza "upri d.rnar'n -lr"pro.
"i,t'o"ao""ra"
ptinciodlF..e1r. i rlporl,rl J;nrrF"l'
pozilii 'ld '.lr'r lpqdlForir .ux apu
nere (aliturare imediain) sau cu ajutonrl tlnci conjunclii coordonatoare;
d) se cerceteazi De ri , suba onatele$i sc raporteazd liecare dintre ele
la cui'intul din regenia rcspcctivi pc care-ll del,ermirii se stabilcqte astfel
functia pe care o indepliiresc si deci caraclerul ti denumirea lor: propozilii
substantival€, adjectivale sau adverbiale. cu rol de subiect, nume predicativ.
arribul, "ompt.n., l, Ji,a L i^d;rp.r slr lr"r.nzilinnut.. ir,.u.n.inl!.t rprupo
,,i1i-.ubi".ri\d.fndi,dri!,' ar'ibu'ir/. ^n,pl ri\" J:n"r.,. ind;r",r1s..J Dr"
pozjtjonald. circumstanl,iau de timp, de nod, de loc €tc.); se arate modul ln
t P n, p,.i.i1
to,) d "'"p in" I n d. t dji r r . p . . v "r t , t p $a, -.,:19- !: a.L o on
c " l . l all" doud p -in.ip dlr ro or dona . . nr I nd.
69E
care 3e laoe snbordonareafaid de r€s€nid sau coordonareaintre subordonate

prin juxtapunere sau prin cuvin6 de legeturd; se indicd natura ac€stora
- dacd stnt adjective relative sau interogative, adverbe rclative sau con-
junclii etc.; se aratd caracteml restrictiv sau explicativl al acestorpronune,
adjective sau adverbe etc.
nu.narul,gin"rura prolnzitiilor.pre,Lrmsi hlul lrazpi
. "/ lc,ara'6
N\trUP LI}'ICA B , D
S 28Sf t. rBA2-Lco;rptDx,l
(TIIE COMrI,EX SENTtrNCD}
SI analizim unn6torul exemplu:

. Il I !m lreeneai Fridey, l an go wiih you to that frl€ndol youlsx'hoselibrary
Analiza acesteifraze se va face ln modul arbtat mai sus, astfel:

aJ Yerhelela un moil prealioetiv: am. can, trant - trei terbe la un mod
prcr]i,atir. rlcci hei propoz;liiin lr azd.
,) Propozitriile:
(1) If t an f4e turt ltidalt,
\2) I .aa co with loe b that fuiend of vouts
\3) qhose lib.dty I so mwh aant 10 see.
cl Prolozilia prineip:rli :
I can sa eith sou to that ftiena al lJouts
d/ Propozitriilesutuordonato
:
l!) tf t qi tr4 nprt FtiJdn, lprcpozilie adverbiiu conditionale,itrtrodusedc con-
j 'n .l id i/ li da ' r m il l n d !" " i i J l u l r, B, p " j D " i !r' r)
' l ro
l:) *hrs. I ibro" lt t so n uchu o r, rorde (!.opori!ie adjectival4al.ributivn,detc.minird
srbstantj\ul tie,l .li,r ,,fin iprlir. dF oarr csl.cteCal4 prin adjeotivril relaiiv resrrictiv
e.,/Fraza cuprinde o propozilie principalx cu alou{,subordonate.Este

deci o lrazd coEplexi.
$ 2832 2. TEAZA DTIBIJ.tr.

{TIIE DO[itsNE OE COMPOUND SBNTENCA)
Se wa analiza acum urmdtorul exemplu:

How.v."Iilrl" sucl,;n $" ldd rtrarsummpr.
welovpdthn lin\ (ubin!v Lhelake-
and l"tl ir on ly $h "n ouf holr dJ y . um r o al "nd.
d) Vorbolels uD moil proili(ali\: hu1. loftd. lpft..c,?p- oatru \erbe la

un rnridpredicativ.dpci p$iru propozilii tn lr0ra.
,) Propozitriile
:
(r) Eoqera lit e suBhnE e. hdd
12) ee loeed, the tinv cdbia bu the
$l o s @hen ou h4tda! catu 10
r V ez i p€9. 58r , n o ta 1 , g 2 7 4 2 -rt4 3 .

5S9
c, Propozi,tiiloPrilrtipale !
cu B)i
n. -- qe laoed the tiny cabin h! ,le ldic (coordonatl
cu A copulativl dndl'
B. - (ee) teft, lcoordoliain lrin
'oniunclia
.1,/ ProPozi,tiilesuboralon:rtoi
,.,.".1;t
xitr1l6,'"Tlk' sT;iil%il":*:",iJ,ili5li":$T""
1#*f,iil;:x'li,$i'
d t onlu n aF holida!"a,nPto on 'nd tlropoziLi"€dverbidlstempor€ld
-h, verbul
r ii J.r"rminlnd
i",.Ja"*""ii"-"a""*[,i'.;-';1";*,1" "onjuniri",ufr
ldr B)
' din orincipula respec-
, f""r" rp.ina" doun propo/i1ii prin ipule u subordoDalFlc
tive. Este prin uimare o frazi dubli'
3. IBAZA 'nULl'IPLi $ 28tt

(TBE iTUI,TIPI,tr SEJTENCU)
Se va anatiza exemplul urmnto!:

\ t rp| P v.r $p we i'l lhp o aoJ ols . b; ng lold \ " $pr ' t o l k l o r i s l r ' N l r c m 'd x s € n d
ilu;i l5':; i:i'l":1#'.";"'"s;::l,i:;1"

:i.]'"r;*:F;*."1;li:i:;lJ"n,:l
r|'rn'ed
d/ Vorhotclaun lnodlrcdiralir: nl'/ 'v te 'v'l'on"d sang' 'oulil'
pr'4- opl vcrbo. d"ci opt rn
propozrlrr rra/a
had ,one upon.
D) Propozifiile :
lt) lYh"t.r.r 'ft e.nt'
izt tt," o"o"onLs, beinq bA, *ctconed b'
\3) ttttoL) ae Qoe fotkto'^t''
14\ (theu) sons,
I o-'":
\z;lr,':"':;k!;rd,'i':;;:i'l' iI ;.:i"'
',:i:: ro,,heun xpected or o" disca'ery'
aeat,h
13\!*i:l ,tr'Y-:
c.) PropoziliilePdrcipnle:
i. - ii ir"*"", biing told,Qetcotned as (principaldcoordonati cu B
si C);
"'i. legau de C p n
'' - ftn"r ) sang(principaldcoorilonatecu A Pi C' 9i
aonjunclia
- 'C. copulativ{ dnd.);
(prinriprlacoordonat6 cu
l,n":r) danc"dsufi int r'stinr fatk dan"es
ptin a'?J)'
-\ 9i B. 9i legoldd. ts 'onjunclia
d I ProDoziiiilesrboralooatc :
1:,'ii,,",r, w' ''rni (propoziti"adv"rbraldde l^c iDrrodu'aprin ad-
cr'z:
,*t'1i"Pi",i,
- - !i ilFrermini;di"rbul 'r'l'on'r'l din
O ' 1 1that),t' ,,'er"folklorists Ipropozili"'ompl"liva dirF'ti introdusd
"""'1i,j""iiJ ir','ii,ri' v'rbul 6'ing
r"iFasirsi dFr-rr"inind
o'i" "',1"'i""'ji",.'
iol.rl din A1;
I Accstl snborilonrh dete.nii I ln acslaii timp;i te'bulLl dit' lrinoipala B' coordo-
600
d"' ) that ee could.hurdly reca\],alLthe material (propozilie adverbiald co -

socutivi, introduse prin eonjunclia subordonatoarelial ;i determintud verbul
dancd. ,Jin C)r;
d,"" ) (Ihat) ee had conc rpoz fpropozi,tieadjectjvald at butive. subor'
donatd prin juxtapun€re (pronumelc rclativ restrictiv t/rd, fiind subin,teles)
ti determinlnd subsia tivul na,rertal din d"'l;
d""' ) secingthal ee $ere taa f.o far the unexpected M&Ith of our discatery
(propozilic adverbialh cauzald, introdusn de loculiunea conjunolionaln sub
ordonatoares.cing l,tat ;i dererminind prcdilatlrl couLrlrcco dil d,"').
,, Fraza este formati din trei propozilii principale coordonate !i cinci
propozilii subordonate.Este prin urmare o lr:rzi multipli.
s:t3{ v. coREsPo\DE.\T_{
Tr}lPUnILoR
[sDquDNcr]oF TENSDS)
2635 In limba englezd. timpul v€rbului din subodonatd este, l genereritr
strtisd dependenli de timpul verbului din regentn. Aceaste dependenti, nu.
m itd ,,corespondent a timpurilor" fseqadnceof fenses), a fost regl€mentatd
de reguli rigide la origine, astfel:
9836 lioguh I. Ct d r€rbul din propozilia regent; cste la lre:rn, sau la
pre.entulp.erfectjverbul din subordoDati.poa.letila oriLetimp (prez€ t, trecui,
sau vrlor]i
I saethat you a/, a good girl.
We ea', to know what vou .ttd then.
I think I shdU,ate a hilida:r'next ye€}.
I |a'e toldyN Ll\aLli. eds holdinga prolessorshit
in ihe UDivcrsiiyof Leeds.
- .\\e.haeei\st leotntthat shats (sau,as, in her oUiceand 'ill sedgoa as soor as
sne rs o$enaaged,
s 2817 BpgulaU. Lind \"rbul djqpropoziliar.gFnrdFslFlo Jinrr. \arbul di',
sllbordo.ll i pu e fi la or; t,nt,tf,fi J /tt,r tS 28-0 2e-7r'
Sl!. ott ..s il wc rzntsn he.
1 sloll kU her nhai ne ftzrd dane |,sa1r
d.id).
rrentru exc€p.tiile la aceasti reguln vezi $ 2859-2E72.
S 2838 Leguli III. Ciod v€rbul din propozilia regenta €ste la 1r.r i. sau a,'6
jn lcgaturi ienporali cu el,
fornd de trecut, v€rbul din subordondtt, daca stt
tr€buic si Aibir |ot larmd .le trecutl
I @aratu4 thetn while thev ene Dbrins chtss.
Lli rv.ibedm lcu privire;) pe oind"j";," $ah.l
I th4uahtvou nod told hPt sha ,ou ia"/.
lCr t J ; Dh' t J i oi s p u sc e$ ti .)
31 ut , t ?' s k odt l n t r' .F d ,Eft'L d r!,o rn n d n J e dl or l p r," :/p.
Ll dara t n, l g " .a -a .rz k o s r i i rru rr..l ppl r-upi rri u.J
$€- a@ld t hem s h c @ b e (h e r' .
t(Noi) re,on s"&s .,{ (ea) ra /i acoro.l
I prtmised I poLld tume it I knete lot neded nc
\Ti an filsiuu cn eoi eeni drcil ,oi fd c{ at ncvoic dc minr.)
I dnided I @uld t! 1.oseeyou befo.e I q enr o my holidry.
t{nu) dn nod.r, ca voi incc.cas{ tc vid inainte d€ a pleca/ si1llectn vacanll.]
t.o-tti" ,,eierminiin aceh$timp qi verburMnsdin principala

B, coordo-
,ur, :ftT,n
CORESPONDDNTA TIMPURILOR f01
In p o rta r!
al Prin termenul ,,formd de tre..it" sP intplcse in acest 'Bz nu numoi indi- $ 9839
( "t if ; l r'".u ' s i t r p. ut ul p F rfp c l { ,u l o rmF l P d ' a ' p tsci con rnuu ' orpspun-
/a odrF,. br i. . r ir np;" u tr| o d ' r[a rn ' d ' fc /r" ,r. ati nd' u al l p ' u\rnra
'i r i fd L i d c ' ra L ,' . s u b jon' l rtul
o t t r ittd ru t la t r " . r / . c d v i i l n ru l l rczpni i r ' on-
ditionalul prezent. inlelendcnt dc i leles:
,./ I nu .c uiltr . l' rr,'rrrul pnrtF'. c'lp un adje Liv care inseamnl S 98{'0
..6', "c.l' n nlrui riml p-.rFnl tr'.ur slu !ri'or - ii ' d
ternlfnuhi,.trecut".
tixccpt,ii ld RecnIa I I I
17l Cird propozilia suborrlonatiintroduceun fapt lndeobite cunoscut $ 281r
sfiirliiic sau unirirsd vrnabit. verbul ei est€ p s lalrezent salt rlllar:
He rcodin the paler that ne{ t.ecstateso., consiatrlltarleadlg otr thf m'l ol lhe
tt'otl'tiv,,."-
,otatl"r tlc rton,icerfrg-!ustil in stiicnce.\iall th! lrce ol ihe eirr'lr'
I l,.rr ihai a l.iend ii nced ,s a l.ie .l indtcd "44gc
e-i ndepend-r' t J" $ 2812
i ], L rn , l. i' ! r np / i' ;d " rrL o r' l a t.rd . ti l rp l " ' ;r-ni i c'
r : mp u l a .l i u nii dinr . e" nt a v ,rb u l :u b o rd o n a r' i p o a l c Ir pusl apr' r' / sl u rd
riitor I
I dillr't sct on wiih her bccrusesle istr't I'r.ljable. o a d d lr lJ
5nc @ l d h p lrdl h 4 r ld lr ' r
' ltd J' 'om<
I trrel x"r:o mu,h har r/olii-vp_/..8"rh"r.
.) Propozilia aiributiva arc verbul la oricc li ? cerut' de inleles: S 2843
t11\"lL san ind |ha li lior lr iP. I J han bPP'ht t n' bi m J l o r o 'F hef hlon
ld' a. ng, , ; L l l o Prlorllpsiimulu'
I / o , " jloq. t la.lslu//a '\aJs.rma l, p. bA, F
I naod alwars /ornd jn he. caample
d/ Inlro Dropo/iLi.romnara ira l"gr a d' prin'ipclu prin 4r' rllr' o' S 2qtl
po"t,fi pus l" or;' riarp , pru' da lrrLci"s:
n'r h os, o. t "il d.i.r"rbul
Shelo'ddher sisiermorcthrn sbclots o. /tll eve'lo'?tne
si" 1","a 1". si"t"r * .uch as shelo',s or Pill everloecme
e) Clnd fraza condi,tionalderprimi o si/udlie rrdld rtit rFrbul,din"r'- $ 9845
ir"rp 4ru'uo nlpr's IJra
s-nra. "itsir"ldin suborJonat"por tipus" Id otrLP
1."ri"..-"'od" ree"rlil,d."o';'pond'nl" A'i'rputilor'
(Pentru exemple vczi S 2750).
pro-
Face excoptie tilloral, care' in genere.nu poatt Ii intrcbuinlat inlr'o
pozifie subordonatn (S 2850-2857)
CAZUIiI SPNCIALtr
1) Stilul nsratiY. - ln stilui narativ, toate ac,tiu ile care se dcshtoarE $ 2818
simulian sau consecutivslnt la acelaqitimp gramatical
a) I'oate acliunile Prezente:
Sh€en,r'.stl\c e$ibitjon room{nd .'.tt?s'10$eher apprtoiationi tle book{hich
She toDned
rouDd, sa,e_q.!n,who o,r sirtirg iX rhc tjre, ,r€2,Dp an.I spft, io her.
c) Taatc acliuniLe riitoare:
I s/'dllgo ro Bnohmsr, /,g;srd.as a sru.tent,dr,ndleciues anil g.r a d.gree.
E rceplie: Fleribilirarea limbii,v. prczenrdupi trecur,S 2841 2B45,

S 2847 .. .2) Actiunj simultanesau ro[secuti\0 in heeut._ In Iinrba enelezn.a,:
\ru n i r e. pF r . r , c ulp b rmu l l " rr.. .n n .F .. ti \ i n lr_" ut stot pxpri ma,. toa.c
nri n
, , i : : ::1 i, .prF,roosab,rn
dF rirbs rom d n i.u n d " .rn o c a a ri iru a li" ,
i rci u r ul alr F r neaz ac u l rp z e n tu L :
".,::a !' I h,, liim I roruhiln ron ,a, i]L
\then
ictnd I ath ,nitnit i-an spusct es,t iotnald.)
I /i,rr you a".e lrere
(stian ci esti aici.)
I dsizd hcf nnt shc sdtd Ia.tin (a, astecn.
l\m intnbot_o d.u mi-a stus ct\ MafiA aadrne.)
$ 2846 3) 0 actiunc arterioari attera se €xpuma:
a) p.rrnpt uentulpertcr, dacnverhuldjn propozilia regenrd€sreta prczenr
-- u l a lnLor :
Ea
I sa Lhar she has Kn .
I sndi,g, to Lhethearre and In tiie lertormancetdJ already r.gtuz.
b) pti[ trecutul perfect, daci verbul djn regenti este la indicatil.ul trecur:
$, d- , u. 1\ ' er , t' " , .rt ,1 t.1 ,i -e ,.
Il:hen I .ane h.me, src na.JbedLtundins lot an ho\tt.
Tot u$i. c ind . \ i .t; J n u ; s a u - ,:r,u t.F ,. !i uni
_.
€clrrnl.trrclte. nulner lflmnl \.efb esLe la trecutul " ipedeci,1ut anp, i ntFri orrFr,r,.,l
celelalte liinrl la
rn d t.ar r r ut t r eLut :
qt ,h .r n ,/. t/. / i n | ." r, p,ool nHr.a Jns" r.
' , , da1l Lot . In p
_ 8\e betieeed shehadsc.n hid rrainins in.c_st,pn hp Fi:",teiiir," p""";",, r,","
d n rl r, , . j" r . 8 n, , r t - \:n r.f ..!o rt,,o m p " i ,.o n . "*""t
.'1 \ rl nr a t r ] 0" d , -r" re to o l i n g i r. p ri .rs propori ti " , -srs sL pr" d.at.-.,

a c o i ! r r ' . . i n r d o ,r .. .-s r l i tn tr-b u i n rr t r" ,utul nerfc.l p_ntru con.i oc-
r " n r u l, sirn,rtran"
',c,!;u,,il-
rc.r |' t F r eq. t
crrF t " " rf ri; " r" p rin i; ,
" r t r tn .' n r, d a .rr .t,a r,F i 1 ' " . , i dn " i; i; , , _.a
sntpri ^ri i i t.. si on,rr,.
(inp rna prupozitia) ..eidr;t,rser;t supnrali,inainre de a venir; r,i;titiee""
.e ar tr tob, .'n. non.F,,.)ii /in d ,1.Ii (tr^pozjtip) .,.t tu.FsatJ p,AteJt
".. Fr
.a rua.apirr. tr.o t.-r'(r. sporr, itnr d. idrno inajnt_ d. s ri t". tn ;tni,.l
. ) .nnn,,iitatutptP., rrprp-,ri! . i;torutp,t*t fdLd.tptr /r//., ;nd o d._
l,uro \',rnarF Fcta,,r.riuun. .n,.i nun^n dhL \iiror r\ei g l50t r501,
2853,2E56).
S 284$ 4) 0 oc,liuneriitoare fa,ri de at1,ase exprimnl:
a) prin t'iitor, cinrt.ierbul d;r regente este la prezcnr:
I t,a?. | .],olt ..". \'au as-tn
She nrc(.s sh. ,r'i rd,e io aitend ,c graduation tesi.iljty tomorrow.
1 ln propoz'liileseoundare
h oa.eloare ii jnircluiniat vjjrorul (g28I0.rs5! 2sr:).
CORESPONDENTA'TTMPURII,OR 608
b) p.jln aiitor l fald de trecut cind verbul din regenti este la trecuti
We urLdtslood they would ting ns uP.
it'" ni tn""sntrni **a r, ruquir?,loattendth' festi'llv on the tollo{ins dav'
2850
5) Yiitorul in prcpozitio suborilonatd.- Spre deosebi'ede limba romani' 5
:n atucaa. unFlP pY.ppriiardta P ndi joc'. trbut nu paot"
ln limba AnclFz6,
viitor lnrr o suLorJona'd.
propozitie ori'nr p ar li 'impul 3aun odul
oueolornij ic
ilin rpgen'ti:\iiror. impFrJliv..ondiLion'l ' l'
Verbul din subordonati se afli:
viitoare talir d0 pmzont: s 285

-A.criunca
2859
a) \E indicatiaal?,'e:cr, (tradus crt aiitorul ir limba ronenn) pentru $
in oare se
a exprimao ao,iiunei'iitoare in raport cu momentul pr"e:ent
I shall never ioryet hcr as long as I ltee'

lNl1 o voi uita clt ,ot ,
'Ir,t
Fi n s mp up whent le lla Y.d s
lTeliloneazemi clnd sPua r./n',d prcsar
I s ho! ld l:kp ro b"p hin it h d @ 4 e i n e st L
- w4 in nd\"rod-"I
iri iiii"i:l'io,r"' r .dd r Jn"' sip
-,pai
b) Ia prezentat ptfect (tra;lus cu tiilot[l dnlerior3ln limba romini) ctnd $ 2863
regentd:
rcliuiea .riltoa"e ilin subordonaii este anterioare aceleia din
| - ,dll m ak" mv rrp orl q h"n I hn* "onP: ' t "d nv | ' b cord ur l o " i ' $ o r l '
it oi i;;o Fr;mrJr dupl , ". m i r i t t 4' a; aat ! i r " P ; 'u ) r J 'r d r p d d e
Let m. krn w Js soo n a s v ou d, P & P; ' d ar ans { "r '

p"init s\u t';P";'i) ;slun' l
ii",j,iit:"'. tî,ia * ';; ti
I should till st'. &ds / ir nlr Pd hPr ' n' al
ir-' -Jv
pi'ii.; f i-tr".ninot slu 'a '+ninot md'a-
";i
Aeliuno Yiitoarefa16 do trocut: s 286
p€riru a ex- S 2866
a) la. indicatiaul f€c.rt (tradus ou 'iitor!'l ln limba romene)
prima o ac.tiune viitoare ln rapod cu un trmp recdt:
\\e undarstoott (p.jncipala)w€ sfto"id!cd'him (resenta)8s soon as he c'me to ille
Instil.ute (sllbordonala){
fn"pi r"pt"""i"., \t eotueerlealnilatt ce ea 'dz; la Insiitut l
"rt with llre w.ong ad esshtd bcel detaitad('egenla) until an inquifv F33
The t€it-"r
Dsde lsubordoData)
-"-" oiod se tn'lrasdcinevade ea )
ri;"J'i*J"* iii,a-"a s€eit{ rusesereli'utit rinn 'o
ncw sonata lhe nexi lime I c!'Ic'I {sub-
i pas eaingto ask him to Plav his {rescnta)
"" da J \i ;roJrp " i nd roi
,n r''". de S ind s il c o g s l mi ' :n L e n o ' l u i s onJl l
pn,ru
nd1''.
:i;*,f'l?i;i'it;:l;ti!?,'l;,."' ru n'p- dp,upoli,"-".
* ..c'Ji;t.l:T$,lir"'"iiii
l!,"i*ilI";:,."rjtyf"r"l;t,i|il;"1";
lit,i:ll,i:
l n I triL ! iit orulL n.la . tovint eL l- r plnl' e c u lt ler
o o nf orm' otespo nd en lr' tr m put ' r or '
604
28;6 b) lA tnutul pptfpctttftdlJ' tu !;ttaru| un',r;or1tn lLmbaromdoi) ctnd

c.liunpa \iiloare din propoziliasubordonataesLpanrcrioareacliunii din
genia er: 'F
A nr n ppdllr in " i p a l d rrh e Io d l J g o : to i h e p i .turas{ fFgenta)uhetr
shphsd doD ehpr
n o mewor rls
{ ubor d o o a ta l .
(Ana sperac{ sd rd dzdala cincmatogralcltrd iii d fi tsnitut reclrte.l
I taeo lprincipala)they aoutd cane in, Fege ta) if theJ hsd seer rny lisht on lsun-
-
{9tiam cI @, tnr.@dacd lmi ,o. /t rd.z,lumiDa ap.insd.)
9857 Urmetorultabel comparativ,ref€ritorla intr€buintar€aviitorului tn pro-
pozilis subordonatar prezanrind unul dinrr" rspe"t"ele uplirarii prin"ipiului
, a rp .i a la br zaconslri.!icifrdzFienslerFr
'rp b u i;s lu d ia tin l. s o rJ r; s " b "
ma din Fig. 2 ,S t356).unde6ro5tpfin"lpius" atldp\pu". "u
Tsbel
2868 Viitorul ln p&pozitie subordotrati.
(dupx t/, Itll, unril, when,as longasj as soonas ete.)
a, Indicativ pretent (: liilor) a, indicativ trecut {: viilor 1a!{ dc 1rc.ui)

Is,{"@ I.ea mkr lorgcr hu as lonS I ln# I @zld nerer fo.get her as lorg as
(ttiu cA nn rai putcd s o uit cit loi lfti.rn cii nu loi lutea s'o uit citroitrti..)
t.ni.)
6, prezetrtlorlcet l: viitor !-lc.,l.) ,, tiecut.terlect (: liito. pcd.ct lati .le
I t.tl yan I qi\ so onlj. \l,er I hsro I lod you I qrrld so only $]lcn I hsd scen
(lii s;un ca,oi rl4.d numri duDdce tc tT i o n squs\ l rai pl ,La duD Jcete
roi ri inzut.) ro i li rezxt., ^\)mni
s 285e Er cep lii

\riiton tali de prezcnt
a) Ptopozi|itlcatnpletbd.
d.btctdpo^1eaveaverbul ;i la viitor:
Io u I ll m r ou r ldllA, 3 lo lr . o, a n . r t .
llm i s t r ui c li l€ , Pi dr . . li on. r d. J
I c\lccl that Jou sialla do vour dlrt!.
l{9ieli do la voi sr1r'r frccii datoria.)
I $onder il shc nara Ur.. ninutei$ readr.
(xi Int.eb daciL'rtll va alca tfocesul-vcih1 sat;.)
Slie doesn'i kDorv wh0n she sill bd back.
l(Ea) Du ilie cind se va lntoarce.l
lVFzi l4-i o \ , n, r Lar Pqr ec iiv I
rviirofuSl tr. d. r r r . . p, r i"ii t nr , bult ir in J . . F f , sd ! r o p o T i l i € s . c u n d d a p q r,
ci ca esle o compl-"tili dircct{ (S 286r).
sVrzi 5 2 8s'i 7qe _l . aoli qo ) . r il. l
di""c
| \,7i S tl2: . - $a s r . l/ io ou" d. , .'v . 1 s r i t I d
s Ve zi 5 te0 t-290r . - r '.
TTMPURII,OR 606
CORISPONDENTA
u"*
1".Yw2riy,#"t::":"";;
iiifliii"':?j
,",,?,ltr1";;:lli'fi['ll'*i,hf
'".':'dil:x'i:*
g.,"'i:" 1
f **ii,li*li"rl$=ii: :":::,;"^""'"""'
"'d:tlliniTf :h:il;\
ii:f"'r*".t$, fi *,.""-*^
'ff:jffifr:":;r:lt#;'L
'."'"iiiiffill;"":"*:,r"?l':ff :i:"'ll
ffflliitr#Jlfr"l:ilift
"'"'';;;"fiii{
j',"',"{"ffi #'lr;;
4fffi;1i9ffi t;1.;"Ti"""if:"li:',,1;
dioaccastd.'stcsoriasi? u t^nt
In proporiliilo :"1;"iil;
i# i[irlrir"""'*';:i'f
r,*iirtfrhtF,'1,"ffi
l"f*lrijlr,ur
"-
' itx: :g;:if
Durilc €ratate la 5 z6ru-z6oJ:
r"sxr,H{illffi
",,nn* tr;T,iit.tlt
"1."'"n*,,,,
.fiiif#*l;ififlrf'f;$r*;**,,,,''1,,,*t,c'm
)tr::"$.i:ilire'"E
tr,:h?;?,
ill*,rli:.;::1"ru"::
'-'t**$i*1l*il}j",*fffi;qf-$".#f"1i'i# :
'"'"ied:"''"*
lui al doiLoa:
i!'1i"":1il'lii'!"ri5ii'f*l-i'""'
lrl"'t"""';ilH""T,f
;"lil;iii"iql; iiit,'"ili-)
tlu"""1'1,};;";i*3
:n*.:*lli; rormades2{t6
ctnddcdtuie'te
,r*i,:'i";":lllllll"x,lfii*'il ihu,"i; :xi
accasu
{il"Ht!}"Zoi'i}!"li"o''id{i
f ;'il1lf"gi,in'J};1"',"; ost€nearr')
* *.^* ,
: llilui:^3"i;\lili[;
:,il"l:'i;'""
i;""nr**ii;;tx*:t,q,,.,,,."rTrr"f :',T''*'
;"",,",#il-l"Jilrffi
"I J,li'"$113"'"'
; lr;,''i
: ;:#,:;"
1L'"2i r
"
rvezi
1:1tiir'ri'I:.T'slf;{-
*:*T;ii*ll$lii.'J;511,1..rffi
28{' nola I
600
2863 Yiitorullord do treout

Iceleaqi exceplii sini valabile qi tn cazul viitorului fa,td de trecut, cu
rezervelel[cute la S 2867 2872.
2864 a) Ptopozt\:.acompletivl directe $i pnopozitia relativd pot avea verbul
gi la viitorul fa![ de tracut:
You told e voelhoulilrso 10the.ancot.(Comrrletiai
dir€ctl)
(Ui-aislus ca dt rd l' d,.t la conccft.)
I a\ t , 4. t ^t ( t t a t) ro d s b o rl d ?d o v o 1 , /,,J contt" i \ i J rp,.t.1
, \ t , plaI n d. la v o ; s d ' / /J ,4 ; d a o ri a .)
I wonderpdt/stu would, [^va the minues rcdd!. (Comp].inaidireol;-r)
(U4lnrrelam dacit (€a) ,a aecapmcesul-v€rbalglta.)
She didn'l loow onaz sndBhotrld(sauwoulds)hc 6ddl..(ComplcUvndi.ect{l
l{Ea) nu $tia clnd s? ed tndpota.l
H. wis ' r lr ol p J ' s o / r/,,, r, s o u l d d o ,, /4 " r /nn. " . tR 4l ' :\.1 dr,i bur' \1
llE l) ir er n . u i u l d p !" n :" ' l p i o I g l l u ri .J t- l ul i n " ' ,p n ru,i r. p" pri _.' I
I had callcd thc poftcr no'rln tae to tle lusgase-|Relativii final:-r)
(chemasenham.rld, care ',nautma sd.se ocupede bnsrjc.)
Shesaid snerould rclu.n ihc booksivhichshc had read and ont.n should,l"n bo lott
to othe.rcdde6. (Rclalive lina]{)
(Da a spuscA va restitri ceriile te oarele'a citit ii crc eat li apt,ilmptunutule altor
citii.ori.l
We {ssured thcn we Mnld subnlt for discussidnNl,alcvd protosrl l&tr drFrtj
Nhonldrnrhe{. {ItelaLiv{ atribuiivn)
t{Noi) i.an asisurai cn von puneIn disoriie oriceprop'rnelene vor raceerpc.iii lor.l
S865 D./ Propoziliilc cotul.ilion&Le,concuioe $ temporale pot avea verbul ti la
viitorul fati de lrecut:
I iold you I Nould let Jou know at orce ii /,r $houldieone ta theofficeLh. next dd!
lConditionaH)
tTi am spusca tc loi anullaiftdiat decillin co. c,i et !a veni r doua zi la bi.ou.l
We dccidedihai eeeu;/ sn' slouldsgot a /dtl,f. ndfft, sheshouldn'Lbc scold|d. (Con
cesi!e)
lNoi am hotirii, chiar da.i nu !a ollinc noi{ dc lrccdc, sl nu lie m'lslrala.)
T Fr lo s a i l rl ,r" rn ?o n , v B h o u l d" I
B l op..Teml ,orJ
( r oi. u" dnr
d dj, ' d . pl r.o l o p rn i".'-r;l e \,rs l I n i rs o ,r 1'
H. . nJ o" h , m n 4 i o ..d y I t," r. ,rr.t,' ]?' to u td, D . 3ctrr/o" . (T.mtor,l .t
"p v o .l " i mi " d ' !d " 1.
lr lilr s e l, " r . r f . + l s L .da .o l o !' r' ' .
28tt6 cJ Cind verbul .'oaLJ are lnlelesul de.,r voi" sR11cind alcdiuictte ,,forma
ae politele-. el poaie ti intrebuinlaf c.r t.ns rle riitrr in propozifi; condi,tio'
Il a l i ( $ 2773) :
I lhuu: lI . loud ,n | } .rl rJ i n i trh d 1 4 ,l /-4 1 me.
\ l. dr ' r qr ndi m, \o i J r,p s u i .u l " .' F 1 1 1.' ,.ti a,r,dp" " n p.,
-r
i said I shouldTbc gratel\] il yo\ eoultl .onc.
lAn spus cn voi Ii recr{osrftot nactteeliaeedanabilirar,asi vcnili.)
lV c z i 5 2896 :8 !7 .
: V c z i S r jir .
3V ez i q 2901 -:9 0 2 .
a t/i,d/r, .a.e di aici idce.tde viitor pu. icl- $ :319), ronte li nrlocuit,pril simplili'
crft. ou Q ould( g ! e 0 1 1
t V ez i s i S 281 9 .
6V c z i \ 2099 2 1 0 0 .
' r / , r . / . p\ t r r nr n d a r' i d rd d l !r " o l / 1" ' J,p' Il rgA
i o ."d o. \ r r of , \ rri r" .. " i 1 ," .1'ij.l o r!r.to
. . " p/ ro rn r.i rn
' al o,.:l
($ ri 0: t-t6.
CORESPONDN''A f I!|P('RII-OR 607
Obseraalic
Nurndrul propozi.tiilor In care poate aptu€a viitorul fald de tr€cut esle S 286?
Ioarfe mulf redusprin laplul .e forma dp viiuor pur conslruit6au shtud h
toate DersoanelcDoate fi conlundala cu:
aj un echivalent al subjonctivului;
,) ought+ infinitiv.
Penlru acestmotii'. in cazurile de ambiglitate, 6e folosescalte construclii
care sd ldmuraascdintelesul. duDd cum se va Yedealn continuore.
ln unele dintre exemplcle citaLe la ! 2864-2865, forma de viitor con-
struitl (u slanld la torte persoanelear putea fi gii
a, un echivalent al subjonctivului cuvaloare decondilional.caresdaccen- S 2868
tueze ideead€ improhalilitaie ( S 160{):
\Vc asn.edthemlhatve rvouldsubmitfor discusion whatever propo€al
theirexpdts
(\-oii-amasiguratcAvom l)uncIn disculieoricelropunerea. /t sd/acdexlcrlii lor.)
I lold rou I rvo!].llet you ln.w at oncoiI hesnolrdconeto the oflicethe nextday.
{Tj.ad spns.n te roi annnlaincdial docl el & fl sil eiud a doxazi la nirou.)
Wedecided thal ereniI shcsioulds,! a lailurenarl. shelhonldn'tbes.olitcd.
(Noirm lrotl.ft 5nnu fic nust.ili chiardaces'r. inttn?lasd au obli^dtorl ile rte-
TIcv wante.lLowait therctlntil the snow.lozld s/oD.

tvoilu s{ afl.ptc icolo llni ce (ar fi) sd.s@ n\ts;'alca.)
IIe madeup lis mindto slay theft nntil he sn /i.l /a ytr, to.-
liEl) sehonri snsteaacolopiniice faf /i/ d re ,.@td dupn€l.l
Pentru aoestmoiiv, ln cnzurile de Ambiguiiete de acestfel este pr€lerabil S 2869
ca s/mrl.t sn fje jnlocuit, la prrsoana a 2-a 9i a 3'a, cu rvou?dclnd verbul prin-
cipal are tnleles dc r,iitor pur:
\li issufldrhem$p souldsubdirtor disussion whatprprn.oDosal lhpircxp.rts
@uU nah - ori," nropur.r,vor Ia"',. t!iil,,r pu.)
J f .ld lou I s1,u ld i J ouk nowr l or leif lF@ ildNh. t o th" olli.. lh. nextdaJ
I ddaA rd re ni, lvi,t or pnr )
\l c dp.id"d lhal e\pn iI sh" @ouldsa d luilurp mark. shp shouldD l bp .coldpd (- d@,t
nr m obtin.r- {viitor pu.)
. They rvantedto wail tlere unlil the sno* rozld rro? (: phe ce se d .!"J. {Viitor
IIc nade np tris mind to star there nntil he ,orld Id sentlor \: p|-I.nce * @ bituitc
d!pi ol). {\riilo,i r,trr)
lnlocuirean,rmelorde la $ 2864-2865 (conslruitecu sftoaldJpdn sd,- S 28?0

janctioulcn lubarc iLe@niLiltanall
de propoziliilorrespeciivenuan![ de con-
ditional'z:
$re assur€dll,rm $e Noxld subnii. Ior di$usion shateyer proposalthei. erperts
(l.um asisuat .A am rnnc In discutieoriceprolun€.e d. /a.c expe4ii lor.)
I told vou I would lel.vou ktrorvat oncciI he.dn, to the otficethe neat d{v.
lTj'adspus oi tri-ai d; imediai dc sl.ircdrcd cl /. dii a doua zi la birou.)-
\fc decidedtlat eveDil6he so, a lailuru mark, sheEhouldn'tbc scolded.
(= . . . chiar dnce nu o. orltre o nofi de tre@rc,Gl nu lie rnuslrata.)
Th e y $ anlP d t o ws il ' h rrr n n ri l l h e s n o $ s t p ffd .
l: - . . llnd cc 4. srd nrnsoarFiI
lle ma{teu! }is mitrd to stny therc urtil he i'c.€ (s 0 u ds, ssnt lor.
(: . .. pinl c e r - d , . tn tr. d n !6 e l .)
t 1568.
5 rr62, 211) ' - 2 1 8 0 .
A se compara:
qo u k Ll c t l o t k n o s i t h e s o u l d c oD o.(V i j Lorvoti ti v ri i tor puf sau
.... I . lold y ou I r
ll : . . t e @t a a u n tad e rr o d m i r { s s u@ @ F sd,i ^d) sau l .ondi l i onstulF sub-
Jo n 'I' v - c ondr ! ' onall ) . . . .te .a t a a L n p d 0 r{ d ro i r !a ui nd.rl
I told you I @zld t r you kaow ir hc .tould como. (Viito! volitiv + un cchivalenr al
subJonctrwrurac^pntutodimllobabilitatea) \- . . . tp ,oi anu^14dac.a4, lLsdsind.)
. I. rold yox I sould let you kn * jt ha cM6. (Condiliondtvoliriv + subjonctiv cu la.
roarc uo conorlfotraf(: . . - k,ai a,unta dace 4f Eni. )
2871 b) : ought+ infinitie ll 2085)l
You l.old ma yot! shbuld Eo to lhp cobcert.
{Mi.ai sp'rs cd e rrrli se l. duci ta .oD@rr.J
She said she would rcturn rhe booksshe hd read and which snoatdthcn 66 lrur to
other rcadeN.
(Ea) a€[']s.a va .csl.itui ctul ile pe.ire tp cittseg ca!.,o' t .buir e\ tir apoitnptun.
tdk altor citir.ri l
2a72 .l n ac eas la; it u a l i e , s ,f.rrl l dp u ti n d a v e a Si tntetcsul de,,ar trebui .., ,,tre.
-Dure (srnonrm cu ollgll,rj este prelerabil sd fie lnlocuit la persoana a 2_a Ei a
3 -a rt would at unc i c l n d v e rb u l p ri n c i p a t e x p ri md i dcea de vi i tor pur:
You l,old me you @dd ao to the con@fr.
{Mi-ai spus..1 ,. ,pi du.t Id ron, e"t.)
She said she woutd .eturn the book! she had .ead and which @o&ldth6n ,, td4, to
olhe! reade6.
.... t lE a) a s pus . J iva rp s h tu i.J 4 i h p " (a rc l , c i rk e$ caF @ ' /i apoitdpfznsrat auo.
$ 2873 6) Coodiiionelul.
S 2874 a.,/Pentiu intrebuinlareacondilionaluluiin fraza conditionaldcare ex-
primd o sirarlip ireaLi vczi \ 2762-2769.
S 2875 h) Condilionalulindry?rddr. Yerbul subordonatei unei rcpentecarecon-
!ine un-condilionalindependeDt sepuneta o formdde trecut (i;dicativ tmoui,
vltor tafa de trecul,etc.):
| @udn't kno@ \|hich ol th€m a6 hcrc.
(Nu6 rrt caredint.eei aici.)
"sr,
I sh4LU think it slad.dcoovincinc.
alt ..rd, cAsaadconvingeror.)
(ry tou thint t\p! oH Elk.l?, -t taLun't sdu th.y t.r..'.
t( rczLcA EInttat"ntdti? - Nu a.erp&n. .A .lnr l
ll_o- J ou r,rd. J ou {,rld rat\Ft I didn\ lpt t. a ou's. ?
( v r pi
" d s p, i t la t p Q f..a s a n u d d r.; s o r6 ? r
. Shesaid she @!ld 6e the tght educrCor(.olook aJterthe chiuren shcn they.@ to
l(Ea) a spusc{ @ /i educatoareaindicatr pentru copii atunci olnd @ rufs.la gcoatd.l
28?6 7) Stilol dirart $r indiroct.- Regulilcdp mai susse apticegi la rransfor
msreasliluluidireettn stil indirect:
/Da.i ShJ said: -1 an boff! | ha'd boLsit Lho watch {rh.tl I rtzlt &.d.'
rr4zr./ rDe sord snc eas sorrJ she [4d
ôr trot ,ozair the watch trhat) sho @4A rrd.
(V€zi ii | 2901_2902)
2a?7 8) Cotrcltrzie.- ConjugareaenglezddesldEurlndu-se Dedoud axe Daralele
(!i lJ5ti. I359),a seobserva- perfcctul
paBlolismtntreutilizarea indic;tivutui
pre:€rura reda.rea rnrimpldl'torprezeDte
ti lntrebuintaloaindicatir,uluiteru! la
-
:got-rso:.
rV ez i gI
'V"rl
2896,28 9 8 .
| \'ezi ( 2t7:r
lXlli;'ilf,'h"iii##;;t.:;'*"t uncchivurent
lcnt'ucubjon'ti
ir
"i'"ri1'.
CORESPONDI.\TATIMPURILOR 601
rpdsr.d ijrll rnplirilor 1re.ur". aarb"le limfuti Jr,'n1ri dl. dvir4 d."lrqi rol
ppn,ru monenlFdifFri'" si rllind ln ac"l"ati rapor'uli ipml. dl. 'u .el--
lall" lim0uri lramdli' al" dio grupJ'-sor-ipccli!a CnrF"p,nd"n\r limpu-iior \'a
ridcci urrrarirain.'h"nadin-lri:.2(S lJi6l. in grrr.r u,ilizinJ.ri". pentru
rclal0r., jnllr.plnrilor.o' ,lizul^ in 1r.z"nL. Limpu"il dir qruf. Dr"T"rtului
t.olo.,na,lin. inear,irr p"niru c"lslimalnti'nplArilorto..,lil..1;lr,lr.",rl .im-
pu rl" dir lrupr rr"urului (coloJrJ lin drâpt61.irr'r" n"l".lou ' grul" eri'
i nd o,l"rnarceii. nFtd :i. ln pri^cipiu.ni"i un rrIorL l.mt"rdl. de.i ni.i on-
cord:rnla (cu coiectivui pi cardil aduc rcgulite dela$ 28J6 2837,2E41 2845):
Prezont Trecut
LeJl lou I sial, srd', lfaitiirg onlJ wh€n I tah) !o\ I shoult statt rtaining olll $hcn
s p rm g .a n ,.
(ti Jpnn .i roi t ocle aui..cnadclrtul (Ti'z,r sr6 cn,oi ird.r4 otrtfcnamentur
rumai cind r.ni prinr'Llara). Dudri clnd .d rent rrimivara.)
'( Slic r{td slrc o&ldL, go on h.r h.liday
SIe .\"s she foz'r go on her holiday }.tore
Iclorc shr ldd !.eu rou.
iStunr cn nu in vacanfddcclt dupn f,4 slas cii nu r@ p/..4 in lacanln decil
'o.pleco nnli ce te ea fi !a.ut. )
He ts sufc lhat his Diotute.whcDit is tin- IIe dG sufe ihai. his rJictr(, wlien it "'ds
tr/rd. ./,all D/ttg him the success he I's ,.., finhhad, shaLI'Jb''ts t\ln rhc srrcesslrc lQd
Dd€DLoltlns lo$rrr(l to.
/i'sre aiErrrci rabloullri. c rd edfi tetnindt, fEr.r sisur Ci talro\rl hi. .inlca fi tetnnoa
ii ra adlcd succesul!e care il drkdr,6 cu ti ra adu.esuccesnlte ca.e il asrepk,(s au
ll olra?d, tu Derlbddc.l
lvlienever 1 .oll on her, she is oor.kias, \Vhenevef1 .altul or her. shc rds (ornlns,
{nd sars I rnd re a sreat arljst 1vl,cnI s€, rnd ,s.d to say I snddd 6a a s.eal artist
oldef. I lldll then rert mr reward ii I lare Nhcn I sor oldc.. I rnould then .'uI mr
rmll,al is ltd as she do,s. r.\\'ard il I ld, as hird as sle di.,.
lori de olLeori me d4. la e.ro s,t.sar.lncrin(l {Ori dc cilc ori ,td -..l?,du.eart lx ea o Enrcdm
! im , ,rd n . ca r oi / i un m nr et(tu r.,n d !!i hrerlld si nni srlacd ci rlt tt nn Darc
i r : z ri ra r. l mi u; i. r r r ld ai u n c i ri s p l a ta p i fl !r L rn l !r. nr.rc. l mi ,.i ' al or"
nace eai Ji luctdl tol al.lt ile scrios cum i trn .i r.1 " p' Dl rLa i . ;d,L.i
' ., l ,
/?' .,r rol i l rl
d o s c ri o s .u n l ,afa er.l
,tlte €\emple tipice de corespoldenta l,impurilor:

"I di.rr't lno,' \'ou !e/. here.""Ol coufecLtds."
f,,N'd/re,iut cir.tt ajci'.- .,lifcftc ci s,nr."/
He rioegnt0i thc rcspoisibilitythat aolld .Ie'rl'e on |irr *'hin lic 4,r..tl upo his
t(!l) ses,ndiln ristunne.cacarcli rd /et.ai cu.l tu l,.d i,t Unnir tronasr sucjnii.l
"Sometimes slie eorrial, (indicati{ trccut - drocut i:ioric) ior fear the
book (lrnld D€lort (viitorul pasiv lati de trecul) and sh€ d (: \,rorld) n€ver
&c al'lc ({iiiorul fatd de trocut) to r€ad il agair. She iad onoe sldr/.d (trecui
r'Frle"r - anl, rioriril"l .opying lhe bnok. Sh" r,rr / (in'li 1li\ l|.' ur -
ire, r'istori"t r4 o\n i buL;listbdJlir an'l -tLol"J'y'./-/,,\rrF.ul f rJ.ir -
enterioritate) llre copying traulC dD (\li.Lor.Jllald de trecut) it. llut she ,iuri
li/", tlrp.rr p"rta,l - aal.rioril.rlal i rrp... lro\in-) lh"l wl|Fr -lr" :. .,
(inJi !lirlrF uLinlo.rl rir'ntului tetr,l" t-ru rnrl,urlonJrbrul'.,h JoaU
l},rrli (viitorul fald d€ treout) hard aud buy evcry sinsle book lhat slc lilic.i
(indicativ trecut in Iocul viitorului fati de trecuL in subordonatd).'r
illneo.i sc ft,tn,'tr de teaml c{ se e@.,iid.t cartea si c.I ra nni ,etca s.o .ttedsdd
niciodar{. lnc0Duse odat{ sn o epi*- voia atlt tle mttlt;ii a,rri "a o cafte a ci ii ciL.
,t o . a , a",piti r)i ,a rpa rr:a lor in. , 1, . , r ' "r , , . , dp. . . juI n, ' r ' : . . T , n n . 'r.rese
'r '. r i : 'l r d . d
1 ts0 i tl S m it h, l' 1r . . G tu n Ei n l ttu n Il s n .

610
s 28?8 yI. SILUL DmnCT

$I INDIIiECT
{DIBECT AI'D rNDInXm s?Ytx)
$ 2879 , Definilie.- Curintele attei persoanepot Ii reprodusealevorbitor in

"1)
5 2880 a, Iie subtor,]]&unui citai,,intocmaicum au fosLrostite:
Tfe rittle loJ said:..t'ddcrne@ toryets a !tuxtitc.',
$ 266f , , ?,/.lip sub foLmr uneilropozitii subodonatcalirectunui verb cn: lo,.r9,
10teu. ru tppah, 1,)obsert)c, to r.tnark,.to dr-gue,to naintai , to ta dccla;c,
t.Dst'ut, onnurn..p. I. in,tatn.,tu o4..nult."rft,. to r.'n,it. to ^rsert.
0.r t4 rLt,,nanJ,
th d|r,tt.,toro tn\tru.t tv -.
a\h. Ia d.n,ond.10in.t..;t . ta.t".tli- ro q,_,tiun, tn o,,
strcr. lo lhink etc.
Tiie litflc IJoyidd ru, /,rsfdthn n&o foryatFa\t totscts)a ptumise.
S 2889 Reproducoreacurintelor cuir.a 1 forma iniliaU se numette stil dic.J
sdu rorLire dirctd. Trarspuncr alorlrrr.r o propozilie suborrtonaiiise mrmcsle
snt trdrr,.t 6Nu t'rLtre tn.ttr, t.i.
$ 2883 Ve.lul care introdrce citatul (S 28St) sc nume,srel,erDde decturalip
S 288+ . In sft1 l dll., r. cu\.jrt, L. rpprodusesl r inclepcndenrcr:teverbut de riccla-
r01r..,tn s,/ft/,lttdtt\t1nsA..,u\Irtctp pruJu.c J.pi..ziril d, rprLul
InrroflLria.virb||t .au \FrbFtn,rtr r.t,i ',p,onfurmpd-ar"gulilor,of,.!o1Jrn_ "arp l"
lei tjmpurilor.
$ 2885 2) .Iransformaxea Etilului dircct ln stit irdtucct sc face in morlul urmltor :
ghilimelcltdi.par -iiFjnr.oJu"e,onj,n, l:r adl.,r,"",re;,1;:;o;l ;;mb,
,^
suurDIFrPasd. ln ql .rrDt in tt.rba rnrbttS.
, frpn"T"r" I r "onrt.. nod-.i.. .i rF't.,i\p.Tr,,um;i adj_rrirntcpos".r,,
-.
FrnrrnrorLr p c,r tormptn.ore.pLr/Jt!dr, Jp
f,rro-,c t. a 2-a ssJ;ij-a, i|l
Iunclie d€ tnlcles.
S 2886 Cazul I. - Cind velbul do declaralie ffrc la rrrLzLnt.tinroul r.erbctor trrn
Irazele rcproduse rimine ncselimbal. i.ot neschi'Irlare ra-i" ,i .rJt""li""r"
oemonstratrvc sau advcrbele din lraz:i:
(p;,.) tte ..,J o mj si. , ": -l
( t t.d i.) Itp
'<lls n r r it ! r r r J t l. p d, , , . o i i L r
fDt. ) Tr p lil rJr in . , j j - / , / , / / r r o$. g, , t o, LiDboo^ to rpdd I,.r, ...
ttn tltr.) tttn tbtr t J ni, r r . lh, |, r i/ / no$gi. pnr p hk look .o reJd t11 .
S 2887 CazullL - Cind yerbul de derlarftlie rst€ ld frcxr, timpurite verbetor din
lrrznle :ppro.tusp,i, I tnlu"uir. cu rurn.t. norp.ptrnzar;;i; ;t" i;;;;r',i,,,.
Astfel:
delino lns calkd s at calte.L

ati lsat is) caltins eas cauin!
dcvine |cte .alli;s
ha,e lsan has) .attE.I deriDe had, .albA -
h or e ls du has ) b ,e nc o i rr! devinc had tccn .aUinq
ltdrl .aUln x{mltrc Ldd cutt.d
delne shauld sar eould
dcrrne a'aukl s ar shaukl
.revrne ha.l to s xr muxl
1 \ ' ez i
t : 5 t s lt M!.
NDGI'CA 611
STI'U! DIREC'I 9I ST]LUI]
care €xpriml dpr''lierca slnt lnlocuite S 9888

Acliecli)elcdemottslrari/dli ad'erEek
a'nnrrat'd \srhl 60lnlncuir't :
"r "i'Ji. "".. "".r^ ...\ llEt
hetu cu thle
Ezenple:
'ii,i.]i''i ","!.;iI'i| liilx"-lilii;"' ,'"

ll;i'#,1T'; '
;li,l lr ::;ll:':;ll;;I;i{,:J1,:"ij
'v nt'-"; 't"o' "
l,iir1"i,l,"'ill;ii';,';'i'Tix^
l?,;;;i'i'"',.j"li,iil"il;'
ajci se men'tin losi dacn tnte-
Toate demonstratitelc li adverboleardltte
tesrlllor esie ncelelifald dc ltcze Ll
r " r i' t : I r r ' r ' lo' \ ["rclodiy-
/ D l. ,ln lhe on nd tri l'c l n' s li "
ro,,a,.
l:i . a',",n
iill'li:i:"il:.:l;;;1,;i.i#l'Iil:il'r
1n.,/'In " hdr'0'
I;ry;Il;;:;:,ru',;"'.ii:11;"':;;li':jj,re.r.r',.r
1nd'co'r'i'*' *' jo11"li:'
'"*"Iiau. r H sdidrh"vld Itr s-r LprthcdntDeroro
i:Ti##?ll;:'il'""#"T:-
;riJ"lff
illlit*ltt tt,t't,,i'ti;,
ei$288e
*"' citaturui
."",*t:"lr*;lii:';: ?ililx'Ji:$IttTl*',:1,;lli:
1,%rl
li'""'":" ;jli'Ilil':i'T:;'"
iiJir,.:ili;'j';'ff
illJ ;U::1.lllr:*.r"x-i:l;s;i'l"'l'"'"';,.
estela liitor' iimp uriteverbelorrX- 5 2890
CnzulI . - Cind verbul dedeclartlie
'",alJf,vtt"*'i;;;;'1|3;:f
t\ll neschimbatel
i"Bx,1llliittr;":lrJrii;ifl,lT"
CAZL]BI SINOIALU
ji:q":i:'#}i1li""
e"""?""",Tlxii1',?'{r":,riflii,li[if
i}i}:};;}
iar v6rlul ro say, care o rniroducelr
es
ro omrrc:
"
i.1nt to knar. \u\ilidrul i0 or0
Tf":xrJiiTi#ill"":lJ#"iii
[,?[d l:'lJl.';':'.
;il';{:'l'ti't"d"lri""i
'ihlii:!,::,Y"';#,#tixs1"l:"1'""'.i:ii:;.
612
2892 Cind nroFozilid intcrogativ6 Jnc€pe cu un pronume, adjectiv sau ad1'erb

i n r^rogar i! . a. ps ls b p mp n l i n e l n " ti l u l i n d i r' .r, conj !n, l i ,, //.eu th.tl ' ff n,-
mflifiind inircbuinlafi:
lrtr., I said to ml*ell: "It4., are tlie childre ?"
(Indi.) I wontletedehcrc lle .hildren N€re.
/ Dt ) \ \ - , s did :" l l ' 1 o (rn ) l i l Io .ra l . l o .' r . nJl ,-.1
( I nd: ' ) \ \ - , inq .i r" J t1 o (r,)J o u h d d l a l k d l o J r l l nai .1,.
artl.1 Sh-"sr to lhe little girl:''Itlnl lorm rre you in?"
r//ndir.) She Natried lo kno\r (Iar torrn lh€ litue gi.l iras in.
(\' e z i i i $ t6 5 3 . 1 0 !6)
O bse r r a lic
2893 ln stilul dircct, rerbul propoziliti inicrogali\"eprecedi sulieotul. ca in
o r i "" pr "p u zili,ir tprosrli!r. l. : lul in'lirprt: n s d .n ro p u z ilia. u b u rJ o n a lc
tr'. rn, rr rr. r\ ; z i s i S 2 l5 li
) e m Aifi i ndi ',l.,ogali!t. st'1\..tttJ
9894 2) Propozititoxclamatirtr. CiDdpropoziliareprodusiesteexslamativi
r-erbrrlde declaraJic cstcinlocuitcu urr altul (arc sircupfin(lirln,tclosulindicat.
de exclan\&tie:
/ r t . , S he. . d i dl o i l rc m r" J /)l e i d I L .i ' s g o l Dr a $al kl "
(tntli.) With dn ea.lamatj,no/./'r, sh. asfted to so lof n Falk $iih lheni.
On. ) ''llhat a nice roonl" she exclrimed.
1/1,dt., She dd,rtr.d lry nn,erooli.
2896 3) Tre(ut urlllat aleprezcnt. - Cind comr.icarca idcuti tn stilul dir€cl
conline un lflpi indeoblle cunoscul,,Sliinlific. u r.ersalvalabil. sau consti-
tuind un obicei ori o caractedstird a subiel]tului (S 2841). indicalil'ul prezeDL
din"n,nuni,1r, .. l1l.' !inp ir rril,,l ia,'ir.. . t.' ,,u 1.cc"Lrarc.,itl"ii '1.ral.r
bilitr ie in I'rezerL:
frir./ Theloclurersaid:"Thc eleotrlniclfain ncacrn{/trs nistakes."
f/dil.) Th! lecturersa:dilie electronicbrainnoverrnad.nristak€s.
lFormn uiilizald in specialin limba englezi lilerflri. dacd \..em sd repro-
ducenr intocmAi gindul vorbitoruhri Xn acel nomcnl.l
(Ldn.l He sa ihc clccl.ronic}rain nerer,ltler injsiahes.
[Formn intrebuinlatri iIl special ln limba rofbitn, accertuind ralabi]ita-
tca faptului i pra.cnt.f
9896 4) Sholl. Will. Conform regulilor gramalicale sidcte. ln propozi,tijle
care redau, ln stilul indirect. cuvint€l€ sau glndul cuiva, se intrebuinleazi,
indifcrcnr de |crsoana la carc se rafcft, ausiL{arul folosil dc aularul twintdar
ln stilul dirert. Timpul reqrecliv se conformeazi hsi regulilor corcsponden!e
timpurilor.
Stil direct Stil irdirect

s 9897 V iitor par
ShesaJs: "l .nd.rlnot l,car lfon ny 6on lor ShesaX! she nol hcar lrour i'cr s.r rd.
'noll
I said: "1 sl"lllrlaytle ]r'ana aDd yo! Ftll I.said I ..n eld llal llc piano xnd yau 4,o&l,r
Ha thoughlr "I rLdll ask her to mnrrJ me." lle tl,otrglt hc sl@Lldrsk ],cf Io maur' 1,im
Sh csaid:" T ot , t U lc l i rc d ." She lold me I (orld be tt&I.
H c sai( l: " S l, c ( t / r ha \c g o n el o n rc ." lle said lhc fllrld nave goDelromo.
01c
StiI direcl, Stil indiroct

V iitor aolitit $ 2898
I said to hcr: "l a?,'i. iorglt to wrjtc." I promisedher I eo&ldn't forget to $'rite.
S hes a i d :"Il X ouqill ir el! c ,Ie i l rl e l l y o rl She told me that jI I strard helD her. she
lhc lairy talr iou want r. heaf." ten mc lhe fairy iale I iranted to
^,Lld
He s, o: l-ou inau hcar lron nie ,elore lIc said I riould hearlrom him l€lor€ long.
lorlg."
Tlrcy said: "-sl?.V,all br rniardfdl" Tl'fy sai.l s|€ s/DLld bc rcwardcd.
C a n tl lional s 2899
He said: "l rolld fo ir Jo! si.rl, ast I]c 6aid h€ rorld come
I trl e r o g a ti a S 9fi 00
Ile asked nlt': ".$all I sl.ak l0 her?" II.i :rskedme jl he slartd sFak 10 hrr-
I ask€d: "ll'or'r Jou have a dri k \itli I askrd rhrm jf ih.y (ortlnl hale a drink
TendinlRactuali de simplificare;rt.n iuc tnsi qi aici, ca si la inlrebuill- g 2901

tarea au\iliarcJor si(ll si rill in l l.fribiri (g 1831). lla nu aduce modjficiri
ln , arul r iit"rulci \^liri\, Lnd, Lrtiliz"r".,auriliorelors/,o/rsi il/1, , \pu.d
n.i in-inr " r'l rr" r'5'rlilor gr. n,..ll.rl, .lri.l. t$ 18!6J.,.rp ron'orrrrl
tcndin_telelimbji actrale. In cazul viilolului pur insi, auriliarcle acestuiasint "u
Inlr.bu|l:b. r. rilul In.ir,.r In modul oLignuil idi,i srdl/ la pFrsoanal.
diillJ p,r!'Jnr.'2-a.i,,3-u indihr"nr ,1. c"\i liarul inr', buirrlJr1n sri-
lul di',.r. .\srhl. t.-n'ru ., rclui p.,rnplnledc mai sus. irr li-nbo pnelpzaa,
lxal.i. in "qpecialin linrba ro1,lld. se irlrobuinteari in mod curent urriitoarele
Stil dirert Stil indirect

i'iiror pttr s 200:
/slnll Ja persoanaI, r'ill Ia persoaraa 2 a gi a 3 a)
Sl,e sa]sr "l sla, noi. liear lron Dry son Slle s3Xsslie not her. Irom h€r son lor
'rill
I s . ,l : "I rftollpld\ l! F iJ n oa rl l \' o x r' /l l.srid I srodd play ihc tiano and hc ao&&l
b inA ."
lle lhought: "I sloli asl h.r l.o lra.,'J nc." lle thotrghl hc oodd ast )icr to ma.ry lrinr.
Shc said: "You n i?l be tir.d." Shc told nc I snoLd h lired.
Hc said: "Shc rUl luvo gore homc." tlc said slic Qo&ldhave gone home.
They ihongl,i: "\\-c rlalJ soonI. gojng on T|cv l,l,ouchttirel r'o,lJ boln ne uoinq o!
a t ou r o i i r s lc r lion. " l o rr o l i n sr..ti on.
'
V iito/ rolitL,
Lsnouta loaie ]rt$oan.lcrid,i?lla toalc pcNoaDel.z)
Shall i slilul dirrct rimine.rinll in stilul indirect.
Il-ill hr slihrl direct rimine o ill ln stilul indirect.
Se ra l,i ri insn "qeflrnade regulile {le corespond€ntda timpurilor.
Exemplele de la $ 2898 renin, deci, neschimbate.
l Ye zj S 15i- r 7- t 503 ,1 5 1 4 - 1 i ,l I
s V.zi $ 1507,li1r l- -1 5 1 3 ,
e14 srNTAxAFFAzxr
S 2903 Construofiile rezultate din dorint a de simpLilicarc au insA dezavantajul

de a fi uneori alrtriguc ai, pentru acest trotivr .qlnt condamnate de puri$til
fD".JT."j.r:'.\\"Jr?r''v,.tu
(In l.t.)
"t,Ln.\. -rnp r,,1
lt er -" \ I n"J / on t h. \ " t , r ' r 1. \
llyill tntrebuiltst ir roes[ caz potrie sugera un .riitor volitiv: ,,nu por
sr rc lrLnzur arum'.1
flzdtl, Tliei' saythey slaa'l hrre lutr.h no\t.
fFolosirea auriliarului sroll clarificn situalia: acum se inrelege ci est6
vorba de un riitor pur.l
Tot aslfel:
fDtl.) She s:113: "I rldii rol htar hoLn rtrr *nr "
f/,.di;.J Shc s;ys she ,pili llot heaf lrom lrr. s0n.
fly;? nrl, Inlr .buin'ul in J."it "]- npl,r r1 l, ul t,",n"i rld'l rr, impu"ri
de rcsulile gr-,nctj,5le strictp,po,lte avea qi aici inleiesulvo)itiv: ,,nu-orea
sE m"i aib . \ . i ,l 1., li,il "i'.1
'
S 2001 5) Yerl,{ik' dcfootivemodf,lo.- \-cfbuh delective trodalc sc corto.meaz5
acelorasi reguli de mai sus:
Stil dtect Stil indircct
He said: "Yon .d, cone I'ith mc ii lou Ho seid I .o&U conlf \ritl lLin iI I lilted.
like, "
SIe thonglri: "IIc Da, be right." Shc thou3ht he algr, lc .jgLt.
I sridr "You nds, work il vou want to Eotrn I sa he na-"r irofh il lj. $,anhd lo so uD
to (1,h0)uniraNitv." i o (l h e J uni ve.si ty.
I snid: "You ,/sr do you. homework-" I srid hc rrlsr / ras ro do his homeivo.k.
I said: "She oa6h to know." I srid shc oa3nrto know.
\'erbelc ruusrs)Lought rjmjn nes.hinbate la tfanspun0reain stitul indirect,
"lulna pra/, n, -Frrrnd ad^s.nrj:r I, n tu 1.. l.,
'1
S 290; 6) lllodrl iqrpor,rti{. - tr'lodulimperRtiv de\.ine ialiniti' in stiiul indiroct,
iar verbul de declaralic esle jnlocuit cr un aliul care sd erprimc un ordin, o
rugiminte. un slat:
(t)i.) fie said i.o \ts, "Co and rci'[.,ae ]ra.k againl',
(Indir. ) She at.tcted t\s to sD and ncvs r, ,,ac bt.L asain.
/Dir.) Helcn soid to ne: "CotN a1], haee an i.cl"
(L1d.it.) trele bked,|ineit d n to haee an icc with I'r.
(D:t.) T r' ""r oid I u|"|: Da1 t a" \ ' t a\ ' . t b d . , - t i " . \
j . . r / t 'n I
' ln! -. t T"d, I o t i. pd l q no' t o t D ! - . l, , r r , a, 1 " " r o / d.i . Fn.
$2906 7) ycs.sino sinh inlocuite cu r.erbe de atil.m e (t.) accept,to agree,to ts-
se tt to dns',peri thc 0,ffirnoliae etc.). respccliv de negare (o denA,to refuse,
to rcjeet. Lo ans^,t in the ne1atioeeLc.).
fu,.) The\-sd/d: "Ics, woa.eco'ning."
(r|.t;.)'ti..f asreett
t6 con .
frt.l We sztl: "llo, wc havcno! leen lhcre."
(Iad.it.) \ye deri.ctl h^\,iug boen rhfic.
$ 9907 8) Sny.sitoll. - Cindverbulros.ry,careintroducecitatulr areun comple-

mcnt indirecl. el €steinlocuit cu lo tcll:
(Dit.) ;\1t: srid t nc: "I want ro\, to sins Ior me."
(Inti.) st\t' toLt tue ihal. slrc rvinte.l me 6 shs 10. lier.
i\ , r bl n, " , ) o ,o l ." ,.d ,t.rt v ..,.i 5 rrrj o n " ti v-rr...ure.d nrpa,.Jui ndi " J.
ti ve l ' f p. c nr " . \ C Cr a { ' , at Bil.
" p ..,r, 5
STEUL DIRICT FI STITI'- ]NDBICT 016
9) l'ocntirelc t.i)l.aiti l -I',rtks anIt Ceftle 'n", ".nA lri'rd:i" rt"(' 3int S 2908
l o ril, | i | | . u \ i ni . rP Itd"u jJ" J I p li\;:
a-",.1, ,n.: ....1'F"r:: | " "
t L, rl.", ..il dn \ 'l i
' a, a\ . . 1", ' ls ho\ y ur r
,i..:,:' r', olr'r-- "dr^sho\ 'r'n"'p)'li
(Di ) "L.at trer. J.ht," saidl 'rl.n't uPsei'hc'1"
((tJ nol' lo ufscr nfr'
a/,ri;.,r I {:ilrii Io)rr. d r;.r.tttt
lur \'rli!,nox ,ld \iir ,'f '. f: vttti p nt in pr."lo/ili€ sc"ur Irra S 2909
rr!r//'1?rtrr'3
{{ }-,1)ei- r-1..r'.
":'r
| ',,'lur J 'r "'' p'r' 'n!r'd
i.rhut,lir' .l".lrr ii" .'te li tr .u!:
tl r, tH- dr l. - l l ' " " l ' m \' n Iy @ ' rh o mF'
,1 d i r \ t " I o u r' l , ' \' rl l ) ' " r' i 1 !l P n L rr) r' P ' nonP
,,r,.., r ' ' . l l r ' d n $ r! r' u 'rJ ,' r' i d' rJ
u i l ba p
iii r' " o ,u ro shrl
;i '. "
":)'
'l re b u i r ai' , J r l: . r ' nnt o n l i e n l s l € c i a 1 i rrtre t' u i r' l a i i pru' ruru' l or de porsui rri r S 2910
i ; l-j r \i xe rI r r . - . m d, r r ,' l " ." u ri I l l o r,frrz i i .P c " tru J.' " \rl ' ^ ' r-i . sp
i;i " : " i, . ; ; . u n .. , "' ; ' . ,,t'.'.r -ru p ,o n u n 'r, ' r ar ir , ir ' 1"1û1.
ori rai srrbsl,rrtiv li rlritot ln parantczn:
i t mct {
/D;.I J ol, n: iajdr" La n )e .. In I b r0 l l c r w c l i t l ' o th e Isl c ol Man.1\there
lrirnd ol mi e s tL.ni I likc n loi."
r!" \' o u ' )i d | E b to tPrrd d h " n l o rr' 1" 01l l an'
It t Jv r
r" ' lId, rl $ o m / .,k ,J i tu r.,./,. o/.d- Jn.Li sauj
" h. *;;l,,l
,r,,t. ' ' l { ' h r| a d b " n l u |l l'" \l " r' tn" rrl d
ll , r ' r pr ' \r " ]
lr, t r , , at . , ' . . -l i j ^ l ,t ' r L ,d J l o r. r/c ,,,,)
-_ , , r n n I Jrng. i rda"
IL ,r.t: . i r oh r ' .: -r:_ \o ' r' ' r" h ' l p ) o 1 ' \' 5
; i; : - i , n .r r ' /rr i 1 1 ' 1 o hr\F" U ' LJn
tT''i ; ) " "i
/rif.I t'r.d srnl io hio: "J h.rd Lrcl.Lr.go honn:"
iZ"a;l'.; r"."rt lnl,l lit" tt,at he a!'red) hrd bcti.erqo home'
TII. INTENOGIT]I $I NEOATII $ 291r
I\IRODUCERE
(Peniro un sluiliu eonrpltt al accstui capitc,l a se consulla,'Indicelc alfa-

bctic", pagina62il).
Peniru forrnarea inlerogali€i sal rr'g 1iti, \'tlbele se tmpad ln trci cdte $ 2Qt2
gorni
.\. l'erDr le.rir?lc, ru fu.clie dc vcrhe prircipalc, carc alciiui€sc marea
majoritate r lcrl-relorlimbii cngleze
B, I t"p .t, not . r'urni. li !"rbe '1,''i 'l- t 71'" 4roL otau' ut Sp ;tl
FiLit.s-). ' .'rt outiti'tt' 'l [ 't, ]""1t1".
-t"
put"" (IO BD, TO H'\!E''l O DO li TO
C. ,l rcrbe dirr cal,egoria-'\
Ll-I) tuirciic,rrcaz; i c^ autLliat'.
2,1 llnul u""t e il categoria 1l (t)\RD ;i NEED) au 9i funclie de /erDe
prlncllaI. f!!uLat..
1 Isl eof M dnI x lt . ! d a i l ,!tra d i tri re i n s u l d e b ri l a n i ceh Marcr Irtan' tei (l i l i tal u
^"'lijiiiil"il"-r" s .r!iro,
18ii.
tt0
INTEROGA'fIA
s 2913 {THIt INTDRRO{l-\TtVE FOIiM)
{i 2914 A. Vo ole loxiclile. - Aceste 1.rfbe forlreazi interogalia cu trjuLorul

lormelor auxiliarului DO, urmate de ilfinitivuL inconplei al verbLrlui de
conjugat.
S 29f6 Ordinea cuvintelor tn prolozilic este urrniloareri tlo (tLor:ssar d.id,)t
sLrbie.L
+ inlinirivul {fJrd'/o, al vprburu,JF .onj',gr :
- ,o Lo'! lv.iie a sorata?
Jack /sddi his score. - ,o.; Ja.k rcid his s.otu?
You o,rt lo a footbailmatcli. - Dtd ti,ey go to a loolball malcl?
My sistcrstoid Jatanese. - Did lou. sistc. st.ak Jrp{nese?
Formele intrebuintate sint: do (]a indioativul prezent, toate pcfsoanele
cu excepliateNoanei a3-a sg.),drcr (la i dicativul prezenl,persornea 3-a
sg.) sau dA (Ja indicativul tre.uL lort€ periornele).i infinii,ii.uLincoarplet
$ 2916 tn toatc cazuriLp.Numa; rux;LiarrrlDO se ionjugir, l.mbul la infinitiv r,lni;ind
neschimbat:
Do I c al? Do I &, m.y l,aif row?
Does shc d, Lcf iasks d.!ii.r'?
Did theX d,) thci. roon Lt'cfls.lfcs?
Pentru intrebuin!arenarrxiliaruhi DO dupn pronu cle fi adjectivele

interogative,vezi $ 1028-1029.
{ 99f7 ln siilul poetic se intrebuinreazn incn uroori ior;na veche de intero?atie
oblinuta prin inversarea verbului cu subiectul, firi interventia auxiliarulur
DO, procedeucare aduccin plus o nole subtili desuelil
"Uadam,howlind ?oz tl s !lal?"r
",tdp vo, nX lo.d?":
"['hc.c died sne2"s
"\vl\tt fcdr you! ThnlI yi! tii; i lion"s d.n?":
"For il she be not lor me.
lv ha i .a r. 1 ro r s h o m s h e b tl " !
"-d,ds all ou. noDth-long lo!. ir t|isi"5
( 2918 B. si C. luxilia&le defettiromoilalcDia xiliaroloBDJHAYE, DO, LDT.
- La formainterogativi, acesteverbere inle,'sed.;.lr surierlrrllor dupi cum
urmeaz5:
B, AuriLtd.rcIc dcfectie? mod.ale
Pot[tir I lerog&tie
I .aa come Nilh .l-'on. - Ca, / coNi Nitlr trtr?
- Misht h. ialir.x ;l?
Io! tuust !trt it down. - ,ltrst yotr !'rl, ii d0wn?.
[le arsn, to have known. - Ouaht Nheto harc knoND?
lYe sldll sp€nk to her. - .lld, (,e sp{k [o hlt?
.\'lc 9o,id nave listened. I''ozld sie h|lr lisldted?
I see ,ieg ldru comc i!. - Iios ddld ,oa oome ini
:Y. ll, , l- + " . ' . H .a n t4 ..tl ,i n " a t It.4 n a , t.

- w 5 l )r{4 IF JI'.
I Geo.ge t\riUie., Ifha! carc I!

5 R. Elidscs. I Wiu Not Ilt 'rh.c Go.
6 S"u "Np.d
Wr p' , ' il doqnl l"ln l Dul ll L s T " \ l f i n '. 1 , , p . p 'i L 'r r . liind d@i
sit onim cu NDltD.J \ ' ez i S 2t 6n.
IN:TEROC^TIA II NECAII^ 61?
C. ltlt H.tl L:, DO, I'81' s 29re

'luritirnclt
Be
Po.itLr I nlercgalia
i,'j:.1:.:",T;.","" : fl,.'#,niil.il;'il'1t'io,y,
i,'r gone," rora **l " ,,,*,l"i"i i#L,,"i:"i"i,iJ,;""
ror ,?, s,r.n , n.JJr. J n'"ddr/ """.",o
Autiiar tor' -
,lflii.ri:-,-.1i."
At(nli r !
DARE s2,25-
iii,T'li,i,,'],;l,[:'i,;4:T1'ni'1'*,,,
,^,.8tft#riiiil
2145 215:J
2134.NiiLD s
NtG,\'rIA $ 2920
(T l l E \" D (;-\T M F 0 l tN )
r vcrbrrerelioare n€s&liA
rormcaz; $
urrrrir rtccrlal,,*,#,ffi,]fitl":1,1";""ifi "nt
, ::.li;,;;i't,t;iiiii,t"i"
std inr''liar
a"".,;,""
'lrrp.i 'ubi',11i
'ste
ill,t;1,|t.',lll'* ;S;';,:f-",
I srlrd r sonatr. I do no'li&'t' n'ir€.a sorata'
1;1;r,.j;l;,rl. i ii:;".::,,:,!;;,\:i':i,':i:";X
{i:;:i:l!";!:i'i:;,fr:'il,!"J"iilk':y
n:,iff';1,"';ll,*;." 2$22
fo.^. de negalj€. aleituiiii fdre interven{'iaauxiliarului DO' se S
mentine
'
rn,;"*lt"
rn srilu) Pr"tic:
_f hos ' ill' lh ' r '
'J s r . ok \ at . I t r o t at l br ' ot h ' ? 0 r t h y n r m ' -
'
"{'lio tlou alt I l'nat
It ,unr..s zo, $10 I€ 's' ôt"r
"l'.il n", cur l€asi""r
i ' ;' Loi cl ' nu " i nl
Cn .,tr uc liil, 1" n^ c I P rp ' ! n " t k o /' n o ' /
,r,r r' 1 ' rrl i n rl Ll unoi pro0ori ti i " uhtn
er ce o ri i .,iI r ' or ' , z r r ii . l i n ' ;.. i ' l , fb ,.l
: 1, , l t' l i n t th i ' ;s I o t u '
1. lcs, : | ' ''
"'- rf. V"r,',i" 1,,BE: ro H.ttF. Uo. I t:|]:i doforli\ol'Inodcle' . ! ?1':3
rmt,rrtra BE .i ,t'irrlitrlc mo,lat;.' Pt' foziriil' ' are 'on\in retbtrl $ 29!r
-, dupi
i " r , f + al:",,",;1 ., i'1" i-'ii' ,,,ri'i\' Jr". - in " o ' I u " " n ^ g a lid
l : c r rr tl to BD
N qatio
I an nr t al ho m e ,
'flov ,u.., r,,h,?.cu 'r Itomanian
T he1 r.r. ltofla n'Jr'
H e ir g orri.lo r I \tr lk . ll. i, / , t is , i g o i r 's t o r u l v a l k - .
]ou (.r€ {rr.n i n r dr i 1, r u. / , , . , ot r " e . . n / g r v r l ' a m e d a r
1 \:.z i S 191t .
: 1 1 ;;,r l '.,i I ;i i ,' .\".',",ur \ o rr' A rrH, rin Lord n " ra r' F i
r.dndn.;n" ',,
I J - p- nl' t li
D l n . l ir t oii, it t :r,l r- r ' . '' '
' i1\ j,.,. .t'F1r" tl t : ' r1": ' I D t nan
6 (i G BJ.on. I o.r"s'
; i{"iitt"ji';11i rl." r NB.ruof ira&c,h.

61E
s 2e25 b. ) V " t lt l J l '1it

t. Jo1'
I .an oornc\riil Xou. I c unt ut t c I n 't . o , n c {i l l t y o r -
I t e m iJ t n . ! r a t i l h t a t n o t \ P i l
1n! t ! t nu s t r 't i u i i t L l o N n r ,
He ,ugn, tu have ktrown. Hc orsn, ,,&rtn,a', to havcknosn.
We snutl speak to hd. \\( shdtl aotlthan't spcak io her.
She ,,orld harc lisl-cncd. S\?. tquld tutl(ouldn'l harc llstered.
2926 2) Yerllul ,,to IIA'['D" are un regi,n specia] (S 190; 1912).

2927 - Nega,tiase pune tlupi primul aux;liar, d
3) Locul rregn:,tiei. inaintea
rnodurilor inpersonale:
Ho ,rozldnot havelelt.i{ork undonehadhe not ldt 1U.
Noll 4 rl 4 s s " 4 4h p ' r" r,I h | { p d r' rr' . bp. i l l d\dv.
{ ol/r' o " ,;s y o u n ;n .l d l n r.^ ' l i / -r' o.\., af;.' ri \p.
Nerfi ,"odd.as, bclore, Uic nclodji had bccn liitle kno\rn.
I wanlcd you nere. r, rr'ln rgain.
ALTE,PROBI,NUD RNIIRITO.IRII T,,I.NTGTTIL
2928 t) Crri t6le do nsgtrlie. - Cea mai irecveDli negafie cstr adverbul nol.
Cind dupd verb se aile un substaniiv, adverbul negaliv ,rl estc ufmat de
adjectiv;] nehotirit, any, oinil este cazul. sau este lniocirit cLradjecrivut negariv
n0 l: n'I anlJ) '
\1'e har" children (sau D, d,y uhildrfrl.
1'herearc '@
no llowc.s on rour dcsk ls a u nol a4! floivDrs).
Iltc regdlii siill net'er,no rn.t noln, notliltg na,xhere,QitlLotLI, eitlrcr...

no\ nal, ... nar .1c.
Atc lic !
S 9929 ln protozi,tiile cirp conljn te nogalii dccil adverbul rlr, nu se folosetto
rrl).ilirLulnU ld cons'uir"a lorm.i n-r ir- x vprbuiui rrrJi"'rl
She {aats m €ncou.agemenlLo sLatrdup .r'rd rtiilc.
I adld. soo he. nowadays.
Nobad.rlnootu ol th.\t,\^rne evef rto.k.d in our ofiioe.
We head @,it4s lrom thcm to. l.wo dal's.
The DaBsbook \./asnrolB.d to bo lound.
H€ lelt lho party drlo&r srXing adyihing i,o anyonc.
,q.ceastiregulese aplicdti in cazulsemin€galiilor( $ 2933)

S 2930 2) Dublo negario.
o) SDredeosebire de limba ronAni. in limba englezinu 6epoateintre-
b u l n Lu dF " il o s t n g u rn n a 0 !1 " l ' l l r o p ro l o rrlrF npnsrr! r' urI u aasra .au7a
adverbul not este omis o de clte ori in frazi er.isti o eltl negalie, fie aceasta
adjeciiv, prolurne sau adverbl lerbul r[mlnlnd in forma sa afumaiivd:
You do no, knorv anylhing about chenistry.
There has bccn no tr.rin si ce the 2.30.
I shall dre. beh.rr" like this aeain.
H€ did zo, find anylody in.
H" l l rn d a o b a .tJ.d r n o ^ w ) tn .
S , " /.e .a d v \i n .i h Pf.
Childrd I " a i d zone. " i
had
Many peoplecan rern". sing uo. dancc.
' :an 't r"d tut l npdn' t joj ir ' lo\ v n . t d uD' i . n l v F r b . l 4 , . r . p l r , f l , d n d n " " " s l
tai.ea, €ste siDonim cu zerii Fi cind lni.cbafca cs1,ofordulatl oa la pag. 016, nota 6).
IMEEOGATIA ST NECATIA 019
293f
Construcliilccu mai multe r€galii rcprezintain gpncreo lormi d{rexpri- S
n,arFin'ullJ. \r' ", p ru,u rr,mp1'lc de n'oi sus urrni'0-relr lrnlo lrr
inroreLLe.ulrl:/al, '.-""i qi d- q inc,pitorrrinirrr'plFrrprc'uu'rno
-den!ii
r;d.l .un.rr.. l., r,'1"'irr .lin l:rrba tumlri:
You don', tno\r norl'Agal[rll cllcmistrX.fl"ora",
(Nu itji njr,ic djD .hinie )
T t rr r d., l n r" k J , n : ' r ' t lr 2t j llr ' a\ t )
m il,s' r'i u1 r r pndupir r ' r Lld 230)
r\u
He did, nat l\d aobodlJ\n (Incarcct.)
{Nu a gisil le nincni acasai.)
5l p tA cf s,ln tuth ig k hht t - ( t nor et t )
f llr. , ) ni(i ,", a m LLin , n ' r odf ir nr m r c I-
Uu^\ D a r' ,a' 'tr,j/". . it A t a, ) an " t l@ 141)
r\ l' i. l rr''i' r"r ' l' r 1l n' r oiddqp/ pl
D] Cuvintete r.iI&u'... nor..rtrl nor stnt nega.tiicorelativecarepol apfuea $ 2939

lmpreuni in a,rtealcrPropoz{re:
ll , .. , ,, .r.f \i F ,u , hiJ . . n. ( ( ar c . ,
n' ns-l" rr'rdl
-i,,it.,,''.,-.''
.l S.nrir.grliito. Propozilillcc"rn ronlin ' u\.in F cu .inlel's otr^'um S 29llll
npsaLi\. ..' adi'; i\'la 4/,/- ii I'v (iIrIe'p'larc !l'drrr'^rur npnnrnrrld''
it i o
Ll. ii;; , ,r''it. a.lr-rl,"l" t'ori"1';'or'el't; sau ronsrru'iin
""iir"
toni ttn' ';n, . n p, I a\pa \erbul ln lorrna nFgsrr\'i sr s"'nerturPF"rro
esl;,.szlrl'. ,rj aoi^.i\\,1 onf tr cu formFlP,ompu:' irF 0.turur3:
Ile lirr& hew hcF 1o t.lk t. anlane'do anvthingexcilingor 8o d"gal€'einlercsting'
lcatect ) $ a r L 5 o 'v 'l 'P 'P U r d i d
' ' i. , *"'t, /" p at,l , n ouf boc r J ing_l' ou. e. $r ' os p n ' 'o r
li i r i"tt i t' i r r s , s r no i r nr ' : r F s J nd r ' oFd l
" ^ , , ni - "
I ;i.L1 ndpdy ltnos' {h^r ta sal (Incortl)
llr ttirln 2 i.tu. c. sr s lr r n ) -
I , drllv l^ e w $lo l to s J Y { t or €d,
I can t l' lD /,r la ue l $ha1 | s pP hF' l' : nd t I n or P I l
112 lot sJ ,2 rr4 ind v , r l Lollnr l ) . .
| " r, . j ' I d,rg ,g $l' nr I s " t ' " hll t r of t t )
Thfv s.n', s.o/.elrl lisic! to lou to! fln'olt"/
/N; ror rs{lh d.,,. de lile arnd l-
lhey \rill s.,,.../l lisl.n 1.olor no\" {Lol'cll
' t h., otu 'a I : r ' Pl dr ' , n) L any noF r/nolet)
lI r' ttltnt lr r'Ir r ' ' ' r ' ' r r - - ul I
It:.. t,! ;! n p ."I- J s . \ ' ul l/ r ' /l
i nnlr r . l c u lir r bi r om Sni:

\ -, ,, ml dr., ir,
li iciad.ad irl t\ \rtir nin.ni (frcj nPgrrr4
,\o or. elcr cI]lrc (0 ffsati!)
1 ,,.u, n' t "": , / P" r I n " " d r i : l
n n; g"J . ' , iU !'J Yl
\\' r. ,, , ;'\' l' n. \ an,
cor !i ne qi i n $ 2934
d l l n r r lc c az ur i. 1 n l u n c i i .i d e i n l ' l ts o l ro p' zi 1i F poate
r'.i u, r^ g .l i d rr r" u i l al ' srrl o' esr^r! dp\rne
lim b a "r^ ., r a " l u fi
, . r, o zi ,i ')!' n' l' ! |nJ u|inJ o| e ' ,-" 1 a ' ' " ' | c U .U n c | rl | .| 3
t uare .r sc n. ulur n! P J l11 d l l H rn u ru ri
ll. , r . , 1. r " , L " r' r Il " I' L :l l a \" rn u sn'
,,. o r' -| .r'_i na' r A r arrsdasom
1 ,".:, " ' \\d l i d r.,r' ' " ' r'
oI lhJJ'ear tlac was aL ierst .nr lloNcr in ! vasc )
.Contririul ncsaiilubi.
0?0 srMAxa FRAZEI
You must4 r ,D, hrve him heretor tlie llolnlrls. (: You dusl r:.hinl.y have him here
Ior ihe holidaJs.)
I car! swea. zofud, l.ook it.l
'[d he eic|lime{i, Aivins uJ tu o{Ltnpleol tli. emlhalic usf ol llie eSiti{e: ',\nd
d ,.l i " o, F r o r / { " . " , ;n ^ b i ' \ n o m o r "
"l
S 2 935 p _, 1
B \ is t d t ot u g i o fo c m d rl e d u b l u re g a b i vj foarte frecventi i n l i nba en-
glezai. .d.e este ecbivsleni5 cu o afirmali€, li arume o constrrctiie in car€
negalia esl,eunrati de un adjectiv sau adverb fornlal ru un prefin Degativ:
lt ia t ot ; t upa.t.h tp i r i rp r;.' L ,l ' ,r" 8 l , " " hv ,,i .j h' .,1
P . r |r r ( ir . r ' 1 .' r.,,o ,,@ ' r{ .r ( /r.,ru i ..u rrnoL) i 1 rl , ,,,.,' .J,
H' . al r ^t u" * t.o 1 ,tb L ( q ri . . J ,o ,,,L i " )d -:r" o (u o b ' .
5 2936 3 ) V er bd " t o d o " . - Ve rb u l to .to e s l e a l i t, auxi l i ar, ci t;i verb pri nci pal .
,\;adar, la fo|rna intelogatii'd gi la ceA negativii! verbul pdncipal lo do cste
conjugat cu ajutorul auriliarului ll0, (a oricare vc.b ldncital din grupa I
{ s 2 e 2 1 )':
I / , n, { ! ir . ,, (1 r(i 1 ." " t d,l rr\" :n' l ,' ,1 \vi k.
- h. d; lr ' ' r o o n t.. " ,i 1 ,,-,sh' .7o r," ;,r.,r,' l 1," , ' m.'
Hri dll liis tnslis. ,rl (inrilinr) I'e do lprii.ilxll l,is lsks?
s 9987 INTEROGATIANEGATIYA
(THD IN-TORROG,\TtVD
NOGATM !'ORiI)
Ir propoziliilc irterogativ negative. negal,iasc punc inaintcu s bicctulai

ciDd acestaesLeun substantir.,insd drpd srrriec,cind aceslaost€ un proDume:
is@,ic{c,
trryra { l::#,jt;i"1,i/:i.?1fi:.,
ron,rasno,sonehomc {ill:i:'/jffili.Ti'i,$?:,11iTil..,
Darry no,slcakyer.
does { B:::;,,",fiiil:'"Jl},{:i:lX,*"
Bobandr€ancana.,
cone { 3:ii'#fl;1/3"'i;'il"{":k;i ''
"*"
\Yhy should i.,/s[oulda'r ta']/ kno$?
\Yhy should si? n dslouldn! snd ktu(?
\ 20c8 SOITI].ANI. NO. NONN
1) neg t g0nera.li.- In linii generale,se intrebuinl,eaze:

S 2939 a) sor/Le\: niqte, ceva) tn Propozi,tiile afirmati!'e:
lle haslotu experience
ol teaching.
5 29{0 . _ ,) a.n!)l: fiqLq ceva), sinonin ct tor}c, ln propozitiile carc conlin o
rnierogar,resau o presupun€re:
H:.vevur loujh! daa tnsh .rFUnrol v: .In ru:,1i.)
tf I Lid d,? r;sh.i,r, l w uJ;iv tou ,n".,P-.u".r'l
, l" a. s t 4< c rp tu c e l " d .u . n " g rti : s . g .i s a s.,n I,mpo,i .' id c.ri t" .
. c r . s i . , r DO .," .d n ru d r(Ii m p trl ' . O O,, ri l l i 1 :rc" " asi6i ' ur1' F.
' ll r pbui4la- a tn " m " to f.o n ." .,.F' trrl - "dou"D". .isi n" u ...i mbarF tn pori l i a ncgdl i Fi
dnnl
_ oronumelestrbicot.
iFoma Iungeneconliraslll/Do,sil aor spcak? ,, thcy tu, read?l nu este obijnuiti.
NTMOCAT1A 9T NECATIA 0!l
....,r) *tyy. ro (: ni(i un. niciot,none(: niciunul,niciuna)ln propo- g 2gl1

, lrlr rre n e g { u! e I
I havcnl zny s6[ers.
I havo ao sisters.
Siste.s, I have nrnc_
An y, I n dlar d de lole l € s u l p e c a re i l a re c a s i n o n i m al l ui soi nei n propozi - g p![2

_,
J re cd re co nlr n o r nt af o g n l ta . o p rF q u p u n e ras s L l o n cqal i r. mai trre un l ntel es
e l sd u p ro p r iu_. { : or ic o. o ri c a rc ). C u a c p a s t.i a .c a p l csre i ntrcbui n!at
;i i D
{ uopo zl l rl re 3nr m uf i1el
.1,, apprenticecorld do l[is.
(oricc uccnic ur putea faco aceasta.)
Give mc a4, oI rtrc noyelson thni sh.lt.
{Di-mi oricare di romancl0de pc raflul {cela.)
I t ight aay iul tl o r h a v " ,l rv p d l h i s s tn l u c .
Lu ii put il o ri .i rr s a rl p ro r6 i s .u tp t.rpa c " ri rd stnrui c?i
2) SoneDody.Somsone..Som€thill9. Somowhcre.- ,\semeneecuvintelor S gllt
somq anuj no se comporl,[!i lormelelor compuse.
_ a,l Cuvintele. sonebodlt,someonqsomethin$sonctehere
gate
stnt lntrebuin- | 2St4
in propozil,iileafirmativei
Sohcb.dlbo@tut knocked at thc door.
He brouqht me roedina new.
| 6haUftnd it smtun tu-
6J Cuvintefe a^gbocL!. anyonp. anVthing. aauwherc siot Intrebuintab q 291;

0lll, l n .p ro poz iliileint . r oga ti v e . d u p d o n e g a i i e tn c c te n6geti ve, cl t Fi l n pro- -
IOzrIre carecon9rno presupunere:
Did a^lbodslonlDM tnffk at thc doof?
He didD t )rins mc onurtirr ncw.
Itrou can tind ir d.yat?4,;etrd it {tol Be ar once.
No td
lntocmaica 9i adjectivulary (: orice,oricare)( ! 2942),pronumeleneho- { 294{t
lEdfe.ompusecu acpsLcuvlnt au intelesullor propr;u:on\lbodu si anvonc-
(: oricinel,anythingl: orice).anyohcre(: oriunde).Cu iceasta acciptie
slnt Intrcbuin!ategi in propozitiileafirmative:
A.nvbod!lanwrecot td.h,reotor"totd the consequ.nces
ot Jou. .arslec$ess.
nno u oo anvrn.zr lor vou.
we can takir pitk d,ir-n you tiko.
',
...,3) Formelenobody,noono,nothing,lowhoro,stntlntrebuinla0e
ln propo- $ 29{?
zrlue negslrYe:
Yob.dylno on knock.d al th. door.
Ilc b.ou{ht me ar.t;E nrw.
t s halt f ind it ," q h p ." ,' t rm a tri i d .
O b s e r aa lie
Ctnd cuvintele some,someboilv,someonc,somethinp,sottei,hete ae sfl{ la € 2948
Inceputulunei propozi9ii,negalia nu sc formoazdd;c[ cu antonjmFle]or -
r soruDode (mai lo.nat).
{colooviatl; sro@
622
(naL,nond, nobud 1. na anp.hath:nP. noxh'rP). .n d"-a doua lormA d. n, sa'

jio, .on"lrLri.i r! not oti!1 n. puri d li intflbuir lsl":
Jbnd neighbouN canie. No ncjghbourscame.
,tond of tle neighbourscamc. -ivon. ol the neighl'ourscamc.
.9ruDod?/s.r1.oncknock€dal. ure doo.. IoDodrlro on, knockcda[ thc door.
soma,liis was missing. .Yotlt s wis missing.
(Pcntrr detulji .srtlra Jntreldnliirii aceslor clrlanle, vezj 5 1176-1105)
$ 2949 ALTT] FORI'ID DE PROPOZITII AFIRITATIVE, INTEROGATIVE

SAU NIiGATIVD
2950 ngguli g€nerdi. - l.a bazatuiuror formelor de la acestcapitol std rcgula

g.nprald b pallprn"hri "ons'ru liilor in'pr^gdli\c qi n"ga iIe:
- l. rc BE. b H,4VL, DO si deh, tivele no.lrla sinl r+elsl..
lL celelalte velbe sint t iocuite, clnd este cazul, cu auxiliarul DO le.
acelasi timD si mod.
2951 t Iufe;oe,ilir diro.ln !i indirftli tlh DLt 't und Tndtr' t Qd'stion)-
- (Vp/i g 10z6-102;. 26s3. 2655. 2891-289J)
Se atrage in mod spccial at€n,tiaasupra ordinii cuvintelor, care, ln irlt€ro-
galia indirccti, nu estei *tsald. ca tn irtcroga-tia direct;:
\Ire do 'i knorv sho th^c nen dre lti n\ \ho arc thesenen).
TnF\'dq ri- d d; din' \ . r l pr or c s ' - t t n Lot t h o d r o t ! d o b . J i o 0 s .
r o',.1; hor ,;u L r ,",r ;t ri, ,,,. ,..
Tcll me whdi ln!t/ aan;ts aDd low old ,l'ds o.e.
2si'2 2J Intcrogllli,!ronliru ri\[ ( t]'p .ap[;rnotiuo nu'riiorJr. - IntFrognltJ

coDJjrmali\j islp o lo^r,lr irrcrogilivJ rare rorespundpin oHrcusrp m5suri
urmaioalpi ronslru.'ii din limba romir,a:
Conllr r "J Fhl" J lr . ia . i d r a . "
- TI F Pos J J is J our ", i 5 i - l ; , l
Ea consth dintr-o lraze cu dou6 propozitii: prima propozitie este o crnsta'
ta,'eJlt doua o intreb&re.
a) Constat4red est€inlotdeaunaln conlrasi cu lntr€barea:cinal
consLaLarra e albmatiyi. lntlcbar€ae negativi, ,qiinvers,clnd constatareae
negativd, tntrebarea e afilmativi:
You hale a son. ioe.n', /oll
\o u h r\" n " s " n , h a ,, -Jaa:
Slie is in, lsD', srcl
She isr'l io, ts sn"/
b) Intrebarr:a eslo alcituiti numai din verbul predicat,subi€ct
(un pronume)Si o negaiie ctnil o cazul.
Subiectuleste intoLdetrunaun pronwne €orespunzdtor subiectuluidin
prima propozilie:
fliu r sirl is a beauty, isn't sndl
,aniei wasn't ill, was /.€/
Lu. .ldss didn't couect €noughsorop iron, did t?
L is still .ai ine. isr't t,l
l\an! af the eo;keB go to evcnitrgclassfs,don't ,idyl
I I{o adj. Fi ,r/@pron.slnt lo.nllc nlgativeale ouvlrtuluisona{adj.Fi ]r.on.ncho-
Hrlt).
t qc ps t i0 dr nr o n o z :l iidn l F ro q rl i tr." ,r )i l :pu-:.p L" m,azr. podrl i D umpdi tP -
e s l i ,-r p .l " I n ,"'lrn
rj tp l ^ di' " c > i ; ulor i. F i ra rL rJ Fr"p l "7 i sQdat.:onp nl u i nl rog!l i acon-
lirmativd.
INTNITOCATIA FI NECATIA 6S8
Esceplie I particula introductivi\t)tere,(are se mcntine in ambele

propozi!,ii:
7rl. arc tro lasi dowr-rrainsin rtrc momilL3,
are /4/, I
Predicatrulcorcspundev€rbului din prima propozi!,ie,si anumo:
4) \ "rbrlr tu BC. ta ll llL,DO6id-[,air,t.modrr,li DrimaDroDoziria
B F p.la ir J mJi lnb.-brr-: i.,liniriv,rlsdu parlicit,iu'
rimin insi n€exprimate:
'n ""rtutuiprin.tp.t
Sl.ve ts a physician,
i.Jfr tr|?
L" n r. 1 o t .t l y i i g , (" , ,.i r i 4, d" ..' r j
Y , ir ' /, 'rr . ." i ." t ..- h rt-" , /i r.p \ o.i
' l- ! ' J t l ' s d .i n ;.0 o o k . ro 4 ,i ,: .
, k n ^ \ ,.a .,n t Il
Y.u. t{DilJ d/ru,t strit fo. r"atr, Ia th.rX?
\;'L ,1 , , / ' aJ dr , u , rp .-.In j p r:, rd i ,i .' ,t.t,.
b ) t'."| . ldl. " \ . r bF s in trl ^ , u i r; . r ru \i ti .r-rt n J ti .Lntut res_
pectiv fdo sar dodr la in.licalivul prezent, .ttd ]a indicativul tre;ut): " i ti mout
'
Yoll,'rlra a ]rook. d,'r'i vor?
Dan ."r,z/is !n3ti;h. d..si't he?
Thcy ffar to a strow,dtdn,t rh.X?
(ct. s r911)
(7I, nlt.r.ri at
_ :r fnlorocnliarelori'll Qttp.tiar)t .o-jti rtintr.o propo- { 29Sl
zrrrcjn Frogdlrvj.ora nr utr'dprE dp ldpt r.]qtun., t;ind nurn,i excta11ativd'
(rrJdusi.L...\;.1'...\d"vur,tt t. \rp". I lropoziti" dr" o nucnrd rtectiv;
p"orrrrn..rr., rprimr d bu"uri.. n"rr.rlL,r,rir:.lurprrnd"co..,m"ni;.ar"
ln ru-nctLe oe rrlrona,Iln,geslL.Jerc, "1c.,
jr
TnrFb1r".rr,In"i,d e,tp drirm,ti! ts, I prupozirispr"c.JDnt,rc arirmr-
tivi. fi negatii'A dace protozi,tia preccdentne netaiivn: -
"Jack is liere.""ls Ie? I raa glad.,,(Buctrric)
_jhotL'nr''r. Lrhls $onr"rr.,",/.a;." iurlrn|.ro. \m"1in.rro,
''Youl oo! v,.r 1i . "Do L P.r..r...,rL|rd r")
"H Jr '1jknowdrr . -rs. Otr.h"do".1r.rii .tt"." l\" irt.umi+.\m"trirtacFr
t r ^, h D .t tto u / 1 tr,-r,,sD ,,l i ti fo s l
"I caltedat Tomt today." 'D,,1 3,oar I rhought yoritwo had lalren out.,'(surpdz!)
, .4) Deelaratiaeumulaliri' (The C rnnlati?e,tcaterce,consti diatr-o frazd g 29b4
, A l i r ma lic:,r l! Ju ,ri nronoriLri

binr u1;tatrin c u v in L a tfed n d J s o (+
ver Du r l ]l vP r \ i1, c u s ! r Dr o rtu l j)
d ) I a a r n i' l' m " , . r 1l s a ;. .i -,i " J .
Harry rds an iDtereslingbook, anll s6 llo'id ,/d/ (: ii ei).
L ) "'h e n nt s o lof f . " ' So a h r t .,,,,,r.
.,rvu ,,, r " . . r oudf r dn. r .-..)o /i .1 rr"
-- /r.. ( 5 r J d .k ).
Ob se r t alie
C"l - doui pr opur ilii p r tr l r,tr-b ,ri r,l " ra d " a .p c dsi pFr.odod. i n a" Fst caz
l iind u 'ri l e p r inc anjunr lix a ,/ t,ri .y c m p l ,.l F d " l d p i n ;rut i /a/l ,.au stri ros-
t it a L l ".Jo ud p- r r o. , r e dil " ri ra . ru n i u 1 ' , i r u rr i n " i i i ;d .run, i ;i pri matd Iv" zi
€remplelede la punctul fDll.
{Vezi ii t663_jt604)
1!:9 IIEl:1l 4 c-aaaatoJ.cp"L"n

c4t,sr, cdnLridg".I,28.gi85,onumpEre
4 |- onw4tdnee auPgh.n.
'O l.az{ comrrusl din douil ?ropozitii prirctlarel S 2B2B).
624
(+ verbul in.l'ersat
\egatia: cele doun propoz;tii slltt ulite prin nor" "r
cu subierftul):
Tliey o. not nr, nor ir stu {: Irirri '{)
TheJ don't know !r.' nor do 1 iheDr ['- nici cu p' ei l$u e]€)l-
IL h; loesn't come $c ior't cone eithe' lTi'trll schinbal)
iDaiil el d. ,tt nL nici roi l
'on 'etrt
! ! " t v o' r / ln rrtrn ' n rh o " t
\r : t oi . ; ' r l; f , a i r" ' 4 tn u l s l ' ru r " 1 / o m ' nn I on
{ 2 965 l / f r 0r f ar dlis d i ' j n t' rti \n 1 -f' " u ;.v h n ti rr S ntP nr" ) ' onstd Ji rrl r-o
"- l ,"r"tlr r bli' , ' , ieLj' r r l 1 ' ro p o /i :ri l i i r' J u n i r;n ri n c nnj un' l i i l ' ' urel ati \F(i /Ir"
EiUIer sle is lo Llrmc or You-@e'

Ilither rou .4r do il or Jdu '
Dither )_ouslea^ now oL NfJ 'dtr dads
q 2956 tj) Itnq,unsulscurt (Il' Ji'o/l Answet)'- ln nod obilSuit'adverbul

"- - ' t s.n o N
s J u r e g" ri ttP ' ingurin,r 1:pul:l- :::r r:
l P " rern r'F buinlar
r i ' a"i'" *iiect (intotdeauna lronumcpirsonalliy. o.pllliil'lr
" t l" 'n o."'î
"i ""1" 'rn negali;,'oi ro BE' to.ItAt L'
,i;;l'"verb. i'rsoqiter"r'tu't
;;l'il;ii':;);; 'te sAu
rnlrnrrr\'rrr
,O si \erbr'lclefective rnodalesjrrtr'p'tuL' sin!ttrLinrispurs
participiui lrrlrrlur yintipaL llimt omt:'
S 995? a./ Rnspuns cu advu'bul dfirnaliv sau cgatrvi
".as t/ titf o clo.kl" 1 "\o, ir tsn't/is troi,."
| 1 ,1 ' \1s:. l P l qs."
".i/a sn 't ic se en ih. n! ?' 1 r0 , l . ,d\n ti l os not '
I I' r, i tr' nR rPnust '
":$un ntn b. rn intcrvrl?" I \o , irrl l l rc /us,n t/r,zrr not
I 'Yca. sld .oLU "
-(:,, .1,Helen g! \o\r't" 1 '\o, snecouldr'll.oed not "
'1sl{ll 1 r,.cl St s t i ur oc ?" 1 No, ,irr dd, li',iil nor''

..r'a,td
!,, t.\ ,o. ,. , nrd) { .:\:1.."j""ii1,.i',:;ji,r{r,'l,Jli:";,,,
.na..t 11..1.n.1o, / ,jno\
',r { i: ii'o ,.1,"!,,}'""
. /i .,,.,,,, {., L ,/..,,u o,,LUlo- ..1i. ,; ' , : ' : , , " "
t " "
$ 2968 ,, Doue subieciecu a(liLrni dileritc:

-A,e tF Brc,Jt ni' J , r . uul 4! r nus Fr n l l r l i 'd l l r r 'n l - ' ..
_ rl/i/i lVi.A ind loas ot ol r nr pFln; r "\ ' r "l 7d 'u i '
'r l l b u l
,r)rd von f /n,4 ". r ld @ r i- I i\ " ' f lr . . Fas id FJ 5 l ' r J 'r "
'Fo !i.. d id, b"t t Vot n '
"at ll, it
S 295$ . c,) l{dspunsscurt,lapropoziliicarelnc€p cu un pronumesar1un adjeclis

rnierogalrv:
"Who ,,6 at thc lectu!€?" "Steve faas) "
_\ \ , . o n1" , r ak o rP" r' _ I d u rr
"iliio"J o"itit t'avn vou rcadv paoked?""J"'41's"
NTEROCATIA SI NEGATTA
tt6
glish?" I lYe all do a little

"who loan'l sleaL E
out the exhibits"?
"Whi(h one of thesc sludents sot&d
"TlraI one fdidr'"
asentimentul sar dezacordul: s 9960
.t) Ildspuns care e\priDi
- )u u .,i rpr is doine$dl. 1 -\o , s /a i rn l .
I '.vpq ,1? nas. '
-a.// hassor rhp priz"./'dsar h"? l -i a; ;trnid n" /,cn r.'
"Io! don't unilerstand lrim'" 1 'BDt / dD."

t _(,I cou$e I da '
"You da r\ke ir, do\'r You?' 1 "I .m sorry. I d,n't "
r -Most @rtainlY ,F tvill,
(l't'oz'l da turn uP?" 1 ' l d o n l th i n k ne,i l i
,.,s/id4
d 8onow?" {::bx"l'l::i{i"
rs bes'n " { lii?,.t",'il-"t "
se@ah
"rh. h*eestiry
"t rc ionedthemarterrastweek
" { ::Bi,%" i"lit "
" t's on Thlrsdav "
"The Neerits'r f= ts) on Mondav "\-o'
pl, irnl be?" "Ye6' anil so 'n /' aretr'i I?"r
"rl"t to" ora ro" t"
tn " l l o ' k e d l hF' al i n l he panrr' v /' c
'ftn u a '" 1= laua1b. F n N i c l (y .tl o -' I
itLstlift€ tia to do a crazy thing l'fir ndr'
.rtut oe ralk onrherank."
{::fii.,?,li""f;,.,.,
..He titrs to !e tolular." "Who dodrn't?"
(vezi 9i 5 2663)
r Pe n hu r ds r I ? v e z i | 1 8 6 8 ,t8 8 9 fa r.

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ALICE L.

"The tettitoty of En|lisll teachin{ hd,slonE beensamethingof a baxlefield,.

_. ln p{ala winului sdutii.dionatlitrctrctn,:te:.tr,ti nin |i-.\r tt,!)\|rh.

Aryuhthl ddoptat in trnns.icre. fonatt:d tr ftrst $i este (d .t t*olid.liei

ulrfotrnelat t& 4 efa.anstd,efat nqral. dtical fu inccputltLa.est.lti.seeol (inlo-

Crunatiut rl.e[aln tii-ica luuare con.:eputiipe Ld.e tat].ilianat..

Sperin M wrca tlepLisn.le cLitrc(utoalcj (u tlsitL;Leasi d.drui& specifice

Cuvlnt cAtr€ citito! 5

tI, CLASIFICARE\ ;SUBSTANTIVELOR 3 ti

II. CLASIFICARE,\ S1]BSTA]['I\\-EL OR, s3

ss cl|, rete (Cant:rett,VolnsJ numesc .obieote'{ mdte-

t J-l4na-. (kritl,atouqr. o.lebN

2) Sulstantircleahsbaotef,{6slrdrt rvod r/ nunesc acliuDj,stdri. sim- S 10

A lt 6i Denumirile pro{:luselor naturale, prelucraie sau nu'

s 18 Il. SUtsSTAr'Tl\'ll NUIIERABILII $I SUBSTANTIIII NE\UNIllrtABlLE

ln qran,atlr" moJ"rna,ir .ritFrr - .irp stau ld bazdimpdrlirii subslao-

SUBST,UIIIIX NU IjRABTLE (dbrca lNl)

s22 2) Crtegorii ilo substantivo numerabile' -

SUBSII\TIIX NllllullDB"ttsIrn f4D4! ATl)

I deii cu torml ilc plurnl. aN"inleles de singulaf qi se 'onlro'te cr al'al'r: "\o

: ca.nc .a al'm.nt a.ars : categorii de can.

sa. a rol :o sare h cl i mi c tt

areind.i? : 6bi€0ie de arcint:

; )r",ill .i:; is k t,n,,.t thp,, rn (- re'!.ia loarte ahesitos. sat r.reciij

\.ezi 3i flann.l. li!r'r./ (S 146) pertru direrse nume d' rnaterialebtrcbuin

n.ar lo.jgine nr c.td) I\\l .{dI anini nul'r'

tflth te.L "E.r : . . , ". t . . \ r o 1r , 'r '" .

. ) PIuIt.l6.\,nrp.lil'ilo.- i DjrJrrrivelp i"r r'imild

.,6Dng fN\'t Do ron til.r .arlnsP."

;i,:1.') l,n'ilii. lJ,i''"""iilT'

s34 Toate substanti!€le de la capitolul c-) pdsircaze lorrra de 'lingular

Pluralc cn irr c-templclede lrai jos, intilnitlr lr€crent in traduceri, slnt

Nume de mase abstxlcte ucnumenbilc intr-ut contc]lt li ntr eralrilein altul S 3E

: on.nt e (cotelnill (concrei);

r PentN subsiantrvele abst.aclc. irditidtalc .ole, iisc lczi ! 10, l:1, 14

r .,, . sl.rll L. r r Ll{ ir r ' i. dL

s .10 tII. {iB\UL SUBSTrt\TIYriLOR

.i:i,i:,-:". ';;,i ,r'.1,n

,/ Substnntiv.le ilp !4 fcminin (frni in. GPNler) nume"*ctiinte de $ J1

Ntrcss laDdhdr" Ia.

lrr lirolr eneGzd[oderniLsenul Eramaticalestcrdlulal. cu alie cuvinte $ 47

A. tr\PRgSL\ LNIIC,ILA.{ GENULII

,\rcsl capitol Inprinzind titluri de politele, profesionale. ororilice. nobi ! 49

l) intrebunrlarea a doui cuvinte diferite;

Doui substantrve au mascun ul fofmal' de ]a fcminin:

S 52 b) Gennl in(licdr prin cuei e diferite:

liTi:ill'irli :1,l:liii:i.lii',,"'iardloa.',a 'e"ilu'jc'e

L" 1",'t,, r'.j;':"r'-",'.;'i'i'l:j1,,,1"1";:i::::"i;

llrs \liss. lI$ 5, l\ladad{e)

Lord + nune Proprn,3 Lady + rume Poprn,s

i:t.ll".ll l ?:,l;l'i;#. iliil' j",;".;l

{5 6 .) G.nut m.,rc.lt pri.ntr)tn cdfint cdfe Lnd;cd se$ul

llasc lin Fcminin Gen comun

nsiro.rut. splce i.lrveller

buUdog Inll biich

d.) Alte nodalttdli d,e ind.icarea genalui t(mtunr s5 7

Pentru desemnareagenutui len1irii Ia numele dc prof€sii etc., subsian_

TlcY wrnted to halo a @oDaDdactar'a gil tllpist, elc

Toate c€lelalte substantive care indici nalionalitatoa sau provenienta

Uneori. p€ntru a se e)tprima in rnod special genul feminin. dacl aceste

I a Spanish faDmaD sau sif,

1 a T d rk i s h fs,ona, sau st.l ,

3) Ccnul comu . - liriemple de substantivc de gen cornun: S 62