Primitive

Definiție Fie f :[a, b]  R o funcție. Atunci funcția F :[a, b]  R este o primitivă a

funcției f dacă F este derivabilă pe intervalul [a, b] și F '( x)  f ( x), x  [a, b] .

Dacă F este o primitivă pt f atunci F  C , C  R este o primitivă a lui f. Mulțimea tuturor

primitivelor lui f se notează  f ( x)dx
Primitivele funcțiilor elementare

 x 1
 x dx   C ,   1 ,
 1
9
11 4
x 1 x 4 x4
x  x5 dx  
10
dx   C,  C, x5 dx  C
11 4 9
4
1
6
x4 1 7 x 6 1  x3
  x7  9 dx   x
3
x dx   C, dx  x dx   C, 9 dx  C
4 6 x6 1
3

1
 x dx  ln/ x / C ,

ax
 a dx   C, a  0
x
ln a

e13 x
 e dx 
13 x
 e dx  e  C , C
x x
13

sin(100 x)
 sin xdx   cos x  C ,  cos(100 x)dx  100
C

 cos xdx  sin x  C ,

 tgxdx   ln/ cos x / C ,

 ctgxdx  ln/ sin x / C ,
1
 cos2 x dx  tgx  C ,
1
 sin 2 x dx  ctgx  C
 1 1 xa
 x 2  a 2 dx  2a ln/ x  a / C ,

1 1 x
 x 2  a 2 dx  a arctg a  C ,

1
 2 2
dx  ln/ x  x 2  a 2 / C ,
x a
1
 2 2
dx  ln/ x  x 2  a 2 / C
x a
1 x
 dx  arcsin C
a2  x2 a

1 sin 2 x  cos 2 x 1 1
 sin 2 x cos2 x dx   sin 2 x cos 2 x dx   cos 2 x dx   sin 2 x dx  tgx  ctgx  C

Metode de calcul a primitivelor

1) Integrarea prin părți

 f ( x) g '( x)dx  f ( x) g ( x)   f '( x) g ( x)  C
 x sin xdx   x cos x   cos xdx   x cos x  sin x  C
f ( x)  x  f '( x)  1
g '( x)  sin x  g ( x)   sin xdx   cos x

Exemple
 xe dx  xe x   1  e x dx  xe x  e x  C
x

a) f ( x)  x  f '( x)  1
g '( x)  e x  g ( x)   e x dx  e x
1
 ln xdx  x ln( x)   x  x dx  x ln( x)  x  C
b) 1
f ( x)  ln x  f '( x) 
x
g '( x)  1  g ( x)  x
 1 a
e sin(bx)dx   e ax cos(bx)   eax cos(bx)dx 
ax
b b
1 a 1 a
  e ax cos(bx)  ( e ax sin(bx)   e ax sin(bx)dx) 
b b b b
2
1 a a
  e ax cos(bx)  2 e ax sin(bx)  2  eax sin(bx)dx 
b b b
2
a 1 ax a ax
 e sin(bx)dx(1  b2 )   b e cos(bx)  b2 e sin(bx)
ax

b2 1 a
  ( e ax cos(bx)  2 e ax sin(bx))
ax
e sin( bx ) dx 2 2
a b b b
f ( x)  e 
ax
f '( x)  ae ax

cos(bx)
g '( x)  sin(bx)  g ( x)   sin(bx)dx  
b
f ( x)  e 
ax
f '( x)  ae ax

c) sin(bx)
g '( x)  cos(bx)  g ( x)   cos(bx)dx 
b
x3 1 x3 x3
 x ln xdx  3 ln x   x  3 dx  ...  9  C
2

f ( x)  x 2  f '( x)  2 x
g '( x)  ln x  g ( x)  .....
d) ....
1
f ( x)  ln x  f '( x) 
x
3
x
g '( x)  x 2  g ( x) 
3

2) Integrarea prin schimbare de variabilă

Dacă F este o primitivă a funcției f atunci  f (u ( x))u '( x)dx  F (u ( x))  C
Exemple
dt
2 3
x 3  1 dt  1 arctg ( t )  C  1 arctg ( x )  C
a)  x6  4 dx   t2  4 3  t2  4 6 2 6 2
dt
t  x3  dt  3 x 2 dx  x 2 dx 
3
arctg ( x) t2 arctg 2 x
 1  x 2 dx   tdt  2  C  2  C
b)
dx
t  arctg ( x)  dt 
1  x2
 t101 sin101 ( x)
 sin ( x) cos( x)dx   t
100 100
dt  C  C
c) 101 101
t  sin( x)  dt  cos( x)dx
2x  5
 x 2  5 x  9 dx  ln( x
2
d)  5 x  9)  C

arcsin 2 x t3 arcsin 3 x
 dx   t dt   C 
2
C
1  x2 3 3
e)
1
t  arcsin x  dt  dx
1  x2
3) Integrarea funcțiilor raționale
1
 x  a dx  ln( x  a)  C
1 ( x  a )  n 1
 ( x  a)n dx  n  1  C , n  1
1 4 ( x  5)3
 ( x  5)4 dx   ( x  5) dx 
3
C

1 1
 ax 2  bx  c dx   b 2 
 C se analizează după semnul lui  .
a[( x  )  ]
2a 4a
1 1 1 x2
 x 2  4 x  9 dx   ( x  2)2  5 dx  5 arctg ( 5 )  C
1 1
 ( x 2  4 x  9)2 dx   (( x  2)2  5)2 dx
t  x  2  dt  dx
1 1 1 5  t2  t2 1 1 t t
 (( x  2)2  5)2 dx   (t 2  5)2 dt   2
5 (t  5) 2
dt  (  2
5 t 5
dt   2
(t  5) 2
dt ) 

1 1 t 1 t 1 1
 ( arctg  2   2 dt )  ...
5 5 5 2 t 5 2 t 5
f (t )  t  f '(t )  1
t 1
g '(t )  2 2
 g (t )   (t 2  5) 1
(t  5) 2
 1 1
 ( x 2  2 x  3)2 dx   (( x  1)2  2)2 dx
t  x  1  dt  dx
1 1 2  t2  t2 1 1 t
I  2 2
dt   2 2
dt  (  2 dt   t  2 dt ) 
(t  2) 2 (t  2) 2 t 2 (t  2) 2
1 1 t 1 t 1 1 t
 ( arctg  2  arctg )  C  ...
2 2 2 2 t 2 2 2 2
f (t )  t  f '(t )  1
t 1 1
g '(t )  2 2
 g (t )   2
(t  2) 2 t 2

P ( x)
4) Cazul general de funcție rațională f ( x)  , P, Q polinoame.
Q( x)
Algoritm de rezolvare
a) dacă gradP>gradQ se împarte cu cât și rest P la Q și
P( x) R( x)
 Q( x) dx   C ( x)dx   Q( x)dx și continuăm pt ultima fracție în care gradul
numărătorului este mai mic.
b) Se descompune în factori ireductibili numitorul Q( x)
R ( x)
c) Se descompune in fracții simple și se integrează fiecare fracție în parte.
Q( x)

Exemple

1 1 1 1 x
 x 2  x dx   x( x  1) dx   x dx   x  1 dx  ln/ x /  ln/ x  1/ C  ln/ x  1 / C
1 A B
 
x( x  1) x x  1
1  A( x  1)  Bx
A B  0
A  1  B  1
 1 1 1 1 1 1
 x 2  9 dx   ( x  3)( x  3) dx  6  x  3 dx  6  x  3 dx 
1 1 1 /x 3/
 ln/ x  3 /  ln/ x  3 / C  ln C
6 6 6 /x  3/
1 A B
1)  
( x  3)( x  3) x  3 x  3
1  A( x  3)  B( x  3)
A B  0
1 1
3 A  3B  1  6 B  1  B    A 
6 6
1 1 1 1 1
 x3  2 x 2  x dx   x( x  1)2 dx   x dx   x  1 dx   ( x  1)2 dx 
 ln/ x /  ln/ x  1/ ( x  1) 1  C
1 A B C
  
x( x  1) 2
x x  1 ( x  1) 2
2) 1  A( x  1) 2  Bx( x  1)  Cx
A B  0
2A  B  C  0
A  1  B  1  C  1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 x( x  3)2 dx  9  x dx  9  x  3 dx  3  ( x  3)2 dx 
1 1 1 ( x  3)1
 ln/ x /  ln/ x  3 /  C
9 9 3 1
1 A B C
  
x( x  3) 2
x ( x  3) ( x  3) 2
3) 1  A( x  3)2  Bx( x  3)  Cx
A B  0
6 A  3B  C  0
1 1 1
9A 1 A   B    C 
9 9 3
 x x 1 1 1 x 1
 x3  1 dx   ( x  1)( x 2  x  1) dx   3  x  1 dx  3  x 2  x  1 dx 
1 1 2x  2 1 2x 1  3
 ln/ x  1/   2 dx  ...  (  2 dx) 
3 6 x  x 1 6 x  x 1
1 2x 1 1
 ... (  2 dx  3 2 dx) 
6 x  x 1 x  x 1
1 1
 ...  (ln( x 2  x  1)  3 dx) 
6 1 2 3
(x  ) 
2 4
1 2 2 1
 ..  (ln( x 2  x  1)  3 arctg[ ( x  )]
6 3 3 2
x A Bx  C
  2
( x  1)( x  x  1) x  1 x  x  1
2

x  A( x 2  x  1)  ( Bx  C )( x  1)
A B  0
1 1
A  B  C 1 A    B  C 
4) 3 3
AC  0

1 1 1 x 1
 x3  x dx   x( x 2  1) dx   x dx   x 2  1 dx  ln/ x /  2 ln( x
2
 1)  C

1 A Bx  C
2
 
x( x  1) x x2  1
5)
1  A( x 2  1)  ( Bx  C ) x
A B  0
C 0
A  1  B  1
 1 1 1 1
 x 2 ( x 2  1)2 dx   x 2 dx   x 2  1 dx   ( x2  1)2 dx 
x 1 1  x2  x2 x
  arctg ( x)   2 dx  ...  arctg ( x)   x 2 dx  .....
1 ( x  1) 2
( x  1) 2
f ( x)  x  f '( x)  1
x 1 1
g '( x)  2 2
 g ( x)  
( x  1) 2 x2  1
1 A B Cx  D Ex  F
2 2 2
  2 2 
x ( x  1) x x x  1 ( x 2  1) 2
1  Ax( x 2  1) 2  B( x 2  1) 2  (Cx  D) x 2 ( x 2  1)  ( Ex  F ) x 2
AC  0
BD 0
2A  C  E  0
2B  D  F  0
A0C 0 E 0
B  1  D  1  F  1

Integrarea funcțiilor raționale în sin(x) și cos(x)

Notație R(sin x, cos x)

1) Metoda de rezolvare generală: se face substituția

x x 2
t  tg   arctg (t )  x  2arctg (t )  dx  2 dt
2 2 t 1
Exemplu
1 1 2 1 1
 3  4 cos x dx   2
 2
1 t t 1
dt  2 2
3t  3  4  4t 2
dt  2  2
t 7
dt 
3 4
1 t2
1 t 7
 2 ln/ / C  ...
2 7 t 7
x x 2
t  tg   arctg (t )  x  2arctg (t )  dx  2 dt
2 2 t 1
1 t2 2t
cos x  2
, sin x 
1 t 1 t2

Cazuri particulare a) Funcția rațională R(sin x, cos x) este parî în sin(x) și cos(x),
adică R(sin x, cos x)  R( sin x,  cos x) . Se face substituția
1
t  tg ( x)  x  arctg (t )  dx  2
dt
t 1
Exemplu
t2
sin 2 x t2 1 1 t2
 4  cos2 x dx   1 t2 1
dt   (4t 2  5)(t 2  1) dt 
4 2
t 1
5 1 5 1 5 2 2t
 4t 2  5 dt   t 2  1 dt  4  2 5 dt  arctg (t )  4  5 arctg 5  arctg (t )  C  ...
t 
4
2
t At  B Ct  D
 2 
(4t  5)(t  1) 4t  5 t 2  1
2 2

t 2  ( At  B)(t 2  1)  (Ct  D)(4t 2  5)

AC  0
B  4D  1
A  5C  0  C  A  0
B  5 D  0  D  1  B  5
sin 2 x ( sin x) 2

4  cos 2 x 4  ( cos x) 2
1
t  tg ( x)  x  arctg (t )  dx  2
dt
t 1
t2 1
sin x  2 , cos 2 x  2
2
t 1 t 1

b) Funcția rațională R(sin x, cos x) esteim parî în sin(x) sau impară în cos(x), adică
 R(sin x, cos x)  R( sin x, cos x)  t  cos x
sau .
 R(sin x, cos x)  R(sin x,  cos x)  t  sin x
Exemplu
1 cos x dt 1 t 1
 cos x dx   cos2 x dx   1  t 2   2 ln/ t  1 / C 
1 1  sin x
 ln C
2 / sin x  1/
t  sin x  dt  cos xdx

Observație Primitivele puterilor pare ale lui sin(x) și cos(x) se fac cu formulele
1  cos(2 x) 1  cos(2 x)
trigonometrice sin 2 x  , cos 2 x 
2 2
1  cos(2 x)
sin 2 x 
2
 1  cos 2 x 2 1
 cosxdx   ( ) dx   1  2 cos(2 x)  cos 2 (2 x)dx 
4
2 4
1 sin(2 x) 1  cos(4 x) 1 x sin(4 x)
 (x  2  dx)  (...   )C
4 2 2 4 2 8

Primitivele puterilor impare ale lui sin(x) și cos(x) se fac:

 sin xdx   sin x  sin 2 xdx   sin x(1  cos 2 x)dx
3

t  cos x   dt  sin xdx

t3
I    1  t 2 dt  t   C  ....
3

Integrarea funcțiilor iraționale

1) Substituțiile Cebâsev
x (ax n  b) p dx, m, n, p  Q
m

a) p  Z  x  t r , r numitorul comun al lui m si n

m 1
b)  Z  ax n  b  t s , s numitorul lui p
n
m 1 ax n  b s
c)  pZ   t , s numitorul lui p
n xn

4 1 1
x
 1 dx   x 4 (1  x 2 ) 1 dx
x
1 1
m  , n  , p  1  Z
4 2
i) x  t  dx  4t 3dt
4

1 1
t4
I   (t 4 ) 4 (1  (t 4 ) 2 ) 1 4t 3dt  4  t 4 (1  t 2 ) 1 dt  4  dt 
t2 1
t 4 1 1 (t 2  1)(t 2  1)  1 t3
 4 dt  4  dt  4(  t  arctg (t ))  C  ...
t2 1 t2 1 3
 1
1
4 dx   x ( x 0 4
 1) 4 dx
x4  1
1
m  0, n  4, p    Z
4
m 1 1
 Z
n 4
m 1 1 1 x4  1 4
ii)  p    0  Z  4  t  x 4  1  t 4 x 4  x 4  (t 4  1) 1 
n 4 4 x
1 5
4
 1
 x  (t  1) 4  dx   (t 4  1) 4 4t 3dt
4
1 5
1 4 t2
I    (t (t
4 4
 1) ) (t 4  1) 4 t 3dt    t 2 (t 4  1) 1 dt    dt 
t 4 1
t2
  dt
(t  1)(t  1)(t 2  1)
t2 A B Ct  D
  
(t  1)(t  1)(t  1) t  1 t  1 t 2  1
2

t 2  A(t  1)(t 2  1)  B(t  1)(t 2  1)  (Ct  D)(t  1)(t  1)

A B C  0
A B  D 1
A  B  C  0  C  0, A   B
1 1 1
A  B  D  0  D  2 B  B   , A  , D 
4 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I  dt   dt   2 dt  ln/ t  1/  ln/ t  1/  arctg (t )  C
4 t 1 4 t 1 2 t 1 4 4 2

1 1
x
 dx   x( x 2  1) 2 dx
x 1
1 1
m  1, n  , p    Z
2 2
m 1 11
  4Z
n 1
iii)
2
1 1
2
x2 1  t  x2  t 2  1  x  (t 2  1) 2  dx  2(t 2  1)2tdt
1
I  4 (t 2  1) 2 (t 2 ) 2 t (t 2  1)dt  4 (t 2  1)3 dt  4 t 6  3t 4  3t 2  1dt 
t7 t5
 4(  3  t 3  t )  C  ....
7 5
Exemple 1)
3 1 1
x
 1 dx   x 3 (1  x 2 ) 1 dx
x
1 1
m  , n  , p  1 Z  x  t 6  dx  6t 5 dt
3 2
1
t7 t
I  (t ) (1  t 3 ) 1 6t 5 dt
6 3
 6 3
dt  6(  (t 4  t )dt   dt )
1 t (t  1)(t 2  t  1)
t A Bt  C
  2
(t  1)(t  t  1) t  1 t  t  1
2

t  A(t 2  t  1)  ( Bt  C )(t  1)
A B  0
A C 1
1 1 1
AC  0  C  , A   ,B 
2 2 2
t 1 1 1 t 1
 (t  1)(t 2  t  1) dt   2  t  1 dt  2  t 2  t  1 dt 
1 1 2t  2 1 2t  1  3 1 1
  ln/ t  1/   2 dt  ..  2 dt  ... (ln(t 2  t  1)  3 dt ) 
2 4 t  t 1 4 t  t 1 4 1 2 3
(t  ) 
2 4
1 2 2 1
 ... (ln(t 2  t  1)  3 arctg ( (t  ))  C
4 3 3 2

1
1
3 dx   x (1  0 3 3
x ) dx
x3  1
1
m  0, n  3, p    Z
3
m 1 1
 Z
n 3
m 1 1 1 x3  1 3
2)  p    0  Z  3  t  1  x3 (t 3  1) 
n 3 3 x
1 4
3
 1 
 x  (t  1) 3  dx   (t 3  1) 3 3t 2 dt
3
1 4
  t
1
I    [t (t  1) ]
3 3 3 t 2 (t 3  1) 3 dt    t (t 3  1) 1 dt    3
dt 
t 1
t
  dt  ....
(t  1)(t 2  t  1)
 1
x2 
3 dx   x ( x  1)
2 3 3 dx

x3  1
1
m  2, n  3, p    Z
3) 3
1 2
m 1 3 1 
  1 Z  x3  1  t 3  x  (t 3  1) 3  dx  (t 3  1) 3 3t 2 dt
n 3 3
2 1 2
  t2
I   (t 3  1) 3 (t 3 ) 3 t 2 (t 3  1) 3 dt   tdt  C
2

Substituțiile lui Euler

R( x, ax 2  bx  c )
ax 2  bx  c  t  x a daca a  0
a) ax 2  bx  c  tx  c daca c  0
ax 2  bx  c  t ( x  x0 ) x0 radacina a lui ax 2  bx  c  0

Exemplu
x
 dx
x  x2  x  1
2t  1
x 2  x  1  t  x  x 2  x  1  t 2  2tx  x 2  x  
t 2 1
2(t 2  1)  (2t  1)2t 2t 2  2t  2
 dx  dt  dt
(t 2  1) 2 (t 2  1) 2
2t  1
t 2 1 t2  t 1 (2t  1)(t 2  t  1) 2t 3  3t 2  3t  1
I  2  dt   2  t (t 2  1)2 dt   2  t (t 2  1)2 dt 
2t  1 2t  1 (t 2  1) 2
t  2
t 2 1 t 1
3 2
2t  3t  3t  1
 2  dt
t (t  1) 2 (t  1) 2
2t 3  3t 2  3t  1 A B C D E
    
2
t (t  1) (t  1) 2
t t  1 (t  1) t  1 (t  1) 2
2

2t 3  3t 2  3t  1  A(t  1) 2 (t  1) 2  Ct (t  1) 2  Bt (t  1)(t  1) 2  Dt (t  1) 2 (t  1)  Et (t  1) 2
A B  D  0
CBDE 2
2 A  2C  B  D  2 E  3
CBDE 3
A  1  B   D  1  C  2D  E  3
2C  2 E  4
1 3 9 1
C  2D  E  2  D    B    C   E 
4 4 4 8

1 3 1 9 1 1 1 1 1
I   dt   dt   dt   dt   dt
t 4 t 1 4 (t  1) 2
4 t 1 8 (t  1) 2
3 9 (t  1) 1 1 1 (t  1) 1
I  ln/ t / t  ln/ t  1/   ln/ t  1/  C
4 4 1 4 8 1

x 1
 x 1
dx

x 1 2 2 2 t2 1 2t (t 2  1)  2t (t 2  1)
 t  x  1  xt  t  x   2  dx   dt 
x 1 t 1 (t 2  1) 2
4t
dx  dt
(t  1) (t  1) 2
2

t2
I  4 dt  ....
(t  1) 2 (t  1) 2

1 1 1 
0 t 2  1 dt  arctg (t ) 0  arctg (1)  arctg (0)  4

b b
a f '( x)g ( x)dx  f ( x) g ( x) a  a f ( x) g '( x)dx
b


sin x 0 dt 1 dt 
02 1  cos2 x dx  1 1  t 2  0 t 2  1  4
t  cos x  dt   sin xdx
x  0  t  cos 0  1
 
x  t  cos 0
2 2
 x
 dx
1  x2  x  1
t 2 1
x 2  x  1  t  x  x 2  x  1  t 2  2tx  x 2  x  
2t  1
2t (2t  1)  2(t 2  1) 2t 2  2t  2
 dx  dt  dt
(2t  1)2 (2t  1) 2
t 2 1
2 2 2
2t  1 2t  2t  2 dt  2 (t  1)(t  t  1) dt
 t 2  1 (2t  1) 2
 (2t  1)2 (t 2  3t  2)
1 t 
2t  1
1
I  dt
(t  1)(t  2)(2t  1) 2
1 A B C D
   
(t  1)(t  2)(2t  1) 2
t  1 t  2 (2t  1) (2t  1) 2