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<titlu> LITERATURA I EVUL MEDIU LATIN - Excursuri <autor> ERNST ROBERT CURTIUS Traduc r d !

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<titlu> CU#RINS FORMULA DE DEVOIUNE I UMILINA / 5 GLUM I GRAVITATE N LITERATURA MEDIEVAL / 19 1. ANTI !ITATEA T"R#IE / 19 $. %I&ERI A I R"&UL / $5 '. GLUM I GRAVITATE N LAUDA &UVERANILOR / $9 (. OMI UL N !AGIOGRAFIE / '$ 5. OMI UL E)I / (* +. UMORUL ULINAR I ALTE RIDI ULA / (5 TIINA LITERAR N ANTI !ITATEA T"R#IE / 5' 1. ,UINTILIAN / 5' $. GRAMATI A ROMAN T"R#IE / 5'. MA RO%IU& / +. TIINA LITERARA LA N E)UTURILE RETINI&MULUI I N EVUL MEDIU / .1 1. IERONIM / .1 $. A&&IODOR / .( '. I&IDOR / .9 (. ALD!ELM / 9$ 5. VE !EA )OE#IE RETINA / 9( +. MOT/ER %AL%ULU& / 1*( .. AIMERI / 1*+ -. TIINA LITERARA 0n &E OLELE AL 1II2LEA I AL 1III2LEA / 1*FORMA DE E1I&TEN A )OETULUI MEDIEVAL / 11' DELIRUL DIVIN AL )OEILOR / 1$' )OE#IA A ETERNI#ARE / 1$. )OE#IA A DIVERTI&MENT / 1'1 )OE#IA I & OLA&TI A / 1'5 M"NDRIA )OETULUI / 1(5 ON I#IA A IDEAL DE &TIL / 1(9 ETIMOLOGIA A FORM DE G"NDIRE / 1+'

OM)O#IIA NUMERI / 1.' GNOME NUMERI E / 19' 3&I&TEMUL VIRTUILOR AVALERETI4 / $*1 DUMNE#EU A DEMIURG / $'. TEORIA TEOLOGI A A ARTEI IN LITERATURA &)ANIOL A &E OLULUI AL 1VII2LEA / $(' TEORIA DE&)RE ART A LUI al5er6n I A/TE& LI%ERALE& / $+. TRADU EREA ITATELOR / $-9

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imago. Siquidem gramatica poeticaque se "ora( infundunt, el eius quod exponhur totam superficiem occupant "p. 1-, &. urm.'. DaBF a8 8ai aCela Di la Belelal=e 7Cere ale >aleH >2ar 5eJ:Fl9i Di 5in 89l=e al=e la=9ri 0nal=a Cre;9ire Ce Bare a 5a=27 C7eJiei. )en=r9 a 0n;eleGe e:7l9;ia 9l=eri7arF =reL9ie >F >e ;inF >ea8a BF leGF=9ra an=iBF 9nin592le >=rKn> Ce ar=e> 5e a9B=7re>H Ce Bare l7an 5in &ali>L9rP 7 8ai 8en;ineH a ?7>= >9L8ina=F >Cre >?KrDi=9l >eB7l9l9i ai 1II2lea 5e a?l9en;a BF=re D=iin;ele 875erne Di aC7i 5e?ini=i: re=eJa=F 5e >i>=e89l D=iin;el7r 9ni:er>i=are. NORDEN </9n>=Cr7>aH C. .1$ 9r8.E a ?7>= Cri89l Bare a 0n?F;iDa= aBe>= Cr7Be>X 5ar el n9 a :FJ9= =7=9Di raC7r=9l B9 >i>=e89l 9ni:er>i=ar. &i=9a;ia e>=e 9r8F=7area. 3Ar=ele4 <ar=e>E a9 ?7>= a59na=e 08Cre9naH alBF=9in5 7 ?aB9l=a=e. LeB=9ra a9=7ril7r e eli8ina=F B9 =7=9lH iar Gra8a=iBa e re59>F la >=95i9l l9i )ri>Bian. Ma=eria Bea 8ai i8C7r=an=F 5e:ine l7GiBa. ABea>=a 7 D=i8 5in Cr7Gra8a anali=iBF CariJianFH 5in an9l 1$15 <RA&!DALL2 )OUI /E2EMDEM IH C. ((*E. 0n =reaBF= ?ie >C9>H aBea>=F >=are 5e l9Br9ri a a:9= 5reC= 9r8are BF li=era=9ra la=inFH Bare ?9>e>e 0n ?l7areH >e 7?ileD=e Ba8 59CF an9l 1$$5 <DE G!ELLIN /H LWE>>7r.H.EH 0n=re li=era;i Di 7a8enii 5e D=iin;F >e 5e>BAi5e 7 CrFCa>=ie. )7e;ii reaB;i7neaJF la aBea>=a B9 7 B7nD=iin;F 5e >ine >C7ri=F la 8aIi8H Ba 5e eIe8Cl9 Tean 5e Me9n. A 5e:eni= a>=?el ine:i=aLil Ba Gen9> i=ri=aLile :a=98 >F in=re 0n B7n?liB= B9 ?il7J7?ia. E :e>=i=F C7le8iBa 5in=re 1(1 M9>>a=7 Di Fra Gi7:annin7. O reCliBF 2 C9;in 7L>er:a=F CKnF aB98 2 Bare ;ine 5e aBea>=F Bear=F e>=e C7e89l l9i MiBAael 7rn9Lien>i> Nn7=a 1O 08C7=ri:a l9i !enri 5WA:ranBAe> <Bea. 1$5*E. MiBAael ar9nBa a>9Cra a5:er>ar9l9i >F9 7 Cl7aie 5e in:eB=i:e Gr7>7laneH ale BFr7r 87=i:e ne C7= rF8Kne in5i?eren=e. Un >inG9r arG98en= e>=e in=ere>an=H 0n=r9BK= e >i8C=78a=iB Cen=r9 5eJLinarea 5in=re D=iin;a Di C7eJie. er=Fre;9l MiBAael a58i=e BF !enri ar D=i 8ai 89l= 5e>Cre C7eJie Di Gra8a=iBF 5eBK= el. De>Cre Ari>=7=el Di 8e=75a D=iin;i?iBF in>FH aBe>=a n9 CriBeCe BAiar ni8iB: 5. Si maior me sis, quia sit magis ipsa poesis 9ota tibi, non es adeo tarnen ad radones +romptus Aristotilis ut ego... 9am guamvis te sim minor et non forte poesim 9oscam, quam noscis, tamen artis non methodos scis... MiBAael a 0n:F;a= Be:a ?7l7>i=7rH !enri 57ar >F >9Bea>BF B9:in=e Di >F ?aBF :er>9ri. ine ia in >eri7> a>e8enea B7CilFriiS MiBAael =in5e >Cre Be:a >9Ceri7rX el :rea >F 5e:inF ?il7J7?: .5 ...?elius didici, si debent talia did. Sed non talia vis, immo puerilia mavis, Etputa sunt prose vel ridmi vel metra0 pro se 8alia quid prosunt? !uasi prosunt pro nichilo sunt Hec reputanda, nisi plus noveris. Ende tibi si Sufficit ars metrica, proponis te fieri qua ?undi maiorem, meliorem fassus ego rem +hilosophus fiam... Nn7=eO 1. E5. A. !IL/AH In DeAerinG2Fe>=>BAri?=H 19$+H C. l $'. De>Cre a9=7r :eJi DiB=i7narP 7? na=i7nal %i7GraCAPH '.H C. '$+. 2 VeJi Di T. . RU&&ELL Di T.). !EIRONIMU5H TAe &A7r=er La=in C7e8> 7? Ma>=er !enrP 7? A:ranBAe>H a8Lri5GeH Ma>>.H 19'5H C. 1(9.

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