99 RECENZII

* Alina Mungiu, Romnii dup 89 --

Istoria unei nenelegeri,
Bucureti, Ed. Humanitas, 1989.
Perioada de cinci ani care a
trecut dup evenimentele din 1989 a
permis ca n anul 1995 s fie publicate
unele lucrri care ncearc s analiee
perioada de trani!ie din perspectiva
"tiin!elor socio#umane$ punndu#se
accentul mai pu!in pe o posibil ncadrare
n diferite paradi%me sociolo%ice$
politolo%ice "i mai mult pe descrierea
aspectelor concrete care caracteriea
aceast perioad&
'na dintre primele lucrri de
acest tip editat de editura (umanitas
poart semntura )linei *un%iu care este
dup opinia lui Ioan +uduca$ ,una dintre
cele mai lucide voci, aprute n ultima
vreme n peisa-ul publicistic& .e"i autoarea
s#a fcut remarcat publicnd critic
literar nainte de 1989$ odat cu anul
199/ ea public articole de anali
politic& )ctivitatea de comentator politic
este ncununat n anul 1990 cu premiul
societ!ii ,1imi"oara, pentru cel mai bun
comentator politic&
2pre deosebire de lucrrile care
analiea din punct de vedere istoric
poporul rom3n si evenimentele prin care a
trecut sau analiele lui 4ladimir Pa"ti care
surprind mecanismele vie!ii politice
rom3ne"ti ,din interior, cartea ,Rom3nii
dup 89 ## Istoria unei nen!ele%eri,
debutnd ca o lucrare de psi5olo%ie social$
dar prin concluiile ei putnd sa se
ncadree in psi5olo%ia politica$ analiea
scena politic ,din e6terior, utili3nd un
limba- -urnalistic&
7olosind concluiile cercetrilor
cantitative publicate de Institutele de
Cercetare e6istente la noi "i prin
prelucrarea datelor ob!inute de autoare din
interviurile din focus#%rupurile realiate n
anii 1998 "i 1990$ )lina *un%iu ncearc
s analiee bac9#%round#ul comportamen#
tului electoratului rom3n n
perioada de
trani!ie "i s demonstree c ,solicitarea
opoi!iei politice a intelectualilor "i a
or%anismelor europene din ace"ti ani post#
revolu!ionari nu a corespuns ima%inii pe
care electoratul rom3n "i#o fcuse despre
propriile interese,&
'rmnd firul lo%ic al structurrii
capitolelor$ cititorul poate descoperi o
interesant descriere "i anali a diferitelor
tipuri de mesa-e e6istente "i folosite de
oamenii politici auto5toni$ %rupa!i n
urmtoarele cate%orii de emi!tori:
,succesorii,$ ,na!ionali"ti#comuni"tii,$
,oportuni"tii,$ ,supravie!uitorii,$ ,intelec
tualii disiden!i,$ ,noua clas politic,
identificate de autoare&
'n capitol vast este dedicat
analiei psi5olo%iei cet!enilor rom3ni
punndu#se accent pe urmtoarele aspecte:
%ndire "i comportament$ iar n cadrul
ultimului mai ales pe componenta
a%resiv&
;n final sunt descrise te5nicile
propa%andistice precum "i mi-loacele de
comunicare a lor punndu#se accent pe
mecanismele comunicrii persuasive n
sisteme privative de libertate&
Cartea se distin%e prin
sistematiarea "i analia obiectiv a
spa!iului politic din Rom3nia "i mai ales
prin descrierea psi5olo%iei poporului
rom3n$ a diferitelor cate%orii de persoane
care#l alctuiesc$ accentundu#se mai
de%rab aspectele frapante din comporta
mentul "i %3ndirea acestora$ dect
preentarea reultatelor unor analie
statistice ob!inute prin metoda focus#
%rupului&
.e"i cartea se constituie ca o
critic obiectiv a activit!ii politice post#
decembriste "i cu toate c sunt tratate
diferite aspecte ne%ative ale politicii
forma!iunilor aflate la putere$ mai n
profunime dect acelea"i aspecte$ dar care
privesc opoi!ia$ autoarea recunoa"te c
din punct de vedere a cunoa"terii
,receptorului,$ a adaptrii mesa-ului la
RECENZII 1//
cerin!ele lui$ forma!iunile la putere s#au
clasat cu mult deasupra opoi!iei care nc
nu e capabil s ofere o alternativ viabil
celor care n 1998 l#au votat pe Iliescu "i
care cu trecerea anilor "i#au pierdut
ncrederea n el&
2tudiul poate fi inclus si in cate%oria celor
aplicative deoarece cuprinde "i o aplica!ie
practica a teoriei propa%andei$ oferit
opoi!iei$ prin adaptarea elementelor si
func!iilor ei la necesit!ile si cerin!ele
electoratului rom3n&
4aloarea cr!ii nu const doar n
noutatea temei "i a metodelor de anali
utiliate "i tocmai de aceea considerm c
va fi o lectur plcut "i util tuturor
sociolo%ilor "i politolo%ilor$ inclusiv
studen!ilor la "tiin!ele sociale interesa!i de
aspectele politice precum "i de
etnopsi5olo%ie&
*ares .iana
*Vance Packard, Ultra bogaii, Paris,
Ed. Acroole, 199!
Notoriu prin Persuasiunea
clandestin" scris n 1958$ 4ance Pac9ard
se apleac n lucrarea de fa! asupra unei
one a societ!ii americane circumscrise "i
de al!i autori n lucrri concentrice:
The Power Elite de C& <ri%5t
*ills= The rich and the superrich de
7erdinand >undber%= The Powers that be:
Processes of Ruling-Class Domination in
America de ?& <& .om5off&
*aniera n care abordea acest
distinct se%ment social este n mare parte
descriptiv "i atr%toare$ n timp ce
demersul e6plicativ "i interpretativ sufer
u"or de 5ipotrofie&
.ar$ lucrarea este important
pentru materialul interesant "i consistent
pe care l cuprinde$ strns n urma a @/ de
interviuri cu persoane foarte bo%ate din
)merica "i bucurndu#se de concursul unor
profesori universitari$ func!ionari
ai
%uvernului american$ consilieri fiscali
specialia!i n %estiunea patrimoniilor$
-urnali"ti$ speciali"ti n cronic monden=
material abundent n elemente de stil de
via! ce s#ar putea preta c5iar unei analie
de tipul celei ini!iate de Pierre +ourdieu n
#a distinction.
1otul a pornit de la faptul
semnalat n revista Forbes care con!inea
clasamentul celor mai bo%a!i 0// de
oameni ai 2')$ ale cror venituri
dep"eau n 198A pra%ul Bn ascensiune
continu de la an la anC de 85D milioane
dolari: ,averea acestor 0// ntrecea
deficitul anual al bu%etului federal,&
.e aici proliferea intero%a!ii
despre implica!iile acestei situa!ii n plan
economic$ social "i uman "i#l invit pe
autor s e6ploree aceast lume nc5is$
mai reticent ca n trecut$ a de!intorilor de
capitaluri fabuloase&
;n urma acestei incursiuni el va
putea da seam despre cine sunt "i de unde
provin ace"ti superbo%a!i consemna!i n
amintita revist care o%lindea ima%inea
e6ploiei averilor= descoper c$ pe ln%
activit!ile imobiliare notorii ca
profitabilitate$ marii mbo%!i!i provin din
societ!ile mediatice$ din vedete de
spectacol "i surprintor$ din sectoarele
mar%inale ale economiei: un fabricant de
ur"i de plu"$ un fabricant de conserve
alimentare pentru cini "i pisici$ fabrican!i
de pia "i produse de cofetrie$
distribuitori de cosmetice sau de felicitri$
editori$ directori de casino&
Ct prive"te ima%inea pe care o
au despre acumularea perpetu care la un
moment dat Ie#a ntrecut propriile nevoi "i
aspira!ii devenind superflu$ 4& Pac9ard
re%se"te ca un leit#motiv viiunea ludic
asupra acumulrii= -oc incitant care i
men!ine n form "i le asi%ur o rvnit
lon%evitate asemenea lui Picasso pe care l
invoc adesea&
.espre stil de via!$ c5eltuieli "i
loisir$ trsturile surprinse de Pac9ard
1/1 RECENZII
spar% ima%inea stereotip$ conturnd %ustul
pentru ,o via! lini"tit mai nainte de
toate,$ c5eltuieli ,reonabile, dispropor
!ionate fa! de c3"ti%uri$ nevoia acut de
discre!ie mai de%rab dect de distinc!ie$
lsind n seama proaspe!ilor mbo%!i!i
Bde!intori ai unui capital cu mult mai
redus n -urul sumei de 5/ mil& dolariC
dorin!a de a se face remarca!i prin fast "i
ostenta!ie dup cum remarc speciali"tii n
via!a monden a )mericii&
Remarcm deci$ c dimensiunile
relevante ale ,clasei loisirului, descrise de
1orst5ein 4eblen B,consumul ostentativ "i
trndveala,C sunt atrofiate la persona-ele
lui 4ance Pac9ard$ ceea ce i caracteriea
$ dincolo de nuan!ata lor diversitate$ este
un e6cep!ional dinamism&
ntre mo"tenitori "i ,self#made#
man, atitudinea fa! de bani e diferit
ntruct o mo"tenire imens "i nea"teptat
poate provoca adevrate crie de identitate$
de la sentimente de culpabilitate fa! de
semenii deavanta-a!i pe care ncearc s
le nbu"e prin acte de filantropie "i
eforturi de realiare profesional pn la
paro6ismul impunerii cultului
personalit!ii= dar afi"area ,reonabilului,
sau a ,ostenta!iei, !ine de personalitate "i
poate Bautorul las o porti! desc5is "i n
acest sensC "i de etnie&
*ulte din cele @/ de persona-e
manifest veleit!i spre alte domenii dect
cel strict al afacerilor$ o atrac!ie spre
cultur "i "tiin!$ o nevoie de spiritualitate
"i de acumulare de bunuri simbolice$ c!iva
aro%ndu#"i "i asumndu#"i rol de *ecena$
ori ac5ii!ionnd asiduu titluri onorifice&
Cartea atin%e de asemenea
problema instabilit!ii familiilor moderne
ca amenin!are la inten!ia dinastic
Bperpetuat n special n mediul presei:
New or! Times" #ashington Post$"
problema strate%iilor de prote-are a
averilor divul%nd tactici in%enioase de
evaiune fiscal pentru care cei bo%a!i nu
precupe!esc eforturile dintr#o simptomatic
percep!ie a rela!iei cu %uvernul n termeni
de opoi!ie$ problema sensului
responsa
bilit!ilor sociale nedevoltat plenar la
ace"ti oameni&
7inalul este o pledoarie pentru
impunerea unor limite privile%ia!ilor "i
pentru ncura-area bo%a!ilor de a#"i
modifica priorit!ile& )doptnd acum
perspectiva func!ionarilor %uvernului "i a
consilierilor fiscali$ 4ance Pac9ard
operea deinvolt cu concepte economice
c5eie "i propune un scenariu cu privire ia
tratamentul de aplicat de ctre statul
american$ pe termen lun% marilor
acumulri de capital privat anticipnd cu
ori%inalitate efecte benefice: ,intrarea ntr#o
er nou n care cauele caritabile nu vor
mai fi tributare artificiilor fiscale destinate
bo%a!ilor "i n care vom asista la un mare
val de %eneroitate sincer,&
2idonia Nedeianu
*$etimiu %&elcea, Personalitate i
societate n tranziie, Bucureti, Studii de
psiologie social, $ocietatea tiin'" (
)e&nic" $.A., 199*.
,;n urma prbu"irii comunis
mului ca ideolo%ie "i practic s#a modificat
tabla de valori a ma-orit!ii actorilor
sociali&, .atorit faptului c acceptarea
noilor valori se face selectiv$ cu intensit!i
diferite de la o persoan la alta$ n func!ie
de personalitatea fiecruia$ autorul dore"te
s ofere$ prin intermediul acestei lucrri$ o
anali a societ!ii rom3ne"ti n trani!ie$
din perspectiva personalit!ii umane&
)stfel$ primul capitol cuprinde
studii teoretice de psi5olo%ie social$ avnd
drept element central analia persona
lit!i$ pentru a oferi astfel o ba
conceptual studiilor empirice asupra
rela!iei dintre personalitate "i societatea
rom3neasc n trani!ie$ studii realiate n
ultimele dou capitole ale lucrrii& ;n
cadrul elementelor teoretice$ problematica
RECENZII 1/8
personalit!ii este bine circumscris$ fiind
definit "i ncadrat n tipolo%ii$ analiat
din diferite perspective& )utorul acord un
loc important rela!iilor interpersonale$ n
virtutea faptului c ,trebuin!a de al!ii, face
parte din trebuin!ele fundamentale ale
oamenilor& 2tudia$ de asemenea$ rela!ia
dintre personalitate "i comportamentul
prosocial "i realiea o anali
conceptual a manipulrii comporta
mentale&
2unt e6puse$ totodat$ tradi!ii
rom3ne"ti precum tovr"iile tinerilor$ "i
se realiea o interpretare psi5osocio
lo%ic a le%endei mit despre Ne%ru 4od&
;n ce prive"te studiile empirice$
se urmre"te stabilirea unei rela!ii ntre
locul controlului "i sc5imbarea social$
emi!ndu#se ipotea c internali"tii accept
valorile societ!ii desc5ise ntr#o mai mare
msur dect e6ternali"tii& Reultatele nu
sunt ns concludente n acest sens& 2e
vorbe"te$ totodat$ despre efectele perverse
ale perioadei de trani!ie$ amintindu#se
e6isten!a unei ,filosofii a banilor,$ puternic
sus!inut de mass#media& 1ot n cadrul
cercetrilor empirice$ este studiat rela!ia
dintre reisten!a la vonuri "i locul
controlului$ artndu#se c internali"tii
reist mai bine la persuasiune dect
indiviii care cred n controlul e6tern&
Pentru surprinderea identit!ii na!ionale a
rom3nilor$ sunt descrise autostereotipiile
etnice # poitive "i ne%ative$ iar spre final
se ncearc realiarea unei previiuni
asupra atitudinilor politice ale popula!iei$
pentru perioada imediat urmtoare&
>ucrarea cuprinde deci un
amal%am de studii teoretice "i empirice$
autorul considernd c repreentarea
social a identit!ii na!ionale$ formele
tradi!ionale de cooperare sau comporta
mentul prosocial$ constituie factori de
ec5ilibru ntre personalitate "i societatea
rom3neasc n trani!ie& Nu se realiea
ns o viiune de ansamblu asupra
problematicii trani!iei$ din perspectiva
personalit!ii$ lucrarea rmnnd
la nivelul
unor studii oarecum disparate&
Carmen *rcu"
E Mic&el +ie,orka, Spaiul rasismului,
Paris, Edition de $euil, 1991.
Na!ionalismul$ populismul$ 6eno
fobia "i "ovinismul nelini"tesc comple6ele
societ!i statale contemporane$ n
ma-oritatea lor constituite din mai multe
etnii& Rasismul ia amploare n 7ran!a
sfr"itului de secol FF$ ca "i n alte
societ!i europene& )ntisemitismul fr
evrei din Europa e de-a un fenomen
cunoscut& Care sunt cauele revi%orrii
acestor fenomeneG
*ic5el <ieHor9a avansea
ipotea unei le%turi ntre rasism "i
muta!ie societal "i sus!ine c fenomenul
rasist se e6tinde pe fondul afirmrii a tot
felul de identit!i comunitare "i nonsociale
concomitent cu destrmarea raporturilor de
clas %enerate de industrialiare "i cu
destructurarea mi"crilor sociale& Pentru a#
"i testa ipotea are nevoie de instrumente&
>ucrarea %pa&iul Rasismului BParis$
Edition du 2euil$ 1991C e consacrat faei
de elaborare "i identificare a conceptelor "i
de proiectare a instrumentelor necesare
n!ele%erii rasismului&
I prim parte a cr!ii e dedicat
punctrii principalelor etape din evolu!ia
%3ndirii sociolo%ice privind rasismul& .up
ce aminte"te contribu!ia sociolo%iei la
inventarea rasismului "i arat "ovielile
"tiin!elor sociale n studierea fenomenului$
autorul insist asupra teoriilor "i idelor
mai importante elaborate pn n preent&
;n cea de#a doua parte a lucrrii$
formele elementare ale rasismului #
pre-udecata$ se%re%area$ discriminarea$
violen!a # sunt studiate prin prisma a dou
distinc!ii analitice& Prima e repreentat de
considerarea nivelurilor la care poate
func!iona rasismul: politic "i infrapolitic& )
1/@ RECENZII
doua$ pus n eviden! de 1a%uieff$ viea
lo%icile de circumscriere rasial: o lo%ic
de inferioriare ce presupune tratarea
ine%alitar a %rupului viat "i o lo%ic de
diferen!iere ce presupune iolarea "i$ la
limit$ c5iar e6pularea sau e6terminarea
acestuia&
'ltima parte a cr!ii e destinat
analirii unit!ii rasismului& )ceast
unitate apare doar dac fenomenul e privit
ca ac!iune& Considernd c analia ac!iunii
trebuie s urmee dou a6e fundamentale$
una social "i alta comunitar$ autorul
lea% rasismul de mi"crile sociale "i de
mi"crile comunitare concluionnd c
rasismul se e6tinde n dis-unc!ia dintre
social "i comunitar&
;n finalul lucrrii$ o Concluie
reafirm importan!a "i rostul instrumen
telor de anali elaborate$ autorul plednd
pentru necesitatea an%a-rii n combaterea
fenomenului rasist&
Iana Nvodaru
*-.ll Ern/, A nacionalizmus
sz!ne"#ltoz#sai, 0radea, Ed. #iterator,
199*.
) 9ommunimus bu9JsJt 9KvetL
%adasJ%i#tJrsadalmi JtrendeLdMs folNa
matJban e%Nre fo9oottabb 5an%sOlNt 9ap a
mOlt$ a tKrtMnelem$ melNne9 9ulcsfon
tossJ%O serepe van a nemet9Ki Ms
nemete9 9KKtti 9apcsolato9 ala9ulJsJ
ban& 2a-nos$ tMrsM%Pn9ben a vissatMrL
motQvummJ vJlR tKrtMnelem$ rM%i sebe9
feltMpMsMvel$ e%N9ori 9onfli9tuso9 feleleve
nQtMsMvel Ms a ebbLl fa9adR elLQtMlete9
elmMlNPlMsMvel -Jr& ) serL a romJn
nemettudat ,sQnevJltoJsai#t,
1
tJr%Nalva
a 9Kvet9eL me%JllapQtJsra -ut: ,a ben
nPn9et me%5atJroR ma%Nar#romJn vi
1
Sorun9 199@T8= 11@& oldal
sonNlatban$ a -elenPn9be vissa-Ktt
te%na
po99al e%NPtt ismMt me%-elente9 minda
o9na9 a sMrelme9ne9$ 9udarco9na9 Ms
fJ-dalma9na9 a emlM9ei$ amelNe9et
mind9Mt nMpne9 9KlcsKnKsen el 9ellett
e%NmJstRl senvednie& ) nemet9KisM%
5atalmi paranccsal o9tro-Jlt csend-e
9KrPlKttPn9 nem -elentette nNom nMl9Pli
felsQvRdJsu9at& ) sJmUKttsM% nem fos
totta me% L9et lappan%R ere-P9tLl$ s 5a a
rM%i elfo%ultsJ%o9at$ ellensM%9Mpe9et
%onos sJndM99al Mbrest%eti9$ a 9Kvet#
9emMnNe9 vM%etesne9 bionNul5atna9&,
) politi9ai dis9uruso9 9Kponti
tMmJ-a9Mnt -elent9eL$ nemettel 9apcso
latos problMmJ9 termMsetes 9Kvet9e
mMnNe a 5aai ma%Nar sa9irodalom
%ada%odJsa is& ,+elsL emi%rJciRban,
sPletett Ms a ,Kn9Mnt vJllalt 5all%atJsbRl,
idLserUsM%P9 5atJsJra -elenne9 me% olNan
9KnNve9$ melNe9 a nemet fo%alma 9KrPli
OtvestL9ben nNO-tana9 eli%aQtJst B1Rt5
2Jndor$ Va9abffN ElemMr$ +alJs 2JndorC&
1Kbbe9 9KKtt et a cMlt is sem
elLtt tart-a ?Jll ErnL A nacionali'mus
s'(ne)*lto'*sai cQmU 9KnNve$ melN
servesen inte%rJlRdva a serL MletmU#
vMbe$ a modern nacionalimus#elmMlete9
sintMisMt ad-a&
(a a sRban for%R -elensM% W naci
onalimus W mMlNrMte%eit i%Ne9sPn9 fel
tJrni$ sP9sM%serUen -utun9 el a tMrsM
%Pn9ben 9ibonta9oott tJrsadalom W Ms
nemetfe-lLdMs sa-JtossJ%ai5o ) >iterator
9KnNv9iadR %ondoJsJban me%-elent 9Ktet
e sa-JtossJ%o9ra i%Ne9si9 rJvilJ%Qtani$
9idomborQtva tKrtMneti$ tJrsadalmi Bmi9ro
Ms ma9ro sintenC vonat9oJsait$ u%Nana9
9or a elmMleti 9erete9et sem el5anNa%olva
prRbJl rendsereni$ rendet teremteni a
9KrPlKttPn9 lMvL fo%alomavaro9 5almaJ
ban& (atalmas forrJsanNa%ra$ sinte
9imerQtL biblio%rJfiJra tJmas9odva
9KelQti me% a 9MrdMst$ fel5asnJl-a a
tKrtMnelemtudomJnN$ filoRfia$ psic5o
lR%ia$ sociolR%ia Ms antropolR%ia -eles
9MpviselLit$ 5o%N a sa9ma9KisM% re%is
RECENZII 1/0
tereiben %arantJlt le%Nen a tanulmJnNoJs
9imenetele$ eredmMnNessM%e&
) 9Ktetben talJl5atR QrJso9 alapvetLen 9Mt
csoportba sorol5atRa9 be& ) elmMleti Ms
tKrtMneti me%9KelQtMs a 9PlKnfMle
nacionalimus me%5atJroJso9bRl 9iindul
va$ fun9ciRi9at Ms formJi9at elemeve$ a
e%Netemes Ms ma%Nar tJrsadalompoliti9ai
%ondol9odJs 9iemel9edL ala9-ait
BRousseau$ (erder$ VJsi$ +ibRC sRlaltat-a
me%$ sMles tKrtMnelmi 9onte6tust sol%Jl
tatva a felvetett problMma9Kr 9imerQtL
feltMr9MpeMsM5e& ) nemetfe-lLdMs alfJ-a#
9Mnt me%5atJro5atR nemettudat W mint
,socialiJciRs fe-lemMnN,$ a iden
titJstudat serves rMse W$ e%Ni9e a emberi
9KKssM%e9 9o5MiR-Jt bitosQtR i%en
5atM9onN tMnNeL9ne9$ u%Nana99or a
nacionalimus alappillMre is Ba utRbbit a
elLbbi e%Ni9 me%-elenMsi formJ-Jna9 is
te9int5et-P9C& ) elmMleti esmefuttatJs
utolsR fe-eete at a folNamatot mutat-a be$
melNne9 sorJn a nemettudat nacio
nalimusba me%N Jt$ illetve aJ vJli9& )
ro9on fo%alma9 W aonossJ%tudat$ 5aafi
sJ%$ etnocentrimus W tistJJsJt a tKrtM
nelmi tudat 5elNMne9 Ms fun9ciR-Jna9 a
elemMse 9Kveti$ melNet a nemettudat
,sQnevJltoJsa, sorJn betKlt& Nap-ain9ban
W mint tapastal5atR W a tKrtMnelmi i%asJ%
problMmJ-a$ a 9PlKnfMle ,eredet#mQtos,#
o9ban Ms MrtelmeMsei9ben %NK9ereL
nMeteltMrMse9 Mles vitJ9 tJr%NJt 9Mpei9$
melNe9 i%en %Na9ran a -elen$ sLt a -KvL
sorsdKntL 9MrdMseire 9eresi9 a vJlast$
identitJso9Mrt vias9odna9 B5istoriJlt
nacionalimusC& ) serL vMlemMnNe
serint$ a -Jr5atR utat a , tKrtMnelmi Ms
nemeti tudato9 vJlsJ%JbRl$ a Knao
nossJ% avaraibRl$ a bal9aniJlRdJs fele
mutatR$ bal-Rs 9onfli9tus5elNete9bLl e%N
le5etsM%es Ms sP9sM%es 9elet W eurRpai
identitJstudat irJnNJba , valR 9itKrMs
-elent5eti& *indet aonban i%en
me%ne5eQti9 a tKrtMnelmi tudatbRl$ mint
9olle9tQv memRriJbRl tJplJl9oR elLQtM#
lete9$ stereotQpiJ9$ nemeti Kn9Mpe9 Ms
ellensM%9Mpe9& 2a-Jtos tKrtMnelmPn9ne9
9KsKn5etLen rM%iRn9ban a ,elLQtMlete9
valRsJ%os sa99tJblJ-a, B)llportC -Ktt lMtre$
a ,etnocentri9us vilJ%9Mp, B?erbner$
CsepeliC dKntLen 5atJroa me% %ondol9o
dJsmRdun9at$ JllJsfo%lalJsain9at$ melNe9
Mrelmi fUtKttsM%U dis9riminatQv ma%a
tartJsban 9on9retiJlRdna9&
) 9MrdMs9Kr alapos me%ismerMse vM%ett
,terQtM9re, 9erPlne9 a 9ortJrs psic5olR%ia$
fL9Mnt a tJrsadalomlMle9tan Ms semMlNi
sM%vis%Jlato9 me%fi%NelMsei is$ melNe9 a
elLQtMlete9 Ms stereotQpiJ9 mU9KdMsi
mec5animusaina9 mMlNebb me%MrtMsM5e
-Jrulna9 5oJ BfrustrJciRs elmMlete9$
,fenNe%etettsM%i orientJciR, W NeHcomb$
,te9intMlNelvU semMlNisM%, vis%Jlato9 W
)dorno&&&stbC&
*ilNen me%oldJso9at nNO-t5at a nacio
nalimus a FF> sJad emberisM%Mne9G W
te5et-P9 fel a 9MrdMst& ) ,Nacionalimus a
eredfordulRn, cQmU rMsben csoportosQtott
QrJso9 a nacionalimus mai$ de fL9Mnt
5olnapi MrvMnNesPlMsMt fese%etL le%O-abb
mUve9et Ms %ondol9odR9at bemutatva a
letUnLfMlben levL sJad tanulsJ%ait
prRbJl-J9 levonni& Eric V& (obsbaHn an%ol
tKrtMnMs a nemet Ms nacionalimus
9MtsJ Mves tKrtMnetet Kssefo%lalR
9KnNvMvel indQt-a a fe-eetet$ a9i a
nacionalimus al9onNJrRl -KvendKl$ melNet
)lain *inc 9Kvet a9i a piac%adasJ%ra
valR Jtmenet ne5MsM%eibLl adRdR ,latin#
ameri9aniJlRdJs, perspe9tQvJ-Jt villant-a
fel B,9emMnN, Ms ,pu5a, variJnso9C& )
elLbbie95e sorosan 9apcsolRdva (anna5
)rendt B) totalitarimus %NK9ereiC a
totalitarimust JtvilJ%QtR 9QsMrletMne9
bemutatJsa$ ma-d (Mlene Carriere
.XEncausse B,2Mtrobbant birodalom,C 9K
vet9ei9$ a9i a volt 2ov-etuniR sMtesMsMt
,-Rsol-a, me% a 5etvenes Mve9 vM%Mn
centrifu%Jlis mo%alma9$ erL9 serepe&
) Emil Cioran Jltal 9Mpviselt
nemet9ara9terolR%ia W melN$ serL-Mne9
vilJ%felfo%Jsa$ Mlet# Ms 5alJlfiloRfiJ-Jna9
lecsapRdJsa9Mnt MrtelmeendL sa-Jtos$ Kn#
Ms ellensM%9Mpe9 Mrelme9tLl$ indulato9tRl
fUtKtt Knmarcan%olR vM%letes elfo%ultsJ%ba
1/5 RECENZII
tor9ollR 9imenetelMbLl QelQtLt 9apva$
Jtfo%R 9Mpet al9ot5atun9 a ,tMrsM%Pn9ben
9iala9ult nemeti#nemetisM%i elfo%ul
tsJ%o9$ 9olle9tQv 9isebbrendUsM%i 9omple
6uso9$ a e%NMni Ms 9KKssM%i 5istMriJ9,
mibenlMtMt illetLen$ amelNne9 leQrJsJt a
9Ktet e%Ni9 erLssM%e9Mnt 9KnNvel5et-P9 el&
*indee9 mellett a serL sa-Jt
MlettapastalatJbRl merQtve mutat-a be a
stJlini modellbLl i5letLdKtt 5aai
pJrtJllami nacionalimus sQnevJltoJsait$
a e%NnemUsQtL$ 5omo%eniJlR tKre9vM
se9et& Erre MletOt-a is fel-o%osQt-a$ u%Nanis
a buc5enHaldi 5alJltJbort me%-Jrva$ a
stJlinimus Ms a ,dinasti9us socia
limus, beolvastR politi9J-Jna9 senvedL
alanNa9Mnt$ ,sa-Jt bLrMn, tapastal5atta a
,vKrKs +al9Jn, tLsomsMdsJ%Jban olN
%KrdPlM9enNen Ms eredmMnNesen al9alma
5atR nacionalimus 9PlKnfMle pra9ti9Jit&
(o%N mindeen 5JttMrtapastalato9
birto9Jban si9erPlt ma6imJlisan levet
9Lnie a sub-e9tivitJst Ms a -elensM%et
tJr%Nila%os W tudomJnNos vis%JlRdJs
tJr%NJvJ i%Ne9eett tenni$ na%NmMrtM9ben
-Jrul 5oJ a letUnL Mvered utolsR
sJadJna9 ob-e9tQv me%ismerMsM5e&
7i%Nelembe vMve$ 5o%N rM%iRn9ban a
tJrsadalmi#politi9ai fe-lLdMs mo%atR
ru%R-a9Mnt$ a MrtelmisM%re 5Jrult a a
tKrtMnelmi feladat$ 5o%N a nMpet
,me%tanQtsa a nemet lec9M-Mre,$
5oJ-Jrulva Q%N a FF& sJad le%erLsebb
tKrtMneti tMnNeL-Mne9 te9intett nacio
nalimus me%5onosQtJsJ5o Ms
elfa-ulJsJ5o= remMl5etL$ 5o%N a 9Ktet
QrJsaibRl i5letLdve a olvasR9 felmMri9 a
MrtelmisM%i mivoltu99al Ble%alJbbis a9i
MrtelmisM%ine9 tart-a ma%JtC -JrR
felelLssM%et,&
?NKr%N IstvJn
*1urt Ba2ert3, $en%ti&, Ham4urg,
5a,a&lt )asc&en4uc& Verlag -m4&.,
1986.
4itat5atatlan tMnN$ 5o%N a
civiliJciR fe-lLdMse Ms a tudomJnN
eredmMnNeine9 al9almaJsa alapvetLen
befolNJsol-a a tJrsadalmat$ Ms dKntLen 5at
a tKrtMnelem ala9ulJsJra&
) +enEthics
,
QrR-a$ Surt +aNert$
a mPnsteri e%Netem filoRfia professora$
9KnNvMben bebionNQt-a$ 5o%N a leQrt
9utatJsi eredmMnNe9 Ms 9utatJsi irJnNato9
nemcsa9 a termMsettudRso9 5atJs9KrMbe
tartona9$ 5anem 5atJsai9 Jltal a tJrsa
dalomtudomJnNo9$ filoRfia Ms eti9a sJ
mJra is 9i5QvJst -elentene9&
E%N na%Non a9tuJlis$ modern
problMma9Kr 9Msteti arra a serLt$ 5o%N
9KnNvMben me%9MrdL-eleen olNan fo%al
ma9at amelNe9et mindennapi MletPn9
pillMreine9 vMltPn9$ e%N O- normarendser
me%alapoJsJna9 Ms felMpQtMsMne9 a
sP9sM%Mre 5Qv-a fel a fi%NelmPn9et& Enne9
se%QtsM%Mvel 9Mpese9 lennMn9 a sa-Jt
erLn99el O%N bJnni$ 5o%N e%NensOlNt
tud-un9 tartani a nKve9vL felelLssM%ein9
9KKtt& E%NrMst a mi felelLssM%Pn9$ 5o%N
9i5asnJl-u9 tudJsun9at %NR%NQtJsra$ mJs
rMst reJn9 ne5eedi9 anna9 a felelLssM%e
is$ 5o%N a tec5ni9a vQvmJnNait va9on al9al
mava vilJ%mMretU 9atastrRfa elLidMLi
le5etPn9&
) problMma amelNbLl 9iindul: a
modern orvostudomJnN Ms %MnsebMset
eredmMnNeine9 a al9almaJsa$ a
mestersM%es beavat9oJs a emberi
reprodu9ciR folNamatJba& ) beavat9oJso9
8
Eredeti 9iadJs& +enEthi!
RaHa5lt 1asc5enbuc5 4erla% ?mb5& (ambur%$
198A&
)n%ol 9iadJs: +enEthi!" 1ec5nolo%ical
Intervention (uman Reproduction as a
P5ilosop5ical Problem$ Cambrid%e$ 'niversitN
Press$ 1990
RECENZII 1/D
9KrPl 9iala9ult vitJna9 a fontossJ%a abban
Jll$ 5o%N a vJltoJso9$ amelNe9et
al9almaJsu9 Jltal o9o5atna9 a tJrsa
dalomban$ tKbb na%NsJ%renddel me%5a
lad-J9 a eddi%i vJltoJso9at$ O%N$ 5o%N itt
mJr minLsM%i vJltoJso9rRl besMlPn9&
+Jr a al9almaott tec5nolR%iJ9
a tudomJnN le%O-abb eredmMnNeire
MpPlne9$ a felvetett problMmJ9 nem O-
9eletUe9& E%N lMnNe%es rMse a 9KnNvne9
aal fo%lal9oi9$ 5o%N bemutassa a
9PlKnbKL me%9KelQtMseit a 9MrdMs9Krne9$
amelN Mverede9 Rta fo%lal9otat-a a
emberisM%et: a saporodJs fKlKtti elle
nLrMs$ Ms vM%Pl a emberi evolOciR tudatos
irJnNQtJsJna9 a le5etLsM%e$ a eu%Mnia&
) tudomJnNna9 ilNen irJnNO
tMnN9edMseit a tKrtMnelem e%Ni9 le%sK
tMtebb 9orsa9a 9Jr5otatta a 9MnNes$ ,tabu
tMmJ9, sorJba& ) *Jsodi9 vilJ%5JborO
idLsa9Jban$ tKme%%Nil9ossJ%o9at prRbJl
ta9 fa-nemesQtMsne9 minLsQteni Ms a
eu%Mnia fo%almaira prRbJltJ9 MpQteni at a
ideolR%iJt$ amelN a nMpirtJst volt 5ivatott
ma%NarJni& Ismert a tMnN$ 5o%N a
sidRPldKMsne9 e%Ni9 5ivatalos ma%Na
rJata a volt$ 5o%N ,alsRbbrendU, fa-$
u%Nana99or a ro99anta9$ elmebete%e9$
5omose6uJliso9 tKme%Mt vM%etM9 9i
sintMn biolR%iai JllomJnNu9ra 5ivat9ova&
*indee9ne9 a sKrnNUsM%e9ne9 semmi
tudomJnNos alap-a va%N cMl-a nem volt&
Surt +aNert 9KnNve a eu%M
niJna9 a tudomJnNos Ms filoRfiai alap-ait
ismerteti$ 9i5an%sOlNova at$ 5o%N O%N
a5o%N et nM5JnN Mvtiede el9MpeltM9$
tel-esen le5etetlen e%N eu%Mniai stratM%iJt
valRsJ%ba Pltetni&
2Jmos na%N %ondol9odRt fo%lal
9otatta a 9MrdMs$ me%JlmodtJ9 va%N
me%-RsoltJ9 e%N tudatosan me%terveett Ms
fKlMpQtett tJrsadalom elemeit& 'tRpiJ9
sRlna9 errLl$ PlatRntRl CampanellJi%$ Ms
a emberi fa- ,nemesQtMsMne9, a 9MrdMsMvel
2c5open5auer Ms Nietsc5e is fo%lal9oott&
) eu%Mnia problMma9KrMne9
tKrtMnelmi Jtte9intMsMvel rMsletesen
fo%lal9oi9 a serL& *e%JllapQt-a$ 5o%N
bJr filoRfiai mUve9ben -Rval
9orJbban is
elLfordult$ a FIF& sJad vM%Mn$ a ,fin#de#
siMcle, apo9alipti9us 5an%ulatJban -Ktt
divatba$ mint e%Netlen le5etLsM%$ amelN
e%NensOlNba 5o5at e%N de%enerJlRdJsra
QtMlt vilJ%ot& ) de%enerJlRdJs elmMlete
aon a Mrvrendseren alapult$ 5o%N a
termMsetes sele9ciR a e%Netlen erL$
amelN a evolOciRt bitosQt-a$ Ms ebben a
termMsetes sele9ciRban a ember$ a
civiliJciR Jltal$ durvJn beavat9oott$
bitosQtvJn olNan embere9ne9 a tOlMlMsMt$
a9i9ne9 ,termMsetes, 9KrnNeetben
semmi esMlNP9 nem lenne& ) vM%sL
prRfMcia e%N$ a sa-Jt ma%a Jltal lMtre5oott
civiliJciRtRl fP%%L$ de%enerJlt$ sOlNosan
bete% emberisM%rLl sRl& +aNert 9ife-ti$
5o%N anna9 Mrde9Mben$ 5o%N e be ne
9Kvet9eM9$ 9PlKnbKL eu%Mniai
stratM%iJ9at dol%ota9 9i$ amelNe9 aon
alapulta9$ 5o%N a tJrsadalom Jltal
MrtM9esne9 tartott e%Nede9ne9 tovJbb
9ellett volna adniu9 -R tula-donsJ%ai9at
minMl tKbb utRdna9$ mQ% a tJrsadalom Jltal
erre Mrdemtelenne9 QtMlt semMlNe9ne9
me%tiltottJ9 volna a utRdnemMst& Ee9 a
elve9 me%felelne9 a tudatos tenNMstMs
elveine9&
) 9KnNv idMi *a6 <ebert$ a9i
serint a eu%Mnia tKbb sempontbRl a
,nNu%ati racionalimus, e%N me%nNil
vJnulJsJna9 bionNul$ amelN a NNu%at
tKrtMnelmMt veMrli& ) eu%Mnia$ a alap-ait
9MpeL evolOciR# Ms KrK9lLdMs elmMleteivel
e%NPtt a tudomJnNna9 e%N arra irJnNult
prRbJl9oJsa$ 5o%N ,demistifi9Jl-a, a
vilJ%ot$ Ms een belPl e%N mM% mindi%
,misticimusba Jrt, tMmJt$ a se6ua
litJst$ amelNrLl a tudomJnNna9 nem so9
mondanivalR-a volt addi%& )mint a serL
is 5an%sOlNoa$ a racionaliJciR een
9Kvet9etetMsei termMsetesen ellentmon
dana9 a ural9odR er9Klcsi normJ9na9&
E%N 9ulcseleme a nNu%ati
morJlna9 a e%NenlLsM%$ amelN arra a
9erestMnN me%%NLLdMsre veet5etL
vissa$ miserint a ember Isten 9MpMre
volt teremtve& ) e%NenlLsM% elve nem arra
1/A RECENZII
vonat9oi9$ 5o%N a embere9 e%NformJ9
lennMne9$ 5anem arra$ 5o%N e%NenlL
bJnJsmRdra -o%osulta9& ) eu%Mnia een a
ponton a biolR%iai e%NenlLtlensM%et vesi
alapul $ Ms a biolR%iai JllomJnNt mint
alapvetL emberi MrtM9et 9eeli& Eserint
ao9 a9i9 %eneti9ai bete%sM%e9ben
senvedne9$ Ms ee9et KrK9lMs Ot-Jn
tovJbbad-J9 a tJrsadalomban$ e%N alsRbb
9ate%RriJba tartona9& ) ural9odR norma
rendser a me%felelL es9KK9 Ms tudJs
5iJnNa$ le5etetlennM tettM9 a eu%Mniai
stratM%iJ9 valRsJ%ba PltetMsMt$ Ms a5ol erre
mM%is prRbJl9oJs tKrtMnt$ ott ee9 a
stratM%iJ9 csOfosan me%bu9ta9 Ms so9
senvedMst o9ota9&
*a mJr so9 olNan es9K van a
tula-donun9ban$ amelN feloldana nM5JnNat
a ellentmondJso9 9KPl& ) eu%Mnia ma
mJr ,mMrnK9i, beavat9oJs mole9ulJris
sinten& ) serL visont fel5Qv-a a
fi%Nelmet arra$ 5o%N a eu%Mnia fo%almai
so5a nem fe-lLdne9 9i lM%Pres tMrben$ Ms
nem mentese9 MrtM9QtMlettLl$ 5anem
mindi% a tJrsadalom Jltal elismert
MrtM9e9re alapona9$ Ms politi9ai cMlo9at
9Kvetne9&
) O- tec5nolR%iJ9 al9alma
JsJval semben elM% na%N a ellenJllJs&
Nem vJlna9 K99enLmentesen rMseivM
mindennap-ain9na9$ mint mJs orvosi
beavat9oJso9& ) serL felveti a 9MrdMst:
nem u%Nanaal a problMmJval Jllun9#e
semben$ amelN felvetLdi9 minden
tec5ni9ai O-QtJsnJlG +Jrmerre nMPn9$ a
5aladJs$ a tudomJnNban Ms tec5nolR%iJban$
me%9MrdL-elei a me%so9ott sempon
to9at$ amelNe9 serint a dol%o9at fi%Nel-P9$
Ms vesMlNeteti at a mRdot$ a5o%Nan
9eel-P9 Y9et& +ionNQt#e a me%neveett
ellenJllJs bJrmi mJst$ mint at$ 5o%N mM%
nem tanultu9 me% 9eelni a O-
le5etLsM%ein9etG 1alJn O%N le5et
Mrtelmeni a ne5MsM%e9et$ amelNe9 a
reprodu9ciR tec5nolR%iJ99al -Jrna9 e%NPtt$
mint vativia vallJsos Ms profJn
9onervativimusna9 emocionJlis me%nNil
vJnulJsJt$ amelN$ -elentLs erLfesQ
tMse99el$ de 9evMs si9errel
9Kvette a
modern 9or tudomJnNos Ms tec5nolR%iai
fe-lLdMsMne9 minden sa9asJt&
Ne5M vitJba sJllni$ mert nem
e%NMni QlMssel 9ell me%9PdeniP9 a
modern beavat9oJso9 pJrtfo%Rina9$ 5a
nem morJlis intMmMnNe99el$ Ms ee9
ma%u9ba fo%lal-J9 at a elvJrJst is$ 5o%N
a embere9 adott normJ9 serint %ondol
9oana9&
) ellenJllJs o9ai a
beavat9oJso99al 9apcsolatos so9fMle
9MtsM%e9ben 9eresendL9& Ee9et +aNert
5at 9ate%RriJba sorol-a:
1& 1ec5nolR%iai 9MtsM%e9$ ame
lNe9 a 9oc9Jat Ms bitonsJ% 9MrdMseit
veti9 fel a O- beavat9oJso99al 9apcso
latban$ 5an%sOlNova$ 5o%N ilNen esetben
e%N 5ibJt so99al ne5eebb$ va%N le5etetlen
9i-avQtani=
8& Politi9ai Ms sociJlis 9MtsM%e9
aal 9apcsolatban$ 5o%N e%N autoriter Ms
di9tatRri9us rendserben ee99el a
beavat9oJso99al vissa le5et Mlni= erre a
vesMlNre pMlda a nJci rendser ,fa-i
tistasJ%, pro%ram-a is=
@& Psic5osociJlis 9MtsM%e9
merPlne9 fel arra vonat9oRan$ 5o%N a
ilNen beavat9oJso9 me%oldanJ9#e a steril
pJro9 %ond-ait= me%fi%NelMse9 serint
anna9 a 9QvJnsJ%na9$ 5o%N e%N pJrna9
5alast5atatlanul %Nere9e sPlessen$ neuro
ti9us 5Jttere van$ Ms e nem oldRdna me%
e%N ilNen beavat9oJssal$ u%Nana99or
vesMlNetetve lJtsi9 a csalJd emocionJlis
stabilitJsa is=
) 9Kvet9eL 5Jrom 9ate%RriJba
sorolt 9MtsM%e9 nem a beavat9oJso9
9Kvet9emMnNeire vonat9ona9$ 5anem
ma%u9ra a beavat9oJso9ra=
0& ) beavat9oJso9 termM
setellenessM%Mt 5oJ9 fel Mrv9Mnt$ mint
valami$ ami sentsM%telenQti a emberi lMt
sent voltJt=
5& ) beavat9oJso9
tec5nolR%iai
volta a emberi sorsot a laboratRrium
5ide%$ semMlNtelen fMnNMbe 5elNei=
RECENZII 1/8
D& )on Mrv$ melN 9MtsM%essM
tesi a ember -o%Jt arra$ 5o%N teremt
mMnNbLl teremtLvM vJltoM9 Jt&
*ivel a O- beavat9oJso9 elleni
e%Ni9 lMnNe%es vJd a$ 5o%N tKn9retesi a
emberi termMsetet$ a ember lMnNe%Mt$
+aNert prRbJl-a me%5atJroni$ mi is a
5o%N ,emberi termMset,$ milNen 9apcso
latban Jll a ,termMsettel,& *e%JllapQt-a$
5o%N a ember minMl -obban ismeri a
termMset anNa%Jt Ms tKrvMnNeit$ annJl
9evMsbM 9apcsol 5oJ morJlis MrtM9e9et&
(a a 9KMp9orban a vilJ%Urne9 volt e%N
teolR%iai$ morJlis MrtM9e$ mJra e
me%sUnt$ tudatun9ban Jtment a ,MrtM9e9
vilJ%JbRl, a ,tMnNe9 vilJ%Jba,$ Ms
elismer-P9$ 5o%N enne9 tKrvMnNei serint
mU9Kdi9& Z%N a termMset mindin9Jbb
aonosul a ,tMnNe9 vilJ%Jval,$ amelNet a
anNa%$ a sP9sM%serUsM%$ a ob-e9tivitJs
Ms a mennNisM% -elleme$ Ms amelN
sembeJll a ,emberi MrtM9e9 vilJ%Jval,$
amelNet a Mrtelem$ sabadsJ%$
sub-e9tivitJs Ms minLsM% ural&
*e%prRbJlvJn me%ra%adni a ember i%ai
me%5atJroJsJt$ me%lepL 9Kvet9etetMsre
-ut: a emberi termMset tula-don9Mppen a
9ultOrJ-a fP%%vMnNe$ s een 9erestPl
Knma%Jt 5atJroa me%&
+aNert me%9MrdL-elei een a
ponton a ,termMsetes, -elL normatQv
MrtM9Mt& Na%Non Mrde9es Mrvrendserrel
bionNQt-a$ 5o%N a minden9i Jltal elfo%adott
-elL tula-don9Mppen milNen 9evMs
relevanciJval bQr e%N 9Kelebbi vis%Jlat
nJl$ bJr mindi% alapMrv9Mnt serepel e%Nes
beavat9oJsna9 a ,termMsetessM%e, va%N
,termMsetellenessM%e,&
E%Ni9 alapvetL Mrve a$ 5o%N
na%Non ne5M me%9PlKnbKtetni a ember
termMsetes visel9edMsMt a mJr nem
termMsetes me%nNilvJnulJsaitRl$ ilNen
pMldJul a Jtmenet a belsL me%ter
mM9enNQtMs Ms ter5essM% biolR%iai tMnNMtLl
a 5JassJ% Ms a csalJd sociJlis tenNMre& )
se6ualitJs Ms saporodJs biolR%iai Ms
sociJlis termMsetMt nem te9inti9 a sa-Jt
tKrtMnelmisM%Mben$ 5anem normatQv
MrtM9e99el ru5JJ9 fel& ) Mletne9 9evMs
olNan tere van$ a5ol a termMsetessM% Mrve
olNan erLs Ms 9KteleL mRdon 5at$ va%N
fordQtva$ a5ol a termMsetellenessM% olN so9
vissatetsMst 9elt& E%N tKrtMnelmi Ms
inter9ulturJlis Ksse5asonlQtJs 9inNilvJ
nQt-a$ 5o%N a termMsetessM%#termM
setei lenessM% ellentMtpJr5o 5oJ9ap
csolRdi9 a sociJlisan me%en%edett Ms nem
me%en%edett ellentMtpJr$ Ms ee9ne9 erLs
normatQv MrtM9e van&
'%NanQ%N a serL elutasQt-a at a
saporodJsi folNamatra 5asnJlt %Na9ori
-elLt$ 5o%N ,sMrt5etetlen,$ 9imutatva$ 5o%N
absolOt Mrtelemben vMve minden orvosi
beavat9oJs a emberi serveet ,e%N
sM%Mne9, a me%sMrtMse$ Ms sMrt5etetlenne9
nNilvJnQtani e%NenlL lenne aal$ 5o%N
elutasQtun9 minden orvosi beavat9oJst&
Nem bionNul relevJnsna9 e%N 9Kelebbi
ellenLrMs sorJn a a Mrv sem$ 5o%N a
se6ualitJs Ms a saporodJsi folNamat
e%NsM%et 9Mpene&
4M%Pl 9Mt alapvetL csoportba
sorol-a ao9at a ellentmondJso9at
amelNe9 me%9MrdL-elei9 a substan
cialimust$ a ,emberi lMnNe%ne9, a
me%LrMsMre felsora9otatott Mrve9et: a
elsL a$ 5o%N nem le5et i%aJn me%
9PlKnbKtetni a termMsetest a mester
sM%estLl$ mivel alapvetLen a Mlet minden
sint-Mn Ms stJdiumJban lMtene9
mestersM%es 5atJso9 Ble%fel-ebb a termM
setessM%ne9 Ms mestersM%essM%ne9
sint-eirLl besMl5etPn9C= a mJsi9 pedi% a$
5o%N a serveeten belPli me%termM
9enNQtMst$ mivel nem csupJn a emberre$
5anem a Ksses emlLsJllatra MrvMnNes$
le5et#e csupJn emberine9 te9inteni Ms
morJlis valamint normatQv MrtM99el
felru5JniG '%Nana99or a fMlelem attRl$
5o%N ee9 a beavat9oJso9 tOl messire
veetne9 in9Jbb a elLvi%NJatossJ% sP
lKtte$ mint a emberi termMset ,sentsM
%Mne9, 9i-JrR tisteletne9 a eredmMnNe&
) ember ,teremtL, serepMne9
a elemMse is 5elNet talJlt +aNert
9KnNvMben& +emutat-a at a 9MnNes
1/9 RECENZII
9MrdMs9Krt$ 5o%N a ember ,teremtLsdit,
-Jtsi9$ anMl9Pl 5o%N me%lenne a me%felelL
bKlcsessM%e e55e& ) 1eremtL ma%Jba
fo%lal-a mindenne9 a tudJsJt$ Ms minden
9Kvet9emMnNne9 a tudJsJt is$ ami a
ember rMsMrLl tel-esen 9iJrt& ) ember
le%fel-ebb 9is lMpMse9ben 5alad5at elLre$
mindi% vJllalva a 9oc9Jatot Ms
felelLssM%et& 1ermMsetesen nem minden
9oc9Jat -o%osult$ de nem is le5et at tel
-esen 9iJrni& '%Nana99or minden orvosi
beavat9oJs 9oc9Jattal -Jr$ a
9isJmQt5atatlansJ%na9 valamilNen fo9a e$
amelNet vJllalni merPn9& [s 5a e%N adott
9oc9Jatot minden9Mppen vJllalun9$ a99or
nem le5et morJlis MrtM99M avatni e%N olNan
relatQv MrtM9et$ mint e%N ,9icsi, 9oc9Jat&
) beavat9oJs utRdain9 MletMbe$
formJlJsJba nem O-donsJ%& E minden
sinten me%tKrtMni9$ 9edve attRl a
dKntMstLl$ 5o%N vilJ%ra 5ou9 L9et$ a
nevelMs minden stJdiumJi%& )mi O-$ a a
beavat9oJs mMrtM9e& 7elvetLdi9 a 9MrdMs$
van#e e%N me%felelLen bitos$ me%bQ5atR
Ms elfo%adott MrtM9rendser$ amelN alapot
adna dKntMsein9re ilNen sinten& )
e%NMrtelmU vJlas: nincs&
) nKve9vL tudJssal nKve9vL
felelLssM% is -Jr& ) is felelLssM%$ 5a O%N
dKntPn9$ 5o%N nem 5asnosQt-u9 tudJ
sun9at& +Jr a ember$ O%N lJtsi9$
vissavJ%Ni9 a Paradicsombeli felelLt
lensM% JllapotJba$ a tudJsa Jltal rJ5JrulR
felelLssM% el9erPl5etetlen& E a felelLssM%
nemcsa9 mennNisM%ile% 9PlKnbKi9 a
9orJbbitRl$ 5anem minLsM%ile% is$ mert
9isol%Jltat-a a ,Mlet MrtM9Mt, a
emberne9& ?Mne99el Ms reprodu9ciRs
tec5ni9J99al fo%lal9ova nem a lMteL
normJ9at al9almau9$ 5anem ee9ne9
MrvMnNessM%MrLl 9ell dKntenPn9&
E%NelLre nincsene9 9iala9ult$
5asnJl5atR normJ9 een a tMren$ e%N O-
moralitJs 9iala9ulJsJra Ms me%o9olJsJra
van sP9sM%&
?nescu EleonRra
'(i"iliz#ci)s &orsza&"#lt#s *s i+,-s#g. /
&elet0 *s n1ugateur)pai i+,-s#g &ultur#lis
mint#i. $3erkes3tette7 -.4or 1.lm.n. A
Minis3tereln8ki Hi9atal :;<=s.gi
1oordin.ci>s )itk.rs.g.nak kiad9.n2a,
$3eged, 199?
,) if-OsJ% sem a politi9Jban$
sem a tJrsadalmi stru9tOra sociolR%iai
elemMse sorJn nem 9eel5etL a felnLtte9
vilJ%Jna9 fP%%elM9e9Mnt$ a 9Msen 9apott
visonNo9 rJcsai 9KKtt, B?Jbor SJlmJnC&
) if-OsJ% aon 9QvPl$ 5o%N a tJrsadalom
fontos rMse$ anna9 -KvLbeli formJlR-a is=
e a semlMletmRd elLbu99an olN9or
5atalmi$ politi9ai sinten$ de sa-nos
5iJnNi9 a$ ami mM% na%Non fontos lenne:
a if-OsJ% tudomJnNos vis%Jlata& Ismerni
9ell a fiatalo9 9KrMben elter-edt
MrtM9orientJciR9at$ csele9vMsi mintJ9at
a55o$ 5o%N a tJrsadalom -KvL-Mt si9errel
ala9Qtsu9&
) if-OsJ%sociolR%ia tMr5RdQtJsa
a tLlPn9 nNu%atabbra el5elNe9edL
tJrsadalma9ban e%Nre -elentLsebb$ Q%N
bLven a9ad5at forrJsanNa% a itteni 9uta
tR9 sJmJra&
?Jbor SJlmJn e%N tanulmJnN
9Ktetbe %NU-tKtte a 9PlKnbKL fe-lettsM%U Ms
-elle%U orsJ%o9ban folNtatott if-OsJ%#
9utatJso9at& NNu%atnMmet$ brit$ 5olland Ms
ma%Nar fiatalo9 MletstratM%iJit$ csele9vMsi
Ms orientJciRs mintJit 9utat-J9 a serL9$
9PlKnKs te9intettel a tJrsadalmi
vJltoJso9ra$ a dinami9Jra$ a 9orsa9
vJltJso9ra& 2ociolR%iai elmMleti alap9Mnt
Pierre +ourdieu tJrsadalom#ser9eetMre
MpQtene9& VPr%en Zinnec9er nMmet
sociolR%us e%N 9MtdimeniRs sMmJt JllQt
fel: a %adasJ%i Ms 9ulturJlis
ostJlNfra9ciR9 sa-JtossJ%ai serint
@
& )
tJrsadalmi reprodu9ciR a 9PlKnbKL
csoporto9$ erLtere9 9KKtti 9on9u
@
VPr%en Zinnec9er: A fiatalo! a t*rsadalmi
os't*l-o! ter.ben /01 gondolato! eg- r.gi
t.m*ho'$ 5#88& old&
RECENZII 11/
rencia5arcban a-li9 le$ melNne9 sorJn
5an%sOlNoRdi9 a individualiJciRs
folNamat& ) 9PlKnbKL ostJlNfra9ciR9
9PlKnbKL9Mppen operJlna9 a if-OsJ%i
ideolR%iJ99al$ a reprodu9ciR pedi%
ee9ne9 a ideolR%iJ9na9 a se%QtsM%Mvel
Billetve ee99el JlcJvaC me%N vM%be&
) 9on9urencia5arc a 9MpMsi Ms a
sabadidL rendserMben a alulfo%lal
9otatottsJ% mellett a if-O9ort
me%5ossabbQtR le%fLbb elemet 9Mpei& )
%Nerme99or Ms a if-OsJ% -KvL-Mre
vonat9oRan Zinnec9er at feltMtelei$
0
5o%N a 9MpMsi mun9a$ a 9ulturJlis tL9e
fel%NU-tMsMne9 idLtartama mind9Mt
irJnNban 9itolRdi9: a 9is%Nerme99or Ms a
fiatal felnLtt9or irJnNJba$ mi9Kben
individualiJlRdna9 a MletpJlNJ9&
?Jbor SJlmJn Ms +alo% IvJn
tanulmJnNu9ban
5
$ melN a ma%NarorsJ%i
fiatalo9 MletstratM%iJit vis%Jl-a sRvJ
tesi9$ 5o%N nem adotta9 a ma%Nar fiatalo9
9ibonta9oJsi le5etLsM%ei$ a %adasJ%i
ne5MsM%e9 Ms ,a elit privilM%iumaival
9orlJtoott 9on9urencia5arc e%NserUen
nem ad idLt a KnJllR if-OsJ%i Mletsa9as
9iformJlRdJsJra,& EMrt 9KvetniP9 9ell a
felnLtt mintJ9at$ ,de nem a MrtM9e9$
ideolR%iJ9$ 5anem a MletstratM%iJ9 Bta9ti
9J9GC sint-Mn$ a ad 5oc 9arrierle5e
tLsM%e9 aonnali 9isarolJsa Mrde9Mben,&
) felnLtt vilJ% 9ultOrJ-Jval Ms
5atalmJval valR$ a fiatalo9 Jltal tapastalt
9onfli9tus fe-eLdi9 9i a if-OsJ%
centrimusban$ amelN a ,vonat9otatJsi
csoporttal valR Ba9Jr poitQv$ a9Jr ne%atQvC
aonosulJs, # olvas5at-u9 *eredit5 <atts
Ms V& Zinnec9er tanulmJnNJban
D
& Neme9 Ms
0
VPr%en Zinnec9er: +-erme!!or" if12s*g .s
s'ocio!ultur*lis )*lto'*so! a N.metors'*gi
%'3)ets.gi 43't*rsas*gban5 /,6-785 old5$
5
?Jbor SJlmJn # +alo% IvJn: 9rt.!e!"
orient*ci:!" ideol:gi*! a' eg-etemi hallgat:!
!3r.ben5 B1989$ 119#1@0C
D
*& <atts # V& Zinnec9er: ;f12s*gi !ult2ra .s
politi!a a n.met fiatalo! !3r.ben< A'
if12s*gcentri'mus hat*sai BA1 #AA& oldC
9orcsoporto9 serint vis%Jlva a
9MrdMst
rJmutatna9 arra$ 5o%N a idLsebbe9nMl B81
80 Mvese9C a if-OsJ%centrimus erLsebb
politi9ai tKltetet 9ap$ valamint
9ie%NenlQtLdi9 a fiatalabb fiO9 Ms lJnNo9
9Kti if-OsJ%centrimus#me%nNilvJnulJso9
9PlKnbsM%e&
If-OsJ%centrimus#s9JlJt 5asnJl
ta9 a (ollandiJban lefolNt 9utatJsban
A
is$ a
serdPlL9 9Mt alapvetL attitUdrendserMt
vis%Jlva: a if-OsJ%i 9ulturJlis lJadJst Ms
a politi9ai intoleranciJt& ) serdPlL9ori
politi9ai Ms nemi intoleranciJval
9apcsolatos a (ase9amp#tLl Jtvett
,mas9ulin parJdM, fo%alma$ mellNel a
fiatal fiO9 erLtel-esebb intoleranciJ-Jt
ma%NarJJ9 a felnLtte95e illetve a
lJnNo95o 9Mpest& Eel a attitUddel a fiO9
,fMrfiassJ%u9at, a9ar-J9 bionNQtani Ms et
%Na9ran e6trava%Jns mRdon fe-ei9 9i$
JltalJban a 9ortJrs#csoporto9 Jltal bQtatva&
) sPlL9 befolNJsa bionNos terPlete9en a
if-OsJ%centristJ9nJl csK99en$ Jtvesi9
serepP9et a 9ortJrscsoporto9 BsabadidL
Ms a 9apcsolato9 terMnC&
Nem e%N tanulmJnNban emlQti9
me% a serL9 a if-OsJ%sociolR%ia
metodolR%iai ne5MsM%eit& Zinnec9er
serint a if-OsJ%i 9ultOra 9PlKnbKL
ostJlNspecifi9us 9oncepciRina9 ob-e9tQv
elemMsMt a9adJlNoa a 9utatR9 pJrtos
sJ%a ## a pol%Jri Ms 9ispol%Jri MrtelmisM%
reprodu9ciRs stratM%iJit propa%Jl-J9
JltalJban=
) brit >Nnne C5is5olm at
9Mrdei: 9i9 vM%ene9 Ms 9i9 vM%eene9
if-OsJ%9utatJst
8
G *inden9Mppen O%N 9ell
A
<im *eens ## \uinten Raaima9ers ## <ilma
4olleber%5: Politi!ai intolerancia .s
if12s*gcentri'mus a serd=l>!orban5 ?tte!int.s a
@ollandi*ban fol-: !utat*so!r:l .s n.h*n-
21abb !eletA longitudin*lis )i'sg*lati
eredm.n-r>l5 B<rec5t$ 1991$ A9#98& oldC
8
>Nnne C5is5olm: 9lesebb lencse )ag- 21
!ameraB /;f12s*g!utat*s" if12s*g .s t*rsadalmi
)*lto'*s Nag--Critanni*ban5 A !utat*s 1elenlegi
*ll*sa .s megalapo'ott felt.tele'.se! a
g-erme!!orr:l .s a' if12s*gr:l5 76-DE old$
111 RECENZII
a if-OsJ%ot vis%Jlni$ 5o%N
me%ra%ad5atRa9 le%Nene9 a Jtmenete9:
,a Jtala9ulJs csirJi ao9ban a vissatMrL
9riti9us momentumo9ban -elent9ene9$
ami9or a fiatalo9 Jltal me%Mlt
ellentmondJso9 9ife-eettM vJlna9$ Ms
fJ-dalmas 9MnNserQtL MrMst 9eltene9&
[ppen a bionNtalansJ% Ms a
ellentmondJsossJ% e momentumJban
nNQli9 me% e%N abla9$ amelNen Jt a
vJltoJs5o sP9sM%es tere9 lJt5atRvJ
vJlna9& +onNolult 9MrdMs$ 5o%N a Jltalu9
9QnJlt esMlNe9 me%ra%ad5atRa9#e produ9tQv
mRdon$ de Mppen e le5etLsM%e9
me%MrtMsMne9 Ms ma6imaliJlJsJna9
9ellene sentelnPn9 ma%un9at&,
) vJltoJs mindi% Ksse9ap
csol5atR a if-OsJ%%al$ a fiatalo9ban MlL
alternatQv valRsJ%9Mpe9et me% 9ell ismerni
Ms 9ibonta9oJsi le5etLsM%e9et bitosQtani
ne9i9& ) me%%Jtolt if-OsJ% 9KrMben u%Nanis
9KnnNen 9ira-olRd5at e%N militJns if-OsJ%i
sub9ultOra$ melN a moderniJciR ellen
irJnNul5at&
2entannai ]%ota